{"id": 1, "summary": [{"text": "the azure-crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in belize , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "azure - crowned hummingbird", "paragraphs": ["perched individual giving alarm calls in presence of perched american kestrel nearby . toward the end of the recording , the american kestrel can briefly be heard calling when taking off , and the azure - crowned hummingbird follows him . recording unmodified . habitat open young pine forest , both birds perched 8 m above ground in 12 m tall pinus oocarpa , but in different trees . distance between hummingbird and kestrel 10 m .\nperched on the lowest branch of a pine tree ( pinus oocarpa ) , recorded at 4 m distance . recording unmodified . pine - oak forest with a rich understory of flowering calliandra houstoniana , which had attracted during this time of year good numbers of hummingbirds to the site . the azure - crowned hummingbird is there year - round , though .\nweller , a . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . azure - crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nauthors : mar\u00eea del coro arizmendi , claudia i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , carlos a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , tom johnson , and thomas s . schulenberg\narizmendi , m . d . c . , c . i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , c . a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , t . johnson , and t . s . schulenberg ( 2013 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nrecording unmodified . habitat was a cleared hiking trail in pine - oak zone .\nmale peched in the understory . second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170322 3160 amazilia cyanocephala song\nunderstory of second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170321 3152 amazilia cyanocephala calls\napparently a lek . two males perched exposed singing incessantly . habitat : understory of second growth cloud forest . code : invasi 2764 amazilia cyanocephala lek _ 0129\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 166 side b track 27 seq . b )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird feeding on flowers , then at slow motion ( 50 % ) .\nalberto lobato , ian hempstead , dusan m . brinkhuizen , ken havard , marc fasol , knut eisermann .\n\u2013 e & s mexico ( s from s tamaulipas ) to e honduras and nc nicaragua .\nsong apparently undescribed , but perhaps is the fairly mellow series of strong chipping notes , . . .\ninhabits pine and pine\u2013oak forest , cloudforest and rainforest , edges of humid forest ; also . . .\nvaries with region ; in mexico , feb\u2013aug ; in belize , jan\u2013jul ; in guatemala , data on gonadal activity indicate jul\u2013sept ; in . . .\nsome populations are sedentary , for instance in veracruz and san luis potos\u00ed ( mexico ) , . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common in pine and pine - oak forests of the highlands of interior mexico , guatemala and honduras , rarer in cloudforest and . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nas currently constituted , this genus is not monophyletic # r ; more thorough sampling of taxa required before a clearer picture can be presented . in hbw , species currently placed herein were spread out over six genera , with additional recognition of agyrtria , polyerata and saucerottia , and relocation of some species in leucippus and hylocharis .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : amazilia cyanocephala . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference : hist . nat . ois . - mouches [ lesson ] p . xlv\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 475 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 11, "summary": [{"text": "magilus antiquus , common name the magilus coral snail , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "magilus antiquus", "paragraphs": ["magilus coral snail or magilus antiquus , vintage engraved illustration . dictionary of words and things - larive and fleury - 189\nmagilus coral snail or magilus antiquus , vintage engraved illustration . dictionary of words and things - larive and fleury - 1895\ncoralliophilidae \u00bb magilus antiquus , id : 345505 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nhome freshwater and marine image bank magilus antiquus l . : a , the adult , imbedded in coral , which has been broken away to show the tube ; . . .\nspecies magilus fimbriatus a . adams accepted as coralliophila fimbriata ( a . adams , 1854 )\n( of magilus antiquatus ) taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]\nspecies magilus cumingii ( h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) accepted as coralliophila cumingii ( h . adams & a . adams , 1864 )\ntwo young shells were obtained alive in company with the galeropsis just mentioned . tryon ' s remark\nthat all the species that have been differentiated from m . antiquus must be regarded with suspicion ,\nhas guided my determination . nothing seems to be recorded of the distribution of this species in the central pacific . a specimen from the solomon islands is in this museum .\noliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : h\u00e9ros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 557 [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nkilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkilburn r . n . , marais j . p . & marais a . p . ( 2010 ) coralliophilinae . pp . 272 - 292 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . 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( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 365 - 421 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nvery cool . . . oliva amethysthina carnicolor ~ 38 . 6mm ~ philippine seashell\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - 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2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nmost materials are located in the university of washington libraries . images were scanned by staff of the uw fisheries - oceanography library .\nmaterials in the freshwater and marine image bank are in the public domain . no copyright permissions are needed . acknowledgement of the freshwater and marine image bank as a source for borrowed images is requested .\nthe university of washington libraries does not provide reproductions of this image . this record contains a citation for this image . if you want to use the scanned image , acknowledgement of the freshwater and marine image bank as a source for borrowed images is requested .\nbarnes ( albert h . ) photographs of western washington , ca . 1895 - 1920\nboyd and braas photographs of seattle and washington state , ca . 1888 - 1893\ncobb ( john n . ) photographs of the fishing industry , ca . 1897 - 1917\nhegg ( eric a . ) photographs of alaska and the klondike , 1897 - 1901\nlindsley ( lawrence denny ) photographs of washington state , ca . 1875 - 1971\nmeed ( william e . ) photographs of the yukon territory , ca . 1898 - 1907\nmorell ( karen l . ) africa , trinidad , and new orleans multimedia collection\npeiser ( theodore e . ) photographs of washington state , ca . 1864 - 1910\nsarvant ( henry m . ) photographs of washington state and the yukon , 1892 - 1912\nvan olinda ( oliver s . ) photographs of puget sound , 1880s - 1930s\nwaite ( alvin h . ) photographs of tacoma and washington state , 1892 - 1907\nmontfort , p . d . de 1810 . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique , et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles ; offrant leurs figures , leur arrangement g\u00e9n\u00e9rique , leurs descriptions caract\u00e9ristiques , leurs noms ; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues . ouvrage destin\u00e9 \u00e0 faciliter l ' \u00e9tude des coquilles , ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d ' histoire naturelle . coquilles univalves , non cloisonn\u00e9es . tome second . - pp . [ 1 - 3 ] , 1 - 676 . paris . ( sch\u0153ll ) .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\n( of campulotus guettard , 1770 ) guettard j . e . ( 1770 ) . m\u00e9moires sur diff\u00e9rentes parties des sciences et arts [ qui referme ] . . . deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire , qui renferme la concordance des auteurs qui ont parl\u00e9 des tuyaux marins fossiles , auxquels on a compar\u00e9 ceux qui se p\u00eachent actuellement dans la mer . classe des tuyaux marins . troisi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire . sur les erreurs o\u00f9 l ' on a \u00e9t\u00e9 au sujet des tuyaux marins . paris , prault . 3 ( 544 ) : 71 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 94 [ details ]\nvaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of campulotus guettard , 1770 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , 69 , 73 [ details ]\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nin : the atoll of funafuti , ellice group : its zoology , botany , ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum , sydney , n . s . w .\nthe atoll of funafuti , ellice group : its zoology , botany , ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum , sydney , n . s . w .\nauthors : hesse , richard , 1868 - 1944 ; allee , w . c . ( warder clyde ) , 1885 - 1955 ; schmidt , karl patterson , 1890 - 1957\npublisher : new york : j . wiley & sons , inc . ; london : chapman & hall , limited\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password ."]}
{"id": 19, "summary": [{"text": "the dryad shrew tenrec ( microgale dryas ) , also known as the tree shrew tenrec , is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is vulnerable to extinction by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "dryad shrew tenrec", "paragraphs": ["a cowan\u2019s shrew tenrec , microgale cowani , in captivity . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\ndryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .\ntenrecs with very narrow distributions or specific threats may need extra help . more research is required to confirm the distribution and abundance of poorly known shrew tenrec species ( e . g . dryad , montane and nasolo ' s shrew tenrecs ) . if they genuinely occur in only a handful of sites , conservation efforts will be needed to target their habitat .\ntenrec diet is based on invertebrates . insects and their larvae are the most commonly consumed prey items . however , many of the larger species ( from talazac ' s shrew tenrec \u2013 microgale talazaci - to the tailless tenrec \u2013 tenrec ecaudatus ) sometimes take small vertebrates such as amphibians . two species have become very specialized : streaked tenrecs eat mostly soft - bodied invertebrates , with an apparent preference for earthworms ; large - eared tenrecs ( geogale aurita ) prefer termites they find inside dead wood . the aquatic tenrec feeds on a range of prey in its freshwater habitat , but favours aquatic insect larvae and crayfish .\nthe tenrecinae are spiny tenrecs . the largest species is the tailless tenrec , tenrec ecaudatus , which weighs up to 1 kg . it is as large as a rabbit , and is less spinescent than the other species . other spiny tenrecs are the two species of hedgehog tenrec ( setifer setosus and echinops telfairi ) and the two species of streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes semispinosus and h . nigriceps )\na lowland streaked tenrec , hemicentetes semispinosus . \u00a9 l . e . olson & s . m . goodman\nthe potamogalinae are otter shrews which are found on mainland africa . many scientists now consider these animals as tenrecs . the giant otter shrew , potamogale velox , is widespread in the streams and rivers of central african forests , but the other two species have restricted distributions . the nimba otter shrew , micropotamogale lamottei , is found only in a small area around mount nimba on the borders of ivory coast , liberia and guinea , and the ruwenzori otter shrew , m . ruwenzorii , is found only between uganda and eastern drc . habitat loss , mining and fish traps threaten otter shrews across their range . ( see section \u201ctenrecs in africa \u2013 the otter shrews\u201d ) .\na number of predators are known or suspected to feed on tenrecs . these range from birds of prey and viverrid carnivores to snakes ; some small shrew tenrecs ( microgale spp . ) may even be attacked by larger species of their own genus .\neastern rain forest in madagascar is habitat for many tenrec species , yet much of it is being lost to provide land for agriculture such as these paddy fields in the north - east of the country . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\nthe geogalinae is a recently recognised sub - family , comprising the single species , geogale aurita ( the large - eared tenrec ) . it is a small species ( about 7g ) adapted for life in the arid south - west and specialised in a termite diet .\ntenrecs are generally found in forest habitats . most species occur in the eastern rain forests , but a handful ( e . g . geogale , echinops ) are adapted to the arid spiny desert in the south - west of madagascar . the aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) requires clear , running freshwater . some species - such as tailless tenrecs ( tenrec ecaudatus ) and streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) - appear able to adapt easily to man - induced disturbance , and can survive in secondary forest or agricultural land . mole tenrecs ( oryzorictes ) have been found in rice fields .\nthe aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) is the greatest cause for concern among conservationists . it is known from only 10 sites in madagascar and appears to be restricted to clear streams with abundant prey . siltation caused by widespread deforestation is expected to cause problems as it will reduce prey species . animals are also drowned in eel and crayfish traps .\nthe mammal was an early tenrec ; the island it had arrived on probably had no other mammals and so this early lineage evolved over generations to adapt its body shape to its environment . as a result of a process called\nadaptive radiation\n( made famous by darwin ' s finches on galapagos ) new species appeared , each physically suited for its niche , free of competition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntraditionally included in the lipotyphla ( = insectivora sensu stricto ) . various molecular studies ( madsen et al . , 2001 ; murphy et al . , 2001 a , b ; springer et al . , 1999 ) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data ( asher et al . , 2003 ; liu et al . , 2001 ) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles , which stanhope et al . ( 1998 ) named afrosoricida . this name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids , and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus afrosorex hutterer , 1986 . noting that tenrecomorpha butler , 1972 may be a prior , and more explicit name for this clade following simpson\u2019s ( 1945 ) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa , bronner et al . ( 2003 ) nevertheless accepted afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature .\nfollowing simpson ( 1931 ) , the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnote : this is an amended assessment to correct the order of the assessors .\nthis species is listed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of ca . 10 , 000 km\n, it is known from fewer than 10 locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit is threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation , through conversion to cultivated areas and general logging activities .\nthis species is known from only a few sites in northeastern madagascar . there is some doubt about a record from anjanaharibe - sud special reserve as it was collected from an owl pellet . it has been recorded between 500 and 940 m asl .\nit is a poorly - known species that has only been recorded in the eastern lowland rain forests . it is possibly a semi - fossorial species which is believed to be forest dependent . the ecology of the species is not known .\nit has been recorded from two protected areas : ambatovaky special reserve and anjanaharibe - sud special reserve . it has been recorded in the future protected area of makira . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , population , biology , ecology and threats to this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe following material is adapted from an article published in 2007 : stephenson , p . j . ( 2007 ) . mammals from another time : tenrecs in madagascar . africa geographic , march 2007 , vol 15 ( 2 ) : 34 - 41 .\nthe island continent of madagascar was part of a large land mass that broke away from africa some 165 million years ago . as tectonic plates shifted subtly on the earth ' s surface , the land mass moved out slowly into the indian ocean . other chunks of land later floated off to leave the island the size and shape we now know , situated 400 km off the mozambique coast for the last 80 millions years .\nat that time the island was probably a mix of habitats much as it is today : thick rain forest on the east coast , deciduous forests in the west , deserts with spiny succulent plants in the south - west , and amid the forests of the high plateau a mosaic of grasslands grazed by giant tortoises and walked upon by 3 - 4 metre tall elephant birds . mammals had evolved from therapsid reptiles and were spreading across africa , but none had appeared on madagascar , as its reptiles were from a different stock .\nwhat happened next is only conjecture , but sometime around 60 million years ago a small mammal - perhaps no more than 5 or 6 g in weight with a primitive body plan and physiology - was washed out to sea from africa . perhaps it was on a log that had fallen into a river from the coastal forest of what is now kenya . currents and winds moved the mammal across the channel until it arrived on madagascar . perhaps the founder was joined by others ; perhaps it was a pregnant female . whatever the case , the animals multiplied . and then evolution kicked in !\nvery few other mammals ever made the same journey . eventually rodents , a mongoose - like carnivore and a primitive primate crossed the channel and gave rise to species found nowhere else on earth . a pygmy hippopotamus also crossed but madagascar never saw cats , dogs or large herbivores .\nmost tenrecs died out on mainland africa and are known only from fossil records ; all except one small lineage that evolved to fill a specialized aquatic niche - the otter shrews ( see section\ntenrecs in africa \u2013 the otter shrews\n) . however , tenrecs still inhabit madagascar today in an abundance and diversity not seen in any other mammalian family .\nbut then there are species not just from another time , but also from another world . streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) are so unique nothing like them ever evolved elsewhere . their black and pale striped body is covered in spines , with a head crest of quills that can be erected . when irritated the animal makes head butting movements , trying to leave the barbed spines in the nose of its aggressor . a patch of spines on the back form what is known as a stridulating organ - the spines can rub together and produce a type of ultrasound that keeps the family groups together . tongue clicks made by the animals are thought to be a type of echolocation , perhaps used for hunting prey .\nin spite of their many adaptations , tenrecs still exhibit a number of characteristics which make them distinct from other small mammals and which were probably typical of the earliest mammals . such traits include nocturnal activity patterns , small body size , the retention of a cloaca as a common uro - genital opening , abdominal testes , poor eyesight and a dependence on their sense of smell and hearing . they are also considered primitive physiologically , since all species have relatively low body temperatures and metabolic rates relative to their body size , and several specied enter torpor regularly .\ntenrecs are probably most closely related to golden moles ( chrysochloridae ) . along with golden moles , scientists now consider tenrecs part of the afrotheria , a grouping of african mammals with evolutionary connections that also contains the aardvark , sengis ( or elephant - shrews ) , hyraxes , elephants and sea cows .\nsix malagasy tenrecs appear in the iucn red list of 2006 . endangered species are considered more threatened than vulnerable species . data deficient species require more information before an assessment can be completed .\nspecial attention needs to be paid urgently to aquatic tenrecs . research should be conducted into their habitat needs and factors affecting their distribution . land - use and fishing practices may need to be changed in areas where they occur . although small mammals are often neglected in large conservation programmes , aquatic tenrecs would make ideal flagship species for integrated forest and freshwater conservation programmes in eastern madagascar . work to conserve forest habitats and maintain clear , unsilted streams will benefit a range of other plant and animal life as well as aquatic tenrecs .\ntenrecs are a unique and diverse family of mammals , from another world and another time . they make up a significant component of madagascar\u2019s faunal diversity and no doubt hold the answer to many scientific questions on the evolution and adaptation of mammals . let ' s hope that current conservation efforts ensure that their time is not up yet !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ngoodman , steven m . raxworthy , christopher j . maminirina , claudette p . olson , link e .\nlatest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod"]}
{"id": 21, "summary": [{"text": "dugesia ( pronounced , d ( y ) \u00fc\u02c8j\u0113zh ( \u0113 ) \u0259 ) is a genus of dugesiid triclad that contains some common representatives of the class turbellaria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of africa , europe , middle east , asia and australia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "dugesia is best known to non-specialists because of its regeneration capacities .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "dugesia is the type genus of the family dugesiidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dugesia", "paragraphs": ["on the taxonomic status of dugesia gonocephala and dugesia subtentaculata ( turbellaria , tricladida , paludicola ) .\na new freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , commonly but erroneously known as dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) .\na subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct , as found in dugesia superioris , occurs in no less than 26 species of dugesia : dugesia bakurianica porfirjeva , 1958 , dugesia biblica benazzi & banchetti , 1972 , dugesia leporii pala et al . , 2000 , and dugesia sicula lepori , 1948 , from the western palaearctic ; dugesia aethiopica stocchino et al . , 2002 , dugesia arabica harrath & sluys , 2013 , dugesia astrocheta marcus , 1953 , dugesia lanzai banchetti & del papa , 1971 , dugesia lamottei de beauchamp , 1952 , dugesia neumanni ( neppi , 1904 ) and dugesia myopa de vries , 1988b from the afrotropical region ; the other 15 species are distributed in the oriental region , eastern palaearctic and australasian region , viz . dugesia andamanensis ( kaburaki , 1925 ) , dugesia austroasiatica kawakatsu , 1985 , dugesia batuensis ball , 1970 , dugesia bengalensis kawakatsu , 1983 , dugesia burmanensis ( kaburaki , 1918 ) , dugesia deharvengi kawakatsu & mitchell , 1989 , dugesia indica kawakatsu , 1969 , dugesia indonesiana kawakatsu , 1973 , dugesia japonica ichikawa & kawakatsu , 1964 , dugesia leclerci kawakatsu & mitchell , 1995 , dugesia lindbergi de beauchamp , 1959 , dugesia nannophallus ball , 1970 , dugesia novaguineana kawakatsu , 1976 , dugesia tamilensis kawakatsu , 1980 , and dugesia uenorum kawakatsu & mitchell , 1995 . however , in all of these species the ejaculatory duct is ventrally displaced , except for dugesia bakurianica in which the ejaculatory duct is central . therefore , a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct and a subterminal opening of the duct represents a new diagnostic combination in the genus dugesia .\ndescrizione di dugesia biblica , nuova microspecie del \u201cgruppo dugesia gonocephala \u201d trovata nel fiume giordano ( israele ) .\ndugesia hepta , nuova specie di planaria d\u2019acqua dolce di sardegna appartenente alla superspecie dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) ( turbellaria , tricladida ) .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : dugesia artesiana 3054 . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia artesiana sluys & grant , 2007\npage .\ngeographic distribution of dugesia superioris ( indicated by an asterisk ) and dugesia sp . nmnh 55294 ( indicated by black diamond ) in the lake ohrid region .\ntaxonomy and geographical distribution of dugesia japonica and d . ryukyuensis in the far east\nidentification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in dugesia japonica .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : dugesia artesiana 3054 . jpg\nas hidden on the\ndugesia artesiana sluys & grant , 2007\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nswitch from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . - pubmed - ncbi\ndescrizione della planaria dugesia lanzai , n . sp . del kenya ( africa ) .\ndescrizione di dugesia sicula , nuova specie di triclade d\u2019acqua dolce dei dintorni di catania .\na review of chromosomal variation in dugesia japonica and d . ryukyuensis in the far east\nstructural analysis of n - glycans of the planarian dugesia japonica . - pubmed - ncbi\nregeneration in an evolutionarily primitive brain - - the planarian dugesia japonica model . - pubmed - ncbi\nproduction of asexual and sexual offspring in the triploid sexual planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . - pubmed - ncbi\na molecular cytogenetic comparison of planarians from the \u2018 dugesia gonocephala group\u2019 ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) .\non the species of the dugesia gonocephala group ( platyheminthes , turbellaria , tricladida ) from greece .\na new species of freshwater planarian belonging to the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) from sardinia .\nidentification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in dugesia japonica . - pubmed - ncbi\nhow often does reproduction occur ? dugesia tigrina can mate and / or reproduce many times in its life .\nthe dugesia can reproduce sexually , and all dugesia are hermaphrodites . two dugesia will pair up and fertilize each other ' s eggs . those eggs are then released in a cocoon . if there is not another dugesia present , one can reproduce asexually through a process called transverse fission . the organism will pull itself in half and the tail portion will regenerate a new head , and the head portion will regenerate a new tail . this process can be replicated in the lab by using a razor blade or scalpel to cut the dugesia in half . in a couple of weeks , you should have two dugesia swimming around in your petri dish .\nichikawa , a . & kawakatsu , m . , 1964 . a new freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , commonly but erroneously known as dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . annot . zool . japon , 37 : 185\u2013194 .\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : bioassay system and basic description of sexualizing process .\nthe genus dugesia in australia , with its phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeography ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nstocchino ga , manconi r . overview of life cycles in model species of the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes : tricladida )\na synopsis of the nominal species of the subgenus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , paludicola ) from africa and madagascar .\nafrican planarians : dugesia aethiopica sp . n . ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) from lake tana ( nw ethiopia ) .\nteshirogi , w . & itagaki , g . , 1965 . the chromosomes of dugesia species , a japanese freshwater planarian known as dugesia gonocephala . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 74 : 38\u201345 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing process .\nreproductive strategies , karyology , parasites , and taxonomic status of dugesia populations from yemen ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nfluvial basin history in the northeastern mediterranean underlies dispersal and speciation patterns in the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : daborensisdistribution . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage .\nkenk , r . , 1940 . the reproduction of dugesia tigrina ( girard ) . am . nat . , 74 : 471\u2013475 .\nthat kenk ( 1978 ) identified his dugesia material from ohrid ( nmnh 55294 ) as dugesia gonocephala is hardly surprising in view of the fact that at that time many european populations were assigned to dugesia gonocephala sensu lato . the precise anatomy of dugesia gonocephala sensu stricto was only resolved by de vries and ball ( 1980 ) and de vries ( 1984a , 1986 ) . a comparison with kenk\u2019s specimen quickly learns that this animal does not conform to dugesia gonocephala because it does not exhibit the muscular ridges , the elongated penis papilla , or the two penial folds ( cf . de vries and ball 1980 , de vries 1984a ) . in the presence of a small dorsal penial fold and a central ejaculatory duct the animal resembles dugesia benazzii lepori , 1951 , dugesia elegans de vries , 1984 , dugesia taurocaucasica ( livanov , 1951 ) and dugesia effusa , the latter recently described from the greek island chios ( sluys et al . in prep . ) . dugesia benazzii from corsica and sardinia is characterized by a pointed diaphragm and a penial fold , the position of which is variable but which is usually located dorsally ; the size of the penial fold is also variable ( lepori 1951 , de vries 1984b ) . in dugesia benazzii ectal reinforcement is restricted to the region of the oviducal openings , the latter being symmetrically arranged . in contrast , in the nmnh 55294 specimen the oviducts open asymmetricaly into the bursal canal , while the ectal reinforcement extends further on the bursal canal .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : d aborensis . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage .\ndugesia superioris . holotype zma v . pl . 7153 . 1 , sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus ( anterior to the left ) .\na karyological study on populations of dugesia gonocephala s . l . ( turbellaria , tricladida ) . italian journal of zoology 66 : 245\u2013253 .\ndugesia deharvengi sp . n . , a new troglobitic freshwater planarian from tham kubio cave , thailand ( turbellaria ; tricladida ; paludicola ) .\nmolecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus dugesia in the western mediterranean ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nendemic freshwater planarians of sardinia : redescription of dugesia hepta ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) with a comparison of the mediterranean species of the genus .\na karyological study by deri et al . ( 1999 ) identified for the pogradec population a complement of 24 standard chromosomes with one b - chromosome , suggesting a tri - ploid condition with a haploid number of n = 8 . moreover , their karyometric analysis indicated a probably aneutriploid condition , due to a constant excess of small , medium - sized chromosomes . a haploid number with n = 8 represents the most common chromosome number among dugesia species . dugesia superioris shares the tri - ploid condition with a haploid number of n = 8 with only a few other species from the western palaearctic region , viz . dugesia benazzii lepori , 1951 , dugesia etrusca benazzi , 1946 , dugesia liguriensis de vries , 1988a , and dugesia subtentaculata ( cf . benazzi and benazzi - lentati 1976 , ribas 1990 , pala 1993 , cf . l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) .\nsaccomanno , r . 2014 .\ndugesia tigrina\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nfurther contributions to the taxonomy and biogeography of the subgenus dugesia ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : paludicola ) in the mediterranean region and the middle east .\nkawakatsu , m . , teshirogi , w . , \u00f4gawara , g . & tarui , y . , 1965 . photographic gleanings of planarians . i . dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu and dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . collect . & breed . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 27 : 330\u2013335 . ( in japanese )\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing p . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nbessho y , ohama t , osawa s . planarian mitochondria i . heterogeneity of cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene sequences in the freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica .\ntcen - 49 , a monoclonal antibody that identifies a central body antigen in the planarian dugesia ( girardia ) tigrina . implications for pattern formation and positional signalling mechanisms\ntcav - 1 , a monoclonal antibody specific to epithelial pharyngeal cells in the planarian dugesia ( girardia ) tigrina . application to pattern formation of the pharynx during regeneration\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : d aborensis . jpg\nas hidden on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nfor the genus dugesia a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct was reported for the first time by stocchino et al . ( 2005 ) for the endemic sardinian species dugesia hepta pala , casu & vacca , 1981 . however , in this species the opening of the duct is located laterally on the right side , near the tip of the penis papilla . moreover , this species is characteri - zed by a ventro - lateral penial fold , which is absent in the new species . dugesia superioris therefore represents the second species of the genus showing a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct . further , another important difference between dugesia hepta and dugesia superioris is the haploid chromosome number , which counts n = 7 in the former ( pala et al . 1981 ) and n = 8 in the latter ( deri et al . 1999 , see below ) .\nto cite this page : saccomanno , r . 2014 .\ndugesia tigrina\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nkenk , r . , 1941 . induction of sexuality in the asexual form of dugesia tigrina ( girard ) . j . exp . zool . , 87 : 55\u201369 .\ntherefore , the dugesia specimen nmnh 55294 may well represent a new species . however , on the basis of only the presently available material we refrain from describing it as new . furthermore , the asymmetrical openings of the vasa deferentia into the seminal vesicle of this animal represents a highly unusual condition for a species of dugesia and needs to be checked on additional material .\nthe penial fold of dugesia taurocaucasica is considerably larger than the one in nmnh 55294 , while the fold is also traversed by the abundant secretion of cyanophilic glands , which discharge through the lining epithelium of the penial fold . furthermore , in dugesia taurocaucasica the ectal reinforcement layer on the bursal canal extends for a considerable distance towards the copulatory bursa ( porfirjeva and dyganova 1987 ) .\nreexamination of freshwater planarians found in tanks of tropical fishes in japan , with a description of a new species , dugesia austroasiatica sp . n . ( turbellaria ; tricladida ; paludicola ) .\nsulle caratteristiche morfologiche e sulla posizione sistematica della planaria di sardegna e corsica gi\u00e0 ascritta a dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . atti societ\u00e0 toscana di scienze naturali 58 ( b ) : 1\u201322 .\npattee , e . , 1970 . coefficients thermiques et \u00e9cologie de quelques planaires d ' eau douce . 4 . la reproduction de dugesia gonocephala . ann . limnol . 6 : 293\u2013304 .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . & sugino , h . , 1976b . studies on the morphology , karyology and taxonomy of the japanese freshwater planarian dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu , with a description of a new subspecies , dugesia japonica ryukyuensis subspec . nov . bull . fuji women ' s coll . , no . 14 , ser . ii : 81\u2013126 .\nsugino , h . , 1969 . collecting , breeding and experiments of a common japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ( with annotations and an appendix written by m . kawakatsu : on the physiological races of\ndugesia elegans from rhodes differs from nmnh 55294 in the presence of a much larger seminal vesicle , a stubbier diaphragm , and the situation that its bursal canal epithelium is infranucleated ( de vries 1984a ) .\ntamura , t . , yamayoshi , t . , oki , i . & kawakatsu , m . , 1979 . karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . ii . chromosomes of dugesia japonica japonica collected from eighteen localities in japan . proc . jap . soc . syst . zool . , no . 17 : 1\u201314 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) . ( in japanese with english summary )\nan asexual population of dugesia sp . was collected in 2006 by r . manconi from voskopoj\u00eb , an albanian locality situated south - west of lake ohrid . unfortunately , we have been unable to ascertain the taxonomic status of this population due to the lack of sexual specimens ( stocchino and manconi , pers . obs . ) . however , according to the phylogeographic analysis of l\u00e1zaro et al . ( 2009 ) this population is molecularly identical to the pogradec population and therefore should be assigned also to dugesia superioris . it is noteworthy that the voskopoj\u00eb locality is outside of the ohrid basin and therefore signals a wider distribution of dugesia superioris .\nthe planarian does not have gills or lungs , it obtains its oxygen by simple diffusion over its flat body . the dugesia cannot survive outside of the water , so biologists studying it must make sure that the specimen has plenty of water that is aerated . the dugesia does have an excretory system to remove wastes . tiny cells , called flame cells , line the lateral edge of the organism and function to remove waste .\nmore recently , a phylogeographic analysis of two albanian populations , one from pogradec and the other from voskopoj\u00eb ( populations 30 and 31 , respectively in l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) , revealed that they belong to the same clade , which is well - separated from other species and populations of dugesia in the western mediterranean region , thus pointing to a new species ( l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) . in a second study , which included other and more eastern mediterranean species of dugesia , the population from pogradec ( population 15 in sol\u00e0 et al . 2013 ) also sat on its own branch , separate from all other populations of dugesia examined .\nthese are planarian worms , a type of flatworm in the phylum platyhelminthes and the class turbellaria . they are very common classroom organisms , with a simple body plan . the species in the photo here is dugesia subtentaculata .\nthe species dugesia effusa differs from nmnh 55294 in the presence of a short , valve - like diaphragm , a large intrabulbar seminal vesicle , a highly glandular penis papilla , and symmetrical oviducal openings into the bursal canal .\ntamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , oki , i . , murayama , h . & kawakatsu , m . , 1978 . karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . i . chromosomes of the animals of dugesia japonica japonica collected from five localities in the central part of honsh\u00fb and shikoku , japan . ibid . , no . 15 : 8\u201318 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) . ( in japanese with english summary )\nhirose , e . , kat\u00f4 , f . & sugino , h . , 1974 . chromosomes of freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , ii . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 83 : 442 . ( in japanese )\nkawakatsu , m . , 1975 . problems on the morphological variation and the taxonomic position of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 84 : 444 . ( in japanese )\ntanaka , i . , 1965 . observation on the breeding of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu from okinawa ( with an appendix written by m . kawakatsu ) . collect . & breed . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 27 : 458\u2013459 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . , 1957 . an experimental study of sexual induction in the asexual form of japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . ibid . , ser . b , no . 11 : 8\u201327 ( + pls . 1\u20136 ) .\nsugino , h . , hirose , e . & kat\u00f4 , f . , 1973 . the chromosomes of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . nature study ( \u00f4saka ) , 19 , no . 4 : 41\u201343 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . , 1955 . on the supernumerary sexual organs of dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) , induced by the low temperature . bull . kyoto gakugei univ . , ser . b , no . 6 : 1\u201314 ( + pls . i\u2013ii ) .\nthe dugesia does have a simple nervous system that includes a ganglia located in its anterior region to serve as a brain . as such , the dugesia exhibits the trait of cephalization , where the majority of its sense organs are located in the anterior region . it has a triangular head with two prominent eyespots . upon closer inspection of the eyes , you can see that they have a curious cross - eyed expression to them . the presence of the two eyes and lateral horns on the head indicate that the planarian has bilateral symmetry .\nthe planarian , dugesia dorotocephala ( woodworth ) , was studied in the laboratory and field as a predator of all developmental stages of culex peus speiser . reproduction by transverse fission was accelerated by higher feeding rates and probably by crowding . decreased feeding in culture could be offset by increasing the density of dugesia . experimental field populations of culex larvae were reduced by 90 + % in 26 days during july and august , 1973 . mucus secretions effectively immobilized prey larvae and their body fluid was consumed . mucus was also used to produce cemented sand anchors for attachment to larvae and pupae . group feeding without internecine activity was observed whereby as many as 12 dugesia collectively ensnarled a single prey . field and laboratory observations indicated optimum temperatures for feeding and reproduction were 20\u201326\u00b0c . feeding ceased above 29\u00b0c ; mortality ensued at 30\u00b0c .\ndugesia is a genus of dugesiidae freshwater flatworms that includes around 75 species , all of them with a similar external appearance : triangle - shaped head with two eyes , and an elongated body . the different species are classified on the basis of the morphology of their copulatory apparatus .\nboddington , m . t . & mettrick , d . f . , 1974 . the distribution , abundance , feeding habits and population biology of the immigrant triclad , dugesia polychroa ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria ) in toronto harbour , canada . j . anim . ecol . 43 : 681\u2013699 .\ndugesia superioris differs from its congeners in particular in ( a ) the dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct , with its sub - terminal opening , ( b ) the asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal , and ( c ) the openings of vasa deferentia at about halfway along the seminal vesicle .\ndugesia superioris is characterized by the presence of the following features : dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct ; subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct ; asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal ; openings of vasa deferentia at halfway along the seminal vesicle ; plump penis papilla ; small diaphragm ; triploid chromosome complement of 24 + 1b - chromosomes .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . & takahashi , n . , 1980 . morphological , karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu from the tsushima islands . proc . jap . soc . syst . zool . , no . 19 : 1\u201310 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) .\noki , i . , tamura , s . , kawakatsu , m . & sugino , h . , 1976 . morphological and karyological reexamination of the taxonomy of the freshwater planarian dugesia japonica , i . chromosomal analysis of the animals from different localities in japan and korea . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 85 : 507 . ( in japanese )\ndugesia superioris . photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus . a holotype zma v . pl . 7153 . 1 , sagittal section showing the penis bulb and the penis papilla with the ejaculatory duct b paratype cgas pla 6 . 3 , transverse section of the penis papilla and the ejaculatory duct surrounded by numerous glands c paratype cgas pla 6 . 3 , transverse section of the bursal canal .\noki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , kawakatsu , m . , hauser , j . & friedrich , s . m . g . , 1980 . karyological and taxonomic studies of freshwater planarians in brazil . ii . chromosomes of dugesia species from south brazil . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 89 : 628 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . & kawakatsu , m . , 1954a . studies on the fission of japanese freshwater planaria , dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . i . comparative studies on fission rates and frequencies of sexual and asexual races influenced by temperatures , starvation and distilled water . ibid . , ser . b , no . 4 : 25\u201334 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . & sugino , h . , 1976a . morphological and karyological reexamination of the taxonomy of the freshwater planarian dugesia japonica , ii . considerations about the subdivision of the species into two subspecies , with special reference to their subspeciations and phylogenetical problems . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 85 : 508 . ( in japanese )\nfree - living flatworms like the planaria are grouped into the class turbellaria . the most common species studied in the lab is the brown planaria , dugesia . the animal has an acoelomate body ( no internal cavity to hold organs ) , no anus and lacks a circulatory system . most are scavengers and will eat other animals that have sank to the bottom of their ponds , hence why you can use liver to capture them .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , hauser , j . & friedrich , s . m . g . , 1980 . karyological and taxonomic studies of freshwater planarians in brazil . i . review of the previous studies , with special reference to the taxonomy of dugesia species from south brazil . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 89 : 628 . ( in japanese )\na new species of the genus dugesia is described from the lake ohrid region in the western part of the balkan peninsula , forming the first fully documented species description for this genus in the ohrid area . the morphological species delimitation is supported by complementary molecular , karyological , and cytogenetic data available from the literature . therefore , species delineation is based on a truly integrative approach . further , a short account on the degree of freshwater planarian endemicity in the ohrid region is provided .\nin this paper we report on a new species of freshwater planarian of the genus dugesia , forming the first fully documented species description for this genus in the ohrid area . our morphological species delimitation was supported by complementary molecular , karyological , and cytogenetic data available from the literature . therefore , our species delineation is based on a truly integrative approach . further , we provide a short account on the biogeographical patterns in freshwater planarians and their degree of endemicity in the ohrid region .\nkawakatsu , m . , 1971 . problems on the morphological variation and the physiological races of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . in : eds . kawakatsu , m . & iba , m . , comm . compil . sci . papers publ . occ . retir . prof . hisao sugino at the age of sixtyfive , ser . turbellarians , biol . lab . \u00f4saka ky\u00f4iku univ . , \u00f4saka , pp . 43\u201352 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nstudies on the phylogeny of dugesia ( sluys et al . 1998 and references therein ) considered the asymmetrical penial papilla to constitute an important taxonomic feature . however , this asymmetry related to the apomorphic presence of a ventral ejaculatory duct . our present study shows that in future analyses this asymmetry needs to be specified by adding a third character state to character ( 1 ) ( sluys et al . 1998 , p . 277 and table ii ) , i . e . ejaculatory duct located dorsally .\nthe pogradec population had already been subjected to karyological , cytogenetic , and phylogeographic studies before anything was known about the anatomy of the specimens ( see above ) . all of these analyses pointed to a situation that this dugesia population differs considerably from congeneric populations . therefore , it was unsurprising that the anatomy of the pogradec animals suggested also that they represent a new species . as a result of the cumulation of the evidences from these independent datasets , the present delineation of the new species is based on a truly integrative approach to taxonomy .\na molecular cytogenetic comparison of several species and populations of the genus dugesia revealed that these planarians from pogradec besides two telomeric nor loci , also have a ribosomal site located in an intercalated position on the long arm of one of the largest chromosomes ( batistoni et al . 1999 ) . this peculiar condition differs from other planarian taxa , in which 18s + 28s rrna genes appeared preferentially located on telomeric regions of medium - sized chromosomes , and was interpreted by the authors as a structural chromosomal rearrangement , such as a paracentric inversion , suggesting a case of speciation .\nin conclusion , it appears that d . sicula has reached a large proportion of the area of its potentially favourable distribution in the mediterranean basin , being a remarkable case of a broad colonisation , in extreme contrast with the rest of mediterranean dugesia species , with all of them being endemic or with very restricted distributions . d . sicula expansion is now limited to spreading to new freshwater basins within the areas it currently inhabits . however , future changes increasing the temperature , such as those predicted by climate change hypothesis , could expand its fitted area to more northern and interior areas .\ndendrocoelum adenodactylosum is very common in the lake , in its tributary streams and springs and also in lake prespa , a nearby lake southeast of lake ohrid that is a major water supplier for the latter . six species are found in surrounding streams and springs and do not occur in the lake proper , viz . dugesia superioris , dendrocoelum jablanicense ( stankovi\u0107 & kom\u00e1rek , 1927 ) , schmidtea lugubris ( schmidt , 1861 ) , crenobia alpina montenigrina ( mr\u00e1zek , 1904 ) , planaria torva ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) , and polycelis tenuis ijima , 1884 . dendrocoelum jablanicense is endemic of the lake ohrid region , while the others concern widespread species .\na review of previous studies on the taxonomy , karyology and chorology of a polymorphic species dugesia japonica from the far east is presented . two subspecies are now known : d . j . japonica ( n = 8 , 2x = 16 , 3x = 24 ) and d . j . ryukyuensis ( n = 7 , 2x = 14 , 3x = 21 ) . an attempt has also been made to determine the definition of the b - chromosome as lb and sb and the variation of the karyotypes of both subspecies is described . every known karyotype of d . japonica is classified into six groups ( see table 2 ) . d . japonica from many localities has a diploid karyotype ( 2x ) , a triploid karyotype ( 3x ) and an orthoploidic mixoploid karyotype of 2x & 3x . the origin and the karyological significance of these karyotypes are discussed .\na unique aspect of planarians is that they can regenerate a brain from somatic pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts , which have the ability to produce themselves ( self - renew ) and to give rise to all missing cell types during regeneration . recent molecular studies have revealed that the planarian brain is composed of many distinct neuronal populations , which are evolutionarily and functionally conserved ones , and acts as an information - processing center to elicit distinct behavioral traits depending on a variety of signals arising from the external environment . how can planarians regenerate such a brain ? on the basis of our recent findings , here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the stem cell dynamics involved in the brain regeneration of the planarian dugesia japonica . our findings suggest the possible value of in vivo planarian studies for guiding regenerative medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases via interlinking stem cell biology and regeneration biology .\ndugesia sicula is the only species of its genus not presenting an endemic or restricted distribution within the mediterranean area . it mostly comprises fissiparous populations ( asexual reproduction by body division and regeneration ) , most likely sexually sterile , and characterized by an extremely low genetic diversity interpreted as the consequence of a recent anthropic expansion . however , its fissiparous reproduction can result in an apparent lack of diversity within the species , since genetic variation within individuals can be as large as between them because most individuals within a population are clones . we have estimated haplotype and nucleotide diversity of cytochrome oxidase i within and among individuals along the species distribution of a broad sample of d . sicula , including asexual and the two only sexual populations known today ; and predicted its potential distribution based on climatic variables . our aim was to determine the centre of colonisation origin , whether the populations are recent , and whether the species is expanding .\nasexual worms of fissiparous strain of the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis switch from asexual to sexual reproduction , if they are fed with sexually mature worms of bdellocephala brunnea . this suggests that the sexually mature worms have a sexualizing substance ( s ) that induces the sexuality in the asexual worms . here , we found by analysis of the sexualization that the cessation of the fission , namely their asexual reproduction , occurs immediately after the acquisition of sexuality . this result suggests that the downstream mechanisms induced by the putative sexualizing substance in b . brunnea become responsible for the cessation of fission . we also found that the decapitation triggers fission in the worms even after the acquisition of sexuality if they are not sexually mature , while the fully sexualized worms never fission even though they are decapitated . this result suggests that the cessation of fission takes place via at least two steps : ( 1 ) the mechanisms associated with the cephalic system ; ( 2 ) other mechanisms independent of cephalic control .\nto investigate the relationship between phylogeny and glycan structures , we analyzed the structure of planarian n - glycans . the planarian dugesia japonica , a member of the flatworm family , is a lower metazoan . n - glycans were prepared from whole worms by hydrazinolysis , followed by tagging with the fluorophore 2 - aminopyridine at their reducing end . the labeled n - glycans were purified , and separated by three hplc steps . by comparison with standard pyridylaminated n - glycans , it was shown that the n - glycans of planarian include high mannose - type and pauci - mannose - type glycans . however , many of the major n - glycans from planarians have novel structures , as their elution positions did not match those of the standard glycans . the results of mass spectrometry and sugar component analyses indicated that these glycans include methyl mannoses , and that the most probable linkage was 3 - o - methylation . furthermore , the methyl residues on the most abundant glycan may be attached to the non - reducing - end mannose , as the glycans were resistant to \u03b1 - mannosidase digestion . these results indicate that methylated high - mannose - type glycans are the most abundant structure in planarians .\nan assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nn2 - an assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nab - an assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nabstract =\nan assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\n,\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nis a triclad turbellarian found across north america . human activities have extended the range of\nto parts of northwestern europe and eastern asia , with notable population densities in great britain and japan .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; gee , et al . , 1998 ; pickavance , 1971 ; sluys , et al . , 2010 )\nis typically present in lakes , ponds , and streams in temperate regions . it shows negative phototaxis and dwells in the benthic zones of freshwater biomes as a result . the microhabitats for this organism include the undersides of rocks , plant material , and other types of debris found on lake and stream beds . the existing literature does not specify a depth range for the organism , but studies indicate the presence of\n( folsom and clifford , 1978 ; gee , et al . , 1998 ; stokely , et al . , 1965 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nis colloquially known as a flatworm , and it has a body that is flattened dorsoventrally . additionally , the body plan exhibits cephalization , and the body surface is covered with cilia used to facilitate gliding locomotion . sensory lobes known as auricles make the head region look triangular , and eyespots called ocelli are found on the head . in terms of coloration , the body is typically brown with white and yellow spots . the average length of\nis 9 to 15 mm , but body dimensions can vary due to the organism ' s ability to regenerate lost parts .\n( pickavance , 1971 ; salo and baguna , 1984 ; sluys , et al . , 2010 ; smales and blankespoor , 1978 )\nthat are produced sexually hatch from a cocoon , and are typically 2 . 0 to 4 . 5 mm in length when first hatched . they are transparent , and have visible yellow yolk cells . as they grow , they use up the yolk , and the spots of pigment grow and darken . individuals are considered mature after reaching a mean length of 9 mm .\nis hermaphroditic , and only some populations reproduce sexually . there is no courtship process , and when one individual encounters another , it glides on top of it . they either both face the same direction or opposite directions , and the top flatworm moves its head back and forth over either the head or dorsal side of the bottom flatworm , stimulating it . after several minutes , both lift their tail ends , maneuvering so that both ventral sides meet , and the penes are mutually inserted . copulation can last 1 minute to 1 . 5 hours , and ends when the pair separates and leaves . individuals can mate many times in their lives .\nreproduces both sexually and asexually . some populations reproduce solely sexually , while others reproduce only by fission , and still other populations reproduce both ways . high temperatures ( at approximately 26\u00b0c ) permit asexual transverse fission , whereas lower temperatures ( approximately 20\u00b0c ) yield a preference for sexual reproduction . some populations therefore switch from asexual fission to mating seasonally . reproduction for\nreaches its peak during the summer months . an adult delivers a cocoon that attaches to surfaces by means of a short stalk . the cocoons have mean diameter of 1 . 30 mm and give rise to a mean of about 4 newborns upon hatching . an individual can produce multiple cocoons during its lifetime .\n( folsom and clifford , 1978 ; vowinckel and marsden , 1971 ; vreys , et al . , 2002 )\nproduces a cocoon for every group of offspring produced , and provides provisioning . otherwise , there is no parental care .\ndo not show any signs of degenerative aging due to their regenerative capabilities . it is reported that the mortality rates of fed individuals are negligible because they are solely due to experimental accidents . it is also presented in the literature that\nis able to reabsorb its body tissues and shrink in size to prevent death from famine .\nis free - swimming and exhibits gliding locomotion with the help of mucus secretions as well as cilia that cover the body surface . individuals can be found both independently or in groups . group foraging has been observed to increase rates of daily per capita ingestion , which drives increased rates of asexual fission .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; pickavance , 1971 ; smales and blankespoor , 1978 )\nis considered one of the most primitive animal forms known to possess a central nervous system for higher order perception and integration . these flatworms are equipped with two eyespots called ocelli that appear as dark pigment cups on the anterior dorsal surface .\nalso has two earlike lobes as part of its anterior head region that function in tactile and chemical sensation . these structures , called auricles , have receptors and cilia on them to facilitate such sensation and perception . gliding mobility is facilitated by cilia covering the body surface , and the organism shows negative phototaxis upon exposure to light .\n( smales and blankespoor , 1978 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nuses its mucus secretions not only for gliding locomotion but also for capturing prey items . it has been observed that\nexhibits a threshold temperature for feeding . feeding is significantly reduced or completely stops below a critical temperature of 6\u00b0c .\nfunctions to inhibit being captured by these organisms . group foraging is reported to increase survival rates .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; davies and reynoldson , 1969 )\nserves as prey to a variety of animals , including fish , amphibians , and insects . it is also a predator itself of insects , aquatic worms , and crustaceans . as a significant predator of insect larvae , particularly mosquitoes ,\nhas been introduced to catch basins in ontario to successfully limit the population growth of immature mosquitoes . however , mosquito populations were not observed to be effectively controlled after introducing these flatworms to vernal pools in north dakota .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; davies and reynoldson , 1969 ; meyer and learned , 1981 )\nis equipped with a central nervous system ( cns ) for integrative neuronal communication and has regenerative abilities . consequently , this flatworm has been increasingly used as a model organism for educational and research purposes to better understand both tissue regeneration as a result of wear and tear and brain development as the main neural processing center in animals . genetic research at the molecular level is currently underway for these organisms to attempt to shed light on human growth , development , and tissue turnover . additionally ,\nhas been introduced to some bodies of water in an attempt to control mosquito populations through larval predation by these flatworms , to varying degrees of success .\n( meyer and learned , 1981 ; salo and baguna , 1984 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nit is suggested that feeding populations of this species do not age and are therefore considered immortal due to their regenerative capabilities .\nin terms of its growth and regenerative patterns are regulated by a temporal pattern . the rate of mitosis is observed to have an initial maximum 4 to 12 hours after injury , fall to a minimum at 1 day , and then rebound to attain a second maximum after 2 to 3 days . anterior and posterior regenerative patterns show the most rapid rate of mitotic activity residing near the site of a wound and diminishing at body sections away from an injured body section .\nrosario saccomanno ( author ) , the college of new jersey , keith pecor ( editor ) , the college of new jersey , angela miner ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico ."]}
{"id": 26, "summary": [{"text": "devon loch ( 1946 \u2013 1963 ) was a racehorse , which fell on the final straight while leading the 1956 grand national .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "owned by queen elizabeth the queen mother and ridden by dick francis , devon loch had won two races already that season and finished third in the national hunt handicap chase at cheltenham .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his progress was helped when the favourite , must , and a previous winner , early mist , fell early on .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he went to the front of the race with three jumps remaining , cleared the last half a length ahead of e.s.b. , and took a commanding lead on the final stretch .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "then , in front of the royal box just 40 yards from the winning post and five lengths ahead , he suddenly inexplicably jumped into the air and landed on his stomach , allowing e.s.b. to overtake and win .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "although jockey dick francis tried to cajole the horse , it was unable to continue .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "afterwards , the queen mother said : \" oh , that 's racing . \"", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is still uncertain and debated to this day as to why devon loch jumped ; some reports claimed he suffered a cramp in his hindquarters causing the collapse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "another report asserted that a shadow thrown by the adjacent water-jump fence ( which horses only traverse on the first circuit of the aintree course ) may have baffled devon loch into thinking a jump was required and \u2013 confused as to whether he should jump or not \u2013 he half-jumped and collapsed .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "jockey dick francis later stated that a loud cheer from the crowd , for an expected royal winner , distracting the horse is a more likely explanation .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "reports that the horse had suffered a heart attack were dismissed , as devon loch recovered far too quickly for this to have been the case .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he lived another six years , being put down during or shortly after the cold winter of 1962 \u2013 3 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "devon loch", "paragraphs": ["just over sixty years ago devon loch , a horse owned by the queen mother , was set to win the grand national . for over four miles devon loch had soared over thirty fences and was clear of the field . with 50 yards to go victory was assured . but as hats were being thrown in the air and punters counting their winnings , devon loch fell . its race was over .\nevery now and then you ' ll hear the term ' he did a devon loch ' which was a phrase coined after his famous fall .\nbut that day a phrase entered the culture : \u2018doing a devon loch\u2019 , capturing that all too common experience of seizing defeat from the jaws of victory .\nwhat did you think when my horse fell down ?\ninquired the queen mother , owner of the stricken devon loch , when the two met after the race .\nthe jockey didn ' t respond and d loch corrected himself . . . . but belly flopped .\nesb ' s jockey , d . dick , cheerfully admitted afterwards that he had given up hope of catching devon loch . he had his head down , he said , resigned to second place .\nthis was the 1956 grand national in which the late dick francis galloped towards the finish line on the queen mother\u2019s horse , devon loch . dick was just yards away from the finish line and was undoubtedly about to win the race when suddenly devon inexplicably jumped up and fell to his stomach .\nit was as if he thought there was a fence in front of him . esb who was behind , swooped past devon loch who was still scrambling to his feet and went on to win the grand national .\nwithout wishing to put any extra pressure on ranieri and his players , it is starting to look as though it would take a devon loch - style collapse for leicester to miss out on a place in the top four .\nfamous for sustainably - sourced seafood , our loch fyne seafood & grill restaurants open daily to serve our guests fresh and delicious meals .\narmorial iii , the tallest horse in the field of 29 , sprang into the lead in the first circuit , with eagle lodge , sandew , much obliged , gentle moya and devon loch - the latter taking his jumps with care and complete confidence .\nenjoy some time out at this contemporary self - catering barn dwelling squirrelled away in the picturesque teign valley , devon .\nso , did dick not feel a touch guilty that he had been the jockey to have profited from devon loch ' s inexplicable fall ?\nnaaaagh . he was brought to a ruddy standstill by a riderless horse at the first fence after the canal turn . but for that , he might have won by rights and devon loch would have been long forgotten . that said , i ' ve always felt sorry for the queen mum because she ' s such a smashing person . she ' s a star , she is .\nfailure can be a great teacher but a poor master . we have all \u2018done a devon loch\u2019 . so let\u2019s learn from it and what this kind of experience tells us about how to look after and prepare ourselves better . i look forward to seeing you in the winner\u2019s paddock !\njessica ennis is almost there . it would take a devon loch - style collapse to deny her the gold medal now . going into the 800 metres , the final event of the heptathlon , she leads the field by 188 points . that equates to a country mile in layman terms .\nflaunting all that is good and great about sunny south devon , phillimores is an intriguing self - catering holiday cottage blending the traditional and the stylish . this 17th century cottage is idyllically cosseted in a wooded valley not far from kingsbridge in the ever - popular south hams region of devon .\neven 46 years on , what happened next remains one of sport ' s greatest mysteries ; 50 yards from the line and with the entire nation cheering a royal victory , devon loch pricked up his ears , appeared to jump a phantom obstacle , and belly - flopped to the turf with his four legs splayed out like bambi on ice .\ncycle to - a day at historic braunton burrows is great . cyclists can enjoy the 30 - mile tarka trail tracking the scenic coastline of north devon .\nbut with only ten horses left at the run in to the straight the crowd surged to the rails and the cheers all centred on the faraway , bobbing head and swinging hooves of devon loch . with three others he took the last thorn fence with great lift and rhythm . you could see some of the hooves hitting the brushwood but no one came down . devon loch got first into stride and was soon pounding past the stands , five lengths clear of esb , with francis already stretching out a hand for his bay - leaves . then the astonishing happened . devon loch ' s hind - legs buckled and he went down on his stomach . in what can have been no more than two seconds - but it seemed like an age - francis threw his weight forward and his mount struggled to his feet . could be still do it ? it looked as though he might . the first royal victory in the national since 1900 , the 7 # 163 ; 8 , 000 prize and what a reception with it ! - only forty yards away .\nthe same year that devon loch was running , robert zajonc was doing work that would help us understand the \u2018audience effect\u2019 \u2013 why we perform a task more poorly in front of an audience than we do when we are alone . anyone who has watched a child struggle to play a piece of music at a school performance that you\u2019ve heard them play perfectly at home is familiar with this effect .\nset in an area of outstanding natural beauty near lyme regis on the devon border , this stylish architect - designed self - catering home boasts dramatic far - reaching woodland vistas .\n` go on then you , lucky devil ,\nmuttered dave dick grudgingly as dick francis galloped off towards the growing crescendo of noise at the winning post . for four miles , dick and the gallant esb had soared over aintree ' s 30 fences ; now , as they cleared the last but a few hoofbeats behind devon loch , francis accelerated away from them in search of his place in grand national legend .\nfor out - of - the - ordinary luxury self - catering holidays in extraordinary locations , our hand - picked collection of iconic homes include luxury cottages in devon . find out more about our\neveryone was trying to resolve the puzzle of devon loch ' s failure - while esb , a most honourable winner was rather starved of attention as no other national victor has been before - and there were a host of theories . frightened by the noise of the crowd , some said : or he slipped on a muddy patch and could not regain his stride ; or he was out off by the shadow of the water jump on his left .\nimpeccable interiors , sea - salted air and panoramic views over woolacombe bay make tamarisk beach house an idyllic retreat for families and surfers looking for luxury self - catering accommodation by the sea in north devon .\nbordering the pretty dartmoor village of lustleigh , this luxury self - catering cottage flaunts timeless tranquillity in its original cobbles , thick granite walls and neat slate roof , offering an indulgent couples\u2019 retreat in devon ' s wild heart .\nyou know watching that film , just before the final jump , if you look at devon loch ' s hind legs , they were almost\nloose\nlooking for a better term ? like the human adage\nmy legs felt like jelly\n. i can see it clearly in the video starting around 1 : 04 and onward , look at his hind legs . he just looked spent . . . maybe like marathon runner whose legs just fall out from underneath him , it looks just about the same . .\non the outward run into the country on the second circuit , after two miles of extremely fast going , the fences began to take their toll . nine horses fell in the last ten jumps . at becher ' s , sundew , who had been helping to make the pace with armorial iii , went down on landing . the main group , including devon loch and many of the leading fancies , were now a good many lengths behind , but all coming up fast enough to spread the many hopes among the crowd .\nplot your country escape to this luxury holiday cottage in north bovey ; one of devon ' s most idyllic villages set within the rugged beauty of dartmoor national park . the riddle is the type of cottage you might find on the pages of a storybook .\nthe effect of the tragic climax on the more hard - bitten ones of the racing fraternity was not the least curious feature of the day . used to the ups and downs of the track , in and out of the money by the hour , surely they could ride this emotional blow ? but no . devon loch had caught many of them in the middle of a cheer with all defences down .\nno more racing today for me ,\nsaid one horsey veteran with a sigh as he slumped on the seat near me .\ni am very , very upset .\nfar from the crowds , the hartland heritage coast is a halcyon world of pebble beaches and beatrix potter wildlife backed by a deep blue sea . set between appledore and clovelly , the creamery was made for those hidden - away self - catering holidays in devon .\ncinnamon cottage is a thatched luxury self - catering cottage in the quaint village of higher ashton in devon . with the traditional thatched roof crowning the elegant and intriguingly beautiful interiors within , family holidays in the rolling devonshire countryside have never looked so tempting . . .\nthis enchanting 400 year old millhouse is chock - full of old - world charm . set in the south hams near dartmouth , the dreamy south devon coast is almost within touching distance and short stroll through the valley leads to the sheltered cove of blackpool sands .\nit would have been hard to find a theatre - producer able to build up a race to such a climax . the luck of jumping , which put most of the favourites out of the race well before devon loch and three others leapt into sight in the home straight , ensured that the weight of the cheering all bent itself to the encouragement of the queen mother ' s horse . the favourite , must , and the fancied high guard ( with a . p . thompson up , riding in his last national ) and two other runners went down as the cavalcade cleared the first jump .\nnestled on the banks of the river yealm in south devon ' s yachty haven of newton ferrers is the oh - so - stylish beauport . this stunning self - catering luxury cottage exudes a restful ambiance echoic of the rippling river which sits at the bottom of the garden .\nit is better to look at newspaper stills of the event , rather than the old grainy film . off track , coming to the inside fence , there is a ditch in the field - approximately 1 metre broad . devon lock takes a moderate leap exactly at the point of this ditch .\nnone of the thousands who saw it will easily shake off the memory of devon loch ' s collapse in front of the royal box today within forty yards and a few seconds of triumph ; or the utterly poignant spectacle of the royal jockey r . francis , cast as the day ' s tragic hero , walking away from his crippled mount , too distressed to look anywhere . aintree was on its feet to roar it home for a great grand national victory ; hats , racecards , emotions all in the air . a moment later , as a certain winner buckled in its stride , the cheering thousands gave a loud\nah !\nof dismay and crumpled into silence . i have never seen a race crowd - or any sporting crowd - more bewildered .\nclearing the last and going on to the long run in , the jockey was later to write in an autobiography\nnever had i felt such power in reserve , such confidence in my mount , such calm in my mind\nand it was clear that there was only going to be one winner , however disaster was to strike 50 yards from home when all the men in the stand were throwing up their hats into the air to salute a great win for devon , dick and the queen mother . suddenly the horse seemed to jump in the air and then completely collapsed onto his stomach , the horse got to his feet and his jockey tried to summon the horse to carry on but it was soon obvious that the horse could not carry on and as esb ran past to win , it was clear to all the shocked crowd that\nall looked good for his crack at the title . his progress was helped when two of the market leaders fell at the first both must ( the favourite ) and also early mist ( a previous winner ) this was to leave m ' as - tu - vu in the lead and devon was going well in mid division . the horse had no problem with the obstacles and only had one problem on the fist circuit when a horse fell in front of him and he had to swerve to miss it , he did this in great style and went on to complete the first circuit by jumping ' the chair ' the biggest fence in the race easily , and then cleared the water to go back to the start for another circuit . his jockey was impressed with the ease his horse was showing indeed even turning in for the final straight his jockey could see all around him hard at work and he still had a ' double hand full ' .\nfrancis will at least earn his sombre niche in sporting history among the great failures . the ryder cup has been won and lost by a putt and cup final hopes dashed by one twisted knee . but this was even more suddenly dramatic . the closer comparison is with , say , those marathon runners who have dropped within sight of the tape after a gruelling 26 miles like peters at vancouver or dorando in the olympics of 1908 .\ni do not think any of these theories quite explain it . his sudden collapse looked to me to be of the same kind as the marathon runner ' s ; namely , cramp and exhaustion , leaving francis for all his crouching determination and skill , helpless to do anything about it .\nthe crowd was shocked : almost hamstrung itself . it was like a modern nightmare , the will without the power . but down went the hind legs again as esb rushed triumphantly past . francis dismounted , threw down his whip and wept when he heard the applause for his effort . the last of the bitter pill was that he might have broken the national record has he finished : esb was only four fifths of a second outside it .\nthe queen mother , who has been on her feet with the rest ( and so were the queen and princess margaret ) accepted the tragedy in regal fashion , and something more than that . when the winning owner , mrs carver , expressed her sympathy , queen elizabeth smiled and said .\noh that ' s racing !\nshe went at once to see her crestfallen jockey and later came to the windows of the stand to smile and wave to the crowd .\nbut you could see others weighing up the form for the next race . and , watching them trail over to out their money on , it looked rather like that gesture of wartime pilots , going up into action at once after a disaster , simply to recover their nerve .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\njamie vardy scores leicester\u2019s second goal against stoke city at the king power stadium . photograph : michael regan / getty images\nclaudio ranieri has likened leicester city\u2019s pursuit of the premier league title to a horse race and said he was prepared to \u201cwhip them\u201d in march and take a bit of advice from sir alex ferguson .\non this evidence there will be no need for the italian to get off his saddle , or call ferguson for that matter , as leicester , playing like thoroughbreds , returned to the top of the table . perhaps more significantly , they have opened up a 10 - point lead over fifth - placed manchester united with 15 games remaining .\nwhile it is true that leicester have some particularly tricky fixtures coming up , starting with an unpredictable liverpool side at home on tuesday week and followed by back - to - back trips to manchester city and arsenal , the run - in looks much more benign once those games have been negotiated .\nthis turned into a vintage leicester performance , one of those days when everything went right for them on an afternoon that finished with their supporters singing : \u201cwe\u2019re gonna win the league\u201d .\nit was only the second game that leicester have won since beating chelsea in the middle of december , the first time that jamie vardy has scored in eight matches and riyad mahrez also looked much like his old self . three big boxes were ticked in that respect .\ndanny drinkwater also deserves more than a passing mention . an unsung hero in this leicester team , the former manchester united midfielder opened the scoring with his first premier league goal and also played the through ball that released vardy for their second .\nby that point stoke were as good as raising the white flag and when leonardo ulloa slid in leicester\u2019s third , following a lovely piece of skill from mahrez , their misery was complete .\nit was certainly not much of a way for mark hughes to celebrate his 500th game in management and tempting , given how poorly the visitors performed , to think that stoke\u2019s players had one eye on tuesday\u2019s capital one cup semi - final second leg against liverpool . hughes hopes that ryan shawcross , who limped out of this game in the first half with a back problem , could be fit to play at anfield and also backed his players to bounce back .\nranieri , in contrast , is able to switch off for a few days and has encouraged his players to put their feet up while he goes back to italy . \u201cit was very important to be top of the premier league at the end of january because now comes a very tough february , with liverpool , arsenal and manchester city to come , \u201d the leicester manager said .\n\u201cit is unbelievable but it is good . we are ready to fight . now the players will have three days off so they can clear their minds and then they will come back and we start to work hard again . this league for us is very exciting . \u201d\nso much about leicester\u2019s display gave ranieri pleasure , including drinkwater\u2019s goal . he has been encouraging the 25 - year - old to shoot more often and that advice paid off three minutes before half time . philipp wollscheid only half cleared marc albrighton\u2019s corner and drinkwater , loitering on the edge of the area , drilled a 20 - yard shot that took a deflection off marc wilson , shawcross\u2019s replacement , before beating jack butland .\nalthough joselu\u2019s free header from a glen johnson cross finally forced kasper schmeichel into a save in the 61st minute , that was pretty much stoke\u2019s only attempt on goal . shortly after that chance leicester doubled their lead when vardy , running on to drinkwater\u2019s lofted pass , skipped around butland and tapped into an empty net from an acute angle .\nwith mahrez becoming more and more influential , leicester were starting to enjoy themselves and added a third three minutes from time . ulloa flicked on schmeichel\u2019s punt upfield and vardy , gambling on the argentinian winning that header , chased the ball into the inside right channel before picking out mahrez .\nafter a lovely nutmeg of wollscheid , mahrez was able to tee up ulloa and leicester were rampant .\nhughes had long seen enough . \u201cit wasn\u2019t a great day for us . we didn\u2019t produce anything of note , to be honest , \u201d the stoke manager said . \u201cfrom our point of view we\u2019re looking to bounce back quickly . we\u2019ve got a huge game on tuesday and i back my team to respond . \u201d\nthe times and the sunday times and carefully selected third parties use cookies on this site to improve performance , for analytics and for advertising . by browsing this site you are agreeing to this . for more information see our privacy and cookie policy .\nwe have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details . please update your billing details here\nthe subscription details associated with this account need to be updated . please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription .\nplease update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the uk .\nwe\u2019ve added tags to the bottom of all article pages allowing you to further explore the topics you\u2019re interested in .\njohnson - thompson rose to twelfth place after jumping 6 . 19 metres stu forster / getty\nthat means that ennis , one of the best 800 metres runners in the field , can afford to run 13 seconds slower than a woman she is usually much faster than . austra skujyte , of lithuania , remains second after russia\u2019s tatyana chernova , the world champion , failed to mount a lasting challenge . the russian goes into the final event in sixth place , some 314 points adrift . the olympic champion - for a few more hours anyway - nataliya dobrynska , pulled out of the event\u2026\nwelsh national anthem just before wales beat england 30 - 3 . saturday 16th march 2013\n. all this added up to what should have been a happy occasion but fate got in the way and another grand national story was entered in the history books .\nwas not favorite on that day because two past winners and a future winner were in the race but never the less the horse was fancied by his connections having showed his ability by wining twice that year and also running up a good third at cheltenham that season .\nprobably the most disappointed person on that day was hm the queen mother but as this remarkable national hunt enthusiast who ' s only concern on the day was for the horse , trainer and jockey , indeed on meeting esp ' s winning trainer and jockey later it was they who were full of tears and the queen mum was later to say when asked of the incident when being interviewed on the television that ' s racing ( a lesson to us all ) .\nmany theories have been given up to what happened on that day . the jockey said\ni ' m convinced that the roar of the crown frightened the horse\n, a police officer on duty that day said\nthere was a dark wet patch on the course and that caused the horse to stumble\n, it is also said that the shadow of a fence caused the horse to think there was a fence there and it spooked him . i guess the real reason will never be known but the horse when checked at the stable afterwards was found to be in good health and never showed any sign of an abnormality indeed he went on to win twice after . the theory that i think is most likely is the shadow because this ' jumping of no fence ' is not unique even in the grand national as in 1901 the winner a horse called grundon also did this trick it was reported that he jumped a footpath that he thought was a fence !\nas can be seen here was a dejected and was inconsolable on the day and now has a successful career as a writer of racing related thrillers but even he must admit that life is stranger than fiction .\nnew customers only , place a \u00a310 bet on any sportsbook market - min stake \u00a310 at odds of at least 1 . 5 ( 1 / 2 ) \u2014 and we\u2019ll give you \u00a330 in free bets . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . free bets are valid for 30 days and must be used on a sportsbook market . free bets will be awarded after the qualifying bet has been settled . t & cs ; apply . games : one bonus per customer . \u00a310 free to play on ted slot game , offer valid for 7 days . opt in on games promotions page . x15 wagering applies . t & cs ; apply .\nnew customers only . uk + ire only . promo code ' g30 ' required . min first bet \u00a310 with odds of 1 / 2 or more . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a330 credited as 3 x \u00a310 free bets . not valid with cashout . free bet valid for 4 days .\nmin deposit \u00a35 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits . min odds , bet and payment method exclusions apply . returns exclude bet credits stake . time limits and t & cs ; apply .\nuk + ire only . min first bet \u00a35 at odds 1 / 2 or more . tote and pool excluded . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a320 credited as 4 x \u00a35 free bets . not valid with cash out . free bet valid for 4 days . free bet stake not returned .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni was absolutely delighted , ma ' am ,\nreplied dave dick without thinking .\nthough dick francis would become the queen mum ' s favourite author , she retained a soft spot for laugh - a - minute dave dick , who never failed to make her chortle with his stream of roguish one - liners .\ndespite my tactlessness ,\ndick told me shortly before his death 14 months ago ,\ni like to think we ' ve become great friends . she even invited me to be guest of honour at the official royal ascot lunch to celebrate her 400th winner as an owner . but that was another right royal cock - up wasn ' t it ? my invitation was sent to another dave dick in scotland . sat right next to hm he was . ` who are you ? ' demands the queen mum . ` dave dick ' says he . ` oh , no , you ' re not ' says she . and , of course , he was dave dick . . . just not the right dave dick ' .\nit was one of those inane questions hacks sometimes ask for no apparent reason when we find ourselves in the company of greatness and suddenly can ' t think of a thing to say .\ni don ' t suppose you ever rode red rum ?\ni recently inquired of lester piggott at a racing lunch , regretting the words even as they were being uttered .\nround aintree ?\ni ventured ( in for a penny in for a pound ) .\nlester bestowed a piteous look upon his hapless inquisitor before granting me the most gracious of explanations .\nno . i won on red rum on the flat at aintree in 1967 when he was a two - year - old . but my family had a lot of connections with the grand national - and , you can look it up .\nand look it up i did . did you know that lester ' s father , keith piggott , trained 1963 winner ayala for pierre raymond , better known in hairdressing circles as ` mr teasie weasie ' ? or that his grandfather , ernie piggott , won the national three times as a jockey aboard jerry m in 1912 , followed by poethlyn in 1918 ( when the wartime race was run at gatwick ) and again 1919 ?\nalthough the cheltenham gold cup remains the ` holy grail ' for jockeys , trainers and owners , the grand national has been the undisputed ` people ' s race ' for 163 years . curiously , however , aintree gained social respectability only in 1900 when the prince of wales ' horse , ambush ii , rode to victory .\nthereafter , grand national - winning owners have sashayed into the unsaddling enclosure in all shapes and guises ; from sir charles assheton - smith ( 1912 , 1913 ) , lady nelson ( 1915 ) and lord airlie ( 1924 ) , to holiday camp magnate fred pontin ( 1971 ) , comedian freddie starr ( 1994 ) and footballer ricky george ( 1998 ) , scorer of the winning goal in hereford ' s famous 2 - 1 defeat of mighty newcastle united in the fa cup in 1972 .\nwhen i was a lad i always wanted to be a jockey , but the rest of my family were boxers ; except for my dad , that is , he was an alsatian .\ni ' ve got four flat horses in training . the others are round , but i love ' em all to bits just the same .\nno , thank you , paul ( the man with the microphone was called ` bob ' ) and may i say how much i like the dress you ' re wearing .\nand finally - for those interested - after devoting . . . oh , minutes on end , poring over the form - book , consulting meteorologists about the likely going and studying weights , ages and whatnot of past winners , i can now reveal which noble steeds will be carrying the philip family ' s hard - earned cash come 3 . 45 this afternoon :\n2 ) celibate ( which i will most certainly be for the foreseeable future should ' er indoors be less than enamoured by the return on my investment ) .\n3 ) marlborough ( after all , i smoke enough of the wretched things ) .\nbut always remember , i hasten to add , as a wise man once said :\nthe only way to make money following horses is to carry a brush and shovel .\nif you are new to the forums , you must login or register a free account before you can post . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nyour forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nplease complete your profile . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nin our continuing effort to provide an avenue for individuals to voice their opinions and experiences , we have recently reviewed and updated our forum policies . generally , we have allowed users to share their positive or negative experiences with or opinions of companies , products , trainers , etc . within the industry , and that is not changing . when it came to overt criminal allegations , however , those discussions have in the past needed to stem from a report by a reputable news source or action by law enforcement or the legal system . we are now expanding our policies to allow posters to share their own first - hand experiences involving overt criminal allegations , such as animal abuse or neglect , theft , etc . , but only if they publicly provide their full first and last name along with the post . we still will not allow anonymous postings alleging criminal activity . so , a user may now make a specific claim against a named individual or company , but it must be a first - hand account , and they have to identify themselves . users have always been legally responsible for their posts , and nothing has changed there , but we want to loosen the reins a bit and further allow the free flow of discussion and information relevant to the horse community . we are not providing a free - for - all of anonymous rumor - mongering . as enduring advocates for the welfare of the horse , we want to provide a forum for those willing to sign their name and shine a light on issues of concern to them in the industry . the full revised rules are posted at the top of each forum for reference .\njust curious if more educated eyes could tell from the video , what caused him to fall ? did he just slip ? or did he injure himself ? couldn ' t find a lot googling . at first i laughed , thought it was just bad luck . but if you watch them walk away , it looked like his front left was buckling under his weight . . . not sure if it was just fatigue , or if it was broken . poor guy , though . . . urltoken\nthat question has been solidly debated ever since 1956 and even the jockey , dick francis , could not explain it . horse wasn ' t damaged .\npick up dick francis ' s book the sport of queens : the autobiography of dick francis . his 1993 revision has a lengthy chapter on the race and his thoughts on the cause of the freak fall . he laments losing a race every jockey dreams of winning in such a bizarre fashion . he also wrote that losing that race in that way was integral to the man he became - and for that he had no regrets .\nthanks for the info . . . had never heard the story before , didn ' t realize it was such a huge event , much less an unexplained one . i love dick francis novels , have never read his autobio before .\ndarkmoonlady , that ' s the impression i got . maybe he just wasn ' t fit enough ? or was worked too hard that week ? or who knows . being the queen ' s horse , i can ' t imagine him not recieving the best possible care , but horses are still horses .\ni think i remember dick francis ' theory was that he recoiled from the sound . francis said that the roar of the crowd in the stretch was unlike anything he had ever heard before on the track - people cheering for the certain royal victory . he says the horse hesitated a little in the stretch , then pricked his ears , then jumped back at the onslaught of sound as soon as he pricked them .\ni always attributed it to the hand of god . the crone on the throne has never won , too bad that does not cause the overthrow of the empire but every little bit helps !\nwe , too , will be remembered not for victories or defeats in battle or in politics , but for our contribution to the human spirit .\njfk\nouch . that ' s unfortunate . what a way to go down in history , especially for a good horse who otherwise had a successful career .\nlike the baseball player tommy john whose name is now used to describe surgery for ailing pitchers .\nthe horse had imagined the ditch continues below his head and , reigned out , beyond his immediate vision .\nit ' s always looked to me like the horse tried to jump something in the stretch . it ' s one of those great mysteries of the grand national .\nthere were many theories , some conspiratorial , like that someone let off a shot to put him off his stride , but the noise was lost in the roar . some think he mistook the jump on the adjacent track for a split second and almost made an attempt to jump it .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 5 . 2 . 5 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd .\nall times are gmt - 5 . this page was generated at 02 : 08 pm .\nthe queen mother famously said , \u201coh that\u2019s racing . \u201d dick francis retired from the sport the following year and became a crime writer !\nwe always welcome comments and more information about our films . all posts are reactively checked . libellous and abusive comments are forbidden .\nlife before health and safety laws ! men working at huge heights , balancing on girders and cranes , working on the world ' s tallest skyscrapers .\nrms titanic was the second of three olympic - class vessels . she was the first - but not the last - of them to sink with loss of life .\nsee howard carter at the tomb of tutankhamun , archaeological digs , and treasures from ancient egypt on display in this collection of films .\na hand - picked selection of 91 still images from the queen ' s 91 years and her record - breaking reign .\nforget about the brad pitts and leonardo dicaprios of today . take a look at the original hollywood hunks !\nwe bring you 10 more tragedies that took place when british path\u00e9 ' s camera reels were rolling .\nyour current browser isn ' t compatible with soundcloud . please download one of our supported browsers . need help ?\nwhy do so many of us fall at that last hurdle ? business is no different . consider delivering a pitch , and the stress involved in the preparation and delivery . it\u2019s going well and the win seems assured \u2013 then as the final question rolls in , one of the team makes a basic error , misjudging their audience or failing to address the client\u2019s key concerns . and yet , you believed you had been so well - prepared and rehearsed .\nzajonc found it was tasks which are more complex or with which we are not familiar , that we struggle with in front of others . the lesson for our pitch team ? practice is essential . that time in front of the mirror or with your team running through your parts is absolutely necessary . but equally so is rehearsal \u2013 trying it out in front of an audience . real people asking real questions .\nafter a long day , do you find it harder to resist temptation , often in the form of a glass of wine or a bar of chocolate ? you aren\u2019t unusual . in fact , your behaviour is predictable according to those who study self - regulation .\nself - regulation is our ability to screen out distractions and to concentrate , to resist short term gains in favour of longer term benefits and , crucially , to control our emotional responses . it is an ability that becomes depleted as the day wears on . the plethora of stimulus and activity that makes up a working day drains our well of willpower , reducing our ability to regulate our thoughts and behaviours . by the end of the day , our decision - making is affected \u2013 our choices are short term and predictable , we are more volatile \u2013 more easily swayed by events .\nwhat can be done ? we must accept that we cannot replenish our store of willpower throughout the day , so we must curate it . we can plan our day to ensure that we are at our best when we need to be . a sandwich at your desk amid the emails and phone calls is draining ; a walk in the park at lunchtime can work wonders .\nsimon taylor , senior leadership consultant at kaplan financial , delivers kaplan\u2019s unique leadership development programmes , which focus on combining behavioural science with world class financial training . he has prior experience in delivering leadership training to military , police and government departments worldwide .\nif you would like to find out more about our leadership and professional development courses , use the form to request a callback .\nyes , i\u2019m happy to receive updates about relevant products and services from kaplan . i understand i can unsubscribe at any time . please see our privacy policy for further details on how we handle your data .\nyes , i ' m happy to receive updates about relevant products and services from kaplan . i understand i can unsubscribe at any time . please see our privacy policy for further details on how we handle your data .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnestled within the wilds of dartmoor near chagford sits sojourn ; a luxury chocolate box cottage with spa room . a true english country cottage with lavish finishes and beautiful linens .\nsleeps : up to 2 people pets : sorry , no pets features : the spa room has a copper bath tub and massage table . guests can book a professional thai masseuse at additional cost and on prior request\nas featured on george clarke ' s amazing spaces , this ww2 guard tower nestles on the coast in sought - after shaldon and has been brought bang into the 21 st century with an armoury of quirky mod cons , making it an ingeniously designed retreat for two .\nin the heart of dartmoor national park lies a sublime self - catering abode named peacock blue ; the haute design and stylish interiors fuses with vintage finds and sophisticated flourishes to create this sublime luxury home stay . a unique and vibrant abode which design aficionados will lust over .\nsleeps : up to 4 guests alternative group option : up to 2 guests pets : two dogs are very welcome , or three on prior request . memory foam dog bed included .\nset between the yachting havens of kingsbridge and salcombe , dusky cottage sits on a country lane leading down to hope cove . push open the sky - blue gate and you ' ll be smitten ; this luxury thatched cottage is sure to capture the hearts of all the family .\nstargazer is a luxury self - catering home perfect for families who are looking for an idyllic devonshire holiday between moor and sea in the historic town of modbury .\nsimple and elegant , this large south hams self - 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cream and fudge shops are all just a short stroll away . there is a large open plan living area downstairs , with a large conservatory , and a beautiful lawned garden with summer house .\neverything you could ask for is provided , including internet access , sky + tv , books , toys , games and a wii console ."]}
{"id": 29, "summary": [{"text": "seriola is a genus of bony fish , commonly known as amberjacks .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "nine extant species are currently recognized , although these were formerly split into many more .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "also , several species are currently placed in several other genera of carangidae that were originally described under seriola .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are a large , carnivorous finfish popularly known for the firm texture and rich flavour of their flesh , which make them an ideal fish for aquaculture .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "because specimens caught can weigh up to 41 kg ( 90 lb ) , and are powerful swimmers and hunters , they are also highly prized by sport fisherman .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "most seriola species are either benthic , demersal or pelagic , and can be found down to 200 m in depth .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "all 9 species cover most of the globe in terms of distribution , usually in coastal waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "most are shown to be pelagic spawners , releasing eggs into the open ocean habitat until hatching , and they do this through dioecious , external reproduction .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "most seriola species are found in schools , and have diets consisting of fish , squid and other invertebrates . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "seriola", "paragraphs": ["fao . 2008 . cultured aquatic species information programme seriola quinqueradiata ( temminck & schlegel 1845 ) . urltoken seriola _ quinqueradiata / en\nwe cultured seriola lalandi for 488 days in a ras with artificial sea water .\ngarc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 1993 . primeras experiencias de crecimiento de juveniles de seriola mediterr\u00e1nea ( seriola dumerili , risso 1810 ) alimentados con una dieta semih\u00fameda . bol . inst . esp . oceanog . 9 ( 2 ) : 347 - 360 .\nscientific synonyms and common names seriola rivoliana cuvier , 1833 synonyms : seriola rivoliana valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 207 ( ' archipel ' = brazil ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 6633 ( ' archipel ' ) . seriola falcata valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 210 ( ' golfe du mexique ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 781 . seriola bonariensis valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , hist . nat . poiss . , 9 : 211 ( ' buenos ayres ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 6619 . seriola dubia lowe , 1839 , proc . zool . soc . london , 7 : 81 ( ' madeira ' ) . seriola dubia : lowe , 1840 : 5 g\u00fcnther , 1860 , 2 : 463 . seriola rivoliana : carus , 1893 : 672 nichols , 1946 : 260 randall , 1968 : 103 , fig . 118 blache et al . , 1970 : 309 , fig . 808 . seriola bonariensis : barnard , 1927 : 556 . seriola falcata : fowler , 1936 : 680 nichols , 1946 : 259 maul , 1948 : 151 albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 672 . seriola colburni evermann & clark , 1928 seriola songoro smith , 1959 common names : almaco jack [ en ] charuteiro [ pr ] edregal lim\u00f3n [ es ] s\u00e9riole limon [ fr ]\ngarc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 2000 . recent advances in nutritional aspects of seriola dumerili . cah options m\u00e9dit\u00e9rr . 47 : 249 - 257 .\nmiranda i . t . & peet c . 2008 . farmed yellowtail seriola spp . japan and australia final report , october 22 , 2008 .\ngarc\u00eda a . & d\u00edaz m . v . 1995 . culture of seriola dumerili . cah . opt . m\u00e9diterr . 16 : 103 - 114 .\nholthus p . 2009 . seriola & cobia aquacultre dialogue . meeting summary . world wildlife fund , september 2009 . veracruz , mexico . www . worldwildlife .\na yellowtail kingfish , seriola lalandi , at the solitary islands , new south wales . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nmoran d , gara b , wells rmg ( 2007 ) energetics and metabolism of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi valenciennes 1833 ) during embryogenesis . aquaculture 265 : 359 - 369\nsanzo , l . 1930b . contributo alla conoscenza dello sviluppo nei carancidi : seriola dumerilii risso . boll . zool . , napoli , 1 : pp . 33 - 34 .\nseriola and cobia , also known as amberjack , yellowtail kampachi , hamachi and hiramasa , are large , carnivorous finfish known for their firm texture and rich flavor . they also are prized by sport fishermen , in part because they can weigh up to 90 pounds . most seriola is farmed , mainly in japan ( where the industry started about 50 years ago ) and australia . the seriola aquaculture industry is set for significant growth . most cobia is caught in the wild by sport fishermen . but the cobia aquaculture industry has started to grow over the past few years , particularly in west virginia , puerto rico and belize . seriola and cobia are usually produced in cages , some close to land and some in the open ocean . several land - based tank trials also are underway with both fish species . cobia is usually sold fresh and served in the form of grilled or poached fillets . seriola is increasingly served raw in sushi .\nmoran d , smith ck , gara b , poortenaar cw ( 2007 ) reproductive behaviour and early development in yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi valenciennes 1833 ) . aquaculture 262 : 95 - 104\nsanzo , l . 1933b . uova , larve e stadi giovanili di seriola dumerilii risso . memorie r . com . talassogr . ital . , 205 : 1 - 12 , 1 pl .\npoortenaar cw , hooker sh , sharp n ( 2001 ) assessment of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi lalandi ) reproductive physiology , as a basis for aquaculture development . aquaculture 201 : 271 - 286\n( of seriola boscii valenciennes , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola gigas poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola rhombica smith , 1959 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola tapeinometopon bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola tapeinometapon bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola sparna jenkins , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola purpurascens temminck & schlegel , 1845 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola simplex ramsay & ogilby , 1886 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola dumerilii ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of seriola purpurescens temminck & schlegel , 1845 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nscientific synonyms and common names seriola dumerili ( risso , 1810 ) synonyms : caranx dumerili risso , ichth . nice : 175 , pl . 6 ( fig . 20 ) ( nice ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . b 868 ( nice ) . trachurus aliciolus rafinesque , 1810 , caratt . gen . spec . sicil . : 42 , pl . 11 ( fig . 2 ) ( sicily ) . seriola dumerili : risso , 1826 : 424 valenciennes , 1843 : 57 de buen , 1926 : 103 weber & beaufort , 1931 : 297 de buen , 1935 : 107 , fig . 56 nobre , 1935 : 273 fowler , 1936 : 678 tortonese , 1947 : 171 tortonese & trotti , 1949 : 83 cadenat , 1951 : 167 , fig . 97 ben - tuvia , 1953 : 19 dollfus , 1955 : 145 furnestin et al . , 1958 : 447 , fig . 51 dollfus , 1960 : 105 tortonese , 1961 : 357 randall , 1968 : 102 , fig . 117 bini , 1968 , 5 : 65 , col . fig . wheeler , 1969 : 329 , fig . 107 . seriola dumerilii : valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1833 , 9 : 201 , fig . 258 moreau , 1881 : 462 , fig . 131 carus , 1893 : 672 sanzo , 1930 : 33 lozano rey , 1952 : 591 , col . pl . 46 ( fig . 2 - 5 ) dieuzeide et al . , 1954 : 225 , fig . seriola tapeinometopon : giglioli , 1880 : 27 carus , 1893 : 672 . seriola dumerili dumerili : albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 670 . seriola purpurescens temminck & schlegel , 1844 seriola simplex ramsay & ogilby , 1887 seriola rhombica smith , 1959 common names : accola [ mlt ] greater amberjack [ en ] insk [ eg ] may\u00e0tico [ he ] orfan [ hr ] pez de lim\u00f3n [ es ] poisson limon [ fr ] ricciola [ it ] sarikuyruk [ tu ] seriola [ it ] seriole [ fr ] s\u00e9riole couronn\u00e9e [ fr ] serviola [ es ]\ntachihara k . , ebisu r . & tukashima y . 1993 . spawning , eggs , larvae and juveniles of the purplish amberjack seriola dumerilii . bull . jpn . soc . sci . fish . 59 : 1479 - 1488 .\nhutson ks , ernst i , mooney aj , whittington id . 2007 . metazoan parasite assemblages of wild seriola lalandi ( carangidae ) from eastern and southern australia . parasitol . int . 56 ( 2 ) : 95 - 105 .\nchambers c . b . & ernst i . 2005 . dispersal of skin fluke benedenia seriolae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) by tidal currents and implications for sea - cage farming of seriola spp . aquaculture , 250 : 60 - 69 .\nlazzari a . , fusari a . , boglione c . , marino g . & di francesco m . 2000 . recent advances in reproductional and rearing aspects of seriola dumerili . cah . options m\u00e9diterr . 47 : 241 - 247 .\npapandroulakis n . , mylonas c . , maingot e . & divanach p . 2005 . first results of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) larval rearing in mesocosm . aquaculture , 250 ( 1 - 2 ) : 155 - 161 .\ncarton , a . g . & m . r . vaughan 2010 . behavioural and anatomical measures of visual acuity in first - feeding yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) larvae . environ . biol . fish . 89 : 3 - 10\nandaloro f . & pipitone c . 1997 . food and feeding habits of the amberjack , seriola dumerili in the central mediterranean sea during the spawning season . cah . biol . mar . , 38 ( 2 ) : 91 - 96 .\nmazzola a . , fava loro e . & sara g . 2000 . cultivation of the mediterranean amberjack , seriola dumerili ( risso , 1810 ) , in submerged cages in the western mediterranean sea . aquaculture . 181 : 257 - 268 .\nmylonas c . c . , papandroulakis n . , smboukis a . , papadaki m . & divanach p . 2004 . induction of spawning of cultured greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) using gnrha implants . aquaculture 237 , 141 - 154 .\npapadakis i . e . , chatzifotis s . , divanach p . & kentouri m . 2008 . weaning of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerilii risso 1810 ) juveniles from moist to dry pellet . aquaculture international , 16 : 13 - 25 .\nyokoyama h . , yanagida t . & takemaru i . 2006 . the first record of kudoa megacapsula ( myozoa : multivalvulida ) from farmed yellowtail seriola quinqueradiata originating from wild seedlings in south korea . fish pathol . 41 : 159 - 163 .\ngillanders bm , ferrell dj , andrew nl ( 1999 ) size at maturity and seasonal changes in gonad activity of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ; carangidae ) in new south wales , australia . nz j mar freshw res 33 : 457 - 468\nmicale v . , maricchiolo g . & genovese l . 1999 . the reproductive biology of the amberjack , seriola dumerilii ( risso 1810 ) . i . oocyte development in captivity . aquac . res . 30 ( 5 ) : 349 - 355 .\nthis circumglobal species is restricted to subtropical waters , and consisting of a series of disjunct subpopulations , many of which until recently were considered to represent distinct species . until recently , most of the literature in the eastern pacific referred to this species are seriola dorsalis .\nharris p . j . 2004 . analytical report . age , growth , and reproduction of greater amberjack , seriola dumerili , in the southwestern north atlantic . marine resources research institute , south carolina department of natural resources , charleston , south carolina , 35 pp .\nmasumoto , t . 2002 . yellowtail , seriola quinqueradiata . in : c . d . webster & c . e . lim ( eds . ) , nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture , pp 131 - 146 . cab international , wallingford , uk .\nmarino g . , mandich a . , massari a . , andaloro f . & porrello s . 1995 . aspects of reproductive biology of the mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili risso ) during spawning period . j . appl . ichtiol . 11 , 9 - 24 .\nhamasaki k . , tsuruoka k . , teruya k . , hashimoto h . , hamad k . , hotta t . & mushiake k . 2009 . feeding habits of hatchery - reared larvae of greater amberjack seriola dumerili . aquaculture 3 - 4 : 216 - 225 .\nclark , t . d . & seymour , r . s . ( 2006 ) . cardiorespiratory physiology and swimming energetics of a high - energy - demand teleost , the yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) . j . exp . biol . 209 : 3940 - 3951 .\nyanase , k . , n . a . herbert & j . c . montgomery . 2012 . disrupted flow sensing impairs hydrodynamic performance and increases the metabolic cost of swimming in the yellowtail kingfish , seriola lalandi . the journal of experimental biology 215 : 3944 - 3954 .\nalcaide e . , sanjuan e . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . 2000 . susceptibility of amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) to bacterial fish pathogens . bull . eur . ass . fish . pathol . 20 ( 3 ) : 153 - 156 .\nmunro , i . s . r . [ 1956\u2013 ] 1961 . handbook of australian fishes . nos . 1\u201342 . australian fisheries newsletter 15 - 17 , 19 , 20 : 1 - 172 [ published as separates 1956 - 1961 ] ( p . 802 as seriola grandis )\nmandich a . , massari a . , bottero s . , pizzicori p . , goos h . & marino g . 2004 . plasma sex steroid and vitellogenin profiles during gonad development in wild mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) . mar . biol . 144 : 127 - 138 .\nskaramuka b . , kozul v . , teskeredzic z . , bolotin j . & onofri v . 2001 . growth rate of tank reared mediterranean amberjack , seriola dumerili ( risso 1810 ) fed on three different diets . j . appl . ichthyol . 17 : 130 - 133 .\nbrown , e . v . & nishimura , s . 1977 . yellowtail ( seriola quinqueradiata ) . in : e . e . brown , ( ed . ) , world fish farming cultivation and economics , pp . 297 - 309 . the avi publishing company , inc . , usa .\ntalbot c . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & muraccioli p . 2000 . food intake , growth , and body composition in mediterranean yellowtail ( seriola dumerilii ) fed isonitrogenous diets containing different lipid levels . cah . options m\u00e9dit\u00e9rr . 47 : 259 - 266 .\njover m . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . , tom\u00e1s a . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . & p\u00e9rez l . 1999 . growth of mediterranean yellowtail ( seriola dumerili ) fed extruded diets containing different levels of protein and lipid . aquaculture 179 ( 1 - 4 ) : 25 - 33 .\nkozul v . , skaramua b . , kraljevic m . , dulcic j . & glamuzina b . 2001a . age , growth and mortality of the mediterranean amberjack seriola dumerili ( risso 1810 ) from the south - eastern adriatic sea . j . appl . ichthyol . 17 : 134 - 141 .\nkozul v . , skaramuka b . , glamuzina b . , glav ic n . & tutman p . 2001b . comparative gonadogenesis and hormonal induction of spawning of cultured and wild mediterranean amberjack ( seriola dumerili , risso 1810 ) . sci . mar . 65 ( 3 ) : 215 - 220 .\njerez s . , samper m . , santamar\u00eda f . j . , villamandos j . e . , cejas j . r . & felipe b . c . 2006 . natural spawning of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) kept in captivity in the canary islands . aquaculture , 252 : 199 - 207 .\ngillanders , b . m . , ferrell , d . j . , andrew , n . l . 2001 . estimates of movement and life - history parameters of yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) : how useful are data from a cooperative tagging programme ? marine and freshwater research 52 : 179 - 92 .\nmartinez - takeshita n , purcell cm , chabot cl , craig mt , corinne n . paterson cn , hyde jr & allen lg . ( 2015 ) a tale of three tails : cryptic speciation in a globally distributed marine fish of the genus seriola . copeia 103 ( 2 ) : 357\u2013368 . doi : urltoken\nkawabe k . , kato k . , kimura j . , okamura y . , ando k . , saito m . & yoshida k . 1996 . rearing of broodstock fish and egg - taking from amberjack seriola dumerili in chichijima , ogasawara islands , southern japan . suisan zoyozhoku 44 : 151 - 157 ( in japanese with english abstract ) .\nmontero f . e . , crespo s . , padr\u00f3s f . , de la g\u00e1ndara f . , garc\u00eda - g\u00f3mez a . & raga j . a . 2004 . effects of the gill parasite zeuxapta seriolae ( monogenea : heteraxinidae ) on the amberjack seriola dumerili risso ( teleostei : carangidae ) . aquaculture 232 ( 1 - 4 ) : 153 - 163\nstuart - smith , j . , pecl , g . , pender , a . , tracey . s . , villanueva , c . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2016 . southernmost records of two seriola species in an australian ocean - warming hotspot . marine biodiversity : 4pp . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12526 - 016 - 0580 - 4 abstract\nas with most types of aquaculture species , the farming of cobia and seriola can have a negative impact on the environment and society . to address these impacts , wwf has created the seriola and cobia aquaculture dialogue . the inaugural meeting of the dialogue was held february 2009 in seattle , washington . two additional public dialogue meetings have been held since then : september 2009 in mexico and february 2013 in japan . the next public dialogue meeting will be in october 2013 in japan . over the course of the dialogue , participants will identify the key environmental and social impacts associated with the farming of four types of seriola ( s . rivoliana , s . quinqueradiata , s . dumerilli and s . lalandi ) and cobia . they will then create principles for addressing each impact . next they will develop criteria that will aim to provide direction on how to reduce each impact and the indicators that will address how to measure the extent of each impact . all of this information will be the framework for creating measurable , performance - based standards for the industry . when finalized , the standards will be given to a new organization , the aquaculture stewardship council , that will be responsible for working with independent , third party entities to certify farms that are in compliance with the standards . all dialogue meetings will be open and transparent . reports , presentations and other documents related to the dialogue will be posted on this website . also posted for public comment will be the draft principles , criteria , indicators and standards for seriola and cobia .\nrodr\u00edguez - barreto d . , jerez s . , cejas j . r . , mart\u00edn m . v . , acosta n . g . , bola\u00f1os a . & lorenzo a . 2012 . comparative study on lipid and fatty acid composition in different tissues of wild and cultured female broodstock of greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) . aquaculture , 360 - 361 : 1 - 9 .\nwhittington i . d . , corneillie s . , talbot c . , morgan j . a . t . & adlard r . d . 2001 . infections of seriola quinqueradiata ( temminick & schlegel ) and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriiolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis . j . fish dis . 24 : 421 - 425 .\nwwf has identified farmed shrimp and salmon as priority commodities because , collectively , they represent the largest share of the global farmed seafood market . consequently , they can have a significant negative impact on the places and species we seek to protect . additionally , we are working to advance responsible seafood farming for abalone , bivalves ( clams , mussels , scallops and oysters ) , cobia , freshwater trout , pangasius , seriola , and tilapia .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 29 - 35 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 22 . bluish grey or olivaceous above , silvery white below ; amber stripe along midside of body ; fins dusky ( ref . 3197 ) . second dorsal and anal fins with low anterior lobe ( ref . 26938 ) . species of seriola lack scutes ( ref . 37816 ) .\nadults are benthopelagic in coastal and oceanic waters , off kelp beds and rocky areas ( eschmeyer et al . 1983 ) , sometimes entering estuaries ( may and maxwell 1986 ) . they are mostly solitary but can sometimes be found in small groups and can be found near rocky shores , reefs and islands ( kailola et al . 1993 ) . schools of juveniles are generally found in offshore waters , often near or beyond the continental shelf ( smith 1987 ) . seriola lalandi congregates in large offshore shoals in depths of 50 m , but occasionally ventures into surf zones in pursuit of prey . this species feeds primarily on small fishes and squids . it is also an excellent sport fish ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is mainly caught on hook - and - line by sport fishers , but is also caught in seines and bottom trawls ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . if seriola banisteri is conspecific , as believed , then the maximum verified size is 193 cm total length and 58 . 4 kg ( smith - vaniz in press ) .\ncircumglobal . indo - west pacific : south africa , persian gulf , southern japan and the hawaiian islands , south to new caledonia ; mariana and caroline islands in micronesia . western atlantic : bermuda ( ref . 26938 ) , nova scotia , canada to brazil ; also from the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea ( ref . 9626 ) . eastern atlantic : british coast ( vagrant ) to morocco and the mediterranean . distribution in eastern central atlantic along the african coast is not well established due to past confusion with seriola carpenteri ( ref . 7097 ) .\nthe morphology of seriola dumerili changes considerably from juveniles to adults . body elongated , fusiform , moderate height , somewhat compressed laterally and covered with small cycloid scales . the total number of gill rakers decreases with size , from 15\u201322 at 2\u20137 cm in length , to 11\u201319 at sizes greater than 20 cm in length . two dorsal fins , the first with seven hard spines and the second with one hard spine and multiple soft rays ( 29\u201335 ) . colour yellow - green in juveniles and blue - olive laterally and silver ventrally in adults . black lateral band from eye to anterior base of dorsal fin , excluding the neck . the juveniles show 5 vertical , dark body bands and a sixth band at the end of the caudal peduncle .\nthis circumglobal species is restricted to subtropical waters and consists of a series of disjunct subpopulations , many of which until recently were considered to represent distinct species . in the indo - pacific , it is known from south africa , walters shoals , amsterdam island , japan , australia news zealand , new caledonia , rapa , pitcairn islands , easter island and hawaii . it is also found in the eastern pacific ( galapagos islands and the west coast of the united states ) ( smith - vaniz in press ) and southwest atlantic , from southern brazil and argentina . seriola lalandi also inhabits the eastern atlantic , known only from st helena island and south africa . it occurs at depths of one to 146 m ( r . myers pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthe development of new species is a high priority for the diversification of the chilean aquaculture sector . the yellowtail kingfish ( seriola lalandi ) is a promising candidate for commercial production in recirculating aquaculture systems ( ras ) . this paper presents data on the culture of yellowtail kingfish in a marine ras working for 488 days using artificial sea water . growth performance , feed conversion , feeding rate , condition factor and mortality were determined for fish having an average initial weight ( \u00b1s . d . ) of 0 . 7 \u00b1 0 . 2 g up to a final average weight of 2006 \u00b1 339 . 0 g . the ras configuration ( drum filter , protein skimmer with ozone , biological nitrification and denitrification , carbon dioxide removal and oxygenation ) showed performance stability under the conditions assayed ( low water renewal rate ) . total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite - nitrogen concentration averaged 0 . 74 \u00b1 0 . 42 mg / l and 0 . 21 \u00b1 0 . 24 mg / l respectively . after installation , the denitrification reactor kept nitrate - nitrogen concentrations below 40 mg / l . nitrate - nitrogen was totally reduced at oxidation reduction potential values between \u2212150 and \u2212250 mv . water temperature averaged 22 . 6 \u00b1 1 . 4 \u00b0c and oxygen was maintained close to saturation levels . carbon dioxide concentration was in average 8 . 3 \u00b1 2 . 47 mg / l and ph 7 . 5 \u00b1 0 . 1 . water renewal rate was 0 . 45 % of the total system volume per day . the system proved the capability to maintain optimal water quality and secured animal welfare .\ngreater amberjack is a valuable food fish that sells well in the traditional fish markets as well as having potential for value - added products . farmed fish can be sold at different sizes ( whole or slices ) depending on the country . the preference in sizes affects market prices . in malta small sizes reach 15\u201320 usd per kg while larger fish fetch lower market prices , typically 10 - 15 usd per kg , because large fish are only suitable for steaks . however , prices in italy and spain for the largest fish are similar or even higher the smaller fish in malta . hong kong prices of cultured greater amberjack are slightly lower than the wild fish , but range from 10 to 20 usd per kg , while in japan the price is higher ( 20\u201330 usd per kg ) than other cultured seriola species because of the better texture of its flesh which is firmer and less buttery , and can sometimes reach up to 50 usd per kg . the price differences in europe according to the size will vary with the marketing strategy in the future . for now , whilst the production cost of the fry is very high , and because the culture technology is still being developed and refined , this benefit could be utilized . the optimum strategy may be to utilize the fast growth of the fish and sell at a larger size for a wider variety of value added products . greater amberjack has an existing reputation as a quality ingredient for sushi and sashimi and is very adaptable to a wide variety of prepared products including asian or american style marinated fillets or pieces . it would therefore be advisable to develop an active marketing strategy alongside any development of production capacity in order to exploit the full potential of this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nseafood is one of the most popular sources of protein worldwide . almost half of the seafood we eat comes from farms . and seafood farming\u2014also known as aquaculture\u2014is the fastest growing food production system in the world .\nthe rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry has not come without impacts . as a conservation organization , wwf is concerned about the negative effects the industry has had\u2014 and could continue to have\u2014on the environment and society . we know that when done responsibly , aquaculture\u2019s impact on wild fish populations , marine habitats , water quality and society can be significantly and measurably reduced .\nshrimp farming is associated with mangrove destruction , water pollution , and illegal fishing and labor practices , but wwf is working with some of the world\u2019s most innovative and conscientious farmers to demonstrate that shrimp production can be environmentally sustainable , socially responsible , and economically viable .\neighty - five percent of the world\u2019s marine stocks are either fully exploited or overfished , driving accelerated growth in the farmed seafood industry . with annual revenue in excess of $ 60 billion , that industry is on the verge of surpassing the total volume of wild - caught product .\nfarmed seafood provides an answer to increasing demand for protein sources as the world\u2019s population becomes more affluent , urbanized and approaches 9 billion before 2050 .\nchemicals and excess nutrients from food and feces associated with aquaculture farms can disturb the flora and fauna on the ocean bottom .\nexcessive use of chemicals\u2014such as antibiotics , anti - foulants and pesticides\u2014or the use of banned chemicals can have unintended consequences for marine organisms and human health .\nviruses and parasites that transfer between farmed and wild species as well as among farmed species present a risk to wild populations or other farms .\nescaped farmed species can compete with wild fish and interbreed with local wild stocks of the same population , altering the overall pool of genetic diversity .\naquaculture must responsibly source and reduce its dependency upon fishmeal and fish oil\u2014a primary ingredient in feed\u2014so as not to put additional pressure on the world\u2019s fisheries . fish caught to make fishmeal and fish oil currently represent one - third of the global fish harvest .\nexcess food and fish waste increase the levels of nutrients in the water and have the potential to lead to oxygen - deprived waters that stress aquatic life .\nseafood farming often employs a large number of workers on farms and in processing plants , potentially placing labor practices and worker rights under public scrutiny . additionally , conflicts can arise among users of the shared coastal environment .\nwe are on the forefront of spreading awareness among aquaculture producers about the importance of responsible practices if they are to survive in their present business model . wwf actively supports producers in implementing responsible practices through aquaculture improvement projects . in the same way , wwf encourages large retailers and restaurant chains to adopt responsible seafood procurement policies that call for sourcing responsibly farmed seafood products .\nin 2004 , we initiated and coordinated the aquaculture dialogues , a series of eight roundtables that included over 2 , 000 farmers , retailers , ngos , scientists and other important stakeholders within the aquaculture industry . together , the group committed to developing measurable and performance - based standards for responsibly farmed seafood . these standards focus on measureable performance and encourage innovation to reduce environmental impacts .\nin 2009 , wwf co - founded the aquaculture stewardship council ( asc ) with the dutch sustainable trade initiative ( idh ) to manage the global standards and certification programs . asc works with accreditation services international ( asi ) to accredit independent certification bodies to audit and certify compliant farms . wwf also engages with governments in countries that produce and export farmed seafood to design regulatory policy that will support a responsible aquaculture industry . we encourage financial institutions to be diligent in placing sustainability filters on loan applications for aquaculture operations .\nclick here to read more about why wwf cares about the production of meat , poultry , dairy and seafood .\nget email about important conservation news and how you can help wwf protect the diversity of life on earth .\nmake a symbolic animal adoption to help save some of the world ' s most endangered animals from extinction and support wwf ' s conservation efforts .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nlatin word diminutive with the meaning of a large earthenware pot ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 360 m ( ref . 11441 ) , usually 18 - 72 m ( ref . 9626 ) . subtropical ; 45\u00b0n - 28\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\nmaturity : l m 99 . 5 , range 80 - 127 cm max length : 190 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3197 ) ; max . published weight : 80 . 6 kg ( ref . 3287 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 113943 )\nadults found in deep seaward reefs ; occasionally entering coastal bays . they feed primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also on invertebrates ( ref . 4233 ) . small juveniles associate with floating plants or debris in oceanic and offshore waters . juveniles form small schools or solitary ( ref . 5213 ) . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) . utilized fresh and frozen ; eaten pan - fried , broiled and baked ( ref . 9987 ) . reported to cause ciguatera in some areas ( ref . 26938 ) .\nspawning happens during the summer , in areas near the coast . embryo development lasts about 40 hours at 23\u00b0 and larval development 31 - 36 days . egg size 1 . 9 mm , larval at hatching 2 . 9 mm .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )\n) : 16 . 9 - 29 , mean 27 . 1 ( based on 3486 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 01238 - 0 . 02125 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 00 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 18 ; tm = 4 ; tmax = 15 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 5 - 245 m ( ref . 90102 ) , usually 30 - 35 m ( ref . 40849 ) . subtropical ; 43\u00b0n - 38\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\ncircumglobal . indo - west pacific : kenya south to south africa ( ref . 3287 ) and east to mariana and wake islands in micronesia , north to the ryukyu islands , south to new caledonia and the kermadec islands ( ref . 8879 ) . absent from the red sea and french polynesia . likely at seychelles ( ref . 1623 ) . eastern pacific : usa to peru , including galapagos islands ( ref . 2850 ) . western atlantic : cape cod , usa to northern argentina ( ref . 9626 ) . distribution in the eastern atlantic is not well established . recently recorded from lampedusa island in the mediterranean ( ref . 47878 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 160 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40637 ) ; common length : 90 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . published weight : 59 . 9 kg ( ref . 40637 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 27 - 33 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 22 .\nadults are benthopelagic in outer reef slopes and offshore banks to 160 m or more . they form small groups ( ref . 9283 , 26235 , 58302 ) . young often seen around floating objects ( ref . 4887 , 48635 ) . they feed mainly on fishes , but also on invertebrates . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) . marketed fresh and salted or dried ( ref . 9283 ) . may cause ciguatera poisoning , particularly in coral reef areas ( ref . 5217 ) . uncommon on east indian reefs but occasionally found in cool upwelling areas of lesser sunda islands of indonesia ( ref . 90102 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 22 . 1 - 28 . 6 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 201 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01905 ( 0 . 00755 - 0 . 04806 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 75 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 74 of 100 ) .\ndescription inhabits deep seaward reefs occasionally entering coastal bays . feeds primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also . . .\ndescription inhabits deep seaward reefs occasionally entering coastal bays . feeds primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad , also feeds on invertebrates ( ref . 4233 ) . small juveniles associate with floating plants or debris in oceanic and offshore waters . juveniles form small schools or solitary ( ref . 5213 ) . distribution in eastern central atlantic along the african coast is not well established due to past confusion with @ s . carpenteri @ ( ref . 7097 ) . the species is rarely exotic ( ref . 637 ) . flesh is edible ( ref . 5521 ) . utilized fresh and frozen ; eaten pan - fried , broiled and baked ( ref . 9987 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nscott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]\nwelshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nrisso , a . ( 1810 ) . ichthyologie de nice ou histoire naturelle des poissons du d\u00e9partement des alpes - maritimes . schoell , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 175 [ details ]\nwheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 175 [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx dumerili risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachurus aliciolus rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachurus fasciatus rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of regificola parilis whitley , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njoin us to make change . speak up for species and places through wwf ' s action center .\nhelp wwf conserve the world ' s wildlife and their homes by symbolically adopting a tiger .\nmarine ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; depth range 3 - 825 m ( ref . 4517 ) . subtropical ; 18\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 6390 ) ; 55\u00b0n - 57\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\ncircumglobal in subtropical waters : series of disjunct populations . indo - pacific : south africa , walter shoals , amsterdam island , japan , australia , new zealand , new caledonia , hawaii , rapa , pitcairn island , and easter island . eastern pacific : british columbia , canada to chile ( ref . 2850 ) , including desventuradas is . and juan fern\u00e1ndez is . ( ref . 89357 ) . eastern atlantic : st . helena , south africa ( ref . 7097 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 51 - ? cm max length : 250 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27865 ) ; common length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9137 ) ; max . published weight : 96 . 8 kg ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . reported age : 12 years ( ref . 72462 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 33 - 35 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . the only jack without scutella on the caudal peduncle . dark blue dorsally and almost white ventrally ; with a well defined line of demarcation between the two colors .\nadults are benthopelagic in coastal and oceanic waters , off kelp beds and rocky areas ( ref . 2850 ) , sometimes entering estuaries ( ref . 9563 ) . they are solitary or in small groups and can be found near rocky shores , reefs and islands ( ref . 6390 ) . schools of juveniles are generally found in offshore waters , often near or beyond the continental shelf ( ref . 27865 ) . they prefer warmer water ( 18 - 24\u00b0c ) although they are occasionally found in cooler water ( ref . 27128 ) . adults feed on small fish , squid and crustaceans ( ref . 27121 ) . marketed fresh and salted or dried ( ref . 9283 ) .\n) : 9 - 23 , mean 14 . 9 ( based on 1169 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01820 ( 0 . 00972 - 0 . 03408 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 76 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 13 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 12 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 6 , 2 sd range = 0 . 45 - 0 . 80 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 51 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 14 , based on : 2 k , 1 tgen , 1 tmax , records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 69 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is a circumglobal species restricted to subtropical waters , consisting of a series of disjunctive subpopulations . although highly sought after by sport fishers in some parts of its range and commercial exploitation in parts of its range , significant global population declines have not been reported and are not suspected . its range coincides with numerous marine protected areas . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nargentina ; australia ; brazil ; chile ( easter is . ) ; colombia ; costa rica ; ecuador ( ecuador ( mainland ) , gal\u00e1pagos ) ; fiji ; french polynesia ; french southern territories ( amsterdam - st . paul is . ) ; japan ; mexico ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; nicaragua ; norfolk island ; panama ; peru ; pitcairn ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( saint helena ( main island ) ) ; south africa ; tonga ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; uruguay\nthere is limited population information available for this species . however , based on museum collections , this species may be common in parts of its range , with 210 global occurrences with each lot containing mostly one to five individuals , but some having upwards of 30 individuals ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . org , 2015 - 10 - 12 ) . in the eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , this species is very abundant at st . helena and elsewhere ( w . smith vaniz pers comm . 2013 ) . population data based on the cecaf south working ( 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , aggregated catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 through 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 metric tonnes in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tonnes , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eca country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year and remaining relatively stable since .\nthis species is of minor commercial importance but is a highly sought after sportfish ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) . this species is caught with seines , bottom trawls and on hook - and - line ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is marketed fresh and salted or dried ( smith - vaniz 1995 ) .\nin the eastern central atlantic , catches for this species are not reported separately , and carangid species are mainly caught in the inshore fishery using purse - seines and in both industrial and artisanal fisheries . elsewhere , this species is a highly sought after sport fish . however , there have been no observed or suspected population declines resulting from these exploitation events .\nthere are currently no conservation measures in place for this species . however , its range overlaps with numerous protected areas ( iucn unep 2014 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbody elongated , somewhat compressed , and without scutes on lateral line . dorso - posterior corner of maxillary angular . pectoral fin almost same length as pelvic fin . body with longitudinal yellow stripe . bears two free spines in front of the anal fin . anal fin is shorter than the weak dorsal fin , whereas the short spines of the first dorsal fin are not free , but interconnected by a membrane . fast swimming pelagic carnivorous fish , feeding by day on smaller fish , such as mackerels , horse - mackerels , sardines and squids .\njapanese amberjack culture has a long history , having begun in 1927 in the kagawa prefecture of japan when wild caught juvenile amberjacks were first reared in shore enclosures . over time , this type of culture became obsolete , due to problems related to poor water quality and excessive waste accumulation within the system . commercial production of japanese amberjack began in the 1940s , and production began to expand rapidly in the 1960s , exceeding 43 000 tonnes by 1970 . by 1995 it had reached a peak of nearly 170 000 tonnes but ranged between 139 000 and 162 000 between 1996 and 2003 ; no further growth trend is apparent . however , it is important to note that fish farmers have been able to maintain total production level at these significant levels despite a fall in the number of wild caught juveniles ( mojako ) .\njapanese amberjack features in the fisheries of the western central pacific ocean , from japan and the eastern korean peninsular to the hawaiian islands but its farming occurs mostly in japan , the republic of korea being the only other country reporting production to fao . in japan this species is the most cultured fish , its meat being relished as sashimi . the aquaculture production of\nconstituted about 57 percent of the total farmed marine finfish production in japan in 2003 .\njapanese amberjack is endemic to japan and adjacent areas . it spawns along the 200 m contour in the east china sea ; juveniles migrate north to near hokkaido , feeding for three to five years until reaching sexual maturity ; then they migrate south for spawning . adults of 70 - 80 cm sl approach the western coast of kochi prefecture , japan in march - april . from season to season , various sizes can be caught in different parts of japan ; therefore , special names are given to them in different regions . the common name of japanese amberjacks varies with size . in japan , those that are < 50 g are called mojako , those between that and 5 000 g named hamachi , and those > 5 000 g termed buri . this species is highly piscivorous species and , in the fisheries , reaches a maximum size of 150 cm tl and 40 kg . in nature , it feeds on microorganisms and small fishes while drifting north with the seaweed . small mojako ( 4 to 5 mm ) stay under or inside floating seaweed ; larger fish ( 0 . 5 to 2 cm ) swim below the surface . after reaching a size of 10 to 14 cm , they disperse from the floating seaweed and swim towards the shore . the optimum rearing water temperature for japanese amberjack is 20 - 29 \u00bac and the optimum salinity is 30 - 36\u2030 .\naquaculture of amberjack is primarily dependent on seed supply from wild . soon after spawning , larvae less than 15 mm long are brought near the coast by the kuroshio current , where they are caught in fine mesh nets , and sold to fry specialists . wild seed is also imported from other countries , such as the republic of korea and viet nam . although artificial propagation of japanese amberjacks has been successful , the number of juveniles produced through induced breeding has not reached a level where it can make a significant contribution to the demand of juveniles for aquaculture . in fact , there remain some problems in larval rearing : feeding is particularly critical , as imbalanced larval feed has leads to heavy mortalities . efforts are being made to improve this situation . the design of suitable larval feed by using mass - produced food organisms , such as rotifers and brine shrimp nauplii fortified with n - 3 highly unsaturated fatty acids ( hufa ) and formulated feeds may soon make the production of healthy fry in large numbers possible .\nwild caught japanese amberjack juveniles ( < 10 g ) , are reared in 5x5x5 m net pens and sold to growers when the fish have grown to 50 - 100 g . the first task of the fry specialists is to grade the larvae into small , medium , and large categories ; a failure to grade early can result in high mortality from cannibalism . after grading , the larvae are stocked into floating nylon net - pens . in 5 x 5 x 5 m net pens the stocking rate of 0 . 5 - 10 g mojako ranges from 10 000 to 30 000 and the harvest size ranges from 20 - 200 g with average survival of 90 percent . it is important to feed wild caught juveniles with good quality feed while the fish are on the collecting boat , to avoid growth related problems in the late grow - out phase ; weak individuals are eliminated . small juvenile amberjacks are sensitive to feed deprivation , and a prolonged fasting period before first feeding in net pens has a negative effect on subsequent growth rate .\n) . japanese amberjack culture expanded due to the massive catches of the low - cost fish used for feeding , such as sand - lance and sardine around japan . the availability of freezing equipment made it possible for the farmers to feed minced frozen sardine and supported the further development of farming . however , in recent years , there has been decline in the sardine resources caught around japan and the cost has therefore increased . this has forced many farmers to change from feeding fish to the use of formulated feed . formulated feed production has increased and the amount of extruded pellets is now about 40 percent of the total food used for japanese amberjack production , on an ' as fed ' basis . feeding extruded pellets for the first year of culture during the growing season ( high water temperature ) is popular . however , the use of raw fish or moist pellets is still common when water temperatures are reduced ( < 15 \u00bac ) ."]}
{"id": 30, "summary": [{"text": "impages cinerea , common name the grey atlantic auger , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family terebridae , the auger snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "impages cinerea", "paragraphs": ["as an authority for recognizing both impages and hastula and for putting both of those in impages as valid species .\nimpages acuminata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : impages cinerea ( i . von born , 1778 ) - id : 2131050020\nhastula c . cinerea vs hastula c . salleana - let ' s talk seashells !\nterebra cinerea luctuosa ( var . ) hinds , r . b . , 1844 : mazatlan , mexico - n peru\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 75 publications ) ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 )\n( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) adams , c . b . 1850 . description of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit jamaica . contributions to conchology , 4 : 56 - 68 , 109 - 123 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]\n( of hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra acuta deshayes , 1857 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra laurina hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra luctuosa hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nbratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) terebridae : a collectors guide : conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates .\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . < em > conchbooks & natural art . < / em > 59pp + plates .\nborn , i . 1778 . index rerum naturalium musei c\u00e6sarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichni\u00df der nat\u00fcrlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobon\u00e6 . ( kraus ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nthe specimen above was collected by odoardo ravelo in sand and mud at a depth of 6m , at higuerote , edo miranda , venezuela . july 2009 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\njust because two taxa interbreed does not necessarily mean that they are not different species . it certainly makes it difficult to apply the biological species concept . however , the number of species that do interbreed from time to time is legion . competent taxonomists in all fields can cite examples . many toads in the united states that are considered separate species by herpetologists interbreed in areas of disturbed habitats which is nearly everywhere now .\ni understand this does not help with the hastula problem . but it might suggest that it is going to be a difficult problem to get an absolute answer to .\nterryn y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & naturalart .\nmacroevolution of venom apparatus innovations in auger snails ( gastropoda ; conoidea ; terebridae ) .\nincludes in its abstract the statement :\nthe non - monophyly of most terebrid genera analyzed indicates that the current genus - level classification of the group is plagued with homoplasy and requires further taxonomic investigations .\n, and a later draft appears in lee ( 2009 : 125 * ) .\n. regrettably that issue in not available on - line . i concluded that the two were allopatric and closely - related , certainly meeting criteria for subspecies : a carolinian one ( jax to se fl , reconstituting itself in w florida and inhabiting almost all the continental shoreline of the gulf of mexico ) and a caribbean one , extending well into brasil . the zoogeographic interfaces provided evidence of incomplete reproductive isolation .\nas for generic assignment , i suppose it ' s essential to first decide which of the two candidates more closely resembles our gray augers . although there are important non - conchological characters , e . g . , the proboscis and radula , i think shell characters might be sufficient .\nor does it merit full generic recognition . all of a sudden i have a sense of d\u00e9j\u00e0 - vu ; as i recall , this issue that has been bandied about for some time . i think any decision in this regard must be informed by a more holistic ( read anterior digestive tract ) data matrix . this cop - out appears in the terebrid literature repeatedly .\nmarlo , i know you like definitive and\naccepted\nsystematics , so maybe you ' ll conform to the worms / terryn fiat , but there certainly isn ' t any evidence that the later work utilized any criteria other than conchological for its generic parsing . thus there is good reason to hang on to the earlier hastula for the topical species - level taxa .\nas the question - man used to say : ' my two cents worth . '\nit ' s worth bearing in mind that terryn is responsible for the worms classification using terryn ' s book as the reference , so the two together constitute one opinion rather than an independent support for its use .\nthe dna paper definitely suggests that more work is needed ; of course , that ' s true for almost any organism . whether a particular group deserves to have a genus name or not is ultimately a subjective decision . analyses can will tell whether a particular group seems coherent or not , and we can say that\nif a is considered a genus , b is a similar group and probably should be treated in a similar manner\n. but there ' s no magic amount of difference in dna , anatomy , or shell that must or must not be a genus .\ni framed this string in terms of controversy and got little response . where\u2019re the hornets ? so , here\u2019s a little stirring in hopes i\u2019ll learn what it is i misunderstand .\nuntil dna analysis demonstrates otherwise . so , it comes down to nomenclature . i prefer\n[ note : i am not saying dna analysis is the only measurement . a group of characters ( protoconch , sculpture , radula , color , habitat , reproduction , etc . ) taken together can , as a whole , show that there is sufficient dissimilarity that separate species are at hand . but , a few slight differences in size , shape , degree of expression , color , etc . of a few characters are too easily explained by allopatric genetic drift , diet , habitat , sex , polymorphism , and inadequate breath of the writer\u2019s examination of populations ( or just plain biased observations ) to be accepted as the basis for speciation . ]\n* i know the iczn accepts \u201csubspecies\u201d as a rank within the classification system . and , i can accept the utility of doing so . it is the terminology to which i object . the term \u201cform\u201d would be far more accurate on its face and the botanical nomenclature clearer ; namely\nwe have to admit , we like to classify things ( as shell enthusiasts we are worst than most ) . biological systems defy neatly classifying organisms . and that complication extends to questions as to when is something a genus , family , class etc . dna does inform us what is most closely related to what unless you are in my world of microbes where organisms swap dna all the time . talk about a mess !\npersonally , when it comes to identification of my shell collection , i blow with the wind . let the conchologists mix it up and follow their lead . they may ultimately be right , they may ultimately be wrong . it is an artificial human endeavor applied to a biological systems where there are few ' laws ' . think about it , even central ' theories ' of biology have fallen flat . the cell theory ( the smallest living entity is a cell , what of slime molds , phycomycota , streptomyces ) . ' one gene , one protein theory ' it fell when we realized that different tissues transcribe genes in different tissues . so if we fundamentally have trouble holding onto theories in living systems , with a few exceptions , notably of the theory of evolution . ergo in living systems it is going to be fundamentally difficult to have universal ways to speciate all organisms .\nit may be irritating that our endeavors to explain the\nmessy\nbiological world have fallen flat or constantly changing as new discovers are made . however , i prefer this to a world where everything is solved or most of the earths biota is described , or more likely extinct , leaving many biologists wondering what to do with their time . i love the fact that i can go out and conduct surveys in the pacific northwest where i discover on average 2 new freshwater or terrestrial mollusks . the possibilities that new species or ideas can still be discovered get me out of bed everyday .\ngreat commentaries ! doug ' s report of a minuscule alternation of the genome ( e . g . , the single gene alteration of the monk flower petal coloration ) initiating reproductive isolation of a morph has its parallel in malacology and seems quite relevant to marlo ' s predicament .\nto lecithotrophy in marine prosobranchs ( marien ? ) seem to be analogous to the monk flower story . each of these situations is accompanied by a small morphological change ( one character state ) , but in each instance reproductive isolation can be inferred , convincingly so in some instances , e . g . clausiliids in the carpathians and\n. it is not unreasonable to expect acquisition of further alterations in the genome of each divergent stock to generate further morphologic and physiologic divergences and ultimately enough accrual of distinctive characters to satisfy even the most devout lumper .\nspeciation is a dynamic process . it has to begin somewhere , and , by strict criteria , is not complete in that instant . that ' s why the concept of\nsubspecies ,\nwith all its arbitrary encumbrances , is a tenable construct to define a phylogenetic relationship between the initiating event , be it\n) , and the emergence consensus sibling species . is this so messy ?\n( ignoring mutation producing new ones ) . however , that can take a long time , so that a population has two very different versions of a gene within it . and an occasional hybridization event can put odd genes into a population . a definitive answer on dna patterns requires thorough sampling of multiple genes across the range of the species of interest .\na further problem on subspecies is that , given the lack of official standardization , old below - species names are to be credited as subspecies . sometimes these were merely intended as recognition of individual variation , the modern concept of variety , but they get credited as subspecies . those wanting to have or to sell as many kinds as possible like to recognize more forms . thus , there is a need to distinguish between what is thought to be a type of individual variant ( such as an albino ) and what is thought to be distinctive of a large population that eventually intergrades with other populations .\nthank you for the monk flower ( did not hear about this one before ) and summary . great to see confirmed , in a way , what i ' ve been thinking ever since i took sem photos of iniforis turrithomae and\n, now more than 30 years ago . of course there was nothing smart about that because the alternative option ( that the planktotrophic\ncame from very different lineages and just happened to converge to identicality in every teleoconch character ) totally lacks parsimony .\ntalking gastropods : the fun part of all this is that you can have two bona fide species with exactly the same genome - if one accepts that by - practical - definition the switch in larval development is the start of a new species . i do believe , however , that successful speciation ( mostly the switch from r to k strategy , perhaps also the reverse ) is near entirely\ni thought r and k reproductive strategies were part of a continuum . it seems to me , at least in the example you cite , that\nas for peripatry vs . sympatry : the former certainly helps restrict gene flow , but is it necessary in any of the scenarios we ' ve discussed .\ni hesitate to step into these deep waters , but just to mix things up a bit . the widespread european\ncan be found in freshwater as well as brackish water within tidal influence - thus at times salt water . specimens from these two extremes have been shown to be genetically the same species , but they cannot interbreed because neither can tolerate the habitat of the other . this is surely a setup for allopatric speciation , but where they are on that genetic trail is unknown . another interesting case , now talking about planktotrophy and lecithotrophy , is\nas a planktotrophic spawner , until przeslawski , 2008 , 2011 ) discovered that sometimes the egg capsules hatched out lecithotropic juveniles . it seems the majority of the time the eggs hatch typical planktotrophic veligers , but every now and then they develop in the egg and hatch out as crawl - away juveniles . if further research bears this out , it means a chance to actually observe as a major phenotype change takes place , and eventually maybe parapatric speciation .\nthese critters do not read our biology texts and so do not know or always follow the rules . sure is interesting though . . .\nprzeslawski , rachael . 2008 . temporal patterns of gastropod egg mass deposition on southeastern australian shores , marine and freshwater research , 59 : 652 .\nprzeslawski , rachaeil . 2011 . notes on the egg capsule and variable embryonic development of nerita melanotragus ( gastropoda : neritidae ) , molluscan research , 31 ( 3 ) : 152 - 158 .\ni think it is more all - or - nothing like , as once demonstrated in the paper by johannesson ( 1988 ) on rockall ( peripheral ! ) littorinids . and there is always a distinct morphological gap between the two protoconch types , and nothing inbetweenish . regarding chirality , that ' s more problematical in terms of speciation , because the next step : getting offspring , is so much harder . hence the low incidence . for instance in 60 my of conus history , there was only one lefty ( unless your name is ed petuch ) , whereas left handed specimens are less rare ( and there has been one case of a cluster of left - handed cones - in the mediterranean if i remember correctly - but that went nowhere either ) .\nin terms of hastula species on treasure coast i usually find in shell hash in splash zone . the ones i find on higher section of beach once in a while tend to be worn . at least in winter that only when i ' m in fla they ' re uncommon . they are fragile beached compare to american auger with lips damages , missing tips . found one juvenile and it ' s see thru bluish white . worn shells tend to be golden tan in color . hadn ' t seen any white and doesn ' t exist in fossil form on treasure coast .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 strict / / en\nplacing orders is easy as 1 - 2 - 3 . here ' s how\nvaried colors from yellowish - orange to grayish . a pair makes for a nice display .\nthe very tip of the nuclear whorl is missing as is typical for this species .\nhastula luctuosa is the name applied to the eastern pacific specimens of this widely ranging species . formerly placed in the genus hastula .\na less extremely sculptured form with only a hint of punctations described from the hawaiian islands .\nquite variable throughout its indo - pacific range . the form puncticulata described from hawaii has much deeper punctations in the interspaces between the ribs ; more uncommon that the peasii form . the validity of the forms is probably nill since integrades are frequently found .\nlong considered a subspecies , t . a . brachygyra has most recently been synonymized with t . argus .\nslight lip roughness . very little , if any , color - pattern variation .\nall content on this web site is \u00a9 2018 , worldwide specimen shells . all right reserved . no content may be reproduced , or retransmitted without prior written approval from the copyright holder .\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou selected terebra exacuminata ( sacco , 1891 ) . this is a synonym for :\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336cc1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 326341d6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 383d1507 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 95ed0efd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 37, "summary": [{"text": "the black carp ( mylopharyngodon piceus ) or black chinese roach is a species of cyprinid fish and the sole species of the genus mylopharyngodon .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to lakes and rivers in east asia , ranging from the amur basin , through china , to vietnam .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is widely cultivated for food and chinese medicine .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the black carp can reach up to 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) in length and 35 kg ( 77 lb ) in weight .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it generally feeds on snails and mussels .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the average length is 60 \u2013 120 cm ( 23.5 \u2013 47 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "black carp , together with bighead , silver , and grass carps , make up the culturally important \" four famous domestic fishes \" used in polyculture in china for over a thousand years , and known as \" asian carp \" in the united states .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "black carp are not as widely distributed worldwide as the other three .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in china , black carp are the most highly esteemed and expensive foodfish among the four domestic fishes , and partly because of its diet and limited food supply , is the most scarce and expensive in the marketplace . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "black carp", "paragraphs": ["more information on black carp and black carp distribution in the united states : u . s . geological survey animated map * u . s . geological survey black carp fact sheet identification of black carp and grass carp\nurltoken - black carp university of georgia . center for invasive species and ecosystem health .\nfws fact sheet on black carp draft environmental assesment draft economic analysis asian carp prevention and control act ( hr . 3049 and s . 1402 )\nblack carp ( jul 2002 ; pdf | 449 kb ) doi . fws . invasive species program .\nblack carp feed on mollusks and snails , consuming up to 20 % of their body weight per day .\nblack carp found at river mile 137 of illinois river in april of 2017 . photo courtesy of aaron roberts\nwhile adult black carp have been found sporadically in the mississippi , the november discovery near cape girardeau of juvenile fish among the hundreds of fish caught showed the black carp population in the river is higher than scientists expected , missouri department of conservation resource scientist quinton phelps said , and that there\u2019s a \u201chigh probability\u201d that more black carp were caught .\nwhat to do if you think you have found an asian carp ( 2010 ; pdf | 584 kb ) asian carp regional coordinating committee . see asian carp newsroom for updated news regarding asian carp response in the midwest .\nresembles many of the carp species in the united states . including its asian cousins : grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) silver carp ( hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) largescale silver carp ( hypophthalmichthys harmandi ) bighead carp ( hypophthalmichthys nobilis ) common goldfish ( carassius auratus ) crucian carp ( carassius carassius ) mud carp ( cirrhinus molitorella ) also resembles the common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) ( common carp are european , not asian , and are sometimes considered\nnative\nbecause they have been in the us since the 1800s )\na black carp captured this april in the illinois river by a commercial fisher highlights a unique partnership between fishers , the illinois department of natural resources , and southern illinois university . for surrendering this black carp , the commercial fisher received a $ 100 bounty , and in turn , helped resource agencies learn a little more about the range of black carp in the illinois river . the black carp was found south of peoria , illinois near copperas creek lock and extends the upstream detection of the species by 110 miles .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database . fact sheet - black carp . usgs , gainesville , fl . [ accessed sep 16 , 2014 ] .\nu . s . present : the black carp has been reported in arkansas , illinois , mississippi , and missouri . texas : while the black carp has been used in aquaculture in states as close as louisiana for decades , currently there are no reported texas invasions .\nillustrations and detailed information useful for the positive identification of this species appear in nico et al . ( 2005 ) and schofield et al . ( 2005 ) . an identification key to introduced asian carps and other cyprinids , including black carp , is provided by schofield et al . ( 2005 ) . the black carp closely resembles the grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella . the two species are similar in overall body shape , size and placement of fins . both black carp and grass carp have very large scales . in contrast to grass carp , the black carp is slightly darker in coloration ( not black ) and its pharyngeal teeth ( throat teeth ) are large and similar in appearance to human molars , an adaptation for crushing the shells of mollusks ( nico et al . 2005 ) commercial fishers in louisiana have noted that black carp also have a somewhat pointed snout , a character they find useful in distinguishing it from grass carp . juveniles and larvae may be difficult to distinguish from those of grass carp and certain other cyprinids . illustrations and descriptions of juvenile and larval asian carps , including black carp , appear in nico et al . ( 2005 ) and chapman ( 2006 ) .\nthe black carp is one of four species of asian carp that threaten waterways in the central united states . as molluscivores , black carps consume native freshwater mussels and snails that live in our large rivers . 26 freshwater mussel species native to illinois are state - threatened or endangered , twelve of which are federally listed . the asian carp regional coordinating committee\u2019s collaborative 2017 asian carp action plan recognizes the informational needs for black carp control and management , and is further addressing this need in the annual monitoring and response plan which focuses on the upper illinois waterway .\ncommercial fishers are valuable in the cooperative effort to better understand black carp because they are skilled in fishing large rivers throughout the region . beyond the illinois river , the bounty program also accounts for the majority of adult black carp reported in the rest of the country . in addition to commercial fishers , recreational anglers and bowfishers should be aware of these invasive fish and what to do if one is harvested . in appearance , black carp closely resemble the more common grass carp , another asian carp which is also found in large rivers of the central united states . proper identification of black carps is an essential component of the bounty program .\nthere is high potential that the black carp would negatively impact native aquatic communities by feeding on , and reducing , populations of native mussels and snails , many of which are considered endangered or threatened ( nico et al . 2005 ) . given their size and diet preferences , black carp have the potential to restructure benthic communities by direct predation and removal of algae - grazing snails . mussel beds consisting of smaller individuals and juvenile recruits are probably most vulnerable to being consumed by black carp ( nico et al . 2005 ) . furthermore , based on the fact that black carp attain a large size ( well over 1 meter long ) , both juvenile and adult mussels and snails of many species would be vulnerable to predation by this fish ( nico et al . 2005 ) . fish farmers report that black carp are very effective in reducing the numbers of snails in some ponds . recently , wui and engle ( 2007 ) argued that black carp can eliminate 100 % of the snails in a single pond . although their assumption that black carp are capable of eliminating all common pond snails in ponds is open to debate , the effectiveness of black carp in significantly reducing snail populations in aquaculture ponds indicates that any black carp occurring in the wild may cause significant declines in certain native mollusk populations in north american streams and lakes ( nico et al . 2005 ) . because the life span of black carp is reportedly over 15 years , sterile triploid black carp in the wild would be expected to persist many years and therefore have the potential to cause harm native mollusks by way of predation ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\nblack carp would compete with mollusk - eating native fish , including freshwater drum , redhorse species and the state threatened lake sturgeon , for limited food resources .\nthere is high potential that the black carp will negatively impact native aquatic communities by feeding on , and reducing , populations of native mussels and snails , many of which are considered endangered or threatened . given their size and diet preferences , black carp also have the potential to restructure benthic communities by direct predation and removal of algae - grazing snails and native mussels . furthermore , because the black carp can attain a large size ( well over 1 meter long ) , juvenile and adult mussels and many species of snails would be vulnerable to predation . since the life span of the black carp is reportedly over 15 years , sterile triploid black carp in the wild are expected to persist many years and therefore have the potential to cause harm native mollusks by way of predation . also , black carp juveniles feed on zooplankton and insect larvae while adults feed on benthic invertebrates such as snails and mussels , so many different resources maybe become exhausted .\nchick et al . ( 2003 ) believed that their illinois capture was the first wild record of black carp in the united states , but nico et al . ( 2005 ) provided new information indicating that louisiana commercial fishers had been collecting black carp in louisiana since the early 1990s . however , until recently the louisiana commercial fishers thought that the black carp in their nets were just an unusual type of grass carp\u2014somewhat darker and with a higher dorsal fin and more pointed head or snout ( nico et al . 2005 : xiii ) . the black carp that escaped in missouri may have been triploid and thus considered sterile ( anonymous 1994b ) . however , it also was rumored that these fish may have been brood stock . all wild black carp examined to date taken in louisiana waters have been found to be diploid ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database : point map - black carp doi . usgs . wetland and aquatic research center . provides detailed collection information as well as animated map .\nbecause it\u2019s a federal offense to carry a live black carp across state lines , anyone who finds one should kill it and try to bring it to authorities without freezing it , said chapman , who is expecting to get funding this fall to develop a bait that targets black carp while not endangering other species or the public .\nblack carp , like the other asian carps , are able to invade novel habitats and ecosystems readily due to a variety of factors . first , the carp are aggressive and prodigious feeders . individuals may consume as much as 20 % of their body mass in one day . further , black carp are explosive breeders . gaining sexual maturity after a few years , these carp may lay hundreds of thousands of eggs in one brood . unfortunately , as the carp mature and grow they produce even more eggs and increase their fecundity , allowing for further invasions .\nnonindigenous aquatic species database : fact sheet - black carp doi . usgs . wetland and aquatic research center . provides distribution maps and collection information ( state and county ) .\nblack carp was first imported into the united states in the 1970s , and by the 1990s this species was being used in fish farms in several southern states to control pond snails . black carp were reported as having escaped into the osage river from a missouri fish farm during a major flood in april 1994 . due to its widespread use to control snails , escapees from aquaculture ponds have probably added to the wild population . during recent years there have been reports of black carp being captured in the wild . the first published report was that of a single black carp taken by a commercial fisher from horseshoe lake in southern illinois in march 2003 . other reports of captures have surfaced since .\nvoucher preserved specimens of the two wild - caught black carp taken in illinois are deposited in the ichthyological collection of southern illinois university - carbondale . several wild - caught black carp taken in louisiana waters were preserved and are in the possession of biologists at louisiana state university and at the u . s . geological survey - gainesville center in florida .\ndevaney et al . ( 2009 ) performed ecological niche modeling to examine the invasion potential for black carp and three other invasive cyprinids ( grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella , common carp cyprinus carpio , and tench tinca tinca ) . the majority of the u . s . between the mississippi river basin and the atlantic coast had a moderate to high predicted ecological suitability for this species , with the mississippi river drainage ( where individuals of black carp have been caught in the wild ) having the highest overall predicted suitability .\nin aquaculture ponds ( nico et al . 2005 ) . the first known record of an introduction of black carp into open waters occurred in missouri in 1994 when thirty or more black carp along with several thousand bighead carp reportedly escaped into the osage river , missouri river drainage , when high water flooded hatchery ponds at an aquaculture facility near lake of the ozarks . recently , owners of the missouri facility where the escapes reportedly took place have denied that black carp ever escaped from their facility ( nico et al . 2005 ) . in any case , flooding of aquaculture facilities and associated numbers and types of escaped fishes are very poorly documented in the public record . there is evidence that large portions of the lower mississippi river basin where aquaculture farms are present have been subject to large - scale floods on a number of occasions over the past few decades . consequently , it is likely that the source of some or all of the black carp present in the lower mississippi river basin . nearly all fish farms with black carp are in lowland areas and flood events increase the probability that more black carp will eventually escape fish farms ( nico et al . 2005 : 245 ) . there is also risk that black carp may be spread by other means . according to one aquaculture farmer , hundreds of young black carp were accidentally included in shipments of live baitfish sent from arkansas to bait dealers in missouri as early as 1994 ( nico et al . 2004 : 5 ) . in addition , because of the continued widespread distribution of grass carp across the united states , there remains the possibility that shipments may inadvertently contain black carp ( nico et al . 2005 ) . juveniles , in particular , are difficult to distinguish from grass carp young . as such , nico et al . ( 2005 ) expressed concern over the increased risk that the species be misidentified and unintentionally introduced as\ngrass carp\nto some areas .\nblack carp have been used in the aquaculture industry for decades so its removal in the near future seems unlikely . however , scientists , worried about an escape / colonization event , have urged fish farmers to use triploid black carp . these triploid individuals are sterile , so even if they do escape it will not lead to a breeding population . in fact , it is not illegal ( thanks to the lacey act ) to transport viable black carp across states . the lacey act has largely prevented the unwanted spread of black carp across the us . there is evidence that wild populations of black carp may have been present in the lower mississippi river basin , largely in and around the red river of louisiana , since the early 1990s . reproduction in the mississippi river has not been documented , but new information and recent collections suggest this species has likely established in the lower part of the mississippi basin .\nthe black carp is a blackish brown fish with blackish grey fins , an elongated and laterally compressed body . they average more than 3 feet in length and 33 pounds in weight , but can reach 5 feet in length and weigh up to 150 pounds . individuals of the species are known to live for at least 15 years . young black carp are difficult to distinguish from young grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) , another non - native species .\nmississippi national river and recreation area - asian carp overview doi . national park service .\nofficials are asking the public to help stop the spread of black carp by not dumping their bait buckets indiscriminately and stocking ponds with fish from licensed vendors , phelps said . and in some states along the mississippi \u2014 including missouri , ohio , illinois and tennessee \u2014 any black carp caught in the wild can earn a $ 100 reward from southern illinois university , using money from the illinois department of resources .\nthe native range of black carp includes most major pacific ocean drainages of eastern asia from the amur river basin south to the west - pearl river basin , and possibly the red river of northern vietnam .\npriority species : asian carp washington state recreation and conservation office . washington invasive species council .\nben - ami , f . , & heller , j . 2001 . biological control of aquatic pest snails by the black carp mylopharyngodon piceus . biological control , 22 ( 2 ) , 131 - 138 .\nthe black carp is a bottom - dwelling molluscivore that has been used by u . s . fish farmers to prey on and control disease - carrying snails in their farm ponds ; more recently , this species has been proposed as a biological control for the introduced zebra mussel dreissena polymorpha . although the subject has been debated , to date , there is no experimental evidence that indicates black carp would be effective in controlling zebra mussels . because black carp do not have jaw teeth and their mouths are relatively small , it is unlikely that these fish are capable of breaking apart zebra mussel rafts ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\naquatic invasive species : black carp ( apr 2009 ; pdf | 216 kb ) indiana department of natural resources . see also : invasive species for exotic animal and plant pests invading indiana , causing economic and visual damage\nif they become established in the great lakes , black carp could pose a major threat to michigan\u2019s native mussel populations , many of which are endangered , threatened , of special concern , or in need of conservation .\nu . s . habitat : a freshwater fish , the black carp has found suitable habitat in the united states . the great lakes and mississippi river ( and others ) , offer the necessary habitat for a rapid growth in the population numbers of these fish . there are plenty of snail and mussel species for the fish to eat , however many of those species are already endangered and could be pushed to extinction by the black carp .\nchick , j . h . , r . j . maher , b . m . burr , m . r . thomas . 2003 . first black carp captured in u . s . science . 300 : 1876 - 1877 .\nwui , y . - s . & engle , c . r . 2007 . the economic impact of restricting use of black carp for snail control on hybrid striped bass farms . north american journal of aquaculture 69 : 127 - 138 .\nthis 2008 photo provided by the u . s . geological survey shows jeremy haley holding a 50 - pound black carp at the usgs laboratory , in columbia , mo . the discovery of two juvenile black carp in a ditch attached to the mississippi river in missouri is a troubling sign that the invasive species is reproducing in the wild , which could threaten already - endangered mollusks and native fish species in the river , research scientists said . ( duane chapman / u . s . geological survey via ap )\nnico , l . g . , j . d . williams , and h . l . jelks . 2005 . black carp : biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish , american fisheries society special publication 32 , bethesda , md . 337 p .\nkansas city \u2022 the discovery of two juvenile black carp in a ditch connected to the mississippi river in missouri is the first , troubling sign that the invasive species is reproducing in the wild and becoming more of a threat to already endangered mollusks and some native fish , scientists say .\nblack carp were brought to the u . s . in the 1970s to help fish farms fight snails , which carry parasites that are dangerous to several fish species . no native fish is as efficient and , at the time , farmers and the government didn\u2019t want to use chemicals .\nfactsheet : asian carp pennsylvania state university . pennsylvania sea grant . see also : aquatic invasive species : resources for additional species information\n\u201cscientists really thought there were not enough adult black carp in the wild to find each other and reproduce , \u201d phelps said . \u201cbut what we found through this sampling is evidence there are enough to reproduce , and those young are surviving to a point where we are collecting them . \u201d\nscientists from federal agencies including the u . s . fish and wildlife service and u . s . geological survey provide valuable analysis of the surrendered black carps . the most recent black carp reported near peoria , illinois was 28 inches in length and weighed eight pounds . analysis by the u . s . fish and wildlife service indicates that this fish was fertile , referred to as diploid , which is consistent with most fish recently captured in the bounty program . since the establishment of the bounty program in 2015 , 37 black carps have been collected . of these , 26 were collected in 2016 alone . four have been found in the illinois river .\nthis species was first brought into the united states in the early 1970s as a\ncontaminant\nin imported grass carp stocks . these fish came from asia and were sent to a private fish farm in arkansas ( nico et al . 2005 ) . subsequent introductions of black carp into this country occurred in the early 1980s . during this period it was imported as a food fish and as a biological control agent to combat the spread of yellow grub\nto report a black carp captured in the central united states from the mississippi , illinois , ohio or wabash rivers , please call a number below during regular business hours or report to your local natural resource agency . fish should be held cold , on ice , not alive , until passed to a natural resource agent .\nnico , l . g . , j . d . williams , and h . l . jelks . 2005 . black carp : biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish , american fisheries society special publication 32 , bethesda , md . t . a . crowl . 1990 . life - history strategies of freshwater snail in response to stream permanence and predation : balancing conflicting demands . oecologia 84 : 238\u2013243 . w . l . shelton , a . soliman and s . rothbard . 1995 . experimental observation on feeding biology of black carp ( mylopharyngodon piceus ) . bamidgeh 47 : pp . 59\u201367 . internet sources urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\n\u201ceveryone is up in arms about damage from species like feral hogs , whitetail deer , and other native terrestrial species , \u201d he said . \u201cthe impact doesn\u2019t seem to be as bad when the damage is under the water . but ( black carp ) is no different or less destructive than other invasive species\u2019 interaction with native wildlife . \u201d\n* updated on may 23 , 2017 to reflect the reported capture of a black carp at douglas lake near chillicothe , illinois , adjacent to the illinois river at approximately river mile 182 . the report was from a commercial fisher , although no specimen was provided . more information can be found on u . s . geological survey ' s nonindigenous aquatic species page .\nblack carp can grow to 150 pounds and are the most efficient prey of mollusks in freshwater streams , according to duane chapman , a research fish biologist with the u . s . geological survey . that\u2019s a problem because the mississippi river basin has the most diverse mollusk population in the world , and three - fourths of the mussel species are threatened or endangered , he said .\nschramm , h . l . , jr . & basler , m . c . 2005 . evaluation of capture methods and distribution of black carp in arkansas , louisiana , and mississippi : final report 1 june 2004 - 31 may 2005 submitted to region 4 , u . s . fish and wildlife service , fisheries , atlanta , georgia . mississippi state , mississippi : u . s . geological survey , mississippi cooperative fish and wildlife research unit .\naquatic invasive species : asian carp risk analysis for arizona ( oct 2011 ; pdf | 316 kb ) arizona game and fish department . see also : aquatic invasive species for additional risk analyses and related species information\nfreshwater aquatic invasive species in rhode island - asian carp ( sep 2010 ; pdf | 553 kb ) rhode island department of environmental management . office of water resources . see also : aquatic invasive animals for species of concern\ndevaney , s . c . , k . m . mcnyset , j . b . williams , a . t . peterson , and e . o . wiley . 2009 . a tale of four\ncarp\n: invasion potential and ecological niche modeling . plos one 4 ( 5 ) : e5451 .\nthis species can be found in rivers , streams , or lakes ; however , it requires large rivers to reproduce ( nico et al . 2005 ) . reproduction takes place in late spring and summer when water temperatures and / or water levels rise ( nico et al . 2005 ) . both male and female black carp are broadcast spawners ; females are capable of releasing hundreds of thousands of eggs into flowing water , which then develop in the pelagic zone ( nico et al . 2005 ) . after fertilization , the eggs become semiboyant ( sukhanova , 1967 as cited in nico et al . 2005 ) . they hatch in 1 to 2 days , depending on water temperatures , and the yolk sac is absorbed in 6 to 8 days ( nico et al . 2005 ) . they become sexually mature at 4 to 6 years after which they migrate back to their spawning grounds ( nico et al . 2005 ) . successful reproduction is known only from riverine habitats ( nico et al . 2005 ) . their lifespan probably exceeds 15 years ( biro , 1999 ) .\npictures | can ' t connect to mysql database fbwebwritev4 . errorcode : too many connections\n$ 0 . 99 for first month , then $ 9 . 99 after that .\npartly cloudy . a stray shower or thunderstorm is possible . high 91f . winds light and variable . .\nbut it\u2019s not just about losing the mollusk species \u2014 there\u2019s a domino effect . lose the mollusks and there could be poorer water quality because some species clean impurities , as well as losing a food source for fish , muskrats , raccoons , otters and some birds , the conservation department said .\n\u201ca great number of species are in danger , species we\u2019ve done a great deal of work to protect , \u201d chapman said . \u201cnow we have this new threat coming in . conceivably , one large fish in the wrong place could cause the extinction of an endangered species in one place in a year , before we even know it\u2019s there . \u201d\n\u201ceveryone was trying to help the environment , but it\u2019s turned out to be a mistake , with potentially serious consequences , \u201d chapman said . it\u2019s unclear how the species escaped from fish farms into the mississippi river , he said , though some blame flooding .\nanother important step is being mindful of rules involving invasive species and the potential dangers of bringing them into the country , phelps said .\ngrabenhorst grading , inc . - always quality . always trusted . - call us today ! ( 636 ) 281 - 3317\n\u00a9 copyright 2018 urltoken , 900 n . tucker blvd . st . louis , mo | terms of use | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nbased on asian records , large adults may be more than 1 . 5 m total length and 70 kg or more in weight ; the largest specimen , unconfirmed , from the chang ( yangtze ) river basin reportedly measured 2 . 2 m .\nmost major pacific drainages of eastern asia from the pearl river ( zhu jiang ) basin in china north to the amur river ( heilong jiang ) basin of china and far eastern russia ; possibly native to the honghe or red rivers of northern vietnam ( nico et al . 2005 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of mylopharyngodon piceus are found here .\n( richardson , 1846 ) . pages 345 - 365 in p . banarescu ( ed . ) . the freshwater fishes of europe : volume 5 / i , cyprinidae 2 / i . aula - verlag , wiebelsheim , germany .\nchapman , d . w . ( editor ) 2006 . early development of four cyprinids native to the yangtze river , china . reston virginia : us geological survey data series 239 . ( available online as urltoken\nschofield , p . j . , j . d . williams , l . g . nico , p . fuller , and m . r . thomas . 2005 . foreign nonindigenous carps and minnows ( cyprinidae ) in the united states\u2014a guide to their identification , distribution , and biology . scientific investigations report 2005 - 5041 . u . s . geological survey , tallahassee , florida . 103 p . ( available online at urltoken\nnico , l . g . , and m . e . neilson , 2018 , mylopharyngodon piceus ( richardson , 1846 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 6 / 27 / 2018 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ninjurious wildlife doi . fws . fish and aquatic conservation . includes species listed as injurious wildlife under the federal lacey act , which makes it illegal in the u . s . to import , export , or transport between states without a permit . see also : injurious wildlife : a summary of the injurious provisions of the lacey act ( dec 2017 ; pdf | 401 kb )\ntexas commission on environmental quality , galveston bay estuary program ; houston advanced research center ( harc ) .\ninvaders factsheet : asian carps ontario ' s invading species awareness program ( canada ) .\npest risk assessment for asian carps in oregon ( dec 15 , 2009 ; pdf | 90 kb ) oregon state library . oregon documents repository . prepared by : portland state university , center for lakes and reservoirs\nintegrated taxonomic information system . mylopharyngodon piceus . [ accessed jan 16 , 2016 ] .\nto view pdf files , you must have adobe\u00ae acrobat\u00ae installed on your computer . to view multimedia files , you must have adobe\u00ae flash\u00ae installed on your computer .\nbrowsers that can not handle javascript will not be able to access some features of this site .\nif possible , please take one or more photos of the invasive species you are reporting . also make note of the location , date and time of the observation . this will aid in verification of your report . you may be asked to provide your name and contact information if follow - up is needed .\nhabitat : large rivers and lakes but require large rivers for reproduction ( water current keeps their eggs from sinking to the bottom ) .\ndiet : their diet consists primarily of mussels and snails , but also includes freshwater shrimp , crayfish , and insects .\nu . s . distribution : reported in arkansas , illinois , louisiana , mississippi and missouri .\npotential means of introduction : illinois river or flood connections with great lakes waters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient , due to the lack of information regarding species population size , current population , impacts of threats and harvest trends .\nhas originally an east asian distribution , from in most pacific river drainages , from the amur river to the west river ( xi jiang ) ( kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) . introduced in many countries worldwide for control populations of molluscan vectors of fish and human parasites . furthermore , used to removed dreissena mussels that clog hydroelectric plants .\nnaturally reproducing populations established only in amu darya ( turkmenistan ) and possible in tone drainages ( japan ) ( freyhof and kottelat 2007 ) .\nin the second half of the 20th century , a massive decline in the abundance of this species was observed in its native distribution range . its current population trend is unknown .\ninhabits large lowland river and lakes , preferably with clear water and high oxygen concentration ( kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) .\nspawns for the first time at 6 - 11 years , females later than males ( at about 1000 mm sl and 15 kg , males at 900 mm and 11 kg , fecundity is about 700 - 800 thousand eggs ) . migrates upriver and spawns in open water during flood phase . eggs are pelagic or semipelagic and hatch while drifting downstream . if the river flow is blocked or if available river stretches are too short , eggs cannot drift for long enough and fail to develop . larvae migrate into floodplain lakes and channels with little or no current . larvae feed on zooplankton , then on ostracods and aquatic insects . at about 120 mm sl , juveniles start to feed on small snails and clams . larger juveniles and adults feed almost entirely on molluscs ( source : kottelat and freyhof 2007 ) .\nmajor threats to this species are overfishing , river modifications such as dam construction and the conversion of floodplains into agriculture land and water pollution .\nit is not known if there are any conservation measures in place . more research is needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nphotographer : rob cosgriff affiliation : illinois natural history survey source : urltoken copyright : ( cc by - ny 3 . 0 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nillinois dnr : 217 . 557 . 0719 or 618 . 462 . 0362 southern illinois university : 618 . 453 . 6089 u . s . geological survey : 573 . 876 . 1866"]}
{"id": 44, "summary": [{"text": "bida radiosella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus bida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1863 and is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria and western australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 23 \u2013 29 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white with all veins marked with fine fuscous lines mixed posteriorly with blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are three pale fuscous longitudinal streaks , the first from the base beneath the costa to the costa beyond the middle , extending along it to near the apex , the second median , from the base to the apex , united with the first at the base , finely edged with dark fuscous beneath on the basal third , and above from one-third to three-fifths , the third is less marked , subdorsal and runs from near the base to near the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are indications of faint pale fuscous streaks , between the veins towards the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish-grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bida radiosella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for radiosella definition . you find here radiosella meaning , synonyms of radiosella and images for radiosella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word radiosella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word radiosella and , of course , radiosella synonyms and on the right images related to the word radiosella .\nbida is a monotypic moth genus in the family xyloryctidae described by francis walker in 1864 . its only species , bida radiosella , described by the same author one year earlier , is found in australia , [ 1 ] where it has been recorded from new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria and western australia .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 824 ] . type species : bida crambella walker , 1864 by monotypy .\nwalk . meyrick , 1906 . descriptions of australian tineina . transactions of the royal society of south australia 30 : 33\u201366 .\nfletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 32 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . common , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 86 ] .\nwalker , 1864 , junior subjective synonym of cryptolechia zeller , [ oecophoridae , depressariidae ] beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 5 april 2010 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . [ oecophoridae , oecophorinae ] b . pitkin and p . jenkins ,\nbutterflies and moths of the world : generic names and their type - species , 2004 . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 7 april 2010 ]\ncorpus sat robustum : proboscis conspicua . palpi squamosi , subarcuati , capitis latitudine plus duplo longiores ; articulus 3us 2o vix brevior . pedes longiusculi , sat graciles . alae anticae longae , lanceolatae , acutae , margine exteriore recto perobliquo .\nallied to oecophora . body rather stout . proboscis distinct . palpi squamous , very slightly curved , more than twice longer than the breadth of the head ; third joint setiform , nearly as long as the second . legs smooth , rather long and slender . wings long , lanceolate ; fringe moderately long . fore wings acute ; exterior border straight , very oblique ; second inferior vein near the first and the third ; fourth remote from the third .\nhead with appressed scales ; tongue developed . antennae in male serrulate , minutely ciliated ( 1 / 3 ) , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi extremely long , recurved , second joint much exceeding base of antennae , rough - scaled beneath , terminal joint as long as second , somewhat thickened with scales towards base , acute . forewings with 2 from 4 / 5 , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to apex , 11 from before middle . hindwings 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia 1 / 3 ; 3 and 4 connate , 5 - 7 nearly parallel . allied to\n] , but differing from both in the rough scales of second joint of palpi , which are also exceptionally long .\nnew south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic . ( edwards , 2003 ) .\nwalker , 1863 , crambites & tortricites , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 2 8 . 287\u2013561 pp . [ 539 ] . holotype bmnh \u2642 , tasmania .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 824 ] .\nmeyrick , 1906 . descriptions of australian tineina . transactions of the royal society of south australia 30 : 33\u201366 . holotype bmnh \u2642 , south australia .\nwalk . tillyard , r . j . , 1926 , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson . 1 - 560 . ( 424 , pl . 28 : 21 . )\n( walker , 1864 ) . common , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 86 ] .\nwalker , [ oecophoridae , depressariinae ] beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 5 april 2010 ] .\nalba ; thorax fusco bivittatus ; alae anticae longae , apice rotundate , vitis duabus strigisque nonnullis aeneo - fuscis , vitta 2a nigro submarginata , venis nigricantibus ; posticae cinereae .\nwhite . antennae brown , stout , minutely serrated and setulose . thorax with a brown stripe on each side . anterior legs mostly brown . wings long , rounded at the tips . fore wings with two aeneous - brown stripes ; first stripe subcostal , joining the costa beyond the middle ; second extending to the tip of the wing , partly bordered with black in front ; some aeneous - brown streaks between the veins , which are blackish ; fringe interlined with pale brown ; under side brown ; exterior border very oblique . hind wings cinereous . length of the body 5 lines [ 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 15 lines [ 31 . 7mm ] .\nwhitish . fore wings with three fawn - coloured stripes ; first stripe subcostal ; second extending to the tip of the wing ; third near the interior border , extending to the interior angle ; veins blackish . length of the body 6 ? lines [ 12 . 7mm ? ] ; of the wings 16 lines [ 33 . 9mm ] .\nblackheath , new south wales : melbourne , victoria ; mount lofty , south australia ; in november , three specimens .\nwalk . ( pl . 28 , fig 21 ) is a fine australian species with grey forewings marked with whitish rays . ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\n\u2642 genitalia . albany , w . a . , 5 october 1951 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g141 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\naedeagus . albany , w . a . , 5 october 1951 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g141 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\n\u2642 genitalia . 2 mls s of ulladulla , nsw , 15 october 1956 , collected by i . f . b . common and m . s . upton . anic slide no . g3297 , dissected by i . f . b . common 1984 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\naedeagus . 2 mls s of ulladulla , nsw , 15 october 1956 , collected by i . f . b . common and m . s . upton . anic slide no . g3297 , dissected by i . f . b . common 1984 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\nnew south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker , f . 1863 ,\ntortricites & tineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 28 , pp . 287 - 561\nwalker , f . 1864 ,\ntineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 29 , pp . 562 - 835\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e337148 - 71dc - 4871 - 96da - c9f24d7e9b1e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 297569\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 20 : 37 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nkf395531 genomic dna translation : ags83570 . 1 kf395639 genomic dna translation : ags83678 . 1 kf398002 genomic dna translation : ags86041 . 1 kf400178 genomic dna translation : ags88217 . 1 kf401053 genomic dna translation : ags89092 . 1 kf402213 genomic dna translation : ags90252 . 1 kf402347 genomic dna translation : ags90386 . 1 kf402372 genomic dna translation : ags90411 . 1 kf405946 genomic dna translation : ags93985 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nmany of the caterpillars of this family bore into timber , hence their common name : timber moths .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 50, "summary": [{"text": "the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf or middle russian forest wolf , is a subspecies of grey wolf native to europe and the forest and steppe zones of the former soviet union .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it was once widespread throughout eurasia prior to the middle ages .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "aside from an extensive paleontological and genetic record , indo-european languages typically have several words for wolf , thus attesting to the animal 's abundance and cultural significance .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it was held in high regard in baltic , celtic , slavic , turkic , ancient greek , roman , and thracian cultures , whilst having an ambivalent reputation in early germanic cultures .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is the largest of old world grey wolves , averaging 39 kg ( 86 lb ) in europe ; however , exceptionally large individuals have weighed between 69 \u2013 80 kg ( 152 \u2013 176 lb ) , though this varies according to region .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its fur is relatively short and coarse , and is generally of a tawny colour , with white on the throat that barely extends to the cheeks .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "melanists , albinos and erythrists are rare , and mostly the result of wolf-dog hybridisation .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the howl of the eurasian wolf is much more protracted and melodious than that of north american grey wolf subspecies , whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the two are , however , mutually intelligible , as north american wolves have been recorded to respond to european-style howls made by biologists .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "many eurasian wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage in areas with dense human activity , though wild ungulates such as moose , red deer , roe deer and wild boar are still the most important food sources in russia and the more mountainous regions of eastern europe .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "other prey species include reindeer , argali , mouflon , wisent , saiga , ibex , chamois , wild goats , fallow deer and musk deer . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "eurasian wolf", "paragraphs": ["eurasian wolf or european wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) . . . pictures | getty images\nthe eurasian wolf is one of the largest wolf subspecies , and the largest type of wolf found outside of the americas .\nthe eurasian wolf ' s scientific name is canis lupus lupus , as it is a subspecies of the gray wolf . other names for this variety include common wolf , carpathian wolf , european wolf , steppes wolf , chinese wolf , and tibetan wolf .\nthe eurasian wolf ( canis lupus ) is one of the largest wolf subspecies and the largest found outside of the americas . there are almost 40 wolf subspecies including arctic wolf , tundra wolf , critically endangered red wolf , dingo and the domestic dog . see more photos and learn more about eurasian wolves below .\neurasian wolf from zoopark chomutov , the czech republic . vlk euroasijsk\u00fd ze zooparku chomutov , \u010desk\u00e1 republika .\nthe eurasian wolf is one of the 37 recognized subspecies ( types ) of gray wolf . all 37 subspecies are essentially the same animal ; the eurasian wolf could have pups with any of the other grey wolf subspecies , which include the arctic wolf , the dingo \u2026 and the domestic dog .\nthis page contains amazing eurasian wolf facts for kids ( and adults ) . this animal is part of the\nalthough the howls of the eurasian wolf and the north american gray wolf appear to be different to human ears , they understand each other quite well .\napart from size , the physical differences between wolf subspecies are often small . the eurasian wolf has a slightly narrower head and longer ears than its north american cousins . the eurasian wolf\u2019s howl is longer and more varied in tone than those of the north american subspecies .\nthe eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf , european wolf , carpathian wolf , steppes wolf , tibetan wolf and chinese wolf is a subspecies of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) . currently , it has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common in europe and asia , ranging through western europe , scandinavia , russia , china , mongolia and the himalayan mountains .\neurasian wolves are still hunted in many countries , but are increasingly protected by local laws .\nthe eurasian wolf has a pale gray - brown coat , which is lighter on the undersides and darker on the back and shoulders .\nthe iberian wolf is found exclusively in the iberian peninsula . its scientific name \u201csignatus\u201d refers to the signs in their fur that differentiate it from eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) .\nwe find no evidence of the eurasian golden jackal occurring in continental africa ,\nkoepfli said .\nthe chinese , or eurasian , wolf \u2013 canis lupus lupus \u2013 is thinner than its american cousin , with longer ears and a narrower head .\nin general , eurasian wolves are found in remote areas , that is , far from cities and towns .\nstudies of eurasian lynx , dingoes , lions and sea otters have found similar effects , the authors reported .\nthe lynx patrols work in the bohemian forest and its foothills - the home of our largest eurasian lynx population .\nif you want to read similar articles to what is the habitat of the eurasian wolf ? , we recommend you visit our facts about the animal kingdom category .\nancient nomads , female warriors and priestesses by jeannine davis - kimball ( center for the study of eurasian nomads ) useful information and details on the specific functions of these powerful priestesses and priestess - warriors of the early eurasian nomads .\ncotswold wildlife park is celebrating the birth of a litter of five eurasian wolf cubs \u2013 the first to be born at the park in its 47 - year history .\nandrew simpson and one of the eurasian wolves he trained , on the set of the chinese film wolf totem . simpson has released a book and documentary called wolves unleashed\nandrew simpson and one of the eurasian wolves he trained , on the set of the chinese film wolf totem . simpson has released a book and documentary called wolves unleashed .\nthe arctic wolf\u2019s medium - size distinguishes it from the northwestern wolf , which is smaller in comparison .\nthe second deepest split separates the modern western eurasian dogs , such as the labrador retriever , and east asian dogs , such as the shar pei ( figure 1a ) . it is interesting to note that the paleolithic newgrange dog clusters tightly with western eurasian dogs , indicating that the split between the east asian and western eurasian lineages occurred before that newgrange individual appeared .\nthe eurasian wolf still has the widest range among wolf subspecies , residing in the tundra , taiga , plains , scrublands , mountains and desert . their coats are suited to the plunging temperature and the northern , freezing climes .\nthe diet of eurasian wolves varies enormously throughout their ranges . eurasian wolves commonly prey on medium sized ungulates like moufflon , chamois , saiga , wild boar , red deer , roe deer and livestock . eurasian wolves will occasionally eat smaller prey such as frogs and hares . in europe , their largest prey is the wisent , while in asia , it is the yak .\nthe classification of species and subspecies of the wolf is still unclear , although most authors consider that there are 7 species of wolf : gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , red wolf ( canis rufus ) , ethiopian wolf ( canis simensis ) , eastern wolf ( canis lycaon ) , golden jackal ( canis aureus ) , himalayan wolf ( canis himalayensis ) and indian wolf ( canis indica ) . although some features are common to all species , we will focus on the gray wolf and specifically in the subspecies iberian wolf ( canis lupus signatus ) .\n) that most people think of when they hear the word\nwolf\n. currently there are two definitive species of wolf - the grey wolf and the ethiopian (\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - eurasian wolves fighting\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - eurasian wolves fighting\ntitle =\narkive photo - eurasian wolves fighting\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nas a subspecies of the gray wolf , the eurasian wolf inhabits the temperate grasslands of europe and asia . they live in smaller packs and are considered more adaptable to environmental changes , when compared to the north american gray wolf . eurasian wolves also have narrower heads , longer ears , coarser fur and thinner tails than gray wolves . size vary according to geographic distribution , but animals found in asia are often bigger than their european counterparts .\nthree - year - old eurasian wolf ember , who gave birth to five cubs this year , was killed by a keeper after being discovered outsider her enclosure at cotswold safari park on friday .\nthe scientists compiled a list of 494 prey species that provided food for 17 large carnivores \u2013 including the lion , tiger , leopard , cheetah , grey wolf , eurasian lynx and spotted hyena .\neneolithic horse exploitation in the eurasian steppes : diet , ritual and riding on the dietary and the ritual role of horses in the eneolithic western eurasian steppes . horses were strongly associated with the world of humans and had become an important symbol in mortuary rituals by about 5000 bc .\nthe eurasian wolf , leaner than its american cousin , was driven to extinction in france in the 20th century . thanks to a dedicated conservation effort , a small population has returned to the alps .\nthe temperate grasslands are a biome that includes the prairies of north america , the steppes of russia and mongolia and the south american pampas . among many other animals species , wolves also live in the temperate grasslands ; wolf species include the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , the subspecies mexican wolf ( canis lupus baileyi ) and eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , as well as the north american red wolf ( canis rufus ) and the south american maned wolf ( chrysocyon brachyurus ) .\nalthough the iucn status of the gray wolf is of least concern - remember that the species includes domestic dogs and dingoes - eurasian wolves face habitat fragmentation and persecution from humans , which are major threats .\nscientists believe the eurasian wolf moved eastwards , and it is less and less commonly found in the west . while it used to be found all over eurasia , now it is only found in select regions .\nthe colour of the eurasian wolf ranges from white , cream , red , grey and black , sometimes with all colours combined . wolves in central europe tend to be more richly coloured than those in northern europe .\nof the three major species of wolf that are spread across the globe , one of the most famous is the eurasian , or \u201ccommon\u201d , wolf . this large canine is most commonly found in central russia and eastern and northern europe . reaching up to 35 inches in height and weighing between 70 and 130 pounds , the eurasian wolf is the largest of its kind in eurasia . the largest recorded grey wolf was killed in romania , and was said to have weighed 158 pounds . although sometimes referred to as the \u201cgrey wolf\u201d , these wolves aren\u2019t always grey in color . in fact , it is common to see cream colored eurasian wolfs , as well as ones with brown or black pelts . these wolves are more rich in color when found in northern europe than elsewhere .\nnowadays the eurasian wolf is considered extinct in many european countries . fortunately , re - population efforts have had results in france , germany , norway and sweden . this effort began in the mid - 20th century , and it has spread to other regions . the population has more than doubled in russia ; however , the number of eurasian wolves in asia remains unknown .\nwolves have been driven out of many parts of europe and are now only found in remote areas , far away from towns and cities . despite this , the eurasian wolf has the largest range ( the area in which it is found in the wild ) of any type of wolf .\nthe arctic wolf ( canis lupus arctos ) , also known as the melville island wolf , is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the canadian arctic archipelago , from melville island to ellesmere island .\neurasian wolves display social characteristics , forming large packs . this behavior is , however , variable as some populations in europe have been seen to be solo hunters .\nthe wolf holds great importance in the cultures and religions of the nomadic peoples , both of the eurasian steppe and of the north american plains . in many cultures , the identification of the warrior with the wolf ( totemism ) gave rise to the notion of lycanthropy , the mythical or ritual identification of man and wolf . ( the wolf in the scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or as a symbol of odin , sometimes combined with the christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devi . )\neurasian wolves have shorter , denser fur than their north american relatives . their size varies according to region , although adults measure 30 inches ( 76 centimetres ) at the shoulder and weigh around 70 \u2013 130 pounds ( 32 \u2013 59 kilograms ) , with females usually being about twenty per cent smaller than males . the heaviest known eurasian wolf was killed in romania and weighed 158 pounds ( 72 kilograms ) .\nthe grey wolf known also as the timber wolf , was once one of the world\u2019s most widespread species , however due to habitat reduction , persecution by humans and other factors , its range is now confined to remote wilderness areas of north america , eurasia and north africa . the eurasian wolf although still under threat , is starting to recover since it\u2019s major decline in the 1950\u2019s .\neurope has had a long and complex history with the eurasian wolf . ancient vikings , romans , celts and greeks all feared and respected the animal , writing it into their religious mythologies . the she - wolf , or lupa romana , the symbol of ancient rome , was so revered that romans only killed wolves when absolutely necessary .\nthe eurasian wolf subspecies is known for its long , narrow skull and slender build . it has a coarser and thinner coat than that of other gray wolves , and it can range from white to black , including cream , red , gray and brown .\nsmall , isolated groups are found in western european countries and scandinavia . larger wolf populations are present in eastern european countries such as poland and romania . by far the largest number of eurasian wolves \u2013 perhaps as many as 30 , 000 \u2013 live in russia .\nthe red wolf is under hot debate as to whether it is a separate species of a subspecies of the grey wolf . a study in 2011 found it ' s dna to consist mainly of coyote and be only 20 % grey wolf however , suggesting that it is not a genetically distinct species of wolf .\nin scottish folklore there are a number of tales of the wolf and fox . these tend to convey the wolf as somewhat more gullible than the cunning fox . in one tale fox tricks wolf out of a whole keg of butter , and in another fox ' s trickery results in wolf losing his tail !\nfrom the \u2018big bad wolf\u2019 in little red riding hood to the legendary \u2018 werewolf \u2019 , the wolf \u2013 or gray wolf to give it its full name \u2013 is the subject of myths and fairytales in many parts of the world .\nthe eurasian wolf was eliminated from most of northern europe during 19th century . it was hunted out of denmark in the 1770s , while the last norwegian wolf was eliminated as late as the 1970s . in central europe , gray wolves lowered in numbers during the first part of the 19th century : the last wolf of bavaria was hunted in the 1840s . in crimea , the subspecies has been eliminated not one but multiple times .\nthe wolf - size otter lived in a shallow swamp surrounded by thick vegetation .\ngenetic diversity in the caucasian wolves in comparison with wolf populations from southern europe .\nbut this wolf had apparently lain in wait for the young mining camp worker .\nthe wolf , it seems , is one animal that\u2019s always in the doghouse .\nin the 4th - 6th century ce the rouran took over control of the eurasian steppes . in 436 ce the rouran dislodged the usun to the tian - shan mountains [ 11 ] [ 12 ]\nthe arctic wolf ( canis lupus arctos ) , also known as the melville island wolf , is a possible subspecies of gray wolf and is native to the canadian arctic archipelago . it is a medium - sized subspecies , distinguished from the northwestern wolf by its smaller size , its whiter coloration , its narrower braincase , and larger carnassials .\neurasian wolves are regarded highly in various european cultures , including the greek , roman , baltic , celtic , etc . germanic people of yore , however , had both regard and contempt for this animal .\nfig . 1 . deep split between east asian and western eurasian dogs . ( a ) a neighbor - joining tree ( with bootstrap values ) based on identity by state of 605 dogs . red and yellow clades represent the east asian and western eurasian core groups , respectively . ( b ) a map showing the location and relative proportion of ancestry of dogs . negative values ( red ) indicate that the population shares more derived alleles with the east asian core , whereas positive values ( yellow ) indicate a closer association with the western eurasian core . ( doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3161 )\nthe current ( dark blue ) and historic ( light blue ) population range for brown bears , gray wolves , eurasian lynx , and wolverines in europe . photo credit : chapron et al . 2014 .\nthe african golden wolf is found in north and east africa , with perhaps some in the middle east , while the eurasian golden jackal is found from southern europe to the middle east and across southern asia all the way to the edge of southeast asia in vietnam , the researchers said .\n) and grey wolf haplotypes published after 2010 , as well as any dog haplotypes .\nbelow we examine more versions of wolf legends and myths from indo - european lands .\nvillagers have also taken down a stuffed wolf that had been in the school lobby .\nlike many members of the animal kingdom , eurasian wolves breed during the early winter months and into the spring . after between 61 and 65 days of pregnancy , a female eurasian wolf will give birth to around 4 to 7 pups . the whole pack will raise and disciple these young wolves , though it is only the most dominate females and males that will mate . this ensures that only the strongest genes will survive , and that the strength of the pack will be maintained for generations to come .\nthe researchers determined that the african golden jackal lineage split from the lineage including gray wolves and coyotes about 1 . 3 million years ago while the eurasian golden jackal lineage split about 600 , 000 years earlier .\nthe wolf is often symbolically linked with mountain kami in shinto ( the most famous example being the wolf kami of mitsumine shrine in the town of chichibu in saitama prefecture ) .\nthe wolf in the scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or as a symbol of odin , sometimes combined with the christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devil .\nthe elimination of the eurasian wolf from europe was an effort that began during the middle ages and persisted until the beginning of the 20th century . in some cases , like in the united kingdom , their killing was promoted through legislation : in scotland , wolves survived till the 1680s while ireland saw its last wolf killed in the 1780s . they are still considered extinct in the british isles .\non a continent that can go years without a major wolf attack , the area has hosted three suspected wolf attacks on adult men in 12 years . the attacks are all within 100 km of one another , and thus within the range of a single wolf population .\n\u201cthe turki , one branch of the hun people\uff0ctook the wolf as their ancestor\uff0ein turki annals\uff0czhou classics , it was recorded that the ashina tribe people were killed out by neighboring kingdoms\uff0cwith only one ten - year - old boy survivor , who was saved by a she - wolf\uff0ethe wolf brought him up and mated him\uff0ethe enemy kingdoms heard of this\uff0cendeavored to kill him and the pregnant wolf\uff0ethe last turki didn\u2019t survive this crisis\uff0cbut the wolf did\uff0cas well as their ten offspring\uff0e the wolf escaped to the caves in the mountain north to the nanchang kingdom\uff0cand gave birth to ten boys\uff0ethey prospered and took wolf as their totem\uff0eand in the legendary story of cham wukesi\uff0cthere was a god wolf who guided the way in the marching\uff0cand helped the army win the war .\niberian wolf pack howling at night / lobos ib\u00e9ricos aullando en la noche . durmiendo con lobos\nwolf shot dead after escaping from a zoo may have climbed over a defective electric fence .\nlisted below are the species or subspecies of wolf that are currently contested and under debate .\n, which translates into english as something like ' the great evil wolf ' , rather than the wolf of british fairytales , the somewhat downgraded ' big bad wolf ' . the tale of little red riding hood , as we know it today from the brothers grimm , was originally\nthe grey wolf legend the wolf is a common motif in the foundational mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout eurasia and north america ( corresponding to the historical extent of the habitat of the gray wolf ) . the wolf symbolizes honor and is also considered the mother of most turkic peoples . asena is the name of one of the ten sons who were given birth by a mythical wolf in turkic mythology . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]\nthe gray wolf is the biggest species in the canidae family , which inhabits temperate grasslands of the northern hemisphere . the gray wolf has several subspecies , which often refers to geographic groups with specific characteristics . the mexican wolf is a smaller and critically endangered subspecies of gray wolf , which was reintroduced to the north american temperate grasslands recently , after almost extinct in the wild .\nthe successful birth of four red wolf pups is an important addition to the populations of this rare florida species , and they are the first red wolf births at the zoo since 1993 .\nthe wolf lives on in a number of scottish place names , such as mullinavaddie ( ' mill of the wolf ' ) in perthshire , as well as lochmaddy , ardmaddy and craigmaddy .\nas soon as the elder son got to know that his mother was a wolf , he said to her , \u201cmamma ! mamma ! i have heard that you are a wolf . \u201d\nthe eurasian wolf sub - species ( canis lupus lupus ) has recovered since the nadir of its decline in the 1950s , and is found in the iberian peninsula , scandinavia , italy , northern europe , russia , turkey , israel , saudi arabia , afghanistan , pakistan , india , mongolia and china . across much of this range the wolf was widely hunted due to the threat of predation on livestock populations .\nthe tibetans attribute their grey wolf traditions to the mongol royal house , and not the tibetans , see mynak r . tulku , \u201c grey wolf in tibetan tradition , \u201d bulletin of tibetology 1967 no . 2 , or the notes on the grey wolf symbol , via digital himalaya :\nthe many names of the eurasian wolf point out the subspecies ' exceptionally wide range , from western europe to east asia and including the alps , scandinavia , russia , the caucasus , the kopet dag range , mongolia and the himalayas . interestingly , the gray wolves that you can find in italy are a separate subspecies .\n\u201ca single wolf basically pounced on him , \u201d was what a mine representative told the press .\non the very rare occasion that a north american wolf bites a human , the animal is usually rabid or surprised ; a hiker startling a wolf feeding on a moose carcass , for instance .\nthe wolf is a legally protected species \u2026 and there is no need to revisit that status .\n( the old spelling of the french word for wolf ) abound . the name chanteloup is particularly common , and signifies that in the middle ages professional wolf hunters must have made camp there (\nthe eurasian or european wolf has the largest range among wolf subspecies and can currently be found throughout europe , asia and russia . in the past wolves have been exterminated throughout central and northern european countries during the 19th century , the numbers of wolves throughout europe are now slowly recovering naturally with france , germany , sweden and norway being recolonised . the largest population can still be found in eastern european countries like romania , poland and the balkans . the european wolf disappeared from the uk and ireland during the 18th century .\nbrown bear , wolf , the eurasian lynx and wolverine are found in nearly one - third of mainland europe ( excluding belarus , ukraine , and russia ) , with most individuals living outside nature reserves , indicating that changing attitudes and landscape - scale conservation measures are successfully protecting species which have suffered massive persecution throughout human history .\nthe eurasian or european wolf has the largest range among wolf subspecies and can currently be found throughout europe , asia and russia . in the past wolves have been exterminated throughout central and northern european countries during the 19 th century , the numbers of wolves throughout europe are now slowly recovering naturally with france , germany , sweden and norway being recolonised . the largest population can still be found in eastern european countries like romania , poland and the balkans . the european wolf disappeared from the uk and ireland during the 18 th century .\nin the cardinal directions of the plains indians , the wolf represented the west , while for the pawnee , it represented the southeast . according to the pawnee creation myth , the wolf was the first creature to experience death . the wolf star , enraged at not having been invited to attend a council on how the earth should be made , sent a wolf to steal the whirlwind bag of the storm that comes out of the west , which contained the first humans . upon being freed from the bag , the humans killed the wolf , thus bringing death into the world . the pawnee , being both an agricultural and hunting people , associated the wolf with both corn and the bison ; the \u201cbirth\u201d and \u201cdeath\u201d of the wolf star ( sirius ) was to them a reflection of the wolf\u2019s coming and going down the path of the milky way known as wolf road . [ 12 ]\ntwo mexican gray wolf pups born at chicago\u2019s brookfield zoo swapped places with two wild - born pups in new mexico as part of the united states fish and wildlife service\u2019s mexican grey wolf recovery program .\nthe eurasian wolf , as the name suggests , is a canid subspecies found across europe and asia . it is a carnivore that has largely had its population cut down during various periods of history , but currently , conservation efforts have ensured that it thrives across the range that it inhabits . its numbers are believed to be generally stable .\nthe bears are the most abundant large carnivore in europe with around 17 , 000 individuals , alongside 12 , 000 wolves , 9 , 000 eurasian lynx and 1 , 250 wolverines , which are restricted to northern parts of scandinavia and finland .\nmost troubling of all , human habituation can be \u201cpassed down through wolf generations , \u201d said murray .\nthe geographic origin and age of the oldest archaeological dog remains in eurasia . ( b ) a suggested model of dog domestication under the dual - origin hypothesis . an initial wolf population splits into east and west eurasian wolves that were then domesticated independently before becoming extinct ( as indicated by the \u2020 symbol ) . the western eurasian dog population ( european ) was then partially replaced by a human - mediated translocation of asian dogs at least 6400 years ago , a process that took place gradually after the arrival of the eastern dog population . ( doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3161 )\nthe researchers reviewed published scientific reports and singled out seven species that have been studied for their widespread ecological effects or\ntrophic cascades .\nthis includes african lions , leopards , eurasian lynx , cougars , gray wolves , sea otters and dingoes .\nby e . kuzmina ,\nthe eurasian steppes : the transition from early urbanism to nomadism\nand the papers by k . jones - bley ,\nsintashta burials and their western european counterparts\nand\nthe sintashta ' chariots '\n)\nas the wolf is a top predator , the state of the wolf can frequently be seen as a state of the land where it lives . wolves are still endangered after being hunted down in the 1600s .\nalthough man domesticated his best friend from the species at least 15 , 000 years ago , he has long regarded the wolf as his worst enemy . the wolf prowls through stories\u2014red riding hood , peter and the wolf , the norse myth of the beast that will swallow the sun at ragnarok\u2014as the embodiment of evil .\nkatja schulz set\nwolf 2\nas an exemplar on\ncanis lupus lupus linnaeus , 1758\n.\nthe capitoline wolf with romulus and remus . musei capitolini , palazzo dei conservatori , rome photo : wikimedia commons\nwolf attacks aren\u2019t supposed to happen this way , but wolves don\u2019t exactly act as expected in northern saskatchewan .\nthe modern gray wolf subspecies of northern and central north america probably descend from a relatively recent wave , as gray and eurasian wolves are more closely related to each other than to smaller wolves inhabiting the southern fringes of wolf range on each continent . as in north america , the average size of wolves in eurasia varies geographically , generally increasing toward the north . the romanian wolf is of intermediate size , most adults weighing between 75 to 130 lbs ( 34 to 60 kg ) . average pack size ( around five ) and territory sizes ( between 80 and 300 sq km ; 50 to 186 miles ) tend to be smaller than typical of most wolf populations in northwestern north america .\nfrom ms versteeg\u2019s photographs , and from the carcass of a deer found nearby\u2014its throat torn out in classic wolf fashion\u2014scientists verified that she was the first person to have seen a wolf in the netherlands since 1897 . having talked to the experts , she now understands that the wolf was probably more frightened than she was . \u201cbut all you know at the time is : it\u2019s a wolf , it\u2019s a predator and i\u2019m in its way . \u201d\na comparison of caucasian wolf mtdna haplotypes with the combined datasets of wolf and dog haplotypes from the studies by verginelli et al . [ 64 ] and savolainen et al . [ 65 ] showed that two caucasian haplotypes ( w4 and w47 ) belong to a haplogroup shared between eurasian wolves and domestic dogs , named haplogroup vi [ 64 ] or haplogroup b [ 65 ] . the remaining caucasian haplotypes ( including the three unique haplotypes ) belong to a haplogroup containing most of worldwide wolf haplotypes and only one domestic dog haplotype , named haplogroup viii [ 64 ] or haplogroup e [ 65 ] .\nanother recurring scene shows a warrior fighting two wild beasts ( wolves or bears , compared to the eddaic geri and freki ) . thus , spiedel ( 2004 ) connects geri and freki with archaeological finds depicting figures wearing wolf - pelts and frequently found wolf - related names among the germanic peoples , including wulfhroc ( \u201cwolf - frock\u201d ) , wolfhetan ( \u201cwolf - hide\u201d ) , isangrim ( \u201cgrey - mask\u201d ) , scrutolf ( \u201cgarb - wolf\u201d ) and wolfgang ( \u201cwolf - gait\u201d ) , wolfdregil ( \u201cwolf - runner\u201d ) , and vulfolaic ( \u201cwolf - dancer\u201d ) and myths regarding wolf warriors from norse mythology ( such as the \u00falfh\u00e9\u00f0nar ) . parallels in the 6th - to 7th - century iconography of vendel period sweden ( \u00f6land ; ekhammar ) , in alemannia ( gutenstein ; obrigheim ) as well as in england ( sutton hoo ; finglesham , kent ) suggest a persisting \u201cpan - germanic\u201d unity of a wolf - warrior band cult centered around wodan / wodin in scandinavia , in anglo - saxon england and on the continent right until the eve of christianization of england and alemannia in the 7th century . [ 3 ]\neurasian wolves are highly social animals , though due to a decline in territory , they form smaller packs than in north america . social behaviour seems to vary from region to region , an example being that wolves living in the carpathians tend to be predominantly solitary hunters .\nmech , l . d . & boitani , l . ( iucn ssc wolf specialist group ) . 2010 .\nwolf and lynx patrols are trained volunteers who dedicate their free time to the monitoring and protection of large carnivores .\n\u201cprior to the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) , japanese worshiped this canine , whether wolf or mountain dog . the shinto shrine mitsumine jinja was of particular importance in wolf worship and has been associated with both shugenoo , or traditions of mountain asceticism , and wolf iconography . mitsumine jinja stands near the village of ootaki , in saitama prefecture .\nthere has since been a suspected wolf killing of a 32 - year - old jogger in alaska in 2010 .\ncharacteristics iberian wolves are of medium size with a thinner build than the average eurasian wolf . males can weigh as much as 90 pounds and females are usually 75 to 80 percent the size of males . their coat will vary in color from a lighter grey or ochre in the warmer months to a darker reddish brown during the winter . the name signatus ( meaning marked ) was derived from white marks on the wolf ' s upper lips , and dark marks on the tail and front legs .\nmuch like north american wolves , the eurasian wolf eats mammals of a range of different sizes , including various domesticated breeds of livestock . these mammals range from saiga , wild boar , and red deer , to roe deer and moufflon . due to human advancements and construction , a lot of the eurasian wolf\u2019s natural food sources have become increasingly scarce , which is why they often seek out and attack farmers ' livestock in compensation . these wolves hunt in packs in order to take down larger animals such as yaks and wisents . during this type of hunting , the wolves will victimize the young or weak in order to separate them from the crowd , and chase the animal to the point of exhaustion , so that they will more easily be able to eventually kill it .\nlike all wolves , eurasian wolves are carnivorous animals . their main prey are herbivorous ungulate animals such as wild goats , boar and deer , and even large animals such as moose or elks . however , they also feed on mustelids , rodents , ducks and even lizards .\nthe survey found the eurasian lynx living permanently in 11 population groups across 23 european countries , of which only five were native populations \u2013 indicating the success of reintroduction efforts . according to monbiot , momentum is building for the reintroduction of the lynx into the cairngorms in scotland .\npoor statistical support for several dog breeds , such as the greenland sledge dog and the siberian husky , indicate that they probably have mixed ancestry from both the western eurasian ( yellow ; figure 1a ) and east asian ( red ; figure 1a )\ncore\ndog groups .\nthe project took up more than three years of simpson\u2019s life , most of which he spent in beijing . he first went to china in 2010 to work with zoos in finding proper parentage for the pups that would eventually be used in the film . he raised 16 eurasian wolf pups in china . and when he returned to alberta just before christmas , he brought them all back with him .\nwolves will fight to defend their territories . territorial fights are the leading natural cause of wolf deaths in the wild .\n) , however some other potential species are under hot scientific debate . listed below are the uncontested species of wolf .\nstill , that doesn\u2019t mean that members of simpson\u2019s friendly pack aren\u2019t often called upon to play those \u201cbad wolf\u201d roles .\nin angenanfu\uff0ca uiguri folk epic\uff0cthere is a god wolf named botanyouna\uff0cwho guided their ancestors out of the mountains\uff0cand persuaded a blacksmith to lead 100\uff0c000 soldiers to defeat the enemies\uff0euptonow\uff0cthe uigur people still take wolf as a symbol of bravery , and when a boy is born\uff0cthey would like to say they get a wolf cub\u201d\uff0e\u2013 teng yong qing\u2019s \u201c legend of the \u2018\u2019wolf\u2019\u2019\uff1aprobing into its cultural images \u201d pp . 66 - 67 , us - china foreign language\uff0cissn 1539 - 8080\uff0cusa mar\uff0e2008\uff0cvolume 6\uff0cno\uff0e3 ( serial no\uff0e54 )\nthere are now around 35 wolf packs in germany , comprising an estimated 150 animals . image : michelle bender , flickr\nthe wolves of romania are\neurasian wolves ,\ncanis lupus lupus , a subspecies which prior to the 20th century ranged over most of the vast super - continent\u2014from western europe and scandinavia eastward through russia , central asia , southern siberia , mongolia , the northern himalayas and china\u2014but now reduced in extent due to human persecution and loss of habitat , especially in the west . the eurasian wolf is believed to descend from canids that migrated from the north american continent across the bering strait when it was land or ice , possibly in multiple waves beginning at least two million years ago . after evolving into wolves , some migrated back to north america , possibly also in multiple waves .\nour results showed that african and eurasian golden jackals were distinct across all the genetic markers we tested , including data from whole genomes , suggesting these are independently evolving lineages ,\nsaid klaus - peter koepfli , a conservation and evolutionary geneticist at the smithsonian conservation biology institute in washington .\nat no time were members of the public in any danger as the wolf was away from the visitor area throughout .\nif you want to know more about the iberian wolf you can download the app ifelix ( in spanish ) listed here .\n\u201cif in fact it was a wolf attack , it\u2019s way outside what we understand and we know , \u201d he said .\nchina used to have one of the world ' s largest wolf populations , spread across grasslands in xinjiang and inner mongolia .\nthe double goddess : women sharing power by vicki noble \u201cit is now clear that the so - called silk road linked the mediterranean with india and china for at least 4000 years , and one thing that stands out is the unique and enduring amalgam of afro - eurasian female shaman priestesses . \u201d\nenvironmental and animal - welfare organisations are leading the fight to keep the wolf protected . they have generous supporters , for whom the wolf is totemic . when defenders of wildlife polls its 1m members about the species they care about , the wolf always comes out top , according to jamie rappaport clark , its president and a former director of the federal government\u2019s fish and wildlife service ( fws ) . that makes lobbying for the wolf a priority : \u201cour members expect a return on their investment . \u201d\nthe above practices merged with ta\u2019asobi rituals associated with rice planting and the god of the rice field , and as a result the wolf messenger or wolf deity became conflated with folk beliefs about the sarutahiko okami , god of the crossroads , see sarutahiko okami \u2013 monkey or wolf guide - deity . while legend tells that prince yamatotakeru was guided by a wolf once when he lost his way during one of his campaigns , which has shades of the following ashina ( as well as uighur ) legend :\nthe mexican wolf found in the usa once ranged from new mexico to texas and southeastern arizona . today , after becoming extinct in the wild , the mexican wolf has been reintroduced to a small area of arizona with the hope that as the population expands they will hopefully move back into new mexico . there are 47 mexican wolf captive breeding facilities in united states and mexico .\neuropean populations of gray wolves ( canis lupus ) , wolverines ( gulo gulo ) , brown bears ( ursus arctos ) and eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) are increasing . these four species collectively occupy one third of europe . photo credit : wikipedia , mike needham , dan stodola , trees for life .\n) , or introgression of wolf mtdna into the dog population following hybridisation events in early phases of the evolutionary history of dogs .\nthe zoo\u2019s participation in the mexican gray wolf recovery program shows how zoos can partner with other conservation organizations to help save species .\n\u201cthe messenger of the gods from mitsumine shrine is the japanese wolf , kami no tsukai , ookami , \u300c\u795e\u4f7f : \u72fc \u304a\u304a\u304b\u307f\u300d .\nunlike fox and bear , the wolf has always been feared and hated in finland , and wolf has been the symbol of destruction and desolation , to the extent that the very name of wolf in finnish language , susi , means also \u201ca useless thing\u201d and the by - name hukka means perdition and annihilation . while bear has been the sacred animal of finns , wolves have always been hunted and killed mercilessly . the wolf has been represented as implacable and malicious predator , killing more than it manages to eat .\nin the secret history of the mongols , the mongol peoples are said to have descended from the mating of a doe ( gua maral ) and a wolf ( \u2018boerte chino\u2019 ) . [ 8 ] in modern mongolia , the wolf is still seen as a good luck symbol , especially for males . in mongolian folk medicine , eating the intestines of a wolf is said to alleviate chronic indigestion , while sprinkling food with powdered wolf rectum is said to cure hemorroids . [ 9 ] mongol mythology explains the wolf\u2019s occasional habit of surplus killing by pointing to their traditional creation story . it states that when god explained to the wolf what it should and should not eat , he told it that it may eat one sheep out of 1 , 000 . the wolf however misunderstood and thought god said kill 1 , 000 sheep and eat one . [ 10 ] ( source : wolves in folklore , religion and mythology )\nthe wolf has enriched our culture through its presence in countless stories , as well as non - fictional works of nature writing . in a sand county almanac , 20th century american ecologist aldo leopold wrote an evocative account of an encounter with a wolf he shot :\nthe eurasian wolf alpha male and female mate between january and march . litters , usually consist of 6 pups which are born 7 weeks later in a den which has been dug among bushes or rocks . the male brings food back to the den , either by carrying it whole or by swallowing and then regurgitating it for the others to eat . as the pups grow , the mother and other members of the pack help to feed them .\nthe arctic wolf is a sub - species of the grey wolf and is native to the arctic regions of north america and greenland . because of the isolation of their native habitat , they are not threatened by hunting or habitat destruction like their southern relatives . however , industrial development ( mines , roads and pipeline construction ) is gradually encroaching on their native territory , and will most likely interfere with food supplies , in the future . the arctic wolf is the only sub - species of wolf that is not classified as threatened .\ndespite continuous historical distribution of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) throughout eurasia , the species displays considerable morphological differentiation that resulted in delimitation of a number of subspecies . however , these morphological discontinuities are not always consistent with patterns of genetic differentiation . here we assess genetic distinctiveness of grey wolves from the caucasus ( a region at the border between europe and west asia ) that have been classified as a distinct subspecies c . l . cubanensis . we analysed their genetic variability based on mtdna control region , microsatellite loci and genome - wide snp genotypes ( obtained for a subset of the samples ) , and found similar or higher levels of genetic diversity at all these types of loci as compared with other eurasian populations . although we found no evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck , genome - wide linkage disequilibrium patterns suggest a long - term demographic decline in the caucasian population \u2013 a trend consistent with other eurasian populations . caucasian wolves share mtdna haplotypes with both eastern european and west asian wolves , suggesting past or ongoing gene flow . microsatellite data also suggest gene flow between the caucasus and eastern europe . we found evidence for moderate admixture between the caucasian wolves and domestic dogs , at a level comparable with other eurasian populations . taken together , our results show that caucasian wolves are not genetically isolated from other eurasian populations , share with them the same demographic trends , and are affected by similar conservation problems .\nwolves are social animals and live in family groups called packs . a typical wolf pack consists of an alpha pair and 3 to 9 of their offspring . larger wolf packs comprise two or more of these families , and can number up to 30 or more animals .\nthe wolf communicates in a number of ways , including body language , scent , and vocalizations such as growling , barking and whining .\ntaff tried to tranquilise the wolf after it was found outside the perimeter near the a361 , but said it was out of range .\nthe prince found himself lost until a white - wolf god led him out of the mountains , hence the shrine\u2019s connection with wolves .\n\u201cthus the grey wolf ( bozhurt ) became an omen of happy import among the ancient turks . the emblem ppeared on the standards of the huns and the ulghurs . the oguz branch of the turks was said to have been guided by a wolf on their migrations and in the early epic of oguz kagan , the latter is said to resemble a wolf physicall y . the wolf device does not seem to have been used as an emblem for some time after the turks became muslims\u2013probably because of religious scruples\u2013out it was revived by ataturk\u201d .\nthe truck\u2019s arrival spooked the wolf away and the security guard , who has declined media interviews , sprang out to provide first aid .\nwhere large carnivores have been restored - - such as wolves in yellowstone or eurasian lynx in finland - - ecosystems have responded quickly , said ripple .\ni am impressed with how resilient the yellowstone ecosystem is . it isn ' t happening quickly everywhere , but in some places , ecosystem restoration has started there .\nthe wolf is one of the most iconic carnivores , especially in spain . however , an unwarranted bad reputation kills hundreds of individuals a year . find out in this post more about this wonderful animal and the conservation efforts that are currently being made with the iberian wolf .\nnot everybody agrees . where humans were once united in their determination to eradicate the wolf , they are now sharply divided over its return .\nmost wolf subspecies live in separate areas in the wild , and have slight physical variations that reflect the different conditions in which they live .\nthe wolf\u2019s iucn red list conservation status is \u2018least concern\u2019 , and the world\u2019s wolf population is stable . however , wolves used to be present in many more parts of europe than they are now , and wolves are highly dependent on the areas that they do inhabit remaining undeveloped .\nsometimes referred to as the\ncommon wolf\n, this canine is to be found throughout much of russia and northern and eastern europe .\nunlike other species of wolf , the arctic wolf rarely comes into contact with humans and is not threatened by hunting or persecution . however , industrial development is a threat as an increasing number of mines , roads , and pipelines encroach on its territory and interrupt its food supply .\nwolf - headed warrior , vendel era bronze plate found on \u00f6land ( late 6th - century sweden ) spiedel , michael ( 2004 ) .\nusing data from the large carnivore initiative for europe , researchers looked at the occurrence of brown bears ( ursus arctos ) , eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) , gray wolves ( canis lupus ) and wolverines ( gulo gulo ) in every european country except for ukraine , belarus , russia , and very small countries such as andorra ."]}
{"id": 52, "summary": [{"text": "the black-backed tanager ( tangara peruviana ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to forest and shrub into south-eastern brazil .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "when first described it was mistakenly believed that it originates from peru , leading to the misleading scientific name peruviana .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is closely related to the chestnut-backed tanager , and the two have sometimes been considered conspecific .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "black - backed tanager", "paragraphs": ["information on the black - backed tanager is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nwith reverso you can find the french translation , definition or synonym for black backed tanager and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of black backed tanager given by the french - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , gr\u00e9visse\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n14 . 5 cm . distinctively patterned tanager . bluish - turquoise underparts with pale reddish - brown vent and undertail - coverts . male has chestnut head and black back . yellow - buff rump and wing - coverts . dusky wings with greenish fringes . female duller and greener , lacks black on back and has dull green wing - coverts .\nhilty , s . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n14 cm ; 18\u00b75\u201325\u00b75 g . male has crown , nape and side of head rufous - chestnut , small dark mask around lores and eye , mantle black , scapulars and back to rump . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nvulnerable a2c + 3c + 4c ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1\nargel - de - oliveira , m . m . , bencke , g . , de luca , a . , develey , p . , martuscelli , p . , oniki , y . & willis , e .\nthis species has a complex distribution and undertakes some seasonal movements . clarification of these will provide an improved understanding of its actual conservation status , but currently populations appear small and fragmented , and are probably declining rapidly in response to extensive habitat loss . it is consequently listed as vulnerable .\nin s\u00e3o paulo , paran\u00e1 , santa catarina and rio grande do sul ( g . a . bencke\n. 2003 , rosa and agne 2010 ) . further north , in esp\u00edrito santo ( argel - de - oliveira\n. 2000 ) and rio de janeiro it is primarily a non - breeding austral winter visitor in april - september , and there have also been two recent records in bahia during this season . it is generally considered not rare within suitable habitat , with periodic local fluctuations in numbers owing to seasonal movements , at least in rio de janeiro and s\u00e3o paulo . records from pelotas in rio grande do sul were thought to refer to the closely related\n. 2003 , rosa and agne 2010 ) . however , records from buenos aires and misiones , argentina , can be more certainly attributed to\nthe population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a rapid population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss and fragmentation within its range .\n. it also visits gardens and orchards of houses close to forested areas ( a . de luca and p . develey\nfruit . it is also more common in s\u00e3o paulo during the winter months , and scattered birds appear inland at this time ( e . o . willis and y . oniki\n. all records from esp\u00edrito santo are from the austral winter ( m . m . argel - de - oliveira\nit is threatened by the rapid and widespread loss of restinga , largely to beach - front real - estate development and holiday centres . suitable habitat in both rio de janeiro and paran\u00e1 is now largely destroyed ( p . martuscelli verbally 1994 ) .\nalthough it occasionally appears in the illegal cage - bird trade , but this relatively minor threat could eventually compound the problem of habitat loss .\nit is considered vulnerable at the national level and protected by law in brazil ( mma 2014 ) . small portions of this species ' s range occur in six protected areas , none of which is supported by effective protection .\nsurvey to clarify the species ' s seasonal movements . enforce the protection of coastal areas in rio de janeiro and s\u00e3o paulo .\nmap updated . minor edits to geographic range text , and to seasonality coding .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22722890a119557428 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nsee t . argentea . has been considered conspecific with t . preciosa ( which see ) , the two then being regarded as partially localized morphs of a single species , differing in colour of mantle and back ; polymorphism , however , not known to occur in any other member of genus and , further , differences in breeding distribution and habitat suggest that the two are best regarded as separate species . monotypic .\nse brazil from esp\u00edrito santo s along coast to ne rio grande do sul .\ncall a high thin \u201cseeeeek\u201d , clear and notably drawn out ; also brief high \u201cti . . .\napparently largely migratory . occurs in esp\u00edrito santo and rio de janeiro primarily as . . .\nvulnerable . restricted - range species : present in atlantic forest lowlands eba . rare and local . total population estimated at fewer than 10 , 000 individuals , and declining . no . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\n\u201ccore tanagers\u201d , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tangara peruviana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 459 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nreview of foreign species that are candidates for listing as endangered or threatened ; annual notification of findings on resubmitted petitions ; annual description of progress on listing actions ; notification of review .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou want to reject this entry : please give us your comments ( bad translation / definition , duplicate entries . . . )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary , become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 53, "summary": [{"text": "the mexican big-eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) is a species of vesper bat endemic to mexico .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are nocturnal and insectivorous .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "their very large ears are located across their foreheads , and when captured , the bats are observed to curl their ears in a protective manner .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the adults are usually brown colored , while the juveniles are usually a smokey brown color .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they have small noses . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "mexican big - eared bat", "paragraphs": ["spermatozoa epididymal maturation in the mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) .\nspermatozoa epididymal maturation in the mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nallen ' s ( mexican ) big - eared bat ( idionycteris\n( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .\na female mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) with its baby . medell\u00edn also studies this little - known , endemic , and insectivorous species .\na young / baby of a mexican bigeared bat is called a ' pup ' . a mexican bigeared bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .\nthe ozark big - eared bat is a threatened species found only in a small number of caves in the southern central united states . also known as the western big - eared bat , the long - eared bat , and the lump - nosed bat , its appearance is defined by a pair of outsize ears and a lump - adorned nose .\na number of mammalian taxa are found in this arid ecoregion , among them the following special status taxa ; margay ( leopardus wiedii nt ) ; mexican big - eared bat ( plecotus mexicanus nt ) ; mexican long - tongued bat ( choeronycteris mexicana nt ) ; and the lesser long - nosed bat ( leptonycteris yerbabuenae vu ) .\nwhen it ' s roosting or hibernating , townsend ' s big - eared bat curls up its long ears so they look like rams horns .\nallen ' s big - eared bat ( idionycteris phyllotis ) is one of several species of bats listed as of special concern in the united states .\nconduct investigations to identify locations of pale townsend ' s big - eared bat roost sites within 10 miles of the lcr mscp planning area in reaches 3\u20135 .\nthe townsend ' s big eared bat being evaluated by the lcr mscsp is described in the habitat conservation plan as the pale townsend ' s big eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii pallescens ) . it is important to note that these bats have also been referred to previously as plecotus townsendii pallescens and corynorhinus townsendii townsendii in the literature and by u . s . fish and wildlife service . genetic analyses on the pale townsend ' s big - eared bat indicate that the lcr is likely in the range of the pacific townsend ' s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii townsendii ) rather than the pale townsend ' s big - eared bats ( piaggio and perkins 2005 ) . bats recorded along the lcr will be referred to as the pale townsend ' s big - eared bat on this website and in lcr mscp reports , as the name change has not yet been verified by the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncomments on population status allen ' s ( mexican ) big - eared bat is listed in the federal register , november 15 , 1994 , as a category 2 species for consideration to be listed as a threatened or endangered species .\noctober 20 , 1997 .\nspecies : allen ' s big - eared bat ( idionycteris phyllotis )\n( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .\nthe mexican big - eared bat is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthey specialize in eating moths and other insects such as beetles , flies and wasps . townsend ' s big - eared bat is usually a late flier and will forage along the edge of vegetation .\nthe habitat conservation plan provides conservation measures specific to each species . listed below are the species specific conservation measures for the pale townsend big - eared bat . click on the arrows to expand the table .\n, also known as allen ' s big - eared bat , are its large ears ( 34 to 43 mm ) which possess lappets projecting from the base of the ears and extending over the forehead .\nthe ozark big - eared bat feeds primarily on moths but may also eat other bugs in and around its forested hunting grounds . it makes its home in caves , relying on their protection during hibernation and maternity .\nthe pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii ) is a medium - sized bat with a wingspan of 11 . 8 - 13 . 4 inches ( 30 - 34 cm ) , and a weight of 0 . 28 to 0 . 5 oz ( 8 - 14 g ) . fur ranges from slate gray to pale with cinnamon brown to blackish brown tips . ears are very large ( 1 . 2 - 1 . 9 inches or 30 - 39 mm ) and are joined across the forehead . the most significant characteristics are two large glandular lumps on each side of the nose , which help distinguish it from the four other large - eared bat species that may be found along the lcr : the spotted bat , the california leaf - nosed bat , the allen\u2019s big - eared bat , and the pallid bat .\nrodrigo medell\u00edn , seen here with a mexican long - tongued bat ( choeronycteris mexicana ) , links research , conservation , and education to preserve bats and their environment .\nthe ozark big - eared bat once lived in caves in missouri , arkansas , and oklahoma . however , they have apparently abandoned their missouri habitat due to human encroachment and cave disturbance . conservationists are currently working to protect these numbers by minimizing human intrusions .\nis common throughout mexico with its range extending through central america and into northern south america . it is also found in some areas of the southwestern united states . the mexican long - tongued bat has been found in southern texas , new mexico , arizona , and california . the bat enters these states from mexico at their very southern border . the mexican long - tongued bat is rare in the united states . the scarcity of\noccurs in the same habitat in southern yuma county along the mexican boundary ( kearney and peebles 1951 ) .\nhuman - caused disturbances occur in a variety of different ways . the loss of roosting habitat for this sedentary species may be one of the most serious threats to not only pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats , but other species as well . pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats lose roosting habitat by either the destruction of the roost or by abandonment after a disturbance . disturbance to maternity roosting sites has been found to be a serious danger to pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bat populations . disturbance to hibernacula may also be a danger because it causes an increase in activity , which may cause bats to expend too much energy , causing them to starve to death .\ntwo eastern subspecies of townsend\u2019s big - eared bat have been listed by the u . s . fish and wildlife service as endangered under the endangered species act . the bureau of land management , in california , has placed townsend\u2019s big - eared bat on their animal sensitive species list . state designations include mammalian species of special concern in california and a species of conservation priority by nevada department of wildlife . the western bat working group lists it as a species of high priority , the highest priority the group gives . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list of threatened species lists the species as least concern .\nmexican big - eared bats fold back their ears , which are exceptionally large - and pleated - when they roost . they roost apart from each other , not packed together in clusters , in caves or mine tunnels , clinging to vertical surfaces with their toes and the thumb on each wing and with their tail curled forward under the body . some have been found hibernating in deep caves . females give birth to a single offspring , not twins , in the spring . mexican big - eared bats have been found in small numbers in dry lowland forests and higher - elevation pine - oak forests . they probably eat small flying insects .\nthe mexican long - tongued bat is a medium sized bat with a long rostrum and a nose leaf . it has a long tongue that extends to 1 / 3 of its body length . it ' pelage is gray to brown above and lighter below . other characteristics include big eyes and a minute tail that extends less than halfway to the edge of the interfemoral membrane .\nsubgenus dermanura : andersen ' s fruit - eating bat ( a . anderseni )\nno other large - eared bat in the area has a nose - leaf ( erect and lanceolate ) , and no other bat with a nose - leaf has such large ears ( 1 to 1 . 5 inches ) . in various places in arizona and along the colorado river in california , california leaf - nosed bats are known to feed on short - eared and long - eared grasshoppers , long - horned beetles , cicadas , sphinx moths , and noctuid and cossid moths ( hoffmeister 1986 ) .\nis an insectivorous bat which feeds mostly by gleaning moths and stationary insects from surfaces .\ntownsend ' s big - eared bats will use a variety of habitats , almost always near caves or other roosting areas . they can be found in pine forests and arid desert scrub habitats . when roosting they do not tuck themselves into cracks and crevices like many bat species do , but prefer large open areas .\nthe current range of the species continues to include all areas where townsend\u2019s big - eared bats were historically found , although there have been major population declines in many areas , including the loss of many historic roosting sites along the lcr .\naside from consuming loads of crop - destroying insects , bats are plant pollinators , and medell\u00edn ' s prized lesser long - nosed bat pollinates the cactuslike blue agave plant , the single plant species from which mexican tequila is produced .\nis an insectivorous bat it plays an important role in pest control . bat guano is used as a source of fertilizer , and organisms housed in the guano are used for waste detoxifying .\ntownsend ' s big - eared bats ( corynorhinus townsendii ) are a medium - sized bat with very long ears . their fur is pale gray or brown above and buff colored on the underside . this bat ' s ears are enormous , reaching a length of 38 mm . when the ears are laid back they extend to the middle of its body . the face is marked by two large glandular lumps on either side of its nose .\nbizarre bat behavior : oral sex , pollinating tequila , sharing meals , drinking blood , males lactating .\npredation is a threat to most bats , including pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats . specific predators of pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats include black rat snakes , spotted skunks , house cats , ringtails , rats , domestic cats , dogs , birds of prey , snakes , raccoons , weasels , predatory song birds , frogs , large spiders , and even other bats . bats , in general , are preyed upon by a number of different animals , although most of these are not bat specialists and bats are usually a rare occurrence in their total diet . while humans are not predators of bats , the negative image many have about bats may be a serious threat .\npale townsend\u2019s big - eared bat is primarily a cave - dwelling species that also roosts in old mines . this bat does not generally associate with other species in its roosts , particularly at maternity and hibernating sites . unlike maternity colonies , bachelor ( and non - reproductive female ) roosting sites usually contain one to several individuals . along the lcr , males may be territorial and roost alone unless the site is very large . bachelor roost selection is not as complex as it is for maternity colonies .\nover 20 years ago , medell\u00edn initiated research to identify and ultimately help protect the lesser long - nosed bat\u2019s caves . his efforts also prompted educational programs that dispelled bat myths and underscored their benefits to thousands of mexicans .\nbut bat shrieks are also capable of great nuance . a study of the false vampire bat ( megaderma lyra ) suggests bats may be able to recognize the voices of their friends . males of another species , the mexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis ) , appear to sing in order to woo their mates . as a female flies past , the male belts out little ditties to attract her attention , then tries to keep her interested by free - styling combinations of syllables and phrases .\nmonday , 26 - jan - 98 .\ndata : species : mammal : mexican\n( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .\nacting through ibwc , reclamation and its counterpart in mexico have developed a forum for the exchange of technical information . any efforts to discuss releasing flows into the upper gulf with the mexican government would be subject to the protocol set forth by ibwc and the mexican water treaty . a copy of this biological assessment will be provided to the u . s . section of the ibwc , who in turn will provide it to the mexican section of the ibwc ( ibwc letter dated may 21 , 1996 ) .\nit is assumed as with many bat species that predators can include snakes , owls , cats , raccoons and hawks .\nthe mexican long - tongued bat is the only nectar feeding bat that is not endangered . it is listed by the united states fish and wildlife service as a species of concern . fewer than 400 bats have been seen in the united states since 1906 . a long term sustainable food source is important for the survival of the species . development , prescribed fires , and grazing threaten loss of food plants . other threats to\nmexican free - tailed bats ( tadarida brasiliensis mexicana ) exiting a cave in texas . it is difficult to estimate the number of bats exiting a cave when large populations are involved .\nthe name for the townsend\u2019s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii ) has changed often since it was first described . both the genera and species name has undergone many changes . currently there are 5 recognized subspecies of c . townsendii in the united states , two ( c . t . townsendii and c . t . pallescens ) in the western u . s . , and 2 ( c . t . ingens and c . t . virginianus ) in the eastern u . s . , and 1 ( c . t . australis ) with a primarily mexican distribution , that overlaps with c . t . pallescens in western texas .\nforaging habitat varies widely between area and subspecies . one subspecies was found to forage more in open fields , pastures , and cliffs , rather than in nearby forested areas , while another was found to use edge habitat or habitat in close proximity to vertical structures such as trees and cliffs more often than open field or woodland habitat . one telemetry study found that pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats concentrated foraging activity along the edges of riparian vegetation and generally were found in the vicinity of vegetation when traveling to foraging areas from the roost sites . there appears to be an association between foraging sites and the location of mines and caves that big - eared bats use as roosts .\nconservationist rodrigo medellin ' s efforts to save the lesser long - nosed bat is tied to mexico ' s blue agave plant .\n\u201cthis is nothing short of a dream come true ,\nsays medell\u00edn , who hopes enthusiasts snap up the brands , leading to more demand and broader , bat - friendly farmology . \u201cit will help save the bat and tequila at the same time . \u201d\nclick to play this sound . ( 0 : 02 , 175 kb ) credit : new mexico bat call library , w . l . gannon\nthe threatened and endemic banana bat ( musonycteris harrisoni ) is one of the little - known species that medell\u00edn seeks to study and protect in mexico .\nthis bat is a large myotis with a bare patch on the back between the shoulder blades . they roost in caves , tunnels , mine shafts , under bridges , and sometimes in buildings within a few miles of water . it is highly colonial and is often found roosting with the freetail bat ,\nhistorically , the western subspecies of townsend\u2019s big - eared bat had a wide distribution , and originally were separated by morphologic characters . one range of one subspecies included the western portions of california , oregon , washington , and british columbia . the range of another included the eastern portions of those pacific coast states and the province , as well as all of idaho , nevada , arizona , new mexico , utah , and wyoming , more than half of montana , most of colorado , western south dakota , part of the great plains , and northwestern mexico ( not including the baja peninsula ) .\nbats have long been among the world\u2019s most despised animals , due largely to myth and hollywood\u2019s fascination with vampire bats . but medell\u00edn is trying to lead a the perceptual transformation of the bat , from blood - sucking demon to unsung nature hero , and hopes a bat - friendly tequila will provide a major public relations boost .\ncumulative effects on yuma clapper rails from mexico\u0092s actions over the next 5 years are not known at this time . for the present , the mexican government has declared the cienega the core area of the world\u0092s largest biosphere reserve . therefore , it can be expected the yuma clapper rails occupying that area would not be impacted by other mexican actions . effects of mexico\u0092s actions on other areas of yuma clapper rail habitat , such as the confluence of the rio hardy and colorado river are unknown .\ntemperate north american bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called \u201cwhite - nose syndrome . \u201d this disease has devastated eastern north american bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007 . the fungus ,\nthe lcr mscp process for selecting sites to establish cottonwood - willow and honey mesquite as habitat for other covered species will , based on the information collected under conservation measure ptbb1 , give priority , when consistent with achieving lcr mscp goals for other covered species , to selecting sites that are within 10 miles of pale townsend ' s big - eared bat roosts in reaches 3\u20135 . as described in section 5 . 4 . 3 in the hcp , created cottonwood - willow and honey mesquite land cover will be designed to establish stands that will support a substantially greater density and diversity of plant species that are likely to support a greater abundance of insect prey species than is currently produced in the affected land cover types .\n\u201ci\u2019m hoping to compare notes in conservation strategies on lions , tigers and leopards , \u2019\u2019 he says . \u201cwe\u2019re trying to understand why jaguars cannot sustain the level of encroachment by humans that allow the other big cats to survive in other countries .\neach aspect of a critical habitat may , in and of itself , explain some changes in the population status of the big - river fishes , but the interactions between , and cumulative effects of , the combined elements are also of important concern .\ntrust me , you want nectar - feeding bats to get their fix . the long - nosed bats of the american southwest and mexico ( genus leptonycteris ) are some of the only pollinators of the agave plant\u2014the source of tequila and bad decisions . one study showed that without bat pollination , the agave\u2019s seed production plummets to 1 / 3 , 000 th of its bat - assisted rate .\nthe greater bulldog bat ( noctilio leporinus ) of mexico , central america , and south america , a fish - eating species , fishes by skimming over water and gaffing fish with its sharp claws .\na few bats in the united states and canada , such as this pallid bat ( antrozous pallidus ) , land on the ground and forage for insects , other small invertebrates , and even small mammals .\nthis species is found at all seasons throughout its range from sea level to 9 , 600 feet ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . it is only infrequently found in the desert mountains of arizona ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . townsend ' s big - eared bats are to be found during the day mostly in caves or mine tunnels , but at night they often rest in abandoned buildings ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . although widespread in arizona , it is not common anywhere else . hoffmeister ( 1986 ) lists one specimen taken 8 miles north of parker .\nfor instance , little brown bats ( myotis lucifugus ) go through two phases of mating : active and passive . the active phase comes first and is sort of like spring break . \u201cit\u2019s just one big bat orgy , \u201d says harvey . males mate with multiple females . females mate with multiple males . heck , little browns occasionally even respond to the calls of other species . ( let\u2019s not to tell the girls gone wild guy . bats have enough problems . )\nthis bat is fairly common ( reid , 1997 ; wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . not so common in guatemala and mexico ( not rare ) ( perez and arroyo - cabrales pers . comm . )\na distinctive , medium sized bat ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) with three large white spots , one on each shoulder and one at the base of the tail . the ears are pinkish - red and , at nearly 2 inches , the largest of any north american bat . there is only limited information on reproduction biology , but one young is apparently born from late may to early july . moths are the dominant food item .\nthe lower colorado river lies along the western edge of the crissal thrasher\u0092s range . this subspecies also occurs along the bill williams river , big sandy river , and possibly the lower gila river , the little colorado river , and in the grand canyon ( rosenberg et al . 1991 ) .\n' s inflorescences\nlie flat like big buttons on the sand and are easily overlooked by the average observer .\nbeneath the inflorescence , a single , long ( 39 - inch ) stem lies hidden in the sand that reaches downward to the roots of its plant host , the source of\nhabitat destruction has been especially harmful to the lesser long - nosed bat , first listed as a threatened species in mexico in 1994 . by 2008 it was well on its way to recovery , thanks largely to medell\u00edn , a tireless advocate who ' s been dubbed the\nbat man of mexico\nfor his work with bats . ( medell\u00edn , a rolex laureate and national geographic grantee , has also worked to help a variety of other plant and animal species . )\nhonestly , if you want to see a healthy bat - to - human interaction , take a trip to austin , texas . beneath a bridge downtown lives a colony of 1 . 5 million mexican free - tailed bats\u2014the largest urban population of bats in the world , responsible for consuming about 10 tons of insects in a single night . and every day from march to october , you can watch them dive out of their roost en masse and fly toward the horizon in a black cloud that under any other circumstances would call to mind the end of days\u2014or at the very least a meatloaf song .\nthis is a rather large ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) bat with enormous ears , a broad tragus , and a unique pair of lappets projecting from the median bases of the ears anteriorly over the top of the snout .\nthe greater western mastiff - bat is found from san francisco bay , california , through las vegas , nevada , the southern half of arizona to big bend , texas , and south to sinaloa in northwestern mexico and zacatecas in central mexico . they can be found mostly below 4 , 000 feet in elevation in the lower and upper sonoran desert scrub near cliffs , preferring rugged canyons with abundant crevices ( agfd 1992 ) . the foraging range apparently is extensive . vaughan ( 1959 ) has reported hearing this bat flying over desert flats several miles from the nearest likely roost site . in the mohave desert they were heard foraging 15 miles from the nearest hills ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . specimens examined by hoffmeister ( 1986 ) were from two locations west of kingman in mohave county .\n. mining activities have caused the relocation or extermination of several bat roosts . reproduction is shown to decrease after relocation , threatening the survival of the roost . deforestation removes the feeding environment for the bats , as well as that of their insect prey .\n) series of sonoran desertscrub ( turner and brown 1982 ) . it is this open community in association with sandy flats and valleys that is often described as flat - tailed horned lizard habitat ( stebbins 1966 , turner and medica 1982 , rorabaugh et al . 1987 ) . in arizona , the presence of big galleta grass (\nthis bat is the only myotis in the united states with a conspicuous fringe of hair along the posterior border of the interfemoral membrane ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) . the fringed myotis roosts in caves , abandoned buildings , rock crevices , and trees .\n) . the coastal rosy boa is found in southwestern california and adjacent lower california , while the desert rosy boa inhabits southeastern california and southwestern arizona , with isolated populations in harcuvar , harquahala , castle dome , and kofa mountains , arizona . the mexican rosy boa is found in southern arizona ( organ pipe cactus national monument ) to guaymas , sonora , at the tip of baja california ( stebbins 1966 ) .\nby year\u2019s end , tequila brands certified as \u201cbat - friendly\nwill be on the market in the u . s . , the world ' s biggest tequila consumer , under the tequila cascahuin , la alte\u00f1a , siete leguas , and don mateo distillery labels , medell\u00edn says .\nin arizona was described by stebbins ( 1951 ) as along the hassayampa and agua fria rivers , both tributaries of the gila river , and along the big sandy and bill williams rivers above their confluence . stebbins described the subspecies in nevada as being found near las vegas and along the meadow valley wash , a drainage that empties into the muddy river northwest of overton . the\n) remains erect and may actually look like a small ear , which can make it hard to identify a roosting bat . few have been observed in their roosts ; most information about them comes from bats that were netted while they were flying . these versatile bats adapt their flight patterns and sound emissions (\nbats make up an amazing one - fifth of all mammal species . a vast majority eat bugs\u201470 percent of species worldwide\u2014but there are a few curious exceptions . the vampire bats of central and south america possess dagger - sharp incisors , which they use to open the veins of mammals and birds . they typically choose furless or featherless areas like ears , nipples , legs , and anuses . now , you might think a chicken would be bothered by a bat biting into its anus , but bat teeth are so sharp that most victims don\u2019t seem to notice . ( don\u2019t worry . vampires bats live only as far north as mexico . )\nmexican long - tongued bats feed on nectar and pollen from agaves and other plants . these bats ' tongues can extend up to a third of their body length , a feature which makes them uniquely equipped to reach nectar deep inside an agave or cactus blossom . in southern arizona , long - tongued bats often get nectar from neighborhood hummingbird feeders as well . in the united states , this species is found in the southern parts of california , new mexico , and arizona .\nthe first commercial harvesting of totoaba began in the early 1890s and by 1942 , annual catches peaked at 2 . 3 million kg . in 1975 , the catch had declined to 59 , 142 kg ( lagomarsino 1991 ) . beginning as early as 1940 , the mexican government imposed restrictions on the commercial fishery for totoaba , and in 1975 , the government designated totoaba as endangered and declared an indefinite prohibition on all types of commercial and recreational fishing ( flanagan and hendrickson 1976 ) .\ncally harper , a graduate student at brown university , has been studying another nectar feeder , the pallas\u2019 long - tongued bat ( glossophaga soricina ) , to understand how they retrieve nectar so efficiently . scientists already knew some bats had tiny , hair - like structures on their tongues , but harper and her colleagues discovered something else\u2014something bizarre .\na rather small myotis ( forearm 1 to 1 . 5 inches ) found in western north america from british columbia south to hidalgo and michoacan in mexico . this bat seems to be more closely associated with water than any other north american species . large nursery colonies can be found in buildings , under bridges , and in caves and mines .\nthis medium - sized bat ( forearm 1 . 5 ) has large ears measuring more than an inch in length . two large lumps appear on the dorso - lateral surface of the snout ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . foraging primarily on small moths , they may forage several miles ( 4 to 5 miles ) from the roost site ( caves and mines ) .\nthe small - footed myotis is identified by its glossy fur , black face mask , and tiny foot ( one - third inch ) . it apparently roosts in crevices and cavities of cliffs and or rocks , and possibly within caves and mine shafts . this species is remarkable in its tolerance for cold , relatively dry places for hibernation , especially for so small a bat .\na subspecies of savannah sparrow , the large - billed savannah sparrow is a small sparrow , streaked above and below . the legs are of a pale pink coloration , and often there is a pale yellow streak visible over the eye , especially in summer . the tertials are long , to protect the wing from abrasion against grasses , and the tail is slender , short , and notched . the large - billed , a mexican race , is paler than other savannah sparrows , without well - defined markings on the back and crown , and the breast streaks are diffuse .\nobservations made during the summer of 1958 have added to the knowledge of the habits and ecology of phcotus phyllotis , 29 specimens of which were taken during the summer . the majority were taken in association with mexican pine - oak woodland , although a few were taken from other habitats that were either similar to or in geographical proximity to pine - oak woodland . those individuals taken in mist nets were active well after dark and during fair weather . observations on their flight under natural conditions indicate that they are swift , agile flyers . these bats made many audible sounds during flight in the wild\n, grows best in cold , humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula . the fungus grows on , and in some cases invades , the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation , causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths . mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90 % . while there are currently no reports of\ncritical habitat is a regulatory term used to describe requirements for certain species survival . it encompasses physical and biological features essential for survival and recovery of listed species . within the context of this document , the components of critical habitat will be addressed jointly for each species . there are some differences in species requirements , but the system itself functions as a whole , so it should be addressed as a whole . for the endangered big - river fishes , critical habitat encompasses three major areas of consideration as follows :\nfeeds on fruit , pollen , nectar , and possibly insects on rare occasions . they have a long tongue that aids in removing nectar from flowers . pollen and nectar is acquired mainly from night blooming flowers such as cactus and agave . nectar and pollen is typically collected while the bat hovers over the flower . hummingbird feeders provide food for those bats arriving to northern destinations when food sources are not yet available .\nas with oral sex , we can only guess at the advantages afforded by a cactus - like penis . it\u2019s possible the spines stimulate the female\u2019s hormonal response . alternately , they could remove obstructions , such as a plug of semen left behind by another male . the only thing i can say with any degree of certainty is that once you\u2019ve seen the penis of a hoary bat , your nightmares will never be the same .\nthe united states ability to reverse conditions in the colorado river delta is virtually nonexistent . the reasons for this involve an international treaty and u . s . restrictions . the waters of the colorado , once delivered to mexico , as agreed upon in the mexican water treaty of 1944 , are the exclusive property of the sovereign nation of mexico . further , this treaty contains no provisions requiring mexico to provide water for environmental protection nor any requirements relating to mexico\u0092s use of that water . finally , a supreme court decree in 1964 enjoined reclamation from releasing water to mexico in excess of the quantity identified in the 1944 treaty except for flood control purposes .\nof course , in austin they just call it \u201cdusk . \u201d tourists flock to the bridge and the nearby riverbanks to witness the spectacle . some people even rent kayaks and pay admission on riverboats to gaze in awe from below\u2014though umbrellas are recommended , as the bats tend to eject their bowels upon exiting the roost . in fact , the sour - sweet smell of guano in the air will hit you long before a bat ever does .\nand it\u2019s really quite a shame , for these creatures ought to be among the darlings of the internet . bats are merciless predators , loyal neighbors , tender mothers , and generous lovers with strange and intimidating tongues . bats give us tequila and were conscripted during world war ii . and because breaking into animal celebrity today is a lot like boogie nights , i\u2019ll point out that at least one bat species possesses a penis of great and terrifying adaptation .\ncomments : specific abundance information is not available . however , according to the western bat working group ( 1998 ) , fewer than 400 individuals have been observed in the united states since 1906 . according to bill peachey ( pers . comm . , 1998 ) , from 1884 - 1994 only 700 individuals were collected in arizona . abundance in arizona is currently thought to be fewer than 1 , 000 individuals ( bill peachey , pers . comm . , 1998 ) . roosts in small numbers , usually fewer than 5 - 6 individuals ( bill peachey , pers . comm . , 1998 ) , but some colonies may reach 40 - 50 individuals ( western bat working group 1998 ) . according to reid ( 1997 ) , fairly common in desert scrub , deciduous , and pine - oak forests of central america and southeastern mexico . rated as widespread but relatively scarce in mexico ( arita and prado 1999 ) .\nthis is the largest bat in the united states and has a forearm 3 to 3\u00be inches in length . the distal half of the tail is free from the interfemoral membrane . one young is born as early as june and as late as august . they forage primarily for insects at considerable heights ( sometimes to 1 , 000 feet or more ) and for long periods during the night ; they especially like hymenoptera ( bees , wasps , ants and sawflies ) .\nquarry activities have the potential to impact bats that may roost in associated rock crevices , mine shafts , adits , etc . however , no known roosts occur within any of the quarry sites along the colorado river . if roosts are discovered during mining operations , reclamation will halt such activities and seek the assistance of the agfd , ndow , and cfg to develop an appropriate mitigative measure to protect the roost . other river operations will not likely impact these bat species .\nglobal range : ( 20 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 8000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) southwestern united states through mexico to el salvador and honduras . in the united states , occurs primarily in southern california ( the san diego area ) , southern arizona , southwestern new mexico , and the southern tip of texas ; also collected in the grand canyon national park , in northern arizona and known from a single specimen from las vegas , nevada ( western bat working group 1998 ) .\nwith a black face mask and appearing big - headed , the loggerhead shrike is slim - tailed , slightly smaller than a robin ; gray above , white below , it displays a small white patch on black wings during flight . a raptor that lacks talons and has weak feet , it has a strong , hooked bill for use in catching and feeding on rodents , lizards , small birds , and insects . to compensate for the lack of ability to hold prey firmly in its feet , the shrike becomes , in effect , a tool user by impaling its food on thorns , barbed wire , or other sharp objects to immobilize the carcass while it eats ( ryser 1985 ) .\nstabilization of banklines by adding a veneer of rock ( called riprap ) is a common maintenance activity . historically , much of the shoreline was not vegetated because flooding often resulted in a denuded shoreline close to the water . depending on conditions , there were probably many years where there was very little cover on the river . this may dramatically reduce recruitment success of natives , but given the life - histories of the big - river fishes ( high fecundity plus longevity ) , they would not be expected to spawn successfully every year . riprap provides interstices for hiding of both native and nonnative fishes . whether this is beneficial or nonbeneficial is not known , and the issue is probably dogmatic .\nthe california leaf - nosed bat is found in southern california and southern nevada , across the southwestern half of arizona , and southward to the southern tip of baja california , northern sinaloa , and southwestern chihuahua , mexico . in arizona it is primarily a cave and mine dweller , mostly in the sonoran desert scrub . these bats can remain active year round and do not hibernate or migrate ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . specimens examined by hoffmeister ( 1986 ) were from yuma , parker , and 8 miles north of parker . this species is susceptible to human disturbance which may cause abandonment of roosts ( agfd 1992 ) .\nthe flannelmouth sucker is characteristic of large , strong flowing streams of the colorado river basin , and like other\nbig - river fishes\nit is greatly reduced in range ( minckley 1973 ) . flannelmouth suckers have fine scales , a slim body , large fins and a ventral mouth with prominent well - developed fleshy , thick lips . the fish is reported to reach 30 inches in length and be a strong swimmer . breeding habits and spawning site descriptions are not known . this species hybridizes with the razorback sucker . therefore , they must utilize similar spawning habitat at similar times . however , the fish is also reported to hybridize with mountain suckers in the virgin river ( larivers 1962 ) . the fish is herbivorous and feeds on plant materials , algae and seeds ( sigler and miller , 1963 ) .\nthis species can be found in desert scrub , deciduous , and pine - oak forest ( reid , 1997 ) . it roosts in caves and mines , less commonly in buildings . individuals are spaced 2 to 5 cm apart and hang near the roost entrance where they remain alert and fly out if disturbed . this species leaves the roost shortly after sunset and feeds on pollen and nectar of agaves , cacti , ipomoea , ceiba , and other plants . cactus fruits are also eaten . in southeast arizona , this bat often visits hummingbird feeders , where it hovers in flight while lapping the nectar . northern populations migrate south for the winter . young are born in june to july in arizona ( arroyo - cabrales et al . , 1987 ; reid , 1997 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmedell\u00edn , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : this species is listed as near threatened because even though it has a wide distribution , presumed medium sized population and occurrence in a number of protected areas , the population of the species is considered to be declining and may qualify for listing as threatened in the near future under criterion a .\nthis species occurs in sonora and coahuila to michoacan yucat\u00e1n ( mexico ) ; cozumel island ( mexico ) ( simmons , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 3 , 200 m ( usually above 1 , 500 m outside yucat\u00e1n ) ( reid , 1997 ) . the records found in yucatan peninsula are old records : the original data for location is questionable ( reid pers . comm . )\nit is rare in southeastern mexico ( known from few specimens ) ; elsewhere uncommon to locally common ( reid , 1997 ) .\nthis species can be found in dry lowland areas to highland pine - oak forest ( reid , 1997 ) . it roosts in caves and mine tunnels . individuals hang well apart from one another , clinging to vertical surfaces with feet and thumbs , ears coiled back , and tail curled under to cover the lower belly . numbers present in caves may vary throughout the year , and hibernating groups have been found in deep caves . most southern and lowland records were obtained in the winter and may be due to seasonal migrations from cold , highland regions ( hall and dalquest , 1963 ; koopman , 1974 ) . diet probably consists of small , flying insect . single young are born in march or june ( tumlinson , 1992 ; reid , 1997 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nallen , g . m . , 1916 . bulletin of the museum comparative zoology , 60 : 347 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthis species occurs in sonora and coahuila to michoacan yucatn ( mexico ) ; cozumel island ( mexico ) ( simmons , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 3 , 200 m ( usually above 1 , 500 m outside yucatn ) ( reid , 1997 ) . the records found in yucatan peninsula are old records : the original data for location is questionable ( reid pers . comm . )\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nglossophaga soricina\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nipomoea arborescens\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nleptonycteris yerbabuenae\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nchoeronycteris mexicana tschudi , 1844\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nplecotus mexicanus ( g . m . allen , 1916 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsyst biol reprod med . 2008 jul - aug ; 54 ( 4 - 5 ) : 196 - 204 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 19396360802334466 .\ncervantes mi 1 , arenas - rios e , le\u00f3n - galv\u00e1n ma , l\u00f3pez - wilchis r , ambriz d , rosado a .\ndivision de ciencias biologicas y de la salud , universidad autonoma metropolitana - iztapalapa . av . san rafael atlixco no . 186 , col . vicentina , mexico .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 76, "summary": [{"text": "macotasa suffusus is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by talbot in 1926 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland to lower montane forest types . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "macotasa suffusus", "paragraphs": ["macotasa suffusus ; [ mob7 ] : 305 , pl . 3 , f . 50\ntigrioides suffusus talbot , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 ( 2 ) : 132\ntigrioides suffusus talbot , 1926 , sarawak mus . j . , 3 ( 2 ) : 132 .\nhave a fact about macotasa orientalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for macotasa orientalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about macotasa nedoshivinae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for macotasa nedoshivinae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthis and the next two species are very similar externally . m suffusus resembles m . biplagella butler in having a straw yellow forewing ground colour and , in males , a rectangular black mark on the forewing costa . in m . tortricoides walker the ground colour is fawn and the costal black mark is triangular . in the male genitalia the uncus is bifid in suffusus and biplagella but entire in tortricoides and allies . males of suffusus differ from those of biplagella in having a dark zone at the base of the forewing dorsum and a curved , pale rufous line from the costal rectangle towards the centre of the margin , stopping 3mm short of it . the females of the two species are more similar , but the blackish triangle on the forewing costa is more prominent in suffusus ; in the genitalia the base of the ductus is expanded and folded rather than simple and squarish .\nmacotasa nubecula ( moore , 1879 ) = cossa nubecula moore , 1879 = ilema costalis ( moore , 1878 ) .\nmacotasa nubeculoides holloway , 1982 ; in barlow , intr . moths of south east asia . taxonomic app . : 209 ; tl : w . malaysia\nmacotasa nubeculoides ; [ mob7 ] , 306 ( note ) ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 ( note )\nmacotasa ( lithosiini ) ; [ mob7 ] , 305 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nmacotasa nubecula ; [ mob7 ] , 306 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44\nmacotasa sumatrana dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 176 ; tl : n . sumatra , pokkat , 98\u00b033 ' e 2\u00b010 ' n , 1600m\nmacotasa biplagella ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 14 [ ? oecophora biplagella walker . ms ] ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 52\nmacotasa orientalis ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 512 ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 51 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44\nmacotasa nedoshivinae dubatolov , 2012 ; euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , dong nai , vinh cuu nat . res . , ma da , rang rang , 11 . 34704\u00b0n , 107 . 01208\u00b0e\nselect a genera poliosia hampson - poliosia muricolor walker - poliosia quadrifida sp . n . - poliosia bifida sp . n . - poliosia sp . 5463 - poliosia marginata hampson - poliosia pulverea hampson - poliosia concolora sp . n . lambula walker - lambula fuliginosa walker - lambula errata eecke - lambula pallida hampson nishada moore - nishada chilomorpha adunca ssp . n . - nishada rotundipennis walker - nishada syntomiodes walker - nishada sambara moore tigrioides butler - tigriodes sabulosalis walker - tigrioides leucanioides walker - tigrioides puncticollis butler - tigrioides antipulvereola sp . n . mithuna moore - mithuna quadriplagoides sp . n . - mithuna fuscivena hampson stenaulis hampson - stenaulis discalis walker macotasa moore - macotasa suffusus talbot - macotasa biplagella butler - macotasa tortricoides walker - macotasa orientalis hampson teulisna walker - teulisna curviplaga rothschild comb . n - teulisna tumida walker - teulisna chiloides walker - teulisna pseudochiloides sp . n . - teulisna plagiata walker comb . rev . - teulisna quadratella sp . n . - teulisna reflexa sp . n . - teulisna tricornuta sp . n - teulisna nigricauda holloway - teulisna pallidicauda sp . n . - teulisna macropallida sp . n . - teulisna harmani sp . n . - teulisna nebulosa walker comb . n . - teulisna divisa walker comb . n . - teulisna montanebula sp . n . - teulisna uniplaga hampson comb . rev . - teulisna steineri sp . n . thysanoptyx hampson - thsanoptyx oblonga butler stat . rev . eilema hubner - eilema prabana moore - eilema costalboides sp . n . - eilema plumbeomicans hampson - eilema flavicosta moore - eilema fasciculosa walker - eilema decreta butler - eilema monochora turner stat . rev . - eilema pulvereola hampson - eilema sandakana draudt stat . n . - eilema brevivalva sp . n . - eilema trimacula sp . n . - eilema pseudocretacea sp . n . - eilema longpala sp . n . - eilema females - eilema sp . burnia moore gen . rev . - burnia antica walker comb . rev . - burnia sarawaca butler stat . rev . - burnia apicalis walker comb . n - burnia nebulifera hampson comb . n mantala walker - mantala tineoides walker euconosia watson - euconosia aspera walker - euconosia xylinoides walker stat . rev . - euconosia obscuriventris sp . n . pseudoscaptia hampson - pseudoscaptia rothschild draudt\nmacotasa tortricoides ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 2e , 49 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44\nthis species and biplagella are only known from borneo , whereas tortricoides is related to m . nubecula moore ( india to burma and andamans ) and m . nubeculoides holloway ( peninsular malaysia , sumatra , java , bali ) .\nthe species is frequent to common in a range of lowland to lower montane forest types .\nteulisna biplagella butler , 1877 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1877 : 355 ; tl : sarawak\nborneo , java , bali , nilgiris , china ( fukien ) . see [ maps ]\nlithosia tortricoides walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 107 ; tl : sarawak\nphaeosia dimorpha hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 98 ; tl : philippines , luzon , mt makiling\nburma , peninsular malaysia , borneo , vietnam , thailand , singapore . see [ maps ]\n= ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 512\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae\nnew lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia\nwalker , 1862 catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 82 - 145 , 171 - 198\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of lithosiini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah ."]}
{"id": 89, "summary": [{"text": "the ross 's goose ( anser rossii ) is a north american species of goose .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "this goose breeds in northern canada , mainly in the queen maud gulf migratory bird sanctuary , and winters much further south in the continent in the southern united states and occasionally northern mexico .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the plumage of this species is white except for black wing tips .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is similar in appearance to a white-phase snow goose but approximately 40 % smaller .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "other differences from the snow goose are that the bill is smaller in proportion to its body and lacks \" black lips \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the dark phase is extremely rare .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the ross 's goose is a rare vagrant to western europe , but it is commonly kept in wildfowl collections and so the true frequency of wild birds is hard to ascertain .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "escaped or feral specimens are encountered frequently , usually in the company of other feral geese such as canada goose , greylag goose and barnacle goose .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "however , individuals or small groups that seemed to be of natural origin have turned up in the netherlands and britain .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species is named in honor of bernard r. ross , a hudson 's bay company factor at fort resolution in canada 's northwest territories . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "ross ' s goose", "paragraphs": ["ross\u2019s goose is much smaller than a snow goose . it is about the size of a mallard .\nsimilar species : the snow goose , discussed above . note also that hybrids between snow goose and ross\u2019s goose are not rare .\nross ' s goose , chen rossii , and hybrids , in new york .\nhybrid and ross ' s goose , cayuga lake , seneca co . 2 march 2002 .\nross ' s goose , savannah mucklands , wayne co . , ny , march 2004 .\nthere is a very rare blue morph of ross\u2019s goose , which was only confirmed in 1971 .\nalthough ross ' s goose is usually smaller than snow goose , size in itself is not diagnostic . it is a good clue , however , and noticeably small birds in a flock should be looked at closely when searching for ross ' s . primary structural differences of ross ' s goose as compared to snow goose include :\nin missouri , most large goose flocks anywhere in the state often have a few ross\u2019s geese present .\nwe took these photos of a more typical ross ' s goose two days later on 13 march 2004 .\nvery rarely a ross ' s goose can be found that is dark - colored like a blue morph snow goose . these blue morph ross ' s geese are thought to be the result of hybridization with snow geese .\nross ' s goose is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe plumage of ross ' s goose is typically very white and rarely attains the rusty staining which snow goose often does , particularly about the head and neck .\nross\u2019s goose hatchlings are able to leave the nest after just 24 hours , and are able to feed themselves and swim .\nross\u2019s goose has a rare blue colour morph , whose existence was not confirmed until as recently as 1971 ( 2 ) .\nrosss _ goose _ and _ canada _ goose _ 2 - 17 - 15 . jpg\nthe male ross\u2019s goose has wart - like swellings at the base of the bill , which are thought to be a status symbol .\nthe ross ' goose is a small goose , similar in appearance to the snow goose . like the snow goose , the ross ' goose has a light and dark morph , although the dark - morph ross ' goose is extremely rare . the light morph is white , and the dark morph is gray with a white head . both morphs have black primaries . the bill is small and lacks the ' grin - patch ' seen on the snow goose . juveniles are mostly gray .\nimage h is of a ross ' x snow goose hybrid showing intermediate head and bill characters . note the reduced bevelled gap between the mandibles as compared to snow goose and the darkish area at the base of the upper mandible from ross ' s goose . the bill is longer than that of ross ' s and the feathering at the base of the bill is intermediate between parent species .\na tiny white goose with black wingtips , the ross ' s goose is like a miniature version of the more abundant snow goose . it breeds in the central arctic and winters primarily in central california , but it is becoming more frequent farther east .\nross\u2019s goose has a rounded head , stubby bill , and short neck , and lacks the black \u201clipstick\u201d patch on the bill that snow geese have .\nimage d is a digiscoped shot showing 3 ross ' s geese followed by a snow goose along with canada geese . differences in size and structure between the ross ' s geese and snow are very apparent in this image . note the dark line before the eye in the rear pair of ross ' s which is retained juvenal plumage . juvenile ross ' s geese typically show far less duskiness to their plumage than juvenile snows , and a dark line before the eye is the most consistent plumage character suggesting immaturity in ross ' s goose and can be seen at a surprising distance even in flying birds .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - ross ' s goose ( chen rossii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - ross ' s goose ( chen rossii )\ntitle =\narkive species - ross ' s goose ( chen rossii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nross\u2019s goose is an uncommon migrant in missouri . as a winter resident , it is uncommon ( in the west ) to rare ( in the east ) .\nross\u2019s goose looks a lot like the snow goose and , like that species , has a white and a \u201cblue\u201d color pattern ( morph ) . like the snow goose , the white form of ross\u2019s goose is all white with dark primaries and gray primary coverts . the key to telling the two species apart is body size and bill shape and color . ross\u2019s goose is the size of a mallard and has a short neck and rounded head ; the pink bill is stubby and lacks the black \u201clipstick\u201d or \u201cgrinning\u201d patch . on close inspection , a blue - green warty patch saddles the upper bill near the base . the \u201cblue goose\u201d or dark morph is very rare . the voice is a high - pitched honking sound , similar to the snow goose\u2019s but higher and not as shrill .\npopulation apparently still increasing , as with some other arctic - nesting geese ( snow and white - fronted ) . ross ' s goose often hybridizes with snow goose , but evidently not enough to be genetically\nswamped\nby the snows .\nimage m shows a ross ' s and two snow geese . there is a noticeable size difference between this ross ' s and the snows and the structural differences are very apparent . as pertaining to the ross ' s goose , note the shorter , rounder body , shorter neck , less elongated head with vertical feathering at the bill base , and short stubby bill with no apparent dark gap between the mandibles .\nthe call of ross\u2019s goose is a sad , murmuring \u2018 mmmmm \u2019 or \u2018 uuuhhhh \u2019 , which is used for contact , especially when groups are in danger ( 2 ) .\nross ' s goose populations are relatively small , but appear to have increased since the 1990s . the species is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top\nthe oldest known ross ' s goose was a female , and at least 22 years , 6 months old when she was shot in california in 1993 . she had been banded in 1972 in saskatchewan .\nin the identification guide to north american birds part 2 , pyle states the range in size of the gap along tomia in lesser snow goose as 7 - 12 mm wide and in hybrids as 4 - 9 mm wide . the gap between mandibles in ross ' s goose is narrower forming no or a thinner dusky stripe along tomia . many ross ' s geese show a slight gap between the mandibles .\nimage n is a closer crop for comparison of the structural differences between snow and ross ' s geese which are apparent in flight .\nimage l is closer crop of the hybrid and trailing snow goose showing differences in structure . the body and neck of the hybrid suggest ross ' s goose but the head and bill are clearly intermediate between the species . the dark gap between the mandibles can be seen better in this crop .\nin this shot the hybrid is on the right , and is quite obviously smaller than the snow geese . the ross ' s goose is to the left , just sticking its head out from behind the larger geese .\nas it is such an abundant species , there do not seem to be many threats to the future survival of ross\u2019s goose , although habitat loss , disease ( 5 ) and hybridisation with the snow goose ( chen caerulescens ) may affect population numbers in the future ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 2015 . waterfowl population status , 2015 . washington , dc : u . s . department of the interior .\nrosss _ goose _ on _ lawn _ 2 - 17 - 15 . jpg\nprior to the 1950s the ross ' s goose was confined to well - defined breeding and wintering areas , with few seen as strays . since that time the species has been expanding eastward , both on the breeding and wintering grounds . the change in breeding distribution has resulted in more contact and subsequent hybridization with the snow goose .\nimage g is of a ross ' s goose showing head and bill detail . note the rounded and less elongated head as compared to snow goose along with the more vertical feathering at the bill base . also the stubbier bill with dark grayish base to the upper mandible and narrow gap between the mandibles which almost totally lack bevelling .\nthe breeding range of ross\u2019s goose has been made a federal migratory bird sanctuary , which offers it a small amount of protection ( 5 ) , although there are not currently known to be any other conservation measures in place for this abundant species .\nuncommon migrant . as winter resident , uncommon ( west ) to rare ( east ) . ross\u2019s goose is a gamebird in missouri . populations of ross\u2019s and snow geese have increased to a historically high level . as a result , they are overgrazing their arctic nesting range and degrading large areas of the tundra where other species nest . wildlife agencies have been trying to control the population size through various methods .\nimage c shows a ross ' x snow goose hybrid . note the intermediate head and bill characters including gap between mandibles and grayish base to the upper mandible .\nimage i is of a flock of snow geese as they might appear overhead . a closer look reveals 3 ross ' s geese and a hybrid in this flock .\nimage f is of a first cycle light morph snow goose showing head and bill detail .\nthe breeding range of ross\u2019s goose spreads throughout the canadian arctic . in winter , flocks mostly migrate to california , although congregations can also be found in texas and northern mexico ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the range of this species is thought to be spreading east ( 4 ) . there have been reports of vagrant ross\u2019s geese in the netherlands ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nryder , j . p . and alisauskas , r . t . ( 2013 ) ross\u2019s goose ( chen rossii ) . in : poole , a . ( ed . ) birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nross\u2019s geese forage in marshes , rivers , lakes , and crop fields , including cornfields and new winter wheat fields , for grains , roots , grasses , and aquatic vegetation .\nimage b shows a ross ' s goose . note the rounded and less elongated head and more vertical feathering at the base of the bill . the bill is short and stubby with almost no gap between the mandibles . note also the grayish base to the upper mandible .\nross\u2019s goose has an herbivorous diet , which consists of roots , leaves , stems , sedges , legumes and domestic grains ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this species can be seen foraging on the ground individually , or may form larger groups ( 5 ) .\na migratory species , ross\u2019s goose leaves its breeding ground in mid - october and arrives in its overwintering range in late october . flocks begin to return to the breeding grounds in early march . while migrating , this species is highly gregarious and forms large flocks ( 5 ) .\nwe noticed two small white geese in with a massive snow goose flock on the west side of cayuga lake , offshore of seneca co . ( along with two small canada geese , now cackling geese ) . pete hosner , who had recently worked in the arctic as a field assistant on snow goose research , declared that the slightly larger bird with a more rounded bill / face margin would have been called a ross ' s x snow goose hybrid in their study area .\nthis pint - sized relative of the snow goose has been surrounded by mystery and surprise . explorers recognized it as a different bird as early as 1770 , but it was not described to science until 1861 ; its arctic nesting grounds were not discovered until 1938 . once thought to be very rare , or even on brink of extinction , its population has greatly increased in recent decades . not until the late 1970s was it discovered that ross ' s , like snow goose , can occur in a \u201cblue\u201d morph . blue ross ' s geese are still rarely detected .\nusually observed among groups of snow geese . occurs in marshes , sloughs , ponds , lakes , and reservoirs with aquatic vegetation . also forages in crop fields . more frequently seen in northwestern missouri , although most large goose flocks anywhere in the state often have a few ross\u2019s geese present .\nthe female ross ' s goose does all of the incubation of the eggs . the male stays nearby and guards her the whole time . the female covers the eggs with down when she leaves the nest . the down keeps the eggs warm while she is away and may help hide them from predators .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nj\u00f3nsson , j\u00f3n e . , john p . ryder and ray t . alisauskas . 2013 . ross ' s goose ( anser rossii ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe\nreal\nross ' s goose was tiny , with a very small , triangular bill . the posterior margin of the bill was very straight against the face , making a straight line , quite in contrast to the strong curve at the base of the snow geese ' s bills . it showed a dark green patch at the base of the bill and no sign of a dark grin patch at edge of the tomia .\nimage j is a crop of the 5 birds center - right in the image above , or in the front of the flock . this image approximates the look that one might have through the binocular or scope . the group is comprised of 3 snow geese and 2 ross ' s geese ( birds banked without shadows on their bellies ) . difference in size between the species is not apparent here but structural differences are very much so . note the shorter necks and more rounded , less elongated heads of the ross ' s . the more vertical line of feathering at the base of the smaller and stubbier bills of the ross ' s gives the appearance of having the face cut off at the front . from a distance in flight , the bill of ross ' s often virtually disappears and the vertical line at the front of the face is very apparent .\nimage k is also a crop of the same image showing birds in the lower left or at the rear of the flock . this group is comprised of 4 snow geese , a ross ' s ( bottom center ) and a hybrid ( second bird from top left ) . note the short neck , rounded head with vertical line of feathering at the bill base and short stubby bill of the ross ' s . this bird is also smaller than the others in this group . the hybrid shows a shorter , rounder body and shorter neck as well as a less elongated head than the snows , but the feathering at the bill base is convex lacking the vertically cut off look of ross ' s and is intermediate between the species . if one looks closely , there appears to be a relatively wide and dark gap between the mandibles which would not be as apparent at this distance in ross ' s .\nross ' geese are the smallest of the three varieties of white geese that breed in north america . the ross ' goose is a small white goose with black primary feathers . the bill is a deep reddish - pink with a paler nail and a variably bluish warty area over the base of the basal area . the legs and feet are rose - pink and the iris is dark brown . the sexes are dimorphic , with the female being 6 percent smaller than the male . the ross ' goose has a relatively short neck and lacks the black\ngrinning patch\nthat is typical of greater and lesser snow geese , for which it is often mistaken . ross ' geese may be distinguished from snow geese by their smaller size , more rapid wing beat and higher - pitched call .\nthe hybrid was small , but just a bit larger than the ross ' s goose . its bill was not quite so petit and triangular , but was still noticeably smaller and more triangular than that of a snow goose . the posterior margin of the bill was less curved than the snow geese , but was slightly curved . the base was dark green , but a dark line showed along the bill edge , much smaller than the grin patches of the snow geese , but visible .\nross\u2019s geese overwinter in the southern part of their range , including ( uncommonly ) missouri , and return north in spring to the arctic tundra to breed . there , they make simple scrapes on the ground and typically lay 2 to 6 eggs .\nduring the breeding season ross\u2019s goose is found in arctic tundra ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) , where it nests in open areas and on islands in shallow lakes ( 4 ) . in winter , large aggregations are found in agricultural fields and shallow wetlands ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , using nearby reservoirs and lakes to roost ( 2 ) .\nross ' geese feed on grasses , sedges and small grains , particularly waste wheat and barley in the winter months .\nhistorically , ross\u2019s goose was threatened by hunting in its winter range , and this market drastically reduced wild populations and may have threatened this species with extinction . hunting became illegal in 1931 and the population has dramatically increased since ( 5 ) , causing north american authorities to change the law and allow hunting to resume , with the aim of reducing the population size by half ( 2 ) .\nimage e is of a dark morph snow goose showing head and bill detail . note the width of the bevelled gap between the mandibles .\nross ' s goose ( chen rossii ) is a regularly occurring and often overlooked migrant and winter resident in kentucky in small numbers and is usually found in the company of snow geese ( chen caerulescens ) . identification of these species is relatively straightforward based primarily on structural differences , particularly those of head and bill shape . hybrids of these species are sometimes encountered and are intermediate in structure between the two .\nross\u2019s goose ( chen rossii ) is a very small ( 4 ) , all - white goose , with black tips to its wings ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the short , delicate bill is black - pink at the base , becoming brighter pink ( 3 ) towards the rounded tip ( 5 ) . the male has small , wart - like growths on the base of its bill , which become more prominent as it ages ( 5 ) . the distinctive legs are pink and the eyes are dark ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe population of ross ' geese was estimated at only 2 , 000 to 3 , 000 individuals in 1931 . protection from hunting has helped the ross ' goose population recover to a 1988 total of 188 , 000 breeding birds , although it is still listed as a species - of - concern on the partners in flight watch list . still on the increase , populations are now thought to be expanding their range greatly - - birds have been found farther east and west in recent years during migration . most nesting occurs within a refuge , and hunting is still prohibited , but loss of migration stopover and wintering habitat continues to threaten the ross ' goose .\nof course , it is not practical to believe that one would have time to scrutinize or identify every bird in every flock flying overhead , but with practice and good views , some ross ' s geese and hybrids can be identified in flight based on structural characters .\nthe arctic nesting grounds of the ross ' goose , not discovered until 1938 , consist of tundra , marshes , and ponds . in winter and during migration , these geese can be found in shallow lakes , fresh - water marshes , flooded fields , and other agricultural lands .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthe ross ' goose is a rare species , but is becoming more common in washington . you may occasionally find it mixed in with snow geese or other mixed - species flocks in the winter in the lowlands on both sides of the cascades , in both fresh - and saltwater habitats . flocks of up to 30 ross ' geese have become fairly regular in the spring and fall in far - eastern washington .\nthe female ross\u2019s goose is around six percent smaller than the male ( 5 ) , with very few wart - like growths on the base of its bill , a shorter neck and a flatter forehead . the juvenile is brown - grey on the head , back and breast , with darker flight feathers ( 2 ) . the bill and feet are grey in the juvenile , gaining their pink colouration as the individual ages ( 4 ) .\nimage a shows a first cycle light morph snow goose retaining some dusky juvenal plumage . note the elongated head and bill with wide bevelled gap between mandibles .\nross ' geese are among the first to leave the breeding grounds in canada . the california central valley is currently the main wintering area for ross ' geese , but increasing numbers are wintering in arkansas , louisiana , new mexico , texas and the north - central highlands of mexico .\nalmost exclusively plant - eaters , ross ' geese eat grasses , sedges , and grain . in the fall , they eat more seeds and grains than grasses .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nthe vast majority of the population nests in the queen maud gulf migratory bird sanctuary in the central canadian arctic . they migrate to california ' s central valley , often in mixed flocks with other geese .\nross ' geese breed in the low arctic tundra , mainly near queen maud gulf , southern southampton island , the western coast of hudson bay and the sagavanirktok river delta in alaska . they usually nest in colonies mixed with lesser snow geese , making their nests on the ground in sparsely vegetated areas . female ross ' geese lay an average of 3 - 4 eggs .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nhybrids are best identified by intermediate head and bill characters such as bill size and shape , line of feathering at bill base , degree of bevelling or gap along tomia , and varying amounts of grayish at bill base which snow goose lacks .\nbetween late may and june mated pairs arrive at the breeding grounds and immediately establish a nesting territory . although ross\u2019s goose is thought to be monogamous , copulation with other individuals outside of the pair is also known to occur ( 2 ) . the female builds the nest during and after the territory establishment ( 5 ) . the nest is a shallow structure , with twigs , grass , moss and lichens in the outer layer and mostly down on the inner layer ( 2 ) . the female lays an average clutch of between 4 and 5 eggs ( 2 ) at the beginning of june ( 5 ) , which are laid at 36 - hour intervals ( 2 ) . the female incubates the eggs , while being guarded by the male ( 4 ) , and the eggs hatch between late june and july ( 5 ) . if the female leaves the nest , it will cover the eggs with a layer of down to keep the eggs warm and hide them from predators ( 4 ) . the young are able to leave the nest 24 hours after hatching , and can swim and feed themselves ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . for up to a year after birth , the young maintain an association with the adults ( 5 ) and may remain with them until the next breeding season . ross\u2019s goose reaches sexual maturity after 2 or 3 years , and lives for up to 14 years in the wild ( 2 ) .\nross ' geese are usually in flocks , often mixed with snow geese . their tendency to roost in tight flocks and be easily attracted to decoys may have made them vulnerable to market hunters , who had a significant impact on the population . these geese typically forage on the ground , wading or swimming in shallow water .\nfirst breeding at age of 2 or 3 years . courtship involves rapid head - dipping by both members of pair . breeds in colonies , usually associated with colonies of snow goose . nest site is often on island or shore of tundra lake , usually on edge of low thicket . the same site is often used for more than 1 season . nest is a bulky bowl of twigs , leaves , grass , moss , lined with down . female builds nest , beginning about the time the first egg is laid , continuing after incubation begins .\nross ' geese breed in colonies , starting in their second or third year . the nest is on an island or the shore of a tundra lake , often situated at the edge of a low thicket . the nest , built by the female after she lays her first egg , is a bulky pile of leaves , grass , and moss , depressed in the middle and lined with down . the female lays a total of 4 eggs and incubates them for about 3 weeks . the young leave the nest shortly after hatching . the parents lead the young to water and food , and the goslings feed themselves . the male stands guard and actively defends the young against predators . the young fledge at 40 to 45 days .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\naerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .\nanser rossii ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus chen .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndowny young come in two colors : yellow and gray . the two forms look identical once they get real feathers .\nbreeds on low arctic tundra , on islands in shallow lakes . winters in agricultural fields and shallow wetlands . back to top\nentirely vegetarian ; grasses , sedges , legumes , and domestic grains . back to top\ncovered with down and eyes open . leaves nest within 24 hours of hatching and has the ability to swim and feed .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\ntundra ( summer ) , marshes , grain fields , ponds . in summer on arctic tundra , especially flat tundra with mix of grassy areas and low matted thickets of dwarf birch or willow . in migration and winter , shallow lakes , freshwater marshes , flooded stubble fields , other agricultural lands .\nforages mainly by walking on land , or wading or swimming in shallow water . during migration and winter , feeds in flocks , usually with snow geese .\n4 , sometimes 2 - 6 , rarely 1 - 8 . dull white , becoming nest - stained . female does all incubating , usually 21 - 23 days . young : leave the nest shortly after hatching , following parents to water . both parents tend the young ; male is most active in defense against predators . young fledge in 40 - 45 days .\nleave the nest shortly after hatching , following parents to water . both parents tend the young ; male is most active in defense against predators . young fledge in 40 - 45 days .\nalmost entirely plant material . diet for most of year is mainly green grasses and sedges . on arrival on breeding grounds , before new growth is available , do much grubbing for roots . in fall migration , feeds more on seeds and grains of wild grasses or cultivated crops .\nmain population migrates from northwest territories to central california , traveling along a rather narrow route with traditional stopovers , especially in alberta and montana . in recent years , numbers wintering in new mexico and east of rockies have increased markedly . migrate in flocks , often mixed with snow geese , sometimes with other geese . strays appearing far out of range may have arrived by traveling with other species .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nspring migration has brought new occupiers to southeast oregon\u2014flocks of both birds and birders .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful , please consider supporting seattle audubon . donate\nthe swans , geese and ducks are mid - sized to large birds most commonly found on or near water . most have plump bodies , long necks and short wings . most feed while on the water , diving or merely tilting their bodies so that their heads and necks are submerged to search for fish , plants and invertebrates . washington representatives of the order all belong to one family :\nthe waterfowl family is represented in washington by two distinct groups\u2014the geese and swans , and the ducks . whistling - ducks are also considered a distinct subfamily , and , although they have not been sighted in washington in many years , fulvous whistling - ducks have been recorded historically in washington and remain on the official state checklist . all members of the waterfowl family have large clutches of precocial young . they hatch covered in down and can swim and eat on their own almost immediately after hatching .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nimages depicting comparisons of and differences between the species and hybrids are shown below and all were obtained in kentucky . flight images were obtained on 2 february 2007 in fulton county , and the remainder were obtained in warren county between 2003 and 2009 .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nflight feathers the feathers at the end of the wing , involved in flight . herbivorous having a diet that comprises only vegetable matter . hybridisation cross - breeding between two different species or subspecies . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . legume a plant in the legume family ( leguminosae or fabaceae ) , which includes peas , beans , clover and alfalfa . leguminous plants produce seeds in pods ( legumes ) , and typically have root nodules containing symbiotic bacteria which are able to convert nitrogen from the air into nitrogen - containing compounds that benefit the plant . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair . morph one of two or more distinct types of a given species , often distinct colour forms , which occur in the same population at the same time ( that is , are not geographical or seasonal variations ) . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a group . tundra treeless , grassy plains characteristic of arctic and sub - arctic regions . they are very cold and have little rainfall . vagrant an individual found outside the normal range of the species .\ndel hoyo , j . and carboneras , c . ( 1992 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 1 : ostrich to ducks . lynx edicions , barcelona . available at : urltoken\nbrazil , m . ( 2009 ) birds of east asia . christopher helm publishers , london .\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nall pictures are \u00a9 jay and kevin mcgowan . they were taken with either an olympus d - 450 or an olympus d - 40 digital camera through a swarovski hd - 80 , ats 80 , or ats 65 spotting scope .\nthe two small geese may have been a mated pair . they stayed close together and allowed us to get a few photographs of them side - by - side . the differences are much more apparent when they are together .\nthe difference in curvature of the bill / face edge is apparent here , as is the difference in bill size and shape .\nnot the sharpest photo , but the one that shows the bill differences best .\njay took these photos of a slightly hybrid - looking bird on 11 march 2004 , amongst a tremendous flock of snow geese .\naverage weight : m 4 . 0 lbs . , f 3 . 6 lbs .\nfind local mdc conservation agents , consultants , education specialists , and regional offices .\nrosss _ geese _ and _ canada _ geese _ 2 - 17 - 15 . jpg\nas migrating geese fly overhead , they reassure us of the certainty of changing seasons . as the great conservationist aldo leopold wrote , \u201cone swallow does not make a summer , but one skein of geese , cleaving the murk of a march thaw , is the spring . \u201d\nas adults , and even more so as goslings and as eggs , geese are preyed on by a variety of predators . they influence the plant and animal communities in both summer and winter territories , and as they migrate , they play a role in every ecosystem they travel through .\nabout 350 species of birds are likely to be seen in missouri , though nearly 400 have been recorded within our borders . most people know a bird when they see one \u2014 it has feathers , wings , and a bill . birds are warm - blooded , and most species can fly . many migrate hundreds or thousands of miles . birds lay hard - shelled eggs ( often in a nest ) , and the parents care for the young . many communicate with songs and calls .\nwe protect and manage the fish , forest , and wildlife of the state . we facilitate and provide opportunity for all citizens to use , enjoy , and learn about these resources ."]}
{"id": 91, "summary": [{"text": "macrognathus pentophthalmos , the sri lanka five-eyed spiny eel , is a small fish endemic to sri lanka .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it usually is found in running and stagnant waters of freshwater and brackish waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is 19.5 cm ( 7.7 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "recently , researches have shown that species once considered to be macrognathus aral in sri lanka , is actually a separate species , macrognathus pentophthalmos . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "macrognathus pentophthalmos", "paragraphs": ["figure 5 in the sri lankan spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and . . .\nfigure 3 in the sri lankan spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and . . .\nfigure 4 in the sri lankan spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and . . .\nthe sri lankan five - eyed spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and it . . .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 19 - 22 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 50 - 57 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 47 - 54 ; vertebrae : 74 - 76 . belongs to the member of the macrognathus aculeatus group but distinguished from all other species of the this group by the following combination of characters : 15 - 17 rostral tooth plates ; 19 - 22 dorsal - fin spines ; and large ( eye size ) black blotches along dorsal fin . differs from its other indian congeners of the macrognathus aculeatus group as follows : from macrognathus aral , macrognathus pentophthalmos and macrognathus morehensis by the presence of dorsal fin blotches ( vs . white rimmed dorsal fin ocelli ) , from macrognathus aral and macrognathus pentophthalmos by having 15 - 17 rostral tooth plates ( vs . 19 - 27 ) ; and also from macrognathus pentophthalmos and macrognathus morehensis by having 19 - 22 dorsal - fin spines ( vs . 11 - 16 ) and from macrognathus morehensis by having 15 - 17 rostral plates ( vs . 8 - 11 ) ( ref . 83418 ) .\nfigure 5 . reproduction of plate 10 , fig . 1 of willughby ( 1686 ) : \u2018 pentophthalmos\u2019 .\nthe sri lankan population of the spiny eel previously assigned to macrognathus aral schneider ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) is shown to be a distinct species , for which the name m . pentophthalmos gronow is available . macrognathus pentophthalmos is distinguished from its closest congener , m . aral , by having 14 - 16 dorsal spines and a pre - dorsal length of 43 . 3 - 46 . 8 % of standard length ( sl ) ( vs . . . . [ show full abstract ]\npethiyagoda , r . silva , a . maduwage , k & kariyawasam , l . 2008 . the sri lankan spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and its enigmatic decline . zootaxa , 1931 : 37 - 48 . : urltoken\nfigure 2 . radiographs of a , macrognathus pentophthalmos , nmsl ff 137 , 174 mm sl ; b , m . aral , zmb 1420 ( lectotype ) , 214 mm sl ( courtesy of museum f\u00fcr naturkunde , berlin ) ; c , m . aral , wht 7510 ( topotype ) , 154 mm sl .\nfigure 4 . former distribution of macrognathus pentophthalmos in sri lanka , based on senanayake , 1980 ( black dots ) ; willey , 1910 ( green dot ) ; deraniyagala , 1932 ( blue triangles ) ; and material in the national museum of sri lanka , colombo ( red dots ) , indicating also the 500 m and 1 , 000 m contours .\nfigure 3 . lateral views of indian species of macrognathus . a , m . aral , wht 7510 ( topotype ) , 154 mm sl . b , m . guentheri , wht 7644 , 156 mm sl .\nbritz , r . , 2009 . species of the macrognathus aculeatus group in myanmar with remarks on m . caudiocellatus ( teleostei : synbranchiformes : mastacembelidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 20 ( 4 ) : 295 - 308 . ( ref . 83418 )\nbritz , r . ( 2009 ) species of the < i > macrognathus aculeatus < / i > group in myanmar with remarks on < i > m . caudiocellatus < / i > ( teleostei : synbranchiformes : mastacembelidae ) . : ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 20 ( 4 ) : 295 - 308 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : zootaxa . publisher : auckland , n . z . : magnolia press , 2001 - isbn / issn : 1175 - 5326 oclc : 49030618\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nan international journal of zootaxonomy .\ntitle from cover . some issues also have distinctive titles .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\naccording to the available literature on sri lankan freshwater fish fauna , there are 91 indigenous species occurs in inland water bodies of the country . 50 of those indigenous species are endemic to the sri lanka . there are 8 more marine and brackish water fish species that sometimes enter fresh water streams and at least another 24 of exotic species introduced accidentally or deliberately ( for the inland fisheries industry and as mosquito larvivores by anti - malariya campaign ) .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1929 ) ceylon sardines . spolia zeylanica , 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 47 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1929 ) two new freshwater fishes . spolia zeylanica , 15 ( 2 ) : 73 - 77 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1937 ) malpulutta kretseri - a new genus and species of fish from ceylon spolia zeylanica , 20 ( 3 ) : 351 - 353 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1943 ) a new cyprincid fish from ceylon . journ . roy . asi . soc . ( c . b . ) 35 ( 96 ) : 158 - 159 .\nderaniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1952 ) a coloured atlas of some vertebrates from ceylon . vol . 1 : fishes . national museums of ceylon , colombo : pp . 41 - 42 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p . ( 1958 ) three new cyprincids : a new cat - fish and vaiations among some cyprinoids and an anabantoid of ceylon spolia zeylanica , 28 ( 2 ) : 129 - 138 .\ngans c . & bailey r . m . 1998 . two new synbranchid fishes , monopterus roseni from peninsular india and m . desilvai from sri lanka . occ .\npapers of the mus . of zoology . the university of michigan . 726 : 1 - 18 .\nkottelat m . & pethiyagoda r . ( 1989 ) schismatogobius deraniyagalai , a new goby from sri lanka : description and field observations .\nkottelat m . & pethiyagoda r . ( 1990 ) , danio pathirana , a new species of cyprinid fish endemic to southern sri lanka , ichthyol explor .\nkottelat , m . & r . pethiyagoda , ( 1991 ) . description of three new species of cyprinid fishes from sri lanka . in : pethiyagoda , r . , freshwater\nfishes of sri lanka . wildlife heritage trust of sri lanka , colombo . pp . 299\u2013313 .\nexplor . freshwaters , vol 19 no 2 , pp . 141 - 152 .\npethiyagoda r , kottelat m . , silva a . , maduwage k . , meegaskumbura m . ( 2008 ) . a review of the genus laubuca in sri lanka , with description of\nthree new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) i chthyol explor . freshwaters , vol 19 no . 1 , pp . 7 - 26 .\npethiyagoda r , silva a . , maduwage k . , meegaskumbura m . ( 2008 ) . puntius kelumi , a new species of cyprinid fish from sri lanka ( teleostei :\ncyprinidae ) , ichthyol explor . freshwaters , vol 19 no . 3 , pp . 201 - 214 .\npethiyagoda r , silva a . , maduwage k . ( 2008 ) mystus ankutta . a new catfish from sri lanka ( teleostei : bagridae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwater ,\nfreshwater fishes in sri lanka . in : the national red list 2012 of sri lanka ;\nconservation status of the fauna and flora . weerakoon , d . k . & s . wijesundara eds . ,\nsenanayake , f . r . , ( 1985 ) barbus srilankensis , a new species of cyprinid fish from sri lanka . ceylon journal of science ( biological science ) ,\ncyprinidae ) , ichthyol explor . freshwaters , vol 21 , no . 1 , pp . 27 - 50 .\npethiyagoda r . , meegaskumbura m . & maduwage k . ( 2012 ) a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwaters , vol . 23 , no . 1 , pp . 69 - 95 june 2012\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1929 ) some anguilliform fishes of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 - 29 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1929 ) labyrinthici of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 15 ( 2 ) : 70 - 111\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1930 ) the eventognathi of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 16 ( 1 ) : 1 - 41\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1930 ) the opisthomi of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 16 ( 3 ) : 265 - 269 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1930 ) the nematognathoidea of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 16 ( 3 ) :\nderaniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1952 ) a coloured atlas of some vertebrates from ceylon . vol . 1 : fishes . national museums of ceylon , colombo , 149 pp . ,\nmunro , i . s . r . , ( 1955 ) the marine and freshwater fishes of ceylon . department of external affairs , canberra . 349 pp . , 56 pls .\ngunathilake s . ( 2007 ) sri lankawe miridiya masun ( text in sinhala ) , biodiversity secretariat - ministry of envroment .\ngunawickrama k . b . s . 2008 . intraspecific variation in morphology and sexual dimorphism in punius singhala ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , cey . j .\npethiyagoda , r . , ( 1991 ) freshwater fishes of sri lanka . wildlife heritage trust , colombo . xiv + 362 pp .\npethiyagoda , r . and kottelat , m . ( 2005 ) . a review of the barbs of the puntius filamentosus group ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) of southern india\nand sri lanka . the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 12 : 127 - 144 .\ngiant squirrel is distributed throughout the island in suitable habitats as three different subspecies . wet zone and highland subspecies . . .\ncommon animal distributed throughout the island , inhabiting rocky outcrops and / or trees in the country side and roofs of houses in urban . . .\nan indigenous perennial herb very common along roadsides , gardens , waste grounds , scrub lands , forest margins , seashores and along stre . . .\ncommon breeding resident of home gardens , cultivations , scrublands , forest edges of wet zone and dry forests throughout the island . it is . . .\n\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0dcf [ rathu wa ] / ceylon cassia / red cassia ( cassia . . .\nin a few days i am getting ready to put on an exhibition of fine art prints and annotated maps at chennai\u2019s dakshinachitra gallery . the show is entitled t . . .\npied kingfisher * ceryle rudis * \u0d9c\u0ddd\u0db8\u0dbb \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dcf / \u0db8\u0dbd\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dcf this couple of birds were noted perching at a branch close to a small lake in kilinoc . . .\nthe last record of a sighting in sri lanka was 40 years ago in 1978 and for many years , birdwatchers in the country have been on the look - out for it here . . . .\nnansen will address 38 - year gap in marine surveys . published on sundaytimes on urltoken\nas we wrote earlier , our newly launched coexistence project seeks to find ways that people and elephants can continue to share space while meeting the need . . .\nohiya to kalupahana via devil ' s staircase - \u0d94\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d9a\u0dc5\u0dd4\u0db4\u0dc4\u0db1\u0da7 \u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0da9\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd9\u0dc5 \u0d94\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dda . . .\n* english : * sri lankan krait * sinhala : * \u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf [ mudu karawala ] * binomial : * * bungarus ceylonicus * bungarus ceylonicus ( sri lankan krait , \u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf ) , is a . . .\ni was doing my regular walk on a sunday in march 2018 and suddenly came across a pair of pied cuckoos . as this was a rare sight in colombo , i went and . . .\nbar - headed goose \u2013 my 400 bird species in the country ! on 30th december morning i managed to see this beautiful goose at korakulam wetland in mannar . follo . . .\nan informative article written by john wilson ( 30 . 10 . 17 ) the eastern reservoir catchment park duo is a term that i coined recently to collectively describ . . .\n\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dd4\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0db1\u0dba\u0dcf \u0dc4\u0dd9\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0d89\u0d82\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0dc3\u0dd2 \u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca annulated sea snake \u0dc4\u0ddd blue - banded sea snake \u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc4\u0daf\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0db1 \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0db8\u0dd4\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db4\u0dba\u0dcf \u0d8b\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc2 \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db4\u0dba\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dd2 . \u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd3 \u0dbd\u0d82 . . .\ndescription : the fish is dull brown colored , dorsally darker . two raws of dark blotches are apparent on the sides . size : upto 4cm * habitat : * the ornate pa . . .\nthis picture was taken from mihinthale , ancient buddhist monastery . it is situated on top of a hill and the view from here is absolutely stunning . farawa . . .\n* daily update - 04 may 2016 ( 22 items ) - http : / / srilankangreens . blogspot . com * covered : divaina , rivira , the island and daily news ( online versions only ) ( . . .\n\u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0d9a\u0dd9\u0da7\u0dd2 \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db3\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db4\u0dcf\u0daf\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dd6\u0dba\u0dda 2014 \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dba\u0dda \u0da2\u0db1\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0dc3 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd6 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db4 \u0daf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da7\u0db1\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dd2 . \u0db8\u0dbd\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dca\u0db1\u0db8\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dbd\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4 natricidae \u0d9a\u0dd4\u0dbd\u0dba\u0dda ( family ) natricinae \u0d8b\u0db4 \u0d9a\u0dd4\u0dbd\u0dba\u0da7 ( su . . .\n* ( from bambarella through kalupahana along kalu - ganga to rambukoluwa and pallegama ) * continuing from the hike of my life - 4 days in the knuckles range ( pa . . .\nso much fun stuff going on at urltoken including rolling out results from the last few years of research . head over - - don ' t be shy !\n*\nnetworking for migratory birds\n* * for more information visit www . worldmigratorybirdday . org *\nin august , 2012 i guided a five - day abridged version of my absolute birding tour . it was with ron and ben barkley , a farther son duo from the u . s . a . ben is . . .\nfor the beginner diver this is one of the most discomfiting times of a dive , the safety stop , 3 minutes at 5 meters with the aim of eliminating microbubbl . . .\nin june 2003 , with thoughts typical of someone returning home after an absence of eighteen long years , i walked in again through the gates of the park hea . . .\nthe crested treeswift ( hemiprocne coronata ) is a kind of tree swift . the tree swifts are aerial near passerine birds , closely related to , but distinct fr . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ngreek , makros = great + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 83418 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00302 ( 0 . 00138 - 0 . 00659 ) , b = 2 . 91 ( 2 . 72 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ palaeontology \u2022 2006 ] rapid asia - europe - north ame . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2009 ] hoya baishaensis \u2022 a new species ( . . .\n[ botany \u2022 1999 ] sonerila tenera \u2022 sonerila roxb . ( . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2011 ] impatiens parvisepala s . x . yu & y . . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2008 ] impatiens pachycaulon m . f . newman \u2022 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2009 ] new thai impatiens ( iii ) \u2022 \u0e0a\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e39\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e23 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2009 ] new thai impatiens ( ii ) \u2022 \u0e40\u0e17\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2009 ] new thai impatiens ( i ) \u2022 \u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e08\u0e19 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 1979 ] thai impatiens \u2022 a comment on the . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication ."]}
{"id": 93, "summary": [{"text": "the least weasel ( mustela nivalis ) , or simply weasel in the uk , is the smallest member of the genus mustela and of the family mustelidae ( as well as the smallest of the carnivora ) , native to eurasia , north america and north africa , though it has been introduced to new zealand , australia , malta , crete , bermuda , madeira island , the azores , the canary islands , sao tome , the falkland islands , argentina and chile .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is classed as being of least concern by the iucn , due to its wide distribution and presumed large population .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "least weasels from various parts of its range vary greatly in size .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the body is slender and elongated and the legs and tail are relatively short .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the colour varies geographically , as does the pelage type and length of tail .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the dorsal surface , flanks , limbs and tail of the animal are usually some shade of brown while the underparts are white .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the line delineating the boundary between the two colours is usually straight .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "at high altitudes and in the northern part of its range , the coat becomes pure white in winter .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "eighteen subspecies are recognised .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "small rodents form the largest part of the least weasel 's diet , but it also kills and eats rabbits , other mammals , and occasionally birds , birds ' eggs , fish and frogs .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "males mark their territories with olfactory signals and have exclusive home ranges which may intersect with or include several female ranges .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "least weasels use pre-existing holes to sleep , store food and raise their young .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "breeding takes place in the spring and summer , and there is a single litter of about six kits which are reared exclusively by the female .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "due to its small size and fierce nature , the least weasel plays an important part in the mythology and legend of various cultures . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "least weasel", "paragraphs": ["least weasel\nwildlife explorer . international masters publishers ab , 1998 , usa .\nthe least weasel has wide distribution and presumed large population , but no estimate of population size is available for this species . currently the least weasel is classified as least concern ( lc ) and their numbers today remain stable .\nthe white winter fur of the least weasel glows a bright lavender color when under ultraviolet light .\nto read more about weasel folklore and legends , check out the way of the weasel .\nthere are two species of weasels native to indiana : the long - tailed weasel ( mustela frenata ) and the least weasel ( mustela rixosa ) .\nthrough much of its european range , the least weasel overlaps with the somewhat larger but otherwise similar stoat .\nerratum to : origin and introduction history of the least weasel ( mustela nivalis ) on mediterranean a . . .\ndeep in the woods of the northeast asian deciduous forest roams the least weasel . its long slender body and sharp nails help this mammal hunt day and night . the least weasel is the smallest carnivore in the world . the least weasel ' s habitat consists of living in stone walls , hedges , farmland , and the woods . least weasels avoid deep forests , sandy deserts , and open spaces . male and female least weasels both have their own territory . females\nlechleitner , r . r . 1954 . least weasel in glacier national park . j . mammal . 35 : 594 .\nsundell , j . 2003 . reproduction of the least weasel in captivity : basic observations and the influence of food availability .\nfictional weasel characters created within the fandom include supermegatopia ' s weasel boy and tracy kazaleh ' s shadow and miniver .\nthe species can also be differentiated by their tail ; the long - tailed weasel has a black tipped tail , while the tip of least weasel ' s tail is brown in summer .\n= = predators and competitors = = the least weasel is small enough to be preyed upon by a range of other predators .\nweasels are the most characteristic members of the zoological family mustelidae , which itself is commonly called the\nweasel family\n. the least weasel is the smallest member of the zoological order carnivora .\nweasels are mammals in the genus mustela of the mustelidae family . originally , the name\nweasel\nwas applied to one species of the genus , the european form of the least weasel .\nthe least weasel has a variety of habitats including meadows , fields , brushy areas , and open woods . it avoids dense forests .\nbecause of its tiny size there is little commercial value in least weasel fur , though trapping one is thought to bring good luck .\nas rodent predators , least weasels help maintain rodent populations . this is especially important in the tundra ecosystem , where least weasels help keep lemming populations in check . bird species in new zealand , where least weasels were introduced , are negatively affected by weasel predation , especially ground - dwelling\n= = = predators and competitors = = = the least weasel is small enough to be preyed upon by a range of other predators .\nthe least weasel ' s diet consists of mice , rats , moles , small birds , bird ' s eggs , rabbits , and poultry . the least weasel ' s claws and sharp teeth help this animal to catch their prey . the least weasel is the smallest carnivore in the world . it can kill prey up to 5 times its own size . the least weasel ' s predators are large hawks and owls . this animal benefits our environment because it kills rodents to keep the population low . one way a least weasel helps itself survive in its environment is its coat and how it changes to blend in with the snow . the least weasel is not endangered but more of them are dying because the loggers are pushing them out of their home . this animal has basically no predators but because of its short life span its not overpopulated .\nwhat ' s in a name ? the least weasel ( mustela nivalis ) is the smallest member of the weasel genus , mustela and indeed the smallest living carnivore . in britain it is known simply as the weasel , and this is the original use of the word .\nleast weasels are effective rodent predators . by preying on rodents , which can transmit disease , eat economically valuable crops , and cause extensive property damage , humans directly benefit both economically and health - wise from least weasels . trappers are also able to benefit from least weasels caught in traps set for larger animals . least weasel pelts are not very valuable in canada , but some weasel pelts are used as lining and trim on coats and mittens .\nphylogeographic variation in two mustelines , the least weasel mustela nivalis and the ermine m . erminea of japan , based on mitochondrial dna control region sequences\nnamed the least weasel ( mustela nivalis ) for its small size among weasels , it is still a proficient hunter throughout much of the northern hemisphere .\neconomic value the fur of the least weasel is seldom taken and is so small that it is of little or no value in the fur trade .\nthere are three species of weasels in minnesota , the short - tailed weasel ( mustela erminea ) , the long - tailed weasel ( mustela ( renata , and the least weasel . all belong to a family of mostly long , narrow\ntube - shaped\nanimals in the family mustelidae .\nin winter the coat of the least weasel turns entirely white . though soft , the fur lacks the silky elegance of the short - tailed weasel , or ermine , whose coat was coveted by native americans and european royalty .\nin english - language popular culture in particular , the term ' weasel ' is associated with devious characters . a cartoon shown on cartoon network is entitled ' i am weasel ' , whose main character is a weasel . two pok\u00e9mon are based on the weasel , buizel and floatzel .\nbeyond the\ntrue weasels\ncomprising mustela , the name weasel also is used for various species in other genera in mustelidae , notably the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) , the libyan striped weasel ( poecilictus libyca ) , and the white - naped weasel ( poecilogale albinucha ) .\nstromberg , m . r . 1981 . new record of the least weasel in wyoming . prairie nat . 13 ( 2 ) : 45 - 46 .\nconstitute much of a least weasel\u2019s diet in more southern populations ; almost 100 percent of a weasel ' s diet is made up of rodents if they are abundant . when rodents are scarce , least weasels will also feed upon birds\u2019 eggs , lizards , amphibians , small fish , and invertebrates . rodents , especially\nthe least weasel , leads a solitary lifestyle except for when breeding . though the least weasel is sometimes visible in the daytime , it\u2019s most active at night . both male and female least weasels defend their territories from others of the same sex , according to the minnesota department of natural resources . a single least weasel ' s territory can span up to 24 . 3 hectares , which they establish by giving off pungent odors from their anal glands . when threatened the least weaselit produces a loud , harsh chirp or screech , and assumes a\nweasel war dance\n. this dance is characterized by leaps , twists , barks , and arching of the back . when it\u2019s with a mate or summoning young ones , it least weasels may produce a low trill . the least weasel is the world ' s smallest carnivore , and is preyed upon by such other , larger predators as snakes , hawks , owls , foxes , coyotes , and house cats .\nto cite this page for personal use : \u0093least weasel\u0094 . [ online ] . natural history notebooks . canadian museum of nature . last updated ( web site consulted\nthe fur of the least weasel fluoresces ( glows ) in ultraviolet light . weasels have voracious appetites , and the least weasel eats about 30 percent of its weight each day . because weasels have a high surface area to weight ratio , they conserve body heat in winter by curling into a ball and lowering their metabolism .\n= = = territorial and social behaviours = = = the least weasel has a typical mustelid territorial pattern , consisting of exclusive male ranges encompassing multiple female ranges .\nnewell , toni lynn .\nmustela nivalis ( least weasel ) : narrative\n, urltoken m . _ nivalis $ narrative . html ( 12 / 02 )\ncomparative phylogeography of the endemic japanese weasel ( mustela itatsi ) and the continental siberian weasel ( m . sibirica ) , revealed by complete mitochondrial genome sequences\nin addition to the better known species , there are a large number of exotic and obscure weasel species such as mustela sibirica ( the kolinsky , or siberian weasel ) and poecilogale albinucha ( the north african striped weasel ) .\nthough a ruthless hunter , the least weasel does play an important role in its surroundings . its feverish hunting reduces rodent population which benefits nearby agricultural fields . there is also no need to worry about overpopulation , especially in indiana . historical trapping , habitat loss and land development has kept the least weasel population small in our state for many years . the least weasel has a short lifespan , but it is also a species of special concern in the state as it is very rare . today , least weasels are only found in the grassy fields or marshes of northern indiana .\nin the northern arctic regions , are vitally important for weasel reproductive success . least weasel reproduction is tightly interconnected with lemming abundance , as there are not many other prey species for northern populations of least weasels . northern populations of weasels cycle more apparently than those found in southern populations due to the strong food requirements placed upon lemmings , which also undergo population cycling ; however , least weasel populations naturally peak and subside , even with alternative food sources available , like populations in more southern regions .\n, and other birds of prey , such as falcons , eagles , and hawks . least weasels may also be preyed upon by other larger weasel species , such as\nas a small carnivore , the least weasel ' s main food sources are small rodents , such as mice , bank voles , and field voles . in a day , a least weasel can eat 1 to 1\u00bd mice , totaling more than half of its own body weight . still , the least weasel is an opportunistic predator that will also eat small fish , birds , insects , lizards , and birds ' eggs . when the least weasel encounters its prey , it swiftly grabs it by the back of the head , and bites through its skull in quick succession . after about 30 seconds , the prey dies . after eating to its fill , least weasels store excess food in their burrow , to ensure that they have food for the future .\n: the least weasel appears restricted to the northeast and north - central portions of the state . it is found most commonly in meadows and grasslands , reaching its greatest grasslands , reaching its greatest abundance in marshy areas , and is least common in woodlands .\nbreeding interval least weasels breed one to three times per year , depending on prey density .\nleast weasels are effective rodent predators . by preying on rodents , which can transmit disease , eat economically valuable crops , and cause extensive property damage , humans directly benefit both economically and health - wise from least weasels . trappers are also able to benefit , albeit not strongly , from least weasels caught as bycatch in traps set for larger fur - bearers . least weasel pelts do not have substantial economic value in canada , but some weasel pelts are used as lining and trim on garments such as luxury coats and mittens .\ndon ' t let his size fool you ! watch the least weasel take down his prey in this clip from the secret life of predators on the national geographic channel .\nhenttonen h . 1987 . the impact of spacing behaviour in microtine rodents on the dynamics of the least weasel & # x2014 ; a hypothesis . oikos 50 : 366\u2013370 .\ncharacteristics the least weasel is considerable smaller , with a very short tail , and males may measure up to 8 inches in length , while females measure about 6 inches .\nthe least weasel may have three to ten young , but averages five which may be born at any time of the year but most frequently are born in late winter .\nmcdonald , r . a . 2013 . mustela nivalis least weasel ( common weasel ) / mustela subpalmata egyptian weasel . in : j . kingdon and m . hoffmann ( eds ) , the mammals of africa . volume v : carnivores , pangolins , equids and rhinoceroses , pp . 85 - 87 . bloomsbury publishing , london .\nthe coat of the least weasel , as with all weasels , will turn white in the winter . least weasels are found only in the northern part of the state and are more likely to turn completely white . species found in warmer climates will stay partially brown .\nmore general myths about the weasel are equally unkind to the poor little creature .\nthe kamaitachi (\nsickle weasel\n) is a supernatural japanese weasel which moves too fast to be seen and attacks by cutting its victims with a sickle .\nblomquist l . , muuronen p . and rantanen v . 1981 . breeding the least weasel in helsinki zoo . zoologische garten n . f . , jena 51 : 363\u2013368 .\nleast weasels are very aggressive and will defend their territory , attacking much bigger animals when necessary .\nmost interesting about the least weasel is that it is the smallest carnivore . it is amazing that something so small can kill something so much bigger than it can . its habitat and biome , the northeast asian deciduous forest , is endangered . the least weasels are fleeing from their homes and drowning in oceans trying to get away from the loggers . if we try to preserve the northeast asian deciduous forest we can help the least weasel from being extinct .\nmontana field guides , least weasel .\nurltoken . montana natural heritage program & montana fish , wildlife and parks , n . d . web . 11 feb . 2013 .\nlength : the short - tailed weasel measures seven to 14 inches . the long - tailed weasel is slightly larger , about 16 inches , and has a longer tail .\nthe weasel pre - breeding season population is estimated to be 450 , 000 adults .\nindividuals adopting weasel persona characters include cargo , micole , sebkha , and silent red .\nswanson , e . , and p . o . fryklund . 1935 . the least weasel in minnesota and its fluctuation in numbers . the american midland naturalist 16 : 120 - 126 .\nwhile they are not considered rare in north america , least weasels are more common in europe and asia , and are not globally threatened . as a whole , populations of least weasels are considered stable .\nand other livestock , there is little proof to suggest that least weasels prey upon any domestic livestock .\nleast weasels , as highly - skilled rodent predators , play an important role in maintaining or initiating cycles in rodent populations . rodent cycling is a vital component of the tundra ecosystem and specialized predators , such as least weasels , are helpful for keeping lemming populations in check . bird species in new zealand , where least weasels were introduced , are negatively affected by weasel predation , especially ground - dwelling\nthe long - tailed weasel is larger in size with males ranging anywhere from 14 to 16 inches long and weighing 3 to 7 ounces . least weasel males range from 8 to 9 inches long and weigh about 2 ounces . males of both species are larger than the females .\nthe least weasel ' s range in north america stretches from alaska southeast through canada and into the northcentral and northeastern united states , probably including the entire state of minnesota ( hazard 1982 ) . however , most records of this species in minnesota come from the northwestern portion of the state . once considered secure in the state , only one least weasel has been recorded in minnesota since 1967 despite extensive survey work in suitable habitats . competition from ermines ( mustela erminea ) , a related and more common weasel , may be a contributing factor to the rarity of least weasels . other factors which may pose a threat to this species include habitat and prey loss , poisoning , and predation . the least weasel was listed as a special concern species in minnesota in 1996 .\nsome people say the weasel is enchanted . some say it is very unlucky to destroy a weasel . here is a story i heard which was told to me as true .\nthe least weasel mustela nivalis and the ermine m . erminea of japan are considered relicts of the last glacial period . to study phylogeographic variation in these mustelines , fragments of the [ \u2026 ]\nremember the open spaces under roof rafters and check for holes where siding has rotted\u2014any opening big enough for a rat will give easy access to a least weasel , smallest of all true carnivores .\ntaxonomic status and origin of the egyptian weasel ( mustela subpalmata ) inferred from mitochondrial dna .\nlong , a . charles , weasel world book # 21 2000 by world book inc .\nthe least weasel becomes sexually mature at 3 - 4 months . their mating seasons are spring and summer with a gestation period lasting from 35 - 37 days . the least weasel has 3 - 10 babies , weighing 0 . 04 to 0 . 06 ounces , and are wrinkled , pink and naked . they have no abilities . the mother raises the young by herself while the father leaves right after mating . the baby least weasels are weaned at four to five weeks and the mother hunts for them until they are 4 weeks old . at that time the training of adulthood begin s . the least weasels are fully independent at 12 weeks old , at which time they leave their family . the least weasel ' s interval is its den and it is mostly solitary . these mammals live up to 2 years in the wild and up to 10 years in captivity . least weasels are active day and night .\nand other avian livestock , there is little proof to suggest that least weasels prey upon any domestic livestock .\nleast weasels , like many other weasel species , are able to kill prey much larger than themselves , then store the remains . least weasels mostly hunt rodents , if they are available , almost 100 percent of their diet will be made up of rodents , however , they will not overlook an easy meal .\none employee thought he had the answer . in 1953 , roger m . latham wrote a letter to the journal of mammalogy [ pdf ] , announcing a \u201csimple method for identification of least weasel . \u201d\nhow often does reproduction occur ? least weasels breed one to three times per year , depending on prey density .\nleast weasels and stoats looks very alike but can be told apart by the stoat\u2019s tail having a black tip .\ntaxonomic status and origin of the egyptian weasel ( mustela subpalmata ) inferred from mitochondrial . . .\nmi ' kmaq legends about two weasel - women who married stars , and their subsequent travels .\nthe egyptian weasel ( mustela subpalmata ) is a small mustelid with a distribution restricted to the lower nile valley and the nile delta . traditionally considered a subspecies of the least weasel ( m . nivalis ) , it is currently recognized as a separate species based on morphology . here we present the first genetic assessment of the taxonomic status of the egyptian weasel by comparing . . . [ show full abstract ]\nall three species can be found state - wide , but the least weasel is the least abundant , especially in northeastern minnesota . weasels can be found anywhere that their main prey , mice , are found . typical habitats are grasslands , woodlots , and brush piles . weasels can also be found in firewood piles and garages .\nthe egyptian weasel ( mustela subpalmata ) is a small mustelid with a distribution restricted to the lower nile valley and the nile delta . traditionally considered a subspecies of the least weasel ( m . nivalis ) , it is currently recognized as a separate species based on morphology . here we present the first genetic assessment of the taxonomic status of the egyptian weasel by comparing mitochondrial dna ( cytochrome b gene and control region ) sequences to those of least weasels from the western palearctic , with a focus on the mediterranean region . our results provide no evidence to support the view that the egyptian weasel is genetically distinct from the least weasel , as we found that , for both cytochrome b and control region , haplotypes were shared between the two taxa . specifically , the cytochrome b and control region haplotypes detected in the egyptian weasel were also present in m . nivalis from turkey and malta , two populations genetically analysed here for the first time . our results suggest that the egyptian weasel is distinct from the least weasel populations currently living in the maghreb , which were inferred to be the result of an earlier colonization of north africa , but the genetic data alone do not allow us to determine whether the egyptian weasel is native or introduced . nevertheless , the observed genetic patterns , together with the weasel fossil record in israel and the unique commensal lifestyle of the egyptian weasel , are consistent with the hypothesis that the egyptian population is a relict of past range expansion from the levant into egypt . we suggest that the large size and characteristic sexual dimorphism of the egyptian weasel are likely to represent ecotypic variation , but genomic studies are required to clarify the extent of its functional genetic divergence .\nnyholm , e . 1972 . weasel . pp . 187 - 199 in l siivonen , ed .\nthe weasel ( mustela nivalis ) is the smallest member of the mustelid family and britains smallest carnivore .\nthe long - tailed weasel is of economic importance , as many are taken by trappers each year .\nit\u2019s really very fascinating so for those of you who\u2019d like to know more about weasel & taboo and the origins of the word \u2018weasel\u2019 in many different languages , you can read the pdf file here .\nsexual maturity begins from 3 to 4 months for the female least weasel when food is plentiful . females sexually mature more rapidly , while males achieve maturity at around 8 or 9 months , according to animal diversity . breeding may occur all year round , though incidences of mating are less frequent during the winter . both sexes of least weasels will mate with multiple partners . males and females defend their territory when mating , but afterwards the male will leave to look for other females\nin heat\n. the least weasel ' s gestation period lasts about 35 days , after which the female gives birth to on average to 4 to 5 kits per litter . according to animal diversity , the least weasel ' s lifespan is 1 to 2 years in the wild , significantly shorter than many other carnivores .\nin zoological use\nweasel\non its own is now more usually applied to the genus , and in north america it is used as a common name for a number of species . however , most literary references to weasels are in fact to the least weasel . the sinister weasels of the wind in the willows , for example , are mustela nivalis , and so is the weasel that goes\npop\nin the nursery rhyme .\ngeneral description : weasels are small , elongated predators that are brown in the summer , but that turn white in the winter . the short - tailed and long - tailed weasels have a black - tipped tail , while the least weasel is completely white . during spring and fall , as they change color , weasel fur appears blotchy .\nit is impossible to catch a weasel asleep ; and it is bad luck if one crosses your path and appears near your home making its distinctive squeaking sound . the scots have a strange myth about a weasel funeral \u2013 the story was from the museum of lead mining ( ! ) , which seems surprising , to say the least !\nnorth american ranges like alaska , canada , and the northern united states , as well as much of eurasia , are where the least weasel population are naturally found , with other population being introduced elsewhere , including parts of the southern hemisphere . in these ranges , the least weasel lives in meadows , grasslands , marshy areas , pastures , stubble field habitats , and mouse - infested barns . it inhabits burrows dug by moles and gophers , or hollow logs where the former cannot be found . on the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s ( iucn ) 2008 red list , the least weasel was classified as a species of\nleast concern\namong threatened species . according to the iucn , its population is stable , with its primary threats today being poisoning with rodenticides and change in agriculture practices within their home ranges .\nfor the klamanth people of oregon , mink is a mythological hero and weasel is his troublesome younger brother .\nthe least weasel occupies most of canada with the exception of the maritimes , southern quebec and ontario , the arctic and central and coastal british columbia . it has broad circumpolar distribution through europe , north africa , asia and north america .\nweasel wrath : least weasels are highly solitary , and even mating does not occur without a fight . females can breed several times in a year when food is plentiful . perhaps because of their small size , least weasels have an even greater reputation for ferocity than the other weasels , and there are many references to them in the popular cultures of different countries .\ndubbed a \u201chair - trigger mousetrap with teeth\u201d by one biologist , the least weasel is a specialized predator whose diet is mainly mice and small voles . it eats insects and ground - nesting birds , but only if other prey is scarce .\nthe taxonomy of least weasel mustela nivalis was reviewed by abramov and baryshnikov ( 2000 ) , who considered egpytian weasel m . subpamata to be a distinct species , a treatment followed here . tonkin weasel m . tonkinensis and sichuan weasel m . russelliana , here treated as distinct species following groves ( 2007 ) , were included as part of m . nivalis by abramov and baryshnikov ( 2000 ) ( and in previous versions of its red list assessment ) . a weasel population found in taiwan in the late 20th century and considered by its finders to be a new species allied to stoat m . erminea is here considered , following abramov ( 2006 ) to be part of m . nivalis .\ntaxonomic status and origin of the egyptian weasel ( mustela subpalmata ) inferred from mitochondrial dna . - pubmed - ncbi\nshort h . l . 1961 . food habits of a captive weasel . journal of mammalogy 42 : 273\u2013274 .\nthe weasel\u2019s bloodlust is instinctual and triggered by movement . even on a full belly , a weasel will kill anything that moves and looks like prey . and to the tenacious weasel , pretty much everything looks like prey . tiny weasels have been seen killing and carrying off animals twice , four times , and even 10 times their size .\nchildren ' s book illustrating a blackfoot legend about how weasel retrieved the warm spring wind from a powerful bear .\nthreats include incidental poisoning with rodenticides ( sheffield and king 1994 ) and persecution . least weasel prefers open agricultural habitats , which are declining owing to changes in agricultural practices ( rural abandonment ) in parts of europe , as open fields undergo succession .\nthe least weasel is a small mammal with a huge appetite . its sharp teeth and claws can take down animals larger than its own diminutive size . small rodents are preferred prey , but will chase down rabbits , birds , frogs and insects when necessary .\nleast weasels are predominantly carnivores , they mostly eat small rodents like mice and voles but also eat birds , frogs , fish and eggs .\nweasels are relatively small , nimble mammals that are members of the mustelidae family , which also includes long - bodied animals such as wolverines , ferrets , badgers and certain skunk species . there are three weasel species that call north america home , the most prevalent being the long - tailed weasel . below are a few interesting weasel facts you might not know .\nweasels feed on small mammals , and in former times were considered vermin since some species took poultry from farms , or rabbits from commercial warrens . certain species of weasel and ferrets , have been reported to perform the mesmerizing weasel war dance , after fighting other creatures , or acquiring food from competing creatures . in folklore at least , this dance is particularly associated with the stoat .\na\ufeffccording to blackfoot legend , the weasel is the bravest of animals , a hunter bold out of all proportion to his size . modern scientists agree , as every feature of these graceful and lightning - fast little animals seems designed to make them the perfect predator . this is especially true of the least weasel , the smallest of three weasels found in montana and the world\u2019s smallest carnivore .\nthere is a very interesting article called \u201cold prussian moazo \u2018mother\u2019s sister\u2019 , mosuco \u2018weasel\u2019 & related words\u201d by krzystof tomasz witczak .\nthe least weasel also has a long , slender , muscular body with short legs . the head is small , with beady eyes , small ears and a pointed nose . they move with quick movements and a graceful , bounding gait . all three weasels change color with the seasons , and there is no color difference between the sexes . all the senses are well developed in the weasel .\nin historical times , least weasel was used as a house animal ( to preserve food from small rodents ; masseti 1995 ) as well as for food , fur and even traditional medicine , as is still the case in morocco ( lebarbenchon et al . 2010 ) .\nthe weasel is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 7 ) , and a species of conservation concern by the uk biodiversity action plan , although not a priority species . listed under appendix iii of the bern convention ( 3 ) .\nthe least weasel is a mouse - sized weasel with a long slender body , short brown or white legs , and a tiny , streamlined head . it has short round ears , beady eyes , and a snout ending in whiskers . the least weasel ' s fur can be all white , or brown with a white streak stretching from its chin to its rump , while the tail is brown . fur color changes can occur , often going from brown to white during winter , according to the missouri department of conservation . the length of the males , including their tails , is up to 10 inches , and they weigh from 2 . 1 to 3 . 2 ounces , according to the illinois department of natural resources . females are up to 9 inches in length , and weigh 1 . 2 to 2 . 5 ounces . the least weasel ' s paws have 5 clawed toes suitable to its carnivorous , predatory lifestyle .\nbritish popular - culture references to weasels are generally specifically to the common or least weasel . for example , alan lloyd ' s novel kine , about a fictional war in the english countryside between weasels and the invasive species mink , depicts the latter as sadistic , voracious invaders , giants in comparison to the weasels ; in american usage , both species would be kinds of weasel . similarly , in kenneth grahame ' s popular story the wind in the willows the villains are the weasels and the stoats , again two species of weasel in american usage . here everyday usage reflects the original european use of the word weasel for a single species .\nusually burn energy the fastest and have the most active lifestyles , so it is no surprise that the least weasel , the miniature among mustelids , consumes roughly half its body weight each day\u2014equal to about two deer mice and a vole . as with other weasels , adult females may be half the size of adult males , and they mature much more rapidly ; females are sexually mature at four months , males at eight months . females produce two litters each year , unlike the larger , slower - breeding ermine and long - tailed weasel . in the north , the fur of the least weasel turns from brown to white in winter , camouflaging them in the snow .\nthis species is mainly solitary , except during breeding season . least weasels may be active during the day but do most of their hunting at night .\none day , the windigo captures a traveler . he sends the terrified man out to find sticks for his own cook fire . along the way , the man encounters a weasel and begs it desperately for help . the man returns to the monster with the weasel hidden in his clothing . as they approach , the weasel rushes at the windigo and climbs into his anus . the windigo begins to look quite ill , and soon falls down dead : the tiny , brave weasel has eaten his heart from within .\nsimilar species : much smaller than the short or long - tailed weasel . both short and long - tailed weasels have a blac\n\u201cit was discovered , \u201d he wrote , \u201cthat the fur of the least weasel would fluoresce under ultra - violet light , producing a vivid lavender color . the fur of the other two species remained a dull brown \u2026 thus , identification is positively and simply made , immediately . \u201d\nleast weasels , being highly - skilled predators of rodents , play an vital role in initiating or maintaining cycles in rodent populations , an important part of the tundra ecosystem , where specialized predators , like least weasels , play a role to keep lemming populations in check . in new zealand , on the contrary , where least weasels have been introduced , bird species are negatively affected by predation by this species , especially brown kiwis , which live on the ground .\nspecies , have a reputation for killing prey much larger than themselves , then caching the remains . least weasels are highly specialized rodent predators and as such , they rely heavily upon rodent species for food . least weasels are , however , opportunistic feeders and will not overlook an easy meal , such as carrion .\nheidt g . a . , petersen m . k . and kirkland g . l . j . 1968 . mating behavior and development of least weasels (\nthe german word for the least weasel , mauswiesel , refers to its tiny size . males are no more than 7 inches long , including the tail , and females rarely exceed 5 inches . both sexes are brown above with white underparts , coloration similar to that of montana\u2019s two other weasels , the short - tailed and long - tailed ( the latter with cream underparts ) . unlike its cousins , the least lacks a black tail tip .\nking c . m . 1980 . population biology of the weasel mustela nivalis on british game estates . holarctic ecology 3 : 160\u2013168 .\nweight : the short - tailed weasel weighs only two to five ounces , while its long - tailed cousin weighs about seven ounces .\na purse made from a weasel\u2019s skin will never want for money ; but the purse must be found , not given or made .\nthe least weasel is the smallest of all weasels , averaging 157 - 190 mm ( 6 . 2 - 7 . 5 in . ) in total length and weighing 40 - 56 g ( 1 . 4 - 2 . 0 oz . ) ( hazard 1982 ) . it has a long body and neck with short limbs , a short tail , and a narrow , flattened head . in the summer , least weasels are brown on the back and whitish with occasional brown flecks underneath . in winter , they are entirely white in northern latitudes , where snow is common , but remain brown in southern latitudes ( sheffield and king 1994 ) . the least weasel resembles other weasel species , but it is smaller and has a proportionately shorter tail than the ermine and the long - tailed weasel ( mustela frenata ) . its tail is less than 25 % of the length of its head and body and lacks the black tip characteristic of ermines and long - tailed weasels ( sheffield and king 1994 ) . the pelage of least weasels will fluoresce under uv light , while that of ermines and long - tailed weasels will not ( hazard 1982 ; svendsen 1999 ) .\nleast weasels have long , slender bodies with short limbs , a long neck and a flat , narrow head . they have large black eyes and large round ears . this species has five fingers with sharp claws . their fur is a milk - chocolate brown with white on the under parts . northern populations have a white winter coat and brown summer coat . the least weasel is less than 10 inches long and only weighs one to three ounces .\nlatham\u2019s glow - in - the - dark - weasel trick thereby entered the canon of weasel facts . even today , you can find numerous sources claiming that least weasels glow under uv light . there\u2019s just one problem : his method has never been validated . nobody has ever reproduced his attempts . still , it\u2019s possible that mustela nivalis glows in the dark . given everything else we know about weasels , it wouldn\u2019t be surprising .\nin the mennock pass recently , a driver observed a dead weasel , killed by a passing car , being lifted and carried off the road by a number of other weasels . this story was confirmed by a villager who had heard of a similar tale in the 1930\u2019s where the night watchman at the wanlockhead smelt mills had watched several weasels remove a dead female and bury her in a \u2018weasel grave\u2019 nearby . on investigation , the watchman and the local gamekeeper , found the body of the weasel buried alongside a number of other weasel skeletons .\nthe coexistence of two very similar species , stoat and least weasel , has puzzled many researchers . from their ecology it is expected that they do not coexist , not locally at least , and still they seem to do . we reviewed the specific hypotheses proposed to explain their coexistence and related these to general theories of competitive coexistence . to test these conjectures , we studied the habitat selection of least weasels and stoats on landscape and on local scale . the study was performed during the winters , the most critical season , in years 1986\u20132001 in northern norway . stoats were usually more numerous than least weasels . stoats showed preference for productive areas both at the landscape and at the habitat scale and appeared stereotypic in their habitat selection . least weasels were more generalized and flexible in their habitat selection . contrary to results reported in many studies , least weasel did not react to the presence of stoats and were not excluded from the areas with stoats . we suggest that in the conditions of northernmost fennoscandia , the two species exhibit a variant of classical competitive coexistence . both species have a shared preference for rodents , but the access to exclusive alternative prey in stoats allows their coexistence with least weasels , which are more efficient predators on rodents . we suggest that more attention should be paid on survival resources , exploited during times of low resource density , when studying the coexistence between close competitors .\nsvendsen , g . e . 1999 . the least weasel ( mustela nivalis ) . pages 173 - 174 in d . e . wilson and s . ruff , editors . the smithsonian book of north american mammals . smithsonian institution press in association with the american society of mammalogists , washington .\nweasels were plentiful in pennsylvania in the early 1950s , but they weren\u2019t welcome . after the pennyslvania game commission offered a bounty for every weasel pelt , they found themselves inundated with fur . the region was home to three weasel species , but once the weasel ' s tail had been removed , the pelts all looked pretty much the same . so how could they figure out which species a pelt belonged to ?\nmore random weasel bits . . . weasel deep , old magic of the dark , warrior balance of the light , teach that evil lies within , never in the day or night . stealth , silent observation this totem is a difficult power totem to have . it is a rare gift and great ability . weasel medicine can teach you to find out secrets through the power of silent observation . most weasel people are loners , graceful , solitary and silent . they are very intelligent . people do not see their power immediately and often underestimate them . weasel totem will awaken your innate ability for observation . trust your own instincts and you will avoid trouble and pursue your goals to greatest success . use your weasel medicine to observe what or who needs attention and offer assistance in your quiet or discreet way . re : urltoken\nthe least weasel is mostly found in the northeast asian deciduous forest , which covers korea , eastern asia , japan , china , and russia . least weasels can range in this area from 30 degrees to 47 degrees north latitude and 110 degrees east fahrenheit to 145 degrees east fahrenheit in longitude . the northeast asian deciduous forest has warm summers and cold winters . it is home to many mammals and birds but is currently threatened because of loggers chopping down trees .\nfood weasels prey on small rodents such as mice , rats , voles , hares , rabbits , and chipmunks . they also take shrews , birds , birds eggs , frogs , bats , insects , earthworms and may occasionally kill domestic chickens . the least weasel depends almost exclusively on mice for food .\nalthough they are fierce predators , helping to control rodent populations , least weasels are also victims of predators , including the long - tailed weasel . hawks , owls , foxes , coyotes , housecats , and snakes also eat them . internal and external parasites also feed on them\u2014albeit on a smaller scale .\ngood luck weasel : traditional inuit lore held the least weasel in great respect because of its pugnacious nature , and the capture of one was regarded as an omen of good luck . in classical and medieval european mythology , it is sometimes said that the only thing which can kill a basilisk is a weasel , though it would be killed in the conflict as well . the earliest record of this claim is in pliny ' s naturalis historia , book 8 , par . 33 . it was repeated by isidore of seville in his etymologiae , and subsequently by many medieval bestiarists .\nmuch smaller than the short - or long - tailed weasel . both short - and long - tailed weasels have black tip on tail .\nking , c . , k . griffiths , e . murphy . 2001 . advances in new zealand mammalogy 1990\u20132000 : stoat and weasel .\ncats , owls , foxes and birds of prey will all try to kill weasels , although a weasel will fight hard to defend itself .\n: voles , deer mice , and harvest mice make up the majority of the least weasel ' s diet . moles are sometimes eaten and shrews may be attacked by inexperienced individuals or when other prey are unavailable . insects are also eaten when encountered . small ground - nesting birds such as sparrows are occasionally captured . when small mammals are scarce , birds may be hunted intensively . it is estimated that least weasels require approximately half their body weight in food per day .\n2 . if the animal is domestic , insist that the offending animal be penned and observed for at least 10 days to see if it gets sick or dies .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - weasel ( mustela nivalis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - weasel ( mustela nivalis )\ntitle =\narkive species - weasel ( mustela nivalis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbecause of its size and very active lifestyle of hunting , mating and burrowing , the least weasel must eat roughly between 40 - 60 % of its body weight every day . however , its appetite to kill is far more voracious than the amount it actually needs to survive . least weasels are known to take prey in quantities larger that it can consume . though it will stockpile any overkill in nearby burrows , the surplus is often left to rot as they prefer fresh meat .\nin the northern arctic area , are very important for breeding success . the population sizes of least weasels found in northern areas cycle due to the population sizes of lemmings .\nthe minnesota biological survey has targeted this species for many years , and has located only a single individual despite intense trapping activities . a sub - adult female was captured in a live trap in 2006 on a privately owned native prairie tract in murray county . prior to this capture , no specimens of this species had been collected in minnesota since 1967 . while it seems that least weasel populations have fluctuated historically in minnesota ( swanson and fryklund 1935 ) , the low level of observations is troubling . more research is needed to determine the extent of least weasel distribution in minnesota and the ecological requirements necessary to ensure this species ' survival .\nnaturally , these gambits do not always work out in the weasel\u2019s favor , hence the term \u201croulette . \u201d ( on a related note , a weasel ' s lifespan is a mere 1 to 2 years in the wild , for obvious reasons . ) but when they do ? watch out .\noriginally , the name\nweasel\nwas applied to one species of the genus , the european form of the least weasel ( mustela nivalis ) . early literary references to weasels , such as their common appearances in fables , refer to this species rather than to the genus as a whole , reflecting what is still the common usage in britain . in technical discourse , however , as in american usage , the term\nweasel\ncan refer to any member of the genus , or to the genus as a whole . of the 16 extant species currently classified in the genus mustela , ten have\nweasel\nin their common name . among those that do not are the stoat or ermine , the two species of mink , and the polecats or ferrets .\nweasels , stoats , and even domesticated ferrets all perform a hilarious \u201cweasel war dance\u201d when they\u2019ve got their prey cornered . scientists aren\u2019t totally sure why they do this . one theory is that the weasel\u2019s wacky twisting , hopping , and darting around distracts , confuses , or even hypnotizes prey animals . in one case , researchers concluded that a number of rabbits killed by stoats had actually \u201cdied of fright\u201d after being subjected to the weasel war dance .\nrecognized as a species separate from least weasel ( mustela nivalis ) by van zyll de jong ( 1992 ) , reig ( 1997 ) , abramov and baryshnikov ( 2000 ) , baryshnikov et al . ( 2003 ) , wozencraft ( 2005 ) , nyakatura and bininda - emonds ( 2012 ) , and mcdonald ( 2013 ) .\n: because it is small and secretive the least weasel is rarely found throughout its range . its presence in kansas has been suspected for many years , but the first specimen from the state was not collected until march 1964 near marysville in marshall county . longevity of this small mammal is one or two years in the wild .\nreig , s . 1997 . biogeographic and evolutionary implications of size variation in north american least weasels ( mustela nivalis ) . canadian journal of zoology 75 : 2036 - 2049 .\nin summer , least weasels leave little sign , but watch for playful youngsters romping near a nest . in winter , look for a trail of twin prints in the snow ."]}
{"id": 94, "summary": [{"text": "nototodarus sloanii is a species of squid commonly known as the new zealand arrow squid or wellington flying squid .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is also known by its m\u0101ori name of wheketere .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is a favoured prey species of a number of marine mammals and diving birds .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is an important food source for the new zealand fur seal and the endangered species : new zealand sea lion and yellow-eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "n. sloanii is sought by trawler fishermen for human consumption ; in this trawling process , australian sea lions are frequently killed , since they prey upon n. sloanii . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "nototodarus sloanii", "paragraphs": ["only one series of slender , conical , ventral supports distally . ( see nototodarus page for comparison of species ) .\nurltoken accessed 12 / 04 / 14 mckinnon , j . f . ( 2007 ) . aspects of the population biology of the southern arrow squid , nototodarus sloanii , in southern new zealand ( thesis , doctor of philosophy ) . university of otago . retrieved from urltoken\nnototodarus sloanii has been assessed as least concern . this oceanic species has a wide geographic distribution . although this species is subject to fishing pressure , current levels appear to be sustainable and catches are regulated through quota systems . more research is still needed on the ecology and biology of this species .\njustification : nototodarus sloanii has been assessed as least concern . this oceanic species has a wide geographic distribution . although this species is subject to fishing pressure , current levels appear to be sustainable and catches are regulated through quota systems . more research is still needed on the ecology and biology of this species .\nas in other members of the genus , the right arm iv is more heavily hectocotylized . in n . sloanii this arm has ( after dunning and f\u00f6rch , 1998 :\ntwo species of nototodarus are now believed to exist in new zealand , a southern form and a western and northeastern form , but their nomenclature has not been clarified or published .\nmantle muscular tapers to pointed tail . fins broad . orange to pink over body , with a darker maroon strip down the mid line . can flash greenish over eyes .\nbreeding is thought to be on the shelf in less than 200m water , juveniles are found in coastal waters . adults deeper to 500m .\nopportunistic generalist predator , feeding upon crustaceans , fish and squid . can be cannibalistic .\na short lived ( < 1year ) terminal spawner . spawning grounds unknown . restricted to the south island and the subantarctic islands . feeds on small fish , crustaceans , molluscs and is a cannibal . commercially harvested with goulds arrow squid . current quota for both species is about 127 , 000 tonnes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - wellington flying squid , fr - encornet minami , sp - pota neozelandesa .\nommatrephes sloani gray , 1849 , cat . moll . brit . mus . , 61 .\nmantle muscular tapers to pointed tail . fins broad , sagittate length 42 to 48 % of mantle length ; single fin angle 44\u00b0 ( 40 to 500 ) . funnel groove with foveola and 10 to 13 longitudinal ridges . tentacular club occupies much of tentacle length ; protective membranes very low , weak ; largest sucker rings with 11 to 13 conical teeth all around interspersed with low truncated platelets ; distal central tooth not enlarged . arm sucker rings smooth proximally , grading to truncate teeth laterally and about 11 to 15 , short , triangular teeth distally , the central one enlarged ; both arms iv in males hectocotylized basally with modification of protective membranes and trabeculae into large , ridged , saw - tooth processes ; suckers absent ; stalks remnants only ; right arm iv distally with sucker stalks enlarged , comb - like , conical ; suckers and trabeculae lost .\na neritic and oceanic speciesoccurring from the surface to about 500 m depth , occasionally forming large aggregations down to 300 m . it occurs over a broad range of temperatures but seems to be either more abundant or more vulnerable in colder waters . two groups , possibly species , are distinguished by morphometric features , one north of the subtropical convergence zone and one within or south of the convergence . within the northern group clearly identified as n . sloani , the western population occurs in an upwelling area and grows to larger sizes than the eastern population . the group south of the convergence has a growth pattern similar to that of the northwestern population . growth rates vary inversely with size and directly with temperature ( roberts , 1983 ) . the lifespan of this species exceeds one year . each of the two northern populations has 2 peak spawning season : autumn ( march and april and spring ( september to november ) for the northwestern population , and july and december for the northeastern population .\nmaximum mantle length about 42 cm , maximum weight 1 . 8 kg in western new zealand , but 32 cm and 0 . 6 kg in the warmer waters of northeastern new zealand .\napart from the exceptionally good landings in 1980 ( 63 000 t reported from japan ( more than 90 % of the total catch ) and the republic of korea ) , annual catches of this species averaged about 29 000 t in recent years ( fao , 1983 ) . japanese and south korean jigger vessels , operating under joint - venture schemes with new zealand , take about half the catches , but they land only a fraction in this country . this squid is also taken in trawling operations of foreign licensed vessels from former ussr , japan and the republic of korea . the fishery is regulated through a quota system . the quotas for the 1981 / 1982 trawling season for all fishing grounds were allocated as follows : republic of korea : 1 600 t , japan : 9 900 t , former ussr : 11 500 t , and joint venture operations 27 000 t ( mattlin , 1982 ) . so far , only the western and southern groups of n . sloani are being exploited . the vessels usually operate during a 90 to 120 day fishing season extending from december to april . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 31 358 t . the countries with the largest catches were new zealand ( 27 282 t ) and japan ( 1 853 t ) . frozen and processed squids are exported to various countries . domestically caught squid are marketed fresh or processed .\nfao species catalogue vol . 3 . cephalopods of the world an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheriesclyde f . e . roper michael j . sweeney cornelia e . nauen 1984 . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 , volume 3\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species occurs on the continental shelf and slope waters of new zealand from the northern boundary of the subtropical convergence zone ( approx . 40 \u00bas ) to the auckland islands 51 \u00bas and the campbell islands 53 \u00bas ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) . its range extends to the east of new zealand to include the chatham islands , and its range also overlaps with\nto the north between about 40 \u00bas and 44 \u00bas ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) .\nnew zealand ( chatham is . , north is . , south is . )\nroper et al . ( 2010 ) report that the instantaneous biomass of this species has been estimated at between one and two million tonnes .\nthis is a demersal species spending the day either sitting on or swimming near the seafloor ( young and vecchione 2009 ) . it is abundant on the continental shelf in waters of less than 200 m and the distribution of paralarvae appears to be associated with continental shelves and sea mounts ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) . tagging studies have not revealed any large - scale migration patterns , although aggregations may form to depths of 300 m ( roper et al . 2010 , dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) .\nbody size appears to increase with increasing latitude and depth , and differences in size at maturity have been observed among regions and seasons ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 , wormuth 1998 ) . unvalidated statolith growth increment counts suggest a life span of approximately one year , with males maturing at approximately 200 days and females later at 270 days of age ( uozumi\n1998 ) . spawning appears to occur throughout the year at the population level in new zealand waters ( uozumi and ohara 1993 ) .\nthe stomach contents of individuals collected from chatham rise , new zealand , contained mesopelagic fish ( e . g .\n) , crustaceans and cephalopods ( dunn 2009 ) . crustaceans were more important in the diet of smaller squid , and there were differences in diet between sexes with crustaceans and cephalopods being more important in females ( dunn 2009 ) .\nthis species forms an important part of the demersal fishery in new zealand waters ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) . landings peaked in 2004 at slightly over 100 , 000 tonnes : they are currently ( as of 2011 ) at around 40 , 000 tonnes . catches are related to lunar phase , as is typical for species which undergo diel feeding migrations . the stock is taken by both jigging and trawling , and fishing effort is dominated by licensed foreign vessels and regulated through a quota system with the tac ( total allowable catch ) defined annually . the trawl fishery impacts on the threatened sea lion species phocarctos hookeri , and the squid fishery is further limited to protect the sea lions .\nfishing is a potential threat to this species , although it is limited with a quota system .\nthere is active management of this fishery in place . further research is recommended in order to determine the precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndunning , m . c . and ellen celia forch / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\ntaxon validity : [ fide dunning and forch ( 1998 ) ] . repository : bmnh holotype uncataloged [ fide dunning and forch ( 1998 ) ] . type locality : waitemata harbour , new zealand\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis species occurs on the continental shelf and slope waters of new zealand from the northern boundary of the subtropical convergence zone ( approx . 40 s ) to the auckland islands 51 s and the campbell islands 53 s ( dunning and frch 1998 ) . its range extends to the east of new zealand to include the chatham islands , and its range also overlaps with\nto the north between about 40 s and 44 s ( dunning and frch 1998 ) .\nthis is a demersal species spending the day either sitting on or swimming near the seafloor ( young and vecchione 2009 ) . it is abundant on the continental shelf in waters of less than 200 m and the distribution of paralarvae appears to be associated with continental shelves and sea mounts ( dunning and frch 1998 ) . tagging studies have not revealed any large - scale migration patterns , although aggregations may form to depths of 300 m ( roper et al . 2010 , dunning and frch 1998 ) .\nbody size appears to increase with increasing latitude and depth , and differences in size at maturity have been observed among regions and seasons ( dunning and frch 1998 , wormuth 1998 ) . unvalidated statolith growth increment counts suggest a life span of approximately one year , with males maturing at approximately 200 days and females later at 270 days of age ( uozumi\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nis a favoured prey species of a number of marine mammals and diving birds . it is an important food source for the\nc . michael hogan . 2009 . yellow - eyed penguin : megadypes antipodes , globaltwitcher . com , ed . n . stromberg\nnick gales , nicholas gales , mark hindell and roger kirkwood . 2003 . marine mammals : fisheries , tourism and management issues , csiro publishing , isbn 0 - 643 - 06953 - 4 , isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 06953 - 4 , 446 pages\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe\nexpanded ventral membrane with supports\npresent only at extreme end of the arm .\noff new zealand , on the chatham rise at 43 . 04\u00b0s , 175 . 01\u00b0e in bottom trawl at 367 m depth .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 97, "summary": [{"text": "schwetzochromis neodon is a species of rheophilic cichlid endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only known from the fwa river in the congo basin .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 10.7 centimetres ( 4.2 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is currently the only known member of its genus , but several others that formerly were included have been moved to orthochromis . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "schwetzochromis neodon", "paragraphs": ["a male of schwetzochromis neodon in the aquarium of anton lamboj [ austria ] . photo by anton lamboj . ( 12 - jan - 2010 ) . determiner anton lamboj\nconservation : schwetzochromis neodon is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2010 ) .\nschwetzochromis neodon is only known from the fwa river , tributary to the lubu river , tributary to the sankuru river , in the south east congo river drainage , kasai oriental province , democratic republic of the congo .\nschwetzochromis neodon is a benthopelagic species . it appears to be strictly herbivorous and seems to feed on filamentous algae , diatoms and a great variety of small pieces of higher and lower plants ( roberts and kullander 1994 ) .\ndoes anyone have any schwetzochromis neodon or know where i could get any ? has anyone ever kept them before ? there isn ' t much info out there about them , just some great pictures . i gotta have em , and i think i speak for gas as well . thanks !\nthe lake is not a true lake but a widening of the river . the area is not easily accessible . water plants in the biotope included potamogeton , nympheas , nuphar , othelia , giant vallisneria . sympatric sp . aphyosemion cognatum ( ? ) , thoracochromis brauschi ( which fed on the vallisneria ) , cyclopharynx fwae , c schwetzi , schwetzochromis neodon , thoracochromis callichromus , hemichromis sp .\nkullander , s . o . and t . r . roberts , 1991 . schwetzochromis . p . 439 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5691 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\njustification : the species is widespread or without major threats throughout the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nafrica : endemic to the fwa river ( lubu river tributary , sankuru drainage , middle congo river basin ) in democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 13455 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5691 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\npoll , max . 1948 .\ndescriptions de cichlidae nouveaux recueillis par le dr . j . schwetz dans la rivi\u00e8re fwa ( congo belge )\n. revue de zoologie et botanique africaines . v . 41 ; n . 1 ; pp . 91 - 104 ( crc01066 )\nhaplochromis rheophilus , with type locality at fwa river , zaire [ democratic republic of congo ] . determiner : roberts et al . , 1994\nto view the full profile . see this and all other species profiles , pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion . become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership ! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nquoting from lamboj ' s book . . . - endemic to lakw fwa in the drc - max length 14 cm - herbivorous - highly aggressive on each other - big tanks for dominant males - ovophilic , agamous , mateernal mouth brooder - small clutches . . about 30 sounds a lot like a rift lake cichlid . . . there was no information about water chemistry .\nit ' s very hard to find ! i ' ve got some many years ago , unfortunatly 7 femalles and 1 male , as i gave 4 to a friend of mine . . . . he got the male and lost it ! there is a group in a public aquarium in st malo ( france ) . unfortunatly it seems very difficult to get yougs or fry ! they never answer to the mail i send . i don ' t think that the species has been exported for about 15 years . the pics are here : urltoken . . . eodon . html\nthe 4 photos below are distributed as e . sp . lake fwa . some authors consider them to be e . chevalieri nigricans while others consider them to represent an un - named sp . lake fwa are considered to be more slender than nigricans . i have put the photos in this page until i get more information .\nphotographs of male & female can be found on page 56 of the aqualog by dr . lothar seegers .\ncollected by heiko bleher in 1988 . wild fish presented a problem to maintain & wischmann put them into black water from old peat tanks which probably measured at least ph 5 . wischmann gave fish to seegers to photograph who put these photos in the aqualog . current generations do not require this old peaty water . maintained in germany from at least 1986 .\nbreeding notes seem to suggest they don ' t like mops but prefer java moss to lay there eggs in . eggs will water incubate in water of ph 7 , dh 10 . it seemed important not to add a fungal inhibitor . water incubation takes 14 days . fry will take newly hatched brine shrimp as a first food ."]}
{"id": 104, "summary": [{"text": "uropeltis woodmasoni , commonly known as wood-mason 's earth snake , is a species of snake in the family uropeltidae .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the species is endemic to india . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "uropeltis woodmasoni", "paragraphs": ["silybura wood - masoni theobald 1876 : 135 silybura melanogaster g\u00fcnther 1875 ( non uropeltis melanogaster gray 1858 ) silybura nigra beddome 1878 silybura nigra \u2014 beddome 1886 : 12 silybura nigra \u2014 boulenger 1893 : 151 uropeltis wood - masoni \u2014 smith 1943 uropeltis ruhunae deraniyagala 1954 uropeltis ruhunae \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 151 uropeltis woodmasoni \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 151 uropeltis woodmasoni \u2014 das 2003 uropeltis ruhunae \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 782 uropeltis woodmasoni \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 782\nsilybura macrorhyncha beddome 1877 silybura macrorhyncha \u2014 beddome 1886 : 19 silybura macrorhynchus \u2014 boulenger 1893 : 153 uropeltis macrorhynchus \u2014 smith 1943 : 78 uropeltis macrorhyncha \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 146 uropeltis macrorhynchus \u2014 das 2003 uropeltis macrorhyncha \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 766\non the taxonomic status of uropeltis bicatenatus ( g\u00fcnther ) ( reptilia : serpentes : uropeltidae ) .\nrajendran ( 1985 ) is not convinced that this is a distinct species from uropeltis smithi gans , 1966 .\nolori , j . c . 2010 . digital endocasts of the braincase and osseous labyrinth of uropeltis woodmasoni ( alethinophidia : uropeltidae ) . copeia 2010 ( 1 ) : 14 - 26 .\nthe splenial and angular do not differ substantially from those of u . woodmasoni .\nuropeltis is the most speciose of all shieldtail snake ( uropeltid ) genera , particularly in india , a . . .\nthe angular and splenial have the same general morphology of those of u . woodmasoni .\ntaxonomic reassessment of two indian shieldtail snakes in the < i > uropeltis ceylanicus < / i > species grou . . .\nto cite this page : dr . jennifer olori , c . j . bell , the university of texas at austin , 2012 ,\nuropeltis woodmasoni\n( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . uropeltis woodmasoni ( theobald , 1876 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nas in u . woodmasoni , the teeth terminate posteriorly at the angular - splenial suture . eight teeth are present .\njustification : uropeltis woodmasoni has been assessed as least concern as it is common in parts of its range and there are no known major threats affecting it . in addition , its distribution range coincides with several protected areas . research is needed to establish its population status in parts of its distribution .\nthe pterygoid is robust and smooth and has a cylindrical ectopterygoid process with a more rounded tip ( fig . 7a ) . the palatine process is also much more robust than in any other species of uropeltis or rhinophis we surveyed . as in u . woodmasoni , curvature toward the otic region is smooth and lacks a pronounced bend .\nthe quadrate is distinct from that of other rhinophis and uropeltis species examined in having a more sharply pointed caudal process and an anterodorsal corner that is more rounded and lacks a well - developed , triangular extension .\nthe angular reaches the posterior half of the coronoid process and has a small , ventral foramen . the foramen found in the splenial is located closer to the angular - splenial suture than in species of uropeltis and rhinophis .\nthe angular lacks the ventral convexity observed in u . woodmasoni . instead , that surface of the bone is rough and irregular and has an anteroposteriorly aligned , low ridge along the midline . medial to the ridge is a dent that may contain a nearly closed foramen at its center . the splenial is like that of u . woodmasoni .\nin dorsal view , the nasals appear to be slightly broader than in u . woodmasoni and taper anteriorly only at their tips ( fig . 6a ) . the nasals do not extend as far anteriorly as they do in u . woodmasoni , terminating well posterior to the expansion of the rostral process of the premaxilla . the lateral suture with the septomaxilla is more horizontal than in articulated uropeltis specimens . the suture with the frontal is rounded along its central portion , with distinct lateral processes posteriorly , and small medial processes directed posteriorly between the frontals . no disarticulated material is available .\nin ventral view , the palatine has a rounded anterior vomerine process as in u . woodmasoni and most other taxa we examined ( fig . 21g ) . the lateral process , which is again the ventral surface of a closed loop , has a hooked morphology . the loop extends farther laterally than in the examined species of rhinophis and uropeltis , and this structure has a noticeably angled corner at its widest point ( fig . 21g , h ) . unlike in u . woodmasoni the loop does not form right angles with the ventral floor and the lateral surface of the palatine .\nthe quadrate of u . rubromaculata does not differ substantially from that of u . woodmasoni . however , in articulated skulls , because there is less constriction of the retroarticular process of the compound bone in u . rubromaculata , the shaft appears longer relative to the caudal process , but the proportions are actually the same as in u . woodmasoni .\nas in u . rubromaculata , the angular extends to the midpoint of the coronoid process of the compound bone . the splenial does not differ from that of u . woodmasoni .\nthe posterior end of the dentary is much more pointed than in u . woodmasoni , and the last tooth occurs at the splenial - angular suture . seven teeth are present .\nthe single specimen possesses a quadrate with a caudal process that is approximately 2 . 5 times the length of the shaft . overall the bone is robust , as in u . woodmasoni .\nthe occipital condyle of u . woodmasoni has a long , robust neck ( figs . 5a ; 23 ) . posterior to the trough leading down into the braincase , at the narrowest point of the neck , the dorsal surface of the occipital condyle has a shallow depression or fovea for the continuation of the brainstem [ 17 ] . this is also visible in the other species of uropeltis and in rhinophis ( figs . 5a , b ; 6 ) .\nthe nasals have a broader dorsal surface than in u . woodmasoni ( fig . 5b ) . tapering of the nasals in dorsal view begins farther anteriorly and in lateral view occurs at a much shallower angle , forming a triangular point anteriorly rather than the curved edge seen in u . woodmasoni ( fig . 2b ) . this is associated with the more blunt appearance of the tip of the snout in u . rubromaculata . in addition , in lateral view the ventral surface is less emarginated than in u . woodmasoni . the contact with the frontal is subtly angled posterolaterally and has fine - scale undulations along the suture .\nthe angular extends posteriorly to below the center of the coronoid process . clear foramina occur in both the angular and splenial , and the foramen in the angular is located more ventrally than in u . woodmasoni .\nthe anterior rostrum is broader than that of u . woodmasoni , as are the sagittal groove and the portion of the nasal process that separates the nasals ( fig . 5b ) . contact with the vomers does not differ substantially from u . woodmasoni . the subnarial foramen is enclosed entirely within the premaxilla on the right side , but on the left the posterior margin is formed by the palatal tubercle of the septomaxilla ( fig . 4b ) . the contact with the maxilla is relatively broader than in u . woodmasoni , owing mostly to the proportionally broader transverse process of the premaxilla . in palatal view , the vomer is excluded from contact with the maxilla and the transverse process of the premaxilla by a significant exposure of the septomaxilla . a mediolaterally oriented canal penetrates the septum at the base of the nasal process ( as in some specimens of u . woodmasoni ) . the ventral premaxillary foramen is formed as in u . woodmasoni , but an additional small foramen is situated anterior to the former foramen , entering dorsally into the body of the rostrum .\noverall , the compound bone strongly resembles that of u . woodmasoni . the retroarticular process , however , is much more rounded and circular , although its dorsal surface does not seem to constrict the socket for the quadrate . a small , thin coronoid bone is present , and in lateral view a foramen is ventral to the anterior half of the coronoid process , although it is located more ventrally than in u . woodmasoni .\nsynonymy : s . melanogaster g\u00fcnther 1875 is a secondary junior homonym of uropeltis melanogaster gray 1858 . it is hence unavailable und therfore has been replaced by the next available name by gans 1966 . u . ruhunae was synonymized with u . woodmasoni by pyron et al . 2016 . distribution : the locality of ruhunae is likely in error . although it was reported from sri lanka ( galle district , southern province ) with its type locality : \u201egalle\n, ceylon , pyron et al . 2016 are almost certain it doesn\u2019t occur there .\nthe shape , structure , and associations of the frontal in the articulated skull are similar to those outlined for u . woodmasoni , although the crista trabecularis ends posterior to the frontal - parietal suture . disarticulated material is not available .\nthe ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid is broader and more rounded than that of u . woodmasoni , and reaches half the length and twice the width of the associated palatine process . the angle between the two is greater than 45\u00b0 .\nthe ectopterygoid strongly resembles that of u . woodmasoni , but possesses a larger surface area for contact with the maxilla ( the maxilla covers more than half the length of the ectopterygoid ; fig . 6a ) and is also less strongly arched .\nthe ectopterygoid is similar to that of u . woodmasoni , although the element is slender and somewhat irregular , as in u . melanogaster . however , in dorsal view , the posterior half is not as wide as in u . melanogaster .\nthe ectopterygoid appears irregular and weakly developed compared to the other uropeltis taxa ( fig . 22b ) . the curvature of the bone forms a sharper ( though still obtuse ) angle , but does not form a lateral flange as in u . rubromaculata . the posterior half of the ectopterygoid is broader horizontally and more dorsoventrally compressed than the anterior half .\nuropeltis ceylanica is a nonvenomous shield tail snake species found in southern india . no subspecies are currently recognized . = = geographic range = = found in southern india in the western ghats ( kerala ) from castle rock to travancore ( anaimalai hills ) , in the eastern ghats in the shevaroy hills , and in the southern ghats from kunjithanni ( idikki d . . .\nthe ectopterygoid is more arched than that of u . woodmasoni in lateral view . the curvature of the bone is also more prominent , forming a more acute and abrupt angle . the apex is slightly expanded laterally to form a small triangular flange ( fig . 5b ) .\nthe shape and proportions of the maxilla in lateral view differ in u . rubromaculata . more than half the length of the bone tapers posteriorly . the portion of the bone anterior to the ascending process is dorsoventrally much deeper than in u . woodmasoni , giving the ( false ) impression that the anterior portion has been anteroposteriorly compressed ( fig . 2b ) . the ventral margin of the maxilla in lateral view is more strongly irregular than in u . woodmasoni . at the contact with the premaxilla , the lateral surface extends below the ventral margin of the premaxilla .\nthe maxilla resembles that of u . woodmasoni in lateral view , with a horizontal , unsloped dorsal surface anterior to the ascending process ( fig . 8 ) . the process is narrower than in u . woodmasoni and more rounded at its apex . additionally , the anteriormost foramen is more posteriorly located and the anterior tip of the maxilla is slightly taller , extending ventrally just past the ventral margin of the premaxilla in lateral view . seven tooth positions occupy each side , and the posteriormost tooth is positioned at the level of the anterior - most contact with the ectopterygoid .\nthe ectopterygoid is straighter than that of u . woodmasoni and r . homolepis , but has a slight bend just posterior to the contact with the maxilla . little of the bone is free of contact with either the pterygoid or the maxilla , and that portion is only slightly arched in lateral view .\nother than a smoother and straighter process for the compound , a more sharply pointed posterior tip , and the possession of less edentulous space posterior to the anterior tip , the dentary does not differ substantially from that of u . woodmasoni ( fig . 28i , j ) . eight teeth are present .\nthe nasals most closely resemble those of u . woodmasoni in proportions and shape . the lateral suture with the septomaxilla is more horizontal . the suture with the frontal is straight but angled obliquely ( fig . 6b ) , because the lateral edge of the nasal extends farther posteriorly than does the medial edge .\nrhinophis drummondhayi resembles u . woodmasoni in the length and breadth of the frontals , but the lateral curvature is not as pronounced in dorsal view , and the contact with the prefrontal is curved as in u . rubromaculata . the crista trabecularis ends a short distance anterior to the ventrolateral frontal - parietal suture .\nthe long , posterior palatine process is dorsoventrally compressed ( figs . 4c ; 16h , i ) and much broader than in u . woodmasoni . the tapering of the posterolateral margin of the vomer that produces the process is more gradual than in u . woodmasoni . in dorsal view , a crest and anterior concavity occur in association with the posterolateral process as in other taxa ( fig . 16g ) . a single dorsal foramen pierces the posterolateral crest near its origin at the medial wall . dorsal to the palatine process , a short , tapered , and pointed additional posterior process begins at the medial wall ( fig . 16g , i ) . in between the two posterior processes , a small , anteroposteriorly directed canal leads into the medial wall . the canal exits at the level of the crest , in the floor of the medial wall and , based on position , may be homologous to the ventral foramen of u . woodmasoni .\nthe ectopterygoid shows less curvature than that of u . woodmasoni . a slight , dorsally convex arch characterizes the bone in lateral view . a subtle apex , formed by the transition between the laterally compressed anterior half and the dorsoventrally compressed posterior half of the element , occurs immediately posterior to the contact with the maxilla .\nin u . woodmasoni , the ectopterygoid process is dorsoventrally compressed anteriorly . the angle formed at the junction of the ectopterygoid and palatine processes is approximately 45\u00b0 , and the ectopterygoid process is usually between one - quarter and one - half the length of the palatine process ( fig . 22e ) . in ventral view , about three - quarters of the way from anterior to posterior , the pterygoid curves and bends laterally toward the otic region . in lateral view the element shows a dorsally convex arch , sloping upward from the lowest position at the posterior end to the highest point at the anterior end . the posterior tip of the pterygoid is spatulate in u . woodmasoni .\nin dorsolateral view , the wide , anterior portion of the palatine extends laterally only to the lacrimal duct , falling short of the terminus of the maxillary process of the prefrontal . in addition to the tiny foramen visible in this view in u . woodmasoni , a second foramen is located at the posterior extent of the contact with the maxilla , near the base of the pterygoid process . when viewed laterally , the tapering of the pterygoid process and the end of contact with the frontal occur anterior to the optic foramen , farther anteriorly than in u . woodmasoni . the clasping articulation of the pterygoid process of the palatine with the palatine process of the pterygoid is depicted in figure 17b .\nthe dentary has a much more sharply pointed posterior tip than that of u . woodmasoni , and the teeth end posteriorly at the splenial - angular suture . the groove for meckel ' s cartilage is open in anterior view , and this creates a medial , trochlea - like expansion of the anterior tip of the dentary . eight teeth are present .\nthe coronoid process of the compound bone is broad , and somewhat triangular . a foramen pierces the medial surface of the retroarticular process , but none occurs ventral to the coronoid process . the retroarticular process is like that of u . woodmasoni , and both the dorsal portion of the process and the anterior rim of the socket for the quadrate constrict the cotyle .\nin ventral view the anterior edge of the vomer has a short , ventral premaxillary process with a shallow , lateral indentation and farther laterally a tiny , pointed projection that juts between the premaxilla and septomaxilla ( figs . 4b ; 17b ) . the anterior margin of the anterolateral process is posterior to that projection . compared to u . woodmasoni , the anterolateral process is expanded and has a squared appearance . the anterolateral process of the vomer and the anteromedial process of the maxilla do not touch but both are in contact with the overlying septomaxilla . within the vomeronasal opening , a thin bar of bone separates the smaller , medial half from the lateral half . as in u . woodmasoni , u . rubromaculata has a long , thin palatine process .\nas in u . woodmasoni , the maxilla and ectopterygoid of u . rubromaculata have a long mediolateral contact , with the maxilla lateral to the ectopterygoid . however , in u . rubromaculata the posterior rim of the posteriormost tooth position coincides with the beginning of the contact with the ectopterygoid . in ventral view , the palatine process is broader , larger , and more rounded medially than in u . woodmasoni ( fig . 4b ) . the maxilla and vomer do not contact in palatal view . the teeth are much larger and fewer in number than in any other taxon examined ( six positions on the left , five on the right ) . our tooth count is consistent with a previous report of five maxillary teeth in u . rubromaculata [ 15 ] .\nthe supraorbital processes are robust and similar to those of u . woodmasoni , but the sagittal crest is stronger and terminates anteriorly at a triangular , roughened , shallow depression . there is only a small posterior notch along the midline . in lateral view , the majority of the cn v 2 foramen is in the braincase , and the parietal completes only the anterior - most portion .\nthe prefrontal is not as anteroposteriorly shortened as in r . blythii , nor is it as round as in u . woodmasoni ( fig . 8b ) . in this specimen ( tmm m - 10046 ) the prefrontal and parietal closely approach , but do not actually contact , one another . the rounded inflection of the anterodorsal margin is located at the junction with the nasal and septomaxilla .\nthe frontals are proportionately wider and shorter than in the uropeltis specimens . the contacts in the articulated skull are the same , although sharper and more angled than in r . blythii . in dorsal exposure , a small , pointed process appears to jut into the junction of the frontal with the prefrontal and supraorbital process of the parietal and may occur because the prefrontal and supraorbital process are in contact . a similar , but narrower , surface extends into the junction between frontal , nasal , and prefrontal . the crista trabecularis ends at the frontal - parietal suture .\nthe basioccipital and basisphenoid are fused in all of our adult specimens , although previously those bones were reported to remain separate [ 17 ] . thus , this species exhibits the same degree of fusion found in rhinophis and uropeltis . dorsally , no sagittal crest occurs in the supraoccipital region . the canals piercing that area are more medially positioned than they are in species of uropeltis and rhinophis and open posteriorly inside the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum . the occipital condyle is short , lacking any solid neck between the triangular trough leading into the braincase and the actual condyle , and there is no posterior fovea as exhibited by uropeltis and rhinophis ( figs . 5c , 27 ) . the number of hypoglossal openings varies individually in b . rhodogaster . in tmm m - 10019 , tmm m - 10027 , and tmm m - 10022 there are two on the right and one on the left , whereas in tmm m - 10016 , tmm m - 10023 , and tmm m - 10020 there are two on the left and one on the right . in tmm m - 10013 , tmm m - 10017 , tmm m - 10018 , tmm m - 10024 , and tmm m - 10014 the opening is single on both sides , and in tmm m - 10015 , tmm m - 10026 , and tmm m - 10020 it is paired on both sides . when paired , one opening is located dorsal to the other , and the more dorsal opening is smaller . an exception occurs in specimen tmm m - 10011 , in which the opening is single on the right , but on the left it appears to be paired as a result of a deep division of one large foramen .\nthe supraorbital processes are straight and slender , with little tapering and a shorter length relative to the other species we examined ( fig . 8a ) . dorsally the sagittal crest is stronger than in the three uropeltis species examined and ends anteriorly at a weakly depressed , roughened , irregular spot . the two lobes of the shelf dorsal to the otic region are relatively short , and there is a small , squared notch at the posterior midline . in lateral view the cn v 2 opening is almost entirely within the braincase , but a small portion of the parietal completes its anterior edge .\nanterior is to the left unless noted ; scale bars = 0 . 5 mm . a from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; b from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; c from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10027 ) ; and d\u2013f from ct scans of u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10006 ) . left quadrates in lateral view ( a\u2013c ) , and right stapes in ventrolateral ( k , anterior to the right ) , dorsal ( l , anterior to the right ) , and anterolateral ( m , lateral to the left ) views . fp . st = stapedial footplate ; m . con = mandibular condyle of quadrate ; sh . st = stapedial shaft ; sst . p = suprastapedial process ( caudal process ) of quadrate ; urltoken = tympanic crest of quadrate .\nthe posteromedial corner of the nasal buttress completely encloses the vomeronasal posteromedial foramen , forming a short tube ( visible only in the disarticulated element , fig . 10i , l ) . the posteromedial process associated with this foramen is short and triangular in b . rhodogaster . the open , posterior margin of the cupola for the vomeronasal organ is rounded and upswept , as opposed to the condition in u . woodmasoni and u . melanogaster .\nthe ectopterygoid process is narrow , and the palatine process is slender ( fig . 7b ) . the ectopterygoid process is less than a quarter of the length of the palatine process . the angle between the processes is slightly less than 45\u00b0 , and their junction occurs farther anteriorly than in uropeltis , approximately one - quarter of the way from the anterior end of the bone . a distinct bend with a roughly square flange or extension is placed at the point where the posterior tip curves upward toward the otic region . this occurs three - quarters of the way down the bone , moving from anterior to posterior .\nthe nasals are more rectangular than in species referred to either uropeltis or rhinophis . tapering occurs only at the anteromedial tip and is visible only in dorsal view ( figs . 5c , 12g ) . the overall appearance is of a rectangular bone with an anterolateral notch . the nasal process of the premaxilla is exposed in the narrow space between the anterior ends of the nasals . in lateral view , the nasal shares an elongated contact with the septomaxilla ; no dorsal emargination is present , but the posterior margin of the external naris excavates a shallow notch in the anterior surface of the nasal ( figs . 2c , 12h ) .\nthe ventral premaxillary process is small and rounded , abuts the vomerine process of the premaxilla , and possesses a shallow indentation laterally ( figs . 7b ; 18b ) . the anterolateral process is squared and meets the anteromedial process of the maxilla . the anterior projection of the posterolateral process forms much more of the vomeronasal opening than in any other species examined . the small , pointed process that projects into the vomeronasal opening originates dorsal to the ventral surface , rather than at it as in the three species of uropeltis , and r . blythii . dorsally , the vomer has a strong medial inflection . the palatine process is not elongate .\nthe posterior part of the transverse process of the premaxilla slots into the space between the anteromedial process and the anterior tip of the maxilla ( fig . 3i ) , forming a clasping articulation between the two elements . in palatal view , the entire anterior surface of the anteromedial process forms a firm articulation with the transverse process of the premaxilla ( unlike in u . woodmasoni , in which only a small lateral portion of the anterior surface contacts the premaxilla ) .\nthe dentary is similar to that of u . woodmasoni , except in the case of the teeth , which extend farther posteriorly ; two full sockets are located posterior to the angular - splenial suture . eight teeth occur on the dentary ; like the maxillary teeth , they are enlarged relative to those of other taxa examined ( fig . 2b ) . our tooth count is higher than a previous report of six or seven dentary teeth occurring in specimens of u . rubromaculata [ 15 ] .\nthe contact of the prefrontal with the nasal in lateral view is longer than in u . woodmasoni , and the inflection in the shape of the anterodorsal margin occurs ventral to the junction with the nasal and septomaxilla . as in u . melanogaster , the lateral surface appears anteroposteriorly compressed , and overall the bone is taller than it is long ( fig . 8a ) . the frontal process is much larger than the lateral foot process , but does not contact the supraorbital process of the parietal .\nin lateral view , the entire dorsal margin of the compound bone is arched from the posterior extent of the dentary articulation to just anterior to the articulation with the quadrate , forming a large , broad , rounded coronoid process ( fig . 8a ) . this gives the compound bone a wide and smooth appearance at its midpoint . a tiny coronoid bone is present , but unlike in u . woodmasoni , a sliver of the bone is visible in lateral view along the dorsal margin of the compound bone .\nwhen the six characters that exhibited the highest degree of polymorphism and individual asymmetries ( i . e . , characters 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 , 13 ) were removed from the analysis , 469 mpts were recovered ( tree length = 49 , ci = 0 . 7755 , ri = 0 . 8791 ) . as indicated by the majority rule consensus ( fig . 29b ) , a clade comprising species of uropeltis , rhinophis , and plectrurus was recovered in most topologies ( 87 % ) . however , in both the majority rule and strict consensus , resolution of relationships other than the position of species of melanophidium was extremely poor , suggesting that the excluded characters carry phylogenetic signal and should be revised rather than discarded ( figs . 29b , 30b ) .\nthe parietal is a smoothly rounded , dorsally convex , midline element . at its anterolateral margin , a fingerlike supraorbital process extends anteriorly onto each frontal . in addition to the frontal , the parietal contacts the fused braincase complex posteriorly and ventrally , and occasionally the prefrontal anteriorly ( via the supraorbital process ) . the parietal closely approaches the pterygoid laterally , but soft tissue prevents contact . in all uropeltids we examined , only a single , unpaired parietal is present , although previous authors reported that incomplete fusion of the parietals is visible in some specimens of rhinophis and uropeltis [ 17 ] . it seems likely that those reports were based on the narrow , slit - like opening along the posterior midline of the parietal visible in some specimens ( e . g . , fig . 15 ) .\nboth specimens resemble u . woodmasoni in their frontal proportions , but as in the other rhinophis species we examined , the frontals show much less mediolateral tapering in dorsal view . the crista trabecularis ends just anterior to the frontal - parietal suture . in all rhinophis species examined the optic foramen was contained within the frontal . in tmm m - 10038 , the palatal bones are disarticulated , and it is clear that the posterior bifurcation of the ventral groove is absent . in tmm m - 10037 the frontal process of the prefrontal and the supraorbital process of the parietal are in contact .\nthe supraorbital processes of the parietal are proportionately narrower and straighter than in u . woodmasoni , and also are less tapered anteriorly . in dorsal view , the sagittal crest is more strongly developed in u . rubromaculata , but still weak , and the crest ends at a circular , roughened patch of bone instead of terminating at a depression . the posterior margin of the parietal has a prominent trilobed appearance . in lateral view , the opening for the cn v 2 is almost entirely within the braincase , but the anterior margin is completed by the parietal ( fig . 2b ) .\nin one specimen ( tmm m - 10032 ) , the caudal process is proportionately longer than the shaft , reaching 2 . 5 times the length of the latter . the second specimen , tmm m - 10045 , lacks this extra length and shows a stronger resemblance to u . woodmasoni , although both specimens of u . melanogaster have a more slender quadrate ( fig . 25b ) . the anterodorsal margin of the quadrate curves so that the anterodorsal corner is ventral to the dorsal margin of the bone . the angle between the caudal process and the shaft is more acute , roughly 90\u00b0 .\nthe anterolateral process is large , broad , and squared in ventral view . it meets the anteromedial process of the maxilla and maintains contact with it along the posterior margin of the latter , moving toward the body of the maxilla . the anterior margin of the vomer is more like that of u . woodmasoni than r . blythii . it is also similar to those taxa in that the small process that projects into the vomeronasal opening originates on the ventral surface of the bone . as in all other rhinophis species we examined , the palatine process is not elongate ( figs . 7d ; 19b ) .\nthe maxilla more closely resembles that of u . woodmasoni than r . blythii in lateral view , because the anterior tip does not extend ventrally past the premaxilla at the suture between the two elements , but the maxilla does deepen just posterior to that suture ( fig . 8b ) . the posteriormost lateral foramen is entirely anterior to the ascending process . in ventral view , the palatine process is small and does not extend far medially ( fig . 7b ) . seven tooth positions occur on each side , and the posteriormost tooth is positioned at the level of the anterior - most contact with the ectopterygoid .\nin anterolateral view the dorsal premaxillary process of the vomer extends anteriorly past the septomaxilla and is visible in the floor of the external naris . in ventral view , the triangularly pointed ventral premaxillary process of the vomer lies lateral to the vomerine process of the premaxilla ( figs . 7a ; 18a ) . the medial surface of the premaxillary process is l - shaped and receives the vomerine process of the premaxilla . posterolaterally , the anterolateral process of the vomer contacts the anteromedial process of the maxilla on the right side , but not the left side , of our specimen ( tmm m - 10030 ) . the posterolateral process and its anterior projection are broader and rounder than in the other species of uropeltis examined . the posterolateral process is thickened and a small ridge occurs where the process forms the posterolateral margin of the vomeronasal opening . the palatine process is not elongate .\nthe prefrontal is similar to that of u . woodmasoni , but has a relatively larger frontal process that is also larger than the lateral foot process . in lateral view the rounded inflection in the anterodorsal margin occurs just posterior to the junction with the nasal and septomaxilla . a clear gap separates the frontal process of the prefrontal and the supraorbital process of the parietal . additionally , the entire anterior half of the ventrolateral margin ( including the medial foot process ) is overlapped by the ascending process of the maxilla , so that no part of the prefrontal is visible between the septomaxilla and the ascending process of the maxilla .\nas in the other rhinophis , the anterior lateral foramen of the maxilla is positioned more posteriorly than in u . woodmasoni . the lateral maxillary foramina are proportionately larger than any other taxon surveyed . the posterior - most foramen is located ventral and slightly posterior to the midpoint of the ascending process ( fig . 8d ) . ventrally , the anteromedial process is reduced , and the palatine process has a triangular , posteriorly directed point ( fig . 7d ) . the vomer and maxilla contact in palatal view . there are seven tooth positions on each side , and the posteriormost tooth is positioned just anterior to the anteriormost contact with the ectopterygoid .\nthe shape of the septomaxilla is similar to that of u . woodmasoni in lateral view , but is more rounded overall . in lateral exposure , its anterior margin curves so that the ventral portion extends farther anteriorly than the dorsal ( fig . 8a ) . the septomaxilla reaches its anteriormost extent at the level of the premaxilla - maxilla suture and contacts both bones at that suture . there is no palatal tubercle visible between the junction of the vomer , premaxilla , and maxilla . the vomer and maxilla meet in palatal view because of complete underlap of the septomaxilla by the vomers and a robust anteromedial process of the maxilla ( fig . 7a ) .\nanterior is to the left ; scale bars = 1 . 0 mm . ( a ) u . woodmasoni , tmm m - 10010 . note missing max , pl , ecpt , and pt on left side . ( b ) u . rubromaculata , tmm m - 10028 . note that right lower jaw is present . ang = angular ; den = dentary ; ecpt = ectopterygoid ; fr = frontal ; max = maxilla ; pal . tub = palatine tubercle of septomaxilla ; pfr = prefrontal ; pl = palatine ; pmx = premaxilla ; pt = pterygoid ; smx = septomaxilla ; spl = splenial ; sph = sphenoid region of the otooccipital complex ; vo = vomer .\nanterior up ; scale bars = 1 . 0 mm . ( a ) u . woodmasoni , tmm m - 10006 ; ( b ) u . rubromaculata , tmm m - 10028 ( c ) b . rhodogaster , tmm m - 10011 . ecpt = ectopterygoid ; fr = frontal ; low . j = lower jaw ; max = maxilla ; na = nasal ; oo . c = otooccipital complex ; pa = parietal ; pfr = prefrontal ; pmx = premaxilla ; pl = palatine ; pt = pterygoid ; smx = septomaxilla ; q = quadrate ; r . c = rieppel ' s canal ; v2m . f = foramen for branch of maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve .\nanterior is to the left ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in ventral view ; and c , f , i in lateral view . arrow points to slit - like opening along posterior midline of parietal . urltoken = parietal shelf ; s . o . p = supraorbital process of the parietal ; tab = tab - like process that articulates with otic region ; v2 . f = notch that contributes to v2 foramen .\nthe premaxilla is similar to that of r . blythii , but the rostrum is more rounded and less broad ( similar to the condition in u . woodmasoni ) . the contact with the maxilla in lateral view is almost vertical , but a small posterodorsal tip of the transverse process of the premaxilla overlaps the anterior portion of the dorsal margin of the maxilla ( fig . 8d ) . the vomerine process is emarginated in a way similar to that of r . drummondhayi . the subnarial opening is completely enclosed by the premaxilla on the right side , but a small portion of the septomaxilla closes the opening on the left ( fig . 7d ) . a single ventral premaxillary foramen and a foramen piercing the medial septum are present .\nanterior is to the left in a , d , e ; anterior is to the right in b , c , f ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from the left side of the skull in u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from the right side of the skull in u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from the left side of the skull in b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10027 ) . a , c , e in lateral view and b , d , f in medial view . fr . pfr = frontal process of prefrontal ; knob = medially projecting knob at base of frontal process of prefrontal ; l . f . p = lateral foot plate ; m . f . p = medial foot process .\nanterior is to the right unless noted ; scale bars = 0 . 5 mm . a , e from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; b , f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; c , d from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10016 ) ; and g from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . right ectopterygoids in ventral ( a\u2013c ) and dorsal ( d ) views ; left pterygoids ( e , g ; anterior to the left ) and right pterygoid ( f ) in dorsal views . ect . pt = ectopterygoid process of pterygoid ; mx . ect = maxillary process of ectopterygoid ; pl . pt = palatine process of pterygoid ; post . p = posterior process of pterygoid ; pt . ect = pterygoid process of ectopterygoid .\nanterior is to the left unless noted ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . all elements from the left side of the skull . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in lateral view ; and c , f , i in medial view ( anterior is to the right ) . can = anterior opening of the canal within the medial process of the nasal ; md . p = medial process ; pmx . na = premaxillary process of nasal ; shelf = shelf that is continuous with pre - orbital ridge of frontal ; vl . p = ventrolateral process at triple junction .\nthe openings for cn v 2 and cn v 3 are in the same positions as in u . woodmasoni , although the prootic canal is shifted dorsally and appears to be merged with the juxtastapedial recess . the canal is separated from the opening of the v 3 by a narrow partition of bone . on the left side the laterosphenoid foramen is ventral to and between the openings for cn v 2 and cn v 3 , but on the right it is located posterodorsally , adjacent to the anteroventral margin of the cn v 3 foramen . a tiny dorsal metotic foramen is visible when viewed through the foramen magnum , and the opening for cn x and the jugular vein is single . the opening for the hypoglossal nerve also is single . the interchoanal process is visible , but because the specimen is articulated , it is unknown if that process extends anteriorly beyond the cultriform process .\nanterior up ; scale bars = 1 . 0 mm . ( a ) u . woodmasoni , tmm m - 10006 ; ( b ) u . rubromaculata , tmm m - 10028 ; ( c ) b . rhodogaster , tmm m - 10011 . ang = angular ; com = compound ; den = dentary ; ecpt = ectopterygoid ; js . r = juxtastapedial recess ; max = maxilla ; oo . c = otooccipital complex ; pa = parietal ; pl = palatine ; pmx = premaxilla ; pro . c = prootic canal ; pt = pterygoid ; smx = septomaxilla ; spl = splenial ; sub . f = subnarial foramen ; q = quadrate ; vn . o = vomeronasal opening ; vo = vomer ; vp . f = ventral premaxillary foramen ; v2 . f = foramen for maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve ; v3 . f = foramen for mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve .\nanterior is to the left in a\u2013f ; anterior is to the right in i ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from the right side of u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from the right side of the skull of u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from the left side of the skull of b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in ventral view ; and c , f , i in medial view . ch . pl = choanal process of palatine ; lat . f = tiny lateral foramen ; lat . p = lateral process of palatine ; pt . pl = pterygoid process of palatine ; vo . pl = vomerine process of palatine ; v2m . f = foramen for branch of the trigeminal nerve ( cn v 2 ) .\nthe pterygoid has a higher arch in lateral view and more curvature in dorsal view than in u . woodmasoni . the bend originates earlier , approximately halfway along the bone from anterior to posterior . a broad , short flange or extension of the apex of curvature occurs posterior to the center of the pterygoid ( fig . 22f ) . the ectopterygoid process is short , approximately one - quarter the length of the palatine process . the anteriormost tip of the palatine process is irregular . the palatine process is wide at its base , but gradually tapers anteriorly . the process becomes dorsoventrally compressed on its lateral side near its base , giving the impression of a thin sheet ( i . e . , web ) of bone between the palatine and ectopterygoid processes . at about three - quarters of the distance anteriorly , the tapering becomes abrupt and the resulting tip is pointed and slender . the posterior process is rounded .\nanterior is to the left ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10024 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in ventral view ; and c , f , i in lateral view . the posterior tip of the nasal process is broken in the b . rhodogaster specimen . l . f = lateral foramen ; na . pmx = nasal process ( keel ) of premaxilla ; pl . c = posterolateral canal ; ros = rostral tip ; sep . c = septal canal ; sub . f = subnarial foramen ; sub . fen = subnarial fenestra ; trv . p = transverse process ; vp . f = ventral premaxillary foramen ; vo . pmx = vomerine process of premaxilla .\nthe vertical suture with the braincase complex terminates dorsally at a broad shelf of the parietal that extends posteriorly to overlie the anterodorsal half of the otic capsules , in the supraoccipital region . the lateral edges of the shelf are straight and horizontal and originate at a right angle to the vertical suture with the otic region . in other taxa the posterior extent of the shelf is composed of two short , oblate lobes , but in u . woodmasoni the lobes are broad and meet along the posterior midline to form a rounded , smooth , and upswept posterior margin . in three specimens ( tmm m - 10001 , - 10004 , - 10009 ) , the posteriormost region of the shelf butterflies into a small v - shaped notch along the midline ( fig . 15a ) . in disarticulated specimens the ventral surface of the posterior shelf is rough and irregular along the area where it articulates with the otic capsules ( fig . 15b ) .\nanterior is to the left unless noted ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . all elements from the left side of the skull . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in lateral view ; and c , f , i in medial view ( anterior is to the right ) . fr . c = frontal canal ; l . f . f = lateral frontal flange ; m . f . f = mesial frontal flange ; o . f = optic foramen ; ol . fr . = olfactory process of frontal ; p . o . r = pre - orbital ridge of frontal ; so . g = groove for supraorbital process of parietal ; trab . g = groove for cartilaginous portion of crista trabecularis .\nanterior is to the left in a\u2013f ; anterior is to the right in i ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from the right side of u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from the right side of u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from the left side of b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in ventral view ; and c , f , i in medial view . al . p = anterior lateral process ; d . pmx . vo = dorsal premaxillary process of vomer ; dm . f = dorsomedial foramen of posterolateral crest ; md . w = medial wall ; urltoken = crest on posterolateral process ; pl . p = posterior lateral process ; pl . vo = palatine process of vomer ; pmx . vo = premaxillary process of vomer ; tab = bone tab projecting into vomero - nasal opening ; v . pmx . vo = ventral premaxillary process of vomer .\nanterior is to the left unless noted ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . all elements from the left side of the skull . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in lateral view ; b , e , h in medial view ( anterior is to the right ) ; and c , f , i in dorsal view . a . m . f = anterior maxillary foramen ; alv . c = alveolar canal ; ant . med . p = anteromedial process ; asc . mx = ascending process ; ect . mx = ectopterygoid process of maxilla ; f . jug + x = foramen for jugular vein and vagus nerve ; m . m . f = middle maxillary foramen ; p . m . f = posterior maxillary foramen ; pl . mx = palatine process ( posteromedial process ) of maxilla ; pmx . mx = premaxillary process of maxilla ; shelf = shelf medial to articulation facet for prefrontal .\nin ventral view , the lateral process of the palatine [ 32 ] projects anterolaterally towards the posterior margin of the palatine process of the maxilla , by which it is underlapped . in dorsolateral view of articulated skulls , and even more clearly in disarticulated specimens , it can be seen that the lateral \u2018process\u2019 is the ventral surface of a loop of bone surrounding the large foramen for cn v 2 ( fig . 21b ) . the same structure was described for the disarticulated palatine of p . aureus [ 19 ] . in u . woodmasoni , the loop is oriented vertically and aligned anterolaterally from its origin on the lateral surface of the palatine , positioned at right angles to the ventral floor and the lateral wall of the element . in some specimens the presence of a suture indicates that the loop is formed by closure between a dorsally reaching ventrolateral process and a ventrally reaching dorsolateral process . when disarticulated and viewed ventrally , anterior to the loop and at the exit for the foramen , a broad groove or depression slopes anteroventrally , eventually flattening out with the ventral surface of the palatine . the palatine process of the maxilla articulates with this groove ( fig . 21b ) .\nin u . woodmasoni , the nasals contact each other medially along a straight suture from their posterior contact with the frontals until approximately three - quarters of their length anteriorly ( fig . 5a ) . at the point of overlap with the premaxilla , the premaxillary processes of the nasals diverge laterally . the nasal process of the premaxilla is visible dorsally as a wedge located in the fork between the two nasals . the nasals overlap the premaxilla up to the point where the rostral process of the premaxilla expands laterally . in both dorsal and lateral views , the nasal tapers anteriorly ( figs . 2a ; 5a ; 12a , b ) . in lateral view , a broad , crescentic ventral emargination forms the dorsal border of the external naris . in most specimens , the emargination begins at the anterior point of contact with the septomaxilla and increases in a gradual curve anteriorly . in tmm m - 10003 , tmm m - 10005 , and tmm m - 10010 , the emargination begins anterior to that contact . the anterolateral extent forms a rounded surface with a slight ventral inclination ( fig . 2a ) ; dorsally the anterior end of the nasal appears as an elongated , pointed premaxillary process ."]}
{"id": 107, "summary": [{"text": "the tetrapodomorpha ( also known as choanata ) are a clade of vertebrates consisting of tetrapods ( four-limbed vertebrates ) and their closest sarcopterygian relatives that are more closely related to living tetrapods than to living lungfish .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "advanced forms transitional between fish and the early labyrinthodonts , such as tiktaalik , have been referred to as \" fishapods \" by their discoverers , being half-fish , half-tetrapods , in appearance and limb morphology .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the tetrapodomorpha contains the crown group tetrapods ( the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants ) and several groups of early stem tetrapods , which includes several groups of related lobe-finned fishes , collectively known as the osteolepiforms .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the tetrapodamorpha minus the crown group tetrapoda are the stem tetrapoda , a paraphyletic unit encompassing the fish to tetrapod transition .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "among the characters defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins , notably a humerus with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa ( the socket of the shoulder joint ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "another key trait is the internal nostril or choana .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "most fish have two pairs of nostrils , one on either side of the head for incoming water ( incurrent nostrils ) and another pair for outgoing water ( excurrent nostrils ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "early tetrapodomorphs such as kenichthys had excurrent nostrils that had migrated to the edge of the mouth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "in later tetrapodomorphs , including tetrapods , the excurrent nostril is positioned inside the mouth , where it is known as the choana .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early devonian onwards , and include osteolepis , panderichthys , kenichthys and tungsenia . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "tetrapodomorpha", "paragraphs": ["jarvik , 1985 ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from east greenland . journal of vertebrate paleontology 28 : 637\u2013655 .\ncl\u00e9ment , g . 2002 . large tristichopteridae ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from the late famennian evieux formation of belgium . palaeontology , 45 , 577\u2013593 .\njohanson z , ahlberg pe ( 2001 ) devonian rhizodontids and tristichopterids ( sarcopterygii ; tetrapodomorpha ) from east gondwana . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh : earth sciences 92 : 43\u201374 .\ntetrapodomorpha was named by ahlberg ( 1991 ) . it is extant . it was reranked as the subclass tetrapodomorpha by betancur - r et al . ( 2013 ) . it was assigned to rhipidistia by ahlberg ( 1991 ) ; to sarcopterygii by daeschler et al . ( 2006 ) ; to dipnotetrapodomorpha by long ( 2011 ) ; and to dipnotetrapodomorpha by betancur - r et al . ( 2013 ) .\nsnitting , d . 2008 . a redescription of the anatomy of the late devonian spodichthys buetleri jarvik , 1985 ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from east greenland . journal of vertebrate paleontology , 28 , 637\u2013655 .\njohanson , z . and ahlberg , p . e . 2001 . devonian rhizodontids and tristichopterids ( sarcopterygii ; tetrapodomorpha ) from east gondwana . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh , earth sciences , 92 , 43\u201374 .\nclement , g . , snitting , d . , ahlberg , p . 2009 . a new tristichopterid ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from the upper famennian evieux formation ( upper devonian ) of belgium . palaeontology , 52 , 4 , 823\u2013836 .\nsarcopterygii [ 21 ] ; rhipidistia [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] ; tetrapodomorpha [ 24 ] ; eotetrapodiformes [ 13 ] ; tinirau clackae gen . et sp . nov . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 5dee6139 - 42e1 - 4995 - bab2 - 5e0461aa57a0 .\nmartin d . brazeau ; a new genus of rhizodontid ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from the lower carboniferous horton bluff formation of nova scotia , and the evolution of the lower jaws in this group . canadian journal of earth sciences ; 42 ( 8 ) : 1481\u20131499 . doi : urltoken\nthe tetrapodomorpha are defined as londoners > lungfish . basally , they differ little from the basic rhipidistian pattern . the synapomorphies of the group , as determined by cloutier & ahlberg ( 1996 ) , are relatively small matters of head and hand . in the head , the pineal foramen is open . the parasymphysial tooth whorl is lost , and the vomers meet on the midline of the palate . something is clearly going on with the nares , but there is much disagreement about exactly what .\ntristichopterids ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) form a monophyletic group of exclusively devonian fishes . this thesis consists of descriptions of new material of tristichopterids and closely related taxa , as well as new interpretations and descriptions of previously figured material . redescribed specimens were originally figured as far back as 1861 , and publications as old as this are almost always of limited use as anatomical and systematical references , in addition to being difficult to acquire . the possibility of using new techniques and new theoretical frameworks also provides good justification for taking a second look at such specimens . in the case of this thesis , this includes the use of computed tomography scanning methods , and the cladistic approach to describing the interrelationships of taxa .\ntetrapodomorpha here defines total - group tetrapods , and i restrict the use of the term tetrapod to the crown - group . i use the monophyletic definition of elpistostegalia [ 3 ] , [ 26 ] to refer to the clade consisting of panderichthys and crownward taxa . moreover , following from the phylogenetic result presented below , i use canowindridae as a stem - based name to refer to the clade constituting marsdenichthys , canowindra , koharalepis , and beelarongia , use the stem - based megalichthyiformes [ 13 ] to reference the formerly paraphyletic ( here recovered monophyletic , see supplementary information ) \u2018osteolepidids\u2019 , and apply the stem - based tristichopteridae to define any taxon more closely related to tristichopterus than to elpistostege . in turn , i use \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 to encapsulate the grade of tetrapodomorph that includes canowindrids + megalichthyiforms + tristichopterids , and eotetrapodiformes [ 13 ] as a node - based definition to refer to tristichopterids and elpistostegalians . because of the curious morphology and phylogenetic position of the newly described taxon , i avoid calling this animal an elpistostegalian , and let future studies confirm or refute the phylogenetic hypothesis presented here . in addition , following from the revised phylogenetic placement of platycephalichthys bischoffi [ 13 ] , i refer to this taxon by its name only , as opposed to calling it a tristichopterid or an elpistostegalian .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlu , jing ; zhu , min ; long , john a . ; zhao , wenjin ; senden , tim j . ; jia , liantao ; qiao , tuo\n( c ) 2012 : nature publishing group , a division of macmillan publishers limited . all rights reserved .\nrecent discoveries of advanced fish - like stem - tetrapods ( for example , panderichthys and tiktaalik ) have greatly improved our knowledge of the fin - to - limb transition . however , a paucity of fossil data from primitive finned tetrapods prevents profound understanding of the acquisition sequence of tetrapod characters . here we report a new stem - tetrapod ( tungsenia paradoxa gen . et sp . nov . ) from the lower devonian ( pragian , ~ 409 million years ago ) of china , which extends the earliest record of tetrapods by some 10 million years . sharing many primitive features with stem - lungfishes , the new taxon further fills in the morphological gap between tetrapods and lungfishes . the x - ray tomography study of the skull depicts the plesiomorphic condition of the brain in the tetrapods . the enlargement of the cerebral hemispheres and the possible presence of the pars tuberalis in this stem - tetrapod indicate that some important brain modifications related to terrestrial life had occurred at the beginning of the tetrapod evolution , much earlier than previously thought .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe origin of terrestrial vertebrates represents one of the major evolutionary and ecological transformations in the history of life , and the established timing and environment of this transition has recently come under scrutiny . the discovery and description of a well - preserved fossil sarcopterygian ( fleshy - limbed vertebrate ) from the middle devonian of nevada helps to refine and question aspects of the temporal and anatomical framework that underpins the tetrapod condition . this new taxon , tinirau clackae , demonstrates that substantial parallelism pervaded the early history of stem - tetrapods , raises additional questions about when digited sarcopterygians first evolved , and further documents that incipient stages of the terrestrial appendicular condition began when sarcopterygians still retained their median fins and occupied aquatic habitats .\ncitation : swartz b ( 2012 ) a marine stem - tetrapod from the devonian of western north america . plos one 7 ( 3 ) : e33683 . urltoken\neditor : andrew a . farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 brian swartz . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : the work was supported by gregory family and several generous anonymous donors . no additional external funding received for this study . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe origin and early evolution of tetrapodomorphs ( total - group tetrapods ) has been firmly established by numerous studies over the last two decades [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 7 ] . however , knowledge of the interrelationships among fish - like \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 - grade taxa and the earliest elpistostegalians has remained elusive [ 8 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . phylogenetic analyses have reinforced hypotheses of \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 paraphyly and parallelism among devonian stem - tetrapods , but lack of robust statistical support for particular topologies has limited our knowledge of branching and divergence in these early lineages [ 8 ] , [ 12 ] . few studies recover support for larger clades within the \u2018osteolepidids\u2019 [ 13 ] , and several establish the close relationship of tristichopterids and elpistostegalians with a robust sister relationship between panderichthys and early digited forms [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] . however , no new taxa so far known document the assembly of traits leading from tristichopterids to elpistostegalians .\nthe discovery of a new stem - tetrapod from the middle devonian of western north america helps to fill this gap and provides a stronger phylogenetic backbone upon which future studies can build . the new material includes several specimens from marine sediments and represents an animal with numerous elpistostegalian apomorphies , yet also many symplesiomorphies , suggesting that early tetrapodomorph features have a more crownward distribution than previously considered . this m\u00e9lange of characters extends ancestral tetrapodomorph traits across the early history of the first digited forms , and as part of a phylogenetic hypothesis speaks to the length of current ghost ranges implied by the early middle devonian zache\u0142mie ( polish ) trackways [ 15 ] . however , considering the late middle devonian age of this taxon , its congruence with the stratophylogenetic records of other stem - tetrapods , and the phylogenetic distribution of locomotor gaits among crown - group sarcopterygians , questions about when the first digited sarcopterygians first evolved should be considered a more open question than what a strict reading of the trace fossil record might imply .\nthe material was discovered and excavated in the mid - late 1970s by university of california , berkeley paleontologist joseph t . gregory and his graduate students at a field site in northeastern nevada known as red hill i . the red hill i beds are a series of silty limy mudstones alternating with thick - bedded limestones , bounded below and above by the denay and devils gate formations , respectively [ 16 ] . this university of california museum of paleontology field site ( ucmp v74084 ) is located in the northern simpson park mountains in eureka county , nevada . conodont biostratigraphy places red hill i in the lower klapperina disparilis zone [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , the late givetian stage of the middle devonian . the described sarcopterygian material was recovered from levels 8\u201312 of the roughly 1 . 5 m thick sequence of vertebrate - bearing beds immediately above the denay limestone ( figure 1 ) .\ngeographic location and stratigraphic position of the red hill i field site ( ucmp v74084 ) in eureka co . , nevada , usa .\nblack patterning within eureka county represents exposed devonian outcrops . stars represent where the fossil material was collected . red hill i section courtesy of h . - p . schultze .\nthe fauna and geology indicate that the sedimentary rocks comprising red hill i were deposited in a marine environment . cnidarians such as conulariids , a clade known elsewhere only from marine strata [ 18 ] , are preserved in levels 21 - 5 ( figure 1 ) . moreover , the widespread deposition of limestone and shale along the western margin of laurentia suggests that the regional geology of the northern simpson park range represents an open marine paleoenvironment [ 19 ] , and in particular the outer continental shelf [ 16 ] , [ 20 ] . trace fossils preserved between levels one and two suggest a short - term nearshore paleoenvironment [ 20 ] .\ntinirau ( tea - knee - / r / \u00e1u ) is a character of legend in polynesian culture and traces to islands located at approximately the same latitude as nevada during the middle devonian . according to the rarotonga and mangaia islanders , tinirau was a half - man , half - fish lord of the ocean creatures [ 25 ] . the specific name clackae honors the cambridge palaeontologist and former advisor jenny clack , for her contributions to our understanding of the earliest digited sarcopterygians .\n( a ) ucmp 118605 , holotype , in dorsal , lateral and ventral view . see main text for details . right is anterior . scale bar equals 10 cm ; ( b ) complete restoration ; preserved elements outlined in black , inferred margins outlined in dashed black , hypothesized elements outlined in gray . see methods section for anatomical abbreviations . note the reduced postaxial fibular processes on the fibulae ( fib . p ) .\nthis description is based on six specimens ( ucmp 117884 , 118283 , 118605 , 123135 , 190998 , 190999 ) from a single locality . all specimens preserve complete or partial skull remains . two specimens ( ucmp 118605 , 190999 ) preserve postcrania and appendicular elements in some degree of articulation . specimens ucmp 118283 and 123135 were preserved in association with one another , adjacent on the same small block but not articulated . not all specimens of tinirau preserve every available character state , but consistent features among all specimens indicate that they represent a single taxon . these features include : elongate glenoid fossae ( ucmp 118065 , 190999 ) , reduced posterior processes on the maxillae ( ucmp 118065 , 190999 ) , fused parietals ( ucmp 117884 , 118238 , 118065 , 190999 ) , fused anterior tectals and lateral rostrals ( ucmp 11784 , 118283 ) , a row of non - fang teeth on the elongate posterior coronoids ( ucmp 118605 , 123135 ) , and similar proportions and dentitions of the dermopalatines and entopterygoids ( ucmp 190998 , 190999 ) .\nusa , eureka co . , nevada , simpson park mountains north of the denay valley , ucmp locality v74084 .\nlower disparilis conodont zone of the red hill i beds , immediately above the denay formation .\nan eotetrapodiform sarcopterygian distinguished from known tristichopterids by ( i ) an elongate posterior jugal process ( figures 2 , s1 ) , ( ii ) a dermal cheek plate with fused squamosal , preopercular , and quadratojugal elements ( figures 2 , s1 ) , ( iii ) deep tongue - and - groove embayments along the posteromedial margins of the intertemporals ( figures 3a , s2 ) , ( i v ) fused anterior tectals with lateral rostrals ( figures 3a , s3 ) , ( v ) medially straight anterior parietal margins in the unfused skull - table ( figure s3 ) , ( vi ) a fused ethmoid skull - table in larger specimens\u2014i . e . , later ontogenetic stages ( figures 2 , 3a , s1 , s4 ) , ( vii ) ectopterygoids that contribute to the subtemporal fossae ( figure 3b ) , ( viii ) splenials that remain unsutured to the prearticular ( figure 3c ) , and ( ix ) reduced postaxial fibular processes ( figures 2 , s1 , s6 ) . moreover , it is differentiated from elpistostegalians by ( i ) facially positioned anterior nostrils ( figure 3a ) , ( ii ) a ( inferred ) lateral component to the ventral orbital margins ( figure 2 , s1 ) , ( iii ) the presence of a median postrostral ( figure s3 ) , ( iv ) the absence of frontal bones ( figures 2 \u2013 3 , s1 , s3 , s4 ) , ( v ) the presence of a ( anteriorly positioned ) postspiracular ( figure s4 ) , ( vi ) long posterior vomerine processes ( figure s2 ) , ( vii ) an absence of jugal - quadratojugal contact ( figures 2 , s1 , 2 ) , ( viii ) a small scapulocoracoid ( figures 3c , s7 ) , and ( ix ) round body scales ( figure 3c ) .\n( a - i ) ucmp 117884 , ethmoid skull . anterior is toward the top of the page . scale bar equals 2 cm ; ( a - ii ) dorsal skull reconstruction with infilled gray ethmoid region following from ( a - i ) ; ( b ) left palatal fragment of ucmp 190998 . right is anterior . scale bar equals 5 cm ; ( c ) skull , partial shoulder , and interpretive drawing of ucmp 190999 . uniform stipple covering distal jaw elements indicate unexposed portions of the specimen still covered by bioplastic ; similarly , the dotted line posterior to the parasphenoid ( psph ) notes the division between ethmoid and oticoccipital regions recovered from x - ray imaging . anterior is toward the top of the page . scale bar equals 5 cm . see methods section for anatomical abbreviations . note the elongate glenoid fossa ( gle ) on the left scapulocoracoid ( sco ) .\nthe snout of tinirau has one pair of facially positioned external nostrils as in all tetrapodomorphs except kenichthys and elpistostegalians . however , in tinirau , the nares penetrate a single , fused element consisting of the anterior tectal and lateral rostral ( figure 3a ) . similar to \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 , platycephalichthys , and elpistostegalians less crownward than ventastega , the premaxilla forms a broad part of the choanal margin ( figure s2 ) . moreover , and differing from ventastega and acanthostega , a single median postrostral and several nasal bones create a solid snout lacking a dorsal fontanelle ( figures 2a , 3a , s1 , s3 ) .\nthe anterior skull roof of tinirau is plesiomorphic among tetrapodomorphs : about 25 % of the skull extends anterior to the mid - orbital margins ( figures 2a , 3a , s1 ) . such proportions are more similar to those of rhizodonts and canowindrids than to those of other eotetrapodiforms . the anterior - most paired roofing bones are the parietals , which are pierced by a pineal foramen that lies posterior to the orbits in larger specimens , or later ontogenetic stages ( figures 3a , s3 ) . this condition is similar to early diverging \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 such as koharalepis , canowindra , and gyroptychius , and later - diverging tristichopterids more phylogenetically distal than eusthenopteron . a functional dermal intracranial joint is unknown considering the tongue - and - groove articulations of the intertemporal and supratemporal bones that span this region . however , because the skull tends to be preserved in two parts , with the symplesiomorphic condition at least across the parietal / postparietal region , such a \u2018joint\u2019 is scored as present in tinirau ( figures 2a , 3a , s1 , s4 ) . the condition in tinirau is thus either autapomorphic ( considering that dermal suturing in panderichthys involves only the parietals and postparietals ) or \u2018intermediate\u2019 because of the simultaneous suturing and simple abutment found across its dermal intracranial division . interestingly , platycephalichthys also has posteriorly recessed intertemporals suggesting a similar intracranial configuration [ 27 ] .\nthe postparietal shield is not extremely wide posteriorly , as in canowindrids , nor do the parietals narrow to a point caudally , as in rhizodonts . instead , the tabulars extend to the posterior margin of a postparietal shield that is approximately as wide as the ethmoid , a condition akin to that seen in tristichopterids , panderichthys , tiktaalik , and ventastega ( figure s4 ) . lateral to the tabular resides a postspiracular ( = extratemporal ) situated in the plesiomorphic anterior position , similar to the condition in devonian tetrapodomorphs except tristichopterids phylogenetically distal of spodichthys ( figure s4 ) . the postspiracular is lost in known elpistostegalians .\nsurrounding the orbit , the anterior and posterior supraorbitals ( = prefrontals and postfrontals ) are of similar size and contact one another anterior to the mid - orbital margin . the posterior supraortbitals do not extend anterior to the orbits , similar to the condition in other devonian tetrapodomorphs except a few late - diverging tristichopterids ( figures 2a , s1 , s3 ) . the lacrimal and jugal meet approximately at the mid - ventral orbital margin where , unlike in mandageria and eusthenodon , the postfrontal and lacrimal do not make contact ( figures 2a , s1 ) . moreover , unlike in elpistostegalians , the squamosal ( here , bound up in a fused cheek plate ) precludes abutting of the jugal and quadratojugal ( figures 2 , s1 , s4 ) . it is not known directly if the postorbital contributes to the orbit of tinirau , but based on the topology of this element and neighboring bones in ucmp 118605 , it is inferred to make a minor contribution ( figures 2a , s1 ) .\nthe jaws of tinirau are characteristically eotetrapodiform in form , although contain a unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits . the premaxillary teeth are all of similar size as in early diverging tristichopterids and elpistostegalians ( figure s2 ) . however , the maxilla lacks a posterodorsal process , a state shared with platycephalichthys and elpistostegalians such as panderichthys on crownward , but also with derived tristichopterids such as cabonnichthys and mandageria ( figures 2a , s1 , s4 ) . dentary fangs are present , similar to platycephalichthys and elpistostegalians , though this character is also known in rhizodonts , megalichthyids , and derived tristichopterids ( figure 3c ) . the posterior coronoid is much longer than the anterior two coronoids , yet only carries one fang pair followed by a row or 5 + medium - sized teeth ( figure s5 ) . this state combination is not present in any tristichopterid , and only shared with platycephalichthys and early elpistostegalians such as panderichthys . in other words , tristichopterids with long posterior coronoids also bear two posterior fang pairs , and those tristichopterids with one fang pair do not have very long posterior coronoids . a distinct meckelian groove is visible in the lower jaw of ucmp 190999 , and similar to the condition in non - elpistostegalian tetrapodomorphs , it bears an ossified posterior meckelian region separating the prearticular / angular contact ( figure 3c ) .\nthe operculogular elements in ucmp 190999 are similar in shape and proportion to those of other devonian \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 , and therefore are not diagnostic of a physical neck ( i . e . , a discrete , disconnecting region ) between the shoulders and head ( figures 2a , s1 , s4 ) . similar to kenichthys and platycephalichthys , a large preoperculum is sutured to the squamosal in a cheek plate and is also visible in visceral view in ucmp 118605 and 190999 ( figures 2a , s1 , s4 ) . the spiracular notch is not well - preserved , but judging from the narrow space between the squamosal and postparietal shield , it is inferred to be small and thus more like the condition in most \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 rather than to that of gogonasus and elpistostegalians ( figures 2a , 3a - ii , s1 ) . the presence and size of a median gular remain unknown .\nthe neurocranium is plesiomorphic in many ways , although it shares some similarities with those of tristichopterids . a fully ossified ethmoid extends below a narrow tectum orbitale and articulates with its posterior otic - occipital counterpart via an endoskeletal intracranial joint . in turn , a basicranial fanestra spans this division ( figures 3c ) . these states are present in all devonian tetrapodomorphs except for kenichthys and taxa crownward of tiktaalik . by contrast , tinirau shares with tristichopterids a relatively anterior ventral hyomandibular facet ( figure 3c ) . in other words , this state is generally considered to diagnose tristichopterids , but is here reconstructed to be either convergent among these taxa , or to ancestrally diagnose eotetrapodiforms only primitively .\nthe cephalic branches of the sensory canal system are typical of most other devonian tetrapdomorphs , although tinirau retains a few traits\u2014such as the postorbital junction of supra - and infraorbital canals , a line of continuous pores that comprise the mandibular canal , and a surangular pitline\u2014that are otherwise lost in taxa crownward of tiktaalik and acanthostega ( figures 2a , s1 , s5 ) . as in glyptopomus , marsdenichthys , tristichopterids , platycephalichthys , panderichthys , and tiktaalik , the sensory canals course through a tuberculate dermal skeleton that lacks the starburst ornamentation characteristic of the first digit - bearing elpistostegalians ( figures 3a - i , 3c , s3 , s4 , s5 ) . such elements also lack the thick \u2018shine\u2019 characteristic of cosmine - covered sarcopterygians such as megalichthyiforms .\nthe shoulder is typically tetrapodomorph in form , but it bears a few differences from those of key taxa . the anterior median extrascapular margin is \u201clong\u201d and therefore unlike those of canowindrids and mandageria ( figures 2a , 3a - ii , s1 , s4 ) . a postbranchial lamina is present on the cleithrum ( figures 2a , s1 ) , although posttemporals , supracleithra , anocleithra , and an interclavicle are not preserved . unlike in elpistostegalians such as panderichthys and tiktaalik , a small scapulocorocoid is elevated from the ventral plane formed by the clavicles . however , the glenoid is relatively elongate and bears a medial \u2018accessory\u2019 region that is less reflexed than the condition seen in megalichthyiforms such as medoevia and tristichopterids such as eusthenopteron ( figures 2a , 3c , s1 ) . although the humerus is crushed , judging from the shape of the glenoids , it appears that the convex caput humeri retains less of the oblate shape than is typical of \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 . such an elongate condition is more characteristic of elpistostegalians .\npaired appendages are only preserved in ucmp 118605 ( figures 2a , s1 ) . the left humerus is crushed and situated below the cleithrum , but it articulates with the rest of a well - preserved pectoral limb . the right humerus is missing , but the elongate glenoid and distal pectoral elements remain . the pectoral limb is symplesiomorphic , and generally similar to the \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 condition . as in \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 and elpistostegalians such as panderichthys and tiktaalik , the ulna is about half as long as the radius and articulates with an ulnare and intermedium . as in \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 , the ulnare retains a postaxial process and only articulates with two additional distal radials . proximal lepidotrichia are about three times longer than more distal ones ( figures 2a , s1 ) .\ncaudally , the pelvis articulates with a femur that is preserved in association with the acetabulum , despite the disassociation of distal elements ( figures 2a , s1 , s6 ) . as in eusthenopteron , the right and left disarticulated fibulae bear preaxial radial facets positioned about one half - step proximal to their postaxial counterparts . however , and unlike in gooloogongia and eusthenopteron , the postaxial fibular process is highly reduced and not simply the \u2018fibula - equivalent\u2019 of the condition seen in the ulnare . interestingly , the pelvic limb of panderichthys also displays a similar \u2018lip\u2019 overhanging the postaxial edge of the fibulare ( [ 28 ] , figure 1 , pg . 1146 ) .\nthe vertebral elements are preserved in near complete articulation , and are known only from ucmp 118605 ( figures 2a , s1 ) . paired intercentra are visible entirely in part / counterpart , and stout non - imbricate ribs radiate laterally , immediately posterior to the cleithrum . the axial skeleton proceeds through a left twist at \u223c90\u00b0 around mid - body , and posterior to the pelvis folds over itself so that the distal tip of the heterocercal caudal fin skeleton comes to face the more anterior ( dorsal ) neural spines . paired pleurocentra are not preserved and are presumed to have been cartilaginous . there is no evidence for dorsal fin radials , although dorsal fins are hypothesized to have been present . by contrast , a dissociated anal fin basal and radial are preserved immediately dorsal to the caudal fin . the notochordal canal is visible and arches dorsally through the neural and haemal arches of the caudal fin skeleton ( figures 2a , s1 ) .\na phylogenetic analysis using paup [ 29 ] recovered a single most parsimonious tree . a bayesian analysis [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] of the same data provided an additional metric . there are no major polytomies among the \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 grade taxa . instead , the major clades , rhizodontidae , canowindridae , megalichthyiformes , and tristichopteridae form successive sister taxa to more crownward groups . tinirau emerges as the sister to platycephalichthys and elpistostegalians , one step crownward of tristichopterids ( figure 4 ) .\nanalysis includes 46 taxa and 204 characters . tree length = 454 , consistency index = 0 . 5572 , retention index = 0 . 8481 ; consistency index excluding the four autapomorphic ( uninformative ) characters = 0 . 5532 , retention index = 0 . 8481 . numbers corresponding to respective nodes represent : bremer decay value / bayesian posterior probability . ghost ranges are calibrated after the early middle devonian ( eifelian ) zache\u0142mie tracks ( [ 15 ] and \u201cscenario 1\u201d from friedman and brazeau ( 2011 ) . tetrapodomorphs include all taxa that are not total - group lungfishes . rhizodonts are in green , canowindrids are in yellow , megalichthyiforms are in blue , tristichopterids are in purple , devonian elpistostegalians are in red , and carboniferous elpistostegalians are in orange . the character list and data matrix are available as supplementary information .\nthis phylogenetic hypothesis implies that , ( 1 ) tristichopterid synapomorphies ( see text s1 ) have evolved in parallel during the early history of eotetrapodiforms ; and ( 2 ) the 18 + elpistostegalian synapomorphies are cut in half ( see text s1 ) as taxa such as tinirau and platycephalichthys fill the graduated history of the tetrapod stem . this is predicted by current evidence , especially with the recent finding of marine , digit - bearing tracks that predate the earliest elpistostegalian body fossils by 10 ma [ 15 ] . the discovery of tinirau fills a phylogenetic gap missing from previous discoveries even though its stratigraphic range conforms with the timing of the body fossil record . yet because \u2018genus\u2019 - level preservation rates for devonian tetrapodomorphs are an order of magnitude lower than \u2018species\u2019 - level rates for groups considered to have dense records [ 32 ] , the stratigraphic range of tinirau is not surprising . thus , when combined with the age of the trackways data , the late middle devonian ( givetian ) age of tinirau , its phylogenetic position as stem to the first digited forms , and its many symplesiomorphies may suggest a rich , yet undiscovered early tetrapodomorph record .\nhowever , the phylogenetic distribution of potential sarcopterygian trackmakers does bring into question whether digited tetrapodomorphs even produced the zache\u0142mie trackways . digit - bearing molds are preserved alongside continuous trackways but the \u2018digits\u2019 themselves are known only from isolated prints . crown - group coelacanths , lungfishes , and tetrapods are known to engage in trotting gaits [ 33 ] \u2013 [ 35 ] , and thus suggest substrate - based locomotor abilities in stem - tetrapods as well . moreover , recent work [ 36 ] has shown that african lungfish using a bipedal pelvic - driven gait can produce the three trackways patterns known from the zache\u0142mie quarry : ( 1 ) alternating doublets ; ( 2 ) alternating singlets ; and ( 3 ) opposite , ladder - like prints . considering this range of potential explanations , the non - congruence of continuous digited prints with trackways patterns , and the increasingly strong stratophylogenetic congruence in the stem - tetrapod body fossil record , it might be wise to approach questions about timing of origins with a pluralistic eye and a bit of additional skepticism .\nquestions about palaeoenvironment are more complicated , but tinirau ' s marine preservation is consistent with the marine influenced environments of the zache\u0142mie tracks and other closely related taxa [ 7 ] , [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , although likely not with others [ 3 ] , [ 39 ] .\noverall , the skeleton of tinirau retains many \u2018fish - like\u2019 traits , but they are combined with a suite of elpistostegalian apomorphies . because the utility of many of these characters remains obscure , here i elaborate on two traits that emerge as relevant to current discussions in tetrapodomorph evolution : the origins of the shoulder and pelvic limbs in the first digit - bearing elpistostegalians .\nas in tristichopterids such as eusthenopteron and elpistostegalians such as panderichthys , the shoulder of tinirau retains the full osteichthyan complement of dermal and endochondral components . however , despite these general similarities , its glenoid is anteroposteriorly elongate and in this respect more similar to the condition found in panderichthys , acanthostega , and juvenile specimens of tiktaalik ( figure 5a ) . interestingly , glenoids in the largest tiktaalik specimens are less elongate than those of smaller individuals [ 3 ] , [ 40 ] ( personal observations ) and may reflect ontogenetic changes . nonetheless , despite this possible autapomorphy , elongate glenoids in the first digited taxa correlate with parallel changes observed in the flattening of the caput humeri [ 2 ] , [ 41 ] \u2013 [ 45 ] . although the glenoids in medoevia , eusthenopteron , tinirau , and panderichthys have a strong posterior component , fossae in the former two taxa are more oblate than the condition present in the latter forms . this reinforces the hypothesis that mosaic changes in the pectoral limb began proximally before the distal portions acquired a more characteristic tetrapod - like morphology [ 46 ] .\nglenoids are illustrated in posterior view and highlighted in blue , fibulae are highlighted in green . the glenoid of tiktaalik is depicted from two different perspectives , posterior view ( above ) and posteroventral view ( below ) . the largest tiktaalik specimens are more oblate , which may be autapomorphic relative to the condition in more crownward devonian and carboniferous taxa . the glenoid of panderichthys was based on the shape of its caput humerus . see text for additional details . the in - plane glenoid measurement ( height at maximum extent divided by maximum length ) diagnoses an elongate glenoid fossa : medoevia = 0 . 60 ; eusthenopteron = 0 . 60 ; tinirau = 0 . 42 ; panderichthys = 0 . 48 ; tiktaalik = 0 . 44 ; acanthostega = 0 . 45 .\nthe femur , tibia , and fibula represent the only pelvic elements preserved in tinirau , but they share an interesting similarity with panderichthys , the only non - digit bearing elpistostegalian from which reasonable pelvic material is known [ 28 ] . one major difference between the fibulae of a rhizodont ( e . g . , gooloogongia ) or a tristichopterid ( e . g . , eusthenopteron ) and an elpistostegalian ( e . g . , panderichthys ) is that the postaxial process in panderichthys is reduced to a mere lip or overhang bordering the posterior margin of the distal fibulare [ 4 ] , [ 28 ] , [ 47 ] ( figures 4b , s6 ) . in this respect , the lack of a prominent postaxial process in the fibula of tinirau is more similar to the condition observed in crownward taxa . this pattern underscores previous phylogenetic reconstructions of the appendicular skeleton in which conventional crown group limb characteristics first originate in the pelvic fins [ 48 ] .\nthe new phylogeny also helps to displace eusthenopteron as our iconic surrogate piscine \u2018ancestor\u2019 . eusthenopteron shares with other tristichopterids a sequence of traits that nest it well within tristichopterids and not immediately along the tetrapod stem ( figure 6 ) . instead , this result builds upon the work of coates and friedman ( 2010 ) , whereby tinirau and platycephalichthys fill this position and provide an anatomical record on the transition to land . these taxa spread primitive tetrapodomorph traits along the early history of elpistostegalians , raise additional questions about when digited sarcopterygians first evolved , and fill a gap between tristichopterids and the first digited sarcopterygians in interesting and unexpected ways .\ncharacter states supporting this topology : ( 1 ) a parasymphyseal plate not sutured to the anterior coronoid ; ( 2 ) posterior coronoids longer than more anterior coronoids ; ( 3 ) 33\u201340 % of the dermatocranium anterior to the orbits ; ( 4 ) a posteriorly displaced postspiracular ; ( 5 ) posterior coronoids one third longer than the anterior coronoids ; ( 6 ) two ectopterygoid fang pairs ; and ( 7 ) a diphycercal caudal fin .\n204 morphological characters were used to assess the phylogenetic position of the new taxon described above ( tinirau clackae ) relative to other early tetrapodomorphs . primary character sources [ 3 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 49 ] \u2013 [ 51 ] are indicated parenthetically following each character description in the supplementary information . numbers following the citations refer to the character number in the original source . characters modified from their original source are noted where applicable . very few characters are shared between this analysis and coates and friedman ( 2010 ) ; this was intentional with the goal of assessing how largely independent data sets converge on a similar result .\ncharacters were polarized by comparison to outgroup taxa such as porolepis , glyptolepis , powichthys , youngolepis , diabolepis , and dipterus . these taxa were selected because they represent a range of total - group lungfish that are known from reasonable material , are well studied , and generally accepted as sister to total - group tetrapods .\ncharacters were coded based on a combination of published descriptions , specimen illustrations , and firsthand examination of fossil material . care was taken to avoid simply recycling codings in the published literature . specimens from the following museums were examined , and are noted following each taxon in the supplementary information : australian museum , sydney ( amf ) , australian national university ( anu ) , geologisk museum , copenhagen , denmark ( mguh ) , latvian museum of natural history ( ldm ) , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( mnhn ) , museum victoria , melbourne , australia ( nmv ) , the natural history museum , london ( mnh ) , palaeontological institute of the russian academy of sciences , moscow ( pin ) , national museums of scotland ( nms ) , nunavut fossil vertebrate collection ( nufv ) , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm ( nr ) , university of california museum of paleontology ( ucmp ) , university museum of zoology cambridge ( umzc ) .\nthe data matrix was subjected to a maximum parsimony analysis in the software package paup 4 . 0b10 [ 29 ] and a bayesian analysis using the software package mr . bayes 3 . 2 [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] . all characters were assigned an equal weight , multistate characters were run unordered , and a heuristic search algorithm was used in paup to search for the shortest networks\u2014rooted on porolepis , glyptolepis , powichthys , youngolepis , diabolepis , and dipterus . bremer decay indices were calculated using paup [ 29 ] and tnt [ 52 ] , [ 53 ] , and bayesian posterior probabilities were calculated with mr . bayes following an analysis that included 500 , 000 mcmc generations , sampling every 1 , 000 generations , and with 20 samples discarded as burnin . character evolution was examined in macclade [ 54 ] , which was also used to produce the character state distributions in the supplementary information .\nthe material was prepared by an acid immersion procedure including baths of 30 % formic acid or 10\u201320 % acetic acid for 10\u201348 hours , followed by washing in running water for one month , and air - drying for 12\u201324 hours . exposed elements were strengthened with glyptal or duco cement . the three ucmp specimens 117884 , 118283 , and 123125 were studied 30 years ago by former uc berkeley graduate student john reed , although never published [ 55 ] . because so much has changed in the record , systematics , and nomenclature of stem - tetrapods , it was necessary to redo the study completely .\nthe electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to \u2018public library of science\u2019 . in addition , this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the proposed online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u2018 urltoken \u2019 . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 5dee6139 - 42e1 - 4995 - bab2 - 5e0461aa57a0 tinirau clackae swartz gen . et sp . nov . for the genus , the lsid is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f459d126 - ad40 - 4f69 - a0c3 - 1b6885e891a7 ; and for the species , the lsid is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : fbd69da1 - 884c - 4a2d - 87c4 - f7f8d85ab376 .\nba . a , anal basal ; urltoken , basal articulation of the basipterygoid process ; basb1 , basibranchial # 1 ; bas . f , basicranial fenestra ; ch , ceratohyal ; clth , cleithrum ; clv , clavicle ; co 3 , posterior coronoid ; de . f , dentary fang ; dpt , dermopalatine ; enpt , entopterygoid ; ept , ectopterygoid ; exsc . l , lateral extrascapular ; exsc . m , median extrascapular ; fe , femur ; fib , fibula ; fib . p , posterior process of the fibula ; gle , glenoid fossa ; gu , lateral gular ; hh , hypohyal ; hu , humerus ; hyo , hyomandibular ; urltoken , hyomandibular articulation ; ic , intercentrum ; int , intermedium ; it , intertemporal ; ju , jugal ; la , lacrimal ; mk , meckelian bone ; mk . grv , meckelian groove ; mx , maxilla ; na . a , anterior naris ; nc . c , notochordal canal ; ns , neural spine ; op , operculum ; urltoken , parietal pitline ; part , prearticular ; pin . f , pineal foramen ; plv , pelvis ; pmx , premaxilla ; po , postorbital ; pop , preoperculum ; pp , postparietal ; pq , palatoquadrate ; psph , parasphenoid ; qj , quadratojugal ; quad , quadrate ; r , radius ; ra , radial ; ra . a , anal radial ; ra . c , caudal radial ; ri , rib ; sang , surangular ; sbm , submandibular ; sca , scale ; sco , scapulocoracoid ; spl , splenial ; st , supratemporal ; st . f , subtemporal fossa ; so . p , posterior supraorbital ; sq , squamosal ; tab , tabular ; te . a / ro . l , anterior tectal + lateral rostral ; tib , tibia ; u , ulna ; ul , ulnare ; uh , urohyal ; vo , vomer . ( l ) or ( r ) refers to left or right when displaced from natural side .\nsupplementary text . part a : taxa and characters used in the phylogenetic analysis ; part b : taxon - by - character matrix and character optimizations .\nclose - up of ucmp 118605 and specimen drawing . ucmp 118605 , holotype , in dorsal , lateral and ventral view . see main text for details ; right is anterior . abbreviations : ba . a , anal basal ; clth , cleithrum ; clv , clavicle ; co 3 , posterior coronoid ; exsc . l , lateral extrascapular ; exsc . m , median extrascapular ; fe , femur ; fib , fibula ; fib . p , posterior process of the fibula ; gle , glenoid fossa ; hu , humerus ; ic , intercentrum ; int , intermedium ; it , intertemporal ; ju , jugal ; la , lacrimal ; mx , maxilla ; na . a , anterior naris ; nc . c , notochordal canal ; ns , neural spine ; part , prearticular ; plv , pelvis ; pmx , premaxilla ; po , postorbital ; pop , preopercular ; pp , postparietal ; qj , quadratojugal ; r , radius ; ra , radial ; ra . a , anal radial ; ra . c , caudal radial ; ri , rib ; sca , scale ; sco , scapulocoracoid ; st , supratemporal ; so . p , posterior supraorbital ; sq , squamosal ; tab , tabular ; tib , tibia ; u , ulna ; ul , ulnare ; scale bar equals 10 cm .\nethmoid palatal region and interpretive drawing of ucmp 117884 . anterior is toward the top of the page . abbreviations : urltoken , autopalatine articulation ; urltoken , basal articulation of basipterygoid process ; cho , choana ; \u2018cn\u2019 ii , optic nerve ; it , intertemporal , nc , neurocranium ; p . con , processes connectens ; pmx , premaxilla ; pro . f , profundus foramen ; psph , parasphenoid ; vo , vomer ; vo . f , vomerine fang . \u2018cn\u2019 is in scare quotes because the optic nerve is not a real cranial nerve but a special - sensory extension of the diencephalon . scale bar equals 5 cm .\nethmoid skull roof and interpretive drawing of juvenile specimen ucmp 118283 . aside from the fusion of the anterior tectal and lateral rostral ( similar to the adult specimen , ucmp 117884 ) , many of the remaining roofing bones are unfused . the snout of this specimen is also proportionally shorter than the adult ( when pineal foramina are aligned ) , suggesting substantial allometric change during ontogeny . in addition , it lacks the recessed tongue - and - groove articulations spanning the dermal intracranial joint , suggesting acquisition later in life . anterior is toward the top of the page . abbreviations : it , intertemporal ; na , nasal ; pa , parietal ; pin . f , pineal foramen ; pmx , premaxilla ; ro . p , median postrostral ; so . a , anterior supraorbital ; soc , supraorbital canal ; te . a / ro . l , ( fused ) anterior tectal / lateral rostral . scale bar equals 5 mm .\nskull , partial shoulder , and interpretive drawing of ucmp 190999 . anterior is toward the top of the page . abbreviations : clth , cleithrum ; clv , clavicle ; de , dentary ; exsc . l , lateral extrascapular ; exsc . m , median extrascapular ; gu , lateral gular ; hyo , hyomandibular ; ju , jugal ; la , lacrimal ; mx , maxilla ; op , operculum ; pa , parietal ; part , prearticular ; pop , preoperculum ; pp , postparietal ; psp , postspiracular ; qj , quadratojugal ; ro . p , median postrostral ; sco , scapulocoracoid ; sop , suboperculum ; sq , squamosal ; st , supratemporal ; ta , tabular ; te . a / ro . l , ( fused ) anterior tectal / lateral rostral . ( l ) or ( r ) refers to left or right when displaced from natural side . scale bar equals 5 cm .\nlower jaw of ucmp 123135 . ( a ) dorsal view ; ( b ) lateral view and interpretive drawing . left is anterior . abbreviations : add . f , adductor fossa ; ang , angular ; art , articular ; co 1 , anterior coronoid ; co 2 , middle coronoid ; co 3 , posterior coronoid ; co . f , coronoid fang ; de , dentary ; mc , mandibular canal ; pspl , postsplenial ; sang , surangular ; spl , splenial . scale bar equals 10 mm .\nclose - up of the pelvic region of ucmp 118605 highlighting the reduced postaxial fibular processes . abbreviations : fe , femur ; fib , fibula ; plv , pelvis ; ns , neural spine ; ri , rib . ( l ) or ( r ) refers to left or right . scale bar equals 10 cm .\nclose - up of the elongate glenoid fossa of ucmp 190999 . abbreviations : clth , cleithrum ; gle , glenoid fossa ; sbm , submandibular ; sco , scapulocoracoid . ( l ) refers to left . scale bar equals 5 cm .\nthis work would not have been possible without the assistance of several others . i express my gratitude for the help provided by kevin padian , marvalee wake , tony barnosky , ted daeschler , martin brazeau , hans - peter schultze , jenny clack , matt friedman , john long , gavin young , tim senden , ken campbell , brian choo , nick matzke , ga\u00ebl cl\u00e9ment , john reed , zerina johanson , thomas m\u00f6rs , per ahlberg , catherine boisvert , and marcus wong . i additionally thank kevin padian , marvalee wake , mike coates , david wake , per ahlberg , ted daeschler , and jenny clack for their assistance and thoughts on earlier drafts of this manuscript .\nconceived and designed the experiments : bs . performed the experiments : bs . analyzed the data : bs . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : bs . wrote the paper : bs .\nahlberg pe , johanson z ( 1997 ) second tristichopterid ( sarcopterygii , osteolepiformes ) from the upper devonian of canowindra , new south wales , australia , and phylogeny of the tristichopteridae . journal of vertebrate paleontology 17 : 653\u2013673 .\njarvik : postcranial anatomy , basal tetrapod interrelationships and patterns of skeletal evolution . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh : earth sciences 87 : 363\u2013421 .\ndaeschler eb , shubin nh , jenkins fa jr ( 2006 ) a devonian tetrapod - like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan . nature 440 : 757\u2013763 .\nlebedev oa ( 1995 ) morphology of a new osteolepidid fish from russia . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle section c sciences de la terre paleontologie geologie mineralogie 17 : 287\u2013341 .\nlong , 1985 , from the upper devonian gogo formation , western australia . records of the australian museum supplements 53 : 1\u201389 .\nvorobyeva ei , schultze h - p ( 1991 ) description and systematics of panderichthyid fishes with comments on their relationship to tetrapods . in : schultze h - p , trueb l , editors . origins of the higher groups of tetrapods : controversy and consensus . ithaca : cornell university press . pp . 68\u2013109 .\nahlberg pe , johanson z ( 1998 ) osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods . nature 395 : 792\u2013793 .\nchang m - m , yu x ( 1997 ) reexamination of the relationship of middle devonian osteolepids : fossil characters and their interpretations . american museum novitates 1\u201320 .\nfriedman m , coates mi , anderson psl ( 2007 ) first discovery of a primitive coelacanth fin fills a major gap in the evolution of lobed fins and limbs . evolution & development 9 : 329\u2013337 .\nlong ja , young gc , holland t , senden tj , fitzgerald emg ( 2006 ) an exceptional devonian fish from australia sheds light on tetrapod origins . nature 444 : 199\u2013202 .\nand characteristics of stem tetrapod neurocrania . in : elliott dk , maisey jg , yu x , miao d , editors . morphology , phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes . m\u00fcnchen : verlag dr . friedrich pfeil . pp . 389\u2013416 .\nnied\u017awiedzki g , szrek p , narkiewicz k , narkiewicz m , ahlberg pe ( 2010 ) tetrapod trackways from the early middle devonian period of poland . nature 463 : 43\u201348 .\njohnson jg , sandberg ca , poole fg ( 1988 ) early and middle devonian paleogeography of united states and their biostratigraphic responses . in : mcmillan nj , embry af , glass dj , editors . devonian of the world volume i , regional synthesis . calgary : canadian society of petroleum geologists . pp . 161\u2013182 ."]}
{"id": 110, "summary": [{"text": "manduca pellenia is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from mexico , belize , guatemala , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia and ecuador .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 107 \u2013 126 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the underside of the abdomen is shaded with brown scales , especially in the male .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "there are heavy , discal , black patches found on the forewing upperside with , forming a band .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is probably one generation per year in costa rica with adults on wing from september to november .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they feed on flower nectar .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on solanum hayesii and cestrum megalophyllum . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "manduca pellenia", "paragraphs": ["manduca pellenia ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ) = pellenia ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ) .\nmanduca pellenia , female , upperside . guatemala , izabal dpt . , morales sierra de caral , finca firmeza\nmanduca pellenia , female , underside . guatemala , izabal dpt . , morales sierra de caral , finca firmeza\ntransferred to manduca by d ' abrera , [ 1987 ] , sphingidae mundi : 26 .\nfamily : sphingidae , latreille , 1802 subfamily : sphinginae , latreille , [ 1802 ] tribe : sphingini , latreille , 1802 genus : manduca hubner , 1807 . . . . . . . . . . . species : pellenia herrich - schaffer , 1854\ni believe the specimen to the right from yasuni , ecuador , september 7 , 2002 - 2 : 06 am , courtesy of steve graser is m . pellenia , but it could also be m . scutata scutata .\nantenna almost as stout as in manduca sexta . abdomen underside shaded with brown scales , especially in the male . foretarsus with 1st segment externally with 4 or 5 moderately long spines and numerous small ones above them . no pulvillus . forewing upperside with discal , black , pubescent patches heavy , forming a band that is strongly angled near vein m3 ; the oblique , black apical line and the posterior part of the black postdiscal line both very heavy ; submarginal zigzag line creamy buff rather than white ; the cells between veins m3 and cup more or less russet between the discal band and postdiscal line . cate\n( wing span : ( 107 - 126 mm ) ) , flies in\ntropical america\n, given as the specimen type locality . the moth can be found in\nin costa rica there is probably only one generation annually with moths on the wing in from september until november .\nfemales call in the males with a pheromone released from a gland at the tip of the abdomen . adults nectar at flowers .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nshow appreciation for this site by clicking on flashing butterfly to the left . the link will take you to a page with links to many insect sites .\njune 1 , 2015 , 1675m , 109mm , courtesy of terry stoddard , id by bill oehlke .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\n( bopisduval 1875 ) wingspan 135 - 140mm . please choose from drop tab .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 115, "summary": [{"text": "tetramorium simillimum , is a species of ant in the subfamily myrmicinae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is a small pale colored widespread species that can be found in almost all the continents . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "tetramorium simillimum", "paragraphs": ["senior synonym of tetramorium pygmaeum : forel , 1916 pdf : 421 ; of tetramorium auropunctata brevispinosa : borgmeier , 1937b pdf : 241 ; of tetramorium simillimum insulare : yarrow , 1967 pdf : 28 ; of tetramorium simillimum denticulatum , tetramorium simillimum opacior , tetramorium parallela : bolton , 1977 pdf : 131 ; of tetramorium pusillum bantouana , tetramorium pusillum exoleta and material of the unavailable name tetramorium breve referred here : bolton , 1980 pdf : 320 .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see tetramorium simillimum for further details\nno one has contributed data records for tetramorium simillimum yet . learn how to contribute .\ndenticulatum . tetramorium simillimum r . denticulatum forel , 1902c : 235 ( w . ) india . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .\nopacior . tetramorium simillimum var . opacior forel , 1913k : 81 ( w . ) sri lanka . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .\nsenior synonym of tetramorium pygmaeum : forel , 1916 pdf : 421 ; of tetramorium brevispinosa : borgmeier , 1937b pdf : 241 ; of tetramorium insulare : yarrow , 1967 pdf : 28 ; of tetramorium denticulatum , tetramorium opacior , tetramorium parallela : bolton , 1977 pdf : 131 ; of tetramorium bantouana , tetramorium exoleta and material of the unavailable name tetramorium breve referred here : bolton , 1980 : 320 .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by plazi from tetramorium simillimum ( smith , 1851 ) to their own page .\nexoleta . tetramorium pusillum var . exoleta santschi , 1914d : 366 ( w . ) nigeria . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1980 : 320 .\nthe small species is t . simillimum , and the larger species is t . bicarinatum .\ninsulare . tetramorium simillimum var . insulare santschi , 1928c : 69 ( w . ) fiji is . [ unresolved junior secondary homonym of insularis menozzi , above . ] junior synonym of simillimum : yarrow , 1967 : 28 ; bolton , 1977 : 131 .\nbantouana . tetramorium pusillum var . bantouana santschi , 1910c : 382 , fig . 10 ( w . q . m . ) congo . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1980 : 320 .\nthe range for tetramorium simillimum given by brown and taylor ( 1985 ) is probably understated . unlike some other exotic myrmicines in australia , this species does not seem to adversely affect the native ant fauna .\nvery similar to tetramorium caldarium , as detailed in the identification section of this other species .\ntetramorium simillimum is a small reddish species that sometimes has a darker brown to black gaster . it is slow moving , but can recruit strongly and defend food resources . in the field it is impossible to distinguish from tetramorium caldarium . the species tends to nest and forage on the ground in disturbed areas .\nparallela . myrmica parallela smith , f . 1859a : 147 ( w . ) indonesia ( aru i . ) . combination in tetramorium : donisthorpe , 1932c : 455 . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .\npygmaeum . tetramorium pygmaeum emery , 1877b : 371 ( q . ) ethiopia . emery , 1901e : 62 ( m . ) ; emery , 1915g : 17 ( w . ) . junior synonym of simillimum : forel , 1916 : 421 .\nweakly sculptured , pale red much smaller than tetramorium guineense . length : 1 . 6 - 2 mm ( collingwood 1979 ) .\nmayr , g . 1861 . die europ\u00e4ischen formiciden . nach der analytischen methode bearbeitet . wien : c . gerolds sohn , 80 pp . ( page 61 , combination in tetramorium )\nbrevispinosa . wasmannia auropunctata subsp . brevispinosa borgmeier , 1928a : 36 , figs . 4 , 5 ( w . ) brazil . [ unresolved junior secondary homonym of brevispinosus stitz , above . ] junior synonym of simillimum : borgmeier , 1937b : 241 .\nbolton , b . 1979 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the malagasy region and in the new world . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) entomol . 38 : 129 - 181 ( see also )\nbolton , b . 1977 ,\nthe ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the oriental and indo - australian regions , and in australia\n, bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology , vol . 36 , pp . 67 - 151\nbolton , b . , 1979 , the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the malagasy region and in the new world . , bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 38 , pp . 129 - 181 : 170 - 171 , ( download )\nbharti , h . & kumar , r . 2012 . taxonomic studies on genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with report of two new species and three new records including a tramp species from india with a revised key . zookeys . 207 : 11 - 35 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 207 . 3040\nbolton , b . 1977 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the oriental and indo - australian regions , and in australia . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology . 36 : 67 - 151 . pdf ( page 131 , senior synonym of denticulatum , opacior and parallela )\nagavekar , g . , hita garcia , f . , economo , e . p . 2017 . taxonomic overview of the hyperdiverse ant genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) in india with descriptions and x - ray microtomography of two new species from the andaman islands . peerj 5 : e3800 ( doi 10 . 7717 / peerj . 3800 ) .\nbolton , b . 1980 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the ethiopian zoogeographical region . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) entomol . 40 : 193 - 384 ( page 320 , senior synonym of bantouana and exoleta , and material of the unavailable name breve referred here . )\na tramp species that has developed a pantropical distribution and is even found in temperature areas , albeit in protected areas such as heated greenhouses .\ncollingwood ( 1979 ) - this cosmopolitan species occasionally occurs in heated glasshouses in europe and has been recorded from denmark and also on several occasions in england .\nwheeler ( 1908 ) - in culebra a few colonies were found nesting under stones and logs on the beach , in coamo springs several colonies were seen under stones in the creek bottom near the baths .\na common species found as far north as st . johns county , florida . nests are usually in soil in open areas , often around buildings or parking lots . pest status : none . first published florida record : wheeler 1932 . ( deyrup , davis & cover , 2000 . )\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nsmith , f . 1851 : 118 ( w . ) great britain . meinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andr\u00e9 , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani ,\nreferred here : bolton , 1980 : 320 . see also : emery , 1909d : 696 .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\n( length3 / 4 - 1 line ) . head and thorax pale ferruginous , the legs and antennae more pallid , the coxae a little coloured , the eyes black ; the abdomen is rufo - fuscous , pale towards the apex ; the head is evenly longitudinally striate ; the thorax above is without the usual transverse suture , but is a little compressed at the sides about the middle , and gradually slightly narrowed from the prothorax towards the nodes of the peduncle ; the metathorax is truncate at the apex , and the spines are short , broad , and acute ; the abdomen is furnished with a few scattered erect hairs .\nmyrmica simillima : syntype , worker ( s ) ( apparently lost ) , dorset , england , united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland .\nthe following notes on f . smith type specimens have been provided by barry bolton ( details ) :\nholotype worker in oxford university museum of natural history . specimen without locality label , but with a label \u201c simillima \u201d in smith\u2019s writing . type - locality \u201caru\u201d according to original description .\nandr\u00e9 , e . 1883a . les fourmis . [ part ] . pp . 281 - 344 in : andr\u00e9 , edm . 1881 - 1886 . species des hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res d ' europe et d ' alg\u00e9rie . tome deuxi\u00e8me . beaune : edmond andr\u00e9 , 919 + 48 pp . ( page 289 , queen , male described )\nborgmeier , t . 1937b . formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas da am\u00e9rica do sul e central , principalmente do brasil ( hym . formicidae ) . arch . inst . biol . veg . ( rio j . ) 3 : 217 - 255 ( page 241 , senior synonym of brevispinosa )\ncollingwood , c . a . 1979 . the formicidae ( hymenoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . fauna entomol . scand . 8 : 1 - 174 .\ncollingwood , c . a . , pohl , h . , guesten , r . , wranik , w . and van harten a . 2004 . the ants ( insecta : hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the socotra archipelago . fauna of arabia 20 : 473 - 495 pdf\ndeyrup , m . , davis , l . & cover , s . 2000 . exotic ants in florida . transactions of the american entomological society 126 , 293 - 325 .\nemery , c . 1909f . beitr\u00e4ge zur monographie der formiciden des pal\u00e4arktischen faunengebietes . ( hym . ) teil ix . dtsch . entomol . z . 1909 : 695 - 712 ( page 696 , see also )\nforel , a . 1916 . fourmis du congo et d ' autres provenances r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par mm . hermann kohl , luja , mayn\u00e9 , etc . rev . suisse zool . 24 : 397 - 460 ( page 421 , senior synonym of pygmaeum )\nheterick , b . e . 2009 . a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum , supplement 76 : 1 - 206 . pdf\nimai , h . t . ; baroni urbani , c . ; kubota , m . ; sharma , g . p . ; narasimhanna , m . h . ; das , b . c . ; 1984 . karyological survey of indian ants . jpn . j . genet . 59 : 1 - 32 ( page 8 , karyotype described )\nmeinert , f . 1861 . bidrag til de danske myrers naturhistorie . k . dan . vidensk . selsk . skr . ( 5 ) 5 : 273 - 340 ( page 331 , gynandromorph )\nsharaf , m . r . , fisher , b . l . , collingwood , c . a . , aldawood , a . s . 2017 . ant fauna ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the socotra archipelago ( yemen ) : zoogeography , distribution and description of a new species . journal of natural history 51 , 317\u2013378 ( doi 10 . 1080 / 00222933 . 2016 . 1271157 ) .\nsmith , f . 1851 . list of the specimens of british animals in the collection of the british museum . part vi . hymenoptera , aculeata . london : british museum , 134 pp . ( page 118 , worker described )\nwheeler , w . m . 1905c . the ants of the bahamas , with a list of the known west indian species . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 : 79 - 135\nwheeler , w . m . 1908a . the ants of porto rico and the virgin islands . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 24 : 117 - 158 .\nyarrow , i . h . h . 1967 . on the formicidae of the azores . bol . mus . munic . funchal 21 : 24 - 32 ( page 28 , senior synonym of insulare )\nthis page was last modified on 30 january 2018 , at 19 : 18 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nmeinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andr\u00e9 , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) .\nis an uncommon tramp species in costa rica . i have only collected it once in costa rica , on a picnic table at the headquarters of santa rosa national park .\nwild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55 : 38 , ( download )\ncollingwood , c . a . , 1979 , the formicidae ( hymenoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . , fauna entomologica scandinavica 8 , pp . 1 - 174 : 85 , ( download )\nwheeler , w . m . , 1922 , the ants collected by the american museum congo expedition . , bulletin of the american museum of natural history 45 , pp . 39 - 269 : 193 , ( download )\nforel , a . , 1893 , formicides de l ' antille st . vincent . r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par mons . h . h . smith . , transactions of the entomological society of london 1893 , pp . 333 - 418 : 382 - 383 , ( download )\nward , p . s . , 2005 , a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 936 , pp . 1 - 68 : - 1 , ( download )\nforel , a . , 1907 , the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 , under the leadership of mr . j . stanley gardiner . no . vi . - fourmis des seychelles , amirantes , farquhar et chagos . , transactions of the linnean society of london 12 , pp . 91 - 94 : - 1 , ( download )\nsantschi , f . , 1914 , formicidae . , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1912 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res 2 , pp . 41 - 148 : 106 , ( download )\n47 times found in tropical dry forest , 37 times found in urban / garden , 23 times found in coastal scrub , 16 times found in rainforest , 6 times found in port of entry / city , 23 times found in forest , 18 times found in mixed forest , 15 times found in urban garden , 7 times found in tropical dry forest on tsingy , 10 times found in spiny forest / thicket , . . .\n57 times sifted litter ( leaf mold , rotten wood ) , 52 times ground forager ( s ) , 44 times ex rotten log , 23 times under stone , 16 times on low vegetation , 13 times under rootmat , litter on rock , 11 times ex soil , 9 times sifted litter , 11 times under tree bark , live tree , 2 times foraging on ground , 6 times ex rotten stick on ground , . . .\n30 times mw 50 sample transect , 5m , 9 times h , 15 times aspirating ; pb bait , 10 times mw 25 sample transect , 5m , 7 times 9 maxiwinks , mixed samples , 11 times winkler , 14 times hand collected , 11 times pitfall trap , 2 times 2 maxi winks , 7 times l , 2 times aspirating , . . .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, and accurate separation of these two species may require a taxonomic specialist or a side by side comparison with previously determined specimens . the characters presented in the comparison chart are often difficult to observe . if the user cannot confidently differentiate between the two species , it is recommended to determine the specimen as\nnear\nfor an example of how similar they can appear in the field . although a careful examination under the microscope is required ,\nis believed to be native to africa and is now widely distributed across the pacific and other tropical regions . the species can achieve dense populations in disturbed habitats and is likely to adversely affect native biodiversity .\nat peanut butter bait ( suva , fiji ) . notice the small size , pale color , slow movement and relatively short appendages .\nsmith , f . 1851 : 118 ( w . ) great britain . meinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andr\u00e9 , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) . combination in\nbolton , b . ( 1977 ) the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus\nmayr in the oreintal and indo - australian regions , and in australia . bulletin of the british museum ( natatural history ) entomology , 36 , 67 - 151 .\nbolton , b . ( 1995 ) a new general catalogue of the ants of the world . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts , 504 pp .\nwilson , e . o . & taylor , r . w . ( 1967 ) the ants of polynesia ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pacific insects monograph , 14 , 1 - 109 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\nas of 12 / 26 / 2017 , urltoken will no longer provide web services . data owners will still be able to access their files and should make arrangements to migrate their content to a supported web hosting platform .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 15d9df12 - ffda - 428c - ba5e - db207d7c1e3d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 22cbe5ea - d288 - 4e8e - bd3b - e186c9c78d35\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 89880298 - f187 - 45e2 - 8f8c - b5cce70f1ffb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8ab8c059 - f8d6 - 4182 - a98a - ad135b6db76f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 927ea19d - 9400 - 482f - 819c - f3da38bead78\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94051ae3 - a683 - 4c2d - ab97 - 5cf8630e2311\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9ae70d65 - aa67 - 42f7 - 87d8 - 1600c16990c2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cb62d7bc - bf70 - 44af - b018 - ae36bf130cb1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 14f114c9 - 502e - 4dbe - bf5b - a8fcccfa39f4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 418998\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmeinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andr\u00e9 , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 118, "summary": [{"text": "annachlamys flabellata is a species of scallop , a marine bivalve mollusc in the family pectinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the sublittoral zone of the continental shelf north of australia . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "annachlamys flabellata", "paragraphs": ["annachlamys reevei valves more convex then a . flabellata smaller then a . flabellata , maximum 50 mm in size\nannachlamys kuhnholtzi colouration inside is white with yellow to yellowbrown marks mostly coloured white with brown valves more convex then a . flabellata more circular then a . flabellata only found in the eastern part of australia to new caledonia\nsynonyms : pecten leopardus reeve , 1853 ; pecten kuhnholtzi bernardi , 1884 ; annachlamys leopardus rena iredale , 1939 ; annachlamys melica iredale , 1939 .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nannachlamys flabellata\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nannachlamys flabellata colouration inside is white with bright red dots , sometimes only white colourfull shell less convex then a . kuhnholtzi interspace ( i ) between the ribs ( r ) larger then with a . reevei left ( upper ) valve slightly higher then the right ( lower ) valve\nnote : the form rena differs from flabellata in that it is smaller , more circular , slightly more inflated particularly in the left valve ; ribs of the right valve are smooth , the concentric sculpture being confined to the interstices , externally on the left valve , the shell is frequently coloured orange at the umbones and nebulously patterned over the surface with orange - red ; interior colour yellow . the form melica differs from flabellata in that the concentric sculpture is much stronger and more widely spaced on both valves than in eastern australian specimens . \u201d\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nreeve , l . a . 1853 ,\nmonograph of the genus pecten\n, ed . reeve , l . a . ( ed ) , conchologia iconica , vol . 8 , pp . pls 13 - 35 , l . reeve , london\niredale , t . 1939 ,\nmollusca . part 1 . british museum ( natural history ) , london . great barrier reef expedition , 1928 - 29\n, scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 1929 , vol . 5 , no . 6 , pp . 209 - 425 , pls 1 - 75\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 411b58c6 - 0828 - 4743 - a2dc - da5f1ccf4d68\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 563d5fca - 85e3 - 41a9 - 83e7 - cec6bdc81c98\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73027d92 - ef9a - 445f - ba5b - b9da1e0c5e24\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 76aae969 - 4766 - 431a - 87c4 - 39359d7c8e95\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e8ca583 - 0e9a - 43f6 - 956a - 260b8f66f1a8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 819bf6b6 - 7e24 - 470f - be7d - 378306e489c2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 478350\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nshell length to 100 mm ; moderately compressed ; right valve slightly more inflated than the left . sculpture : about 18 - 20 strong radial ribs with interstices of about the same width ; shell surface densely covered with fine concentric lamellae ; right valve with broader ribs and narrower interstices . colour : right valve white ; left variably patterned with pink on the ribs . habitat : sand , to 127 metres . distribution : northern new south wales , queensland , northern territory to western australia .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ndiversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the dampier archipelago , western australia ; results of the 1999 dredge survey ( da2 / 99 ) john d . taylor and emily a . glover\na survey of the benthic molluscs of the dampier archipelago , western australia shirley m . slack - smith and clay w . bryce\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nf + + , great white - cream specimen with graphite - grey rays ans brown marks ! ex . coll . b . cook !\nf + + , special color with some white marks ! ex . coll . b . cook !\nf + , large specimen - good to compare with brazilian specimens . the differences between ornata and sentis are mainly on the ribs , but i admit it is not so clear . . . collected by homer rhode in berry islands\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\npeacock mantis shrimp are found in the indo - pacific ocean , south of japan , north of australia , and between eastern africa and guam .\npeacock mantis shrimp can be found at depths of 3 - 40 m , though they are most typically found at depths of 10 - 30 m . they prefer water temperatures of 22 - 28\u00b0c . these mantis shrimp are most commonly found in their u - shaped burrows , often built near the bases of coral reefs on sandy and gravelly areas .\npeacock mantis shrimp are crustaceans , most closely resembling lobsters . they are very brightly colored , with a base body color of olive or green , brightly covered orange antennae scales , red raptorial appendages ( used to smash prey ) , red setae on their uropods , and leopard like spots covering the lateral sides of the lower carapace . their compound eyes are blue in color . body coloration is sexually dimorphic , with males being being more brightly colored . the carapace is slightly raised , covering only the lower half of the head , leaving the portion with the eyes exposed . these mantis shrimp average 3 - 18 cm in length . they have long , narrow bodies , and in addition to their raptorial appendages , a pair of maxillopods , three pairs of legs used for holding prey , three pairs of walking legs , and five pairs of swimmerets , before the body terminates in the telson and paired uropods .\ntypically , stomatopod eggs are carried in a mass by the female , who cares for them until they hatch . not much is known about the larval development of peacock mantis shrimp , specifically . however , the larval development of a related species , split - thumb mantis shrimp (\n) has been well documented . the larvae of split - thumb mantis shrimp undergo seven larval stages before reaching maturity . each of the first three stages lasts from 1 - 3 days , and larvae stay in a burrow until reaching the fourth larval stage , which lasts 6 - 8 days . collectively , the final three stages may take 38 days to complete . after completing their seven larval stages , a final molt , taking up to eight days , results in a mature adult .\nmantis shrimp mate , spawn , brood , and hatch their eggs in their burrows , making details regarding these processes difficult to observe . peacock mantis shrimp are usually monogamous ; however , individuals have been seen mating with different partners on occasion . females are oviparous , and males have an external copulatory organ ; sperm is released by the male , held briefly by the female , and then released along with her eggs , where fertilization occurs . fertilized eggs join together in a mass , held together with adhesive produced by the female . she carries the egg mass on her front thoracic appendages and broods them in her burrow , caring for , cleaning , and aerating them . she does not eat during this time .\nthese mantis shrimp are believed to be reproductively active throughout the year , with peaks during the warmer months . mantis shrimp spawn nocturnally .\nbreeding season peacock mantis shrimp breed year round , with reproductive peaks during warmer months .\nmaternal investment in mantis shrimp is much higher than paternal investment . females usually stay in their burrows when brooding eggs , rarely leaving the burrow prior to hatching . females use their maxillipeds ( appendages on the head normally used for feeding ) , to clean and aerate the eggs ; they do not typically eat while brooding eggs . male peacock mantis shrimp are not known to exhibit parental investment , although it is possible that they guard their mates ' burrows as do their close relatives , split - thumb mantis shrimp (\n( caldwell , 2006 ; cronin , et al . , 2000 ; patek and caldwell , 2006 )\n(\nodontodactylus scyllarus\n, 2012 ; claverie , et al . , 2011 ; patek and caldwell , 2005 ; patek , et al . , 2007 )\nthere is no information currently available regarding home range or territory size for this species ; however , they tend to remain in or close to their small burrows .\npeacock mantis shrimp perceive their environment visually through their stalked compound eyes . they are capable of processing ultraviolet and polarized light , as well as color ; their visual capabilities are extremely important to their success as hunters . mantis shrimp also communicate through vibrations , created by contractions of posterior muscles and known as stomatopod rumbles . these vibrations are used for territorial and defensive purposes ; individuals may create vibrations while in their burrows , warning potential predators or other conspecifics to keep their distance . they are also able to detect smells in the water .\n( claverie , et al . , 2011 ; cronin and marshall , 2001 ; cronin , et al . , 2000 ; cronin , et al . , 1994 )\npeacock mantis shrimp are carnivorous ; prey items include gastropods , crustaceans , and bivalves . in the wild , they are known to eat scallops such as\n, although crabs are their preferred prey . peacock mantis shrimp are\nsmashers ,\nusing their rapptorial appendages as described above to break open their prey ' s shell . in captivity , these mantis shrimp have been known to attack and eat fishes as well .\npeacock mantis shrimp do not have many known predators ; they have , however , been found in the stomachs of yellowfin tuna . smaller individuals in particular may be prey to larger reef fishes . to avoid predators , peacock mantis shrimp hide in their burrows , using vibrations (\nstomatopod rumbles\n) to warn potential attackers .\n( patek and caldwell , 2005 ; patek , et al . , 2007 ; potier , et al . , 2004 )\npeacock mantis shrimp create their burrows near coral bases ; they constantly create new burrows and abandon older ones , creating new habitats for other animals . although data regarding specific parasitic infections in this species is not currently available , larger individuals in aquaria have been seen with various shell diseases .\n(\nodontodactylus scyllarus\n, 2012 ; baxamusa , 2010 ; caldwell , 2006 ; potier , et al . , 2004 )\npeacock mantis shrimp are often kept in aquaria because they are brightly colored and very active . they are used in a variety of research , particularly on vision and digital storage . the eyes of this mantis shrimp are more advanced than human eyes , capable of processing ultraviolet , infrared , and polarized light . current digital storage methods ( cds ) use only a single wavelength in data storage ; if additional wavelengths could be utilized , storage capacity would increase greatly .\nalthough they are popular , peacock mantis shrimp can be problematic to keep in aquaria as they are capable of breaking aquarium glass and are known to be aggressive to other animals kept with them . these animals are sometimes introduced to aquaria accidentally if they happen to be hiding in collected rock or coral .\npeacock mantis shrimp have not been evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources , but are not considered endangered or threatened by any agency .\nfrankie chiu ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , jeremy wright ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nfound in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nlight waves that are oriented in particular direction . for example , light reflected off of water has waves vibrating horizontally . some animals , such as bees , can detect which way light is polarized and use that information . people cannot , unless they use special equipment .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ) . coral reefs are found in warm , shallow oceans with low nutrient availability . they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates , plants , fish , and protists . the polyps live only on the reef surface . because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae , zooxanthellae , they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nmature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\n2012 .\nodontodactylus scyllarus\n( on - line ) . encyclopedia of life . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .\n2013 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line ) . accessed august 05 , 2013 at urltoken .\nahyong , s . , s . jarman . 2009 . stomatopod interrelationships : preliminary results based on analysis of three molecular loci .\nbarber , p . , m . erdmann . 2000 . molecular systematics of the gonodactylidae ( stomatopoda ) using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c ( subunit 1 ) dna sequence data .\nbaxamusa , b . 2010 .\npeacock mantis shrimp\n( on - line ) . buzzle . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .\nbrauchli , f . 2008 .\npeacock mantis shrimps \u2013 pugnacious predators\n( on - line ) . uemis diveworld . accessed august 05 , 2013 at urltoken .\ncaldwell , r . 2006 .\nodontodactylus scyllarus\n( on - line ) . stomatopods for the aquarium . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .\nchristy , j . , m . salmon . 1991 . comparative studies of reproductive behavior in mantis shrimps and fiddler crabs .\nclaverie , t . , e . chan , s . patek . 2011 . modularity and scaling in fast movements : power amplification in mantis shrimp .\ncronin , t . , j . marshall . 2001 . parallel processing and image analysis in the eyes of mantis shrimps .\ncronin , t . , n . marshall , r . caldwell . 2000 . spectral tuning and the visual ecology of mantis shrimps .\ncronin , t . , n . marshall , m . land . 1994 . the unique visual system of the mantis shrimp .\nharling , c . 2000 . reexamination of eye design in the classification of stomatopod crustaceans .\nmanning , r . , h . schiff , b . abbott . 1984 . cornea shape and surface structure in some stomatopod crustacea .\nmarshall , n . , m . land , c . king , t . cronin . 1991 . the compound eyes of mantis shrimps ( crustacea , hoplocarida , stomatopoda ) . i . compound eye structure : the detection of polarized light .\npatek , s . , b . nowroozi , j . baio , r . caldwell , a . summers . 2007 . linkage mechanics and power amplification of the mantis shrimp ' s strike .\nreaka , m . , r . manning . 1981 . the behavior of stomatopod crustacea , and its relationship to rates of evolution .\nrobertson , j . 2009 .\nshrimp eyes could help create a new digital storage format\n( on - line ) . national geographic . accessed april 04 , 2012 at urltoken .\nsan juan , a . 1998 .\nstomatopod mating habits\n( on - line ) . stomatopod biology . accessed august 02 , 2013 at urltoken .\ntaylor , j . , s . patek . 2010 . ritualized fighting and biological armor : the impact mechanics of the mantis shrimp ' s telson .\nwortham - neal , j . 2002 . reproductive morphology and biology of male and female mantis shrimp .\nzack , t . , t . claverie , s . patek . 2009 . elastic energy storage in the mantis shrimp ' s fast predatory strike .\nto cite this page : chiu , f . 2013 .\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because there was an error in the listing .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the delivery service selected , the seller ' s delivery history and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nan item that has been previously used . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of any imperfections . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis paper presents a summary of information on reproduction biology in the scallop , pecten maximus , which is required for the successful reseeding and intensive aquaculture programs developed in france since 1982 . data are presented on the following subjects : environmental factors that sustain gametogenic activity and the time of year this activity occurs ; biochemical changes that are associated with gametogenesis ; the consistency of egg quality ; and development of a simple test to predict egg quality .\ncet article pr\u00e9sente un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 des connaissances sur la reproduction de pecten maximus , \u00e9tape - cl\u00e9 du succ\u00e8s des programmes de repeuplement et d ' aquaculture intensive lanc\u00e9s en france d\u00e8s 1982 . des donn\u00e9es synth\u00e9tiques renvoient \u00e0 une bibliographie de base et r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 des questions aussi vari\u00e9es que : quels facteurs influent sur la gam\u00e9togen\u00e8se ? a quel moment de l ' ann\u00e9e ? quelles sont les modifications de la composition biochimique de pecten maximus enregistr\u00e9es au cours de la gam\u00e9to - gen\u00e8se ? les gam\u00e8tes produits sont - ils de qualit\u00e9 constante ? enfin dispose - t - on de tests simples et fiables pour \u00e9valuer cette qualit\u00e9 ?\ncurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of article views ( full - text article views including html views , pdf and epub downloads , according to the available data ) and abstracts views on vision4press platform .\ndata correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015 . the current usage metrics is available 48 - 96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days .\nthe structure of subtidal food webs in the northern gulf of st . lawrence , canada , as revealed by the analysis of stable isotopes"]}
{"id": 124, "summary": [{"text": "a sea louse ( plural sea lice ) is a member of a family of small crustaceans within the order siphonostomatoida , the caligidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there are around 559 species in 37 genera , including approximately 162 lepeophtheirus and 268 caligus species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "sea lice are marine ectoparasites ( external parasites ) that feed on the mucus , epidermal tissue , and blood of host marine fish .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "this article focuses on the genera lepeophtheirus and caligus which parasitize marine fish , in particular those species that have been recorded on farmed salmon .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "lepeophtheirus salmonis and various caligus species are adapted to saltwater and are major ectoparasites of farmed and wild atlantic salmon .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "several antiparasitic drugs have been developed for control purposes .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "since l. salmonis is the major sea louse of concern and is the best understood in the areas of its biology and interactions with its salmon host , this review will focus on this species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "caligus rogercresseyi has become a major parasite of concern on salmon farms in chile , and studies are under way to gain a better understanding of the parasite and the host-parasite interactions .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "recent evidence is also emerging that l. salmonis in the atlantic has sufficient genetic differences from l. salmonis from the pacific , suggesting that atlantic and pacific l. salmonis may have independently co-evolved with atlantic and pacific salmonids , respectively . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "sea louse", "paragraphs": ["sea trout are highly susceptible to sea louse infestations , with susceptibility decreasing with distance from marine salmon farms .\nmorton a . b , williams r . first report of a sea louse ,\nthis is a colour photograph of a sea louse ( ' natatolana woodjonesi ' ) .\nmixture toxicity effects of sea louse control agents in daphnia magna . - pubmed - ncbi\na marine cousin of the wood - louse , the speckled sea louse is commonly found on sandy beaches along the coasts of western europe .\nsea louse abundance over time on atlantic salmon on named salmon farms in the discovery islands .\ntowards selective breeding of atlantic salmon for sea louse resistance : approaches to identify trait markers .\nwild salmon fishing interests indirectly by reducing overall sea louse numbers \u2013 a significant political issue .\nsea - louse parasites on juvenile wild salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , canada .\nmordue aj , birkett ma . a review of host finding behaviour in the parasitic sea louse ,\nireland - irish scientists have had promising results in the search for a vaccine against sea louse .\njohnson sc , blaylock rb , elphick j , hyatt kd . disease induced by the sea louse (\n, a southern hemisphere sea louse affecting farmed fish . plos pathogens 10 ( 10 ) : e1004494 .\nbeck engineering develops a ground breaking method for reducing the sea lice infestation in the salmon breeding industry . photo sequence of laser targeting a sea louse .\na review of host finding behaviour in the parasitic sea louse , lepeophtheirus salmonis ( caligidae : copepoda ) .\nthe tiny sea louse hit two of the world\u2019s biggest producers as norway and scotland both reported severe problems .\naquaporin family genes exhibit developmentally - regulated and host - dependent transcription patterns in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi .\ndeltamethrin and cypermethrin are a pyrethroids used in sea louse control . deltamethrin is the active ingredient in alphamax\u00ae .\nfraser nl . sea - cage aquaculture , sea lice , and declines of wild fish .\nsea trout salmo trutta a sea going fish of which a freshwater form is brown trout .\ntowards selective breeding of atlantic salmon for sea louse resistance : approaches to identify trait markers . - pubmed - ncbi\nhelgesen ko , bravo s , sevatdal s , mendoza j , horsberg te . deltamethrin resistance in the sea louse\nsea - louse parasites on juvenile wild salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , canada . - pubmed - ncbi\n\u201cthe project will have important implications as to what the most efficient sea louse control strategies are for scotland and ireland . \u201d\na picture of the sea louse that plague salmon . photograph : getty images , eleanor cunningham , pablo rojas / ucd .\nsalmon are reared in cages in sea lochs . thousands of fish grow and fatten in these inshore waters . no surprise , perhaps that they can fall prey to parasites - among them , the sea louse , a marine cousin of the wood louse .\na review of host finding behaviour in the parasitic sea louse , lepeophtheirus salmonis ( caligidae : copepoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi\naquaporin family genes exhibit developmentally - regulated and host - dependent transcription patterns in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi . - pubmed - ncbi\nevidence for the induction of key components of the notch signaling pathway via deltamethrin and azamethiphos treatment in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi .\nmarine harvest canada ( mhc ) is the only salmon farm company to report sea louse average abundance ; raw sea louse data were not reported publicly at the time of our study . we used average caligus clemensi abundance and l . salmonis motile abundance provided online to estimate sea louse trends on six mhc farms in the discovery islands during 2007\u20132008 ; sea louse data were not provided for the other 12 farms operating in the region . for periods without reported information , we calculated average abundance using the previous and subsequent values .\norr c . estimated sea louse egg production from marine harvest canada farmed atlantic salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , 2003\u20132004 .\nwild salmonids and sea louse infestations on the west coast of scotland : sources of infection and implications for the management of marine salmon farms .\nsea louse management has evolved considerably in recent years , but there are concerns about the reliance on a handful of key medicines . although there have been notable improvements in louse management strategies in recent years , challenges remain if wild salmon and sea trout stocks are to be effectively protected . the use of wrasse may be an important option in integrated louse management regimes .\nsea lice on a juvenile salmon . the sea louse on the back of the salmon is a fully mature , motile , adult female , and thus the most lethal . photo courtesy of alexandra morton .\nthe researchers have been studying the behaviour of the speckled sea louse , examples of which were collected from a beach near bangor in north wales .\ndespite this , and being removed from its natural environment , the speckled sea louse continued to swim every 12 . 4 hours for many days .\norr c . estimated sea louse egg production from marine harvest canada farmed atlantic salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , 2003 - 2004 .\nidentification and functional expression of a glutamate - and avermectin - gated chloride channel from caligus rogercresseyi , a southern hemisphere sea louse affecting farmed fish .\nlife cycle of the salmon louse lepeophtheirus salmonis ( redrawn from johnson , 1998 ) .\nattached louse is encapsulated by the coho ( milky white mass on the fin ) .\nthe parameter for sea louse - induced mortality of chum salmon , c , was not significantly different from zero for all forms of the sea louse covariate , l a , t + 1 ( equation ( 2 . 1 ) ) . ( likelihood ratio tests with the null model showed no improvement with the inclusions of the sea louse covariate . results for different age - at - return scenarios are provided in the electronic supplementary material , table s4 . )\nin association with industry , an extensive database has been established on measurements of sea louse counts on farmed atlantic salmon for the years 1996 to 2000 from 33 scottish fish farms . these data include extensive counts on the sea louse species , lepeophtheirus salmonis , at various stages of the life cycle and in particular the chalimus and mobile stages . there has been considerable speculation as to what factors might affect the abundance of sea lice , much of which is based on limited evidence . our analyses show that there is tremendous variation in sea louse infestation patterns from year to year , whereas stock type , geographical region and coastal exposure do not appear to affect mean levels of abundance . in contrast , treatments lead to pronounced cycles of sea louse infestation with peaks and troughs at 3 - week intervals , and these interventions are important if the sea louse levels on fish are to be controlled . there was no evidence of water temperature affecting the mean annual abundance of sea louse infestation .\nmolecular characterization and knock - down of salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) prostaglandin e synthase .\njakob e , sweeten t , bennett w , jones srm . development of the salmon louse\nand in whole - body louse homogenate . j parasitol . 2000 ; 86 : 1199\u2013205 .\nevidence for the induction of key components of the notch signaling pathway via deltamethrin and azamethiphos treatment in the sea louse caligus ro . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ndeltamethrin resistance in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi ( boxhall and bravo ) in chile : bioassay results and usage data for antiparasitic agents with references to norwegian conditions .\njones s , kim e , bennett w . early development of resistance to the salmon louse ,\nsurveillance of the sensitivity towards antiparasitic bath - treatments in the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) .\nwinning norwegian - german anti - louse system cleans up farmed salmon ; unusual job for jenoptik .\nfraser nl ( 2009 ) sea - cage aquaculture , sea lice , and declines of wild fish . cons biol 23 : 599\u2013607 .\nfor salmon and sea trout , the burden of sea lice is now recognized as a strong predictor of mortality in areas with farms .\nwild salmonids and sea louse infestations on the west coast of scotland : sources of infection and implications for the management of marine salmon . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ndeltamethrin resistance in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi ( boxhall and bravo ) in chile : bioassay results and usage data for antiparasitic agen . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe sea lice spread to migrating juvenile wild salmon , resulting in the highest numbers of sea lice observed on wild salmon in a decade .\nthe present invention relates to sea lice , more particularly to an apparatus and method for the localization and removal of sea lice from fish .\nresponse of the sea louse lepeophtheirus salmonis infestation levels on juvenile wild pink , oncorhynchus gorbuscha , and chum , o . keta , salmon to arrival of parasitized wild adult pink salmon\nthe life stages of lepeophtheirus salmonis , the sea louse most commonly found on salmon . their life cycle is 7 - 8 weeks . image from university of prince edward island .\ni think there is mounting evidence that this species of sea louse that everyone ' s ignoring . . . this species could have real impacts on our wild sockeye .\n) . upon sampling , each louse was individually snap - frozen in liquid nitrogen for gene expression profiling .\nincreased understanding of all aspects of the biology of sea lice , which has led to better tools for identification of sea lice , is facilitating the development of increasingly effective integrated louse management strategies and may lead to the development of an effective vaccine in future .\n) , which are sympatric with the juvenile salmon . juvenile salmon begin marine life without sea lice infections because sea lice rapidly die in fresh water (\nfirstly , the speckled sea - louse evolved many millions of years before mammals and represents a simplified model system that we can use to help understand the clocks of more complex animals .\nthe covariate l a , t + 1 is an estimate of parasite exposure for populations in area a and year t + 1 when juvenile chum salmon from brood year t enter the ocean and migrate past salmon farms . we investigated two different forms of this covariate ( see the electronic supplementary material , table s2 ) . first , we summed the number of adult female sea lice in april on all farmed salmon in the vicinity of the juvenile salmon migration route ( see the electronic supplementary material , figure s1 ) . for years 2000\u20132002 , some of these salmon farms did not report sea louse abundances , and so we estimated these abundances under four different scenarios ( f 1 \u2013f 4 [ 18 ] ) . the second form of the covariate was the average number of attached sea lice ( copepodid , chalimus and motile stages ) per juvenile wild pink and chum salmon [ 31 ] . owing to the absence of data for sea louse abundances on farmed and wild salmon in the 1990s [ 24 , 31 ] , brood years 1990\u20131998 for the farm sea louse covariates and 1990\u20131999 for the wild sea louse covariate were excluded from the analysis . we tested the significance of the sea louse covariate using a likelihood ratio test with the null model c = 0 indicating no correlation between sea louse abundance and chum salmon productivity . we performed a retrospective power analysis to determine our power to detect an effect of sea lice if an effect indeed existed . details on how we calculated the sea louse covariates and the power analysis are provided in the electronic supplementary material .\nthis story was corrected on 31 march . it previously suggested that all norwegian fjords were on the north sea coast . many are on the norwegian sea .\nmolecular characterization and knock - down of salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) prostaglandin e synthase . - pubmed - ncbi\nand their results suggest that the fish do not simply reject the louse , but actually might be killing them .\nthe diminutive speckled sea louse ( eurydice pulchra ) boasts two body clocks , one for night and day and another for the ebb and flow of the tide , according to research published today .\nthe scottish salmon industry has decided to commission new research after calling into question sepa\u2019s decision to cut back on the use of the sea louse treatment emamectin benzoate ( slice ) by 60 percent .\nmorton a , routledge r , peet c , ladwig a . sea lice (\n2011 study says wild salmon sea lice linked to b . c . fish farms\nis the estimated mortality of chum salmon due to sea lice . residual variation ,\nthe team behind a project that aims to improve the health of farmed sea bass and sea bream in the mediterranean has launched an discussion forum on sparicotylosis today .\nnmbu school of veterinary science , sea lice research centre , oslo , norway .\natlantic salmon salmo salar , the fish farmed in cages in scottish sea lochs .\nemamectin benzoate an avermectin therapeutant sold as slice\u00ae for the control of sea lice .\nsouth skye lochs sea lochs : loch scavaig , loch slapin and loch eishort .\nmorphology and pathology of the ectoparasitic copepod , nicotho\u00eb astaci ( \u2018lobster louse\u2019 ) in the european lobster , homarus gammarus .\n] . furthermore , coevolution of the pacific louse subspecies with pacific salmon for between 4 . 6 and 11 ma [\na method for stable gene knock - down by rna interference in larvae of the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) .\nsurveillance of the sensitivity towards antiparasitic bath - treatments in the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) . - pubmed - ncbi\ncharacterization of a novel rxr receptor in the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis , copepoda ) regulating growth and female reproduction .\nlepeophtheirus salmonis , a type of sea louse specific to salmonids ( salmon , trout and char ) , is a natural parasite of saltwater salmon , and is present in all sea areas in the northern hemisphere . the salmon louse is the commonest parasite in farmed salmon , and is a persistent problem in the fish farming industry . the scale of the problem has increased substantially with the growing prevalence of fish farming . the more farmed fish there are in the sea , the more \u201chosts\u201d there are for the lice to attach themselves to . and that means more louse eggs spreading in the water .\norr c ( 2007 ) estimated sea louse egg production from marine harvest canada farmed atlantic salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , 2003 - 2004 . n am j fish manage 27 : 187\u2013197 .\nwhat i hope is that we could start considering this species of sea louse that actually infects our wild juvenile sockeye salmon when making parasite management decisions on salmon farms along the sockeye migration route .\notherwise known as lepeophtheirus salmonis , the distant cousin of the wood louse feed on the blood and tissue of the salmon .\ninclude a th2 - type response at the louse - salmon interface . dev comp immunol . 2015 ; 48 : 178\u201391 .\nbravo s , treasurer j , sepulveda m , lagos c . effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide in the control of caligus rogercresseyi in chile and implications for sea louse management . aquaculture . 2010 ; 303 : 22\u20137 .\ncostello m . j . ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish .\nmany factors including breed , location and immune status will affect susceptibility to sea lice .\nto sea lice infection . this parameter distinguishes our model from the original model of revie\npike aw , wadsworth sl . sea lice on salmonids : their biology and control .\nstingray optical delousing systems have to date been installed at 24 locations in three countries . overall results from all locations show lower louse abundance . by continuously reducing adult sea louse numbers , a preventative effect on louse build up is observed . to date over 30 000 tons of laser treated fish have been harvested with no signs of ill effects due to the treatment . generally , fish welfare is expected to be improved through less handling of the animals and reduced treatment interventions .\nthere were dozens of c . clemensi louse on each of those fish , but those figures wouldn ' t have triggered treatment .\nsince there are no vaccines available to protect against aquatic parasites , researchers are using successful terrestrial parasite vaccines as a model for sea louse vaccine development . one of the most successful anti - parasite vaccines to date is the tickgard\u2122 vaccine , which utilises a gut - derived protein from ticks to protect cattle from infestation ( willadsen et al , 1995 ) . several vaccine trials using sea louse homologues of tick antigens have been performed with some success .\nslcr - sea lice research centre , institute of marine research , 5817 bergen , norway .\nlegend : all morphometric and abiotic values represent the mean , except sea lice infection rates .\nkrkosek m . sea lice and salmon in pacific canada : ecology and policy . front .\ngottesfeld as , proctor b , rolston ld , carr - harris c . sea lice ,\nlarval abundance in a sea loch on the west coast of scotland between 2002 and 2006 .\nslcr - sea lice research center , institute of marine research , 5817 bergen , norway .\nsea lice research centre , department of biology , university of bergen , bergen , norway .\nsea lice belong to the copepod family , and are found naturally throughout the northern hemisphere .\ndichlorvos\u00ae an organophosphate ( very nasty compounds ) previously used in the control of sea lice .\ningvarsd\u00f3ttir a , birkett m , duce i , genna rl , mordue w , pickett j , et al . semiochemical strategies for sea louse control : host location cues . pest manag sci . 2002 ; 58 : 537\u201345 .\nsalmon farms do have measures to monitor and control one species of sea louse , but nearly all the lice found on this study ' s juvenile salmon were a different species \u2014 which isn ' t targeted in current measures .\nthe differing host responses to the salmon louse suggest that there are also host - specific parasite responses . behavioural studies indicate a preference of\nthe fall of 2014 did have a healthy return of adult pink salmon , bringing sea lice into near - shore waters where they could infect farmed salmon . high ocean temperatures during winter months then likely accelerated sea - louse development , enabling populations to grow quickly and reach higher numbers than they would under normal ocean temperatures .\nlaser delousing efficiency on a commercial scale has been tested in a long term trial in norway against delousing efficiency of cleanerfish . in 15 weeks of trial , one anti - louse treatment per pen could be avoided through the use of the stingray laser . overall sea louse abundance was lower in laser pens ( 21 % ) and adult female louse abundance was lowered by 8 % , on top of avoiding 50 % of anti - louse treatments in the trial period . the treatment intervention period , i . e . the time span between required treatments , has been increased from 6 . 5 weeks to 11 . 5 weeks ( figure 2 ) .\nbiological control has also been investigated , in a search for feeder species such as wrasse ( natural predator ) which may decrease louse numbers .\na method for stable gene knock - down by rna interference in larvae of the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) . - pubmed - ncbi\ncharacterization of a novel rxr receptor in the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis , copepoda ) regulating growth and female reproduction . - pubmed - ncbi\ninclude a th2 - type response at the louse - salmon interface . dev comp immunol . 2015 ; 48 ( 1 ) : 178\u201391 .\nl . ) in the norwegian sea and adjacent areas . ices j mar sci 57 : 955\u2013964\ncanada - sea lice found in the pacific ocean are very different genetically from sea lice in the atlantic ocean , a study team co - led by a university of victoria researcher has found .\nbravo s . sea lice in chilean salmon farms . aquaculture . 2003 ; 23 : 197\u2013200 .\nregulators by offering a product to reduce the use of current costly and controversial sea lice controls .\nhelgesen ko , horsberg te . single - dose field bioassay for sensitivity testing in sea lice ,\nstingray marine describes optical delousing thus : \u201coptical sea lice treatment s a concept within the aquaculture ( fish - farming ) industry that has developed from an amazing idea into a concrete reality . by combining camera vision , advanced software and laser treatment , we can remove even an individual sea louse from the fish in a gentle and efficient way .\nmorphology and pathology of the ectoparasitic copepod , nicotho\u00eb astaci ( \u2018lobster louse\u2019 ) in the european lobster , homarus gammarus . | ed pope - urltoken\n\u2018they are everywhere now , and just a few can kill a fish\u2019 \u2026 the lepeophtheirus salmonis , or the common salmon louse . photograph : alamy\nstingray marine solutions as ( sms ) has designed a novel delousing method using a platform called the\nstingray\n. the need for a continuous , non - invasive , technological solution has been recognized to control the sea louse situation on farmed atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) ( aaen , et al . , 2015 ) . in norway a sea louse control guidelines are based on the number of sea lice in the adult female stage which infect a fish . this\ntrigger level\nis fixed at 0 . 5 adult female lice per fish . the stingray platform aims at keeping louse levels below this trigger level , which , when exceeding , will require an anti - louse treatment to be carried out . the platform is a vision based system which optically identifies sea lice , lepeophtheirus salmonis , on farmed salmon . lice are removed through a guided laser pulse ; a method referred to as optical delousing . the stingray system detects and targets all stages from pre - adult i \u2640 and pre adult ii \u2642 up to adult male and adult female , thus creating a top - down control of the louse life cycle .\nthis , the researchers argue , provides incontrovertible evidence that the speckled sea louse possesses two separate and independent body clocks , the circadian which follows the night and day cycle , and the tidal clock which runs on a 12 . 4 hour cycle .\na juvenline sockeye salmon with sea lice . a new study says treatment by the b . c . salmon farmers ' association doesn ' t target the c . clemensi species of louse , although the authors say it should . ( alexandra morton )\nbjorn pa , finstad b . the physiological effects of salmon lice infection on sea trout post smolts .\nbeck engineering develops a ground breaking method for reducing the sea lice infestation in the salmon breeding industry .\nthe stingray laser platform has been proven effective at controlling and slowing sea louse recruitment on farmed atlantic salmon in commercial operations . the system is autonomous and automated , effectively reducing work required for fish farmers . a reduction of louse abundance as well as a reduction of treatment interventions was observed in the trial , leading to improved animal welfare , better louse control and lower costs . the system can be used alongside any other treatment types , but is currently consider one of the gentlest delousing methods available ( sv\u00e5sand , et al . , 2016 ) .\nthe characteristics of the transcriptomic response to atlantic salmon suggest increased parasite fitness . host blood is a main dietary component of the adult female salmon louse [\nmixed - effects modelling showed some variation in results depending on louse species . position relative to farms was consistently significant in all models for total abundance of\nbecause farm - source sea lice accounted for 98 % of the variability in wild salmon sea lice prevalence from 2002 to 2009 and sea lice were sometimes common on farmed atlantic salmon during the 1990s , farm - source sea lice probably infested juvenile pink salmon many years before they were first examined for sea lice in 2001 ( 1 ) . as evidence , we show that sea lice were abundant on farm fish in 2000 ( fig . 1 ) . before 2000 , farm fish sea lice were usually not quantified , but infestations were common enough that sea lice treatment options were investigated in the early 1990s ( 28 ) , and publicly available records confirm that those treatments were used as early as 1996 ( figure 25 at urltoken ) . no evidence exists to indicate that sea lice are not moving through net cages in both directions between farm and wild fish ( 16 ) , and net cages have not changed over the past two decades .\na new species of chondracanthus ( cyclopoida : chondracanthidae ) parasitic on deep - sea dibranchus spon . . .\n) salmon . pathog : wild farmed fish sea lice . ellis horwood ; 1993 . p . 68\u201382 .\nsea lice attach themselves to salmon and feed on them , killing or rendering them unsuitable for dinner tables .\nno reviews were found for optical delousing ( optical sea lice treatment ) . be the first to review !\nheumann j , carmichael s , bron je , tildesley a , sturm a . molecular cloning and characterisation of a novel p - glycoprotein in the salmon louse\nholm h , santi n , kj\u00f8glum s , perisic n , skugor s , evensen \u00f8 . difference in skin immune responses to infection with salmon louse (\nthe sea louse generation time is around 8 - 9 weeks at 6\u00b0c , 6 weeks at 9\u00b0c and 4 weeks at 18\u00b0c . the lifespan of the adult under natural conditions has not been determined but under laboratory conditions , females have lived for up to 210 days .\ningvarsd\u00f3ttir a ; birkett ma ; duce i ; genna rl ; mordue w ; pickett ja ; wadhams lj ; mordue aj , 2002 . semiochemical strategies for sea louse control : host location cues . pest management science , 58 ( 6 ) : 537 - 545 .\nsea lice ( family caligidae ) are among the most notorious pests affecting cultured marine fishes . the best - known representatives of this group are those infesting caged salmonids . sea lice infestations in salmon farms in . . .\nthe prediction of higher sea louse abundance on chum salmon ( figure 4 b ) was supported by data from a long - term monitoring programme of sea lice on juvenile salmon in the broughton archipelago . we found higher average numbers of copepodid and chalimus sea lice on juvenile chum salmon than on pink salmon caught in the same sample ( see the electronic supplementary material , table s5 ) . numbers of motile sea lice did not differ significantly between host species , but motiles are known to move among hosts in search of mates [ 49 ] or when their host is attacked by a predator [ 50 ] .\nhwa tk , 1965 . studies on the life cycle of a fish louse ( caligus orientalis gussev ) . acta zoologica sinica , 17 : 48 - 63 .\nthe price of salmon is set to leap because of tiny sea lice that are decimating stocks around the world .\ntwo species of sea lice off that live off the west coast are c . clemensi and l . salmonis .\nkrkosek m , lewis ma , volpe jp . transmission dynamics of parasitic sea lice from farm to wild salmon .\nmackinnon bm ( 1998 ) host factors important in sea lice infections . ices j mar sci 55 : 188\u2013192 .\nl . , post - smolts on a west of ireland sea site . j fish dis 31 : 913\u2013920 .\ngrant an . medicines for sea lice . pest manag sci . 2002 ; 58 ( 6 ) : 521\u20137 .\n) . ectoparasites exist in all salinity levels from fresh water to sea water and affect many different fish species .\nglover et al . ( 2004 ) found that the strain of atlantic salmon also influenced louse burdens : individuals of the wild dale strain , when kept in tanks with four other stocks and then challenged with l . salmonis , had significantly lower louse density than did two other stocks ( wild vosso and farm 2 strains ) .\ngrayson th ; john rj ; wadsworth s ; greaves k ; cox d ; roper j ; wrathmell ab ; gilpin ml ; harris je , 1995 . immunization of atlantic salmon against the salmon louse : identification of antigens and effects on louse fecundity . journal of fish biology , 47 ( suppa ) : 85 - 94 .\ncaligid sea lice are ectoparasites causing major disease problems in industrial salmon farming . sea louse control currently relies widely on parasiticides . among non - target species , crustaceans are particularly susceptible to salmon delousing agents . drug combinations have recently been suggested for sea louse control ; however , no information is available on the non - target effects of such mixtures . to obtain first insights into combination effects of salmon parasiticides , acute toxicity tests with the crustacean model species daphnia magna were conducted . four compounds , including two organophosphates and two pyrethroids , were tested individually and in all pair - wise combinations at one fixed concentration ratio . for most combinations , observed toxicities were close to predictions assuming concentration additivity . however , deltamethrin and cypermethrin showed greater than predicted combination effects , while the inverse was observed for deltamethrin and malathion . the results demonstrate combination effects of anti - sea louse agents and suggest that predictions based on concentration additivity are in most cases protective .\ncitation : price mhh , proboszcz sl , routledge rd , gottesfeld as , orr c , reynolds jd ( 2011 ) sea louse infection of juvenile sockeye salmon in relation to marine salmon farms on canada ' s west coast . plos one 6 ( 2 ) : e16851 . urltoken\nglover ka ; hamre la ; skaala o ; nilsen f , 2004 . a comparison of sea louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) infection levels in farmed and wild atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) stocks . aquaculture , 232 ( 1 / 4 ) : 41 - 52 .\nthere was no evidence of reduced productivity of chum salmon populations exposed to sea louse infestations on farmed salmon ( see the electronic supplementary material , figures s2 and s3 ) . the model fit was not improved by including a sea louse covariate ( table 1 ) . populations exposed to salmon farms showed no obvious declines in productivity associated with either the expansion of salmon farming ca 1990 or sea louse infestations ( 1999\u20132005 ; figure 1 ) . these results were consistent across all age - at - return scenarios that we considered ( see the electronic supplementary material , table s4 ) . we found significant covariation among populations within our study region in each year , within populations , conservation units and within management area each year , as indicated by an improvement of the model when all random effects were included ( see the electronic supplementary material , figure s4 ) .\nsea lice are the most common parasite on farmed salmon , and the biggest health issue for the industry . for a number of years , oral and bath treatments have been used to combat sea lice . our monitoring of sea lice shows that their numbers are increasing noticeably , and that in some cases they are developing resistance to the favoured treatment .\njohnson s . c , kent m . l . sea lice . in : kent m . l , editor .\nvariation of atlantic salmon families ( salmo salar l . ) in susceptibility to the sea lice lepeophtheirus salmonis and caligus elongatus\nmarty gd , saksida sm , quinn tj . relationship of farm salmon , sea lice , and wild salmon populations .\ntully o , gargan p , poole wr , whelan kf . spatial and temporal variation in the infestation of sea trout\nthe scottish spca has elected ronnie soutar , head of veterinary services at scottish sea farms , as its new chairperson .\ncostello mj ( 2006 ) ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish . trends parasitol 22 : 475\u2013483 .\nthis research has been funded by the research council norway , sfi - sea lice research centre , grant number 20351 .\ncitation : lhorente jp , gallardo ja , villanueva b , caraba\u00f1o mj , neira r ( 2014 ) disease resistance in atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) : coinfection of the intracellular bacterial pathogen piscirickettsia salmonis and the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi . plos one 9 ( 4 ) : e95397 . urltoken\nthe ability of the sea louse to immunomodulate its host offers another source of potential vaccine candidates . it is believed that , like ticks , the lice secrete immunomodulatory proteins which adapt the salmon\u2019s immune response for the parasite\u2019s benefit . it is possible that these could be exploited for vaccine development .\nprotein was significantly overexpressed in the feeding salmon louse transcriptome , and most highly by parasites feeding on atlantic salmon . saposin - like proteins ( saplips ) have been described from\n: characterization of prostaglandin e ( 2 ) in secretory products of the salmon louse by rp - hplc and mass spectrometry . exp parasitol . 2004 ; 107 : 5\u201313 .\nsea lice are the most common parasite on farmed salmon , and the biggest health issue for the industry . for a number of years , oral and bath treatments have been used to combat sea lice . our monitoring of sea lice shows that their numbers are increasing noticeably , and that in some cases they are developing resistance to the favoured treatment .\nsea lice can latch on to salmon , eat their skin and blood , and cause infections . anglers and conservation groups highlight the deadly menace these sea lice can pose to wild salmon stocks as they move to and from their spawning grounds .\nthe sea louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) is a globally acknowledged challenge for salmon farming operations and a considerable amount of resources are being expended to manage this pest . chemo - therapeutants and animal husbandry practices have been traditionally used to keep these parasites under control , but there are now signs that sea lice may be becoming resistant to many of the chemicals that are being used and recent studies have shown that some of these chemicals are lethal to non - target organisms . consequently , many non - chemical alternative treatments for sea lice controls are being tested such as predators ( cleanerfish ) , traps ( either physical or biological ) and physical exclusion devices ( nets , electrical fields ) . one of the more promising techniques being developed to remove sea lice from captive salmon is the use of warm water . recent canadian innovations have developed a warm water shower which appears to remove all attached stages of sea lice and also prevents the detached sea lice individuals from being returned to the ocean . this project aims to develop protocols for the best application of the warm water shower technique to safely and effectively remove sea lice from atlantic salmon , including an understanding of the mechanism involved in sea lice removal using warm water . results of the project are expected to provide the required information for ongoing modification of the commercial sea lice warm water shower device , as well as inform sea lice management strategies .\nthe sea louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis and caligus elongatus ) is known to significantly impact farmed salmonids ( salmon ) worldwide . there is growing concern that sea lice populations may be further amplified and transmitted through the presence of intermediate hosts near salmon farms . it has been suggested that non - salmonid species could be acting as sea lice reservoirs for future infections and / or could act as predictors for infection rates in wild and farmed fish in subsequent years . atlantic salmon aquaculture in the coast of bays region of newfoundland and labrador has rapidly expanded , but very little is known on the basic ecology and seasonal cycles of sea lice within the bays . however , many species of marine fish are known to frequent the areas around cage sites , which could be contributing to sea lice infections .\nwe raise them on a special fish food . initially we were concerned that they might not adapt to a sea lice diet , but we found that when they have a choice , they prefer the sea lice every time . when wrasse are mixed with salmon , the stocking level is 2 % - so one wrasse can protect fifty salmon from sea lice .\nmaldonado - aguayo w , ch\u00e1vez - mardones j , gon\u00e7alves at , gallardo - esc\u00e1rate c . cathepsin gene family reveals transcriptome patterns related to the infective stages of the salmon louse\nin spring of 2015 , a team of u of t ecologists led by postdoctoral researchers andrew bateman and stephanie peacock found that more than 70 per cent of fish the team sampled in the strait ' s broughton archipelago had at least one sea louse : the highest prevalence of such parasites since 2005 .\nmortality rates for juvenile pink oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum o . keta salmon infested with sea lice lepeophtheirus salmonis in the broughton archipelago\ncostello mj ( 2006 ) ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish . trends in para 22 : 475\u2013483 .\ncostello mj . ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish . trends parasitol . 2006 ; 22 : 475\u201383 .\nlepeophtheirus salmonis , commonly known as sea lice or salmon lice , are marine copepods that infest salmon and trout . sea lice feed on host epidermis , musculature and blood , causing damage to host surface tissues that can lead to osmoregulatory stress [ 8 ] , expose hosts to secondary infections [ 9 ] and cause host behavioural changes [ 6 ] or death [ 10 , 11 ] . sea louse infestations may also have ecological impacts on wild salmon , particularly juveniles , as infested individuals have compromised schooling [ 6 ] and swimming abilities [ 12 , 13 ] and may be unable to complete migrations or evade predators [ 6 ] . juvenile salmon experience very high predation rates during early marine life [ 14 , 15 ] , suggesting that the effects of parasitism on predator\u2013prey interactions may be important for evaluating the consequences of sea louse infestations on salmon population dynamics .\nhowever , what has emerged as a larger issue in this commingling of species is the increase in sea lice l . salmonis found on juvenile wild salmon migrating through areas near salmon farms , whose crowded conditions provide an ideal breeding ground for sea lice .\nnagasawa k , 2004 . sea lice , lepeophtheirus salmonis and caligus orientalis ( copepoda : caligidae ) , of wild and farmed fish in sea and brackish waters of japan and adjacent regions : a review . zoological studies , 43 : 173 - 178 .\ninfection with the sea louse c . rogercresseyi , as a secondary pathogen , reduces the resistance of atlantic salmon to the pathogen p . salmonis . resistance to coinfection of piscirickettsia salmonis and caligus rogercresseyi in atlantic salmon is a heritable trait . the absence of a genetic correlation between the resistance to single infection and that to coinfection indicates that different genes control these processes . further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of coinfection when the sea louse is the primary pathogen . it is clear that coinfection of different pathogens and resistance to coinfection needs to be considered in future research on salmon farming , selective breeding and conservation .\nannual changes in the population size of the salmon louse lepeophtheirus salmonis ( copepoda : caligidae ) on high - seas pacific salmon ( oncorhynchus spp . ) , and relationship to host abundance\nwe acknowledge constructive discussion with members of the salmon louse research centre ( slrc ) and institute of marine research , in particular the assistance on data analysis from mette skern - mauritzen .\nalso in 2015 , individual salmon farms did not coordinate anti - louse treatments , with some farms delaying treatment until just prior to the time when juvenile salmon migrate past farms . as a result , sea lice from those farms could have spread to adjacent farms , hampering area - wide control of the outbreak .\nhelgesen ko , bravo s , sevatdal s , mendoza j , horsberg te . deltamethrin resistance in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi ( boxhall & bravo ) in chile : bioassay results and usage data for antiparasitic agents with references to norwegian conditions . j fish dis . 2014 ; 37 ( 10 ) : 877\u201390 .\npike aw , wadsworth sl ( 2000 ) sea lice on salmonids : their biology and control . adv para 44 : 234\u2013337 .\nlarval abundance in a sea loch on the west coast of scotland between 2002 and 2006 . dis aquat org 81 : 109\u2013117 .\nslcr - sea lice research centre , department of biology , university of bergen , thorm\u00f8hlensgt . 55 , 5008 bergen , norway .\npike aw , wadsworth sl ( 1999 ) sea lice on salmonids : their biology and control . adv parasitol 44 : 223\u2013337 .\nslcr - sea lice research center , department of biology , university of bergen , thorm\u00f8hlensgt . 55 , 5008 bergen , norway .\nsedimentation the cause of smothering ( on the sea bed ) by particulate matter e . g . fish farm fall - out .\nparasites are generally considered a villainous guild , causing host morbidity and mortality . however , we hypothesized that in certain situations , the net effect of parasitism on hosts may be nullified or possibly positive when considering indirect effects of parasites on predator\u2013prey interactions within a multi - host community . for communities of juvenile salmon , the physiological impact of sea louse parasitism has been well studied [ 8 ] , and both pink and chum salmon in captivity show decreased survival with as few as one attached sea louse [ 10 , 11 ] . multi - year studies of pink salmon population abundance data indicate that the net impact of sea louse infestations on pink salmon is probably negative [ 18 ] , suggesting that direct parasite - induced mortality translates to reduced productivity of affected populations for pink salmon . however , our analysis of chum salmon population abundance data suggests the existence of an ecological mechanism that confers resilience to chum salmon populations despite the direct effects of infestations on host individuals . indirect ecological effects of sea lice on salmon predator\u2013prey interactions may be a key determinant of host survival . sea louse parasites are known to increase the susceptibility of juvenile pink and chum salmon to predation [ 6 ] and coho predators prefer to consume pink salmon over chum salmon [ 28 ] . if infestations intensify predation on pink salmon , this may partially release chum salmon from predation , offsetting direct mortality costs of parasites on chum salmon .\nljungfeldt ler , espedal pg , nilsen f , skern - mauritzen m , glover ka . a common - garden experiment to quantify evolutionary processes in copepods : the case of emamectin benzoate resistance in the parasitic sea louse lepeophtheirus salmonis . bmc evol biol . 2014 ; 14 . artn 108 pmid : wos : 000338310800001 .\n. we recorded sea surface salinity and temperature during each sampling event in both regions using a ysi - 30 sct meter . fish were immediately frozen and labeled for subsequent laboratory analyses in which individual fish were thawed and assayed for sea lice using a dissecting microscope . species of motile ( i . e . , sub - adult and adult ) stages of sea lice were directly identified by morphology\nnonlinear changes in host capture rates and survival with sea lice are also worth consideration . studies of the physiological impact of sea louse infestation on salmonid smolts indicate thresholds in louse abundance below which the impact is negligible [ 45 ] . however , for studies of juvenile pink and chum salmon , the presence of thresholds depends on the size of the host [ 8 ] . for salmon less than 0 . 5 g in weight , a single sea louse can reduce swimming performance [ 13 ] , trigger measurable physiological changes [ 26 ] and cause mortality [ 10 ] . however , as juvenile salmon grow and develop scales , they can survive low levels of infestation with little effect . our study focuses on juvenile salmon in the first two to three months of their migration when they are the primary prey for coho salmon predators . during this period , they are mostly below the 0 . 5 g threshold [ 8 ] . in the absence of more detailed studies of nonlinear effects of sea lice on such small hosts , we continued with the assumption of linear increases in host mortality and capture rates with the number of attached sea lice . we explored sigmoidal responses in the electronic supplementary material , but the main results were unchanged .\nneemco has developed , in collaboration with a variety of institutions , a control of ectoparasites of farmed fish . the initial work has focused on the sea louse ( lepophtheirus salmonis ) which is the scourge of farmed salmon in scotland and other countries where the fish are farmed . riddance\u2122 is administered by inclusion in the diet .\ntadiso tm , krasnov a , skugor s , afanasyev s , hordvik i , nilsen f . gene expression analyses of immune responses in atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (\ntadiso tm , krasnov a , skugor s , afanasyev s , hordvik i , nilsen f . gene expression analyses of immune responses in atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (\nwe have demonstrated a potential role of open net - pen salmon farms in transmission of sea lice to wild juvenile sockeye salmon . most juvenile sockeye assessed for sea lice originated either in the fraser or skeena watershed , thus providing a novel comparison of sea louse infection between canada ' s largest sockeye rivers . moreover , our genetics results demonstrate a major migration corridor past farms for fish that originated in the fraser river , a complex of populations that have been the subject of concern due to declining productivity since the early 1990s , and a collapse in 2009 followed by a substantial rebound in 2010 .\nkrkosek m ( 2010 ) sea lice and salmon in pacific canada : ecology and policy . front . ecol environ 8 : 201\u2013209 .\nfirst found in the uk five years ago , both are becoming more prevalent in uk fish farms with experts blaming rising sea temperatures .\nkrko\u0161ek m , lewis m . a , volpe j . p . transmission dynamics of parasitic sea lice from farm to wild salmon .\n\u201cgetting sea lice at such an early age affects young salmons ' health and their ability to fend off predators , \u201d says peacock .\nboxaspen k . a review of the biology and genetics of sea lice . ices j mar sci . 2006 ; 63 : 1304\u201316 .\ncostello mj ( 2009 ) the global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming industry . j fish dis 32 : 115\u2013118 .\ndepartment of biology , sea lice research centre , university of bergen , bergen , norway . sussie . dalvin @ imr . no .\nstrategic considerations of moving aquaculture production to open sea sites are associated with the horizon beyond 2020 though there are implications for 2020 targets .\nmustafa a ; speare dj ; daley j ; conboy ga ; burka jf , 2000 . enhanced susceptibility of seawater cultured rainbow trout , oncorhynchus mykiss ( walbaum ) , to the microsporidian loma salmonae during a primary infection with the sea louse , lepeophtheirus salmonis . journal of fish diseases , 23 ( 5 ) : 337 - 341 .\nby analogy with other species of nematodes and insects , it is thought that mls act on sea louse through irreversible binding to \u03b3 - aminobutyric acid and glucl channels , causing paralysis leading to death . ivermectin resistance has been associated with mutations in glucl leading reduced ml - sensitivity in c . elegans and d . melanogaster [ 37 ] \u2013 [ 39 ] . this mechanism has not been explored in sea lice as glucl channels have not been identified molecularly in these species .\nbailey rje , birkett m , ingvarsd\u00f3ttir a , luntz jm , mordue w , shea bo , et al . the role of semiochemicals in host location and non - host avoidance by salmon louse (\njones m , sommerville c , wootten r . reduced sensitivity of the salmon louse , lepeophtheirus salmonis , to the organophosphate dichlorvos . j fish dis . 1992 ; 15 ( 2 ) : 197\u2013202 ."]}
{"id": 134, "summary": [{"text": "rapaninae is a subfamily of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family muricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this subfamily was known as thaidinae until 1993 . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "rapaninae", "paragraphs": ["global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant . . .\nkool sp ( 1993a ) phylogenetic analysis of the rapaninae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) . malacologia 35 : 155\u2013259\nglobal phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores .\nles muricidae d\u2019afrique occidentale : the west african muricidae : ii . ocenebrinae , ergalataxinae , tripterotyphinae , typhinae , trophoninae & rapaninae\nvermeij gj , carlson sj ( 2000 ) the muricid gastropod subfamily rapaninae : phylogeny and ecological history . paleobiology 26 : 19\u201346\nglobal phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores . - pubmed - ncbi\nour analyses indicate that rapaninae are a monophyletic subfamily , and show unequivocally that the \u2018ergalataxines\u2019 ( sensu vermeij & carlson , 2000 ) , represented here by morula , ergalatax , muricodrupa and pascula , do not fall within the rapaninae . the \u2018ergalataxinae\u2019 are recovered as a monophyletic subfamily in all trees except the bayesian 28s tree . agnewia , considered an ergalataxine by vermeij & carlson ( 2000 ) and a rapanine by tan ( 2003 ) , is placed firmly in the rapaninae by our 28s analysis .\nto contribute to this debate , we have generated a molecular phylogeny of 29 muricid species , the largest molecular dataset available for this family at present . our main aim was to test the monophyly of the rapaninae , and the inclusion within it of the \u2018ergalataxine\u2019 clade ( including morula and ergalatax ) . based on available samples , we also aimed to derive a preliminary genus - level phylogeny for the rapaninae .\nsome notes on the genus spinidrupa habe and kosuge , 1966 ( muricidae : ergalataxinae ) , with the description of habromorula gen . nov . ( muricidae : rapaninae ) and four new species from the indo - west pacific\nglobal phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores , molecular phylogenetics and evolution | 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2012 . 09 . 014 | deepdyve\nclaremont m . , vermeij g . j . , williams s . t . , reid d . g . global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores .\nmartine claremont , david g . reid , suzanne t . williams ; a molecular phylogeny of the rapaninae and ergalataxinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 74 , issue 3 , 1 august 2008 , pages 215\u2013221 , urltoken\nclaremont m . , vermeij g . j . , williams s . t . & reid d . g . ( 2013 ) global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 91\u2013102 . [ published online 28 september 2012 ; code - compliant paper version published january 2013 ] [ details ]\nthe position of drupa morum and d . ricinus within the rapaninae was not resolved in the 28s tree , but in the coi , combined bayesian and combined ml trees there was some support for inclusion of d . ricinus within the thais clade ( coi tree , pp = 70 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 91 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 76 % ) .\nmolecular phylogeny based on the combined dataset , 28s plus coi sequences using ( a ) strict mp analysis and ( b ) ml analysis . support values are parsimony bootstrap values . shaded boxes indicate subfamilies as concluded by this study : darker shading , ergalataxinae ( e ) ; lighter shading , rapaninae ( r ) . other subfamilial assignments are indicated by letters following the species name : m , muricinae ; mo , muricopsinae ; o , ocenebrinae ; t , trophoninae .\nbayesian molecular phylogenies based on 28s sequences ( a ) , coi sequences ( b ) and combined 28s and coi sequences ( c ) . support values are posterior probabilities . shaded boxes indicate subfamilies as concluded by this study : darker shading , ergalataxinae ( e ) ; lighter shading , rapaninae ( r ) . other subfamilial and familial assignments are indicated by letters following the species name : m , muricinae ; mo , muricopsinae ; o , ocenebrinae ; t , trophoninae ; bu , buccinidae .\nso far , molecular data have been little used for the resolution of muricid phylogeny . marko & vermeij ( 1999 ) published a molecular phylogeny of mainly eastern pacific ocenebrines , with two rapanines as the outgroup , which supported monophyly of the ocenebrinae . two other molecular studies focused on relationships within the coralliophilinae , but also showed support for a sister relationship between the coralliophilinae and the rapaninae , although fewer than six non - coralliophiline taxa were sampled ( oliverio & mariottini , 2001 ; oliverio , cervelli & mariottini , 2002 ) .\na rapanine clade was recovered in all analyses with moderate to high support ( 28s tree , pp = 100 % ; coi tree , pp = 88 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bootstrap probability ( bs ) = 78 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 61 % ; figs 2 , 3 ) . the rapaninae clade included the genera agnewia , concholepas , dicathais , drupa , mancinella , menathais , nassa , rapana , semiricinula , stramonita , thais , thalessa and vasula .\nthe division of rapaninae into two principal clades , as suggested by our molecular results , reflects some aspects of previous morphological phylogenies ( but not that of tan , 2003 ; fig . 1 c ) . kool ( 1993a ) retrieved a clade that included vasula , thais and mancinella , similar to our \u2018 thais clade\u2019 , although kool ' s group excluded nassa ( fig . 1 a ) . notably , the inclusion of the type species of thais , t . nodosa , in this clade is only weakly supported in our analyses .\nthe ocenebrinae ( as represented by nucella , acanthina and , for 28s , eupleura ) are monophyletic in all trees , in agreement with previous morphological ( kool , 1993a , b ; tan , 2003 ) and molecular ( marko & vermeij , 1999 ) results . we found no evidence of a sister relationship between rapaninae and ocenebrinae , in contrast to the results of tan ( 2003 ) . however , all studies on the composition and relationships of this group , including our own , suffer from limited sampling of ingroup and / or outgroup taxa .\nthere was some support for two principal clades within the rapaninae . one clade consisted of agnewia tritoniformis , concholepas concholepas , dicathais orbita , rapana rapiformis , semiricinula marginatra , thais speciosa and stramonita haemastoma . this clade , referred to here as the \u2018 concholepas clade\u2019 , was well supported in the coi bayesian tree ( pp = 100 % , fig . 2 b ) , the combined bayesian tree ( pp = 96 % , fig . 2 c ) and the combined ml tree ( bs = 91 % , fig . 3 b ) , but less well supported in the 28s bayesian tree ( pp = 91 % , fig . 2 a ) and the combined mp tree ( bs = 63 % , fig . 3 a ) . ( note that the coi and combined trees include only a subset of the taxa . )\ngenus conothais kuroda , 1930 accepted as pinaxia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( synonym )\ngenus cuma swainson , 1840 accepted as cymia m\u00f6rch , 1860 ( invalid : junior homonym of cuma h . milne - edwards , 1828 [ crustacea ] ; cymia and cumopsis are replacement names )\ngenus planithais bayle in p . fischer , 1884 accepted as tribulus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( synonym )\ngenus provexillum hedley , 1918 accepted as vexilla swainson , 1840 ( unnecessary nom . nov . pro vexilla , by hedley treated as a junior homonym of vexillum r\u00f6ding , 1798 )\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of thaididae jousseaume , 1888 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of concholepadidae perrier , 1897 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]\n( of drupinae wenz , 1938 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of zoology , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk . m . claremont @ urltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nlondo , n . headland of pemba bay , cabo delgado prov . , mozambique\nvoucher material is deposited in the collection of the natural history museum , london ( bmnh ) or the australian museum , sydney ( am ) . species are arranged by subfamily as concluded by this study .\nabbreviations : f , r , forward and reverse primers , respectively ; fs , rs , forward and reverse primers used for sequencing only .\nthree datasets were analysed : 28s sequences ( n = 30 ) , coi sequences ( n = 18 ) , and 28s and coi sequences combined , limited to those specimens for which both 28s and coi sequences were available ( n = 18 ) . the buccinid species was used as the outgroup in the 28s analysis . no coi sequence was available for the buccinid , so in the coi and the combined datasets , hexaplex ( muricinae ) was used ( a muricine outgroup was also used in the analysis by kool , 1993a ) .\nforward and reverse sequence fragments were assembled , verified and edited using sequencher ( v4 . 6 ; genecodes corporation , ann arbor , michigan ) . clear heterozygous peaks in both the forward and reverse sequence were scored as polymorphism ( e . g . williams & ozawa , 2006 ) . ribosomal ( 28s ) sequences were aligned using clustalx ( v1 . 8 ; thompson et al . , 1997 ) , where \u2018delay divergent sequences\u2019 was set to 98 % , the gap - opening penalty was set to 20 and a gap - extension penalty was set to 5 . poorly aligned sites were removed with gblocks ( v . 0 . 91beta ; castresana , 2000 ) , with the minimum number of sequences for a conserved position set to 70 % of the total number of sequences , the minimum number of sequences for a flanking position set to 90 % of the total number of sequences , the maximum number of contiguous non - conserved positions set to three , and the minimum length of a block set to five . no gap positions were allowed . minor adjustments to the resulting alignments were made by eye in macclade ( v4 . 06 osx ; maddison & maddison , 2003 ) .\ntwenty - four different models of nucleotide substitution were tested for each gene partition ( 28s and coi ) using mrmodeltest ( v . 2 . 2 ; j . nylander , urltoken ) . for 28s and coi , the best model ( as chosen by both the hierarchical ratio test and akaike ' s information criterion ) was gtr + i + g . however , in the case of coi , additional comparisons of log - likelihoods indicated that a model that allowed site - specific rate variation across codon positions was a significantly better fit to the data . further testing identified a different model of nucleotide substitution for each codon partition . therefore , bayesian analysis was performed twice , once using a gtr + ss model over the entire coi partition and once allowing each codon to evolve separately ( position 1 : sym + i ; position 2 : gtr ; position 3 : hky + g ) . the latter resulted in an improved bayes factor , and the resulting bayesian tree was therefore preferred .\ncongruence of genes within combined datasets was checked by the partition homogeneity test implemented in paup * ( v . 4 . 0b10 ; swofford , 2002 ) , with 1 , 000 replicates . the starting tree was obtained with stepwise addition , and taxa added randomly ( 10 replicates ) . new trees were generated using the tree - bisection - reconnection algorithm ( tbr ) and a heuristic search . gaps were treated as missing and multistate characters were interpreted as polymorphisms . because the validity of the partition homogeneity test has been questioned ( see e . g . quicke , jones & epstein , 2007 ) , individual gene trees were also examined visually to determine whether any strongly supported branches ( posterior probability , pp \u2265 95 % ) were in conflict .\nphylogenies were constructed from the three datasets using bayesian inference and the markov chain monte carlo method ( mcmc ) ( mrbayes v . 3 . 1 , huelsenbeck & ronquist , 2001 ) . parameters for each gene were set according to the best model , and were free to vary between gene partitions . any branches with less than 50 % posterior probability support were collapsed . the mcmc analysis ran for 3 , 500 , 000 generations , with a sample frequency of 1 , 000 and a burn - in of 1 , 501 . analyses were performed twice , computing the final tree from a combination of all retained trees .\nconvergence was first tested by examining the average deviation of the split frequencies of the two runs , in order to determine whether the two runs had converged . the log - likelihood values of the data ( after burn - in ) and the potential scale reduction factor ( psrf ) were also assessed .\nin order to compare different analytical methods , analysis of the combined dataset was performed using both unweighted maximum parsimony ( mp ) and maximum likelihood ( ml ) in paup * , estimating nodal support by means of bootstrap values . for the parsimony analysis , gaps were treated as missing and multistate taxa were treated as polymorphism . the starting tree was obtained by stepwise addition , taxa were added randomly ( 1 , 000 replicates ) , and a heuristic search was performed . in the ml analysis , a gtr + i + g model was used , with starting values for all parameters estimated from the bayesian tree . in both analyses , bootstrap values were computed using a heuristic search with the 50 % majority consensus rule . the number of bootstrap replicates was 10 , 000 in the mp analysis and 1 , 000 in the ml analysis .\nthe mitochondrial gene coi was difficult to amplify for some samples , perhaps due to poor preservation . however , we were able to amplify approximately 700 bp of coi in 60 % of the taxa sequenced . after the removal of primer sequences , 658 bases remained for phylogenetic analysis . of these , 246 were phylogenetically informative : 41 in position one , two in position two and 203 in position three . there were no gaps or stop codons within the coi alignment .\nthe 28s alignment , initially 1 , 521 bp ( after the removal of primer regions ) , was reduced by 9 % to 1 , 332 bp after ambiguously aligned sites were removed . seventy - seven of the remaining sites were phylogenetically informative . results using hexaplex as outgroup and excluding buccinum were consistent with those using the buccinid outgroup ( tree not shown ) .\nthe results of the partition homogeneity test indicated that there was no significant incongruence between the coi and 28s datasets ( p = 0 . 574 ) . in addition , comparison of the bayesian trees for the independent coi and 28s datasets indicated that no well supported clades ( pp \u2265 95 % ) were in conflict between the gene trees . therefore , the datasets for the 18 taxa represented by both genes were combined . in this combined dataset of 1 , 990 characters , 303 were phylogenetically informative .\naverage standard deviation of split frequencies converged on zero for all trees recovered by bayesian analysis ( fig . 2 ) and log - likelihood values after burn - in had reached stationarity . psrf values for all runs were 1 . 00 .\nthe other rapanine clade consisted of mancinella intermedia , nassa serta , thalessa distinguenda , thais nodosa , menathais tuberosa and vasula melones . this clade is referred to here as the \u2018 thais clade\u2019 , because it includes the type species , t . nodosa . the thais clade had low to moderate support in all bayesian and ml trees ( 28s tree , pp = 85 % ; coi tree , pp = 70 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 72 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 76 % ; figs 2 , 3 b ) . a similar clade , including m . intermedia , t . distinguenda and m . tuberosa , but not thais nodosa , received low support in the combined mp tree ( bs = 64 % , fig . 3 a ) .\nan ocenebrine clade , represented by acanthina monodon , eupleura nitida and nucella lapillus , was well supported in all analyses ( 28s tree , pp = 100 % ; coi tree , pp = 100 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bs = 100 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 100 % ; figs 2 , 3 ; eupleura included in 28s tree only ) . the 28s analysis supported a muricine clade of hexaplex trunculus and murex occa ( pp = 100 % ; fig . 2 a ) . a muricopsine clade , represented by favartia alveata and muricopsis schrammi , was well supported in both the combined bayesian and combined parsimony trees ( combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bs = 78 % ; figs 2 c , 3 a ) , but less well supported in the combined ml tree ( bs = 61 % , fig . 3b ) . the phylogenetic relationships among these subfamilies were not well resolved .\nour limited sampling of other muricid subfamilies , poor basal resolution and lack of some subfamilies ( such as coralliophilinae , haustrinae and typhinae ) preclude further discussion of relationships among them .\nour \u2018 concholepas clade\u2019 has not been retrieved as a monophyletic group in previous analyses . nevertheless , concholepas , stramonita and rapana were relatively basal in the rapanine phylogeny of kool ( 1993a ) , as were concholepas , rapana and dicathais in that of vermeij & carlson ( 2000 ) , indicating a degree of morphological similarity among these genera ( although this was interpreted as plesiomorphic resemblance within the cladistic analyses ) . our use of the genus thais follows vermeij ( 2001 ) . the appearance of thais speciosa in the concholepas clade , rather than the thais clade , is consistent with vermeij ' s observation that this species is not a typical member of the genus , and indicates that thais ( sensu vermeij , 2001 ) is not monophyletic .\nour sampling of ergalataxinae is too limited to draw many conclusions at this stage . the genus morula ( as used by houart , 2004 ) is polyphyletic , if the genera ergalatax , pascula and muricodrupa are accorded generic rank . the generic name habromorula is available for morula spinosa and tenguella for morula granulata ( houart , 2004 ) .\nour sampling is too limited to permit more than brief speculation on the biogeography of rapanine muricids . the \u2018 concholepas clade\u2019 contains two eastern pacific taxa ( concholepas , thais speciosa ) , one from the atlantic ( stramonita haemastoma ) , two from southern australasia ( agnewia , dicathais ) and two from the tropical indo - west pacific ( rapana , semiricinula ) . this wide distribution could imply an originally tethyan range for this clade , with restriction to refugia ( e . g . wilson & allen , 1987 ) . alternatively , there is a suggestion of a southern high - latitude connection among the genera concholepas , agnewia , dicathais and possibly stramonita ( represented in the south - temperate eastern pacific , as well as in the tropical eastern pacific , and tropical and temperate atlantic ) . the thais clade , on the other hand , appears to be entirely tropical on the basis of our sampling .\nwe would like to thank the australian museum ( sydney ) for loan of specimens and the following for donation of additional material : p . kuklinski , j . d . taylor , m . a . e . malaquias , e . a . glover , j . a . jara and g . poppe . we are extremely grateful to j . d . taylor , g . j . vermeij and k . s . tan for helpful comments and suggestions . pat dyal and the molecular biology unit at the nhm helped mc with sequencing . this paper was edited by jms associate editor j . d . taylor , and we thank him and two anonymous referees .\nreview of the recent species of morula ( oppomorus ) , m . ( azumamorula ) and m . ( habromorula ) ( gastropoda : muricidae : ergalataxinae )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nmarlo added a link to\nstramonita rustica ( lamarck , 1822 )\non\nstramonita rustica ( lamarck , 1822 )\n.\nit is quite doubtful that the two specimen photos above are s . rustica . see link in my next post .\nmarlo added a link to\nstramonita haemastoma floridana ( conrad , 1837 ) , florida rock shell\non\nstramonita floridana ( conrad , 1837 )\n.\nmarlo added a link to\nlet ' s talk seashells ! - > stramonita haemastoma canaliculata ( gray , 1839 )\non\nstramonita canaliculata ( gray , 1839 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\ndescription : shell solid , with five spiral rows of nodules on body whorl , with a variable number of scaly ribs between . ( the shell is usually eroded , so this fine sculpture is normally not present ) . outer lip thick , curved , with four teeth internally , more or less the same size . columella thickly calloused , smooth . external colour grey with black nodules ; deep interior of aperture purple - grey , teeth white ; outer lip cream or cream alternating with black or brown .\nsize : up to 35 mm in length , but usually less than 20 mm .\ndistribution : northern australia , from north - western australia to twofold bay , nsw . ( see comparison below ) .\ncomparison : there has been debate as to whether this species is distinct from the widespread tropical indo - west pacific species morula granulata ( duclos , 1832 ) . however , the most recent work by tan ( 1995 ) makes a convincing case for it being a distinct species , and presents the following comparison of characters .\nmorula granulata : entire indo - west pacific region , from eastern africa to the eastern pacific , including northern australia from central western australia to queensland . in queensland , it occurs on the outlying area of the great barrier reef .\nmorula marginalba : northern australia , from north - western australia to twofold bay , nsw , on the coast and continental islands , and other islands of the central indo - west pacific .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nclaremont , martine ; vermeij , geerat j . ; williams , suzanne t . ; reid , david g .\nyou appear to have a browser that does not support javascript or javascript has been disabled . dropdown menus will not work however the links contained in the dropdowns can be accessed in the\nitems in spiral are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\ndeepdyve requires javascript to function . please enable javascript on your browser to continue .\nclaremont , martine ; vermeij , geerat j . ; williams , suzanne t . ; reid , david g .\nthanks for helping us catch any problems with articles on deepdyve . we ' ll do our best to fix them .\ncheck all that apply - please note that only the first page is available if you have not selected a reading option after clicking\nread article\n.\ninclude any more information that will help us locate the issue and fix it faster for you .\nch\u00e1vez , e . a . ; michel - morfin , j . e .\nsome notes on the genus spinidrupa habe and kosuge , 1966 ( muricidae : ergalataxinae ) , with the description of habromorula gen . nov . ( muricidae : rapaniane ) and four new species from the indo - west pacific\nresults of the rumphius biohistorical expedition to ambon ( 1990 ) : part 5 . mollusca , gastropoda , muricidae\na mathematical theory of evolution , based on the conclusions of dr . j . c . wilis , f . r . s . philos\nit\u2019s your single place to instantly discover and read the research that matters to you .\nenjoy affordable access to over 18 million articles from more than 15 , 000 peer - reviewed journals .\nsave any article or search result from deepdyve , pubmed , and google scholar . . . all in one place .\nget unlimited , online access to over 18 million full - text articles from more than 15 , 000 scientific journals .\nread from thousands of the leading scholarly journals from springernature , elsevier , wiley - blackwell , oxford university press and more .\n\u201chi guys , i cannot tell you how much i love this resource . incredible . i really believe you ' ve hit the nail on the head with this site in regards to solving the research - purchase issue . \u201d\n\u201ci must say , @ deepdyve is a fabulous solution to the independent researcher ' s problem of # access to # information . \u201d\n\u201cmy last article couldn ' t be possible without the platform @ deepdyve that makes journal papers cheaper . \u201d\nby signing up , you agree to deepdyve\u2019s terms of service and privacy policy .\nto save an article , log in first , or sign up for a deepdyve account if you don\u2019t already have one .\nto subscribe to email alerts , please log in first , or sign up for a deepdyve account if you don\u2019t already have one .\nto get new article updates from a journal on your personalized homepage , please log in first , or sign up for a deepdyve account if you don\u2019t already have one .\nmartine claremont , geerat j vermeij , suzanne t williams , david g reid .\nauthors : benjamin merget , christian koetschan , thomas hackl , frank f\u00f6rster , thomas dandekar , tobias m\u00fcller , j\u00f6rg schultz , matthias wolf .\nauthors : colin halford , vincent gau , bernard m . churchill , david a . haake .\ninstitutions : veterans affairs greater los angeles healthcare system , university of california , los angeles , genefluidics , veterans affairs greater los angeles healthcare system , university of california , los angeles .\nelectrochemical sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of analytes . electrochemical sensors operate by transducing a biological recognition event into a useful electrical signal . signal transduction occurs by coupling the activity of a redox enzyme to an amperometric electrode . sensor specificity is either an inherent characteristic of the enzyme , glucose oxidase in the case of a glucose sensor , or a product of linkage between the enzyme and an antibody or probe . here , we describe an electrochemical sensor assay method to directly detect and identify bacteria . in every case , the probes described here are dna oligonucleotides . this method is based on sandwich hybridization of capture and detector probes with target ribosomal rna ( rrna ) . the capture probe is anchored to the sensor surface , while the detector probe is linked to horseradish peroxidase ( hrp ) . when a substrate such as 3 , 3 ' , 5 , 5 ' - tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) is added to an electrode with capture - target - detector complexes bound to its surface , the substrate is oxidized by hrp and reduced by the working electrode . this redox cycle results in shuttling of electrons by the substrate from the electrode to hrp , producing current flow in the electrode .\nauthors : r . craig stillwell , ian dworkin , alexander w . shingleton , w . anthony frankino .\nauthors : rangaraj m . rangayyan , shantanu banik , j . e . leo desautels .\nauthors : peiling yap , thomas f\u00fcrst , ivan m\u00fcller , susi kriemler , j\u00fcrg utzinger , peter steinmann .\ninstitutions : swiss tropical and public health institute , basel , switzerland , university of basel , basel , switzerland .\nauthors : yanping chen , adena why , gustavo batista , agenor mafra - neto , eamonn keogh .\ninstitutions : university of california , riverside , university of california , riverside , university of s\u00e3o paulo - usp , isca technologies .\nauthors : jo - ann mcclure - warnier , john m . conly , kunyan zhang .\ninstitutions : alberta health services / calgary laboratory services / university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary .\ndiffusion tensor imaging ( dti ) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter ( wm ) in vivo . the present applications are designed to investigate differences of wm involvement patterns in different brain diseases , especially neurodegenerative disorders , by use of different dti analyses in comparison with matched controls . dti data analysis is performed in a variate fashion , i . e . voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction - based metrics such as fractional anisotropy ( fa ) , together with fiber tracking ( ft ) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics ( tfas ) at the group level in order to identify differences in fa along wm structures , aiming at the definition of regional patterns of wm alterations at the group level . transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter - dependencies . the present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level . on this basis , ft techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by ft . additionally , application of dti methods , i . e . differences in fa - maps after stereotaxic alignment , in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders . further quality improvement of dti based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels . in summary , dti is used to define a distinct wm pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain - based and tract - based dti analysis .\nauthors : evan l . pannkuk , thomas s . risch , brett j . savary .\nauthors : mayandi sivaguru , glenn a . fried , carly a . h . miller , bruce w . fouke .\ninstitutions : university of illinois at urbana - champaign , university of illinois at urbana - champaign , university of illinois at urbana - champaign .\nauthors : timothy j . gray , lee thomas , tom olma , david h . mitchell , jon r . iredell , sharon c . a . chen .\nan important role of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to provide rapid identification of bacteria causing bloodstream infection . traditional identification requires the sub - culture of signaled blood culture broth with identification available only after colonies on solid agar have matured . maldi - tof ms is a reliable , rapid method for identification of the majority of clinically relevant bacteria when applied to colonies on solid media . the application of maldi - tof ms directly to blood culture broth is an attractive approach as it has potential to accelerate species identification of bacteria and improve clinical management . however , an important problem to overcome is the pre - analysis removal of interfering resins , proteins and hemoglobin contained in blood culture specimens which , if not removed , interfere with the ms spectra and can result in insufficient or low discrimination identification scores . in addition it is necessary to concentrate bacteria to develop spectra of sufficient quality . the presented method describes the concentration , purification , and extraction of gram negative bacteria allowing for the early identification of bacteria from a signaled blood culture broth .\nauthors : vladimir a . timoshevskiy , atashi sharma , igor v . sharakhov , maria v . sharakhova .\nauthors : nikki m . curthoys , michael j . mlodzianoski , dahan kim , samuel t . hess .\nhigh levels of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition . this situation causes oxidation of molecules ( lipid , dna , protein ) and leads to cell death . oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes , retinopathies , neurodegeneration , and cancer . thus , it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms . here , we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress . taking advantage of fluorescent ros probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines , we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo : i ) a \u201cwhole embryo ros - detection method\u201d for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii ) a \u201csingle - cell ros detection method\u201d for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress . herein , we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods . this protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause - effect relationships of ros in animal models of oxidative stress - related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer .\ninstitutions : barts and the london school of medicine and dentistry , barts and the london school of medicine and dentistry .\nhigh efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria . the genus mycobacterium can be difficult to transform ; this is mainly caused by the thick and waxy cell wall , but is compounded by the fact that most molecular techniques have been developed for distantly - related species such as escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis . in spite of these obstacles , mycobacterial plasmids have been identified and dna transformation of many mycobacterial species have now been described . the most successful method for introducing dna into mycobacteria is electroporation . many parameters contribute to successful transformation ; these include the species / strain , the nature of the transforming dna , the selectable marker used , the growth medium , and the conditions for the electroporation pulse . optimized methods for the transformation of both slow - and fast - grower are detailed here . transformation efficiencies for different mycobacterial species and with various selectable markers are reported .\nmicrobiology , issue 15 , springer protocols , mycobacteria , electroporation , bacterial transformation , transformation efficiency , bacteria , tuberculosis , m . smegmatis , springer protocols\ncopyright \u00a9 jove 2006 - 2015 . all rights reserved . policies | license agreement | issn 1940 - 087x\njove visualize is a tool created to match the last 5 years of pubmed publications to methods in jove ' s video library .\nwe use abstracts found on pubmed and match them to jove videos to create a list of 10 to 30 related methods videos .\nin developing our video relationships , we compare around 5 million pubmed articles to our library of over 4 , 500 methods videos . in some cases the language used in the pubmed abstracts makes matching that content to a jove video difficult . in other cases , there happens not to be any content in our video library that is relevant to the topic of a given abstract . in these cases , our algorithms are trying their best to display videos with relevant content , which can sometimes result in matched videos with only a slight relation .\nworms - world register of marine species - pinaxia h . adams & a . adams , 1853\nadams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 : 132 [ details ]\nn . puillandre , 1 t . f . duda , 2 c . meyer , 3 b . m . olivera , 4 and p . bouchet 5\ncorrespondence : n . puillandre ; e - mail : rf . nhnm @ erdnalliup\ncopyright \u00a9 the author 2014 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the malacological society of london , all rights reserved\nrecently published a phylogeny of the cone snails based on 330 species and sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions . in the present paper we utilized this molecular phylogeny as a foundation to establish a new genus - and subgenus - level classification of the conidae , with four genera (\n) . we also tentatively allocate all cone snail species currently considered as valid in worms , but not represented in the molecular phylogeny , to genera and subgenera based on their morphological characters .\nsimplified version of the bayesian tree based on the concatenation of sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions ( coi , 16s , 12s ) and published by puillandre et al . ( 2014 : fig . 2 ) showing the proposed classification . genera and subgenera with multiple species are reduced to triangles , whose lengths are proportional to the branch lenghts . posterior probabilities ( > 0 . 95 ) are shown for each node . only ( sub ) genera with at least one sequenced representative are figured .\nproposing a classification based on a phylogeny mainly consists of ( 1 ) identifying the groups that will be named ; ( 2 ) attributing available names and , if necessary , establishing new ones , for the groups identified in ( 1 ) ; and ( 3 ) ranking these names .\nas far as possible , only well supported ( bootstrap probability > 90 % ; bayesian posterior probability > 0 . 95 ) clades ( and single - species lineages ) were linked to names . when several alternatives were possible ( e . g . one supported clade that includes two supported clades , both with available names attributable to them ) , other characters and properties , such as shell morphology , type of prey , bathymetric and / or geographical distribution , were considered in order to identify the most appropriate grouping to minimize within - group variability . overall , a conservative approach was adopted , to minimize the number of supraspecific taxa , both named and unnamed . in two cases ( pyruconus and cylinder ) we attributed a name to a group we recognized to be non - monophyletic ( although this non - monophyly is not supported ) , in order to avoid having to establish new names for many small clades . such polyphyletic , but morphologically consistent , genera may correspond to grades and in future each of the included clades may be shown to deserve its own name .\nas far as possible , a genus - group name ( i . e . a genus or subgenus ) was applied based on the position of its type species in the tree . if the type species of a nominal genus or subgenus had not been sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar species used in the molecular analysis . if more than one name was applicable for a clade , the valid name was determined by the rule of priority . in the classification below , od refers to the fixation of type species by original designation , sd by subsequent designation and m by monotypy ( as defined by iczn , 1999 : art . 68 , 69 , respectively ) .\nall the 803 species of conidae listed as valid in worms ( 2014 ) were allocated to genera and subgenera , with two levels of confidence . those printed in bold font were placed in the classification based on the dna sequences of puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) . the others were classified based on their shell and / or radula characters , following tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) and , for species not included or considered as synonyms by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) , following petuch ( 2013 ) or the advice of m . tenorio ( personal communication ) .\nspecies sometimes referred to as \u2018cone snails\u2019 but allocated to artemidiconus ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , benthofascis ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , genota ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or borsoniidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) and genotina ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or mangeliidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) were excluded . within conorbidae , only benthofascis lozoueti has been sequenced and molecular analysis indicates that the family is separate from conidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . however , b . lozoueti is the only conorbid species that does not resorb the inner shell walls ( tucker , tenorio & stahlschmidt , 2011 ) . it thus cannot be excluded that the other conorbidae species\u2014which resorb them\u2014may in fact not be confamilial . likewise , as indicated above , molecular data place genota in the borsoniidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) and this clade is not further discussed here . fossil taxa ( hemiconus cossmann , 1889 ; cryptoconus koenen , 1867 ; conorbis swainson , 1840 ; conilithes swainson , 1840 ; eoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 and plagioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are not discussed either . consequently , only the conidae , conilithidae and taranteconidae ( sensu tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are discussed below , i . e . the cone snails as defined by bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .\n[ synonyms : conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . taranteconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . puncticuliinae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . ]\nremarks : conus californicus has always been considered a unique species within cone snails , because of its molecular ( including toxicological : biggs et al . , 2010 ; elliger et al . , 2011 ) and morphological singularities and also because of its diet , since it is able to prey indifferently on fish , molluscs and worms ( kohn , 1966 ) .\nremarks : puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) did not sequence the type species of profundiconus ; their sequenced material was identified as p . aff . profundorum . however , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 , 2013 ) found profundiconus to be a morphologically well supported group and we are thus confident in applying this name to the clade containing p . aff . profundorum .\ntype species : conus pagoda kiener , 1847 ; sd , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 : 140 ) ( under iczn , 1999 : art . 70 . 3 . 2 ) .\n[ synonym : duodenticonus tucker & tenorio 2013 ; type species : asprella memiae habe & kosuge , 1970 ; od ; n . syn . ]\nremarks : the species c . kimioi was placed in the subgenus boucheticonus ( following tucker & tenorio 2013 ) , even if the corresponding clade was not highly supported .\nhenriquei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : kermasprella powell , 1958 ; type species : conus raoulensis powell , 1958 ; od . yeddoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus sieboldii reeve , 1848 ; od ]\n[ synonyms : bathyconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus orbignyi audouin , 1831 ; od ; n . syn . fumiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus traversianus e . a . smith , 1875 , od ; n . syn . viminiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus vimineus reeve , 1849 ; od ; n . syn . ]\nelegans ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) n . comb .\narcuata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) n . comb .\nremarks : tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) included both conasprella delesserti and conasprella arcuata in kohniconus . in our analysis , the two species do not cluster together . the name kohniconus could have been applied to the lineage that includes the species c . delessertii , but because of the closer morphological resemblance of conus emarginatus with c . arcuata , we have applied kohniconus to the lineage that includes c . arcuata .\nsagei ( korn & g . raybaudi massilia , 1993 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : globiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus tornatus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . jaspidiconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : conus jaspideus gmelin , 1791 ; od ; n . syn . perplexiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus perplexus g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ; od ; n . syn . ]\narawak ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nbaccata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1877 ) n . comb .\nberschaueri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nericmonnieri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nherndli ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nogum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nperplexa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ) n . comb .\nporemskii ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nsimonei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\ntornata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : cucullus r\u00f6ding , 1798 ; type species : conus marmoreus linnaeus , 1758 ; sd , winckworth ( 1945 : 139 ) . coronaxis swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus bandanus hwass , 1792 ; m ]\ntype species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 , by typification of replaced name . asprella was established as a substitute name for cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( see below ) . conus asper was not among the 11 species included in asprella by schaufuss ( 1869 : 43\u201344 ) , and wenz ( 1940 ) cited conus sulcatus brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ( a species originally included by schaufuss ) as the type species ; conus sulcatus and c . asper are subjective synonyms .\n[ synonyms : cylindrella swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 ; subjective synonym of conus sulcatus hwass , 1792 ; m . cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( conidae ) , is a homonym of cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( urocoptidae ) and has been placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn , 1999 : opinion 1030 . sulciconus bielz , 1869 ; type species ( here designated ) : conus sulcatus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 , n . syn . the names asprella and sulciconus were both published in 1869 and their exact dates of publication are not known in order to establish priority . under iczn ( 1999 ) : art . 24 . 2 , we act here as first revisers and give precedence to the name asprella over sulciconus . ]\n[ possible senior synonym : mamiconus cotton & godfrey , 1932 ; type species : conus superstes hedley , 1911 ; od . the identity of c . superstes is uncertain ; it is listed as a nomen dubium by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) ]"]}
{"id": 135, "summary": [{"text": "eudonia luminatrix is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1909 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 19 \u2013 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are deep ochreous-brown , streaked with blackish on the veins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the first and second lines are white , edged posteriorly with black suffusion .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish-fuscous tinged with brassy-yellowish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discal spot , postmedian line and terminal fascia are fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing in october and november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eudonia luminatrix", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder eudonia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av eudonia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av eudonia sj\u00e4lv\neudonia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av gustaf johan billberg 1820 . enligt catalogue of life ing\u00e5r eudonia i familjen crambidae , men enligt dyntaxa \u00e4r tillh\u00f6righeten ist\u00e4llet fami [ . . ]\nhave a fact about eudonia eremitis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eudonia eremitis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neudonia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nagain indebted for the material of these notes to the energetic assistance of my valued correspondents , mr . g . v . hudson , of wellington , and mr . a . philpott , of invercargill .\nl . neur\u00e6 , philp . ( trans . n . z . inst . , 1904 , 330 ) , is a synonym of this species . mr . philpott kindly sent me two examples of his species , himself suggesting that it might be identical with my phaula , and this is undoubtedly the case .\nmr . hudson sent me several examples of this species from the thames district . it is common and widely distributed in eastern australia , where it is undoubtedly native ; it has not been hitherto recorded from new zealand , and may perhaps have only recently succeeded in introducing itself . the species of this genus are strong and bold fliers , and can cross wide seas .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 32\u201337 mm . head and thorax whitish - ochreous , partially sprinkled with brown - reddish ; thorax with an irregular transverse anterior reddish - fuscous or dark - fuscous line . abdomen whitish - ochreous sprinkled with brown - reddish , with a bar of blackish suffusion on apex of second segment , and sometimes a double dorsal series of blackish dots . forewings triangular , costa posteriorly moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen bowed , oblique , strongly waved ; pale brownish - ochreous , with numerous waved ferruginous - brown stri\u00e6 , tending to be somewhat marked with black on veins and costa ; median band somewhat paler through obsolescence of stri\u00e6 , limited by groups of stri\u00e6 more distinctly marked with black , anterior curved , posterior rounded - prominent beneath costa and in middle , latter prominence suffused with blackish ; an oblique subapical patch of darker brown suffusion , its upper edge defined and running from above median prominence to apex : cilia pale ochreous mixed with brown - reddish , basal half sprinkled with dark fuscous . hindwings with termen rounded , irregularly waved - dentate ; colour and stri\u00e6 as in forewings , but prominences of median band nearly obsolete ; a blackish discal dot ; cilia as in forewings .\ninvercargill , common on flowers of senecio in march ( philpott ) ; two specimens . much like gobiata , from which it may be certainly distinguished by the much more strongly waved termen of both wings ; gobiata is also rather smaller , whiter - irrorated , with straighter stri\u00e6 , lower half of anterior margin of median band and oblique streak from apex forming distinct black lines . i formerly quoted butler ' s name erroneously as a synonym of gobiata .\nhaving received two fine specimens from mr . philpott , i am satisfied it is a good species , and readily distinguished from beata by the colour of the hindwings .\nnotoreas fulva , huds . ( lythria fulva , huds . , trans . n . z . inst . , 1904 , 357 . )\naccording to two \u2640 specimens communicated by mr . hudson , this species is a true notoreas .\nchristchurch , otira gorge , dunedin , invercargill ; from january to march , and in july ; seven specimens . i have possessed examples of this species for a long time , but did not feel sure of their status , the species being a very variable one , and allied to other variable species ; having now , however , received four very fine specimens from mr . philpott , i am satisfied that it is a good species . mr . philpott writes that it is usually confused in collections with productata ; it is , however , nearer melinata , from which it differs by the much longer antennal pectinations , less rounded termen of forewings , distinct and unusually straight white posterior fascia ,\nhindwings of \u2642 not tinged with fuscous towards base , and other details . s . productata is also very variable , but easily distinguished by different from of median band , of which the posterior margin is obtusely angulated rather above middle ; in fact , all the allied species could be distinguished by the form of the posterior margin of median band , which is different in each .\ns . humillima , huds . , is a synonym of this species , according to specimens sent me by mr . philpott , by request of mr . hudson .\nlake tekapo ; one specimen ( hudson ) . allied to s . asaleuta , but very distinct .\ninvercargill , common in november ( philpott ) ; three specimens . belongs to the cleodoralis group ; not very like any new zealand species , but probably related to the tasmanian plagiotis and its allies .\ninvercargill , in october and november ; five specimens ( philpott ) . rather variable in the development of the black and white scales . a distinct species , somewhat intermediate between legnota and epicremna .\n\u2642 . 17\u201318 mm . head and thorax ferruginous - brown , face prominent , flattened - conical ; edge of collar and a spot on shoulders whitish . palpi 3 \u00bd , brown mixed with dark fuscous , whitish towards base beneath . antenn\u00e6 dark fuscous , pubescent - ciliated ( \u00bd ) . abdomen dark grey . forewings elongate , gradually dilated , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , termen little rounded , rather oblique ; bright ferruginous - brown ; a slender median longitudinal rather irregular ochreous - whitish streak from base to termen , terminal fifth attenuated and tending to be obsolescent : cilia slaty - grey . hindwings dark - grey ; cilia pale - grey , basal third slaty - grey . under - surface dark - grey , hindwings sometimes with very slender indistinct median streak of whitish suffusion ; costal edge of hindwings whitish - yellowish ; all cilia whitish - grey .\ninvercargill , in january ( philpott ) ; two specimens . very close to heteranthes from mount cook , but that species is darker , median streak of forewings whiter , broader , more regular , forewings on under - surface with dorsum suffused with white , hindwings on under - surface with costa suffused with white towards base , and well - marked white median streak , cilia white towards base . possibly more extensive material may show this to be a local form of heteranthes , but at present it seems better to treat them as distinct .\n\u2642 . 16 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ferruginous - brown , face - rounded - prominent ; palpi 4 , whitish towards base beneath . antenn\u00e6 dark fuscous , pubescent - ciliated ( \u00be ) . abdomen rather dark fuscous . forewings elongate , broader than in saristes , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen straight , rather oblique , rounded beneath ; ferruginous - brown ; a moderate regular white median longitudinal streak from base to termen , somewhat edged with fuscous suffusion towards middle : cilia pale grey , with darker basal shade , on costa whitish except near apex , with a white bar on terminal extremity of median streak . hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia whitish , basal third fuscous . under - surface dark grey , forewings much suffused with yellowish towards costa and termen , on dorsum broadly whitish - yellowish , hindwings with costa rather broadly pale ochreous - yellowish , with veins suffusedly streaked with pale yellowish , especially on a median streak , all cilia whitish .\ninvercargill ( hudson ) ; one specimen . distinguished from the preceding by the broader forewings ; rather longer palpi and antennal ciliations , white costal cilia , extensive yellowish suffusion of under - surface , and other details .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 17\u201320 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous - brown , in \u2640 with a broad dorsal white stripe extending through crown and thorax , face somewhat rounded - prominent ; palpi 4 , whitish beneath and more or less above , especially in \u2640 . antenn\u00e6 dark fuscous , in \u2642 simply ciliated ( \u2153 ) . abdomen rather dark fuscous , more or less whitish on segmental margins posteriorly . forewings elongate , gradually dilated , costa hardly arched , apex obtuse , termen straight , rather oblique , rounded beneath ; ochreous - brown ; a moderate white median longitudinal streak from base to termen , slightly broadest in middle , in \u2642 more or less edged beneath with dark - fuscous suffusion , in \u2642 broadly edged with dark - fuscous suffusion on both margins except towards base above ; in \u2640 a narrow irregular white suffused subcostal streak , and broad dorsal or subdorsal white streak narrowed towards base ; in \u2642 a slender white streak along upper part of termen above median streak , in \u2640 a broader undefined patch of white suffusion : cilia in \u2642 pale grey , with a white basal streak on upper half of termen , in \u2640 almost wholly white . hindwings rather dark fuscous , with a broad costal streak of whitish - ochreous suffusion from base to \u2153 ; cilia whitish - ochreous , in \u2642 more or less greyishtinged , and with a grey basal line . under - surface wholly light ochreous - yellowish , forewings somewhat infuscated ; cilia ochreous - whitish .\ninvercargill , in december ; three specimens taken by myself , and three others received from mr . philpott . i have hitherto confused this species with \u00e6thonellus , and recorded it under that name , but now see it to be distinct . \u00e6thonellus , which is known from mount hutt only , has the costal edge of forewings ochreous - whitish , no white streak on upper part of termen or in cilia , hindwings without the pale - yellowish costal patch , but with cilia clear pale - yellowish except basal line , under - surface of forewings suffused with grey except towards costa and on a median streak , of hindwings partly greyish between veins . in five of the seven species of this group\u2014viz . , \u00e6thonellus , auliste\u015b , saristes , heteranthes , and antimorus \u2014the antenn\u00e6 of \u2642 are pubescent - ciliated\u2014that is , clothed with short pubescence over their whole surface , but with a row of somewhat longer cilia on one side ; in the other two\u2014 melitastes and heliotes \u2014they are glabrous ( devoid of pubescence ) , but simply ciliated on one side .\ndescribed ( trans . ent . soc . lond . , 1902 , 278 ) from the chatham islands ; but mr . philpott has now sent me two specimens from invercargill\u2014a very interesting record . it is allied to falcatalis , but smaller and darker , and distinguished by the prominent angulation of termen of second segment of forewings ( in falcatalis the margin is somewhat bent but not angulated ) , and the principal dorsal scale - tuft of hindwings being hardly beyond the middle , whereas in falcatalis it is much broader and is considerably beyond the middle .\n\u2642 . 18 mm . head white mixed with dark reddish - fuscous , frontal tuft moderately long . palpi brownish irrorated with dark fuscous . antenn\u00e6 grey , above with a blackish line . thorax whitish irrorated with dark reddish - fuscous , metathorax suffused with black and edged with white . abdomen dark reddish - fuscous sprinkled with whitish , and mixed with blackish on sides towards middle . legs reddish - fuscous sprinkled with white , tibi\u00e6 and tarsi banded with white and dark fuscous . forewings cleft from beyond \u00be , segments broad , termen of first sinuate , of second bowed in middle ; reddish - fuscous closely irrorated with whitish and sprinkled with dark fuscous , anterior \u00be transversely strigulated with white , especially towards dorsum ; costal edge suffused with dark fuscous and strigulated with white ; a triangular black blotch on costa at \u2154 , its apex produced and extending to before lower angle of cleft , edged posteriorly by a fascia of brownish - ochreous suffusion crossing base of both segments , followed by a broader fascia of dark - fuscous suffusion , edged posteriorly by an even whitish line parallel to termen : cilia grey , on costa dark fuscous with a white spot before apex , on termen whitish towards base with a sharply marked even black basal line throughout , on dorsum mixed with black scales , forming a tolerably even line posteriorly , at \u2154 with a flat black scale - tooth preceded and followed by whitish patches . hindwings cleft firstly from middle , secondly from \u00bc , segments moderately broad , termen of second subsinuate ; grey ; cilia light grey , on dorsum mixed with black scales throughout , with a moderate elongate - triangular black scale - projection beginning at \u2157 .\nwellington ; one specimen ( hudson ) . allied to falcatalis and \u00e6olodes , but differs from both in the strong black entire line at base of terminal cilia of forewings . the species of this genus require careful discrimination , and probably more remain to be found in the mountains ; their larv\u00e6 are usually attached to composit\u00e6 ( feeding variously on the flowers or leaves , or in the stems ) , and should be looked for .\n\u2640 . 14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous . abdomen grey . forewings elongate , gradually dilated , costa moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen somewhat sinuate , rather oblique ; ferruginous - ochreous , irregularly mixed with white ; costa and dorsum shortly strigulated with blackish ; a large trapezoidal blotch of partial blackish suffusion extending over costal half of wing from base to near middle , posteriorly formed by upper part of central fascia ; a rounded - triangular blackish spot on dorsum before tornus ; a curved leaden - metallic stria from \u2158 of costa to tornus , forming posterior\nmargin of ocellus , anterior margin silvery - whitish , ocellus limited above by a triangular blackish spot , and containing two or three undefined black dashes : cilia ferruginous - ochreous , with a blackish basal line ( imperfect ) . hindwings with vein 4 absent ; rather dark grey ; cilia grey , with darker basal shade .\n\u2642 . 15 mm . head and palpi grey ; palpi moderate , terminal joint very short . antennal ciliations 1 . thorax reddish - ochreous , somewhat mixed with grey . abdomen rather dark grey . forewings elongate - triangular , costa gently arched , fold occupying basal \u2156 , apex obtuse , termen slightly rounded , rather oblique ; reddish - fuscous , suffusedly strigulated with light yellow - ochreous ; costal fold strigulated with blackish ; several dark ferruginous - brown dots on dorsum ; a wedge - shaped ochreous patch mixed with dark reddish - fuscous and towards costa with orange , resting on costa from \u2157 to \u2158 , its apex touching termen above tornus , preceded and followed by undefined bands of grey - whitish suffusion : cilia reddish - fuscous , tips whitish - yellowish . hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked ; rather dark grey ; cilia grey - whitish , with grey basal line .\n\u2642 . 12 mm . head , palpi , and thorax brown mixed with dark fuscous ; palpi under 2 , whitish - ochreous towards base ; antennal ciliations 2 . abdomen dark fuscous . forewings elongate - oblong , costa anteriorly moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen slightly rounded , somewhat oblique ; dark purplish - fuscous , irregularly strigulated with blackish - fuscous ; a narrow blackish - fuscous fascia from middle of costa to \u00be of dorsum , slightly curved , somewhat expanded towards costa ; the dark strigulation tends to form two or three spots towards apex : cilia dark fuscous , towards tips paler and somewhat mixed with orange - ochreous . hindwings dark fuscous , more blackish posteriorly ; cilia grey mixed with bronzy , with blackish - grey basal shade , tips more whitish . forewings beneath with a short longitudinal coppery - orange streak beneath upper margin of cell before middle of wing .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 8\u20139 mm . head and thorax brown , sometimes suffused with ferruginous - reddish . palpi brownish , paler towards base . abdomen dark grey . forewings elongate , narrow , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , termen very obliquely rounded ; 3 absent , 7 present ; in \u2642 with narrow costal fold towards base ; varying from ochreous - brown or dark brown tinged with ochreous to bright ferruginous , sometimes sprinkled with - black , termen always suffused with ferruginous ; in \u2642 a more or less indicated streak of ochreous or pale - ochreous suffusion running from base through disc to below middle and thence curved upwards to costa before apex , sometimes distinct and marked at \u2154 with a whitish spot , sometimes almost obsolete : cilia brown . hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey .\ninvercargill , abundant on short vegetation on sandhills in march ( philpott ) ; four specimens . this species differs from all the others of the genus\nin the possession of a costal fold in \u2642 , but is otherwise so nearly allied that it is clearly unnecessary to separate it generically . the genus is separated from all others by the neuration .\nthis species , previously included by me in proselena , is properly referable to eurythecta , having the same neuration as the preceding . i am much indebted to mr . philpott for calling my attention to the actual structure , and thus enabling me to correct my original error of observation . it may , however , be regarded as the most primitive of the five known species of the genus , and the affinity with proselena is real .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 17\u201318 mm . head , palpi , and thorax fuscous irrorated with whitish , head paler and more ochreous - tinged ; palpi irrorated with blackish on inferior half . abdomen ochreous - grey - whitish . forewings elongate , narrow , costa moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen nearly straight , rather strongly oblique ; fuscous irrorated with ochreous - whitish ; a small pale brownish - ochreous basal patch , suffused with fuscous on costa , limited by an inwardly oblique black line resting externally on a ridge of raised scales ; beyond this a dark fuscous blotch from costa reaching half across wing , its posterior angle touching a large tuft of blackish scales below fold surrounded with pale brownish - ochreous suffusion ; immediately beyond this a small round ochreous spot strongly edged with blackish in disc at \u2153 , a blackish dot above this , and another at \u2156 above middle of disc ; an irregular light ochreous spot in disc at \u2154 , followed by some blackish scales ; an angulated series of blackish dots running from a dark spot on costa beyond \u2154 to dorsum before tornus : cilia grey irrorated with whitish . hindwings grey - whitish , slightly ochreous - tinged posteriorly ; cilia ochreous - grey - whitish .\ninvercargill , in january ; two specimens ( philpott ) . allied to ioph\u00e6a , but readily distinguished by the black line limiting the pale basal patch , the whitish hindwings , and other differences .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 12\u201313 mm . head and thorax ochreous - grey - whitish . palpi whitish , second joint tinged with greyish - ochreous beneath , terminal joint shorter than second , with blackish anterior line . antenn\u00e6 whitish , sprinkled with dark grey . abdomen grey mixed with ochreous - whitish , in \u2642 suffused with pale ochreous towards base . forewings lanceolate , acute ; light ochreous - brown , suffusedly irrorated with whitish , tending to leave a more or less clear median longitudinal streak of ground - colour ; a blackish mark on fold towards base ; discal stigmata rather large , black , approximated , plical represented by a dark fuscous or brown cloud , very obliquely before first discal , sometimes extending upwards towards costa ; several cloudy blackish or dark fuscous dots on posterior part of costa and termen : cilia whitish , partially tinged with ochreous or fuscous , with an indistinct blackish median line . hindwings 1 , light grey ; cilia ochreous - grey - whitish .\ninvercargill , common in december at new river ( philpott ) ; three specimens . quite distinct from any other .\n\u2642 . 18 mm . head whitish - ochreous sprinkled with fuscous . palpi whitish - ochreous , second joint and a median band of terminal joint irrorated with dark fuscous , terminal joint unusually short , about half second . antenn\u00e6 pale ochreous suffusedly ringed with dark fuscous , uniformly pubescent - ciliated . thorax whitish - ochreous suffused with brownish and irrorated with dark fuscous . abdomen grey , segments dorsally banded with golden - ferruginous . forewings elongate , costa gently arched , apex round - pointed , termen very obliquely rounded ; ochreous - whitish , closely irrorated with brown ; a triangular brownish patch above dorsum towards base , limited posteriorly by a fine inwardly oblique blackish line terminating beneath in a conspicuous raised black dot above \u2156 of dorsum , preceded by some whitish suffusion ; discal stigmata large , round , brown , edged with a few black scales ; a small blackish spot on dorsum at \u2158 , whence proceeds a sinuate line of scattered blackish scales near termen , angulated in middle and continued to costa at \u2158 , where it is somewhat dilated and preceded by a spot of whitish suffusion ; a bar of brown suffusion from second discal stigma to tornus : cilia ochreous - whitish tinged with brown and irrorated with fuscous , at tornus with a grey bar preceded by whitish suffusion . hindwings light grey ; cilia ochreous - whitish suffused with pale greyish .\ninvercargill , in october ; one specimen ( philpott ) . superficially much like b . griseata , but really abundantly distinct when examined in detail ; the unusually short terminal joint of palpi and pubescent - ciliated antenn\u00e6 are notable structural characteristics ; the large brown discal stigmata are also a salient point .\n\u2642 . 17 mm . head whitish - ochreous . palpi whitish - ochreous , second joint suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous , terminal joint nearly as long as second , with dark fuscous subapical ring . antenn\u00e6 whitish - ochreous spotted with dark fuscous , simply ciliated . thorax whitish - ochreous mixed with light brownish . abdomen grey , dorsally banded with ferruginous . forewings elongate , rather narrow , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen rounded , rather strongly oblique ; whitish - ochreous suffusedly mixed with ochreous - brown ; base of costa suffused with dark fuscous ; first discal stigma represented by a short oblique linear black mark , followed by whitish suffusion , second round , whitish , partially edged with black , plical black , rather obliquely beyond first discal ; a suffused blackish dot on dorsum towards tornus ; some fuscous suffusion towards costa at \u2154 , and towards apex and termen ; between these are indications of an angulated suffused whitish - ochreous subterminal line , most distinct towards costa : cilia whitish - ochreous , with a light fuscous sub - basal shade . hindwings light grey ; cilia whitish - grey .\ninvercargill , in december ; one specimen ( philpott ) . also belongs to the griseata group , but quite distinct by the character of the stigmata and subterminal line .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 23 mm . head and thorax whitish - ochreous , in \u2642 more brownishtinged . palpi whitish - ochreous , externally with a few scattered dark - fuscous scales . antenn\u00e6 whitish - ochreous , obscurely ringed with dark fuscous .\nabdomen whitish - ochreous , in \u2642 more brownish , dorsally suffused with brassy - golden except on margins of segments . forewings elongate , costa moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen very obliquely rounded ; whitish - ochreous , with a few scattered dark - fuscous scales , in \u2642 mostly suffused with brownish except on dorsal streak ; a broad pale dorsal streak from base to tornus , upper edge prominent near base , where there is a tuft of scales , and about middle of dorsum ; some dark - fuscous suffusion extending above this streak from base to \u2157 of disc , and thence upwards to costa ; stigmata round , whitish - ochreous , edged with dark fuscous , plical obliquely beyond first discal ; an angulated dark - fuscous line or series of dots from \u2158 of costa to tornus : cilia ochreous - whitish , in \u2642 irrorated with grey , basal third barred with fuscous . hindwings very pale whitish - ochreous ; a cloudy round fuscous discal spot ; apex and lower half of termen suffused with fuscous irroration ; cilia ochreous - whitish , round apex and on lower half of termen with a suffused fuscous shade .\nwellington ; two specimens ( hudson ) . differs from both the other described species in having the wings of \u2640 fully developed , and formed quite as in \u2642 ; the pale dark - edged stigmata are also characteristic .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 16\u201317 mm . head and thorax rather dark fuscous , somewhat sprinkled with whitish , forehead with conical horny projection . palpi dark fuscous , somewhat whitish - sprinkled , terminal joint with two whitish bands . anten\u00e6 grey - whitish spotted with dark fuscous . abdomen dark fuscous , two basal segments dorsally amber - coloured . forewings rather narrowly elongate - oblong , costa rather arched towards base and apex , apex obtuse , termen almost straight , oblique ; dark fuscous , partially tinged with ochreous - brown , slightly whitish - sprinkled ; some variable irregularly scattered black dashes and dots in disc , plical stigma represented by a blackish tuft of scales , second discal by a transverse black mark ; three very ill - defined transverse fasci\u00e6 or lines of whitish suffusion , first at \u00bc , straight , moderately broad , second median , straight , very indistinct , third at \u00be , narrow , curved , representing subterminal line : cilia fuscous mixed with dark fuscous . hindwings dark fuscous , somewhat lighter anteriorly ; cilia grey , with dark fuscous basal shade .\nwellington ; two specimens ( hudson ) . distinct by its relatively small size and dark colouring .\ni have recently ( proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1907 , 54\u201368 ) recast the limits of this genus and its near allies , from extended material . the new zealand species are now classified as follows : \u2014\nconopomorpha , meyr . middle tibi\u00e6 not thickened , posterior tibi\u00e6 with bristly hairs .\nmacarostola , meyr . middle tibi\u00e6 not thickened , scales sometimes expanded at apex only , posterior tibi\u00e6 smooth - scaled .\ngracilaria , hw . middle tibi\u00e6 thickened with dense scales , more or less rough beneath , posterior tibi\u00e6 smooth - scaled .\n\u2640 . 12 mm . head yellow - whitish , sides of crown reddish - ochreous . palpi yellow - whitish , terminal joint ferruginous - tinged near base . antenn\u00e6 white ringed with blackish , basal joint whitish - ferruginous . thorax ferruginous - ochreous , with a yellow - whitish dorsal stripe . abdomen rather dark grey , beneath yellow - whitish . legs whitish , anterior and middle femora and tibi\u00e6 mixed with ferruginous - ochreous and sprinkled with black , tips of tarsal joints blackish . forewings elongate - lanceolate , costa moderately arched posteriorly , apex acute ; deep ochreous - yellow , more orange towards dorsum , with a strong purple gloss , strewn throughout except beneath fold with very numerous suffused yellow - whitish dots separated by small dots and strigul\u00e6 of dark fuscous scales ; three moderate brassy - yellow - whitish spots on dorsum : cilia ochreous - whitish . hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia grey .\nmount holdsworth , 3 , 000 ft . ; one specimen ( hudson ) . very distinct .\nfinding that phryganostola , which only differed from glyphipteryx by the rough projecting scales or tuft of second joint of palpi , appeared to be an artificial division , which separated nearly allied species , i have suppressed it , including all the species in glyphipteryx .\n\u2640 . 14 mm . head , antenn\u00e6 , thorax , and abdomen dark fuscous , patagia shining bronze . palpi black , second joint without tuft , with three white rings , terminal joint with two white stripes . forewings elongate , rather narrow , costa gently arched , apex round - pointed , termen hardly sinuate , rather strongly oblique ; bright golden - bronze ; five variably oblique narrow violet - silvery - metallic partly black - edged streaks from costa , first short , slightly before middle , second angulated , reaching half across wing , third short , fourth longer , rather dilated apically , fifth running to termen beneath apex ; an erect similar streak from tornus , terminating in a black mark just beyond apex of second costal streak , and a short streak from termen below middle ; a small blackish apical spot : cilia grey , basal half bronzy , with a silvery dot on subapical streak , on costa with white bars on streaks . hindwings blackish - grey ; cilia dark grey .\ninvercargill , in january ; one specimen ( philpott ) . resembles transversella , but without the pale longitudinal streak , the silvery streaks differently formed , the second angulated , third shorter than fourth ( in transversella longer than fourth ) , and otherwise distinct .\nunder the names of derogatella , walk . , and melichrysa , meyr . , treated as synonymous , i have hitherto confused two distinct species , which can now be distinguished under these two names ; both are common .\ncharacterized by its dull brownish - ochreous ground - colour , tendency to confusion of the white markings , so that anterior half of wing is sometimes wholly suffused with white , plentiful black strigulation , the ante - median white fascia broadly dilated towards costa , shortly angulated above middle , posterior part of disc confusedly mixed with white and black scales , and presence of distinct black sub - basal line in terminal cilia .\nmasterton , wellington , christchurch , invercargill ( and , according to walker , auckland ) , from december to march .\ncharacterized by clear yellow - ochreous ground - colour , well - defined and separate white black - edged markings , ante - median white fascia very acutely angulated in middle , and absence of black line in terminal cilia .\nwhangarei , auckland , nelson , dunedin , invercargill , in december and january . my original description clearly included both species , but the name ( meaning \u201choney - golden\u201d ) is a relative definition of this one , and i now limit it in that sense .\n\u2642 . 13\u201314 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen rather dark fuscous . antenn\u00e6 dark fuscous , ciliations 4 . forewings elongate , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen very obliquely rounded ; 6 present ; whitish - fuscous , strewn with cloudy dark - fuscous strigul\u00e6 ; a moderately broad slightly oblique dark - fuscous median fascia ; a cloudy dark - fuscous spot on costa at \u00be ; the confluence of the strigul\u00e6 tends to form suffused spots in disc towards apex , and along termen : cilia whitish - fuscous , with dark - fuscous ante - median shade and indistinct bars on basal third . hindwings with 6 present ; grey ; cilia grey .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 140, "summary": [{"text": "grotella citronella is a species of moth in the genus grotella , of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this moth species is found in north america , including the mojave desert region of california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "grotella citronella", "paragraphs": ["grotella citronella barnes & mcdunnough , 1916 ; 5 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : california , riverside co . , palm springs\nthe moth is at least somewhat worn . but it might be a member of the grotellini , possibly 11227 - grotella citronella or some other grotella . see grotellini plate at mpg . ( no rsvp , thanks )\nlectotype for grotella citronella barnes & mcdunnough , 1916 catalog number : usnm collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of entomology sex / stage : male ; preparation : pinned locality : riverside co . , palm springs , california , united states\ngrotella vagans barnes & benjamin , 1922 ; 15 ; tl : nevada , clark co .\ngrotella parvipuncta barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; 19 ; tl : new mexico , ft . wingate ; deming\ngrotella stretchi barnes & benjamin , 1922 ; 14 ; tl : california , riverside co . , palm springs\ngrotella ( grotellini ) ; [ nacl ] , 159 ; [ mna26 . 1 ] , 26 ( note )\ngrotella vauriae mcelvare , 1950 ; 117 ; tl : texas , brewster co . , near hot springs , tornillo creek\ngrotella blanchardi mcelvare , 1966 ; j . lep . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 91 ; tl : new mexico , eddy co . , white city\ngrotella margueritaria blanchard , 1968 ; j . lep . soc . 22 ( 3 ) : 142 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : texas , [ brewster co . ] , big bend national park , chihuahuan desert nr . nugent mountain , 914m\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nlectotype : barnes & mcdunnough . 1916 . contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america . 3 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 3 , fig . 13 adult .\npoole , robert w . ( march 30 , 1995 ) . the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 26 . 1 . noctuoidea , noctuidae : cuculliinae , stiriinae , psaphidinae . charles l . hogue ( illustrator ) , brit griswold ( illustrator ) , chip clark ( photographer ) , patricia gentili ( photographer ) . wedge entomological research foundation . pp . 249 . isbn 0 - 933003 - 07 - 2 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ mna26 . 1 ] ; poole , 1995 the moths of america north of mexico . noctuoidae , noctuidae ( part ) , cuculliinae , striinae , psaphidinae moths am . n of mexico 26 . 1 : 1 - 249\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npoole , robert w . / poole , robert w . , and patricia gentili , eds .\nnomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america , vol . 3 : diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npale yellow moth with spots adjacent to the outer margin - schinia luxa - bugguide . net\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nfull text of\ncontributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america . .\nfull text of\ncontributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america . ."]}
{"id": 148, "summary": [{"text": "panoquina panoquin , the salt marsh skipper , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found along the atlantic coast of the united states , from new york south to florida and the florida keys , west along the gulf coast to southern texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 35 \u2013 39 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the wings are dark brown with pointed forewings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are a few pale spots on the upperside of the forewings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the underside of the hindwings has yellow veins and a short white bar at the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to august in two generations in the north and from april to october in three generations in the south .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "in florida , there are multiple generations with adults on wing from february to december .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults feed on the flower nectar of a wide range of plants .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on distichlis spicata . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "panoquina panoquin", "paragraphs": ["species panoquina panoquin - salt marsh skipper - hodges # 4116 - bugguide . net\nforewings are pointed . wings are dark brown . upperside of forewing has a few pale spots . underside of hindwing has yellow veins and a short white bar at the end of the cell .\ntwo broods from may - august in the north ; three broods from april - october in the south ; several broods from february - december in florida .\nnectar from flowers including privet , sweet pepperbush , red clover , gumweed , lippia , salt marsh fleabane , blue mistflower , thistle , and verbena .\nalong the immediate atlantic coast from long island , new york south to florida and the keys ; west along the gulf coast to south texas .\ng5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of north america . . . ms , database ( version 2003 )\nongoing developmental version with contributions by don lafontaine , jean - fran\u00e7ois landry , jim troubridge , paul opler , ron hodges , john brown , et al . higher classification does not yet reflect recent and substantial changes that have been published\nother contributing editors : tatiana dominick , donald , r . davis , douglas c . ferguson , john g . franclemont , eugene g . munroe , and jerry a . powell\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 152, "summary": [{"text": "paeromopodidae is a family of large cylindrical millipedes of the order julida native to the western united states of america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family contains two genera and ten species and includes the longest millipedes in north america , with individuals reaching up to 16.5 cm ( 6.5 in ) long . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "paeromopodidae", "paragraphs": ["revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status . . .\nrevision of the millipede family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida , paeromopodoidea ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nshelley , r . m . 1994 . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . insect systematics & evolution . 25 ( 2 ) : 169 - 214 .\nshelley , r . m . and s . b . bauer . 1997 . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news . 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .\nshelley , r . m . and s . b . bauer . 1997 . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news . 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .\nshelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14\nshelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]\nshelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 195 ; note : from atopolus chamberlini [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) shelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) shelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 200 ; note : from klansolus euphanus [ details ]\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) shelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 201 ; note : from klansolus parvior [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > - cex3ojjwxmnk8ai6ltzgpvc . x - brill - live - 02 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 238 . 116 . 154 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531163085226 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n1 : north carolina state museum of natural sciences , p . o . box , 27647 , raleigh , north carolina 27611 , u . s . a .\nr . de jong ; r . i . vane - wright and p . r . ackery\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ninsect systematics & evolution . 25 ( 2 ) : 169 - 214 . , 1994\nfull citation : shear , w . a . 2010 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 2 : the genera trichopetalum , zygonopus and scoterpes ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) . zootaxa 2385 : 1 - 62 .\nthe milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n .\nfull citation - shear , w . a . 2003 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) . zootaxa 321 : 1 - 36 .\nshelley , r . ( 2000 ) . annotated checklist of the millipeds of florida ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) . insecta mundi , 14 ( 4 ) , 241\u2013251 .\na detailed key to the millipedes of the british isles ( 52 species as of 1985 ) , with an introductory section on basic biology of millipedes . useful to students from north america and other areas due to widely introduced british species such as blaniulus guttulatus .\nshelley , r . m . ( 2002 ) . annotated checklist of the millipeds of california ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) . monographs of the western north american naturalist , 1 : 90\u2013115\ncook , o . f . ; collins , g . n . ( 1895 ) . the craspedosomatidae of north america . annals of the new york academy of sciences , 9 : 1 - 100 . new york , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 6 ; note : bhl : urltoken [ details ]\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nc . michael hogan marked\npaeromopus angusticeps\nas trusted on the\npaeromopus angusticeps ( wood , 1864 )\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\npaeromopus angusticeps ( wood , 1864 )\n.\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nbr\u00f6lemann , h . w . ( 1922 ) . notes on female parajulids ( myriapods ) , with description of a new species . annals of the entomological society of america , 15 ( 4 ) : 281 - 303 page ( s ) : 298 [ details ]\ncausey , n . b . ( 1955 ) . new records and descriptions of californian diplopoda . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 68 : 87 - 94 page ( s ) : 89 [ details ]\nverhoeff , k . w . ( 1938 ) . californiulus n . g . und paeromopellus n . g . , vertreter einer neuen familie der symphyognatha - arthrophora . zoologischer anzeiger , 122 ( 5 - 6 ) : 113 - 127 . leipzig page ( s ) : 123 ; note : description of species [ details ]\nhoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]\nverhoeff , k . w . ( 1938 ) . californiulus n . g . und paeromopellus n . g . , vertreter einer neuen familie der symphyognatha - arthrophora . zoologischer anzeiger , 122 ( 5 - 6 ) : 113 - 127 . leipzig page ( s ) : 122 [ details ]\njeekel , c . a . w . ( 1971 ) . nomenclator generum et familiarum diplopodorum : a list of the genus and family - group names in the class diplopoda from the 10th edition of linnaeus , 1758 , to the end of 1957 . monografieen van de nederlandse entomologische vereniging , 5 : 1 - 412 . amsterdam page ( s ) : 151 [ details ]\nchamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 4 ; note : atopolus chamberlini [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1938 ) . new diplopods . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 51 : 205 - 208 . washington page ( s ) : 205 [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 4 [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1971 ) . nomenclator generum et familiarum diplopodorum : a list of the genus and family - group names in the class diplopoda from the 10th edition of linnaeus , 1758 , to the end of 1957 . monografieen van de nederlandse entomologische vereniging , 5 : 1 - 412 . amsterdam page ( s ) : 163 [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]\ncercopoidea types of species described by edmund schmidt in the u . s . national museum of natural history , with lectotype designations ( homoptera : cercopoidea )\nbhl ' s existence depends on the support of its patrons . help us keep this free resource alive !\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nthe millipede family nemasomatidae . with the description of a new genus , and a revision of orinisobates ( diplopoda : julida ) \u00bb brill online\nthe millipede family nemasomatidae . with the description of a new genus , and a revision of orinisobates ( diplopoda : julida )\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > sbo1zg1hpri70e6xrijfylzk . x - brill - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 238 . 116 . 154 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531159082378 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nthis is a huge book with beautiful pictures of insects and many illustrations as well . i would put it as an age range from 7 - 10 . note this is not a field guide .\ncontributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 6 : 09pm\na book similar to monster bugs , a book for beginning readers who are interested in bugs . note this is not a field guide .\ncontributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 11 : 12am\na good book with common bugs and some cool facts about them . i would say an age range from 6 - 10 . note this is not a field guide .\ncontributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 11 : 07am\na good book for young kids to read about bugs . note this is not a field guide .\ncontributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 10 : 58am\nwikipedia is growing to be a good information source for insects and their like . i ' m thinking having this\nbook\nwill make it easier to reference citations on guide pages , much like bold systems and moth photographer group\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1940 ) . four new western millipeds . j . ent . zool . claremont cal . , 32 ( 4 ) : 81 - 83 page ( s ) : 83 [ details ]\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 3 ; note : aigon parvior [ details ]\n( of aigon parvior ( chamberlin , 1940 ) ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) loomis , h . f . ; schmitt , r . ( 1971 ) . the ecology , distribution and taxnomy of the millipeds of montana west of the continental divide . northwest science , 45 : 107 - 131 . pallman page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]\na contribution on the milliped tribe nannariini ( polydesmida : xystodesmidae ) : revalidation of mimuloria chamberlin 1928 . . .\nfull citation : hennen , d . a . & shelley , r . m . 2015 . a contribution on the milliped tribe nannariini ( polydesmida : xystodesmidae ) : revalidation of mimuloria chamberlin 1928 ; identities of fontaria oblonga c . l . koch 1847 , and nannaria minor chamberlin 1918 ; elucidation of the tribal range ; and commentaries on nannaria chamberlin 1918 , and oenomaea hoffman 1964 . insecta mundi 0418 : 1\u201321 . open access , available online here .\ndistribution of the milliped genus narceus rafinesque , 1820 ( spirobolida : spirobolidae ) occurrences in new england and west . . .\nby shelley , r . , c . t . mcallister & m . f . medrano\nshelley , r . , c . t . mcallister & m . f . medrano . 2006 . distribution of the milliped genus narceus rafinesque , 1820 ( spirobolida : spirobolidae ) : occurrences in new england and west of the mississippi river , and a summary of peripheral localities ; first records from connecticut , delaware , maine , and minnesota . western north american naturalist , 66 ( 3 ) : 374 - 389 . full text\nby walker , m . j . , a . k . stockman , p . e . marek , & j . e . bond\nwalker , m . j . , stockman , a . k . , marek , p . e . , & bond , j . e . ( 2009 ) . pleistocene glacial refugia across the appalachian mountains and coastal plain in the millipede genus narceus : evidence from population genetic , phylogeographic , and paleoclimatic data . bmc evolutionary biology , 925 ( 25 ) full text\nkeeton , william t . ( 1960 ) . a taxonomic study of the milliped family spirobolidae ( diplopoda ; spirobolida ) . memoirs of the american entomological society 17 : 1\u2013146 . a detailed study of the family spirobolidae , with keys and copious illustrations .\nhoffman , r . l . 1999 . checklist of the millipeds of north and middle america . special publication no . 8 . , virginia museum of natural history , martinsville , virginia . 584 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nshear , w . a . 2003 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : choreumatida , cleidgonoidea ) . zootaxa 321 : 1 - 36 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nurltoken is a website where anyone can record their observations from nature . members record observations for numerous reasons , including participation in citizen science projects , class projects , and personal fulfillment .\nrights holder : rights for individual observations belong to the individual observers . in jurisdictions where collections of data are are considered intellectual property , the rights holder of this collection is the california academy of sciences .\naccess rights : this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial license : urltoken anyone is free to access it for non - commercial use .\nby worthington , r . d . , c . lieb and w . anderson .\nfull pdf worthington , r . d . , c . lieb and w . anderson . 2004 . 2010 . biotic resources of indio mountains research station : southeastern hudspeth county , texas . authors , el paso , texas . 85 pp . ( continually reviewed and updated by jerry d . johnson , last update : 2010 ) the indio mountains research station and utep are members of the chihuahuan desert biosphere reserve . other members are the biosphere reserves of mapimi in mexico , big bend national park and the jornada experimental range ( near las cruces , new mexico ) . for information on indio mountains research station and use opportunities , contact the director , dr . jerry d . johnson , department of biological sciences , the university of texas at el paso , el paso , texas 79968 ; ( 915 ) 747 - 6984 ; jjohnson @ urltoken\ndictionary of natural history terms with their derivations , including the various orders , genera , and species .\nnorthern territory government , department of primary industry , fisheries and mines , agnote no . 159 , 2003\nthis australian pest control publication includes description and life cycle for : cucumber moth ( diaphania indica ) , pumpkin beetle ( aulacophora hilaris ) , two - spotted mite ( tetranychus urticae ) and melon aphid ( aphis gossypii ) . full text pdf\nthe 10th edition is the official starting point of zoological nomenclature . online at urltoken or urltoken . the current ocr rarely gets more than a few characters in a row right .\nusda forest service , pacific northwest res . station . gen . tech . rep . pnw - gtr - 512 . portland , or . 74 pp . , 2001\nbugs rule ! provides a lively introduction to the biology and natural history of insects and their noninsect cousins , such as spiders , scorpions , and centipedes . this richly illustrated textbook features more than 830 color photos , a concise overview of the basics of entomology , and numerous sidebars that highlight and explain key points . detailed chapters cover each of the major insect groups , describing their physiology , behaviors , feeding habits , reproduction , human interactions , and more . ideal for nonscience majors and anyone seeking to learn more about insects and their arthropod relatives , bugs rule ! offers a one - of - a - kind gateway into the world of these amazing creatures .\ncontributed by jeffrey a . heupel , whn . on 16 november , 2013 - 7 : 15am\ncl koch on yeast cells by byzov b . a . , thanh v . n . , babeva i . p . , tretyakova e . b . , dyvak i . a . , rabinovich y . m . in\nthe energetic cost of copulation in a polygynandrous millipede . by telford sr , webb pi in\nverhoeff ( diplopoda : xystodesmidae ) on litter decomposition in a natural beech forest in central japan . 1 . density and biomass of soil invertebrates . by niijima k . , in\ninhabiting seasonally inundated and non - flooded amazonian forests . by bachmann l . , tomiuk j . , adis j . , vohland k . , in\ntutunema tutu n . g . , n . sp . , a primitive member of the hethidae ( nematoda : rhigonematida : ransomnematoidea ) parasitic in a papua new guinea diplopod . by hunt d . j . in\non the identity of further two millipede species ( diplopoda ) from the environs of manaus , central amazonia , brazil . by golovatch s . i . , hoffman r . l . , adis j . , vohland k . , marmol a . in\nrendering the inedible edible : circumvention of a millipede ' s chemical defense by a predaceous beetle larva ( phengodidae ) . by eisner t . , eisner m . , attygalle a . b . , deyrup m . , meinwald j . , in\non the semiaquatic behaviour of a new troglobitic millipede from northern italy ( diplopoda , polydesmida : polydesmidae ) . by adis j . , caoduro g . , messner b . , enghoff h . in\nstudy of a soil julidae community in mediterranean forest ( diplopoda , julida ) . by serra a . , miquel c . , mateos e . , vicente c . in\nmillipedes in small - scale farming systems in zimbabwe : abundance and diversity ( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by mwabvu t . , in\npelmatojulus tigrinus , a key detritivore of a tropical gallery forest ( diplopoda , spirobolida : pachybolidae ) . by mahsberg d . , in\nyear - round pitfall trapping of millipedes in mainly open grassland in belgium ( diplopoda ) . by kime r . d . , in\ncomparative biological study of the penicillate diplopods in japan ( diplopoda , penicillata ) . by ishii k . , in\ncold - hardiness of european millipedes ( diplopoda ) by david j . f . , vannier g . , in\ninfluence of human activities on the diplopod populations irt the region of abidjan , ivory coast . by bourdanne d . k . , in\nin south australia : the need for a better understanding of the mechanism ( diplopoda , julida : julidae ) . by bailey p , t . , in\nmillipede communities of inundated ash - alder forests in puszcza bialowieska , poland ( diplopoda ) . by wytwer j . , in\nthe millipede fauna of the drava region , southern hungary ( diplopoda ) . by korsos z . in\npreliminary assessment of the southern african millipede fauna : diversity and conservation ( diplopoda ) . by hamer m . l . , in\ndistribution of millipedes along an altitudinal gradient in three mountain regions in the czech and slovak republics ( diplopoda ) . by tajovsky k . , in\non the main traits of millipede distribution and faunogenesis in eurasia ( diplopoda ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\nfine structure and possible functions of antennal sensilla in polyxenus lagurus ( diplopoda , penicillata : polyaenidae ) . by duyjacquemin m . n . , in\n- a cave - dwelling millipede from yugoslavia ( diplopoda , chordeumatida : anthroleucosomatidae ) . by curcic b . p . m and makarov s . e . , in\ngonopods of some south indian paradoxosomatid millipedes ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by bano k . and murthy j . b . in\na new species of the previously monotypic genus allocotoproctus from the uluguru mountains , tanzania ( diplopoda , polydesmida : oxydesmidae ) . by sorensen l . , in\nthe glomeris - taxa hexasticha and intermedia : species or subspecies ? allozyme data ( diplopoda , glomerida : glomeridae ) . by hoess r . , scholl a . and lortscher m . , in\nis the family atopogestidae based on a case of teratology or a periodomorphic stage ? ( diplopoda , spirostreptida : odontopygoidea ) . by mauries j . p . , in\nintense receptor - mediated endocytosis in nephrocytes of myriapoda . by rosenberg j . , kruger e . and peters w . in\nin vitro phagocytic activity of hemocytes of ommatoiulus sabulosus ( diplopoda , julida : julidae ) : preliminary observations . by kania g . and rzeski w . , in\ndiversification and biogeographic features of millipedes in serbia , yugoslavia ( diplopoda ) . by curcic b . p . m . and makarov s . e . in\ndiplopod defensive secretions as attractants for necrophagous scarab beetles ( diplopoda ; insecta , coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . by krell f . t . , schmitt t . and linsenmair k . e . , in\ngranular hemocytes as the main location of prophenoloxidase in the millipede rhapidostreptus virgator ( diplopoda , spirostreptida : spirostreptidae ) . by xylander w . e . r . and bogusch o . , in\n. by byzov b . a . and rabinovich y . m . , in\n( attems , 1898 ) ( polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) secretions as possible defense substances . by noguchi s . , mori n . , higa y . and kuwahara y . in\nswarming of millipedes , a new case noticed in the district of patrocinio - mg - brazil . by boccardo l . , penteado c . h . s . and jucachagas r . , in\ngiant millipede ' burns ' and the eye . by hudson b . j . and parsons g . a . , in\nbiology and biological action of the defensive secretion from a jamaican millipede . by williams l . a . d . , singh p . d . a . and calebwilliams l . s . , in\ntwo new and one little - known species of the millipede family pyrgodesmidae from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda : polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\n. by david j . f . , celerier m . l . and vannier g . , in\neffects of yeast on the growth and reproduction of the saprophagous millipede polydesmus angustus ( diplopoda , polydesmidae ) . by david j . f . and celerier m . l . , in\naustralian chordeumatidan millipedes . 3 . a review of the millipede family metopidiotrichidae attems in australia ( diplopoda : chordeumatida ) . by shear w . a . and mesibov r . , in\nsoil in millipede diet : implications on faecal pellet stability and nutrient release . by mwabvu t . , in\nchanges in supercooling with body size , sex , and season in the long - lived millipede polyzonium germanicum ( diplopoda , polyzoniidae ) . by david j . f . and vannier g . , in\nthe allometry of metabolism in southern african millipedes ( myriapoda , diplopoda ) . by frears s . l . , webb p . i . and telford s . r . , in\n( diplopoda ) . by zanger m . and kohler h . r . , in\nin canada ( chordeumatida , conotylidae ) . by shelley r . m . and lesage l . , in\nrevision of the millipede genus xystodesmus , with reference to the status of the tribe xystodesmini ( diplopoda , xystodesmidae ) by tanabe t . and shinohara k . , in\ndefense - mechanisms of arthropods . 142 . millipede defense - use of detachable bristles to entangle ants . by eisner t . , eisner m . and deyrup m . , in\nfunctional - morphology of genitalia of 4 species of julidan millipedes ( diplopoda - nemasomatidae , julidae ) . by tadler a . , in\nfate of actinomycetes in the intestinal - tract of soil invertebrates fed on streptomycete spores . by polyanskaya l . m . , babkina n . i . , zenova g . m . and zvyagintsev d . g . in\nrevision of the millipede genus xystocheir cook ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nactinomycetes in the intestinal - tract of soil invertebrates fed with vermicompost or litter . by zenova g . m . , babkina n . i . , polyanskaya l . m . and zvyagintsev d . g . , in\nmycophagy by a millipede and its possible impact on an insect - fungus mutualism . by bultman t . l . and mathews p . l . in\neffects of starvation and mechanical manipulation of leaf - litter on fecal pellet production and assimilation in some millipedes from southern africa - implications for feeding strategies . by dangerfield j . m . in\nmillipede communities in rehabilitating coastal dune forests in northern kwazulu natal , south - africa . by vanaarde r . j . , ferreira s . m . and kritzinger j . j . , in\nthe millipede order callipodida in western north - america ( schizopetalidae , tynommatinae ) , and a summary of the new - world fauna . by shelley r . m . in\nmillipede fecal pellet production in selected natural and managed habitats of southern africa - implications for litter dynamics . by dangerfield j . m . , milner a . e . , in\n( spirobolida , spirobolidae ) in wisconsin . by watermolen d . j . , in\nthe millipede family paradoxosomatidae on borneo , with contributions to the faunas of some other islands of the sunda area ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\nthe stress - 70 protein family in diplopods - induction and characterization . by zanger m . , alberti g . , kuhn m . and kohler h . r . in journal of\nredefinition of the millipede genus pycnotropis , and description of a new species from manaus , brazil ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae , euryurinae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) at different photoperiod conditions . by boccardo l . and penteado c . h . s . , in\n, 1989 ( nematoda , hethidae ) . by hunt d . j . in\nthe sigmocheirini , a xystodesmid millipede tribe in the sierra - nevada mountains , california , usa ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) by shelley r . m . , in\nsp n ( nematoda , rhigonematidae ) , parasite of a millipede ( diplopoda , spirobolida ) from myanmar . by hunt d . j . and moore d . in\nidentification plate for the millipede orders populating the neotropical region south of central mexico ( myriapoda , diplopoda ) by golovatch s . i . , hoffman r . l , . adis j . and demorais j . w . , in\n, no . 3 , pp . 159 - 164 seasonal field analyses of water and fat - content in the long - lived millipede polyzonium - germanicum ( diplopoda , polyzoniidae ) . by david j . f . and vannier g . , in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by barnett m . , telford s . r . and tibbles b . j . in\ninteractions between introduced and native millipede species in south australia by griffin t . t . and bull c . m . in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) by webb p . i . and telford s . r . , in\n( peters ) ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae ) . by adolph s . c . and geber m . a . , in\nseasonal abundance of millipedes in a mediterranean oak forest ( southern france ) . by david j . f . , in\nsilvestri , 1898 ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . in\n( diplopoda , julida ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . in\n( lucas ) ( diplopoda , julidae ) in southern australia . by terrace t . e andbaker g . h . , in\nmillipede behavior in a savanna woodland habitat in south - east botswana . by dangerfield j . m . and kaunda s . k . , in\n. by sugita m . , hayata c . , yoshida t . , suzuki m . , suzuki a . , takeda t . , hori t . and nakatani f . , in\nthe timing of insemination and its implications for sperm competition in a millipede with prolonged copulation . by barnett m . and telford s . r . , in\nthe chonaphini , a biogeographically significant millipede tribe in eastern and western north - america ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\n, pp 51 , 1993 ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nkoch c . l . . by byzov b . a . , zenova g . m . , babkina n . i . , dobrovolskaya t . g . , tretyakova e . b . and zvyagintsev d . g . , in\nthe millipede family nearctodesmidae in northwestern north - america , with accounts of sakophallus and s - simplex chamberlin ( polydesmida ) . by shelley r . m . , in\npotential of earthworms , ants , millipedes , and termites for dissemination of vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil . by harinikumar k . m . and bagyaraj d . j . , in\n- another case of cohort - splitting . by david j . f . , couret t . and celerier m . l . , in\nmysterious lesions - the burning millipede . by mason g . h . , thomson h . d . p . , fergin p . and anderson r . , in\nkoch ( polydesmida , polydesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\na new species of millipede ( myriapoda , diplopoda , chordeumatida ) from the british - isles . by gregory s . j . , jones r . e . and mauries j . p . , in\n. by barnett m . , telford s . r . and devilliers c . j . , in\n. by mathews p . l . and bultman t . l . , in\nphylogenetic biogeography of a holarctic group - the julidan millipedes - cladistic subordinateness as an indicator of dispersal . by enghoff h . , in\n( julida , julidae ) . by bailey p . t . and kovaliski j . , in\nmating - behavior and mate choice experiments in some tropical millipedes ( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in\n. by attygalle a . b . , xu s . c . , meinwald j . and eisner t . in\na new family of mites , costacaridae ( mesostigmata , trigynaspida , celaenopsoidea ) , associated with millipedes in mexico . by hunter p . e . , in\ndiversity and structure of millipede communities ( diplopoda ) in 4 different biotopes . by tajovsky k . , in\nthe millipede genus isaphe cook ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nbiology and myriapod egg predation by the neotropical myrmicine ant stegomyrmex vizottoi ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . by diniz j . l . m . and brandao c . r . f . , in\naggregation in the tropical millipede alloporus uncinatus ( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by dangerfield j . m . and telford s . r . in\nhaplopodous diplopods - a new - type of millipede body construction discovered in cambalopsid juveniles ( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by enghoff h . , in\ngenitalia fitting , mating - behavior and possible hybridization in millipedes of the genus craspedosoma ( diplopoda , chordeumatida , craspedosomatidae ) . by tadler a . , in\nsilvestri , 1932 , with the description of 3 new species from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\nreview of the neotropical fauna of the millipede family fuhrmannodesmidae , with the description of 4 new species from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\nstudies on the respiratory metabolism of glomeris - balcanica ( diplopoda , glomeridae ) . by stamou g . p . and iatrou g . d . in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in\ningestion and assimilation of leaf litter in some tropical millipedes . by dangerfield j . m . and milner a . e . , in\ndiplopoda from borneo in the museum - dhistoire - naturelle - de - geneve . 1 . a new genus and species of cryptodesmoid millipede from sarawak ( polydesmida , cryptodesmidae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in\nlatzel ( polydesmida , polydesmidae ) . by david j . f . and celerier m . l . , in\nthe millipede genus underwoodia ( chordeumatida , caseyidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nseasonal activity patterns and behavior of juliform millipedes in south - eastern botswana . by dangerfield j . m . , milner a . e . and matthews r . , in\nspecies - diversity of julid millipedes - between habitat comparisons within the seasonal tropics . by dangerfield j . m . and telford s . r . , in\nthe role of diplopoda litter grazing activity on recycling processes in a mediterranean climate . by bertrand m . and lumaret j . p . , in\n( diplopoda ) in forest soil . by tajovsky k . , santruckova h . , hanel l . , balik v . and lukesova a . , in\n( diplopoda , pyrgodesmidae ) a facultative myrmecophile introduced into the united states . by wojcik d . p . and naves m . a . , in\n( diplopoda ) . by tajovsky k . , villemin g . and toutain f . , in\ndiplopoda collected by the soviet zoological expedition to the seychelles - islands in 1984 . by golovatch s . i . and korsos z . , in\non a small collection of millipedes ( diplopoda ) from northern pakistan and its zoogeographic significance . by golovatch s . i . , in\ncentipede and millipede ( chilopoda and diplopoda ) faunas in sandhill communities of florida . by corey d . t . and stout i . j . , in\nstrips millipedes for prey - a novel predatory behavior in ants , and the 1st case of sympatry in the genus ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . by brandao c . r . f . , diniz j . l . m . and tomotake e . m . , in\noccurrence , isolation and partial characterization . by prasath e . b . and subramoniam t . , in\na revised cladistic - analysis and classification of the millipede order julida - with establishment of 4 new families and description of a new nemasomatoid genus from japan . by enghoff h . , in\npierrard in the cape - verde islands , west - africa . by mckillup s . c . , vanharten a . and neves a . m . , in\nmahogany discoloration of the skin due to the defensive secretion of a millipede . by shpall s . and frieden i . , in\n, to declining oxygen pressures . by penteado c . h . s . and heblingberaldo m . j . a . , in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by penteado c . h . s . , heblingberaldo m . j . a . and mendes e . g . , in\na new millipede of the genus metaxycheir from the pacific coast of canada ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) , with remarks on the tribe chonaphini and the western canadian and alaskan diplopod fauna . by shelley r . m . , in\na test of the copulatory guarding hypothesis . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in\n( lucas , 1860 ) ( diplopoda , julidae ) at different altitudes on tenerife ( canary - islands ) . by baker g . h . and baez m . , in\na phylogenetically interesting sphaeriodesmid millipede from oaxaca , mexico ( polydesmida , sphaeriodesmidae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in\n( brandt ) in virginia ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\na new millipede of the genus riukiaria from is yaku - shima , japan ( diplopoda , polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by tanabe t . , in\nhungarian zoological studies in vietnam . 13 . contributions to the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . 3 . spirobolida . by golovatch s . i . and korsos z . , in\nspecies on the south - western iberian peninsula . by bailey p . t . and demendonca t . r . , in\n( attems ) . by vanderwalt e . , mcclain e . , puren a . and savage n . , in\naddenda to the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . by korsos z . and golovatch s . i . , in\n( lucas ) ( diplopoda , julida , julidae ) in australia . by bailey p . t . , in\nnew species , a biogeographically significant millipede from the chisos mountains , texas ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\n( pocock , 1892 ) ( polydesmida , pratinidae ) , a grassland millipede of west - bengal . by mukhopadhyaya m . c . , bhakat s . and bandyopadhyay s . , in\n( lucas , 1845 ) ( myriapoda , diplopoda , julida ) . by sahli f . , in\nthis is the family that contains the longest millipede known from north america , a 6 1 / 2 in . paeromopodid from yosemite nat . pk . , california . rowland shelley\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 153, "summary": [{"text": "eiders ( / \u02c8a\u026a.d\u0259r / ) are large seaducks in the genus somateria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the scientific name is derived from ancient greek somatos \" body \" and erion \" wool \" , referring to eiderdown .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the three extant species all breed in the cooler latitudes of the northern hemisphere .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the down feathers of eider ducks , and some other ducks and geese , are used to fill pillows and quilts \u2014 they have given the name to the type of quilt known as an eiderdown .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "steller 's eider ( polysticta stelleri ) is in a different genus despite its name .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the call of the duck has been likened to sound of \" surprised pantomime dames , or even the comedian frankie howerd \" . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "eider", "paragraphs": ["the spectacled eider was originally named fischer\u2019s eider in honor of a german paleontologist ( \u201cfischer\u201d still appears in the scientific name of the species ) .\nthe steller\u2019s eider is flightless for about 3 weeks each year while it molts .\nenvironmental contaminants in four eider species from alaska and arctic russia . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe king eider forages on sea beds up to 25 meters ( 82 ft ) deep .\nthe spectacled eider was first officially described in 1847 by german naturalist johann friedrich von brandt .\nwildlife sound recordist , chris watson , presents the eider . eiders are northern sea - ducks perhaps\nthe inupiat name for steller\u2019s eider , igniquaqtuq , means \u201cthe bird who travels with fire . \u201d\neider males typically show black and white pattern and soft - coloured areas on their bodies . but the head pattern is always very distinctive . from the black crown and white face of the common eider , through the \u201cspectacles\u201d and the long , sloped forehead of the spectacled eider or the conspicuous yellow - orange frontal shield and red bill of the king eider , to the nuchal greenish - black feather tuft and black collar of the steller\u2019s eider , all these peculiar features allow a good identification .\nthe male spectacled eider is unmistakable with its green head and round white eye patches . the female may be more easily confused with the females of other eider species . however , a distinct characteristic of the female spectacled eiders are the round patches of slightly lighter brown feathers around the eyes . the female spectacled eider is also comparatively duller and paler in color with less distinctive barring than the females of other eider species .\nreduced prey availability is another potential threat to spectacled eiders . regime shifts due to climate change may alter prey assemblages in the eider\u2019s habitat . the spectacled eider may also compete for their prey with commercial fisheries .\nthe steller\u2019s eider is the only species in its genus . the other three species are in different genera .\nin winter , tens of thousands of the threatened steller ' s eider sea ducks stay in izembek and molt .\nthreats to the spectacled eider include lead poisoning , predation , overharvest , reduced prey availability , and catastrophic events .\nthe female steller\u2019s eider is mostly brown and much less distinct than the male . the blue wing patches , blue - gray feet , white wing linings , and smaller size distinguish the female of this species from other eider species .\nthe spectacled eider ( somateria fischeri ) is a large sea duck that breeds on the coasts of alaska and northeastern siberia . they are named for the large white \u201cspectacles\u201d around its eyes , the spectacled eider\u2019s striking look sets them apart from other marine birds .\nmost famous for the soft breast feathers with which they line their nests . these feathers were collected by eider farmers and used to fill pillows and traditional ' eider - downs ' . drake eiders display to the females with odd moaning calls which you can hear in the programme .\nwhat made you want to look up eider ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe oldest recorded common eider was a male , and at least 22 years , 7 months old , when he was found in eastern canada .\nthe men garments are available in many understated and vibrant colors , and in many sizes , so that you can find the eider garment that truly satisfies you . besides its finely tailored items , eider offers men garments that wick away sweat and provide warmth , to keep you comfortable in all situations . since 1962 , eider has been clothing and protecting nature lovers in all weather , while caring for nature . if the mountains are your playground and you love exploring them regularly , we can provide an outfit that will perform every time you take a trip . discover the eider collection of men garments available online !\nthe oldest recorded king eider was a female and at least 22 years , 1 month old when she was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in nunavut .\noverharvest is not thought to be the driver behind the reduction in spectacled eider populations . however , it is possible that subsistence harvest of this species may hinder its recovery .\neiders can be found across arctic and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere and all species breed in alaska and siberia . both king eider and common eider have larger breeding range , extending to northern europe and through arctic atlantic . during the breeding season , they frequent the seacoasts and freshwater lakes and rivers of arctic tundra , usually not far from sea .\nthe spectacled eider also faces possible threats from oil and gas development in the arctic ocean as there is currently no effective way of cleaning an oil spill in the arctic sea ice environment .\nthe female king eider does not feed very often during the 22 - 24 day incubation period . one female did not leave her nest for seven days before being flushed by an arctic fox .\neiders are gregarious birds and usually live in large flocks all year round , except the spectacled eider which occurs in smaller flocks . the pairs form in late winter or early spring and even during migration , and the nesting period usually begins as soon as they arrive at their breeding grounds . they nest mainly solitary or sometimes in loose colonies on islands or peninsulas in lakes and ponds in tundra . however , the common eider breeds in larger colonies along seacoasts , on small islands or on shorelines . the breeding season extends over april , may and june , although the steller\u2019s eider nests from late june to august .\nthe pacific form of the common eider is distinct genetically and morphologically from the other forms , and may be a different species . the male has a thin black v on its chin and a bright yellow or orange bill .\nno longer be afraid of running in the rain ! eider explains how to dress properly to deal with the elements . with the right gear , we\u2019re sure that nothing will stop you and you\u2019ll understand the enjoyment this activity can offer\nbut unlike males , the females have mostly brown , tinged rufous , barred and spotted plumage . the steller\u2019s eider female shows some white wingbars on her dark brown plumage , and the spectacled eider female shows paler \u201cspectacles\u201d but well - visible . however , they can be identified by size and shape of both body and bill . this cryptic plumage protects them while they are incubating on the ground . the juveniles are paler than adults , and often resemble females .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' eider . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\na colorful duck of the northern seacoasts , the common eider is the largest duck in the northern hemisphere . the male ' s bright white , black , and green plumage contrasts markedly with the female ' s camouflaging dull striped brown .\nthe common eider is subject to strong predation pressure , primarily from glaucous gulls and arctic foxes which take a large proportion of the eggs , and small chicks . the polar bear can also be a major predator of eggs at some sites .\na large duck of arctic coastal waters , the king eider is one of north america ' s most spectacular waterfowl species . highly gregarious for most of the year , it forms prodigious flocks during spring migration , sometimes exceeding 10 , 000 individuals .\nthe common eider is a large diving duck that is easily distinguishable , even at quite long distances , because of the elongated profile of the head . adults of this species are approximately 58 cm long and weigh from 1 . 2\u20132 . 8 kg .\nthe female king eider alone attends the nest . when an intruder is present , the female sits low on the nest with her head flattened on the ground . she sits tightly on the eggs and sometimes can be touched or picked up off of the nest .\nthe spectacled eider\u2019s habit of concentrating in large flocks during the winter and molting periods makes it very vulnerable to catastrophic events , such as an oil spill or bilge pumping . any catastrophic events in the area of these flocks could have a major impact on the entire population .\nthe only member of the genus polysticta , the steller\u2019s eider , is the smallest species . its head pattern is simpler , but the greenish - black tuft of feathers on the nape gives it an interesting appearance . this one represents probably the link between eiders and other sea ducks .\nnorth slope borough residents have been involved with education and outreach programs to protect steller\u2019s eiders . there are few opportunities for citizens to be involved in the research or management of steller\u2019s eiders at this time but they can help protect steller\u2019s eider habitat if they live near communities where eiders breed or winter .\nmanagement of steller\u2019s eiders falls under the jurisdiction of the us fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . management by the usfws is governed by the migratory bird treaty act . sport hunting for this species was closed in 1991 . subsistence hunting is also closed . the steller\u2019s eider is also protected under the endangered species act .\nthe threat of oil and gas development in and near teshekpuk lake , known as an important bird area of global significance , is a possible threat to the spectacled eider\u2019s future . representative doc hastings\u2019 proposed legislation to drill in the national petroleum reserve - alaska could open up the most sensitive areas like teshekpuk lake to drilling and lead to the downfall of this threatened species .\npopulation declines in four species of eider ; common ( somateria mollissima ) , king ( somateria spectabilis ) , spectacled ( somateria fischeri ) and steller ' s ( polysticta stelleri ) , have raised concerns about exposure to contaminants . livers and kidney tissues were collected from eiders in alaska and russia for organic and elemental analyses . results showed that organochlorine and many elemental levels were below toxic thresholds ; however , in many cases , cadmium , copper , lead and serenium appeared high relative to other waterfowl and may warrant concern . with the exception of lead , local anthropogenic sources for these elements are not known . although adverse physiological responses have not been documented in eiders , these four elements cannot be ruled out as contaminants of potential concern for some eider species .\npopulation declines in four species of eider ; common ( somateria mollissima ) , king ( somateria spectabilis ) , spectacled ( somateria fischeri ) and steller ' s ( polysticta stelleri ) , have raised concerns about exposure to contaminants . livers and kidney tissues were collected from eiders in alaska and russia for organic and elemental analyses . results showed that organochlorine and many elemental levels were below toxic thresholds ; however , in many cases , cadmium , copper , lead and selenium appeared high relative to other waterfowl and may warrant concern . with the exception of lead , local anthropogenic sources for these elements are not known . although adverse physiological responses have not been documented in eiders , these four elements cannot be ruled out as contaminants of potential concern for some eider species .\nthe current population level of spectacled eiders is significantly lower than historical levels . the species is listed as threatened under the endangered species act ( esa ) and is a state of alaska species of special concern . current nesting population is ~ 8 , 000 breeding pairs in alaska and ~ 140 , 000 individuals in russia . to learn more , visit the adf & g special status page for spectacled eider .\nthreats to the steller\u2019s eider include predation , lead poisoning , contaminants , and long - term or cyclical changes in the marine environment . the effect of climate change on steller\u2019s eiders is unknown . steller\u2019s eider eggs and ducklings are vulnerable to predation by ravens , jaegers , snowy owls , arctic and red foxes , and large gulls . on the wintering grounds , birds are vulnerable to bald eagles . lead poisoning due to ingestion of spent lead shot was historically a significant source of mortality . however , lead shot was outlawed for the hunting of waterfowl in 1991 making it less of a threat today . contaminants are also a concern for this species due to their habit of congregating in large dense groups in a few areas . contamination , such as an oil spill , in a wintering or molting area , could have a major impact on the entire population .\nthe eider is the uk ' s heaviest duck and its fastest flying . it is a true seaduck , rarely found away from coasts where its dependence on coastal molluscs for food has brought it into conflict with mussel farmers . eiders are highly gregarious and usually stay close inshore , riding the swell in a sandy bay or strung out in long lines out beyond the breaking waves . it is an amber list species because of its winter concentrations .\nthe common eider has a circumpolar distribution and breeds in the arctic and boreal zones of the northern hemisphere . they nest along the coast of europe from northern france , through the netherlands and the british isles to iceland and northwards through scandinavia to the arctic coasts of russia as well as in arctic regions such as svalbard , north - east siberia , the arctic north america and greenland . they winter largely within the breeding range , migrating southward from only the most northerly regions .\neiders are sea ducks , a group of diving ducks that breed inland but generally spend the rest of the year in coastal marine waters . the steller\u2019s eider is the smallest of the four eider species . males are unusually colorful but both sexes have an iridescent blue wing patch , lined above and below by white , which is unique for a sea duck and more similar to a dabbling duck such as a mallard . the male ' s white head has a black spot behind each ear and green shading at the back of the head . the eye is surrounded by black and the bill is bluish gray . the white head is offset by iridescent blue - black under the chin and in a broad collar pattern extending down the back . large white shoulder patches and white - lined deep blue scapular plumes provide bold contrast on the back and sides . the light breast , sides , and belly of males is shaded front - to - back from a tan to deep rust .\nthe common eider is a large diving duck that is easily distinguishable even at quite long distances because of the elongated profile of the head . it has a circumpolar distribution and breeds in the arctic and boreal zones of the northern hemisphere . they nest along the coast of europe from northern france , through the netherlands and the british isles to iceland and northwards through scandinavia to the arctic coasts of russia as well as in arctic regions such as svalbard , north - eatern siberia , arctic north america and greenland .\nat sea or in freshwater lakes or rivers , eiders feeds primarily on molluscs , crustaceans , small fish and various marine invertebrates including worms and echinoderms , and algae too . on arctic tundra , they feed on leaves , seeds and berries , green parts of plants and other vegetation . freshwater insects , larvae and arachnids are also taken . in the water , they feed mainly by diving and head - dipping , and upending in shallow waters . the spectacled eider also plucks and dabbles on the water surface .\nthe spectacled eider is a medium - sized sea duck measuring an average 53 cm in length for males and 50 cm in length for females . adult male breeding plumage is characterized by a white back and a black tail , belly and chest . other distinguishing characteristics include a bright orange bill with white feathers at the base , and a green shaggy head with round white \u201cspectacles\u201d around each eye . adult female breeding plumage is a dull brown color with darker brown barring and light brown eye patches . both sexes have long sloping foreheads .\nhistoric numbers and distribution of steller\u2019s eiders were significantly greater than current times . however , most information prior to the 1970s is anecdotal so it is difficult to accurately quantify the decline in numbers and the contraction of the breeding range . as of 2010 , 600 steller\u2019s eiders or less arrive on the alaska breeding grounds each year with most near barrow . the alaska - breeding population is listed as threatened under the endangered species act ( esa ) and is a state of alaska species of special concern . to learn more , visit the adf & g special status page for steller ' s eider .\nseveral sub - species have been described . the svalbard population belongs to the sub - species s . m . borealis , which also breeds in northeast canada , greenland , iceland and franz josef land . in svalbard the common eider breeds both in colonies on small islands and in a more dispersed fashion along the coast of spitsbergen . the greatest nesting densities occur on the western and north - western coast of spitsbergen and on tusen\u00f8yane . the svalbard population winters around iceland and along the coast of northern norway . some svalbard birds may also spend the winter in ice - free waters off the west coast of svalbard .\nin svalbard the common eider has a nesting strategy that differs from that of most other populations , in that the males remain with the females during the first stage of the incubation period ( one to two weeks ) . the males then leave the nesting areas to form moulting flocks along the coast . immediately after hatching , as soon as the young are dry , they go out to sea with their mother . the females and their young usually aggregate in groups in shallow - water areas along the coast through the summer and early fall . the highest age recorded in norway ( including svalbard ) is 58 years .\nwelcome to the official site for online sales of eider ' s men garments ! on our site you will find our full range of apparel and accessories designed for sport and nature lovers . our range of men garments is fully suited to enjoying summer and winter sports , and also for simply walking around town . our men\u2019s outfits provide warmth , functionality and technical prowess all year round . we always select the best materials and pack all our know - how into our products , to give you the greatest satisfaction . many talk only of performance . we also want you to feel good and elegant in our gear , in harmony with nature .\neiders are threatened by oil pollution and lead poisoning as they pick up lead shot from hunting in ponds or lakes . several predators such as ravens , gulls , jaegers and foxes , and hunting pressure in some areas , involve some declines in populations . the global warming is a problem in the wintering range as it is altering the ecosystem of this area . the ice is replaced by open water , and warmer temperatures reduce the prey\u2019s availability . in the same way , higher temperatures involve the drying of wetlands in the breeding range . currently , the steller\u2019s eider is listed as vulnerable , but the three other species are evaluated as least concern .\nthe nest is built by the female , a shallow scrape on the ground made with grasses and lined with down from the female\u2019s breast during the egg laying . the females lay 4 - 6 eggs , 6 - 8 in steller\u2019s eider . they incubate alone and perform all the nesting duties . the males leave the breeding grounds at the beginning of the incubation , and start the migration in order to gather at distant areas for moulting , before to reach the wintering grounds . the females incubate during 25 - 28 days . at hatching , the chicks are precocial and able to walk and feed within one day . they fledge between 50 and 75 days after hatching , depending on the species . they are sexually mature at 2 - 3 years .\nthe total common eider breeding population in svalbard is estimated to be somewhere between 13 , 500 and 27 , 500 pairs and the late summer population is comprised of 80 , 000\u2013140 , 000 individuals . the european breeding population is estimated to be 840 , 000 pairs , and is regarded as stable , although some sub - populations are declining . extensive collecting of down and eggs are thought to have reduced the population somewhat during the first part of the 20th century , but early numbers are rather uncertain , so this may not be the case . although protection measures and bird sanctuaries were established in 1963 and 1973 , no marked increase in the population has occurred since that time . annual population monitoring established in the kongsfjorden area in 1980 and surveys of moulting birds in 2002 and 2010\u20132011 suggest a stable population in recent decades . human disturbance at nesting sites should be avoided in order to minimize loss of egg and chicks to predators .\ntweet of the day is a series of fascinating stories about the british birds inspired by their calls and songs .\nfive stories of birds and birdsong are told by the people inspired by them .\nby continuing to browse this website , you are accepting the use of cookies to offer you services and offers suited to your centers of interest . find out more here\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nthanks to urban sport , cities are becoming open - air sports complexes for town dwellers who want to stay fit . there are multiple disciplines , but to maximize your enjoyment it\u2019s advisable to choose a suitable outfit .\nallow us to list the great reasons for cycling to work and spotlight the gear to do it \u2013 in less time than it takes to pedal around the block .\nnovelty , best deals . . . subscribe to our newsletter to follow our news .\nbut that hasn ' t been good news for some of their prey , including other vulnerable birds , such as eiders .\nfor example , pilot - biologists discovered the wintering grounds of spectacled eiders , an arctic sea duck , after a swift decline based upon aerial survey data .\nthere are several species of large diving ducks called eiders . they are heavy and round - bodied , with a humped bill that produces a characteristic sloping profile . eiders live in the cold far north . they are the source of eiderdown , feathers that the hen plucks from her breast to line her nest and insulate her eggs . eiderdown is used as a warm filling for jackets , pillows , quilts , and sleeping bags . hens are mottled brown , but drakes ( males ) are boldly patterned , with green pigment on the head .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nvisitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities\u2019 popular pair of peregrine falcons .\nthe rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .\nfind out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .\na small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .\na nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\nthere ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .\nthis is a delightful oak woodland to walk through \u2013 especially in spring and early summer .\nnature is an adventure waiting to be had . get out , get busy and get wild !\nexplore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .\nthis bird species has different identifying features depending on sex / age / season .\nin the breeding season , eiders are best looked for from the northumberland coast northwards and off the west coast of scotland . they are found in the same areas in winter and also further south on the yorkshire coast and around the east and south coast as far a cornwall . belfast lough is a n ireland stronghold and some are also found off the welsh coast .\n* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .\neiders can be seen all year round in breeding areas . on coasts to the south of the breeding range , birds can be seen from autumn and stay there for the winter .\nour seas are in deep trouble . you can help save them from top to bottom .\nhelp fund the urgent work needed to protect our wonderful sealife . your donation will make a huge difference .\nthe rspb is a member of birdlife international . find out more about the partnership\n\u00a9 the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) is a registered charity : england and wales no . 207076 , scotland no . sc037654\nwe use cookies on our website to help give you the best online experience . tell me more\nmother common eiders lead their young to water , and often are accompanied by nonbreeding hens that participate in chick protection . broods often come together to form\ncr\u00e8ches\nof a few to over 150 ducklings . attacks by predators may cause several broods to cluster together into a cr\u00e8che . once formed , a cr\u00e8che tends to stay together throughout the brood rearing period , although some of the different females attending it may leave .\nany of the species of the genera polysticta or somateria , in the seaduck subfamily merginae , which line their nests with fine down ( taken from their own bodies ) .\nthis page was last edited on 19 april 2018 , at 22 : 51 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\nand related genera , which occur in the n hemisphere . the male has black and white plumage , and the female is the source of eiderdown\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\ndownload the file for your platform . if you ' re not sure which to choose , learn more about installing packages .\ndeveloped and maintained by the python community , for the python community . donate today !\nnous sommes sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans la fabrication de v\u00eatements styl\u00e9s et fonctionnels pour les sports acti . . .\n21 , rue du pr\u00e9 faucon ( 5 , 851 . 00 mi ) annecy - le - vieux 74940\nquand highline et parapente se rencontrent sur les dunes de huacachina , au p\u00e9rou . . .\nwhen highline and paragliding meet on the dunes of huacachina , peru . . . @ [ 1825756391038789 : 274 : esprits outdoor ]\nit looks like you may be having problems playing this video . if so , please try restarting your browser .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na northern sea duck , of which the male is mainly black - and - white with a coloured head , and the female brown .\n\u2018terns and eiders had been disturbed , while eiders had been doubly hit because the pickers were depleting the mussel beds on which they feed . \u2019\n\u2018both of these types are plentiful on the cape , as are sea ducks , such as scoters and eiders , viewable from many vantage points . \u2019\n\u2018primary predators for these eiders were large gulls , and occasionally evidence of mammalian predation was found . \u2019\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nmales and females have very different plumage ; the male has a black crown , belly and tail , while the rest of the plumage is white , the breast usually has a pinkish tinge . males also have characteristic green marks on the sides of the head . the female is brown with light , closely packed bars over the whole body . young males are a mottled brown - black and white , the pattern of which varies with age . young birds are difficult to distinguish from adult males in transitional plumage after the nesting season , when they are switching to their winter colours .\nthe male ' s voice is a deep , prolonged \u201dcoo - roo - uh\u201d , the female ' s call is a growling \u201dcor - r - r\u201d .\ncommon eiders are maritime ducks , which occur along coastlines in the breeding season , especially on smaller islets where they are safe from mammalian predators . they breed in colonies of variable size and density . nesting groups become established in the spring as soon as the tundra is clear of snow and the ice around the islets has melted ; in most years in svalbard this occurs towards the end of may , but may be as late as the end of june at some sites in some years .\nthe proportion of the population that breeds varies greatly between years depending on ice condition in spring and early summer . common eiders leave the nesting area immediately after the eggs hatch to occupy shallows waters along the coast , where they remain until leaving svalbard during autumn .\nthey feed on various benthic animals ; mussels are a preferred food , but they will also consume small crustaceans found in the inter - tidal zone and shallows .\npair formation takes place during the autumn in common eiders and the same birds may stay together for several years . they are a ground - nesting species that prefers flat areas , sometimes sheltered by stones or pieces of wood , but usually the site is completely exposed . the nest is a simple , shallow scrape made by the female , but it is carefully lined with plant material and a thick layer of down . nest - sites are re - used , and old nests are often characterized by an elevated rim .\nthe normal clutch size consists of four to six eggs , which are grey - green or olive - green in colour . clutches with up to 13 eggs have been recorded in svalbard , but large clutches are usually laid by more than one female ( i . e . the result of dump nesting ) . the incubation period lasts 24\u201326 days . before nesting the females accumulate a large reserve of fat . they do not feed during the incubation period and must therefore survive on stored reserves . they can lose up to 40 % of their body weight during incubation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nstout jh 1 , trust ka , cochrane jf , suydam rs , quakenbush lt .\nus fish & wildlife service , anchorage fied office , ak 99501 , usa . jordan _ stout @ urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npresent address : conservation biology program , university of minnesota , 1980 upper buford circle , saint paul , mn 55108 , usa .\npresent address : university of alaska\u2014fairbanks , school of fisheries & ocean sciences , fairbanks , ak 99775 , usa .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthis species has been uplisted to near threatened . within europe it has experienced moderate declines and these have not been compensated for by increases elsewhere in the species ' s range . declines are thought to be driven by a range of threats including overharvesting of aquatic resources , pollution , disturbance and hunting . should the declines be found to be more severe , or new information reveal declines in the\npopulations then the species would warrant uplisting ; it almost meets the requirements for listing as threatened under criterion a4abcde .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : somateria mollissima . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nsteller\u2019s eiders first breed at 2\u20133 years of age . pair bonding occurs in the winter , and the eiders move to arctic nesting grounds as the spring sea ice breaks up . they are solitary breeders that prefer to nest on islands or peninsulas in tundra lakes and ponds near the coast . the female selects a nest site while the male performs distraction flights . the nest is built out of grass then lined with down during egg laying . females generally lay 5\u20137 olive - brown eggs . males typically leave once incubation begins . females incubate the eggs for 25\u201328 days until hatching .\nducklings are precocial and hatch with open eyes and a dark brown layer of down . they can thermoregulate and walk soon after hatching , allowing them to leave the nest within 24 hours . mothers stay with their young throughout brood rearing . young birds can fly within 5\u20137 weeks of hatching .\nsteller\u2019s eiders forage by diving or dabbling in shallow water . on the breeding habitats , steller\u2019s eiders primarily eat insect larvae associated with freshwater wetlands but may also eat aquatic plants . in marine habitats they eat small fish and saltwater invertebrates , including snails , clams , worms , and echinoderms found in the bottom sediment . they forage singly or in large flocks that often dive and surface in unison .\nmales perform courtship displays for females , with as many as 3\u20137 males following a single female . courtship behaviors include a series of head - turns , shakes , and rearing out of the water . males also perform aggressive displays towards other males , including chin - lifts which display the black chin - patch .\nsteller\u2019s eiders migrate long distances each year , up to 4 , 800 kilometers , between their breeding and wintering grounds . they migrate side by side in long lines only a few feet above the water . they generally travel along coastlines or follow open leads in the ice . migration northward to the breeding grounds begins in late - april . they reach their nesting sites in the arctic tundra in late may to early june . males leave the breeding areas by early july to travel to molting areas . the females remain on the breeding grounds until the chicks fledge . then they travel to molting areas or directly to wintering grounds further south .\nthe breeding range of steller\u2019s eiders is the arctic coastal plain of northern alaska and russia . there are three recognized breeding populations of steller\u2019s eiders worldwide . two populations breed in russia . the russian - atlantic population breeds in russia and winters in the barents and baltic seas of northern europe , never associating with alaska . the russian - pacific population breeds in russia and winters in the bering sea and northern gulf of alaska and mixes with the russian - pacific population in the bering sea and northern gulf of alaska during the molt and winter . alaska\u2019s breeding population occurs in two disjunct regions , the yukon - kuskokwim delta in western alaska , where only a few birds may nest , and the arctic coastal plain , primarily near barrow .\nalmost all steller ' s eiders nest in northeastern siberia , with less than 1 % of the population breeding in north america . in the winter , most of the world\u2019s steller\u2019s eiders are found in the alaska peninsula and the aleutian islands . others winter as far west as the commander and kuril islands of russia and as far east as kodiak island and kachemak bay in cook inlet , alaska .\nthe population of steller\u2019s eiders may have declined by up to 50 % between the 1960s and 1980s . estimates of the wintering concentration of steller\u2019s eiders along the alaska peninsula was 400 , 000\u2013500 , 000 in the 1960s , and dropped to an estimated 200 , 000 in the 1990s , and 100 , 000\u2013140 , 000 in the 2000s . the cause of this drastic decline is unknown .\nsteller\u2019s eiders were once targets of waterfowl hunters . hunting of eiders was ended in 1991 .\negging and subsistence hunting of steller\u2019s eiders is minimal in alaska . the effects of subsistence hunting in russia are poorly documented .\nthe usfws , in cooperation with the north slope borough , has developed an education and outreach program designed to protect steller\u2019s eiders on the breeding grounds . fox control has also been implemented near barrow in order to improve nesting success . regulators are also protecting steller\u2019s eiders on the wintering grounds by reviewing development plans .\ncurrent research and monitoring has focused on detecting population trends and improving our understanding of breeding biology and annual distribution . scientists do not know if the russian - pacific and alaskan breeding populations are distinct or if they represent one larger population with some birds breeding in alaska intermittently . other research has focused on trying to understand the role of contaminants and predators in limiting population growth .\nthe four eiders included in the tribe mergini , subfamily anatinae , in the large family anatidae , are sometimes separated from the other sea ducks and placed in their own tribe somateriini .\nthe three eiders of genus somateria are closely related . these large marine ducks show strong sexual dimorphism with males displaying complex and coloured head pattern and black and white bodies , while females are duller , mostly brown , and fairly similar in all species .\nduring winter , they remain in northern waters , either in bays or river mouths , or at sea in deep waters and away from land , according to the species . their usual wintering grounds include northern europe , iceland , w greenland , ne north america , alaska , aleutian islands , kamchatka , and southern bering sea . they return to their breeding grounds when the sea ice starts to break up .\nthe flight during these migrations is fairly low over the water . the birds fly side by side and form an undulating line just above the waves . sea ducks are powerful fliers .\nthe displays are typically similar to those of all the anatidae . the males perform usual courtship displays including rearing up out of water , wing - flapping , shaking head , stretching neck upwards and jerking head back in quick motion . at this period , the drakes produce various cooing and crooning calls while displaying . some fights may occur between males around one female .\nfemales and chicks are threatened by several predators such as gulls , jaegers and foxes , the female during the incubation and the ducklings after hatching while they start to walk and feed . both females and young migrate and reach the wintering grounds where they will moult .\neiders are powerful marine ducks , somewhat different from other anatidae . the head pattern of males is sometimes considered ghostly and mysterious , but they are gregarious and beautiful .\nwhen they are not nesting , these ducks spend most of the year in the frigid waters of the arctic , where they eat bottom - dwelling mollusks and crustaceans . during the winter months , these ducks move far offshore to deep waters , where they often gather in dense flocks in openings of nearly continuous sea ice .\nunlike other sea ducks , spectacled eiders appear to remain in only a few areas and become vulnerable during their molting season as they cannot fly away from a hazard . spectacled eiders also use long large cracks in the ice where water flows in their migration .\nthe u . s . population is approximately 3 , 000 - 4 , 000 nesting pairs .\nhistorically , spectacled eiders nested along much of the coast of alaska , from the nushagak peninsula in the southwest , north to barrow , east nearly to the canadian border , and along much of the arctic coast of russia . however , climate change and oil and gas development have drastically reduced their habitat range . as a result the western alaskan population of spectacled eiders dropped by 96 percent between 1957 and 1992 .\nendangered species coalition po box 65195 | washington dc 20035 | 240 . 353 . 2765\nspectacled eiders arrive on the breeding grounds as pairs in late - may or in june . preferred nest sites appear to be on islands or peninsulas in lakes . nest initiation typically occurs in may - july and varies according to numerous factors that include latitude and weather . females generally lay 3 - 9 oval , olive - green eggs at an average rate of one egg every 24 hours . males depart the breeding areas sometime during egg - laying and early incubation , leaving the females to care for the eggs . the females incubate the eggs 24 - 28 days and tend to the young after they hatch . ducklings are covered in down when they hatch . young spectacled eiders learn to fly at 50 - 52 days of age and fledge in late august . young eiders will remain at sea until their first breeding attempt at 2 - 3 years of age .\negg and duckling predators in alaska and russia include mink , arctic fox , red fox , gulls , and jaegers . hen eiders will take their young to open water , or to hide in emergent vegetation in response to avian attacks .\nspectacled eiders feed by diving and dabbling . in the nonbreeding season , they are found in marine waters diving down to feed on benthic mollusks and crustaceans in shallow waters ( less than 80m deep ) or free - floating amphipods in deeper waters . during the nesting season , they forage in ponds by diving and dabbling , often feeding on aquatic insects , crustaceans , mollusks , and vegetation . they will also feed on grasses , berries , and seeds .\nspectacled eiders generally congregate in large , dense flocks in the winter in small openings in the sea ice . outside the winter , they typically fly in small , compact flocks of less than 50 individuals . they typically fly with a rapid wing beat less than 50m above the ground or water .\nmales may chase each other to compete for females during the breeding season , however , physical contact is rare . spectacled eiders are believed to follow a monogamous mating system .\nspring migration from the wintering area includes multiple stopovers at coastal sites with arrival on the breeding grounds in late may or june . males leave 1 - 2 weeks after incubation of the eggs begins . females and young eiders travel to their wintering grounds in late summer . after spectacled eiders leave the nesting grounds , they travel along established migration corridors in the bering , chukchi , and beaufort seas . males molt and stage in mechigmenskiy bay in russia , eastern chukotka peninsula in russia , or in ledyard bay , alaska . the females molt and stage in eastern norton sound if they nested in the yukon - kuskokwim delta or in ledyard bay and mechigmenskiy bay if they nested on the north slope . from these molting and staging areas , the birds will head out to the bering sea for the winter .\nthe breeding habitat of spectacled eiders is in wet tundra regions . they nest along arctic coasts of alaska and russia and on the yukon - kuskokwim delta in alaska . molting areas have been found in norton sound and ledyard bay in alaska and in mechigmenskiy bay and offshore waters between the kolyma and indigirka river deltas in russia . in the winter , the entire global population of spectacled eiders congregates in gaps in the sea ice ( called polynyas ) in the bering sea between st . lawrence and st . matthew islands . the wintering habitat of spectacled eiders was unknown until the 1990s . they use these gaps in the ice to dive down and collect mollusks and other crustaceans from the sea floor .\nthe population of spectacled eiders has declined significantly since the 1960s , but the cause of this decline remains unknown . on the yukon - kuskokwim delta , the population declined by over 96 % between the 1970s and 1990s . following this dramatic decline , the population appears to have stabilized .\nthough the cause of the decline in spectacled eiders is unknown , lead poisoning from ingestion of spent shot has been a significant source of mortality in alaska . the use of lead shot was banned in 1991 so the threat from lead poisoning should be reduced though illegal use may continue at some level .\nin nesting areas , predation by foxes , gulls , and ravens may be preventing the recovery of the species . predation tends to be higher in areas near human habitation due to the year - round availability of food and shelter for certain predators .\nall spectacled eiders overwinter in the bering sea using polynyas ( gaps ) in the sea ice .\nspectacled eiders were once a target of waterfowl hunters . however , sport hunting of this species has been closed in alaska since 1991 .\nthis species was harvested for its meat and feathers , and their eggs also were an important subsistence food . however , in 1991 subsistence hunting of spectacled eiders was closed in alaska , and remains closed .\nspectacled eiders are currently listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act and protected by the migratory bird treaty act , both of which are implemented by the u . s . fish and wildlife service . the state of alaska retains trust responsibilities over this species and is actively engaged in the management , conservation , and regulation of spectacled eiders and their habitat .\nthere are several research projects on spectacled eiders underway . one project is designed to determine winter habitat and the causes of the population decline . this study uses satellite transmitters to track the birds to identify molting and feeding areas in the bering sea . another project studies the impacts of lead shot poisoning and environmental contaminants on the eiders ."]}
{"id": 155, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-headed brush finch ( atlapetes flaviceps ) is an endangered species of bird in the american sparrow and bunting family , emberizidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to colombia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the common name is a semi-literal translation of the scientific name , with atlapetes referring to the brush-finch genus , and flaviceps meaning \" yellow-headed \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species has a yellow to dark olive head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the throat , chin , malar streak , lores , eye-ring , and ear patch are bright yellow in any case .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the rest of the plumage is yellow with dark olive upperparts , wing and tail .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the variation in the head color is not well explained , but it is likely that the olive-headed individuals are females and/or immature birds . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "yellow - headed brush finch", "paragraphs": ["information on the yellow - headed brush - finch is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n17 cm . olive - and - yellow understorey passerine . mainly yellow head with conspicuous yellow lores , eye - ring and faint supercilium , dark olive upperparts , yellow underparts . there is unexplained variability in the amount of yellow on head .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes flaviceps )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yellow - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes flaviceps )\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes flaviceps )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe pale - headed brush - finch is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nbrush a . h , seifried h . pigmentation and feather structure in genetic variants of the gouldian finch ,\n< 0 . 001 ) . for example , interactions between yellow - and black - headed birds tended to be more active and aggressive ( 79 . 7 % ) than those between either red - and yellow - headed birds ( 39 . 5 % ;\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps )\ntitle =\narkive species - pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n\u0095 he was too yellow to stand up and fight . \u0095 you ' ll come with us into the cave , unless you ' re yellow\nthe black - spectacled brush - finch is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthere is little information recorded on differences between the male and female black - spectacled brush - finch ; however , males of the atlapetes genus tend to be slightly heavier than females ( 5 ) . brush - finch juveniles typically have mottled feathers ( 4 ) , and the juvenile black - spectacled brush - finch is thought to have yellowish underparts and greenish upperparts ( 3 ) .\n17 cm . a relatively short - billed brush - finch with large head and distinctly graduated tail ; crown feathers often raised , giving round - headed appearance , and bill has even . . .\n\u0095 the bridesmaids were dressed in yellow . \u0095 a room decorated in yellows and greens\nmarchetti k . the evolution of multiple male traits in the yellow - browed leaf warbler .\nbetween the highly dominant red - headed and submissive yellow - headed males , black - headed birds have an intermediate dominance status . black - headedness is expressed by a recessive allele at the sex - linked locus , which masks the yellow / red colour determined by the autosomal gene . it is possible to distinguish the underlying yellow / red phenotype of black - headed birds by the colour of their beak tip ( yellow or red ) . therefore , an interesting possibility is that black - headed birds carrying the genes for red - headedness ( i . e . homozygous dominant and heterozygous on the autosomal locus ) are dominant , while those with yellow - headedness ( i . e . homozygous recessive ) are subordinate . however , beak tip colour , and thus the underlying phenotype , had no effect in any of the dominance trials , either within or among the different morphs , suggesting that black - headed birds are viewed as a separate phenotype rather than an intermediate expression between red and yellow .\nkrabbe , n . ( 2004 ) pale - headed brush - finch atlapetes pallidiceps : notes on population size , habitat , vocalizations , feeding , interference competition and conservation . bird conservation international , 14 : 77 - 86 .\nthe black - spectacled brush - finch is found in central peru at just five locations surrounding the mantaro river in huancavelica and jun\u00edn ( 2 ) .\nvalqui , t . and fjeldsa , j . ( 1999 ) new brush - finch atlapetes from peru . ibis , 141 : 194 - 198 .\nthe yellow - headed brush - finch is unique looking ; it is dark olive on the back , wings and tail but has a yellow - head and underparts . it lacks a coronal stripe or dark face sides of most brush - finches . yet there is a bit of olive stippling on the crown and auriculars , enough that the head is not a brilliant yellow , but more subdued . at one time it was known as the olive - headed brush - finch , a rather inappropriate name . for a long time this species was known but from three specimens , then it was captured in 1967 at a new site . for many decades little else was known about it , but now known to be locally common in the type locality . this brush - finch is listed as endangered as it has a very small range and population ( estimated at 680 individuals ) . it is known from two areas , but has only been recorded once at the more southerly site . there is continuing habitat degradation in its range and this bears some concern .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nalthough , black - headed males are not socially dominant they are the most common head morph in wild populations ( 70 % ) , while red - headed males are moderately common ( 30 % ) and yellow - headed males extremely rare ( estimated at one in 3000\u20135000 ; brush & seifried 1968 ; franklin & dostine 2000 ) . the results from this dominance experiment do not completely explain these frequencies ; if dominant red - headed birds gained the greatest benefits they would be expected to be more common than the intermediate black - headed birds . however , it is unlikely that aggression and dominance alone , or in isolation , contributes to the observed morph frequencies .\nthe pale - headed brush - finch is usually seen in pairs , which have been recorded breeding from anywhere between mid - january and late june , although no pairs have been observed successfully producing more than one clutch within a season . the chicks hatch after an incubation period of 14 to 15 days , and then proceed to be fed by their parents every 5 to 25 minutes , depending upon their age . even after fledging , the young continue to depend upon their parents for food for at least a further four weeks ( 5 ) . the pale - headed brush - finch is frequently a victim of nest parasitism by the shiny cowbird ( molothrus bonariensis ) , in which the latter species removes the existing eggs from the nest and replaces it with its own virtually identical eggs , to be incubated and raised by the pale - headed brush - finch ( 4 ) .\noppel , s . , schaefer , h . m . , schmidt , v . and schr\u00f6der , b . ( 2004 ) habitat selection by the pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps ) in southern ecuador : implications for conservation . biological conservation , 118 : 33 - 40 .\noppel , s . , schaefer , h . m . , schmidt , v . and schr\u00f6der , b . ( 2004 ) cowbird parasitism of pale - headed brush - finch atlapetes pallidiceps : implications for conservation and management . bird conservation international , 14 : 63 - 75 . available at : urltoken\n< 0 . 001 ) or between red - and black - headed birds ( 36 . 9 % ;\nbrush adjacent to cleared areas on mountainsides , also in undergrowth within moist montane forest ; . . .\nthe three head morphs ( yellow , red and black ) of male gouldian finches . ( photograph by sarah r . pryke . )\njaramillo , a . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . yellow - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes flaviceps ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe song of the black - spectacled brush - finch comprises a simple \u2018 tew - whee \u2019 ( 3 ) , along with chattering \u2018 chups \u2019 and squeaky , high - pitched calls ( 2 ) .\nevans s . m , fidler m . e . indruss publications ; queensland : 2005 . the gouldian finch .\nalthough , there were no differences in interaction type within dyads of the same head morph , there were significant behavioural differences among the three head morph dyads ( i . e . between the red , black and yellow dyads ; aic = 361 . 29 and a weight of 84 % compared to other models ; \u03c7 47 2 = 15 . 59 , p < 0 . 001 ) . red - headed dyads had both more active ( 86 . 7 % ) and more frequent interactions than the black - ( 61 . 5 % ; t = 2 . 81 , p = 0 . 005 ) and yellow - headed birds ( 56 . 8 % ; t = 3 . 61 , p < 0 . 001 ) , the latter of which did not differ ( t = 1 . 55 , p = 0 . 12 ) . red - headed dyads also initiated aggressive conflicts earlier than either the black - ( mann\u2013whitney u - test : z = 4 . 76 , n = 32 , p < 0 . 001 ) or yellow - headed dyads ( z = 4 . 18 , n = 32 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and black - headed dyads were quicker to interact than yellow - headed dyads ( z = 2 . 93 , n = 32 , p = 0 . 003 ) .\n< 0 . 001 ) . this was because most supplants in the experimentally reddened group were passive ( 79 . 4 % ) , whereas the majority of supplants in the black - treated groups were active ( 71 . 3 % ) . for example , reddened yellow - headed birds were less aggressive ( 28 . 3 % active supplants ) , yet they successfully dominated black - headed birds ( see\nthe pale - headed brush - finch occurs in arid areas at 1 , 650 to 1 , 800 metre above sea level , favouring semi - open habitats with low scrub . fairly dense scrub is tolerated , but forests and completely open areas are avoided . nests are built within dense thickets of small bushes or bamboo , often covered with vines ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nschulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nfranklin d . c , dostine p . l . a note on the frequency and genetics of head colour morphs in the gouldian finch .\nthis species has an extremely restricted range , being endemic to just a small semi - arid valley of the r\u00edo jubones drainage in azuay and loja , south - western ecuador ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . most pairs occur in the yunguilla reserve ( 5 ) . the total population of the endangered pale - headed brush - finch was estimated to be just 50 pairs in 2005 ( 3 ) , but numbers are increasing ( 2 ) .\nthe black - spectacled brush - finch is typically seen in small groups of between one and three individuals , foraging for food from the ground all the way up to the sub - canopy ( 2 ) . its diet is thought to include seeds and insects ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nfound primarily in areas of montane scrub and forest edge , the black - spectacled brush - finch requires open , bushy areas with relatively high seasonal rainfall ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . this species is found at elevations of between 2 , 500 and 3 , 400 metres ( 3 ) .\n2014 , jaramillo & sharpe 2016 ) . found within four national parks : las hermosas , los nevados , nevado del huila and purac\u00e9 ( molina - mart\u00ednez 2014 ) . action for yellow - eared parrot\nthere are currently no known conservation measures in place for the black - spectacled brush - finch . however , it has been proposed that this species would benefit from further research to give a better understanding of its population size and requirements , as well as from measures to ensure that at least some of its habitat receives protection ( 2 ) .\nrelatively new to science , the black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis ) was first described in 1999 ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . while its body is a dull greenish - grey ( 2 ) , it can be distinguished by its tawny orange cap , black forehead and the black rings around its ochre eyes ( 4 ) , which presumably gave rise to its common name . two white , horn - shaped stripes known as supralorals can also be seen above its eyes ( 2 ) . the underside of the black - spectacled brush - finch is a paler grey , and the wings and tail are darker . its feet are grey and its bill is black ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\n) . the dominance of red - headed birds was further evident by the outcome of the triadic experiments ( aic = 21 . 4 and a weight of 69 % compared to other models ;\nuntil its incredible rediscovery in 1998 , the pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps ) was thought to be extinct , having not been seen since 1969 ( 3 ) . as its common name implies , this small bird has a pale - coloured head , which is creamy white with ill - defined buff stripes on the sides of the crown and behind the eye . upperparts are a light brownish - grey , while underparts are usually whitish ( 2 ) . a small , distinctive white patch also exists on the side of the relatively dark wings .\nwith its small range and fragmented distribution , the main threat facing the black - spectacled brush - finch is habitat loss , with areas of scrub and forest being burnt to create and maintain pastureland . however , it is unlikely that this rate of habitat destruction is increasing , as humans are steadily leaving the region for larger towns and cities ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nschmidt , v . & schaefer , h . m . ( 2004 ) pale - headed brushfinch recovery project in southwestern ecuador 2002 - 2003 . institute for avian research , germany . available at : urltoken\nschmidt , v . and schaefer , h . m . ( 2004 ) pale - headed brushfinch recovery project in southwestern ecuador 2002 - 2003 . institute for avian research , germany . available at : urltoken\n) . there was no effect of experimental manipulation on the outcome of dominance , and thus , despite the treatments , naturally red - headed males remained dominant . furthermore , none of the other potentially interacting effects ( see\n) , is important in settling dominance contests within each of the three discrete head morphs , and is also a primary target in female mate decisions ( irrespective of the male or female morph ; s . r . pryke & s . c . griffith 2005 , unpublished data ) . whereas the discrete head colour polymorphism may signal intrinsic genetically based behavioural characteristics , which appear to underscore a clear dominance hierarchy among males ; aggressive and dominant red - headed males and subordinate yellow - headed males . these differences , in a trait likely to be under strong selection , suggest that diverse selection pressures may vary across the morphs , balancing out net morph fitness and thus explaining the persistence of the three conspicuous morphs in wild populations .\nthe best - fitting glm of the binary ( win / loss food dominance ) dyadic experiments for the 90 trials among males of different morphs ( red , black and yellow ) identified head morph as the only significant predictor of contest outcome ( aic = 109 . 7 and a weight of 88 % compared to other models ;\nthe glm best explaining the win / loss outcome of the 48 trials involving males of the same head morphs ( aic = 100 . 86 and a weight of 72 % compared to other models ; \u03c7 47 2 = 4 . 39 , p = 0 . 003 ) included a dominant effect of uv blue collar chroma ( t = 3 . 38 , p < 0 . 001 ) , a significant but weaker effect of head blue collar size ( t = 1 . 94 , p = 0 . 05 ) , and a positive , but not significant , effect of violet uv chroma ( t = 1 . 71 , p = 0 . 09 ) . in addition , within the red - headed male dyads , redder males dominated less chromatic opponents ( interaction between morph\u00d7chroma : t = 2 . 17 , p < 0 . 03 ) . replacing the dominance outcome at food bowls with that from the dominance hierarchy produced a similar but slightly weaker model ( aic = 84 . 78 and a weight of 67 % compared to other models ; \u03c7 47 2 = 3 . 22 , p = 0 . 007 ) identifying both the uv chroma ( t = 2 . 47 , p = 0 . 001 ) and size ( t = 2 . 26 , p = 0 . 02 ) of the blue head patch as significant predictors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nendangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( ii ) ver 3 . 1\nthis species has a very small range and population . it is known from two areas , but has only been recorded once at the more southerly site . there is continuing habitat clearance in its main area of occurrence , indicating that numbers and range continue to decline . it is therefore classified as endangered .\n. it has been recorded once in the la plata vieja valley , huila , in 1967 . the type - series was collected in toche valley , tolima , where it is still locally common ( p . g . w . salaman\nthe population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals . trend justification : a slow and on - going population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss .\nin toche valley , tolima , it seems to have adapted well to degraded forest , thick secondary vegetation ( especially where vines and remnant forest trees are present ) and bushy , overgrown bean - fields at 1 , 300 - 2 , 500 m ( p . g . w . salaman\n. an active nest was found in may ( molina - mart\u00ednez 2014 ) . observations have been made of a juvenile with parents in june , adults collecting nesting material in october ( p . g . w . salaman\n. however , when the type - series was collected , the higher valleys of the toche area , tolima , were heavily forested . since the 1950s , much of the original habitat in these valleys has been cleared and used for agriculture , including coffee plantations , potatoes , beans and cattle - grazing ( p . g . w . salaman\n. mature secondary forest patches are scattered , and natural vegetation cover is judged to have been reduced to c . 15 % at elevations of 1 , 900 - 3 , 200 m , most of it occurring above 2 , 200 m ( p . g . w . salaman\n. some forest clearance continues in remaining patches ( p . g . w . salaman\nsurvey potential habitat in the upper magdalena valley , the la plata vieja valley and intervening areas . determine the extent of dependence on secondary vegetation , and sensitivity to vegetational succession and habitat destruction ( renjifo\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22721439a111139264 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nr\u00edo toche , 6800 feet [ c . 2070 m ] , tolima , colombia\nboth slopes of c andes ( caldas , tolima and cauca ) and w slope of w andes ( risaralda , valle del cauca ) # r # r , in colombia .\nsong lasts 1\u00b75\u20132 seconds , has two parts , some introductory notes and then a trilled end , \u201ctseep - . . .\nactive nest found in may . juveniles with parents observed in jun , and collection of nesting material in nov . no other information .\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in colombian inter - andean slopes eba . has a very small range and very small global population , estimated at fewer than 1000 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nformerly included in a broader emberizidae . recent phylogeny # r has recovered evidence of eight major clades within this newly recognized grouping : ( i ) melospiza and allies ; ( ii and iii ) melozone , atlapetes , pipilo and allies , which form two sister - clades ; ( iv ) zonotrichia , junco and allies ; and ( v\u2013viii ) all other species , which form a polytomy at base of tree , but can be split into ( a ) arremon , ( b ) spizella , amphispiza , chondestes and calamospiza , ( c ) peucaea , arremonops , ammodramus and rhynchospiza , and finally ( d ) two genera that have often been placed in thraupidae , oreothraupis and chlorospingus .\ninterspecific taxonomy still requires considerable research so sequence below is provisional , especially as some purported relationships lack strong molecular support . as presently configured , appears to be paraphyletic with respect to pselliophorus , and latter may be better merged herein # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : atlapetes flaviceps . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\ncria de canarios ~ bronces piel negra . . . por fin . . .\nscore for 1 phrase . two types of phrase here abbaba . just north of town\nnew for the western andes of colombia . . . will be soon published : calder\u00f3n - franco , zuleta mar\u00edn & ayerbe - qui\u00f1ones . 2011 . atlapetes flaviceps tambi\u00e9n se encuentra en la cordillera occidental de los andes en colombia . bolet\u00edn sao .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngenus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . montane of mountains , or growing in mountains .\nschulenberg , t . s . ( 2007 ) birds of peru . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\necheverry - galvis , m . a . , cordoba - cordoba , s . , perzaza , c . a . , baptiste , m . p . , and ahumada , j . a . ( 2006 ) body weights of 98 species of andean cloud - forest birds . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club , 126 : 4 .\nthis bird usually forages in pairs , finding most of its food around two metres above the ground ( 2 ) . the diet consists of arthropods , fruit and a few seeds , with the arthropods almost invariably gleaned from twigs and small branches , while seeds are taken from the ground ( 7 ) .\nauthenticated ( 14 / 06 / 2006 ) by dr . niels krabbe , zoological museum , university of copenhagen , denmark .\narthropods a very diverse phylum ( a major grouping of animals ) that includes crustaceans , insects and arachnids . all arthropods have paired jointed limbs and a hard external skeleton ( exoskeleton ) . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . incubation the act of incubating eggs , that is , keeping them warm so that development is possible .\nsilent skies\nis an international collaborative super - mural mosaic featuring all 678 endangered species of birds of the world . the 100 - ft installation will form the artistic centrepiece of the 27th international ornithological congress in august 2018 at the vancouver convention centre , after which , the mural will tour internationally . learn more\na limited number of canvas giclee editions will be available for sale in spring 2018 with proceeds supporting bird conservation and environmental education . as it is completed , artwork will be posted . the mural will be on display at the # afcfestival2018 this august . check the schedule .\nsilent skies student mural project is a youth education program that builds on the silent skies mural . this free program focuses on the study of conservation and endangered species through research , art and community engagement . a selection of student artworks will be featured alongside the primary mural . interested schools must register online .\nartists for conservation international foundation is a canadian registered charity ( # 860891761 rr 0001 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nevaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species . the list is based on scientific assessment of an organism ' s status by experts .\nmrs moreau ' s warbler , mrs . moreau ' s warbler , winifred ' s warbler\nsaint andrew vireo , san andres vireo , san andr\u00e9s vireo , st . andrew vireo\ncopyright rhett butler 1994 - 2015 carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated from urltoken operations ( server , data transfer , travel ) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect , an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia ' s darien region . anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay ' s mascot : the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used .\nin this project , selva will generate information to confirm known populations , identify new populations and define key habitats for these two species , with a view to prioritizing conservation actions .\nassess the quality of currently available ecological and geographical information for leptotila conoveri and atlapetes flaviceps .\ndetermine rates of habitat loss and identify habitat remnants for both species , using species distribution models ( sdm ) .\nidentify key areas for the two species throughout their likely geographical range , combining distribution models , occupancy models and estimates of population density .\nidentify the main local and regional threats to design effective conservation strategies for both species .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n* author for correspondence ( ua . ude . wsnu @ ekyrp . haras ) .\n) . these traits are all expressed with continuous variation across a population ( and morphs ) , typical of standard sexually selected ornamental traits in other species . sexual dimorphism in these socially monogamous finches is pronounced with females displaying considerably duller and less chromatic plumage ( s . r . pryke & s . c . griffith 2005 , unpublished data ) and shorter pintail feathers ( 21 . 7 % shorter ;\n< 0 . 001 ) . to test the function of the head colour polymorphism as well as the multiple sexually dichromatic ornaments in dominance interactions , three standardized experiments were performed , using unfamiliar birds staged in contests with : ( i ) males of different head morphs , ( ii ) males of the same morph , and ( iii ) males with experimentally manipulated head colours ( i . e . blackened and reddened ) . since social dominance is an important determinant of male mating success , with dominant males typically preventing subordinates from breeding (\n) , any signal trait that increases the efficiency ( or decreases the cost ) of frequent dominance contests should be favoured by sexual selection .\nmale dominance was assessed using captive birds ( n = 153 ) sourced from a large number of wild - type aviculturists throughout australia . all birds were fitted with a single numbered white plastic band to minimize potential colour band effects on colour communication . birds from each locality were housed in groups of 8\u201312 individuals in separate sex and morph aviaries ( 2 . 1 m 3 ) , visually isolated from each other . within the holding cages the potential for dominant males to monopolize food resources was minimized by placing multiple food dishes within each cage .\nlacking information on the optical physiology of gouldian finches , we computed objective reflectance parameters relevant to the opponency - based perceptual colour space ( see andersson et al . 1998 ; pryke et al . 2001 for further details on colourimetrics ) . brightness ( spectral intensity ) was estimated by r 320\u2013700 , the sum of reflectance from 320 to 700 nm . hue ( spectral location ) was estimated as \u03bb ( r 50 ) , the wavelength at which reflectance is halfway between its minimum ( r min ) and its maximum ( r max ) . using \u03bb ( r 50 ) as the individual segment divider , we calculated overall chroma ( spectral purity : c r 50 as ( r 320\u2212\u03bb ( r 50 ) \u2212 r \u03bb ( r 50 ) \u2212700 ) / r 320\u2013700 . to specifically address the strong contribution of ultraviolet ( uv ) to the blue and violet coloured patches , we also included a measure of uv chroma , calculated as the relative reflectance ratio of uv to human visual light ( r 320\u2013400 / r 320\u2013700 ) .\ngeneralized linear models ( glm ) were used to evaluate the relative contribution of a number of potential interacting effects on the outcome of the dominance contests . for dyadic contests over food , the binary ( win / loss ) outcomes from each dyad were modelled as the bernoulli dependent variables with a logit link function (\n= 0 . 001 ) . furthermore , substituting the relative dominance position of the birds in the linear dominance hierarchy produced a weaker , but qualitatively similar , model ( aic = 44 . 2 and a weight of 61 % compared to other models ;\nwithin a dyad , the probability ( % ) of the male morph ( listed first on the bottom axis ) dominating his opponent ( mentioned second ) . probabilities are generated from the coefficients of the best - fit generalized linear model ( glm : probability = e ( coefficient ) / ( 1 + e ( coefficient ) ) ) for the win / loss outcome of the contests . the errors bars represent the 95 % confidence intervals , calculated from the standard errors of the coefficients ( upper ci = coefficient + ( 2\u00d7s . e . ) ; lower ci = coefficient\u2212 ( 2\u00d7s . e . ) ) . the dashed line indicates where the two males have an equal likelihood ( i . e . 50 % ) of dominating the dyad .\nhowever , although feeding order identified head morph as the only significant predictor ( aic = 120 . 6 and a weight of 71 % compared to other models ;\n= 0 . 11 ) , feeding order is unlikely to be a relevant predictor of dominance in gouldian finches . in addition to affecting the overall outcome of dominance interactions , head morph also affected the type of interaction and displacement ( i . e . active or passive ) within the three morphs ( glm with interaction type as the response variable : aic = 87 . 9 and a weight of 69 % compared to other models ;\nthe average ( \u00b1s . d . ) number of active aggressive interactions in the dyadic contests among males of the three different coloured morphs . the percentage of active supplants ( i . e . aggressive displays and / or physical displacements ) in these interactions are provided above the bars . the remaining interactions involved passive supplants ( i . e . feeding bird retreats when approached by an opponent ) .\nthe best - fitting glm explaining the outcome of contests with manipulated males ( reddened and blackened ; 390 trials ) identified the same model for both response variables ; dominating the food bowl ( aic = 225 . 7 and a weight of 77 % compared to other models ;\n< 0 . 001 ) and top position in the hierarchy ( aic = 228 . 9 and a weight of 68 % compared to other models ;\nfor list ) had any effect on the outcome of these contests . although , the colour treatments did not affect the outcome of contests , they did influence the type of aggressive interactions ( i . e . active or passive supplant ) used to settle disputes . replacing interaction type as the response variable in the model ( aic = 221 . 6 ,\nthe probability ( % ) of the colour treated male ( listed first ) dominating his colour treated opponent ( mentioned second ) . probabilities are calculated from the glm best fitting the data ( see\nfor details ) with error bars for the 95 % confidence intervals of the coefficient . the dashed line indicates where the two males have an equal chance ( i . e . 50 % ) of dominating the dyad .\nalthough , the relative contribution and importance of different selective pressures remains speculative at present , given the dramatic colour polymorphism and striking multi - component colouration , it appears probable that an interaction of different selective pressures maintains both the continuous ( i . e . presumably condition - dependent colour patches ) and discontinuous ( i . e . head morphs ) colouration in this species . for example , the intensity of the uv / blue collar ( surrounding the head mask ) , the colour expression of which varies qualitatively across all morphs ( see\nthanks to mike fidler for providing facilities , birds and avicultural expertise , and to ellen ketterson and two anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved this manuscript . funding was provided by a new south global postdoctoral fellowship to s . p . and by the australian research council to s . g . all experiments in this study were approved by the unsw animal care and ethics committee ( 04 / 108a ) .\nalonzo s . h , sinervo b . mate choice games , context - dependent good genes , and genetic cycles in the side - blotched lizard ,\nanderson d . r , burham k . p . commentary on models in ecology .\nandersson s , ornborg j , andersson m . ultraviolet sexual dimorphism and assortative mating in blue tits .\nbakker t . c . m , milinski m . the advantages of being red\u2014sexual selection in the stickleback .\ncrowley c . e , magrath r . d . shields of offence : signalling competitive ability in the dusky moorhen ,\ndale j . ornamental plumage does not signal male quality in red - billed queleas .\nevans m . r , hatchwell b . j . an experimental study of the male adornment in scarlet - tufted malachite sunbirds . ii . the role of the elongated tail inmate choice and experimental evidence for a handicap .\nevans m . r , norris k . the importance of carotenoids in signaling during aggressive interactions between male firemouth cichlids (\nfisher r . a . clarenton press ; oxford : 1930 . the genetical theory of natural selection .\ngaleotti p , rubolini d , dunn p . o , fasola m . colour polymorphism in birds : causes and functions .\ngriffith s . c , pryke s . r . benefits to females of assessing color displays . in : hill g . e , mcgraw k . j , editors .\ngriffith s . c , owens i . p . f , burke t . environmental determination of a sexually selected trait .\ngriffith , s . c . , parker , t . h . & olson , v . a . in press . melanin - verus carotenoid - based sexual signals : is the difference really so black and red ? anim . behav\nhill g . e . plumage coloration is a sexually selected indicator of male quality .\nhill g . e . the proximate basis of variation in carotenoid pigmentation in male house finches .\nhill r . a , barton r . a . red enhances human performance in contests .\nkallioinen r . u . o , hughes j . m , mather p . b . significance of back colour in territorial interactions in the australian magpie .\nkr\u00fcger o , lindstr\u00f6m j , amos w . maladaptive mate choice maintained by heterozygote advantage .\nlank d . b , smith c . m , hanotte o , burke t , cooke f . genetic polymorphism for alterabtive mating behaviour in lekking male ruff\nlosey j . e , uves a . r , harmon j , ballantyne f , brown c . a polymorphism maintained by opposite patterns of parasitism and predation .\nmaynard smith j . cambridge university press ; cambridge , uk : 1982 . evolution and the theory of games .\npryke s . r , andersson s . carotenoid - based epaulettes reveal male competitive ability : experiments with resident and floater red - shouldered widowbirds .\npryke s . r , andersson s . carotenoid - based status signalling in red - shouldered widowbirds (\npryke s . r , andersson s , lawes m . j . sexual selection of multiple handicaps in the red - collared widowbird : female choice of tail length but not carotenoid display .\npryke s . r , andersson s , lawes m . j , piper s . e . carotenoid status signaling in captive and wild red - collared widowbirds : independent effects of badge size and color .\nroulin a . the evolution , maintenance and adaptive function of genetic colour polymorphism in birds .\nroulin a , ducret b , ravussin p . - a , altwegg r . female plumage coloration covaries with reproductive strategies in the tawny owl .\nsearcy w . a , yasukawa k . princeton university press ; princeton , nj : 1995 . polygyny and sexual selection in red - winged blackbirds .\nsenar j . c . bird coloration as intrasexual signals of aggression and dominance . in : hill g . e , mcgraw k . j , editors .\nsinervo b , clobert j . morphs , dispersal behavior , genetic similarity , and the evolution of cooperation .\nsinervo b , lively c . m . the rock - paper - scissors game and the evolution of alternative male reproductive strategies .\nsinervo a , zamudio k . r . the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies : fitness differential , heritability , and genetic correlation between the sexes .\nthuman k . a , griffith s . c . genetic similarity and the nonrandom distribution of paternity in a genetically highly polyandrous shorebird ."]}
{"id": 161, "summary": [{"text": "the purple-naped lory ( lorius domicella ) is a monotypic species of parrot in the family psittaculidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is forest-dwelling endemic to the islands of seram , ambon , and perhaps also haruku and saparua , south maluku , indonesia .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is considered endangered , the main threat being from trapping for the cage-bird trade . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "purple - naped lory", "paragraphs": ["the purple naped lory requires a typical lory diet . wet and dry lory mix plus fruits and vegetables .\ninformation on the purple - naped lory is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n[ home ] [ up ] [ black capped lory ] [ black lory ] [ black winged lory ] [ blue eared lory ] [ blue streaked lory ] [ bura red lory ] [ cardinal lory ] [ chattering lory ] [ collared lory ] [ dusky lory ] [ duyvenbode ' s lory ] [ goldie ' s lorikeet ] [ green naped lorikeet ] [ little lorikeet ] [ mt . apo lorikeet ] [ musk lorikeet ] [ musschenbroek ' s lorikeet ] [ ornate lorikeet ] [ perfect lorikeet ] [ purple crowned lorikeet ] [ purple naped lory ] [ rainbow lorikeet ] [ red & blue lory ] [ red breasted lory ] [ red collared lorikeet ] [ red lory ] [ scaly breasted lorikeet ] [ stella ' s lory ] [ varied lorikeet ] [ violet necked lory ] [ yellow bibbed lory ] [ yellow streaked lory ]\nthe purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella ) is a monotypic species ( = one single species within its genus ) .\npurple - naped lory , jurong bird park \u00a9 kwang chong [ cc by - sa 3 . 0 ] , via wikimedia commons\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - purple - naped lory\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - purple - naped lory\ntitle =\narkive photo - purple - naped lory\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlorius lory lory ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\nthe primary character of the southern gothic novel red lory is a red lory named hannah .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella )\ntitle =\narkive species - purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe purple - naped lory is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\ndescription : antique 1875 print depicting a purple - naped lory ( lorius tibialis ) from the\nbirds of new guinea\nand was done by john gould who was an english ornithologist and bird artist .\nthe purple - bellied lory is 26 cm ( 10 in ) long . it is mostly red with black on top of head , green wings , and purple underparts . its thighs are purple and its legs are dark grey . its tail is red with dark green - blue at the tip . its\nspecies : scientific : lorius domicella aka domicella domicellus / lorius tibialis . . . english : purple - naped lory . . . dutch : vrouwenlori , purperneklori , erze lori . . . german : erzlori . . . french : lori \u00e0 nuque pourpre\nthe purple naped lory will roost in the nest year round . young non breeding birds will roost in the nest year round . pairs can be extremely aggressive at breeding time . the young can be leg rung at age of 16 - 18 days .\n. purple thighs and underparts . the mainly red tail feathers have dark green - blue tips .\nlorius lory ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\nthe red lory ( eos bornea or eos rubra ) is a species of parrot in the psittaculidae family . it is the second most commonly kept lory in captivity , after the rainbow lorikeet .\nin disney ' s aladdin , jafar ' s parrot iago is based on the red lory .\nlorius lory somu ( diamond ) 1967 am . mus . novit . no . 2284 p . 4\nlorius lory erythrothorax salvadori 1877 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 10 p . 32\nthe red lory is about 31 cm long ( 12 in ) . they weigh 30 - 300 grams .\nlorius lory salvadorii meyer , ab 1891 abh . ber . mus . dresden 3 no . 4 p . 6\nthe purple - naped lory is 28 cm ( 11 in ) long . it is mostly red with an all red tail that fades to darker red towards the tip . the top of its head is black , which fades to purple on the back of its neck . it has green wings , blue thighs , and a variable approximately transverse yellow band across the chest . it has an orange beak , dark - grey eyerings , and orange - red irises . juveniles have a brown beak , grey - white eyerings , brown irises , a wider yellow band across the chest , and a more extensive purple patch on the back of neck .\nlorius lory jobiensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 229 , 231\ncollar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbirdlife international ( 2008 ) . lorius lory . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 23 december 2009 .\nthe purple - bellied lory ( lorius hypoinochrous ) is a species of parrot in the psittaculidae family . it is endemic to papua new guinea . it is found in south - east new guinea , the bismarck archipelago , the d ' entrecasteaux islands , the louisiade archipelago , the trobriand islands and woodlark island .\ncites wikipedia lexicon of parrots birdlife international internet bird collection a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 . parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition parrots of the world , forshaw and cooper , 1989 . vanished and vanishing parrots , forshaw , 2017 . parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 . ml media catalogue 518181 purple - naped lory lorius domicella , decicco , lucas , maluku , indonesia , jan . 10 2016 , cornell lab of ornithology .\nspecies name sometimes erroneously spelt domicellus , but is a diminutive feminine noun . forms a species - group with l . garrulus , l . lory and l . hypoinochrous . described form l . tibialis ( blue - thighed / jamrach\u2019s lory ) was probably based on an aberrant specimen of present species . monotypic .\nboth adults in general red ; black forehead and lores to occiput , with purple patch bordering from behind ; upper breast has yellow band which varies from bird to bird ; purple / blue thighs ; green wings ; yellow underwing - band ; red tail , tipped with darker brown / red . bill orange . eye ring dark grey . eye orange / red .\nlorius lory cyanauchen ( muller , s ) 1841 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 4 p . 107 , note\nas in adults but patch behind occiput more extensive and deeper purple ; wider pectoral band ; greater underwing coverts margined with black ; faint blue tip on tail . bill brown . eye ring grey / white . eye brown .\nfoster , & smith . ( n . d . ) . red lory . retrieved december 11 , 2012 , from pet education website : urltoken article . cfm ? c = 15 + 1840 & aid = 2306\n28 cm ( 11 in ) long . mostly red with black on top of head and purple on back of neck . it has green wings , blue thighs , and a variable approximately transverse yellow band across the chest . its tail fades to a darker red towards to tip .\ntheir bills are narrow and less powerful than other types of parrots and their gizzards are generally thin - walled and weak . a defining characteristic of a lory is their brush tongues with papillae at the tips to help them feed on pollen and nectar .\n) is darker , more maroon in colour , and is often confused in captivity with the nominate . inadvertent interbreeding between the two subspecies has made a clear identification difficult for pet owners as hybrids can be found . the other two subspecies are not as common , rothschild ' s red lory (\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article red lory ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstrigops ( f . ) gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 426 pl . cv\nstrigops habroptila gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 427 pl . cv\nnestor meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333\nnestor meridionalis meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333\nnestor meridionalis septentrionalis lorenz von liburnau , l 1896 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 46 p . 198\nnymphicus hollandicus ( kerr ) 1792 anim . kingd . [ kerr ] 1 pt2 p . 580\ncalyptorhynchus banksii banksii ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 107 concept nomenclature\ncalyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne schodde , saunders , da & homberger 1989 canberrabirdnotes 13 p . 120\ncalyptorhynchus banksii macrorhynchus gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncalyptorhynchus banksii naso gould 1837 pzs [\n1836\n] pt4 no . 46 p . 106\ncalyptorhynchus banksii samueli mathews 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 120\ncalyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21\ncalyptorhynchus lathami erebus schodde & mason , ij 1993 emu 93 p . 156 - 166\ncalyptorhynchus lathami lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21\ncalyptorhynchus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text\ncalyptorhynchus funereus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text\ncalyptorhynchus funereus whiteae mathews 1912 australav . rec . 1 no . 2 p . 35\ncalyptorhynchus funereus xanthanotus gould 1838 syn . birdsaustr . pt4 app . p . 4\ncalyptorhynchus baudinii lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 6\ncalyptorhynchus latirostris carnaby 1948 w . austral . nat . 1 p . 136 - 138\nprobosciger aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\nprobosciger aterrimus aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\nprobosciger aterrimus goliath ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 92\nprobosciger aterrimus macgillivrayi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 261\ncallocephalon ( n . ) lesson 1837 j . navig . thet . esperance [ bougainville ] 2 p . 311 atlas pl . 39 , 40\ncallocephalon fimbriatum ( grant , j ) 1803 narr . voy . disc . news . wales pl . opp . p . 135\neolophus roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature\neolophus roseicapilla kuhli ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 266\neolophus roseicapilla roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature\nlophochroa leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept\nlophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept\nlophochroa leadbeateri mollis ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 265\ncacatua tenuirostris ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 88\ncacatua pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 95 p . 175\ncacatua pastinator derbyi ( mathews ) 1916 australav . rec . 3 p . 57\ncacatua pastinator pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 95 p . 175\ncacatua sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncacatua sanguinea gymnopis sclater , pl 1871 pzs pt2 p . 490 , 493 , textfig .\ncacatua sanguinea normantoni ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211\ncacatua sanguinea sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncacatua sanguinea westralensis ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211\ncacatua goffiniana roselaar , cs & michels 2004 zool . verh . leiden 350 p . 186 nomenclature\ncacatua ducorpsii pucheran 1853 voy . polesudzool . 3 mamm . ois . p . 108 nomenclature\ncacatua galerita eleonora finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xxi nomenclature\ncacatua galerita fitzroyi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 264\ncacatua galerita triton temminck 1849 coup - d ' oeilposs . neerland . 3 p . 405 , note\ncacatua sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\ncacatua sulphurea abbotti ( oberholser ) 1917 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 54 no . 2232 p . 181\ncacatua sulphurea citrinocristata ( fraser ) 1844 pzs pt12 no . 132 p . 38\ncacatua sulphurea parvula ( bonaparte ) 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 139\ncacatua sulphurea sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\ncacatua moluccensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 331\npoicephalus gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .\n64 - 14\npl . 28\npoicephalus gulielmi gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .\n64 - 14\npl . 28\npoicephalus gulielmi massaicus fischer & reichenow 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 165 p . 179 nomenclature\npoicephalus flavifrons ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 126\npoicephalus fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93 systematics\npoicephalus fuscicollis fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93\npoicephalus fuscicollis suahelicus reichenow 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 2 p . 314\npoicephalus robustus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 344\npoicephalus meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [\n1826\n] p . 18 pl . 11\npoicephalus meyeri damarensis neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri matschiei neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [\n1826\n] p . 18 pl . 11\npoicephalus meyeri reichenowi neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri transvaalensis neumann 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 2 p . 25\npoicephalus rueppellii ( gray , gr ) 1849 pzs [\n1848\n] pt16 no . 188 p . 125 pl . 5\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus tanganyikae bowen 1930 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 82 p . 267\npoicephalus crassus ( sharpe ) 1884 j . linn . soc . londonzool . 17 p . 429\npoicephalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\npoicephalus senegalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\npoicephalus senegalus versteri finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xvi\npoicephalus rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125\npoicephalus rufiventris rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125\ntouit ( m . ) gray , gr 1855 cat . gen . subgen . birds p . 89 nomenclature\ntouit huetii ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 491\ntouit costaricensis ( cory ) 1913 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 283\ntouit dilectissimus ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [\n1870\n] pt3 p . 788 pl . 47 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus viridiceps chapman 1929 am . mus . novit . no . 380 p . 10\ntouit melanonotus ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 275 nomenclature\ntouit surdus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 59 nomenclature\ntouit stictopterus ( sclater , pl ) 1862 pzs pt1 p . 112 pl . 11 nomenclature\npsilopsiagon aymara ( orbigny ) 1839 voy . am . merid . 2 p . 376 , note1\npsilopsiagon aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18\npsilopsiagon aurifrons aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18\npsilopsiagon aurifrons margaritae ( berlioz & dorst ) 1956 ois . rev . franceorn . ( n . s . ) 26 p . 85\npsilopsiagon aurifrons robertsi carriker 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 4\npsilopsiagon aurifrons rubrirostris ( burmeister ) 1860 j . orn . 8 no . 46 p . 243\nbolborhynchus lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nbolborhynchus lineola lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nbolborhynchus lineola tigrinus ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 144\nbolborhynchus orbygnesius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 63 , 64 nomenclature\nnannopsittaca panychlora ( salvin & godman ) 1883 ibis p . 211 pl . 9 fig . 1\nnannopsittaca dachilleae o ' neill , munn & franke 1991 auk 108 p . 225 , 226\nmyiopsitta monachus calita ( jardine & selby ) 1830 ill . orn . 2 pt6 pl . 82 , text [ p . 61 ]\nmyiopsitta monachus cotorra ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 362\nbrotogeris sanctithomae sanctithomae ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 81\nbrotogeris sanctithomae takatsukasae neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 442\nbrotogeris tirica ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 351\nbrotogeris chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 359\nbrotogeris chiriri behni neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 443\nbrotogeris chiriri chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 359\nbrotogeris pyrrhoptera ( latham ) 1802 suppl . ind . orn . p . xxii\nbrotogeris jugularis exsul todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 129\nbrotogeris jugularis jugularis ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 80\nbrotogeris cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation\nbrotogeris cyanoptera beniensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 9\nbrotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation\nbrotogeris chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\nbrotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\nbrotogeris chrysoptera solimoensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 10\nbrotogeris chrysoptera tenuifrons friedmann 1945 proc . biol . soc . wash . 58 p . 114\nbrotogeris chrysoptera tuipara ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 348\ntriclaria malachitacea ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 40 pl . 28\npyrilia haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300\npyrilia haematotis coccinicollaris ( lawrence ) 1862 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 7 p . 475\npyrilia haematotis haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300\npyrilia pyrilia ( bonaparte ) 1853 compt . rend . 37 p . 807 , note\npyrilia pulchra ( berlepsch ) 1897 orn . monatsb . 5 no . 11 p . 175\npyrilia barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61\npyrilia barrabandi aurantiigena ( gyldenstolpe ) 1951 ark . zool . ( 2 ) 2 p . 14 , 67\npyrilia barrabandi barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61\npyrilia caica ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 128 no . 137\npyrilia aurantiocephala ( gaban - lima , r , raposo , ma & hofling , e ) 2002 auk 119 p . 815 , 816 systematics\npyrilia vulturina ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 62 systematics\nhapalopsittaca amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207\nhapalopsittaca amazonina amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207\nhapalopsittaca amazonina theresae ( hellmayr ) 1915 verh . orn . ges . bayern 12 heft3 p . 214\nhapalopsittaca amazonina velezi graves , gr & restrepo 1989 wilsonbull . 101 no . 3 p . 369 - 376 , front .\nhapalopsittaca fuertesi ( chapman ) 1912 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 31 p . 143\nhapalopsittaca melanotis melanotis ( lafresnaye ) 1847 rev . zool . 10 p . 67\nhapalopsittaca melanotis peruviana ( carriker ) 1932 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 83 [\n1931\n] p . 455\npionus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\npionus sordidus antelius todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 338\npionus sordidus corallinus bonaparte 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 148\npionus sordidus mindoensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 187 p . 1\npionus sordidus ponsi aveledo & gines 1950 mem . soc . cien . nat . lasalle 10 no . 26 p . 60\npionus sordidus saturatus todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81\npionus sordidus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\npionus maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\npionus maximiliani lacerus heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 265\npionus maximiliani maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\npionus maximiliani melanoblepharus ribeiro 1920 rev . mus . paulista 12 pt2 p . 61\npionus maximiliani siy souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 155\npionus seniloides ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npionus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148\npionus menstruus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148\npionus menstruus reichenowi heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 264 nomenclature\npionus menstruus rubrigularis cabanis 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 222\npionus senilis ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 42 pl . 31 fig . 1\npionus chalcopterus ( fraser ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 90 p . 59\ngraydidascalus brachyurus ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\nalipiopsitta ( f . ) capparoz , r & pacheco 2006 rev . brasil . orn . 14 no . 2 p . 174\nalipiopsitta xanthops ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 39 pl . 26\namazona festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona festiva bodini ( finsch ) 1873 pzs pt2 p . 569 pl . 49\namazona festiva festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona vinacea ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 77\namazona tucumana ( cabanis ) 1885 j . orn . 33 no . 170 p . 221\namazona pretrei ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 492\namazona agilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\namazona albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52\namazona albifrons albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52\namazona albifrons nana miller , w 1905 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 p . 349\namazona albifrons saltuensis nelson 1899 proc . biol . soc . wash . 13 p . 26\namazona collaria ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\namazona leucocephala bahamensis ( bryant , h ) 1867 proc . bostonsoc . nat . hist . 11 p . 65\namazona leucocephala hesterna bangs 1916 bull . mus . comp . zool . 60 p . 308\namazona leucocephala leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\namazona vittata gracilipes\u2020 ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\namazona autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona autumnalis autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona autumnalis lilacina lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 30 col . 394 concept\namazona autumnalis salvini ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 271 , 300 pl . 7 fig . 3 citation\namazona diadema ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 43 pl . 32\namazona viridigenalis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 371\namazona xantholora ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 83\namazona dufresniana ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 513\namazona oratrix belizensis monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 18\namazona oratrix oratrix ridgway 1887 man . n . am . birds p . 587\namazona auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\namazona auropalliata auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\namazona auropalliata parvipes monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 8\namazona ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept\namazona ochrocephala nattereri ( finsch ) 1865 j . orn . 12 [\n1864\n] no . 72 p . 411 citation\namazona ochrocephala ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept\namazona ochrocephala panamensis ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 127 p . 349\namazona barbadensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339\namazona aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona aestiva aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona aestiva xanthopteryx ( berlepsch ) 1896 orn . monatsb . 4 no . 11 p . 173\namazona mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303 nomenclature\namazona mercenarius canipalliata ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 125 p . 105\namazona mercenarius mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303\namazona guatemalae virenticeps ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 269 , 280 citation\namazona kawalli grantsau & camargo 1989 rev . brasil . biol . 49 p . 1018 concept\namazona brasiliensis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona amazonica ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 147\namazona guildingii ( vigors ) 1837 pzs [\n1836\n] pt4 no . 45 p . 80\nforpus ( m . ) boie , f 1858 j . orn . 6 no . 35 p . 363\nforpus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature\nforpus modestus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature\nforpus modestus sclateri ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 86\nforpus cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\nforpus cyanopygius cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\nforpus cyanopygius insularis ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 541\nforpus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103\nforpus passerinus cyanochlorus ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 31 concept\nforpus passerinus cyanophanes ( todd ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81\nforpus passerinus deliciosus ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 533 , 545\nforpus passerinus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103\nforpus passerinus viridissimus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172\nforpus spengeli ( hartlaub ) 1885 pzs pt3 no . 40 p . 614 pl . 38 fig . 1 nomenclature\nforpus xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1 nomenclature\nforpus xanthopterygius flavescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 241 , 248 citation\nforpus xanthopterygius flavissimus hellmayr 1929 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 12 p . 446\nforpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1\nforpus conspicillatus caucae ( chapman ) 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 383\nforpus conspicillatus conspicillatus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172\nforpus conspicillatus metae borrero & hernandez - camacho 1961 noved . colomb . 1 no . 6 p . 431\nforpus xanthops ( salvin ) 1895 novit . zool . 2 p . 19 pl . 2 fig . 2\npionites ( m . ) heine 1890 nomen . mus . heine . orn . [ heine & reichenow ] p . 231\npionites melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npionites melanocephalus melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npionites melanocephalus pallidus ( berlepsch ) 1890 j . orn . 37 [\n1889\n] no . 187 p . 317 citation\npionites leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70\npionites leucogaster leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70\npionites leucogaster xanthomerius ( sclater , pl ) 1858 pzs [\n1857\n] pt25 no . 343 p . 266\npionites leucogaster xanthurus todd 1925 proc . biol . soc . wash . 38 p . 113\nderoptyus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\nderoptyus accipitrinus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npyrrhura ( f . ) bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 genus . 14\npyrrhura cruentata ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 53 , 72\npyrrhura devillei ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura frontalis chiripepe ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura frontalis frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept\npyrrhura lepida anerythra neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89\npyrrhura lepida coerulescens neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89\npyrrhura lepida lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept\npyrrhura perlata ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 35 pl . 20 concept\npyrrhura molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura molinae australis todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 82 citation\npyrrhura molinae flavoptera maijer , herzog , kessler , friggens & fjeldsa 1998 orn . neotrop . 9 p . 186\npyrrhura molinae hypoxantha ( salvadori & festa ) 1899 boll . mus . zool . anat . comp . torino\n15\n[ = 14 ] no . 363 p . 1 nomenclature\npyrrhura molinae molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura molinae phoenicura ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 26 concept\npyrrhura molinae restricta todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 333\npyrrhura leucotis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 21 nomenclature\npyrrhura picta caeruleiceps todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 337\npyrrhura picta picta ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\npyrrhura picta subandina todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 6\npyrrhura emma salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 217 pl . 1 citation\npyrrhura amazonum lucida arndt 2008 papageien [ arndt ] 21 p . 278 , 279\npyrrhura amazonum snethlageae joseph & bates , jm 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 354\npyrrhura lucianii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 211\npyrrhura roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42\npyrrhura roseifrons roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42\npyrrhura roseifrons peruviana hocking , blake & joseph 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 356\npyrrhura viridicata todd 1913 proc . biol . soc . wash . 26 p . 174\npyrrhura egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4\npyrrhura egregia egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4\npyrrhura egregia obscura zimmer & phelps , wh 1946 am . mus . novit . no . 1312 p . 1\npyrrhura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22\npyrrhura melanura berlepschi salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 224 pl . 2 fig . 1 citation\npyrrhura melanura chapmani bond & meyer de schauensee 1940 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 92 p . 156\npyrrhura melanura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22\npyrrhura melanura pacifica chapman 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 382\npyrrhura melanura souancei ( verreaux , j ) 1858 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 10 p . 437 pl . 12\npyrrhura orcesi ridgely & robbins 1988 wilsonbull . 100 no . 2 p . 174 , 175\npyrrhura albipectus chapman 1914 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 33 p . 319\npyrrhura rupicola rupicola ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304\npyrrhura rupicola sandiae bond & meyer de schauensee 1944 not . nat . no . 138 p . 1\npyrrhura calliptera ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72\npyrrhura hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\npyrrhura hoematotis hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\npyrrhura hoematotis immarginata zimmer & phelps 1944 am . mus . novit . no . 1270 p . 4\npyrrhura rhodocephala ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [\n1870\n] pt3 p . 787\npyrrhura hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]\npyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens bangs 1906 proc . biol . soc . wash . 19 p . 103\npyrrhura hoffmanni hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]\nenicognathus ( m . ) gray , gr 1840 listgen . birds p . 51\nenicognathus ferrugineus ferrugineus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\nenicognathus ferrugineus minor ( chapman ) 1919 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 41 p . 323\nenicognathus leptorhynchus ( king ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 1 p . 14 concept\ncyanoliseus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 367\ncyanoliseus patagonus andinus dabbene & lillo 1913 an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenosaires 24 p . 188 pl . 10\ncyanoliseus patagonus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 367\nanodorhynchus leari bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1\nanodorhynchus glaucus\u2020 ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 259\nrhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ( swainson ) 1827 philos . mag . n . s . 1 p . 439\nrhynchopsitta terrisi moore , rt 1947 proc . biol . soc . wash . 60 p . 27\neupsittula nana astec ( souance ) 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\neupsittula nana nana ( vigors ) 1830 zool . j . 5 p . 273\neupsittula nana vicinalis bangs & penard , te 1919 bull . mus . comp . zool . 63 p . 24\neupsittula canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula canicularis canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula canicularis clarae ( moore , rt ) 1937 proc . biol . soc . wash . 50 p . 101\neupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\neupsittula aurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 329\neupsittula pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax aeruginosa ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax chrysogenys ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72\neupsittula pertinax griseipecta ( meyer de schauensee ) 1950 not . nat . no . 221 p . 6\neupsittula pertinax lehmanni ( dugand ) 1943 caldasia 2 no . 7 p . 191\neupsittula pertinax margaritensis cory 1918 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 13 pub . 197 p . 63\neupsittula pertinax ocularis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1865 pzs [\n1864\n] pt3 p . 367 citation\neupsittula pertinax paraensis ( sick ) 1959 j . orn . 100 p . 413\neupsittula pertinax pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax surinama ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 1\neupsittula pertinax tortugensis ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 220\neupsittula pertinax venezuelae ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 6\neupsittula pertinax xanthogenia ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 1\neupsittula cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82\neupsittula cactorum cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82\neupsittula cactorum caixana ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 34 pl . 19 fig . 1\nconuropsis carolinensis\u2020 ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97 status\nconuropsis\u2020 carolinensis carolinensis\u2020 ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nconuropsis\u2020 carolinensis ludoviciana\u2020 ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 347\naratinga weddellii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 209\naratinga nenday ( vieillot ) 1823 tabl . encyc . meth . orn . 3 livr . 93 p . 1400\naratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\naratinga maculata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74 nomenclature\naratinga jandaya ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 319\naratinga auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature\naratinga auricapillus auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature\naratinga auricapillus aurifrons spix 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 32 pl . 16 fig . 1\ncyanopsitta spixii ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 675\nprimolius couloni ( sclater , pl ) 1876 pzs pt1 p . 255 , fig .\nprimolius auricollis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nprimolius maracana ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 260\nara ararauna ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139\nara militaris mexicanus ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\nara militaris militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139\nara ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65\nara ambiguus ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65\nara ambiguus guayaquilensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 205 p . 2\nara macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara macao cyanopterus wiedenfeld 1995 orn . neotrop . 5 [\n1994\n] no . 2 p . 99 citation\nara macao macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara chloropterus gray , gr 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 26 nomenclature\nara tricolor\u2020 ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 64 pl . 1 nomenclature\nara severus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nleptosittaca ( f . ) berlepsch & stolzmann 1894 ibis p . 402 pl . 11\nognorhynchus icterotis ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 71\nguaruba guarouba ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 320 citation\ndiopsittaca nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\ndiopsittaca nobilis cumanensis ( lichtenstein ) 1823 verz . doubl . zool . mus . berlin p . 6\ndiopsittaca nobilis longipennis neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 441 citation\ndiopsittaca nobilis nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nthectocercus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 369\nthectocercus acuticaudatus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 369\nthectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 29 pl . 13\nthectocercus acuticaudatus neoxenus ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 243\nthectocercus acuticaudatus neumanni ( blake & traylor ) 1947 fieldianazool . 31 no . 21 p . 166\npsittacara holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224\npsittacara holochlorus brewsteri ( nelson ) 1928 proc . biol . soc . wash . 41 p . 154\npsittacara holochlorus holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224\npsittacara brevipes ( lawrence ) 1871 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 [\n1874\n] p . 14\npsittacara rubritorquis ( sclater , pl ) 1887 pzs [\n1886\n] pt4 no . 35 p . 539 pl . 56\npsittacara strenuus ( ridgway ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\npsittacara wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii\npsittacara wagleri transilis ( peters , jl ) 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 111\npsittacara wagleri wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii\npsittacara frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note\npsittacara frontatus frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note\npsittacara frontatus minor ( carriker ) 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 3\npsittacara mitratus chlorogenys ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 74\npsittacara mitratus mitratus ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304\npsittacara mitratus tucumanus ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 77\npsittacara erythrogenys lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 34 col . 486 , 487\npsittacara leucophthalmus callogenys ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 171 , 188 citation\npsittacara leucophthalmus leucophthalmus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\npsittacara leucophthalmus nicefori meyer de schauensee 1946 not . nat . no . 163 p . 2\npsittacara euops ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 638 pl . 24 fig . 2\npsittacara chloropterus souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59\npsittacara maugei\u2020 souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59\npsittrichas fulgidus ( lesson ) 1830 traitedorn . livr . 3 p . 181 citation\ncoracopsis vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528\ncoracopsis vasa comorensis ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\ncoracopsis vasa drouhardi lavauden 1929 alauda 1 no . 4 & 5 p . 231\ncoracopsis vasa vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528\ncoracopsis nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\ncoracopsis nigra libs bangs 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 83\ncoracopsis nigra nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\ncoracopsis nigra sibilans milne - edwards & oustalet 1885 compt . rend . 101 p . 220\nmicropsitta keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 984\nmicropsitta keiensis chloroxantha oberholser 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 126\nmicropsitta keiensis keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 984\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana misoriensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 909\nmicropsitta pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [\n1865\n] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35\nmicropsitta pusio beccarii ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 396\nmicropsitta pusio harterti mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\nmicropsitta pusio pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [\n1865\n] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35\nmicropsitta finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180\nmicropsitta finschii finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180\nmicropsitta finschii tristrami ( rothschild & hartert ) 1902 novit . zool . 9 p . 589\nmicropsitta finschii viridifrons ( rothschild & hartert ) 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 9 p . 138\nmicropsitta bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21\nmicropsitta bruijnii bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21\nmicropsitta bruijnii pileata mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\nmicropsitta bruijnii rosea mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\npolytelis swainsonii ( desmarest ) 1826 dict . sci . nat . 39 p . 39\npolytelis anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29\npolytelis anthopeplus anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29\nalisterus amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\nalisterus amboinensis amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\nalisterus amboinensis buruensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 371\nalisterus amboinensis dorsalis ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [ 1830\n] p . 234 atlasois . pl . 21 fig . 3\nalisterus amboinensis hypophonius ( muller , s ) 1843 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 6 p . 181 , note\nalisterus amboinensis sulaensis ( reichenow ) 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 128\nalisterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251\nalisterus chloropterus callopterus ( albertis & salvadori ) 1879 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 14 p . 29\nalisterus chloropterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251\nalisterus chloropterus moszkowskii ( reichenow ) 1911 orn . monatsb . 19 p . 82\nalisterus scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29\nalisterus scapularis minor mathews 1911 novit . zool . 18 no . 1 p . 23\nalisterus scapularis scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29\naprosmictus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 352\naprosmictus jonquillaceus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 352\naprosmictus jonquillaceus wetterensis ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 481 , 484 citation\naprosmictus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343\naprosmictus erythropterus coccineopterus ( gould ) 1865 handb . birdsaustr . 2 p . 39\naprosmictus erythropterus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343\nprioniturus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 314\nprioniturus platurus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 314\nprioniturus waterstradti malindangensis mearns 1909 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 36 no . 1678 p . 437\nprioniturus platenae blasius , w 1888 braunschw . anz . no . 37 p . 335 author\nprioniturus flavicans cassin 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 373\nprioniturus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26\nprioniturus discurus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26\nprioniturus discurus whiteheadi salomonsen 1953 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 115 p . 224\neclectus roratus cornelia bonaparte 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 135 , 136 citation\neclectus roratus macgillivrayi mathews 1913 australav . rec . 2 no . 4 p . 75\neclectus roratus polychloros ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 87\neclectus roratus riedeli meyer , ab 1882 pzs [\n1881\n] pt4 p . 917\neclectus roratus roratus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 77\neclectus roratus solomonensis rothschild & hartert 1901 novit . zool . 8 no . 1 p . 82\neclectus roratus vosmaeri ( rothschild ) 1922 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 p . 412\neclectus roratus westermani\u2020 ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 4\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi aruensis ( gray , gr ) 1858 pzs pt26 no . 358 p . 183\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi cyanicollis ( muller , s ) 1841 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 4 p . 108 , 182 , note\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi floresianus salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 400 , 406 citation\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi jobiensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi minor neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi mysorensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi pucherani souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 218\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi rhodops ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 43 , 44\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi sudestiensis de vis 1890 annualrep . brit . newguinea ( 1888 - 1889 ) app . g p . 58\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi timorlaoensis meyer , ab 1884 sitz . abh . naturwiss . ges . isisdresden heft1 p . 15\ngeoffroyus simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation\ngeoffroyus simplex buergersi neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235\ngeoffroyus simplex simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus hyacinthinus mayr 1931 am . mus . novit . no . 486 p . 13\npsittinus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6\npsittinus cyanurus abbotti richmond 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188\npsittinus cyanurus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6\npsittinus cyanurus pontius oberholser 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 5\ntanygnathus megalorynchos hellmayri mayr 1944 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 83 p . 134 , 149\ntanygnathus megalorynchos sumbensis meyer , ab 1881 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 31 p . 762\ntanygnathus lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146\ntanygnathus lucionensis hybridus salomonsen 1952 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 114 p . 347\ntanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146\ntanygnathus lucionensis talautensis meyer , ab & wiglesworth 1895 abh . ber . mus . dresden 5 no . 9 p . 2\ntanygnathus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281\ntanygnathus sumatranus everetti tweeddale 1877 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 p . 533\ntanygnathus sumatranus freeri mcgregor 1910 philip . j . sci . 5 p . 108\ntanygnathus sumatranus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281\ntanygnathus gramineus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 338\npsittacula himalayana ( lesson ) 1831 voy . ind . orient . [ belanger ] zool . [\n1834\n] pt4 p . 239 citation\npsittacula roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4\npsittacula roseata juneae biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 5\npsittacula roseata roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4\npsittacula cyanocephala ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\npsittacula alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\npsittacula alexandri abbotti ( oberholser ) 1919 proc . biol . soc . wash . 32 p . 29\npsittacula alexandri alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\npsittacula alexandri cala ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4\npsittacula alexandri dammermani chasen & kloss 1932 bull . rafflesmus . no . 7 p . 8\npsittacula alexandri fasciata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74\npsittacula alexandri major ( richmond ) 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188\npsittacula alexandri perionca ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4\npsittacula derbiana ( fraser ) 1852 pzs [\n1850\n] pt18 no . 216 p . 245 pl . 25\npsittacula longicauda defontainei chasen 1935 bull . rafflesmus . no . 9 [\n1934\n] p . 93 citation\npsittacula longicauda modesta ( fraser ) 1845 pzs pt13 no . 144 p . 16\npsittacula longicauda nicobarica ( gould ) 1857 birdsasia [ gould ] 6 pt9 pl . 13\npsittacula longicauda tytleri ( hume ) 1874 str . feath . 2 p . 454\npsittacula calthrapae ( blyth ) 1849 j . asiat . soc . bengal 18 pt2 p . 800\npsittacula eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140\npsittacula eupatria avensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219\npsittacula eupatria eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140\npsittacula eupatria magnirostris ( ball ) 1872 j . asiat . soc . bengal 41 p . 278\npsittacula eupatria nipalensis ( hodgson ) 1836 as . res . 19 p . 177\npsittacula eupatria siamensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219\npsittacula wardi\u2020 ( newton , e ) 1867 ibis p . 341 , note concept citation\npsittacula krameri borealis ( neumann ) 1915 orn . monatsb . 23 p . 178\npsittacula krameri krameri ( scopoli ) 1769 annusihist . - nat . p . 31\npsittacula krameri manillensis ( bechstein ) 1800 naturgesch . stubenthiereed . 2 1 p . 612 , note\npsittacula krameri parvirostris ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\npsittacula eques echo ( newton , a & newton , e ) 1876 ibis p . 284 pl . 6\npsittacula caniceps ( blyth ) 1846 j . asiat . soc . bengal 15 p . 23\npsittacella brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation\npsittacella brehmii brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation\npsittacella brehmii harterti mayr 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft5 p . 702\npsittacella brehmii pallida meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 3\npsittacella picta excelsa mayr & gilliard 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1524 p . 6\npsittacella modesta modesta schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 36\npsittacella madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1\npsittacella madaraszi huonensis mayr & rand 1935 am . mus . novit . no . 814 p . 4\npsittacella madaraszi madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1\npsephotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 88\npsephotus haematonotus caeruleus condon 1941 rec . s . austr . mus . 7 p . 141\npsephotus haematonotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 88\nnorthiella haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 89\nnorthiella haematogaster haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 89\nnorthiella haematogaster haematorrhoa ( bonaparte ) 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 col . 13 citation\nnorthiella haematogaster pallescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 563 citation\nnorthiella narethae ( white , hl ) 1921 emu 21 p . 81 pl . 12\npsephotellus chrysopterygius ( gould ) 1858 pzs [\n1857\n] pt25 no . 340 p . 220\npsephotellus pulcherrimus \u2020 ( gould ) 1845 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 15 p . 115\npurpureicephalus spurius ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus caledonicus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\nplatycercus caledonicus brownii ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 56\nplatycercus caledonicus caledonicus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\nplatycercus elegans ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 318\nplatycercus elegans elegans ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 318\nplatycercus elegans filewoodi mcallen & bruce 1989 birdsnews . wales p . ? ? ?\nplatycercus elegans flaveolus gould 1837 syn . birdsaustr . pt2 pl . [ 23 ]\nplatycercus elegans nigrescens ramsay , ep 1888 tab . listaustral . birds p . 34\nplatycercus venustus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus venustus venustus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus adscitus palliceps lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 19\nplatycercus eximius ( shaw ) 1792 nat . misc . 3 pl . 93 , text\nplatycercus eximius diemenensis north 1911 austral . mus . spec . cat . no . 1 3 pt2 p . 128\nplatycercus eximius eximius ( shaw ) 1792 nat . misc . 3 pl . 93 , text\nplatycercus icterotis ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 54\nplatycercus icterotis icterotis ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 54\nbarnardius zonarius ( shaw ) 1805 nat . misc . 16 pl . 657 , text\nbarnardius zonarius barnardi ( vigors & horsfield ) 1827 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 15 [\n1826\n] p . 283\nbarnardius zonarius macgillivrayi ( north ) 1900 vict . nat . 17 no . 5 p . 91\nbarnardius zonarius parkeri forshaw & joseph 2016 emu 116 no . 4 p . 440 - 444\nbarnardius zonarius semitorquatus ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [\n1830\n] p . 237 atlasois . pl . 23\nbarnardius zonarius zonarius ( shaw ) 1805 nat . misc . 16 pl . 657 , text\nlathamus discolor ( shaw ) 1790 j . voy . news . wales [ white ] pl . 49 author\nprosopeia splendens ( peale ) 1849 u . s . expl . exped . 8 [\n1848\n] p . 127\nprosopeia personata ( gray , gr ) 1848 pzs pt16 no . 181 p . 21 pl . 3\nprosopeia tabuensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 317\nprosopeia tabuensis tabuensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 317\neunymphicus ( m . ) peters , jl 1937 check - listbirdsworld 3 p . 269\neunymphicus cornutus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 327\neunymphicus uvaeensis ( layard , el & layard , elc ) 1882 pzs pt2 p . 408 pl . 26 fig . 2\ncyanoramphus ulietanus\u2020 ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\ncyanoramphus saisseti verreaux , j & des murs 1860 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 12 p . 387\ncyanoramphus cookii ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 13\ncyanoramphus subflavescens\u2020 salvadori 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 p . 68\ncyanoramphus unicolor ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt4 pl . 25\ncyanoramphus auriceps ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 46\ncyanoramphus malherbi souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 98 concept\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae ( sparrman ) 1787 mus . carls . fasc . 2 no . xxviii pl . 28 concept\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae cyanurus salvadori 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 p . 68\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae ( sparrman ) 1787 mus . carls . fasc . 2 no . xxviii pl . 28 concept\ncyanoramphus hochstetteri ( reischek ) 1889 trans . n . z . inst . 21 [\n1888\n] p . 387"]}
{"id": 163, "summary": [{"text": "brachyuromys is a genus of rodent in the family nesomyidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : betsileo short-tailed rat ( brachyuromys betsileoensis ) gregarious short-tailed rat ( brachyuromys ramirohitra )", "topic": 29}], "title": "brachyuromys", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmadagaskarinrotat\nto\nbrachyuromys\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmadagaskarinyl\u00e4nk\u00f6rotta\nto\nbrachyuromys ramirohitra major , 1896\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmadagaskarinrotta\nto\nbrachyuromys betsileoensis ( bartlett , 1880 )\n.\nellerman ( 1941 ) allied brachyuromys as a tribe within tachyoryctinae , an affinity earlier considered plausible by major ( 1897 ) . cladistic interpretation of cytochrome b sequences instead indicates close kinship with nesomys ( jansa et al . , 1999 ) . specific discrimination and distributions reviewed by jansa and carleton ( 2003 b ) .\nty - jour ti - on the malagasy rodent genus brachyuromys ; and on the mutual relations of some groups of the muridae ( hesperomyinae , microtinae , murinae , and\nspalacidae\n) with each other and with the malagasy nesomyinae t2 - proceedings of the zoological society of london . vl - 1897 ur - urltoken pb - academic press , [ etc . ] , cy - london : py - 1897 sp - 695 ep - 720 do - 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1897 . tb03114 . x sn - 0370 - 2774 au - major , c i forsyth er -\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : although this species is poorly known , it is listed as least concern as it is expected to be found to be more widely distributed in appropriate habitat ( with adequate sampling ) and although the habitat is at risk from agriculture and fires , the decline is not likely to warrant the listing of this species in a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to eastern madagascar where it has been recorded from three sites in the south - eastern lowlands ( the type locality of ampitambe , amboasary , and the andringitra massif ) and the anjanaharibe - sud massif , near andapa . additional collections are needed to better establish the extent of the species ' range between the former three localities and the much more northerly anjanaharibe - sud massif , since there have been inadequate surveys for this species in the areas between the known localities . for example , it has recently been found in the forest of marolambo ( d . rakotondravony and m . raherisehena , unpubl . ) . it has been recorded at elevations of between 900 and 2 , 000 m asl ( soarimalala and goodman 2008 ) .\nthis species appears to be hard to capture , so there are no reliable estimates of abundance .\nthis species has been recorded from both montane and sclerophyllous forest . animals have been caught on the ground close to extensive tunnel networks associated with tangled roots ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . the species is predominantly forest - dwelling , but tolerant of a certain level of disturbance ( goodman and raherilalao 2013 ) .\nthis species is threatened by habitat loss from agriculture and fire . there is good evidence that all nesomyinae species ( especially those found over 800 m ) are susceptible to 100 % mortality from plague from introduced rodents - these seem to be localized events .\nthis species is present in the andringitra national park . there is a need to further research the distribution , population and natural history of this species . there is an importance for conserving the marolambo - fandriana forest corridor .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : listed as least concern as although affected by habitat loss and other threats , the species is widespread and abundant , present in protected areas , and occurs in modified habitats .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern - central highlands of madagascar . the northern limit of its range appears to be southeast of lac alaotra , the southern limit seems to be the andringitra massif . however , it may range further north of lac alaotra ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . the elevational range is from 1900 to around 2 , 600 m asl .\nthere are no good abundance data , but even in some areas outside of forest it is remarkably common . in some open grassland pseudo - steppe habitat , the species is common ( langrand and goodman 1997 ) .\nit is associated with heathland , lush wet meadows , marshy wetland areas , grasslands and scherophylous forest . individuals can be found in abandoned rice fields ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . the females are suspected to have a maximum of two young .\nin some of the areas where this species occurs , there is habitat loss through conversion to cultivated land , fires and fragmentation of habitat . some areas of habitat conversion may be beneficial for the local abundance of this species . this species may be suffering competition in abandoned rice fields from the introduced black rat ( rattus rattus ) although further studies are needed to confirm this ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . there is good evidence that all nesomyinae species ( especially those found over 800 m ) are susceptible to 100 % mortality from plague from introduced rodents - these seem to be localized events .\nthis species has been recorded from the ranomafana national park ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . further studies into the natural history , population , and distribution of this species are needed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : extent poorly documented , but recent records paint a broader distribution in the central highlands ( soarimalala et al . , 2001 ) as well as its presumably isolated occurrence in the northern highlands ( jansa and carleton , 2003b )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : central highlands and its eastern fringes , ca . 900 - 2450 m , madagascar .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npublic domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection .\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken"]}
{"id": 175, "summary": [{"text": "the greater musky fruit bat ( ptenochirus jagori ) is a species of megabat in the family pteropodidae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is endemic to the philippines .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it was named by peters for fedor jagor . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "greater musky fruit bat", "paragraphs": ["id to ptenochirus sp . suggested by rai gomez ( philippine bat champions ) .\nspecies confirmed by balete ds ( philippine bat champions ) and added it is a juvenile . urltoken\ntotal length 120 - 145 mm ; tail 6 - 18 mm ; ear 18 - 25 mm ; forearm 76 - 91 mm ; weight 62 - 97 g . a fairly large fruit bat with a broad , dark head and stout muzzle . four upper and two lower incisors . adults with a shoulder ruff of fur , usually with a gland beneath the ruff that produces a yellow oily material , which stains the ruff . a distinctive odor of \u201csweet musty cinnamon\u201d is usually present , especially on males . males slightly larger and darker than females . - urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nong , p . , rosell - ambal , g . & tabaranza , b . , heaney , l . , pedregosa , m . , paguntalan , l . m . , cari\u00f1o , a . b . , ramayla , s . , duya , p . , warguez , d . , alcala , e . , garcia , h . , pamaong , r . , gonzalez , j . c . & lorica , r . p .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & stuart , s . n . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as least concern because is a very common and widespread , tolerates degraded habitats ( including urban areas ) to some extent , and because its population is thought to be stable .\nthis frugivorous tree and cave roosting species which occurs from sea level to at least 1 , 950 m is abundant in primary forest and common in secondary forest . p . jagor i is occasionally present in agricultural areas near forest and has been found in degraded habitats on cebu and negros ; elsewhere it has been recorded from urban areas , including the suburbs of manila and the campus of the university of the philippines ( l . heaney pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nthis species has no doubt declined due to forest loss , but overall it remains common and is not significantly threatened .\nong , p . , rosell - ambal , g . & tabaranza , b . , heaney , l . , pedregosa , m . , paguntalan , l . m . , cari\u00f1o , a . b . , ramayla , s . , duya , p . , warguez , d . , alcala , e . , garcia , h . , pamaong , r . , gonzalez , j . c . & lorica , r . p . 2008 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nisofilippiinienhekko\nto\nptenochirus jagori ( peters , 1861 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\nstatus : iucn / ssc action plan ( 1992 ) - not threatened . iucn 2003 - lower risk ( lc )\ncomments : sometimes misspelled jagorii ( e . g . , corbet and hill , 1992 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nspotted flying out of the entrance of un - named cave in brgy . amalbalan , dasol , pangasinan .\nin the central philippine p . jagori probably has two synchronized birth periods each year that are separated by four months and vary in timing from island to island . gestation lasts about four months and lactation about three months . there usually is a single young , occasionally twins\u2026 on mount makiling , luzon , ingle ( 1992 ) found the birth periods to be april - may and september . - walker\u2019s mammals of the world , vol . 1 by ronald m . nowak , p . 288 ."]}
{"id": 177, "summary": [{"text": "euhadra murayamai is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family bradybaenidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to japan .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "in this species , the gastropod shell is sinistral . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "euhadra murayamai", "paragraphs": ["notes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) .\nnotes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) .\nnotes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) . [ 1978 ]\nthe paper examines snails of the genus euhadra in japan . they are quite lovely little animals .\ndistributions of four euhadra species on the main japanese island of honshu . e . senck . aomoriensis specimens that were used for dna analysis were collected from tamayama , tsugaru , and iide - san . e . murayamai is confined to a single mountain ( myojo - san ) . sinistral species are shown in red and dextral species in blue .\n( a ) e . quaesita from sendai and ( b ) e . murayamai from myojo - san ( in cave ) ; dextral ( c ) e . senck . senckenbergiana from imajyo , ( d ) e . senck . amoriensis from tamayama , ( e ) e . senck . amoriensis from iide - san , and ( f ) e . senck . ibukicola from mt . fujiwara .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\norganization for economic co - operation and development , 75 - paris ( france ) . [ corporate author ]\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nsince coturnix turned me on to this paper on snail chirality in plos ( pdf ) , i had to sit down and learn something new this afternoon .\nchirality is a fascinating aspect of bilaterian morphology . we have characteristic asymmetries\u2014differences between the left and right sides of our bodies\u2014that are prescribed by genetic factors . snails are particularly interesting examples because snail shells have an obvious handedness , with either a left - ( sinistral ) or right - handed ( dextral ) twist , and that handedness derives from the arrangement of cell divisions very early in development .\nthe direction of rotation in snails is determined rather simply , by single mutations . as an additional twist , though , inheritance is by maternal effect . that is , the genes in question have to be expressed in the mother , but the phenotype appears in her progeny . one way to think of it is that the result of a maternal effect mutation is delayed one generation\u2014the snail that has a mutation to cause a dextral twist will have a sinistral shell , but all of her children will be dextral .\nsnail chirality is one of those things there are a great many papers in developmental biology about , and that\u2019s the direction from which i\u2019ve always approached it \u2014as an illuminating molecular and cellular process , part of the complex story of how genes are translated into form . the cool thing about this new paper by davison et al . is that i had to stretch my brain a little bit and think about it from a population ecology perspective , too .\nthere i was , thinking once the evo - devo revolution came , we could just line up all the pop gen people against the wall and be done with them . but noooo\u2026they\u2019re going to be useful after all .\nthere are 22 species in the group , and 5 of them are sinistral , with the rest dextral . the question is whether speciation events can reasonably be traced back to changes in a single gene , whether this diverse assemblage can be explained by occasional mutations in chirality that split off new reproductively isolated groups .\nto make a long and somewhat mathematical story short , the answer is no . there have to be other isolating mechanisms present to help out .\none observation is that if you are a newborn dextral snail in a population of sinistrals , you\u2019re going to have a much harder time finding a mate than your sinistral cousins . the more common your morphology , the more likely you are to find a compatible mate . this competitive advantage for the most common form will typically drive the population towards a single chirality .\nthere are , however , conditions under which it is good to be a weirdo . when two species of the same chirality overlap , it will be common for individuals of those two species to mate\u2014which may be fun , but it\u2019s fruitless . if one species has a subpopulation with a different chirality , though , they may have an advantage . while they are only able to mate with conspecifics of the same handedness , they won\u2019t be wasting time and gametes on members of the other species . this is a phenomenon called character displacement , and could be an additional force for speciation .\nin the simpler case where a single population has two chiral variants , though , chirality is insufficient in itself to isolate the two forms . with mathematical modeling , the authors showed that the separation will be incomplete because of gene flow , so the two types will reach an equilibrium , but outside of chance variations , one will not replace the other . the catch is the way maternal effects are delayed in the expression of their phenotype by a generation . that means that a sinistral snail can mate with a sinistral snail , and their progeny may be dextral , and able to breed with the dextral population . similarly , some of those dextral snails will mate with other dextral snails , and produce progeny which are sinistral . gene flow is slowed between the two subgroups , but it would require other phenomena , such as geographic separation , to complete the process .\ndavison a , chiba s , barton nh , clarke b ( 2005 ) speciation and gene flow between snails of opposite chirality . plos biol 3 ( 9 ) : e282 .\nso let me get this straight , a professional biologist has to actually stop and put some thought into grasping the implications of chirality on poulation ecology . in other words , an individual with a reasonable grasp of mathematics , basic physics , biochemistry , genetics , and a good dose of critical thinking skills admits he had to stretch a bit . no wonder the fundies are desperate to teach the controversy they just don\u2019t have what it takes to grasp any of this . maybe their mind set is like a form of chirality that will eventually isolate them into smaller and smaller interbreeding poulations and eventually cause them to go extinct . yeah , i know that\u2019s wishful thinking !\nthanks from a writer of science fiction \u2014 this article gave me a glimmering for an alien species . the passing back and forth of genes in alternating generations is very cool .\nalthough if they ever trapped themselves into a population decline i think they would use guns and military might to maintain their grip on power .\nscience 2 . 0 is a pro - science outreach nonprofit operating under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . please make a tax - deductible donation if you value independent science communication , collaboration , participation , and support open access .\n\u00a9 2006 - 2018 science 2 . 0 . all rights reserved . scienceblogs is a registered trademark of science 2 . 0 , an education nonprofit operating under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . contributions are fully tax - deductible .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 179, "summary": [{"text": "baeolophus is a genus of birds in the family paridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its members are commonly known as titmice .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all the species are native to north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in the past , most authorities retained baeolophus as a subgenus within the genus parus , but treatment as a distinct genus , initiated by the american ornithologists union , is now widely accepted . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "baeolophus", "paragraphs": ["robert costello added text to\nbaeolophus bicolor\non\nbaeolophus bicolor ( linnaeus , 1766 )\n.\nrobert costello marked\nbaeolophus bicolor\nas hidden on the\nbaeolophus bicolor\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\ngosler , a . & clement , p . ( 2018 ) . tufted titmouse ( baeolophus bicolor ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ngosler , a . & clement , p . ( 2018 ) . oak titmouse ( baeolophus inornatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nare related to waxwings ( bombycillidae ) , not to honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fleischer et al . 2008 )\nyellow - flanked whistler ( hylocitrea ) is related to the waxwings , not whistlers ( spellman et al . 2008 )\nfrom muscicapidae ( barker et al . 2002 , 2004 ; beresford et al . 2005 ; fuchs et al . 2006 )\nresequenced : yellow - bellied fantail is a close relative of the fairy flycatcher ( stenostiridae ) ( nyari et al . 2009 , fuchs et al . 2009 )\n( dickinson 2003 , sinclair & ryan 2003 , coates et al . 2006 )\nrevised classification follows johansson et al . 2013 ; see also tietze & borthakur 2012\nc and s thailand , malay pen . , sumatra and hainan i . ( off se china )\n( eck & martens 2006 , martens et al . 2006 , collar 2007 )\ncontinental europe and asia minor through siberia to kamchatka , sakhalin is . , korea , ne china and ne mongolia\nse azerbaijan , n iran , sw turkmenistan . ? winter visitor to sw iran\n( salzburger et al . 2002 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 )\n( salzburger et al . 2002 ) . subspecies sequence follows stervander et al , 2015 . 5 - 7 of the current subspecies may deserve full species status . retain\nas a single polytypic species pending further comprehensive analyses of all populations ( sangster 2006 , stervander et al . 2015 , illera et al . 2016 ) .\ne siberia , s sakhalin i . ec and ne china , korea and japan\n( p\u00e4ckert et al . 2005 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 ) .\n( madge 2008 ) , but see barani - beiranvand et al . ( 2017 ) , who propose to lump .\nsw kazakhstan , uzbekistan , n and se turkmenistan , tajikistan , and ne afghanistan .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 258 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 355 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22711989a118836349 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\natypical vocalization ,\ntowhee - like\nto me . heard on multiple occasions at this location but i finally saw the bird this time . habitat is open water with marsh and scrub - shrub , with some red maple swamp , bordering upland forest and suburban residential area . while the bird had been heard in the marsh before , this time it was at about eye level on a pine branch in a backyard . the identity of the bird had been a mystery for some time . i have not heard this particular vocalization at any other location , nor do any existing titmouse recordings here match it precisely , so i hope this can help document it and help anyone else who may have heard something similar !\nequipment : olympus ws - 822 digital recorder with audio - technica atr 6550 shotgun .\nbird calling to be hand feed . at 0 : 13 perched on the microphone .\nnatural , repetitious song from close bird in grove of trees along parkway trail .\nneed id with 2 - note slur at 0 , ~ 3 and ~ 6 sec . this was at a wooded parking lot near city center . it ' s probably something common , but nothing is coming to mind . thanks .\nrecorded using nokia lumia 635 with audio recorder hifi app ; edited with audacity : volume amplification , high - pass filter , and noise reduction .\nsinging from a long leaf pine about 20 feet up and 20 feet away . second bird about 60 feet away .\nnatural sound . several individuals singing , with focal bird singing from a cedar tree approximately 10m away .\n29 - acre estate centrally located in oxford , ms consisting of antebellum home surrounded by lawns and adjacent forest . privet hedges and small thickets divide the grounds into distinct lawn units . bordered on all sides by mature oak - hickory forest . forest edge consists of oak spp , hickory spp , red cedar , mulberry , with understory along the edge dominated by privet ( ligustrum sp . ) . grounds around the house include isolated trees and manicured hedges . a path from the end of the parking area leads northward ~ 1 km through the forest to the northern edge of the property abutting the university of mississippi campus\nedited in adobe audition . butterworth high - pass filter , order 3 , cutoff frequency 800 hz\nfostex fr - 2 digital recorder with sennheiser microphone and telinga pro 22\nparabolic reflector .\ntwo birds in recording ; one flies away at beginning of recording ( four high - frequency call notes ) . the bird was singing next to a pond and field near wood edge and suburban areas . edited on ravenlite 1 . 0 software\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nformerly treated as conspecific with b . atricristatus ; the two hybridize in a narrow zone over c texas and generally differ in ecology . monotypic .\nextreme se canada ( s ontario ) and e usa ( se minnesota e to s maine , s to c & e texas and s florida ) .\n11\u00b75\u201314 cm ; 17\u00b75\u201326\u00b71 g . large , short - crested and fairly long - tailed grey tit . has forehead to upper lores black , occasionally tinged rust - . . .\nfairly noisy ; calls include loud , whistled \u201csee - toit\u201d and \u201cseeja - wer\u201d or . . .\ndiet chiefly small invertebrates and larvae , principally weevils and other beetles ( coleoptera ) , bugs ( hemiptera ) , ants , bees , wasps and . . .\nseason late mar to mid - jun ; occasionally two broods . monogamous , pairs for life ; single helpers noted as assisting with feeding of young at . . .\nresident ; some short - distance movements . evidence from ringing shows that very few move more than . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally common to locally common or locally scarce ; rare to scarce in small canadian part of range ( s ontario ) . range expanded slowly n in 20th . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously part of a much broader genus parus ( which see , below ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nuntil recently treated as conspecific with b . ridgwayi ( see above ) . nominate race and affabilis intergrade in sw california ( usa ) . race mohavensis sometimes merged with latter . other proposed races include sequestratus ( sw oregon and nw california ) and kernensis ( drainage of kern r and adjacent e slopes of sierra nevada , in california ) , both synonymized with nominate , and transpositus ( sw california w of the deserts ) , merged with affabilis . four subspecies recognized .\n( gambel , 1845 ) \u2013 sw usa ( sw oregon s to sw & sc california ) .\ngrinnell & swarth , 1926 \u2013 sw california and extreme nw mexico ( n baja california ) .\n( a . h . miller , 1946 ) \u2013 se california ( little san bernardino mts ) .\n15\u201316 cm ; 12\u00b76\u201319\u00b72 g . large , grey tit with short crest . nominate race has crown , crest and upperparts , including upperwing - coverts , grey - brown , . . .\ncalls include soft \u201csip\u201d or \u201csisip\u201d , \u201csit - sit\u201d or \u201csi - si - . . .\nfood includes small invertebrates and larvae ; also acorns , leaf buds , catkins , and some fruit , principally berries . usually solitary , in . . .\nseason late mar to mid - jul ; one brood . pair - bond maintained for life . territory defended throughout year , particularly in spring and also . . .\nmainly resident ; some , possibly juveniles , make short - distance movements to lower levels at . . .\n: thanks for spotting this problem . downvotes should help sink it . not sure how onezoom chooses its examples .\nthis is a terrible picture to use as an example of a tufted ti . . .\na familiar songbird at bird feeders across the eastern u . s . , the . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe most strikingly marked of the american titmice and chickadees , the bridled titmouse has a black bib and a white - and - black patterned face . primarily a mexican species , its range reaches the united states only in the mountains of arizona ( north to flagstaff ) and new mexico .\nconsider putting up a nest box to attract a breeding pair . make sure you put it up well before breeding season . attach a guard to keep predators from raiding eggs and young . find out more about nest boxes on our attract birds pages . you ' ll find plans for building a nest box of the appropriate size on our all about birdhouses site .\nunlike many members of its family , the bridled titmouse appears not to hide food for later use . the region of the brain related to memory of spatial location , the hippocampus , is small in this species compared with other species that frequently hide food .\nthe bridled titmouse is the only north american member of its family that appears to have helpers at the nest regularly . the identity and sex of the extra birds attending nests is not yet known .\nthe bridled titmouse closely resembles the crested tit of eurasia . genetic studies show , however , that it is closely related to the other north american titmice .\nthe oldest recorded bridled titmouse was at least 6 years , 7 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in arizona .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .\namerican ornithologists ' union ' s\nlist of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area\n( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2007 . 03 . 27 , website ( version 26 / 03 / 2007 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 12 . 31 , website ( version 31 - dec - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22729143a118836703 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\nclick on a family name at left to see a list of species in the family . the taxonomic list follows the ebird / clements checklist of the birds of the world .\nclick on families to bring up a list of species for that shape . try using search .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15"]}
{"id": 185, "summary": [{"text": "salmo peristericus , or the prespa trout is a variety of trout , a freshwater fish in the salmonidae family .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is endemic to the lake prespa watershed at the border area of greece and the republic of macedonia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "four populations are known : one in the agios germanos stream in north-western greece , and the others in the brajcinska and kranska rivers and the leva reka stream of macedonia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the prespa trout is morphologically difficult to separate from other trouts of the region .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "genetic data show it is close to and derived from the adriatic lineage of brown trout , and do not support a distinct species status .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "nevertheless , its protection as an evolutionary significant unit is justified regardless of the taxonomic status . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "salmo peristericus", "paragraphs": ["salmo peristericus is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - salmon ( salmo peristericus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - salmon ( salmo peristericus )\ntitle =\narkive species - salmon ( salmo peristericus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npart of salmo peristericus\u2019s range is encompassed by a national park , and angling in the region is regulated according to the national law ( 1 ) .\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nsalmo peristericus\n.\nsalmo peristericus feeds on fish , insects and a variety of other small organisms that inhabit the stream bed ( 2 ) . originally believed to inhabit lakes and return to streams only to spawn , salmo peristericus is now considered to be completely restricted to its mountain stream habitat . this species lays its eggs around november ( 4 ) .\nthis species may also occur in two additional streams leading into lake megali prespa , although the presence of salmo peristericus in these streams currently remains uncertain ( 3 ) .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - salmo peristericus facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nfacts summary : salmo peristericus is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nfishes\nand found in the following area ( s ) : greece , republic of macedonia .\nthe population of salmo peristericus is threatened by habitat degradation , largely due to pollution , overgrazing of streamside vegetation and erosion , which destroy this species\u2019 spawning areas and reduces the water quality of the streams ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . increased sediment in streams and fragmentation of this species\u2019 vital habitat are also contributing to the declining population of salmo peristericus ( 2 ) .\na species action plan has been developed for salmo peristericus to establish the key priorities and actions needed to ensure the conservation of this species . in particular , the action plan aims to develop a long - term monitoring scheme to research the health of the remaining populations of salmo peristericus , as well as health of the streams in which it is found ( 2 ) .\nclimate change is an emerging threat to this species , and may negatively affect the health of the salmo peristericus population in the future ( 2 ) . lowering of the water levels through extraction and drought is also a threat to this species ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . poaching may also be placing increased pressure on the population of salmo peristericus ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nit is also suggested that salmo peristericus be designated a \u2018flagship species\u2019 in the prespa national park , as part of a public awareness campaign to raise the profile of this threatened species ( 2 ) .\noccurring in a small number of mountain streams with gravel bottoms in the prespa lakes region , salmo peristericus is typically found where the water is cool and well - oxygenated ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\na small , slender - bodied fish , salmo peristericus is very similar in appearance to other balkan species in the genus salmo . it is distinguished mainly by having a low number of gill rakers ( the bony , finger - like projections on the gill arch ) , compared with other species ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nkousteri , i . , crivelli , a . j . , petkovski , s . and kazoglou , y . ( 2010 ) species action plan for the endemic prespa trout , salmo peristericus : a conservation tool . balwois . available at : urltoken\nregulations for angling , including new local license , bag limits , size limits and catch and release policies have also been proposed to protect the salmo peristericus population , while new regulations regarding water removal for irrigation and hydropower stations may also be considered ( 2 ) .\nsalmo peristericus is thought to be restricted to the agios germanos stream ( 1 ) ( 5 ) , and to brajcinska reka , which both flow into lake megali prespa , in the prespa lakes region of north - western greece and south - west macedonia ( 3 ) .\nkarakousis , y . and triantaphyllidis , c . ( 1990 ) genetic structure and differentiation among greek brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) populations . heredity , 64 : 297 - 304 .\nin addition , the action plan aims to identify the most important threats to this species , and to implement a number of measures to mitigate these threats . included in the recommended measures for the conservation of salmo peristericus is setting up a wardening and monitoring scheme . this will assess the impact of poaching and angling on this species and raise the awareness of its importance , and should be conducted in association with local partnerships and the community ( 2 ) .\nsalmo peristericus has small , eye - like , black spots evenly distributed along the length of the body , mainly above the lateral line ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . black spots are also present on much of the dorsal fin ( 3 ) , and there is a small black spot on the hard bony flap , the \u2018operculum\u2019 , which covers and protects the gills ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . numerous , small red spots are also scattered along the sides of the body and on the dorsal fin ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the edges of the dorsal and anal fins are typically pale or white ( 3 ) .\njustification : this species is present in two locations and has an area of occupancy ( aoo ) < 500 km\u00b2 and an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) < 5 , 000 km\u00b2 . these two populations have not yet been confirmed to be the same species , although it is believed that they are , and a survey is planned for the near future ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) . in one location ( possible s . peristericus ) there is a continuing decline in habitat quality due to domestic water pollution , overgrazing and erosion that destroys the spawning area . in the other location ( definite s . peristericus ) there is poaching , but this is not causing a continuing decline in the population ( crivelli a . pers comm ) . if these two populations are not the same species then s . peristericus will be vu d2 based on it being found in one location , with the potential threat of introduced species . taxonomic work is required to confirm the status of the questionable subpopulation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nfreyhof , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\nit is restricted to the agios germanos stream in the prespa lakes region , north - western greece . it might be also present in one or two streams in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia ( fyrom ) part of lake megali prespa .\nits population in agios germanos stream has been estimated between 3 , 300 and 6 , 700 individuals ( crivelli , a . unpublished data ) .\nits lives in a mountain stream . the population is present in 24 . 5 km out of 34 . 5 km . habitat is fragmented by some impassable waterfalls .\nwater extraction ( although it is downstream ) , erosion within the catchment due to overgrazing , poaching with nets and chlorine , and organic pollution . small electro - power stations .\nangling is regulated according to the national law . part of the species range is covered by a national park .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 59043 )\ndistinguished from all its congeners in balkan peninsula by the combination of the following characters : small black spot on opercle and upper third of flank , ocellated red spots on whole flank ; body depth 19 - 23 % sl ; 16 - 18 gill rakers ; preanal length 72 - 75 % sl ( ref . 59043 ) .\nfound in streams . believed to be originally an inhabitant of lakes entering streams to spawn , then returning to lake . habitat modifications and water abstraction have interrupted the lower course of most streams and distribution is confined to headwaters , possibly to two streams only . spawns in november ( ref . 59043 ) .\nkottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01023 ( 0 . 00469 - 0 . 02234 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nanal fin in fish , an unpaired fin on the under surface of a fish , behind the anus . dorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish , or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . lateral line a row of receptors that can detect movement via vibrations in water . the receptors are typically embedded in the skin , and in fish they form a line along the sides of the body . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .\ndelling , b . ( 2010 ) diversity of western and southern balkan trouts , with the description of a new species from the louros river , greece ( teleostei : salmonidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 ( 4 ) : 331 - 344 .\njohannes sch\u00f6ffmann lastenstrasse 25 st . veit / glan a - 9300 austria j . schoeffmann @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch . to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\ncreatures with albinism and leucism are beautiful and rare animals . they have all the characteristics of others of their species except they are white in color . the lack of melanin generally results in the animal looking bleached all over , appearing white or pink . it happens in many animals ranging from squirrels to whitetail deer . here are ten incredible and rare , white - colored creatures that you ' ll probably never see in real life .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nthere are 23 different species of fish living in the waters of prespa , 8 of them are endemic . the prespa trout is one of them . it can only be found in a small number of mountain rivers that flow into the lake . preserving these tributaries is critical for the survival of this threatened endemic species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 191, "summary": [{"text": "bostrycapulus odites is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bostrycapulus odites", "paragraphs": ["odites is a greek noun meaning traveller . this name refers to the large geographical distribution this species has attained despite its direct development .\nrachel collin , alfonso a . ramos - espl\u00e1 and andr\u00e9s izquierdo identification of the south atlantic spiny slipper limpet bostrycapulus odites collin , 2005 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) on the spanish mediterranean coast ( pp 197 - 200 )\nradula of bostrycapulus aculeatus collected from mote , florida . scale bar = 100 \u00b5m .\nthere are currently eight recognized species in bostrycapulus ( see table 4 for summary ) .\nsummary of bostrycapulus species . diagnostic features are highlighted in bold text . abbreviations : ss , spiral sculpture\nbostrycapulus aculeatus \u2013 olsson & harbison , 1953 : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .\nthe shells of the holotypes of the four new species . a , bostrycapulus latebrus ( fmnh 282358 ) . b , b . odites ( natal museum v9447 / t1783 ) . c , b . pritzkeri ( australian museum \u266fc400000 ) . d , b . urraca ( ansp 412178 ) . scale bar = 10 mm .\nbostrycapulus aculeatus \u2212 olsson & harbison , 1953 [ in part ] : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .\nbostrycapulus aculeatus \u2013 olsson & harbison , 1953 [ in part ] : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .\nthe following eight species are recognized here as members of bostrycapulus : b . aculeatus ( gmelin , 1791 ) , b . gravispinosus ( kuroda & habe , 1950 ) , b . calyptraeformis ( deshayes , 1830 ) , b . cf . tegulicius , b . pritzkeri sp . nov . , b . odites sp . nov . , b . latebrus sp . nov . and b . urraca sp . nov .\nb . odites differs from the other species in the b . aculeatus species complex in exhibiting direct development from small eggs which consume nurse eggs . the protoconch is unsculptured and retains irregular growth lines ( figs 5f , 4i ) . adult morphological characters are as described above for b . aculeatus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . odites from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 24 ( c ) , 36 ( g ) , 141 ( c ) , 220 ( t ) , 234 ( c ) , 279 ( g ) , 354 ( t ) , 438 ( c ) , 486 ( a ) , 552 ( t ) .\nphotographs of ( a ) bostrycapulus calyptraeformis from venado beach in panama and ( b ) b . odites sp . nov . from the subtidal of playa orengo ( the three shells on the right ) and the intertidal zone of nearby san antonio oeste ( the shell on the left ) , argentina . both plates show the variation in shell colour and spine development found in samples collected from the same site . samples from within a site do not differ in more than three or four base pairs in coi sequences . scale bars = 10 mm .\nunrooted haplotype network of coi sequences from bostrycapulus calyptraeformis . slashes on branches show the number of differences between the haplotypes . branches without slashes have a length of one . size of the circles represent the number of individuals with that haplotype .\nthe bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of bostrycapulus based on 16s . numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are bayesian support . branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code . * = type individual .\nthe bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of bostrycapulus based on coi . numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are bayesian support . branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code . * = type individual .\nprotoconchs . a , bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp . nov . from sydney . b , b . calyptraeformis from the perlas islands , panama . c , b . cf . tegulicia from cape verde . d , b . gravispinosus from minabe , wakayama prefecture , japan . e , b . calyptraeformis from paita , peru . f , b . odities sp . nov . from playa orengo , argentina . g , b . urraca sp . nov . from isla parida , panama . h , b . aculeatus from lido key , florida . i , b . odites sp . nov . from s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . all are to the same scale . scale bar = 500 \u00b5m .\nthe species name latebrus is latin , meaning \u2018hidden\u2019 or \u2018obscure\u2019 , referring to both the difficulty of distinguishing this from the other species of bostrycapulus and also to the fact that shells are often so encrusted with epibionts that they are effectively hidden in the field .\nthe type locality , \u2018islands of the americas\u2019 is somewhat vague but most likely refers to a locality in the northern caribbean . it is possible that bostrycapulus from the southern caribbean is a distinct species from the species described here as b . aculeatus ( gmelin , 1791 ) . i have been unable to find bostrycapulus in the caribbean surrounding panama , cayman islands , or trinidad , despite finding ostensibly appropriate habitat . if an additional caribbean species is discovered , nomenclatural stability would benefit from the description of the southern species as new .\ncollin r . 2005 . development , phylogeny , and taxonomy of < i > bostrycapulus < / i > ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) , an ancient cryptic radiation . < i > zoological journal of the linnean society < / i > 144 ( 1 ) : 75 - 101\ncollin r . 2005 . development , phylogeny , and taxonomy of bostrycapulus ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) , an ancient cryptic radiation . zoological journal of the linnean society 144 ( 1 ) : 75 - 101 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 75 - 101 [ details ]\nillustrations of anatomy of bostrycapulus , drawn from observations of several animals of b . odites sp . nov . from argentina . there are no differences among species in the characters depicted here . a , dorsal view of the animal subsequent to removal from the shell . b , dorsal view of the animal with the mantle reflected . c , osphradium . d , penis . abbreviations : cg , capsule gland ; ct , ctenidia ; dg , digestive gland ; e , oesophagus ; f , foot ; fp , food pouch ; g , seminal groove ; gd , gonad ; hg , hypobranchial gland ; i , intestine ; k , kidney ; nr , nerve ring ; os , osphradium ; sg , salivary gland ; sm , shell muscle ; ss , style sac ; st , stomach ; v , ventricle .\nthe transparent , thin - walled egg capsules of bostrycapulus species are typical of all calyptraeids . the stalks are wide , flattened ribbons and not thread - like as in some species . the female broods the capsules between the neck and substrate and propodium until hatching . differences in development are diagnostic among species .\nb . urraca can be distinguished from other species of bostrycapulus by a combination of the following . it has a large globose protoconch and direct development that retains most of the larval features . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . urraca from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 261 ( t ) , 285 ( g ) , 309 ( g ) , 375 ( t ) , 474 ( c ) , 495 ( a ) , 588 ( t ) .\na , 2 - week - old larva of bostrycapulus calyptraeformis showing the velar pigment , shell sculpture ( on the top of the shell ) and large foot . scale bar = 300 \u00b5m . b , intracapsular larva of b . aculeatus showing the well - developed velum with pigment spots and body pigmentation . scale bar = 200 \u00b5m .\nthis species can be distinguished from other bostrycapulus species by features of development and mitochondrial dna sequences . development is direct from large , 380 mm eggs . embryos develop characteristic larval features but reabsorb them prior to hatching . the globose protoconch is 900 \u03bcmm in diameter and has less than a single whorl . diagnostic dna sequence differences , distinguishing b . aculeatus from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the drosophila yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 28 ( c ) , 33 ( g ) , 186 ( g ) , 282 ( t ) , 468 ( g ) , 511 ( c ) .\nb . pritzkeri can be distinguished from the other species in bostrycapulus by its large , globose protoconch , and direct development from large eggs that produce embryos lacking the larval features present in other direct developing species of bostry - capulus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . pritzkeri from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial geneome , genbank # x03240 ) : 183 ( c ) , 256 ( c ) , 315 ( c ) , 360 ( c ) , 395 ( c ) , 417 ( g ) , 444 ( g ) , 471 ( g ) , 477 ( c ) .\nembryos of bostrycapulus urraca sp . nov . a , early postgastrula stage where the embryo is covered with a thin ciliated epithelium . b , mid - veliger stage , showing the granulated shell sculpture , the operculum behind the well - developed foot , the single embryonic kidneys and the reduced velum . c , hatching stage , showing the well - developed shell sculpture . scale bar = 150 \u00b5m .\nb . latebrus can be distinguished from other species of bostrycapulus by dna sequence data and by its direct development from large eggs with embryos that retain larval features ( unlike b . pritzkeri ) . the shell morphology and anatomy of b . latebrus do not differ from that described above for b . aculeatus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . latebrus from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 3 ( g ) , 108 ( c ) , 144 ( g ) , 192 ( g ) , 243 ( a ) , 270 ( c ) , 306 ( g ) , 327 ( g ) , 423 ( c ) , 522 ( t ) .\nthree different modes of development are observed in the bostrycapulus species examined here : ( 1 ) planktotrophic larvae ; ( 2 ) direct development with large eggs , and ( 3 ) direct development from small eggs with nurse eggs ( table 4 ) . these differences in modes of development and smaller differences in the details of development correspond to the same eight clades identified by the dna sequence analysis and protoconch morphology .\nthe shell morphology and anatomy of b . calyptraeformis do not differ from those of b . aculeatus as described above . b . calytraeformis can be distinguished from the other species of bostrycapulus by the presence of planktotrophic development and a smooth protoconch with . 5 whorls ( fig . 5 ) . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . calyptraeformis from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 39 ( g ) , 42 ( c ) , 57 ( g ) , 69 ( a ) , 75 ( c ) , 171 ( c ) , 259 ( t ) , 282 ( g ) , 321 ( a ) , 354 ( g ) , 387 ( c ) , 402 ( c ) , 441 ( c ) , 462 ( g ) , 486 ( c ) , 582 ( c ) .\nembryos of bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp . nov . note the distinctive granular shell sculpture and the absence of a distinct velum at all stages . a , excapsulated early stage embryos at the beginning of shell formation . scale bar = 150 \u00b5m . b , excapsulated embryos with well - developed shells showing granular shell sculpture and the small ridge of the velum at the base of the tentacle . scale bar = 250 \u00b5m . c , encapsulated embryos near hatching with fully developed shell and body pigmentation . scale bar = 250 \u00b5m .\nphylogenetic analyses were conducted using paup * v . 4b02 ( swofford , 1998 ) . an equal - weighted , unrooted , parsimony analysis was performed with gaps coded as a fifth character , using a heuristic search with tbr branch swapping and 1000 random additions . bootstrap support for each clade was assessed based on 1000 bootstrap replicates with tbr branch swapping and ten random additions . i included crepipatella lingulata , c . capensis , and crucibulum auriculum , three close outgroups of bostrycapulus ( see collin , 2003b ) , and used them to root the analysis . genetic distances were calculated using kimura 2 - parameter distances .\nb . cf . tegulicius can be distinguished from other species in the b . aculeatus species complex by the large globose protoconch and distinct coi sequence . material with other potentially diagnostic features is not currently available . diagnostic dna sequence differences are difficult to determine , but the single available sequence distinguishing b . cf . tegulicius from all other bostrycapulus species is in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mito hondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 178 ( a ) , 268 ( t ) , 282 ( c ) , 339 ( g ) , 492 ( a ) , 583 ( a ) .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\ncrepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ( misidentification )\ntype locality wooleys pool , muizenburg , cape province , south africa . [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; russo , g . ; templado , j . ( 2004 ) . ciesm atlas of exotic species in the mediterranean . monaco , ciesm publishers . vol . 3 molluscs . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 98 - 99 [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto barcode of life ( from synonym crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 198 publications ) ( from synonym crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 15 nucleotides ; 8 proteins ) to pesi\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . < em > mediterranean marine science . < / em > 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . 10 . 12681 / mms . 87\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 329 seconds . )\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nsummary of live - collected material used for observations of development and anatomy and for dna sequencing . abbreviations : bmsm , bailey - matthews shell museum ; klkc , k . l . kaiser collection\nisla parida , gulf of chiriqui , panama , 8\u00b05 . 458\u2032n , 82\u00b018 . 671\u2032w [ > 50 animals ] t\nthe morphology and anatomy of ethanol - or formalin - preserved individuals were examined under a wild m4 dissecting microscope . the anatomy of five to ten animals was examined from most localities . prior to mounting for scanning electron microscopy , protoconchs and radulae were cleaned briefly in dilute bleach and rinsed in distilled water . all specimens were gold - coated and viewed with an almary scanning electron microscope . two to five radulae from each locality were prepared for sem . to estimate within - individual variation , the number of denticles on each tooth were counted for ten rows of unworn teeth per individual .\ndevelopmental stages were observed live and measured with dissecting and compound microscopes . broods from more than 30 animals were observed from argentina and panama and five to ten broods were observed for populations from florida , peru , south africa , sydney and mexico . developmental stages were not available for animals from japan , brazil , or cape verde . larvae of the single species with planktonic development were raised according to the methods of collin ( 2000b ) .\nthe animals examined during this study can be attributed to eight species on the basis of protoconch morphology , developmental biology , embryology , and dna sequence data .\nphylogenetic analysis of coi and 16s dna sequence data shows little sequence variation within each locality ( about 0 . 5\u20131 % in coi ) . there are eight distinct clades ( species ) that differ from each other by 6\u201321 % in coi sequences and by at least 2 % in 16s sequences ( fig . 3 ; table 2 ) . these groups are supported as monophyletic with bootstrap and bayesian support above 98 and 100 , respectively ( fig . 2 ) . sequence divergences of such magnitude commonly occur between morphologically well - differentiated species of calyptraeids ( collin , 2003a , b ) .\npairwise kimura 2 - parameter genetic distances between individuals from each locality . bold values indicate intraspecific comparisons . abbreviations : arg , argentina ; bah , bahamas ; bp , bay of panama ; ct , cape town ; cv , cape verde ; es , el salvador ; gc , gulf of chiriqui\nfour of these clades include samples for several locations . one clade is composed of sequences from individuals collected from the south atlantic ( brazil , argentina , and south africa ) ; it shows 0 . 8\u20131 . 2 % coi divergence between localities . another clade includes samples from the bay of panama , hawaii , and guam which are identical to each other and also includes the closely related ( 4 % divergent ) material from peru ( figs 2 , 4 ; table 2 ) . the third contains samples from both coasts of florida and the bahamas . the fourth includes material from the pacific coast of el salvador and the western half of panama . animals from this clade occur in sympatry with the panama - hawaii clade in the perlas archipelago and the azuero peninsula , panama . samples from the remaining localities form their own individual clades .\nthe clade in the equatorial pacific shows genetic differentiation between peru and panama , but not over the thousands of kilometres between hawaii , guam and panama ( figs 2 , 4 ) . the bayesian estimate of coi phylogeny ( fig . 2 ) shows the clade from peru nested within the panama haplotypes , while the estimate based on 16s shows the clades as sisters , suggesting that the root of the peru clade has been misplaced in the phylogeny . the unrooted haplotype network ( fig . 4 ) shows that the two clades are reciprocally monophyletic and that the hawaiian and guam haplotypes nest firmly within the panamanian clade .\n\u2018shell widely slipper - shaped , with a strongly eccentric apex , closely appressed and spirally coiled towards the left side ( viewed dorsally ) . surface with strong , radial riblets or threads , the primary ones often becoming scabrous or spiniform . diaphragm as in crepidula s . s . , its edge nearly straight , the muscle scar below small but distinct\u2019 .\nthe size of the protoconch varies between species depending on the mode of development but is less than two whorls and is often eroded in adult specimens . hatchlings and embryos show a linear pattern of fine , widely spaced granules on the protoconch . protoconch characters can be used to diagnose several species .\nthe head , neck , foot and mantle are cream , but there is a matt black marbled area along the edge of the foot . large yellow or orange splotches are scattered along the neck lappets and concentrated on the lips and tentacles . black pigment also occurs on the dorsal side of the head and neck . the intensity of all pigmentation varies , with some animals showing almost no black pigment . the black pigment is retained in preserved or fixed material , although the yellow and orange markings are lost . there are no diagnostic differences in pigmentation among the species described here .\nwhen removed from the shell the distal third of the viscera curves to the animal ' s right . the tapered mantle cavity and gills extend about two thirds of the way to the tip of the viscera on the dorsal left side . the crescent - shaped shell muscle extends dorsally from the foot to the shell roof on the right side . a small , dorsal attachment muscle runs from within the dorsal mantle tissue above the intestine to the medial shell roof just anterior to the shelf .\nthe stomach is visible dorsally to the right of the posterior end of the mantle cavity . the oesophagus runs ventrally in the viscera and enters the stomach posteroventrally . the short style sac runs laterally from the stomach to the left margin of the visceral mass in the dorsal viscera posterior to the mantle cavity . the distal end of the style sac narrows to connect with the intestine , which runs directly to the right side in the ventral visceral mass . the distal loop of the intestine is visible in the dorsal wall of the mantle cavity . this arrangement of the digestive system with respect to the mantle cavity is distinct from the arrangement in crepidula , where the mantle cavity extends to the end of the visceral mass and the style sac is ventral to the mantle cavity . the brown digestive gland surrounds the stomach and extends to the end of the visceral mass . in fresh and ethanol - preserved material a network of thick white vessels running through the digestive gland is clearly visible . these vessels are not visible in formalin - fixed material .\nthe heart and kidney are similar to crepidula species . the heart and pericardial cavity are visible in the dorsal side of the viscera . the pericardial cavity is at an angle to the anterio - posterior axis and extends along the posterior margin of the mantle cavity . in crepidula species the pericardial cavity is orientated anterior - posteriorly . the hollow kidney is located in the roof of the mantle cavity anterior to the pericardial cavity and posterior to the distal loop of the intestine . the nephrostome opens into the mantle cavity midway between the pericardial cavity and the distal loop of the intestine .\nthe nerve ring is located at the posterior margin of the neck just anterior to the visceral mass and completely embedded in the salivary glands . the nerve ring is the same as in c . fornicata ( werner & grell , 1950 ) . a pair of buccal ganglia are located against the dorsal medial margin of the buccal mass .\ncrepidula aculeata \u2212 lamarck , 1822 : 25 . reeve , 1859 . , sowerby , 1883 [ in part ] : 67 , sp . 9 . , figs 124 , 125 ; sowerby , 1887 [ in part ] : 67 , figs 39 , 40 . parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 . collin , 2003a : 541\u2013593 . collin , 2003b : 618\u2013640 .\nc . intorta var . say , 1822 : 227 [ in part ] .\nc . costata morton , 1829 : 115 , pl . 7 , figs 2 , 3 . maryland tertiary [ non c . costata sowerby , 1824 nec c . costata deshayes , 1830 ] .\n\u2018 patella aculeata . shell oval , brown , with prickly striae : crown recurved . chemn . conch . 10 , tab . 168 , 624 , 1625 . da costa conch . tab . 6 , fig . 1 , elements t 2 , f 2 . favann . conch . 1 , tab . 4 , fig . 3 . walch . naturs . 10 tab . 1 , fig . 5 . 2 . inhabits american islands . resembles the last shell small , chestnut or white with longitudinal striae , lip white dividing the cavity into equal parts\u2019 .\ngmelin states the habitat of b . aculeatus to be \u2018islands of the americas\u2019 . this is most likely following \u2018westindischen\u2019 from chemnitz .\nthe known distribution of this species includes both coasts of florida , the florida keys , yucatan , the bahamas , and probably the northern caribbean sea . shells from as far north as north carolina also probably belong to this species , although this has not been verified by examination of development or dna sequence data . it is common on rocks and debris in the shallow subtidal zone , and can also be found on the carapaces of horseshoe crabs . ranges to a depth of at least 60 m .\nglobose , comprising a single whorl , c . 900 \u00b5m across . no sculpture is retained in material available from juvenile shells . the protoconch\u2013teleoconch boundary is not distinct ( fig . 5h ) .\nobservations of embryos are limited because virtually all egg capsules collected in lido key , florida in 1997 contained nothing but bacterially infected fluid . however , many of those collected in 2003 developed normally . animals are often solitary or form pairs ; they do not form large stacks . fossil shells with this morphology date from the miocene in florida ( hoagland , 1977 ) .\ncrepidula gravispinosa kuroda & habe , 1950 : 30 . collin , 2003a : 541\u2013593 . collin , 2003b : 618\u2013640 .\ncrepidula aculeata \u2013 taki , 1938 [ in part ] : 145 . parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 .\n\u2018 c . gravispinosa n . sp . for crepidula aculeata ( not gmelin ) , illust . encyclop . fauna japan , rev . edit . , p . 1140 , textfig . 239 1947 . \u2019 the figured referred to is the same as that in the 1927 edition of the illustrated encyclopedia of japanese fauna , but the text differs .\nmaterial illustrated in the illustrated encyclopedia of japanese fauna generally belonged to kuroda ' s personal collection , which is currently housed in nishinomiya . no shell matching the figure can be found in this collection ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) , although it does contain two shells of b . gravispinosus collected from akune in 1949 ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) . it is also possible that the figured shell was from shintaro hirase ' s collection , or that of his father , in which case it was either taken to tokyo university or may have remained in the main hirase collection which is now in the kyoto university museum ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) . much of the former collection was destroyed during world war ii and the figured shell cannot be found there ( r . ueshima , pers . comm . ) . it is therefore likely that the type material figured in the encyclopedia is lost .\njapan . south of boso peninsula and west of noto peninsula to the amami islands ( taki , 1938 ) .\ncalyptraea echinus broderip , 1834 : 39 . broderip , 1835 : 203 , pl . 29 , fig . 1 . isla lobos , peru . 3 syntypes bmnh 1975113 . hoagland , 1986 : 173\u2013183 .\ncalyptraea hystrix broderip , 1834 : 39 . broderip , 1835 : 203 , pl . 29 , fig . 2 . , isla lobos peru . 3 syntypes bmnh 1966629 .\ncrepidula aculeata \u2013 parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 .\n\u2018c . test\u00e2 ovato - rotundat\u00e2 , gibbos\u00e2 , rufescente , longitudinaliter striat\u00e2 ; strius rugosis , ad marginem evanescentibus ; apice obliquo , spirato\u2019 .\ntwo syntypes in the paris museum ( hoagland , 1983 ; p . bouchet 2001 pers . comm . ) . one is figured in hoagland ( 1983 ) .\nperu ( ? ) . deshayes ( 1830 ) supposed that the types came from peru because they were bought with shells of other peruvian species .\nnorthern peru to the pacific coast of eastern panama and the perlas islands but not extending into the gulf of chiriqui . this species also occurs in hawaii where it is probably introduced and it may have been recently introduced into guam . this species can reach densities of greater than 1000 individuals per square meter in the intertidal zone of panama ( unpubl . data ) and occurs to depths of at least 50 m .\ncrepidula aculeata \u2212 hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 . hoagland , 1983 [ in part ] .\n\u2018testa subovata , crassiuscula , irregulari , oblique curvata , extus albida , concentrice striata , et squamis minutis teguliformibus , subdistantibus orniata ; intus nitide castaneo violacea ; lamella opalina , ad medio et ad latus subemarginata . long 0 . 019 , lat 0 . 014\u2019 .\ntwo syntypes of b . tegulicius are in the paris museum ( hoagland , 1983 ; p . bouchet 2001 pers . comm . ) . one is figured in hoagland ( 1983 ) .\ncape verde islands . the extent of the distribution along the west coast of africa is unknown .\nb . tegulicius was originally described from senegal . as diagnostic material from this country is not currently available , the identity of the cape verdian material described here cannot be unambiguously assigned to a new species . it is quite possible that they are different species , since the cape verdian animals have direct development ( and therefore , presumably limited dispersal ) and many cape verdian species are endemic to these islands . if animals from senegal and cape verde are demonstrated to belong to different species , the name b . tegulicius should be applied to material from mainland africa while the species from cape verde should be given a new name .\naustralian museum \u266fc400000 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length = 14 . 8 mm ; width = 11 . 8 mm ; height = 4 . 1 mm . frozen tissue of this specimen : fmnh 282361 .\nedwards reef , sydney , australia . 33\u00b051\u2032s , 151\u00b013\u2032e . low intertidal zone on rocks .\nsouth - eastern australia . the australian national museum contains shells with this morphology from the coast of new south wales and queensland , but the species identity of the latter material needs to be verified with additional observations of live material and genetic data .\nthe name pritzkeri is in honour of r . pritzker , president of the pritzker foundation . the foundation ' s support of the pritzker laboratory of molecular systematics and evolution at the field museum made this work possible .\nnatal museum v9447 / t1783 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length 19 . 3 mm , width 15 . 6 mm , height 7 . 2 mm . frozen tissue of this specimen : fmnh 282360 .\nwooleys pool , muizenburg , cape province , south africa . low intertidal zone in rock crevices , co - occurring with crepipatella capensis .\nthe atlantic coast of south america , from s\u00e3o paulo , brazil to puerto madryn , argentina , as well as the south coast of south africa from cape town to port elizabeth and north to northern natal ( natal museum ) . material examined here was collected from rocks intertidally in south africa and brazil , and intertidally from rocks and subtidally from the shells of pen - shells and oysters in argentina . this species occurs to depths of at least 40 m .\nshell morphology and anatomy are the same as b . aculeatus , with the exception of the protoconch . the 1 mm diameter protoconch is smooth with irregular growth lines towards the aperture ( figs 5f , 4i ) . the indistinct protoconch\u2013teleoconch boundary occurs after slightly more than a single whorl is completed .\nfmnh 282358 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length = 15 . 0 mm , width = 11 . 9 mm , height = 4 . 1 mm . frozen tissue is also deposited at the fmnh under the same lot number .\njust north of la paz , baja california sur , mexico , along the coast of ensenada la paz near el comit\u00e1n . collected from rocks in the low intertidal zone .\nmaterial whose identity can be verified as b . latebrus has only been collected near la paz , mexico . shells that may be from this species occur commonly along the pacific coast of baja california and have been reported from as far north as southern california . however , observations of development and dna data are necessary before their identity can be verified .\nc . californica tryon , 1886 is a nomen nudum . however , it may possibly have been applied to this species in the previous literature . fossil shells with similar morphology occur in the pliocene and pleistocene of california , usa and baja california , mexico .\nisla parida , gulf of chiriqui , panama . 8\u00b05 . 458\u2032n , 82\u00b018 . 671\u2032w\nmaterial whose identity has be verified as b . urraca has been collected in panama from the gulf of chiriqui , isla coiba , the azuero peninsula , and the perlas archipelago . in el salvador it has been collected from the gulf of fonseca . this species occurs from the intertidal zone to at least 50 m and can occur in densities up to several hundred per square meter in the intertidal zone .\nthe species name urraca is a noun in apposition . the name honours the r / v urraca , the smithsonian tropical research institute ' s research vessel , which was used to collect samples of this species . urraca was the name of a guaymi chief who fought bravely against the spanish in panama .\ncharacters of new genera and species of mollusca and conchifera , collected by mr . cuming . descriptions of new species of calyptraeidae\nthe evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species an ancient separation in a globally distributed shorefish\nsex change , reproduction and development of crepidula adunca and c . lingulata ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae )\nanother last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c . ustulatulina sp . nov . ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from the gulf of mexico\n, museum demidoff , ou catalogue des curiosit\u00e9s de la nature et de l ' art donn\u00e9es a l ' universit\u00e9 imperiale de moscou par m . de demidoff , 3 ,\nespecies gemelas del g\u00e9nero crepidula en la costa de chile ; una redescripci\u00f3n de c . dilatata lamarck y descripci\u00f3n de c . fecunda n . sp\ndept . biology , university of rochester and dept . biology , university of uppsala\nstandards in herpetology and ichthyology : part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology\nthe shell collection of j . h . chemnitz in the zoological institute , st . petersburg\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\ncollin , rachel | ramos - espl\u00e1 , alfonso a . | izquierdo mu\u00f1oz , andr\u00e9s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nresearch lines at cimar are related , among others , with the study of marine biodiversity , the characterisation of coastal benthic communities , and the study of coastal ecosystems .\nthere are lines of research on the understanding of marine biodiversity , the introduction of non - indigenous species into the mediterranean sea , anthropic impacts on martin ecommunities , assessment of the quality of seawater based on benthic organisms , coastal management and its resources , and marine environmental protection through the identification of marine protected areas .\n- monitoring of species introduced in the spanish south east , in collaboration with the aquarium of santa pola .\n- monitoring of the presence of invasive crustacean percnon gibesii into the rocky coast of cabo huertas and tabarca marine reserve .\n- role of crustaceans ( amphipoda ) in ecology associated to the \u2018fouling\u2019 community at the mediterranean aquaculture facilities .\n- characterisation of sipunculids settlements of the spanish mediterranean , establishing the relationship between the characteristics of those settlements and their habitat ."]}
{"id": 195, "summary": [{"text": "apolygus lucorum is a species of true bug in the miridae family .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it can be found everywhere in europe except for albania , bulgaria , iceland , malta , and portugal . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "apolygus lucorum", "paragraphs": ["early season host plants of apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china .\napolygus lucorum ( meyer - dur 1843 ) - - det . m . d . schwartz\nseasonal migration of apolygus lucorum ( hemiptera : miridae ) over the bohai sea in northern china .\nearly season host plants of apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china . - pubmed - ncbi\nseasonal migration of apolygus lucorum ( hemiptera : miridae ) over the bohai sea in northern china . - pubmed - ncbi\ncitation : pan h , lu y , wyckhuys kag , wu k ( 2013 ) preference of a polyphagous mirid bug , apolygus lucorum ( meyer - d\u00fcr ) for flowering host plants . plos one 8 ( 7 ) : e68980 . urltoken\nacute toxicity of the essential oil of a . tuberosum leaves and its major constituents against ap . lucorum adults\npan , hongsheng ; liu , bing ; lu , yanhui ; wyckhuys , kris a . g . . 2015 . seasonal alterations in host range and fidelity in the polyphagous mirid bug , apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) . plos one 10 ( 2 ) : e0117153 .\nin this study , we related a . lucorum adult abundance of on a given plant species with plant phenology data . our objectives were ( 1 ) to assess temporal differences in the extent of flower preference by a . lucorum adults , and ( 2 ) to assess the role of flower preference as the driver of a . lucorum host plant switching .\ninsect information : apolygus lucorum feed on leaves by leaving small brown holes in the foliage . the species can damage fruits as well , by leaving bumps on them . when they drink the sap , they inject their poisonous salivary juices , which can cause buds , leaves and fruit distortions .\ndetail : this pheromone lure is for apolygus lucorum . manufactured with high quality sex pheromone and constant release vial carriers , our pheromone lures are species specific , residue free and effective for attracting targeted adult male damaging insects for more than 45 days in the fields , perfect for monitoring or mass trapping .\npherobio technology has been committed to developing , manufacturing and marketing high quality apolygus lucorum for years , which is well - known as one of the largest professional manufacturers and suppliers . our insect pheromone product comes in low price , easy operation and excellent performance . now , take action to check the pricelist with us and try our customized service .\nthe selective response of alucor46 to plant volatiles and its female - biased expression suggest that this receptor could be involved by a . lucorum in locating host plant for feeding and oviposition [ 21 , 22 , 23 ] .\ntissue expression patterns of alucor46 in adults of a . lucorum . a : antenna ; h : heads without antenna ; t : thoraxes ; ab : abdomens ; l : legs . asterisk indicates significant difference between female and male .\nthe red line indicates the flowering period . data of population dynamics of a . lucorum on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum l . ) and mungbean ( vigna radiata ( l . ) wilczek ) in 2007 were cited from [ 26 ] .\nat a given time , a . lucorum showed a clear preference for a limited number of plants species . as not all plant species are present in all agricultural landscapes of northern china , a . lucorum abundance is deemed highly dependent upon location and composition of local agricultural landscapes [ 36 ] . in china , there are different cropping patterns , including mixed plantations of food crops and cotton , fruit trees and cotton , pastures and cotton , and so forth [ 37 ] . in each cropping pattern , the dominant overwintering location and seasonal host plant range of a . lucorum vary considerably [ 24 ] , which would lead to different patterns of host plant use ( inc . seasonal dynamics , between - plant transfer ) .\nthe essential oil of a . tuberosum exhibited acute toxicity against ap . lucorum with an ld 50 value of 20 . 03 \u03bcg per adult ( table 2 ) . the constituent , diallyl trisulfide possessed acute toxicity against ap . lucorum with an ld 50 value of 10 . 13 \u03bcg per adult , while allyl methyl trisulfide , diallyl disulfide , and dimethyl trisulfide had ld 50 values of 21 . 10 \u03bcg per adult , 28 . 10 \u03bcg per adult , and 21 . 65 \u03bcg per adult , respectively ( table 2 ) .\nrelative electroantennogram ( eag ) responses of female and male a . lucorum to six plant volatiles . ns indicates that there are no significant differences . asterisks indicate significant differences in eag response between female and male antennae , p < 0 . 05 . error bars indicate sem ( n = 6 ) .\nin earlier work , seasonal host switching of certain polyphagous mirid bugs ( e . g . l . lineolaris , pseudatomoscelis seriatus [ reuter ] ) has been related to their preference for flowering host plants [ 19 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . in our study , a . lucorum equally exhibited a clear preference for flowering plants and switched food plants according to the succession of different flowering plant species in the local agro - ecosystem [ 22 ] , [ 25 ] . it provided important information for further understanding the interaction between a . lucorum and host plants , and exploring the patterns of population dynamics of this mirid bug in different host plants .\nover the course of the experiment , the proportion of flowering plants with the presence of a . lucorum adults was significantly higher than that of non - flowering plants in each of the different periods ( inc . early july , late july , early august , late august , and early september ) ( p < 0 . 05 ) ( table 2 ) . more specifically , the proportions of flowering and non - flowering plants exploited by a . lucorum adults were 50 . 0\u2013100 . 0 % and 11 . 3\u201331 . 8 % in early july , 48 . 7\u201395 . 8 % and 10 . 1\u201358 . 3 % in late july , 63 . 6\u201398 . 4 % and 4 . 8\u201351 . 7 % in early august , 71 . 0\u201396 . 4 % and 10 . 9\u201345 . 0 % in late august , and 73 . 9\u201396 . 3 % and 18 . 2\u201363 . 2 % in early september , respectively ( table 2 ) .\na chi - square test was performed to compare the extent to which a . lucorum adults visited flowering vs . non - flowering plants during a given specific 2 - wk sampling window per year . each sampling period comprised three or four field surveys . if flowers were found at one or more surveys , the plant species was regarded as \u201cflowering\u201d for the corresponding period . on the other hand , if no flowers were found during any of the surveys , the respective plant species was treated as \u201cnon - flowering\u201d .\nthe a . lucorum ( meyer - d\u00fcr ) used in all experiments were obtained from a laboratory colony established and maintained at the institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing , china . insects were reared with fresh corns and green beans and maintained at 28 \u00b1 1 \u00b0c , with 60 % \u00b1 5 % relative humidity and a 14 h : 10 h light : dark photoperiod . antennae , heads ( without antennae ) , thoraxes , abdomens and legs were collected from male and female adults on the third day after eclosion , immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at \u221270 \u00b0c .\nour work showed year - by - year fluctuations in general a . lucorum abundance ( figure 2 \u2013 7 ) , which affected its population levels on a given host plant at any specific time . yearly differences in climatic conditions and associated plant germination and growth are thought to be the prime determinants of those seasonal patterns [ 32 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . computer models maybe help to simulate its population dynamics in the agro - ecosystem and then analyze the effects of various biotic factors ( e . g . , host plant selection , phenological relative survival ) and abiotic factors ( e . g . temperature , rainfall ) on its seasonal occurrence [ 40 ] .\nfor a given plant species with high adult abundance , standard attraction during flowering periods was significantly higher than during non - flowering periods ( p < 0 . 05 ) ( figure 1 , table 3 ) . the average standard attraction of all selected flowering plants at flowering stage was 9 . 3 , 7 . 7 , 19 . 5 , 15 . 5 , 12 . 9 , and 12 . 3 times higher than that during non - flowering periods from 2007 until 2012 , respectively . seasonal fluctuations in a . lucorum adult abundance on each plant species and the relative standard attraction for a given plant species showed similar trends . the mean population level of the above plant species at flowering stage was 10 . 3 , 17 . 8 , 28 . 9 , 18 . 6 , 13 . 9 , and 18 . 2 times higher than that during non - flowering periods from 2007 to 2012 , respectively ( figure 2 \u2013 7 ) .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nspecies are green and rather broadly oval in shape . the black tibial spines do not arise from black spots and the 2nd antennal segment is usually shorter than the width of the pronotum at the base .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nin some areas ( esp . asia ) seriously damages crops incl . cotton , grape , etc .\nschuh , r . t . 2002 - 2013 . on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) .\nreview of lygocoris species found in canada and alaska ( heteroptera : miridae ) l . a . kelton . 1971 . d . p . pielou .\nheteroptera of economic importance schaefer c . w . , panizzi a . r . ( eds ) . 2000 . crc press , boca raton , fl , 828 pp .\nalien true bugs ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) in canada : composition and adaptations scudder g . g . e . , foottit r . g . 2006 . the canadian entomologist 138 : 24 - 51 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nstate key laboratory for biology of plant diseases and insect pests , institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing 100193 , china .\n1 school of life science , shanxi normal university , linfen 041000 , china ; moc . 621 @ 4141213gnahz\n2 state key laboratory for biology of plant diseases and insect pests , institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing 100193 , china ; moc . 361 @ 0220 _ wsy ( s . y . ) ; nc . saacppi @ gnawrg ( g . w . )\n* correspondence : moc . 361 @ 6002pmgnahz ( m . z . ) ; nc . saacppi @ uilgnay ( y . l . ) ; tel . : + 86 - 357 - 205 - 1197 ( m . z . ) ; + 86 - 10 - 6281 - 6947 ( y . l . )\nthis article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution ( cc - by ) license ( urltoken ) .\n) , with an open reading frame ( orf ) of 1185 bp , encoding a protein of 394 amino acids . alucor46 is predicted to present 7 tmds with an intracellular n - terminus and an extracellular c - terminus . its identity with other ors of the same species is very poor , 12 . 7 % with alucorco and between 10 % and 16 % with other individual ors (\nalignment of amino acid sequences of alucor46 , alucor12 , alucor18 , alucor30 , alucor28 and alucorco . the seven transmembrane domains ( tm1\u2013tm7 ) are marked by solid lines . the conserved amino acid sites among the 6 ors are marked with black shading . amino acid similarities are very poor between these members . in particular , alucor46 is 12 . 7 % identical to alucorco and shares 15 . 7 % , 13 . 7 % , 14 . 2 % and 10 . 4 % amino acids with alucor12 , alucor18 , alucor28 and alucor30 , respectively .\nwas monitored by quantitative real - time pcr ( qrt - pcr ) . the results show that\noocytes and responses to odorants were recorded using two - electrode voltage clamp . we used 65 compounds including terpenoids , alcohols , aldehydes and benzoates . only six compounds : (\nfunctional characterization of alucor46 / orco in xenopus oocytes . ( a ) inward current responses of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes to 10 \u22124 m solution of ( s ) - ( \u2212 ) - limonene , ( r ) - ( + ) - limonene , ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( \u2212 ) - myrtenol ; ( b ) response profile of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes . error bars indicate standard error of the mean ( sem ) ( n = 6 ) ; ( c ) tuning curve of alucor46 . tuning curve for the alucor46 to an odor panel comprising 65 odorants arranged along the x - axis . the odors which elicited the strongest responses are in the middle of the distribution , the weakest near the edges .\ndose - response of alucor46 / orco expressed in xenopus . ( a ) alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes were stimulated with a concentrations range of ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( \u2212 ) - myrtenol ; ( b ) dose - response curves of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes to ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( \u2212 ) - myrtenol . responses are normalized by defining the maximal response as 100 in each group . the error bar indicates sem ( n = 6 ) .\nthe structure of six active compounds and the half maximal effective concentration ( ec 50 ) . values of four compounds .\nassay . the mean eag response value to the blank stimulus ( 10 \u03bcl hexane ) was 84 . 44 \u00b1 3 . 74 ( mean \u00b1 sem ) \u03bcv for\nfemales and 80 . 28 \u00b1 4 . 84 \u03bcv for males . the mean response values to the reference stimulus ( 10 \u03bcl of 0 . 1 m 1 - hexanol ) , was 219 . 14 \u00b1 14 . 46 \u03bcv for females and 222 . 22 \u00b1 15 . 86 \u03bcv for males , which were significantly higher than to the blank stimulus ( both\n) - 3 - hexenol proved to be the strongest stimuli , followed by 1 - heptanol . the other three stimuli produced much weaker signals . responses were generally similar between sexes , in some cases significantly higher in female antennae (\n) . different chemicals with similar structures could activate the same or , a fact proven by many in vitro experiments . for example , in\n] . however , although the four chemicals could stimulate similar responses in heterologous expression , the eag responses to them in both female and male showed significant differences . this may be caused by the fact that olfactory selectivity does not only depend on ors but also on other olfactory genes such as obps , sensory neuron membrane proteins ( snmps ) and odorant - degrading enzymes ( odes ) , as well as from the expression level of these genes [\n] . there is also a possibility that other ors tuned to the same compounds may exist in the olfactory system of this species .\nin conclusion , alucor46 is a receptor tuned to host plant volatiles and could represent an attractive target to control this important agricultural pest .\nthe 65 odorants tested in this study are listed in table s1 . all the chemicals were purchased from sigma - aldrich ( saint louis , mo , usa ) . in two - electrode voltage - clamp electrophysiological recordings , odorants were dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide ( dmso ) as 1 m stock solutions . before experiments , these were diluted to the appropriate concentrations in 1\u00d7 ringer\u2019s buffer ( 96 mm nacl , 2 mm kcl , 5 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 8 mm cacl 2 , and 5 mm hepes , ph 7 . 6 ) . in eag experiments , the six selected compounds , ( s ) - ( \u2212 ) - limonene , ( r ) - ( + ) - limonene , ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( \u2212 ) - myrtenol , were dissolved in hexane at the concentration of 0 . 1 m .\ntotal rna was isolated using trizol reagent ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca , usa ) , quantified on a nanodrop - 2000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , inc . , wilmington , de , usa ) and digested with dnasei ( fermentas , glen burnie , md , usa ) to remove trace amounts of genomic dna , before synthesis of single - strand cdna using revert aid first strand cdna synthesis kit ( fermentas ) . the cdna of antennae was used as the template for gene cloning and , together with cdnas from heads ( without antennae ) , thoraxes , abdomens and legs as templates for qrt - pcr .\nto clone the full - length orf of alucor46 specific primers were designed using primer premier 5 . 0 software ( premier biosoft international , palo alto , ca , usa ) ; their sequences are reported in table s2 . pcr reaction mixtures of 25 \u03bcl contained 1 \u03bcl cdna , 0 . 25 \u03bcl primestar hs dna polymerase , 5 \u03bcl 5\u00d7 primerstar buffer , 2 \u03bcl dntp mixture ( 2 . 5 mm each ) and 0 . 5 \u03bcl of each primer ( 10 \u03bcm ) . pcr conditions were : initial denaturation at 95 \u00b0c for 3 min ; 35 cycles of 95 \u00b0c for 30 s , 55 \u00b0c for 30 s , and 72 \u00b0c for 2 min ; final extension at 72 \u00b0c for 10 min . the amplification product was purified from 1 . 0 % agarose gels and ligated into the peasy - t3 vector ( transgenbiotech , beijing , china ) following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . plasmids were extracted and sequenced at bgi ( beijing , china ) .\n, qrt - pcr was performed using cdna from antennae ( a ) , heads without antennae ( h ) , thoraxes ( t ) , abdomens ( ab ) and legs ( l ) on the abi prism 7500 fast detection system ( applied biosystems , carlsbad , ca , usa ) . to correct for samples variation and normalize\n) was used as a reference . primers were designed using the beacon designer 7 . 90 software ( premier biosoft international ) (\n) . qrt - pcr reactions were conducted in 20 \u03bcl reaction mixtures containing 0 . 5 \u03bcl of each primer ( 10 \u03bcm ) , 1 \u03bcl of sample cdna , 8 \u03bcl of sterilized h\no and 10 \u03bcl 2\u00d7 go taq qpcr master mix ( promega , madison , wi , usa ) . the qrt - pcr cycling program was : 95 \u00b0c for 2 min , 40 cycles of 95 \u00b0c for 30 s , 60 \u00b0c for 1 min . relative quantification was performed by using the comparative 2\nmaximum ) . each experiment was repeated three times using three independently isolated rna samples .\nthe full orf of alucor46 was amplified by primers with restriction enzyme sites ( apa i and not i ) ( table s2 ) and cloned into pt7ts vector . the vector was linearized by the restriction enzyme sma i and complimentary ribonucleic acid ( crna ) was synthesized from the linearized plasmid using mmessage mmachine t7 kit ( ambion , austin , tx , usa ) .\nrelative eag responses for each compound were calculated by the formula : relative eag response = ( eag response to the test compound \u2212 mean eag response to the blank stimulus ) / ( mean eag response to the reference stimulus \u2212 mean eag response to the blank stimulus ) [ 39 ] . the differences of mean relative eag response between female and male to the same test compound were compared using student\u2019s t - tests . statistical analyses of the above data were processed in spss 23 . 0 .\nwe thank paolo pelosi for comments and editorial assistance on the manuscript . this work was supported by national natural science foundation of china ( 31471833 and 31321004 ) and the national transgenic crop initiative ( 2012zx08009001 ) .\nzhixiang zhang , meiping zhang , guirong wang and yang liu conceived and designed the experiments ; zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang , shuwei yan and yang liu performed the experiments ; zhixiang zhang and yang liu analyzed the data ; zhixiang zhang contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools ; zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang and yang liu wrote the paper .\nthe authors declare no conflict of interest . the founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study ; in the collection , analyses , or interpretation of data ; in the writing of the manuscript , and in the decision to publish the results .\nschoonhoven l . m . , van loon j . j . , dicke m .\nbruce t . j . , wadhams l . j . , woodcock c . m . insect host location : a volatile situation .\nmeyer - d\u00fcr ( hemiptera : miridae ) , to sex pheromone analogs and plant volatiles .\nsu c . y . , menuz k . , carlson j . r . olfactory perception : receptors , cells , and circuits .\nleal w . s . odorant reception in insects : roles of receptors , binding proteins , and degrading enzymes .\nvosshall l . b . , hansson b . s . a unified nomenclature system for the insect olfactory coreceptor .\nof the olfactory coreceptor orco gene by rna interference induces eag response declining to two putative semiochemicals .\nanderson a . r . , wanner k . w . , trowell s . c . , warr c . g . , jaquin - joly e . , zagatti p . , robertson h . , newcomb r . d . molecular basis of female - specific odorant responses in\n) exclusively tuned to the important plant volatile cis - 3 - hexenyl acetate .\ngroot a . t . , timmer r . , gort g . , lelyveld g . p . , drijfhout f . p . , van beek t . a . , visser j . h . sex - related perception of insect and plant volatiles in\nloughrin j . h . , manukian a . , heath r . r . , turlings t . c . , tumlinson j . h . diurnal cycle of emission of induced volatile terpenoids by herbivore - injured cotton plant .\nscala a . , allmann s . , mirabella r . , haring m . a . , schuurink r . c . green leaf volatiles : a plant\u2019s multifunctional weapon against herbivores and pathogens .\nagricultural university of hebei province ; baoding , china : 2011 . identification of host palnt semiochemicals and the attraction for\nclustalw2 . [ ( accessed on 14 october 2015 ) ] . available online : urltoken .\ntmhmm server v . 2 . 0 . [ ( accessed on 14 october 2015 ) ] . available online : urltoken .\nlu t . , qiu y . t . , wang g . r . , kwon j . y . , rutzler m . , kwon h . w . , pitts r . j . , van loon j . j . a . , takken w . , carlson j . r . odor coding in the maxillary palp of the malaria vector mosquito\nsun y . f . , yu h . , zhou j . j . , pickett j . a . , wu k . m . plant volatile analogues strengthen attractiveness to insect .\nfu x , liu y , li c , lu y , li y , wu k .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 pan et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this research was supported by the national basic research program of china ( no . 2012cb114104 ) , and the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( 201103012 ) , the national natural science funds ( no . 31222046 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nagricultural landscapes regularly consist of crop fields interspersed with uncultivated habitats , thus providing abundant food resources for generalist phytophagous insects [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . change in the phenology of certain host or food plants results in a constantly changing mosaic of habitats across the agro - landscape [ 1 ] , [ 3 ] . most polyphagous plant - feeding insects ephemerally exploit suitable host plants and habitats , but equally engage in host plant switching to locate new , more suitable hosts [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . one advantage of such periodic host switching is that it permits continuous exploitation of a nutrient - diverse diet , thereby improving survival and reproduction [ 1 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . additionally , polyphagous insect herbivores usually exhibit clear preferences for particular plant species or plant growth stages [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] . an in - depth assessment of host plant preferences of polyphagous insects is central to understanding their seasonal dynamics on a particular plant species and their movement between plants and habitats across the agricultural landscape .\nwe thank the graduate trainees at langfang experimental station , caas during the period 2007\u20132012 for assistance with the field surveys .\nconceived and designed the experiments : k . wu hp yl . performed the experiments : hp yl . analyzed the data : yl hp k . wu . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : hp yl k . wu . wrote the paper : hp yl k . wyckhuys k . wu .\nkennedy gg , storer np ( 2000 ) life systems of polyphagous arthropod pests in temporally unstable cropping systems . annu rev entomol 45 : 467\u2013493 .\ncarri\u00e8re y , goodell pb , ellers - kirk c , larocque g , dutilleul p , et al . ( 2012 ) effects of local and landscape factors on population dynamics of a cotton pest . plos one 7 : e39862 .\nspecies on cotton in the southern united states . evolution of insect pests : patterns of variation . wiley and sons , new york , 375\u2013391 .\nbrandenburg rl , kennedy gg ( 1982 ) intercrop relationships and spider mite dispersal in a corn / peanut agro - ecosystem . entomol exp appl 32 : 269\u2013276 .\n( hemiptera : pentatomidae ) to enhance survival and reproduction . environ entomol 22 : 326\u2013333 .\nliu zd , scheirs j , heckel dg ( 2010 ) host plant flowering increases both adult oviposition preference and larval performance of a generalist herbivore . environ entomol 39 : 552\u2013560 .\nkennedy gg , margolies dc ( 1985 ) considerations in the management of mobile arthropod pests in diversified agroecosystems . bull entomol soc am 31 : 21\u201327 .\njackson re , bradley jr , van duyn j , leonard br , allen kc , et al . ( 2008 ) regional assessment of\npopulations on cotton and non - cotton crop hosts . entomol exp appl 126 : 89\u2013106 .\n( diptera : tephritidae ) in kenya , a new invasive fruit fly species in africa . ann entomol soc am 101 : 331\u2013340 .\n( hemiptera : miridae ) to selected host plants in the field . insect sci 17 : 542\u2013548 .\n( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) in eastern tennessee . environ entomol 24 : 1080\u20131085 .\n( l . ) ( hemiptera : pentatomidae ) in southeastern queensland . j aust ent soc 34 : 193\u2013203 .\nwheeler jr ag ( 2001 ) biology of the plant bugs ( hemiptera : miridae ) . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .\nkullenberg b ( 1944 ) studien iiber die biologie der capsiden . zool bidrag uppsula 23 : 1\u2013522 .\npack tm , tugwell p ( 1976 ) clouded and tarnished plant bugs on cotton : a comparison of injury symptoms and damage on fruit parts . ark agric exp stn rep ser 226 : 1\u201317 .\n( heteroptera : miridae ) and selected predators in early season uncultivated hosts : implications for managing movement into cotton . environ entomol 16 : 379\u2013389 .\nwomack cl , schuster mf ( 1987 ) host plants of the tarnished plant bug ( heteroptera : miridae ) in the northern blackland prairies of texas . environ entomol 16 : 1266\u20131272 .\nlu yh , wu km ( 2008 ) biology and control of cotton mirids . golden shield press , beijing , china .\nlu yh , qiu f , feng hq , li hb , yang zc , et al . ( 2008 ) species composition and seasonal abundance of pestiferous plant bugs ( hemiptera : miridae ) on bt cotton in china . crop prot 27 : 465\u2013472 .\nlu yh , wu km , jiang yy , xia b , li p , et al . ( 2010 ) mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide - scale adoption of bt cotton in china . science 328 : 1151\u20131154 .\n( hemiptera : miridae ) in northern china . crop prot 29 : 1026\u20131033 .\n( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china . j econ entomol 105 : 1603\u20131611 .\nmeyer - d\u00fcr ( hemiptera : miridae ) . acta entomol sin 8 : 97\u2013118 .\n( hemiptera : miridae ) on bt cotton . crop prot 28 : 77\u201381 .\nwang zr ( 1990 ) farmland weeds in china : a collection of colored illustrative plates . agricultural publishing house , beijing , china .\nzheng ly , lv n , liu gq , xu bh ( 2004 ) fauna sinica , insecta vol . 33 ( hemiptera : miridae : mirinae ) . science press , beijing , china .\nesquivel jf , mowery sv ( 2007 ) host plants of the tarnished plant bug ( heteroptera : miridae ) in central texas . environ entomol 36 : 725\u2013730 .\nesquivel jf , esquivel sv ( 2009 ) identification of cotton fleahopper ( hemiptera : miridae ) host plants in central texas and compendium of reported hosts in the united states . environ entomol 38 : 766\u2013780 .\ndixon afg ( 1987 ) the way of life of aphids : host specificity , speciation and distribution . in minks ak , harrewijn p , eds , 197\u2013207 . aphids : their biology , natural enemies and control . vol . a . elsevier , amsterdam .\nstewart sd , gaylor mj ( 1994 ) effects of host switching on oviposition by the tarnished plant bug ( heteroptera : miridae ) . j entomol sci 29 : 231\u2013238 .\nholzschuh a , steffan - dewenter i , kleijn d , tscharntke t ( 2007 ) diversity of flower - visiting bees in cereal fields : effects of farming system , landscape composition and regional context . j appl ecol 44 : 41\u201349 .\nlu yh , wu km ( 2011 ) mirid bugs in china : pest status and management strategies . outlooks pest man 22 : 248\u2013252 .\n( meyer - d\u00fcr ) ( hemiptera : miridae ) . appl entomol zool 45 : 387\u2013393 .\n( h\u00fcbner ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) over a wide area in northern china . ecol model 221 : 1819\u20131830 .\nschoonhoven lm , van loon jja , dicke m ( 2005 ) insect - plant biology , second ed . oxford university press , oxford , uk .\nbruce tja , wadhams lj , woodcock cm ( 2005 ) insect host location : a volatile situation . trends plant sci 10 : 269\u2013274 .\nadults for six host species and their volatiles . chin j appl entomol 49 : 641\u2013647 .\nmeyer - d\u00fcr ( hemiptera : miridae ) , to sex pheromone analogs and plant volatiles . acta entomol sin 53 : 47\u201354 .\n( heteroptera : miridae ) to volatiles from host plants . environ entomol 34 : 1524\u20131533 .\nhokkanen hmt ( 1991 ) trap cropping in pest management . annu rev entomol 36 : 119\u2013138 .\nshelton am , badenes - perez fr ( 2006 ) concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management . annu rev entomol 51 : 285\u2013308 .\ncook sm , khan zr , pickett ja ( 2007 ) the use of push\u2013pull strategies in integrated pest management . annu rev entomol 52 : 375\u2013400 .\nfoster sp , harris mo ( 1997 ) behavioral manipulation methods for insect pest management . annu rev entomol 42 : 123\u2013146 .\nlu yh , zhang yj , wu km ( 2008 ) host - plant selection mechanisms and behavioural manipulation strategies of phytophagous insects . acta ecol sin 28 : 5113\u20135122 .\nting yq ( 1964 ) studies on the population fluctuations of cotton mirids in the cotton cultivation region of kwanchung , shensi , china . acta entomol sin 13 : 298\u2013310 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nor28 is sensitively tuned to ( z ) - 3 - hexenyl acetate and few structurally similar compounds .\nor28 responds to three attractive flowering compounds butyl acrylate , butyl propionate and butyl butyrate .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\njavascript is currently disabled or is not supported by this browser . please enable javascript for full functionality .\nsorry , there was a problem loading sequence from server . please try again and contact us if the problem persists .\nsorry , there was a problem loading genome locations from server . please try again and contact us if the problem persists .\nscroll around to explore the entire tree . click tree nodes to collapse or expand them . hover over taxon names to display additional information .\nlygocoris pabulinus ? similar to my image submitted here but it seems too yellow and too squat for that species .\nthis does look better in some ways but the images and description at britishbugs . org . uk , here , seem a little different . i added another image which shows the tibial spines , not visible in my first image , as well as detail of the cuneus . i wasn ' t sure if there were any other details that might be useful so i uploaded the entire image at high resolution as well . you may have to download it to see it at full res . i appreciate dr . schwartz ' s determination and i do not doubt it it . i only add the images in case the determination was based on assumed detail not visible in the original image . i certainly mean no disrespect .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\npherobio technology co . , ltd add : building 59a , no . 17 huanke middle road , tongzhou district , beijing contact : mo tel : + 86 - 10 - 56495611 - 813 mobile : + 86 - 18611666212 fax : + 86 - 10 - 56495617 e - mail : chunli @ urltoken web : www . urltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of entomology , china agricultural university , 2 yuanmingyuan west rd . , haidian district , beijing 100193 , people\u2019s republic of china\nthe yield of essential oil of a . tuberosum was 0 . 005 % ( v / w based on fresh weight ) , while its density was determined to be 1 . 018 g / ml . a total of 20 components ( 19 of them were sulfur - containing compounds ) from the essential oil of a . tuberosum were identified , accounting for 97 . 95 % of the total oil . the principal constituents of a . tuberosum essential oil were allyl methyl trisulfide ( 36 . 24 % ) , diallyl disulfide ( 27 . 26 % ) , diallyl trisulfide ( 18 . 68 % ) , and dimethyl trisulfide ( 9 . 23 % ) ( table 1 ) .\nri , retention index , as determined on an hp - 5ms column using the homologous series of n - hydrocarbons .\nthe essential oil of a . tuberosum leaves showed less acute toxicity against the adults of ap . lurocum than the garlic essential oil ( ld 50 = 13 . 36 \u03bcg per adult , table 2 ) . garlic essential oil was chosen as a positive control because of its strong insecticidal activity , for example , fumigant activity against the japanese termite , reticulitermes speratus ( park and shin 2005 ) , larvicidal activity to ae . albopictus ( tedeschi et al . 2011 ) , contact toxicity against pear psyllid , cacopsylla chinensis ( zhao et al . 2013 ) . in fact , the essential oil and other extracts from a . sativum had been developed into a series of pest control insecticides for use against several pests , e . g . , garlic barrier ag ( garlic barrier ag , glendale , ca ) and envir epel ( cal crop usa , greeley , co ) .\nthis work was supported by special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( 201103012 - 3 ) . we thank dr . liu qr from college of life sciences , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , for the identification of the experimental plant material .\nbiological activity of volatile di - n - propyl disulfide from seeds of neem , azadirachta indica ( meliaceae ) , to two species of stored grain pests , sitophilus oryzae ( l . ) and tribolium castaneum ( herbst )\nsulfur constituents of the essential oil of nira ( allium tuberosum rottl . ) cultivated in brazil\nsulfur volatiles from allium spp . affect asian citrus psyllid , diaphorina citri kuwayama ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) , response to citrus volatiles\nvolatile constituents of chinese chive ( allium tuberosum rottl . ex sprengel ) and rakkyo ( allium chinense g . don ) .\nj . environ . sci . health b pestic . food contam . agric . wastes\n\u00a9 the author 2015 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the entomological society of america .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) , which permits non - commercial re - use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken\ni agree to the terms and conditions . you must accept the terms and conditions .\nthank you for submitting a comment on this article . your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal ' s discretion . please check for further notifications by email .\neffect of dietary protein and carbohydrates on survival and growth in larvae of the henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata ( f . ) ( coleoptera : coccinellidae )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 208, "summary": [{"text": "the long-tailed armored tree-rat , makalata macrura , is a spiny rat species from south america .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in brazil , with a population in ecuador which is referable either to this species or to makalata didelphoides . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "long - tailed armored tree - rat", "paragraphs": ["no children of long - tailed armored tree - rat ( makalata macrura ) found .\nthere are no entries in long - tailed armored tree - rat forum . become the first person to post messages in this forum by using the form below !\ncongratulations ! you have found the long - tailed armored tree - rat forum on forum jar . this forum is a place where people who are interested in long - tailed armored tree - rat come together and discuss about long - tailed armored tree - rat . please use the message board below to post anything related to long - tailed armored tree - rat . if you are interested in other similar forums , please check out the related forums section on the right . if you like this forum , please don ' t forget to tell your friends about forum jar . important rules for using long - tailed armored tree - rat forum \u2022 no offensive words are allowed in this forum . \u2022 to prevent spams , you must not use the words\nhttp\n. com\nor\n/\n( slashes ) in this forum . don ' t forget to check out our other forums here .\nypically found in lowland rainforest , in seasonally inundated floodplains of whitewater or blackwater rivers . it is an arboreal species ( emmons and patton 2015 ) . during a survey three of the four specimens of this species captured were taken in the tree canopy . the digestive system physiology suggests it feeds on leaves ( geise\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nconsidered a large form of makalata didelphoides by emmons and freer ( 1997 ) that might represent a distinct species , a hypothesis now supported by morphological and molecular evidence ( patton et al . 2000 ) .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , likely tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs throughout the western amazon basin , including southern colombia and venezuela , eastern ecuador , and north - central peru . its range extends east through western brazil to the left bank of the lower rio negro and at least to the lower rio madeira . the geographic boundaries are poorly understood in the eastern and southern parts of its range ( fabre 2016 , emmons and patton 2015 ) .\nthe results of a study were unable to ascertain the true abundance of this species , it was unclear whether the trapping program failed or whether makalata macrura is rare throughout the rio jurua ( geise et al . 2001 ) . emmons and feer ( 1997 ) suggested that the species is locally common .\nlittle is known of the biology of this species ; it is probably adaptable to secondary habitats including gardens , anywhere there is a closed canopy ; also found along stream edges ( j . patton pers . comm . ) . it is t\n2001 ) . in the same survey , a single adult female was found to be pregnant with a single embryo .\npregnant females have been collected during the months of june and september ( emmons and patton 2015 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nthis poorly - known species occurs in ecuador and peru east of the andes ( woods and kilpatrick , 2005 ) . the type locality is gualea , at 1 , 300 m , mount pichincha , in the western slopes of the andes , but this seems erroneous since all others known records are from the lowlands of the eastern side ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .\nit is an arboreal species . little is known of the behavior of this species , but it is probably similar to other members of the genus . it occurs in lowland and perhaps montane rainforest ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as data deficient in view of continuing problems with its taxonomy as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .\nit is rare , known from fewer than 10 individuals ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .\nfurther studies into the distribution , habitat , ecology and threats to this species are needed .\nvivar , e . & patterson , b . ( 2008 ) . pattonomys occasius . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 2002\u20132012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . \u00a9 2012\u20132018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalert ! please do not buy anything or pay anyone on this forum . scammers have been reported on our forum . please also do not go to any links posted on here . we have been reported about links to websites that contain viruses . thank you .\ncarvalho , g . a . s . & salles , l . o . , 2004 : relationships among extant and fossil echimyids ( rodentia : hystricognathi ) . \u2013zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 142 , # 4 , pp . 445 - 477 [ doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2004 . 00150 . x ]\niack - ximenes , g . e . , de vivo , m . & percequillo , a . r . , 2005 : a new species of echimys cuvier , 1809 ( rodentia , echimyidae ) from brazil . \u2013pap\u0165is avulsos de zoologia ( s\u201eo paulo ) : vol . 45 , pp . 51 - 60 [ doi : 10 . 1590 / s0031 - 10492005000500001 ]\nmckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals \u2013 above the species level . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629"]}
{"id": 214, "summary": [{"text": "heppnerographa carchiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is whitish , partially suffused with brownish and weakly tinged with ferruginous in the middle area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are pale brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish cream , but much browner along the margins . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "heppnerographa carchiana", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for carchiana definition . you find here carchiana meaning , synonyms of carchiana and images for carchiana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word carchiana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word carchiana and , of course , carchiana synonyms and on the right images related to the word carchiana .\nheppnerographa circinnata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to venezuela .\nhave a fact about heppnerographa tricesimana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for heppnerographa tricesimana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nardisia carchiana is a species of plant in the primulaceae family . it is endemic to ecuador .\nsaphenista carchiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in ecuador . the wingspan is 12\u201313 mm . the ground colour of the forewings is glossy white with indistinct brownish suffusions , mainly along the basal half of the costa . . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ndizionario di estetica - jan 1 , 2007 by p . d ' angelo g . carchia\nla favola dell ' essere . commento al \u00absofista\u00bb - jan 1 , 1999 by gianni carchia"]}
{"id": 215, "summary": [{"text": "scutellastra kermadecensis is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family patellidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "scutellastra kermadecensis", "paragraphs": ["patellidae \u00bb scutellastra kermadecensis , id : 210062 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nscutellastra kermadecensis ( kermadec giant limpet ) underwater photography of the kermadec giant limpet ( scutellastra kermadecensis ) by new zealand photojournalist and underwater photographer richard robinson . class : gastropoda subclass : patellogastropoda superfamily : patelloidea family : patellidae occurrence : endemic to the kermadec islands\n( of patella ( scutellastra ) kermadecensis pilsbry , 1894 ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nkoufopanou et al ( 1999 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the patellid limpets ( gastropoda : patellidae ) and its implications for the origins of their antitropical distribution mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 ( 1 ) : 138 - 156 [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1981 ) . fossil collections from raoul island . appendix 1 . pp 90 - 91 in lloyd , e . f . & nathan , s . geology and tephrochronology of raoul island , kermadec group , new zealand . new zealand geological survey bulletin 95 . [ details ]\nridgeway , s . a . , reid , d . g . , taylor , j . d . , branch , g . m . & hodgson , a . n . , 1998 . a cladistic phylogeny of the family patellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , series b , 353 ( 1375 ) , 1645 - 1671 . , available online at urltoken ; = 2 & page ; = 1 & pagecount ; = 27 [ details ]\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nbrook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 214 )\nridgway , s . a . , reid , d . g . , taylor , j . d . , branch , g . m . , hodgson , a . n . 1998 : a cladistic phylogeny of the family patellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , philosophical transactions of the royal society , 353 ( p . 1648 )\nfleming , c . a . 1973 : kermadec island giant limpet occurring fossil in new zealand , and relict distribution in the tropics , new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 7 ( 1 ) ( p . 160 )\noliver , w . r . b . 1914 : the mollusca of the kermadec islands , transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 47 ( p . 510 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nnew zealand . kermadec islands . on rocks , subtidal . ex - coll a . arthur . 1980 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nearly this morning the inhabitants of the braveheart woke to the rocking and rolling of the ocean , and the ship was forced to move from boat cove on the south east coast of raoul island . a nearby weather system developed into a low as a front moved over the top of us . the wind , rain and swell increased very quickly from the south east , and we found shelter in the lee of the meyer islands .\nelliott punches through the waves on dirk the tender . photo by shiraz mccormack .\nthe coral koru . a new candidate for the new zealand flag ? photo by ross funnell .\nso we have taken the opportunity this afternoon to catch up on collating the large amount of data that we have collected , ensure all specimen labels correctly link the collections to the places where they were gathered , and to stabilise our collections for the journey home . kina and ross of the nhnz film team found a reef in denham bay sheltered enough to dive and film a boiling underwater eruption of hot gas and liquid \u2013 a reminder that we are in a very active geological area .\nkina scollay awaits the next eruption in the hazy , heated water . photo by ross funnell .\nby the end of the day . we were back at boat cove where we started , having been chased all the way around the island by the ever changing wind and swell , and the occassional playful dolphins . hopefully tomorrow\u2019s condition will be more settled and condusive to science and filming .\nfor 21 days home for the crew is the rv braveheart . the 39 metre long vessel has visited the kermadecs many times before as well as other parts of the pacific & southern oceans ."]}
{"id": 221, "summary": [{"text": "orbicella is a genus of stony corals in the merulinidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the orbicella species complex comprises three sister species , namely orbicella faveolata , orbicella annularis and orbicella franksi , all of which are shallow-water , zooxanthellate species and are native to the tropical western atlantic ocean , the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "these corals are ubiquitous in the caribbean .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "their similar colony morphologies misled scientists to historically lump them into a single species , montastraea annularis , which included three morphotypes \u201c bumpy \u201d , \u201c columnar \u201d and \u201c massive \u201d .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "these growth forms were believed to arise as a response to abiotic factors ( e.g. , depth , light availability ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this taxonomic classification was challenged by further ecological , reproductive , genetic , and morphologic evidence , which led to the re-description of three separate species , montastraea faveolata ( massive ) , m. annularis ( columnar ) and m. franksi ( bumpy ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "a taxonomic revision published in 2012 established that the \u201c montastraea annularis species complex \u201d formed a separate clade now in the genus orbicella with three species names ( o. faveolata , o. annularis , o. franksi ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "o. annularis and o. faveolata are commonly called the boulder star coral and the mountainous star coral , respectively . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "orbicella", "paragraphs": ["variety orbicella annularis var . guineensis gravier , 1909 accepted as orbicella annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ( synonym )\nlong - term changes in symbiodinium communities in orbicella annularis in st . john , us virgin islands\ntable 1 . sequence overview , statistics , and gene expression in healthy and wpd affected samples of orbicella faveolata .\nsupplementary data 7 . differentially abundant bacterial gene functions ( fdr < 0 . 1 ) between healthy and diseased orbicella samples .\nuntil recently orbicella was classified as part of the montastrea family . you can still find this coral listed as montastrea faveolata , however , the current description is orbicella . you may still find this coral listed as montastrea especially in older printed coral guides .\nthere are three species of orbicella . o . faveolata , o . annularis , and o . franksi . don\u2019t worry if you can\u2019t tell the three apart just yet . if this is your first time trying to identify orbicella , instead focus on identifying the polyps and corallites . once you\u2019re a master at spotting orbicella , start trying to notice the difference between the three species .\nthis orbicella colony lives inside a shallow valley around 42 feet ( 14m ) deep , further down the valley you can find smaller colonies . the\nwhat made you want to look up orbicella ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\norbicella is an important reef - building species . once the coral dies , the skeleton becomes live rock where other species can attach . throughout most of the caribbean , colonies can be a few inches across to several feet wide and high , but here in tela , orbicella colonies have grown to epic proportion .\norbicella faveolata is an important reef - building coral that forms large mountainous colonies . juvenile corals are rather mundane , while adult colonies can grow to an impressive size .\ns2 fig . photochemical efficiency , measured as yield ( f v / f m ) of orbicella faveolata fragments infected with black band disease over the 16 day experiment .\nsupplementary data 2 . orbicella faveolata holobiont polya + transcriptome assembly ( 67 , 593 genes , min : 200 bp , max : 5212 bp , n50 : 656 bp ) .\nfigure 1 . overview of transcriptional response and affected biological processes in the orbicella faveolata coral holobiont in white plague disease . the number of differentially expressed eukaryotic and differentially abundant bacterial genes are shown for each holobiont compartment .\nsupplementary data 4 . eukaryotic differentially expressed genes ( fdr < 0 . 1 ) between healthy and diseased orbicella faveolata samples . fungal retroelement - and antioxidant - associated genes in the \u201cother\u201d compartment are indicated in bold .\norbicella grows by encrusting . a new colony can start from a single polyp which grows outward from the base . you can see a slightly lighter color on the growing edge of the colony where new polyps are emerging .\nhere the orbicella coral has found the ideal habitat . it is protected from storms , and has room to grow slowly without much competition . with each new polyp the colony grows stronger with no signs of slowing down .\nat this point , tiny orbicella colonies can be transplanted back to the reef . as they grow their skeletons add a considerable mass to the reef , and over time they can help stabilize loose rocks or decaying reef structure .\nsupplementary data 9 . dgge - pcr gel image of symbiodinium its2 profiles for healthy ( hh ) and wpd - affected ( dd ) orbicella faveolata coral specimens . diagnostic bands are marked with the symbiodinium clade type and indicate the algal symbionts for these samples .\nthe common name for this coral is mountainous star coral because of it\u2019s size and that it creates characteristic peaks and ridges like a mountain . polyps are small usually 5mm across . when polyps are retracted orbicella corallites have tiny grooves giving it a star like appearance .\nthis phenomenon of big old orbicella colonies is not unique to tela as other large colonies of star coral have been document in the caribbean . the difference with this colony is that it\u2019s still intact and has not sustained any visible sign of bleaching or storm damage .\ncitation : muller em , leporacci nm , macartney kj , shea ag , crane re , hall er , et al . ( 2017 ) low ph reduces the virulence of black band disease on orbicella faveolata . plos one 12 ( 6 ) : e0178869 . urltoken\norbicella faveolata ( mountainous star coral ) is a common coral found in the caribbean . for the most part , colonies are a rather drab brown , green or gray color . you won\u2019t find this coral in any psychedelic colors and it\u2019s easy to overlook this unassuming species .\nsupplementary data 3 . orbicella faveolata holobiont polya + transcriptome annotation ( 67 , 593 genes ) . blastx matches ( < 1e \u22125 ) in swissprot ( 14 , 887 ) and trembl ( additional 5751 ) databases annotated 20 , 638 genes ( 30 . 5 % ) .\norbicella grows into thick hardy colonies which make the ideal candidate for fragmentation and coral restoration . small 15 - 20mm fragments can be cut from adult colonies using a diamond band saw . these fragments can be glued onto ceramic frag plugs and grown in saltwater until they double or triple in size .\norbicella is coral which could be overlooked . from a few meters away you might think this coral is just a rock , or simply consider it as part of the reef . divers are often more focused on looking for fish , turtles , rays , and eels than trying to describe coral .\nsettlement of orbicella faveolata planulae ( mean % settled per chamber \u00b1 1 s . e . ) in cultures deployed at each experimental reef site ( n = 6 , pooled results from two trials ) . letters above bars indicate significant differences ( p < 0 . 01 ) between values based on tukey\u2019s hsd test .\n( of orbicella annularis var . guineensis gravier , 1909 ) gravier , c . ( 1909 ) . madr\u00e9poraires des \u00eeles san thom\u00e9 et du prince ( golfe de guin\u00e9e ) . annales de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique de monaco . 1 ( 2 ) , 1 - 28 , pls . 1 - 9 . [ details ]\nthe giant orbicella coral in tela is over 23 feet ( 7m ) wide and 13 feet ( 4m ) high . the only explanation for this imposing colony is that it has been living here for a very long time . one scientist who visited tela , dr . judith lang , estimated this colony was here before columbus arrived in honduras .\nthe coral reef in tela honduras is dominated by never ending ridges of thin agaricia coral , and to eke out a living , any competing species have to adopt a strength in numbers approach for survival . a lone colony of orbicella would quickly loose its position on the reef to the relatively quick growing agaricia , so sticking together to form a giant colony is the way to go .\nthis large coral is located inside a shallow valley between two coral ridges between the mushroom and aldrid dive site . the top of the coral is at 32 feet ( 10m ) and the bottom of the coral around 46 feet ( 14m ) deep . the coral is protected inside this channel and as you swim through the area you can find smaller colonies of orbicella around half the size living in the same valley .\naurantimonas coralicida and thalassomonas loyana were independently confirmed as wpd pathogens in different coral species and geographic locations ( denner et al . , 2003 ; thompson et al . , 2006 ) . however , recent surveys of colonies showing wpd signs failed to identify either bacterial pathogen ( pantos et al . , 2003 ; barash et al . , 2005 ; sunagawa et al . , 2009 ; c\u00e1rdenas et al . , 2012 ; roder et al . , 2014a ) . roder et al . ( 2014a ) recently described similar bacterial profiles in two coral genera ( porites and pavona ) that exhibited wpd - like signs in thailand . subsequent comparisons to caribbean samples ( orbicella faveolata and orbicella franksi ) suggest a conserved disease microbiome across oceans ( roder et al . , 2014b ) , supporting a view that bacterial community changes are likely a result of opportunistic bacteria induced by environmental stressors that compromise coral immunity ( lesser , 2007 ) . in addition to ongoing studies targeting bacterial community changes during wpd progression ( sunagawa et al . , 2009 ; c\u00e1rdenas et al . , 2012 ; roder et al . , 2014a , b ) , a recent metagenomic survey of orbicella annularis found distinct viral communities associated with healthy , wpd - affected , and bleached samples ( soffer et al . , 2014 ) . but causation still remains elusive and few studies have addressed coral holobiont response to disease . using a combination of 16s and cdna microarrays , closek et al . ( 2014 ) found an increase in microbial diversity in yellow band disease ( ybd ) - infected colonies and reduced expression of defense - and metabolism - related genes in the coral host orbicella faveolata [ formerly monstastraea faveolata ( budd et al . , 2012 ) ] .\nclosek , c . j . , sunagawa , s . , desalvo , m . k . , piceno , y . m . , desantis , t . z . , brodie , e . l . , et al . ( 2014 ) . coral transcriptome and bacterial community profiles reveal distinct yellow band disease states in orbicella faveolata . isme j . 8 , 2411\u20132422 . doi : 10 . 1038 / ismej . 2014 . 85\nthe large blue rectangles represent the 27 c raceway treatments and the large red rectangles represent the 30c raceway treatments . the small black rectangles represent the 5 gallon glass aquaria that each contain a single colony of orbicella faveolata ( green circles ) infected with black band ( black circles ) . the color within each aquaria represents the different ph treatmtents ; green represents 8 . 1 ph and the peach represents 7 . 7 ph . the distribution of ph treatments were randomly distributed among tanks . each aquaria also contained a heater to maintain temperature within the tank and a powerhead to maintain water flow .\nin addition to increasing water temperatures , there is a predicted decrease in oceanic ph under future climate change scenarios [ 20 ] . the impact of decreasing ph on black band disease dynamics is unknown . the objectives of the present study were to i ) quantify the effects of temperature and ph on the virulence of black band disease infecting orbicella faveolata , ii ) determine whether different temperature and ph conditions changed the photochemical efficiency of the coral - host symbiosis , and iii ) characterize the change in bacterial communities within the coral host as well as the black band bacterial consortium under different ph and temperature conditions .\nblack band is a deadly coral disease found worldwide , which may become more virulent as oceanic conditions continue to change . to determine the effects of climate change and ocean acidification on black band disease virulence , orbicella faveolata corals with black band were exposed to different temperature and ph conditions . results showed a significant decrease in disease progression under low ph ( 7 . 7 ) conditions . low ph also altered the relative abundance of the bacterial community of the black band disease consortium . here , there was a significant decrease in roseofilum , the cyanobacterium that typically dominates the black band mat . these results indicate that as oceanic ph decreases so may the virulence of a worldwide coral disease .\nthe present investigation expands the bioinformatic resources available for the study of orbicella faveolata and its physiological responses to stress and disease . the reference transcriptome generated here was annotated with gene ontologies , kegg orthologies , and kegg pathways . immune cell development , migration , and intracellular microbial sensing pathways were emphasized to highlight aspects of the coral immune system that remain poorly characterized to date . phylogenetic and domain architecture analyses revealed several new members of the wnt and dicer - like protein families , and pathway analysis revealed significant coverage of gene sets for notch , nod - like receptor , and rig - like receptor pathways . together , the results of this work provide new bioinformatic data for o . faveolata and an in - depth analysis of evolutionarily conserved aspects of the coral innate immune system .\nglowing corals : like a forest canopy , the branched corals can scatter and absorb light at multiple levels . in this study , branching corals scattered light over such a large area that the researchers could not measure it with their detector . coral colonies that form flat structures ( not shown ) , such as echinopora lamellosa , also have high scattering . like solar panels , flat structures allow coral to maximize absorption of light coming from above ; they also permit scattering of light among the colony\u2019s polyps . this inter - polyp light sharing also occurs in coral species that form massive colonies , which have moderate scattering . the phaceloid corals have low scattering ; their thick , upright walls prevent them from sharing light among polyps . ( branched coral : pocillopora damicornis ; massive coral : orbicella faveolata ; phaceloid coral : eusmilia fastigiata )\nmap depicting proportions of symbiodinium b ( blue colours ) , c ( yellow ) and d ( black ) types , and combinations ( stripes ) hosted by orbicella annularis populations at 33 sites ( identified with letters ; see table 1 for site information ) across the caribbean and the bahamas . only dominant types ( or combinations of types ) are represented ; unk = unknown type . pie chart size reflects colony sample size ( minimum 11 , maximum 24 , total n = 632 ) , numbers in parentheses indicate proportion of total colonies that each type was dominant in . more blue ( clade b ) is apparent in the northwest , with more mixed assemblages dominated by clade c ( yellow ) in the southeast . inset : pie chart representing clade types found hosted by o . annularis for the entire wider caribbean area .\n2014 levitan , d . r . , w . boudreau , j . jara and n . knowlton . long - term reproductive consequences of bleaching stress on the caribbean corals of the orbicella ( formerly montastraea ) annularis species complex . marine ecology progress series 515 : 1 - 10 [ pdf ] . 2012 fogarty , n . d . , m . lowenberg , m . n . ojima , n . knowlton and d . r . levitan . asymmetric conspecific sperm precedence in relation to spawning times in the montastraea annularis species complex ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . journal of evolutionary biology 25 : 2481 - 2488 [ pdf ] . 2012 fogarty , n . d . ; s . v . vollmer , and d . r . levitan . weak prezygotic isolating mechanisms in threatened caribbean acropora corals . plos one 7 : e30486 [ pdf ] . 2011 levitan , d . r . , n . d . fogarty , j . jara , k . e . lotterhos , and n . knowlton . genetic , spatial , and temporal components of precise spawning synchrony in reef building corals of the montastraea annularis species complex . evolution 65 :\nthe physiological performance of a reef - building coral is a combined outcome of both the coral host and its algal endosymbionts , symbiodinium . while orbicella annularis \u2014a dominant reef - building coral in the wider caribbean\u2014is known to be a flexible host in terms of the diversity of symbiodinium types it can associate with , it is uncertain how this diversity varies across the caribbean , and whether spatial variability in the symbiont community is related to either o . annularis genotype or environment . here , we target the symbiodinium - its2 gene to characterize and map dominant symbiodinium hosted by o . annularis at an unprecedented spatial scale . we reveal northwest\u2013southeast partitioning across the caribbean , both in terms of the dominant symbiont taxa hosted and in assemblage diversity . multivariate regression analyses incorporating a suite of environmental and genetic factors reveal that observed spatial patterns are predominantly explained by chronic thermal stress ( summer temperatures ) and are unrelated to host genotype . furthermore , we were able to associate the presence of specific symbiodinium types with local environmental drivers ( for example , symbiodinium c7 with areas experiencing cooler summers , b1j with nutrient loading and b17 with turbidity ) , associations that have not previously been described .\ncoral populations , and the productive reef ecosystems they support , rely on successful recruitment of reef - building species , beginning with settlement of dispersing larvae into habitat favourable to survival . many substrate cues have been identified as contributors to coral larval habitat selection ; however , the potential for ambient acoustic cues to influence coral settlement responses is unknown . using in situ settlement chambers that excluded other habitat cues , larval settlement of a dominant caribbean reef - building coral , orbicella faveolata , was compared in response to three local soundscapes , with differing acoustic and habitat properties . differences between reef sites in the number of larvae settled in chambers isolating acoustic cues corresponded to differences in sound levels and reef characteristics , with sounds at the loudest reef generating significantly higher settlement during trials compared to the quietest site ( a 29 . 5 % increase ) . these results suggest that soundscapes could be an important influence on coral settlement patterns and that acoustic cues associated with reef habitat may be related to larval settlement . this study reports an effect of soundscape variation on larval settlement for a key coral species , and adds to the growing evidence that soundscapes affect marine ecosystems by influencing early life history processes of foundational species .\nthe present study was conducted in the outdoor wetlab facilities at mote tropical research laboratory ( trl ) in summerland key , florida from july 10 th 2013 to july 26 th 2013 , for a total of 16 days . prior to the onset of the experiment , thirty two fragments of orbicella faveolata , each approximately 10 x 10 cm in size , were collected from the florida keys national marine sanctuary coral rescue nursery ( permit : fknms - 2013 - 095 ) , where corals are held and maintained for scientific purposes . corals were transported to trl immediately after collection , individually placed within five gallon tanks , and allowed to acclimate for three days . to conduct artificial inoculations of black band disease , samples of active black band mats were collected from naturally existing infections on o . faveolata at wonderland reef ( 24 . 54794 n 81 . 45700 w ) using individual sterile plastic blunt - tip 60 ml syringes while on scuba . the black band disease samples were stored in a cooler maintained at ambient seawater temperature and transported back to the laboratory for immediate inoculations . coral fragments were wounded by scraping away tissue from a single polyp of each o . faveolata colony with a sterile razor blade . each coral was infected by placing ~ 0 . 03 grams of the black - band mat directly onto the wound site .\nactualmente las tres especies aqu\u00ed mencionadas montastrea annularis , franski , y faveolata son asignadas com\u00fanmente al g\u00e9nero orbicella . las colonias son masivas y grandes , la superficie usualmente sirve de soporte a peque\u00f1os mont\u00edculos y protuberancias . los c\u00e1lices son peque\u00f1os ( alrededor de 5 mm de di\u00e1metro ) y est\u00e1n regularmente separados cubriendo toda la superficie de la colonia . normalmente presenta una coloraci\u00f3n caf\u00e9 p\u00e1lida , pero puede ser brillante , verde fluorescente sobre caf\u00e9 oscuro . las caracter\u00edsticas que distinguen a las 3 especies de montrastraea con peque\u00f1os c\u00e1lices son : m . annularis - colonias densamente agrupadas , con n\u00f3dulos o columnas separados y superficies lisas e irregulares . normalmente los bordes no presentan crecimiento . m . franksi \u2013 la superficie presenta protuberancias dispersas , las cuales consisten de p\u00f3lipos prominentes e irregulares \u2013 el color moteado se asocia a las protuberancias . la forma general es de l\u00e1minas y mont\u00edculos abultados e irregulares . los bordes de crecimiento presentan tanto c\u00e1lices grandes como peque\u00f1os . m . faveolata \u2013 colonias masivas con proyecciones orientadas hacia el exterior , las cuales normalmente se observan dispuestas en l\u00edneas que corren a lo largo de los lados de las colonias pero sin n\u00f3dulos o columnas separados . la pared de los coralitos es vertical en comparaci\u00f3n con la forma de \u2018volc\u00e1n\u2019 de las otras dos especies . los c\u00e1lices en los bordes de crecimiento se encuentran separados de manera regular .\nclimate change - driven coral disease outbreaks have led to widespread declines in coral populations . early work on coral genomics established that corals have a complex innate immune system , and whole - transcriptome gene expression studies have revealed mechanisms by which the coral immune system responds to stress and disease . the present investigation expands bioinformatic data available to study coral molecular physiology through the assembly and annotation of a reference transcriptome of the caribbean reef - building coral , orbicella faveolata . samples were collected during a warm water thermal anomaly , coral bleaching event and caribbean yellow band disease outbreak in 2010 in puerto rico . multiplex sequencing of rna on the illumina gaiix platform and de novo transcriptome assembly by trinity produced 70 , 745 , 177 raw short - sequence reads and 32 , 463 o . faveolata transcripts , respectively . the reference transcriptome was annotated with gene ontologies , mapped to kegg pathways , and a predicted proteome of 20 , 488 sequences was generated . protein families and signaling pathways that are essential in the regulation of innate immunity across phyla were investigated in - depth . results were used to develop models of evolutionarily conserved wnt , notch , rig - like receptor , nod - like receptor , and dicer signaling . o . faveolata is a coral species that has been studied widely under climate - driven stress and disease , and the present investigation provides new data on the genes that putatively regulate its immune system .\nwhite plague disease ( wpd ) is implicated in coral reef decline in the caribbean and is characterized by microbial community shifts in coral mucus and tissue . studies thus far have focused on assessing microbial communities or the identification of specific pathogens , yet few have addressed holobiont response across metaorganism compartments in coral disease . here , we report on the first metatranscriptomic assessment of the coral host , algal symbiont , and microbial compartment in order to survey holobiont structure and function in healthy and diseased samples from orbicella faveolata collected at reef sites off puerto rico . our data indicate holobiont - wide as well as compartment - specific responses to wpd . gene expression changes in the diseased coral host involved proteins playing a role in innate immunity , cytoskeletal integrity , cell adhesion , oxidative stress , chemical defense , and retroelements . in contrast , the algal symbiont showed comparatively few expression changes , but of large magnitude , of genes related to stress , photosynthesis , and metal transport . concordant with the coral host response , the bacterial compartment showed increased abundance of heat shock proteins , genes related to oxidative stress , dna repair , and potential retroelement activity . importantly , analysis of the expressed bacterial gene functions establishes the participation of multiple bacterial families in wpd pathogenesis and also suggests a possible involvement of viruses and / or phages in structuring the bacterial assemblage . in this study , we implement an experimental approach to partition the coral holobiont and resolve compartment - and taxa - specific responses in order to understand metaorganism function in coral disease .\nthere was no significant difference in the bacterial community of the coral tissue / mucus among the different treatments suggesting that the change in black band virulence under low ph conditions cannot be explained by the bacterial community of the host . one particular treatment , the high temperature and control ph treatment , however , did separate out distinctly from the other three treatments within the nmds biplot . an examination of the major bacterial classes show decreased levels of rhodobacters under the high temperature and control ph treatment with a concomitant increase in clostridiales and flavobacteria . rhodobacters have been associated with tissue - loss diseases within corals [ 34 ] . for example , an increase in rhodobacter bacteria was detected within samples of the coral disease white plague on orbicella faveolata , but was also found within healthy corals indicating a potential increase of opportunistic commensals under certain conditions [ 35 ] . high levels of alphaproteobacteria were also detected within two different coral species showing signs of white plague , diploria strigosa and siderastrea siderea , which was primarily the result of increased abundances of rhodobacters [ 36 ] . alternatively , some genera of rhodobacters , such as roseobacter , have been identified as beneficial bacteria , important for the settlement and general health of the coral host [ 37 ] . however , within the present study roseobacter was found in low abundances within the corals sampled regardless of the treatment condition . within the present study , a reduction of rhodobacters only under high temperature and control ph conditions may suggest sensitivity to temperature , which is then mitigated under low ph conditions .\nin conjunction with transcriptomic alterations implicated in antiviral defense and phage interaction in wpd , we also observed expression of genes associated with retroelement ( i . e . , retrotransposons and retrons ) activity across multiple compartments . although previously detected in heat stressed corals and healthy / wpd metagenomes ( desalvo et al . , 2008 ; garcia et al . , 2013 ) , we resolved differential expression of genes involved in retroelement regulation to associations with coral , fungal , and bacterial members of the orbicella holobiont . tdrd9 is an atpase / dexh - type helicase involved in germline defense in hydra and higher eukaryotes ( shoji et al . , 2009 ; lim et al . , 2014 ) and its downregulation has been shown to increase line - 1 retrotransposon expression and demethylation , leading to male sterility ( shoji et al . , 2009 ) . our data corroborate these findings , where repression of a tdrd9 homolog in the coral compartment was noted along with meiotic arrest and spermatogenic impairment signatures in response to wpd ( supplementary data 4 ) suggesting deleterious impacts on coral development and reproductive capacity of diseased coral colonies . additionally , increased line - 1 expression induces innate antiviral responses in several human autoimmune diseases ( madigan et al . , 2012 ; volkman and stetson , 2014 ) . given the upregulation of ddx60 in diseased corals , we cannot rule out that wpd may inadvertently promote coral immune detection of these endogenous retroelements . another possibility is that ddx60 is sensing complementary viral dna , which is produced by some rna viruses that harness retrotransposon reverse transcriptase during line - 1 expression in infected human cells ( shimizu et al . , 2014 ) , but further inquiry is necessary to confirm this mechanism in an invertebrate system .\ndana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\nbudd , a . f . , fukami , h . , smith , n . d . & knowlton , n . 2012 . taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia . zoological journal of the linnean society 166 : 465\u2013529 . [ details ]\nhuang d , benzoni f , fukami h , knowlton n , smith nd , budd af ( 2014 ) taxonomic classification of the reef coral families merulinidae , montastraeidae , and diploastraeidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 171 : 277\u2013355 . [ details ]\nellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333\u2013347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\n( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) weil e , knowlton n ( 1994 ) a multi character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franski ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science 55 : 151\u2013175 . [ details ]\n( of montastraea faveolata ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) humann p , deloach n ( 2002 ) reef coral identification florida caribbean bahamas . new world publications , jacksonville , florida , pp . 1 - 287 . [ details ]\nthe in - situ growth rate of the reef coral montastrea annularis on a reef at jamaica , w . indies was determined for a 1 - year period using alizarin red - s staining techniques . growth rate is correlated with water depth and growth form . the flattened growth form of m . annularis allows for continued rapid increase in colony surface area at low light intensities . the geomorphology of jamaican reefs may in part be controlled by the population ecology of m . annularis .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbarnes , d . j . : the structure and formation of growth ridges in scleractinian coral skeletons . proc . r . soc .\ndana , j . d . : corals and coral islands , 398 pp . new york : dodd mead & co . 1890\ngoreau , t . f . : the physiology of skeleton formation in corals . i . a method for measuring the rate of calcium deposition by corals under different conditions . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\n\u2014 : calcium carbonate deposition by coralline algae and corals in relation to their roles as reef - builders . ann . n . y . acad . sci .\ngoreau , t . f . and w . d . hartman : boring sponges as controlling factors in the formation and maintenance of coral reefs .\n: mechanisms of hard tissue destruction , pp 25\u201354 . ed . by r . f . songnnaes . washington ( publs am . ass . advmt sci . 75 ) 1963\ngoreau , t . f . and l . s . land : fore reef morphology and depositional processes , north jamaica . reef symp . , spec . publs 44th a . meet . , soc . econ . paleont , miner . , calgary , canada ( 1973 )\n: marine ecology , vol . 1 . environmetal factors , pt 1 . pp 95\u2013102 . ed . by o . kinne . london : wiley - interscience 1970\nkawaguti , s . : on the physiology of reef corals . 2 . the effect of light on color and form of reef corals . palao trop . biol . stn stud .\n\u2014 and d . sakamoto : the effect of light on the calcium deposition of corals . bull . oceanogr . inst . taiwan\nkinzie , r . a . : the zonation of west indian gorgonians . bull . mar . sci .\nlang , j . c . : interspecific aggression within the scleractinian reef corals , 80 pp . ph . d . thesis , yale university 1970\nlewis , j . b . , f . axelsen , i . goodbody , c . page and g . chislett : comparative growth rates of some reef corals in the caribbean . manuscr . rep . mar . sci . cent . mcgill univ .\nloya , y . : community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at eilat , red sea . mar . biol .\nmanton , s . and t . a . stephenson : ecological surveys of coral reefs . scient . rep . gt barrier reef exped .\npearse , v . b . and l . muscatine : role of symbiotic algae ( zooxanthellae ) in coral calcification . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\nporter , j . w . : patterns of species diversity in caribbean reef corals . ecology\nlamark in relation to submarine radiance distribution , 72 pp . utrecht : durkkerij , elinkwijk 1967\nshinn , e . a . : coral reef recovery in florida and the persian gulf . , spec . rep . envirl conserv . dep . shell oil co . 1\u20139 ( 1972 )\nstephenson , t . a . and a . stephenson : growth and asexual reproduction in corals . scient . rep . gt barrier reef exped .\nvandermeulen , j . h . , n . d . davis and l . muscatine : the effects of inhibitors of photosynthesis on zooxanthellae in corals and other marine invertebrates . mar . biol .\nvaughan , v . w . : the geological significance of the growth rate of the floridian and bahamian shoal - water corals . j . nat . acad . sci .\n: treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part f , the coelenterata , pp 328\u2013444 . ed . by r . c . moore . lawrence : geological society of america & university of kansas 1956\nwood - jones , f . : on the growth forms and supposed species in corals . proc . zool . soc . lond . 1\u2013518 ( 1907 )\nyonge , c . m . : the biologoy of reef - building corals . scient . rep . gt . barrier reef exped .\n\u2014 : the nature of reef - building ( hermatypic ) corals . bull . mar . sci .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoological journal of the linnean society ( journal , magazine , 1969 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : zoological journal of the linnean society publisher : london [ etc . ] : academic press , 1969 - isbn / issn : 0024 - 4082 oclc : 1039250275\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nzoological journal of the linnean society / linnean society of london . ; london [ etc . ] : academic press , 1969 -\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nguide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts publisher : washington , dc : assoc . , 1992 - 1993 . isbn / issn : 0036 - 8075 oclc : 183350662\nadd tags for\nguide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts\n.\n( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of montastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of heliastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora annularis ellis & solander , 1786 ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of astrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nverrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333\u2013347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\n( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) weil e , knowlton n ( 1994 ) a multi character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franski ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science 55 : 151\u2013175 . [ details ]\n( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) humann p , deloach n ( 2002 ) reef coral identification florida caribbean bahamas . new world publications , jacksonville , florida , pp . 1 - 287 . [ details ]\n( of heliastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of astrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of montastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\na multi - character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea ann . . . : ingenta connect\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\neven divemasters and instructors will tend to know the perfect hideouts where to spot these critters , while not being able to name a handful of coral species . i myself was guilty of this which is what inspired me to write about coral identification .\nthe coral diaries series is a list of corals we have seen while diving around the world . we\u2019ve created this series so that you can learn more about corals , and how to identify them on the reef . we encourage you to send us your coral pictures and leave a comment in the section below to learn more about the interesting species you\u2019ve found while diving .\nnicole ( nikki ) helgason is a padi dive instructor with ten years of professional dive experience . nicole has taught scuba diving and managed dive centers around the world . nicole has a bachelors degree in coastal geography from the university of victoria and is passionate about coral reefs .\nit\u2019s hard to imagine just how big this colony is without seeing it for yourself and colonies like that can help shine a spotlight on these important reef building corals .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nprior to 1994 , the wide variability exhibited in the appearance of montastraea annularis was attributed to the different environmental conditions in which it occurs ( 3 ) . however , scientists have since discovered that it actually comprises a species complex that can be divided into three distinct species : the type specimen , m . annularis , together with two newly described species , m . faveolata and m . franksi ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nlike other colony - forming corals , colonies of m . annularis are composed of numerous small polyps , which are soft - bodied animals , related to anemones . each polyp bears numerous tentacles that direct food into a central mouth , where it is digested in a sac - like body cavity . one of the most remarkable and ecologically important features of corals is that the polyps secrete a hard skeleton , called a \u2018corallite\u2019 , which over successive generations contributes to the formation of a coral reef . the coral skeleton forms the bulk of the colony , with the living polyp tissue comprising only a thin veneer ( 4 ) . in m . annularis , the colonies are formed by long , thick columns , with only the top parts supporting living tissue . the colour of the living colonies is usually golden brown to tan , but sometimes appears grey or green ( 3 ) .\nlike many coral species , m . annularis is zooxanthellate , which means that its tissues contain large numbers of single - celled algae called zooxanthellae . the coral and the algae have a symbiotic relationship , in which the algae gain a stable environment within the coral ' s tissues , while the coral receives nutrients produced by the algae through photosynthesis . by harnessing the sun ' s energy in this way , corals are able to grow rapidly and form vast reef structures , but are constrained to live near the water surface ( 4 ) . while , on average , zooxanthellate coral can obtain around 70 percent of its nutrient requirements from zooxanthellae photosynthesis , the coral may also feed on zooplankton ( 5 ) .\nthis common species occurs in the caribbean , the gulf of mexico , florida , the bahamas , and bermuda ( 1 ) .\nmontastraea annularis is found at shallow and intermediate depths , from 1 to 20 metres ( 3 ) .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\naround one third of the world\u2019s reef - building corals are threatened with extinction ( 6 ) . the principal threat to corals is the rise in sea temperature associated with global climate change . this leads to coral bleaching , where the symbiotic algae are expelled , leaving the corals weak and vulnerable to an increasing variety of harmful diseases . climate change is also expected to increase ocean acidification and result in a greater frequency of extreme weather events such as destructive storms . this is not to mention the localised threats to coral reefs from pollution , destructive fishing practices , invasive species , human development , and other activities ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .\nin addition to being listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which makes it an offence to trade m . annularis without a permit ( 2 ) , this coral falls within several marine protected areas across its range . to specifically conserve m . annularis , recommendations have been made for a raft of studies into various aspects of its taxonomy , biology and ecology , including an assessment of threats and potential recovery techniques ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nweil , e . and knowlton , n . ( 1994 ) a multi - character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franksi ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science , 55 : 151 - 175 .\nveron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .\nbarnes , r . s . k . , calow , p . , olive , p . j . w . , golding , d . w . and spicer , j . i . ( 2001 ) the invertebrates : a synthesis , 3rd edition . blackwell science , oxford .\ncarpenter , ke et al . ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science , 321 : 560 - 563 .\nimage quest marine the moos poffley end witney oxfordshire ox29 9uw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1993 704050 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1993 779203 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / stock\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - boulder star coral ( montastraea annularis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - boulder star coral ( montastraea annularis )\ntitle =\narkive species - boulder star coral ( montastraea annularis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nanderson da , walz me , weil e , tonellato p , smith mc ."]}
{"id": 235, "summary": [{"text": "evergestis merceti is a species of moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in spain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 29 \u2013 31 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from september to october .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on biscutella species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "evergestis merceti", "paragraphs": ["evergestis merceti is a species of moth in the crambidae family . it is found in spain .\nevergestis renatalis ; rothschild , 1915 , novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189\nevergestis sophialis lupalis zerny , 1928 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 50 ; tl : spain\nevergestis zernyi schawerda , 1924 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 73 ( s . b ) : 163\nevergestis nolentis heinrich , 1940 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 42 ( 2 ) : 36 , pl . 6 - 7 , f . 4 - 4b , 8 ; tl : san felipe wash , san diego co . , california\nevergestis - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\numbrosalis ( fischer von r\u00f6slerstamm , 1842 ) ; abbildungen schmettkde : 274 , pl . 92 , f . 2\npyralis desertalis h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 6 ] : f . 171 : europe\nnoctuelia desertalis ; rothschild , 1915 , novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 190\n752x547 ( ~ 90kb ) russia , moscow area , 12 . 06 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nphalaena extimalis scopoli , 1763 ; ent . carniolica : 241 , f . 614\n523x600 ( ~ 81kb ) russia , moscow area , 16 . 7 . 2006 \u00a9 d . smirnov\npolitalis ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 ) ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 121\nsubfuscalis ( staudinger , 1871 ) ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 192 , pl . 2 , f . 9\naenealis ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 ) ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 123\norobena renatalis oberth\u00fcr , 1887 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 7 : 99 ; tl : bou saada , . . .\nfunalis ( grote , 1878 ) ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 4 : 670\nobliqualis ( grote , 1883 ) ; trans . kansas acad . sci . 8 : 56\npachyzancloides sexmaculosus matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 190 , pl . 11 , f . 27 \u2642 ; tl : sakhalin , ichinosawa\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome huiti\u00e9me . deltoides et pyralites\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\nwalker , 1859 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 16 : 1 - 253 ( [ 1859 ] ) , 17 : 255 - 508 ( 1859 ) , 18 : 509 - 798 ( 1859 ) , 19 : 799 - 1036 ( 1859 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na number of species are pests , including the cross - striped cabbageworm ( e . rimosalis ) , a pest of cole crops such as cabbage .\nsparks , a . and d . g . riley . cross - striped cabbageworm . college of agricultural and environmental sciences . the university of georgia . 2008 .\n, 2011 : new crambidae from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) .\n, 1998 : the scopariinae and heliothelinae stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of the oriental region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the philippines and sumatra .\n( staudinger , 1892 ) comb . rev . from central asia ( pyraloidea : crambidae : evergestinae ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 237, "summary": [{"text": "be my chief ( 7 may 1987 \u2013 2006 ) was an american-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was the leading british two-year-old in 1989 when he was undefeated in six races including the chesham stakes , bernard van cutsem stakes , lanson champagne vintage stakes , solario stakes and racing post trophy , starting odds-on favourite on each occasion .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he finished unplaced on his only run in 1990 and was retired to stud .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he had some success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "be my chief", "paragraphs": ["be my chief xx v . chief ' s crown sire at the english national stud\nfrankel fans must hope that he makes a better three - year - old than diesis , high estate or be my chief .\ni need to record a video tour of my plan . how can i do this using chief architect ?\nbefore my career , it was when my french teacher at university in georgetown said my ability didn\u2019t match my name ! actually , it was my first job at jpmorgan . i only managed to get in as someone else didn\u2019t turn up for their interview and , once there , it really rattled my confidence .\nher sire\nbe my chief xx\n( usa ) is standing at the english national stud at newmarket . he represents the sireline of northern dancer xx ( 3rd gen . ) .\nbut mr . scaramucci said , \u201cmy views don\u2019t matter , \u201d adding , \u201ci\u2019ve subordinated my views to the views of the president . \u201d\nmighty chief\u2019s dam gala girl won a waimate golden slipper stakes at two and in 1970 was named broodmare of the year . her progeny included mighty chief and\ntipped to be the chief of staff for president elect barack obama , his reputation precedes him as one the most aggressive politicians on capitol hill .\nemanuel himself was said to be inspiration for the character of josh lyman , the deputy chief staff in ' the west wing ' starring martin sheen as the president .\nbe my chief was just 4 - 7 to beat four rivals in the racing post trophy , run at newcastle that year , as doncaster ' s straight course had proved unsafe during the leger meeting . never in danger , the colt won by four lengths .\nhave the squamish chief delivered to your inbox every week ! you can contact us or unsubscribe anytime .\nsorry for the title change y\u2019all . it\u2019s apparently chief not the princesses husband . regardless here\u2019s chapter 4 \ud83d\ude42\nin 1989 he was appointed chief fund raiser for richard daley ' s successful campaign for mayor of chicago .\non his return from the gulf he joined bill clinton ' s presidential campaign , becoming chief fund raiser .\nmessage : the plan file you are attempting to open appears to be corrupted .\nmessage : the resource you requested will be opened in your default web browser .\npolice chief danny smyth apologized , noting he was concerned about the language before spillett brought her concern to the board .\nbe my chief ( usa ) b . h , 1987 { 14 - c } dp = 8 - 22 - 14 - 8 - 0 ( 52 ) di = 2 . 47 cd = 0 . 58 - 7 starts , 6 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : \u00a3187 , 900\nnovember 13 , 2015 \u2022 by jesse b . staniforth \u2022 categories : 2015 11 13 \u2022 tags : allegations , cree nation , eeyou istchee , first nations women , grand chief matthew coon come , premier philippe couillard , regional chief ghislain picard\nformer detainee gheorghe tomici recalled : \u201cpersonally i have been forced by guards to pluck grass with my teeth . \u201d\n1993 : we were so loaded going in , i actually insisted our honeymoon that october be in the us so we wouldn ' t miss any playoff games ( we \u201csettled\u201d on hawaii ) . heh . my wife and i were married on november 25 , 1989 so that there would be no chance of us missing what was sure to be a successful postseason .\nsurely the racing gods will not allow frankel ' s fate to be so dismal .\nmessage : deck is over a non deck room . framing may not be correct .\nwinnipeg police chief danny smyth apologized tuesday for the language used in recent police statements about the 2014 killing of angela marie poorman .\nwinnipeg police chief danny smyth apologized tuesday for the language used in recent police statements about the 2014 killing of angela marie poorman .\nthe incident was later repeated in the award - winning american political drama ' the west wing ' , starring bradley whitford as white house deputy chief of staff josh lyman - a character said to be inspired by emanuel .\n' diana would be ashamed ' : meghan ' s bitter half - sister . . .\nmessage : you do not appear to be using a driver customized for your video card .\nlike high estate , be my chief was unbeaten as a juvenile , but never won again . starting in a doncaster maiden in may , he won the chesham at royal ascot on his second start , adding a listed race at newmarket before taking the vintage and the solario , two races that cecil had won with high estate the previous year .\nspillett said she accepted smyth ' s apology and said she knows the chief has made genuine efforts to improve relations with indigenous people .\npicture exclusive : a wintour wedding ! vogue editor - in - chief anna ' s daughter bee shaffer is the picture of . . .\nbut he never looked like being the best of his generation at three . ominously , be my chief didn ' t return to the racecourse until july , when he completed an unwanted double by becoming cecil ' s second consecutive champion two - year - old to finish last in the next year ' s scottish classic . he retired to stud without another race .\n\u201cher slag face will be broken , send her straight to hell on earth to die . \u201d\ntrainer ken mcpeek :\nthe winner of the breeders ' cup should be an automatic .\nmessage : ceiling values may not be changed as the floor above this room has varying heights .\nmessage : the main layer of existing walls will be moved to accommodate this wall type change .\nchoose how many frames per second , the recommended value is 30 . values 0 - 100 can be used however the more frames per second , the bigger the end video file will be .\ni have been watching the mets for a very long time . maybe not as long as some people but i have earned my ticket as a met fan and there is not a single season in my memory that i have actually wanted to be over by the end of july , except 2009 . so while other years brought much disappointment , they did not have me begging to be watching mets hot stove on a thursday night instead of mets baseball .\n\u201cyes . we are . and yes . we would like an alliance , \u201d i wrote . \u201cmy top warriors are clint , agnoss , gallin , matty and chopper . valhalla knights have two strong warriors as chief and a top elder\u2026 but less talent from there . \u201d\ni say that to be nice . but do i really feel that way ? no . he deserves to be in the derby . . . whether he wins another race or not .\nwinnipeg police chief danny smyth apologized tuesday for the language used in recent police statements about the 2014 killing of angela marie poorman . 1 : 49\nwhether you count him as that year ' s champion juvenile depends on which measure you use , there being no formal award . unlike the previous four on this list , he was not rated best of the year by the official handicapper , who preferred argentum , an easy winner of the cornwallis but stuffed on his final start at redcar . timeform had be my chief top .\nafter naming myself \u201cjarl glader , \u201d building a simulated viking town , selecting a name for my champion fighter or \u201chero\u201d ( i named him \u201csven\u201d after my great - grandfather , who also came from a small town called palang , sweden , to the upper midwest of america in the 1920s ) , the sultry avatar asked me to select a \u201cclan\u201d in my kingdom # 157 ( myderig ) to join .\nyou must be logged in to rate and post a review . register an account to get started .\nfrankel could be the veteran trainer ' s sixth champion juvenile . how good were the other five ?\nmessage : room label text can only be modified through the room specification or room label defaults dialogs .\ngu qi qi silently curled her lip : \u201che must be sick , and can\u2019t use it anymore . \u201d\nmessage : the file that saves the library item button information appears to be corrupt or out of date .\nit has been many moons since i\u2019ve been moose hunting . i was talking to oj chief curtis bosum and at the end of our business we chitchatted . i mentioned that my wife amy was pregnant and looking for moose or caribou so i planned to go moose hunting . he asked . . .\n\u201cwaste ? idling around ? \u201d the girl muttered . \u201cfor ten years i have been working hard in the hospital day and night to make money . all my wages are handed over to the gu family , for my brother\u2019s treatment . how am i idling around and collecting resources ? \u201d\n' he was my son ! ' devastated father sobs as he is detained by police moments after his two - year - old . . .\nbefore i get to my picks for the top 10 chros , i want to give some background on why this list is important , and how you should use it to shape your enterprise moving forward . while every member of the executive team plays a critical role in successful organizations , aside from the ceo , a strong case can be made that the chief human resources officer ( chro ) is the real game changer .\nthe 1991 derby put frank brothers on the map as a trainer who should have been known to all for his outstanding horsemanship before he got a horse like hansel . after all , he may not have won the derby but he did get a horse named pawnee chief to win for a bunch of south louisiana yahoos back in 1979 . and for that frank brothers will always be one of my all time favorite trainers .\nhow can a title accommodate such diversity and still be meaningful ? answering that question requires a shift in perspective .\nit is probably asking too much for tomorrow ' s dewhurst to be as exciting as we expect . it is asking even more for frankel to be as good as the hype he has generated . we can but hope .\nmy journey began in the fall of 1989 when i entered the nursing program at john abbott college in ste . anne de bellevue . i was young and unprepared to commit 100 per cent . so i made a choice to discontinue my studies . a couple of years passed and i returned . . .\ni thought we were perhaps insensitive with the way we released some of the information ,\nsaid the chief , calling spillett ' s concern a fair comment .\npaulson , who is president and chief executive officer of gulfstream aerospace inc . , bought the northern dancer filly from bedford farm , the agent for shira racing ltd .\nthis was such a terrible read . the female lead is so stupid . domineering my ass . ml is even worse . will not recommend to anyone .\ngu qi qi inexplicably turned off the machine : \u201cthe time was too short , there won\u2019t be results yet . \u201d\nrevealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .\nthe inaugural winner of the nz trotting championship ( \u00a32 , 000 plus \u00a350 trophy ) run on 23 april 1966 ( royal meeting , queen mother in attendance ) , was mighty chief ( gelding my chief / gala girl ) defeating the previous seasons id trotting champion poupette and when by 3l , 2l , 4 : 18 1 / 5 . mighty chief was owned / trained and driven by leicester ( lr ) clark . in addition to the trotting championship , mighty chief retired from racing after 110 starts at the end of his 13 year old career , winning a further 19 races and placing on 16 occasions . he won a dominion hcp , ordeal cup twice , canterbury park trotting cup , nz trotting ffa together with several other open class trots , the last of which he registered as an eleven year old in october 1971 in greymouth\u2019s victoria park ffa .\nlet your\nchief wellness officer\nhandle these ongoing issues and help keep you and your team on track and growing the right direction . it ' s what we do !\nat a recent rally in downtown vancouver , serge simon introduced himself to a largely first nations audience . \u201cmy name is serge simon , the grand chief of the mohawk of kanesatake , \u201d said simon , pausing for a moment . \u201cyou may know us as the mohawks of oka . \u201d the 1990 conflict at oka remains a . . .\nand after the white house chief of staff , reince priebus , and the chief strategist , stephen k . bannon , ran a monthslong campaign to block his appointment to join the trump administration as the director of the office of public liaison \u2014 and had seemingly succeeded \u2014 mr . scaramucci nevertheless found a way into the white house , reporting directly to the president .\nhe explained his relationship with mr . trump in terms of the banking business . \u201cit is a client service business , \u201d he said . \u201cand he\u2019s my client . \u201d\ni cried when i lost my michelin stars : gordon ramsay opens up about the day his new york restaurant was downgraded . . . saying it was like losing a girlfriend\nwas she drugged ? although he seems to be a brute he doesn\u2019t quite feel like a rapist . thank you for the update\nceos constantly have fresh thoughts with operational implications ; they must be in the habit of discussing those with their coos without delay .\nwashington ( cnn ) president donald trump on friday tapped his homeland security secretary , john kelly , as his new chief of staff , marking a remarkable rise for the retired general within the administration .\nof the juvenile winners that did make the derby starting gate , only street sense ran what could be called a\ngood\nrace .\nthe kentucky derby is the holy grail for our sport . . . it should not be easy to get into the race .\naston upthorpe stud of england , owned by sheik muhammed al - maktoum of dubai , united arab emirates , was the successful bidder for the colt , out of the mare my bupers .\npaean was a bay horse with a large white star bred and owned by john scott - ellis , 9th baron howard de walden a prominent member of the jockey club . other horses to race in lord howard de walden ' s apricot colours included kris , diesis and slip anchor . paean was one of the best horses sired by bustino , who won 1973 st leger and the 1974 coronation cup as well as finishing second to grundy in a famous race for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . paean ' s dam mixed applause also produced the st james ' s palace stakes winner shavian and , as a descendant of the broodmare my game , was closely related to marwell , marling , unite and be my chief .\none of my favorite memories with frankie was in 1979 when he had claimed a 6500 horse for us called pawnee chief . he was running back for the first time at the fair grounds and it was a school day but he was entered in the last race of the day so i only had to skip one period of school with my buddy mike giddens . it was south seas week at lsu or had been the previous week so mike and i were wearing \u201cleis\u201d as we strolled into the track to watch pawnee chief make his first start for our stable . we had some bets to place for my dad and friends as well . pawnee won that day and the winner\u2019s circle picture is a classic . mike and i are in the winner\u2019s circle \u2013 leis included \u2013 with pawnee . we shipped pawnee to churchill with frankie\u2019s regular stable and lo and behold he would run on oaks day in what i believe was a sloppy track . this was our first trip to the derby so we really didn\u2019t know what to expect . pawnee chief won that day for frank brothers and the rest of the new orleans crew and i can assure you his win helped pay for most of the trip .\ni cried when i lost my michelin stars : gordon ramsay opens up about the day his new york restaurant was downgraded . . . saying it was like losing a girlfriend | daily mail online\nsince diesis , no other horse has won both the middle park and the dewhurst . dream ahead , who takes on frankel tomorrow , may be the last to attempt the double , since both races will be run on the same day next year in a rearrangement that is expected to last .\ni present to you the first chapter of the series we picked up . the full title and description can be found by clicking the menu bar .\nthree men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .\nso how do you judge the success of a chief human resources officer ? the simple answer is you look at how badly people want to work for their company . i\u2019ve often said that culture is that ethereal \u201cx\u201d factor that all \u201cit\u201d companies possess that other organizations so desperately desire and so rarely achieve . the chro is often one of the chief architects of culture , and they are most certainly its main steward , curator and guardian .\nlater , i realised bankers get excited about short - term deals while i prefer building something . later in my career , i was a vice - president at an oil company in boston . but my mother got cancer so i moved back to san francisco , where i grew up , and took a job three levels down , which was hard . it was a tough decision but the right one .\nthe modern chro is a sophisticated , yet eclectic mix of experience and skills , which often span many core functional areas such as strategy , brand , operations , it , and finance . in fact , in my work with ceos it is not at all uncommon to find successful organizations where the chro is the closest and most trusted thought partner to the chief executive \u2013 this was not the case even a few years ago .\nduring his appearance on a norwegian television show , the 47 - year - old chef said : ' i started crying when i lost my stars . it ' s a very emotional thing for any chef .\nbernborough is the only horse to win the doomben 10 , 000 and doomben cup in the one year in 1946 . my axeman won the 1983 doomben 10 , 000 and finished second in the doomben cup .\nkahnawake\u2019s problem with flooding due to beaver dams is not a new one but seems to be worsening every year . destroying the dams and lodges of beavers with explosives , the previous choice of elimination , proved to be irritatingly ineffective . the major problem we are faced with is power outages , occurring when . . .\n) is an atlanta - based managing partner in the leadership consulting practice of the executive search firm heidrick & struggles and a coauthor of \u201csecond in command : the misunderstood role of the chief operating officer\u201d ( hbr may 2006 ) .\nwill he be a moderating force within the white house , or perhaps an enabler ? people who have seen mr . scaramucci and mr . trump interact say that he has gained the trust of mr . trump , such that in private , he can be blunt and honest , even when he disagrees with the president .\na few hours later ( after changing the newborn\u2019s diaper , talking to her and rocking her to sleep ) , i opened the app and entered the game . to my surprise , the clan i created was nearly filled with the maximum 100 players . they had lively names like boral , chopper , gallin , jerlda and pike . it felt like an epic adventure of lord of the rings magnitude was coming alive in my phone .\na marine , kelly served in the military for nearly five decades and served in positions including chief of southern command , senior assistant to the secretary of defense and legislative liaison to congress , and he served tours in iraq and afghanistan .\nin other news everyone please stay safe . i am in the us and there\u2019s a riot going on very close to my school . and i know there are other crazy things happening in different parts of the world .\nparallels have also been drawn between mr obama and president matt santos , the hispanic man who broke through the colour barrier to succeed martin sheen ' s jed bartlett as commander - in - chief as the west wing drew to a close .\nanthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane\nunderstanding what makes for a successful chief operating officer is vital because the effectiveness of coos ( or ranking operations executives by whatever name they are called ) is critical to the fortunes of many companies\u2014and could be to many more . as we will suggest , the second - in - command executive is a role that by rights should become increasingly prevalent . it is prevented from doing so , perhaps , because it is so misunderstood .\nhow can a title accommodate such diversity and still be meaningful ? answering that question requires a shift in perspective . the key is in the orientation of the role . while other jobs are primarily defined in relation to the work to be done and the structure of the organization , the coo\u2019s role is defined in relation to the ceo as an individual .\nfive horses have won the brisbane cup twice : fitz grafton ( 1904 - 05 ) , st valeroy ( 1932 , 1934 ) , spear chief ( 1938 - 39 ) , fair patton ( 1964 - 65 ) and desert chill ( 1995 , 1997 ) .\npausing , her eyes were half closed in the light revealing casual touch of a sly expression , her voice low : \u201cunless\u2026\u2026it can\u2019t get up , then it cannot be checked . \u201d\neveryone says i have lots of energy . in truth , i simply find time for the people i want to be with . i\u2019m pretty decisive about what i need to do .\nkelly acknowledges that when he took over dhs , his department was designed to be less responsive to congress and the press , something he realized over time he should work to correct .\nthey were enthusiastically introducing themselves on the game\u2019s chat app and sending me messages , asking who would be elders , how we would locate near each other on a global map to form a \u201chive . \u201d many of us shared an interest in scandinavian history and lore . to my astonishment , we were ranked among the top 10 clans in terms of power and influence right away , a leader among 298 clans in the kingdom . at that moment , i was reminded of a quote by alexandre auguste ledru - rollin , one of the leaders of the french revolution in 1848 : \u201cthere go the people . i must follow them , for i am their leader . \u201d i became the accidental viking chief .\nfive horses have won the doomben 10 , 000 twice : black onyx ( 1969 - 70 ) , prince trialia ( 1990 - 91 ) , chief de beers ( 1995 , 1998 ) , falvelon ( 2001 - 02 ) and apache cat ( 2008 - 09 ) .\nand did participating in this gamified leadership lesson turn out to be more fun because it is enmeshed in an environment of imposing warriors , lethal weapons and violent outcomes ? or is it just a waste of time ? i wrestled with that question as i pursued my two goals : a ) learn , experience and think about viking culture , which is a research interest of mine . b ) remain a top - 10 clan in a successful kingdom .\nour clan was enjoying relative peace until late june when members of another clan called valhalla knights started attacking us , destroying our towns , killing our soldiers and stealing our resources . my clan members were rattled . i was so angry my hands were shaking as i analyzed the data and surveyed the damage to players in our clan . so i started talking to the valhalla knight\u2019s leadership as to why they were attacking us . they sneered , saying they were attacking us for fun . so we declared war on them in return .\nthis season\u2019s running of the welcome stakes will precede easter weekend when forming part of the premier meeting ( ( pacers / trotters derbies , trotting championship ) to be held on friday 7 april 2017 .\nhe grew up with a sister and two brothers , one of whom , ari , is said to be the inspiration for the foul mouthed character ari gold on the tv series ' entourage ' .\nyou ' d be hard pressed to find someone that loves the breeders ' cup more than i ; it ' s my favorite betting weekend of the year and , as simply a fan , i love the high quality fields in almost every single race during the event . the breeders ' cup is a fantastic event and , for the most part , the winning horses beat the best horses you ' ll find anywhere in racing ( at least on dirt ) .\ni live in richmond , and i\u2019m divorced with three kids so i spend my time helping with exam preparations , going to their sports events and i sing them one beatles song each night \u2014 last night it was when i\u2019m sixty - four . i also enjoy cycling in richmond park and visiting national trust castles . my father , who was an english literature classics lecturer , and his brother married two sisters so i effectively had six siblings growing up \u2014 it means i know when to collaborate and when to just get on with it .\nso sometime in late may , after my second child was born ( she is named after my great grandmother emmy , who emigrated from a small swedish town near the arctic circle to the u . s . in the 1920s ) as i was camping out with her and my wife in the hospital\u2019s maternity ward , i went to the app store and downloaded the free game produced by plarium global ltd . , an israeli games studio . the home screen featured annoying music , garish orange flames engulfing a viking village in the background while a hulking viking stands in the foreground sporting bulging muscles , a ferocious braided beard , a helmet with horns ( more myth than accurate depiction of vikings ) and a vicious look in his eye . then , a sultry viking avatar appeared to walk me through the game\u2019s setup steps .\n' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case\nwe bring\nfocus\nto what is truly important to you and your team by helping you dig deeper , to very core of the issue , and uncover\nblindspots\nthat can be there .\nthis season\u2019s running of the nz trotting championship will precede easter weekend when forming part of the premier meeting ( ( pacers / trotters derbies , welcome stakes ) to be held on friday 7 april 2017 .\nthe mets took a nosedive in the middle of 1971 , and i was pretty disappointed that for the first time in my life as a fan they fell out of a pennant race . that ' s when i learned for sure that they didn ' t like to hit .\nwe all know the legend ( or should i write : the history ) of the juvenile : only one horse has won the juvenile and then returned to win the kentucky derby the following spring - street sense in 2007 . beyond those numbers , however , is an even more telling situation . street sense , timber country and chief ' s crown are the only juvenile winners to finish in the top three in the derby ( both timber country and chief ' s crown finished 3 rd during their derby runs ) , and 13 of the 28 juvenile winners never so much as started in the derby .\nhe could go through the hail of bullets , be trapped while fighting an enemy , and he would not frown , but in the face of such a small machine , he could not help but grunt .\nthis season\u2019s messenger forms part of the auckland trotting club\u2019s rowe cup premier night meeting ( rowe cup , messenger , gn trotters derby , sires stakes 2yo fillies ) to be held on friday 28 april 2017 .\nmy appointment to lead a band of brutal vikings from around the world this past summer started as a harmless curiosity . i saw a tv ad for one of those mobile device games featuring masculine graphics , dramatic synthesizer music and the inevitable words \u201cclan\u201d and \u201cwar . \u201d normally , i withstand such appeals as trifling time - wasters . ok . i dabbled in clash of clans because my nephews loved that game . this was different . the ad was for vikings : war of clans . as a sucker for all things vikings and scandinavian , i couldn\u2019t resist .\ntrue to form , my wife karen said , ' well , if the kelly family is nothing else , we ' re a family of service to the nation . and if they think they need you , then you ' ve got to do it , '\nkelly recounted .\nwe are trying to take steps to be really careful with our language when we describe these kinds of things ,\nsmyth said .\ni offer an apology to the poorman family and to the indigenous community .\nlobster season is officially over for the mi\u2019kmaq of esgeno\u00f4petitj ( burnt church ) first nation , but their struggle with the department of fisheries and oceans continues . \u201cwe closed the lobster fishery on october 7 and went straight into salmon fishing , \u201d hereditary chief lloyd augustine explained in a telephone interview , \u201cand already we\u2019ve . . .\nit\u2019s surprising that coos are not more common . they would be , the authors contend , if there were less confusion surrounding the role . as we continue to demystify that role , more companies will benefit from more effective leadership .\nsalespeople or marketers who have developed the tools of their trade in one company can usually apply them to good advantage in another , even in a dramatically different industry . financial and human resource executives likewise are schooled and practiced in standard ways of doing things . but it\u2019s hard to discern whether a coo who has succeeded in one company has what it takes to be coo in another ; the skill set is neither generic nor very portable . even within a single company , the right qualifications for the coo role can shift . maynard webb , coo at ebay , described for us the difference between his own technology background and that of his predecessor : \u201cthe first coo , brian swette , had a job that was nothing like my job\u2026 . brian was a sales and marketing guy . he had the business units reporting directly to him and spent no time on any of my role . \u201d\nas a rule , i try not to be taken in by this sort of thing . when people say stuff like : ' racing really needs an outstanding champion , ' my stomach turns . what racing really needs is serious competition at the highest level , races that are tricky to predict and thrilling to watch . we all know what happens to outstanding champions on the flat ; in no time at all , they ' re out standing in a field , at stud . the better they are , or the more hyped , the shorter their careers on the track .\ni started talking to leaders of several other clans , soliciting allies in a war . it felt wild and liberating to be waiting for my train into new york city , flashing out messages to players around the world in a campaign of outright war , executing digital violence and mayhem . the messages stirred up many dynamics . for example , i discovered two other clans - one called nordic gods and the other nordic urge ( i\u2019m still not sure exactly what is a nordic urge and whether it relates to bodily functions in the woods or sensual desires with a shield maiden ) .\nglasscock said he often tells the top players at churchill that ,\nif shanghai bobby cannot live up to our expectations during the 3 - year - old spring and season , then maybe he doesn ' t deserve to be in the derby .\nfitz grafton holds the only record in queensland turf history which surely will never be beaten . he won the 1903 stradbroke at two years and then took the qtc derby later that year . fitz grafton then won the brisbane cup twice in 1904 - 05 .\nbidding for the record colt opened at $ 1 million and within 10 seconds had reached $ 3 million . when the bidding reached $ 9 million with no end in sight , the chief auctioneer , tom caldwell , pointed to the seven - digit keeneland toteboard and said , ' ' before we go any further , would you like to cut us another digit . ' '\n\u201cmu liu chuan ? sorry to for you , but he got engaged with me tonight . \u201d gu xue xue replied smiling sweetly , \u201che boasted that he liked my effort in bed , and you , were like wood , he did not want to touch you ! not to mention that you had your virginity taken , and it was by some wild man\u2026\u2026\u201d\nwhile i can understand the sentiments of both men - - if i trained or owned a horse that won the juvenile , i ' d certainly want my horse provided a one - way ticket to the derby - - the straight up facts are clear : the breeders ' cup juvenile is not a key race in determining the best horses for the kentucky derby .\nbecause a chief executive relies so heavily on the second in command to accomplish mission - critical goals , it\u2019s essential that the coo wholeheartedly believe in the ceo\u2019s strategic leadership . chief operating officers , by virtue of their inherent talents and their organizational position , are highly visible and powerful . if the coo is not aligned with the ceo\u2019s vision , or not convinced that the ceo can find the best path forward , then that lieutenant is capable of real mischief . dan rosensweig , coo at yahoo , described for us the hours he spent talking with ceo terry semel before joining the company . rosensweig invested the time because , in his words , \u201cyou have to get in sync with the ceo . if you have an agenda that is different than his or hers , you will absolutely fail the company . \u201d\nif frankel wins the dewhurst , he will be cecil ' s first champion two - year - old for more than 20 years . i ' ve listed his previous five below , to see how their achievements match up with frankel ' s and what happened to them afterwards .\nif you would like to create more segments to your walkthrough , this can be done by moving the mouse cursor over the camera symbol on the end of the line segment , then click and drag the camera again and again . this will continue adding segments to your spline .\ni had a connection to hansel the son of woodman and owned by lazy lane farms . his trainer was frankie brothers who used to train for my father and dr . leggio . in fact , frankie was our first trainer and i can remember our first horse that we claimed back in 1979 for 25 , 000 \u2013 mr . truxton . we were out of town on a ski trip during mardi gras in 1979 when he ran his first race and it was hard not to be at the track but mr . truxton would do what many frankie brothers trained horses did first after a claim \u2013 win . what a great way to start as owners in the claiming game .\nto a person , the executives we interviewed stressed the need for explicit and reasonable lines of demarcation between ceo and coo responsibilities . while there was no consensus on what exactly should be part of each job , everyone agreed that the matter had to be sorted out at the start of the relationship . it\u2019s far easier to delineate boundaries when the two individuals clearly have complementary competencies and each naturally gravitates to different areas of expertise . the greater the overlap in competencies , the greater the likelihood that the coo might feel ( perhaps accurately ) that the ceo is micromanaging and second - guessing decisions . such behavior on the part of the ceo communicates to the coo a lack of trust that is likely to engender friction in the relationship . when we raised this point with bob herbold , another former coo at microsoft , he responded : \u201cto me , this is a key issue . the way it gets worked out is the individuals\u2014through trial and error , as well as through discussions\u2014figure out who is going to be doing what and who needs to check with who on key decisions\u2026 . how the pair will make that happen needs to be agreed to very early in the relationship . \u201d\ni ' m kind of too young to appreciate just how bad 1991 - 1993 really was , but i have to think that somehow , those top 2009 , really only because this year ' s team needs to be cut a break ( in this category only ) because of the injuries .\nat amazin ' tuesday i was chatting with folks about whether or not 2009 is the most disappointing season in mets ' history . it ' s a subject worthy of exploration , in the same way that it can be fascinating to see exactly what ' s under that dirty scab oozing green stuff .\nhe agreed to sell skybridge to hna , the chinese conglomerate , in january . ( again , his timing seemed to be sharp given the struggles the hedge fund industry has had . ) the deal , which is being reviewed by the committee on foreign investment in the united states , still hasn\u2019t closed .\nexciting but too slow , the mc still not know about ml son , the mc is still on the school arc , mc is powerful yet weak ( the system of her power is weird like it was really weak and * sigh * she will get point if she kissed , be hated , be admire , have s * x , honestly the familiar from the system also * sigh * duno why i really don ' t like it ) but the romance is really too slow , it ' s good and make you want to read it , but just too slow . . . like really slow . .\nbut if frankel is as brilliant as he has looked , cecil will once more be a contender in the 2 , 000 guineas and the derby , matching strides with younger men with more horses in their yards , back at the top of his profession at the age of 67 . who wouldn ' t want to see that ?\n' ' he was the best - looking horse in the sale , ' ' o ' brien said in explaining the bidding war . as to whether any horse is really worth that sum , o ' brien said , ' ' that ' ll have to be proved , but it ' s quite possible he is . ' '\nthe west coast hope was my derby choice and i felt very strongly about this pick . best pal was owned by golden eagle farm and trained by ian jory and piloted by gary stevens . best pal was not thought to be one the best of many two years that golden eagle and owner john mabee had in 1990 but after winning 5 out of 6 he was a leader in the division although he flopped a bit in the breeders cup juvenile shipping to new york to face fly so free on his home track . best pal came back to win the hollywood futurity about a month later stamping himself as the best of the west . he had a curious training schedule to lead up to the derby . jory would give best pal only two starts before the derby and while that may sound like a normal schedule these days \u2013 and in fact is closer to the norm now \u2013 back in the early 90s that type of light racing was considered heresy to most . best pal would run third in the san rafael to dinard and then run second to the same horse in the santa anita derby but to my eye he was on the improve and i trusted jory to know his horse and liked his chances in the derby .\nthen i turned off the game , unsure whether i liked it , wondering if i would delete it later . the controls , features and details looked complex and not exactly user intuitive . the game was like a massive board game digitized inside my iphone . the war action wasn ' t as visceral as that found in clash of clans . this game featured dozens of buttons , legions of data points and several dashboards to analyze player , clan and kingdom performance .\nthe white hope ( 08g , geiger counter , star shower ) . 6 wins from 1200m to 1400m , a $ 122 , 300 , 1st brc 1300 go broncos h . , brc urban cellars h . , brc sirromet love my wine h . , brc blackwoods maiden h . , 2nd brc greenslopes private hospital h . , brc mount franklin lightly sparkling p . , ipswich tc joan dieckmann retirement h . , 3rd brc winning edge awards & designs h .\nhansel would turn the tables on his rivals in the preakness winning by a widening 7 lengths and then battle strike the gold in the belmont ultimately prevailing by a head after the grueling mile and a half . he was awarded the eclipse as best three - year - old colt and would be retired after a second place finish in the travers .\njeff wong : i grew up just outside of silicon valley in the east bay . i went to stanford . i spent some time in venture capital and then i spent almost ten years at ebay . and the last five years that i spent there , i built and ran something called the business incubation group . and the job there was to build new businesses for ebay . there was a nice , natural fit from what i was doing at ebay to what i do today at ey . the way i look at my team ' s job and my job specifically is that i ' m here to create \u201cnew . \u201d and i put quotes around create new , because that means everything from creating new services to creating new ways we should deliver those services , to looking at the way we do our old service in new ways , to thinking about how people and processes and business models need to change within the context of the environment .\nbring decades of unique experience and perspective to every situation . companies are made up of\npeople\n. and as a business owner or leader , you understand that when people have problems and challenges \u2013 it causes \u201cstress\u201d . an unhealthy amount of \u201cstress\u201d can shut someone down and be a tremendous drain of time , energy , resources and money . overwhelming evidence shows that\nstress\nat home and work creates employees , managers and even senior leadership to get sick and even take sick days when they aren ' t sick . productivity plummets , healthy conscious communication is undermined , moral declines , creativity comes to a screeching halt , etc . this can be devastating to your bottom line no matter what business you are in .\neven if this is just a novel ( a quite crappy one might i add ) , the mc declaring someone impotent ( in an official medical document ) just because she didn ' t like the guy was very low . it ' s done for comedic purposes , but that just plainly contradicts the mc ' s ' goal ' to be a great doctor .\nfor someone who has been a met fan since ' ' 68 i ' d rank them : 2009 1992 1974 1977 1991 as you said , the expectations were so high this year , and we had been in contention the last 3 years . to be out of it mid season , watching player after player go down , was just too sad for comment\u2026 .\na juvenile , juvenile turf , juvenile fillies , juvenile fillies turf and juvenile sprint winner has never returned to win a breeders ' cup race in subsequent years . never . zip . zilch . we ' re talking an 0 - for - 23 record . the streak looked primed to fall in 2012 given the strong chances of former juvenile fillies ' winners awesome feather and my miss aurelia in the distaff ladies ' classic . but at the end of the day the juvenile shutout remained intact .\nas to whether mr . scaramucci , who has no political background or experience , can translate in washington , he was fast to suggest that it would be a natural fit . \u201cironically , even though i\u2019m a wall streeter , i gravitated towards the communications , \u201d he said . \u201cif i didn\u2019t have so much financial anxiety , i wouldn\u2019t have gone towards wall street . \u201d\nit\u2019s still built largely on antiques , so we try to inhabit the space between ebay and christie\u2019s \u2014 \u00a350 to \u00a350 , 000 purchases . unlike most silicon valley companies , we are not trying to knock out the traditional industry but work with them . for me , that means travelling the country to meet the 600 auctioneers who pay to use the site , as well as using my experience from ebay and paypal to improve the customer experience on our sites . i also spend time building the team .\ni think maybe most administrations try to do this - - there was an attempt to control absolutely the message ,\nkelly said , reflecting .\nso in the defense , i would say , of both the congress and early on in the press , we did not have a forward - leaning posture . . . . i want to talk to the press and the hill about what my people do , and frankly , shame on us if someone like you writes an inaccurate story .\nceos have grown to understand that regardless of the business they are in , they are always in the people business . understanding they cannot afford to get that wrong , they have sought out a new and different type of hr leader . whether you are a ceo trying to build a world - class company , or someone trying to decide where they want to work , my message is a simple one \u2013 don\u2019t gloss over hr . whether you like it or not , people , culture and community matter ."]}
{"id": 243, "summary": [{"text": "stygobromus pecki is a rare species of crustacean known by the common name peck 's cave amphipod .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is endemic to texas in the united states , where lives in only two springs in comal county .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is a federally listed endangered species of the united states , and is listed as endangered on the iucn red list .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this amphipod , like many subterranean species , is eyeless and lacks pigment .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the amphipod is found in comal springs , which is owned by the city of new braunfels , texas , and hueco springs , which is privately owned .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "this species is threatened by the lowering water levels in the edwards aquifer , which feeds the springs in which it dwells .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the water in the aquifer has long been drained for human use , in irrigation , for example . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "stygobromus pecki", "paragraphs": ["stygobromus pecki is a rare species of crustacean known by the common name peck ' s cave amphipod . content licensed under creative commons attribution . source : urltoken\n59 . contribution to the knowledge of the amphipoda . revision of the genus stygobromus cope 1872 ( fam . gammaridae ) from north america\nbarr , c . b . 1993 . survey for two edwards aquifer invertebrates : comal springs dryopid beetle stygoparnus comalensis barr and spangler ( coleoptera : dryopidae ) and peck ' s cave amphipod stygobromus pecki holsinger ( amphipoda : crangonyctidae ) . prepared for u . s . fish and wildlife service . 70 pp .\n( of stygonectes pecki holsinger , 1967 ) karaman , g . s . ( 1974 ) . 59 . contribution to the knowledge of the amphipoda . revision of the genus stygobromus cope 1872 ( fam . gammaridae ) from north america . glasnik republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode . 7 : 97 - 125 . [ details ]\nthe first recorded specimen of the amphipod stygobromus ( = stygonectes ) pecki ( holsinger 1967 ) was collected by peck at comal springs in june 1964 . reddell collected a second specimen at the same place in may 1965 . in 1967 , holsinger named the species stygonectes pecki , in peck ' s honor , selecting the 1965 specimen as the type specimen . later he included all the nominal stygonectes species in the synonymy of the large genus stygobromus . the fws service used\ncave amphipod\nas a generic common name for members of this genus , and this name was simply transliterated as\npeck ' s cave amphipod\nwithout reference to a particular cave .\narsuffi , thomas l . 1993 . status of the comal springs riffle beetle ( heterelmis comalensis bosse , tuff , and brown ) , peck ' s cave amphipod ( stygobromus pecki holsinger ) , and the comal springs dryopid beetle ( stygoparnus comalensis barr and spangler ) . prepared for the u . s . fish and wildlife service . 25 pp .\n( of stygonectes pecki holsinger , 1967 ) holsinger j . r . ( 1967 ) . systematics , speciation , and distribution of the subterranean amphipod genus stygonectes ( gammaridae ) . united states national museum bulletin , 259 , 1 - 176 . [ details ]\nkaraman , g . s . ( 1974 ) . 59 . contribution to the knowledge of the amphipoda . revision of the genus stygobromus cope 1872 ( fam . gammaridae ) from north america . glasnik republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode . 7 : 97 - 125 . [ details ]\nlike all members of the exclusively subterranean genus stygobromus , this species is eyeless and unpigmented , indicating that its primary habitat is a zone of permanent darkness in the underground aquifer feeding the springs . above ground , individuals are easy prey for predators , but they usually take shelter in the rock and gravel crevices and may succeed in reentering the spring orifice . barr ( 1993 ) got most specimens in drift nets at spring orifices and found them less often as she moved downstream , supporting the notion that they may be easy prey and do not likely survive for long outside the aquifer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .\ndesignation of critical habitat for the peck ' s cave amphipod , comal springs dryopid beetle , and comal springs riffle beetle : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period and notice of availability of draft economic analysis .\nproposed revision of critical habitat for the comal springs dryopid beetle , comal springs riffle beetle , and peck ' s cave amphipod : proposed rule .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\ncomal springs aquatic ecosystem . primary habitat lies within the aquifer in permanent darkness . it has been collected at the comal springs and hueco springs orifices and in the panther canyon monitoring well , that is drilled into the edwards aquifer . when found outside of the aquifer , peck\u2019s cave amphipods are typically found in the crevices of rocks and in the gravel near spring orifices .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nfitzpatrick , j . f . , jr . 1983 . how to know the freshwater crustacea . wm . c . brown co . publishers . dubuque , iowa . 277 pp .\nholsinger , j . r . 1967 . systematics , speciation , and distribution of the subterranean amphipod genus stygonectes ( gammaridae ) . bull . u . s . nat . mus . 259 : 1 - 176 .\nholsinger , j . r . 1972 . biota of freshwater ecosystems , identification manual no . 5 : the freshwater amphipod crustaceans ( gammaridae ) of north america . environmental protection agency , washington , d . c . 89 pp .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwhats wrong with secretary kim \uc601\uc900\uc774 \uc7ac\ub2a5\uad50\uc721 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2c8 ? ( \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c . . . \ud558\uc9c0\ub9c8 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nlisted as endangered under u . s . endangered species act and on iucn red list ( 2002 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 249, "summary": [{"text": "lambula umbrina is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by rothschild in 1915 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is only known from the holotype , which was collected near the utakwa river in the snow mountains of papua . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "lambula umbrina", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for umbrina definition . you find here umbrina meaning , synonyms of umbrina and images for umbrina copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word umbrina . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word umbrina and , of course , umbrina synonyms and on the right images related to the word umbrina .\nhave a fact about lambula umbrina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for lambula umbrina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nmacaduma umbrina rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 46 ; tl : utakwa r . , 3000ft\nombre om\nbre , n . [ f . , of uncertain origin . ] ( zo [\no ] l . ) a large mediterranean food fish ( umbrina cirrhosa ) : - - called also umbra , and umbrine .\nlambula pleuroptycha turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 58\nlambula errata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 36\nlambula pallida ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 37\nlambula contigua rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula dampierensis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula hypolius rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula erema collenette , 1935 ; bull . bishop mus . 114 : 202 ; tl : hivaoa , feani summit , 3970ft\nlambula plumicornis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : manus , admiralty is .\nlambula melaleuca walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1890 ; tl : sula [ moluccas ]\nlambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula melaleuca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , f . 38 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula orbonella ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 ; [ nhm card ]\nstatus : only known by the holotype . similar to lambula bilineata but with dark hindwings . this might be a variation of bilineata and needs further investigation .\n= lambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavobrunnea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea , 5000 - 7000ft\nlambula castanea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\nlambula pallida hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 18 ; tl : borneo\nlambula laniafera hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 34 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur\nlambula plicata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 33 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur\nlambula bifasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , f . 68 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula bivittata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , f . 69 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula obliquilinea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 1 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nlambula phyllodes ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 36 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula pristina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula transcripta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 40 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula errata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 139 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock\nlambula punctifer hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 19 ; tl : new guinea , kapaur\nlambula agraphia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 17 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nlambula castanea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 , pl . 25 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavobrunnea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , pl . 25 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavogrisea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 447 , pl . 25 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula aethalocis hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , pl . 25 , f . 15 ; tl : br . n . guinea , angabunga r .\nlambula fuliginosa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 1e , 40 , 43\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nrothschild , l . w . , 1915 . lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea , macrolepidoptera : 148 pp . zoological museum , tring . strand , e . , 1922 . lepidopterorum catalogus 26 : arctiidae : subfam . lithosiinae : 501 - 899 . w . junk , berlin .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nscoliacma bivittata rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 215 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\npoliosia flavogrisea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 216 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\nlithosia fuliginosa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 106 ; tl : sarawak\npalaexera phyllodes meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 699 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nlarva on raphia australis dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 1 ) :\ntigriodes [ sic ] transcripta lucas , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1069 ; tl : brisbane\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nwalker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of lithosiini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :"]}
{"id": 255, "summary": [{"text": "the black-throated antbird ( myrmeciza atrothorax ) is a species of bird in the family thamnophilidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "black - throated antbird", "paragraphs": ["black - throated antbird ( myrmeciza atrothorax ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family .\nthe black - throated antbird is fairly common and widespread in amazonia where it is known to range up to 1000 m along the east slope of the andes . it also occurs in\n. the male black - throated antbird has rufous - brown upperparts . the wing coverts are rufous brown tipped with white dots forming wing bars . the head is gray . the throat , breast , and part of the belly are black bordered by gray ; but the extent of the black throat and breast is variable . the female has brown upperparts with poorly defined wing bars . the breast is bright rufous grading to gray towards the rest of the underparts . it forages in thickets and dense foliage at the edges of forest and along streams . it is similar to the\nzimmer , k . & isler , m . l . ( 2018 ) . black - throated antbird ( myrmophylax atrothorax ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 15 . 3 - 17 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 14 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nfeeling quite sick all morning so few recordings from this interesting , rather swampy lowland site , about half our drive down from sadiri lodge . along road to tuichi ? highpass 400 hz or so , suffering from crappy contact or crappy cable causing breaks ( and misery back at home ! ) , had nice recordings of this species but many lost . . . i do not use headphones with me sennheiser me66 . next time !\nmale ( first voice ) and female ( second voice ) inside a scrub at border of a fragment of gallery forest in a trasition area between ' cerrad\u00e3o ' ( cerrado forest ) and amazon forest ( amazon forest enclave ) . south limit of amazon forest . approximately 50 meters from the river . considered an adult by plumage . playback used . for the playback i used the voice i recorded before from the same individuals ( xc291227 ) . bird photographed . liliane seixas , ibc320793 . accessible at urltoken ( female ) and liliane seixas , ibc320794 . accessible at urltoken ( male ) .\nhumid primary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\npair responding to playback ; male was also photographed , and this recording was made with a canon 5d - iii slr camera . this species is inexplicably rare in ecuador , it was the first time i had found it in the country .\nid accurancy : 100 % . habitat : second growth lowland forest . code : 1076 . tascam dr 100 mkii with internal mic\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nform stictothorax ( lower r tapaj\u00f3s ) sometimes considered a race of present species or even a separate species , but recordings and specimens from near type locality suggest it is a plumage variant of race melanura , itself already highly variable ; proposed races obscurata ( e peru , w brazil ) and griseiventris ( w bolivia ) inseparable from melanura . five subspecies recognized .\n( meyer de schauensee , 1947 ) \u2013 c colombia ( meta , w guaviare ) .\n( boddaert , 1783 ) \u2013 s venezuela ( s bol\u00edvar , amazonas ) , extreme ec colombia ( guain\u00eda , vaup\u00e9s ) , the guianas and n amazonian brazil ( both banks of upper and e of lower r negro , e to amap\u00e1 ) .\n( j . t . zimmer , 1932 ) \u2013 n of amazon in e ecuador ( napo , pastaza ) , ne peru ( loreto ) and n brazil ( w of lower r negro ) .\n( taczanowski , 1882 ) \u2013 nc peru s of r mara\u00f1\u00f3n ( loreto w of r huallaga ) .\n( m\u00e9n\u00e9tries , 1835 ) \u2013 s of r amazon in e peru ( e of r huallaga ) , locally in w & c brazil ( upper regions of tributaries of r amazon and along lower r tapaj\u00f3s , and e to s par\u00e1 and sc mato grosso ) and n & c bolivia .\n13\u201314 cm ; 14\u201318 g . interscapular patch white . male nominate race has crown and upperparts dark yellowish olive - brown , becoming blackish on rump ; wing - coverts . . .\nloudsong a short series ( e . g . 9 notes , 1\u00b76 seconds ) of downslurred notes at about same pitch . . .\nfeeds on various insects and spiders , probably also on other arthropods ; frog fed to nestling . recorded prey in brazil include termites ( . . .\nnest found in apr in french guiana ( details previously unpublished ) ; adult carrying nest material in jul in s peru ; fledgling seen in dec . . .\nnot globally threatened . fairly common throughout its extensive range . numerous formally protected areas exist within regions occupied by this species , and in virtually every . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to internal clarification of family and its division into two subfamilies , thamnophilinae and myrmornithinae ; subsequent work has erected a third , euchrepomidinae ( see below , euchrepomis ) .\nrecent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to distribution of taxa included herein into five tribes , microrhopiini , formicivorini , thamnophilini , pithyini and pyriglenini .\ntraditionally included in myrmeciza ( which see ) , but recently resurrected # r . see also myrmorchilus .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nmyrmophylax atrothorax atrothorax : e colombia to s venezuela , the guianas and n amaz . brazil\nmyrmophylax atrothorax tenebrosa : e ecuador n of r . amazon , ne peru and n brazil\nmyrmophylax atrothorax maynana : n - cent . peru ( south of r\u00edo mara\u00f1\u00f3n and west of r\u00edo huallaga )\nmyrmophylax atrothorax [ melanura , obscurata and griseiventris ] : e peru s of r . amazon to n bolivia and w and central brazil\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 263 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nbut is distinguished by a larger size and habitat use in dense forest edges and second growth .\n) , j . t . zimmer , 1932 . n of amazon in e ecuador ( napo , pastaza ) , ne peru ( loreto ) and n brazil ( w of lower r negro ) .\n) , taczamowski , 1882 . nc peru s of r mara\u00f1\u00f3n ( loreto w of r huallaga ) .\n) , ( m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1835 ) . s of r amazon in e peru ( e of r huallaga ) , locally in w & c brazil ( upper regions of tributaries of r amazon and along lower r tapaj\u00f3s , and e to s par\u00e1 and sc mato grosso ) and n & c bolivia .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\ncontinuing where i left off in describing our mitu adventure . ( read this prior post to get caught up to speed ! ) each evening after a long day in the field , we would discuss with nacho our plan for the following day . ross hoped to visit pueblo nuevo again but was told we couldn\u2019t travel that far \u2026\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nmadagascar \u2013 bemanevika \u2013 the best day of birding of our lives ( seriously . )"]}
{"id": 256, "summary": [{"text": "the viceroy ( limenitis archippus ) is a north american butterfly that ranges through most of the contiguous united states as well as parts of canada and mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the westernmost portion of its range extends from the northwest territories along the eastern edges of the cascade range and sierra nevada mountains , southwards into central mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its easternmost range extends along the atlantic and gulf coasts of north america from nova scotia into texas .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the viceroy was named the state butterfly of kentucky in 1990 . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "viceroy ( butterfly )", "paragraphs": ["watch the monarch butterfly and the viceroy butterfly fly , if possible . viceroy butterflies do not glide as smoothly as monarch butterflies .\nexamine the outstretched wings of both the monarch butterfly and the viceroy butterfly . the viceroy butterfly\u2019s wings are smaller than the monarch butterfly\u2019s wings . viceroy butterfly wings range between 2 \u00bd and 3 3 / 8 inches . monarch butterfly wings range between 3 3 / 8 and 4 7 / 8 inches .\nthe viceroy butterfly , ( basilarchia archippus , ) was chosen as kentucky state butterfly on july 13 , 1990 partly because of its striking resemblance to a large and better known species the monarch butterfly . the difference between the two is that the monarch butterfly is poisonous and the viceroy butterfly is not . the birds still will not eat the viceroy butterfly because it looks so much like the monarch butterfly .\nritland db , brower lp . the viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic .\nthe mimicry of viceroy butterfly ( nonpoisonous ) seized biologists \u2019 attentions widely because in all metamorphosis stages of viceroy mimic something .\nthe viceroy butterfly is unpalatable and is known to upset the stomach of its predators .\nviceroy butterfly the garden club of kentucky , the garden club of kentucky , 2004 .\nperhaps they couldn ' t remember the name of the viceroy butterfly , and my article reminded them .\nan adult viceroy butterfly exhibits a further complex form of defensive mimicry . this behavior of the viceroy is yet to be understood completely . the viceroy butterfly exhibits physical resemblance to three species of genus danaus . the physical appearance of the viceroy butterfly changes dramatically according to the species with which it shares their habitat . monarch , queen and soldier are the three closely related butterflies that share its physical characteristics with the viceroy .\nbutterfly host plants are important when you create your butterfly garden to provide a site for the butterfly to lay eggs and also food source for the emerging caterpillar .\nthe law designating the viceroy butterfly as the official kentucky state butterfly is found in the kentucky revised statutes , title 1 , chapter 2 , section 2 . 083 .\nevolution of viceroy butterfly resembling monarch butterfly in appearance and in same geographical areas of north american continent could be termed as an example of mimicry and co - evolution .\nthe viceroy caterpillars can trick its predators . it can do this because it looks like bird droppings . the viceroy butterfly eats willows , poplars , and aspen leaves .\nritland db , brower lp ( 1991a ) the viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic . nature 350 : 497\u2013498\nritland db , brower lp ( 1991b ) the viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic . nature 350 : 497\u2013498\nthe viceroy butterfly lives in meadows , marshes and swamps and other wet areas with willow , aspen and poplar trees .\nresearch exposes myth on butterfly coloring : evolution : century - old belief is discredited . it held that viceroy butterfly avoids being eaten by mimicking coloration of two kinds that birds dislike .\nour butterfly information is constantly growing as we add new posts . here you can find information on butterfly life stages as well as info on raising butterflies , butterfly gardening , overwintering and more . please contact us if you have suggestions on helpful butterfly topics !\nresearch exposes myth on butterfly coloring : evolution : century - old belief is discredited . it held that viceroy butterfly avoids being eaten by mimicking coloration of two kinds that birds dislike . - latimes\nritland db , brower lp . 1991 . the viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic . nature 350 : 497 - 498 .\nritland db ( 1991a ) ecological dynamics of viceroy butterfly mimicry in florida . ph . d . dissertation , university of florida , gainesville\nthe viceroy butterfly ( limenitis archippus ) is nearly identical to the monarch butterfly . it has orange - brown wings with dark black veins . a black line across the hindwing distinguishes it from the monarch .\nplease note , that a mimic ( in this case viceroy butterfly ) can derive advantage of its anti - predator adaptation only when it is outnumbered by the model ( monarch butterfly ) in the area .\nadult viceroy butterflies feed on fruit , flowers , and other available food . this viceroy is drinking the bubbles from a spittle bug .\nhatter , kathryn .\nhow to tell the difference between a monarch & a viceroy butterfly .\nsciencing , urltoken 24 april 2017 .\nhatter , kathryn .\nhow to tell the difference between a monarch & a viceroy butterfly\nlast modified april 24 , 2017 . urltoken\nthe viceroy caterpillar eats the leaves of willow and poplar trees . the viceroy butterfly eats dung , carrion , fungi , and the nectar of flowers from the asteraceae family like golden rod , thistles , and asters .\ncaterpillars strongly resemble red spotted purple butterfly caterpillars . viceroy caterpillars have more spikes on their bumps and their tubercles on their thorax are slightly different .\nthe viceroy butterfly - one of god ' s of little folk frank l . hoffman , northern prairie wildlife research center , 11 feb 2009 .\nwings the coloring and pattern of monarch and viceroy wings look nearly identical . however , a viceroy has a black line crossing the postmedian hindwing .\nthe viceroy is found in most of the continental united states and in southern canada and northern mexico . the viceroy is found throughout new hampshire .\nthe viceroy butterfly is dark orange with black veins . a row of white spots edge its wings . its color and pattern mimics the monarch butterfly ' s pattern except for a black horizontal stripe that crosses the bottom of its back wings . the viceroy caterpillar is white and olive - brown .\nthe viceroy butterfly ( see brush - footed butterfly ) and the monarch share similar coloration . indeed , like the monarch , the viceroy is unpalatable to some of its predators . hence , it is believed that the two noxious organisms resemble one another as a form of defense against predators and that\u2026\nby benny mazur from toledo , oh ( a viceroy butterfly uploaded by berichard ) [ cc - by - 2 . 0 ] , via wikimedia commons\nremarks : this butterfly is famous for its mimicry of the distasteful monarch ( danaus plexippus ) . by imitating a butterfly that repels predators , the viceroy is less likely to be attacked . both species have similar ranges in canada .\nhatter , kathryn . ( 2017 , april 24 ) . how to tell the difference between a monarch & a viceroy butterfly . sciencing . retrieved from urltoken\nlastly , the adult viceroy mimics the monarch butterfly . the milkweed that the monarch butterfly feeds on as larva contains cardiac glycosids , meaning heart poisons , causing the adult to be unpalatable . birds avoid both of viceroy and monarch because they look so much alike . female monarchs are considered to have more glycosids than males . [ 24 ] however , recent studies indicate that the viceroy is also inedible , giving each butterfly twice the protection from predators . [ 25 ]\nviceroy forms occasional natural hybrids with the red spotted purple , limenitis astyanax . immature stages of the latter species are very similar to these of the viceroy .\nonly 1 or 2 butterfly eggs out of 100 live to become adult butterflies .\nbrower lp , glazier sc . localization of heart poisons in the monarch butterfly .\nheliconius genome consortium . butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species .\nlimenitis a . floridensis : l . a . floridensis or the florida viceroy is spread throughout florida and southern georgia . its wings are darker and it can grow larger than the eastern viceroy . its physical appearance closely resembles the queen butterfly ; but unlike the queen , the viceroy has a black line on its hind wings .\nit was voted as the kentucky state butterfly on july 13th in the year 1990 .\nsmith das , owen df . colour genes as markers for migratory activity : the butterfly\nbirds are main predators to the viceroy butterfly . since the eggs of viceroy are laid at the tip of the leaves , the predators have hard time finding them . caterpillars , as well as chrysalis , begin to resemble bird\u2019s dropping , which gives them protection . as they grow mature , they bear a resemblance to the monarch butterfly , known as poisonous butterfly . thus , the birds avoid eating both of them . [ 22 ]\nviceroy butterfly is a mimic of monarch butterfly , which could be termed a model . monarchs are slightly larger and distasteful for birds feeding on them . they are migratory and spend the winter in mexico or california , but travels north towards canada in warmer temperatures .\ntitle i - sovereignty and jurisdiction of the commonwealth . chapter 2 - citizenship , emblems , holidays , and time . 2 . 083 state butterfly . the viceroy butterfly is named and designated as the state butterfly . effective : july 13 , 1990 history : created 1990 ky . acts ch . 78 , sec . 1 , effective july 13 , 1990 .\nthe butterfly lab the peggy notebaert nature museum , the peggy notebaert nature museum , date .\nurquhart fa ( 1987 ) the monarch butterfly : international traveler . nelson - hall , chicago\nclark sh , platt ap . 1969 . influence of photoperiod on development and larval diapause in the viceroy butterfly , limenitis archippus . journal of insect physiology 15 : 1951 - 1957 .\nviceroy butterfly accomplishes complete metamorphosis , involving four stages of egg , larva , pupa , and adult . mating regularly occurs from april to september . they practice fertilization in the afternoon .\n, because it provides a very clear alternative cause for avoiding the viceroy : that butterfly is poisonous as well , and is to be avoided on its own merits . this certainly makes it less likely that the general avoidance of the viceroy is based on its resemblance to the monarch .\nplant good nectar sources in the sun - your key butterfly nectar source plants should receive full sun from mid - morning to mid - afternoon . butterfly adults generally feed only in the sun . if sun is limited in your landscape , try adding butterfly nectar sources to the vegetable garden .\nbutterfly eggs near the point of hatching ) ( gilbert 1975 in pasteur 1982 , 186 ) .\nurquhart fa , urquhart nr . autumnal migration routes of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly (\nfirst , the eggs of viceroy have a resemblance of insect galls that affect the host plants .\nspecies limenitis archippus - viceroy troy bartlett , iowa state university entomology , 16 february , 2004 .\nlimenitis a . obsoleta : also known as the arizona viceroy , this subspecies is found mainly in arizona and in parts of california and utah . the black lining on the hind wing is a little edgy with small white spots along the line . out of all the viceroy subspecies , the limenitis a . obsoleta population faces tremendous habitat loss due to human activity in the viceroy butterfly range .\nthe viceroy ( basilarchia archippus or limenitis archippus ) is known for its mimetic relationship with the monarch butterfly ( danaus plexippus ) . the two species resemble one another in their coloration , and both are distasteful to predators . viceroy larvae feed on willow , aspen , and poplar foliage and retain in\u2026\nat all stages , the viceroy exhibits a mimicking behavior to avoid predators . the eggs of the viceroy resemble insect galls to deceive predators . the hatched viceroy caterpillars resemble bird droppings and also secrete salicylic acid , which makes them bitter in taste and upsetting to the predator\u2019s stomach . due to their appearance and taste , most predators avoid the caterpillar , allowing it to grow into an adult butterfly .\nthe viceroy butterfly is a brush - footed butterfly . brush - footed butterflies have tiny , hairy forelegs that look more like brushes than feet and are not used for walking . it is dark orange with black veins . a row of white spots edge its wings . its color and pattern mimics the\nthe monarch butterfly west virginia division of natural resources , west virginia division of natural resources , 2003 .\nstimson js , kasuya m . decline in the frequency of the white morph of the monarch butterfly (\nsauman i , et al . connecting the navigational clock to sun compass input in monarch butterfly brain .\nstimson j , kasuya m . decline in the frequency of the white morph of the monarch butterfly (\nabundance : the viceroy is common in most parts of its canadian range , particularly in the south .\nthe viceroy butterfly prefers shrubby habitat , usually found nearby a water source or swamp land . they are found mainly in north america and in parts of mexico and southern canada . they are diurnal with complete activity during the day time . adult viceroy butterflies feed on nectar from flowers and can be often found on milkweed and thistles . caterpillars of the viceroy eat leaves of trees and shrubs like willows and cottonwood .\nfor a long time it believed that the viceroy is not at all harmful to its predators , and so it mimics unpalatable butterflies like the monarch and the queen . on the basis of this conclusion , early biologists believed that the behavior can be termed as batesian mimicry , where one harmless species mimics the other harmful one to deceive the predators . however , later studies conducted extensively on the queen , monarch butterfly and viceroy butterfly , gave contradictory conclusions . researchers found that the viceroy butterfly itself is quite unpalatable to its predators , and the mimicking behavior cannot be termed as batesian as none of the butterflies were dependant parasitically on each other . based on this , biologists suggested that viceroy butterfly mimicry is a better example of m\u00fcllerian mimicry , where different species with similar needs , mimic each other for easier survival . simply , any bird that has once tasted a monarch , queen or viceroy , tends to avoid all butterflies with similar appearances .\nobviously , viceroy derives huge benefit by becoming the mimic of distateful monarch . birds in the area have rejected viceroy types as well from the list of insects on which they can feast , along with monarchs .\nturner jrg ( 1977 ) butterfly mimicry : the genetical evolution of an adaptation . evol biol 10 : 163\u2013206\nreichstein t , von euw j , parsons ja , rothschild m . heart poisons in the monarch butterfly .\nanother aspect of monarch biology that has attracted attention is their bold warning coloration . the monarch butterfly , like\ndingle h , zalucki mp , rochester wa , armijo - prewitt t . distribution of the monarch butterfly ,\nniitepold k , et al . flight metabolic rate and pgi genotype influence butterfly dispersal rate in the field .\nreichstein t , von euw j , parsons ja , rothschild m . heart poisons in the monarch butterfly .\nthe scientific community is divided on whether the viceroy is a batesian mimic ( a butterfly that is palatable , but mimics an unpalatable species to avoid predation ) or a mullerian mimic ( a mimicry involving two unpalatable species ) . a recent study has shown the viceroy is less palatable than either of the species it mimics , the monarch and queen butterflies , meaning those species most likely benefit more from the mimicry than the viceroy .\nthe viceroy can be found in most of the continental united states and in southern canada and northern mexico .\nthe viceroy ranges from central canada through the eastern united states , into the cascade mountains and northern mexico .\nritland and brower\u2019s thinking about the relationship between the viceroy and the monarch was revolutionary , and their work gained support from subsequent research on the toxic compounds stored in the bodies of the monarch and viceroy . in fact , recent studies have revealed that when stressed the viceroy releases volatile phenolic glycosides , which deter predator attack .\ngood examples here for butterflies would be the monarch ( 1st pic ) and viceroy ( 2nd pic ) .\nfor a long time folks thought that the monarch was poisonous and the viceroy was not , and that the viceroy ' s monarch - like coloring tricked predators into avoiding it unnecessarily . it ' s now believed that\nlook carefully at the black markings on the wings of both butterflies . both butterflies have forewings and hindwings . the hindwings ( the lower set of wings ) of a monarch butterfly have stripes extending down from the top of the wings . a viceroy butterfly has similar stripes extending down the hindwings , except the viceroy\u2019s hindwings also have a horizontal black stripe going across each hindwing . this horizontal stripe is the most significant difference between viceroys and monarchs .\nbrower lp , glazier sc ( 1975 ) localization of heart poisons in the monarch butterfly . science 188 : 19\u201325\nfroy o , gotter al , casselman al , reppert sm . illuminating the circadian clock in monarch butterfly migration .\nto their surprise , the researchers found that the monarch and the viceroy butterflies were equally distasteful to the birds and that the queen butterfly - - supposedly the object of mimicry - - actually tasted better than the other two .\nmale viceroy butterflies are territorial . they perch on some object near a willow tree and wait for a female to enter their range of vision . anything that enters the territory is investigated . if it is a female viceroy , he will try to mate with her . if it is not a viceroy , he will try to chase it off . on rare occasions , cross mating between viceroy and red - spotted purple butterflies occurs . it is said that in those occasions , it is normally the male red - spotted purple that mates with the female viceroy\nat one time viceroy butterflies were considered batesian mimics , appearing like a poisonous foul - tasting ( to some predators ) monarch butterfly . in recent years , it has been discovered that viceroy butterflies are also poisonous . now they are considered mullerian mimics . mullerian mimics are two or more species that resemble each other and both are poisonous .\nguilford t ( 1991 ) is the viceroy a batesian mimic ? ( scientific correspondence ) . nature 351 : 611\nritland db , brower lp ( 1991b ) mimicry and viceroy butterflies ( scientific correspondence ) . nature 353 : 24\nrothschild m ( 1991 ) is the viceroy a batesian mimic ? ( scientific correspondence ) . nature 351 : 611\u2013612\nmost people recognize the striking bright orange - and - black contrasts of a monarch butterfly . these beautiful butterflies are a common sight in many areas as they flit from flower to flower during the summer . viceroy butterflies also have bright orange and black colors and look almost identical to the monarch butterfly . the viceroy butterfly benefits from looking like a monarch butterfly , because many predators avoid eating monarchs because of the milkweed that they eat . because viceroys are mistaken for monarchs , they can escape the appetites of these predators as well . there are subtle differences between monarchs and viceroys ; however , and an eye to the minute detail will enable anyone to tell the difference between the two butterflies .\nthe long - held notion that the tasty viceroy butterfly escapes being eaten by birds by mimicking the coloration of foul - tasting monarch and queen butterflies has been overturned by two florida biologists who tested the century - old belief experimentally .\nmitikka v , hanski i . pgi genotype influences flight metabolism at the expanding range margin of the european map butterfly .\nheliconius genome consortium . butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species . nature 487 , 94\u201398 ( 2012 )\nanswer choice ( b ) : this answer choice deals with the level of protection toxicity provides to each individual butterfly . since it clearly does not deal with the question of why the viceroy is avoided , this answer choice is incorrect .\nthe butterfly\u2019s wing patterns and colors act to warn birds away . this strategy is known as aposematic coloration , and it\u2019s so effective that species with non - toxic wings\u2014notably viceroy butterflies\u2014imitate the monarch\u2019s coloration to ward off avian predators . this imitation , in turn , is so effective that it landed a picture of a viceroy butterfly , instead of the intended monarch , on the 50 - peso banknote issued by the mexican government in 2004 . the banknote was replaced in 2012 .\nviceroy butterflies look like monarchs to the untrained observer . how can you be sure which species you ' re seeing ?\nyou will not see an adult viceroy where you live until about 15 days after willow or poplar leaves have emerged .\n. the monarch butterfly shown on the left and the viceroy butterfly shown on the right will make animals sick or taste very bad if they are eaten . when two unpalatable species resemble each other , they reinforce avoidance by predators by increasing the frequency of unfavorable encounters . the predators learn faster , and fewer butterflies of both species are eaten during the learning process .\nthe viceroy butterfly , scientifically known as the limenitis archippus , is a species from the largest family of butterflies , known as nymphalidae . this family consists of over 6000 species of butterflies , scattered all across the world . the viceroy butterfly got its name due to its appearance , which is very similar to a larger species known as the monarch butterfly . it was long believed that the limenitis archippus was mimicking the more powerful monarch , and thus the name , \u201cviceroy\u201d . the black stripes on the bright orange viceroy butterflies\u2019 wings are actually veins , connecting with each other at the bottom of the hindwing . their appearance and size are very similar to monarch butterflies , but the latter lacks a black horizontal marking on its second pair of wings . viceroy butterflies are a little smaller than monarch butterflies . it can grow up to a wingspan of 6 to 8 centimeters in its lifetime and weight up to 0 . 65 grams . there is little to no visible differences between the male and female viceroy butterflies . however , when seen together the larger size of the female can be noticed easily .\nyou can see photos of the entire process of a monarch butterfly emerging from its chrysalis at photo story provided by linda .\nthe butterfly waits until its wings stiffen and dry before it flies away to start the cycle of life all over again .\nsee the article\nthe genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning coloration\nin nature , volume 514 on page 317 .\nthe viceroy butterfly possesses orange wings ( two fore and hind wings ) with black veins and white spots edging the wings . in each segment of both wings , there are also white specks in the outer black border . they mimic the monarch butterfly , however , they can be distinguished by a black stripe that runs horizontally in their hind wings . the undersides of the viceroy\u2019s wings are fairly comparable to the uppermost side while the monarch\u2019s underside is much paler . the viceroy has a plenty of wing power , having a wingspan ranging from 2 . 75 to 3 inches ( 7 to 7 . 5 cm ) . [ 7 ]\nbut the actual palatability ( or the lack thereof ) of the viceroy had never really been tested directly , until ritland and brower\u2019s study . they decided to compare the palatability of the viceroy and monarch by feeding birds only the insects\u2019 wingless abdomens , which prevented the birds from determining palatability based on the butterflies\u2019 coloration . the researchers found that neither butterfly appealed to the avian palate .\nmost predators have learned that the monarch butterfly makes a poisonous snack . the toxins from the monarch ' s milkweed diet have given the butterfly this defense . in either the caterpillar or butterfly stage the monarch needs no camouflage because it takes in toxins from the milkweed and is poisonous to predators . many animals advertise their poisonous nature with bright colors . . . just like the monarch !\nzhan s , merlin c , boore jl , reppert sm . the monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long - distance migration .\nviceroy butterflies live in a habitat filled with predators ; birds , frogs , spiders and small snakes can easily prey on a viceroy butterfly in the shrubs . however , the viceroy is not completely defenceless . the cottonwood and willow diet of the caterpillars make the adult unpalatable for most of its predators . it also uses its bright orange color to warn the predators about its upsetting feature . they are spread across the north american continent by adapting according to the local conditions and thus on a longer term forming subspecies .\nhost plants for viceroy butterflies include : willow , poplars , and cottonwoods . we raise them on carolina willow and black willow .\nthe name \u201cviceroy\u201d was given to it due to its mimetic relationship with three other species named as monarch , queen and soldier .\nlimenitis archippus viceroy opler , paul a . and krizek , george o . butterflies , he john hopkins university press , 1984 .\nexperimental studies of mimicry in some north american butterflies . 1 . the monarch , danaus plexippus , and viceroy , limenitis archippus archippus\nthe family butterfly book is easy to read with alot of practical advice for raising butterflies while the butterflies of the east coast book is a bit more scientific but is a great reference book for east coast butterflies as well as having alot of general butterfly information .\nriley tj ( 1993 ) spring migration and oviposition of the monarch butterfly in louisiana . in : malcolm sb , zalucki mp ( eds ) biology and conservation of the monarch butterfly ( contributions in science ) . natural history museum of los angeles county , pp 269\u2013273\nin areas of the viceroy ' s range where monarchs are common , the viceroy tends to mimic the pattern of the monarch ( danaaus plexippus ) with black striping and orange areas similar to a monarch . the viceroy can be distinguished from the monarch , however , by one row of white spots within the black fore and hind wing bands . in areas inhabited by the queen ( danaus glippus ) , the white spotting of the viceroy becomes less noticeable , and the orange coloration is replaced by a deep mahogany brown .\nsee commentary\nexploring the molecular basis of monarch butterfly color pattern variation\nin pigment cell melanoma res , volume 28 on page 127 .\nso , we may say that by mimicking a distasteful butterfly , few viceroy butterflies in the population initially achieved anti - predator adaptation probably millions of years ago . predators avoid monarch , and they mistakenly avoid viceroys for being similar in appearance . so mimics survived and flourished continuously .\nthe monarch butterfly is sometimes called the\nmilkweed butterfly\nbecause its larvae eat the plant . in fact , milkweed is the only thing the larvae can eat ! if you ' d like to attract monarchs to your garden , you can try planting milkweed ( if you live in the right area ) . you can purchase milkweed seed online from butterfly encounters ( close window when done purchasing to return to this screen )\nmalcolm sb , cockrell bj , brower lp ( 1987 ) monarch butterfly voltinism : effects of temperature constraints at different latitudes . oikos 49 : 77\u201382\nlimenitis archippus is commonly known as\nviceroy\nbecause it is similar but smaller than a monarch butterfly . however , it is only distantly related to monarchs and other milkweed butterflies of the subfamily danainae . the mimetic relationship between north american milkweed butterflies and the viceroy was shown to be m\u00fcllerian , meaning that both species are unpalatable and hence contribute to each others ' protection from birds ( ritland 1991 , ritland & brower 1991 ) .\npattern , except for a black horizontal stripe that crosses the bottom of its back wings . the viceroy caterpillar is white and olive - brown .\nthe rate of viceroy development will depend on spring temperatures . temperatures control how early leaf - out occurs , how quickly the leaves grow , how quickly the caterpillars grow , the chysalis develops and the adult butterfly emerges . development proceeds more slowly in cooler temperatures and more quickly in warmer temperatures .\nkoch pb , lorenz u , brakefield pm , ffrench - constant rh . butterfly wing pattern mutants : developmental heterochrony and co - ordinately regulated phenotypes .\nanswer choice ( e ) : this has nothing to do with the question of why predators avoid the viceroy , so this answer choice is incorrect .\nritland , david b . and brower , linccoln p .\nthe viceroy is not a batesian mimic\n. nature . vol . 350 , 1991 .\nniitepold k , mattila alk , harrison pj , hanski i . flight metabolic rate has contrasting effects on dispersal in the two sexes of the glanville fritillary butterfly .\nin all life stages the viceroy mimics something . the eggs resemble insect galls that affect the host plants . the caterpillars resemble bird droppings . they roll bits of leaf material to hang near them as a distraction . older caterpillars look formidable with its tubercles . even the overwintering caterpillar rolls up in a leaf tip to hide from predators . because the adults resemble monarch butterflies , they are often bypassed for other prey . the viceroy was voted the kentucky state butterfly in 1990 .\nflight viceroy flight is faster and more erratic . monarch flight is float - like in comparison , with its characteristic\nflap , flap , glide\npattern .\nthe monarch and viceroy butterflies were believed to be exhibiting batesian mimicry for a very long time ; the monarch was thought to be the harmful one . however , studies have shown that the viceroy is actually just as unpalatable as the monarch , sometimes even more . thus , it is now proven that they exhibit m\u00fcllerian mimicry .\nthe wing span of the adult ranges from 2 1 / 2 to 3 3 / 8 inches ( 6 . 3 to 8 . 6 cm ) . the viceroy is a very distinct butterfly for its genus , but can be confused with monarchs , queens , and soldiers , which it mimics in different parts of its range .\nmalcolm sb , cockrell bj , brower lp ( 1993 ) spring recolonization of eastern north america by the monarch butterfly : successive brood or single sweep migration ? in : malcolm sb , zalucki mp ( eds ) biology and conservation of the monarch butterfly , ( contributions in science ) . natural history museum of los angeles county , pp 253\u2013267\nviceroy butterflies ( limenitis archippus ) are found in all of the mainland united states and in canada . they are normally found in moist areas , where willow grows .\n. the viceroy appears to be the most ancestral of the north american species contrary to previous speculation . most interestingly , the non - mimetic white - banded admiral (\nlimenitis a . lahontani : these are paler in color and are found mainly in utah and northeastern nevada . hence , they are also widely known as the nevada viceroy .\nlimenitis archippus watsoni : this subspecies is also known as watson\u2019s gulf coast viceroy . their only visible physical difference is that their forewings are slightly darker than the hind wings .\nthe pupa resembles a waxy , jade vase and becomes increasingly transparent as the process progresses . the caterpillar completes the miraculous transformation into a beautiful adult butterfly in about two weeks .\nvane - wright ri . the columbus hypothesis : an explanation for the dramatic 19th century range expansion of the monarch butterfly . in : malcolm sb , zalucki mp , editors .\nviceroy butterflies are solitary diurnal creatures that are active only in the late mornings and afternoons . they use a typical perch and patrol behavior , in order to find food and females in its territory . during the day time a male can be seen flying for up to 20 metres and then resting on low vegetation or on the ground . this viceroy butterfly behavior allows them to hold a larger territory despite their small size . in mating season , a male can mate multiple times in an effort to ensure the survival of his genes .\nperhaps no species of butterfly has developed a more complete system of mimetic survival than has the viceroy . as an egg , it resembles a tiny plant gall ; as both larva and pupa it bears a striking resemblance to a bird dropping ; as an adult it is shunned as food by birds because of its similarity to the monarch ( see notes ) .\nritland and brower\u2019s research , which was published in 1991 in the journal nature , suggested that the viceroy , like the monarch , was unappetizing to its predators and that its bright coloration warned its predators of this . moreover , the study indicated that the mimetic relationship between the viceroy and the monarch was extraordinarily complex , far more so than was widely believed .\n; nymphalidae ) represent a well - known monophyletic assemblage consisting of four species and numerous sub - species . this clade has been of general biological interest for more than 100 years , primarily within the context of the evolution of mimicry . three species are involved in a mimetic relationship with three different models belonging to three different butterfly sub - families . the viceroy (\nseveral synonyms have been described , among which are disippe , pseudodorippus , rubidus , and others . see the viceroy pages on the butterflies of america web site for a complete listing .\nthe viceroy , long considered a palatable mimic of the unpalatable milkweed butterflies , the monarch and the queen , has recently been shown to be unpalatable itself ( ritland and brower , 1991 ) . in fact , experiments have shown the viceroy to be as unpalatable as the monarch and significantly less palatable than the queen . this implies that the viceroy is not a batesian mimic ( unpalatable model , palatable mimic ) , but rather a mullerian co mimic ( multiple unpalatable co models ) of the monarch and queen . some viceroys synthesize their own toxins .\nas with many causal weaken questions , here we should probably seek a different explanation\u2014most likely an alternative cause for avoidance of the viceroy ( other than its resemblance to the monarch ) .\ngod created the viceroy butterfly on the sixth day ( however , it could be on fifth day , depending on whether you consider it as a flying creature or a land creature ) , on the same day as the humans were created , according to genesis 1 : 31 . god saw all that he had made , and it was very good . [ 6 ]\nhong jw , platt ap . 1975 . critical photoperiod and daylength threshold differences between northern and southern populations of the butterfly limenitis archippus . journal of insect physiology 21 : 1159 - 1165 .\nvane - wright ri . biology and conservation of the monarch butterfly . in : malcolm sb , zalucki mp , editors . natural history museum of la ; 1993 . pp . 179\u2013187 .\nfigure 11 . prepupa of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nfigure 12 . pupa of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nthe viceroy is a strong flier ; it has a wingspan of 2 . 75 to 3 inches ( 7 to 7 . 5 cm ) . it has a black , fuzzy body .\ndinwiddie a , null r , pizzano m , chuong l , leigh krup a , ee tan h , patel nh . dynamics of f - actin prefigure the structure of butterfly wing scales .\nbut bates never studied the classical example of batesian mimicry that is used in virtually every introductory biology text , the viceroy and monarch butterflies . in fact , until recently , no one did .\nfossil records of insects like butterflies and moths have allowed us to largely understand the formation of the earth and its other beings . it is speculated that the first insects may have appeared on the phase of earth approximately 350 million years ago . the earliest known fossil of the butterfly was found in north america and was estimated to be approximately 40 - 50 million years old . the well - preserved fossil provided valuable information on the development of butterflies . the butterfly was named prodryas persephone and was classified under the large family nymphalidae which also consists the modern butterflies like the viceroy and monarch .\nbutterfly larvae have evolved enzymes which break down these toxins , allowing them to specialize on this genus . this has created further selection pressure on the host plants , which have evolved stipules that mimic mature\nchemical warfare a matter of life and death for antarctic animals : ecology : defenseless sea butterfly , sponges and snails contain chemicals making them unpalatable to hungry predators . researchers tell hopes for new medicines .\nthe viceroy and monarch were once thought to exhibit batesian mimicry where a harmless species mimics a toxic species . studies conducted in the early 1990 ' s suggest that the viceroy and the monarch are actually examples of mullerian mimicry where two equally toxic species mimic each other to the benefit of each . just goes to show you there ' s always something new to discover in the natural world !\nunderstanding the dynamics of defensive mimicry requires accurately characterizing the comparative palatability of putative models and mimics . the florida viceroy butterfly ( limenitis archippus floridensis ) is traditionally considered a palatable batesian mimic of the purportedly distasteful florida queen ( danaus gilippus berenice ) . i re - evaluated this established hypothesis by directly assessing palatability of viceroys and queens to red - winged blackbirds in a laboratory experiment . representative florida viceroys were surprisingly unpalatable to red - wings ; only 40 % of viceroy abdomens were entirely eaten ( compared to 98 % of control butterfly abdomens ) , and nearly one - third were immediately tasterejected after a single peck . in fact , the viceroys were significantly more unpalatable than representative florida queens , of which 65 % were eaten and 14 % taste - rejected . thus , viceroys and queens from the sampled populations exemplify m\u00fcllerian rather than batesian mimicry , and the viceroy appears to be the stronger model . these findings prompt a reassessment of the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of this classic mimicry relationship .\nthe viceroy mates in the afternoon . the female lays her eggs on the tips of the leaves of poplars and willows . there are usually two or three generations of viceroys born each breeding season .\nopler , pa , lotts k , naberhaus t . ( 2009 ) . viceroy , limenitis archippus ( cramer , 1776 ) . butterflies and moths of north america . ( 15 august 2015 ) .\nanother fundamental difference between viceroys and monarchs is that monarch butterflies migrate each autumn . viceroy butterflies do not migrate . they spend winter months keeping warm in a rolled - up poplar or willow leaf .\nconsidered a monarch look - alike , in the north viceroy butterflies are more orange , similar to monarch butterflies . in the south , they are more rusty in color , similar to queen butterflies .\nessentially , we are not told that predators do not prey on monarchs as a result of the monarch ' s toxicity , so i did not realize quickly enough that i was to choose an answer that took this connection for granted , while also addressing a flaw in the argument ( that the visual similarity between the two butterflies benefited the viceroy by causing predators to stay away from the viceroy ) .\nfigure 4 . a 1st instar larva of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nritland db . 1991 . revising a classic butterfly mimicry scenario : demonstration of mullerian mimicry between florida viceroys ( limenitis archippus floridensis ) and queens ( danaus gilippus berenice ) . evolution 45 : 918 - 934 .\nmany native trees and other plants found in and around our yards are host plants for caterpillars . there are a variety of plants that can be included in a butterfly garden that are excellent host plants . the\nbates ' idea that a tasty butterfly could escape predation by mimicking the coloring of a distasteful species was based on a study of amazonian butterflies . because of his work , the concept was termed batesian mimicry .\nwhat might we say to decrease the probability that\nthe viceroy is so seldom preyed on because of its visual resemblance to the monarch\nis correct ? truth is , i have no idea . there could be tons of statements made that would harm that belief . more specifically , there are two ways you could hurt the idea of similar appearance = seldom preyed on . first , you could just give another reason besides appearance ( an alternate cause ) , which is pretty common and generally pretty easy to recognize . maybe\nthe viceroy blends in well with its surroundings ,\nor\nthe viceroy is most active when its main predators are asleep ,\nor\nthe viceroy can spit a deadly toxin at attackers and predators have learned to avoid it . . .\nand on and on the list goes .\nfigure 5 . a perching 2nd instar larva of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\ndue to the fact that viceroy populations were maintained in captivity , significant contributions to understanding photoperiodism and its role in triggering diapause in butterflies was achieved ( clark and platt 1969 , hong and platt 1975 ) .\nfigure 10 . head of the 4th instar larva of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\na vivid example of batesian mimicry is depicted by viceroy and monarch butterflies . monarch butterflies are unpalatable due to milkweed they consume as larvae , which results in low levels of predation in their natural environment . viceroy butterflies have wings emblazoned with similar color schemes , ostensibly reducing the predation rate . wing shape plays an important role in mimicry too ( for more information , see paper from 2013 by jones and colleagues listed below ) .\nevolutionarily , it would make sense for the monarch and queen to\nevolve new color patterns to escape from the viceroy ,\nritland said . but scientists have been unable to document such escapes , he noted .\nzhan s , zhang w , niitepold k , hsu j , haeger jf , zalucki mp , altizer s , de roode jc , reppert sm , kronforst mr . the genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration .\nfigure 1 . dorsal view of the wings of an adult male viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nfigure 3 . ventral view of the wings of an adult male viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nfigure 6 . a 3rd instar larva of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker , after hibernation . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nanswer choice ( a ) : the fact that the monarch may have some natural predators does not weaken the author ' s argument about the viceroy and why so many avoid it , so this answer choice is incorrect .\nstate insects are selected by 45 states of the 50 united states . some states have more than one designated insect , or have multiple categories ( e . g . , state insect and state butterfly , etc . ) .\nthe viceroy is found from canada to mexico . it inhabits riverbeds , wet meadows , marshes , and other wetlands where willow , poplar and aspen trees occur . this species is in danger of extinction due to loss of habitat .\nviceroy butterflies are deaf like most insects , but they do a have a unique set of sensory organs enabling it to understand its surroundings well . like most butterflies , the viceroy has compound eyes consisting of numerous lenses . this allows the butterfly to see multiple directions at the same time . their eyes are particularly sensitive to color , movement and light . they can also detect ultraviolet light radiated from different flowers and vegetation . their incredible eyes are assisted by sensitive feet , antennae and a proboscis . their feet and antennae have unique sensory organs that can detect smell . when it sits on a flower , its sensory system allows it to figure out whether the flower has nectar to feed on .\nattracting butterflies involves incorporating plants that serve the needs of all life stages of the butterfly . the insects need places to lay eggs , food plants for their larvae ( caterpillars ) , places to form chrysalides and nectar sources for adults .\nin any case , monarchs are still in decline . perhaps next time big bird marches into congress to fight to retain funding for pbs , he should take a monarch butterfly with him to plug for the epa and nsf , too .\nwhat might we say to decrease the probability that\nthe viceroy is so seldom preyed on because of its visual resemblance to the monarch\nis correct ? truth is , i have no idea . there could be tons of statements made that would harm that belief . more specifically , there are two ways you could hurt the idea of similar appearance = seldom preyed on . first , you could just give another reason besides appearance ( an alternate cause ) , which is pretty common and generally pretty easy to recognize . maybe\nthe viceroy blends in well with its surroundings ,\nor\nthe viceroy is most active when its main predators are asleep ,\nor\nthe viceroy can spit a deadly toxin at attackers and predators have learned to avoid it . . .\nand on and on the list goes . secondly , you could actually show that the facts of the conclusion would lead to the opposite relationship of the one concluded . so something like\nbirds find the monarch delicious and actively seek it out as a food source .\nthat means that a similar appearance should make the viceroy more likely to be attacked , not less .\na unique part of the evolution of the viceroy is its mimetic behavior . the species tends to have a great ability to appear other organisms in its habitat . mimetic behavior in the wild is triggered usually by predation and availability of toxic unpalatable organisms . it is speculated that the viceroy must have evolved this ability at times when there were numerous unpalatable beings in its surroundings . over the years of its evolution , it gradually gained very close resemblance to the model species .\nbecause tiny caterpillars cannot travel far to find their own food , the female butterfly locates and lays her eggs on only the type of plant that the caterpillar can use as food . most species of caterpillars are particular about the type of plants they can eat . if the egg was not placed on the correct plant , the caterpillar hatching from that egg will not survive . many gardeners do not like to see plants in their gardens that have been chewed on by bugs . to avoid this , you may want to locate your butterfly host plants in areas that are not highly visible , but still a short distance from the butterfly nectar plants . if you do not provide host plants , you will have fewer butterflies ."]}
{"id": 257, "summary": [{"text": "xenotilapia nasus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 9.3 centimetres ( 3.7 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "xenotilapia nasus", "paragraphs": ["tribe ectodini - xenotilapia sp .\nfluorescent green\n( xenotilapia nasus ) - cichlid room companion\nandersen , thomas . ( november 02 , 2005 ) .\nxenotilapia sp .\nfluorescent green\n( xenotilapia nasus )\n. cichlid room companion . retrieved on july 09 , 2018 , from : urltoken\nandersen , thomas . 2012 .\nnotes on the identity of xenotilapia nasus\n. cichlid news magazine . v . 21 ( n . 3 ) , pp . 31 - 35 ( crc04497 )\nxenotilapia sp . ' fluorescent green ' was previously thought to be a potentially undescribed species from the southern part of lake tanganyika , but is now considered to represent x . nasus . a female from chituta bay [ zambia ] in the aquarium is here shown photo by thomas andersen . determiner thomas andersen .\nde vos , l . , l . risch and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde , 1995 . xenotilapia nasus , nouvelle espece de poisson des zones sous - littorale et benthique du nord du lac tanganyika ( perciformes : cichlidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 6 ( 4 ) : 377 - 384 . ( ref . 27630 )\nandersen , thomas . 2005 .\na little gem from the depths of lake tanganyika : xenotilapia sp . ' fluorescent green '\n. cichlid news magazine . v . 14 ; n . 4 ; pp . 19 - 25 ( crc01122 )\nxenotilapia sp . ' fluorescent green ' was first discovered in 1993 by the well - known german aquarist and ichthyologist heinz b\u00fcscher , while diving at the locality known as tembwe ii on the congolese coast . it has since then been found in zambia on several localities , the most well - known being chituta bay , where it lives sympatrically with x . nigrolabiata ( andersen 2005 ) .\nthe closest relative of x . sp . ' fluorescent green ' is properly x . nasus , that has been found in the extreme north of lake tanganyika and with which x . sp . ' fluorescent green ' shares some characteristics with , among other things a protruding snout and the numbers of hard and soft spines in the anal and caudal fins . some things differ though , as it seems that x . sp . ' fluorescent green ' has a larger head and eyes ( andersen 2005 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : more information on the species distribution and potential threats are required . this species is newly discovered so field survey has been minimal to date .\nendemic to lake tanganyika where it is known from the northern part of the lake in burundi and congo .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , xenos = strange + bechuana , african native thiape = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; depth range 30 - 68 m ( ref . 27630 ) . tropical\nafrica : endemic to lake tanganyika , found in the northern part of the lake , in burundi and in the democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 27630 , 46829 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27630 )\noccurs on mixed sand and rock bottoms ; depth range 30 - 68 m ( ref . 27630 ) . stomach contents inventories suggest that it feeds on detritus as well as on plankton ( ref . 46829 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\ncichlid\u00e9s des profondeurs , incubateur buccal bi - parental , la ponte n ' est pas toujours bien r\u00e9gl\u00e9e .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\nvan ammelrooy , evert . 2008 .\ntrip to the kigoma in tanzania in january 2008\n. tanganika magazyn . v . 3 , pp . 11 - 16 ( crc04287 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfreshwater ; demersal ; depth range 30 - 68 m ( ref . 27630 ) . tropical , preferred ?\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in"]}
{"id": 258, "summary": [{"text": "the capped conebill ( conirostrum albifrons ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "capped conebill", "paragraphs": ["the capped conebill is uncommon in montane forests of the east and west ( piura and cajamarca ) slopes of the andes at elevations ranging between 1500 - 3000 m . it also occurs in\n13\u201313\u00b75 cm ; 11\u00b77\u201321\u00b75 g ( colombia ) . medium - sized conebill with thin , sharp bill and tail - wagging habit . male \u00adnominate race has crown . . .\nhilty , s . ( 2018 ) . capped conebill ( conirostrum albifrons ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n. the male capped conebill is black with a blue cap . it has dark blue in the shoulder and also on the rump . however , in the field it looks black . the female is mostly greenish - yellow with a gray hood and bluish cap . it forages in the canopy of humid montane forest often in the company of mixed species flocks . the small size and very active foraging behavior makes it easy to recognize , but see\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndark - crowned races atrocyaneum , sordidum and lugens have sometimes been regarded as representing a separate species , but no other characters distinguishing these taxa are known ; recordings of vocalizations too few to discern patterns , but limited current evidence confusing and fails to reflect the division implied by crown - colour differences . six subspecies recognized .\ntodd , 1932 \u2013 n venezuela ( coastal cordillera of aragua , vargas and distrito federal ) .\n\u2013 w venezuela ( andes of s t\u00e1chira ) and w slope of e andes of colombia ( s to latitude of bogot\u00e1 ) .\nmeyer de schauensee , 1946 \u2013 c andes of colombia ( antioquia s to w huila , and on e slope in nari\u00f1o ) .\n\u2013 w andes of colombia ( antioquia s on w slope to nari\u00f1o ) s through ecuador to n peru ( piura and cajamarca ) .\nberlepsch , 1901 \u2013 andes of c peru ( from jun\u00edn ) s to n bolivia ( la paz ) .\ninfrequently heard song , mainly at dawn , a high - pitched and penetrating \u201citsu - tseeu , tsu - . . .\nhigh humid and wet montane forest , especially at forest borders ; also older disturbed vegetation , . . .\ndiet mainly ( possibly entirely ) insects . forages singly or , more often , in pairs or small groups , and as a rule is seen with mixed - species . . .\nbirds in breeding condition in mar\u2013sept in andes of colombia . no further information available .\nnot globally threatened . generally fairly common over much of range . occurs in numerous protected areas , among them el avila , henri pittier , guaramacal , sierra nevada and tam . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhas sometimes been placed in coerebidae or parulidae , but molecular evidence confirms its place in present family , in a clade with oreomanes ( now subsumed into conirostrum ) as sister to all remaining diglossinae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na female foraging in a tree ( a masked flowerpiercer passing in front of it ) .\njacob . wijpkema , ken simonite , david weaver , niels poul dreyer , lars petersson , tadeusz stawarczyk , agustin carrasco , jacqueserard , mikko pyh\u00e4l\u00e4 , carlos gussoni , daniel avenda\u00f1o , mauricio rueda .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : conirostrum albifrons . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nconirostrum albifrons cyanonotum : coastal mts . of n venezuela ( aragua and distrito federal )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 174 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhumid forest . reference : jn2 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nhumid forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nedge of humid forest . reference : clxa 156 - 203 ( conalb9 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nhuila , san agust\u00edn , reserva los yalcones , el palmar . interfluvio quebrada el palmar - rio balseros\nhumid forest . reference : clxb 608 - 640 ( conalb6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nhumid - wet forest . reference : clivb 106 - 110 ( conalb5 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\ncanopy of humid - wet secondary forest . reference : clib 190 - 193 ( conalb4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\ngroup of 5 , two of them adult males . humid forest with patches of bamboo . reference : clxxvib 135 - 146 , 197 - 208 ( conalb7 - 8 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 547 side a track 78 seq . a )\nid certainty 80 % . ( archiv . tape 547 side a track 79 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 53 side b track 21 seq . a )\nref ohm068b 0409 . one male in mixed flocks , singing perched in the top of the tree . quercus forest . natural vocalization . about 15m to mic .\nnatural song from a male about 20m up in canopy of humid tall cloudforest .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n) , lafresnaye , 1848 . w andes of colombia ( antioquia s on w slope to nari\u00f1o ) s through ecuador to n peru ( piura and cajamarca ) .\n) , berlepsch , 1901 . andes of c peru ( from jun\u00edn ) s to n bolivia ( la paz ) .\n: l . albus = white and frons = frontis , forehead , brow .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngill & wright ( 2006 ) corrigenda / updates - 21 - sep - 2007 , website ( version 1 . 1 )\nioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )\ngill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 264, "summary": [{"text": "the bay whiting , sillago ingenuua , is a species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family sillaginidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the bay whiting 's range extends throughout the west indian ocean , including northern australia , thailand , india and taiwan , where it inhabits protected waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is benthic in nature , preying on shrimps , polychaetes and molluscs , however little else is known of its biology .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "bay whiting are an important part of some inshore fisheries around australia and asia , where subsistence and commercial fishermen regularly take the species . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "bay whiting", "paragraphs": ["whiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 whiting bay bed & breakfast . b & b website by barnstormer design group\nkeep a watch for tuesday nights at the common table at whiting bay b & b .\nwe found great results , but some are outside whiting bay . showing results in neighbouring cities .\nbetter still , you can join whiting bay golf club for just \u00a3190 pa for 2 years , starting 2018 .\nor enjoy a round of golf this summer at whiting bay at our great value green fee of just \u00a320 .\nglenashdale waterfall located to the west of whiting bay some 2km from the sea - about 2 hours for the walk .\nwhiting bay bed & breakfast ~ whiting , maine your homeplace when visiting lubec , campobello , and the downeast region . 207 - 733 - 2402 ~ address , map , and directions\nwhiting bay golf course is a hidden gem of a course , set above the village on the south east coast of arran .\nmilne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . .\nmilne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in new guinea .\nwhiting bay is a pleasant resort situated 4 miles south of lamlash and 8 miles south of brodick in the southern half of isle of arran .\nthe shark bay seasnake occupies shallow embayments of shark bay in the vicinity of limestone reefs and adjacent rocky and sandy seafloor ( storr et al . 1986 ) .\ngorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran . . .\nwhiting bay is the third largest of the isle of arran ' s settlements after lamlash and brodick , and is named after the bay it runs along for over two miles near the southern end of arran ' s east coast .\nthe shark bay seasnake is thought to be represented in the incidental bycatch for trawls in the shark bay region but numbers caught are not available ( bunting 2002 ) .\nthe dramatic red siltstone cliffs below boyds tower on the far side of twofold bay .\ncozzie and i set out to chase a bag of king george whiting from south port phillip bay , we go through techniques and how to clean the fish .\nmilne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . . | the australian war memorial\nanderson , p . 1997 . shark bay dugongs in summer . i : lek mating .\n* the first european to sight twofold bay was captain james cook in april , 1770 .\nthe species is occasionally called the ' yellow - cheek whiting ' and also ' school whiting ' , a broad name applied to a number of australian sillaginids .\nhow can i tell if a therapist is right for me ? therapists in whiting are able to work with a wide range of issues . for example , if you ' re seeking a marriage counselor in whiting you ' ll find that most therapists are trained in marriage counseling or couples counseling in whiting and couples therapy . and they welcome families for family counseling in whiting or family therapy in whiting .\nwhiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel from ferry . nice mix of the bay - deli - eat i g opportunities and our favourite beach and glen ashdale walk . roads are truly appalling a d north ayrshire needs to make this a priority .\nsnapper fever - port phillip bay fishing with ange and anton . location , tips and rigging techniques\nthe lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 150 metres from the beach . it offers panoramic views over brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .\nthe lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 500 ft from the beach . it offers panoramic views of brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .\ntoday ' s whiting bay retains much of the quiet gentility of an earlier era . the grand villas remain , with many - especially towards the north end of the village - having been converted to hotels , guest houses and restaurants . the result is that whiting bay offers a significant proportion of the accommodation available on arran . the whiting bay golf club continues to thrive , while , for those with more limited golfing aspirations , the putting green established on the seaward side of the main road near the centre of the village also remains open for business .\nthere is no information available on the clutch size or seasonality of reproduction for the shark bay seasnake .\noffering a restaurant , burlington guest house is located in whiting bay . free wifi access is available . featuring a shower , private bathroom also comes with a hairdryer . extras include bed linen .\ncruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults only accommodations with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .\ncruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults - only accommodation with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .\n, the japanese whiting has a slightly compressed , elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth .\narea auto widened to ocean county - no sexual addiction therapists were found in whiting , nj .\nbut more commonly seen below 23 cm . like most sillaginids , the stout whiting has a slightly more\nis the most dependable diagnostic feature . japanese whiting have a swim bladder characterised by a single , long\ndiscussions with fishermen along the victorian coastline also suggest that the coastal fishery is characterised by short - term temporal dynamics similar to that of the port phillip bay fishery . this is consistent with fish passing through coastal areas and not remaining resident for long periods . one way of confirming the migration of king george whiting from victorian waters to spawning areas in south australia is tag / recapture . currently few king george whiting are tagged in victorian waters . however , the few fish that have been tagged in port phillip bay and recaptured outside the bay , have been recaptured in areas well to the west of port phillip bay ( patrick coutin , personnel communication ) . demonstration of migration of adult king george whiting from victoria to south australia would be critical to understanding the importance of spawning in victorian waters .\nby car , proceed south through whiting bay village centre . turn right at ' the coffee pot ' , following the signs up the hill and back along the golf course road to the club . plenty of car parking available .\nuntil the late 1950s , steamer services to arran from the mainland called at whiting bay as well as brodick . the change to a brodick - only car ferry service in 1957 led to a decline in the fortunes of whiting bay . the old steamer pier closed in the early 1960s . today the village pier is a very modest affair , projecting out from the shore close to the line of tiny shops backing onto the sea in the centre of the village .\n, the first being steindachner and d\u00f6derlein in 1885 . studies into various aspects of the japanese whiting ' s\n\u00a9 2018 deborah whiting , msw , mft | san francisco & cupertino counseling . all rights reserved . login\nearly post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia\n* permission was given by the governor to establish a town at twofold bay in 1834 but it was not laid out until 1843 .\nin whiting bay the beach runs from sandbraes right through to the village at low tide . easily accessible , the beach at the village end has a small jetty - the remains of what was at one time the longest pier on the clyde !\njenkins gp , may hma ( 1994 ) variation in settlement and larval duration of king george whiting , sillaginodes punctata ( sillaginidae ) , in swan bay , victoria , australia . bulletin of marine science 54 ( 1 ) , 281 - 296 .\n( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; whiting , 2008 )\nthe origins of some of these settlements are very ancient . on the hillside behind largymore at the southern end of whiting bay are the giants graves , a prehistoric burial site . meanwhile , at the village ' s northern end , kingscross point , a dun or fortified farmstead has been found dating back the better part of two thousand years . rather more recently , kingscross was used by vikings as a settlement and burial site , and it has been suggested that the bay to the south was named after them , with\nviking bay\nlater becoming corrupted to whiting bay . kingscross also achieved a footnote in history when it became the place from which robert the bruce sailed for ayrshire in february 1307 , en route to regaining control of his kingdom from the english .\nlovely relaxed place . the giant\u2019s grave and glenashdale falls walk is very close by and gives great views of whiting bay . be sure you\u2019re up early enough to catch the beautiful sunrises . we ate at coast which was only a 10 minute walk from the burlington guest house . beautiful views out onto the sea , and delicious food , although slightly pricey . not much choice in the way of restaurants or pubs in whiting bay , so we found ourselves heading into lamlash and brodick a couple of times .\nare hyaline . there have been records of geographical variation in colour amongst the species , especially within shark bay . the shark bay fish may have faint gold bars trending 50 degrees above the mid lateral silvery band , and may have black dusting on the dorsal and anal fins .\nmany interesting boats visit mounts bay , from the surreal floating yacht - hotels to mighty ships like the four - masted windjammer , kruzenshtern .\nwhiting bay golf course is an 18 hole par 63 course playing 4092 yards from the yellow tees . it was founded in 1895 . although quite short , the course is a fair test for golfers of all abilities and features some particularly challenging par 3s .\nbeyond the graves the path begins to descend , with more great views over whiting bay village . the descent becomes quite steep before eventually rejoining the outward route at the sign near the start . turn right to return to the road and the parking area .\nthere are parking areas both north and south of ashdale bridge towards the southern end of whiting bay . there are also picnic tables here with a great outlook over the bay . the walk begins up the signed path on the south side of the bridge . pass the barrier and continue to a signpost - keep ahead here for the falls ( the path on the left is the return leg ) .\nthe japanese whiting , sillago japonica , ( also known as the japanese sillago or shiro - gisu ) is a common species of coastal marine fish belonging to the smelt - whiting family , sillaginidae . as suggested by its name , the japanese whiting was first recorded from japan in 1843 , but has subsequently been found to extend to korea , china and taiwan .\nlocated down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and boasts scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .\nlocated down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and features scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .\nwhiting bay was a very relaxing place to stay . not a huge selection of restaurants but we enjoyed a lovely meal at coast one evening . local people very welcoming . arran is a small island and it ' seems easy to visit all aresounds of the island .\njoin paul worsteling & david kramer as they spend a day on victorias port phillip bay . they go in search of whiting & squid then later even dive for some tasty scallops . then david shares his quick & easy recipes for scallops & squid ! delicious ! ! urltoken\ntwo humpback whales ( left and right ) approach and pursue a female killer whale . \u00a9 alisa schulman - janiger / monterey bay whale watch . \u200b\ndisaster bay lookout and bittangabee bay if you decide to drive to green cape lighthouse you should pause at disaster bay lookout which provides excellent views to the south over disaster bay , wonboyn lake and nadgee nature reserve . to the left is a turnoff to bittangabee bay where in the 1840s the imlay brothers established a base for their whaling operations which were eventually taken over by benjamin boyd in 1848 . the stone ruins of an old house set amidst a garden area , probably started by the imlays but never completed , can be found near the bittangabee camping area . there are interpretative placards . the beaches surrounding bittangabee are ideal for swimming , fishing and picnicking and the light to light track heads south for 7 km ( 2 . 5 hours one way ) to green cape . on the way you will travel along a track which was built for a horse drawn tram which carried the materials from bittangabee bay to build the green cape lighthouse .\nsulition , o . ; s . watanabe and m . yokota ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nreproduction of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , in tateyama bay\n] . suisan zoshoku 47 ( 2 ) : 209\u2013214 . issn 0371 - 421 .\nfigure 1 . map of the victorian coast showing locations and zones where samples of king george whiting were collected from 2002 - 2004 .\nwithout a more detailed investigation of the king george whiting inhabiting deeper waters along the victorian coast we cannot be conclusive as to the importance of king george whiting spawning in victorian coastal waters . the only known locations for king george whiting spawning along the south - eastern coastline of australia are situated in south australian waters , in particular around kangaroo island ( fowler and mcgarvey 2000 ) . however , there has been no investigation of king george whiting populations in waters between kangaroo island and victoria , and modelling of larval drift would suggest that king george whiting recruiting into victorian bays and inlets could come from unknown spawning grounds in this region ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) .\nwhiting , s . 2008 . movements and distribution of dugongs ( dugong dugon ) in a macro - tidal environment in northern australia .\nsituated on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .\nlocated on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .\nsaltwater bay saltwater bay is typical of ben boyd national park . for most of the year it is sparsely populated and ideal for safe swimming and productive fishing . there is a 9 km walking track ( part of the light to light 29 km track - check out the excellent map at urltoken ) which heads south through high heaths , beside rugged cliffs , and down onto rock platforms and lonely beaches before reaching bittangabee bay . on the way you are likely to see eastern grey kangaroos and if you go in spring the countryside is awash with native wildflowers . beyond hegarty ' s bay there is a remarkable purple and yellow coloured headland .\nthis superb circular walk climbs up through a wooded glen to reach a viewing platform for the glenashdale falls - a double cascade which is the finest on arran . the route then continues to visit the giant ' s graves - two chambered cairns - with a fantastic outlook over whiting bay and holy island .\nsulistion , o . ; s . watanabe , m . yokota and s . kitada ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nage and growth of japanese whiting sillago japonica in tateyama bay\n] . fisheries science 65 ( 1 ) : 117\u2013122 . issn 0919 - 9268 .\n) . in may , herring showed a higher fi than herring , whereas in july blue whiting seemed to show lower values than the other species ( tukey hsd test : herring vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 05 ; mackerel vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 001 ; mackerel vs . herring , p < 0 . 05 ) , except in 2010 , when mackerel had the lowest value (\nfinding whiting king george are widely distributed from approximately jurien bay in western australia around the southern half of australia up to around botany bay but they are reputedly rare that far north . as a generalisation bigger fish will usually inhabit deeper coastal waters while juveniles will more often be found inside estuaries and bays . south australia\u2019s coffin bay is a prime example of a true nursery existing inside the shallow and sheltered waters of kellidie bay where it\u2019s hard to catch a legal sized fish but offshore around the island groups in encounter bay it\u2019s a very different story where big fish are plentiful ! regardless of whether you fish for them in sheltered waters or offshore whiting are synonymous with structure . find some sea grass or reef edge in this part of the world and there is a better than average chance there will be a school of whiting somewhere nearby . in shallower waters the key to good whiting ground is finding sand patches amongst the sea grass but in deeper water where there are still plenty of fish this type of visual fishing is harder to achieve . in deeper water dropping on a reef edge is more likely going to bring you results . i have fished for whiting in hard running currents and slower water locations , and by far the most productive place to fish for them is where there is some run in the water . king george tend to find you and bite more aggressively when the tide is flowing while in slower water you need to spend more time searching , a cast bait slowly retrieved often gets a bite while a stagnant bait is not touched .\nindo - pacific : endemic to australian waters from fremantle northward to shark bay ( western population ) , and from southern queensland to new south wales ( eastern population ) .\nfigure 4 . histological section of a female king george whiting ovary collected in april and classified as macroscopic stage 2 ( magnification x 100 ) .\nthe spawning areas and times estimated for king george whiting caught in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet ( fig . 1 ) have previously only been identified using indirect methods . research by jenkins and may ( 1994 ) has shown that the daily rings on ear - bones ( otoliths ) of juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay provide an estimate of the length of time of the larval phase in bass strait prior to entering a bay , and thereby an estimate of the time of spawning . kgw larvae entering port phillip bay were aged between 100 and 170 days and were predicted to have been spawned between april and july ( jenkins and may 1994 ) . computer modelling of the currents in bass strait predicted that juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet could have been spawned in western victoria and southeastern south australia ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . the centre of the predicted spawning distribution was approximately 500 km west of the bays , with a region of intense spawning spread along approximately 300 km of coastline ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . interestingly , however , the model also predicted that juveniles in corner inlet could have been spawned close by ( wilsons promontory , fig . 1 ) . to date , however , the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victoria have not been measured directly , leaving a major gap in our understanding of the biology of this species .\nprevious modelling suggested that king george whiting larvae that recruit to bays and inlets in central victoria are spawned from south - east of sa to central victoria ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . even though large whiting are caught along the victorian coast , it is not known whether these fish actually spawn in victorian waters , and therefore whether they contribute directly to the fishery in this region . to address where kgw spawn in victorian waters , we sampled fish from a broad geographic range of locations along the victorian coast . these included portland , port fairy , warrnambool , apollo bay , lorne , torquay , southern port phillip bay and western port , waratah bay , corner inlet , shallow inlet and the eastern side of wilson ' s promontory ( fig . 1 ) . details of collections are included in table 1 .\n( whiting , 2008 ;\naustralian government great barrier reef marine park authority\n, 2002 ; lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ;\narkive . images of life on earth .\n, 2003 )\nwhiting bay itself was quiet . i visited off peak . few places were open when i arrived . ( around 19 : 30 / 20 : 00 ) but i drove elsewhere for dinner , as the places that were open didn ' t take cards . will return in peak season , to see what it is like .\nwhiting beach is a two - hour walk from the steamers cark park in booderee national park . if you visit at the right time you might catch a glimpse of a little waterfall at the back of the beach . the beach is inside a quiet bay , perfect for snorkelling or swimming in the clear and fairly shallow water .\nbunting , j . ( 2002 ) . draft bycatch action plan for the shark bay prawn managed fishery ( full report ) . department of fisheries , western australian government , perth .\nkazunori , arayama ; kono hiroshi ( 2004 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nvertical distributions of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , larvae and juveniles and their food organisms at a sandy beach in tateyama bay , central japan\n] . suisan zoshoku 52 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013170 . issn 0371 - 4217 .\nthe stout whiting is also a major prey species itself for a number of species , with seals , dolphins and larger fish known predators of the species .\nweighted by the total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in different water masses in may and july .\nin other countries where other sillaginids are more prevalent , japanese whiting are caught as a byproduct of smaller inshore fisheries , usually alongside other species of sillago .\nthe mean age of fish was lowest for the southern end of port phillip bay and increased with distance to the west of port phillip bay ( fig . 7 ) . the highest mean age was for portland fish ( fig . 7 ) . fish from waratah bay were predominantly 4 year - old ( fig 7 ) . we did not age any fish from corner inlet , but based on their size and previous ageing work we would be confident that the majority of these fish were of age 3 years and younger ( see figs . 8b and 9b ) .\nand movement of the juveniles differs between the eastern and western populations . in the western population , unlike many co - occurring sillaginids , stout whiting do not move\nfigure 7 . comparison of the mean age ( \u00b1 1 standard error ) of king george whiting collected by recreational anglers across sampling locations from east to west .\nthe b & b is well located for day trips . you ' re also free to explore the natural landscape of the b & b ' s bay - front property during your stay .\nwhale watching most of the harbours along the new south wales south coast now offer whale watching experiences in cruises and individual boats . there is a strong argument , if you have time and can choose , for going to eden during the whale watching season ( late september to late november ) when the whales , having wintered around hervey bay , are making their way slowly down the coast . firstly there is a sense of occasion when whales get near twofold bay : the killer whale museum sounds a siren and people rush to the vantage points . secondly twofold bay is rich with krill ( a favourite food for whales ) and humpback whales will actually pause at the bay to feed . there are a number of charter operators working out of eden harbour . for more information check out urltoken\nfigure 8 . a ) length frequency distributions for female and male king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian waters and examined for reproductive condition , november 2002 - june 2004 , and b ) mean length ( \u00b1 1 standard error ) of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers compared across sampling locations from east to west .\n* by the early 1830s the imlay brothers had started whaling in twofold bay . they trained local aborigines to become whalers . peter imlay arrived at twofold bay around 1833 and decided to settle . his brothers george and alexander followed and they are credited with erecting eden ' s first building , a small slab and bark hut at snug cove . unfortunately the depression of the 1840s destroyed the family financially .\nthe species ' distribution is restricted to the mid - west coast of western australia , especially shark bay . despite this , isolated specimens have been found further south ( storr et al . 1986 ) .\nsaltwater creek to bittangabee bay - 9 km , 3 hours - through wildflowers in spring , scrubby heathland , past yellow and purple rocky headlands . to the ruins of the green cape storehouse and landing wharf\nthe transformation of a group of tiny settlements into the whiting bay we see today began with the establishment of a ferry to saltcoats in 1790 . this was followed from the 1830s by the arrival of steamers from glasgow and elsewhere in the clyde estuary . clearance of arran ' s inland crofting areas from the 1830s produced a demand for more accommodation on the coast , here and elsewhere on the island . but of all arran ' s villages , whiting bay seems to have attracted the most upmarket clientele , and the result was a succession of fine villas being built along the landward side of the road running behind the bay . meanwhile , a golf course was established in 1895 , as were tennis courts , a bowling club and a putting green . the building of a new pier in 1901 , which allowed steamers to land passengers directly rather than via flit boats , only confirmed the growth of the village . a village hall was added in 1926 .\ntable 1 . details of numbers , sizes , sex and macroscopic reproductive condition of adult king george whiting collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coast , 2002 - 2004 .\nfigure 9 . a ) age versus length of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers in victorian ocean waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , b ) age versus length with von - bertalanffy growth curve fitted for all king george whiting aged from victorian waters including bays and inlets .\nfowler aj , short da ( 1998 ) validation of age determination from otoliths for king george whiting ( perciformes : sillaginodes punctata ) . marine biology 130 , 577 - 578\ncoastal and bush walking there are a number of short walks around eden all of which are worth doing because they offer excellent views over twofold bay and the nearby beaches . the most popular walks are ( 1 ) the lake curalo walkway ( 3 km return , 40 minutes ) north of the town centre which is excellent for bird watching . it takes the visitor on a boardwalk beside a melaleuca swamp forest and it can connect to the aslings beach walk or the maritime heritage walk ( 2 ) the aslings beach walk which is a pleasant stroll along the beach from the rock pool at the southern end to lake curalo at the northern end ( 3 ) cocora beach walk is a charming walk around the headland with dramatic views over snug cove and the wharf area and ( 4 ) the cattle bay wharf walk which is a one hour long walk around the western edge of twofold bay to boydtown passing cocora beach , bungo beach , rixons beach , quarantine bay , nullica bay and reaching boydtown for an afternoon drink .\nwild fisheries research program ( 2008 ) . status of fishery resources in nsw 2006 / 07 : stout whiting . new south wales department of primary industries . pp . 1\u20133 .\nthis investigation has provided limited evidence for the occurrence of spawning by king george whiting in victorian waters . of the approximately 1600 specimens examined we found complete gonad maturation in only one female and did not find any fully mature males . although we found several females in a highly developed reproduction state there was no evidence that these fish had spawned prior to capture or were about to spawn . these results suggest that king george whiting are not spawning where recreational anglers target them along the victorian coast , and importantly , they imply that spawning king george whiting are not exploited by victorian anglers . our observation supports the anecdotal information supplied by recreational anglers during the project that suggests king george whiting in roe are rarely captured .\nindo - west pacific : india to the gulf of thailand , north to taiwan , south to northern australia from shark bay around the northern coast to adolphus passage , queensland . possibly more widely distributed than indicated .\n) . blue whiting diet was clearly different from the diet of the other two species . with the exception of may 2005 , when copepods appeared as dominant prey items , euphausiids and amphipods dominated the diet both in may and july . amphipods in particular were more common in the blue whiting diet than the other diets . some ingestion of large prey was also detected ( e . g . fish of order actinopterygii in may 2008 ) . copepod contribution in the blue whiting diet for may decreased during the last sampling years ( 2009\u20132010 ) (\n) . as for both mackerel and herring , the fi for blue whiting was positively affected by lower temperatures . it also increased with increasing length and a year effect was apparent .\n) . however , the diet width of blue whiting and herring was similar in may , while in july significant differences were observed , especially for blue whiting compared with the other species ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 001 ) and , to a lesser extent , between mackerel and herring ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 1 ) (\nburchmore , j . j . ; d . a . pollard , m . j . middleton , j . d . bell and b . c . pease ( 1988 ) .\nbiology of four species of whiting ( pisces : sillaginidae ) in botany bay , new south wales\n. australian journal of marine and freshwater research 39 ( 6 ) : 709\u2013727 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mf9880709 .\nmccormack , catherine ( january 2006 ) . annual status report 2005 : finfish ( stout whiting ) trawl fishery . queensland government department of primary industries . pp . 1\u201317 . issn 0727 - 6273 .\nfowler aj , mcgarvey r ( 2000 ) ' development of an integrated fisheries management model for king george whiting ( sillagnodes punctata ) in south australia ' . frdc project 95 / 008 final report .\n* whaling was the reason the area was settled . as early as 1791 whalers were in the area . the migration , mostly of right whales , to and from the antarctic resulted in large numbers passing twofold bay between may and november .\nour results , based on diet data of mackerel , herring and blue whiting acquired during spring and summer 2005\u20132010 , showed that mackerel and herring diets largely overlapped , with calanoid copepods being their main prey item , while the blue whiting diet consisted of larger prey items , particularly amphipods . mackerel were not present in the study area in spring , and seemed to show good feeding conditions and predation success in the ns during summer . herring showed their highest feeding incidence during the spring . however , contrary to expectations , herring showed a similar degree of stomach fullness as mackerel in summer , but with a diet composed more of larger macrozooplankton rather than copepods , indicating that in particular larger herring adopt a strategy of migrating into cold waters and search for larger prey . blue whiting seemed to avoid competition with co - occurring herring by feeding on different prey , and the higher stomach fullness degree , feeding incidence and condition factor observed for the largest blue whiting suggested a higher feeding success than that observed for small blue whiting .\n( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ;\narkive . images of life on earth .\n, 2003 )\nbittangabee bay to green cape - 7 km , 2 . 5 hours , along a section of the old rail track which was used to carry stores and materials to green cape lighthouse . there is an audio tour which can be downloaded at urltoken\nalthough we found evidence of spawning , our results provide no indication of extensive spawning by king george whiting along the victorian coastline . our results in combination with previous work lead to the generation of two hypotheses to explain the lack of spawning king george whiting observed in victorian coastal waters during this project . the first hypothesis is that king george whiting spawn in highly localised , deep - water habitats , and are therefore difficult to detect with angler - based surveys . the second hypothesis is that most king george whiting that spend their juvenile years in victorian bays and inlets migrate back to the major spawning grounds in eastern south australia . in order to determine which of the hypotheses is correct future research should involve more extensive sampling of deeper water habitats and / or investigation of adult migration behaviour to determine if victorian juveniles are returning to south australian waters as adults .\nwhiting tactics whiting are a foraging fish that spend the vast majority of their time on the bottom nose down looking for their next meal . small crabs , saltwater nippers or yabbies , shrimps , molluscs , worms and tiny fish as well as algae all form part of the food sources available and depend on the availability and size of the fish . the next big whiting taken on a whole pilchard in deeper water intended for a snapper won\u2019t be the last showing that as the fish get larger they become less fussy and more aggressive in their feeding habits . these feeding habits are a fair clue on how to zone in and target them .\nmore run more fun . whiting tend to bite well mid tide and can go missing on slack water periods , often this is the time to move or chase some squid which lurk in similar area\u2019s as king george\nthe shark bay seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region . the\nspecies group report card - marine reptiles\nfor the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region provides additional information .\nlocated on the picturesque isle of arran , tigh an eilean offers free wi - fi and free on - site parking . just 50 yards from the shores of lamlash bay , the property also offers en - suite rooms and a garden . . . .\nfor ideas on where to refuel during your self catering holiday in penzance . or if you fancy a restaurant with spectacular views , the bay in penzance is the place to go . read more on our blog : restaurants with the best views in west cornwall .\ngorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran with views of the holy isle and ailsa craig ( paddy ' s milestone ) . excellent challenging golf course ( 1 of 7 on arran ) and yes you can play them all in 1 day .\nparenting is one of the most challenging experiences we humans encounter . in the bay area , many of us are juggling so much that just surviving each day can be overwhelming . with time , despite your best efforts , you may find yourself yelling or giving in .\no ' neill , m . ; kate yeomans , ian breddin , eddie jebreen & adam butcher ( march 2002 ) . the queensland stout whiting fishery : 1991 to 2002 . dpi , queensland government . pp . 1\u201352 .\n) . the dietary overlap between herring and blue whiting was lower than expected by chance for all comparisons , except for july without co - occurrence . also between mackerel and blue whiting , the dietary overlap was lower than expected by chance both with and without co - occurrence . mackerel and herring had a higher dietary overlap when they co - occurred ( 0 . 77 ) , but lower than would have been expected by chance without co - occurrence (\nannual increment formation has previously been validated for king george whiting by fowler and short ( 1998 ) . we aged individual king george whiting by counting annual increments in sectioned otoliths ( sagittae ) . birth date was fixed at 1st july ( i . e . end of spawning season ) . we aged 317 individuals that were made up of 4 samples of 60 - 100 randomly selected individuals from each two - month period from november 02 to june 03 . age and length were compared among sampling locations to examine trends in age and length with distance from the major juvenile nursery areas in central victoria ; port phillip bay and western port . we also deliberately aged several of the largest fish to determine the maximum age of fish sampled .\nfigure 5 . a ) mean ( \u00b1 1 standard error ) gonosomatic indices for female and male king george whiting sampled along the victorian coast from december to july , b ) relationship between ovary weight and ovary free fish weight .\ncockrum k s , jones g k ( 1992 ) the reproductive biology and fecundity of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south australian waters , 1953 - 1988 . south australian research and development institute . no . 25 .\naverage diet width , condition factor , stomach fullness and feeding incidence ( \u00b1 2se ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( from 2005 to 2010 ) and separated by seasons ( may vs . july ) .\nweighed with the total estimated abundance per station ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in spring and summer and from 2005 to 2010 , based on the highest taxonomic level categorization ( i . e . 45 prey groups ) .\nguinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .\nfowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 1999 ) reproductive mode and spawning information based on gonad analysis for the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) from south australia . marine and freshwater research 50 , 1 - 14 .\noverall , an average of between 1 and 3 different prey groups were consumed by blue whiting , which tended to consume a broader diet than herring . no significant inter - annual variation was observed in the diet width in any season (\non a sunny day , st . michael\u2019s mount , mount ' s bay and penzance seafront might be mistaken for the mediterranean . sitting in the corner of a sheltered and attractive bay , the town has been a popular resort since the napoleonic wars when the wealthier english people were cut off from the continent and searched closer to home for fresh air and the newly - discovered benefits of sea - bathing . the temperature in penzance is always a little warmer than elsewhere ; sub - tropical plants grow well in morrab gardens and in the gardens on st . michael\u2019s mount .\nhyndes ga , platell me , potter ic , lenanton rcj ( 1998 ) age composition , growth , reproductive biology and recruitment of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south - western australia . fishery bulletin 96 , 258 - 270 .\nfowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 2000a ) spatial variation in size and age structures and reproductive characteristics of the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) in south australian waters . marine and freshwater research 51 , 11 - 22 .\nweighted by total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( i . e . , from 2005 to 2010 ) and season ( i . e . , may and july ) .\n* hearing the reports of the survivors , george bass , travelled down the coast in december , 1797 . on his return in early 1798 he entered twofold bay and named snug cove , where eden wharf now stands , because he believed it was suitable as a resting place for passing vessels .\nfowler aj , black kp , jenkins gp ( 2000b ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . ii . south australia . marine ecology progress series 199 , 243 - 254\nestimated fish abundance distribution per year ( 2005\u20132010 ) in may and july for ( a ) mackerel ( july ) , ( b ) herring and ( c ) blue whiting . abundances per grid square ( see section 2 . 3 ) are defined as thousands of tonnes for herring and blue whiting , and in cpue for mackerel . black symbols represent sampling stations . dark grey lines indicate water - mass boundaries for each year and season , and light grey lines represent the average boundaries during each season .\n) , also known as sea cows , have a broad but fragmented range , encompassing tropical waters from east africa to vanuatu , about 26 degrees both north and south of the equator . this range spans at least 48 countries and about 140 , 000 km of tropical coastline . the largest population of sea cows is found in the northern waters of australia between shark bay ( western australia ) and moreton bay ( queensland ) . the second largest population is found in the arabian gulf . dugongs are not considered migratory but are known to travel great distances within their range in order to find food .\ncite this article as : kr\u00fcck nc , chargulaf ca , saint - paul u , tibbetts ir ( 2009 ) early post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia . mar ecol prog ser 384 : 207 - 219 . urltoken\njenkins gp , black kp , hamer p a ( 2000 ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . i . victoria . marine ecology progress series 199 , 231 - 242 .\nparameters of models predicting ( a ) condition factor ( cf ) , ( b ) stomach fullness degree ( sfd ) and ( c ) feeding incidence ( fi ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting ( see section 2 . 6 for model explanation ) .\nfigure 3 . a ) histological section of the ovary from a female king george whiting collected in may that was classified as macroscopic stage 3 ( magnification x 100 ) , b ) close up of a cortical alveoli or developing oocyte stage ( magnification x 250 ) .\nfigure 6 . a ) age frequency distribution for king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian coastal waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , and b ) age frequency by sex , n = 317 .\nn fish and n station denote the number of fish samples and sampling stations in each case , respectively . sd is the standard deviation . ( 1 ) sfd units : x10 - 5 mg mm - 1 . \u2018mac\u2019 mackerel ; \u2018her\u2019 herring ; \u2018bwh\u2019 blue whiting .\nresearch is required that directly measures the reproductive state of adult king george whiting along the victorian coast so that the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victorian waters can be determined . a direct method of investigating spawning times and areas is by studying gonad condition . it is possible to assess the stage of gonad development and the imminence of spawning in fish using macro - and microscopic characteristics of gonads from male and female fish ( hunter and macewicz 1985 ) . this type of research has been conducted for many of our commercially important species ( farely and davis 1998 ) . major studies of this type have been carried out for king george whiting in western australia ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) and south australia ( cockrum and jones 1992 , fowler et al . 1999 , 2000a ) . in this study we examine the reproductive characteristics of adult fish collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coastline . the aim of this work is to identify whether king george whiting spawn along the coastline of victoria , and if so , where and when does spawning take place .\nalthough spawning adults were largely absent from recreational catches , we cannot rule out the possibility that spawning may occur in areas not fished by recreational anglers . previous investigations of the spawning behaviour of king george whiting in western australia have suggested that spawning may occur in depths from 6 to at least 50 m ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) . although research in south australia suggests that spawning may occur predominantly in deeper waters , it has been observed in waters shallower than 10 m ( fowler et al . 2000 ) . although king george whiting were collected over a broad geographic range , the majority of samples obtained from recreational anglers came from water depths of less than 20m . this reflected the fishing behaviour of victorian anglers , who target king george whiting in shallow water where they can visualise the bottom habitat .\n) , were especially abundant as prey in may , while these were partially replaced by euphausiids and amphipods in july . the seasonal difference in diet was most obvious in the coastal water mass . no seasonal or water mass differences were observed for the ingestion of appendicularians . the amount of copepods ingested by blue whiting was generally low and limited to the atlantic water mass . larger euphausiids and / or amphipods dominated blue whiting diet in all water masses and seasons , and fish were also found in the stomachs from two coastal stations in july (\nstout whiting are fast growers in comparison to most other smelt - whitings , reaching 80 % of its final length after 2 years of life . the species is known to reach a maximum age of 7 years , although most individuals do not survive more than 3 years .\nfigure 2 . a ) images of reproductively mature king george whiting that were supplied to anglers involved in collection of frames ( photo courtesy of dr . tony fowler , south australian research and development institute ) , b ) developing female collected during april in victorian coastal waters .\nblue whiting showed lower dietary overlap with herring in co - occurring stations than in those stations without co - occurrence in both may and july . this suggests that they are able to avoid competition by feeding on different prey than herring when the two species co - occur ."]}
{"id": 268, "summary": [{"text": "turbinella laevigata , common name the brazilian chank , is a species of very large sea snail with a gill and an operculum , a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily turbinellinae of the family turbinellidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "turbinella laevigata", "paragraphs": ["turbinellidae \u00bb turbinella laevigata , id : 545494 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\ndelsaerdt , a . : a new subspecies of turbinella laevigata . matthysen , e . & robbrecht , v . : report on some land snails from east tyrol ( austria ) with notes on the distribution of abida secale ( draparnaud , 1801 ) . delsaerdt , a . : de familie cassidae ( 1 ) . new taxon : turbinella laevigata rianae n . ssp .\nbelongs to turbinella according to b . landau and c . marques da silva 2010\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 223 . 5mm . w / o . big\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 228 . 5mm . w / o . big\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 197mm . w / o . red lip .\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 215 . 5mm . w / o . big\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 126 . 5mm . nature . w / o .\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 123 . 8mm . nature . w / o . freak\ngenre turbinelle . ( turbinella , lam . ) sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et iconographie des coquilles vivantes 6 21 pls .\nthese species are sometimes known as\nchanks\nor\nchank shells\n. one species in this genus is the sacred chank , turbinella pyrum ; see\nshankha\nfor the cultural and religious use of the shell of that species .\nverzeichniss der conchylien xvi + 110 pp . [ stated date : 09 oct 1838 . ]\ngloria maris 26 1 - 7 . [ stated date : - - feb 1987 . ]\nanimal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .\nin order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .\nthe review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine\nthe number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .\nhumans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [\n] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [\nlittle attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( pol\u00edtica nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that\nthe support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded\n[\n] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [\nin addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [\n] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [\n] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .\nthe total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km\n, which extends from 02\u00b054 to 17\u00b021s and from 35\u00b0 to 46\u00b030w and includes nine states : maranh\u00e3o , piau\u00ed , cear\u00e1 , rio grande do norte , para\u00edba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .\n] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century \u2013 the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [\nthe predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [\n] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,\nand shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .\n] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s\ncatalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist\n[\ncategories of diseases treated with zootherapeutic remedies in northeast brazil , according to the brazilian centre of diseases classification and the number of species used per category .\nthe review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families ( additional file\n) . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) ( figure .\nexamples of animals used as medicine in northeast brazil . a : boa constrictor ( photo : gentil a . pereira - filho ) , b : iguana iguana , c : chelonoidis carbonaria , d : amazona aestiva , e : coragyps atratus and f : ucides cordatus ( photos b , c , d , e , f : r\u00f4mulo r . n . alves ) .\nthe number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . ethnobiological studies encompassing information on the medicinal use of biological resources cover 06 states : para\u00edba , piau\u00ed , pernambuco , alagoas , maranh\u00e3o and bahia , the latter being state with the highest number of studies ( figure .\n) . no published accounts were found for the states of cear\u00e1 , sergipe and rio grande do norte . due to the lack of studies in some states of northeast brazil , and to the fact that only taxa that could be identified to the species level were included in the review , is expected the number of medicinal animals to be greater than the 250 species compiled .\nof the 250 medicinal animal species which have been recorded , 175 ( 70 % ) were also used as food . the high number of animals used both as food and medicine is not surprising given the important role played by wildlife as a source of protein in different parts of the world . in at least 62 countries worldwide , wildlife ( including fish ) provides significant proteins , calories , and essential fats to rural communities [\n] . the degree of overlap between medicinal and nutritional uses of wild animals observed in our study was high , and left no doubt about the importance of wild animals in human diets and healing activities .\nmedicinal animals recorded can be used whole or in parts such as fat , flesh , bone , bone marrow , cartilage , skin , tail , feather , liver , bile (\nfel\n) , milk , rattle ( from rattlesnakes ) , spine , shell , honey , wax , scale , rostral expansion , otolith , penis , carapace , blood , gizzard , beak , cocoon , teeth , tongue , egg , egg shells , tibia , secretions , head , heart , urine , foot , leg , nest , guts , pollen , ear , spawn , nail , horn , sucking dish and eye . examples of zootherapeutic products used as remedies in northeast brazil are showed in figure\nexamples of animal products used as remedies in northeast brazil . a : fats of mammals and reptiles , b : alligator leather ( paleosuchus palpebrosus ) , c : dried seahorses ( hippocampus reidi ) and d : dried starfish ( oreaster reticulatus ) .\nbeyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine . barboza et al . [\n] recorded the utilization of animals ( zootherapeutics ) as sources of medicines in folk veterinary medicine ( ethnoveterinary ) in semiarid northeast region and verified that 15 animals are used in the prevention or cure of animals ' illnesses in that region .\ndistinct preparation and administration manners of the zootherapic resources are reported in the works , but in general , hard parts , such as teeth , nails , shells , rattles from snakes , fish scales , bone , and cartilage , generally are dried in the sun , grated , and crushed to powder , and then administered as tea or taken during meals . fat , body secretions , and oil are either ingested or used as an ointment . some animals are utilized in combination with plants and / or other animal species , constituting the ingredients of what the interviewees call\ngarrafadas\na concoction defined by camargo [\nthe zootherapeutic resources recorded were used to treat different diseases . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . the highest numbers of animal species ( 132 , 52 . 8 % ) have been reported for the treatment of respiratory system related problems . injuries , poisoning and other consequences of external causes are treated with 77 species ( 30 . 8 % ) . 71 ( 28 . 4 % ) animal species are reported in uses in undefined illnesses category ( that includes all citations for diseases with unspecific symptoms ) . problems of osteomuscular system and conjunctive tissue are reported to be treated with 71 ( 28 . 8 % ) species . circulatory system related problems are treated with 64 species ( 25 . 6 % ) ( table\n] . these observations point to the need for sanitary measurements to be taken with medicinal animal products and the importance of including considerations about zootherapy into public health programs . although the need for implementation of sanitary measures to the trade of animal or their parts for medicinal purposes is evident , adoption of regulatory measures faces considerable challenges , among them ensuring adequate participation of all stakeholders involved , monitoring of the activity , and combating illegal , unreported and unregulated trade [\n] , which makes the use of available , affordable animal and plant remedies an important alternative .\nthe high number of species registered evidenciates that the animals are therapeutic resources culturally important . nevertheless , the lack of zootherapeutic studies in brazil ( and in the world in general ) has contributed to an underestimation of the importance of zootherapeutic resources in this country . alves and rosa [\n] , suggest that one of the factors that certainly contribute to the information scarcity on the subject is the semi - clandestine or clandestine nature of the trade and use of medicinal animals , generally result in usuaries and traders being more resistant to provide information . the most of medicinal animals are wild and protected by law . nevertheless , although brazilian legislation forbids commercial use of wild fauna ( article 1 law 5 , 197 january 3 , 1967 and article 29 of law 9 , 605 february 12 , 1998 ) , medicinal products and derivatives made from animals are commonly traded in many brazilian cities [\n= 230 ; 92 % ) are wild caught . in most cases remedies were prepared from dead specimens . many of the medicinal animals are of conservation concern . many of the recorded species ( 52 out of 250 ) are on either the iucn red list of threatened species , [\n] . these results demonstrate the need to assess the implications of the use and trade of animal used in traditional medicines on their wild populations .\n] , there is a need to increase our understanding of the biology and ecology of species commonly used as remedies to better assess the impacts of harvesting them ( for medicinal or other purposes ) on their wild populations . medicinal species whose conservation status is in question should receive urgent attention , and aspects such as habitat loss and alteration should be discussed in connection with present and future medicinal uses . as anyinam [\n] remarked , environmental degradation affects users of traditional medicine both by limiting their access to the resources traditionally used and by diminishing the knowledge base in their community upon which traditional medicine is constructed . studies on traditional uses of faunistic resources should be carried out with other links to conservation biology , public health policies , sustainable management of natural resources and biological prospection is of great importance [\nadditional file 1 : medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine , northeast of brazil . the data provided a list of medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine in the northeast of brazil . ( pdf 170 kb )\na framework for action on biodiversity and ecosystem management . the wehab working group , august 2002 .\ntraditional healing with animals ( zootherapy ) : medieval to present - day levantine practice .\necology and ethnomedicine : exploring links between current environmental crisis and indigenous medical practices .\n. 1st edition . edited by : grifo f , rosenthal j . washington dc : island press ; 1997 : 7 - 38 .\n. gland , switzerland : castel cary press / lp and ts ; 1993 .\n. 1st edition . edited by : alves agc , lucena rfp , albuquerque up . recife , brazil : nuppea ; 2005 : 47 - 60 .\na zooterapia no recife ( pernambuco ) : uma articula\u00e7\u00e3o entre as pr\u00e1ticas e a hist\u00f3ria .\nfrom cnidarians to mammals : the use of animals as remedies in fishing communities in ne brazil .\nzootherapy goes to town : the use of animal - based remedies in urban areas of ne and n brazil .\n. edited by : pieroni a . k\u00f6ln , germany : experiences verlag ; 1999 : 155 - 171 .\nanimal remedies in the folk medicinal practices of the lucca and pistoia provinces , central italy .\n. edited by : fleurentin j , pelt jm , mazars g . proceedings of the fourth european colloquium of ethnopharmacology . paris , france : ird editions ; 2002 : 371 - 375 .\n. edited by : pendergast hdv , etkin n , harris dr , houghton pj . royal botanic gardens . kew , uk ; 1998 : 41 - 461 .\n. edited by : queiroz lp , rapini a , giulietti am . minist\u00e9rio de ci\u00eancias e tecnologia , bras\u00edlia ; 2006 : 15 - 19 .\n. edited by : sampaio evsb , giulietti am , virginio j , gamarra - rojas cfl . recife : associa\u00e7\u00e3o plantas do nordeste and centro nordestino de informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre plantas ; 2002 : 103 - 115 .\n. edited by : prance gt . columbia university press , new york ; 1982 : 245 - 251 .\n. edited by : whitmore tc , prance gt . oxford science publications , oxford , united kingdom ; 1987 : 28 - 45 .\n. edited by : silva jmc , tabarelli m , fonseca mt , lins lv . brasilia : mma . \u2013 ufpe \u2013 conservation international \u2013 biodiversitas \u2013 embrapa semi - \u00e1rido ; 2004 : 45 - 90 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ( in portuguese ) ; 2003 : 75 - 134 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ; 2003 : 135 - 180 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ; 2003 : 181 - 236 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ; 2003 : 237 - 273 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ; 2003 : 275 - 333 .\n. secretaria de biodiversidade e florestas , minist\u00e9rio do meio ambiente , bras\u00edlia ; 2002 .\ncosta - neto em : faunistc resources used as medicines by an afro - brazilian community from chapada diamantina national park , state of bahia - brazil . sitientibus 1996 , ( 15 ) : 211 - 219 .\nfaunistic resources used as medicines by artisanal fishermen from siribinha beach , state of bahia , brazil .\ncommercialization and use of snakes in north and northeastern brazil : implications for conservation and management .\nuso e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de plantas e animais medicinais no estado de pernambuco ( nordeste do brasil ) : um estudo de caso .\nprimeiro registro da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o medicinal de recursos pesqueiros na cidade de s\u00e3o f\u00e9lix , estado da bahia , brasil .\no conhecimento ictiol\u00f3gico tradicional dos pescadores da cidade de barra , regi\u00e3o do m\u00e9dio rio s\u00e3o francisco , estado da bahia , brasil .\nutiliza\u00e7\u00e3o medicinal de insetos no povoado de pedra branca , santa terezinha , bahia , brasil .\n. feira de santana : feira de santana , brasil : editora universit\u00e1ria da uefs ; 1999 .\nrecursos animais utilizados na medicina tradicional dos \u00edndios pankarar\u00e9s , que habitam no nordeste do estado da bahia , brasil .\ntraditional use and sale of animals as medicines in feira de santana city , bahia , brazil .\nconhecimento e usos tradicionais de recursos faun\u00edsticos por uma comunidade afro - brasileira . resultados preliminares .\n. feira de santana , brazil : universidade estadual de feira de santana ; 2000 .\nthe use of insects in folk medicine in the state of bahia , northeastern brazil , with notes on insects reported elsewhere in brazilian folk medicine .\n( latreille , 1828 ) ( crustacea , decapoda , trichodactylidae ) , na concep\u00e7\u00e3o dos moradores do povoado de pedra branca , bahia , brasil .\na farmacop\u00e9ia do mar : invertebrados marinhos de interesse m\u00e9dico e a etnomedicina alagoana .\nthe use of zootherapeutics in folk veterinary medicine in the district of cubati , para\u00edba state , brazil .\nanimal - based remedies as complementary medicines in santa cruz do capibaribe , brazil .\numa abordagem etnoecol\u00f3gica sobre a medicina popular em andara\u00ed , chapada diamantina , bahia , brasil .\n. feira de santana , brazil . edited by editora da universidade estadual de feira de santana ; 2000 .\nanexo \u00e0 instru\u00e7\u00e3o normativa no . 3 , de 27 de maio de 2003 . do minist\u00e9rio do meio ambiente\nlista nacional das esp\u00e9cies de invertebrados aqu\u00e1ticos e peixes sobreexplotadas ou amea\u00e7adas de sobreexplota\u00e7\u00e3o .\ninstru\u00e7\u00e3o normativa no . 5 , de 21 de maio de 2004 . di\u00e1rio oficial da uni\u00e3o\nd\u00e9cima revis\u00e3o , organiza\u00e7\u00e3o mundial da sa\u00fade ( oms ) . organiza\u00e7\u00e3o pan - americana de sa\u00fade \u2013 opas\nindigenous knowledge of zootherapeutic use of vertebrate origin by the ao tribe of nagaland .\nanimals and their products utilized as medicines by the inhabitants surrounding the ranthambhore national park , india .\n. wildlife survey report . world wildlife fund and liberian forestry development , authority , gland , switzerland ; 1991 .\nfood chain and the reasons for food taboos in the amazon and in the atlantic forest coast .\n( schweiger 1812 ) ( testudines : podocnemididae ) for medicinal purposes in two communities in north of brazil .\nos ' bichos ' que curam : os animais e a medicina ' folk ' em bel\u00e9m do par\u00e1 .\nprodutos e subprodutos da medicina popular comercializados na cidade de boa vista , roraima .\nplants and animals utilized as medicines in the jau national park ( jnp ) , brazilian amazon .\nmarkets and the use of wild animals for traditional medicine : a case study among the tsimane ' amerindians of the bolivian rain forest .\nmedicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of\ncariri paraibano\n, brazil .\naspectos s\u00f3cio - econ\u00f4micos do com\u00e9rcio de plantas e animais medicinais em \u00e1rea metropolitanas do norte e nordeste do brasil .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nby using this website , you agree to our terms and conditions , privacy statement and cookies policy . manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\n( of xancus laevigatus ( anton , 1839 ) ) matthews , h . r . 1967 . notas sobre a fam\u00edlia xancidae no nordeste brasileiro . arquivos da esta\u00e7\u00e3o de biologia marinha da universidade federal do cear\u00e1 7 : 143 - 145 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\ncollected at 10 - 15 m by lobster divers . some defect on body whorl made by predatores . but an unusual dwarf with salmon double lip\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nrua prof . algacyr munhoz mader , 3775 - cic 81350 - 010 curitiba pr brazil tel . : + 55 41 3316 - 3052 / 3316 - 3012 fax : + 55 41 3346 - 2872 babt @ urltoken\nis a free , web - based , collaborative , multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non - profit wikimedia foundation . its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki ( a technology for creating collaborative websites , from the hawaiian word wiki , meaning\nquick\n) and encyclopedia . wikipedia ' s 13 million articles ( three million in the english wikipedia ) have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world , and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site . launched in 2001 by jimmy wales and larry sanger , it is currently the largest and most popular general reference work on the internet . last indexed april 8 , 2015\ndescription of calantica darwini d . s . jones & a . m . hosie , 2009\n, common name\nbaby ' s toes\n, is a . . .\nis a species of small crustaceans ( ca . 1 . 0\u20131 . 3 millimetres . . .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nspecies in this genus are found world - wide , mostly in tropical shallow waters .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 22 / 2012 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; 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{"id": 269, "summary": [{"text": "copidognathus oculatus is a species of mite in the halacaridae family .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the scientific name of the species was first published in 1863 by hodge . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "copidognathus oculatus", "paragraphs": ["bartsch , i . , 1977c . zur oculatus - und gibbus - gruppe der gattung copidognathus ( halacaridae , acari ) . ent . mitt . zool . mus . hamb . , 6 : 1 - 12 .\nbartsch , i . ( 1977 ) . zur oculatus - und gibbus - gruppe der gattung copidognathus ( halacaridae , acari ) . ent . mitt . zool . mus . hamb . 6 : 1 - 12 . [ details ]\nabstract - five copidognathus species , taken on the shores of rottnest island , western australia , are described . the five species , c . culoatus sp . nov . , c . facetus sp . nov . , c levigatus sp . nov . , c . pumicatus sp . nov . , and c . rasilis sp . nov . , can be attributed to the copidognathus oculatus group . the oculatus group and the 28 species attributed to this group are diagnosed , the geographical distribution summarized in a map . the southern hemisphere proved to be more rich in species than the northern .\n( of halacarus oculatus hodge , 1863 ) hodge , g . , 1863 . contributions to the marine zoology of seaham harbour . on some undescribed marine acari . trans . tyneside nat . fld cl . , 5 ( 4 ) : 298 - 303 . [ details ]\nlohmann , h . ( 1989 ) . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murr . und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . ( syst . ) . 4 : 269 - 408 . [ details ]\nbartsch , i . , 2001 . acarina - halacaridae , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 237 - 241 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngreen , j . ; macquitty , m . ( 1987 ) . halacarid mites ( arachnida : acari ) : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 36 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london . isbn 90 - 048196 - 8 . vii , 178 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntrouessart , e . , 1888 . note sur les acariens marins recueillis par m . giard au laboratoire maritime de wimereux . c . r . acad . sci . paris , 107 : 753 - 755 . [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbartsch , i . ( 1993 ) . a synopsis of the antarctic halacaroidea ( acari ) . synopses of the antarctic benthos . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein . 176 . [ details ]\nbartsch , i . ( 2006 ) . halacaroidea ( acari ) : a guide to marine genera . organisms diversity & evolution . 6 ( 2 ) : 125 - 125 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngreen , j . ; macquitty , m . ( 1987 ) . halacarid mites ( arachnida : acari ) : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 36 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london . isbn 90 - 048196 - 8 . vii , 178 pp .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nlohmann , h . , 1889 . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murr . und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . ( syst . ) , 4 : 269 - 408 .\nbartsch , i . , 2001 . acarina - halacaridae , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 237 - 241\n( hodge , 1863 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nandr\u00e9 , m . , 1946 . halacariens marins . faune de france 46 : 1\u2013152 .\nbartsch , i . , 1977b . interstitielle fauna von galapagos xx halacaridae ( acari ) . mikrofauna meeresboden 65 : 1\u2013108 .\n( halacaridae , acari ) und beschreibung zweier neuer arten . zool . beitr . n . f . 28 : 1\u201316 .\n( halacaridae ) from the caribbean region . stud . fauna cura\u00e7ao 67 : 1\u201314 .\nviets , 1936 ( halacaridae ) , a redescription . stud . fauna cura\u00e7ao 67 : 15\u201320 .\nbartsch , i . , 1984e . halacaridae ( acari ) von den west - indischen inseln . bijdr . dierk . 54 : 185\u2013196 .\nbartsch , i . , 1991 . on the identity of some north atlantic halacarid species ( acari ) . jl . of nat . hist . 25 : 1339\u20131353 .\nfrom the caribbean area and notes on the subfamily actacarinae and its species ( arachnida : acari : halacaridae ) . senckenberg . biol . 75 : 229\u2013241 .\n\u2013 gruppe ( acari , halacaridae ) . entomol . mitt . zool . mus . hamburg 13 : 37\u201348 .\nbartsch , i . & t . m . iliffe , 1985 . the halacarid fauna ( halacaridae , acari ) of bermuda caves . stygologia 1 : 300\u2013321 .\nbrady , g . s . , 1875 . a review of the british marine mites , with descriptions of some new species . proc . zool . soc . lond . 20 : 301\u2013311 .\nfountain , h . c . , 1953 . an examination of the original slides of marine acari of hodge 1863 . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 32 : 357\u2013364 .\ngosse , p . h . , 1855 . notes on some new or little known marine animals . ann . magaz . nat . hist . 16 : 27\u201336 .\ngreen , j . & m . macquitty , 1987 . halacarid mites . synopses of british fauna ( n . s . ) 36 , e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden , the netherlands . 178 pp .\nhalbert , j . n . , 1915 . clare island survey part 39 ii , acarinida ii . terrestrial and marine acarina . proc . r . ir . acad . 31 ( 39 ) sect . 2 : 45\u2013136 .\nhodge , g . , 1863 . contributions to the marine zoology of seaham harbour . on some undescribed marine acari . trans . tyneside nat . field . cl . 5 : 298\u2013303 .\n, a new species of arenicolous mite ( prostigmata : halacaridae ) from the caribbean coast . ann . ent . soc . am . 64 : 594\u2013598 .\nlohmann , h . t . , 1889 . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murray und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . 4 ( 2 ) : 269\u2013408 .\nlohmann , h . t . , 1893 . die halacarinen der plankton \u2013 expedition . ergebnisse der plankton \u2013 expedition der humboldt - stiftung 2 : 11\u201395 .\nnewell , i . m . , 1947 . a systematic and ecological study of the halacaridae of eastern north america . bull . bingham oceanogr . coll . 10 : 1\u2013232 .\nrosen , d . e . , 1975 . a vicariance model of caribbean biogeography . syst . zool . 24 : 431\u2013464 .\nschuster , r . & i . bartsch , 1986 . order acari ( mites and ticks ) . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . john wiley & sons , new york : pp . 270\u2013275 .\nsomerfield , p . j . , 1988 . new records of marine halacaridae ( acari : prostigmata ) from rocky shores around the irish coast . bull . ir . biogeogr . soc . 11 : 6\u201321 .\ntrouessart , e . l . , 1889a . sur les acariens marins des c\u00f4tes de france . compte rendu hebdomadaire de s\u00e9ances de l ' academie des sciences 108 : 1178\u20131181 .\ntrouessart , e . l . , 1889b . revue synoptique de la famille des halacaridae . bull . sc . france belgique 20 : 225\u2013251 .\nviets , k . , 1927 . halacaridae . tierwelt der nord und ostsee xic : 1\u201372 .\nviets , k . , 1936a . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise nach bonaire , cura\u00e7ao und aruba im jahre 1930 . no . 18 . halacariden aus westindien . zool . jb . , syst . 67 : 389\u2013424 .\nviets , k . , 1936b . spinnentiere oder arachnoidea vii . wassermilben oder hydracarina ( hydrachnellae und halacaridae ) . tierwelt deutschlands 31\u201332 : 516\u2013562 .\nchatterjee , t . & de troch , m . hydrobiologia ( 2001 ) 457 : 235 . urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 272, "summary": [{"text": "the far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) is a large shorebird most similar in appearance to the long-billed curlew , but slightly larger .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is mostly brown in color , differentiated from other curlews by its plain , unpatterned brown underwing .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is not only the largest curlew but probably the world 's largest sandpiper , at 60 \u2013 66 cm ( 24 \u2013 26 in ) in length and 110 cm ( 43 in ) across the wings .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the body is reportedly 565 \u2013 1,150 g ( 1.246 \u2013 2.535 lb ) , which may be equaled by the eurasian curlew .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the extremely long bill , at 12.8 \u2013 20.1 cm ( 5.0 \u2013 7.9 in ) in length , rivals the bill size of the closely related long-billed curlew as the longest bill for a sandpiper .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the far eastern curlew spends its breeding season in northeastern asia , including siberia to kamchatka , and mongolia .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "its breeding habitat is composed of marshy and swampy wetlands and lakeshores .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "most individuals winter in coastal australia , with a few heading to south korea , thailand , philippines and new zealand , where they stay at estuaries , beaches , and salt marshes .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "during its migration the far eastern curlew commonly passes the yellow sea .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it uses its long , decurved bill to probe for invertebrates in the mud .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it may feed in solitary but it generally congregates in large flocks to migrate or roost .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "its call is a sharp , clear whistle , cuuue-reee , often repeated .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "as of 2006 , there are an estimated 38,000 individuals in the world .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "formerly classified as least concern by iucn , it was found to have been rarer than previously believed and thus its status was updated to vulnerable in the 2010 iucn red list of threatened species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in australia its status under the epbc act is critically endangered . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "far eastern curlew", "paragraphs": ["the far eastern curlew is also known as the eastern curlew , the australian curlew , the sea curlew and just plain curlew . it is the largest migratory wading bird in the world .\nfar eastern curlew : largest curlew , very long , decurved bill , longest of any shorebird . dark brown with heavily streaked\nthe far eastern curlew is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe eastern curlew is the largest curlew , with a much longer bill and legs than the similar whimbrel , numensius phaeopus . the call of the eastern curlew is distinctive and the long bill is obvious in flight .\neastern curlew ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013q ) [ database ] .\neastern curlew . adult ( possibly immature ) . miranda , june 2010 . image \u00a9 duncan watson by duncan watson\nthe far eastern curlew has a large breeding range of 727 , 000 square kilometers . it breeds in marshes and open bogs in eastern russia , and parts of mongolia and northeastern china . it winters in estuaries and other coastal habitats in eastern asia , the philippines , indonesia , and australasia , and has been recorded as a vagrant in alaska . this species is threatened by destruction of important tidal mud flats used during migration and on wintering grounds and has shown recent declines because of this . the far eastern curlew has an estimated population of 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals and a conservation rating of endangered .\nthreatened species of the northern territory - eastern curlew , numenius madagascariensis ( ward , s . , 2012h ) [ information sheet ] .\n2011 ) and was recently uplisted as critically endangered in australia . the east asian - australasian flyway partnership far eastern curlew task force is developing an international single species action plan for the species with range states , partners and research organisations within the flyway ( m . carey\nthe eastern curlew is one of 20 birds that the australian government has prioritised resource allocation to support the species recovery effort . the australian government plays an important role in building international cooperation to conserve migratory birds and is a member of the east - asian \u2013 australasian flyway partnership . five projects are helping to restore eastern curlew habitat through the national landcare programme . actions to protect eastern curlew will benefit many other migratory shorebirds including the bar - tailed godwit .\ncalls given from ground while chasing an eurasian curlew . same bird as xc194375 exact location\nthe eastern curlew is australia\u2019s largest shorebird and a long - haul flyer . it is easily recognisable , with its long , down - curved bill . the eastern curlew takes an annual migratory flight to russia and north - eastern china to breed , arriving back home to australia in august to feed on crabs and molluscs in intertidal mudflats . it is extremely shy and will take flight at the first sign of danger .\nfar eastern curlew : this species breeds in northeastern asia and siberia , wintering in australia , new zealand , and new guinea . it very rarely wanders to the aleutian islands and pribilof islands of alaska and southwestern british columbia in the spring . it is found along wetlands , beaches , lakeshores , and salt marshes .\nriegen , a . c . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . eastern curlew . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nnumenius madagascariensis ( eastern curlew ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014sz ) [ state action plan ] .\nthe eastern curlew is found on intertidal mudflats and sandflats , often with beds of seagrass , on sheltered coasts , especially estuaries , mangrove swamps , bays , harbours and lagoons .\nflock of eastern curlews leaving the mudflats of roebuck bay , commencing their northern migration .\neastern curlews breed in marshy , boggy habitat in eastern mongolia , north - east china and eastern siberia . in the non - breeding season they are mainly found on mudflats in northern and eastern australia . in new zealand , curlews are found in small numbers on major harbours and estuaries from parengarenga in the far north to awarua bay in southland , with strongholds at manukau harbour and farewell spit . they have been recorded as vagrants on north meyer island ( kermadec islands ) , and on chatham , stewart and campbell islands .\nthe eastern curlew eats mainly small crabs and molluscs . foraging by day and night , it is slow and deliberate , stalking slowly on sandy and muddy flats , picking from the surface or probing deep with its long bill .\nthe eastern curlew is widespread in coastal regions in the north - east and south of australia , including tasmania , and scattered in other coastal areas . it is rarely seen inland . it breeds in russia and north - eastern china . on passage , they are commonly seen in japan , korea and borneo . small numbers visit new zealand .\nthe eastern curlew is the largest wader in new zealand , and has the longest bill of any wader at around 20 cm in length . it is a regular summer visitor to new zealand but now in very small numbers , with probably fewer than 10 each summer since the mid 2000\u2019s , and usually at only a handful of sites . the eastern curlew is confined to the east asian - australasian flyway ( eaaf ) , with a global population estimated to be c . 20 , 000 and declining .\nvan gils , j . , wiersma , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsimilar species : in the new zealand region only whimbrel and bristle - thighed curlew are possible confusion species . both are smaller with shorter decurved bills and boldly streaked crowns . eurasian curlew has occurred once in australia and is distinguished by its extensive white rump and lower back and whiter underparts .\nthe eastern curlew is the largest wader that visits australia , with a very long down - curved bill . the female ' s bill is usually longer than the male ' s and averages 185 mm in length . it is a bulky , dark - streaked brown wader , with a long neck and legs . when flying , the barred flight feathers are visible , lighter under the wings and dark above . they are wary birds , quick to take flight . their wing beats are slow and deliberate , unlike the rapid beats of the whimbrel . other names are curlew and australian or sea curlew .\n53\u201366 cm ; 390\u20131350 g , male averaging 110 g lighter than female ; wingspan 97\u2013110 cm . largest curlew with very long , heavy bill ; female has longest bill of . . .\neastern curlews mainly eat crabs and small molluscs on the non - breeding grounds . they usually break crabs legs off first before swallowing the legs and body . no new zealand data .\nthe eastern curlew is a long distance migrant , making non - stop flights from east and north australia direct to east asia , from taiwan northwards to major mudflat staging sites of the yellow sea . from there , the curlews fly directly to their breeding grounds . southward migration follows a similar route and legs . they reach new zealand from september to november and leave in march and april . eastern curlews are very wary birds , and are difficult to approach . in new zealand they may be solitary , associate with other curlews , or join with bar - tailed godwits .\neastern curlews are the largest of all the world\u2019s shorebirds , and call their call , a mournful \u2018cuuuurrlew\u2019 , ringing out beautifully across vast coastal wetlands . their impressive bill , which is characteristic of the species , is used to probe the mud and dig up crabs , their main food source in australia . sadly , its down - curved shape also mimics the decline of australia\u2019s migratory shorebirds . the eastern curlew occurs only in our flyway , and about 75 per cent of the world\u2019s curlews winter in australia , so we have a particular responsibility to protect coastal wetlands for them and the smaller shorebirds that live in their shadow .\ndann , p . ( 2014 ) . prey availability , and not energy content , explains diet and prey choice of eastern curlews numenius madagascariensis in southern australia . ardea . 102 ( 2 ) : 213 - 224 .\neastern curlews breed in the northern hemisphere on swampy moors and boggy marshes . both sexes have similar plumage , with the males using their haunting calls and display flights to attract a mate and defend their territory . the nest is a shallow depression lined with grass .\nalthough not considered endangered , populations of the red knot in eastern north america have been steeply falling because of over harvesting of the horseshoe crab ; the eggs of which serve as their main food source during a critical migration stop - over in the delaware bay .\neastern curlews breed from early may to late june . nests typically contain 4 eggs and are placed on small mounds in swampy ground . incubation is shared by both sexes . chicks leave the nest soon after hatching and feed themselves on insects and other small invertebrates .\nsandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitats that include mudflats , beaches , shores of ponds , lakes and rivers , and marshes although two members of the family , the long - billed curlew and upland sandpiper , are grassland birds . most members of this family breed in the extensive wetlands of the arctic tundra , utilizing other wetland habitats during migration and winter .\nthe eastern curlew is an enormous wader with very long heavily decurved bill . the head and neck are streaked dark - brown , there is a thin white eye - ring , and the chin and throat are whitish . the upperparts are brown with pale olive - brown edging , the rump is brown , and the tail is greyish - brown with narrow dark banding . the underparts are dark brownish - buff , paler towards the vent , with fine dark - brown streaking turning to thicker arrow - shaped streaks on the flanks . the underwings are whitish , but appear darker due to the fine dark barring . the sexes are alike ( apart from females being larger with longer bills ) ; juveniles are similar , but with with back feathers neatly edged and notched with white , and with finer streaks on the underparts .\nthe global population of eastern curlews was estimated at 38 , 000 in 2006 but is known to be declining . based on winter counts in australia , the population is now likely to number around 20 , 000 . annual declines between 1992 and 2008 averaged 2 . 4 % in moreton bay , queensland , a wintering stronghold . numbers in new zealand were regularly in the mid 40s during the 1980s but now fewer than 10 occur annually , with only 1 or 2 overwintering .\nthe eskimo curlew plays a role similar to that of the enigmatic and controversial ivory - billed woodpecker . a historically common bird , by the start of the twentieth century , it became very rare due to overhunting . since then , unlike other shorebird species that were also heavily hunted , it has not recovered and might be extinct . a sliver of hope is kept alive , though , by documented sightings in the 1960\u2019s , undocumented sightings since then , and the fact that it breeds and winters in very remote areas .\neastern curlews are classed as endangered by iucn . like most waders migrating along the eaaf , particularly for those using coastal wetlands in china and korea , they are under serious threat from staging habitat loss , due mostly to reclamation and human based development and disturbance . breeding grounds and most wintering sites are probably more secure although hunting and other disturbance maybe a factor on the breeding grounds , particularly in russia . human disturbance at southern wintering grounds in australia are also of concern . curlews are more susceptible to disturbance than most waders .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nturbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .\n63 cm . largest wader in new zealand . greyish brown and buff streaked body ; very long downcurved bill ( 19 cm ) .\nbenstead , p . , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , derh\u00e9 , m . , ekstrom , j . , harding , m . , symes , a . , ashpole , j , north , a . , wheatley , h .\nthis species has been uplisted to endangered as new information suggests it is undergoing a very rapid population decline which is suspected to have been primarily driven by habitat loss and deterioration in the yellow sea region . further proposed reclamation projects are predicted to cause additional declines in the future\nis a particularly important stopover site on northward and southward migration . it has been recorded as a passage migrant in\n. in prep . ) . in 2015 , the australian government listed the species as critically endangered under australia ' s national environmental law ( m . carey\nwetlands international ( 2006 ) estimated the global population at c . 38 , 000 individuals , although a more recent update now estimates the population at 32 , 000 individuals ( wetlands international 2015 ) . it is therefore placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals .\n. in prep . ) suggests that the species has declined much more rapidly than was previously thought ; with an annual rate of decline of 0 . 058 equating to a loss of 81 . 7 % over three generations . loss of habitat at critical stopover sites in the yellow sea is suspected to be the key threat to this species and given that it is restricted to the east asian - australasian flyway , the declines in the non - breeding population are thought to be representative of the global population .\nlocal - scale declines have also been reported : the species has been declining steadily in australia , at a rate of 2 . 4 % annually in moreton bay between 1992 and 2008 ( wilson\n2011 ) ; c . 5 % annually in victoria between 1980 and 2010 ( d . rogers\n2012 ) ; by over 65 % in tasmania since the 1950s ( reid and park 2003 ) ; and by 40 % across 49 australian sites between c . 1983 and c . 2007 ( d . rogers\n2011 ) . declines seem equally worrying in north - western australia ( d . rogers\n2012 ) . furthermore , the population at saemangeum ( south korea ) has decreased by 32 . 6 % ( c . 1 , 800 birds ) between 2006 and 2008 due to the reclamation of tidal flats ( moores 2006 , moores\n2008 ) . although these sites only represent a proportion of the wintering and stopover populations , threats are widespread and are projected to cause population declines in the future ( d . rogers\n2009 ) . given that more reclamation is proposed within the yellow sea , with widespread threats elsewhere on the flyway , it is assumed that these declines will continue .\nthe species breeds on open mossy or transitional bogs , moss - lichen bogs and wet meadows , and on the swampy shores of small lakes ; in the non - breeding season it is essentially coastal , occurring at estuaries , mangrove swamps , saltmarshes and intertidal flats , particularly those with extensive seagrass ( zosteraceae ) meadows . it often roosts in salt - marshes , behind mangroves , or on sandy beaches ( del hoyo\nits diet on breeding grounds includes insects , such as larvae of beetles and flies , and amphipods . berries are also consumed during the autumn migration . in non - breeding areas it feeds on marine invertebrates , preferentially taking crabs and small molluscs but also feeding on other crustaceans and polychaete worms ( del hoyo\n1996 ) . this migratory wader nests from early may to late june , often in small colonies of 2 - 3 pairs , with an average clutch size of four eggs . it probably delays maturity longer than most shorebirds , perhaps not breeding until 3 - 4 years old ( del hoyo\n. 2014 ) . this scale of habitat loss is predicted to continue owing to growing populations around the yellow sea . it is difficult to ascertain whether declines seen at reclaimed sites such as saemangeum represent true declines , or whether the birds have simply been displaced ( moores\n2009 ) , but the former seems more probable , given the huge scale of habitat loss in the yellow sea . wetland degradation in the yellow sea may affect the species where it stages on migration ( bamford\n2010 ) . further threats may include disturbance at the nesting and feeding sites ( taylor & bester 1999 in conservation advice 2015 ) , direct persecution throughout its range , and a decrease in the availability of food due to pollution at stopover points in south korea . furthermore , females probably tend to migrate further south to southern australian wetlands which are more threatened than those in northern australia ( del hoyo\ncms appendix i and ii . the species was accepted as a concerted action species under cms in november 2014 ( anon . 2014 ) . population trends are being monitored in australia as part of birdlife australia ' s shorebirds 2020 programme . the species is included in the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett\nidentify key stopover areas and work with governments along the east asian - australasian flyway to prevent destruction / reclamation of important staging sites . continue to monitor population trends . restore reclaimed wetland sites . campaign to stop shorebird hunting in asian countries . legally protect it in all range states . survey the breeding grounds for potential threats . the proposal for listing as a species for concerted action under cms stated that conservation actions were needed to : 1 ) protect staging habitat and manage habitat in the yellow river delta and remaining habitat at yala jiang and other sites in the yellow sea ; 2 ) manage shellfisheries at key sites to benefit the species ( leyrer\n. 2014 ) . the australian government ' s approved conservation advice states that the protection of roosting and feeding sites in australia should be maintained and improved and the requirements of the species should be incorporated into coastal planning . important sites should also be managed to reduce disturbance when the species is present , and to identify and reduce the threat of invasive species ( conservation advice 2015 ) .\nmap edited : changed mongolian range from breeding to passage . adjusted breeding range . eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22693199a118601473 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan not required , as the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats .\nepbc act policy statement 3 . 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding , assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species\n( great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .\n( bamford m . , d . watkins , w . bancroft , g . tischler & j . wahl , 2008 ) [ information sheet ] .\n( hansen , b . d . , r . a . fuller , d . watkins , d . i . rogers , r . s . clemens , m . newman , e . j . woehler & d . r . weller , 2016 ) in effect under the epbc act from 29 - may - 2017 . [ information sheet ] .\nshorebirds ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013bi ) [ internet ] .\nthe action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .\nlisted as endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthe threatened species strategy webpage includes information on what is being done to support the species recovery effort .\nfor the most current information relating to the species and to assist with regulatory considerations , refer to its conservation advice . further information may be available in the epbc act policy statement ( department of the environment 2015 ) or recent research ( bamford et al . 2008 ; dann 2014 ; hansen et al . 2015 ; hua et al . 2015 ; li et al . 2016 ; melville et al . 2016 ) .\nbamford m . , d . watkins , w . bancroft , g . tischler & j . wahl ( 2008 ) . migratory shorebirds of the east asian - australasian flyway : population estimates and internationally important sites . canberra , act : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , wetlands international - oceania . available from : urltoken .\ndepartment of the environment ( 2015w ) . epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding , assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species . canberra , act : commonwealth of australia . available from : urltoken .\nhansen , b . d . , p . menkhorst , p . moloney & r . h . loyn ( 2015 ) . long - term declines in multiple waterbird species in a tidal embayment , south - east australia . austral ecology . 40 ( 5 ) : 515 - 527 .\nhua , n . , k . tan , y . chen & z . ma ( 2015 ) . key research issues concerning the conservation of migratory shorebirds in the yellow sea region . bird conservation international . 25 ( 1 ) : 38 - 52 .\nli , x . , x . zhang , x . xu , s . lv , y . zhao , d . chen , c . hou , b . chen & g . yang ( 2016 ) . bird diversity in the buffer zone of the largest coastal nature reserve of china and conservation implications . pakistan journal of zoology . 48 ( 4 ) : 1193 - 1199 .\nmelville , d . s . , y . chen & z . ma ( 2016 ) . shorebirds along the yellow sea coast of china face an uncertain future - a review of threats . emu . 116 ( 2 ) : 100 - 110 .\naustralian government department of the environment and heritage ( agdeh ) ( 2006f ) . wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds . canberra , act : department of the environment and heritage . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - feb - 2006 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 15 - jan - 2016 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000b ) . list of migratory species ( 13 / 07 / 2000 ) . f2007b00750 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2007h ) . environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - listed migratory species - approval of an international agreement . f2007l02641 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2009bc ) . draft background paper to epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 . canberra , dewha . available from : urltoken .\ngarnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . numenius madagascariensis in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 11 : 44 + 1000 .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nby joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .\nwe are also the meeting ground for everyone with an interest in birds from the curious backyard observer to the dedicated research scientist . it doesn\u2019t matter what your interest in birds is or how much you know about them , your membership will offer you the opportunity to increase your awareness and enjoyment .\nbirdlife australia would be delighted to welcome you as a new member and we look forward to sharing our news and achievements with you throughout the coming year .\nalthough birds are usually quite easy to see , often they are more difficult to identify . you may have had the briefest glimpse or heard a snatch of its song , or perhaps it was a bird you have never seen before . the best place to look for it is here . you will discover the remarkable variety of birds that occur across australia . with stunning images of featured species and some recordings of their songs and calls , you are sure to find that mystery bird , or learn more about species you already know .\nselect a bird group . . . birds of prey bush birds parrots sea birds water birds\nyou can participate and share in activities and projects with local experts all over australia .\nvisit us in sydney olympic park where you can learn about , see and engage with australian birds up close and personal .\nvisit birdlife australia\u2019s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track , but that\u2019s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nwant to know all about our native birds ? explore , learn , discover and enjoy australia\u2019s most comprehensive bird resource .\ndiscover and identify the urban birds in your backyard . get involved by helping us gather and share information about your local birdlife .\nfind places to watch birds in their native habitat . search our listing to find the next opportunity to see your favourite birds nearby and interstate .\nwe hold regular events and activities throughout the year and some have been taking place for decades . there are many ways for keen bird lovers to get involved .\njoin our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia\u2019s birds . we always need more citizen scientists .\nthere are many ways you can help us help our native birds . join as a member , volunteer , make a donation or a bequest . your support makes a real difference .\nfrom urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording , explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia\u2019s birds .\nour policies , submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia\u2019s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .\nresearch , monitoring and evaluation underpin all our efforts . we have a long history of expertise in the science of bird conservation .\nour education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia ' s birds and their habitats .\nbirdlife australia has a long and proud history of excellence in publishing . our members ' magazine , journals , newsletters , and reports are all world - class .\nthe h . l . white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia , containing thousands of books , journals , and media about birds and related topics .\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia ' s greatest resources , allowing us to track changes in birds across the country . since 1998 a dedicated band of . . . more >\nbirdlife australia\u2019s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about . . . more >\nthe shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia . to report on the population . . . more >\nsince european settlement one - third of australia\u2019s woodlands and 80 % of temperate woodlands have been cleared . the woodland birds for biodiversity . . . more >\ne siberia , from upper reaches of r nizhnyaya tunguska e through verkhoyansk mts to kamchatka , and s to ne mongolia , extreme ne china ( ne heilongjiang ) and ussuriland . winters in japan , e china and taiwan s to indonesia and new guinea , but most migrate to australia and a few reach new zealand . never recorded in madagascar .\nbreeds in open mossy or transitional bogs , moss - lichen bogs and wet meadows , and on swampy shores . . .\ndiet on breeding grounds includes insects , such as larvae of beetles and flies , and amphipods . during autumn migration berries also . . .\npoorly known . nests early may to late jun . often in small colonies of 2\u20136 pairs , with densities of up to 5\u00b76 individuals / km . . .\nlong - distance migrant ; moves , generally in small flocks , along coasts of kuril is , sakhalin , . . .\nendangered . formerly considered near threatened . listed as critically endangered in australia given evidence that species has perhaps declined by c . 80 % in last 30 years . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsequence of species in this family is based largely on findings of a recent phylogenetic study # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nblue - gray legs , feet . eats crustaceans , marine worms , insects , larvae , invertebrates . strong steady flight , rapid wing beats . flies in straight line or v formation .\nduring courtship the males attract females through their calls and their dances . the males flutter their wings , leaping up to 10 - 15 metres off the ground and trilling as they do .\nnamed\nnumenius madagascariensis\nby linnaeus in 1766 , it appears that the famous biologist mistakenly confused madigascar with macassar . the more appropriate name would be numenius macassariensis .\na group of curlews has many collective nouns , including a\ncurfew\n,\ngame\n,\nhead\n,\nsalon\n, and\nskein\nof curlews .\nthe gulls , plovers , sheathbills of the antarctic , predatory skuas , and sandpipers are five of the nineteen families in the taxonomic order charadriiformes ( pronounced kah - rah - dree - ih - for - meez ) .\nsandpipers , phalaropes and allies are in the scolopacidae ( pronounced skoh - loh - pay - suh - dee ) family , a group of ninety - one species of wading birds in twenty - one genera occurring nearly worldwide .\nfifty - four species of sandpipers , phalaropes , and allies in ten genera have occurred in the south pacific . twenty - eight species of sandpipers , phalaropes , and allies in eleven genera have occurred in palau . all of these species are migrants .\nin north america , sixty - five species of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies in eighteen genera have occurred . included among these birds are the large , long - billed godwits and curlews , the harlequin - like ruddy turnstone , and a variety of sandpiper species .\nsandpipers , phalaropes and allies are known for their affinity for the water\u2019s edge . the sanderling is known for its habit of running on beaches to pursue and retreat from waves in its attempt to remain at the very edge of the water .\nsandpipers , phalaropes and allies range from the sparrow - sized \u201cpeeps\u201d to the heron - sized curlews . in general , they have plump bodies , short tails , longish necks with small heads , and long , pointed wings for fast , long distance flight . leg length varies among species although most have fairly long legs suited for wading . sandpipers also demonstrate a wide variety of bill sizes and shapes that reflect different feeding behaviors ; there are species with short , stubby bills , thin medium length bills , long , thin bills , and decurved bills .\naside from the ruddy turnstone with its striking black , white , and orange plumage with red legs and bill , most sandpipers are plumaged in browns , gray , white , and black although dark red - orange colors are also shown by the breeding plumages of dowitchers and the red knot . in most species , these colors are combined for handsome , intricate patterns that act as camouflage and attract mates in the breeding season . during the winter , most species molt into drab gray and white plumages .\nmost members of this family are migrants , several species flying to south america for the winter .\nthe majority of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in flocks outside of the breeding season . they can often be seen foraging in mixed flocks for a variety of invertebrates and crustaceans , each species searching for food in a different manner or in different habitats . for example the least sandpiper probes just below the mud at water\u2019s edge , dowitchers probe deep into the mud further out in the water , and the greater yellowlegs chases small fry with its bill held below the surface of the water .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nvoice : a bubbling song ker ker - ee - ker - ee when disturbed .\nno birds banded overseas have been seen in new zealand and none has been banded here .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( eds ) . 1996 . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 3 , hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nhayman , p . ; marchant , j . ; prater , a . j . 1986 . shorebirds ; a n identification guide to waders of the world . christopher helm , london .\nhiggins , p . j . ; davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds ) 1996 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 3 , snipe to pigeons . oxford university press , melbourne .\nornithological society of new zealand ( unpublished national wader counts 2003 - 2012 ) .\nrobertson , h . a ; baird , k . ; dowding , j . e . ; elliott , g . p . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; miskelly , c . m . ; mcarthur , n . ; o\u2019donnell , c . f . j . ; sagar , p . m . ; scofield , r . p . ; taylor , g . a . 2017 . conservation status of new zealand birds , 2016 . new zealand threat classification series 19 . wellington , department of conservation . 27 p .\nsagar , p . m . ; shankar , u . ; brown , s . 1999 . distribution and numbers of waders in new zealand , 1983 - 1994 . notornis 46 : 1 - 43 .\na very large bulky wader with a very long heavily decurved bill , head and neck streaked dark brown , thin white eye - rings , and whitish throat . the upperparts are brown with pale olive - brown edging and the underparts are dark brownish - buff , paler towards the vent , with fine streaking grading to thicker arrow - shaped streaks on the flanks .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : numenius madagascariensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 ."]}
{"id": 277, "summary": [{"text": "the dark sleeper , odontobutis obscura , is a species of freshwater sleeper native to china , japan , and korea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can reach reach up to 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this is a commercially important species . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dark sleeper", "paragraphs": ["dark sleeper : a novel ( a . . . has been added to your cart\nffxiv arr : dark sleeper fishing location - upper hathoeva river - orcz . com , the video games wiki\nurltoken dark sleeper : a novel ( a western lights novel ) ( 9780441007301 ) : jeffrey e . barlough : books\nlow center of gravity weight setting and bottom fins keep dark sleeper upright as it moves through structure , for a naturally appealing approach .\ndark sleeper is an odd duck of a novel , a weird tales - style story told in the form of a dickens pastiche .\nthe compact profile and boot - tail design of the dark sleeper swimbait make it ideal for bottom contact applications . but unlike many swimbaits , the dark sleeper ' s unique dorsal - fin shields the hook - point , making this presentation virtually weedless - - perfect for targeting transitions where bass . . .\nin these species the eggs are defended most strongly , and feeding territories have also been reported for some of them ( the dark sleeper and the common freshwater goby ) .\njeffrey barlough ' s ' dark sleeper ' is a masterpiece . barlough weaves his prose delicately and powerfully . this is a book that doesn ' t turn up often anymore .\nthe dark sleeper swimbait was developed to target fish holding to bottom structure , with overwhelming realism and enticing paddle - tail action . with a soft fin that shields the top hook on both sides , dark sleeper is designed for stealthy , life - like deployment as a bottom - bouncing swimbait . in addition to camouflaging the top hook design , the fins also gently deflect potential snags , allowing dark sleeper to crawl through gnarly structure . soft fin material compresses instantly for sure hooksets , collapsing out of the way to drive metal home .\nthough you find this book categorized under science fiction , you shouldn ' t expect any spaceships . ' dark sleeper ' is a complex work of realistic fantasy , and only the first in a . . .\na small freshwater fish originally from the eastern continent of othard . it is said that the first dark sleeper was introduced to eorzea by an exiled lalafellin prince who wished to once again experience the luxuries of his homeland .\nthe dark sleeper is built for contact , delivering key bites with its bottom - bouncing , snag - less design , and alluring tail - kick . supple paddle - tail design kicks into gear even at slow , crawling retrieve speeds tall top fins hide the hook point to camouflage and . . .\nbarlough is a breath of fresh air . well written dark fanstasy and horror that is also original is a rarity but he succeeds on both accounts splendidly .\nwe have a fifth album on itunes \u201ccowboy chronicles\u201d which takes us in a dark alt / country direction , particularly in the songs \u201cbuck duane\u201d and \u201cshot from the grave\u201d .\ndark sleeper is an original 3 piece band with adrian argo on drums and graham gorrie on guitar / vocals and richie williams on bass and backing vocals . performing an extensive collection of original songs in se queensland and nth new south wales , australia . songs range from bluesy / folk / rock to latin and reggae . appearing regularly at markets around brisbane and occasional functions and bars .\nin the fog - enshrouded city of salthead , metaphysics professor titus tiggs and dr . daniel dampe investigate a series of strange , impossible sightings - from phantom ships and ghosts to creatures long extinct . what they uncover is an ancient , mystical evil intent on destroying every person in the town . written in a style reminiscent of 19th century authors like charles dickens and thomas hardy , with tantalizing elements of science fiction and dark fantasy , jeffrey e . barlough ' s dark sleeper draws the reader into a complicated plot featuring dozens of fascinating characters and culminating in a surprising and unforgettable climax .\nthe ghosts of a long - dead youth and a drowned sailor , together with the appearance of a rabid , doglike creature , portend ominous events near the isolated city of salthead . asked to investigate the peculiar happenings , renowned metaphysicist titus tiggs and his associate , dr . daniel dampe , uncover an ancient evil bent on the destruction of the town . barlough combines the witty detail of dickensian fiction with the insidious terror of lovecraftian horror in an atmospheric tale of dark imaginings that belongs in most horror collections . copyright 2000 reed business information , inc .\nasia : china , japan ( ref . 559 ) and korea ( ref . 41509 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 17 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11344 )\npectoral fin short , not reaching below second dorsal fin origin . lower end of opercular papillae group 17 not continuous to group 19 ( ref . 41509 ) .\ntakes up life at the bottom right after hatching ; spends its whole life in freshwater .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00692 - 0 . 01819 ) , b = 3 . 15 ( 3 . 01 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\na good portion of bass feeding activity takes place on or near the bottom ; crawfish and all sorts of baitfish make use of the lower water column for cover , shade , cool water and feeding opportunities . a jig and swimbait are . . .\nedwin evers , the 2016 bassmaster classic champion , hails from oklahoma , which is decidedly jig country , and about 1 , 400 miles east of swimbait central . nevertheless , he\u2019s experimented extensively as swimbaiting culture has vaulted into the mainstream of the tournament scene , and . . .\nthis page was last modified on 13 june 2017 , at 05 : 17 .\n- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name slot equipment level item level rarity stack size price sell price sell hq salvage materia slots pvp rank cooldown aetherial reduce can hq reducible level is pvp is untradable is reducible is legacy is dated is crest worthy is desynthesizable is projectable is dyeable is convertible is indisposable is collectable last updated verified on lodestone patch attributes - results order descending ascending\n- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name journal level level ( sub ccass ) gil reward exp reward grand company seals tomestones reputation points beast tribe rank grand company rank patch - results order descending ascending\n- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name level cost cast range cast time recast time class job type can target self can target party can target friendly can target hostile is aoe is pvp patch - results order descending ascending\n- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name recipe level stars craft level durability quick synth craftsmanship quick synth control required craftsmanship required control status required item required material point quality durability difficulty max work patch - results order descending ascending\n- patch release - results sorting id name server arr 2 . 0 + achievement points legacy 1 . 0 achievement points last active last updated added - results order descending ascending\nwhen enabled , results match whole words which is faster . disable to allow partials .\nthe shopping cart will be dropped in xivdb v3 , for more information , click here for more information .\nsearch for items and drag them onto this window . learn more about the shopping cart tool .\nthe wardrobe / gearset tool will be dropped in xivdb v3 , for more information , click here for more information .\nif you have filters set , try tweak them . the search input and filters work together : )\ncomment : kira tribal - august 17th , 2014 - patch : 2 . 3\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\ncomment : has a small remainder marking on it . ships from amazon and fast . tracking number provided with every order .\nfulfillment by amazon ( fba ) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in amazon ' s fulfillment centers , and we directly pack , ship , and provide customer service for these products . something we hope you ' ll especially enjoy : fba items qualify for free shipping and amazon prime .\nif you ' re a seller , fulfillment by amazon can help you increase your sales . we invite you to learn more about fulfillment by amazon .\nin fiction , nonfiction , mysteries , children ' s books , and much more .\nthis shopping feature will continue to load items . in order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading .\npublisher : ace books ; ace trade ed . edition ( september 1 , 2000 )\nit was great logging into amazon a few years ago and discovering . . .\na long time ago i picked this up and started looking for other novels . at the time i only had book 2 to look forward to . it was great logging into amazon a few years ago and discovering that more were written\nthe problem with your typical fantasy novel is that it ' s so . . . typical . the quest , the young man or lady with unusually strong powers , the evil bad guy ( or girl - let ' s be . . .\none of the impacts of twentieth century culture on the art of novel writing has been an increased emphasis on the importance of plot .\ni felt distinctly cheated after reading this book . i liked the characters and i liked the main theme , but i think the problem was that i expected the two to interact in some way . . .\nit seems as though mr . barlough is more in love with he english language as spoken in the 1800s than he is devoted to the developement of his plot .\nthis is one of the more unique novels that i have encountered in the last year . it has element of alternate history and science / fiction fantasy , but is equally a mystery in the . . .\namazon giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz , reward your audience , and attract new followers and customers .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music , movies , tv shows , original audio series , and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\ncheckout our gig page to see where we have played . also pages with links to youtube and music outlets .\nfor a bit of fun , here is a video link where do songs come from ? that explains an approach to capturing and developing original ideas , using one of the new songs \u201cit\u2019s got 3 stages\u201d as the example .\nthis page was last edited on 31 july 2017 , at 04 : 17 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ncopyright ( c ) 2010 - 2018 square enix co . , ltd . all rights reserved .\ncan you believe the nerve , this goblin fisherman said i wouldn ' t be able to outfish him even if he were blindfolded ! well , i took the bet , of course ! we keepers of the moon do not take insults lying down , especially if they ' re true ! since he won ' t be able to see a thing , you can prove him wrong .\nmobile version when ad blocking , only mobile version with limited version is available . final fantasy xiv \u00a92010 - 2018 square enix co . , ltd . final fantasy is a registered trademark of square enix holdings co . , ltd . all material used under license .\nplease select accel active ams desighn apia spartas awabi honpo bait breath bassart bassday berkley boreas coreman cormoran daiwa decoy deps dress duel duo ecogear engine ever green extreme aurora field hunter finesse fish arrow gamakatsu gan craft gary yamamoto gran halcyon system harimitsu hayabusa ( fina ) hedgehog studio hishiwaen hmkl imakatsu ivyline jackal bros jackson jazz jig wobbler jumprize kanji internati . . keitech kunitaro kureha line system little jack lucky craft lumica madnes japan marufuji megabass meiho meron - 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{"id": 285, "summary": [{"text": "misophrioida is an order of copepods , containing the following families : misophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000 palpophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000 speleophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000", "topic": 26}], "title": "misophrioida", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30df\u30bd\u30d5\u30ea\u30a2\u76ee\nto\nmisophrioida\n.\ntree of life web project . 2002 . misophrioida . version 01 january 2002 ( temporary ) .\nsp . nov . , a new copepod ( misophrioida ) from an anchialine cave in the adriatic sea . mar biol res 4 : 304\u2013312\ngen . et spec . nov . ( copepoda : misophrioida ) from an anchihaline lava pool on lanzarote , canary islands . stygologia 4 : 138\u2013154\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . misophrioida . accessed at : urltoken ; = 22597 on 2018 - 07 - 09\njaume d , boxshall ga , humphreys wf ( 2001 ) new stygobiont copepods ( calanoida ; misophrioida ) from bundera sinkhole , an anchialine cenote in north - western australia . zool j linn soc 133 : 1\u201324\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . misophrioida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 22597 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nboxshall ga , zylinski s , jaume d , iliffe tm , su\u00e1rez - morales e ( 2014 ) a new genus of speleophriid copepod ( copepoda : misophrioida ) from a cenote in the yucatan , mexico with a phylogenetic analysis at the species level . zootaxa 3821 : 321\u2013336\norder misophrioida carapace - like extension from the head covers the first segment bearing a swimming leg ; heart present in some ; no eyes ; antennule with up to 27 segments ; fifth leg biramous ; marine . order mormonilloida antennule with 3 or 4 long segments and long setae ; fifth leg absent ; \u2026\ngurney , r . ( 1933 ) . british fresh - water copepoda . iii . cyclopoida . ray society , london 384pp . , figs . 1196 - 2061 . [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n; geniculate in males ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like , with 23 - 27 articles .\n; endopod with 3 articles . mandible biramous , or uniramous ; palp present , or absent . maxillipeds , 2 pairs , or 1 pair ; uniramous .\n. thorax and abdomen differentiated , boundary between fourth and fifth pedigerous somites ( podoplean tagmosis ) .\n; biramous ; non - phyllopodous ; undifferentiated ( simple ) ; each article joined by intercoxal sclerite ; anterior peraeopods ( swimming legs ) with 1 robust seta on outer margin of exopod article 1 . abdomen with 5 somites ( or fewer ) . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned terminally or subterminally ; rami absent ; subrectangular to subquadrate , or whip - like . telson absent .\n. metamorphic . embryos carried in paired or single sacs attached to first abdominal somite .\ncite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30df\u30bd\u30d5\u30ea\u30a2\u79d1\nto\nmisophriidae\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nto learn more about subscribing to accessscience , or to request a no - risk trial of this award - winning scientific reference for your institution , fill in your information and a member of our sales team will contact you as soon as possible .\nlet your librarian know about the award - winning gateway to the most trustworthy and accurate \u0003scientific information .\nrecognized as an award - winning gateway to scientific knowledge , accessscience is an amazing online resource that contains high - quality reference material written specifically for students . its dedicated editorial team is led by sagan award winner john rennie . contributors include more than 9000 highly qualified scientists and 42 nobel prize winners .\ncopyright \u00a9 mcgraw - hill global education holdings , llc . all rights reserved .\nprivacy notice . any use is subject to the terms of use . additional credits and copyright information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis article is registered in zoobank under urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : cf6e6599 - 0eaa - 45b2 - a217 - 7bf658b240c9 .\ni would like to thank branko jal\u017ei\u0107 from the croatian natural history museum ( zagreb ) and members of the croatian biospeleological society in zagreb for collecting the material on which this work was based . many thanks go to dr . sc . nikola tvrtkovi\u0107 for his supported investigations of anchialine caves along the eastern adriatic coast . i would also like to thank geoff a . boxshall and the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions on the improvement of this paper .\nbishop re , humphreys wf , cukrov n , \u017eic v , boxshall ga , cukrov m , iliffe tm , kr\u0161ini\u0107 f , moore ws , pohlman jw , sket b ( 2015 ) \u2018anchialine\u2019 redefined as a subterranean estuary in a crevicular or cavernous geological setting . j crustacean biol 35 : 511\u2013514\nboxshall ga ( 1987 ) three new genera and five new species of misophrioid copepods ( crustacea ) from anchialine caves on indo - west pacific and north atlantic islands . zool j linn soc 91 : 223\u2013252\nboxshall ga ( 1989 ) colonization of inland marine caves by misophrioid copepods . j zool 219 : 521\u2013526\nboxshall ga , halsey sh ( 2004 ) an introduction to copepod diversity . the ray society , london , 966 pp\nboxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1986 ) new cave - dwelling misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) from bermuda . sarsia 71 : 55\u201364\nboxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1990 ) three new species of misophrioid copepods from oceanic islands . j nat hist 24 : 595\u2013613\nboxshall ga , jaume d ( 2000 ) discoveries of cave misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) shed new light on the origin of anchialine faunas . zool anz 239 : 1\u201319\ncuculi\u0107 v , cukrov n , kwokal \u017e , mlakar m ( 2011 ) distribution of trace metals in anchialine caves of adriatic sea , croatia . estuar coast shelf sci 95 : 253\u2013263\nhuys r , boxshall ga ( 1991 ) copepod evolution . the ray society , london , 468 pp\njaume d , boxshall ga ( 1996a ) a new genus and two new species of cave - dwelling misophrioid copepods from the balearic islands ( mediterranean ) . j nat hist 30 : 989\u20131006\njaume d , boxshall ga ( 1996b ) the persistence of an ancient marine fauna in mediterranean waters : new evidence from misophrioid copepods living in anchihaline caves . j nat hist 30 : 1583\u20131595\njaume d , boxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1998 ) two new genera of misophrioid copepods ( crustacea ) from an anchihaline cave in the bahamas . j nat hist 32 : 661\u2013681\ngen . et sp . nov . , a new copepod ( calanoida , stephidae ) from an anchialine cave in the adriatic sea . j plank res 27 : 607\u2013615\n\u2014a new genus and species of calanoid copepod ( calanoida , ridgewayiidae ) from an anchialine cave on the croatian adriatic coast . mar biol res 1 : 281\u2013289\nkrstulovi\u0107 n , \u0161oli\u0107 m , \u0161anti\u0107 d , mar\u0161i\u0107 - lu\u010di\u0107 j , ordulj m , \u0161estanovi\u0107 s ( 2013 ) microbial community structure in two anchialine caves on mljet island ( adriatic sea ) . acta adriat 54 : 183\u2013198\nsket b ( 1996 ) the ecology of anchihaline caves . trends ecol evol 11 : 221\u2013225\n\u017eic v , truesdale vw , cuculi\u0107 v , cukrov n ( 2011 ) nutrient speciation and hydrography in two anchialine caves in croatia : tools to understand iodine speciation . hydrobiologia 677 : 129\u2013148\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nboxshall , g . a . and d . jaume . 1999 . on the origin of misophrioid copepods from anchialine caves . crustaceana 72 : 957 - 963 .\nboxshall , g . a . and d . jaume . 2000 . discoveries of cave misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) shed new light on the origin of anchialine faunas . zoologischer anzeiger 239 : 1 - 19 .\nhuys , r . and g . a . boxshall . 1991 . copepod evolution . the ray society , london .\nmartin , j . w . and g . e . davis . 2001 . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . natural history museum of los angeles county science series 39 . los angeles , ca .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : podoplea according to j . w . martin and g . e . davis 2001"]}
{"id": 314, "summary": [{"text": "the ornate skink , cyclodina ornata , is a rare species of skink endemic to new zealand .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species was once widespread through much of the north island and on many offshore islands in the hauraki gulf and north of the coromandel peninsula .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "habitat destruction and predation by introduced species has now reduced their range to scattered localities throughout the north island as far south as wellington , as well as on the three kings islands , great barrier island , and a few other offshore islands .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "ornate skinks co-exist widely with copper skinks , and at selected localities with robust skinks , mokohinau skinks , mcgregor 's skinks , poor knights skinks and on great barrier and little barrier islands , marbled skinks .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "ornate skinks are not currently known to co-exist with whitaker 's skinks .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "ornate skinks can be identified by the white or yellowish \" teardrop \" edged with black , below each eye . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "ornate skink", "paragraphs": ["taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex from northern new zealand .\nornate skinks occur in and around forestry blocks of northland , waikato and wellington .\ntaxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex from northern new zealand . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe ornate skink , oligosoma ornata , is a rare species of skink endemic to new zealand . this species was once widespread through much of the north island and on many offshore islands in the hauraki gulf . this ornate skink in living in the bottom of my fire wood shed as it has for many years only seen of sunny days\na robust medium - sized skink with a tear drop below the eye . very secretive and does not enjoy dry habitats .\ntowns dr ( 1999 ) cyclodina spp . skink recovery plan , 1999\u20132004 , threatened species recovery plan 27 . department of conservation , wellington , 75p\naorangi skink ; morphology ; new zealand ; north island ; oligosoma roimata sp . nov . ; poor knights island ; taxonomy , oligosoma ornatum ; oligosoma aeneum\ndumont ct ( 2015 ) an investigation into declining skink populations and their behavioural responses to introduced mammalian predators . masters of science thesis , university of canterbury , christchurch , 154p\nfawcett , j . d . ( 1970 ) reproduction in the new zealand skink , sphenomorphus pseudornatus . journal of the colorado - wyoming academy of science , 7 , 43 .\nchapple dg , daugherty ch , ritchie pa ( 2009 ) origin , diversification , and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . mol phylogenet evol 52 : 470\u2013487\ntowns dr , neilson ka , whitaker ah ( 2002 ) north island oligosoma spp . skink recovery plan , 2002\u20132012 , threatened species recovery plan 48 . department of conservation , wellington , 62p\nalthough the new zealand skink fauna is known to be highly diverse , a substantial proportion of the recognised species remain undescribed . we completed a taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ( gray , 1843 ) ) as a previous molecular study indicated that it represented a species complex . as part of this work we have resolved some nomenclatural issues involving this species and a similar species , o . aeneum ( girard , 1857 ) . a new skink species , oligosoma roimata sp . nov . , is described from the poor knights islands , off the northeast coast of the north island of new zealand . this species is diagnosed by a range of morphological characters and genetic differentiation from o . ornatum . the conservation status of the new taxon appears to be of concern as it is endemic to the poor knights islands and has rarely been seen over the past two decades .\nalthough the new zealand skink fauna is known to be highly diverse , a substantial proportion of the recognised species remain undescribed . we completed a taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ( gray , 1843 ) ) as a previous molecular study indicated that it represented a species complex . as part of this work we have resolved some nomenclatural issues involving this species and a similar species , o . aeneum ( girard , 1857 ) . a new skink species , oligosoma roimata sp . nov . , is described from the poor knights islands , off the northeast coast of the north island of new zealand . this species is diagnosed by a range of morphological characters and genetic differentiation from o . ornatum . the conservation status of the new taxon appears to be of concern as it is endemic to the poor knights islands and has rarely been seen over the past two decades .\no\u2019donnell cfj , hoare jm ( 2012 ) monitoring trends in skink sightings from artificial retreats : influences of retreat design , placement period , and predator abundance . herpetol conserv biol 7 ( 1 ) : 58\u201366\nbarwick , r . e . ( 1959 ) the life history of the common new zealand skink leiolopisma zelandica ( gray , 1843 ) . transactions of the royal society of new zealand , 86 , 331\u2013380 .\nhoare jm , adams lk , bull ls , towns dr ( 2007a ) attempting to manage complex predator - prey interactions fails to avert imminent extinction of a threatened new zealand skink population . j wildl manage 71 : 1576\u20131584\nlettink m , norbury g , cree a , seddon pj , duncan rp , schwarz cj ( 2010 ) removal of introduced predators , but not artificial refuge supplementation , increases skink survival in coastal duneland . biol conserv 143 : 72\u201377\nbell , t . p . & patterson , g . b . ( 2008 ) a rare alpine skink oligosoma pikitanga n . sp . ( reptilia : scincidae ) from llawrenny peaks , fiordland , new zealand . zootaxa , 1882 , 57\u201368 .\nchapple , d . g . , ritchie , p . a . & daugherty , c . h . ( 2009 ) origin , diversification and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 52 , 470\u2013487 .\npatterson , g . b . & bell , t . p . ( 2009 ) the barrier skink oligosoma judgei n . sp . ( reptilia : scincidae ) from the darran and takitimu mountains , south island , new zealand . zootaxa , 2271 , 43\u201356 .\nchapple , d . g . & patterson , g . b . ( 2007 ) a new skink species ( oligosoma taumakae sp . nov . ; reptilia : scincidae ) from the open bay islands , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology , 34 , 347\u2013357 .\nchapple , d . g . , patterson , g . b . , bell , t . & daugherty , c . h . ( 2008b ) taxonomic revision of the new zealand copper skink ( cyclodina aenea ; squamata : scincidae ) species complex , with description of two new species . journal of herpetology , 42 , 437\u2013452 .\nchapple , d . g . , patterson , g . b . , gleeson , d . m . , daugherty , c . h . & ritchie , p . a . ( 2008a ) taxonomic revision of the marbled skink ( cyclodina oliveri , reptilia : scincidae ) species complex , with a description of a new species . new zealand journal of zoology , 35 , 129\u2013146 .\nchapple , d . g . , bell , t . b . , chapple , s . n . j . , miller , k . a . , daugherty , c . h . & patterson , g . b . ( 2011 ) phylogeography and taxonomic revision of the new zealand cryptic skink ( oligosoma inconspicuum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex . zootaxa , 2782 , 1\u201333 .\nmainland sanctuaries , where introduced mammalian predators are controlled or excluded , have the potential to improve the conservation status of new zealand lizards . this is due to the reliance of a large number of species on habitats unavailable on offshore islands . however , despite considerable predator control efforts , lizard populations are still in decline , even in some mainland sanctuaries . the main cause of this failure appears to be that predator control is hard to sustain and largely targeted at protecting bird populations , which require lower levels of predator suppression than lizard populations . even fenced , mainland , predator - exclusion sites are prone to reinvasions , particularly of mice , which are difficult to exclude at the outset . episodic irruptions of mice within fenced sanctuaries , and other mammalian predator species in unfenced sanctuaries , can quickly decrease lizard numbers . small lizard populations are particularly vulnerable . we discuss two case studies to illustrate population dynamics and limitations to understanding mechanisms underlying patterns of population declines in new zealand skinks : ornate skinks ( oligosoma ornatum ) in a fenced mainland site and speckled skinks ( o . infrapunctatum ) in an unfenced mainland site . we also speculate about the effects on lizards of native and non - native birds and introduced social insects , including wasps and ants . understanding biological interactions and obtaining more species - and situation - specific data for lizards will provide information on limits to recovery , detection time frames after management actions , risks and benefits of habitat enhancements and density targets for introduced species where total eradication is impractical .\n4k it ' s blue ! playing cat & mouse with a pretty lizard . nature , fishing , herping , travel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n149 mairangi road , wilton , wellington , new zealand ; email : geoffjoss @ clear . net . nz .\ndepartment of conservation , terrestrial conservation unit , po box 10 - 420 , wellington 6143 , new zealand ; email : unknown .\nschool of biological sciences , monash university , clayton victoria 3800 , australia allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , p . o . box 600 , wellington 6140 , new zealand ; email : unknown .\nnew zealand has a very diverse group of geckos and skinks . the distribution and habits of many are poorly known , and additional species are still being discovered , and others are being established through genetic studies . geckos are distinguished from skinks by having either velvet - like or bumpy skin and a fixed gaze ( they cannot blink ) . skinks are sleek and shiny with scales that shed one at a time and that shine in the sun .\n( green ) geckos are diurnal and tend to be tree - dwelling , and favour shrubland and forest habitats but have been found in tussock grasslands of otago and are known to occur in plantation forests .\ngeckos ( usually darker colours such as brown ) are nocturnal , and favour rocky outcrops , gullies with rock or log cover and sometimes forest .\ngeckos to the untrained eye . some individuals have a bight mustard - yellow crescent on the nape of the neck , and often also with blotches of the same colour along body and tail .\ngeckos can be brightly coloured and have a distinctive orange / yellow mouth lining . they have slender toes and tend to be arboreal and primarily nocturnal .\ngeckos are slender and elegant animals with distinctive stripes . they are strictly arboreal in habit and nocturnal .\nis the single species in the tukutuku genus and this species is only found on stewart island where it is most commonly located in sub alpine scrub .\noligosoma skinks are both diurnal and nocturnal and and occur in diverse habitats from rocky and sandy shorelines , to forests , to subalpine habitats . nocturnal species tend to live in damp , thickly vegetated , lowland areas in northern new zealand .\nlizards are critical for ecosystem processes ; they pollinate native plants and disperse native plant seeds through eating fruit .\npredation by introduced mammals ( e . g . cats , rats , mustelids ) is the biggest threat posed to new zealand lizards , and lizards can become exceptionally abundant in the absence of mammalian predation . loss and / or fragmentation of habitat through development , habitat degradation by introduced browsing mammals ( e . g . pigs , livestock , deer , goats , possums ) , removal of logs and rocks , and excessive collecting also contribute to on - going declines of lizards over all parts of new zealand .\nmaintain wide and interconnected zones of potential lizard habitat , e . g . indigenous forest and shrubland , rocky gullies , cliffs and other distinctive habitat types .\nraise awareness of staff and contractors of the presence of lizards and the need to protect them .\ntake photographs or write a detailed description when lizards are found . this can be used for later identification .\nsurvey for lizards , particularly if first time planting is being considered for the area . note that planned surveys require a permit under the wildlife act ( contact doc for survey methods and permits ) .\nelectronic atlas of the amphibians & reptiles of new zealand ( doc website ) .\ndepartment of conservation . 2002 . the penguin guide to new zealand wildlife : native and introduced birds , mammals , reptiles and amphibians . auckland , penguin .\ngill b . , whitaker a . 1996 . new zealand frogs and reptiles . auckland , bateman .\ndepartment of conservation , te ara , landcare research and the new zealand herpetological society websites .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\ndavid g chapple school of biological sciences , monash university , clayton victoria 3800 , australia allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , p . o . box 600 , wellington 6140 , new zealand\nbioweb herpetofauna database ( 2011 ) electronic atlas of the amphibians and reptiles of new zealand . available from urltoken atlas - of - the - amphibians - and - reptiles - of - nz / electronic - atlas / ( accessed 1 july 2011 )\nboulenger , g . a . 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( 2008c ) comparative phylogeography reveals pre - decline population structure of new zealand cyclodina ( reptilia : scincidae ) species . biological journal of the linnean society , 95 , 388\u2013408 .\ndumeril , a . m . c . & bibron , g . ( 1836 ) erpetologie generate , ou , histoire naturelle complete des reptiles , vol . 3 . roret , paris , 525 pp .\ndumeril , a . m . c . & bibron , g . ( 1839 ) erpetologie generate , ou , histoire naturelle complete des reptiles , vol . 5 . roret , paris , 871 pp .\nfawcett , j . d . ( 1964 ) the life history and ecology of sphenomorphus pseudornatus mccann ( lacertilia , scincidae ) . unpublished msc thesis , university of auckland , new zealand .\nfawcett , j . d . & smith , h . m . ( 1971 ) the lizard leiolopisma smithi cochran , a junior secondary homonym of mocoa smithii gray . great basin naturalist , 31 , 135\u2013137 .\nfitch , h . s . 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( 1976 ) new zealand lizards . forest and bird , 202 , 8\u201311 .\nthanks to the friends of rotoiti volunteers , diana mcmahon , eric dumont , sirin gnadeberg and richard meutstege ; ingrid mcconchie for site access and genevieve taylor , kimberly parlane , tamsin bruce , sally leggett , petrina carter , grant harper , elena moltchanova , laura azzani , matt hanson , the department of conservation and friends of rotoiti for project support . our work was conducted under the following permits : department of conservation ( nm\u201329621\u2013fau , we / 31544 - fau , we112 / res , we / 297 / res , we / 340 / res , we / 33952 / cap ) , university of canterbury animal ethics ( 2010 / 28r ) and victoria university of wellington ( 2003r16 - 06 , 2005r11 - 08 , 2008r14 , 2012r11 ) . the todd foundation award for excellence , federation of graduate women trust award , university of canterbury alumni association scholarship , the bayer boost scholarship and the university of canterbury part funded this research . we thank david towns for reviewing an earlier version of this chapter .\n) : a re - 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760240 , department of conservation , wellington , 22p\nhare km , cree a ( 2016 ) thermal and metabolic physiology of new zealand lizards . chap . 9 . in : chapple dg ( ed ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham\nhare km , chapple dg , towns dr , van winkel d ( 2016 ) the ecology of new zealand\u2019s lizards . chap . 6 . in : chapple dg ( ed ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham\n) poisoning using clustered bait stations in beech forest . n z j ecol 40 : 65\u201371\nhayes lm ( 1991 ) behaviour of new zealand kingfishers feeding chicks . notornis 38 : 73\u201379\nherczeg g , herrero a , saarikivi j , gonda a , jantti m , merila j ( 2008 ) experimental support for the cost\u2013benefit model of lizard thermoregulation : the effects of predation risk and food supply . oecologia 155 ( 1 ) : 1\u201310\nhitchmough r , barr b , monks j , lettink m , reardon j , tocher m , van winkel d , rolfe j ( 2016a ) conservation status of new zealand reptiles , 2015 , new zealand threat classification series . department of conservation , wellington\nhitchmough ra , patterson gb , chapple dg ( 2016b ) putting a name to diversity : taxonomy of the new zealand lizard fauna . chap . 4 . in : chapple dg ( ed ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham\nhoare jm , pledger s , nelson nj , daugherty ch ( 2007b ) avoiding aliens : behavioural plasticity in habitat use enables large , nocturnal geckos to survive pacific rat invasions . biol conserv 136 : 510\u2013519\n\u201csouthern forest\u201d in the catlins , southland . n z j zool 40 ( 2 ) : 129\u2013136\ninnes j , saunders a ( 2011 ) eradicating multiple pests : an overview . in : veitch cr , clout mn , towns dr ( eds ) island invasives : eradication and management . iucn , gland , pp 177\u2013181\ninnes j , kelly d , mcc overton j , gillies c ( 2010 ) predation and other factors currently limiting new zealand forest birds . n z j ecol 34 ( 1 ) : 86\u2013114\njones c , norbury g , bell t ( 2013 ) impacts of introduced european hedgehogs on endemic skinks and weta in tussock grassland . wildl res 40 : 36\u201344\nlester pj , beggs jr , brown rl , edwards ed , groenteman r , toft rj , twidle am , ward df ( 2013 ) the outlook for control of new zealand\u2019s most abundant , widespread and damaging invertebrate pests : social wasps . n z sci rev 70 ( 4 ) : 56\u201362\n) to the new zealand mainland . master of science thesis , victoria university of wellington , wellington , 82p\nmiller ka , chapple dg , towns dr , ritchie pa , nelson nj ( 2009 ) assessing genetic diversity for conservation management : a case study of a threatened reptile . anim conserv 12 : 163\u2013171\nnelson nj , hitchmough r , monks jm ( 2015 ) new zealand reptiles and their conservation . in : stow a , maclean n , holwell gi ( eds ) austral ark : the state of wildlife in australia and new zealand . cambridge university press , cambridge , pp 382\u2013404\nnorbury g , byrom a , pech r , smith j , clarke d , anderson d , forrester g ( 2013 ) invasive mammals and habitat modification interact to generate unforeseen outcomes for indigenous fauna . ecol appl 23 : 1707\u20131721\nnorbury g , van den munckhof m , neitzel s , hutcheon a , reardon j , ludwig k ( 2014 ) impacts of invasive house mice on post - release survival of translocated lizards . n z j ecol 38 : 322\u2013327\nnorbury gl , pech rp , byrom ae , innes j ( 2015 ) density - impact functions for terrestrial vertebrate pests and indigenous biota : guidelines for conservation managers . biol conserv 191 : 409\u2013420\n) despite a closed social structure and regular population crashes . conserv genet 17 ( 1 ) : 91\u2013102\n; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex from northern new zealand . zootaxa 3736 ( 1 ) : 54\u201368\nphillpot p ( 2000 ) the skinks of north brother island : abundance , habitat use and species interactions . master of science thesis , victoria university of wellington , 138p\nskinks ( reptilia : lacertilia ) in auckland , new zealand . n z j zool 14 : 493\u2013507\nreardon jt , whitmore n , holmes km , judd lm , hutcheon ad , norbury g , mackenzie di ( 2012 ) predator control allows critically endangered lizards to recover on mainland new zealand . n z j ecol 36 : 141\nsaunders a ( 2000 ) a review of department of conservation mainland restoration projects and recommendations for further action . department of conservation , wellington , 219p\nsinclair are , pech rp , dickman cr , hik d , mahon p , newsome ae ( 1998 ) predicting effects of predation on conservation of endangered prey . conserv biol 12 ( 3 ) : 564\u2013575\ntingley r , hitchmough ra , chapple dg ( 2013 ) life - history traits and extrinsic threats determine extinction risk in new zealand lizards . biol conserv 165 : 62\u201368\n) , a rare new zealand lizard ( lacertilia : scincidae ) . n z j zool 21 : 457\u2013471\ntowns dr ( 2002 ) interactions between geckos , honeydew scale insects and host plants revealed on islands in northern new zealand , following eradication of introduced rats and rabbits . in : veitch cr , clout mn ( eds ) turning the tide : the eradication of invasive species . iucn , gland , pp 329\u2013335\ntowns dr , broome kg ( 2003 ) from small maria to massive campbell : forty years of rat eradications from new zealand islands . n z j zool 30 : 377\u2013398\ntowns dr , daugherty ch ( 1994 ) patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the new zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation . n z j zool 21 ( 4 ) : 325\u2013339\ntowns dr , ferreira s ( 2001 ) conservation of new zealand lizards ( lacertilia : scincidae ) by translocation of small populations . biol conserv 98 ( 2 ) : 211\u2013222\ntowns dr , daugherty ch , cree a ( 2001 ) raising the prospects of a forgotten fauna : a review of 10 years of conservation effort for new zealand reptiles . biol conserv 99 : 3\u201316\ntowns dr , hitchmough ra , perrott j ( 2016a ) conservation of new zealand lizards : a fauna not forgotten but undervalued ? chap . 11 . in : chapple dg ( ed ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham\ntowns dr , borrelle sb , thoresen j , buxton rt , evans a ( 2016b ) mercury islands and their role in understanding seabird island restoration . n z j ecol 40 ( 2 ) : 235\u2013249\ntowns dr , miller ka , nelson nj , chapple dg ( 2016 ) will translocations to islands reduce extinction risk for reptiles ? case studies from new zealand . biol conserv doi : 10 . 1016 / j . biocon . 2016 . 04 . 024\n) and potential implications for threatened species translocations . n z j zool 39 ( 3 ) : 201\u2013208\n) on stephens island , cook strait . n z j ecol 4 : 89\u201397\nwatts ch , armstrong dp , innes j , thornburrow d ( 2011 ) dramatic increases in weta ( orthoptera ) following mammal eradication on maungatautari\u2014evidence from pitfalls and tracking tunnels . n z j ecol 35 : 261\u2013272\n) control on skinks in auckland , new zealand . master of science thesis , massey university , auckland , 133p\nwhitaker t ( 2000 ) lizards of nelson and marlborough : a field key . nelson / marlborough conservancy , department of conservation , wellington , 20p\nwilson dj , clarke da , mulvey rl , reardon jt ( 2017 ) assessing and comparing population densities and indices of skinks under three predator management regimes . n z j ecol 41 ( 1 )\nwilson dj , mulvey rl , clark rd ( 2007 ) sampling skinks and geckos in artificial cover objects in a dry mixed grassland - shrubland with mammalian predator control . n z j ecol 31 : 169\u2013185\nin the north island , new zealand . n z j zool 14 : 219\u2013229\nworthy th ( 2016 ) a review of the fossil record of new zealand lizards . chap . 3 . in : chapple dg ( ed ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham\nnelson n . j . et al . ( 2016 ) lizard conservation in mainland sanctuaries . in : chapple d . ( eds ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1bcf210d - 49c7 - 4257 - ae3f - 364891b059b0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52f0706c - c2e3 - 4fdd - a4b9 - 13fe96cf7fc1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8df70ad0 - adec - 4d39 - 88ff - 1f4007e6f765\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94116ad2 - 0516 - 4c71 - b249 - a354a9419650\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9d168502 - 6da8 - 44cd - b07f - ee22ff8bb2c9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e217232 - c347 - 4ce5 - 96c4 - 254ec9b17608\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8e950f5a - 5f33 - 48c0 - 887c - cee7d161deb9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 365824\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal ."]}
{"id": 332, "summary": [{"text": "horntail or wood wasp is the common name for any of the 150 non-social species of the family siricidae , of the order hymenoptera , a type of xylophagous sawfly .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this family was formerly believed to be the sole living representative of the superfamily siricoidea , a group well represented in paleogene and mesozoic times , but the family anaxyelidae has been linked to this group .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are ten living genera placed in the family , and an additional three genera described from fossils .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the last tergite of the abdomen has a strong , projecting spike , thus giving the group its common name ( the ovipositor is typically longer and also projects posteriorly , but it is not the source of the name ) .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "a typical adult horntail is brown , blue , or black with yellow parts , and may often reach up to 4 cm ( 1.6 in ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the pigeon horntail ( tremex columba ) can grow up to 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) long ( not counting the ovipositor ) , among the longest of all hymenoptera .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "female horntails lay their eggs in trees .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the larvae bore into the wood and live in the tree for up to two years , possibly more .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they typically migrate to just under the bark before pupation .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the spiral groove on the ovipositor is visible on the photograph but not easily to the naked eye . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "horntail", "paragraphs": ["horntail also appears in zero ' s early game ( after alpha and beta meet ) but only shows the giant left head . horntail starts crying after being attacked by zero , and freud states that horntail is just a baby .\nthe pigeon tremex is a type of non - stinging wasp , known as a horntail .\ndetailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the horntail wasp .\n. if one gives the wizard a sword he will kill the horntail and give the player a key .\ntime limit shows the total time allowed to fight but you must spawn the full horntail within 15 minutes .\nscientists have discovered that , in the case of other species of horntail wasps , fungal associates can attract these parasites . ibalia is attracted to volatile chemicals released by the fungus in its early stages of development ahead of the horntail larva\u2019s feeding tunnel . ichneumon wasps are drawn to fungal chemicals excreted in the horntail grub\u2019s feces .\nhorntail wasps look like they can deliver a wicked sting , but that stout syringe is actually for laying eggs .\nthe hungarian horntail was part of the dragon challenge roller coaster in the wizarding world of harry potter along with the chinese fireball .\nthere is , however , reason to suspect the relationship has a dark side . the fungus may play a role in attracting parasitic wasps that reduce the horntail larvae\u2019s numbers . a larva tunneling inside a tree would seem to be safe from enemies , but there are other wasps that have evolved to seek out horntail grubs . female giant ichneumon wasps in the genus megarhyssa have long , whip - like ovipositors that drill deep to attach an egg to a horntail grub . wasps in the ibaliidae family reach young horntail larvae at a more shallow depth . ichneumon larvae feed externally on nearly mature horntail larvae . ibaliid larvae feed internally initially , externally later .\nsupposedly the most dangerous of all dragon breeds , the hungarian horntail has black scales and is lizard - like in appearance .\nwhen faced with the agony of trying to ask someone to the yule ball , harry said that he would have preferred facing the horntail again .\nwhat made you want to look up horntail ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nsince the beginning , it was intended to bring the horntail to life mostly through computer animation . the task was assigned to industrial light & magic , whose digital effects artists fashioned a horntail model starting from the maquette provided by dudman\u2019s team . the digital model was used for the remainder of the forest sequence , as well as the entire first task scene . a small - scale version of the horntail also appears in the selection scene .\nthe hungarian horntail appears in the attraction at the wizarding world of harry potter . riders encounter the dragon when harry potter and ronald weasley fly muggles to the quidditch pitch . riders enter a real set of the wooden bridge where they encounter a animatronic hungarian horntail , which breathes false fire at them .\noh , don\u2019t worry about \u2019em , harry , they\u2019re seriously misunderstood creatures\u2026 although , i have to admit that horntail is a right nasty piece of work .\nhow do they get inside ? horntail females lay eggs in dead , dying , or fallen logs . if a property owner\u2019s home is built using lumber infested with horntail larvae , the adult insects may emerge in homes after completion of their life cycle . adults will chew through plaster or sheet rock walls to get to living spaces .\nhorntail wasps do not bite or sting . also , they cannot infest lumber after it has been cut so there is no risk of additional generations of horntails in the studs or household furniture . most horntail wasps will emerge within the first year of construction , though a few may linger and emerge as long as 2 or 3 years after construction .\nthe horntail ' s appearance in the movie is based off of the dragons in the movie ,\nreign of fire\n( 2002 ) . the appearance of the horntail in movie adaptations is more akin to that of a traditional wyvern ; as it has no forelegs , a true classical dragon having forelegs , hindlegs and wings like described in the books .\nhorntail is a boss that , much like gollux , consists of multiple body parts that appear in different maps . the party must defeat all of them to win the boss battle .\nhorntail is an evil power - hungry dragon who rebelled against the nine spirits ' rule and distorted the area with evil in order to kidnap an egg of nine spirit dragon and consolidate its power over minar forest . horntail now holds an ambitious wish of ruling over the entire minar forest . it now waits for powerful maplers to enter the cave of life to challenge it .\nposted on 07 / 03 / 2013 , in movie monsters and tagged dragon , harry potter monsters , hungarian horntail , nick dudman , paul catling . bookmark the permalink . 1 comment .\nthe horntail is featured in the video game version of harry potter and the deathly hallows : part 1 and lives in the dark caves , a wizarding world forestal area with a giant cave .\nwhen the player approaches the cave , he / she sees moira trapped in a cage ; she pleads with the player to slay horntail , giving the pendant to enter the cave and do so .\noh , don ' t worry about ' em , harry , they ' re seriously misunderstood creatures \u2014 although , i have to admit that horntail is a right nasty piece of work .\nwarriner md . 2008 . first record of the asian horntail , eriotremex formosanus ( hymenoptera : siricidae ) , in arkansas , u . s . a . entomological news 119 : 212 - 213 .\ndesigning the hungarian horntail for the film adaptation of goblet of fire proved to be an arduous challenge : given the long tradition of dragon depictions in both films and general media , the creature designers focused on what not to do in order to distinguish the horntail ( as well as the other first task dragons ) from previous dragon designs . the creature effects team set out to portray a spectacular and surprising creature .\nthe adult female can be seen searching the same areas used by the pigeon tremex , although they tend to be present a bit later in the summer . developing horntail larvae can be detected under the bark by the female and she subsequently drills into the wood to the tunnel of the horntail larva . during egg laying ( oviposition ) the host larva is paralyzed with a sting after which the egg is laid . the parasitic wasp larva feeds on the paralyzed horntail larva , consuming it completely within a couple of weeks . it then pupates and remains dormant under the bark until the following summer , when the adults emerge .\nhorntails get their name from the projection on the back of their abdomen , which often is confused for a stinger . some people refer to these insects as wood wasps , as horntail larvae bore into wood .\nsmith dr . 1996 . discovery and spread of the asian horntail , eriotremex formosanus ( matsumura ) ( hymenoptera : siricidae ) , in the united states . journal of entomological science 31 : 116 - 171 .\nsmith dr . 1975 . eriotremex formosanus ( matsumura ) , an asian horntail in north america ( hymenoptera : siricidae ) . u . s . department of agriculture , cooperative economic insect report 24 : 851 - 854 .\nfor years , biologists couldn ' t understand how the horntail drill worked . unlike traditional drills , which require additional force ( think of a construction worker bearing down on a jackhammer ) , the horntail can drill from any angle with little effort and little body weight . after years of studying the tiny insects , scientists finally figured out that the two needles inch their way into wood , pushing off and reinforcing each other like a zipper .\nthe hungarian horntail is a dragon native to hungary and is considered to be one of the most dangerous dragon breeds , if not the most dangerous . [ 1 ] it possesses black scales and is lizard - like in appearance .\nthis party quest is located in the cave of life in the leafre canyons . it leads up to the fight with one of the most powerful boss monsters in the game , horntail . to enter , one must be in a party of 1 - 6 , and be over the level of 130 . the leader also must have completed the secret medicine of transformation certificate of squad badge quest , which will give the certificate to enter the horntail ' s cave .\nhorntail wasps emerging into houses through plaster board ( sheetrock ) come from larvae living in the studs behind the plaster board . studs that were cut from infested logs can contain horntail larvae that survived the processing . the larvae survived , in part , because the studs were not kiln dried or were inadequately dried . the adult wasps chewing their way out of infested studs also chew through almost any building material used to cover the wood ( plaster board or paneling ) .\na photograph found in the monster park shows horntail with spiegelmann , suggesting the two are friends , or used to be . ( if it is shown to spieglemann , he ' ll bribe the player into keeping quiet about it . )\ncolliding into a bridge , the horntail falls into an uncertain fate , whereas its miniature counterpart makes a cameo in harry potter and the half - blood prince \u2014 roasting chestnuts on a cart outside weasley wizard wheezes . jim mitchell was satisfied with the final results of the horntail animation and rendering for goblet of fire , saying that \u201cilm did a great job with the animation and look of the bat - like dragon making it as real as any dragon i\u2019ve seen . \u201d\na hungarian horntail was to be faced during the first task of the 1994 triwizard tournament , in an effort to retrieve a golden egg . [ 2 ] harry potter had to face it after selecting , at random , a tiny model depicting the horntail from a bag . he summoned his firebolt broomstick to him and used it to manoeuvre around the dragon to retrieve the egg . it is stated that ron weasley ' s brother charlie helped transport the dragon from romania . [ 2 ]\nin most cases , it will not be necessary to do anything to control horntails . the adult horntail does not reinfest seasoned wood . it will not lay eggs in wood that is inside the home . damaged wood can often be repaired or replaced .\nin the film adaptation of harry potter and the goblet of fire , the horntail broke free of its chain and attacked harry . the two of them fought in an exciting chase that spanned all around the castle grounds , almost causing harry to fall to his death at one point when he was trying to reach his firebolt , but when the chase continued , harry flew through the viaduct , which the horntail crashed into , breaking its wing and causing it to fall into the chasm below , presumably to its death .\nbased on the approved design , kate hill sculpted two quarter - scale horntail maquettes , which were moulded in fiberglass and painted for reference . a larger scanning model was then devised and supplied to industrial light & magic to create the digital model of the dragon .\nthe pottermore illustration of the hungarian horntail resembles its description in the novels , having four legs and two wings , with a lizard - like head and being black in colour with bronze spikes and claws . this is markedly different than the depiction of the dragon in the film .\nin the film adaptation of harry potter and the half - blood prince , the hungarian horntail model that was given to harry from barty crouch snr is seen in the roast chestnuts sale , located in diagon alley . it is possible that harry gave his dragon to fred and george who put it there .\nand there was the horntail , at the other end of the enclosure , crouched low over her clutch of eggs , her wings half - furled , her evil , yellow eyes upon him , a monstrous , scaly , black lizard , thrashing her spiked tail , heaving yard - long gouge marks in the hard ground .\nthough the horntail ( or wood wasp ) looks like a wasp , it is not a wasp at all . it does not have a stinger , nor does it have venom . the long projection at the rear of its abdomen is an ovipositor ( egg depositor ) . this is only seen in the female . on the top side of the abdomen , at its tip , is a triangular \u201chorn\u201d ( best seen in a side view ) . this is what gives the horntail its name . they are about one inch long with a cylindrical body . they are brown , black or metalic blue in color with yellow or red markings .\ndon ' t be scared of the two giant , whip - like needles on the end of a horntail wasp . they ' re not stingers ; they ' re drill bits . horntails use these needles ( which can be longer than their entire bodies ! ) to drill into trees , where they deposit their young .\nafter fighting the preliminary heads , the party will be directed to the map for the real fight . to start the bossfight , destroy the pink crystal on the far right of the map to summon horntail . players must stand clear away from the middle when this happens , otherwise they ' d most likely end up dying .\ntwo large and bizarre looking insects are commonly associated with dying branches and trunks of several commonly grown hardwood trees . one of these is an insect that develops as a borer within the tree\u2014the pigeon tremex horntail ( tremex columba ) . the other is the most common natural enemy of this insect , the giant ichneumon wasp ( megarhyssa macrurus ) .\nit has black scales , and is lizard - like in appearance . it also has yellow eyes , with vertical pupils like a cat ' s , bronze horns and similarly coloured spikes that protrude from its long tail which it will gladly deploy in combat . the dragon ' s roar is a yowling , screeching scream , and its flame can reach to about fifty feet . while having a very far reaching flame the horntail ' s breath can reach extremely high temperatures as it made a stone turn red hot in seconds . its eggs are cement - coloured and particularly hard - shelled . the horntail ' s foods of choice include cattle , sheep , goats , and whenever possible , humans .\nthe maquettes also served as reference for a full - scale horntail animatronic built by nick dudman\u2019s special effects team . the puppet would be used in the early shots that revealed the creature , which show it in a distance . dudman recalled : \u201cthe production wanted a lightweight life - size dragon head to run about on set with . once we had that head and eight feet of the neck , we suggested that we could sculpt the rest very quickly , keeping it very basic . we used that for wide shots of the dragon in its cage . \u201d kate hill led the creation of the full - size sculpture of the horntail \u2014 aided by waldo mason , andy hunt and other sculptors .\ndespite the warning colors , horntail wasps are generally non - aggressive and ( one source says ) harmless . both genders of horntail wasp species have short spines at the tip of their abdomen , but females appear to have two menacing stingers . the thicker , longer one is actually an ovipositor . the ovipositor is a tube used by the female to directly inject eggs into tree trunks and other durable wood where they are less likely to found and eaten by other insects . that sturdy spine aids in splitting the wood before the eggs are laid . larvae hatch inside the wood and tunnel through it , emerging as adults . despite the great efforts to use deep wood to protect the horntail larvae , they are eaten by the larvae of other parasitic wasps that have also hatched in the same tree . those that survive emerge from the tree in adult form . if the tree has been harvested and used for building material before then , it is not unusual to see these adults inside as they come out of wood . adults drink nectar and water .\nthe wasp and fungus are mutually supportive . the fungus benefits by hitching a ride to new host trees , where it can spread and ultimately produce fruiting bodies - shelf mushrooms known as mossy maze polypore . the wasp depends on the fungus to complete its life cycle . without cerrena unicolor to provide food and soften wood , pigeon horntail larvae do not survive .\nan unusual pest problem of large wasps chewing holes through plaster board and emerging within recently constructed homes came to our attention in the summer of 1991 . these 1 and 1 / 4 inch long , black or dark blue wasps have been identified as horntails or horntail wasps . the name comes from the spearlike projection on the tail end of both male and female horntails .\na pigeon horntail that survives the perils of youth eventually becomes a pupa , the \u201cresting stage\u201d in which it transforms into an adult . adult horntails chew their way out of their host trees between june and october in the northeast u . s . males emerge before females , gathering in loose swarms over treetops . females look for these \u201cbachelor\u201d parties and select suitable mates .\nthe pigeon tremex is a type of non - stinging wasp , known as a horntail ( hymenoptera : siricidae ) . they are large insects , with a tubular shaped body and generally brown color , marked with yellow . females , which are considerably larger than males , have a stout spine projecting from the hind end . this is the ovipositor , used to insert eggs under bark .\nno one could fault you for running away , screaming in terror , if you saw a large , flying , cigar - shaped insect armed with a \u201cstinger\u201d bigger than a sewing needle . thankfully , the female pigeon horntail wood wasp is harmless . that spear on its rear isn\u2019t meant to pierce skin . it\u2019s for drilling into wood ; and it lays the foundation \u2013 literally \u2013 for a remarkable inter - species relationship .\nin the film adaptation of harry potter and the goblet of fire , the horntail ' s manner of breathing fire by shooting a pair of chemical liquids that cause a fire blast on contact is possibly based on the same fire - breathing manner used by dragons in the movie reign of fire ( 2002 ) . [ 1 ] this was further followed by other media such as game of thrones series and gods of egypt ( 2016 ) .\nadults in the forest , horntails can complete the entire life cycle in a year or two . if the wood has been dried and made into lumber , the horntail life cycle can take as long as five years . when the adult comes out of the cocoon , it chews its way out of the wood . the adult makes a round hole in the surface of the wood . the exit holes are usually about 1 / 4\u2033 in diameter .\nvincent described how the parasitoid wasp species megarhyssa macrurus , is able to use her egg laying tube to drill down into tree bark , where she deposits her eggs onto the larvae of the pidgeon tremaz horntail ( how did this come up as a topic ? ! over dessert ? ) . this is possible thanks to a complex structure of three tubes that can bend and flex as the wasp drills , allowing her to position her eggs with pinpoint precision .\nthe finished animatronic was mounted on a mobile , wheeled unit \u2014 which eased transport of the enormous prop . the head could perform a wide range of motion , including an articulated neck and mouth , and movable eyes , eyelids and nostrils . the wings could make limited movements and the body could move from side to side . the puppet was shot inside a hydraulically - operated breakaway cage . in addition , the full - size horntail was also used at the film\u2019s world premiere in london .\nthe map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the horntail wasp may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .\nin the novel , the first task ends in the arena ; in the film , however , the sequence was taken into a more action - oriented direction : the horntail breaks from its restraints , chasing harry outside the arena . visual effects supervisor jim mitchell developed the idea . he related : \u201cthere never was any of the chase around hogwarts castle , but one day when i was checking out the huge physical model of the castle for some establishing shots , i thought how cool would it be see harry and the dragon flying through its deep ravines , under bridges and past these giant , stoned structures . i imagined the dragon landing on one of the steep towers and roaring like king kong on the empire state building . mike newell and the producers liked the idea and so the sequence grew to include the chase . i think it opened the sequence up and made it more perilous and exciting than it originally was . \u201d the chase scene offered the opportunity to further showcase horntail animation \u2014 swooping like a hawk or crawling like a bat on the hogwarts towers .\nrowling\u2019s description in the novel made mention of \u201cclawed front legs , \u201d a trait that was initially considered , but discarded ; in order to maintain artistic integrity , the filmmakers eventually steered towards a four - limbed configuration of the anatomy , harkening back to norbert from the first film . the key trait of the creature \u2014 the \u2018horntail\u2019 \u2014 was initially envisioned as a scorpion\u2019s stinger , or a tail tip with clusters or rows of spikes . in the end , a large spear - like tail tip covered in smaller spikes was chosen . as the design process progressed , it was decided to make horns the key visual motif of the monster \u2014 endowing it with a crown of horns on its head , which continued mane - like down its neck , back and tail , ending in the spiked tip . some of the horns on the creature\u2019s head can also flare out and hinge back to highlight its emotional state . the final design \u2014 penned by paul catling \u2014 was also strongly influenced by birds of prey : a hawk - like beaked tip of the mouth and a proportionally large chest housing powerful flight muscles completed the imposing look of the hungarian horntail .\na fertile female pigeon horntail seeks a tree that is dead , dying , or weakened . maple and beech are preferred hosts , but elm , apple , poplar , oaks , and other hardwoods are also targets . once she selects a tree , she begins drilling in the manner described above . foresters call the wasps \u201cstump stabbers\u201d in reference to this behavior . she lays two to seven eggs at a time at a depth of about three - fourths of an inch . she then extracts her ovipositor and repeats the process , elsewhere on the same tree , and / or in other trees .\nthe eggs of the raspberry horntail , a wood wasp , are pearly white and oblong , with a curved point at one end . mature larvae are white and cylindrical , with dark heads and a short spine on the tail end . they have three pairs of legs , no prolegs , and attain a length of up to 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) . the adult wasps , which are seldom seen , vary from 0 . 5 to 0 . 75 inch ( 12\u201318 mm ) in length . the females are marked with bright yellow and black ; the males are mostly black .\nhorntails are attracted to dying , burned or recently cut wood . the female deposits her eggs into the wood of host trees , most commonly silver maple , ash , cottonwood , and elm . along with the eggs , she deposits a fungus that will continue to degrade the already compromised wood . the eggs hatch in 3 - 4 weeks and the larvae begin consuming the fungus along with the wood . this may last anywhere from one to five years depending on the climate . the adult horntail chews through the last bit of wood and emerges , leaving a round exit hole 1 / 4\u2033 to 1 / 2\u2033 in diameter .\nat the same time she lays her eggs , she deposits the spores of a wood - rotting fungus , cerrena unicolor . these spores are stored in two mucus - filled pouches near the base of her ovipositor . as the fungus grows in the tree , it secretes enzymes that break down cellulose . this partly digested wood is consumed by the horntail larvae ; female larvae store the fungal strands in pockets that will become the mucus pouches in the adult wasps . as the larvae grow , they bore tunnels through sapwood and heartwood , fifteen centimeters to two meters or more in length , curving towards the exterior surface of the tree .\nthe giant ichneumon wasp is a parasitic wasp ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) specific to the pigeon tremex . it also is generally brown in color with yellow and orange markings . it has a very elongated body form and most notably long \u2018tails\u2019 that may extend a couple of inches . these \u2018tails\u2019 also are the ovipositor and supporting structures , used to insert eggs into wood onto developing pigeon tremex horntail laravae . altogether the body and ovipositor of this insect may extend more than 5 inches . ( males are smaller , lack the ovipositor , and have a blunt tip of the abdomen . ) despite its rather fearsome appearance , the giant ichneumon wasp is harmless to humans and can not sting .\nhorntails are also known for being one of the most vicious and aggressive breeds of dragon and that is saying something since all dragons are known to be ferocious ; even rubeus hagrid commented on their ferocity saying that the horntail was a ' right nasty piece of work ' . [ 3 ] this breed is especially aggressive when protecting their young . along with their viciousness , tail spikes and fiery breath , horntails are shown being extremely fast in flight while able to keep up with a firebolt broomstick , a broom capable of going from 0 to 150 miles per hour in 10 seconds . horntails are also seen able to keep up with harry potter ' s flying skills ; a very impressive feat considering harry ' s talent as a seeker . [ 2 ]\nanimatronic systems supervisor matt denton mounted the creature\u2019s head to a computer - controlled performance system that was devised cannibalizing parts of aragog and the basilisk built for the second film , in order to save both time and budget . the skull of the dragon was fabricated in fireproof fiberlass with a steel beak , epoxy teeth and silicone skin . for a dragon that could actually breathe fire , the mouth interior was lined with flame retardant nomex . the entire head was coated inside and out with flamebar , a flexible fire - resistant elastomeric silicone sealant . john richardson and his mechanical effects team fitted the mouth with twin flame jets using a benturi system that blasted liquid propane over a pilot flame . the horntail animatronic could shoot a 36 - foot stream of dragonfire at the camera .\ndevelopment of the horntail\u2019s body language was assigned to animation director steve rollins , who collaborated with visual effects supervisor jim mitchell . much like the design itself , the animation mainly referenced birds of prey \u2014 such as eagles and owls . \u201cwhen you see the movie , look for the head twitching , head cocked , and quick twitchy movements ; these were all from the bird references , \u201d said visual effects supervisor tim alexander . other minor references included reptiles and bats . different iterations of the animation sequences were attempted before a final version was selected by the director . \u201cwhere the dragon crawls across the rocks , we\u2019d do one version with it using its hind legs , another where it\u2019s crouched down , using the batlike hands on its wings to crawl , \u201d alexander explained .\nhorntail as a whole consists of his three heads , two arms , wings , legs , and tail . in the main fight , his left head and right head retain some of the abilities from the preliminary battled , while the middle head uses fire - based attacks and skills , as well as summon wyverns . the left and right heads have 100 , 000 , 000 hp in easy mode , 330 , 000 , 000 hp each on normal mode and 3 , 300 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos mode . the middle head has 235 , 200 , 000 hp in easy mode , 490 , 000 , 000 hp in normal mode and 3 , 900 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos mode . all three heads can cast weapon cancel and magic cancel . in chaos mode , the left head can cast physical reflect , and the right head can cast magical reflect .\nadults of the pigeon tremex are active from june through early october . females may be seen crawling over the bark and occasionally may insert their ovipositor into the trunk . ( dead females are sometimes seen stuck on the trunk with their ovipositor embedded in the tree . ) if the conditions under the bark are suitable , notably a sufficiently low moisture content , a few eggs ( 2 to 7 ) will be laid into the wood . along with the eggs , the white rot fungus daedalea unicolor is also introduced . this fungus grows within the wood ahead of the horntail larvae and is required for their successful development . infection of trees with white rot fungus accelerates decay and further weakens the structure of affected trees . larvae typically take nearly a year to become full - grown and then pupate just under the bark . the adult emerges in about a month after pupation and cuts a circular exit hole from which it leaves the tree .\ncrafting the dragonfire was another challenge . \u201cfire is a natural occurrence , everyone knows what it looks like . they know if it looks fake , \u201d alexander said . \u201cwe needed fire to be directable , and that took a long time . \u201d many of the dragonfire shots were a combination of the digital horntail and practical fire elements provided by john richardson\u2019s team \u2014 who built a handheld flamethrower device that blasted flames across rocks in the first task arena set . for the chase scene , the fire was portrayed with composited practical flame elements shot by physical effects supervisor geoff heron , as well as digital fire simulations created in ilm\u2019s zeno pipeline . said system made use of stanford university\u2019s \u2018physbam\u2019 physics simulations . \u201cstanford\u2019s smoke simulations created roiling and spinning particles , \u201d said alexander . \u201cit was similar to the live - action pyro elements , so we used that as the basis for our cg fire . smoke tends to move slower than fire , so we did a lot of work with speed and scale \u2014 too fast , and it spurted everywhere ; too slow , and it didn\u2019t create the roiling effect . we then developed a shader look with very sharp detail broken up at the ridges . \u201d\nwasps may be the bane of many a summer picnic but they are now the inspiration behind a new type of flexible medical probe . the biomimetic instrument is being developed by a team at the department of mechanical engineering , imperial college london , uk . its design is based on the ovipositor ( egg - laying tube ) of a female wood wasp .\nthe wood wasp\u2019s ovipositor looks like two hollow needles , one inside the other , each of which is lined with backward - facing teeth to give purchase as the wasp \u2018drills\u2019 progressively into the bark of a tree . this takes surprisingly little force , making it attractive for carrying out minimally invasive procedures such as brain biopsies without having to exploit a natural orifice .\nunlike the wood wasp\u2019s ovipositor , however , the probe \u2018displaces\u2019 the tissue rather than removing it . the current prototype consists of four interlocking probe segments lined with 50\u03bc teeth and propelled by small motors and actuators . the ultimate aim is to be able to steer the probe in three dimensions through soft tissue and monitor its progress .\ndr ferdinando rodriguez , at imperial , explains that existing percutaneous instruments can be divided into two main groups \u2013 thick and non - flexible probes ( bioposy probe and laparoscopes ) and thin and flexible needles ( such as a brachytherapy needle ) .\nhe says , \u2018thick and non - flexible probes can be pointed to the target with the aid of a visualisation system and will not deform under load , but their manipulation causes significant pressure on the tissue , limiting the surgeon\u2019s degrees of freedom .\n\u2018conversely , thin and flexible probes tend to be less damaging to the surrounding tissue , but deflect and buckle against tissue resistance , resulting in placement accuracy which is inversely proportional to the depth of the target\u2019 .\nfurthermore , the \u2018underlying technological and functional limitation\u2019 of both devices is that they cannot be guided along curvilinear trajectories . this \u2018limits their application to surgical procedures where a straight - line approach is viable\u2019 .\na \u2018scaled up\u2019 prototype of the team\u2019s flexible probe , measuring 12mm - wide and about 30cm long , has been demonstrated but a final prototype will be no more than a few millimetres in diameter .\n\u2018developing a multi - part probe of a few millimetres outer diameter will mean identifying materials , manufacturing methods and surface treatments that will work at this scale , \u2019 remarks rodriguez . \u2018particularly challenging will be [ ensuring ] that the probe can sustain the loading conditions incurred during actuation , while being sufficiently flexible not to damage surrounding tissue during insertion . \u2019\nthe team is exploring medical - grade silicon , latex rubber and possibly even polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) from which to manufacture their device .\nprofessor tony anson , of uk biomedical materials research company diameter ltd , says , \u2018there\u2019s a significant global market for such a device , as there are many patients with problematic physiology who would benefit here . \u2019\nhe agrees , though , that finding a suitable material will be challenging . he says , \u2018i would discount latex , as there have been too many problems with latex gloves . medical - grade silicon could work but it has a possible demerit because of its high surface friction , and ptfe is a good biomaterial , although in some cases it lacks the right mechanical properties \u2013 both have potential .\n\u2018i notice that polyurethane ( pu ) isn\u2019t mentioned . i think pu shows promise , but then so could some combination of materials , coatings or polymer composites , \u2019 he says . anson suggests that the manufacturing technology may ultimately influence the choice of material .\nthe prototype of a few millimetres should be available before the end of 2015 for clinical trials to take place . rodriguez says , \u2018the feasibility study focused on probe design , actuation and control . it also laid the foundation for an \u201cintelligent probe , \u201d where the insertion process is guided interactively by pre - operative image data , allowing deep lesions of the brain and other regions of the human body to be accessed with greater accuracy and repeatability\u2019 .\nthe institute is a body incorporated by royal charter , registered charity no 269275 . patron : hm the queen . the institute of materials , minerals and mining , 297 euston road , london nw1 3ad , uk tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7451 7300\nbefore the main battle , the party must fight the right head and left head in two preliminary battles . both have 100 , 000 , 000 hp in easy mode , 330 , 000 , 000 hp each on normal mode and 3 , 300 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos mode . the left head has ice - based attacks , can summon red wyverns , blue wyverns ( not in easy mode ) , and dark wyvern ( 2 at a time ) , can create spiked tombstones on the floor ( below the platform ) and cast weapon cancel and magic cancel . the right head is similar , but uses electric attacks .\nhis right arm and left arm can dispel and seduce and drain mp . both have 90 , 800 , 000 hp in easy mode , 230 , 000 , 000 hp in normal mode and 2 , 300 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos mode .\nhis wings can heal both the hp and mp of the rest of the body and can summon green cornians and dark cornians . they have 100 , 000 , 000 hp in easy mode , 270 , 000 , 000 hp in normal and 2 , 700 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos .\nhis legs have an earthquake stomp attack with a powerful knockback that can also stun . it has 67 , 200 , 000 hp in easy mode , 130 , 000 , 000 hp in normal and 1 , 300 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos .\nhis tail also has an earthquake attack and can summon a poison mist cloud . it has 33 , 600 , 000 hp in easy mode , 80 , 000 , 000 hp in normal and 900 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos . ( it is recommended that players destroy this part first ; aside from the poison its touch attack can do upwards of 27 , 000 points of damage , or 33 , 000 when buffed . )\nhis body is not dangerous unless physically touched , but only when all parts are reduced to zero hp is he finally defeated .\nin chaos mode , the background turns from being a cave to a stormy , dark background . this is also seen in the battle against chaos pink bean and pre - revamped chaos zakum . this is probably because the black mage corrupted them , making them stronger and more menacing .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nin lego harry potter : years 1 - 4 , hermione falls into the arena with harry and they both have to battle it . it not only breaks free like in the movie , but it also chases them into the castle .\nantennae : ants and bees both have a pair of antennae on the head that senses their surroundings .\nhead : the head contains the insect ' s compound eyes , antennae , and mandibles .\nabdomen : contains various organs including the heart , gut , venom glands , and anus .\nlegs : ants and bees have three pairs of legs attached to the thorax ( center - body section ) .\nnote : ants , bees and wasps are part of the hymenoptera order because they share many similarities .\nan insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .\nsite disclaimer | privacy policy | cookies | site map urltoken \u2022 content \u00a92005 - urltoken \u2022 all rights reserved \u2022 site contact email : insectidentification at gmail . com . the urltoken logo is unique to this website and protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws . written content , illustrations and photography is unique to this website ( unless where indicated ) and not for reuse in any form . material presented throughout this website is for entertainment value and should not to be construed as usable for scientific research or medical advice ( regarding bites , etc . . . ) . please consult licensed , degreed professionals for such information . by submitting images to us ( urltoken ) you acknowledge that you have read and understood our site disclaimer as it pertains to\nuser - submitted content\n. when emailing please include your location and the general estimated size of the specimen in question if possible .\nsize : depending on the species , adult sizes range between 12 to 40 mm .\ncolor : they are dark colored , usually brown or black . some species have pale markings .\nimproperly dried lumber from infested logs is most at risk for problems with these pests . firewood stored inside can also contain horntails .\nexit holes in tree trunks \u2013 adult horntails that emerge in the living space of a home can cause a disturbance . the exit holes can be unsightly , especially in wood that has been painted or stained .\nstructural damage concerns horntails are actually wasps , but these insects do not bite or sting . they rarely cause structural damage since they do not lay their eggs in construction wood after it is cut and dry . but , if infested wood was used in a home without proper drying and aging , adults might show up as they emerge from the infested wood .\nhorntails will not infest furniture or re - infest wood inside a home . still , they are a nuisance to people and may cause alarm to homeowners who think their house is being destroyed by a wood damaging insect .\nprevention nevertheless , homeowners can help prevent infestation by storing firewood outside the home . firewood should only be brought in when it will be used .\nif infestation is suspected , homeowners are encouraged to request an inspection by an orkin specialist to ensure any evidence of wood damage is not from authentic wood damaging insects able to cause structural problems .\neggs female horntails deposit their eggs into the trunks of trees . most species choose coniferous , softwood trees , but a few species choose broadleaf , hardwood trees . chosen trees are usually in decline from disease or attack from other insects .\nlarvae when the eggs hatch , the larvae burrow into the wood . they pack tunnels with droppings and wood shavings as they burrow . when the larvae are mature , they burrow close to the surface of the wood and make a silken cocoon inside the tunnel , where they then change into adults .\nby clicking the \u201cget started\u201d button , i authorize orkin to contact me about their services at this number using an auto dialer . i understand my consent is not required to make a purchase .\nmaplestory | table of contents | walkthrough | availability | jobs | locations | monsters | quests | faq | glossary | npcs | quests : maple island | edelstein | victoria island | el nath mts . & aqua road | ludus lake | mu lung garden | nihal desert | minar forest | temple of time | gate to the future | theme dungeons | silent crusade | world tour | malaysia and singapore | masteria | tynerum | commerci job - specific quests : dual blade | cygnus knights | aran | evan | mercedes | phantom | luminous | resistance | demon | xenon | kaiser | angelic buster medals | jump quests | exchange quest | gm events | mini - games | special events party quests : cooking with tangyoon | romeo and juliet | nett ' s pyramid | xerxes in chryse | dimensional crack | lord pirate | escape | dimension invasion | dragon rider | kenta in danger | resurrection of the hoblin king - cross world party quests : moon bunny ' s rice cake | first time together | forest of poison haze | remnant of the goddess | ariant coliseum - constant level party quests : sharenian guild quest | amorian challenge | fight for aswan | crimsonwood keep | alien visitor | hungry muto - solo only : monster park | mu lung dojo | commerci trade voyages\nhowever , once you completed the quest , you can simply enter the cave directly since the gatekeeper has fled , so you do not have to do the transformation quest anymore . this quest is repeatable unlimited times and only appears if you lost the certificate of the squad badge .\nthere are 2 parts to the fight : preliminary fight and the actual fight .\nbefore the real fight , there are 2 prelimary heads to kill . their stats as follows :\nit is recommended that all party members must be 160 + to withstand the horntails damage .\nthis bossfight in a way is similar to zakum except you ' ll be fighting 3 heads and its bodyparts . each of the parts have their own unique abilities .\nphysical reflect for around 5 , 000 ~ 7 , 000 damage ( chaos mode only ) .\nmagic reflect for around 5 , 000 ~ 7 , 000 damage ( chaos mode only ) .\nthis page was last edited on 30 november 2017 , at 04 : 48 .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\ncsu extension - a division of the office of engagement . providing trusted , practical education to help you solve problems , develop skills and build a better future .\nthe giant ichneumon wasp is the most common natural enemy of the pigeon tremex .\npigeon tremex are not considered serious pests since attacks are limited to trees and limbs that are in serious decline or very recently dead .\nthe pigeon tremex develops as a wood borer and the larvae are cylindrical - bodied , cream colored grubs that live within the wood . however , they are not considered serious pests since attacks are limited to trees or individual limbs that are in serious decline or very recently dead .\nonly certain hardwood trees are attacked by pigeon tremex , notably silver maple , ash , cottonwood , and elm . ( several other species of horntails also occur in the state but these are limited to conifers , usually those growing in forested areas . ) however , the insect may become locally abundant as these host trees become increasingly susceptible due to old age or disease . because pigeon tremex is not considered to be a primary pest , controls have not been developed , although it likely can be temporarily managed by use of insecticides in a manner similar to that of other wood borers . ( see colorado state university extension fact sheet 5 . 530 , shade tree borers . )\n( the ovipositor of the female consists of three filaments . the central part is the actual ovipositor , capable of drilling through wood . although appearing as a single filament , it is actually made of two parts , that interlock , slide against each other , and are tipped with the cutting edge . although very thin , it is a tube and the egg moves down the minute channel in its center during egg laying . the ovipositor is normally sheathed within two other thin filament structures that are protective in function , do not assist with drilling and bow out prominently around the insect during egg laying . )"]}
{"id": 354, "summary": [{"text": "before recent tests failed to establish that the jaguar was divided into different subspecies , it was presumed that different subspecies existed north and south of the amazon river , such as panthera onca onca north of the river , and panthera onca palustris south of the river .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "eventually , it was reckoned that geographical barriers , such as the amazon river or the andes mountains , limited the flow of genes between jaguars , if not restricting them to be different subspecies .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "southern jaguars disappeared in a number of places , like the pampas ' part of argentina and uruguay . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "jaguars south of the amazon river", "paragraphs": ["1 . jaguars are the largest of south america\u2019s big cats and the third largest cats in the world .\nthe amazon river is home to many different species of animals , including the elusive jaguar , the largest member of the cat family living in the americas . the species predominantly sticks to the rainforests of latin america , especially around the amazon river basin , but they were once found all across south and central america .\n2 . at one time jaguars roamed all the way to the us - mexico border , but jaguars are now only occasionally sighted in texas and arizona . most jaguars are found in the amazon river basin .\njaguars are the largest of south america ' s big cats . they once roamed from the southern tip of that continent north to the region surrounding the u . s . - mexico border . today significant numbers of jaguars are found only in remote regions of south and central america\u2014particularly in the amazon basin .\nyou could once find jaguars all the way from the south - western usa down to the scrublands of central argentina . now they\u2019re mainly confined to the rainforests of the amazon basin , and in the nearby pantanal wetlands \u2013 less than half of their historic range .\nthe amazon river basin , also known as the amazon rain forest , covers almost three million square miles and overlaps the boundaries of nine countries : brazil , colombia , peru , venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname , and french guiana . by some estimates , this region ( which occupies 40 percent of the area of the south american continent ) is home to one - tenth of the world ' s animal species . on the following slides , you ' ll discover the most important animals of the amazon river basin , ranging from monkeys to anteaters to poison dart frogs .\na symbol of the enigmatic power of the amazon , the jaguar is the largest cat in the americas . jaguars have unusually large , round heads , short legs and a stunning coat dotted with dark rosettes and spots .\njaguars are found on the american continents ; they live in texas , in the cerro colorado mountains in arizona , the southern part of california , and new mexico , in the united states , and are found in rain forests in central and south america . the largest known population exists in the amazon rain forests . black jaguars live in south america . jaguars are also found in africa and asia . until the 1900s , they also roamed the yukon , southern united states to uruguay , and iceland .\nfew jaguars are ever even glimpsed in their natural habitat ; however , they do surround areas of the pacaya - samiria reserve , where guests travel on international expeditions\u2019 amazon river cruises . jaguars are excellent swimmers , and the river provides a great source of food \u2014 from fish to turtles to caimans . they also feast on larger creatures like deer and capybaras ( large rodents about as big as medium - sized dogs ) . jaguars have been known to climb trees to attack their prey from above , so visitors should be sure to keep an eye on the rainforest canopy on their amazon river cruises .\nthe entire area is characterized by an abundance of poorly - drained heavy mottled clay soils . this type of v\u00e1rzea is different from the seasonal v\u00e1rzea of the middle and upper amazon floodplains , which are inundated annually by rivers swollen with rainwater . the floodwaters of the amazon river are laden with suspended mineral sediments that settle out onto the landscape when the water flow slows . this area is called\nregion of the islands\nbecause of the intricate labyrinth of sedimentary islands and channels resulting from the constant tidal and fluvial action .\nfor me jaguars epitomise the mysterious beauty of the amazon . but conserving them is a challenge . jaguars need such big areas of forest , and things get difficult when people feel their livestock is threatened by these great hunters . i like to look at it the other way . if we can keep healthy numbers of jaguar in the amazon , we\u2019ll be closer to protecting the rainforest as a whole . \u201d\nthis v\u00e1rzea ecoregion comprises the western half of maraj\u00f3 island , many smaller channel islands , and the surrounding mainland on both the north and south banks of the amazon . the ecoregion reaches west to the mouth of the xing\u00fa river where the amazon starts to widen its mouth . a small portion occurs in french guiana . the region also contains bits of both seasonally inundated floodplain forest and permanently inundated swamp forest ( igap\u00f3 ) . this western half of the maraj\u00f3 island is constructed of recent sediments and hosts the estuarine ( tidal ) v\u00e1rzea forest . the eastern half of maraj\u00f3 island , on older tertiary sediments , is covered by flooded savanna ( campo ) and humid terra firme forest , the forest being fairly homogeneous and distinct from the inundated forest in the west .\nthe third - largest big cats after lions and tigers , jaguars have had a difficult time of it over the last century , as deforestation and human encroachment has restricted their range across south america . however , it ' s much harder to hunt a jaguar in the dense amazon river basin than out in the open pampas , so the impenetrable portions of the rain forest may be panthera onca ' s last , best hope . no one know for sure , but there are at least a few thousand jaguars preying on the megafauna of the amazon rain forest ; an apex predator itself , the jaguar has nothing to fear from its fellow animals ( except , of course , for human beings ) .\nby protecting jaguars and the places where they live , we\u2019re also helping to look after other wildlife \u2013 of which there are a lot of in the amazon and pantanal \u2013 as well as the people who live and work around there .\nthe status of the subspecies is unclear . although eight subspecies have been recognized ( seymour 1989 ) , morphological and genetic analyses do not support the existence of discrete subspecies ( larson 1997 , eizirik et al . 2001 , ruiz - garcia et al . 2006 ) . while not elevating the regional differences to the subspecies level , eizirk et al . ( 2001 ) found evidence for four incompletely isolated phylogeographic groups : mexico and guatemala , southern central america , northern south america , and south america south of the amazon river . similarly , ruiz - garcia et al . ( 2006 ) found that the andes mountains incompletely isolates jaguar populations in colombia .\nso large that it ' s sometimes known as the ant bear , the giant anteater is equipped with a comically long snout\u2014the better for poking into narrow insect burrows\u2014and a long , bushy tail ; some individuals can approach 100 pounds in weight . like many of the plus - sized mammals of tropical south america , the giant anteater is severely endangered , although , as with many of the animals on this list , the vast , swampy , impenetrable amazon river basin affords the remaining population some level of protection from human encroachment ( not to mention an inexhaustible supply of tasty ants ) .\nthis forest ecoregion is located at the mouth of the amazon river in eastern brazil . islands are numerous throughout the region . this flooded area captures nutrient rich soils , which are carried down the river ; tidal activity floods the region twice daily . vegetation is shorter than surrounding areas , plant diversity is lower , and palms dominate . fauna diversity is richer ; avifauna is particularly rich with about 540 species .\nfor the latest travel trends and exciting discoveries . , visit our amazon travel news section .\nthe taxonomy is currently under review by the iucn ssc cat specialist group . while 32 subspecies have been classically described , on the basis of genetic analysis culver et al . ( 2000 ) suggest six subspecies as follows : p . c . cougar : north america p . c . costaricensis : central america p . c . capricornensis : eastern south america p . c . concolor : northern south america p . c . cabrerae : central south america p . c . puma : southern south america .\nthe mighty jaguar once roamed from argentina in south america all the way up to the grand canyon in arizona . today , jaguars have been almost completely eliminated from the united states and are endangered throughout their range , which stretches down to patagonia in south america . the jaguar makes its home in a wide - variety of habitats including deciduous forests , rainforests , swamps , pampas grasslands and mountain scrub areas .\njaguars are my favourite animal . they are awesome and i want to go to the amazon rainforest because that is where they live and there are lots of other cool animals there as well .\njaguars live alone and define territories of many square miles by marking with their waste or clawing trees .\ndescription location and general description the maraj\u00f3 v\u00e1rzea is the inundated land in and around the mouth of the amazon river in eastern brazil . the huge river , having completed its 6 , 500 km journey , empties into the atlantic ocean here . the mouth contains numerous islands . the largest is ilha maraj\u00f3 at 48 , 000 km2 . other islands include ilha dos porcos , do par\u00e1 , mutut\u00ed , and uituquara . the amazon estuary is a dynamic lowland consisting of holocene ( less than10 , 000 years old ) sediments surrounded by slightly older tertiary deposits . flooding occurs across the landscape twice daily when the ocean tide pushes a large volume of river discharge onto the landscape to a height of 2 to 3 m . there are both low - lying tidal floodplain areas and slightly higher ( 2 to 3 m ) ground that is not normally flooded .\nmillions of years ago , during the pleistocene epoch , the rain forests of south america were home to giant , multi - ton sloths like megatherium . how things have changed : today , one of the most common sloths of the amazon river basin is the three - toed sloth , bradypus tridactylus , which is characterized by its greenish , algae - crusted fur , its ability to swim , its three toes ( of course ) , and its agonizing slowness\u2014the average speed of this mammal has been clocked at about a tenth of a mile per hour . the three - toed sloth coexists with the two - toed sloth , genus choloepus , and these two animals will sometimes even share the same tree .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nalso known as\nwater jaguars\nand\nriver wolves ,\ngiant otters are the largest members of the mustelid family , and thus closely related to weasels . the males of this species can attain lengths of up to six feet and weights of up to 75 pounds , and both sexes are known for their thick , , glossy , shiny coats\u2014which are so coveted by human hunters that there are only an estimated 5 , 000 or so giant otters left across the entire amazon river basin . unusually for mustelids ( but fortunately for poachers ) , the giant otter lives in extended social groups consisting of about half a dozen individuals .\nthe world ' s largest rodent , at up to 150 pounds , the capybara has a wide distribution across south america , but it especially likes the warm , humid environs of the amazon river basin . this mammal subsists on the rain forest ' s copious vegetation , including fruit , tree bark and aquatic plants , and has been known to congregate in herds of up to 100 members ( which should put your own pesky mouse problem into some perspective ) . the rain forest may be endangered , but the capybara isn ' t ; this rodent continues to thrive , despite the fact that it ' s a popular menu item in some south american villages .\nthe amazon rainforest is being destroyed at a terrifying rate . along with other consequences , this reduces the living space for jaguars and other important wildlife , and isolates populations , making them more vulnerable .\njustification of ecoregion delineation this seasonally inundated ecoregion forms the delta and mouth of the solim\u00f5es ( amazon ) river , the riverine island of maraj\u00f3 and surrounding islands , and extends northwards along the atlantic coastline . delineation\u2019s follow the ibge ( 1993 ) classification of\nalluvial vegetation\nin the northern and eastern portion , and follows the confines on the solim\u00f5es river and delta to the south and east . several outliers are also group under this classification to the nw according to historic vegetation coverage and follow the linework of the ibge ( 1993 ) classification for\nsecondary vegetation / agricultural activities\n. portions in the north which abut to french guiana were verified according to granville ( 1979 ) . this ecoregion is distinct from all other surrounding vegetation by its seasonal inundation and subsequent species assemblages , and from other v\u00e1rzea by crystalline arc divisions which influence soil type ( daly and prance 1989 , da silva 1998 ) .\nthe original version of this assessment was published with an older version of the distribution map . this errata assessment uses the updated distribution map .\n10 . from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail , a jaguar can be 240cm long .\nthe largest and most dangerous reptile of the amazon river basin , the black caiman ( which is technically a species of alligator ) can approach 20 feet in length and weigh up to half a ton . as the apex predators of their lush , humid ecosystem , black caimans will eat pretty much anything that moves , ranging from mammals to birds to their fellow reptiles . in the 1970 ' s , the black caiman was seriously endangered\u2014targeted by humans for its meat and , especially , for its valuable leather\u2014but its population has since rebounded , which the other animals of the amazon rain forest may not consider a positive development .\nriverboats offer another way to see the amazon \u2013 chugging along the river , stopping for excursions , sleeping on board . the boats vary in creature comforts , from hammocks to deluxe berths , and trips typically last five to 10 days . reliable operators include amazon eco adventures ( urltoken ) , lo peix ( urltoken ) and swallows and amazons ( urltoken ) .\nas a general rule , the more brightly colored a poison dart frog , the more powerful its venom\u2014which is why the predators of the amazon river basin stay far away from iridescent green or orange species . these frogs don ' t manufacture their own venom , but collect it from the ants , mites and other insects that constitute their diet ( as evidenced by the fact that poison dart frogs kept in captivity , and fed other types of food , are much less dangerous ) . the\ndart\npart of this amphibian ' s name derives from the fact that indigenous tribes across south america dip their hunting darts in its venom .\nin the tropical part of their range , jaguars seem to mate in any season . in other areas , they mate in the later part of the year . male and female jaguars live together only during the mating and pregnancy season . after a gestational period of 95 to 110 days , the female gives birth to one to four young cubs ; they usually have 2 cubs . new born jaguars weigh between 1 1 / 2 and 2 pounds ( . 7 and . 9 kilograms ) . the females reach sexual maturity at the age of 3 , the males at 4 ; both have a lifespan of about 20 years .\naddressing livestock management and animals that prey on livestock is a high priority for conservation efforts in many jaguar range countries due to the impact of retaliatory killing of jaguars and other predators .\ni think jaguars are cool because they are very fast runners and i like them .\none of the more comical - looking animals of the amazon river basin , the keel - billed toucan is distinguished by its enormous , multi - colored bill , which is actually much lighter than it appears at first glance ( the rest of this bird is comparatively muted in color , except for its yellow neck ) . unlike many of the animals on this list , the keel - billed toucan is far from endangered , hopping from tree branch to tree branch in small flocks of six to 12 individuals , the males dueling each other with their protruding schnozzes during mating season ( and presumably not inflicting a whole lot of damage ) .\njaguars are the top predators in their environment , so they play an important role in controlling the populations of other species . this helps keep a balance in the food chain , and a healthy environment .\nwe are playing a central role in driving sustainable practices and agriculture in the amazon to shift to a green economy .\nwhen their natural prey is hunted or displaced , jaguars might look for other food sources , like domestic cattle . a lot of ranchers and farmers see jaguars as pests , and sometimes kill them to protect their incomes .\nfor most people , a week is a good amount of time to enjoy and experience the amazon . accounting for two to three days of travel and transfers , that leaves four to five days for excursions and activities . if you\u2019ve got more than a week , consider splitting your time in different areas of the amazon rather than spending it all in one place .\njaguars are still hunted for their attractive fur . ranchers also kill them because the cats sometimes prey upon their livestock .\nthe canadian population was roughly estimated at 3 , 500 - 5 , 000 and the western us population at 10 , 000 in the early 1990s ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . the population of central and south america is likely much higher , although it is unclear how abundant pumas are in the dense rainforest of the amazon basin ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . the florida subpopulation , numbering 100 - 180 , is isolated , and has been supplemented by a reintroduction of pumas from texas ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 , florida fish and wildlife conservation commission 2014 ) . in brazil it is considered near threatened but subspecies outside the amazon basic are considered vulnerable ( machado\n5 . jaguars live alone and mark their territory with their waste or by clawing trees .\nas a top - level carnivore , the big cat helps prevent overgrazing of vegetation by keeping its prey populations in balance . jaguars are also important in human culture , frequently playing a central role in stories , songs and prayers of indigenous people . yet today , jaguars have been almost completely eliminated from the united states .\nalso known as the golden marmoset , the golden lion tamarin has suffered terribly from human encroachment : by some estimates , this new world monkey has lost a whopping 95 percent of south american habitat since the arrival of european settlers 600 years ago . the golden lion tamarin only weighs a couple of pounds , which makes its appearance all the more striking : a bushy main of reddish - brown hair surrounding a flat , dark - eyed face . ( the distinctive color of this primate likely derives from a combination of intense sunlight and an abundance of carotenoids , the proteins that make carrots orange , in its diet . )\nmay to june is a great time to visit , being midway between the rainiest months ( february to april ) and the hottest driest ones ( september to november ) . it\u2019s also when the water level in the amazon river is highest and the surrounding forest is flooded . the amazon rises and falls by an amazing 12 to 15 meters annually , and few experiences are more sublime , or uniquely amazonian , than gliding silently in a canoe through the flooded forest . that said , the dry season is attractive for its clear weather and opportunities for long hikes .\nat best , only an estimated 15 , 000 jaguars remain in the wild . bi - national conservation efforts have been successful at protecting a small population of 80 to 120 cats in the remote mountains of sonora , mexico bordering arizona . this population is the largest of three known to remain in sonora , and is the last hope for recovery in the united states .\nour southwest team works to protect rare and threatened species like mexican wolves , jaguars and ocelots .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nthe jaguar feeds on a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic animals ; it eats more then 80 different kinds of prey , one of which is cattle ( that is one reason why humans kill the jaguar ) . jaguars prey as well on sheep , and feed on rodents , peccaries , deer , birds , fish , armadillos , turtles , and crocodiles . in high grass or bushes , jaguars stalk or ambush their prey such as peccaries , capybaras , deer , and tapirs . in the forests , they hide in the trees to spring on birds and monkeys , or capture turtles on the river banks and fish from the water . on the plains , they prey on sheep and cattle . they eat almost any kind of animal including deer , their favorite food , fish , wild pigs , iguanas , turtles , capybaras and other kinds of rodents . jaguars rarely attack humans .\njaguars have been eliminated from most of the united states due to habitat loss , over hunting and killings to protect livestock . you can help save them \u00bb adopt a jaguar \u00bb\nthe jaguar is the third - largest living feline species , after the tiger and lion .\njaguars often live near lakes , rivers and wetlands , and prefer to avoid open forests and grasslands .\n7 . jaguars are mammals . they are carnivores and eat a diet rich in meat and fish .\nby working in partnership with businesses , we\u2019re helping them use their influence for the good of the planet .\nthe following is a list of actions that a variety of jaguar range countries have put in place to enhance jaguar conservation .\ncurrent status the maraj\u00f3 v\u00e1rzea , because it lies at the mouth of the amazon\u2019s\nsuper highway ,\nis a region greatly affected by human activities , both historically and in the present . both the natural habitat and native biodiversity of the maraj\u00f3 v\u00e1rzea have suffered severe degradation from large - scale agricultural , forestry , and ranching operations . there are no protected areas in this ecoregion .\nthese beautiful and powerful beasts were prominent in ancient native american cultures . in some traditions the jaguar god of the night was the formidable lord of the underworld . the name jaguar is derived from the native american word yaguar , which means \u201che who kills with one leap . \u201d\nthe geographic range of the puma is the largest of any terrestrial mammal in the western hemisphere ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) , from canada through the us , central and south america to the southern tip of chile . while the puma is an adaptable cat , being found in every major habitat type of the americas , including the high andes ( 5 , 800 m asl in southern peru ; sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) , it was eliminated from the entire eastern half of north america within 200 years following european colonization ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . a remnant endangered supopulation persists in florida . recent confirmations and suitable habitat in the midwestern u . s . indicate attempts at recolonization ( larue and nielsen 2011 , larue et al . 2012 ) .\nmaintain national and regional population connectivity through the identification of corridors for jaguar movement between jcus and applying conservation actions in those corridors through the engagement of corridor stakeholders as in the development of a conservation action plan for the central belize corridor ( kay et al . 2015 ) ;\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\na common way to experience the amazon is at a \u2018jungle lodge\u2019 . most lodges feature private rooms , family - style meals and daily excursions , but amenities such as en suite bathrooms and 24 - hour electricity vary . many lodges include a chance to sleep in the forest , whether just a night at an established camp or hiking for two or three days on a \u2018survival tour\u2019 . near manaus , amazon antonio jungle tours and amazon gero tours ( urltoken ) have good lodges and reasonable rates . upscale options in the same area include juma lodge and anavilhanas lodge . and one of the best lodges in the entire amazon is uakari lodge ( urltoken ) in mamirau\u00e1 reserve .\nthe \u2018water governance observatory\u2019 is & nbsp ; an evidence - based , participatory mechanism for continuous , independent assessment of the effectiveness of freshwater policy , management and water governance at the national level in brazil .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nthe jaguar is the largest cat in the americas . the jaguar has a compact body , a broad head and powerful jaws . its coat is normally yellow and tan , but the color can vary from reddish brown to black . the spots on the coat are more solid and black on the head and neck and become larger rosette - shaped patterns along the side and back of the body .\nmost jaguars are tan or orange with distinctive black spots , dubbed\nrosettes\nbecause they are shaped like roses . some jaguars are so dark they appear to be spotless , though their markings can be seen on closer inspection .\nthe buriti palm mauritia flexuosa and other trees that produce large , fleshy or mealy fruits provide an important source of food for animals that graze on the river bank , such as gray brocket deer ( mazama gouazoubira ) , red brocket deer ( m . americana ) , and capybaras ( hydrochaeris hydrochaeris ) , the world\u2019s largest rodents .\nthe jaguar is the largest and most powerful wild cat in the western hemispere . the jaguar is larger then the leopard . the jaguar ' s coat has different colors , but they are usually yellow - brownish with black spots , like leopards . some jaguars are even white . the jaguar ' s coat on its side and back is spotted with large black rosettes , each consisting of a circle of spots surrounding a central spot . the spots on its head , legs , and underside are solid black .\ntree climbing and sport fishing are also popular in the amazon , and can be arranged as day trips or as part of a lodge or boat tour . for tree climbing , try tropical tree climbing ( urltoken ) or amazon tree climbing ( urltoken ) ; for sport fishing , try maia expeditions ( urltoken ) , all in manaus .\nthere are a handful of activities virtually every visitor to the amazon does . the most memorable are long hikes or canoe trips to enjoy and learn about the forest , and hopefully spot some wildlife . you may also visit the home of a local family , spend a night in the jungle , and do fun stuff like piranha fishing and cayman spotting . always confirm what activities are included in a tour before booking .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\ndaly , d . c . , and j . d . mitchell . 2000 . lowland vegetation of tropical south america . pages 391 - 453 in d . l . lentz , editor , imperfect balance : landscape transformations in the precolumbian americas . new york , columbia university press .\nabout 600 km downriver from manaus , the small town of alter do ch\u00e3o is the jumping - off point for boats trips along the rio tapaj\u00f3s ( a major tributary of the amazon ) , including fascinating visits with local rubber - tapper communities . alter do ch\u00e3o itself is famous for its white sand beach and bohemian air . mae natureza or areia branca ecotour ( urltoken ) offer recommended tours .\njaguars prefer wet lowland habitats , swampy savannas or tropical rain forests . their favorite habitat is in the tropical and subtropical forests . jaguars also live in forests and grasslands , living near rivers and lakes , in small caves , marshland , and under rock ledges ; they live in shrubby areas as well . jaguars like their homes to have very soft ground . they use materials such as leaves , rotten trees and other soft materials that they may find in the woods or in the rain forest . jaguars would prefer to live alone , and don ' t like other animals to come near their den , as it is a territorial area for the jaguar .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nwith habitat fragmentation a major threat , and taxonomic research suggesting little significant differences among jaguar populations , an ambitious program has been launched to conserve a continuous north to south habitat corridor through the species range ( rabinowitz and zeller 2010 ) .\nducke , a . , and g . a . black . 1953 . phytogeographical notes on the brazilian amazon . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias 25 : 1 - 46 .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhiraoka , m . 1999 . miriti ( mauritia flexuosa ) palms and their uses and management among the ribeirinhos of the amazon estuary . pages 169 - 186 in c . padoch , m . ayres , m . pinedo - vasquez , and a . henderson , editors , changes in soil formation and vegetation on silt bars and backslopes of levees following intensive production of rice and jute . new york : the new york botanical garden press .\npires , j . m . , and g . t . prance . 1985 . the vegetation types of the brazilian amazon . pages 109 - 145 in g . t . prance and t . e . lovejoy , editors , key environments : amazonia . new york : pergamon .\nthere are a lot of myths about piranhas , such as the one that they can skeletonize a cow in less than five minutes ; the fact is that these fish don ' t even particularly like to attack humans . still , there ' s no denying that the piranha is built to kill , equipped as it is with sharp teeth and extremely powerful jaws , which can chomp down on its prey with a force of over 70 pounds per square inch . given how scary the piranha is , you may or may not want to know about the megapiranha , a giant piranha ancestor that haunted the rivers of miocene south america .\nunlike many other cats , jaguars do not avoid water ; in fact , they are quite good swimmers . rivers provide prey in the form of fish , turtles , or caimans\u2014small , alligatorlike animals . jaguars also eat larger animals such as deer , peccaries , capybaras , and tapirs . they sometimes climb trees to prepare an ambush , killing their prey with one powerful bite .\njaguars are solitary animals and live and hunt alone , except during mating season . the male ' s home range is between 19 and 53 square miles and often overlaps with the smaller home ranges of multiple females . a male aggressively protects his home range and resident females from other males .\nthe v\u00e1rzea forest performs critical ecological functions such as capturing and rapidly cycling nutrients , hosting a great diversity of freshwater fish and aquatic mammals , stabilizing the flooded soils and landscapes , and perhaps providing a source of new taxa that colonize the surrounding terra firme .\nthe jaguar hunts mostly on the ground , but it sometimes climbs a tree and pounces on its prey from above . it has very powerful jaws and sharp teeth and usually kills its prey with one crushing bite to the skull . unlike most big cats , the jaguar loves the water \u2014 it often swims , bathes , plays and even hunts for fish in streams and pools . like all members of the big cat family , jaguars can roar . the jaguar\u2019s roar sounds like a deep , chesty cough .\ncommercial hunting and trapping of jaguars for their pelts has declined drastically since the mid - 1970s , when anti - fur campaigns and cites controls progressively shut down international markets ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . however , there is still demand for jaguar paws , teeth and other products , especially in local markets where canines are still considered interesting jewellery . on top of this , jaguars are starting to be considered a replacement for tiger bone for traditional medicine purposes by the increasing asian community in latin america .\nthe male jaguar will live with the female for a period of four years while the baby or cubs grow up to be healthy and strong . the male will teach the cubs to defend themselves and find their own food and shelter . the female jaguar will feed them their milk so the cubs will keep up their strength and energy . the young will also hunt with their mother during their first two years .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t18868a97216466 .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\n( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t15953a123791436 .\nflorida panthers , mountain lions , jaguars that become used to human presence can lose their natural wariness of us . if we offer or allow access to food even once , we end up with wildlife that associates us with food .\nfemales have litters of one to four cubs , which are blind and helpless at birth . the mother stays with them and defends them fiercely from any animal that may approach\u2014even their own father . young jaguars learn to hunt by living with their mothers for two years or more .\ni love jaguars so much ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! p . s very intreasting facts\nwith its forest home increasingly being destroyed , and conflict growing with farmers and ranchers , the jaguar is under serious pressure . jaguars now occupy less than half of their historical range . they\u2019re so elusive that we don\u2019t know exactly how many are left in the wild \u2013 but we do know their numbers are dropping . help us protect these enigmatic cats .\nmanaus is the region\u2019s largest city , and the quickest and easiest route into the jungle . you\u2019ll find many good tour operators here , from budget to upscale . the flip side is that tours tend to be more crowded , and the surrounding area is less pristine .\nbefore the mid - 1970s jaguars were often hunted for their beautiful coats . that\u2019s reduced now , thanks to anti - fur campaigns and laws , but there\u2019s still some demand for jaguar parts such as paws and teeth for traditional medicines .\nforest certification is a system of inspecting and tracking timber , paper pulp and other forest products to make sure they\u2019ve been harvested according to a strict set of guidelines .\nit helps me . whenever its possible , i use this website . its the best website in the world !\njaguars are known to eat deer , peccary , crocodiles , snakes , monkeys , deer , sloths , tapirs , turtles , eggs , frogs , fish and anything else they can catch .\nmanaus is serviced by direct flights from all over brazil , and even miami . you can also get there by boat from anywhere on the amazon , including bel\u00e9m and porto velho , but be prepared for a long trip ( two to five days ) .\nwe\u2019re not prepared to stand by and do nothing so we\u2019ve been working to preserve the waters that feed the pantanal .\ndaly , d . c . , and g . t . prance . 1989 . brazilian amazon . pages 401 - 426 in d . g . campbell , and h . d . hammond , editors . floristic inventory of tropical countries . new york botanical garden , bronx , new york , usa\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthis really helped alot with my project . thank you for all of this information about jaguars ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1\n3 . the name jaguar comes from the native american word yaguar , which means \u201che who kills with one leap . \u201d\nif you\u2019re willing to add a leg your journey , there are some outstanding options in other areas . one of the best is mamirau\u00e1 reserve , located 675km upriver from manaus , outside the small city of tef\u00e9 . there\u2019s just one lodge there ( uakari lodge ; urltoken ) , and visits can be pricey , but between the comfortable lodging , highly skilled guides and the reserve ' s stunning richness , you can hardly do better .\nthe jaguar is the fiercest of the cat family . its roar is between a cough and a growl . the jaguar is a very good hunter and can attack and kill its prey to eat . it also swims well and wades in water to catch a fish . on land , the jaguar stays hidden in caves or bushes and creeps close to its prey , and then jumps . when herds of prey stop to eat or drink , it climbs trees easily , and hides to pounce on its prey . the jaguar seizes its catch with its muscular forelegs , and kills its prey with a bite to the neck .\nan adult male jaguar may be four to seven feet long , excluding the long tail . its tail is about 45 to 75 centimeters long . the jaguar stands about three feet high at the shoulder , and it weighs up to 300 pounds when full grown . the jaguar has heavily muscled forearms and shoulders that add strength for capturing its prey . it has a massive head , and long thick legs . the jaguar ' s hindlimbs are longer than its forelimbs to improve jumping . its forepaws are equipped with long , retractile claws to help grab and hold its prey . the jaguar has a rough tongue that is designed for peeling the skin away from the flesh of its prey , and to peel the flesh away from its prey ' s bones . the jaguar has loose belly skin which allows the animal to be kicked by its prey with little chance of injury .\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nreferences anderson , a . b . , i . mousasticoshvily jr . , and d . s . macedo . 1999 . logging of virola surinamensis in the amazon floodplain : impacts and alternatives . pages 119 - 133 in c . padoch , m . ayres , m . pinedo - vasquez , and a . henderson , editors , v\u00e1rzea : diversity , development , and conservation in amazonia ' s whitewater floodplains . new york , the new york botanical garden press .\nflying is , of course , much quicker than taking a boat , and sometimes not much more expensive . then again , long distance boat travel is an experience unto itself : chugging along for days at a time , sleeping in hammocks , and whiling away the hours with other passengers . you won\u2019t see much in terms of wildlife or scenery though , as the boat follows the huge main channel .\njaguars are easy to recognize , as they are covered in rose - shaped black spots . however , some may appear to look more like panthers or other big cats if their fur is dark enough to disguise their spots .\nthis is like the best . . . . website ever ! ! ! awesome ! it really helped me with my homework with jaguars , where you have to come up with special features it has . you have to choose an animal and i chose a jaguar because its my fave animal !\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\ni want emails from lonely planet with travel and product information , promotions , advertisements , third - party offers , and surveys . i can unsubscribe any time using the unsubscribe link at the end of all emails . contact lonely planet here . lonely planet privacy policy .\n\u00a9 2018 lonely planet . all rights reserved . no part of this site may be reproduced without our written permission .\nwith muscular shoulders and forearms and powerful jaws , the jaguar is no pussycat .\n8 . they can live to be 12 to 15 years old in the wild .\nthis webseit helped me with my talk on the jaguar . thank you ! ! !\npumas are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation , and poaching of their wild prey base . they are persecuted across their range by retaliatory hunting due to livestock depredation , and due to fear that they pose a threat to human life ( iucn cats red list workshop 2007 ) . pumas have killed a number of people in western canada and the us in recent years . pumas are legally hunted in many western us states , although hunting was banned by popular referendum in california in 1990 . road kills are the principal cause of mortality in the endangered florida panther subpopulation , and heavily travelled roads are a major barrier to puma movements and dispersal ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nwow ! these facts are awsome ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! whoever made this web page is one of the best people ever ! ! ! p . s this web page totally helped my with ict\nvery large fish live in the estuary , and they roam through the flooded forest eating and dispersing fruits from the floodplain trees . these fish include pacus ( metynnis and mylossoma ) , tambaqui ( colossoma macropomum ) , pirarucus ( arapaima gigas ) , and sardinhas ( triportheus angulatus ) .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nincluded on cites appendix i . the jaguar is fully protected at the national level across most of its range , with hunting prohibited in argentina , brazil , colombia , costa rica , french guiana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , suriname , united states , and venezuela , and hunting restrictions in place in guatemala and peru ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . specific conservation plans for the species have been developed in mexico , panama , honduras , and brazil .\nadded missing bibliography references for inrena ( 2006 ) and conama ( 2005 ) which were cited in the text .\nthanks you help me to do my work about the jaguar . . . . . . . ; - )\nscientists have reported 99 mammal species in this ecoregion . the short - tailed opossum monodelphis maraxina is endemic and endangered . other mammals that are found only in this ecoregion , or in few other places , include an armadillo dasypus septemcinctus , bats ( platyrrhinus recifinus , natalus stramineus , and molossops greenhalli ) , primates such as marmosets ( callithrix argentatado ) , tamarins ( saguinus midas ) , night monkeys ( aotus infulatus ) , and savanna foxes ( cerdocyon thous ) . the endangered american manatee ( trichechus manatus ) occurs here . cats include jaguars ( panthera onca ) and pumas ( puma concolor ) .\ni am going to use all of these for school ! ! i might even make a booklet thanks to nat geo ! p . s its my dads favourite channel !\ni like the facts i am using them for my animal research project but i wish there was more facts though .\naccording to one indigenous myth , the jaguar acquired its spotted coat by daubing mud on its body with its paws .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nbiodiversity features on maraj\u00f3 island , there are 361 known species of birds , on caviana island 145 , and on mexican island 189 . the region as a whole contains a total of 540 species . there is a wide variety of aquatic birds including herons and egrets egretta and ardea , ducks dendrocygna spp . , ibis cercibis spp . , theristicus spp . , and rosette spoonbills ajaia ajaia . birds found here and in only few other places include white - bellied seedeaters sporophila leucoptera , grassland yellow - finches sicalis luteola , chalk - browed mockingbirds mimus saturninus , tropical peewees contopus cinereus , rufous - throated antbirds gymnopithys rufigula , black - breasted puffbirds notharchus pectoralis , and plain - bellied emeralds amazilia leucogaster .\nour vision for a trillion trees to be restored , saved from loss , and better protected around the world , by 2050 .\nperfect for my homework about animals . you are the best ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !\nthere are no protected areas in this ecoregion . cattle and water buffalo ranching and large - scale commercial logging are the main threats to this ecoregion .\nwe use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users . view our cookie policy for more information\nyou can reach tef\u00e9 and alter do ch\u00e3o by air or by boat . for tef\u00e9 , most flights and boats connect through manaus . for alter do ch\u00e3o , catch a plane or boat from manaus or bel\u00e9m to the city of santar\u00e9m , and take a bus or taxi from there ( 35km ) . speedboats are available between manaus and tef\u00e9 , and are faster than an ordinary boat but cheaper than a plane .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because it is one of the most widely - distributed mammals in the western hemisphere . although it has been extirpated from its former range in midwestern and eastern north america ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) , it is attempting to recolonize this region ( thompson and jenks 2010 , larue et al . 2012 ) and populations are healthy enough for regulated harvest in western north america . however , it is considered to be declining elsewhere in its range , and as a large carnivore intricately linked to other wildlife and habitat associations , from a social and political perspective its conservation and management presents numerous challenges ."]}
{"id": 358, "summary": [{"text": "the common skink , oligosoma polychroma , is a species of skink native to new zealand .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "although historically classified as a subspecies of oligosoma nigriplantare , it is likely to be given separate species status as data suggests it is a distinct species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "oligosoma polychroma", "paragraphs": ["leiolopisma nigriplanatre polychroma patterson & daugherty 1990 oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma \u2014 patterson & daugherty 1995 oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma \u2014 hickson et al . 2000 oligosoma polychroma \u2014 jewell 2008 oligosoma polychroma \u2014 hitchmough et al . 2016 oligosoma aff . polychroma \u2014 frank 2017 oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 1a \u2014 barrett 2017\nthe effect of two glyphosate formulations on a small , diurnal lizard ( oligosoma polychroma ) .\nthe effect of two glyphosate formulations on a small , diurnal lizard ( oligosoma polychroma ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nbarrett , paul 2017 . observations of insect egg predation by the northern grass skink oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 1a . biogecko ( 4 ) : 70 - 72\nvariation : three colour morphs of the southern grass skink ( o . aff . polychroma clade 5 )\nfrank , hermann 2017 . salvage of southern grass skinks ( oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 5 ) in an old riverbed of the rangitata south branch , canterbury , new zealand biogecko ( 4 ) : 35 - 48\npatterson , g . b . ; daugherty , c . h . 1995 . reinstatement of the genus oligosoma ( reptilia : lacertilia : scincidae ) . j . royal soc . new zealand 25 ( 3 ) : 327 - 331\noligosoma skinks are both diurnal and nocturnal and and occur in diverse habitats from rocky and sandy shorelines , to forests , to subalpine habitats . nocturnal species tend to live in damp , thickly vegetated , lowland areas in northern new zealand .\nsand dunes , grasslands , herbfields , wetlands , rocky areas including rock piles and scree , and scrub .\nmay live on ground , among rocks or among low dense vegetation ; ' striped ' form favours grass habitats .\n' striped ' form : back light to dark straw - brown ( rarely dark grey ) with numerous smooth stripes , including dark brown mid - dorsal stripe continuous virtually to tip of intact tail ; sides with broad dark brown stripe above ( bordered by thin pale stripes ) and below this grey - brown .\n' speckled ' form : back mid - to dark brown , with or without various stripes and with or without lighter and darker flecking or grey blotches , sides as for ' striped ' form but often more flecked .\n' striped ' and ' speckled ' forms have throat grey - brown , and belly grey - brown to bright yellow , usually unmarked .\n' seaward moss ' form reddish - to very dark brown or dark olive - green all over , sides marginally darker than back , undersurface marginally paler , the only markings a dark mid - dorsal stripe and often a blackish snout .\nsize up to 72 ( occasionally to 79 ) mm from snout tip to vent .\nfrom central north island southwards to stewart island ; on south island mostly found east of main divide , western occurrence restricted to nelson and northern westland ; on stewart island possibly restricted to lowland areas .\n' seaward moss ' form confined to the seaward moss conservation area near invercargill .\n' striped ' form ranges from stewart island to north otago , on stephens island , and occurs sporadically in marlborough and the north island .\nnotes about nz threat classification ( hitchmough , et al 2007 ) : unstriped colour morph from seaward moss wetland in southland has declined markedly , possibly to extinction - cause unknown but possibly vegetation succession , normal striped morph remains common .\nnotes about 2012 - 14 cycle of nz threat classification for reptiles : ( hitchmough , et al .\n2012 ) : declining trend documented at rotoiti , stable population trend documented at pukerua bay ; likely to be in decline , but possibly not at 10 % over 3 generations , elsewhere on the mainland .\ndeclining trends on mainland likely offset by increases on islands eradicated of mammals ( and mainland sanctuaries ) .\nchapple , d . g . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; jewell , 2009 . taxonomic instability of reptiles and frogs in new zealand : information to aid the use of jewell ( 2008 ) for species identification [ a comment on king 2009 and further commented by jewell ] . new zealand journal of zoology 36 : 59\u201371\nchapple , david g . ; peter a . ritchie , charles h . daugherty 2009 . origin , diversification , and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 ( 2 ) : 470 - 487 - get paper here\nhickson , robert e . ; kerryn e . slack and peter lockhart 2000 . phylogeny recapitulates geography , or why new zealand has so many species of skinks . biological journal of the linnean society 70 : 415\u2013433 - get paper here\nhitchmough , rodney a . ; geoffrey b . patterson , and david g . chapple 2016 . putting a name to diversity : taxonomy of the new zealand lizard fauna in : chapple , d . g . ( ed ) . new zealand lizards . springer , pp . 87 - 108 - get paper here\njewell , tony 2008 . a photographic guide to reptiles and amphibians of new zealand [ with corrections and comments in chapple & hitchmough 2009 ] . new holland publishers ( nz ) ltd , auckland , 143 pp .\npatterson , g . b . and daugherty , c . h . 1990 . four new species and one new subspecies of skinks , genus leiolopisma ( reptilia : lacertilia : scincidae ) from new zealand . journal of the royal society of new zealand 20 ( 1 ) : 65 - 84 [ erratum p . 252 ]\nverhaegh , sjuul 2015 . photo gallery : white - faced herons predating on southern grass skinks . biogecko ( 3 ) : 74\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nmonitoring is important in conservation management , essential for assessing population trends , making decisions and allocating resources . artificial retreats can offer a reliable , low impact and efficient method for monitoring cryptic herpetofauna . methods for monitoring artificial retreats vary between different conservation management programmes in new zealand , however , and a deeper understanding of the causes of these variations would encourage greater standardisation and enable more reliable comparisons to be made across temporal and spatial scales .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nallan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , wellington , 6140 , new zealand . carpenter . jk @ gmail . com .\nschool of biological sciences , university of canterbury , christchurch , 8140 , new zealand . carpenter . jk @ gmail . com .\nallan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , wellington , 6140 , new zealand .\nnew zealand has a very diverse group of geckos and skinks . the distribution and habits of many are poorly known , and additional species are still being discovered , and others are being established through genetic studies . geckos are distinguished from skinks by having either velvet - like or bumpy skin and a fixed gaze ( they cannot blink ) . skinks are sleek and shiny with scales that shed one at a time and that shine in the sun .\n( green ) geckos are diurnal and tend to be tree - dwelling , and favour shrubland and forest habitats but have been found in tussock grasslands of otago and are known to occur in plantation forests .\ngeckos ( usually darker colours such as brown ) are nocturnal , and favour rocky outcrops , gullies with rock or log cover and sometimes forest .\ngeckos to the untrained eye . some individuals have a bight mustard - yellow crescent on the nape of the neck , and often also with blotches of the same colour along body and tail .\ngeckos can be brightly coloured and have a distinctive orange / yellow mouth lining . they have slender toes and tend to be arboreal and primarily nocturnal .\ngeckos are slender and elegant animals with distinctive stripes . they are strictly arboreal in habit and nocturnal .\nis the single species in the tukutuku genus and this species is only found on stewart island where it is most commonly located in sub alpine scrub .\nlizards are critical for ecosystem processes ; they pollinate native plants and disperse native plant seeds through eating fruit .\npredation by introduced mammals ( e . g . cats , rats , mustelids ) is the biggest threat posed to new zealand lizards , and lizards can become exceptionally abundant in the absence of mammalian predation . loss and / or fragmentation of habitat through development , habitat degradation by introduced browsing mammals ( e . g . pigs , livestock , deer , goats , possums ) , removal of logs and rocks , and excessive collecting also contribute to on - going declines of lizards over all parts of new zealand .\na small - bodied brown striped diurnal skink that can occupy a range of open habitats .\nuntil very recently ( 2008 ) the canterbury grass skink was considered part of a widespread species called the \u201ccommon skink\u201d .\nmaintain wide and interconnected zones of potential lizard habitat , e . g . indigenous forest and shrubland , rocky gullies , cliffs and other distinctive habitat types .\nraise awareness of staff and contractors of the presence of lizards and the need to protect them .\ntake photographs or write a detailed description when lizards are found . this can be used for later identification .\nsurvey for lizards , particularly if first time planting is being considered for the area . note that planned surveys require a permit under the wildlife act ( contact doc for survey methods and permits ) .\nwhitaker and lyall 2004 . conservation of lizards of the west coast / tai poutini conservancy . 99p .\nelectronic atlas of the amphibians & reptiles of new zealand ( doc website ) .\ndepartment of conservation . 2002 . the penguin guide to new zealand wildlife : native and introduced birds , mammals , reptiles and amphibians . auckland , penguin .\ngill b . , whitaker a . 1996 . new zealand frogs and reptiles . auckland , bateman .\ndepartment of conservation , te ara , landcare research and the new zealand herpetological society websites .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nangilletta mj jr , niewiarowski p , navas c ( 2002 ) the evolution of thermal physiology in ectotherms . j therm biol 27 : 249\u2013268\nant\u00f3n fa , laborda e , de ariz m ( 1994 ) acute toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate to fish . chemosphere 28 : 745\u2013753\nbaylis ad ( 2000 ) why glyphosate is a global herbicide : strengths , weaknesses and prospects . pest manage sci 56 : 299\u2013308\nbesson aa , cree a ( 2011 ) integrating physiology into conservation : an approach to help guide translocations of a rare reptile in a warming environment . anim conserv 14 ( 1 ) : 28\u201337\nb\u00f6hm m , collen b , baillie je , bowles p , chanson j , cox n , cheylan m ( 2013 ) the conservation status of the world\u2019s reptiles . biol conserv 157 : 372\u2013385\n: some consequences of high body temperature . in : wright jw , vitt lj ( eds ) biology of whiptail lizards . oklahoma museum of natural history , norman , pp 117\u2013132\nburger j ( 2006 ) neurotoxicology and behavioural effects in reptiles . in : gardner c , oberd\u00f6rster e ( eds ) toxicology of reptiles . taylor and francis , new york , pp 173\u2013198\ncabanac aj , cabanac m ( 2004 ) no emotional fever in toads . j therm biol 29 : 669\u2013673\ncampbell kr , campbell t ( 2002 ) a logical starting point for developing priorities for lizard and snake ecotoxicology : a review of available data . environ toxicol chem 21 : 894\u2013898\n) exposed to a glyphosate formulation using the micronucleus test and the comet assay . mutagen 22 : 263\u2013268\nchiari y , glaberman s , ser\u00e9n n , carretero ma , capellini i ( 2015 ) phylogenetic signal in amphibian sensitivity to copper sulfate relative to experimental temperature . ecol appl 25 : 596\u2013602\ndavis m , meurk c ( 2001 ) protecting and restoring our natural heritage : a practical guide . technical report . new zealand department of conservation , new zealand\ndmi\u2019el ra ( 1972 ) effect of activity and temperature on metabolism and water loss in snakes . am j physiol\u2014legacy content 23 : 510\u2013516\nduke so , powles s ( 2008 ) glyphosate : a once - in - a - century herbicide . pest manage sci 64 : 319\u2013325\ngibbon jw , scott d , ryan t , buhlmann k , tuberville t , metts b , greene j , mills t , leiden y , poppy s , winne c ( 2000 ) the global decline of reptiles , d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu amphibians . biosci 50 : 653\u2013666\ndill gm , sammons rd , feng pc , kohn f , kretzmer k , mehrsheikh a , haupfear ea ( 2010 ) glyphosate : discovery , development , applications , and properties . glyphosate resistance in crops and weeds : history , development , and management . wiley , hoboken , pp 1\u201333\nhitchmough r , anderson p , barr b , monks j , lettink m , reardon j , tocher m , whitaker t ( 2013 ) conservation status of new zealand reptiles , 2012 . new zealand threat classification series 2 . department of conservation , wellington , new zealand\nhopkins wa ( 2000 ) reptile toxicology : challenges and opportunities on the last frontier in vertebrate ecotoxicology . environ toxicol chem 19 : 2391\u20132393\nhopkins wa ( 2006 ) use of tissue residues in reptile ecotoxicology : a call for integration and experimentalism . in : gardner c , oberd\u00f6rster e ( eds ) toxicology of reptiles . taylor and francis , new york , pp 35\u201362\nhowe cm , berrill m , pauli b , helbing c , werry k , veldhoen n ( 2004 ) toxicity of glyphosate - based pesticides to four north american frog species . environ toxicol chem 23 : 1928\u20131938\nmann rm , bidwell j ( 1999 ) the toxicity of glyphosate and several glyphosate formulations to four species of southwestern australian frogs . arch environ contam toxicol 36 ( 2 ) : 193\u2013199\nmartin lj , murray b ( 2013 ) a preliminary assessment of the response of a native reptile assemblage to spot - spraying invasive bitou bush with glyphosate herbicide . ecol manag restor 14 : 59\u201362\nmerton d ( 1987 ) eradication of rabbits from round island , mauritius : a conservation success story . dodo j jersey wildl preserv trust 24 : 19\u201343\nmineau p ( 2011 ) barking up the wrong perch : why we should stop ignoring non - dietary routes of pesticide exposure in birds . integr environ assess manage 7 : 297\u2013299\nneilson ka ( 2002 ) evaporative water loss as a restriction on habitat use in endangered new zealand endemic skinks . j herpetol 36 : 342\u2013348\npeixoto f ( 2005 ) comparative effects of the roundup and glyphosate on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation . chemosphere 61 : 1115\u20131122\nrelyea ra ( 2012 ) new effects of roundup on amphibians : predators reduce herbicide mortality ; herbicides induce antipredator morphology . ecol appl 22 ( 2 ) : 634\u2013647\n( kunth ) lh bailey ) in hawaii volcanoes national park . pcsu technical report . cooperative national park resources studies unit , university of hawaii at manoa\n) embryos and early hatchlings . environ toxicol chem 25 ( 10 ) : 2768\u20132774\nr development core team ( 2013 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . isbn 3 - 900051 - 07 - 0 .\ntsui mt , chu l ( 2003 ) aquatic toxicity of glyphosate - based formulations : comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors . chemosphere 52 ( 7 ) : 1189\u20131197\nwagner n , reichenbecher w , teichmann h , tappeser b , l\u00f6tters s ( 2013 ) questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate - based herbicides on amphibians . environ toxicol chem 32 ( 8 ) : 1688\u20131700\nwebb jk , whiting m ( 2005 ) why don\u2019t small snakes bask ? juvenile broad - headed snakes trade thermal benefits for safety . oikos 110 : 515\u2013522\nweir sm , suski j , salice c ( 2010 ) ecological risk of anthropogenic pollutants to reptiles : evaluating assumptions of sensitivity and exposure . environ pollut 158 : 3596\u20133606\nwilliams gm , kroes r , munro i ( 2000 ) safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide roundup and its active ingredient , glyphosate , for humans . regul toxicol pharmacol 31 : 117\u2013165"]}
{"id": 363, "summary": [{"text": "the rock bunting ( emberiza cia ) is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae , a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches , fringillidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name emberiza is from old german embritz , a bunting .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the specific cia is from a local italian name for this bird , from zirlare , \" to chirp \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "rock bunting", "paragraphs": ["discovering alpine birds : here rock bunting , here rock bunting , come on . . .\nrock bunting , emberiza cia , linnaeus , 1766 , also known as the western rock bunting , eurasian rock bunting or european rock bunting , or as the meadow rock bunting , photographed r\u00edospaso in the principality of asturias , spain ( europe ) .\nfirst rock bunting photo - sun playing havoc with my photo success . . .\nrock bunting ( emberiza cia ) is a species of bird in the emberizidae family .\nhigh - pitched rock bunting song with insects , flies and some bird calls in the background .\non my way to looking for the rock buntings [ kill two metaphoric birds with one stone ] . as i was about to enter the ehnbachklamm ( a very tight little gorge ) , i heard my first rock bunting singing in the trees above me .\nthe corn bunting can be seen all year round - they form flocks in the winter .\ncinnamon - breasted bunting , kruger national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\natuo , f . a . & manu , s . 2013 . territory size and habitat selection of cinnamon - breasted rock bunting emberiza tahapisi in nigeria . ostrich 84 ( 1 ) : 71 - 78 .\nis the call on this file of the rockbunting ? i am not shure because there where some other birds like black redstart , goldfinch , common linnet , cirl bunting , i also did see some rock buntings .\nalthough the rock bunting is not especially shy , it lives quite secretively and is easily overlooked . the sharp \u0093tsi\u0094 calls give away its presence but the birds are not easy to locate . the rock bunting loves warm and rocky terrain and occurs mainly in climatically favoured areas in switzerland , where it almost reaches the northern limit of its area of distribution . its main range is in the mediterranean area , in the middle east and in central asia .\nrock buntings are resident birds but they are altitudinal migrants , moving to lower levels of mountain sides when it snows .\ncinnamon - breasted bunting , hammanskraal , south africa . [ photo peet van schalkwyk \u00a9 , see also urltoken ]\nsong , normally from rock or top of tree , a melodic verse with sudden scale changes , and sometimes . . .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - socotra bunting ( emberiza socotrana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - socotra bunting ( emberiza socotrana )\ntitle =\narkive species - socotra bunting ( emberiza socotrana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nspp . ) , their principal food in most areas . the gyrfalcon is a ptarmigan specialist and its breeding distribution is strikingly similar to that of the rock ptarmigan (\nso i headed back down the hill and up the other side of the gorge , towards martinswand and the zirler steinbruch ( quarry ) . it did not take me long to find the next pair to rock buntings , doing just what rock buntings do : sitting on a dead tree , right on a cliff , singing . wonderful .\nduring the breeding season , the socotra bunting is found in the highland areas of the island , between elevations of 700 and 1 , 200 metres , where it inhabits rocky , grassy slopes and meadows with scattered trees and bushes . in the non - breeding season the bunting migrates down to the flat coastal plains at sea - level ( 2 ) .\nthis species breeds on steep , boulder - strewn or rocky mountain slopes just above tree line or in glades and alpine meadows just below tree line , although they can be found in coastal regions all the way down to sea level . they can also be identified on the basis of their song . this video captures a male rock bunting singing from a bush :\n15\u201316\u00b75 cm ; 17\u201329 g . fairly large bunting , with proportionately short wing and long tail . male nominate race in fresh plumage has pale ash - greyish head , . . .\nmonogamous solitary nester , building a shallow cup of grass , rootlets and fine twigs on a foundation of large twigs , neatly lined with fine grass and rootlets . it is typically placed in a shallow depression in the ground at the base of a grass tuft or rock , on an earthen bank , in a crevice in a small rock face or among scattered rocks in a hollow .\nresponse : this is an adult male rock bunting , emberiza cia , a member of the species - rich passerine family , emberizidae , or sparrows and buntings . in europe , the emberizids are mostly known as buntings whereas they are mostly known as sparrows in the americas , despite the fact that they are only distantly related to the old world sparrows ( family : passeridae ) .\ncopete , j . l . ( 2018 ) . rock bunting ( emberiza cia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbreeding in the varied bunting also depends on rainfall . in arizona , when summer rains are delayed , nesting may not begin until august . eggs are polymorphic in color among populations , a rare phenomenon in passerine birds .\nwright , d . & jones , p . 2005 . population densities and habitat associations of the range - restricted rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis on the jos plateau , nigeria . bird conservation international 15 ( 3 ) : 287 - 295 .\nbrandt , m . s . & cresswell , w . 2008 . breeding behaviour , home range and habitat selection in rock firefinches lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis , between the wet and the dry season in central nigeria . ibis 150 : 495 - 507 .\nheading out towards the kaiser max grotte ( a cave overlooking innsbruck in the martinswand ) , i picked up yet another rock bunting . it was ridiculous to see how many i was finding of a lifer that has , for all this time , lived just a few minutes walk behind my house . i blame at least part of this on the\ni did not expect it so did not find it\npsychology . the other part is , quite clearly , my incompetance ; - )\nabalaka , j . i . , ottosson , u . , tende , t . and larson , k . 2010 . rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis in the mandara mountains , north - east nigeria : a new subspecies ? abc bull 17 : 210 - 211 .\nthe corn bunting is often seen perched prominently on a hedge , post or wire , singing its jangling song . in the summer corn buntings prefer open farmland and in winter they may be found in stubbles , root crops , weedy fields and cattle yards or stockyards .\nthe socotra bunting occurs only on the island of socotra , yemen , where it is known from just a few localities ( 2 ) . located in the north - western indian ocean , socotra island covers an area of 3 , 625 square kilometres ( 5 ) .\nabalaka , j . , hudin , n . s . , ottosson , u . , bloomer , p . & hansson , bengt . 2014 . genetic diversity and population structure of the range restricted rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis . conservation genetics doi : 10 . 1007 / s10592 - 014 - 0667 - z .\nalthough the breeding biology of the socotra bunting is not known , it is believed that this species requires specific habitat for nesting , thus restricting it to higher altitudes during the breeding season . it may breed in loose colonies , as clumps of males have been recorded singing together ( 2 ) .\nthis rare bunting is not thought to be facing any threats at present , but its small distribution and population makes it vulnerable to any future threats ( 2 ) . potential threats include increased livestock grazing in the highlands , which would degrade or destroy suitable breeding habitat for the socotra bunting , and the accidental or intentional introduction of alien species . there are a number of invasive predators already well - established on socotra island , including the feral cat ( felis catus ) , brown rat ( rattus rattus ) and small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) , which may be limiting the population of the socotra bunting ( 2 ) . recent infrastructure developments on the island , including a sea port , airport and roads , have brought positive changes to the local human inhabitants , but threaten the natural landscape and increase the possibility of the introduction of alien species ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nholder , k . and r . montgomerie . 1993c .\nrock ptarmigan ( lagopus mutus ) .\nin the birds of north america , no . 51 , edited by a . poole and f . gill . philadelphia , pa : acad . nat . sci . phila . and am . ornithol . union . close\nand i had heard rumours of a few rock buntings ( zippammer ) about on the\nhot\n, rocky northern slopes of the inn valley . so i started to ask about , and it seemed that they had been seen by a few different people right by my house , on the slopes above the winefarm in zirl .\nracing up the road to try to get a better position , i got to the quarry edge and heard another two rock bunting ( territory three and counting ! ) , but i carried on up to the little bridge over the rocky channel where i had seen the second pair . poor photographs ensued , and maniacal climbing of cliffs with telescopes . i still didn ' t get a great photo , but at least i got to watch the pair feeding on the cliff . as the pair flew up from the cliff , it was interesting to see how the female would fly to the lower branches of an exposed tree , and the male would fly directly to the top of the tree / bush / snag to sing his merry little heart out .\nwhile the socotra bunting is sometimes seen perching in bushes and trees , it spends most of the time on the ground ( 2 ) . birds belonging to the emberizidae family feed mainly on seeds ( 3 ) . their large feet are adept at scratching at the ground to locate food , and their small , conical bills efficiently peel away the seed coat ( 4 ) .\ndistribution of cinnamon - breasted bunting in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nstatus resident . description bird which is brownish all over with black stripes on back . grey head and breast . very conspicuous black lines on head . on bushes or ground . similar species cirl bunting . presence all year round . seeing the species relatively easy , but it may go unnoticed because its density is not high . this bird is not wary of humans . where to watch it sang\u00fcesa , lumbier - arbayun , belagua .\nabalaka , j . i . & jones , p . j . 2012 . population densities of the rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis and some other estrildine and viduine finches on the jos plateau , nigeria . in : harebottle , d . m . , craig , a . j . f . k . , anderson , m . d . , rakotomanana , h . & muchai . ( eds ) . proceedings of the 12th pan african ornithological congress , 2008 . cape town , animal demography unit .\nmedium - size but relatively slim bunting , with long , thin tail contributing to more attenuated outline than any other congener . shares rufous - buff ground - color to plumage with five other emberiza , best distinguished by rather small , lead - colored bill , strong head pattern of blackish crown - stripes and complete black surround to ear - coverts on greyish ground , and strongly rufous rump . terrestrial , rarely far from rocks . one call distinctive . sexes dissimilar , some seasonal variation in male .\nthe government of yemen , together with numerous organisations , are working to preserve the biodiversity of the socotra archipelago . a biodiversity conservation zoning plan was developed in 2000 , which integrates the human population\u2019s development needs with environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources ( 5 ) . this led to the socotra archipelago being designated a unesco biosphere reserve in 2003 , which recognises the island group as a site which innovates and demonstrates approaches to conservation and sustainable development ( 7 ) . such efforts to preserve the natural biodiversity of socotra will no doubt benefit the island\u2019s vulnerable bunting .\na breeding male indigo bunting is blue all over , with slightly richer blue on his head and a shiny , silver - gray bill . but , like all other blue birds , indigo buntings lack blue pigment . their jewel - like color comes instead from microscopic structures in the feathers that refract and reflect blue light , much like the airborne particles that cause the sky to look blue . females are basically brown , with faint streaking on the breast , a whitish throat , and sometimes a touch of blue on the wings , tail , or rump . immature males are patchy blue and brown .\nlate april to mid june in switzerland , early may to mid july in hungary , mid may in greece , april to mid june in algeria . nest sit , on or close to ground in cleft in rock or between boulders on slope , usually by bush , etc . , generally hidden by vegetation though sometimes exposed , also in wall or earth bank , or low in dense tree or bush . nest , foundation of dry grass , stalks , and roots , occasionally leaves and bits of bark , lined with fine grasses , rootlets , and some hair . 4 - 5 eggs , incubation , 12 - 14 days , by female only .\ni had to smile when i read where you eventually found your rock buntings . i think many birders must have had similar experiences . i travelled miles to ' good ' areas to find pygmy owls before i worked out they could equally well be living in the woods behind our chalupa , went whistling in the dark and promptly found them . even better ( worse ? ) i spent days following up old stories of montagues harriers breeding in the area driving for 2 or 3 hours 3 times a week whilst my wife went swimming in our local town only to find them nesting within sight of the swimming pool . i still can ' t understand how i managed to miss seeing them ' by accident ' for several years . den\nindigo buntings eat small seeds , berries , buds , and insects . common seed forage includes thistles , dandelions , goldenrods , and grain such as oats ; berries eaten include blueberries , strawberries , blackberries , serviceberries , and elderberries . spiders and insect prey , which form the majority of their diet during summer months , may include caterpillars , grasshoppers , aphids , cicadas and beetles such as canker worms , click beetles , and weevils . the brown - tail moth caterpillar , which is covered with noxious hairs that cause nasty rashes and respiratory problems in people , presents no obstacle to a hungry bunting . on arrival to breeding grounds in spring , indigo buntings may feed on twigs , buds , and leaves of trees including aspen , cottonwood , oaks , beech , elm , maple , and hickory .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nafghanistan ; albania ; algeria ; andorra ; armenia ; austria ; azerbaijan ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; china ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ; georgia ; germany ; gibraltar ; greece ; hungary ; india ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; italy ; jordan ; kazakhstan ; kyrgyzstan ; lebanon ; liechtenstein ; macedonia , the former yugoslav republic of ; monaco ; mongolia ; montenegro ; morocco ; nepal ; pakistan ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ; romania ; russian federation ( central asian russia , european russia ) ; san marino ; serbia ; slovakia ; slovenia ; spain ( canary is . - vagrant ) ; switzerland ; syrian arab republic ; tajikistan ; tunisia ; turkey ; turkmenistan ; ukraine ; uzbekistan\nin europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 1 , 930 , 000 - 4 , 230 , 000 pairs , which equates to 3 , 860 , 000 - 8 , 460 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 50 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 7 , 700 , 000 - 16 , 900 , 000 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : in europe , trends between 1998 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a moderate increase ( ebcc 2015 ) .\nhabitat loss as a consequence of agricultural intensification , urbanisation and reforestation led to a decline in the past between 1970 and 1990 ( copete 2016 ) .\nconservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within its european range . conservation actions proposed no conservation measures are currently needed for this species within its european range .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22720894a111134095 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlinnaeus , 1766 \u2013 c & s europe e to turkey and levant , and n africa ( morocco e to tunisia ) .\ne . j . o . hartert , 1904 \u2013 crimea and caucasus and e turkey e to iran , and c asia e to w mongolian altai , and s to n & c afghanistan and n baluchistan ( pakistan ) .\nf . moore , 1856 \u2013 nw himalayas from pakistan ( w to afghan border ) , baltistan and kashmir e to n india ( kumaon ) , extreme sw china ( sw xizang ) and w nepal .\nsunny places on rocky slopes in hills and high mountains , ravines , and in clearings in conifer . . .\noutside breeding season feeds mainly on seeds of herbs and other plants , and during breeding period mostly on invertebrates . among . . .\nseason from late mar or apr to jul\u2013aug , occasionally to mid - sept , peak of egg - laying in most of range during may ; sometimes two . . .\nn populations partly migratory , some moving short to medium distance s in cold winters . in s of . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally common ; rather sparsely distributed . european breeding population estimated at c . 1 , 300 , 000 pairs . large decline recorded during 1970\u2013 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously treated in much broader versions , which included calcariidae and passerellidae , and earlier also cardinalidae and thraupidae # r .\nsometimes split up , with recognition of other genera such as fringillaria , melophus , granativora , miliaria , latoucheornis , schoeniclus , cristemberiza and ocyris ; but phylogenetic studies # r # r show that melophus and latoucheornis ( each with a single species ) and perhaps others belong to the clade represented by \u201ctrue\u201d emberiza ; relationships among species may be better indicated by use of subgenera , thus avoiding destabilizing of established nomenclature # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\ncarlos fabregat , josep del hoyo , juan sanabria , jes\u00fas laborda , mkennewell , \u00e9ric roualet , greg baker , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo , pere monistrol , e . pelayo , christian dortu , alexander grimwade .\nstanislav harvan\u010d\u00edk , gilgit2 , lars petersson , arodris , josep del hoyo , carlos fabregat , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo , oriol soler ferrer , jeel bharat patel , \u00e9ric roualet , cedric mroczko , paul cools , bernat garcia espluga , juan , james eaton , jens thalund , jos\u00e9 frade , lad , fran trabalon , marco valentini , ken havard , alberto soria , fast flo , paul van giersbergen , michaelp , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , p . manjunath , josep batlle , phil kindermann , michel carre , rafael merchante , andrew emmerson , theo mamais , skua nature , markus lilje , bmarnell39 , norbert uhlhaas , missoum , zotyesz , aleix comas , juan gonzalez valdivieso , pascal christe , anisarkisyan , paleasi , w . h . schulenburg , ricardo rodriguez , chiefredearth , llu\u00eds copete , lior kislev .\nmimicry of sylvia undata call 0 : 45 ; 0 : 51 . . .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : emberiza cia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nimage : david \u00e1lvarez , 4 july 2007 ( with permission , for grrlscientist / guardian use only ) [ velociraptorise ] . canon eos 400d digital , iso : 200 , 300 mm , f / 11 . 0 , 1 / 200 sec .\nquestion : even though this spanish mystery bird comes from a large family , few of its fellow family members reside in europe . why ? can you identify this mystery bird ' s taxonomic family and species ?\nbased on decreasing species richness , it is likely that the emberizids arose in south america , spread into north america and crossed into eastern asia and expanded westward . this explains the comparative paucity of emberizid species in europe and africa when compared to the americas .\nthis species has light brown upperparts with darker streaks on its back and an unstreaked rufous coloured rump . the wings are streaked with black , rufous and buff . the head and face have strong contrasty black and white markings that are distinctive ; there are dark stripes on the crown , a dark streak through the eyes and another dark stripe that borders the edge of the cheek . the upper mandible of the beak is darker than the lower mandible , which is pale grey . the tail is long and blunt and has white outer tail corners . its underparts are orange - brown . then throat and upper breast are silvery - white . the sexes are similar although the female may occasionally be paler coloured .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images , video or audio files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nextends across lower middle latitudes of west palearctic , from mediterranean to caucasus , from warm temperate to steppe climatic zones . avoids most humid or wet situations , closed forest , and good agricultural land , preferring sunny semi - arid terrain , often stony or rocky , with more or less spare shrub vegetation , and usually with no more than scattered trees . often on slopes or hillsides , up to 1900 m , and extralimitally in asia above 4000 m , frequenting mountain villages and gardens . occupies open areas at upper forest limits , juniper scrub , subalpine meadows with shrubs and screes , stone - walled cultivated areas , and vineyards on hillsides .\nemberiza cia is a widespread resident across much of southern europe , which accounts for less than half of its global range . its european breeding population is very large ( > 1 , 300 , 000 pairs ) , but underwent a large decline between 1970 - 1990 . although the trend of the key population in spain was unknown during 1990 - 2000 , the species was stable across most of its european range , and was probably stable overall . nevertheless , its total population size probably remains below the level that preceded its decline .\nseeds , mainly of grasses , and other parts of plants , invertebrates in breeding season . feeds principally on ground among rocks and scrubby vegetation , or in short grass in fields , at woodland edges , etc . , but not infrequently in bushes or tall herbs taking both seeds and insects . mostly picks seeds from ground , but will also stand on stems , sometimes several at a time , to bend them over and reach see - head , reaches over to seed - head from neighbouring perch , or pulls seed - head down while standing on ground . catches flying insects in short sallies just above ground .\nthis species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1 , 000 , 000 - 10 , 000 , 000 km2 . it has a large global population , including an estimated 2 , 600 , 000 - 8 , 200 , 000 individuals in europe ( birdlife international in prep . ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]\navibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe bar on the top line indicates during which seasons the species can be observed regularly in switzerland . there can be great seasonal fluctuations of numbers . the middle bar indicates the typical migration seasons of a species . the bottom bar indicates the period during which the species normally breeds . as a rule it spans the period from egg - laying to fledging of the young .\nquerytime : 0 . 0352 s , querycount : 585 , parsetime : 0 . 5371 s , totaltime : 0 . 5723 s , source : cache\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nbritish ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 342 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndistribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .\nvisitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities\u2019 popular pair of peregrine falcons .\nthe rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .\nfind out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .\na small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .\na nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\nthere ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .\nthis is a delightful oak woodland to walk through \u2013 especially in spring and early summer .\nnature is an adventure waiting to be had . get out , get busy and get wild !\nexplore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .\nthis nondescript lowland farmland bird is the largest of the buntings and is most usually seen perched on a wire or post . it is a stout , dumpy bird brown which flies off with a fluttering flight and with its legs characteristically ' dangling ' . its dramatic population decline in the uk makes it a red list species .\n* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .\n1 in 4 uk birds are now on the red list of conservation concern . this is an emergency for uk bird life .\nthe rspb is a member of birdlife international . find out more about the partnership\n\u00a9 the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) is a registered charity : england and wales no . 207076 , scotland no . sc037654\nwe use cookies on our website to help give you the best online experience . tell me more\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by valter jacinto - see more .\ngrzegorz jagodzi\u0144ski added the polish common name\ng\u0142uszek\nto\nemberiza cia linnaeus 1766\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from emberiza cia linnaeus 1766 to their own page .\nc . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : emberiza cia martien brand . jpg\n.\nvalter jacinto marked\nimage of emberiza cia\nas hidden on the\nemberiza cia\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nvalter jacinto marked\nimage of emberiza cia\nas hidden on the\nemberiza cia linnaeus 1766\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe bonelli ' s warblers ( berglaubs\u00e4nger ) were back in full force with at least 20 individuals calling across the mountain slope . good to have them back !\nyou put your left leg in , you take your left leg out , you do the hokey pokey and turn around . . .\na black redstart alit briefly when i was in\nhunting\nposition . the green in the background is from the distant fields .\nyou see , it does help to know what you are looking for in order to find it - pyschologists have been telling us for years , and it finally makes sense .\nhi dale , well you are right , it is better to know where these little creatures are , and their habits to be sure to get nice shots of them . i love your black redstart shot . it is well composed and the background is awesome .\n. . . first time here . i saw you on the nature blog network page . one of my degrees is in german lit , but i never get to use my german . i enjoy reading about the german and austrian birds and seeing their names in german too ! glad i found your blog !\nthat is a great comment , den . i love the montague ' s story . thank you for stopping by and leaving a comment !\ni found this mocha emerald on the 16th of june . it was rather fresh at that time . its eyes will be brilliant green when it matures . [ image : \u00a92018 steve b . . .\njuly often means travel , which sometimes means tourist attractions , which occasionally means exotic or introduced bird species . following me here ? . . .\nfall migration is officially on ! after almost 2 weeks of unbearably hot weather a cold front moved in thursday night , bringing cooler winds and southboun . . .\nthe antennae farm on haggerman rd . was loaded with dickcissels and bobolinks this evening . lighting was great , and birds were cooperative .\n\u2600\ufe0f26c * tuesday 3rd july 2018 * ~ * ryton wood * : although part of ryton wood was lost to sand and gravel extraction in the 1960s , the wood has been returned t . . .\ni was cycling sunday long distance to my favorite felda krau 1 ( oil palm plantation ) , when noticed the road kill by the road side . what a pity beautiful w . . .\nat this time of the year with plenty of daylight i like to make early morning excursions into bowland . bowland ' s lanes and backroads are very quiet and espe . . .\ni got very jealous of the * rose - coloured starling * at ashington the other week but news of numbers building up in central europe and an impending invasio . . .\nha llegado el momento de tomarse un respiro . en realidad , lo llevo haciendo\nde facto\ndesde hace unos meses y ahora os lo comunico : este blog no se actual . . .\na field herper ' s dream is to have the kind of perfect timing where every outing produces cool herps . to be honest , on the first outing of the year i will b . . .\ncoffee and birding go together like bacon and more bacon . birds and beans coffee is the only brand of coffee that solely sells organic , shade - grown , and . . .\nhas it been a year already ? ? on a quick note i just rented the nikon d850 here are a few early pine warbler shots from various locations .\nafter waking from the afternoon siesta , i stepped out of the darkness into the brilliant sunshine bathing the small balcony of my room . it did not look pro . . .\nanother photo from my new mexico trip . i ' ve also posted another video on youtube . the first couple of photos were from the south end of the wilderness are . . .\nhi further to our conversation , there are four aged invoices outstanding . please can you look at these and provide an update regarding payment . thank y . . .\na remarkable discovery of a new spectacular antbird just a stone throw away from where birders come regularly for scarlet - banded barbet . but the site is th . . .\nlots of lifers i spent a week\u2019s holiday in beautiful cura\u00e7ao and spotted lots of birds i\u2019d never seen before , like magnificent frigatebirds , bare - eyed pi . . .\nsunday 9 october and news came in of a * siberian accentor * ( * prunella montanella * ) on shetland \u2013 the first record for britain . this is not a bird i thought . . .\nhey there all . don ' t know if anyone even reads this blog anymore as i kind of stopped this past summer as i wasn ' t birding as much and my camera broke and . . .\n* the islands of pilgrims * by nigel blake television allows us to experience the many great nature spectacles in this world , exotic places that we can oft . . .\ni held my breath and my heart stopped beating as the lions walked no more than 10 feet ( 3 . 048 meters ) from joan\u2019s truck , just ambling past up . . .\nin august , 2012 i guided a five - day abridged version of my absolute birding tour . it was with ron and ben barkley , a farther son duo from the u . s . a . ben is . . .\ni published my first blog on this site back when it was blogspot back in 2004 . for the last year and a half i\u2019ve run a little experiment posting my blog en . . .\ngastbeitrag von susanne st\u00f6ger bei sch\u00f6nstem herbstwetter erlebte eine gruppe holl\u00e4ndischer und belgischer journalisten das halltal von seiner charmant - rau . . .\nwir sind viel gewandert in diesem jahr \u2013 die blogeintr\u00e4ge waren etwas weniger , da wir die meisten fotos auf unserer facbookseite ver\u00f6ffentlicht haben . die . . .\n* click on any image to see larger file in seperate window * i think the saltee islands off the coast of co . wexford must be one of irelands greatest wi . . .\nparrots are one of my favorite groups of birds . it all started with me getting involved in a research project at university studying the cape parrot ( poice . . .\nkeeping a weather eye on birdguides , i see there are a few red - footed falcons and white - winged black terns filtering into the uk at the moment . i\u2019d dearly . . .\ni ' ve moved everything over to the * blogspot address * . there ' s nothing more to see here ! update your link to : urltoken\nso , putting paid to the idea of an official whale shark season in utila , there have been more whale sharks sighted in june this year , than in may . so far , . . .\na small community that surprises visitors with its authenticity and natural , gastronomic and cultural diversity . try it out . . .\nwe will give you 11 reasons that sum up our essence . we want to win you over !\nthe kingdom of navarre has a lively past and a lot to tell . listen up . . .\ntimetables , festivities , telephone numbers . . . so you can travel with peace of mind .\nvegetables from the plot , flavoursome meats , wines and pachar\u00e1n , delicious pinchos . . .\nto receive the latest news and to get ideas for trips in the different seasons and over public holidays .\nif you are planning to get to know navarre , to enjoy a gastronomic get - away , have a rural weekend break with friends or walk the santiago way . . . here are some options that may coincide with your idea . we hope you find them useful !\nwe suggest a travel plan so that you don\u0092t miss out on anything important and you can say you got to know the real navarre .\nare you looking for somewhere to stay during your visit ? consult all the options and manage your booking .\nhere you will find the must - see places and recommendations for activities and experiences to make sure you get the very most out of your trip to navarre .\nlocate your resource on the map and use the search engines to look for timetables , prices , files . . .\naccommodation , visits , activities . . . search for what you need and access the information file .\nrecommended observation points : sang\u00fcesa , lumbier - arbaiun , belagua , etc . . .\nobservation : relativamente f\u00e1cil , pero puede pasar desapercibida , pues no presenta densidades elevadas . es un p\u00e1jaro confiado .\ndescription : p\u00e1jaro de tonos pardos por todo el cuerpo con rayado negro en espalda . cabeza y pecho grises . l\u00edneas negras en la cabeza muy consp\u00edcuas . sobre arbustos o en el suelo .\nopening hours , dates and guide prices . we recommend you confirm with the entity in question .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nallaby , m . ( 1992 ) dictionary of zoology . oxford university press , oxford .\nthieme , m . l . , abell , r . , stiassny , m . l . j . , skelton , p . , lehner , b . , teugels , g . g . , dinerstein , e . , kamdem toham , a . , burgess , n . and olson , d . ( 2005 ) freshwater ecoregions of africa and madagascar : a conservation assessment . island press , washington , dc .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nforest : temperate ; shrubland : temperate ; rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) : ; artificial / terrestrial : plantations\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\noccurs across much of sub - saharan africa , from senegal to ethiopia through the drc , tanzania , zambia , angola and malawi to southern africa . here it is uncommon to locally very common in zimbabwe extending into western and northern mozambique , the eastern half of south africa , lesotho , swaziland , eastern botswana and north - western and central namibia . it generally prefers mountainsides , rocky ridges , dolerite and granite outcrops with scattered bushes and trees , bare rocky clearings in woodland , eroded stony slopes and gullies , dry watercourses and deserted borrow pits and quarries .\nlargely resident , with some populations ( especially in zimbabwe and north - eastern south africa ) undertaking a northerly winter migration from november - may .\nit mainly eats seeds and insects , mainly foraging on bare ground among rocks , occasionally plucking food from grass and hawking termite alates aerially . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\negg - laying season is from october - june , peaking from january - april .\nit lays 2 - 4 eggs , which are incubated by both sexes for about 12 - 14 days .\nthe chicks are fed by both parents on a diet of mostly seeds , leaving the nester after approximately 14 - 16 days .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nvickery , j . & jones , p . j . 2002 . a new ornithological institute in nigeria . bull . african bird club 9 ( 1 ) : 61\u201362 .\nwilson , j . m . & mcgregor , r . 2002 . house sparrow passer domesticus in nigeria . malimbus 24 ( 1 ) : 41\u201342 .\nwilson , j . m . 2002 . first breeding record of little grey woodpecker dendropicos elachus in nigeria . malimbus 24 ( 1 ) : 42\u201343 .\nwilson , j . m . & sallinen , p . 2003 . first records of didric cuckoo chrysococcyx caprius parasitizing cricket warbler spiloptila clamans . malimbus 25 : 95\u201396 .\nottosson , u . & waldenstr\u00f6m , j . 2002 . a yellow - throated leaflove ( chlorochicla flavicollis ) with extra wing feathers among the primaries . afring news 31 ( 1 & 2 ) : 24\u201325 .\nmcgregor , r . & wilson , j . m . 2003 . a major range extension of locust finch ortygospize locustella in west africa . malimbus 25 : 99\u2013101 .\nmcgregor , r . 2004 . ortolan buntings rediscovered in nigeria after a 38 year absence . bull . african bird club 11 ( 1 ) : 30 - 31 .\nmanu , s . , peach , w . & cresswell , w . 2005 . notes on the natural history of the ibadan malimbe malimbus ibadanensis , a threatened nigerian endemic . malimbus 27 : 33 - 39 .\nmanu , s . , peach , w . , bowden , c . & cresswell , w . 2005 . the effects of forest fragmentation on the population density and distribution of the globally endangered ibadan malimbe malimbus ibadanensis . bird conservation international . 15 : 275 - 285 .\nmanu , s . , peach , w . & cresswell , w . 2007 . the effects of of edge , fragment size and degree of isolation on avian species richness in highly fragmented forest in west africa . ibis 149 : 287 - 297 .\nstervander , m . , ottosson , u . , hulme , m . & molokwu , m . n . 2005 . little rush warbler bradypterus baboecala new to plateau state , nigeria . malimbus 27 : 46 - 47 .\nottosson , u . waldenstr\u00f6m , j . hjort , c . & mcgregor , r . 2005 . garden warbler sylvia borin migration in sub - saharan west africa : phenology and body mass changes . ibis 147 : 750 - 757 .\nosinubi , t . & agboola , b . 2006 , sighting of the rufous scrub robin cercotrichas galatotes at foot of fusa hills , jos , plateau state , nigeria . malimbus 28 : 46 - 47 .\nwilson , j . & cresswell , w . 2006 . how robust are palearctic migrants to habitat loss and degradation in the sahel ? ibis 148 : 789 - 800 .\nmolokwu , m n . , ottosson , u . & azi , j . observations at a scarlet - chested sunbird chalcomitra senegalensis nest . malimbus 28 : 45 - 46 .\nmwansat , g . s . , chaskda , a . a . ; longtong , g . t . 2006 . a preliminary survey of the aquatic insects of amurum forest reserve . scientia africana 5 : 35 - 37 .\nwilson , j . m and cresswell , w . 2010 . northern wheatear oenanthe oenanthe in the sahel of west africa : distribution , seasonal variation in abundance and habitat associations . ostrich 81 : 115 - 121 .\nmcgregor , r . , whittingham , m . j . & cresswell , w . 2007 . survival rates of tropical birds in nigeria , west africa . ibis 149 : 615 - 618 .\nhellgren , o . , waldenstr\u00f6m , j . , per\u00e9z - tris , j . , sz\u00f6ll\u0151si , e . , hasselquist , d . , krizanauskiene , a . , ottosson , u . & bensch , s . 2007 . detecting shifts of transmission areas in avian blood parasites \u2013 a phylogenetic approach . molecular ecology 16 : 1281 - 1290 .\ntobler , m . & naurin , s . 2008 . on the occurrence of the alpine swift apus melba in nigeria . malimbus 30 ( 2 ) : 167 - 168 ."]}
{"id": 380, "summary": [{"text": "scoliodon is a genus of requiem shark , and part of the family carcharhinidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was formerly thought to include only a single indo-pacific species , the spadenose shark ( s. laticaudus ) , but recent taxonomic research has found two species , and the formerly excluded junior synonyms need to be resurrected . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "scoliodon", "paragraphs": ["carcharias laticauda , carcharias laticaudus , carcharias muelleri , carcharias m\u00fclleri , carcharias palasoora , carcharias sorrahkowah , carcharias ( physodon ) m\u00fclleri , carcharias ( prionodon ) palasorra , carcharias ( prionodon ) sorrahkowah , carcharias ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , physodon muelleri , physodon m\u00fclleri , physodon mulleri , scoliodon cf . laticaudus , scoliodon palasorrah , scoliodon sorrakawah , scoliodon sorrakowa , scoliodon sorrakowah , squalus ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , squalus ( triglochis ) mulleri\nplease send your images of\nscoliodon laticaudus\nto info @ urltoken scoliodon laticaudus m\u00fcller & henle , 1838 , \u00a9 randall , j . e . , urltoken\nscoliodon laticaudus : spadenose shark - notes for t . y . b . sc . sem vi\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .\nscoliodon laticaudus\nin fishbase . august 2009 version .\nexternal characters systematic position phylum : chordata sub - phylum : vertebrata division : gnathostomata superclass : pisces order : squaliformes family : carcharinidae genus : scoliodon species : sorrakowah distribution : indian , pacific west indies and eastern coasts of south america and atlantic oceans . grace white recognises 9 species 4 in indian waters scoliodon sorrakowah is called black shark .\nsimpfendorfer , c . ( 2009 ) .\nscoliodon laticaudus\n. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature .\nat the base of caudal fin the tail bears two shallow depressions , one dorsal and one ventral , known as caudal pits , which are characteristics of the genus scoliodon .\nsetna , s . b . and p . n . sarangdhar , 1948 . description , bionomics and development of scoliodon sorrakowah ( cuvier ) . rec . indian mus . , 46 ( 14 ) : 25 - 53\n( of scoliodon sorrakowa ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scoliodon sorrakawah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scoliodon palasorrah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthillayampalam , e . m . , 1928 . scoliodon ( the common shark of the indian seas ) . in the indian zoological memoirs on indian animal types . lucknow , methodist publishing house , vol . 2 : 116 p .\nspringer , v . g . , 1964 . a revision of the carcharhinid shark genera scoliodon , loxodon , and rhizoprionodon . proc . u . s . natl . mus . , 115 ( 3493 ) : 5 59 - 632\nwourms , j . p . ( 1993 ) .\nmaximization of evolutionary trends for placental viviparity in the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus\n. environmental biology of fishes 38 : 269\u2013294 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00842922 .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scoliodon laticaudus m\u00fcller & henle , 1838 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\ncaira , j . n . and s . m . durkin ( 2006 ) .\na new genus and species of tetraphyllidean cestode from the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus , in malaysian borneo\n. comparative parasitology 73 ( 1 ) : 42\u201348 . doi : 10 . 1654 / 4185 . 1 .\nwhite , w . t . , p . r . last and g . j . p . naylor , 2010 . scoliodon macrorhynchos ( bleeker , 1852 ) , a second species of spadenose shark from the western pacific ( carcharhiniformes : carcharhinidae ) . pp . 61 - 76 . in p . r . last , w . t . white , and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) . descriptions of new sharks and rays from borneo . csiro marine and atmospheric research paper no . 32 . ( ref . 84283 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nm\u00fcller , j . and henle , f . g . j . 1839 . systematische beschreibung der plagiostomen . plagiostomen , berlin .\n) is a small coastal shark which is abundant in the northern indian ocean and southeast asia . despite being commonly caught in fisheries there are no data available on the status of the spadenose shark . it is likely that its life history will make it more resilient to fishing than larger , longer - lived , species of elasmobranchs . however , because of its limited fecundity concern exists that fishing will lead to recruitment overfishing .\nthe spadenose shark is an abundant inshore species throughout southeast asia and northeastern africa . it occurs in the indonesian archipelago as far as java and kalimantan . it is commonly recorded from the lower reaches of rivers in at least malaysia , sumatra and borneo ( compagno 1984b ) .\nthe abundance of this species in inshore waters makes it a major component of a variety of fisheries in southeast asia . for example , kasim ( 1991 ) reported that the annual recorded catch of spadenose shark in the verval coast , india from 1979 - 1981 averaged 823 t . this was taken mostly by trawl and gillnet fishing . parry - jones ( 1996 ) reported that the spadenose shark was the most commonly observed coastal species in chinese market surveys . unfortunately , there are no data available on the overall catch of this species , or the impact of fishing on stocks . the occurrence of this species in estuarine and inshore areas may also make this species susceptible to the impacts of habitat degradation and modification . however , there are no data available on this subject .\nthere are no known conservation or management measures that apply specifically to this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 \u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and . . .\ndescription temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 \u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of carcharias macrorhynchos bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carcharias muelleri m\u00fcller & henle , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carcharias palasoora bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carcharias sorrahkowah bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carcharias sorrakowah ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of physodon muelleri ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1839 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek , skolex = worm + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nwestern central pacific : w indonesia , malaysia , gulf of thailand , singapore , borneo , philippines , china , hong kong , taiwan and japan ; exceptions , e indonesia , new guinea , northern australia , and remainder of the oceania region .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - 39 . 7 cm max length : 63 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 84283 ) ; 70 . 7 cm tl ( female )\noccurs in shallow , inshore waters , most abundant near large freshwater outflows , e . g . pearl river estuary ( hong kong ) and the large borneo drainage systems ( ref . 84283 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - 13 m . tropical ; 26\u00b0c - 29\u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) ; 34\u00b0n - 26\u00b0s , 32\u00b0e - 130\u00b0e\nindo - west pacific : persian gulf ( ref . 68964 ) , somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .\nmaturity : l m 34 . 3 , range 33 - 35 cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .\nfound on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .\nviviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )\n) : 25 . 3 - 29 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 1946 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00427 ( 0 . 00243 - 0 . 00750 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( k = 0 . 88 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 6 ; fec = 1 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n. colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .\nindo - west pacific : tanzania , pakistan india , sri lanka , malaysia , singapore , thailand , java , borneo , china , taiwan island , japan . apparently absent from australasia and oceania .\nshark of continental and insular shelves close inshore , frequently in rocky areas . often very abundant in its range and occurring in large schools . the spadenose shark is very common in the lower reaches of\n, with an unusual columnar placenta . fertilized eggs are unusually small , 1 mm in diameter and with little yolk . developing embryos apparently derive very little of their nutriment from yolk , have no yolk in their developed yolk sacs , and establish a placental connection with the maternal uterus extremely early in their development . thus embryos and fetuses are nourished by the mother during the entire\nsizevaries from 1 to 14 , and size at birth between 13 and 15 cm . in malaysian waters these sharks apparently can\ncurves and estimated average sizes at ages from 1 to 5 years . his data indicates that both\nbetween 1 and 2 years old and reach a maximum age of about 5 years for the largest known males and at least 6 for the largest females .\ngobies ( tripauchenidae ) and bombay ducks ( harpadontidae ) , as well as shrimp and cuttlefish . harmless to people .\nat 33 to 35 cm and reaching at least 69 cm ; size at birth 12 to 15 cm , averaging about 14 cm .\nin indian and pakistani waters , commonly taken in artisanal and commercial fisheries . caught with\nnair , r . v . , k . k . appukuttan and m . e . rajapandian , 1974 . on the systematics and identity of four pelagic sharks of the family carcharhinidae from the indian region . indian j . fish . , 21 ( 1 ) : 220 - 32\nteshima , k . , m . ahmad , and k . mizue , 1978 . studies on sharks . 4 . reproduction in the telok anson shark collected from perak river , malaysia . jap . j . ichthyol . , 25 ( 3 ) : 181 - 9\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nm\u00fcller & henle , 1838 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\n: field marks : a small , unmistakable requiem shark , with a very long , flat , laterally expanded , spadelike snout , small eyes , small , smooth - edged bladelike teeth with oblique cusps , distal blades , and no cusplets , a stocky compressed body , short , broad triangular pectoral fins , the first dorsal fin well rearward on the back with its rear tip about over the pelvic midbases , the second dorsal fin much smaller than the first and with its origin well behind the anal origin , the anal fin much larger than the second dorsal and with a straight posterior margin and a base without long preanal ridges , and a caudal fin with its postventral margin only moderately concave , not deeply notched . it is bronzy grey above , white below , without conspicuous markings .\ndiagnostic features : body moderately stout . head broad , greatly depressed , and trowel - shaped ; snout parabolic or bell - shaped in dorsoventral view , very long , with preoral length greater than internarial space and mouth width ; eyes small , without posterior notches ; spiracles absent ; no papillose gillrakers on internal gill openings ; nostrils small , internarial space about 4 to 6 times nostril width ; anterior nasal flaps very short , narrowly triangular , and not tubular ; labial furrows very short to rudimentary , with uppers shorter than lowers and falling far behind eyes ; teeth similar in upper and lower jaws , anteroposteriors with slender oblique cusps and distal blades but no cusplets or serrations ; cusps of lower teeth not prominently protruding when mouth is closed ; 25 to 33 / 24 to 34 rows of teeth . interdorsal ridge absent or rudimentary ; no dermal keels present on caudal peduncle ; upper precaudal pit transverse and crescentic . first dorsal origin over or behind pectoral rear tips , its midbase much closer to pelvic bases than to pectorals and its free rear tip about over pelvic midbases ; second dorsal fin much smaller than first , its height 1 / 3 of first dorsal height or less , its origin behind anal midbase ; pectoral fins very broad and triangular , not falcate , pectoral length from origin to free rear tip about equal to pectoral anterior margin ; pectoral origins under interspace between fourth and fifth gill slits ; anal fin much larger than second dorsal , with short preanal ridges and a straight or slightly concave posterior margin . colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .\n) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nfound on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .\nindo - west pacific : somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .\n100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )\ntemperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 \u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .\nbronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 7 . 5 - 7 . 5 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 27 . 917 - 27 . 917 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 279 - 0 . 279 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 691 - 35 . 691 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 513 - 4 . 513 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 392 - 0 . 392 silicate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 834 - 4 . 834 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\ndemersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 10 - 13 m\ndepth : 10 - 13m . from 10 to 13 meters . habitat : demersal . temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 \u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .\namphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km . characteristic elements in amphidromy are : reproduction in fresh water , passage to sea by newly hatched larvae , a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long , return to fresh water of well - grown juveniles , a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water , followed by reproduction there ( ref . 82692 ) .\nviviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nused for this species include indian dog shark , sharp - nosed shark , trowel - nose shark , and yellow dog shark .\nare small . the corners of the mouth are well behind the eyes and have poorly developed furrows at the corners . there are 25\u201333 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 24\u201334 tooth rows in the lower jaw ; each tooth has a single slender , blade - like , oblique cusp without serrations . the first\n, which are very short and broad . the second dorsal fin is much smaller than the\n. there is no ridge between the dorsal fins . the back is bronze - gray in color , and the belly is white . the fins are plain but may be darker than the body . the maximum known length is 74 cm ( 29 in ) , though there are unsubstantiated reports of individuals reaching 1 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 ft ) .\n. it is typically found close to the coast in water 10\u201313 m ( 33\u201343 ft ) deep , often close to rocky bottoms . this shark is frequently reported from the lower reaches of rivers in\neggs measure only 1 mm ( 0 . 039 in ) in diameter , while the developing\nbecome dependent on their mother for sustenance at a length of only 3 mm ( 0 . 12 in ) . the placental stalk , formed from the\nfemale spadenose sharks probably mate at least once per year , and breeding takes place year - round . the\nof the spadenose shark is five to six months long , and the young are born at a length of 12\u201315 cm ( 4 . 7\u20135 . 9 in ) . the litter size is six to 18 . males\nat a length of 24\u201336 cm ( 9 . 4\u201314 . 2 in ) , and females at a length of 33\u201335 cm ( 13\u201314 in ) . estimates of the age at maturity range from six months to two years . the\n, and hook - and - line . the meat is eaten or used as bait for other fishes , the fins are valued for\ndespite its commercial importance , overall fishery statistics for the spadenose shark are lacking . a 1996 report found it to be the most common coastal shark on\nfisheries ; from 1979 to 1981 , an average of 823 tons were caught annually off verval , india .\nthis shark may also be negatively affected by coastal development , due to its inshore habitat preferences .\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 1984 ) . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . rome : food and agricultural organization . pp . 533\u2013535 . isbn 92 - 5 - 101384 - 5 .\ncarrier , j . c . , j . a . musick and m . r . heithaus ( 2004 ) . biology of sharks and their relatives . crc press . pp . 52 , 502 . isbn 0 - 8493 - 1514 - x .\nmartin , r . a . hammerhead taxonomy . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved on august 30 , 2009 .\nfowler , s . l . , r . d . cavanagh , m . camhi , g . h . burgess , g . m . cailliet , s . v . fordham , c . a . simpfendorfer , and j . a . musick ( 2005 ) . sharks , rays and chimaeras : the status of the chondrichthyan fishes . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . p . 313 . isbn 2 - 8317 - 0700 - 5 .\narthur , j . r . , a . t . a . ahmed ( 2002 ) . checklist of the parasites of fishes of bangladesh . food and agriculture organization of the united nations . p . 30 . isbn 92 - 5 - 104854 - 1 .\ndavidson , a . ( 2003 ) . seafood of south - east asia : a comprehensive guide with recipes ( second ed . ) . ten speed press . p . 125 . isbn 1 - 58008 - 452 - 4 .\nsen , d . p . ( 2005 ) . advances in fish processing technology . allied publishers . p . 499 . isbn 81 - 7764 - 655 - 9 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n1 . body - long , laterally compressed , spindle - shaped tapering at both ends .\n6 . largest part of the body is trunk extending from behind the gill - slits upto the cloacal aperture .\n9 . mouth - wide crescentric opening , present on the ventral side of the head .\n14 . caudal fin present along the ventral and dorsal surfaces of tail and forms dorsal and ventral lobe .\n15 . anal fin present in the mid - ventral line . length - 5 cm in front of caudal fin opposite to the second dorsal fin\n20 . lateral line - a faint line running on either side of the body extending from head to the tail .\n3 . hammer - shaped head i . e . head is flattened in front and expanded sideways into 2 conspicuous lobes\n10 . presence of 2 dorsal fin . first is situated in front of the pelvic fin and second is opposite to the anal fin\n10 . it inflict wounds on its victim by means of string on the tail .\ndistribution : mediterranean and atlantic oceans particularly in america , west indies , china and gulf of mexico . in india pristis cuspidata and p . microdon species are found\nsketchbook of fishes - 25 . ( longnose ) saw shark - william buelow gould , c1832\ndistribution : mediterranean , red sea , atlantic and pacific oceans . indian ocean has t . marmorata species\n8 . in between the pectoral fins and head on either side - a pair of large eletric organs are present .\n3 . naked skin with characteristic of open groove loding the lateral line system .\ngeographical distribution : marshes and lakes of fresh water and brackish water of west africa , india , burma and malaya . in fresh water of india n . chital is found\n6 . short dorsal fins without spine . at the level of the dorsal fin ventral fin is situated\ngeographical distribution : in tropical and warm parts of atlantic and indian oceans . e . pecilopterus is found in indian ocean to china seas\n2 . body colour : bluish and silvery below . pectoral fins have black spots\n6 . hypobatic tail i . e . ventral lobe of the tail fin is large\nthis page was last modified on 4 december 2013 , at 13 : 55 .\ncontent is available under the creative commons attribution share alike license unless otherwise noted .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\ncompagno , l . j . v . and v . h . niem 1998 carcharhinidae . requiem sharks . p . 1312 - 1360 . in : k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao , rome .\nbronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings .\nviviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl . distinct pairing with embrace .\nbreder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .\ndefines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .\namphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\nriede , k . 2004 global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081 . federal agency for nature conservation , bonn , germany . 329 p .\ndescribes the periodic movement of organisms from one locality to another ( e . g . , for breeding ) . usually includes locality , timing , and hypothesized purpose .\n100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ) ; max . reported age : 6 years\nbouhlel , m . 1988 poissons de djibouti . placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nindo - west pacific : somalia , tanzania , mozambique , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia .\ncompagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\ncoppola , s . r . , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , n . scialabba and k . e . carpenter 1994 speciesdab : global species database for fishery purposes . user & quot ; s manual . fao computerized information series ( fisheries ) . no . 9 . rome , fao . 103 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )\na checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our user agreement and privacy policy .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .\nwe use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads . you can change your ad preferences anytime .\nurogenital system in vertebrates : tybsc course semester - vi \u2013 usz0601of univer . . .\nrespiratory system of vertebrates : notes for the tybsc course usz0601sem vi o . . .\nnervous systems in vertebrates : t . y . b . sc . sem vi notes\nassessment of some hydrological parameters of ulhas river estuary , in the vic . . .\nclipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later . now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nanimal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai :\nanimal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai dr . rahul patil assistant professor , department of zoology veer wajekar arts , science & commerce college , phunde , navi mumbai\nhabits & habitat marine , carnivorous and predaceous feeding on crabs , lobsters , worms an fishes . sharp teeth are weapon sexes are separate fertilization in internal , development is direct viviparous : develop inside uteri .\nexternal characters shape , size and colour body elongated / spindle shaped and laterally compressed streamlined full grown individual measures up to 60 cm . head , trunk and tail head : dorsoventrally flattened , pointed rostrum trunk : almost oval tail : posterior half of the body is bent upwards colour : dark gray dorsally and pale white ventrally .\nenter one or more tags separated by comma or enter . numeric tags are not allowed .\nyou do not have the permission to view this presentation . in order to view it , please contact the author of the presentation .\nhttps ( hypertext transfer protocol secure ) is a protocol used by web servers to transfer and display web content securely . most web browsers block content or generate a \u201cmixed content\u201d warning when users access web pages via https that contain embedded content loaded via http . to prevent users from facing this , use https option .\nshare your urltoken is the home of thousands of essays published by experts like you ! publish your original essays now .\nit is situated a little behind the apex on the ventral side of the anterior region of the body . mouth is bounded by upper and lower jaws each bearing 1 or 2 rows of sharply , pointed and backwardly directed teeth . teeth are adapted for holding and tearing of the prey .\ntwo crescentic apertures , the nares or nostrils are present ventro - laterally and anterior to mouth .\nthey are exclusively olfactory , have no role in respiration , as they are not connected to mouth cavity by internal nostrils .\nanterior to each pectoral fin , on either side of the body vertically elongated external gill slits or branchial clefts are present in a series of 1 to 5 . they are main respiratory organs .\nbetween two pelvic fins , on the tail region an elongated median groove or cloacal aperture is found .\nit leads into a small chamber , the cloaca , which is the common exit for digestive and urinogenital system .\nwithin either lateral edge of cloaca , the abdominal pores are situated on elevated papillae . the abdominal cavity opens to the exterior through these abdominal pores .\na faint lateral line runs along either lateral side of the body . it marks the position of an underlying sensory lateral line canal system which opens outside at intervals through minute pores .\non the head and snout several minute ampullary pores of the ampullae of lorenzini open at dorsal surface . they secrete mucus when pressed .\nwelcome to shareyouressays . com ! our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about essay . this website includes study notes , research papers , essays , articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like you .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of physodon valenciennes , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scolliodon ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nm\u00fcller , j . & f . g . j . henle in m\u00fcller , j . & f . g . j . henle . 1838 .\nahmad , a . , a . a . abdul haris hilmi , a . c . gambang , s . ahemad and a . r . solahuddin ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) elasmobranch resources , utilization , trade and management in malaysia . : marine fishery resources development and management department , southeast asian fisheries development center .\nbianchi , g . ( 1985 ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine and brackish - water species of tanzania . : prepared and published with the support of tcp / urt / 4406 and fao ( firm ) regular programme . fao , rome . 199 p .\nbor , p . h . f . ( 2002 ) nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . : world wide web electronic publication www . rajidae . tmfweb . nl , version ( 05 / 2002 ) .\nbouhlel , m . ( 1988 ) poissons de djibouti . : placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 1999 ) checklist of living elasmobranchs . : p . 471 - 498 . in w . c . hamlett ( ed . ) sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . johns hopkins university press , maryland .\ncompagno , leonard j . v . , 1984 : sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2 .\ndepartment of fisheries malaysia ( 2009 ) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . : department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfao - fies ( 2015 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrieved from urltoken [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga ( 1990 ) fichas fao de identifica\u00e7ao de esp\u00e9cies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das esp\u00e9cies comerciais marinhas e de \u00e1guas salobras de mo\u00e7ambique . : publica\u00e7ao preparada em collabora\u00e7ao com o instituto de investiga\u00e7ao pesquiera de mo\u00e7ambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nkharbhari , j . p . ( 1982 ) marine fisheries information services india . : central marine fisheries research institute : 18 - 23 .\nkotlyar , a . n . ( 1984 ) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages . : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography , moscow . 288 p .\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino ( 1984 ) the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . : tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) .\nmohsin , a . k . m . , m . a . ambak and m . n . a . salam ( 1993 ) malay , english , and scientific names of the fishes of malaysia . : occas . publ . fac . fish . mar . sci . univ . pertanian malays . 11 : 226 p .\npanglima laot lhok krueng aceh ( 2008 ) list jenis ikan yang ada di perairan aceh : fish species / jenis ikan . : urltoken"]}
{"id": 384, "summary": [{"text": "the dot-winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "despite its visual similarities , it probably does not belong to the genus porzana ; like the yellow-breasted crake , which was variously placed in hapalocrex , micropygia , poliolimnas or porzana , it seems to form a badly-resolved complex with the mainly neotropical crakes of genera anurolimnas , coturnicops and laterallus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , brazil , and uruguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , and coastal saline lagoons .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "dot - winged crake", "paragraphs": ["dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the rallidae family .\ngreater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog\u2019s gull , dot - winged crake , red and white crake , hudson\u2019s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .\nmartinez , m . m . ; bo , m . s . ; isacch , j . p . 1997 . habitat and abundance of speckled crake ( coturnicops notata ) and dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) in mar chiquita , buenos aires province , argentina . hornero 14 : 274 - 277 .\ntop ten species : greater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog\u2019s gull , dot - winged crake , rufous - chested dotterel ( winter ) , hudson\u2019s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .\ntaylor , b . , boesman , p . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwe depart from buenos aires early in the morning . transfer to san clemente area where we\u2019ll explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .\nthe dot - winged crake of southern south america is tiny , with brown upperparts striped blackish , and whitish barring on the wing coverts , which is only visible in flight . the underparts are dark gray , becoming even darker over the belly , which is barred white . the bill is dark greenish bill , and the legs are gray washed green . this crake is most abundant and widespread in buenos aires province in argentina , but there are also records elsewhere in the same country , as well as from uruguay and southernmost brazil . it usually inhabits temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland , and there is some evidence for a recent decline in the species\u2019 numbers .\n14\u201315 cm . small dark crake , with blackish streaks ( feather centres ) on dark olive brown upperparts ; white markings on upperparts confined to upperwing - coverts and . . .\n15 cm . tiny , dark crake . brown upperparts striped blackish . dark wings with whitish barring on coverts , visible in flight . plumbeous underparts . darker belly barred white . dark greenish bill , grey legs washed green .\na good combination of the best places for birding near buenos aires . we start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the important bird area of magdalena , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands and the coast at punta indio , located 160 km south of buenos aires city . the second day we move to san clemente area where we explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .\ntop ten species : dusky - legged guan , giant wood - rail , red - and - white crake , ash - coloured cuckoo , scimitar - billed woodcreeper , straight - billed reedhaunter , curve - billed reedhaunter , many - colored rush - tyrant , diademed tanager , gray - throated warbling - finch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nthe vocalisations of this secretive species are still unknown , and its distribution and abundance hence remain poorly understood . however , its population is believed to be small , fragmented , and undergoing a continuing decline , qualifying it as vulnerable .\n. 2011 , lucero 2013 ) . it is relatively widespread ( 16 localities in buenos aires with recent records from eight ) , but all records refer to 1 - 2 birds . it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in search of optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the r\u00edo luj\u00e1n\nthe population is assumed to fall in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on the low numbers usually recorded at the relatively small number of known localities with recent records , where it is described as rare to fairly common . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the r\u00edo luj\u00e1n ( m . pearman in litt . 1999 ) . based on this information , a slow decline is suspected .\nit occurs in temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland . in argentina , it associates with cord grass\nthere is land reclamation for agriculture , and high levels of grazing and burning . at punta rasa , a recreational development project has resulted in an increase in visitors . mar chiquita , buenos aires , has been flooded . birds seem to disappear for up to one year after burning\nmost records are from mar chiquita biosphere reserve ( buenos aires ) , mar chiquita ramsar biosphere reserve ( c\u00f3rdoba ) , punta rasa biological station and the otamendi strict nature reserve . it occurs in lagoa do peixe national park , brazil\n. 1999 ) and rio grande do sul . record its voice to enable further surveys using tape - playback . study the effects of cattle - grazing . expand otamendi strict nature reserve to encompass larger tracts of habitat . ensure the\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nr\u00edo luj\u00e1n 2 ( reserva otamendi ) , campana , prov . bs . as .\nsite 2 bird one . see black rail l . j . murivagans subspecies xc62960 : similar .\nsite 2 bird one . see the black rail laterallus j . murivagans subspecies ' pw ' call too : cxc56406\nafter playback . the black rail l . jamaicensis subspecies tuerosi , salinasi & the nominal too have a growl call ( see : xc54566 , xc16582 , xc1145 and others )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nse brazil ( rio grande do sul ) # r , argentina ( corrientes\u2013chaco to santa cruz ) # r # r # r and s uruguay .\nvoice unknown until recently . song is a high note followed by a lower - pitched rattle\nkee - . . .\nfreshwater and brackish wetlands , including tidal and temporary marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows . . .\nrecorded as feeding on insects , seeds and marsh weeds . no information on feeding habits .\nonly recorded nest was found near buenos aires , but no further details were given . in addition , a juvenile was seen with an adult at punta . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\none of two birds coming out of thick vegetation at the edge of the road .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 612 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : porzana spiloptera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n4 . grassland - > 4 . 5 . grassland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 13 . marine coastal / supratidal - > 13 . 4 . marine coastal / supratidal - coastal brackish / saline lagoons / marine lakes suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no\n1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas\n11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 4 . storms & flooding\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 3 . agro - industry farming\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 2 . small - holder grazing , ranching or farming\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 3 . agro - industry grazing , ranching or farming\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\narballo , e . ; cravino , j . l . 1999 . aves del uruguay : manual ornitol\u00f3gico - tomo 1 . editorial agropecuaria hemisferio sur s . r . l . , montevideo .\ncollar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madro\u00f1o nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . 1992 . threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .\ncuello , j . ; gerzenstein , e . 1962 . las aves del uruguay : lista sistem\u00e1tica , distribuci\u00f3n y notas . comunicaciones zoologicas del museo de historia natural de montevideo vi ( 93 ) : 1 - 191 .\nescalante , r . 1983 . cat\u00e1logo de las aves uruguayas . 3a parte , galliformes y gruiformes .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\nlucero , f . 2013 . primer registro documentado confirmando la presencia del burrito negruzco ( porzana spiloptera ) para la provincia de san juan , argentina . ecoregistros revista 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 6 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\none of the best urban reserves in the world with 336 species of birds recorded in the last 30 years . the reserve opens at 8 : 00hs am and close its doors at 19 : 00hs pm in spring . remember that the reserve normally closes in rainy days , but it\u2019s possible to take a view from outside for a couple of hours . no especial clothing is required , but you must bring insect repellent , suncream and a hat . a small backpack is always useful .\ntop ten species : black - necked swan , rosy - billed pochard , spot - flanked gallinule , guira cuckoo , checkered woodpecker , narrow - billed woodcreeper , masked gnatcatcher , yellow - billed cardinal greyish baywing , black - and - rufous warbling - finch .\nwe start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the famous otamendi np , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands at ceibas . this is probably the best birding site near buenos aires , a well - known place for birders which it was explored for the last 25 years . normally in a spring day the bird list here is of more than 80 species . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs ."]}
{"id": 389, "summary": [{"text": "chloealtis aspasma is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to northern california and southern oregon in the united states .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is known by the common names siskiyou short-horned grasshopper and siskiyou chloealtis grasshopper . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "chloealtis aspasma", "paragraphs": ["rehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . trans . amer . entomol . soc . 45 : 82 > > chloealtis aspasma urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 61230\nrehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 82\nrehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 81 - 87\nrehn , j . a . g . & hebard ( 1919 ) a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast : transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 81 - 87\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmaintained at urltoken by daniel otte ( founder and principal author ) , david c . eades ( principal database developer ) , and piotr naskrecki ( developer of osf online , major contributor ) , with the cooperation of the orthopterists ' society\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\northoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ngurney , strohecker & helfer . 1964 [ 1963 ] . trans . amer . entomol . soc . 89 : 130\ntype locality : northern america , northwestern u . s . a . , oregon , jackson county , siskiyou mountains\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbey - bienko . 1932 . orthoptera palaearctica critica xi . the group chrysochraontes ( acrid . ) . eos , revista espa\u00f1ola de entomolog\u00eda ( eos ) 8 : 88\ngurney , strohecker & helfer . 1964 [ 1963 ] . a synopsis of north american acridine grasshoppers of the genus group chrysochraontes ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 89 : 130\nhoekstra . 1998 . conserving orthoptera in the wild : lessons from trimerotropis infantilis ( oedipodinae ) . journal of insect conservation ( j . insect conservation ) 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 180\njago . 1969 . a revision of the systematics and taxonomy of certain north american gomphocerine grasshoppers ( gomphocerinae , acrididae , orthoptera ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 121 : 293\njago . 1971 . a review of the gomphocerinae of the world with a key to the genera ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 123 : 293\notte , d . 1981 . acrididae : gomphocerinae and acridinae . north american grasshoppers , harvard university press , cambridge 1 : 44 , 235\notte , daniel , 1995 : grasshoppers [ acridomorpha ] d . orthoptera species file 5 . 630 .\nrehn , j . a . g . 1928 . on the relationship of certain new or previously known genera of the acridine group chrysochraontes ( orthoptera , acrididae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 80 : 189"]}
{"id": 393, "summary": [{"text": "mylabris is a genus of beetles in the family meloidae , which is endemic to the palearctic ecozone .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species-rich genus hycleus ( c. 430 spp. ) was historically confused with mylabris .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is superficially similar , but is centered on the afrotropics . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "mylabris", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\nmylabris quadripunctata\nas trusted on the\nmylabris quadripunctata\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nmilabris\u2011dos\u20114\u2011pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata )\nas trusted on the\nmylabris quadripunctata\npage .\nmedical uses of mylabris in ancient china and recent studies . - pubmed - ncbi\nno one has contributed data records for mylabris quadripunctata yet . learn how to contribute .\nvalter jacinto changed the thumbnail image of\nmilabris\u2011dos\u20114\u2011pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata )\n.\ngenius , thank you , i think you are right , i think it is the [ mylabris variabilis ] .\nmylabris species , blister beetle , oil beetle from europe stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 19275050 .\nblister beetle ( mylabris sp : meloidae ) , a warningly coloured species , feeding on a flower , in savannah , ghana .\nthis short paper deals with the first record of mylabris klugi redt . and the subgenus argabris kuz . in turkey . illustrations of the adult insect and its habitat are given .\nbeetles aren ' t my area but i thought it looked like what i understand a blister beetle should be . so , with that in mind i did a quick search . could it be a mylabris species ? see -\nmylabris phalerata ( mp ) is an insect used in the preparation of mylabris , a korean medicine listed in the korean herbal pharmacopoeia that is used to treat tumors . mp has antitumor effects and a proliferative effect on leucocytes [ 8 , 9 ] . the major component of mp , cantharidin , also has anticancer and apoptotic effects on cancer cells [ 10 ] . norcantharidin , a demethylated form of cantharidin , is used as an anticancer drug in china [ 11 ] .\nmylabris variabilis ( pallas , 1781 ) : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 553 . [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de france . revue de l\u2019association roussillonnaise d\u2019entomologie , 23 ( suppl\u00e9ment ) : 1 - 1052 .\nj . - e . huh , k . - s . kang , k . - s . ahn , d . - h . kim , i . saiki , and s . - h . kim , \u201cmylabris phalerlata induces apoptosis by caspase activation following cytochrome c release and bid cleavage , \u201d\nthe scientific name for a genus of blister beetle , several species of which ( mylabris phalerata and m . cichorii ) have been used in traditional chinese medicine as a vesicant and antitumor agent . skin exposure to the crushed body of the beetle results in contact dermatitis . the blistering agent in the beetle , cantharides , is also known as spanish fly .\nmylabris oculata , the cmr bean beetle , is a large , conspicuously - colored beetle in the family meloidae ( blister beetles ) that i saw quite commonly during my stay in south africa . \u201ccmr\u201d refers to the cape mounted rifle corps , a police force in the old cape colony whose uniforms sported black and yellow bands that resemble the colors of this beetle .\nwhen we screened the tnf - \u03b1 secretion in m2 macrophages using 400 species of herb , mylabris phalerata , genkwa flos , solani nigri herba , pinelliae tuber , sambuci lignum , sanguisorbae radix , euphorbiae kansui radix , phaseoli radiati semen , poria , and melandrii herba were the most potent top 10 herbs without endotoxin . although there are some reports on anti - inflammatory effects of these 10 herbs , macrophage polarization by these herbs has not been studied .\nty - jour ti - a new mylabris species from south - eastern iran and a key to the iranian species of the nominate subgenus ( coleoptera , meloidae ) t2 - zookeys vl - 219 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2012 sp - 81 ep - 86 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 219 . 3674 au - serri , sayeh au - pan , zhao au - bologna , marco kw - iran kw - key to the species kw - new species kw - taxonomy er -\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n[ g . a cockroach found in mills and bakehouses , fr . myl\u0113 , mill ]\npustulata were identified in a study from the western part of neighboring state of orissa .\nby kasab ( 1983 ) and schneider ( 1991 ) are now assigned to other genera such as croscherichia and hycleus .\nand coryna species ( coleoptera : meloidae ) infesting pearl millet in the nigerian sudan savanna .\n, a compound that has been used in china as a medicinal agent for 2000 years and for the treatment of cancer , particularly hepatoma [ 1 ] .\npustulata ( thunberg ) has emerged as a predominant insectpest of pigeonpea flowers in punjab .\npustulata ( blister beetle ) was studied for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis of cellulose .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nto receive news and publication updates for evidence - based complementary and alternative medicine , enter your email address in the box below .\ncopyright \u00a9 2017 hwan - suck chung et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\ntumor burden comprises a group of heterogeneous cells , including t cells , neutrophils , and macrophages . the major cells comprising the tumor burden are macrophages , accounting for approximately 50 % of the burden . tumor - associated macrophages ( tam ) are involved in tumor progression and metastasis , and the number of tam in the tumor burden is positively correlated with poor prognosis [ 1 ] . macrophages can be m1 polarized by stimulation with ifn - \u03b3 or lps , and these m1 - polarized macrophages secrete il - 12 , tnf - \u03b1 , and il - 1 \u03b2 , which kill cancer cells [ 2 ] . however , m2 macrophages are polarized by stimulation with il - 4 , il - 13 , or m - csf and release il - 10 , ccl17 , and ccl22 , which help in tumor progression and metastasis . m2 macrophages have phenotypes and functions similar to tam [ 3 , 4 ] . because tam play a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis , many researchers have studied the control of tam and have shown that switching tam or m2 with m1 significantly inhibits tumor progression and metastasis [ 5 \u2013 7 ] . therefore , switching tam or m2 with m1 is a potential target for cancer treatment .\nwe screened 400 herbal ethanol extracts to examine the effect of m1 polarization on m2 - polarized macrophages induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . we found that the ethanol extract of mp ( emp ) polarized m2 into m1 and that this effect was not mediated by endotoxins .\nanimal procedures were approved by the iacuc in the korea institute of oriental medicine . bone marrow cells ( bmc ) were isolated from the tibia and femur of 6 - week - old male c57bl / 6 mice ( samtako bio korea , gyeonggi - do , south korea ) . bone marrow macrophages ( bmm ) generated using bmc were differentiated in the rpmi1640 medium supplemented with 10 % fbs and macrophage colony - stimulating factors ( m - csf , 60 ng / ml , peprotech , rocky hill , nj , usa ) for 1 week . the medium was replaced with a fresh m - csf - containing medium 3 days after seeding the cells .\nto prepare tam , mice were subcutaneously implanted with lewis lung carcinoma ( llc ) cells ( 2 \u00d7 10 5 / mouse ) . they were sacrificed after 3 weeks , and tumor tissues were isolated . single cells were dissociated from tumor tissues using a tumor dissociation kit ( cat . 130 - 096 - 730 , miltenyi biotec , bergisch gladbach , germany ) following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . to separate the macrophages , the cells were labelled with cd11b microbeads ( cat . 130 - 049 - 601 , miltenyi biotec ) , and the cd11b + cells ( macrophages ) were isolated with macs columns . approximately 10 % \u201320 % of the tumor - dissociated cells were cd11b + . when we analyzed the purity of tam , over 90 % were cd11b + .\nmp was purchased from an herbal supplier ( yeongcheon herb , yeongcheon , korea ) , and a voucher specimen ( number e233 ) was deposited in the herbal bank of the korea medicine application center , korea institute of oriental medicine . to prepare emp , dried mp ( 30 g ) was ground into a fine powder , soaked in 300 ml of 70 % ethanol , and extracted in a shaking incubator at 40\u00b0c for 24 h . the extract was filtered through a testing sieve ( 150 \u03bc m ; retsch , haan , germany ) , evaporated on a rotary evaporator , concentrated by lyophilization , and then stored at \u221220\u00b0c . emp powder ( 50 mg ) was dissolved in 10 ml of 50 % ethanol ( v / v ) and filtered through a 0 . 22 \u03bc m disk filter . endotoxin was examined using the pierce lal chromogenic endotoxin quantitation kit ( thermo scientific , bonn , germany ) according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol .\nto polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the supernatants were harvested and kept at \u221280\u00b0c until use . tnf - \u03b1 and tgf - \u03b2 were analyzed by opteia elisa kit ( bd biosciences pharmingen , san diego , ca , usa ) and ebioscience\u2122 human / mouse tgf beta 1 elisa ready - set - go ! \u2122 kit , 2nd generation ( cat . 88 - 8350 - 76 , ebioscience , san diego , ca , usa ) , respectively , following manufacturer\u2019s instruction .\nto polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the cells were harvested . total rna was extracted using the easyblue rna extraction kit ( intron biotechnology , inc . , seongnam , korea ) . the quality and concentration of the rna were assayed using the nd - 1000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , wilmington , de , usa ) . cdna was synthesized using cyclescript reverse transcriptase ( bioneer , seoul , korea ) and stored at \u221220\u00b0c . real - time pcr was conducted using the cfx96 touch real - time pcr system ( bio - rad , ca , usa ) employing the accupower greenstar qpcr master mix ( bioneer , daejeon , korea ) . the pcr protocol comprised 10 min at 95\u00b0c followed by 45 cycles of 10 s at 95\u00b0c , 10 s at 60\u00b0c , and 10 s at 72\u00b0c . after the cycles were completed , the signal at each temperature between 65\u00b0c and 95\u00b0c was recorded to generate a dissociation curve . the sequences of the murine primers were listed in table 1 . the target mrna levels were compared by calculating the crossing point ( cp ) value and normalized to the reference gene gapdh .\nraw264 . 7 cells ( 5 \u00d7 10 6 ) were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then treated with emp for 1 h . nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared using ne - per nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents ( thermo fisher scientific , rockford , il , usa ) according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol .\ncells were washed with phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) and lysed using the radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer ( millipore , ma , usa ) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors . total protein ( 15\u201320 \u03bc g ) was separated by 10 % sds - page gel electrophoresis , transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride ( pvdf ) membrane , and immunoblotted with specific antibody . antibodies for arginase - 1 , \u03b2 - actin ( santa cruz biotechnology , ca , usa ) , phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( p - stat3 ) ( tyr705 ) , p - stat6 ( tyr641 ) , p65 , p - i \u03ba b - \u03b1 , and proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( pcna ) ( cell singling technology , ma , usa ) were used in this study . chemiluminescent signals were detected using the chemidoc imaging system ( bio - rad laboratories , ca , usa ) and a chemiluminescence reagent ( thermo scientific , rockford , il , usa ) .\ncell migration was assayed using a 24 - transwell chamber with a diameter of 6 . 5 mm and an 8 \u03bc m pore polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) membrane ( spl lifesciences , seoul , korea ) as described by kim et al . [ 12 ] .\nel4 - luc2 cells , a lymphoma cell line from c57bl / 6 mice expressing the firefly luciferase gene ( caliper life science , ma , usa ) , were used to evaluate drug efficacy on macrophage tumoricidal activity in coculture conditions . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then with emp for 18 h . the cells were washed with dpbs and 3 \u00d7 10 4 cells in 200 \u03bc l of media were seeded in 96 - well white plates . el4 - luc2 cells ( 1 \u00d7 10 4 cells ) were cocultured with bmm for 48 h . luciferin ( 150 \u03bc g / ml ) was added and luminescence was detected using the spectramax l microplate reader ( molecular devices , sunnyvale , ca , usa ) .\nfor all analyses ) was assessed by one - way anova followed by tukey\u2019s post hoc test for multiple comparisons using the prism 5 . 01 software ( graphpad software inc . , san diego , ca , usa ) .\nbecause tnf - \u03b1 is a prominent m1 marker , we screened 400 types of herbal extracts for their effect on tnf - \u03b1 release in m2 macrophages . m2 macrophages were induced by treating bmm with mouse recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h , after which emp was added for 18 h . among the 400 herbal extracts , emp showed the strongest effect on tnf - \u03b1 release in m2 macrophages . tnf - \u03b1 induction in m2 macrophages by emp was also shown in tam ( figure 1 ) . on the other hand , tgf - \u03b2 is a typical m2 marker . tgf - \u03b2 release was reduced by emp treatment in tam and bmm ( figure 1 ) . to exclude the possibility of tnf - \u03b1 release by endotoxin contamination in emp , we also examined the endotoxin level in emp and found that it was less than 0 . 1 eu / ml ( data not shown ) .\n. ( a ) tam were isolated with cd11b microbeads after dissociation of tumor tissue into single cells . cd11b\ntam were treated with various doses of emp for 24 h . ( b ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . tnf -\nwe analyzed the expression of m1 and m2 genes after emp treatment in m2 macrophages . although the increased m2 markers ( fizz1 , ym1 , and arg1 ) were significantly inhibited by emp , m1 ( tnfa and inos ) markers were significantly increased by emp based on the real - time rt - pcr analysis ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . when we analyzed m1 ( cd86 ) and m2 ( cd68 ) phenotype changes using flow cytometry after emp treatment in m2 macrophages , emp significantly increased cd86 expression but did not affect cd68 expression ( figure 2 ( b ) ) . arginase - 1 catalyzes l - arginine as a substrate and produces l - ornithine and urea . it is known that the depletion of l - arginine by arginase - 1 could inhibit the l - arginine - dependent immune functions [ 13 ] . for instance , l - arginine depletion suppresses t - cell proliferation [ 14 ] . although macrophages polarized to m2 by il - 4 and il - 13 displayed a significantly increased expression of arginase - 1 , emp alleviated the increased expression of arginase - 1 in a dose - dependent manner . intriguingly , lps did not significantly alter the increased expression of arginase - 1 ( figure 2 ( c ) ) .\n. ( a ) effect of emp on mrna expression in m2 macrophages . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . the amounts of mrna were quantified by real - time rt - pcr . the expression levels of mrna were normalized by dividing the values by the gapdh intensity . ( b ) cd86 + and cd68 + bmm after emp treatment were analyzed by flow cytometry . ( c ) arginase - 1 expression was determined by western blotting . nd = not detected . values are indicated as the mean \u00b1 sem .\nwe studied the effect of macrophages polarized by emp on llc tumor cell migration . to exclude a direct effect of emp on llc , emp - treated macrophages were washed out with dpbs and the macrophages were seeded in the lower compartment and then llc were cultured in the upper compartment of the transwell chamber . as shown in figure 3 ( a ) , emp treatment in m2 macrophages attenuated the migration of llc tumor cells in a dose - dependent manner . we also evaluated the tumoricidal activity of emp - treated macrophages in coculture conditions with el4 - luc2 lymphoma . lps - and emp - treated macrophages significantly reduced el4 - luc2 proliferation compared with the control group ( figure 3 ( b ) ) . these data show that emp - treated m2 macrophages can inhibit tumor metastasis and progression .\n. ( a ) a transwell migration assay was performed to determine the migration of llc tumor cells by emp - treated macrophages . llc tumor cells on the lower surface of the transwell membrane were stained with crystal violet solution and observed under a phase contrast microscope with 50x magnification . ( b ) el4 - luc2 lymphoma was cocultured with emp - treated macrophages for 48 h . values are indicated as the mean \u00b1 sem .\nto study the mechanism of emp in m2 macrophages , we analyzed stat6 phosphorylation , which is a critical transcription factor in the m2 polarization induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . although m2 macrophages increased stat6 phosphorylation , there were no significant differences in stat6 phosphorylation upon emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) . nf - \u03ba b is a critical transcription factor for proinflammatory cytokines such as tnf - \u03b1 , il - 6 , and il - 1 \u03b2 . although lps treatment increased the translocation of p65 ( nf - \u03ba b subunit ) into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of i - \u03ba b \u03b1 in cytoplasm , emp did not show any significant changes in nf - \u03ba b translocation or i - \u03ba b \u03b1 phosphorylation ( figure 4 ( b ) ) . it has been reported that stat3 suppression can convert tam\u2019s phenotype from m2 to m1 [ 15 , 16 ] . we also explored whether stat3 was involved in the effect of emp on macrophage polarization . the phosphorylation of stat3 induced by il - 4 and il - 13 was diminished by emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) .\n. ( a ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . the phosphorylation of stat3 and stat6 was analyzed by immunoblot analysis . nd = not detected . ( b ) raw264 . 7 cells were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . p - i\n- actin were analyzed in the cytosolic fraction and p65 and pcna were analyzed in the nuclear fraction . c = cytosol ; n = nucleus . values are indicated as the mean \u00b1 sem .\nit has been reported that norcantharidin , a biosynthesized demethylated cantharidin , has anticancer effects by the regulation of m1 macrophage polarization via mir - 214 expression [ 16 ] . because norcantharidin is a synthetic compound and is not a component of mp , the effects of emp on m1 polarization may not be mediated by norcantharidin .\nthere is a lot of evidence showing that m2 - polarized macrophages can be converted to m1 macrophages and the converted m1 macrophages exert anticancer and antimetastatic properties [ 15 , 18 \u2013 20 ] . although we did not perform an in vivo study , there are many reports on the anticancer effects of mp [ 8 , 21 , 22 ] . because mp per se has anticancer effects , it may not be easy to differentiate its anticancer effects by tumor killing from those by m1 polarization . conversely , it is supposed that the anticancer effects of mp in animal are mediated by m1 polarization and not just by the apoptosis of tumor cells .\nthese findings suggest that treatment with emp polarizes m2 / tam into m1 . because of these effects of emp , it may be used as an adjuvant for anticancer drugs to boost anticancer immunotherapy .\nthe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this study .\nthis work has been supported by ministry of science , ict and future planning ( msip ) , republic of korea , grant k17281 awarded to korea institute of oriental medicine ( kiom ) .\nc . e . lewis and j . w . pollard , \u201cdistinct role of macrophages in different tumor microenvironments , \u201d\na . h . klimp , e . g . e . de vries , g . l . scherphof , and t . daemen , \u201ca potential role of macrophage activation in the treatment of cancer , \u201d\na . mantovani , s . sozzani , m . locati , p . allavena , and a . sica , \u201cmacrophage polarization : tumor - associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized m2 mononuclear phagocytes , \u201d\nc . guiducci , a . p . vicari , s . sangaletti , g . trinchieri , and m . p . colombo , \u201credirecting in vivo elicited tumor infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells towards tumor rejection , \u201d\na . olsson , j . nakhl\u00e9 , a . sundstedt et al . , \u201ctasquinimod triggers an early change in the polarization of tumor associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment , \u201d\ns . k . jeong , k . yang , y . s . park et al . , \u201cinterferon gamma induced by resveratrol analog , hs - 1793 , reverses the properties of tumor associated macrophages , \u201d\nc . - c . wang , c . - h . wu , k . - j . hsieh , k . - y . yen , and l . - l . yang , \u201ccytotoxic effects of cantharidin on the growth of normal and carcinoma cells , \u201d\ny . - n . chen , j . - c . chen , s . - c . yin et al . , \u201ceffector mechanisms of norcantharidin - induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells , \u201d\na . kim , m . im , n . - h . yim , y . p . jung , and j . y . ma , \u201caqueous extract of bambusae caulis in taeniam inhibits pma - induced tumor cell invasion and pulmonary metastasis : suppression of nf -\nm . munder , h . schneider , c . luckner et al . , \u201csuppression of t - cell functions by human granulocyte arginase , \u201d\nx . zhang , w . tian , x . cai et al . , \u201chydrazinocurcumin encapsuled nanoparticles\nre - educate\ntumor - associated macrophages and exhibit anti - tumor effects on breast cancer following stat3 suppression , \u201d\ns . lu , y . gao , x . huang , and x . wang , \u201ccantharidin exerts anti - hepatocellular carcinoma by mir - 214 modulating macrophage polarization , \u201d\ns . goenka and m . h . kaplan , \u201ctranscriptional regulation by stat6 , \u201d\nm . liu , f . luo , c . ding et al . , \u201cdectin - 1 activation by a natural product\ny . li , w . qi , x . song , s . lv , h . zhang , and q . yang , \u201chuaier extract suppresses breast cancer via regulating tumor - associated macrophages , \u201d\ns . chatterjee , a . mookerjee , j . m . basu et al . , \u201ca novel copper chelate modulates tumor associated macrophages to promote anti - tumor response of t cells , \u201d\nt . - c . hsia , c . - c . yu , y . - t . hsiao et al . , \u201ccantharidin impairs cell migration and invasion of human lung cancer nci - h460 cells via upa and mapk signaling pathways , \u201d\nd . liu and z . chen , \u201cthe effects of cantharidin and cantharidin derivates on tumour cells , \u201d\nthese beetles , however , are more than just a frustration for hungry birds , but also a serious pest of numerous ornamental , fruit and vegetable crops ( picker et al . 2002 ) . large numbers of adults congregate on plants and preferentially feed on the flowers . in the more natural settings where i was encountering these beetles , they were most often seen on flowers of\nin the family fabaceae . to be honest , they became quite a source of frustration for me as well \u2013 not because of their distastefulness or pestiferous habits , but because of their role as the model in a mimicry complex . it was the mimic that i was after , and since mimics tend to be much less common than their models , i had to look at a\nback to their chemical defenses \u2013 i\u2019ve often wondered just how poisonous blister beetles really are , especially to humans . here in the u . s . , their main importance is as contaminants in alfalfa hay fed to cattle and horses . deaths from severely contaminated forage do occur , but this is dependent upon the cantharidin content of the species and their abundance within the hay . the highest reported cantharidin content for a blister beetle is 5 . 4 % dry weight in\n. calculations based on this figure and the lethal dose for a 1000 - lb horse indicate that around 100 such beetles would need to be eaten to receive a fatal dose . this seems to make the claim that a single beetle can kill a human a little far - fetched . however ,\nbeetles \u2013 more than a full inch in length and bulky . in this regard , i found an interesting tidbit at the\nyes ; they are poisonous enough to kill people \u2013 especially a big beetle\u2026 the poison is very toxic and actually causes collapsed tissue . it would also depend on the weight of the person , as with any other toxin . the poison of a cmr beetle , that is dried and powdered , is sufficient to kill a 70kg human .\npicker , m . , c . griffiths and a . weaving . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town , 444 pp .\nted c . macrae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation . areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles ( buprestidae ) and north american longhorned beetles ( cerambycidae ) . more recent work has focused on north american tiger beetles ( cicindelidae ) and their distribution , ecology , and conservation .\nthis entry was posted in coleoptera , meloidae and tagged beetles , chemical defenses , entomology , insects , mimicry , nature , predator avoidance , science , south africa , warning coloration . bookmark the permalink .\nit\u2019s a gorgeous beetle . i admit to being tickled by the idea of you finding them frustrating because , while nice beetles and all , they weren\u2019t quite the species you were looking for .\nyou know , it\u2019s amazing how the commonness of a species can trump its beauty . on that very same trip , i was ecstatic everytime i found a little black dot of a beetle in the genus brachelytrium \u2013 my colleague on that trip was revising the genus and describing several new species , and every time i found one there was a good chance it would be another paratype . little black dots and i\u2019m jumping for joy , while these enormously spectacular beetles lumbered around everywhere and i yawned .\nthe lesson here ? copy and paste instead of thinking you can remember what you just read and retype it correctly . or in simpler terms , check the doggone name before hitting submit !\nyou sure you been blogging for 7 years ? that stuff was covered in internet 101 . \ud83d\ude42\ni just had a google around to look for the mimic\u2026 seems an blog entry by one t . macrae from around 18 months ago has the answer to this one . you were top of the google search !\nand peter gets points for showing how ridiculously easy it is to find the answers to these quizzes . i suppose my digital past is now starting to catch up with me !\ni couldn\u2019t help but think of the insects episode of life that i watched last weekend , while reading this post . south africa ! such exciting and far - away places , with big , bright , shiny beetles . must have been great to be so bored . \ud83d\ude42\ni\u2019m doing a report on beetles and i was wondering if you knew anything about the euchroea aurostellata ? i got off this website on beetles of africa , and all the websites i go to they don\u2019t know anything about it .\na madagascan flower chafer is all i know . a web search reveals it to be a common item for sale by commercial insect suppliers . as it often the case , little is known about such species other than what philatelic collectors are willing to pay for them .\nyes , there is . thank you for helping me . i\u2019m sure i\u2019ll get an a + ! = d\ni feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin\nthe creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .\nted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with\nan inordinate fondness for beetles .\nprimary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :\nall text and photos appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae , all rights reserved . see\nimage use policy\nbelow for details regarding conditions for allowed use .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nbiodiversity in focus blog the musings of entomology graduate student and nature photographer morgan d . jackson\nbug eric \u2026 . about anything related to insects , spiders , and other arthropods .\nall images appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae unless stated otherwise and may not be reproduced in any form without prior written permission . the following\nreposting online on social media ( e . g . , facebook , twitter , personal blogs , etc . ) by individuals acting in a strictly personal capacity .\nimages must be visibly credited to\nted c . macrae\nand , if posted online , include a link back to\nbeetlesinthebush . wordpress . com .\nany other use requires prior permission and may require a licensing agreement . direct all inquiries to\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nrelatives in turkey by the markings on the elytra ( marseul , 1873 ; jacobson , 1905 - 1915 ) . from iran\n2002 , the old world genera of meloidae ( coleoptera ) : a key and synopsis .\nsteppe on southern slopes , 6 july 2011 , photo m . kemal ( cesa\u00a9 )\ndlw is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera taxa for the \u2026\n[ more ]\nbl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera bibliography .\net is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2008 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on the pterygota fauna of turkey .\nfl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2000 on . the aim of this project is to study and publish on the early stages of the lepidoptera especially in turkey .\na gelechiid species , new for the fauna of turkey ( lepidoptera ) . misc . pap . 163 : 1 - 3 , 3 figs . 1 map . this paper deals with the faunistical occurence of sophronia semicostella ( hbn . ) in turkey for the first time . illustrations of adult , male genitalia , habitat , as well as distributional map are added .\noccurence of teratolytta kulzeri in east turkey is reported and briefly discussed . the adult insect is illustrated in nature for the first time .\npolysarcus elbursianus is reported here from bitlis province ( east turkey ) for the first time . illustrations of adult male and a distributional map are also given .\nthis paper deals with the occurence of talis renetae in east turkey . the species was described from ankara ( central anatolia ) , and known from there so far . the record of this species from adilcevaz ( bitlis province ) is new to the provincial fauna . images of the adult and male genitalia , as well as the habitat are also given . ecological information for the species are added .\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nmylabre ( magnified ) , vintage engraved illustration . natural history of animals , 1880 .\nyou can not post a blank message . please type your message and try again .\nhere is another photograph taken by a friend of mine that currently resides in the middle east ( north iraq ) to be precise . she is into wildlife photography , and has taken the following image :\ncan someone please tell us what species that beetle is ( ps . i ' m guessing that is a beetle ) .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box ."]}
{"id": 396, "summary": [{"text": "lampronia sublustris is a moth of the prodoxidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "in north america it is found from southern british columbia south to northern california and east to alberta , utah and colorado .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are unicolorous pale straw yellow .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are uniformly gray .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing in june .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on rosa woodsii . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lampronia sublustris", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwingspan 12 - 16 mm . forewing unicolorus , pale straw yellow . hindwing uniformly gray .\nvery similar to , and possibly conspecific with , aenescens . i know of no published traits that distinguish the two species , and members of both entities and intergrades are frequently found together ( pellmyr , unpubl . obs . ) .\nsouthern british columbia , canada , south to northern california , eastward to alberta ( canada ) , utah , and colorado .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\non apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .\nthe adults are small , slender moths with a wingspan of 12 - 16 mm . the forewings are pale yellow , the hindwings gray ( davis 1978 , pellmyr 2000 ) .\nappears to be the same species as aenescens , since there are no distinguishing morphological traits , and the two are often found together ( pellmyr 2000 ) .\nin alberta , occurs in the prairie , parkland and foothills regions north to edmonton ( bowman 1951 ) and winfield ( c . d . bird , pers . comm . ) .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nbousquet , yves 2012 . catalogue of geadephaga ( coleoptera : adephaga ) of america , north of mexico . zookeys , vol . 245 , issue . , p . 1 .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\n. each record tells when . see dataset links for citations & terms of use ."]}
{"id": 400, "summary": [{"text": "cladiscites is an extinct genus of cephalopods in the ammonoid order ceratitida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these nektonic carnivores lived during the triassic , from carnian to rhaetian age . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "cladiscites", "paragraphs": ["model of the cephalopod , cladiscites tornatus . image : jon augier source : museum victoria\nfossil of the cephalopod , cladiscites tornatus . image : jon augier source : museum victoria\nname : cladiscites tornatus ( v . hauer ) age : trias , norian location : noe bihati , timor , indonesia size is 7 . 5 cm . both sides are prepped .\nafter the devastation of the extinction event at the end of the permian only a few species of cephalopods survived \u2013 a pattern this group encountered in several other mass extinctions . cladiscites was an ammonoid cephalopod . although the fossil has a series of ornate squiggle patterns , these were internal structures called sutures that were not on the shell\u2019s outer surface . other fossils of cladiscites show that the shell\u2019s surface was finely ridged .\nage : triassic age sub category : common name : ceratite genus : cladiscites species : externecavatus catalogue letters : arc catalogue number : 1 . 0 country of origin : east indies description : a fine , wholly septate specimen with most of its test , showing the typical strigate ornamentation . the complex ammonitic suture shows well in relief on both sides . size : 50 dia price : \u00a3 7 . 00\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 18 . 6 , shell diameter 32 . 4\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 38 . 0 , shell diameter 77 . 0\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncephalopods first appeared in the silurian and survive to this day . see how this group has changed over time .\nhi caitlin have you tried viewing the video in another browser such as chrome or firefox ? the video is working so you should be able to view it in an up - to - dat . . .\nthe video isn ' t working for me so i was wondering if you have any other websites you would suggest ? i ' m doing an assignment on red gum forests and need . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\narcestes is a genus of extinct ceratitid ammonites found in triassic - aged marine strata .\ntheir shells were broad and rounded , giving them an almost spherical appearance . unlike many other ammonites , the shells of arcestes lack keels that would otherwise stabilize them while swimming . because of this , some paleontologists have suggested that they were bottom - dwelling crawlers .\nthe shell of arcestes is globular or subglobular with periodic narrow transverse constrictions in internal molds due to periodic internal transverse ridges ( variaces ) in the shell . the suture is ammonitic with complexly subdivided elements . the ventral lobe is subdivided by a low median saddle . lateral lobes and saddles have generally triangular outlines but are deeply embayed by strong projections forming tree - like patterns . they form a series diminishing in size and complexity in a rather straight line going from the venter to the umbilicus in the middle of the shell .\nfossils of arcestes are found in mid to upper triassic marine strata throughout the world , including california ( a . pacificus ) , nevada ( a ( anisarcestes ) mrazici ) and austria ( a . intuslabiatus and a . binacostomus ) .\nreference : an189 genus - specie : fagesia sp . ( pervinqui\u00e9re , 1907 ) description : ammonite fossil cephalopod period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : upper cretaceous era : mesozoic age : turonian ( 89 - 93 million years ) common name : ammonite fossil cephalopod comments : original , full , natural , clean matrix , not refurbished , not repaired , good conservation , dimensions : 70 x 72 x 65 mm , weight : 355 grams , original , high quality location : asfla region ( morocco ) price : 29 e\nreference : an139 genus - specie : acrioceras sp . ( hyatt , 1900 ) description : fossil ammonites , unwinding , heteromorfo period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : cretaceous era : mesozoic age : lower barremian common name : fossil ammonites , unwinding , heteromorfo comments : full , matrix , large size , ammonites measures 100 x 22 mm , matrix measures 103 x 57 x 51 mm , weight : 430 grams , ammonites heteromorfo , weird , unusual , high quality location : asfla ( morocco ) price : 130 e\nreference : an99 genus - specie : phylloceras sp . description : fossil ammonites period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : cretaceous era : mesozoic age : albian common name : fossil ammonites comments : cut and polished location : madagascar price : 12 e\nreference : an83 genus - specie : tiltoniceras sp . ( buckman , 1913 ) description : ammonite fossil period : jurassic epoch - stage - strata : era : mesozoic age : toarcian common name : ammonite fossil comments : location : alpe turati , italy price : 15 e\nreference : an59 genus - specie : liparoceras sp . ( hyatt , 1867 ) description : ammonite fossil period : jurassic epoch - stage - strata : jurassic era : mesozoic age : lower lias common name : ammonite fossil comments : comprehensive , high quality and excellent preservation , retains the outer mold , original shell , natural , refreshing , nice color , dimensions : 75 x 56 x 46 mm location : ashton keynes gloucestershire , england price : 66 e\n5 . 5cm . from the triassic norian stage of the hallstatt limestone formation in austria .\nfiguring out how old fossils are remains one of the most important aspects of paleontological research , and one of the simplest ways of doing so is by comparing a fossil against other fossils found within the same sediment layer for which the ages are roughly known . these time - calibrated fossils , also known as index fossils , often comprise of commonly found fossils such as trilobites and ammonites .\nthis volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our privacy policy .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 n . yu . bragin , a . g . konstantinov , e . s . sobolev , 2012 , published in stratigrafiya . geologicheskaya korrelyatsiya , 2012 , vol . 20 , no . 6 , pp . 54\u201380 .\n( biostratigraphy of the triassic sediments of the bol\u2019shoi anyui river basin , western chukotka ) , moscow : nauka , 1970 [ in russian ] .\naita , y . and sporli , k . b . , late triassic radiolaria from the torlesse terrane , rimutaka range , north island , new zealand ,\naita , y . and bragin , n . yu . , non - tethyan triassic radiolaria from new zealand and northeastern siberia ,\n( stratigraphy of the triassic sediments of the east yakutia ) , yakutsk : yakutskoe knizhn . izd . , 1974 [ in russian ] .\n( radiolarians and the lower mezosoic strata of the east of ussr ) , moscow : nauka , 1991 .\nbychkov , yu . m . and polubotko , i . v . , the first finds of himavatites in the northeast asia ,\nbragin , n . yu . and krylov , k . a . , early norian radiolaria from cyprus ,\nbragin , n . yu . and egorov , a . yu . , middle - late triassic radiolarians from the dzhugadzhak section ( omolon massif ) ,\nbychkov , yu . m . , dagis , a . s . , efimova , a . f . , and polubotko , i . v . ,\n( atlas of the triassic fauna and flora of the east of ussr ) , moscow : nedra , 1976 [ in russian ] .\nbychkov , yu . m . and dagis , a . s . , late triassic fauna of the koryak highland and its importance for paleogeographical and paleotectonic reconstructions , in\n( triassic stratigraphy , fauna and flora of the siberia ) , moscow : nauka , 1984 , pp . 8\u201318 .\n( comparative characteristics of the late triassic faunas in the northeast asia ) , magadan : svknii dvo ran , 1992 [ in russian ] .\n( late triassic trachyceratids and sirenitids in the upper reaches of the yana river ( the sea of okhotsk ) ) , magadan : svnts dvo ran , 1995 [ in russian ] .\nproc . all - russian sci . conf . \u201cscientific readings dedicated to the memory of academician k . v . simakov\u201d\n( magadan , november 27\u201329 , 2007 ) , magadan , 2007 , pp . 43\u201344 .\ncarter , e . s . , orchard , m . j . , and tozer , e . t . , integrated ammonoid - conodont - radiolarian biostratigraphy late triassic kunga group , queen charlotte islands , british columbia ,\ndagis , a . s . , arkhipov , yu . v . , and bychkov , yu . m . ,\n( stratigraphy , lithology and cyclicity of triassic sediments in the north of the central siberia ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1984 [ in russian ] .\ndagis , a . s . and sobolev , e . s . , regularities of development of triassic boreal nautiloids and their zonal stratigraphy ,\ndagis , a . , weitschat , w . , konstantinov , a . , and sobolev , e . , evolution of the boreal marine biota and biostratigraphy at the middle / upper triassic boundary ,\nde wever , p . , sanfilippo , a . , riedel , w . r . , and gruber , b . , triassic radiolaria from greece , sicily and turkey ,\natti ii conv . internaz . \u201cfossili , evoluzione , ambiente\u201d , pergola , ottobre 1987 . ostra vetere\ndumitrica , p . , kozur , h . , and mostler , h . , contribution to the radiolarian fauna of the middle triassic of the southern alps ,\negorov , a . yu . , bogomolov , yu . a . , konstantinov , a . g . , and kurushin , n . i . , triassic stratigraphy of sediments of kotel\u2019nyi island ( novosibirsk islands ) , in\n( the boreal triassic ) , moscow : nauka , 1987 , pp . 66\u201380 .\ngorican , s . and buser , s . , middle triassic radiolarians from slovenia ( yugoslavia ) ,\nhalamic , j . and gorican , s . , triassic radiolarites from mts . kalnik and medvednica ( northwestern croatia ) ,\nhyatt , a . and smith , j . p . , the triassic cephalopod genera of america ,\njeletzky , j . a . and zapfe , h . , coleoid and orthocerid cephalopods of the rhaetian zlambach marl from the fischerwiese near aussee ,\n( stratigraphy of oil - and - gas basins in the siberia . the triassic ) , novosibirsk : geo , 2002 [ in russian ] .\nknipper , a . l . , satian , m . a . , and bragin , n . yu . , upper triassic - lower jurassic volcanogenic and sedimentary deposits of the old zos pass ( transcaucasia ) ,\nkonstantinov , a . g . and sobolev , e . s . , biostratigraphy of the carnian and lower norian in northeastern russia . paper 1 . description of sections and stratigraphic distribution of cephalopods ,\nkonstantinov , a . g . and sobolev , e . s . , biostratigraphy of the carnian and lower norian in northeastern russia . paper 2 . new zonal scale and correlation ,\npaleontologiya v rossii : itogi i perspektivy . tez . dokl . xlvi sess . paleontol . obshch . pri ran\n( paleontology in russia : achievements and perspectives . proc . xlvi sess . paleont . soc . ran ) , st . petersburg : vsegei , 2000 , pp . 43\u201344 .\nkonstantinov , a . g . , sobolev , e . s . , and klets , t . v . , new data on fauna and biostratigraphy on norian deposits in the kotel\u2019nyi island ( new siberian islands ) ,\n( mesozoic sediments of northeastern ussr ) , leningrad : niiga , 1977 , pp . 43\u201349 .\n( geology of the sedimentary cover of the archipelago of svalbard ) , leningrad : niiga , 1980 , pp . 30\u201343 .\n( explanatory note to the mesozoic ( triassic ) scheme of svalbard ) , leningrad : pgo \u201csevmorgeologiya\u201d , 1982 [ in russian ] .\n( startigraphy and fauna of paleozoic and mesozoic of the arctic ) , st . petersburg : vniiokeangeologiya , 2000 , pp . 73\u201384 .\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , beitrage zur erforschung der mesozoischen radiolaria . t . 1 ,\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , beitrage zur erforschung der mesozoichen radiolaria . t . iii ,\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , beitrage zur erforschung der mesozoichen radiolarien . teil iv ,\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , the polyphyletic origin and the classification of the mesozoic saturnalids ( radiolaria ) ,\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , anisian to middle carnian radiolarian zonation and description of some stratigraphically important radiolarians ,\nkrystyn , l . , sch\u00e4ffer , g . , and schlager , w . , \u00fcber die fossil - lagerst\u00e4tten in den triadischen hallst\u00e4tter kalken der ostalpen ,\nlahm , b . , spumellarienfaunen ( radiolaria ) aus den mitteltriassischen buchensteiner schichten von recoaro ( norditalien ) und den obertriassischen reiflingerkalken von grossreifling ( osterreich ) . systematik . stratigraphie ,\nmojsisovics , e . , \u00fcber das belemnitiden - geschlecht aulacoceras fr . v . hauer ,\nmojsisovics , e . , das gebirge um hallstatt . part 1 . die cephalopoden der zlambach - und hallsttter - schichten ,\nnakaseko , k . and nishimura , a . , upper triassic radiolaria from southwest japan ,\n( general stratigraphic scale of triassic ) , leningrad : vsegei , 1984 , p . 120 .\npessagno , e . a . , jr . , finch , w . , and abbott , p . l . , upper triassic radiolaria from the san hipolito formation , baja california ,\nnauka severo - vostoka rossii\u2014nachalo veka . mat . vseross . nauchn . conf . , posvyashchennoi pamyati akad . k . v . simakova i v chest\u2019 ego 70 - letiya ( magadan , 26 - 27 aprelya 2005 g . )\n( the science in the northeast russia in the beginning of the 21st century . proc . all - russian sci . conf . , dedicated to the memory of academician k . v . simakov . magadan , april 26\u201327 , 2005 ) , magadan , 2005 , pp . 35\u201339 .\n( geology and mineral resources of the novosibirsk islands and wrangel island ) , leningrad : niiga , 1975 , pp . 28\u201337 .\npreobrazhenskaya , e . n . and korchinskaya , m . v . , major stratigraphic features and characteristic sections of triassic sediments in northeastern asia . the novosibirsk structural - facial area , in\n( stratigraphy of the triassic system of northeastern asia ) , moscow : nauka , 1979 , pp . 107\u2013112 .\n( triassic ammonoids of the south of ussr ) , moscow : nauka , 1968 [ in russian ] .\n( triassic ammonoids and chronostratigraphy ) , moscow : nauka , 1990 [ in russian ] .\n( triassic ammonites of the northwest caucasus ) , moscow : nauka , 1995 [ in russian ] .\nsilberling , n . j . and tozer , e . t . , biostratigraphic classification of the marine triassic in north america ,\n( triassic nautilides of north - east asia ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1989 [ in russian ] .\ntekin , u . k . , m\u00f8rk , a . , and weitschat , w . r . , radiolarians from the ladinian - early carnian successions of svalbard ,\n( geology of ussr . vol . 26 . islands of the soviet arctic ) , moscow : nedra , 1970 , pp . 324\u2013374 .\n( field atlas of bivalves and cephalopods from triassic sediments of northeastern russia ) , moscow : nauka , 1964 [ in russian ] .\n( paleontology and biostratigraphy of paleozoic and triassic sediments in yakutia ) , moscow : nauka , 1965 , pp . 86\u201390 .\nwang , y . and he , g . , triassic ammonoids from the mount jolmo lungma region ,\nwang , y . and he , g . , triassic ammonoid sequence of china ,\nyang , z . and li , z . , chronostratigraphic classification of the marine triassic in china ,\nbiosfera - ekosistema - biota v proshlom zemli . paleobiogeographicheskie aspekty . k 100 - letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya akademika v . v . mennera\n( bioshere - ecosystem - biota in the past of the earth . paleobiogeographic aspects . to the 100th anniversary of academician v . v . menner ) , moscow : nauka , 2005 , pp . 46\u201372 .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 a . g . konstantinov , 2008 , published in stratigrafiya . geologicheskaya korrelyatsiya , 2008 , vol . 16 , no . 5 , pp . 37\u201349 .\na . s . alekseev , \u201cclassification of phanerozoic mass extinction events , \u201d vestn . mosk . gos . univ . , ser . 4 geol . no . 5 , 6\u201314 ( 2000 ) .\n( nauka , moscow , 1980 ) , pp . 3\u20139 [ in russian ] .\nr . a . s . browne , \u201cearly triassic ammonoids from beaumont station , wairaki survey district , \u201d trans . roy . soc . n . z .\nyu . m . bychkov , \u201cfirst tibetitids in the northeast of the ussr , \u201d kolyma , no . 8 , 42\u201343 ( 1974 ) .\n( svknii dvo ran , magadan , 2000 ) , pp . 98\u2013110 [ in russian ] .\nyu . m . bychkov and a . s . dagys , \u201clate triassic fauna of the koryak mountains and its significance for paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstructions , \u201d in\nyu . m . bychkov , a . s . dagys , a . f . efimova , and i . v . polubotko ,\nfrom northeastern asia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 2 , 114\u2013119 ( 1970 )\nyu . m . bychkov and i . v . polubotko , \u201cstages in development of the late triassic molluscan faunas and problem of boundary between the carnian and norian stages in the northeastern ussr , \u201d geol . geofiz . , no . 6 , pp . 3\u201310 ( 1973 ) .\n( nauka , moscow , 1976 ) , pp . 109\u2013119 [ in russian ] .\n( nauka , novosibirsk , 1983 ) , pp . 19\u201327 [ in russian ] .\n( nauka , moscow , 1987 ) , pp . 63\u201370 [ in russian ] .\na . s . dagys , \u201cnew late olenekian ( triassic ) ammonoid of low palaeolatitude affinity from arctic asia ( eastern taimyr ) , \u201d pal\u00e4ontol . zeitschr .\na . s . dagys , \u201cearliest boreal anisian czekanowskitidae ( ammonoidea ) , \u201d mitt . geol . - pal\u00e4ontol . inst . univ . hamburg\na . s . dagys , \u201cthe ammonoid family arctohungaritidae from the boreal lower - middle anisian ( triassic ) of arctic asia , \u201d revue pal\u00e9obiol . , gen\u00e9ve .\na . s . dagys , yu . v . arkhipov , and yu . m . bychkov ,\na . s . dagys and a . a . dagys , \u201cchanges of ammonoids on the triassic - jurassic boundary in boreal realm , \u201d cahiers univ . catho . lyon . s\u00e9r . sci . , no . 3 , 151\u2013156 ( 1990 ) .\na . s . dagys , a . a . dagys , s . p . ermakova , et al . ,\na . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , \u201cdetailed biostratigraphic scheme of the boreal lower triassic , \u201d stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya\na . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , \u201cnew genus of the olenekian ( early triassic ) boreal ammonoids , \u201d paleont . zh . , no . 3 , 120\u2013123 ( 1995 ) .\na . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , \u201cinduan ( triassic ) ammonoids from north - eastern asia , \u201d revue de pal\u00e9obiol . , gen\u00e9ve\na . s . dagys and a . g . konstantinov , \u201cinfrazonal scheme of the upper anisian in north siberia , \u201d in\n( nauka , novosibirsk , 1986 ) , pp . 48\u201357 [ in russian ] .\na . s . dagys and a . g . konstantinov , \u201cnew zonal scheme of boreal ladinian , \u201d albertiana , no . 10 , 17\u201321 ( 1992 ) .\na . s . dagys and a . g . konstantinov , \u201crevision of the nathorstitidae ( ammonoidea ) from northeastern asia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 5 , 41\u201349 ( 1997 ) [ paleontol . j .\na . yu . egorov , \u201cstages in formation of triassic deposits in the north middle siberia , \u201d izv . vyssh . uchebn . zaved . , geol . razved . , no . 10 , pp . 25\u201331 ( 1983 ) .\na . yu . egorov , g . v . ivanenko , yu . m . baranov , and a . g . konstantinov , \u201cladinian stage of the lena - olenek area , \u201d in\nr . enay , \u201cpal\u00e9obiog\u00e9ographic et ammonites jurassiques : \u201crythmes fauniques\u201d et variations du niveau marin ; voies d\u2019echanges , migrations et domains biog\u00e9ographiques , mem . soc . geol . france , no . 10 , 261\u2013281 ( 1980 ) .\n( ammonoidea , ceratitida ) , paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 38\u201340 ( 2001 ) [ paleontol . j .\na . m . kazakov , a . g . konstantinov , n . i . kurushin , et al . ,\n( nauka , moscow , 1987 ) , pp . 70\u201381 [ in russian ] .\n( nauka , novosibirsk , 1990 ) , pp . 67\u201373 [ in russian ] .\n, a new genus of ammonoidea from carnian deposits of northeastern asia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 18\u201325 ( 1995 ) .\na . g . konstantinov , a new ammonoid genus from the carnian of the northern okhotsk region , paleontol . zh . , no . 2 , 11\u201314 ( 1999 ) [ paleontol . j .\nproceedings of regional conference of geologists from siberia , far east and northeast of russia . 2 . 2 . paleontology , stratigraphy and paleobiogeography . mesozoic\n( gala press , tomsk , 2000 ) , pp . 327\u2013328 [ in russian ] .\na . g . konstantinov , \u201cthe first discovery of arpaditidae ( ammonoidea ) in the carnian of northeastern asia , paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 30\u201334 ( 2006 ) [ paleontol . j .\na . g . konstantinov , \u201cdebatable questions in stratigraphy of boreal triassic : boundary between middle and upper series , \u201d geol . geofiz .\na . g . konstantinov and e . s . sobolev , \u201cbiostratigraphic scheme of the carnian and lower norian of northeastern russia . publication 1 . description of sections and stratigraphic distribution of cephalopods , \u201d pacific geology\na . g . konstantinov and sobolev , e . s . , \u201cbiostratigraphic scale of the carnian and lower norian of northeast russia . publication 2 . new zonal scales and correlation , \u201d pacific geology\na . g . konstantinov , e . s . sobolev , and t . v . klets , \u201cnew data on fauna and biostratigraphy of norian deposits in the kotel\u2019nyi island ( new siberian islands ) , \u201d stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya , no . 3 , 27\u201339 ( 2003 ) [ stratigr . geol . correlation\nb . kummel , \u201cnew zealand triassic ammonoids , \u201d new zeland j . geol . geophys .\nn . i . kurushin , \u201ctriassic transgressions , regressions , and marine biota of northern siberia , \u201d stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya , no . 1 , 28\u201338 ( 2001a ) [ stratigr . geol . correlation\nn . i . kurushin and v . a . zakharov , \u201cclimate of northern siberia in the triassic period , \u201d byull . mosk . o - va ispyt . prir . , ser . geol .\nf . h . mclearn , \u201cmiddle triassic ( anisian ) ammonoids from northeastern british columbia and ellesmere island , \u201d bull . geol . surv . can . , no . 170 , pp . 1\u201390 ( 1969 ) .\nl . a . nevesskaya , \u201cchanges in the taxonomic and ecologic composition of shelf benthic assemblages at the permian - triassic boundary , \u201d stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya\nn . j . silberling and k . m . nichols , \u201cmiddle triassic molluscan fossils of biostratigraphic significance from the humboldt range , northwestern nevada , \u201d us geol . surv . prof . pap . no . 1207 , pp . 1\u2013150 ( 1982 ) .\nn . j . silberling and e . t . tozer , \u201cbiostratigraphic classification of the marine triassic in north america , \u201d us geol . surv . spec . pap . , no . 110 , pp . 1\u201363 ( 1968 ) .\ns . k . skwarko , \u201cmiddle and upper triassic mollusca from yuat river , eastern new guinea , \u201d bull . dep . natur . develop . bur . miner . resour . , geol . geophys . , no . 126 , pp . 27\u201350 ( 1973 ) .\ne . t . tozer , \u201ccanadian triassic ammonoid faunas , \u201d bull . geol . surv . can . , no . 467 , pp . 1\u2013663 ( 1994 ) .\n( nauka , moscow , 1977 ) , pp . 27\u201330 [ in russian ] .\nm . n . vavilov , \u201csome anisian ammonoids of north siberia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 50\u201363 ( 1978 ) .\nm . n . vavilov , \u201cdispersal trends of middle triassic ammonoids in the boreal realm , \u201d izv . akad . nauk sssr . ser . geol . , no . 7 , 51\u201359 ( 1983 ) .\nm . n . vavilov and v . v . arkad\u2019ev , \u201cnew and rare ammonoids of the middle and late triassic from middle siberia , \u201d in\n( nauka , novosibirsk , 1986 ) , pp . 38\u201348 [ in russian ] .\nv . a . zakharov , b . n . shurygin , n . i . kurushin , et al . , \u201cmesozoic ocean in arctic regions : paleontological evidence , \u201d geol . geofiz ."]}
{"id": 406, "summary": [{"text": "byasa polla , the de nic\u00e9ville 's windmill , is a butterfly found in india that belongs to the windmills genus ( byasa ) , comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "byasa polla", "paragraphs": ["atrophaneura polla ( de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 ) = byasa polla = papilio ( byasa ) polla de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 = tros polla .\n+ + + insect , butterfly , butterflies : byasa polla male + + + | butterflies and moths for sale | buy and sell your insects .\npapilio ( byasa ) polla de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 10 ( 4 ) : 633 ; tl : n . shan states , n . chin hills , 5000ft\n= byasa hedistus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99\nchinese windmill ( byasa plutonius , oberth\u00fcr ) , two subspecies of which occur in india .\n= byasa dasarada melanura ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98\nchinese windmill ( byasa plutonius , oberth\u00fcr ) , two subspecies of which occur in india .\nbyasa latreillei genestieri ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 74 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada dasarada ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada ravana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada barata ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\n= byasa dasarada ouvrardi oberth\u00fcr , 1920 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75\nbyasa mencius is a species of butterfly from the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ) . it is found in china .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . byasa polla ( de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nbyasa nevilli ; [ mrs ] , 110 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )\nbyasa hedistus ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada ouvrardi ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada melanura ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\nthe present paper is the result of a butterfly diversity survey in the mishmi hills , arunachal pradesh including the mehao wildlife sanctuary . the survey was conducted from march 7 to june 22 , 2011 . 294 butterfly species were recorded . the survey also resulted in the sighting of elusive butterflies like meandrusa payeni evan , meandrusa lachinus lachinus , byasa polla and spindasis rukmini .\na species atrophaneura lama ( oberth\u00fcr ) , described from western china , is regarded as a subspecies of a . polyeuctes ( now byasa ) by some .\na species atrophaneura lama ( oberth\u00fcr ) , described from western china , is regarded as a subspecies of a . polyeuctes ( now byasa ) by some .\nbyasa alcinous mansonensis ab . flaveolus murayama & shimonoya , 1966 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 15 ( 3 / 4 ) : 58 , f . 3 ; tl : poli\nphiloxenus [ byasa polyeuctes ] : a name previously in use for this species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym .\nimpediens [ byasa ] : this taxon has generally been cited byasa impediens rothschild , 1895 , but as realized by fujioka et al . ( 1997 ) it was originally described as an infrasubspecific form ( rothschild 1895 : 269 - 270 ) , and has only been made available through a subsequent citation as a subspecies by seitz ( 1907 : 9 ) .\nrose windmill , byasa latreillei , has a white discal band in 2 , 3 , 4 beyond the cell which is clearly trifurcated by black veins . a slightly smaller butterfly , the rose windmill has rose coloured lunules .\ngreat windmill , byasa dasarada , has a number of two white spots in 4 , 5 on uph and three spots on 4 , 5 and 6 on unh . it is a slightly larger butterfly with broader swallowtail .\nrose windmill , byasa latreillei , has a white discal band in 2 , 3 , 4 beyond the cell which is clearly trifurcated by black veins . a slightly smaller butterfly , the rose windmill has rose coloured lunules .\nstenoptera [ byasa nevilli ] : recently described as a separate species from hainan allied to b . nevilli ( chou 1994 , gu 1997 ) , a species which is not yet know to occur on the island but only on the chinese mainland .\nhedistus [ byasa ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but treated as conspecific with b . dasarada by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 37 ) .\ngreat windmill , byasa dasarada , has a number of two white spots in 4 , 5 on the upperside of the hindwing and three spots on 4 , 5 and 6 on the underside of the hindwing . it is a slightly larger butterfly with a broader swallowtail .\noriginally described as papilio mencius felder , 1862 subsp . rhadinus jordan , 1928 treated as a species of panosmia wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1886 by bascombe ( 1995 : 58 ) . treated as a subspecies of parides ( byasa ) mencius ( felder & felder , 1862 ) by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 170 ) .\nfebanus [ byasa impediens ] : sometimes accepted as a separate species endemic to taiwan ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 ) , but recently more often treated as conspecific with b . impediens from mainland china ( chou 1994 , d ' abrera 1982 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , and shirozu 1992 ) .\nrhadinus [ byasa mencius ] : originallly described and generally placed as conspecific with b . mencius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , it was suggested by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 38 ) to be closer to b . nevilli , and has recently been elevated to species rank by chou ( 1994 ) .\nprepared by christoph l . h\u00e4user , in cooperation with rienk de jong , gerardo lamas , robert k . robbins , campbell smith & richard i . vane - wright .\nparnassiinae duponchel , [ 1835 ] [ 66 spp . ] parnassiini duponchel , [ 1835 ] :\ndriopa korshunov , 1988 [ 8 spp . ] parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne lederer , 1853 - clarius eversmann , 1843 * parnassius ( driopa ) clodius m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 parnassius ( driopa ) eversmanni m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 - felderi bremer , 1861 * - litoreus stichel , 1907 * parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis butler , 1866 * - sulphurus antram , 1924 * parnassius ( driopa ) mnemosyne ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( driopa ) nordmanni [ m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s ] , 1850 parnassius ( driopa ) orleans oberth\u00fcr , 1890 parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1849 - hoenei schweitzer , 1912 *\nparnassius latreille , 1804 [ 13 spp . ] parnassius ( parnassius ) actius ( eversmann , 1843 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollo ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollonius ( eversmann , 1847 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) bremeri bremer , 1864 parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus tytler , 1926 * - rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 * parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus oberth\u00fcr , 1879 parnassius ( parnassius ) honrathi staudinger , 1882 parnassius ( parnassius ) jacquemontii boisduval , 1836 parnassius ( parnassius ) nomion fischer de waldheim , 1823 parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) * - ruckbeili deckert , 1909 * parnassius ( parnassius ) sacerdos stichel , 1906 * parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus doubleday , 1847 * - behrii edwards , 1870 * parnassius ( parnassius ) tianschanicus oberth\u00fcr , 1879\nleptocircini kirby , 1896 [ = lampropterini bryk , 1929 ; [ = graphiini talbot , 1939 ] * [ 144 spp . ]\nmimoides brown , 1991 [ 11 spp . ] mimoides ariarathes ( esper , 1788 ) mimoides euryleon ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) mimoides ilus ( fabricius , 1793 ) - belesis ( bates , 1864 ) * - branchus ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides lysithous ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1821 ] ) - eupatorion ( lucas , 1857 ) * - harrisianus ( swainson , 1822 ) * - oedipus ( felder , 1865 ) * - rurik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) * - sebastianus ( oberth\u00fcr , 1880 ) * mimoides microdamas ( burmeister , 1878 ) mimoides pausanias ( hewitson , 1852 ) mimoides phaon ( boisduval , 1836 ) - hipparchus ( staudinger , 1884 ) * mimoides protodamas ( godart , 1819 ) mimoides thymbraeus ( boisduval , 1836 ) mimoides xeniades ( hewitson , 1867 ) * - chibcha ( fassl , 1912 ) * - harmodius ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides xynias ( hewitson , 1875 ) - trapeza ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) *\nprotesilaus swainson , [ 1832 ] [ 11 spp . ] protesilaus aguiari ( d ' almeida , 1937 ) protesilaus earis ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus glaucolaus ( bates , 1864 ) protesilaus helios ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus leucosilaus ( zik\u00e1n , 1937 ) * protesilaus macrosilaus ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * - penthesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * protesilaus molops ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) - hetaerius ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus orthosilaus ( weymer , 1899 ) protesilaus protesilaus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - embrikstrandi ( d ' almeida , 1936 ) * - nigricornis ( staudinger , 1884 ) * - pseudosilaus ( zikan , 1937 ) * - travassosi ( d ' almeida , 1938 ) * protesilaus stenodesmus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus telesilaus ( felder & felder , 1864 )\nprotographium munroe , [ 1961 ] [ 14 spp . ] protographium agesilaus ( gu\u00e9rin & percheron , 1835 ) - autosilaus ( bates , 1861 ) * - neosilaus ( hopffer , 1865 ) * - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protographium anaxilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - arcesilaus ( lucas , 1852 ) * protographium asius ( fabricius , 1781 ) protographium calliste ( bates , 1864 ) protographium celadon ( lucas , 1852 ) protographium dioxippus ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) - lacandones ( bates , 1864 ) * protographium epidaus ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leosthenes ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leucaspis ( godart , 1819 ) protographium marcellinus ( doubleday , [ 1845 ] ) protographium marcellus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) protographium philolaus ( boisduval , 1836 ) - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - xanticles ( bates , 1863 ) * protographium thyastes ( drury , 1782 ) - marchandii ( boisduval , 1836 ) * protographium zonaria ( butler , 1869 )\nbattus scopoli , 1777 [ 12 spp . ] battus belus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus chalceus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - ingenuus ( dyar , 1907 ) * battus crassus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus devilliersii ( godart , 1823 ) battus eracon ( godman & salvin , 1897 ) battus laodamas ( felder & felder , 1859 ) battus lycidas ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus madyes ( doubleday , 1846 ) - philetas ( hewitson , 1869 ) * battus philenor ( linnaues , 1771 ) battus polydamas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archidamas ( boisduval , 1836 ) * - psittacus ( molina , 1782 ) * - streckerianus ( honrath , 1884 ) * battus polystictus ( butler , 1874 ) battus zetides munroe , 1971 - zetes ( westwood , 1847 ) *\ncressida swainson , 1832 [ 1 sp . ] cressida cressida ( fabricius , 1775 )\neuryades felder & felder , 1864 [ 2 spp . ] euryades corethrus ( boisduval , 1836 ) euryades duponchelii ( lucas , 1836 )\nlosaria moore , [ 1902 ] [ 4 spp . ] losaria coon ( fabricius , 1793 ) losaria neptunus ( gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , 1840 ) losaria palu ( martin , 1912 ) * losaria rhodifer ( butler , 1876 )\nornithoptera boisduval , [ 1832 ] [ 12 spp . ] ornithoptera aesacus ( ney , 1903 ) * ornithoptera alexandrae ( rothschild , 1907 ) ornithoptera chimaera ( rothschild , 1904 ) ornithoptera croesus wallace , 1859 * ornithoptera goliath oberth\u00fcr , 1888 ornithoptera meridionalis ( rothschild , 1897 ) ornithoptera paradisea staudinger , 1893 ornithoptera priamus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) * - euphorion ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera richmondia ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera rothschildi kenrick , 1911 - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * ornithoptera tithonus de haan , 1840 ornithoptera victoriae ( gray , 1856 ) - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) *\npharmacophagus haase , 1892 [ 1 sp . ] pharmacophagus antenor ( drury , 1773 )\ntrogonoptera rippon , [ 1890 ] [ 2 spp . ] trogonoptera brookiana ( wallace , 1855 ) trogonoptera trojana ( honrath , 1886 )\nmeandrusa moore , 1888 [ 3 spp . ] meandrusa payeni ( boisduval , 1836 ) meandrusa sciron ( leech , 1890 ) * - hercules ( blanchard , 1871 ) * meandrusa lachinus ( fruhstorfer , 1902 ) * - gyas ( westwood , 1841 ) *\nabderus [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : generally seen as conspecific with p . garamas ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but sometimes also treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 : 87 , hancock 1983 , llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 ) .\nacco [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : is treated here to include baileyi south , przewalskii alpheraky , and all related taxa some of which at times have been regarded as distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; the view of a single species has been accepted by most recent authors based on the allopatric occurence of the different taxa concerned ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nadamas [ pachliopta ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .\naesacus [ ornithoptera ] : generally regarded as a separate species ( e . g , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , von kn\u00f6tgen 1997 ) , but also considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 ) .\naethiops [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : formerly in general use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1983 ) ; aethiopsis hancock , 1983 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) , but microps storace , 1952 is also seen as a conspecific taxon and hence available as species name ( ackery et al . 1995 : 152 ) .\naethiopsis [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : proposed as an objective replacement name for p . aethiops rothschild & jordan , 1905 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 38 ) ; at species level , however , microps storace , 1952 is already available as a valid name ( see below ) .\naglaope [ parides panthonus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , and hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . panthonus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) .\nakakeae [ ornithoptera priamus / rothschildi ] : originally described as a separate species , but now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . rothschildi ( otani & kimura 1998 : 101 ) .\nalcindor [ papilio ( menelaides ) polytes ] : generally held to be conspecific with p . polytes ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) but recently elevated to species rank by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 228 ) .\nalexiares [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 132 , hagen & scriber 1995 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently seen as conspecific with p . glaucus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nallotei [ ornithoptera priamus / victoriae ] : originally described and subsequently often listed as a separate species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , it is now recognized as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . victoriae ( collins & morris 1985 : 82 , haugum & low 1978 . 1985 , otani & kimura 1998 : 99 , parsons 1999 : 225 ) .\nammosovi [ parnassius ( sachaia ) arcticus ] : originally described as a separate species but subsequently found to be a junior synonym of arcticus eisner , which first had been misplaced under p . simo ( see h\u00e4user 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 ) .\nanaxilaus [ protographium ] : the species was formerly known under the name of arcesilaus lucas which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .\nandreji [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : long treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 72 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) , which has also been found sympatrically with p . simo ( koiwaya 1995 ) .\nangolanus [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .\nannae [ pachliopta phlegon ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; strandi bryk , 1930 has been proposed as an available replacement name ( see below ) .\nantiphus [ pachliopta ] : until recently regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but now recognized as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .\napollinaris [ archon ] : for a long time treated as a subspecies of a . apollinus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , d ' abrera 1990 , igarashi 1979 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a distinct species based on the sympatric occurence with a . apollinus in part of its range ( carbonell 1991 , de freina 1985 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 ) .\narcas [ parides eurimedes ] : the species has long been known under this name which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; eurimedes stoll is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\narcesilaus [ protographium anaxilaus ] : previously the species has been known under this name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 ) .\narchesilaus [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 249 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( e . g . , brown 1991 , hancock 1983 : 20 , munroe 1961 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\narchidamas [ battus polydamas ] : previously mostly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 , m\u00f6hn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with b . polydamas by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) ; the oldest available name for this taxon is probably papilio psittacus molina , 1782 ( see below ) , which hitherto has been interpreted as representing a species of castniidae ( racheli & pariset , 1992 : 53 ) .\narcticus [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a siberian subspecies of p . simo , a species which does not occur in siberia , and subsequently placed as conspecific with p . tenedius ( eisner 1969 ) ; recognized as a separate species by mr\u00e1cek ( 1989 ) , and recently accepted as such ( e . g . , korshunov & gorbunov 1995 : 54 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 142 , and weiss 1991 ) ; includes ammosovi korshunov as a junior synonym ( see above ) .\naristeus [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 ) but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 32 ) .\naristolochiae [ pachliopta ] : for taxa formerly included under this species , see also under p . adamas and p . antiphus ( see above ) .\naristophontes [ papilio ( princeps ) nireus ] : originally described and often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 105 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . nireus with which it is allopatric ( ackery et al . 1995 : 153 , hancock 1984b ) .\narnoldi [ papilio ( druryia ) arnoldiana ] : this name is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and arnolidana vane - wright has been proposed as an objective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .\narnoldiana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cynorta and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 139 ) , and hancock ( 1989 , 1993 ) ; the taxon was previously known under the name arnoldi poulton , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .\nascolius [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 147 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( racheli & pariset 1993 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\naugustus [ parnassius ( kailasius ) imperator ] : recently proposed as a separate species from p . imperator by sugisawa & kawasaki ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia and wing pattern ; regarded as conspecific with p . imperator by all previous authors , e . g . , ackery ( 1975 ) , bryk ( 1935 ) , collins & morris ( 1985 ) , ohya ( 1990 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 166 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) ; this view is accepted here as no truely sympatric occurence of the two taxa has yet been demonstrated .\nauriger [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : several taxa in the past sometimes treated as conspecific with g . auriger are now regarded as distinct species ; see also under g . olbrechtsi , and g . schubotzi .\nautosilaus [ protographium agesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 256 ) , but generally regarded as conspecific with p . agesilaus ( brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\nbachus [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 154 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbaileyi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acco , later placed with rothschildianus or przewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 ) , and subsequently also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , regarded by most authors again as conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .\nbairdii [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 95 , d ' almeida 1966 : 155 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 ) , but now generally treated as conspecific with p . machaon ( d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbatjanensis [ graphium ( graphium ) stresemanni ] : described as a distinct species in the g . weiskei group , and recently accepted as a separate species by hanafusa ( 1998 ) , and m\u00fcller & tennent ( 1999 ) ; since batjanensis appears to be allopatric to g . stresemanni , it is retained here provisionally under that species ; it has also been suggested to be conspecific with g . weiskei ( parsons 1999 : 245 ) .\nbeehri [ parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus ] : as the other north american taxa in this group , beehri was in the past generally placed as a subspecies of p . phoebus ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , tyler et al . 1994 ) ; following the separation of nearctic taxa at species level under p . smintheus ( see below ) , it consequently has now to be placed with the latter taxon ; in a recent study , species rank has been accordet to beehri based on differences in egg morphology ( shepard & manley 1998 ) .\nbelesis [ mimoides ilus ] : formerly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' almeida 1966 : 257 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . branchus by brown ( 1991 ) , and with m . ilus by tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .\nbenguetanus [ papilio ( sinoprinceps ) ] : sometimes regarded as conspecific with p . xuthus ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 : 220 ; munroe 1961 ) , but mostly accepted as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , treadaway 1995 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .\nbiokoensis [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . policenes and subsequently treated as such ( ackery et al . 1995 : 165 ) or considered conspecific with g . liponesco ( larsen 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species restricted largely to central africa by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .\nbiseriatus [ papilio ( menelaides ) helenus ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . helenus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 98 ) following hancock ( 1983 : 37 ) .\nbjorndalae [ papilio ( heraclides ) aristodemus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a subspecies of p . aristodemus , but listed as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1990 : 44 ) .\nboedromius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a separate species , but later mostly regarded as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , eisner 1976 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; reinstated as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and recently accepted as such by most authors ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1991 ) .\nboolae [ graphium ( arisbe ) policenoides ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . policenoides ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is now established as conspecific with g . liponesco ( hancock 1986 , larsen 1994 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .\nbranchus [ mimoides ilus ] : in the past generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , brown 1991 : 401 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 258 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . ilus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .\nbrevicauda [ papilio ( papilio ) ] : usually treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , d ' abrera 1990 , hancock 1983 , layberry et al . 1998 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 , scott 1986 ) , but has also been regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbridgei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : this species has sometimes been regarded to also include p . erskinei ( see below ) which recently has been accepted again as a distinct species ( tennent 1999 ) ; the two taxa were introduced in the same paper , and this name has been given precedence over erskinei mathew , 1886 as the species name by parsons ( 1999 ) despite the fact that the latter name had already been given priority by racheli ( 1980 ) acting as first reviser ( see tennnet 1999 : 215 ) .\nbromius [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : a name in general use for this species ( e . g . , berger 1981 , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1984b , larsen 1991 , munroe 1961 ) which has recently been recognised to be invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ko\u00e7ak 1983 ) ; it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nbrontes [ papilio ( druryia ) desmondi ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1984b ) .\nburaki [ pachliopta leytensis ] : buraki ko\u00e7ak , 1983 has been proposed as a replacement name for papilio phegeus hopffer , 1885 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) ; leytensis murayama , 1978 , however , is available as a subjective conspecific name ( see below ) .\ncanadensis [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : generally placed as a subspecies of p . glaucus ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , d ' almeida 1966 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( caterino & sperling 1999 , hagen et al . 1991 , hagen & scriber 1995 , layberry et al . 1998 ) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) almansor ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is recently treated as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , larsen pers . com . , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .\ncardinal [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as a subspecies of p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 ) , but later recognized as a distinct species which partly coexists with other members of the p . delphius group ( kreuzberg 1985 , stshetkin 1979 ) , a view which lately has been generally accepted ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .\ncastilhoi [ parides panthonus ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently treated as such by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . panthonus ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .\ncaucasica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally placed and long regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bernardi 1970 , bryk 1934 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which coexists in part of its range with z . cerisy ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , h\u00e4user 1993 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 , kuhna 1977 , nekrutenko 1990 , and tuzov et al . 1997 : 148 ) .\nchaon [ papilio ( menelaides ) nephelus ] : listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) and talbot ( 1939 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . nephelus ( collins & morris 1985 : 100 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) aalmansor ] : originally described and subsequently sometimes treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) ; recently , however , seen as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , smith & vane - wright pers . com . ) .\nchibcha [ mimoides xeniades ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with m . xenidaes ( brown 1991 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nchinensis [ luehdorfia ] : originally described and in the past often treated as conspecific with l . japonica ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , d ' abrera 1990 , rothschild 1918 ) or with l . puziloi ( e . g . , bryk 1934 , eisner 1974 ) , but now recognized as a separate species ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 , kato 1998 , nos\u00e9 1990 , watanabe 1996 ) .\nchitondensis [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . chrapkowskoides and subsequently treated as such ( hancock 1984b ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nchoui [ parnassius ( tadumia ) szechenyii ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . szechenyii ; as judged from the illustrations of the original description , however , it seems unlikely to be specifically distinct .\nchrapkowskii [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described and now again mostly treated as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1983 , hancock 1993 , kielland 1990 ) , but sometimes in the past also regarded as conspecific with p . chrapkowskoides ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , larsen 1991 ) .\nchrapkowskoides [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this species has long been know under the name of bromius doubleday , 1845 ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , munroe 1961 ) , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; chrapkowskoides storace , 1952 is available as a subjective replacement name at the species level ( hancock 1993 ) and an objective replacement name has been proposed by ko\u00e7ak ( 1983 ) , but it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nchungianus [ graphium ( pazala ) timur ] : treated as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) , but otherwise seen as conspecific with g . alebion ( d ' abrera 1982 : 108 ) or with g . timur ( koiwaya 1993 ) .\ncinyras [ papilio ( heraclides ) thoas ] : mostly seen as conspecific with p . thoas ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 : 436 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 89 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) .\nclarius [ parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne ] : the species has in the past often been referred to under this name ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym .\ncleotas [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 86 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . menatius by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .\ncodrus [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : this species is seen by some authors to include g . empedovana ( d ' abrera 1982 : 96 , parsons 1999 : 251 ) , which is treated here as a separate species ( see below ) .\ncoelus [ parides vercingetorix ] : in the previous literature the species was known under this name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; vercingetorix oberth\u00fcr is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ncoloro [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 ) or placed with p . zelicaon ( d ' almeida 1966 : 243 , miller & brown 1981 ) , but now regarded as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ncolumbus [ eurytides serville ] : listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 51 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 259 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with e . serville ( lamas , pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\ncretica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally described and often still regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , and tolman & lewington 1997 ) ; more recently , it has been accepted as a separate species based on constant differences of adults and early stages by several authors ( carbonell 1996b , de prins & iversen 1996 , olivier 1993 ) .\ncroesus [ ornithoptera ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 240 , von kn\u00f6tgen 1997 ) , but recently considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 , 1999 : 226 ) .\ncyproeofila [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : previously this species was generally referred to as p . zenobius godart ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 : 107 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , which , however , appears to be not an available name but an unjustified emendation of p . zenobia fabricus ( hancock 1988b : 297 ) . in almost all the previous literature ( see above ) , this name has been misspelled as\ncypraeofila\nresulting from an incorrect transliteration of the symbol\n\u009c\nused in the original description .\ndelphius [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . delphius , see also under p . acdestis , p . cardinal , p . maximinus , p . staudingeri , p . stenosemus , and p . stoliczkanus .\ndiodorus [ parides bunichus ] : has sometimes been treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 68 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with p . bunichus ( lamas pers . com . , rothschild & jordan 1906 , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .\ndoddsi [ papilio ( achillides ) dialis ] : generally treated as concpecific with p . dialis ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 : 51 ) , but recently elevated to species rank by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , and gu ( 1997 ) .\ndohertyi [ troides rhadamantus ] : treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 79 ) , d ' abrera ( 1982 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 : 232 ) , but regarded as conspecific with t . rhadamantus by hancock ( 1983 ) , haugum & low ( 1978 - 1985 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .\ndongalaicus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus ] : originally described as a separate species , but subsequently regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ) ; recently , again , it has been recognized as a separate species and as conspecific with rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 ( see below ) based on the sympatric occurence with p . epaphus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) .\ndospassosi [ papilio ( heraclides ) chiansiades ] : originally described and subsequently regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 90 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently placed as conspecific with p . chiansiades ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ndrucei [ parides anchises ] : previusly often treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . anchises ( tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .\nearis [ protesilaus ] : originally described and generally recognized as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 48 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 268 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as conspecific with p . telesilaus by brown ( 1991 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) ; recently the species status has been reaffirmed by bollino & vitale ( 1999 ) based on constant differences in male genitalia between the two taxa .\nembrikstrandi [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 48 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 268 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( brown 1991 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\nempedovana [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , corbet & pendlebury 1992 , saigusa et al . 1982 , treadaway 1995 , and tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as conspecific with g . codrus by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 96 ) and parsons ( 1999 : 251 ) .\nerlaces [ parides erithalion ] : previously treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . erithalion ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .\nerostratinus [ papilio ( heraclides ) erostratus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 90 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 172 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . erostratus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nerskinei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( bryk 1930 , munroe 1961 ) , it was later placed as conspecific with p . bridgei ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , parsons 1999 , racheli 1980 ) , but recently has been accepted again as a separate species ( tennent 1999 ) .\nesperanza [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : this species has been classified in the subgenus heraclides by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) , but it is recently included in the subgenus pterourus by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .\neupatorion [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 - 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 269 ) .\neuphorion [ ornithoptera priamus ] : often accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , nielsen et al . 1996 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with o . priamus by braby ( 2000 ) , munroe ( 1961 ) , otani & kimura ( 1998 ) , parsons ( 1996 ) , and von kn\u00f6tgen ( 1997 ) .\neuphratoides [ graphium ( pathysa ) ] : in the past generally not treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) and placed with either g . euphrates ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) or with g . decolor ( e . g , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 413 ) ; elevated to species rank by page ( 1987 ) , and accepted as a species by treadaway ( 1995 ) ; further clarification by additional comparative studies is apparently hindered by the taxon becoming exceedingly rare due to habitat destruction ( page 1987 : 235 ) .\nfeisthamelii [ iphiclides podalirius ] : recently treated as a separate species by fernandez - rubio ( 1991 ) , tennent ( 1996 ) , and wohlfahrt ( 1996 , 1998 ) but generally regarded as conspecific with i . podalirius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , de prins & iversen 1996 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , tolman & lewington 1997 ) .\nfelderi [ parnassius ( driopa ) ] : until recently mostly treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , and sorimachi 1995 : 173 ) , but regarded as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 138 ) , and weiss ( 1999 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .\nfernandus [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .\nfilaprae [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , by collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , it recently has been regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .\nflavisparsus [ graphium ( arisbe ) illyris ] : originally described and generally placed as conspecific with g . illyris ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) , but recently regarded as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1997 ) .\nfurvus [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : orginally described as a subspecies of p . bromius [ = p . chrapkowskoides ] and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , bryk 1930 , hancock 1984b ) , but recently elevated to species rank by wojtusiak & pyrcz ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia ; the name furvus joicey & talbot , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and nerminae ko\u00e7ak , 1983 , has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .\ngoodenovi [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : orginally described as a subspecies of g . weiskei based on a single specimen , it has been suggested to be specifically distinct from that species by parsons ( 1999 : 250 ) on the basis of notable differences in male genitalia .\ngothica [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : originally described as a separate species , and later treated as conspecific with p . nitra ( hancock 1983 : 35 ) or with p . zelicaon ( collins & morris 1985 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 ) ; also placed together with the other two taxa mentioned with p . polyxenes ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ngyas [ meandrusa lachinus ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , munroe 1961 , talbot 1939 , rothschild 1895 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; lachinus fruhstorfer is available as a subjective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .\nharmodius [ mimoides xeniades ] : the name harmodius has long been in use for this species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( brown 1991 ) .\nharrisianus [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but has previously been listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 277 ) .\nhector [ pachliopta ] : this species has been transfered to the ( sub ) genus pharmacophagus by hancock ( 1988a ) , which , however , has not been followed by other authors .\nhercules [ meandrusa sciron ] : this name has previously been in use for this taxon ( e . g . , rothschild 1895 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 366 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; sciron leech is available as a subjective replacement name ( see below ) .\nheringi [ papilio ( menelaides ) fuscus / tydeus ] : previously listed as a distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , collins & morris 1985 , racheli & haugum 1983 ) , it is now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between p . fuscus and p . tydeus ( hancock 1983 : 38 , tennent 1999 ) .\nhermeli [ papilio ( achillides ) ] : a recently described species from mindoro island , philippines , closely related to p . chikae , and accepted as a separate species by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , shimogori ( 1997 ) , and treadaway ( 1995 ) .\nhermosanus [ papilio ( achillides ) paris ] : generally treated as a subspecies of p . paris , but considered as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) .\nhetaerius [ protesilaus molops ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . molops and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 279 ) , and placed as conspecific with p . macrosilaus by hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) .\nhide [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : first described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , chou 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; here , regarded as conspecific with p . patricius with which it is closely related and from which it is geographically separated .\nhipparchus [ mimoides phaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . phaon ( e . g , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 280 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .\nhippocrates [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , but also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) .\nhoenei [ parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . stubbendorfii based on its allopatric occurence ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , and hancock 1983 ) , but treated as a separate species by fukuda et al . ( 1982 ) , kitahara ( 1990 ) , korzhunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 51 ) , and sorimachi ( 1995 : 128 ) .\nhuberi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) schultei ] : recently described as a distinct species closely related to p . acco and p . schultei ; in judging from the original description ( paulus 1999 ) , the taxon resembles more closely p . schultei with which it is allopatric and treated here as conspecific .\nhunnyngtoni [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : in the past often treated as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which is morphologically and ecologically quite distinct from p . acco ( bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , h\u00e4user 1993 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1991 ) .\nimperiatrix [ teinopalpus imperialis ] : regarded as conspecific with t . imperialis by most authors ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , eisner 1974 , talbot 1939 , turlin 1991 ) , but recently treated as a distinct species based on sympatric occurence with t . imperialis by gaonkar ( in prep . ) .\nincertus [ graphium ( pazala ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as conspecific with g . tamerlanus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , and koiwaya ( 1993 ) who noticed differences in male genitalia .\ningenuus [ battus chalceus ] : depending on the identity of the type specimen of chalceus rothschild & jordan , 1906 ( see above ) this might represent the valid name for this species , which has already been used by some authors ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , m\u00f6hn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) .\ninterjecta [ papilio ( druryia ) interjectana ] : previously in general use as the species name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , 1993 , larsen 1991 ) , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; interjectana vane - wright , 1995 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .\ninterjectana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this name has been proposed as an objective replacement for interjecta van someren , 1960 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 : 150 ) .\njoanae [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often treated as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , sperling 1987 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nkahli [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 ) , placed with p . nitra ( d ' almeida 1966 : 203 ) , now presumed to represent a hybrid between p . machaon and p . polyxenes ( layberry et al . 1998 , sperling 1987 ) , or treated as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nkigoma [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . almansor and subsequently also placed with g . poggianus ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) , it has recently been accepted as a separate species due to constant differences in male genitalia and wing pattern by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .\nkiritshenkoi [ parnassius ( koramius ) staudingeri ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 ) or p . staudingeri ( sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; recently listed as a separate species by tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 139 ) based on a sympatric occurence with p . staudingeri .\nkosii [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : recently described as a separate species from new ireland related to g . weiskei ( m\u00fcller & tennent 1999 ) ; despite differences in wing pattern and male genitalia it is provisionally retained here under g . weiskei due to its allopatric distribution .\nkotzebuea [ pachliopta ] : previously often regarded as concpecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but more recently accepted as a separate species following the study by hiura & alagar ( 1971 ) , e . g . , by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , treadaway ( 1995 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 ) ; according to page & treadaway ( 1995 : 148 ) , this philippine species might be more closely related to p . polyphontes from sulawesi .\nlabeyriei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : first described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now regarded as conspecific with p . maharaja ( d ' abrera 1990 , h\u00e4user 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nlacandones [ protographium dioxippus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but recently regarded as conspecific with p . dioxippus by brown ( 1991 ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) .\nlachinus [ meandrusa ] : often treated as conspecific with m . sciron ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by several authors ( corbet & pendlebury 1987 : 87 , rothschild 1895 , talbot 1939 ) ; this taxon appeared previously in the literature under the name of gyas westwood , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .\nleptocircini [ papilioninae ] : for the availability and correct usage of the tribal name , see smith & vane - wright ( 2001 : 506 - 508 ) .\nleucosilaus [ protesilaus ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . molops by collins & morris ( 1985 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) , but treated as a separate species by brown ( 1991 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 283 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 ) ."]}
{"id": 415, "summary": [{"text": "eilema fasciculosa is a moth of the family arctiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia and bali .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland forests , particularly alluvial forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "eilema fasciculosa", "paragraphs": ["fig 2 . venation diagrams from hampson ( 1900 ) . a . teulisna murina heylaerts , b . teulisna plagiata walker , c . thysanoptyx tetragona walker , d . eilema fasciculosa walker , e . macotasa tortricoides walker , f . nishada sambara walker , g . nishada syntomioides walker , h . euconosia aspersa walker .\neilema kosemponensis strand , 1917 , arch . naturgesch . , ( 1916 ) 82 ( a3 ) : 113 .\nmales are small , a pale dull yellow , though with the forewings distinctly darker , more orange , than the hindwings , and thus have some similarity with tampea accepta butler ( see tampea accepta butler ) and holocraspedon flava van eecke ( see holocraspedon flava van eecke ) . the forewing venation is different , however , being typical of eilema sensu lato . the male genitalia are also distinctive as discussed ( see\neilema\nmonochroa turner stat . rev . ) no candidate specimens for the female have been located .\nthe australian taxon monochroa turner , placed as a synonym of decreta in nielsen et al . ( 1996 ) , appears to be unrelated ( see\neilema\nmonochroa turner stat . rev ) . material in the bmnh series of decreta attributed to monochroa is congeneric with brunia , the next genus discussed . the male genitalia of decreta are distinctive and atypical of eilema even in its broadest sense , particularly the serrate distal margin of the valve , the bifid saccular process , and the spining and rod at the aedeagus apex . the next species has some of these features and may be related .\nmales have a uniform fawn forewing , sometimes slightly paler along the costa , whereas females have the forewing grey , though not as dark as in b . apicalis walker ( see b . apicalis walker ) , with a pale yellow costa . both sexes resemble this and some bornean \u201ceilema \u201c , so identity should be confirmed by dissection .\nthe identity of this species was commented on by inoue et al . ( 1982 ) and barnett , emms & holloway ( 1999 ) , but not all type specimens of synonyms of brevipennis according to hampson ( 1900 ) had been dissected . dissection has revealed that the sri lankan taxa punctifera hampson and fuscipes hampson , both based on females , are distinct ( but best retained in \u201ceilema\nuntil their placement is investigated further ) , stat . rev . , as is hampson\u2019s ab . 1 from sandakan ( sandakana draudt ; see\neilema\nsandakana draudt stat . n . ) . however , atrifrons hampson from the nicobar is . has male genitalia typical of antica .\nthe male genitalia of pulolautensis , based on the specimen referred to by hampson ( 1900 ) as an ab . of decreta , match those illustrated for monochroa in birket - smith ( 1965 ) . they are distinct from those of decreta as indicated above . it is possible that both species should be separated from eilema in aedoea , for which monochroa is the type species , as in nielsen et al . ( 1996 ) .\nthis and the next two species are transferred to teulisna from eilema as they have the diagnostic saccus structure and that of the apex of the saccular process of the valve . all three have a broad , bilobed juxta . however , there are no scent scale modifications to the male forewing , nor such extreme distortion to the venation as seen in the typical group and the bitecta group . males of t . nebulosa have the cell longer than in the female , and narrowed over the basal half , such that the distal venation is compressed into a shorter space . the radial sector branching appears rather bunched , often almost trident - like rather than sequential .\nnishada testacea rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . , 19 : 217 .\nthis is a lowland forest species , though not recorded from heath forest and found particularly commonly in alluvial forest during the mulu survey .\nthis genus and the synonyms listed include a miscellaneous assemblage of taxa , probably brought together on similarities of facies and venation by , for example , hampson ( 1900 ) who listed 22 generic synonyms including the previous three genera and synonyms . hampson overlooked\n( 1996 ) excluded many of the genera listed above , partly following birket - smith ( 1965 ) who made the last serious attempt to revise the complex . leraut ( 1997 ) followed different concepts and listed numerous synonyms under\nexamination of the male and female genitalia of the type species of most of these genus - group names confirms the opinion of birket - smith ( 1965 ) that no current arrangement is entirely satisfactory , encompassing what might be considered natural groups of taxa . birket - smith ( 1965 ) redefined\nin a strict sense as having a strongly extended and looped but flimsy vinculum supporting a highly folded diaphragm that often incorporates hairs . birket - smith placed\nno bornean species fall within this concept , nor do any of the synonyms listed that are based on oriental species , most of which birket - smith revived as good genera . therefore the bornean species that do not fall readily into\nwith taxonomic notes on their relationships if apparent , until a more comprehensive survey of the indo\u00adaustralian and palaearctic faunas can be undertaken .\nlithosia sarawaca butler , 1877 , trans . ent . soc . london , 1877 : 350 .\nthe wings of the male are a rather ochreous fawn . the greyish border to the forewing is diagnostic for males of this and the next species but is narrower in sarawaca ; an areole is often present . females resemble those of antica and can only be separated reliably by the genitalia ( see brunia apicalis walker comb . n . ) .\nlithosia prabana moore , 1859 [ 1860 ] , cat . lepid . insects mus . e . ind . co . : 304 .\nlithosia nigricans walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 103 .\nlithosia lurida snellen , 1879 , tijdschr . ent . , 22 : 84 .\nthis is a small , narrow - winged species , mostly dark blackish grey but with a narrow pale yellow forewing costa . it is larger and darker than poliosia muricolor and relatives ( see poliosia muricolor ) .\njava , bali , sumatra , singapore , s . burma , borneo , sulawesi , sula is . , moluccas .\nbornean records appear restricted to the type material of nigricans , taken in sarawak , probably in the lowlands , by a . r . wallace , and a male from semongok near kuching , also in the lowlands .\nlithosia decreta butler , 1877 , trans . ent . soc . london , 1877 : 351 .\nthe holotype male was taken in sarawak by a . r . wallace . a further male has been taken recently in lowland forest at semongok , near kuching , and there are three males from sabah in the usnm : from 1530m 1km south of kundasang on the slopes of g . kinabalu ; 20km east of telupid ; in the lowlands at tenom .\naedoea monochroa turner , 1899 trans . r . soc . s . australia , 23 : 10 .\nthe facies is similar to that of decreta , but the forewing is a much paler yellow , slightly shorter and broader , with the cell extending to about three - quarters rather than two - thirds . r1 is strongly curved , and m1 is stalked with r3 - 5 rather than connate . the genitalia have the valve rather tongue - like as in decreta , but the apex is not serrate and the saccular process consists of two slender processes rather than one , each with small appressed spines over much of their length , but one has a lateral process more or less at right - angles as in decreta . the aedeagus is short , without the apical spines seen in decreta .\nthe only specimen is from pulo laut , a low - lying island at the south - east of borneo .\nwalker , 1854 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 2 : 505 .\nlithosia brevipennis walker , 1854 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 2 : 509 .\nwalker , 1864 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 31 : 229 .\nlithosia horishanella matsumura , 1927 , j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . , 19 ( 1 ) : 64 .\nindian subregion to china , ryukyu is . , chagos is . , nicobar is . , sundaland .\nthis is a lowland species , possibly most frequent in coastal vegetation , including mangrove .\nlithosia nebulosa walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool ) , 6 : 106 .\nilema perdentata druce , 1899 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) , 4 : 201 .\nthere is strong sexual dimorphism , with males being dull pale orange and females a paler straw colour . basally and distally the wing is streaked darker on the veins , and these streaked areas are separated by an irregularly zig - zag band in a central pale zone . these markings are very faint in the male but prominent and grey in the female .\nthe species was taken in numbers in lower montane forest at 1000m on g . mulu . two specimens were taken at 900m on g . api . records from bukit pagon ( a singleton at 1670m ) and g . kinabalu ( one from 1800m ) are somewhat higher ."]}
{"id": 416, "summary": [{"text": "homonoides is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , homonoides euryplaca , which is found in madagascar . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "homonoides", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for homonoides definition . you find here homonoides meaning , synonyms of homonoides and images for homonoides copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word homonoides . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word homonoides and , of course , homonoides synonyms and on the right images related to the word homonoides .\ngenus : homonoides diakonoff , 1960 . verh . k . ned . akad . wet . ( 2 ) 53 ( 2 ) : 7 [ key ] , 102 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmadagascar central , andringitra oriental , for\u00eat d ' anjavidilava , 1990 m , 19\u201325 . xii . 1970 , leg . p . griveaud .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 8525 , mnhn ; paratypes 3\u2642 , genitalia slides ad 8290 , 8346 , mnhn .\ndiakonoff a . 1973a . tortricidae of the andringitra range , central madagascar ( lepidoptera ) . part 1 . tortricinae . - bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 3 ) 108 : 105\u2013143 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : batodes euryplaca meyrick , 1933 . exotic microlepid . 4 : 422 .\ntype specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nt @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )\nby gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world library are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 2275 , mnhn ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 3128 , mnhn ; paratypes 4\u2642 , mnhn .\ndiakonoff a . 1960 . tortricidae from madagascar . part i . tortricinae and chlidanotinae . - verhandelingen van de koninklijke nederlandse academie van wetenschappen , afd . natuurkunde ( 2 ) 53 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013109 , pls . 1\u201340 ."]}
{"id": 426, "summary": [{"text": "the rufous-faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the pantanal ; its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "rufous - faced crake", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus )\ntitle =\narkive species - rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe rufous - faced crake inhabits grasslands , with dense tussock - grasses , in shallowly flooded or marshy areas , often with around 3 cm of standing water ( 2 ) .\nsong is a drawn - out , slightly descending trill , quite similar to e . g . rufous - sided crake\ntaylor , b . , boesman , p . , de juana , e . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe rufous - faced crake occurs in a number of protected areas , such as brazilia national park , brazil ; paso bravo national park , paraguay and estaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica beni , a unesco - mab biosphere reserve in bolivia ( 3 ) . however , such areas offer differing levels of protection , and one specific proposed conservation measure is to implement effective protection of paso bravo national park . surveys to determine its exact distribution have also been proposed , particularly concentrating on the large gaps in its known distribution where there is similar habitat ( 3 ) .\n14 cm . tiny , distinctively patterned rail . rufous - chestnut head and neck , duller brown back . blackish wings and tail . wing - coverts boldly barred black and white . orange - buff upper breast , with paler throat . rest of underparts white , barred black on belly . largely black undertail - coverts . blackish maxilla with turquoise cutting edge and mandible . grey - brown legs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\ncan show thin barring on wings but has drab brown head and upper neck .\nsong is a drawn out , slightly descending trill similar to other crakes ( e . g .\ncapper , d . , clay , r . p . , mazar barnett , j . & velazquez , m .\nthis species has been recorded from only ten widely disjunct areas , and is presumed to have a small population which is declining in line with the decreasing area , extent and quality of suitable habitat within its range . for these reasons , it is listed as vulnerable . however , further surveys may find the species at additional locations and this may result in its downlisting to near threatened .\n. 1996 , d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n. 1998 ) and estancia cristalino ( tobias and seddon 2007 ) , beni department . recent records have shown that it is more widespread than previously thought\n. 1998 , d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n. 2014 ) and it may even occur in north - east argentina ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\na population estimate of 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 has been interpreted from recent records , the observation that it is relatively frequent in distrito federal , brazil , and the fact that it appears to be more widely distributed that previously assumed . this would equate to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : this species ' s population is suspected to be declining slowly , in line with habitat loss and degradation within its range .\nit inhabits low - lying marshes or inundated grasslands in the cerrado region , where there are dense tussock - grasses ( 0 . 3 - 2 m in height ) and usually 0 . 5 - 2 cm of standing water ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n. suitable grasslands are often located in areas of undulating terrain adjacent to gallery forest ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n, with most of the destruction having occurred since 1950 ( cavalcanti 1999 ) . in brazil , the main threat is the wholesale loss of wet\n. 2014 ) . however , wet valley - bottoms are perhaps the least suitable habitat - type in the region for intensive agriculture and the species appears to tolerate some burning ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n1999 ) . the most significant threat is possibly the widespread use of pesticides , fertilisers and other chemicals ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n. however , the drying effects of plantations has affected one part of bras\u00edlia , paso bravo has yet to be consolidated and large parts of estancia tapyt\u00e1 have been afforested ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\nsurvey using tape - playback , concentrating on the large gaps in its distribution in the brazilian cerrado , concepci\u00f3n , amambay and san pedro departments , north - east paraguay , and areas of similar habitat in north - east argentina ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nn bolivia ( beni ) # r # r , sc brazil ( mato grosso , goi\u00e1s , s\u00e3o paulo , minas gerais and federal district ) # r and c paraguay .\n14cm ; 3 unsexed 51\u201353 g . tail relatively long , bill stout and tarsus short . sexes alike . distinguished from other\ninhabits coarse , tussocky or matted grass on moist to shallowly flooded substrates in marshes . . . .\nnothing recorded . specimens captured in traps baited with peanut butter , rolled oats , cracked maize and banana .\nvulnerable . reliably known from a dozen scattered localities , but recent records indicate that it is likely to be more widespread . in c paraguay the type was collected at . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laterallus xenopterus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthis small , but distinctive bird is a member of the rail family rallidae , a group of ground - dwelling birds , and gets its common name from the strong yellowish pink to orangey - red colour of its head and neck . the back , wings and fairly long tail are dark brown , and the feathers at the leading edge of the wing are barred blackish - brown and white . the underparts are white , and barred black on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . its stout bill is blue - grey , as are its legs and feet , and the iris is red . males and females are very similar in appearance ( 4 ) .\nthis is a very poorly - known species , with very little information regarding its diet , behaviour or breeding , which suggests that this bird is very secretive . it uses runways in grass made by small mammals or water channels ( 4 ) .\noccurs in only approximately ten locations distributed over eastern paraguay , central brazil and central bolivia ( 2 ) .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ntaylor , b . ( 1998 ) rails : a guise to the rails , crakes , gallinules and coots of the world . pica press , robertsbridge .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 110 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n, this species qualifies as the\nhardest\nof all to get on your life list . its an inhabitant of dense vegetation in wet cerrado and globally it is known only from a few disjunct sites . it is however a distinctive bird if seen well , note particularly its bluish bill - other\nfigure 1 - ( fpave2251ph ) adult , aguara \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento candindey\u02d9 ( alberto madro\u02ddo / fundaci\u02c7n moises bertoni august 1996 ) .\ndesigned by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by myriam vel\u00dfzquez , alberto madro\u02ddo and juan mazar barnett and is used with their permission .\nlaterallus xenopterus 1 ( fpave2252re ) contact calls recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 2 ( fpave2253re ) song recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 3 ( fpave2254re ) song after playback recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 4 ( fpave2255re ) trills and purrs after playback recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( juan mazar barnett december 1997 ) . 5 ( fpave2256re ) song recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( myriam vel\u00dfzquez november 2000 ) . click the links to hear the calls . longer versions of this call can be downloaded from the paraguay page of our partner website xeno - canto - the largest collection of freely downloadable neotropical bird calls available online .\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time ."]}
{"id": 428, "summary": [{"text": "technomyrmex is a genus of ants in the subfamily dolichoderinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "with 98 species , it is one of the largest and most diverse ant genera in the dolichoderinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical zones with most species occurring in the oriental-malesian and afrotropical regions .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "one species , technomyrmex albipes is a tramp ant now widespread throughout the tropics due to human activities . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "technomyrmex", "paragraphs": ["technomyrmex mayr , 1872 : 147 . type - species : technomyrmex strenuus , by monotypy .\nrichness of technomyrmex species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of technomyrmex species or for valid names only see technomyrmex species .\ncombination in technomyrmex ( tapinoptera ) : santschi , 1925g pdf : 348 ; in technomyrmex : cagniant & espadaler , 1993a pdf : 92 .\ntechnomyrmex laurenti - a conspicuous afrotropical species , usually found in association with various myrmecophytes .\nthe following species and subspecies belong to the genus technomyrmex . see also invalid species . for a list of species with synonyms and distribution information see checklist of technomyrmex species .\ntechnomyrmex anterops - a malagasy species of very uncertain affinities that forms carton nests on foliage .\ntechnomyrmex lujae - a very distinctive afrotropical species . its palp formula of 4 , 3 is shared only with the malesian technomyrmex reductus , which otherwise does not appear to be closely related .\ntechnomyrmex montaseri sp . n . , a new ant species of the t . gibbosus - group from oman ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with a key to the technomyrmex species of the arabian peninsula\nengramma junior synonym of technomyrmex : shattuck , 1992c : 153 ; bolton , 2007a : 4 .\nkey to workers of technomyrmex known from the united states , based on bolton ( 2007 ) .\ntechnomyrmex reductus - like lujae this species from borneo has pf 4 , 3 but is otherwise quite different .\nbolton ( 2007 ) - the species can be divided into a number of distinctive species groups ( technomyrmex species groups ) .\nshattuck , s . o . 1992c . generic revision of the ant subfamily dolichoderinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . sociobiology 21 : 1 - 181 ( page 153 , technomyrmex senior synonym of engramma , and review of genus ; technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )\ntechnomyrmex ilgi - this afrotropical species is similar to members of the pratensis group , but retains a palp formula of 6 , 4 .\ntechnomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini : shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 ; bolton , 1994 : 26 ; bolton , 2003 pdf : 92 .\ntechnomyrmex arnoldinus - an isolated afrotropical species with reduced cephalic sculpture , large eyes and clypeal notch , and transverse sculpture present on the propodeal dorsum .\nbolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 92 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )\nsharaf , m . r . ; collingwood , c . a . and aldawood , s . a . 2011 . technomyrmex montaseri sp . n . , a new ant species of the t . gibbosus - group from oman ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with a key to the technomyrmex species of the arabian peninsula . zookeys . 108 : 11 - 19 . pdf\ntechnomyrmex fulvus - the only neotropical species of the genus and the only endemic species in the entire new world . its distribution is limited to small areas of panama and costa rica .\ntechnomyrmex in dolichoderinae : forel , 1878c pdf : 380 [ dolichoderidae ] ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 166 ; emery , 1895l pdf : 771 ; wheeler , 1910a pdf : 142 .\nwheeler , w . m . 1910b . ants : their structure , development and behavior . new york : columbia university press , xxv + 663 pp . ( page 142 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )\nbolton , b . 1994 . identification guide to the ant genera of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 222 pp . ( page 26 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )\nbrown , w . l . , jr . 1953h . characters and synonymies among the genera of ants . part ii . breviora 18 : 1 - 8 ( page 5 , technomyrmex senior synonym of aphantolepis )\nforel , a . 1917 . cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 51 : 229 - 253 ( page 248 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )\nbolton , b . 2007 . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .\nbolton , b . , 2007 , taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . , contributions of the american entomological institute 35 , pp . 1 - 149\nbolton , b . 2007b . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .\nbolton , b . 2007b . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .\njaffe , k . 1993 . el mundo de las hormigas . baruta , venezuela : equinoccio ( ediciones de la universidad sim\u00f3n bol\u00edvar ) , 188 pp . ( page 9 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini ( anachronism ) )\nfern\u00e1ndez , f . and r . j . guerrero . 2008 . technomyrmex ( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) in the new world : synopsis and description of a new species . revista colombiana de entomolog\u00eda . 34 : 110 - 115 .\nemery , c . 1895l . die gattung dorylus fab . und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 685 - 778 ( page 771 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )\narnold , g . 1915 . a monograph of the formicidae of south africa . part i . ponerinae , dorylinae . ann . s . afr . mus . 14 : 1 - 159 ( page 147 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )\ndalla torre , k . w . von . 1893 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus . vol . 7 . formicidae ( heterogyna ) . leipzig : w . engelmann , 289 pp . ( page 166 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )\nhita garcia , wiesel and fischer ( 2013 ) - the majority of technomyrmex species nest and forage arboreally or sub - arboreally and even the few species that nest in soil or leaf litter forage on trunks and in the canopy ( bolton , 2007 ) . some specialised myrmecophilous plants have been reported to house technomyrmex species ( h\u00f6lldobler & wilson , 1990 ) . the diet mainly consists of hemipteran honeydew , though most species also feed on dead or living arthropods or their brood ( bolton , 2007 ) .\nforel , a . 1878c . \u00e9tudes myrm\u00e9cologiques en 1878 ( premi\u00e8re partie ) avec l ' anatomie du g\u00e9sier des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 15 : 337 - 392 ( page 380 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae [ dolichoderidae ] )\nmayr , g . 1872 . formicidae borneenses collectae a j . doria et o . beccari in territorio sarawak annis 1865 - 1867 . ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . 2 : 133 - 155 ( page 147 , technomyrmex as genus )\ntechnomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini : emery , 1913a pdf : 42 ; arnold , 1915 : 147 ; forel , 1917 pdf : 248 ; wheeler , 1922 : 690 ; subsequent authors except those below ; then jaffe , 1993 : 9 ; ward , brady , et al . 2010 : 361 .\nwheeler , w . m . 1922i . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . vii . keys to the genera and subgenera of ants . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 631 - 710 ( page 690 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )\nfern\u00e1ndez and guerrero ( 2008 ) - technomyrmex and bothriomyrmex could represent those groups probably widespread in the past and now limited to some scattered forested spots in the neotropical forests , probably as retreating lineages . leptomyrmex , also present in miocene times were extinct in the new world , as some others ants taxa ( wilson 1988 ) .\ntechnomyrmex and tapinoma are separated in the female castes by the contrasting morphologies of their gastral apices . in technomyrmex the sclerites of the gastral apex are unspecialised , except that the pygidium is small . gastral tergite 5 is therefore in line with tergites 1 \u2013 4 and as a result all five tergites are visible in dorsal view . in contrast the pygidium in tapinoma is reflexed , the fifth tergite being folded back and down , below the fourth tergite , and is clearly visible in ventral view . also in that view the fourth tergite frequently forms a distinct projecting rim above the reflexed fifth . in consequence only gastral tergites 1 \u2013 4 are visible in dorsal view .\nshattuck ( 1992 ) - the majority of species occur from africa , east through southern asia , to australia . a single species ( with one subspecies ) is known from panama , and is the only native new world species . a tramp species ( technomyrmex albipes ) has been widely distributed by human activity , and is known from california and florida ( deyrup 1991 ) , usa , london , england , and many pacific islands ( wilson and taylor 1967 ) .\nshattuck ( 1992 ) - species of technomyrmex are most common in moist , forested regions . they nest in the soil , in twigs or branches , or in carton nests under leaves or on tree trunks . they are general scavengers and often forage in columns . at least one species is known to have ergatoid males ( terron 1972 ) , and ergatoid queens have been collected in papua new guinea ( p . s . ward , pers . comm . ) .\nbolton ( 2007 ) - ants of the genus technomyrmex are mainly distributed throughout the tropical and sub - tropical zones of the afrotropical region ( 29 species ) and the oriental and malesian regions ( 45 species ) . there are smaller faunae in the malagasy and austral regions ( 12 and 13 species respectively ) and two species that are restricted to the southern palaearctic . strangely , there is also a single , endemic neotropical species that is restricted to small areas of costa rica and panama .\nfisher and bolton ( 2007 ) - within the dolichoderinae two genera , tapinoma and technomyrmex , are isolated in their female castes by the synapomorphic extreme reduction of the petiole and its accommodation in a longitudinal groove or impression in the ventral surface of the first gastral tergite , which overhangs and conceals the petiole in dorsal view when the mesosoma and gaster are aligned . the petiole is so reduced in these two genera that in profile there is no trace of a node or scale ; at most there is a very short raised surface immediately behind the peduncle . the function of this raised surface is to provide an insertion - site for the exterior levator muscle of the petiole .\nforel , 1878c pdf : 380 ( diagnosis ) ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 166 ( catalogue ) ; bingham , 1903 pdf : 301 ( india , sri lanka & burma species key ) ; emery , 1913a pdf : 38 ( engramma diagnosis , catalogue ) ; emery , 1913a pdf : 42 ( diagnosis , catalogue ) ; arnold , 1915 : 147 ( diagnosis , south africa species key ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 201 , 208 , 209 ( engramma , tapinoma , technomyrmex diagnoses ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 202 ( engramma species key ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 922 , 925 ( afrotropical engramma , technomyrmex catalogues ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 1034 ( malagasy catalogue ) ; taylor & brown , 1985 : 106 ( australia catalogue ) ; taylor , 1987a pdf : 77 ( australia , new caledonia & new zealand checklist ) ; shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 ( diagnosis , review of genus ) ; shattuck , 1994 pdf : 156 ( catalogue ) ; bolton , 1995a pdf : 1053 ( census ) ; bolton , 1995b : 402 ( catalogue ) ; wu & wang , 1995a : 118 ( china species key ) ; collingwood & agosti , 1996 pdf : 360 ( saudi arabia species key ) ; shattuck , 1999 : 83 ( australia synopsis ) ; zhou , 2001a pdf : 158 ( china , guangxi species key ) ; bolton , 2007b pdf : 1 ( all species revision ; afrotropical & west palaearctic species key : 13 ; malagasy species key : 43 ; east palaearctic , oriental , malesian & polynesian species key : 59 ; austral species key : 108 ; new world species key : 119 ) ; fern\u00e1ndez & guerrero , 2008 pdf : 110 ( new world synopsis , key ) ; terayama , 2009 pdf : 200 ( taiwan species key ) ; yoshimura & fisher , 2011 pdf : 14 ( malagasy males ) ; sharaf , et al . 2011 : 15 ( arabian peninsula species key ) ; cantone , 2017 pdf : 124 ( brief male diagnosis ) ; yamane , leong & lin , 2018 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4410 . 1 . 2 pdf : 36 ( taiwan species key , male genitalia ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nshattuck ( 1992 ) - worker : fifth gastral tergite dorsal ; petiolar scale reduced or absent ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly and concealing petiole in dorsal view ; anteromedial clypeal margin with a broad , shallow concavity , or with a distinct , central notch separated from the general outline of the margin by indistinct , arched corners ; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than declivitous face ; generally 2 to 10 erect hairs on pronotum . primarily old world , with one species in central america and a widespread tramp species . queen : petiolar scale reduced ; fifth gastral tergite dorsal ; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than declivitous face ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly and concealing petiole in dorsal view ; basal angle of mandible indistinct , with a relatively uninterrupted curve between the masticatory and basal margins ; hind wing without closed cells . male : anteromedial clypeal margin with a broad , shallow concavity ; mandible with about 19 teeth , and with the basal margin denticulate along the entire surface ; petiolar scale strongly inclined anteriorly ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly , concealing the petiole in dorsal view ; hind wing without closed cells .\nthis genus can be most easily separated from other dolichoderines based on the configuration of the gaster . the terminal gastral tergite is dorsal , giving the gaster a five - segmented appearance in dorsal view . in a few african species , the fifth gastral tergite is positioned more vertically than in most other members of the genus , but the tergite is still just visible in dorsal view .\nspecies richness by country based on regional taxon lists ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . view data\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\naphantolepis wheeler , w . m . 1930d : 44 . type - species : aphantolepis quadricolor , by monotypy .\nengramma forel , 1905b : 180 . type - species : engramma lujae , by monotypy .\ntapinoptera santschi , 1925g : 348 [ as subgenus of tapinoma ] . type - species : tapinoma vexatum , by monotypy .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nshape pheidoloid or dolichoderoid . protuberances present as a single boss on posterior of body . body hairs sparse ; simple ; short . 9 spiracular pairs . antennae short .\nbolton ( 2007 ) - there are four fossil species currently included in the genus , mostly dubiously so . two of these are from the dominican amber , one from the sicilian amber and one from an impression fossil from china .\nhita garcia , f . ; wiesel , e . ; fischer , g . 2013 . the ants of kenya ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) - faunal overview , first species checklist , bibliography , accounts for all genera , and discussion on taxonomy and zoogeography . journal of east african natural history 101 : 127 - 222 . doi : 10 . 2982 / 028 . 101 . 0201\nthis page was last modified on 19 june 2018 , at 15 : 11 .\nbolton noted : a number of groups of related species can be delimited , with varying degrees of certainty , within the genus . several individual species that do not fall into any group are left as a residue , usually because each shows striking autapomophies but very few characters that link them to any larger group . for the present each of these isolated species has been placed in its own monotypic group .\nthis page contains a list of the species groups and , for what could be considered a monotypic species groups , brief notes . the later are more clearly defined in the text given on their respective species pages . species groups with more than a single species have their own page that can be found by following the respective links given below .\nthis page was last modified on 19 june 2017 , at 18 : 39 .\nthis page was last modified on 16 june 2018 , at 16 : 05 .\nthis page was last modified on 14 july 2017 , at 12 : 02 .\nthis page was last modified on 2 april 2013 , at 01 : 23 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nlitter - dwelling ants nest in a variety of pre - existing natural cavities . this african\nhas moved part of their colony into an old nutshell . kibale forest , uganda .\nafrotropical , australasia , indomalaya , malagasy , neotropical , oceania , palearctic bioregions ( based on species list records ) .\nward , p . s . , 2005 , a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 936 , pp . 1 - 68 : 28 , ( download )\nforel , a . , 1891 , histoire naturelle des hymenopteres . deuxieme partie : les formicides . , histoire physique , naturelle et politique de madagascar . , paris : l ' imprimerie nationale , pp . 1 - 231 : 97 , ( download )\nwheeler , w . m . , 1922 , the ants collected by the american museum congo expedition . , bulletin of the american museum of natural history 45 , pp . 39 - 269 : 208 , ( download )\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nbolton , 2007b pdf : 45 , figs . 22 , 36 ( w . q . )\nmadagascar . malagasy . primary type information : madagascar , fianarantsoa , pn ranomafana , talatakely , 21\u00b014 . 9 ' s , 47\u00b025 . 5 ' e , 900 m , montane rainforest , 14 . iv . 1998 , coll . j . schweikert , collection code antl2602 ; casent0097891 ; casc .\nparatyp1c and other worker material . measurements : tl 3 . 3 - 4 . 2 , hl 0 . 84 - 0 . 96 , hw 0 . 72 - 0 . 90 , sl 0 . 82 - 1 . 00 , pw 0 . 47 - 0 . 58 , wl 1 . 16 - 1 . 36 ( 10 measured ) . indices : ci 86 - 95 , si 100 - 116 , oi 22 - 25 , epi 50 - 60 , dti 150 - 162 . as holotype but in the smallest paratype ( casent0097892 ) the posterior margin of the head is more deeply impressed , the sides of the head in front of the eyes are shallowly concave and the outer margins of the eyes just touch the outline of the sides in full - face view . some paratypes lack full adult colour and are lighter everywhere than the holotype . the pronotal dorsum has 2 - 4 pairs of short setae and the minute pair of setae on the mesonotum are easily lost by abrasion . head shape varies with size ; smaller workers generally have the sides behind the eyes less strongly convex than larger workers .\nholotype worker , madagascar : fianarantsoa prov . , ranomafana n . p . , talatakely , 900 m . , 21\u00b014 . 9 ' s , 47\u00b025 . 5 ' e , 14 . iv . 1998 , casent0097891 , antl2602 ( j . schweikert ) ( casc ) .\nparatypes . 4 workers with same data but casent numbers 0097888 , 0097889 , 0097890 , 0097892 ( casc ) .\nthis conspicuous , size - variable and distinctively coloured species makes carton nests on foliage . apart from this its size , anteriorly located eyes , broadly rounded propodeum where the dorsum curves evenly into the declivity and very short gastral setae combine to make this species very distinct among the malagasy\nthe nest series from andrasibe collected by ward also contains a few alate queens . the total number of specimens known is small , but no worker - queen intercastes have been seen .\nmadagascar : prov . antsiranana , for . ambanitaza ( b . l . fisher ) ; antsiranana , sakalava beach ( r . harin ' hala ) ; prov . toamasina , for . ambatovy ( b . l . fisher ) ; 8 km . ese andrasibe ( = perinet ) ( p . s . ward ) ; res . perinet - analamazoatra ( d . m . olson ) .\n10 times found in rainforest , 4 times found in montane rainforest , 1 times found in across sandy trail in dwarf littoral forest , 1 times found in montane shrubland , on rock , 1 times found in near zoo , 1 times found in tropical dry forest .\n2 times ex carton nest , 4 times on low vegetation , 1 times leaf nest from tree at riverbank near research cabins , 1 times carton nest on foliage , 1 times nest in leaves , 1 times near waterfall on leaves .\n1 times 4 malaise traps , 4 times beating low vegetation , 1 times malaise trap , 1 times pitfall trap , pf 25 cup sample transect , 5m , 1 times pitfall trap .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 429, "summary": [{"text": "abudefduf also known as the sergeant-majors is a genus of fish in the family pomacentridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the name is from arabic abu , \" the one with \" ; and def , \" side \" , and the intensive plural ending - duf .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the name thus means \" the one with prominent sides \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "abudefduf", "paragraphs": ["fish base ( b ) . abudefduf saxatilis seargeant major . synonymy . available online .\nfish base ( a ) . abudefduf saxatilis seargeant major . species summary . available online .\nabudefduf saxatilis is not reported to exhibit significant tolerance or intolerance for hypo - or hypersaline conditions .\njuveniles of abudefduf saxatilis were recorded as one of the ten most abundant species of fish occurring in the surveys in the indian river lagoon ( lindemen and snyder 1999 ) .\nfoster sa . 2004 . diel and lunar patterns of reproduction in the caribbean and pacific sergeant major damselfishes abudefduf saxatilis and a . troschelii . marine biology 95 : 333 - 343 .\nabudefduf saxatilis grows to a maximum length of approximately 23 cm and can weigh up to 0 . 2 kg . males and females reach maturity at 10 cm and 8 cm , respectively .\n( of abudefduf clarki snyder , 1911 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf multifasciatus seale , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf paee curtiss , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nalshuth sr , tucker jw , and j hateley . 1998 . egg and larval development of laboratory - reared sergeant major , abudefduf saxatilis ( pisces , pomacentridae ) . bulletin of marine science 62 : 121 - 133 .\n( of abudefduf quinquelineatus von bonde , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf quinquilineatus von bonde , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nabudefduf saxatilis is abundant on tropical reefs and has been observed to rapidly increase its population size in areas of recreational disturbance where artificial food sources are created by fish feeding and habitat disturbances ( medieros et al . 2007 ) .\n( of abudefduf caudobimaculatus okada & ikeda , 1939 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf vaigensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf vargensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njuvenile abudefduf saxatilis may take part at cleaning stations for the sea turtle chelonia mydas with the doctorfish , acanthurus chirurgus , and the blue tang , acanthurus coeruleus . these fish inspect the hard shell and the soft tissues of the removing algae and parasites .\n( of abudefduf quinquilineatus von bonde , 1934 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\nnow , i knew almost none of this before writing this piece . i\u2019ve loved the name abudefduf saxatilis for decades , since i first encountered the sergeant major during a field course in jamaica \u2013 but i loved it for its sound , its rhythm , and the oddity of a \u201clatin\u201d name based on arabic . the duelling etymological theories and the story i\u2019ve learned about peter forssk\u00e5l and his doomed expedition to arabia felix add wonderful layers of history and personality to abudefduf , firmly cementing its place on my list of favourite names .\nmolina wf , shibatta oa , and pm galetti , jr . 2006 . multivariate morphological analyses in continental and island populations of abudefduf saxatilis ( linneaeus ) ( pomacentridae , perciformes ) of western atlantic . panama - american journal of aquatic science 1 : 49 - 56 .\nindo - pacific : red sea and eastern africa to the line and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to australia . recorded in bay of islands , new zealand ( ref . 35942 ) . often confused with the closely related atlantic species abudefduf saxatilis ( ref . 7247 ) .\natlantic ocean : canada ( ref . 5951 ) to rhode island , usa to uruguay in the western atlantic , abundant on caribbean reefs ; around islands of the mid - atlantic , cape verde , and along the tropical coast of western africa south to angola . this species is strictly an atlantic species . it is replaced in the indo - pacific region by the closely related abudefduf vaigiensis ( g . allen , pers . comm . ) .\n( of similiparma lurida ( cuvier , 1830 ) ) cooper , w . j . ; albertson , r . c . ; jacob , r . e . ; westneat , m . w . ( 2014 ) . re - description and reassignment of the damselfish abudefduf luridus ( cuvier , 1830 ) using both traditional and geometric morphometric approaches . copeia . 2014 ( 3 ) : 473 - 480 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis species has been considered a synonym of abudefduf concolor , but a recent molecular study by lessios et al . ( 1995 ) confirmed that it is a separate species . it is closely related to a . concolor and is easily confused in the field during visual surveys . the distributions of the two species overlap between el salvador and costa rica , and a combination of morphological and genetic comparisons throughout the ranges of both species are needed to establish the full range of each .\nabudefduf saxatilis is abundant in reef and rocky environments in the atlantic ocean ( molina et al . 2006 ) . populations have been recorded in the western atlantic ocean from as far north as canada to uruguay in south america at depths ranging from 0 to 20 m . a . saxatilis is abundant on caribbean reefs ( randall 1996 ) and on the tropical coast of western africa to angola where they form large feeding aggregations of up to a few hundred individuals . juveniles are found in tide pools or in protected areas schooling close to caves and shipwrecks . adults are most common on shallow reefs .\nabudefduf saxatilis larvae have a reduced pelagic stage lasting 18 - 27 days and a post larval pelagic stage lasting 55 days ( molina et al . 2006 ) . the egg and larval development of laboratory - reared a . saxatilis has been exhaustively described by alshuth et al . ( 1998 ) . this study identified pigmentation , pelvic fin size , and the pectoral fin rays as the most useful characteristics for identifying the larvae of a . saxatilis from the yellowtail damselfish microspathodon chrysurus and beaugregory stegastes leucostictus . the sergeant major larva has a smaller and less pigmented fin and more heavily pigmented dorsal and pelvic fins .\nthis species is the most common and widespread species of damselfish in the atlantic . it is common off mexico in the gulf of mexico ( m . vega - cendejas pers . comm . 2013 ) . surveys found its abundance increased by 210 % in st . croix , 78 % in st . john , and 61 % in puerto rico from 2011 abundances ( noaa nccos 2010 ) . in the mamanguape environmental protection area in ne brazil , this species was one of the most abundant of fishes in the reef zones ( xavier et al . 2012 ) . abudefduf saxatilis comprised 1 . 7 % of all fish species in reef fish assemblages off havana city , cuba ( gonzalez - sanson and aguilar 2010 ) . in reef fish assemblages off northwest cuba , a . saxatilis accounts for 3 . 2 % of the total fish population and has a frequency of occurrence in the area of 66 . 7 % ( gonzalez - sanson et al . 2009 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\narabic , abu = father ; this fish is the leader of the reef against other species ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 20 m ( ref . 58047 ) , usually ? - 10 m ( ref . 86997 ) . subtropical ; 41\u00b0n - 37\u00b0s , 89\u00b0w - 14\u00b0e\nmaturity : l m 15 . 0 , range 10 - ? cm max length : 22 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26340 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3139 ) ; max . published weight : 200 . 00 g ( ref . 5288 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 12 . greenish yellow above , shading to white below , with 5 prominent vertical black bars that narrow toward belly ( ref . 26938 ) . a faint sixth bar may be present posteriorly on caudal peduncle ; a black spot at upper base of pectoral fin . the adult male becomes dark bluish , the black bars thus less conspicuous on the body ( ref . 13442 ) .\noviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\nallen , g . r . , 1991 . damselfishes of the world . mergus publishers , melle , germany . 271 p . ( ref . 7247 )\n) : 19 . 9 - 28 . 1 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 1025 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01862 ( 0 . 01170 - 0 . 02964 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 32 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 20 m ( ref . 58652 ) . tropical ; 33\u00b0n - 35\u00b0s , 32\u00b0e - 143\u00b0w ( ref . 56027 )\nindo - pacific : red sea to pinda , mozambique ( ref . 4391 ) and the tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe and rapa islands . not recorded from the hawaiian islands .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 90102 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 16 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 14 .\nadults inhabit inshore and offshore coral or rocky reefs . also in shallow coastal reef flats or crests , usually where lots of tall soft corals or hydroid colonies are present ( ref . 48636 ) . often found in groups feeding at midwater or tending nests among rocks and coral ledges ( ref . 90102 ) . feed on zooplankton and algae and aggregates high in the water column ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 3258 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02344 ( 0 . 01358 - 0 . 04047 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 \u00b10 . 30 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 30874 ) . tropical ; 36\u00b0n - 39\u00b0s , 26\u00b0e - 143\u00b0w\nmaturity : l m 12 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4391 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 14 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 .\nadults inhabit upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . juveniles associated with drifting seaweed ( ref . 12114 , 12115 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . feed on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small invertebrates ( ref . 1602 ) . often in aggregations ( ref . 9710 ) feeding at midwater or tending nests among rocks and coral ledges ( ref . 90102 ) . in large numbers at spawning sites that are timed with large tides that carry their pelagic offspring far offshore ( ref . 48636 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\n) : 21 . 9 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 2 ( based on 3494 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02630 ( 0 . 01523 - 0 . 04541 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 85 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodon luridi gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodon luridus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon luridus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodonton luridi gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsergeant majors are oviparous . males prepare nests for egg masses on rocks , reef outcrops , shipwrecks , and pilings . spawning times vary depending upon region . for example , caribbean populations do not appear to exhibit a lunar spawning pattern . females in this region have been observed to spawn at various times throughout the month ( foster 2004 ) . during courtship males actively chase females in the early hours of the day and spawning takes place in the morning hours . approximately 200 , 000 salmon or red colored , oval shaped eggs measuring 0 . 5 to 0 . 9 mm in diameter are released in discrete , densely packed monolayers that adhere to the substratum ( robertson et al . 1993 ) . once fertilized the eggs turn greenish ( with 96 hours ) . the male guards the eggs until they hatch usually within 4 - 5 days after fertilization in the hour following sunset ( robertson et al . 1993 , foster 2004 ) .\ntemperature differences may account for regional variation in morphological traits , particularly size ( molina et al . 2006 ) .\nthe seargeant major feeds on an unusually wide variety of benthic algae , small crustaceans , colonial anemones , copepods , pelagic tunicates , invertebrate larvae , and small fishes ( randall 1996 ) .\nlindeman kc and db snyder . 1999 . nearshore hardbottom fishes of southeast florida and effects of habitat burial caused by dredging . fisheries bulletin 97 : 508 - 525 .\nmedeiros pr , grempel rg , souza at , ilarri mi , and cls sampaio . 2007 . effects of recreational activities on the fish assemblage structure in a northeastern brazilian reef . pan - american journal of aquatic sciences 2 : 288 - 300 .\nrandall je . 1996 . caribbean reef fishes , third edition , tfh publications , neptune city , nj . 512 p .\nrobertson dr , schober um , and jd brawn . 1993 . comparative variation in spawning output and juvenile recruitment of caribbean reef fishes . marine ecology progress series 94 : 105 - 113 .\nreport by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : august 1 , 2008\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .\na . hoefleri may represent the e atlantic population of a . saxatilis ( l . a . rocha pers . comm . 2010 ) .\nis widespread in the tropical atlantic ocean . it is the most common and abundant damselfish throughout its range . there are no major threats identified and it is found in a number of marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nangola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; dominica ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nthis species is a component of subsistence fisheries . it is caught incidentally in the aquarium trade . the species is extremely hardy ( indicating tolerance to a wide range of water and temperature regimes ) .\nthis species is a component of subsistence fisheries and is incidentally caught in the aquarium trade . it has been identified as a prey item of the invasive lionfish (\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription inhabits upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . feeds on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small . . .\ndescription inhabits upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . feeds on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small invertebrates ( ref . 1602 ) . [ details ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nking , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]\nocchipinti - ambrogi , a . ; marchini , a . ; cantone , g . ; castelli , a . ; chimenz , c . ; cormaci , m . ; froglia , c . ; furnari , g . ; gambi , m . c . ; giaccone , g . ; giangrande , a . ; gravili , c . ; mastrototaro , f . ; mazziotti , c . ; orsi - relini , l . ; piraino , s . ( 2010 ) . alien species along the italian coasts : an overview . biological invasions . 13 ( 1 ) : 215 - 237 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nben rais lasram , f . ; mouillot , d . ( 2008 ) . increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic mediterranean fish fauna . biological invasions . 11 ( 3 ) : 697 - 711 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing . [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\n( of chaetodon tyrwhitti bennett , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon quadrifasciatus bleeker , 1847 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon vaigiensis quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefdus vaigiensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\nhumann , p . , 1989 . reef fish identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nnagelkerken , w . , 1980 . coral reef fishes of aruba , bonaire and cura\u00e7ao . published by the island territory of curacao .\ndescription found in small groups along upper edges of sheltered shear dropoffs . also found in rocky inshore reefs of usually moderate . . .\ndescription found in small groups along upper edges of sheltered shear dropoffs . also found in rocky inshore reefs of usually moderate to strong wave action . [ details ]\nsmith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\n( of glyphidodon notatus day , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphidodon notatus day , 1870 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\n( of chrysiptera paucifasciata fowler , 1946 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of indoglyphidodon abbotti fowler , 1944 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription inhabits lagoon and outer reefs in shallow areas exposed to mild or moderate surge . feeds on benthic algae and small . . .\ndescription inhabits lagoon and outer reefs in shallow areas exposed to mild or moderate surge . feeds on benthic algae and small invertebrates . [ details ]\n( of chaetodon rotundus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon septemfasciatus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon septemfasciatus cuvier , 1830 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\n( of chaetodon rotundus linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njustification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific , and is common in many parts of its range . there are no major threats for this species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from lower baja california and the central gulf of california to costa rica , including revillagigedo island .\nthis reef - associated species is found in shallow rocky reefs exposed to surge to depths of five m . it is also common in intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky habitats .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species ' distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 25 m . subtropical ; 40\u00b0n - 13\u00b0n , 29\u00b0w - 11\u00b0w ( ref . 56021 )\neastern atlantic : including madeira , azores , ilheus selvagens , canary islands , cape verde , and senegal .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27000 )\nadults inhabit rocky inshore areas , often near sand ; juveniles found in tide pools . food comprised mainly of algae with associated minute invertebrates ( ref . 6760 ) . males protect the eggs deposited in nests ( ref . 6760 ) .\noviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males protect the eggs deposited in nests ( ref . 6760 ) .\n) : 18 . 7 - 24 . 5 , mean 20 . 2 ( based on 85 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01479 ( 0 . 00671 - 0 . 03258 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 37 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\n. the sergeant major is a common damselfish of the tropical atlantic , often the first fish a new snorkeler or diver learns because it\u2019s beautiful , abundant , and distinctive . like the hoopoe (\n) , the sergeant major has a latin name that\u2019s both fun to say and etymologically interesting . i was first drawn to the name because of its peculiar rhythm :\nbetween genus and species , which arises because the species name is conventionally latin , while the genus name is arabic .\nthanks to my friend and colleague abdelhaq hamza for help with the arabic etymology in this post .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nexcept as otherwise marked , all posts are \u00a9 stephen b . heard ( sheard @ unb . ca ) and all rights reserved . short extracts may be posted as links to this blog .\ni participate in the amazon services llc associates program , an affiliate advertising program , and its equivalent at chapters . ca . if you follow a link from my blog to amazon or chapters , your origin here will be tracked only for the purpose of paying me a pittance ( with no effect on pricing for you ) . if you prefer not to be tracked , you can always visit an online or bricks - and - mortar bookseller directly . i promise i won ' t follow you there .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 434, "summary": [{"text": "sphingomorpha chlorea ( sundowner moth ) is a species of moth in the family erebidae , that is native to africa and southern asia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a fruit-piercing moth and a notorious pest in orchards .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the fruit is pierced while performing a vertical and rhythmic movement of the head . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "sphingomorpha chlorea", "paragraphs": ["lantana camara ( verbenaceae ) is reported as a new larval hostplant for sphingomorpha chlorea ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) from savandurga , karnataka , india .\nlepimap no . : 18768 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : kemper j ; date : 2004 - 04 - 04 . . 2615ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 18710 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : reynolds chloe ; date : 2010 - 11 - 07 . mpumalanga . 2529cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 20198 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p ; date : 2011 - 11 - 18 . limpopo . 2331cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 21444 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : vermaak h ; date : 2012 - 01 - 29 . gauteng . 2729ba record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 27132 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : beneke marita ; date : 2012 - 12 - 25 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 4546 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p . ; date : 2008 - 12 - 20 . gauteng . 2528cc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 20240 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 11 - 27 . limpopo . 2231ac record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 20834 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 29 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 20866 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 26 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 21035 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2012 - 01 - 06 . limpopo . 2527ad record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 24966 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2011 - 12 - 19 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there are 3 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 26699 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2012 - 11 - 29 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 27559 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : giesler peter ; date : 2012 - 11 - 01 . free state . 2729db record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 28754 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : bode j ; date : 2013 - 03 - 02 . free state . 2627cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 16349 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2011 - 02 - 09 . limpopo . 2229ab record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 1423 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : luyt a . e . ; date : 2008 - 01 - 22 . north west . 2527aa record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 4013 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 11 - 22 . north west . 2527bc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 12016 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : rowswell r . a . ; date : 2010 - 03 - 24 . eastern cape . 3326bc record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 1703 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 03 - 17 . kwazulu - natal . 3030bb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 21967 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : cairns w b ; members of the kokanje digiphoto club ; date : 2012 - 03 - 08 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : sphingomorpha chlorea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking mot . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthe piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking moth c . eustrigata hmps .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\naeroplanes - cars and bikes - travel - sunrise - water drops / falls - sudwala and sterkfontein caves etc .\nwe have two kinds of granadilla ( passionfruit ) species here . one is an orange / yellow thick skin variety which grows wild in our tropical cli . . .\nit has been named after him and called pachydactylus maraisi . this small ( about 8cm ) gecko was found in namibia near swakopmund on the . . .\ni thought i would add a bit on the accommodation and amenities in the park for those who are interested . the park caters for all kinds of . . .\ngarden snails are the fastest species and they can move about 55 yards per hour . while they don\u2019t move fast , they do move at a very steady p . . .\nto most of you living in the northern hemisphere , the litchi or lychee would be an exotic fruit and totally unknown to you , but for me it gr . . .\na very good friend of mine got me wondering about the origin of fruit and vegetables and when i started browsing for information , i came a c . . .\ni was very excited to learn that johan marais , a herpetologist of note was bringing out a new book called \u201cwhat\u2019s that reptile ? \u2013 a starters . . .\nkapok tree - local name : knob thorn ( ceiba pentandra ) family bombacaceae we have a few species here called the knob thorn but this one . . .\n. . . . the one you go to when you need to replenish the desolation of your soul\u2026\u2026the one place on earth where you can become whole again\u2026\u2026where . . .\ni have found a few scorpions now but it is one critter i know almost nothing about . scorpions are fascinating animals , though most people s . . .\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\n[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 07 : 41 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .\ntree to 10 m . leaves : lamina up to 20 \u00d7 20 cm , subcircular in outline , palmately 3 - 5 - lobed , with a linear fissure 5 - 10 mm long on the mid - vein beneath ; stellate - pubescent to nearly glabrous above , stellate - tomentose to - pubescent beneath ; base cordate ; apex usually blunt or rounded ; margin entire . flowers c . 6 cm in diameter , yellow or purplish with dark purple or dark red centre . epicalyx teeth 9 - 10 , up to 12 mm , caducous . calyx c . 10 mm . fruit a capsule , up to 4 \u00d7 3 cm , subspherical to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid , glutinous . seeds c . 10 \u00d7 7 mm , hemispheric , with a brownish woolly floss .\nshrubs or small trees . leaves and branches lepidote . inflorescences of terminal racemes or panicles or flowers solitary and axillary . epicalyx of 3 - 5 bracts . calyx cup - shaped , truncate . ovary 5 - locular ; style not branched . fruit indehiscent , woody or fleshy , ( 4 - ) 5 - lobed or not lobed .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nthespesia garckeana ( also known by its synonym azanza garckeana ) is a tree in the family malvaceae , found throughout the warmer parts of southern africa in wooded grasslands , open woodland and thickets . it grows naturally over a range of altitudes from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level , from semi - arid areas to areas of higher rainfall . t . garckeana is often found on or near termite mounds in old fields .\nthe whole fruit except the seeds is chewed like gum , producing a sweet glutinous slime . the fruit is also used as a syrup and soup .\nthe sap wood is yellow and the heart wood is a deep brown . it is easily worked but generally only suitable for small building needs , tool handles , oxen yokes , and domestic items such as spoons .\nthe leaves of t . garckeana have many uses including green manure and mulch . the leaves also provide an often used fodder .\nazanza garckeana in : s . dressler , m . schmidt , g . zizka : african plants - a photo guide . senckenberg , frankfurt / main 2014 .\nthespesia is a genus of 18 flowering shrubs and trees in the hibiscus family , malvaceae , although within the family they are more closely related to cotton plants ( gossypium ) . the genus is distributed from the south pacific through asia , africa , and the caribbean .\nthespesia populnea ( l . ) sol . ex corr\u00eaa - portia tree ( pantropical )\natkinsia is a genus of flowering plant in the malvaceae family . it contains the following species :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\napp . 4 * 4 cm . this is a fruit piercing moth that can cause considerable damage . it is also attracted to fermented fruit , beer , spirits and other sources of sugars .\nfound at a lodge restaurant in the evening . rain season . mixed forest , lubombo region . altitude : 543 . 799 m latitude / longitude : - 26 . 316624 , 31 . 990292\nthe larva is eaten in many parts of its african range . unlike other edible larvae , it is not an article of commerce since it loses flavour when it is dried . it is eaten fresh in rural areas where it occurs in large numbers some years . this species is widespread and common in tropical africa , whereas it is more local and rarer in asia , but it exists there . read more , and see pictures of the larvae and the pupa here : urltoken\nif it is a moth , named by a drink . . . there should be an anricle written about it : ) ) ) this guy has turned into\na moth to know\n: d\nsundowner\nactually does not refer to a sunset , but rather an alcoholic drink which is drank as the sun is setting . it is likely that this moth was named so for its attraction to such drinks . : - )\nthank you dear leuba and mark : ) i guess i should be happy with\nsunset\n. thank you riekos for your comment as well , you are all the best ! : ) ) )\nwhat a little beauty . excellent pattern and colours . carpets taken by larentiinae unfortunately . you could do worse than sunsets .\nthank you for the id jakubko ! what a beautiful name ! however , i think it looks more like and exotic carpet rather than a sunset . . . i think this actual example must have had a bit too much of the fermented fruit , found him in the toilet area : p now , time for research and some id uptate : ) thanks again !\none of my favorites ! ! i ' d love to see this one some time ! i am not surprised you found it at a restaurant ; this species especially enjoys alcoholic drinks and fruits .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nfruit - piercing lepidoptera constitute an important problem in some parts of the world , such as africa , australia and india ; they also occur in ceylon , fiji , dutch east indies , indo - china , japan , malaya , samoa , and south america .\n) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the adults of some species .\nunless otherwise stated this account applies to njala , where there is a plot of budded citrus ; the trees were planted in 1925 - 1927 and mainly consist of late valentia and washington navel orange , and marsh and foster grape - fruit . the sweet lime , mandarine and tangerine are about ten years older .\nthe abundance of the noctuid moth , achaea catocaloides , guen . , in the belgian congo .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nmedium - sized deciduous tree . leaves alternate , crowded near the ends of branches , imparipinnate with 7 - 15 pairs of ovate to elliptic leaflets and a terminal leaflet , dark green above , paler bluish - green below . flowers in axillary and terminal sprays , red in bud , turning pinkish - white , unisexual , mostly on separate trees . fruits fleshy , plum - like , pale green turning yellow when ripe . the fruit is edible and highly valued by animals and people .\nangola , southern drc , namibia , kenya , tanzania , zanzibar , botswana , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe and limpopo , mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , south africa . also in madagascar .\nda silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 22 .\na list of trees , shrubs and woody climbers indigenous or naturalised in rhodesia .\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 17 .\nshell field guide series : part i shell oil botswana , gaberone . pages 150 - 153 .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : species information : sclerocarya birrea subsp . caffra . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 2 april 2018 9 : 51pm terms of use\nthis 84 - page issue contains 14 articles . it includes description of new species of fish and wasps , additional records of plants and lepidopt . . .\ngo wild for wildlife and help to keep our conservation areas pure , natural and green .\nupload your picture of a moth and add a description underneath . please only do one species per post .\nall entries will be edited and updated ( additional photos and information will be added by moderators ) . new entries will be posted according to taxonomic order and the post date does not reflect the actual date of new posts .\nthis is one of south africa\u2019s largest moths , with a wingspan of up to 120 mm ( as wide as the palm of your hand ) .\nemerald green with yellow and red eyespots on wings . long tails on hindwings . its forward wings have a distinctive grey - coloured ' furry ' leading edge , giving a very rough surface , presumably for aerodynamic reasons . apart from the eye - like markings on its wings , the colouring and shape of the wings give the appearance of a piece of foliage , especially the ' tail - like ' structures of the rearmost wings which resemble a dried out leaf stem - presumably for camouflage in its natural environment .\nthe caterpillar is green with silvery markings . the cocoon is a silvery netted structure .\nthe species is distributed in angola , drcongo , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe . in south africa , it is found along the coast of kwazulu - natal and around the northern borders .\nthe life cycle of this spectacular moth starts with a mating pair . the female will lay a clutch of eggs and after a period of about 10 days these will hatch into caterpillars ( larvae ) . the caterpillar stage lasts between 6 to 12 weeks during the winter . in the next stage the caterpillar pupates into a silvery cocoon . out of this , the circle is complete with a moth emerging again . lunar moths are very short - lived , laying eggs and dying in 3 - 5 days . the adults do not feed but the caterpillar eats vast quantities of marula , tamboti and corkwood tree leaves . there are 2 broods in the southern parts of its range .\nthe luna moth releases pheromones as signals to other moths in general , female moths release pheromones to attract males from a distance , while males do so only when close to a female , to sexually stimulate her .\nsize : 120 to 160 mm . this large orange , black and grey silkmoth has a a well - developed eye spot on the hindwings in order to scare away predators such as birds ( a feature typical of most emperor moths ) .\nlarva final instar about 70 mm in length and about 15 mm in diameter . ground colour deep velvety black ; each somite , from 4th to 12th , bearing eight yellow tubercular processes , two subdorsally , two laterally , and four ( in two rows ) on each side subspiracularly . the 2nd somite bears four black processes , two subdorsally and two laterally . the 3rd somite bears 4 black processes , as in the 2nd , and two small yellow processes on each side , in line with the subspiracular processes on the other somites . spiracles red ; those on the 4th to 11th somites being surrounded by an irregularly shaped red area . head and legs concolorous with body .\nmost of sub - saharan africa : angola , burkina fasso , cameroon , drcongo , egypt , eritrea , ethiopia , equatorial guinea , gabon , ghana , kenya , madagascar , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , sierra leone , south africa , sudan , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .\nas with all saturniidae species , the bunaea alcinoe only lives for a short period of time 1 - 2 weeks , long enough to find a mate and continue the existence of the species .\nwingspan about 13 cm . the males have large feathery antennae that enable them to detect pheromones released by females .\nmoths are large , wingspan : male 100 - 120 mm , female 105 - 125 mm . wings fawn through shades of chocolate - brown , chestnut - brown and orange - brown to pale yellow and greyish . there are two black and white bands on the forewing , one on the hindwing and a large , brown and black hindwing eyespot ringed with white . eyespot on forewing small , orange , ringed with black and white .\ncolouration is variable . some adults are richly coloured with distinct ' false eyes ' whilst others are more cryptic in colour . males have feathery antennae . they use them to find a mate .\nlarva up to 80 mm long : black but densely speckled with yellow and bluish - grey , some specimens also speckled with red bands to a varying degree ; 6 short , sharp , black spines on each segment .\nthe mouthparts of the adult moths are undeveloped , so they cannot feed and must mate within a few days of emerging .\nwingspan : male 110 - 130mm , female 105 - 125mm . characterized by dense greyish - black speckling on forewings and large , ringed eyespots on rusty field on hindwings ; males with very large , feathery antennae . quite a variable species , but in the region mostly fairly uniformly grey , rarely with brownish shades .\nlarva up to 90mm long ; green with dense fine speckling of white , magenta - and - yellow lateral stripe and 4 prominent silver spines on each segment . complement of silver spines reduced in some populations so that only some or no segments at all have spines , but in namibia usually fully developed .\nthe speckled emperor is known from south africa to eastern africa ; it is widely distributed in southern africa and ranges northward into angola and zambia . the species is absent , however , from the southwestern arid and winter rainfall regions .\nboth sexes active at night , the males only flying around midnight . this emperor flies from late december until early february . larvae fully grown march to april . generally only 1 generation per year , perhaps 2 .\neclosion is from a deep ( 20 cm ) subterranean pupa . males fly around midnight , the calling time of females .\nfemales deposit clusters of 10 - 12 eggs on foodplant leaves . the eggs are often sparsely covered with scales from the female ' s body .\nearly instar larvae are gregarious and reddish - black . as they develop , they become solitary feeders , hiding on the underside of leaf stems and twigs . basis green colouration with silver ( sky coloured ) spines offers excellent camouflage .\nfully grown larvae ( green , 9 . 0 cm ) descend the hostplant in march or april to pupate in deep underground chambers .\ncaterpillar is 40 mm in length , green with silver on the protuberances and some color .\nangola , botswana , drcongo , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .\n. the tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown . it is characterized by a grey mottled bark . the tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands . the\nin their migrations , as it has been an important item in their diet since time immemorial . giraffes , rhinoceroses and elephants all browse on the marula tree , with elephants in particular being a major consumer . elephants eat the bark , branches and fruits of the marula to the trees ' detriment ; indeed , elephant browsing has been shown to significantly limit the spread of the trees . elephants do distribute marula seeds in their dung , however .\n. these stones , when dry , expose the seeds by shedding 2 ( sometimes 3 ) small circular plugs at one end . the seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought - after , especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located .\nrelationships : belongs to the same family anacardiaceae as the mango , cashew , pistachio and sumac , and is closely related to the genus poupartia from madagascar .\nother : boran ( kenya ) \u2013 didissa ; kamba ( kenya ) \u2013 muua ; kwangali \u2013 ufuongo ; lovedu \u2013 marula ; maasai ( kenya ) \u2013 ol - mangwai ; meru ( kenya ) \u2013 mura ; pedi [ fruits ] \u2013 lerula , marula ; pedi [ tree ] \u2013 morula , merula ; pokot ( kenya ) \u2013 oruluo ; ronga ( mozambique ) \u2013 ncanhi ; sebei ( kenya ) \u2013 katetalum ; shangaan \u2013 nkanyi , inkanyi ; diga ( kenya ) \u2013 mngongo ; tonga : tsua , tsula , umganu ; tugen ( kenya ) \u2013 tololokwo ; dinka ( sudan ) \u2013 gummel ; nuer ( sudan ) \u2013 kamel , omel ; moru ( sudan ) \u2013 kyele ; luo ( kenya ) ong ' ono ; ngongo [ olunyaneka ] ( angola ) .\nwhile little known globally , the fruit is traditionally used for food in africa , and has considerable socioeconomic importance .\nthe seed kernels are high in protein and fat , with a subtle nutty flavour , and constitute an important emergency food .\n, made from the seed kernel , is a delicious additive to meals in africa . it contains\ncan also be used as a type of skin care oil . the bark is used both as treatment and a\nbites to alleviate pain . the leaves are chewed on to help indigestion and to treat heartburn . products of fruits and the tree are useful in crafts and agriculture . gums\nfrom the stem are mixed with water and soot to make ink by certain tribes in the region . the bark also yields a red - brown dye used in colouring traditional craft ware . the fruit infusion is used to bathe tick - infested livestock . the fruit is regarded as a potent insecticide .\non an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow . this harvest and sale of fruit only occurs during two to three months but is an important income to poor rural people . the fruit is delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp , pips , kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year .\nthe most important industrial product is amarula which is probably still the second largest selling cream liqueur in the world . mirma , based in phalaborwa , assembles and processes 4 , 000 tons a year of fruit . they produce a pulp from the skin and flesh which is refrigerated and shipped to distel in the cape winelands . here it is fermented , distilled , matured , blended and bottled before being internationally distributed .\nanother fruit based product is a frozen marula puree , which is produced by bronpro in nelspruit . bronpro supply puree to food manufacturers who use it as an ingredient in their products . the best known of these products is marula mania a juice blend produced by the ceres beverage company under the liquifruit label .\nthe third largest marula fruit based industry , is the production of marula oil as an ingredient for cosmetics . this tends to be scattered amongst many producers although phytotrade africa is probably the leading\nsupplier\nto the cosmetics industry through its integration of the production of many producers .\nthe alcoholic distilled beverage ( maroela mampoer ) made from the fruit is referenced in the stories of the south african writer herman charles bosman .\nthe marula fruit is also eaten by various animals in southern africa . in the movie\n, released in 1974 , some scenes portray elephants , warthogs and monkeys becoming intoxicated from eating fermented marula fruit . later research showed that these scenes , at least in large animals were improbable and , in all probability , staged .\nelephants would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them , and other animals prefer the ripe fruit . the amount of water drunk by elephants each day would also dilute the effect of the fruit to such an extent that they would not be affected by it .\nthe generic name sclerocarya is derived from two greek words , ' skleros ' and ' karyon ' , meaning ' hard ' and ' nut ' , respectively , and refers to the hard stone of the fruit . the specific epithet ' birrea ' comes from ' birr ' , the common name for the tree in senegal .\nprotected trees\n. department of water affairs and forestry , republic of south africa . 3 may 2013 .\ndeciduous tree , to 8 m . bark rough , both vertically and horizontally fissured . twigs with brown - hairy apex . leaves with pinnae in 2 - 5 pairs . leaflets 6 - 15 per pinna ; lamina 1 . 5 - 7 . 5 \u00d7 0 . 7 - 4 . 2 cm , elliptic or sometimes ovate - elliptic or \u00b1 obovate , appressed - puberulent ; base \u00b1 asymmetric ; apex obtuse and emarginate . spikes pendulous , to 20 cm . petals c . 4 - 5 mm , white to pale green . pod 4 - 6 . 5 \u00d7 2 - 3 cm . seeds c . 9 - 12 mm , elliptic , flattened , brown .\nthe wild syringa ( burkea africana ) is a deciduous , medium - sized , spreading , flat - topped tree belonging to the family caesalpiniaceae . the genus was named in honour of joseph burke , the botanist and collector .\nwidespread in tropical africa , it is found in chad , sudan , tanzania , uganda , cameroon , central african republic , zaire , benin , burkina faso , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , mali , niger , nigeria , senegal , togo , angola , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , botswana , namibia , south africa in the transvaal .\nleaves are bipinnately compound , silvery - pubescent or glabrescent . flowers are creamy - white , fragrant and in pendulous racemes of up to 300mm in length . the bark is toxic , rich in alkaloids and tannins and used for tanning leather . pulverised bark is thrown into water to paralyse fish .\nif cut from the heartwood , it produces durable , insect - resistant timber with a moderately fine , wavy grain which is dark brown to reddish brown , and is used for parquet flooring and fine cabinet and furniture work .\nthe foliage is browsed by the larvae of two saturniidae moths , rohaniella pygmaea and imbrasia forda .\nthis introduction to the distribution of african lepidoptera to the south of latitude 10\u00b0s must be limited both by the necessary confines of space and by the wide open field of research still necessary . the general picture of our present knowledge of this fauna\u2019s food requirements and ecology is very inadequate , except perhaps for those of wide distribution or of economic significance . some suggestions have been kindly proffered by prof . b . i . balinsky and dr . c . b . cottrell and these are much appreciated ( cf . also balinsky 1962 ) .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nauctorum . 1971 . continents adrift : readings from scientific american . w . h . freeman , reading .\nbalinsky , b . i . 1962 . patterns of animal distribution on the african continent ( summing up of symposium , 1961 ) . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 299\u2013310 .\nbenson , c . w . , irwin , m . p . s . & white , c . m . n . 1962 . the significance of valleys as avian zoogeographical barriers . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 155\u2013189 .\ncarcasson , r . h . 1964 . a preliminary survey of the zoogeography of african butterflies . j . e . afr . wildlife 2 : 122\u2013157 .\ncooke , h . b . s . 1962 . the pleistocene environment in southern africa : hypothetical vegetation in southern africa during the pleistocene . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 11\u201315 .\ncottrell , c . b . & loveridge , j . p . 1966 . observations on the cryptosepalum forest of the mwinilunga district of zambia . proc . trans . rhod . sci . ass . 51 : 79\u2013120 .\ndickson , c . g . c . & clark , g . c . 1971 . life histories of the south african lycaenid butterflies : the entomological work of gowan c . clark and c . g . c . dickson . purnell & sons , cape town .\nplatt , e . e . 1921 . list of foodplants of some south african lepidopterous larvae . s . afr . j . nat . hist . 3 : 65\u2013138 .\npinhey e . ( 1978 ) lepidoptera . in : werger m . j . a . ( eds ) biogeography and ecology of southern africa . monographiae biologicae , vol 31 . springer , dordrecht"]}
{"id": 438, "summary": [{"text": "zacanthoides is an extinct cambrian genus of trilobite .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was a nektobenthic predatory carnivore .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its remains have been found in canada ( british columbia , especially in the burgess shale , and newfoundland ) , greenland , mexico , and the united states ( alaska , nevada , utah , vermont , and idaho for which z. idahoensis is named ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its major characteristics are a slender exoskeleton with 9 thoracic segments , pleurae with long spines , additional spines on the axial rings , and a pygidium that is considerably smaller than its cephalon . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "zacanthoides", "paragraphs": ["in 1887 carl rominger published an engraving of a nearly complete and markedly spiny trilobite and named it embolimus spinosa . in 1908 charles walcott introduced the combination zacanthoides spinosus for the mount stephen species and for a similar trilobite from nevada . the next change came in 1942 , when charles resser at the united states national museum asserted that the mount stephen species was sufficiently distinct that it required a new name . resser chose to honour the man who first formally described many of the common mount stephen trilobites , and zacanthoides romingeri remains the combination in use today .\nname : zacanthoides typicalis ( walcott , 1886 ) trilobites order corynexochida , family : zacanthoididae locality : lincoln co . , nevada stratigraphy : glossopleura zone , chisholm shale formation , middle cambrian remarks : collected and photographed by andrew milner . specimen is 3 . 4 cm long including thoracic spine\nalbertella , albertellina , albertelloides chuchiaspis , danjiangella , delamarina ( / delamarella ) , eozacanthoides , fieldaspis , mendogaspis , mexicaspis , micmaccopsis , panxinella , paralbertella , parkaspis , prozacanthoides , pseudozacanthopsis , ptarmiganoides , qingzhenaspis , stephenaspis , thoracocare , tianshanocephalus , ursinella , vanuxemella ( = vistoia ) , xuzhouia , zacanthoides ( / embolimus ) , zacanthopsina , zacanthopsis .\nhere is the last piece of the trilobites write up from our\nsw site\n( stevens way , ashfork , az . ) featuring the interesting pygidiums of the zacanthoides walapai trilobites we found in huge abundance in the bright angel shale . ill post a few nice shots here , and at the end a link to the full ( monstrous ) write up on our paleo web site . thanks for looking !\nspecimen count 1 site number 55c record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age paleozoic - cambrian - middle stratigraphy ute ls - spence sh mbr nmnh - paleobiology dept . common name trilobite taxonomy animalia arthropoda trilobita collector spence walcott burling see more items in paleogeneral types : arthropoda arthropoda trilobita type paleobiology place bear lake county , idaho , united states collection date 22 sep 1906 type status paratype type citation resser , c . e . 1939 . smithsonian misc . colln . 97 ( n . 12 ) : 10 , unfig . usnm number pal53435 published name zacanthoides holopygus resser\nbathyuriscus rotundatus was first described in the same 1887 publication as several other important mount stephen trilobites . carl rominger initially used the name embolimus rotundata for partial specimens of this trilobite , and named a second similar species in his collection embolimus spinosa ( now known as zacanthoides romingeri ) . in 1908 , walcott revised rominger ' s original species name to yield the combination bathyuriscus rotundatus , still in use today ( walcott , 1908 ) . along with the co - occurring elrathina cordillerae , b . rotundatus is a signature fossil for the middle cambrian bathyuriscus - elrathina zone in the southern canadian rockies .\nthe most common fossil found in the green shales at our sh locality are trilobite pygidiums for the zacanthoides walapai species . they are joined by assorted cranidiums , thorax and rib segments , and hordes of hyolithids , and a very rare coralomorph . generally low diversity such as this site suggests has been attributed to a stressed environment , with perhaps low food sources , aggressive wave action , or an influx of fresh water from the nearby deltas . this was a shallow sea outbound from the deposits known as the tapeats sandstone which marked shore , delta and beach deposits . combined with the deeper water muav limestone , this trio of formations is known as the tonto group . all three can be found outside the grand canyon to the south in small limited areas such as here , yielding an opportunity to explore the paleo fauna without hiking miles and thousands of feet into the grand canyon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\njell , p . a . & j . m . adrain . 2003 . available generic names for trilobites .\nthe list of available names for trilobite genera below is arranged alphabetically by family in the order presented in jell & adrain ( 2003 ) . if you know the genus ( or subgenus * ) of a specimen of trilobite and wish to know its family , superfamily , suborder , and order , you can use the\nfind\nfunction of your browser ( typically ctrl - f in a windows environment ) to search this list for your genus / subgenus . once you know the order , suborder and superfamily ( in brackets ) and family (\n) , you can browse through the nine order fact sheets ( by clicking on the choices below ) and learn more about your trilobite ' s classification . for example , if you search for the trilobite genus\nyou will find it listed in the family encrinuridae , a member of the order phacopida , suborder cheirurina , superfamily cheiruroidea . clicking on the phacopida fact sheet image below will take you to that order and you can learn more about the constituent families of the superfamily cheiruroidea , and the other genera in the encrinuridae . there are over 180 families of trilobites , and about 5000 genera , which contain the 15 , 000 + described species of trilobites ! in december of 2005 , i visited with dr . jell in brisbane and received permission to offer the full article in pdf format here . you must have adobe acrobat or acrobat reader to open the file . click the citation above , or the link here :\n* in the list , subgenera are included and not distinguished from names of genera , since subgenera may be elevated to full genus and are therefore available generic names .\nabadiella ( = parabadiella ; = danagouia ) , guangyuanaspis , guangyuania , lunolenus , malongocephalus , shaanxia , sibiriaspis .\nacastava , acaste , acastella , acastellina , acastocephala , acastoides , acastopyge , armorigreenops , asteropyge , baniaspis , bellacartwrightia , bradocryphaeus , braunops , breizhops , centauropyge , chimaerastella , coltraneia , comura , cryphina , delocare , deloops , destombesina , dunopyge , echinopyge , erbenochile , ewacaste , feruminops , gourdonia , greenops , gudralisium , hallandclarkeops , harringtonacaste , heliopyge ( = alcaldops ) , hexacosta , hollardops ( = modellops ; = philipsmithiana ) , kayserops , kennacryphaeus , kloucekia , llandovacaste , metacanthina , mimocryphaeus , morocconites , mrakibina , neocalmonia , neometacanthus , paracryphaeus , pelitlina , phacopidina , philonyx , pilletina , protacanthina , pseudocryphaeus , psychopyge , quadratispina , quadrops , radiopyge , rheicops , rhenops , saharops , sanidopyge , scotiella , sokhretia , stummiana , talus , tolkienia , treveropyge , turcopyge , walliserops .\nacrocephalella , acrocephalinella , acrocephalites ( = acantholenus ) , acrodirotes , afghancephalites , asturiaspis , brutaspis , cermataspis , decus , diceratocephalina , elatilimbus , ijacephalus , kepisis , mansiella , pseudacrocephalaspina , siligerites , toxotina , trifonella .\nacmarhachis ( = cyclagnostus ; = oxyagnostus ; = wanagnostus ) , agnostus ( / battus ; = acutatagnostus ) , aistagnostus , anglagnostus , biciragnostus , connagnostus , distagnostus , eolotagnostus , gymnagnostus , homagnostus , idolagnostus , innitagnostus , ivshinagnostus , kymagnostus , lotagnostus , micragnostus , obelagnostus , oncagnostus ( = eurudagnostus ) , phalacroma ( = platagnostus ) , phalagnostus ( = phalacromina ) , quadrahomagnostus , raragnostus , semagnostus , strictagnostus , trilobagnostus ( = rudagnostus ) .\nagasella , agaso , agraulos ( / arion ; / arionius ; = / arionides / arionellus ; = agrauloides ) , batenoides , chittidilla ( = diandongaspidella / diandongaspis ) , chondroparia , clemenella , conagraulos , elankaspis , lenagraulos , litavkaspis , metagraulos , micragraulos , mungyongia , parachittidilla ( = amurticephalus ) , paragraulos , paraplesiagraulos , phymaspis , plesiagraulos , poriagraulos , proampyx , protochittidilla , pseudoeteraspis , pseudoplesiagraulos , qiannanagraulos , shahaspis , skreiaspis , sternbergaspis , taiganella , tetragonocephalus , tholus , tianjingshania , veragraulos , wutaishania .\naldonaia , granutaspis , ideria , perissopyge , planaspis , pumilina , repinaspis , tuvanella ( = eleganolimba ) , tuvanellus , volonellus .\nalokistocare ( = pseudoalokistocare ) , alokistocarella , alokistocaropsis , altiocculus , amecephalina , amecephaloides , amecephalus ( = strotocephalus ) , annamitia , arcadiaspis , arellanella , atopiaspis , beldirella , binella , bythicheilus , chancia , chanciaopsis , danzhaiaspis , diaoyaspis , ehmania , ehmaniella ( = anomalocephalus ; = clappaspis ) , elrathia , elrathiella ( = coelaspis ; = glossocoryphus ) , eokaotaia , erdoradites , furia , ganovexopyge ( / scottia ) , huochengella , inglefieldia , jenkinsonia , kailiella , kaotaia , katunicare , kistocare , langqia , lenacare , nelgakia , parapachyaspis , parehmania ( = mcnairia ; = rowia ; = thompsonaspis ) , pedinocephalina , peregrinaspis , plesiamecephalus , proehmaniella , proveedoria , pseudomexicella , schopfaspis , trachycheilus , tympanuella , utaspis .\najrikina , alataupleura , araiopleura , calycinoidia , caputrotundum , clavatellus , falanaspis , hapalopleura , huamiaocephalus , jegorovaia ( = hermosella ) , jiangxiaspis , orometopus , pagometopus , palquiella , paracalymenemene ( / paracalymene liu ) , plesioparabolina , pyrimetopus , rhadinopleura , seleneceme ( = alsataspis ) , sibiriopleura , skljarella ( = proaraiopleura ) , spirantyx , trigocephalus , yumenaspis , zacompsus .\nammagnostus ( = lispagnostus ; = agnostoglossa ; = tentagnostus ) , hadragnostus ( = formosagnostus ; = kunshanagnostus ) , kormagnostus ( = kormagnostella ; = litagnostoides ) , proagnostus ( = agnostascus ; = paragnostascus ) .\nanomocarella ( = psilaspis ; = entorachis ) , eoanomocarella , fissanomocarella , glyphaspis ( = americare ) , hanshania , huayuania , liocare , liopeishania , liopelta , luia , lydiaspis , megalopsis , neoanomocarella , orthodorsum , paranomocarella , peishania , ( = parapeishania ) , peishanoides , plebiellus .\nabharella , afghanocare , amginia , anomocare , anomocarina , anomocarioides , anomocariopsis , callaspis , chondranomocare , dilatalimbus , elandaspis , eocatuniella , forchammeria , formosocephalus , fuquania , glyphanellus , glyphaspellus , guizhouanomocare , hanivella , harataspis , hunanaspis , igarkiella , iohomia , irinia , jimanomocare , juraspis , kokuria , kolbinella , kotuia , leichneyella , lomsucaspis , longxumenia , macrotoxus , metanomocare , nadiyella , palella , paracoosia ( = manchurocephalus ) , parakotuia , paranomocare , pjatkovaspellus , qinlingia , rectifrontinella , sachaspis , schoriecare , schoriella , scintilla , sivovella , usovinurus , wutingshania , yongwolia .\nantagmella , antagmus , bagradia , bicella , bilimbataia , cambrophatictor , crassifimbra , cyphambon , erzishania ( = oreisator ) , houmengia , katunia , lermontoviella , longshania , luaspides , mantoushania , onchocephalina , onchocephalus ( = litocodia ) , paraantagmus , periomma , plesioperiomma , shilengshuia , sombrerella , wanbeiaspis , xiangqianaspis , xiaofangshangia , xiaomajiella , yuehsienszella .\namorphella , aphelaspidella , aphelaspis ( = proaulacopleura ; = clevelandella ; = labiostria ) , apheloides , dicanthopyge , elegantaspis , erixanium , eugonocare , kobayashella , listroa , litocephalus , maduiya , nganasanella ( = tamaranella ) , notoaphelaspis , olenaspella , olentella , paraphelaspis , pseudaphelaspis , pseudeugonocare , taenicephalites , taenora .\narchaeaspis , bradyfallotaspis , fallotaspidella , fritzaspis , geraldinella , selindella . [ profallotaspis , repinaella - see fallotaspididae ]\nanataphrus , araiocaris , asaphellus ( = asaphelloides ; = asaphoon ; = hemigyraspis ; = megalaspidella ; = plesiomegalaspis ) , asaphus ( = schizophorus ) , atopasaphus , aulacoparia , aulacoparina , australopyge , baltiites , banqiaoites , basilicus ( = basiliella ; = carinobasiliella ; = dolerobasilicus / basilicoides ; = mekynophrys ; = parabasilicus ) , bellefontia , birmanitella , birmanites ( = opsimasaphus ) , bohemopyge ( / ptychocheilus ) , borogothus , brachyaspis , branisaspis , burminresia , charabaia , chengkouella , dubovikites , ectenaspis , ekeraspis , emanuelaspis , emanuelina , eoasaphus ( / anorina ) , eoisotelus , erdelia ( / maja ) , estoniites , fuyunia , gerasaphes , gog , gogiura , golasaphus , griphasaphus , guohongjunia , hazarania , heraspis , hoekaspis , homalopyge , hunjiangites , hunnebergia , huochengia , iduia , isabelinia , isotella , isoteloides , isotelus ( = homotelus ) , isyrakella , isyrakopeltis , kainisiliellina , kayseraspis , klabavia , kobayashia , lachnostoma , lamanskytes , lapidaria , leningradites , liomegalaspides , lisogorites ( = trigonoaspis ; = tangyaia ) , liushuicephalus , lonchobasilicus ( = sinomegalaspis ) , lycophron , megalaspidella , megalaspides ( = lannacus ) , megasaphus , megatemnoura , megistaspidella ( = spinopyge ) , megistaspis ( / megalaspis ; = megistaspinus ; = rhinaspis ) , merlinia , metaptychopyge , metayuepingia , mioptychopyge , mischynogorites , nahannia , neoasaphus ( = trematophoris ; = multiasaphus ; = postasaphus ; = subasaphus ) , neopeltis , nerudaspis , nileoides , ningkianites , niobe , niobella ( = metoptogyrus ) , niobides , niobina , nobiliasaphus ( = pamirotchechites ) , norasaphites , norasaphus , norinia , notopeltis , ogmasaphus , ogyginus , ogygiocarella , ogygiocaris , ogygitella , ogygites , ogygitoides , onchometopus , parabellefontia , paramegalaspis ( = dolerasaphus ) , paramegistaspis ( / varvaspis ) , paraptychopyge , paratamdaspis , parayuepingia , penchiopsis , platyptychopyge , plectasaphus , plesiyuepingia , popovkiaspis , popovkites , praecoparia , presbynileus ( / paranileus ) , priceaspis ( = fitzroyaspis ) , proasaphus , promegalaspides , protopresbynileus ( / pseudonileus hintze , 1953 ) , protoptychopyge , proxiniobe , pseudoasaphinus , pseudoasaphoides , pseudoasaphus , pseudobasilicoides , pseudobasilicus , pseudobasiliella , pseudobasiloides , pseudogriphasaphus , pseudogygites , pseudomegalaspis , pseudoptychopyge , pseudoptyocephalus , psilocephalina , psilocephalops , ptychopyge , ptyocephalus ( = kirkella ) , rhinoferus ( = lawiaspis ; = ropschiaspis ) , sanbernardaspis , shergoldina , stegnopsis , stenorhachis , suriaspis , tchukeraspis , thysanopyge ( = basilicoides ) , trigonocerca , trigonocercella , tsaidamaspis , valdaites , vogdesia , volchovites , xenasaphus , xenostegium , xinanocephalus , , yuepingioides , zhenganites ( = eosoptychopyge ) , zoraspis , zuninaspis .\nanomocarellius , asaphiscus , blainia , blainiopsis , blountiella , blountina , canotiana ( = williamsina ) , cinnella , ? conoides , dunderburgella , edithiella , eoasaphiscus hajrullina , eokaninia ( / kaniniella sivov ) , eoproetus , erbenia , eteraspis , iniotoma , kaninia ( / kaniniella sivov ; = dolgaia ) , kaniniella kobayashi , lioparia ( / lorentzia , / pseudoliostracina ; = emmrichella ; = liaoyangaspis ) , luyanhaoaspis ( / luaspis peng et al . , 1995 ) , mindycrusta , paraorlovia , vega , verkholenella .\naulacopleura ( / arethusa / arethusina ; = paraaulacopleura ) , aulacopleuroides , beggaspis , coignops , cyphaspides , cyphaspis ( = novakaspis ) , dixiphopyge , harpidella ( = rhinotarion ) , latecephalus , malimanaspis ( = goodsiraspis ) , maurotarion ( = goniopleura ; = branisella ; = tricornotarion ) , namuropyge ( = coignouina ) , otarion ( = aulacopleurella ; = conoparia ; = otarionella ) , otarionides , protocyphaspides , pseudotrinodus , songkania , tilsleyia .\nacidiphorus ( = goniotelina ; = goniotelus / goniurus ) , aksuaspis , bathyurellus , bathyurus , benthamaspis ( = oculomagnus ) , bolbocephalus , catochia , ceratopeltis , eleutherocentrus , ermanella , gignopeltis , grinnellaspis ( / actinopeltis poulsen ) , hadrohybus , jeffersonia ( = bathyurina ) , licnocephala ( = domina ) , lutesvillia , madaraspis , peltabellia ( = biolgina ) , petigurus , platyantyx , ? proscharyia , psephosthenaspis ( = aponileus ; = ludvigsenella ) , pseudoolenoides , punka , rananasus , randaynia , raymondites , sinobathyurus , strigigenalis , uromystrum .\nbigotina , bigotinella , bigotinops , bulaiaspis , hupetina , neobigotina , ouijjania , pruvostina , serrania .\nacutimetopus , asiagena , australosutura , brachymetopella , brachymetopus ( / brachymetopina ; = iriania ) , cheiropyge ( = suturikephalion ) , conimetopus , cordania , eometopus , loeipyge , mystrocephala , proetides , radnoria , spinimetopus .\nanchiopella , andinacaste , australoacaste , australops , awaria , bainella ( = paradalmanites ; = paranacaste ) , belenops , bouleia ( = dereimsia ) , calmonia , chiarumanipyge , clarkeaspis , cryphaeoides , curuyella , deltacephalaspis , eldredgeia , feistia , hadrorachus , jujuyops , kozlowskiaspis , malvinella , malvinocooperella , metacryphaeus , oosthuizenella , palpebrops , parabouleia , paracalmonia ( / proboloides ) , pennaia , phacopina , plesioconvexa , plesiomalvinella , prestalia , probolops , punillaspis , renniella , romanops , schizostylus , talacastops , tarijactinoides ( = bolivianaspis ) , tibagya ( / schizopyge ) , tormesiscus , typhloniscus , vogesina , wolfartaspis .\ncalodiscus ( / goniodiscus ; = brevidiscus ) , chelediscus , korobovia , neocobboldia ( / cobboldia ; = margodiscus ) , pseudocobboldia , sinodiscus ( = tologoja ) .\nalcymene , apocalymene , arcticalymene , calymene ( / calymena / calymaena / calymmene / calymmena ) , calymenella , calymenesun , colpocoryphe ( = thoralocoryphe ) , dekalymene , diacalymene , flexicalymene , gravicalymene , limbocalymene , linguocalymene , liocalymene , metacalymene , neseuretinus , neseuretus ( = synhomalonotus ) , nipponocalymene , onnicalymene , papillicalymene , paracalymene , platycalymene ( = sulcocalymene ) , pradoella , protocalymene , reacalymene , reedocalymene , salterocoryphe , sarrabesia , spathacalymene , sthenarocalymene , tapinocalymene , thelecalymene , vietnamia .\nacheilops , agelagma ( ? = paradistazeris ) , buttsia , buttsiella , catillicephala ( / cephalocoelia ) , catillicephalites , coephalocoeliaspis , cryptoderaspis , distazeris , galeaspis , lajishanaspis , madarocephalus , matania , onchonotellus ( = onchonotina ; = guotangia ; = seletella ) , onchonotopsis , onchonotus , pemphigaspis ( = hallaspis ) , peracheilus ( = acheilus raymond ) , qilianshania , stenochilina , theodenisia ( / denisia ; = calculites ; = mannschreekia ) , triarthropsis , tumidulaspis , tuojiangella , urbanaspis , waergangia , welleraspis ( = avonaspis ) , yukonaspis .\nbonneterrina ( = holstonia ; = piedmontia ) , carinamala , cedaria , cedarina , henadoparia , jimachongia , vernaculina .\n? ajacicrepida , asiocephalus , boschchekulia , cataplotaspis , ceratopyge , cermatops , charchaqia ( = aplotaspis ) , diceratopyge ( = paraceratopyge ) , dichelepyge ( = bicornipyge ) , dipleuropyge , guozia , haniwoides ( = yuepingia ) , hedinaspis , hunanopyge , hysterolenus ( = ruapyge / hectoria ) , kaltykelina , kaufmannella ( / kaufmannia ) , kogenium , lopnorites , macropyge ( = haniwapyge , = lichapyge ; = macropygella ) , mansuyella , nannopeltis , neohedinaspis , onychopyge ( = prionopyge ) , proceratopyge , promacropyge ( = aksapyge ) , pseudohysterolenus , pseudoyuepingia ( = iwayaspis ; = sayramaspis ) , sinoproceratopyge , tamdaspis ( = psiloyuepingia ) , tropidopyge , wannania , xiaodaositunia .\nbenxiella , changshania ( = metachangshania ; = prochangshania ) , changshanocephalus , kazelia ( = kazellina ) , mecophyrs , narinosa , parachangshania , paramenomonia , paraqingshuiheella ( = qingshuiheella ) , pseudowentsuia , suribongia , wentsuia .\naksayaspis , cheilocephalus ( = pseudolisania ; = zhalangtania ) , emsurella , lecanoaspis , macelloura , oligometopus ( = bernicella ) , parakoldinia , pseudokingstonia , pseudokoldinia .\nacanthoparypha , actinopeltis hawle & corda , anasobella , ancyginaspis , apollonaspis , arcticeraurinella , areia , areiaspis , azyptyx , barrandeopeltis , borealaspis ( = alreboaspis ) , bornholmaspis , bufoceraurus , ceraurinella ( = bartoninus ) , ceraurinium , ceraurinus ( = remipyga ) , cerauromeros , cerauropeltis , ceraurus ( = eoceraurus ) , cheirurus , chiozoon , contracheirurus , courtessolium , crotalocephalides , crotalocephalina ( / gibbocephalus ; = mezocrotalus ) , crotalocephalus ( = cerauroides ; = pilletopeltis / boeckia pillet ) , cyrtometopella , cyrtometopus , deiphon , didrepanon , eccoptochile , eccoptochiloides , forteyops , foulonia , gabriceraurus , geracephalina , hadromeros , hammannopyge , hapsiceraurus , heliomera , heliomeroides , holia ( = ainoa ) , hyrokybe ( = shiqiania ) , junggarella , kawina ( = cydonocephalus ) , kolymella , krattaspis , ktenoura , laneites , lehua , leviceraurus , nieszkowskia , onycopyge , osekaspis , pandaspinapyga , paraceraurus , parasphaerexochus ( = mayopyge ) , parayoungia ( = ichiyamella ) , parisoceraurus , pateraspis , patomaspis , placoparina , pompeckia , proromma , protocerauroides , pseudocheirurus , pseudosphaerexochus ( = zethus ) , radiurus , ratinkaspis , reraspis , skelipyx , sphaerexochus ( = korolevium ; = onukia ; = parvixochus ) , sphaerocoryphe ( = ellipsocoryphe ; = hemisphaerocoryphe ) , stubblefieldia , sycophantia , turantyx , valongia , whittakerites , xylabion , xystocrania ( = xialiangshania ) , youngia , zazvorkaspis .\nzhang & lin in w . zhang et al . , 1980a [ redlichiida redlichina redlichioidea ]\naragotus , bathynotus ( = pagura ) , bathynotellus , belliceps , chengkouaspis , elegestina , inella , pseudoresserops , terechtaspis ( = nellina ) .\nzhu in w . zhang et al . , 1980a [ ptychopariida ptychopariina ? ellipsocephaloidea ]\nacanthomicmacca ( = chengkouia ; = jaskovitchella ; = myopsomicmacca ) , bidjinella , changyangia , micmacca , turkestanella , wenganella , xiuqiella , zacanthellina , zhenbaspis ( = yankongia ; = zhenxiongaspis ) .\naspidagnostus ( = biragnostus ) , clavagnostus ( = tomorhachis ; = culipagnostus ; = stigmagnostus ; = acanthagnostus ; = leptagnostus ; = paraclavagnostus ) , triadaspis , utagnostus .\ncondylopyge ( / paragnostus ; = fallagnostus ) , miraculaspis , pleuroctenium ( = dichagnostus ) .\nbailiaspis , bailiella ( = liaotungia ; = liocephalus ; = tangshihella ) , cainatops ( = cornucoryphe ) , conocoryphe ( / conocephalites ; = conocephalus ; = couloumania ) , ctenocephalus , elyx ( / eryx ) , hartella , parabailiella , tchaiaspis .\nbuitella , catuniella , conokephalina ( = lobocephalina ; = ruzickaia / lobocephalus ) , gorskia , maspakites , meisteraspis , meisterella , miranda , oirotella , suludella , westergaardella .\nabakania , acontheus ( = aneucanthus ; = aneuacanthus ) , bonnaspis , chatiania ( = parachatiania ) , clavigellus , corynexochella , corynexochina , corynexochus ( = karlia ) , eochatiana , eocorynexochus , hartshillia , hartshillina , milaspis , miranella , olinaspis , sanaschtykgolia , shivelicus , trinia .\nbagongshania , beikuangaspis , cayupania , coosella ( = wilsonella ) , coosia , coosina , coosinoides , crepicephalina ( = mesocrepicephalus ) , crepicephalus , hsuchuangia , idioura , kasatchaspis , neimonggolaspis , perforina , pseudocrepicephalus , sinocoosella , sinocrepicephalus , sneedvillia , temnoura ( = asteromajia ) , tetraceroura , uncaspis , zaozhuangaspis .\namicus , aspidaeglina , circulocrania , cyclopyge ( / egle / aeglina ) , degamella , ellipsotaphrus , emmrichops , gastropolus ( = lisogoraspis ) , girvanopyge ( = cremastoglottos ; = gamops ; = nanlingia ) , heterocyclopyge ( = selenoptychus ) , microparia ( = gallagnostoides ) , novakella ( = incisopyge ) , paramicroparia , phylacops , pricyclopyge ( = bicyclopyge ) , prospectatrix , psilacella , quadratapyge , sagavia , symphysops , waldminia , xenocyclopyge .\nanchiopsis , andreaspis , argentopyge , banilatites , bessazoon , blanodalmanites , chacomurus , chattiaspis , coronura , corycephalus , crozonaspis , dalmanites ( / dalmania ; = guaranites ; = hausmannia etheridge & mitchell ; = heliocephalus / malvernia ; = makaspis ; = ommokris ) , dalmanitina , dalmanitoides , dalmaniturus , daytonia , deloites , delops , destombesites , dreyfussina ( = prephacopidella ) , duftonia , eodalmanitina , eudolatites , fenestraspis , forillonaria , francovichia , furacopyge , gamonedaspis , glyptambon , guichenia , huntoniatonia ( / huntonia ) , kasachstania , lygdozoon , malladaia , morgatia , mucronaspis ( = guaykinites ) , mytocephala ( = mirops ) , neoprobolium , odontocephalus , odontochile ( / hausmannia hall & clark ) , ormathops , pericopyge , phalangocephalus , preodontochile , prodontochile , prosocephalus , retamaspis , reussiana , roncellia , schoharia , songxites , struveria , synphoria ( / eocorycephalus ; / neosynphoria ) , synphoroides , thuringaspis , toletanaspis , trypaulites , vokovicia , zeliszkella , zlichovaspis ( = devonodontochile ; = spinodontochile ) .\n? adelogonus , ariaspis , bergeronites ( = spinopanura ) , blackwelderia ( = parablackwelderia ) , blackwelderioides , chiawangella , cyrtoprora , damesella ( = haibowania ; = eodamesella ) , damesops ( = meringaspis ; = paradamesops ) , dipentaspis , dipyrgotes , drepanura , duamsannella , fengduia , guancenshania , ? hercantyx , histiomona , jiawangaspis , liuheaspis , metashantungia , neodamesella , palaeadotes ( = pseudobergeronites ) , paradamesella ( = falkopingia ) , parashantungia , pingquania ( = oxygonaspis ) , pionaspis , protaitzehoia , pseudoblackwelderia , shantungia , stephanocare , taihangshania , taitzehoia , teinistion ( = dorypygella ) , xintaia , yanshanopyge .\nanopocodia , aulacodigma , cyclolorenzella , diceratocephalus , fenghuangella ( = cyclolorenzellina ) , hwangjuella , jiangnania , tangshihlingia , tholifrons ( = paraphoreotropsis ) , torifera , xiangia .\nberkeia , blandicephalus , briscoia , camaraspoides , dikelocephalus , elkia , goumenzia , hoytaspis , iranella , kasachstanaspis , monocheilus , olimus , osceolia , parabriscoia , patalolaspis , princetonella ( / calyptomma ) , pterocephalops rasetti , randicephalus , stigmacephalus , walcottaspis .\ncelmus ( = crotalurus ; = ischyrophyma ) , dimeropyge ( / haploconus ) , dimeropygiella , glaphurella , ischyrotoma , pseudohystricurus .\namginoerbia , botomella ( = sayanella ) , chakasskia , chakasskiella , compsocephalus ( / lepidocephaloides ) , densocephalus , dilataspis , dinesus , erbia ( = paratollaspis ) , erbiella , erbina , erbiopsidella , erbiopsis , ghwaiella , paraerbia , piriforma , pokrovskiella , proerbia , pseudoerbia , pseudoerbiopsis , rondocephalus , tingyuania , tollaspis , tumulina .\naethedionide , digrypos , dionide ( / dione ; / polytomurus ; = dionidepyga ; = trigrypos ) , dionideina , dionidella , huangnigangia , paradionide , tongxinaspis , trinucleoides .\nagnostotes , baltagnostus ( ? = trilagnostus ) , denagnostus , diplagnostus ( = enetagnostus ; = tasagnostus ) , dolichagnostus , iniospheniscus , linguagnostus ( = cristagnostus ) , machairagnostus , nahannagnostus , oedorhachis , oidalagnostus ( = ovalagnostus ) , pseudagnostus ( = litagnostus ; = plethagnostus ; = pseudagnostina ; = rhaptagnostus ; = sulcatagnostus ; = xestagnostus ) , pseudoglyptagnostus ( = glyptagnostotes ) , pseudorhaptagnostus ( = neoagnostus ; = euplethagnostus ; = hyperagnostus ; = tarayagnostus ; = calagnostus ) , trisulcagnostus ( = tririmagnostus ) .\nacrocephalina , alekcinella , anemocephalus , anuloides , apachia ( = apachilites ) , bellaspidella , bellaspis , beothuckia , burnetiella ( / burnetia ) , calocephalites , chalfontia , conaspis , crusoiina , deckera , dellea ( = eshelmania ) , delleana , didwudina , dokimocephalus , fastigaspis , glyptometopsis , glyptometopus , iddingsia ( = plataspella ) , jingxiania , kindbladia , kiowaia , kyphocephalus , lorrettina , obrucheviaspis , pinctus , plakhinella , pseudosaratogia , puanella , ritella , saimachia , sulcocephalus , taenicephalina , tatulaspis , tchuostachia , whittingtonella , wilsonarella , wuhuia ( = deadwoodia ) , yangweizhouia .\ndolerolenus ( / olenopsis ; = malungia ) , giordanella , granolenus , paramalungia .\naegunaspis amphoton ( = eurodeois ; = amphotonella ; = paramphoton ; = sunia ) , anoria , asperocare , athabaskia , athabaskiella , atypicus , basanellus , bathyuriscidella , bathyuriscus ( = orria ; = orriella ; = wenkchemnia ) , borovikovia , centonella , chilometopus , chilonorria , clavaspidella , corynexochides , deiradonyx , dolicholeptus , dolichometopsis , dolichometopus , drozdoviella , erratobalticus , ezhuangia , fuchouia ( = parafuchouia ; = pseudofuchouia ) , glossopleura ( = sonoraspis ) , ? granularaspis ( / granularia ) , guraspis , ? hanburia , hemirhodon , horonastes , itydeois , kannoriella , klotziella , lianhuashania , mendospidella , neopoliellina , parapoliella , poliella ( = bornemannia ) , poliellaspidella , poliellaspis , poliellina , politinella , polypleuraspis , prosymphysurus , pseudamphoton , ptarmigania , saimixiella , sestrostega , shanghaia , sinijanella , suvorovaaspis , undillia , zhenpingaspis .\natdabanella , basocephalus , bonnaria , bonnia , bonniella , bonnima , bonnioides , bonniopsis , dorypygaspis , dorypyge , dorypygina , dorypygoides , duyunia , fordaspis , hicksia , holteria , jiuquania , kharausnurica , kootenia ( = notasaphus ) , kooteniella ( = babakovia ) , kooteniellina , kootenina , liokootenia , mengzia , metakootenia , namiolenoides , neolenus , ogygopsis ( = taxioura ) , olenoides , paraolenoides , popigaia , prokootenia , protypus ( = bicaspis ) , pulvillaspis , rabutina , saryaspis , shipaiella , strettonia , tabatopygellina , tadjikia , tienzhuia , tolanaspis .\nalacephalus , edelsteinaspis , gelasene , keeleaspis , labradoria ( = sinolenus ) , labradorina , laticephalus , litaspis , nehanniaspis , neoredlichina , nodiceps , paleofossus , polliaxis , torosus , venosus .\nacadolenus , alueva , antatlasia , argunaspis , asiatella , bergeroniaspis , bergeroniellus , blayacina , brevitermierella ( = paratermierella ) , cambrunicornia , catadoxides , charaulaspis , chorbusulina , comluella , culmenaspis , ellipsocephalus ( = germaropyge ) , ellipsostrenua , glabrella , hamatolenus , hupeolenus , issafeniella , kadyella , kameschkoviella , kijanella , kingaspidoides ( = elatius ) , kingaspis ( = mesetaia ) , krolina , kymataspis , latikingaspis , latouchia , latuzella , lermontovia , limataceps , limouolenus , lotzeia , lusatiops ( = jalonella ) , mohicana , myopsolenus ( = collyrolenus ) , myopsostrenua , nelegeria , olekmaspis , ornamentaspis , orodes , ourikaia , paramicmacca , paraprotolenella , pauliceps , planolimbus , protagraulos , protaldonaia , protolenella , protolenus ( / bergeronia ; = matthewlenus ) , pruvostinoides , pseudoasiatella , pseudokadyella , pseudolenus , pseudoprotolenella , ptychoparopsis ( = berabichia ) , rinconia , sailycaspis , sectigena , strenuaeva ( = hindermeyeria ) , strenuella , tadakoustia , termieraspis , termierella , thoralaspis , timnaella , triangulaspis ( = acutaspis ; = angustaeva ; = plenudiscus ; = triangullina ) , yeshanaspis .\nchariocephalus , dartonaspis , drumaspis , dunderbergia , dytremacephalus , elburgia , elvinaspis , elvinia ( = moosia ) , elviniella , elvinioides , elyaspis , enshia , irvingella ( = irvingellina ; = parairvingella ; = komaspis ) , jessievillia , kujandina , maladioides , maladiopsis , megadundabergia , metisaspina , onchopeltis , paraenshia , parakomaspis , pesaia , protemnites ( = prismenaspis ) , pseudomaladioides , pseudosaukia , qingshuihella , schmidtaspis , yunlingia .\naegrotocatellus , alwynulus , atractocybeloides , atractopyge ( = cybelella ) , avalanchurus , balizoma , batocara ( = pacificurus / australurus ) , bevanopsis , billevittia , brianurus ( / briania ) , celtencrinurus , coronaspis , coronocephalus ( = coronocephalina ; = senticucullus ) , cromus ( = encrinuraspis ) , curriella , cybele ( = cybelina ) , cybeloides , cybelurus ( = miracybele ) , dayongia , deacybele , dindymene ( = cornovica ) , distyrax , dnestrovites , elsarella , encrinuroides , encrinurus ( = saoria ) , eodindymene , erratencrinurus , fragiscutum , frammia , frencrinuroides , johntempleia , kailia , koksorenus , langgonia , lasaguaditas , libertella , lyrapyge , mackenziurus , mitchellaspis ( / mitchellia ) , nucleurus , oedicybele ( = dindymenella ; = jemtella ) , paracybeloides , paraencrinurus , parakailia , perirehaedulus , perryus , physemataspis , plasiaspis , prophysemataspis , prostrix , rongxiella , sinocybele , staurocephalus , stiktocybele , struszia , tewonia , walencrinuroides , wallacia .\ndawsonia ( = aculeodiscus ; = metadiscus ) , eodiscus ( = spinodiscus ; = deltadiscus ) , helepagetia , kiskinella , macannaia , opsidiscus ( / aulacodiscus ) , pagetia ( = eopagetia ; = mesopagetia ) , pagetides ( = discomesites ) , sinopagetia .\nalanisia , chulanolenus , coreolenus , eomalungia , estaingia ( = hsuaspis , = pseudichangia ; = zhuxiella ; = sematiscus ; = strenax ) , hupeia , ichangia , longmenshania , longxianaspis , madianaspis , mundocephalina , ningxiaspis , olekmanellus , paraichangia , pararaia ( = proichangia ; = tannuolaspis ) , protolenoides , shangsiaspis , shifangia , shiqihepsis , sichuanolenus , subeia , szechuanolenus , yinshanaspis .\nacrocephalaspina , altaiaspis , ? amzasskiella ( = triplacephalus ) , archaeuloma , baikadamaspis , bilacunaspis , butyrinia , crucicephalus , dolgeuloma ( / rosovaspis / psedoacrocephalites rosova ) , duplora , euduplora , euloma ( = calymenopsis ) , guizhoucephalina , iveria , karataspis , ketyna ( = kujandaspis ) , lateuloma , limpeina , loparella , lopeuloma , luyanhaoia , miaeuloma , ? natmus , pareuloma ( = gansucephalina ) , pesaiina , plecteuloma , probilacunaspis , proteuloma ( = mioeuloma ) , pseudoacrocephalites maksimova , sanduspis , spineuloma , stigmatoa .\nbandalaspis , bayfieldia , corbinia , eurekia , leocephalus , lochmanaspis , magnacephalus , maladia , tostonia .\namplifallotaspis , choubertella , daguinaspis ( = eodaguinaspis ; = epidaguinaspis ) , eofallotaspis , fallotaspis , lenallina , parafallotaspis , pelmanaspis , profallotaspis , repinaella , wolynaspis . [ profallotaspis & repinaella placed in archaeaspididae by some workers ]\nbornemannaspis , gigantopygus , parayiliangella , pseudoyiliangella , yilliangella ( = palaeoaspis ) , yilliangellina , zhangshania .\narraphus , bohemoharpes ( = declivoharpes ; = unguloharpes ) , bowmania , brachyhipposiderus , conococheaguea , dolichoharpes , dubhglasina ( = australoharpes ; = sinoharpes ) , entomaspis ( = hypothetica ) , eoharpes ( / harpina ) , eotrinucleus , harpes ( = helioharpes ; = reticuloharpes ) , heterocaryon , hibbertia ( / platyharpes ; = harpesoides ; = metaharpes ; = paraharpes ; = thorslundops ; = wegelinia ) , kathrynia , kielania ( = lowtheria ) , lioharpes ( = fritchaspis ) , palaeoharpes , scotoharpes ( = aristoharpes ; = selenoharpes ) .\nchencunia , dictyocephalites , fissocephalus , harpides , harpidoides , kitatella , loganopeltis , loganopeltoides , metaharpides , paraharpides , pscemiaspis .\ndelgadella ( = alemtejoia ; = delgadodiscus ; = delgadoia ; = pagetiellus ; = pentagonalia ) , dicerodiscus , hebediscus , luvsanodiscus , natalina ( = limbadiscus ) , neopagetina ( / pagetina ) , parapagetia ( = planodiscus ) , tchernyshevioides .\nandalusiana , baltobergstroemia , callavia ( = cephalacanthus / callavalonia ; = cobboldus ) , cambropallas , elliptocephala ( / georgiellus , / ebenezeria ) , holmia ( = esmeraldina ) , holmiella , iyouella , kjerulfia , palmettaspis , postfallotaspis , schmidtiellus ( / schmidtia ) .\ndasometopus , holocephalina ( = carausia ) , holocephalites , meneviella ( / menevia , / salteria / errinys ) , sdzuyella .\narduennella , brongniartella ( = pamirotellus ; = portaginus ) , burmeisterella , burmeisteria , digonus , dipleura , eohomalonotus ( / brongniartiasalter ) , homalonotus , huemacaspis , iberocoryphe , kerfornella , leiostegina , parahomalonotus , plaesiacomia , platycoryphe ( = liangshanaspis ) , scabrella , trimerus .\nasaphopsoides ( = dainellicauda ; = xiangxiia ) , ciliocephalus , dactylocephalus , dikella , dikelocephalopsis , dikelokephalina , dikelus , hungaia ( = acrohybus ) , hungioides ( = argentinops ) , leimitzia , meitanopsis , songtaoia , warendia , xiushanopsis .\namblycranium , etheridgaspis , flectihystricurus , genalaticurus , glabretina , guizhouhystricurus , hillyardina ( = metabowmania ) , hintzecurus , ? holubaspis ( / holubia ) , hyperbolochilus , hystricurus ( = vermilionites ) , ibexicurus , lavadamia , nyaya , omuliovia , pachycranium , paenebeltella , parahystricurus , paraplethopeltis , politicurus , psalikilopsis , psalikilus , rollia , rossicurus , tanybregma , ? taoyuania ( = batyraspis ) , tasmanaspis , tersella .\naguilarella , arrhenaspis , brabbia , comanchia , duibianaspis , elviraspis , langyashania , lauzonella , levisella , loganellus ( = highgatea ) , maladioidella ( = kuruktagella ; = cedarellus ) , noelaspis , patronaspis , psalaspis , pyttstrigis , saratogia ( = idahoia ; = meeria ) , shitaia , valtoressia , wafangia , wilbernia , zhuitunia .\nalloillaenus , bumastoides , dysplanus , ectillaenus ( = wossekia ) , harpillaenus , hyboaspis , illaenus ( / cryptonymus ; = actinolobus ; = deucalion ; = svobodapeltis ) , nanillaenus , ninglangia , octillaenus , ordosaspis , parillaenus , platillaenus , ptilillaenus , quadratillaenus , snajdria , spinillaenus , stenopareia , trigoncekovia , ulugtella , vysocania , wuchuanella , zbirovia , zdicella , zetillaenus .\nambonolium , illaenurus , lecanopyge , minicephalus , olenekella , platydiamesus , polyariella , rasettaspis , rasettia ( / platycolpus ) , resseraspis , tatonaspis yurakia .\ncatinouyia , eoinouyia , huainania , inouyia , parahuainania , parainouyia , parajialaopsis , parawuania , plesiowuania , proinouyia , pseudinouyia .\ncyphoniscus , effnaspis , hanzhongaspis , holdenia ( / tiresias ) , isocolus ( / astyages ) , kielanella , liangshanocephalus , paratiresias , pradesia , pseudopetigurus , taimyraspis , thoralocolus , triarthroides .\nargasalina , bathyuriscellus , bathyuriscopsis , daldynia , gibscherella , jakutus , janshinicus , jucundaspis , judaiella , kobdus , lenaspis , malykania , manaspis , prouktaspis , uktaspis , vologdinaspis .\nanhuiaspis , ceronocare , donggouia , eokaolishania , eomansuyia , eotingocephalus , hapsidocare , hemikaolishania , kabutocrania , kaolishania , kaolishaniella , liaotropis , mansuyia , mansuyites ( = parapalacorona ) , ? mimana , palacorona , palemansuyia , parakaolishania , paramansuyella ( / paramansuyia ) , peichiashania , prolloydia , shidiania , taianocephalus , tangjiaella , tingocephalus , tugurellum , wayaonia .\nacheilus clark , ankoura , blountia ( = homodictya ; = protillaenus ; = stenocombus ) , brachyaspidion ( / brachyaspis miller , 1936 ) , bynumia , bynumina , calvipelta , clelandia ( / harrisia ; = bynumiella ) , ithycephalus , kingstonella , kingstonia ( = ucebia ) , kingstonioides , komaspidella ( = buttsina ; = ataktaspis ) , larifugula , maryvillia , pugionicauda , saonella , shuizuia , wanwanaspis , wanwanoglobus , yanzhuangia .\naedotes , aethochuangia , agerina ( = otarionellina / otarionella ) , alloleiostegium , ampullatocephalina , annamitella ( = bathyuriscops ; = endoaspis / wutingia ; = proetiella ; = monella ) , aspidochuangia , baoshanaspis , brackebuschia ( = bodenbenderia ; = hexianella ) , cholopilus , chosenia ( = leiostegioides ) , chuangia ( / schantungia ; = parachuangia ; = pterochuangia ) , chuangiella , chuangina , chuangioides , chuangiopsis , chuangites , constrictella , eochuangia , euleiostegium , evansaspis , gonicheirurus , iranaspis , iranochuangia , jinanaspis , kepisis , leiostegium ( = endocrania ) , leptochuangia , linguchuangia , lloydia , madaoyuites , manitouella , marcouella , meropalla , paraaojia , paraleiostegium , paraonychopyge , paraszechuanella , perischodory , plethopeltella , pseudocalymene ( = eucalymene ) , pseudoleiostegium , reubenella , sailoma , shanchengziella , sobovaspis , szechuanella , tinaspis , xinhuangaspis , yaopuia , yarmakaspis , yinjiangia .\nacidaspidella , acidaspides , acidaspidina , archikainella , belovia , bestjubella , brutonia , colossaspis , eoacidaspis , lichakephalus , lichokephalina , metaacidaspis , paraacidaspis , usoviana .\nacanthopyge ( = euarges ) , akantharges , allolichas , amphilichas ( / paralichas / platymetopus ; = acrolichas ; = kerakephalichas ; = tetralichas ) , apatolichas , arctinurus ( / oncholichas ; / platynotus ; / pterolichas ) , autoloxolichas , borealarges , ceratarges ( / arges ) , ceratolichas , conolichas ( = cypholichas ) , craspedarges , dicranogmus , dicranopeltis ( = dicranopeltoides ; = nonix ; = raymondarges ; / trachylichas ; = tsunyilichas ) , echinolichas , eifliarges , gaspelichas , hemiarges ( = choneilobarges ) , homolichas , hoplolichas ( = cyranolichas ) , hoplolichoides , jasperia , leiolichas , lichas ( = apolichas ; = autolichas ) , lobopyge ( = belenopyge ) , lyralichas , mephiarges , metaleiolichas , metalichas , metopolichas ( / metopias ; = holoubkovia ; = macroterolichas ) , neolichas , nipponarges , ohleum , oinochoe , otarozoum , paraleiolichas , perunaspis ( = nitidulopyge ) , platylichas ( = lingucephalichas ) , probolichas , pseudotupolichas ( = arctinuroides ) , radiolichas ( = diplolichas ; = septidenta ) , richterarges , rontrippia , terataspis , terranovia , trimerolichas , trochurus ( = corydocephalus ; = plusiarges ; = makromuktis ) , uralichas ( = bohemolichas ; = platopolichas ) , uripes .\ndazhuia , eoshengia ( = baojingia ) , extrania , klimaxocephalus , lisania ( = aojia ) , megalisania , metalisania , paralisaniella , paraojia , parashengia , platylisania , quandraspis , redlichaspis ( = lisaniella ) , rinella , shengia , xichuania .\namquia , arcuolimbus , deiracephalus ( / asteraspis ) , genevievella ( = placosema ; = nixonella ; = torridella ) , llanoaspidella , llanoaspis , metisaspis , nahannicephalus , paracedaria ( / pilgrimia ) , rogersvillia , sacha , stenelymus , tagenarella .\namiaspis , bolaspidellus , calymenidius , caulaspina , caulaspis , durinia , glaphyraspis ( = raaschella ) , graciella , hawkinsaspis ( / hawkinsia ) , interalia , kuraspis , kuraspoides , lazarenkiura , letniites , lonchocephalus ( = bucksella ) , monosulcatina , neoglaphyraspis , nordia , olegaspis , prolonchocephalus , pseudotalbotina , quebecaspis , raaschellina , talbotina , terranovella , trymataspis , weeksina .\ndamiaoaspis , eujinnania , inouyops , inoyellaspis , jiangjunshania , lonchinouyia , lorenzella , paralorenzangella ( / paralorenzella q . z . zhang ) , paralorenzella luo , paraporilorenzella , porilorenzella ( = jinnania ) , pseudolorenzella , ptyctolorenzella , zhongweia .\nangsiduoa , hualongia , mapania . mapanopsis , metanomocarella , paramapania , pseudomapania , quitacetra , quitalia .\nanemocephalops , crepichilella , glyphopeltis , holmdalia , ithyektyphus , lecanopleura , loulania , marjumia , modocia ( = armonia ; = metisia ; = perioura ; = semnocephalus ) , nasocephalus , nericella , nericia , pearylandia , petruninaspis , schyilaspis , shickshockia , syspacheilus .\nbalderia , biaverta , bolaspidella ( = deissella ; = howellaspis ) , bridgeia , coenaspis , coenaspoides , deltophthalmus , dresbachia , hysteropleura ( = apedopyanus ) , josina , knechtelia , menomonia ( = densonella / millardia ) , tavsenia , verditerrina .\nchurkinia , conomicmacca , enantiaspis , fuminaspis , hongshiyanaspis , metadoxides ( = anadoxides ) , minusinella , onaraspis , pratungusella .\narthrorhachis ( = metagnostus ; = girvanagnostus ) , chatkalagnostus ( = oculagnostus ) , corrugatagnostus ( = segmentagnostus ; = granulatagnostus ; = cenagnostus ) , diplorrhina ( = mesospheniscus ; = quadragnostus ; = pseudoperonopsis ) , dividuagnostus ( = pezizopsis ) , galbagnostus , geragnostella , geragnostus ( = geratrinodus ; = neptunagnostella ) , granuloagnostus , homagnostoides , novoagnostus , trinodus .\nfuzhouwania , hardyia , lunacrania ( = paranumia ) , parakoldinioidia ( = macroculites ; = missisquoia ; = rhamphopyge ; = tangshanaspis ) , pseudokoldinioidia , tasmanocephalus .\njinxiaspis , liaoningaspis , liaoningella , metalioparella , monkaspis ( = kushanopyge ; = paraliaoningaspis ) , nomadinis , proliaoningaspis , walcottaspidella .\nchondrinouyina , erkelina , inouyina , juliaspis , kassinius , namanoia , sinoschistometopus , tarynaspis .\nbuenaspis , corcorania , liwia ( / livia ) , misszhouia , naraoia , soomaspis , tarricoia , tegopelte .\nascionepea , ferenepea , folliceps , loxonepea , nepea , penarosa ( = trinepea ) .\nbuenellus , cambroinyoella , cirquella , limniphacos , nevadella , nevadia , plesionevadia , pseudojudomia , sdzuyomia .\naocaspis , barrandia , berkutaspis , borthaspidella , bumastides , elongatanileus , homalopteon , illaenopsis ( = eurymetopus ; = procephalops ; = rokycania / pseudobarrandia ) , kodymaspis , ? lakaspis , neopsilocephalina , nileus ( = remopleuridioides ) , parabarrandia , parabumastides , paranileus , peraspis , petrbokia , platypeltoides ( / platypeltis ) , poronileus , psilocephalinella ( / psilocephalus / psilocephalina / borthaspis ) , shenjiawania , symphyroxochus , ? symphysurina ( = symphysurinella ; = symphysuroides ) , symphysurus , troedssonia , varvia .\ncedaraspis , garbiella , hardyoides ( = norwoodina ) , holcacephalus , levisaspis , norwoodella , norwoodia ( = whitfieldina ) , paranorwoodia , xenocheilos .\nacanthalomina , acidaspis , anacaenaspis ( = bruxaspis ) , apianurus , archaeopleura , boedaspis , borkopleura , brutonaspis , calipernurus , ceratocara , ceratocephala ( = bounyongia ; = onchaspis ; / trapelocera ) , ceratocephalina , ceratonurus , chlustinia , dalaspis , diacanthaspis , dicranurus , dudleyaspis , edgecombeaspis , eoleonaspis ( = bojokoralaspis ) , exallaspis , gaotania , globulaspis , hispaniaspis , isoprusia ( = mauraspis ) , ivanopleura , kettneraspis ( = grossia ) , koneprusia , laethoprusia , leonaspis ( = acanthaloma ) , meadowtownella , miraspis ( = elbaspis ) , ningnanaspis , odontopleura , orphanaspis , periallaspis , primaspis , proceratocephala ( = drummuckaspis ) , radiaspis ( = xanionurus ; = charybdaspis ) , rinconaspis , selenopeltis ( = languedopeltis ; = polyeres ) , selenopeltoides , sinespinaspis , stelckaspis , taemasaspis ( = gondwanaspis ; = snoderaspis ) , uriarra , whittingtonia .\nangustolenellus , arcuolenellus , biceratops , bolbolenellus , bristolia , fremontella , fritzolenellus , gabriellus , laudonia , lochmanolenellus , mesolenellus , mesonacis ( = fremontia ) , mummaspis , nephrolenellus , olenelloides , olenellus ( / barrandia ) , paedeumias , peachella , teresellus , wanneria .\nacerocare , acerocarina ( / cyclognathus ) , aciculolenus , anaximander , angelina ( = keidelaspis ) , apoplanias , asilluchus , baikonuraspis , balnibarbi , bienvillia ( = diatemnus ; = mendoparabolina ) , boeckaspis ( / boeckia br\u00f6gger ; = sphaerophthalmella ) , bondarevites , bulbolenus , chekiangaspis , cloacaspis , ctenopyge , cyclognathina , danarcus , desmetia , eoctenopyge , euonchonotina , eurycare , granitzia , hancrania , helieranella , highgatella , huangshiaspis , hunanolenus , hypermecaspis ( = spitsbergaspis ) , inkouia ( = agalatus ) , isidrella , jujuyaspis ( = alimbetaspis ) , leiobienvillia , leptoplastides ( = andesaspis ; = beltella ; = chunkingaspis ; = parabolinopsis ; = rampartaspis ) , leptoplastus , leurostega , magnomma , mesoctenopyge , moxomia , neoolenus , neoparabolina , nericiaspis , olenus ( = simulolenus ) , orkekeia , parabolina ( / odontopyge ) , parabolinella , parabolinina , parabolinites , paraolenus , paraplicatolina , peltocare , peltura ( / anthes ; = anopocare ) , pelturina , plicatolina , plicatolinella , porterfieldia , prohedinella , protopeltura , psilocara , remizites , rhodonaspis , saltaspis , shihuigouia , sphaerophthalmus , svalbardites , talbotinella , triarthrus ( / brongniartia eaton ) , ? ullaspis , westergaardia ( = sphaerophthalmoides ) , westergaardites , wujiajiania .\ndelinghaspis , kontrastina , nidanshania , ordosia , paralevisia , plesioinouyella , poshania , pseudotaitzuia , taitzuia , taitzuina , tylotaitzuia , wanshania , xundiania .\narthricocephalus ( = arthricocephalites ; = protoryctocara ; = oryctocarella ) , balangia , barklyella , cheiruroides ( = inikanella ) , curvoryctocephalus , duodingia , duyunaspis , eoryctocephalus , euarthricocephalus , feilongshania , haliplanktos , hunanocephalus , kunshanaspis , lancastria ( = changaspis ; = chienaspis ; = goldfieldia ; = paraoryctocephalops ; = pseudolancastria ) , metabalangia , metarthricocephalus , microryctocara , neocheiruroides , opsiosoryctocephalus , oryctocara , oryctocephalina , oryctocephalites , oryctocephaloides , oryctocephalops , oryctocephalus ( = vinakainella ) , oryctometopus , ovatoryctocara , paleooryctocephalus , parachangaspis , paracheiruroides , protoryctocephalus , sandoveria , shabaella , taijiangocephalus , teljanzella , tonkinella , udjanella .\narcifimbria , bienella , datsonia , girandia , idamea , lichengaspis , lotosoides , oreadella , pagodia , pagodioides , phoreotropis , prochuangia , ptychopleurites ( / ptychopleura ; = aposolenopleura ; = punctularia ) , sagitaspis , sagitoides , seletoides , wittekindtia .\nalataurus , bajangoliaspis , enammocephalus , ferralsia , gigoutella , habrocephalus , hoffetella , latipalaeolenus , megapalaeolenus , palaeolenella , palaeolenides , palaeolenus , resimopsis , schistocephalus , torgaschina , ulakhanella , validaspis .\nhemibarrandia ( / pseudonileus kobayashi , 1951b ) , ottenbyaspis , panderia ( / rhodope ) , pogrebovites .\nbadainjaranaspis , metapianaspis , papyriaspis , pianaspis , prohedinaspis , prohedinia ( = tosotychia ) , sanduhedinaspis , wandelella , wangcunia , wudangia .\nabdulinaspis , apomodocia , boestrupia , croixana , jasmundia , kendallina ( / kendallia ) , minkella , orygmaspis , parabolinoides ( = bernia ) , pedinocephalus , pesaiella , roksaspis , stigmacephaloides , taenicephalops , taenicephalus ( = bemaspis ; = maustonia ) , weishania .\nacadoparadoxides ( / entomolithus / entomostracites ; = eoparadoxides ) , anabaraceps , anabaraspis , bajanaspis , baltoparadoxides , phanoptes ( = eccaparadoxides ; = macrocerca ) , hydrocephalus ( = phlysacium ; = rejkocephalus ) , paradoxides ( = vinicella ) , plutonides ( / plutonia ) , primoriella , schagonaria , schoriina .\narchaeagnostus , cotalagnostus , eoagnostus , gratagnostus , hypagnostus ( = spinagnostus ; = cyclopagnostus ; = breviagnostus ; = metahypagnostus ) , lisogoragnostus ( = abagnostus ; = scanagnostus ) , micagnostus , peronopsella , peronopsis ( / mesagnostus ; = euagnostus ; = acadagnostus ; = axagnostus ; = itagnostus ) , sphaeragnostus , svenax .\nacernaspis ( = eskaspis ; = otadenus ; = murphycops ) , acuticryphops , adastocephalum , afrops , ainasuella , altaesajania , ananaspis , angulophacops , arduennops , atopophacops , babinops , boeckops , burtonops , chotecops ( = cordapeltis ) , cryphops ( / gortania / microphthalmus ) , cultrops , denckmannites ( / denckmannia ) , dianops , dienstina , drotops , ductina , echidnops , echinophacops , eldredgeops , eocryphops , eophacops ( / pterygometopidella ; = bullicephalus ) , geesops , hypsipariops , illaenula , kainops , liolophops , lochkovella , nandanaspis , nephranomma , nephranops , nyterops , omegops , orygmatos , paciphacops , pedinopariops , phacopidella ( / glockeria ) , phacops , plagiolaria , portlockia , prokops , rabienops , reedops , rhinophacops , rhinoreedops , sambremeuaspis , signatops , somatrikelon , spinicryphops , struveaspis , struveops , tangbailaspis , teichertops , toxophacops , trimerocephalus ( / eutrimerocephalus ) , viaphacops , weyerites , zaplaops , zhusilengops .\neopharostoma , paivinia , pharostomina ( = colpocoryphoides ) , prionocheilus ( = pharostoma ) , ptychometopus , thulincola ( = pharostomaspis ) , xuanenia .\nludvigsen & westrop in ludvigsen et al . , 1989 [ ptychopariida ptychopariina ptychoparioidea ]\naphelotoxon ( = ponumia ) , cliffia , drabia , phylacterus ( = liostracinoides ) , westonaspis .\nanacheiruraspis , anacheirurus , chashania , demeterops , emsurina , koraipsis , landyia , macrogrammus , metapilekia , metapliomerops , parapilekia , pilekia , pliomeroides , pseudopliomera , seisonia , sinoparapilekia , victorispina .\narapahoia ( = hesperaspis ) , exigua ( = brassicicephalus ) , koldinia , koldiniella , kuljumbina , leiocoryphe , meniscocoryphe , notaiella , plethopeltides , plethopeltis ( = plethometopus ; = enontioura ) , plethopeltoides ( = kulyumbopeltis ) , poriplethopeltis , pseudokoldinella , samgonus ( = lampropeltis ; = lampropeltastes ) , semicyclocephalus , stenopilus , strotocephala , tolstotchichaspis .\nanapliomera , benedettia , canningella , colobinion , coplacoparia , cybelopsis , ectenonotus , encrinurella , evropeites , gogoella , guizhoupliomerops , hawleia , hintzeia , humaencrinuroides , ibexaspis , josephulus , kanoshia , leiostrototropis , liexiaspis , ngaricephalus , obliteraspis , ovalocephalus ( = hammatocnemis ; = paratzuchiatocnemis ) , parahawleia , parapliomera , perissopliomera , placoparia , pliomera ( / amphion ) , pliomerella , pliomeridius , pliomerina ( / pliomeraspis ) , pliomerops , protoencrinurella , protopliomerella , protopliomerops ( = stototropis ) , pseudocybele , pseudomera , quinquecosta , rossaspis , strotactinus , tesselacauda , tienshihfuia , tzuchiatocnemis .\nacanthocephalus alomataspis , chelidonocephalus , dananzhuangaspis , daopingia , deltocephalus , derikaspis , dignaceps , eoasaphiscellus ( / eoasaphiscus lu & yuan ) , eymekops ( = kolpura ) , farsia , gangdeeria , gloria , grandioculus ( / megalophthalmus ; = honania ) , guankouia , hadraspis , hatangia , heukkyoella , holanshania , honanaspis , hsiaoshia , huaibeia , hundwarella ( = anomocaraspis ) , hunjiangaspis , iranochresterius , iranoleesia ( / irania ; = michaspis ; = heyelingella ) , itcheriella , jiangsuaspis , jiangsucephalus , jiangsuia , jiubaspis , jixianella ( / jixiania ) , koptura ( = parakoptura ) , kopungiella , kutsingocephalus , leichuangia , lioparella ( = zhuozishania ) , luliangshanaspis , luonanocephalus , manchuriella , maotunia , memmatella , miaobanpoia , paofeniellus , paragangdeeria , parazhongtiaoshanaspis , plectrocrania , plesigangdeeria , proasaphiscina , proasaphiscus , pseudanomocarina , pseudonericella , raduginella , severina , shanxiella , shuangshania , stella , sudanomocarina , szeaspis ( = spitiaspis ) , tankhella , tengfengia , teratokoptura , tylotaspis , ulania , urjungaspis , wutaishanaspis , xiangshania , xinglongia , yanshania , yujinia , zhaishania , zhongtiaoshanaspis .\n? anecocephalus , beigongia , bromella , camaraspis , cernuolimbus , cilia , dikelocephalioides , dikelocephalites , dingxiangaspis , flabellocephalus , guangxiaspis , housia ( = housiella ) , jubileia , labiostrella , labiostrina ( = abia ) , longlingaspis , lunacephalus , luotuolingia , morosa , parahousia , paramaladioidella , pauciella , pedinaspis , pedinocephalites , pelicephalus , petalocephalus , plesiocilia , prehousia , proapatokephaloides , prodikelocephalites , pterocephalia ( / pterocephalus ; = hederacauda ) , pterocephalina , pterocephalopsinus ( / pterocephalops lin & zhang in zhu et al . , 1979 ) , pulchricapitus ( = reaganaspis ) , qilianaspis , sigmocheilus , stenambon , strigambitus , tiantouzhania , tumicephalus , uxunella , xiaoshiella , yingziaspis , yokusenia , yushugouia , zhenania , zhuangliella .\nachatella , bolbochasmops , calliops , calyptaulax ( = ligometopus ; = homalops ) , carinopyge , ceratevenkaspis , chasmops , denella , elasmaspis , eomonorachus , estoniops , evenkaspis , ingriops , isalaux , isalauxina , keilapyge , liocnemis , monorakos , oculichasmops , oelandiops , parevenkaspis , podowrinella , pterygometopus , rollmops , ruegenometopus , sceptaspis , schmidtops , scopelochasmops , toxochasmops , tricopelta , truncatometopus , upplandiops , uralops , valdariops , vironiaspis , volkops , yanhaoia .\nallobodochus , criotypus , goniagnostus , lejopyge ( / miagnostus ) , myrmecomimus , onymagnostus ( = agnostonymus ) , pseudophalacroma , ptychagnostus , ( = triplagnostus ; = huarpagnostus ; = solenagnostus ; = pentagnostus ; = aristarius ; = aotagnostus ; = acidusus ; = canotagnostus ; = zeteagnostus ) , schismagnostus , tomagnostella , tomagnostus .\nalborsella , changia ( = coreanocephalus ; = quadraticephalus ; = fengshania ) , eoptychaspis , eowuhuia , euptychaspis , idiomesus , kathleenella , keithia , keithiella , macronoda ( = promesus ) , plectrella , proricephalus , ptychaspis ( = asioptychaspis ) , saukioides ( / pseudosaukia ; / jeholaspis ) , sunwaptia , wilcoxaspis .\nachlysopsis , altikolia , altitudella , amecephalites , asthenopsis , austinvillia , balangcunaspis , bashania , bathyholcus , bathyocos , billingsaspis , binodaspis ( = xilingxia ) , blairella , bolaspidina , brunswickia , bulkuraspis , caborcella , callidaspina , callidaspis , cathayanella , champlainia , chengshanaspis , chinghisicus , chunghwaella , conopolus , dananzhuangia , deltina , douposiella ( = tongshania ) , elrathina , entsyna , eodouposiella , eokochaspis , eosoptychoparia , eospencia , eurostina , finecrestia , gaotanaspis , gaphuraspis , gedongaspis , gunnia ( = ellotia ; = yiliangaspis ) , hadrocephalites , hadrokraspedon , hamptonella , hejinaspis , hemicricometopus , hewenia , holasaphus , horbusonia , illtydaspis , jangudaspis , jialaopsis , jianchangia , jimaoshania , jiumenia , kermanella , kochaspis ( / palaeocrepicephalus ) , kochiella ( = eiffelaspis ) , kochiellina , kochina , kounamkites , kunmingaspis ( = benxiaspis ) , laminurus , laoyingshania , lianglangshania , loriella , luguoia , luxella , lyriaspis , majiangia , manailina , meitania , metisella , mexicella , monanocephalus , mopanshania , mrassina , mufushania , nangaocephalus , nangaoia , nangaops , nanoqia , nassovia , nelsonia , neokochina , nyella , olenekina , onchocephalites , ontoella , orienturus , orlovia , orloviella , pachyaspidella , pachyaspis , palmeraspis , panacus , paraeosoptychoparia , paragunnia , paramecephalus ( = parahiolites ) , paraperiomma , paraplagiura , parapoulsenia , parashuiyuella , paraziboaspis , perimetopus , periommella , piazella , pingluaspis , piochaspis , plagiura ( = ruichengella ; = plagiurella ) , pokrovskayaspis , poulsenella , poulsenia , poulseniella , probowmania , probowmaniella ( = proshantungaspis ) , probowmanops , proliostracus , promeitania , ? protohedinia , pseudoliostracus , psilostracus , ptychoparella ( = eoptychoparia ; = syspacephalus ; = elrathina ) , ptychoparia ( = agraulopsis ; = ptychoparioides ) , qiaotouaspis , qingshuiheia , reedus , regina , regius , runnania , salankanaspis , sanhuangshania , sanwania , schistometopus , semisphaerocephalus , seriaspis , shanganella , shantungaspis , shuiyuella , sinoptychoparia , spencella , spencia ( = stauroholcus ) , stoecklinia , sujaraspis , suluktella , taijiangia , taniaspidella , ? townleyella , trachyostracus , trigonyangaspis ( / trigonaspis ) , tukalandaspis , ? ulrichaspis , variopelta , vermontella , vica , volocephalina , wanhuaia , weijiaspis , wuhaina , xiangshanaspis , xingrenaspis ( = spitella ; = danzhaina ; = wuxunaspis ) , yaoyiayuella , yohoaspis , yuknessaspis , ziboaspidella , ziboaspis .\nampyx ( / brachyampyx ) , ampyxella , ampyxina , ampyxinella , ampyxoides , anisonotella , bulbaspis , caganaspis , carinocranium , cerampyx , cnemidopyge , collis , edmundsonia , ellsaspis , endymionia ( / endymion ) , globampyx , jiuxiella ( = miboshania ) , kanlingia , lonchodomas , malinaspis , malongullia ( = ampyxinops ) , mendolaspis , metalonchodomas , miaopopsis , nambeetella , nanshanaspis , parabulbaspis , parampyx , pseudampyxina , pytine , raphioampyx , raphiophorus , raymondella ( / reedaspis ) , rhombampyx , salteria , sinampyxina , sinoluia , taklamakania ( = xinjiangia ) .\nbreviredlichia , chaoaspis , chengjiangaspis , conoredlichia , elganellus , eoredlichia ( = archaeops ; = saukiandops ; = galloredlichia ; = pararedlichia ) , hesa , iglesiella , irgitkhemia , jingyangia , kepingaspis , kuanyangia , latiredlichia , lemdadella , leptoredlichia ( = paraleptoredlichia ) , maopingaspis , metaredlichia , mianxianella , nebidella , neoredlichia , ningqiangaspis , olgaspis , pachyredlichia , parawutingaspis , parazhenbaspis , pseudoredlichia , pseudowutingaspis , pteroredlichia ( = spinoredlichia ) , redlichia ( / hoeferia ; = mesodema ; = dongshania ) , redlichops , sapushania , sarassina , sardaspis , sardoredlichia , syndianella , tolbinella , ushbaspis ( = metaredlichioides ) , wengangaspis , wutingaspis , xela , xenoredlichia , yorkella , zhanglouia .\naktugaiella , amphitryon ( / caphyra ; = brachypleura ) , aotiaspis , apatokephalina , apatokephaloides , apatokephalops ( = aristokainella ; = wanliangtingia ) , apatokephalus , apiflabellum , arator , artokephalus , atratebia , auricula , binervus , blosyropsis , cavia , deanokephalus , diplapatokephalus , dislobosaspis , eoapatokephalus , eorobergia , haniwa , hastiremopleurides , hexacopyge , hualongella , hukasawaia , hypodicranotus , ivshinaspis , jiia , jingheella , jinshaella , kainella , kainellina , kainelloides , lacorsalina , lingukainella , lohanpopsis , loshanella , lulongia , makbelaspis , mendosina , menoparia , naustia , oculeus , poletaevia , portentosus , praepatokephalus , proapatokephalops , pseudokainella ( = elkanaspis ; = parakainella ; = fatocephalus ) , pugilator , remopleurella , remopleurides , remopleuridiella , richardsonaspis , richardsonella ( = lakella ; = protapatokephalus ) , robergia , robergiella , scinocephalus , sculptaspis , sculptella , sigmakainella , spinacephalus , taishania , teratorhynchus , tibikephalus , tramoria , yosimuraspis ( = eoyosimuraspis ; = metayosimuraspis ) .\ncyamella ( / cyamops ; = paracyamella ) , hanjiangaspis , isbergia , madygenia ( = pseudobirmanites ) , protarchaeogonus , rorringtonia ( = analocaspis ; = chenaspis ; = trigonoproetus ) , solariproetus .\naustralaspis , clariondia , despujolsia , dolerolichia , eops , ezhimia , longianda , pareops , perrector ( = rawops ) , planocephalus , pseudosaukianda , realaspis , resserops , richterops ( = marsaisia ) , saukianda .\nanderssonella ( / anderssonia , / sunina ) , calvinella , caznaia , danzhaisaukia , diemanosaukia , eosaukia ( = scolosaukia ) , galerosaukia , guangnania , hamashania , lichengia , linguisaukia , liquania , lophoholcus , lophosaukia , mareda , metacalvinella , mictosaukia , mictosaukioidia , paracalvinella , pileaspis , platysaukia , prosaukia ( = stenosaukia ) , pseudocalvinella , saukia , saukiella , sinosaukia , stigmaspis , tellerina , thailandium , wedekindiaspis ( / wedekindia ) .\nacanthopleurella , changchowilla , conophrys , elaphraella , eoshumardia , gaoloupingia , koldinioidia ( = akoldinioidia ) , kuruktagaspis , kweichowilla , leioshumardia , leoforteyia , liriamnica , parashumardia , puanocephalus , shumardia , shumardoella ( / shumardella ) , shumardops , stigmametopus , tarimella ( = yinganaspis ) , thomondia , trianguraspis .\nabakanopleura , acanthometopus , acrocephalaspis , aiaiaspis , aidarella , aikhaliella , albansia , aldanaspis , badulesia , bigranulella , bijelina , braintreella , canotaspis , catasolenopleura , changqingia ( = austrosinia ) , colliceps , conicephalus , crusoia , daldynaspis , datongites , denaspis , eilura , ejinaspis , erratojincella , foveatella , gonzaloia , gushanaspis , herse ( / solenopleurina ; = parasolenopleura westergard ) , huzhuia , hyperoparia , jiagouia , jincella , kabuqiia , kaipingella , karagandoides , keguqinia , lashushania , levisia , lingyuanaspis , liosolenopleura , maiaspis , manublesia , markhaspis , mataninella , menocephalites ( = parataitzuia ) , minupeltis , mukrania , munija , neoacrocephalites , neosolenopleurella , nilegna , ninaspis , notocoryphe , paracrocephalites ( / arctaspis ) , paramenocephalites ( = solenoparina ) , parasolenoparia , parasolopleurena ( / parasolenopleura poletaeva ) , parayabeia , pardailhania , perneraspis ( / perneria ) , pingluia , plesisolenoparia , proavus , protrachoparia , pseudosolenoparia , reillopleura , rimouskia , rina , sao ( = acanthocnemis ; = acanthogramma , = crithias ; = endogramma ; = enneacnemis ; = goniacanthus ; = micropyge ; = monadina ; = monadella ; = selenosema ; = staurogmus ; = tetracnemis ) , shanghaiaspis , sohopleura , solenoparia , solenoparops , solenopleura , solenopleurella , solenopleuropsis , squarrosoella , suyougouia , tabalqueia , tangwangzhaia , tjungiella , trachoparia , usumunaspis , velieuxia , wafangdiania , xianfengia , yabeia .\nalceste , altaepeltis , amphoriops , ancyropyge , andegavia ( = sagittapeltis ) , arctipeltis , australoscutellum , avascutellum ( = ctenoscutellum ; = rutoscutellum ) , bojoscutellum ( = holomeris ) , boreoscutellum , breviscutellum , bronteopsis ( = homoglossa ) , brontocephalina , brontocephalus , bubupeltina , bumastella , bumastus , calycoscutellum , cavetia , cekovia , chichikaspis , chugaevia , ciliscutellum , cornuscutellum , craigheadia , cybantyx , decoroscutellum , delgadoa , dentaloscutellum , dulanaspis , ekwanoscutellum , eobronteus , eokosovopeltis ( = heptabronteus ) , eoscutellum , exastipyx , excetra , failleana ( = opsypharus ) , flexiscutellum , goldillaenoides , goldillaenus , hallanta , hidascutellum , illaenoides , illaenoscutellum , izarnia , japonoscutellum , kirkdomina , kobayashipeltis , kolihapeltis , kosovopeltis ( = heptabronteus ) , kotysopeltis , lamproscutellum , leioscutellum , ligiscus , liolalax ( / lalax ) , litotix , meitanillaenus , meridioscutellum , meroperix , metascutellum , microscutellum , mulciberaspis , neoscutellum , octobronteus ( = stoermeraspis / stoermeria ) , opoa , ottoaspis , paracybantyx , paralejurus , paraphillipsinella ( / phillipsella ; = protophillipsinella ) , perischoclonus , phillipsinella , planiscutellum ( = protoscutellum ) , platyscutellum , poroscutellum , protobronteus , protostygina , pseudoeobronteus , pseudostygina , quyuania , radioscutellum , raymondaspis ( / warburgella raymond ) , rhaxeros ( / rhax ) , sangzhiscutellum , scabriscutellum ( / dicranactis ) , scutellum ( = bronteus / brontes ; = goldfussia / brontes ; = goldius ) , septimopeltis , spiniscutellum , stygina , styginella , tenuipeltis , thaleops ( = hydrolaenus ) , theamataspis , thomastus , thysanopeltella , thysanopeltis , tosacephalus , turgicephalus , unicapeltis , uraloscutellum , waisfeldaspis , weberopeltis , xyoeax .\nasaphellina , asaphopsis , omeipsis , pacootella , renhuaia , taihungshania ( = miquelina ) , tungtzuella .\ncarolinites ( = dimastocephalus ; = keidelia ; = tafnaspis ) , fialoides , goniophrys , oopsites , opipeuterella ( = ompheter ; = opipeuter ) , paraphorocephala , phorocephala ( = carrickia ) , ? pyraustocranium , telephina ( / telephus ) , telephops .\nerediaspis , meteoraspis ( = greylockia ; = coleopachys ) , prometeoraspis , tricrepicephalus ( / paracrepicephalus ) .\nanebolithus , australomyttonia , bancroftolithus , bergamia ( = bohemaspis ; = brandysops ; = cochliorrhoe ) , bettonolithus , botrioides , broeggerolithus ( = ulricholithus ) , costonia , cryptolithoides , cryptolithus , deanaspis , declivolithus , decordinaspis , eirelithus , famatinolithus , furcalithus , guandacolithus , gymnostomix , hanchungolithus ( = ichangolithus ; = yinjiangolithus ) , huenickenolithus , incaia , jianxilithus , lloydolithus , lordshillia , marekolithus , marrolithoides , marrolithus , ? microdiscus , myinda , myindella , myttonia , nankinolithus , ningkianolithus ( = ceratolithus ; = hexianolithus ) , novaspis , onnia , paratretaspis , paratrinucleus , parkesolithus , pragolithus , protoincaia , protolloydolithus , reedolithus , reuscholithus , salterolithus ( = smeathenia ) , stapeleyella , telaeomarrolithus , tetrapsellium , tretaspis , trinucleus ( / edgellia ) , whittardolithus , xiushuilithus , yinpanolithus .\nalberticoryphe , astycoryphe , bojocoryphe , buchiproetus , centriproetus , cornuproetus , cyrtosymboloides , dalarnepeltis , dalejeproetus , decoroproetus ( ogmocnemis ; = proetidella , warburgaspis ) , denemarkia , diademaproetus , dipharangus , eopiriproetus , erbenicoryphe , eremiproetus ( = natatoraspis ; = dufresnoyiproetus ) , gracilocoryphe , gruetia , guilinaspis , hollardia , ignoproetus , interproetus , koneprusites , krohbole , lardeuxia , laticoryphe , lepidoproetus , linguaproetus , lodenicia , longicoryphe , macroblepharum , miriproetus , nagaproetus , paraeremiproetus , paralardeuxia , paralepidoproetus , parvigena , perakaspis , phaetonellus , phaseolops , piriproetoides , piriproetus , pribylia , prionopeltis ( / phaetonides / phaeton ) , prodrevermannia , proetina , proetopeltis , pterocoryphe , pteroparia , quadratoproetus , rabuloproetus , ranunculoproetus , remacutanger , richteraspis , rokycanocoryphe , sculptoproetus , slimanella , spinoproetus , stenoblepharum ( = viruanaspis ) , tafilaltaspis , tropicoryphe , tropidocoryphe , vicinoproetus ( / vicinopeltis ) , voigtaspis , wolayella , xiphogonium ( = trautensteinproetus ) , zetaproetus .\nblandiaspis , dictyella , esseigania , guluheia , jiwangshania , leiaspis , lonchopygella , paradictyites , shergoldia , taipakia , tsinania ( = dictyites , / dictya ) , zhujia .\ns . zhang in w . zhang et al . , 1980a [ agnostida eodiscina eodiscoidea ]\ntsunyidiscus ( = mianxiandiscus ; = liangshandiscus ; = emeidiscus ; = hupeidiscus ; = shizhudiscus ; = guizhoudiscus ) .\namginouyia , antagmopleura ( = poljakovia ) , chondragraulina , chondagraulos , okunevaella , utia .\nabakolia ( = costadiscus ) , acidiscus , acimetopus , analox , bathydiscus , bolboparia , cephalopyge , cobboldites , leptochilodiscus ( = kerberodiscus ) , litometopus , mallagnostus ( = ladadiscus ; ? = jinghediscus ) , meniscuchus , ninadiscus , oodiscus , runcinodiscus , semadiscus , serrodiscus ( = paradiscus ) , stigmadiscus , tannudiscus , weymouthia .\neotaitzuia , houmaia , inouyella , jixianaspis , latilorenzella ( = wuania ) , lophodesella , megagraulos , pseudosolenopleura , rencunia , ruichengaspis , wuanoides , wuhushania , yunmengshania .\ndrepanopyge , drepanuroides ( = xishuiella ) , hongjunshaoia , longduia , meitanella , paokannia , parapaokannia , parayinites , pseudopaokannia , qingkouia ( = paradrepanuroides ) , yinites , yunnanaspidella , yunnanaspis .\nalaskadiscus , egyngolia ( = mongolodiscus ) , ekwipagetia , hebediscina ( = szechuanaspis ; = zhenbadiscus ) , lenadiscus , yukonia , yukonides .\nelicicola , luaspis , pensacola , wangzishia , wenganlenus , yunnanocephalus ( / pseudoptychoparia ) .\nagnostina ( family uncertain ) agnostogonus , armagnostus , blystagnostus , delagnostus , dignagnostus , gallagnostus , glaberagnostus ( = toragnostus ) , grandagnostus , hastagnostus , leiagnostus ( = phoidagnostoides ; = ciceragnostus ) , megagnostus , peratagnostus ( = monaxagnostus ) , phaldagnostus , phoidagnostus , plurinodus , skryjagnostus , valenagnostus .\nredlichina ( family uncertain ) akbashichia , fandianaspis , iolgia , micangshania , xingzishania .\nfamily uncertain aethia , agyrenella , aligerites , altiplanelaspis , amechilus , araeocephalus , arglina , aulacopleurina , bifodina , bijaspis , carmon , cayastaia , chishanheella , costapyge , crossoura , curiaspis , deltacare , dipharus , discagnostus , dolgaiella , entsyna , eoampyx , eocheirurus , eulomella , fabulaspis , faciura , fengtienia , gdowia , gladiatoria , gonioteloides , goycoia , hospes , hybocephalus , idiorhapha , irvingelloides , ishpella , isidreana , jonotus , juriietella , kirengina , kleptothule , loxoparia , loxopeltis , lusampa , macnairides , maximovella , metaprodamesella , muchattellina , nanshihmenia , neoprodamesella , oenonella , paraxenocephalus , peculicephalina , pichyklen , pliomerellus , prodamesella ( = metaprodamesella ; = neoprodamesella ) , pseudoclelandia , pseudodipharus , pseudosalteria , pseudosarkia , punctaspis , qijiangia , resseria , robroyia , sakhaspidella , spizharaspis , subitella , sukhanaspis ( = kerbinella ) , tersiceps , thymurus , toxotis , trapezocephalina , typhlokorynetes , yinaspis , yoyarria .\nfamily indeterminate aguaraya , anthracopeltis , aytounella , cancapolia , chalchaquiana , chambersiellus , columbicephalus , cuchulain , cuyanaspis , desmus , diplozyga , eilidh , ellesides , epumeria , glossicephalus , hagiorites , hoekaspiella , hsiaella , huaquinchaia , huilichia , kilmahogia , leptopilus , levinia , melopetasus , mendodiscus , meneghinella , menocephalus , mial , neilsoniella , neochilonorria , neotaenicephalus , nicoljarvius , pegelina , perthiellus , pichunia , pichynturia , piliolites , pseudolevinia , querandinia , tambakia , tchabdania , triarthrella , yanquetruzia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : zacanthoididae according to p . a . jell and j . m . adrain 2003\nfull reference : c . e . resser . 1939 . the spence shale and its fauna . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 97 ( 12 ) : 1 - 29\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5 : 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\nthis trilobite website is designed to have several unique characteristics , all presented to provide visitors with an entertaining and hopefully enlightening experience with these amazing ancient arthropods . each of our featured trilobite localities has been chosen for its particular geographic or historic significance . as an example , it was decided to launch the site by focusing upon a locality within new york state , the home of the american museum of natural history . the rochester shale has long been renowned for its diverse silurian fauna , including arctinurus boltoni , which in 1825 was only the second trilobite species described from new york state . we will also visit many of the world ' s most prominent trilobites locations\u2026 from the hot deserts of morocco , to the rolling hills of china , to the high altiplano of bolivia . our intent here is to provide a more detailed overview of exactly how and where many of our featured specimens were found . the gallery of trilobites will display some of the very best specimens that have been collected in localities around the globe . we will do our best to present specimens possessing unique scientific import , as well as those that are simply magnificent examples of their specific species . in the trilobite files , we will present detailed reports that delve into the myriad mysteries of the trilobite world . from the first trilobites , to the uniqueness of trilobite eyes , to the amazing tale told by the widespread distribution of the trilobite paradoxides , all these issues - - and many more - - will be properly addressed and \u201cfiled\u201d in this website section . despite the fact that this website is designed and maintained by amateur trilobite enthusiasts , we will always try to make sure that scientific accuracy is prioritized .\nall text on the trilobite website is copyright property of andy secher and / or martin shugar unless otherwise noted . to learn more , please click here .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\na brand - new , unused , unopened , undamaged item ( including handmade items ) . see the seller ' s\nlisting for full details . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill ship within 5 business days of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . the seller has specified an extended handling time for this item .\nseller charges sales tax for items shipped to : ut * ( 6 . 25 % ) .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\npayment is due within 10 days after close of auction . multiple winners may receive a shipping discount if they contact me at the end of auction . international buyers are welcome but shipping will be based on location and will be calculated after the end of auction . items damaged in shipping will be the buyers responsibility unless insurance is purchased .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbathyuriscus rotundatus ( ummp 4884 ) . presumed moult , lacking free cheeks . specimen length = 45 mm . specimen dry \u2013 direct light . trilobite beds on mount stephen .\ntrilobites are extinct euarthropods , probably stem lineage representatives of the mandibulata , which includes crustaceans , myriapods , and hexapods ( scholtz and edgecombe , 2006 ) .\nbathyuriscus \u2013 a variation of the earlier trilobite genus name bathyurus , originally based on the greek bathys , \u201cdeep , \u201d and the greek oura , \u201ctail , \u201d thus , a trilobite with a deep tail .\nrotundatus \u2013 from the latin rotundus , \u201cround , \u201d presumably alluding to the rounded outline of the dorsal shield .\ntype status under review \u2013 ummp 4884 ( 9 specimens ) , university of michigan museum of paleontology , ann arbor , michigan , usa .\nburgess shale and vicinity : bathyuriscus adaeus walcott , 1916 , from several localities higher in the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone on mount stephen , mount odaray , and park mountain .\nother deposits : other species of bathyuriscus have been described from numerous localities elsewhere in the cambrian of north america .\nthe trilobite beds and other localities on mount stephen . fossil ridge in sections stratigraphically below the walcott quarry .\nhard parts : adult dorsal exoskeletons may be up to 5 cm long and are narrowly oval in outline , with a semicircular cephalon , a thorax of nine segments ending in blade - like tips with short spines , and a semicircular pygidium without spines .\nthe long glabella reaches almost to the anterior cephalic border ; the posterior portion is narrow and parallel - sided , while the anterior third expands rapidly forward . there are four pairs of lateral glabellar furrows , with the two front pairs angled forward and the posterior pair directed obliquely back . the eyes are relatively long and lie close to the glabella . broad free cheeks are extended back into short genal spines . the pygidium is slightly smaller than the cephalon , with a well - defined narrow axial lobe of five rings and a terminal piece ; four pairs of pygidial ribs are usually visible . the exoskeleton is mostly smooth externally , but very well preserved specimens may show faint anastomosing ridges on the free cheeks .\nextremely common in the mount stephen trilobite beds , where it rivals ogygopsis klotzi in abundance .\nbathyuriscus rotundatus was a mobile epibenthic trilobite . because we have no direct evidence of limb structure , its feeding habits are uncertain . it may have been a deposit feeder and opportunistic scavenger . like ogygopsis , bathyuriscus may occur as fully intact individuals ( probably carcasses ) , with the free cheeks missing , inverted , or rotated ( presumed moults ) , and as scattered pieces . some show evidence of healed injuries that may be predation scars ( rudkin , 2009 ) .\nrasetti , f . 1951 . middle cambrian stratigraphy and faunas of the canadian rocky mountains . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 116 ( 5 ) : 1 - 277 .\nrominger , c . 1887 . description of primordial fossils from mount stephens , n . w . territory of canada . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 1887 : 12 - 19 .\nrudkin , d . m . 2009 . the mount stephen trilobite beds , pp . 90 - 102 . in j . - b . caron and d . rudkin ( eds . ) , a burgess shale primer - history , geology , and research highlights . the burgess shale consortium , toronto .\nscholtz , g . and edgecombe , g . d . 2006 . the evolution of arthropod heads : reconciling morphological , developmental and palaeontological evidence . development genes and evolution , 216 : 395 - 415 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1888 . cambrian fossils from mount stephens , northwest territory of canada . american journal of science , series 3 : 163 - 166 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1908 . mount stephen rocks and fossils . canadian alpine journal , 1 : 232 - 248 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1916 . cambrian geology and paleontology iii . cambrian trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 64 ( 5 ) : 303 - 456 .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nitems in ku scholarworks are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nwe want to hear from you ! please share your stories about how open access to this item benefits you .\nthe university of kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race , color , ethnicity , religion , sex , national origin , age , ancestry , disability , status as a veteran , sexual orientation , marital status , parental status , gender identity , gender expression and genetic information in the university\u2019s programs and activities . the following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non - discrimination policies : director of the office of institutional opportunity and access , ioa @ urltoken , 1246 w . campus road , room 153a , lawrence , ks , 66045 , ( 785 ) 864 - 6414 , 711 tty .\nour new search experience requires javascript to be enabled . please enable javascript on your browser , then try again .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\namounts shown in italicised text are for items listed in currency other than euros and are approximate conversions to euros based upon bloomberg ' s conversion rates . for more recent exchange rates , please use the universal currency converter\nthis page was last updated : 09 - jul 19 : 20 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international postage options and costs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :"]}
{"id": 441, "summary": [{"text": "telamoptilia tiliae is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from japan ( hokkaid\u014d ) and the russian far east .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 6.8 \u2013 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on tilia maximowicziana .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they probably mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "telamoptilia tiliae", "paragraphs": ["grewia biloba g . don and its variety parviflora hand . \u2013mazz . ( malvaceae ) . telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . is thus far the only species in gracillariinae that is known to feed on grewia . the plant family malvaceae appears to be the main host for telamoptilia with now four out of six species feeding on this family ( telamoptilia tiliae on tilia , telamoptilia cathedraea on urena , telamoptilia geyeri on pavonia ) .\nthe larvae of telamoptilia species are leaf miners . three plant families are known as hosts for telamoptilia : malvaceae , amaranthaceae and convolvulaceae ( de prins and de prins 2014 ) . v\u00e1ri ( 1961 ) briefly described the biology of telamoptilia geyeri ( v\u00e1ri , 1961 ) . kumata et al . ( 1988 ) described the biology and the larval body chaetotaxy of three species : telamoptilia cathedraea , telamoptilia prosacta and telamoptilia tiliae ( kumata & ermolaev , 1988 ) . however , no larval head chaetotaxy and pupal features of telamoptilia have been described so far .\ndescription of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . and the consequences for the definition of the genera telamoptilia and spulerina ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae , gracillariinae )\ndescription of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . and the consequences for the definition of the genera telamoptilia and spulerina ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae , gracillariinae )\nthe genus telamoptilia kumata & kuroko , 1988 is globally represented by five species that may be found in the oriental and african regions . the type species telamoptilia cathedraea ( meyrick , 1908 ) is geographically shared by the oriental region and madagascar ( de prins and de prins 2014 ) . three species are currently known from china , including telamoptilia cathedraea , telamoptilia hemistacta ( meyrick , 1924 ) , and telamoptilia prosacta ( meyrick , 1918 ) .\ntelamoptilia grewiae sp . n . is associated with malvaceae and is described in the present paper from adult external characters , male and female genitalia , wing venation and immature stages . the larval head and pupal features are described for the first time in telamoptilia .\nkumata et al . ( 1988 ) distinguished telamoptilia from spulerina by the antennal scape having a minute flap , the absence of the fan - shaped comb of the valva and the signum with median process . telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . has a flap as wide as the antennal scape and a signum lacking a median process , which is most similar to spulerina parthenocissi as stated in the diagnosis section . therefore the signum without median process is not an autapomorphy for spulerina when defining telamoptilia and spulerina . the larval seta xd1 of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . is placed near the anterior margin of the prothorax shield , which resembles that of spulerina v\u00e1ri , but differs from that of telamoptilia that has xd1 of variable placement between d1 and d2 ( kumata et al . 1988 ) . the fully grown larva of telamoptilia and spulerina changes body colour into red ( kumata et al . 1988 ) , but colour transfer does not occur in telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . consequently , the most important generic character to distinguish telamoptilia from spulerina is the absence of the fan - shaped comb of the valva as defined by kumata et al . ( 1988 ) , and the minute antennal scape flap and the signum with median process should be excluded for generic definition when taking telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . into consideration . the position of seta xd1 and the feature of larval body colour transfer vary within telamoptilia , thus should not be adopted as generic characters . considering the unique characters of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . , its phylogenetic relationship to other species of the genus telamoptilia requires further study .\nthe new species telamoptilia grewiae , reared from leafmines on grewia biloba ( malvaceae ) is described with details on adult and immature stages . the larval head and the pupa are described for the first time in telamoptilia kumata & kuroko , 1988 , and are illustrated with scanning electron micrographs and line drawings . photographs of adult habitus , wing venation , male and female genitalia , as well as host plant and mines are provided . the apomorphic adult and larval characters of the new species in telamoptilia are discussed in relation to the recognition of the genera telamoptilia and spulerina v\u00e1ri , 1961 .\nliu t , wang s , li h ( 2015 ) description of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . and the consequences for the definition of the genera telamoptilia and spulerina ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae , gracillariinae ) . zookeys 479 : 121\u2013133 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 479 . 8899\nthe new species mostly resembles telamoptilia prosacta , especially in the male genitalia . however , it can be recognized by the male genitalia with the tegumen having 3\u22124 long setae on each lateral side , and the valva width does not change in the basal 3 / 4 ; in telamoptilia prosacta , the tegumen has 9\u221212 long setae on each lateral side and the valva is slightly wider at middle . in the female genitalia , telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . can easily be separated from all other telamoptilia by the extremely short ductus bursae , not reaching the anterior margin of the seventh abdominal segment . the signum lacks a median process and is thereby more similar to signa in spulerina , especially to that of spulerina parthenocissi kumata & kuroko , 1988 , than to those in telamoptilia .\nline drawings of the larval chaetotaxy of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 20 head , frontal view 21 head , lateral view 22 thoracic segments , lateral view 23 abdominal segments , lateral view .\nlast instar larval characters of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 14 antenna 15 mouthpart 16 setae on prothorax shield , arrow indicating the positon of xd1 17 thoracic leg 18 proleg 19 a9\u221210 , dorsal view .\nthe forewing venation of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . is unique within the acrocercops group : r 1 and r 5 are absent , thus r 4 is not stalked with r 5 . the absence of r 1 is apomorphic for chrysocercops kumata & kuroko , 1988 ( occasionally present ) , telamoptilia and spulerina ( kumata et al . 1988 , kumata 1992 ) . although r 1 is also absent in dendrorycter kumata , 1978 , it will not be discussed here since its status within the acrocercops group is still debatable ( kumata et al . 1988 ) . the forewing patterns and the genitalia of chrysocercops are rather different from those of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . all other telamoptilia and spulerina have r 5 , or at least r 5 is visible distally and stalked with r 4 ( kumata et al . 1988 ) . currently there is not enough evidence for assigning the new species without r 5 to a new genus . a comprehensive study of more species is required for further generic definition .\nadult , host plant and mines of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 1 adult in habitus , paratype 2 live adult 3 host plant 4 linear mines by early instar larvae 5 blotch mine by later instar larva 6 seriously damaged leaves found in september .\nlast instar larva head chaetotaxy of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 10 dorsal view 10a close - up of md setae 11 ventral - lateral view , scanned from last instar larval skin 12 frons , frontal - lateral view , same individual as 11 , 13 dorsal view 13a close - up of so and g setae .\npupal characters of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 24 pupa , lateral view 25 frontal process ( cocoon cutter ) , lateral view 25a frontal process ( cocoon cutter ) , ventral view 26 two pairs of sensillae on head 27 close - up of the paired sensillae on head 28 setae on a2 , dorsal - lateral view , arrows indicating the positions of setae 29 segments a9\u221210 , ventral view 30 genital orifice 31 lateral cremaster , lateral view 32 ventral cremaster , ventral view .\nwing venation and genitalia of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 7 wing venation , paratype , ltt12561w 8 male genitalia , 8a , male genitalia with aedeagus detached , ltt12561 8b aedeagus , lateral view , same slide as 8a , 8c close - up of the distal portion of aedeagus , indicating the triangular process , dorsal view , ltt12257 , 8d , eighth abdominal segment , paratype , same slide as 8a , 9 female genitalia , paratype , ltt12555 ( scales = 0 . 2 mm except 8c = 0 . 1 mm ) .\nthe larva mines on the upper surface of the host plant leaf . the mine begins as an epidermal silvery curved white line which soon enlarges to a whitish blotch . yellowish - fuscous or fuscous lines can be found on the surface of the blotch . as the larva develops , the blotch usually incorporates the earlier linear mine . the last instar larva vacates the mine for pupation by chewing a semicircular opening near the margin of the blotch . no body colour transfer occurs in the full - grown larva of this species , compared to other telamoptilia larvae which turn red when fully grown ( kumata et al . 1988 ) . some host plants can be seriously damaged by the mines in early september . cocoons are usually found inlaid the leaf wrinkles , or occasionally in the corner of the rearing container . the cocoon is brown , with 2\u22123 brown minute bubbles on the surface . this species overwinters in pupa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfield investigations were carried out in mt . baxian national nature reserves ( 40\u00b011 ' n , 117\u00b032 ' e ) , 300\u2212600 m , tianjin , china , from may to september in 2013 and june 2014 . leaves containing mines with larvae were placed in sealed plastic bags , or rearing containers with moist cotton . larvae removed from mines were immersed in nearly boiling water for 30 seconds , and then were kept in 75 % ethanol for morphological examination . last instar larval skins , pupae , and exuviae were kept in 75 % ethanol . pupae in rearing containers were placed outdoors to overwinter , and were transferred into the laboratory at 20 \u00b0c on february 6 , 2014 . emergence successively occurred from march 9 to early - april 2014 . adults were collected chiefly by rearing from immature stages , and occasionally by light trap .\nadult photographs were taken with a leica m250a stereo microscope . genitalia and wings were dissected and mounted according to the methods introduced by li ( 2002 ) , but stained with eosin y and / or chlorazol black , and the illustrations were prepared by using a leica dm750 microscope , and refined in photoshop\u00ae cs4 software . for scanning electron microscopy , larvae and pupae were dehydrated in gradient ethanol , dried in vacuum and coated with gold in a scd 005 sputter coater ( bal - tec ) , then operated with a voltage of 15 kv using quanta 200 environmental scanning electron microscope ( sem ) ( fei , oregon ) . line drawings were outlined from the photos taken by the leica m250a stereo microscope , using path tool in adobe photoshop\u00ae cs4 software . photographs of host plant , mines and a live adult were taken in the field using canon powershot g10 digital camera .\nterminology of immature stages follows davis and de prins ( 2011 ) and de prins et al . ( 2013 ) , and that of adults follows kumata et al . ( 1988 ) . thoracic segments i\u2212iii and abdominal segments 1\u221210 are abbreviated as ti\u2212tiii and a1\u2212a10 , respectively .\nall the specimens studied , including the types of the new species and the vouchered larvae and pupae , are deposited in the insect collection , nankai university , tianjin , china .\n) with wing span 6 . 0\u22128 . 0 mm . head silvery white , tinged with gray on face . labial palpus grayish white , colored blackish gray on outer surface of distal half of second segment and before apex of third segment . maxillary palpus white , with middle or distal half blackish fuscous . antenna with scape white on posterior half , blackish gray on anterior half and distal portion , flap blackish gray tinged with white , as wide as scape in frontal view ; flagellum silvery grayish fuscous , with each unit blackish distally . thorax and tegula blackish gray mixed with white . legs mostly white ; foreleg with coxa blackish fuscous basally and distally , femur and tibia blackish fuscous , tarsus blackish gray distally on each except last segment ; midleg with coxa blackish fuscous distally , femur blackish fuscous , except white medially and distally on dorsal surface , with ventral scale expansion blackish fuscous , tibia blackish fuscous basally and distally , white medially , tarsus white , each except last segment dotted blackish fuscous distally ; hindleg with coxa blackish fuscous distally , femur blackish fuscous distally on outer surface , tibia blackish fuscous basally and distally , tarsus with basal three segments blackish fuscous distally , fourth segment dotted blackish fuscous dorso - distally . forewing grayish fuscous to blackish fuscous ; costal margin with a white spot basally at about 1 / 10 and one before apex , the former sometimes touching fold posteriorly , with white stria at distal 3 / 10 and 1 / 6 obliquely outward , reaching middle of wing and near termen respectively ; transverse white fascia from costal 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 obliquely outward , reaching dorsal 1 / 2 and before end of fold respectively , edged with blackish fuscous to black scales , inner fascia wider than outer one , widened on posterior half ; small white dot on distal end of m\n, two or three small white dots along termen ; apex blackish fuscous ; cilia mostly blackish fuscous basally , gray distally , white adjacent to white markings , white on basal 1 / 4 , black on median part , gray distally at apex , gray along dorsal margin . hindwing and cilia uniformly gray .\nvariations . the white costal spot at about basal 1 / 10 is sometimes reduced to a small dot near the costa , the white costal stria at distal 3 / 10 is occasionally extended to unite the dot on the distal end of m 3 , the costal stria at distal 1 / 6 is sometimes wedge - shaped or absent , the white dot at the distal end of m 3 sometimes moves to near distal end of cell , and the small white dots along termen sometimes are absent .\n) . tegumen with basal half same width , median portion slightly widened , distal half almost triangular , rounded apically ; three or four long setae along lateral side . valva 1 . 7 times as long as tegumen , with basal 3 / 4 same width , distal 1 / 4 apparently narrowed , bluntly pointed apically . saccus subtriangular , rounded apically . aedeagus straight , almost as long as valva ; distal half heavily sclerotized , with a triangular distal process about 1 / 8 length of aedeagus , pointed apically ( fig .\n) . eighth tergite with apodeme reaching posterior 1 / 3 of seventh segment , nearly parallel - sided ( fig .\n) . antrum a ring , disconnected ventrally , embed with a heavily sclerotized belt medially . ductus bursae membranous , extremely short , not reaching anterior margin of seventh segment , wrinkled basally , without spines . corpus bursae oval , membranous , without spines ; signum slender and long , curved by 150\u00b0 medially , posterior half slightly s - shaped , anterior half curved at anterior 2 / 5 , sometimes slightly c - shaped .\n) . length 4 . 0 mm , pale green to yellowish green . three stemmata present ( fig .\n) . spiracles on ti and a8 larger ; prolegs on a3\u22125 each with 2\u22124 crochets ( fig .\n) , those on a10 without crochets . ( five larvae and two last instar larval skins examined )\n. adfrontal area slightly convex above middle , af setae placed on convexity ( fig .\n) ; a3 longest , followed by a1 , aa internal to half way of a2 and a3 , near margin of adfrontal area ; p1 lateral to af2 , near margin of adfrontal area , p2 dorsal to a3 , slightly shorter than p1 ; three md setae placed posterior to p2 , arranged in line , pa internal and slightly anterior to md2 ; o2 longest , followed by o3 ; so1 as long as so2 , so3 shorter , soa near so1 ; g1 posterior to so3 .\n. ti with xd , d , and sd setae placed on prothoracic shield , xd1 near anterior margin of prothoracic shield ( fig .\n) , xda anterior to d2 , sd2 near ventral margin of prothoracic shield ; l - group bisetose , l2 dorsal and posterior to l1 ; sv - group bisetose , sharing pinaculum . tii with d1 near anterior dorsal margin , md1 near posterior margin of prothoracic shield , anterior to d2 ; sd2 close to d2 , sd1 anterior and ventral to sd2 ; l - group bisetose , l2 absent , l3 posterior and dorsal to l1 ; sv - group unisetose , with a micro seta anterior to sv1 . tiii similar to tii .\n. a1\u22128 with d1 and d2 closely approximated to each other , md1 seta anterior and slightly dorsal to d1 , sd1 posterior and dorsal to spiracle , sd2 shorter than sd1 , anterior and dorsal to spiracle , closer to spiracle than sd1 , l - group bisetose , l2 seta absent ; a1 and a7\u22129 with sv - group unisetose , a2 and a6 bisetose , a3\u22125 trisetose ; a9 with d1 short , md1 seta anterior to d1 , sd1 anterior and ventral to d2 , as long as d2 , sd1 , l1 , sv1 and v1 almost forming a line ; a10 as shown in fig .\n) ; labial palpus 3 . 4 times longer than maxillary palpus . tii and tiii each bearing a pair of seta dorsally . a1\u22129 each carrying a pair of seta dorsally ; a2\u22126 each bearing a pair of seta laterally , with one postero - ventral to spiracle , one internal to spiracle , shorter ( fig .\nholotype , \u2642 , china : mt . baxian national nature reserves ( 117\u00b033 ' n , 40\u00b011 ' e ) , 300\u2212600 m , ji county , tianjin , larva coll . 6 - ix - 2013 , ex . grewia biloba , emerged 9 - iii - 2014 ( indoors ) , leg . tengteng liu . paratypes : 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , larvae coll . 24 - vi - 2013 , emerged 6\u22127 - vii - 2013 , 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , larva coll . 29 - vi - 2013 , emerged 5 - vii - 2013 , 4\u2642 , 3\u2640 , larva coll . 8 - viii - 2013 , emerged 19\u221220 , 22 - viii - 2013 , 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , emerged 13 , 22 - ix - 2013 , 1\u2642 , larva coll . 12 - ix - 2013 , emerged iv - 2014 ( indoors ) , 2\u2640 , larva coll . 30 - vi - 2014 , other data as holotype , genitalia slide nos . ltt12255\u2640 , ltt12256\u22127\u2642 , ltt12261\u2642 , ltt12555\u2640 , ltt12556\u22127\u2642 ; 1\u2642 , 300 m , 29 - vi - 2014 , by light , leg . kaijian teng & tengteng liu , other data as holotype , genitalia slide no . ltt12561 .\n5 larvae , 25 - vi - 2013 , 6 - ix - 2013 , stored in ethanol , other data as holotype , bxs130628 , bxs130942 ; 1 last instar larval skin , larva coll . 6 - ix - 2013 , emerged 13 - iii - 2014 , other data as holotype , mounted in canada balsam , slide no . ltt1403l ; 1 last instar larval skin , 24 - vi - 2013 , stored in glycerine , other data as holotype , bxs130632 ; 2 pupal exuviae , 29 - vi - 2014 , other data as holotype , mounted in canada balsam , slide nos . ltt1401\u22122l .\nthe specific name is derived from the host plant genus grewia , indicating the host of the new species .\nspecial thanks are indebted to the staff of the baxian mountain national nature reserves , for their persistent support during the field work ; to the two reviewers and the editor dr . erik van nieukerken for their insightful comments . this study was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 31272356 ) and the research fund for the doctoral program of higher education ( no . 20130031110008 ) .\nsystematics and biology of the new genus macrosaccus with descriptions of two new species ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) .\nde prins j , davis dr , de coninck e , sohn j - c , triberti p . ( 2013 )\nsystematics , phylogeny and biology of a new genus of lithocolletinae ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) associated with cistaceae .\ndescriptions of thirteen new species of the genus chrysocercops kumata et kuroko , 1988 , from malaysia and nepal ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) .\njapanese species of the acrocercops - group ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) part ii .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nt\u00e9lam is the argentine national news agency founded in 1945 . it provides news and information to about 300 subscribers , including government entities and national and international media . it operates as a state enterprise . its current president is carlos mart\u00edn garc\u00eda . = = overview = = t\u00e9lam was established as telenoticiosa americana ( american tel . . .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 442, "summary": [{"text": "rhinoprora palpata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in indian subregion , sri lanka and western china , as well as on java , borneo and taiwan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of mountainous areas . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "rhinoprora palpata", "paragraphs": ["cidaria palpata walker , 1862 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 25 : 1404 .\nsspp . diechusa prout , javana prout , 1958 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 6 : 422 - 3 .\nthe facies is similar to that of the next three species except the hindwings are paler , more clearly fasciated . the labial palps are longer than in subpalpata prout but not as long as in coelica prout or sayata holloway : they are pale fawn throughout rather than dark brown or with the third segment dark .\nindian subregion , w . china ; borneo ( ssp . wongi ) ; java ( ssp . javana ) .\nthe species is common on g . kinabalu but has yet to be recorded from other mountains . it occurs abundantly at 2400m , but ranges from 1930m to 3150m .\nalso related to xanthocomes and eurymesa are s . eugerys prout comb . n . ( seram , new guinea ) and s . seminotata warren comb . n . ( new guinea ) .\ns . xanthocomes is rarer than the next , occurring with it at lower elevations : 1500 - 1930m on g . kinabalu ; 1780 - 1790m on g . mulu .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorresponding author : olga schmidt ( ed . nwm . msz @ tdimhcs . aglo ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe indonesian geometrid moth fauna is rich and diverse , yet it is poorly studied . this is particularly the case for the second largest geometrid subfamily larentiinae which comprises moths with predominantly high mountainous distribution in the tropics . the present study provides a first inventory of the primary type specimens of larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia .\nthe list of species described from indonesia is arranged alphabetically by the tribe , genus , and species , and presents data on 251 species and subspecies . for each species type status , type locality , depository , and a full reference to the original description are listed . synonyms with indonesian type localities are included . the study indicates a large part of the indonesian geometrid fauna belong to the tribe eupitheciini .\nlarentiinae are the second most species - rich geometrid subfamily after ennominae , with 6 , 230 described species ( scoble and hausmann 2007 ) and numerous undescribed species . the present study aims to create an inventory of larentiine species ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) with indonesian type localities , providing original references . a special emphasis on primary types excludes inaccuracies caused by incorrect identification , and the list provides a starting point for an assessment of the biodiversity of the subfamily larentiinae in indonesia .\nthe name of the original genus is given in parentheses after the name of the valid genus . the status of the type is noted . citations of references for each species are given under\nnomenclature\n. the altitude is presented as in the original description . valid species , valid subspecies and synonyms with indonesian type localities are included .\ndistribution\nembraces the type locality only .\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 3000 - 7000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , about 139\u00b0 e , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : zmmu\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 6f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : many ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\nthe species is described from india , khasia hills and indonesia , celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] . the species is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : rbins\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : unknown ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . tompoe , 2700 ft .\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , tjamba , near maros , 1500 ft .\ntype locality : java ( east ) , tengger , kletak , 6000 ft .\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . rangkoenau , 1800 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . tompoe , 2700 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : oum\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , wa ' katin , 1675 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 11m , 11f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : sw celebes [ sulawesi ] , g . lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 19 , mostly females ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mts , upper setekwa river , 2000 - 3000 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , koelawi , paloe , 3700 ft .\ntype locality : sw celebes [ sulawesi ] , pangean near maros , 2000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram ( central ) [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mount goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . rangkoenau , 900 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of g . mesophoena celebensis . the species g . celebensis is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , leksula - kakal , 2800 - 3700 ft .\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , g . lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : oum\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo , sarawak . type locality of synonym : java ( east )\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo , sarawak and deposited in oum . the synonym g . ( chloroclystis ) semivinosa warren 1896 ) is described from java ( east ) and deposited in nhm\ntype locality : java ( east ) , tengger , singolangoe , 5000 ft .\nthe species g . nepotalis is described as subspecies of g . latipennis prout ( 1958 ) and illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo . type locality of synonym : lesser sunda islands , lombok\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo and deposited in oum . the synonym m . ( megatheca ? ) ampla ( warren , 1899 ) is described from lesser sunda islands , lombok\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , seram ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft .\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo . type locality of synonym : kalimantan , pulo laut\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo and deposited in oum . the synonym p . ( eupithecia ) conferta ( swinhoe , 1902 ) is described from kalimantan , pulo laut . the species p . obliterata is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\npseudopolinesia ( pomasia ) hebe synonyms : p . interrupta , p . phanoides , p . praelustris\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , mt kebea , 3000 ft . type localities of synonyms : [ west papua ] , oetakwa river , celebes [ sulawesi ] , menado , [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe , mrapat , 5000 ft .\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , mt kebea , 3000 ft . three synonyms p . interrupta ( prout 1916 ) p . phanoides ( debauche 1941 ) and p . praelustris ( prout 1933 ) are described from [ west papua ] , oetakwa river , from celebes [ sulawesi ] , menado and from [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe , mrapat , 5000 ft .\ntype locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym p . ( chloroclystis ) pallidivirens pullivirens ( prout , 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m , f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft . , ca 139\u00b0 longit .\nthe species z . baliensis prout ( 1958 ) is described as subspecies of z . xylinaria walker ( 1863 ) . the synonym z . xylinaria florensis prout ( 1958 ) is described from lesser sunda islands , flores ( south )\nziridava ( ziridava ) xylinaria synonyms : z . xylinaria subaequata , z . subrubida\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo , sarawak . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela and celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , indrulaman , 2300 ft .\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo , sarawak , deposited in oum and illustrated in holloway ( 1997 ) . two synonyms z . xylinaria subaequata prout ( 1929 ) and z . subrubida warren ( 1897 ) are described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela and celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , indrulaman , 2300 ft .\nthe synonym p . multiplicata erebenna prout ( 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , mt moenggal , 9000 ft . and bromo to caldeira\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nbc\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : many , m , f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , weyland mountains , mt kunupi , 6000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : sumatra ( west ) , sungei kumbang , korintji district , 4500 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , loda , 4000 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( south - west ) [ sulawesi ] , pangean , near maros , 2000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela\nthe species is described from [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft . the synonym h . ( phthonoloba ) hypelaina ( prout , 1929 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 6f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , gunong lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe mrapat , 5000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nbc\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 3000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mts , near oetakwa river , up to 3500 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft .\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , buru ( central ) , mrapat , 5000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhrs\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , paloe , gunong rangkoenau , 1800 ft .\ntype locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , batjan\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym g . subpilosa warren ( 1904 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , batjan\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 7m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft . and 3000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes ( south - west ) [ sulawesi ] , tjamba , near maros , 1500 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , gunong tompoe , 2700 ft .\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : zsm , m . sommerer coll .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : sumatra ( west ) , sungei kumbang , korintji , 4500 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\nthe species is originally described as subspecies ( ab . ) of x . ludifica warren ( 1898 )\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : sumatra ( west ) , korintji , 7300 ft . , sungei kumbang , 10 , 000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , carstensz peak , 5000 - 10 , 000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 11m , 19f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , 4000 - 6000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : unknown ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : india , darjeeling . type locality of synonym : [ java ( east ) ] , nongkodjadjar\nthe species a . pictaria is described from india , darjeeling . the synonym a . pictaria flavifascia prout ( 1935 ) is described from [ java ( east ) ] , nongkodjadjar and singolangoe . the species a . pictaria is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype locality : india , nilgiri district , s slopes , 3000 ft . type locality of synonym : java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar\nthe species is described from india , nilgiri district , s slopes , 3000 ft . the synonym a . pulchella interposita prout ( 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 13m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo . type localities of synonym : borneo , nr kalimantan , pulo laut\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo . the synonym e . metriopis ( meyrick , 1897 ) is described from borneo and nr kalimantan , pulo laut . the species e . plumbacea is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype locality : lesser sunda islands , sambawa [ sumbawa ] , tambora , 2500 - 4000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .\nthe species is described from [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym p . subcaesia neutralis ( prout , 1922 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of p . ornatipennis ( prout , 1941 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2002 )\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , about 139\u00b0 long . , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .\ntype status : lectotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : west irian [ west papua ] , wandammen mts , 3000 - 4000 ft .\ntype locality : [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river . type locality of synonym : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .\nthe species is described from [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river . the synonym s . viriditincta ( rothschild , 1916 ) is described from [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , sidaonta , 4500 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2009 )\nthe species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) . lectotype has been designated ( schmidt 2006a )\ntype locality : lesser sunda islands , tambora , sambawa [ sumbawa ] , 2500 - 4000 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2009 ) . lectotype has been designated ( schmidt 2006a )\nthe species is described as subspecies of v . vinosa ( warren , 1907 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2013 )\nthe tribal placement of many species needs to be evaluated . however , according to preliminary data involving the study of the species described from other regions and apparently occurring in indonesia ( schmidt , unpubl . data ) , the tribe eupitheciini and its close allies seem to be dominant in indonesia . moreover , the high - altitude indonesian fauna is poorly studied so far . considering high diversity of eupitheciines in mountainous regions and unresolved taxonomic problems in the group ( e . g . sibling species ) , a large proportion of eupitheciini among the larentiine moths is expected .\nptychotheca pallidivirens should be transferred to the genus bosara ( see holloway 1997 ) .\nprout ( 1941 ) mentioned \u201c desmoclystia prouti sick , sp . n . \u201d , without description of the type locality , among other species described from west papua ( mt goliath ) . the type of d . prouti without abdomen , as cited in the original description , has never been re - examined .\nscoble ( 1999 ) lists eupithecia aspectabilis inoue ( 1996 ) as described from indonesia ( maluku [ moluccas ] : aru ) . however , the type locality of the species is aru in pahalgam - kolohoi in kashmir , with an altitude of 2800m .\nbarlow h . s . , woiwod i . p . seasonality and diversity of macrolepidoptera in two lowland sites in dumoga - bone national park , sulawesi utara . in : knight w . j . , holloway j . d . , editors .\nbeck j . , r\u00fcdlinger c . m . currently available data on borneo geometrid moths do not provide evidence for a pleistocene rainforest refugium .\nbethune - baker g . t . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera from africa and the east .\ngressitt j . l . , szent - ivany j . j . h . bibliography of new guinea entomology .\nillustrations of typical specimens heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part viii : the lepidopteraheterocera of the nilgiri district .\ntaylor & francis ; london : 1891 . 144 + 4 pp . , 8 pls .\nholloway j . d . the moths of borneo : family geometridae , subfamilies sterrhinae and larentiinae .\ninoue h . twenty - four new species , one new subspecies and two new genera of the geometridae ( lepidoptera ) from east asia .\ninoue h . four new species of the genus eupithecia ( geometridae , larentiinae ) from kashmir and pakistan .\nmoore f . descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson . heterocera ( continued ) ( pyralidae , crambidae , geometridae , tortricidae , tineidae ) in : hewitson w . c . , moore f . , editors .\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson 3 .\nasiatic society of bengal , taylor & francis ; calcutta , london : 1888 . 100\nprout l . b . new genera and species of indo - australian geometridae .\nprout l b . new geometridae from the weyland mountains ( dutch new guinea ) .\nprout l . b . resultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises de ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse leopold de belgique . lepidoptera . geometridae .\nprout l . b . new and little - known bali geometridae in the tring museum .\nprout l . b . larentiinae . in : seitz a . , editor .\ndie gross - schmetterlinge der erde . fauna indo - australica , bd . 12 .\nrothschild l . w . on the lepidoptera from the islands of ceram ( seran ) , buru , bali , and misol .\nrothschild l . w . lepidoptera collected by the british ornithologists ' union and the wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea .\nschmidt olga . a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .\nschmidt olga . australasian genus scotocyma turner and the recently described species s . sumatrensis schmidt ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae )\nscoble m . j . , hausmann a . on - line list of valid and nomenclaturally available names of the geometridae of the world .\nsnellen p . c . t . lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningenen beschrijving der nieuwe soorten . tweede afdeeling : heterocera .\nsutrisno h . moth diversity at sebangau peat swamp and busang river secondary rain forest , central kalimantan .\nsutrisno h . moth diversity at gunung halimun - salak national park , west java .\nsutrisno h . moth ( insecta : lepidoptera ) diversity in montane gunung patuha protected forest , west java , indonesia .\nswinhoe c . new and little known species of drepanulidae , epiplemidae , microniidae and geometridae in the national collection .\nvos r . de . the inchworms ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) of papua indonesia .\nwalker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum .\nwalker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . 1121 - 1533\nwarren w . new species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum .\nwarren w . new genera and species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , uraniidae , and geometridae in the tring museum .\nwarren w . new genera and species of moths from the old world regions in the tring museum .\nwarren w . new species and genera of the families thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions .\nwarren w . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the old world regions .\nwarren w . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the oriental and palaearctic regions .\nwarren w . new uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the oriental and palaearctic regions .\nwarren w . drepanulidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the palaearctic and indo - australian regions .\nwarren w . drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the oriental region .\nwarren w . drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae and geometridae from british new guinea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmodern sources have included it variously in the order rajiformes , rhinobatiformes , rhiniformes , or the newly proposed rhinopristiformes .\n' wedgefishes\n' are order rhinopristiformes along with guitarfishes and sawfishes , they have also been known as giant guitarfishes or sharkfin guitarfishes .\nhow can i put and write and define rhinopristiformes in a sentence and how is the word rhinopristiformes used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528rhinopristiformes\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528rhinopristiformes\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528rhinopristiformes\u9020\u53e5 , rhinopristiformes meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsupplier out of stock . if you add this item to your wish list we will let you know when it becomes available .\nis the information for this product incomplete , wrong or inappropriate ? let us know about it .\ndoes this product have an incorrect or missing image ? send us a new image .\ncopyright \u00a9 loot\u2122 online ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved . khutaza park , bell crescent , westlake business park . po box 30836 , tokai , 7966 , south africa . info @ urltoken loot is a member of the independent media group of companies . all prices displayed are subject to fluctuations and stock availability as outlined in our terms & conditions .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 449, "summary": [{"text": "rhoda ( 1813 \u2013 after 1836 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the third running of the classic 1000 guineas at newmarket racecourse in 1816 and was the most successful racehorse in britain ( in terms of wins ) two years later .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "rhoda was one of the most active of all british classic winners , running in at least forty-five contests between 1816 and 1820 and winning twenty-one times .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her actual number of competitive races was even higher as many of her later races were run in multiple heats , with the prize going to the first horse to win twice .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she won the 1000 guineas on her second appearance but did not run as a three-year-old after finishing unplaced in the oaks stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "rhoda won three races in 1817 , ten in 1818 , four in 1819 and two in 1820 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "rhoda ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["drag images here or select from your computer for rhoda has no horse palmer memorial .\nrhoda horse is an entertainer out of fort wayne , indiana but once called dayton , ohio home .\ni thought you might like to see a memorial for rhoda has no horse palmer i found on findagrave . com .\n' s colt boniface , who carried 112 pounds , with rhoda in third .\nin another instance , when a cow got sick and vomited its owner concluded rhoda caused the illness .\nit ' s the most dramatic story about the witch of weare , but hardly the only one . when an animal took sick , and its owner believed rhoda caused it , he would cut off the animal\u2019s tail or an ear and burn it to rid it of rhoda\u2019s spell . this supposedly caused a boil to form on rhoda\u2019s skin .\nsupermodel hilary rhoda is accusing a woman of stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars from her personal fortune - her mother .\nfrozen in time , youngsters rhoda cly and ben ellison posed with one of the leeds brewery ' s horses in 1916 .\nlearning more about rhoda stoddard is easier than you might think . ancestry can help get you started with free walkthrough videos .\n' s horse fugitive in a match race over the ditch mile course , winning a prize of 100 guineas .\nwilliam and rhoda dustin were innkeepers . farmers traveling to and from markets in massachusetts liked to stop at the dustins ' inn .\ndates and places are just part of the picture . ancestry can provide insights into historical events and conditions rhoda stoddard may have experienced .\ntiny charger - one of the most consistent performers on the quarter tracks - aqha champion - leading quarter horse racing sire .\nrhoda roberts delivers her pitch to punters at the launch of the new boomerang festival , which will be held at the bluesfest site in october .\navery , who previously dated model rachel hunter and actress elisha cuthbert , began dating rhoda in 2009 when the model was at the height of her career .\na few mint copies ( sealed in original boxes ) of this book are available . this is the 6th , and by far the largest of only 6 horse books written by nelson c . nye , quarter horse historian and western novelist . click here for information and availability .\nin one last tale , rhoda dustin traveled more than 100 miles from weare to whitefield , n . h . , to attend to her pregnant daughter in a remarkable six hours . she accomplished this by fitting her horse with a special bridle provided by the devil that allowed the animal to fly .\ntownspeople also claimed she could fly and inflict illness on people and animals . when a young man named reuben favor took ill , the family blamed rhoda dustin .\nfirst , review our adoption application before considering adopting a horse from sfspca . doing so will help answer many questions you may have in advance .\nfor all the accusations leveled at rhoda , no one tried to officially punish her . after william died , she moved to vermont , where she died in 1824 .\nwhether rhoda dustin did anything to encourage this superstition isn\u2019t clear , but her neighbors accused her of making all sorts of mischief . if she was angry , they said , she could prevent butter from forming in their churns . the only solution was to take a flat iron and burn out the inside of the churn to remove rhoda\u2019s curse .\nin september , the duchess ran without success at the st leger meeting . she was the only horse to oppose blacklock in the doncaster stakes and the doncaster club stakes but was beaten by the younger horse in both races . in the four mile doncaster cup she started favourite but finished fourth of the six runners behind rasping .\na more modern scholar who came to the same conclusions is alexander mackay - smith , he believed that speed originated with the hobby . they published their work in : wallace the horse of america in his derivation , history and development 1897 and mackay - smith the colonial quarter race horse 1983 and speed and the thoroughbred 2000 .\nto an outsider travelling through new hampshire in the late 1700s , rhoda dustin seemed a peaceful innkeeper . but the tongue - wagging gossips around her hometown called her the witch of weare .\nsupermodel hilary rhoda ' sues her mother for stealing her fortune . . . and she responds by attacking newlywed ' s husband sean avery for brainwashing the beauty and not signing a prenup '\nwilliam and rhoda dustin were born in southern new hampshire in rockingham county , she in 1736 and he in 1740 . after they married , they came to weare , a town near concord .\nfollowing that , reuben\u2019s father and a group of his friends confronted rhoda dustin with an axe , demanding she leave the boy alone . she promised to stop any tormenting . the boy soon recovered .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for karisto . karisto is a gelding born in 2014 september 7 by written tycoon out of verkko\namerica is blessed with tremendous domestic resources for the sport horse breeder as we have three racehorse breeds ( tb , qh , st ) plus a multitude of other light horse breeds that descend from this same root stock : morgan , saddlebred , tennessee walker and missouri fox trotter . we can capitalize on this science by making an effort to understand the proven mare lines our stock may carry .\nthe white mountain independent show low , arizona 12 / 03 / 2004 rhoda palmer of whiteriver went to heaven nov . 25 , 2004 . she was born june 21 , 1958 in pine ridge , south dakota . she enjoyed outdoor life , cooking , laughing and making jokes . rhoda is survived by her husband robert palmer , sr . ; daughter stephanie palmer ; her sons , robert palmer , jr . and roman palmer . she is also survived by her parents georgianna and alvin has no horse , sr . ; her sisters marla two crow , mary little whiteman , and rose spoonhunter ; brothers aubrey two crow , aaron two crow , alvin has no horse , jr . , and alan has no horse ; and many aunts , uncles , cousins and friends . a two - night wake will begin saturday , dec . 4 at her residence in whiteriver and home services will be held monday , dec . 6 , at 1 p . m . also at her home . interment will be in canyon day cemetery . silver creek chapel mortuary of whiteriver handled the arrangements .\nnearly 100 years on , tetley ' s is preparing to quit its traditional home and rhoda ' s daughter says her late mother would have been\nhorrified\nby the prospect of the beer being brewed outside the white rose county .\nstories from the silk road rc 64108 retold by cherry gilchrist read by walter dixon 1 cassette seven folktales\u2014about camels , demons , dragons , and horses\u2014from places along the ancient trade route between the old chinese capital city chang\u2019an and samarkand .\nthe bride with the horse\u2019s head\ntells how a kindhearted chinese girl , betrothed to a horse , became the goddess of silk . for grades 3 - 6 and older readers . 1999 .\nwilliam dustin had nothing but an axe and a jug . but the couple eventually prospered as farmers and innkeepers , raising nine children . but rhoda dustin had a reputation around the town for her powers of witchcraft , which she deployed to plague her neighbors .\na fine strong horse , call\u2019d leopard , five years old this grass , fourteen hands three inches high , remarkable for his colour and justness of shape . he goes extreamly well on his legs , and clear of all blemishes .\nhorse racing being then a popular sport among the men , a number of lumbermen formed the hoo - hoo racing club . the race track was located east on broad street about two and one - half miles from the center of town .\nthe all - american beauty filed a lawsuit against her mother in federal court back in 2014 according to page six , saying that marianne rhoda forged her signature , diverted funds and even used a company card to go shopping at high - end retailers like neiman marcus and barneys .\nnella da gubbio , from whom at least five german derby winners descend , and who is found across the german warmblood sport horses , has the distinction of being descended from the american running horse on both sides of her pedigree - - she is 3 / 4 american bred .\nbut sibola possessed much more that was of interest to tesio . her third dam perfection ( pedigree ) , a daughter of the delicate leamington , was out of maiden rh - - a daughter of american super horse lexington rh , out of kitty clark rh . the ' rh ' stands for running horse , which was the pre - thoroughbred racing breed of america , and it is actually this running horse breed that took and continues to hold the world records in true distance racing , records that have never been equaled or broken . for instance , lexington rh set a four - mile heat racing record that was only beat once , and for only 1 / 4 of second , and that was done by his grandson fellowcraft , who is the sire of the great lady reel , dam of the sensation hamburg - - see speed gene for more on hamburg . lexington rh , born in 1850 , he still holds the world stallion record ; he was leading sire for sixteen years . the closest modern horse to his sire record is sadlers wells , an american thoroughbred who build a dynasty in england and ireland and he carries 123 lines of lexington rh .\nwe are living in exciting times for sport horse breeders as every year there seems as if some significant discovery is made concerning sport talent and genetic transmission . for instance , in 2010 the dr mims bower and her research team published their findings that the original foundation mares of the thoroughbred were not ' arabian ' as long believed , but were what she calls ' native ' british and irish mares - these individuals we know as running horse and irish hobby mares from the historical records ( mackay - smith ' speed and the thoroughbred ' ) . then in january of 2012 dr . emmiline hill and her associates further expounded on this , by tracing the ' speed ' gene back to\n. . a british mare about 300 years ago , when local british horse types were the preeminent racing horses , prior to the foundation of the thoroughbred racehorse .\nread the article below .\nfor supper , hash was made out of the soup meat . with this was served biscuits , preserves , and milk supplied by the family cow . a large pitcher of milk was an important part of each meal . the cow , along with the horse and buggy were kept in the stable yard behind the house .\nthis is the same root stock that the american colonists imported for race and saddle stock - - and it was the speed , stamina and athleticism of these early horses that birthed the racehorse breeds of the states . and so it is not surprising that the irish team determined that the american quarter horse carries the speed gene also .\ngod don\u2019t play rc 64159 by mary monroe read by victoria gordon 2 cassettes annette , from god still don\u2019t like ugly ( rc 59849 ) , has achieved the american dream : husband , daughter , job , and house . when she starts to receive threatening letters and calls , she turns to old friend rhoda to help her uncover the culprit . explicit descriptions of sex , strong language , and some violence . 2006 .\ndancing started sometime before sunset and was certain to last until sunrise . contra dances , cotillions , waltzes , and cross - the - corner reels swept steadily on to the music of \u201cturkey - in - the - straw , \u201d \u201ccotton - eyed joe , \u201d \u201cthe old gray horse came tearing through the wilderness , \u201d \u201cdinah , \u201d and \u201cget along liza jane . \u201d\nwhat does this mean for the breeders of sport horses ? briefly , because equine genetics work the same no matter the breed of horse , we should employ all the knowledge the thoroughbred industry is providing . in particular , we should make breeding decisions with an awareness of the strength of superior mare lines - and we should take steps to bring forward this power to our sport foals .\nit will be noted that laelia is shown as a grey mare , although she is by a brown horse out of a bay mare . sheet anchor , her sire , is described in the reference books as a dark brown , and there can be little doubt that her dam , cotillon , was a bay . cotillon , who started favourite for the oaks , was a well - known race mare , and had she been a grey this fact would undoubtedly have been established . there are no grey horses among her ancestors . furthermore , cotillon , covered by camel ( another dark brown horse ) , was sold to germany after producing laelia , and any discrepancy in her description would have been noticed on her arrival at the harzburg stud . the following year ( 1843 ) , cotillon produced a roan foal . the evidence would seem irrefutably to show that after ostensible matings with sheet anchor and camel in 1841 and 1842 respectively , cotillon had been served by a grey stallion , who was responsible for her foals of the following years . it has not been possible hitherto to establish the identity of this grey horse\n[ family tables of racehorses ] .\nunderstanding your breeding stock ' s genetic strengths and weaknesses can be the greatest tool you have in your quest for sport horse excellence . recently a recognition of the power of the mare has become a focus in equine breeding . although the genetic contribution of both parents is very important , a realization has surfaced that the maternal strength might instead be responsible for more of the foal ' s attributes .\na brown bay turkish horse , of a good size , strong , and free from all manner of blemish , is kept at constable burton near bedale , in yorkshire , and allowed to serve mares at a guinea each : he was sent from belgrade by general mercie , and is sire to the mare which won the subscription money last year at richmond , being the first that was trained of his breed .\ngot by a horse call\u2019d quiet cuddy , bred by francis appleyard , esq ; . . . . pilate\u2019s dam was out of esquire bethell\u2019s poor robin\u2019s dam , and was got by sir marmaduke wyvill\u2019s bell grey turk ; her grandam by marwood\u2019s coneyskin , which mare was second to brockles betty at hamilton , and also at new - market . [ newcastle journal . 6 - 13 apr 1754 . no 781 . ]\nrhoda is a super - sweet mare looking for her forever home as a companion ( possibly okay for some light riding , we will update once we\u2019ve evaluated her more ) . she came to the south florida spca with 10 other seriously malnourished horses rescued from a ranch in southwest miami - dade on april 8 , 2013 ( view news coverage of her rescue ) . she is a beauty , inside and out , and deserves to live out her days filled with gentle loving care .\nwind rider\u2019s oath : bahzell trilogy , book 3 rc 64233 by david weber read by michael scherer 4 cassettes bahzell bahnakson , champion of the war god tomanak , attempts to persuade the sothoii people to help fight against the dark gods . bahzell joins the elite wind riders and their mystical horse - like coursers , while the dark gods plot his demise . sequel to the war god\u2019s own ( rc 63011 ) . violence . 2004 .\nsun kissed : the coulter family , book 7 rc 64470 by catherine anderson read by martha harmon pardee 2 cassettes rancher samantha harrigan and veterinarian tucker coulter meet while protecting a horse from its drunken owner . when her own horses are poisoned , samantha suspects her ex - husband . but authorities think that samantha\u2014the insurance beneficiary\u2014is involved . tucker helps prove her innocence . some explicit descriptions of sex and some strong language . bestseller . 2007 .\nthe pattern of her heart : lights of lowell , book 3 rc 64177 by tracie peterson and judith miller read by mitzi friedlander 2 cassettes 1857 . tragedy forces jasmine houston and her husband nolan to leave their lowell , massachusetts , horse farm and return to her family\u2019s mississippi plantation to oversee the final cotton harvest . jasmine\u2019s plans to free the slaves have unintended consequences . sequel to a love woven true ( rc 60451 ) . 2005 .\ntesio was already familiar with the power for speed and stamina that came this way as his first classic winner fidia ( the horse who put tesio on the racing map ) , whose his third dam was inbred 2x2 to lexington rh daughters - - and catnip had lexington rh on her damline as well . obviously , tesio was not blinded by the english bias , instead he was willing to take true performance excellence wherever he found it .\nit took them quite a while to get to this point of view . in the early days of the stud book mares seldom got a name of their own , more often they carried names like\ndaughter of glencoe\nidentified only in relation to their sire . this had made the study of early thoroughbred pedigrees difficult . it is worse trying to study warmblood and sport horse lineages - - often the mare is just\nunknown\n.\nhorse and buggies were still the mode of transportation . but automobiles did appear on the scene in lake charles around 1910 . cars , today considered an everyday necessity , were a much - desired luxury to the people in the 1900\u2019s . the leading makes at the time were overland , buick , ford , oldsmobile , stanley steamer , and the locomobile . to be taken for a ride in one of these new machines was a most exciting experience .\nenglish ( northumbria ) : occupational name for a breeder or keeper of horses , from old english stod \u2018stud\u2019 or stott \u2018inferior kind of horse\u2019 + hierde \u2018herdsman\u2019 , \u2018keeper\u2019 . there is a difficulty in deriving this name from old english stod in that stud is not recorded in the sense \u2018collection of horses bred by one person\u2019 until the 17th century ; before that it denoted a place where horses were kept for breeding , but that sense does not combine naturally with \u2018herdsman\u2019 .\nbut that is not all , tesio was also aware that maiden rh ' s daughter perfection is the full sister to a gelding named parole , and he was the horse that gave the then invincible isonomy his first defeat , which of course added fuel to fire of indignation the british were stoking concerning the american racers . so it was that tesio recognized this passed over mare - - catnip - - was a genetic gold mine , and history has shown how right he was .\nto be leap ' d this season , at half a guinea per leap , and a shilling to the boy , a fine stallion called bay childers , bred by the duke of hamilton out of mr bartlet ' s childers and the bay bolton mare , now the property of robert storey his grace ' s groom at hamilton . mares may be immediately served by this horse , which is 15 hands , with strength proportionable in every part , and is 10 years old this grass .\nthe space age of 1967 is a sharp contrast to the horse and buggy days at the turn of the century . people then read with interest about travelers to new orleans ; people of today look forward to the first trip to the moon . indeed , the miniskirt is a far cry from the fashions of the victorian era , as is rock \u2018n roll from the square dance and waltz music of the past , and the private social affairs from the community fais - do - do .\non hindoo ' s side of hanover ' s pedigree was his dam , florence , by the great american racehorse and sire lexington , whose pedigree was considered\nimpure ,\nsince the female line pedigree of his grandsire , timoleon , could not be traced in the general stud book . that , and the questions regarding wild medley ' s pedigree , were sufficient to bar hanover ' s progeny from the general stud book when its compiler and publisher , weatherby ' s , announced in 1913 , that horses would not be allowed entry into the stud book unless their pedigrees could be traced\nwithout flaw\nto horses already accepted in earlier volumes of the gsb . hanover wasn ' t , of course , the only horse affected - - all lexington descendants were disbarred , along with other families , both english and american , although it had no direct effect on the american stud book , and did not preclude these horses from racing in england . there were , however , inconsistencies and narrow gaps of opportunity for some horses with\nstained\npedigrees during the years this policy , known as the jersey act , was gradually hardening , starting around 1897 . thus , rhoda b . ( 1895 ) , hanover ' s daughter , imported into ireland by richard\nboss\ncroker , was subsequently registered in the gsb , and qualified as a horse already admitted to the book prior to the 1913 enactment . so her irish - bred son , epsom derby winner orby , and his sister rhodora , winner of the one thousand guineas , and their descendants were thoroughbreds , by the gsb ' s definition .\nof interest , given the possible connection to beverley mentioned above , is a mare by the belgrade turk that was dam of james milnes ' esq ; pilot . pilot was a grey horse foaled in 1739 and , according to cheny , also known as jack of the green . he raced 1745 - 1748 in the north , including beverley , and proved a useful runner , winning 5 of his 13 starts ( including 3 of 4 starts in 1746 ) ; he was advertised as a stallion in 1754 , with the pedigree :\nobviously , as mentioned tesio choose his stock and bloodlines with proven performance , no matter what anyone else thought - - and we breeders would be wise to follow his example if we want to create something lasting . the american lines not only had blistering speed , but outstanding stamina , proven by heat - racing test , and so it provided the best of both types in one product . and catnip was no fluke , and it was proven once again by a mare that also slipped into the gsb before the american horse was banned .\nlike , catnip , it was a good thing lady josephine was entered into the stud book before the jersey act came down , because this pinnacle of english breeding is loaded with american running horse lines ! when lady josephine is written of it is usually her sire sunridge that is given the credit for her amazing influence . sunridge is a potent and very good sire , and he is 4x4x4 to the full brothers rataplan / stockwell - - which makes them 5x5x5 in lady josephine , but seldom mentioned is the strong potency coming via the dam , americus girl .\nbred by frank vessels , foaled in 1960 and campaigned by western stables under conditioner earl k . holmes , tiny charger was out of clabber tiny ( by clabber ii from tiny iny , tb ) . as a two - and three - year - old , he earned $ 73 , 356 from straightaway performance . a top aaa , as a three - year - old in 1963 , he won the following stakes : the inaugural at bay meadows ( january 5 ) over jet deck and pacific bars ; the hollywood handicap at bay meadows ( january 26 ) over copan buck and golden note ; and the inaugural at los alamitos ( april 9 ) over chudej\u0092s rhoda and moolah bar .\nto be leap\u2019d this season at a guinea each mare , a fine bay horse , 7 years old this grass , near 15 hands high , of great beauty , and uncommon strength , he moves justly , sets his ends well , and is free from all natural blemishes : he was got by the belgrade turk , which got the mare call\u2019d after him , that won the great stakes at richmond ; his dam was got by bay bolton , out of the old scarborough mare , which beat the famous bonney black at new - market . this horse may be seen at any time , by enquiring of henry jaques at constable burton , near bedal in yorkshire , where a further account may be had of his pedigree , & c . good grass will be provided for mares at reasonable rates , and such as come above 20 miles , shall have a month\u2019s keeping gratis . all breeders are invited to look at him , and such only wish\u2019d to make use of him as know not where to find a better . \u2014those who desire a leap of the old belgrade turk , may have their mare cover\u2019d at 5 guineas a foal , and nothing in case of failure . [ newcastle courant . 7 apr 1733 . numb . 415 . ]\non sundays the young men of the town often rented a horse and buggy from either edgar ryan ( 900 block of bilbo street ) or the edgar george ( 600 block of ryan street ) livery stable and took their best girls for a ride to walnut grove . many times they stopped for a walk down lover\u2019s lane , the old footbridge crossing pithon coulee near the lake . the bridge , overhung with moss - laden cypress trees , was a favorite walk for young swains . carved in the huge trees and on the wooden bridge railing were interlocked hearts , lovers\u2019 initials , and such amorous expressions as \u201ci love you . \u201d\nthe brown laurel ( 1824 ) was born at heslington hall , near york , bred by major nicholas yarburgh from wagtail , who was also bred by the major . wagtail was by prime minister , a half - sister to tranby . laurel was a brother to belinda , who ran second in the doncaster st . leger , and a half - brother to st . leger winner charles xii . he became a great cup horse , and ran until to the age of seven . he ran twice at the age of three , not placing in the york st . leger , and running\na bad third\nto matilda in the doncaster st . leger .\njust as in human research , the equine scientists are able to trace the mitochondrial dna back and determine true ancestry . this is a huge help now , and will be even more in the future , when we will be able to fill in those gaps in our sport horse pedigrees . for example , it was discovered by this method , that the general stud book ( thoroughbred ) had far fewer foundation mares than they originally thought . and it also turned out that some of the foundation mares were recorded several times , but with different names , plus many of the mares were also found to share a common mother . never before have we had a tool like this - one that can verify bloodlines .\nthroughout this early period citizens of southwest louisiana were still living a somewhat primitive existence . written in 1960 is a history of the roman catholic church in the area ; it gives an excellent description of those years . the first catholic missionaries came from texas in the early 1850\u2019s , although evidence indicates prior visits did take place . priests from eastern texas , grand coteau , opelousas , and lafayette were all near enough to have come here earlier . however , conditions made missionary work difficult . a horse was the major means of travel , and a good animal cost as much as forty dollars . religious ignorance was another obstacle . adults were indifferent to spiritual matters but did all they could to insure success for the missionary\u2019s work with children .\nbut there is much more to this humble mare . as i mentioned catnip possessed american thoroughbred lines , and the american thoroughbred and any horse that carried their lines , which had not been previously accepted in the general stud book was not allowed to be registered as thoroughbred in that era ( jersey act ) . her dam sibola was an american thoroughbred brought to england to race before the jersey act was in place . and race she did , winning the prestigious one thousand guineas . it was the consistent performance of our breed , such as sibola , that resulted in the anger and outrage that birthed the jersey act . but sibola had already been added to the gsb before the edict slammed down on american racers and so her offspring could be registered in it .\ntiny charger was second in the pomona quarter horse championship to anna dial and second in the los ninos to joe sherry ; and third in the josie bar behind jet deck and anna dial . this was in 1963 . he was fourth in the los alamitos championship stakes , fourth in the los alamitos derby at 440 , fourth in the clabbertown g stakes . he set a new three - year - old colt record in a 350 allowance at los alamitos , taking the win by a nose in : 17 . 72 over straw flight and dari star . his first year on the tracks he ran second in the los alamitos futurity , beaten three - quarters of a length by hustling man ; second by a neck to jet deck in the california bred futurity ; and third to jet deck and top moon in the kindergarten stakes .\nhistory has proven how right tesio ' s choice to buy this mare was , because the dynasty this mare begot is truly one of the most outstanding in the thoroughbred breed . her first daughter nera di bicci produced a racing and sport dynasty in germany through her daughter nella da gubbio , who was by another undervalued sire , grand parade . this sire , even while he was a derby winner , was not thought of well because he the son of another notorious race stealer : the irish - bred orby , who had won both the english and irish derby , handing the english another humiliation . why was this such a problem ? not only was orby bred by the hated irishman croker , who was not allowed to even train at newcastle , but he was out of an american dam ! his dam rhoda b was a daughter of the great hanover , who carried the top mare alice carneal rh 5x6 , who is the dam of lexington rh , and he also had a double of the important vandal rh 5x5 .\nof those more immediately successful , one was belinda ( 1825 ) , the sister to laurel and half - sister to st . leger winner charles xii , out of the prime minister mare wagtail . she herself was good enough to run second to the colonel in the doncaster st . leger for her owner , major nicholas yarburgh , and she eventually retired to his stud at heslington hall , near york . she produced a number of foals , her best being tuscan ( 1846 , by lanercost ) , who won the gimcrack stakes ; the doctor ( 1834 , by dr . syntax ) who won the croxteth stakes and was a good cup horse , and the in - bred black lollypop ( 1836 , by voltaire ) , the dam of the good racehorse and sire sweetmeat , who is a key link in the byerley turk sire line . the american horses hastings and plaudit descend tail - female from lollypop , and exceller , broad brush and le ksar have belinda as a tail - female ancestress . la danseuse ( 1828 , out of madame saqui ( half - sister to chester cup winner fylde ) , by remembrancer ) won three races : a sweepstakes at chester at age three , a sweepstakes at manchester , and a sweepstakes at liverpool . in the hampton court stud she produced reel ( 1836 , by camel ) , and from this single thread descends all of family 13 - e , a successful female line of stakes winners on all continents .\nbelgrade turk mare ( belgrade turk ) bay bolton mare ( bay bolton ) bartlet ' s childers mare ( bartlet ' s childers ) flora ( regulus ) harriet ( matchem ) miss green ( highflyer ) canary ( coriander ) canary bird ( sorcerer ) quadrille ( selim ) | cotillon ( partisan ) | laelia ( sheet anchor ) | caprice ( coronation ) | tawney ( ivan ) | madeline ( plum pudding ) | hollyleaf ( hollywood ) | stella ( necromancer ) . . . . . 22 - a varennes ( selim ) | brocard ( whalebone ) | corumba ( filho da puta ) | zuleika ( muley moloch ) | ladylike ( newminster ) | grand duchess ( lozenge ) . . . . . 22 - d pioneer mare ( pioneer ) echo ( emilius ) . . . . . 22 - b venus ( sir hercules ) mrs . quickly ( longbow ) . . . . . 22 - c\nshe was first entered as a brood mare in the 1814 supplement to gsb .\nbred by lord f g osborne , in 1806 , got by whiskey or sorcerer , her dam , canary , by coriander , out of miss green , by highflyer - harriet , by matchem - flora , by regulus .\nher first four produce through 1813 were listed . that list was added to in subsequent editions ; with her list of produce in the 4th edition of vol . iii ( 1883 ) given as\n1810 b f by selim \u2026 mr gillam 1811 b c ( died a foal ) \u2026 1812 b c fandango , by selim \u2026 d of rutland 1813 ch c by dick andrews ( dead ) \u2026 mr golding 1815 b f quadrille , by selim \u2026 d of rutland 1816 ch f by ditto \u2026 mr farrall 1817 b f by haphazard \u2026 mr farrall 1818 b f varennes , by selim \u2026 ld verulam 1819 b c by orville ( dead ) \u2026 mr thornhill 1820 b f by scud , or pioneer \u2026 mr thornhill 1822 b c philander , by phantom ( died at 2 yrs old ) \u2026 sir t mostyn 1824 b f diamentina , by rubens \u2026 sir t mostyn 1826 ch f canary , by woful \u2026 mr dilly in 1821 missed to scud , 1823 to selim , 1825 to tiresias , and died in march 1827 , with a colt in her by spectre .\nof her seven fillies , three appear to have founded lines that survive to the present : quadrille , by selim , varennes , by selim , and the mare by scud or pioneer .\nlord f g osborne ' s canary - bird was a winner of 100 guineas at newmarket as a 2 year old ; although pick gave her pedigree as by whiskey ( or sorcerer ) he counted her amongst whiskey ' s winners for 1808 .\ncanary bird ' s dam , canary , was not entered as a broodmare in gsb until the 1891 edition of volume one .\n\u2756 canary , bred by mr george dawson , in 1797 , got by coriander - miss green , by highflyer - harriet , by matchem - flora , by regulus . 1804 b c wry nose , by worthy \u2026 mr tighe 1805 b f by whiskey , or sorcerer \u2026 lord f osborne 1806 br f canary bird , by ditto , or ditto \u2026 lord f osborne 1808 br c merlin , by sorcerer \u2026 lord f osborne\ncanary started for mr f dawson , in 1800 ; pick giving her pedigree as\nby coriander , out of hippopotamos\u2019s dam , by match\u2019em , grandam by regulus .\na generation is missing from this pedigree , which was corrected by pick when he published pedigrees for hippocampus in 1804 , and don felix in 1806 .\nosborne , ld f g don felix , own brother to canary , hippocampus & polly titian , by coriander ; dam , miss green ( hippopotamus & greyhound ' s dam ) by highflyer ; grandam , harriet ( creeper & crawler ' s dam ) by match ' em , out of flora ( marquis ' s dam ) by regulus , & c .\n( dam of canary ) was first entered in gsb as a broodmare in the edition of 1808 . that entry remained unchanged until the 5th edition of 1891 , when a note was added that she was sister to mrs jordan .\nmiss green ( sister to mrs jordan ) , bred by mr tattersall , in 1787 , got by highflyer , her dam , harriet , by matchem , out of flora , by regulus . 1791 b c by garrick \u2026 mr dawson 1793 b c hippopotamus , by king fergus \u2026 mr dawson 1794 b c greyhound , by sweetbriar ( sent to america ) \u2026 mr wentworth 1797 b f canary , by coriander \u2026 mr dawson 1799 b f by ditto ( died a foal ) \u2026 mr dawson 1800 b f by ditto \u2026 mr dawson 1801 b c hippocampus , by ditto \u2026 mr dawson 1802 b c don felix , by ditto \u2026 lord f g osborne 1803 b f polly titian , by ditto \u2026 mr howorth died in november 1803 , with a colt in her by coriander .\n, of 1791 , with her list of produce through 1790 . three foals were added to her list of produce in the 1800 supplement , and her latest entry in the 1891 edition reads\nharriet , bred by lord rockingham , in 1769 , got by matchem , her dam , flora , by regulus - bartlet ' s childers - bay bolton - belgrade turk . 1776 b f by bellario \u2026 mr tattersall 1779 b c by chillaby \u2026 mr tattersall 1780 b f by the vernon arabian \u2026 mr tattersall 1782 b f by gog \u2026 mr tattersall 1784 b f mrs jordan , by highflyer \u2026 mr ladbroke 1786 b c creeper , by tandem \u2026 lord a hamilton 1787 b f miss green , by highflyer \u2026 mr dawson 1788 b c by ditto \u2026 duke of bedford 1789 b c by ditto \u2026 lord barrymore 1790 b c by ditto \u2026 mr pelham 1792 b c crawler , by ditto \u2026 duke of grafton 1793 b f by diomed \u2026 duke of grafton 1794 b c speculator , by ditto \u2026 duke of grafton\nharriet was among the horses listed for sale in one of mr tattersall ' s advertisements in 1778 .\nto be sold by private contract , by mr tatterall , near hyde - park turnpike . lot . xiv . harriet , a bay mare , got by match ' em her dam ( flora ) by regulus , her grand dam by bartlet ' s childers , her great grand dam by bay bolton , great great grand dam by belgrade ; the dam of this mare was the dam of marquis and count ; covered by chillaby . [ weatherby ' s racing calendar ( newspaper ) 4 nov 1778 ; issue xv . ]\nmr tattersall also advertised for sale harriet ' s 1784 filly by highflyer ( later mrs jordan ) .\nto be sold by private contract , by mr tattersall , and to be seen at ely , cambridgeshire , thirteen miles from newmarket . september , 1784 . rising one year old . 17 a bay filly , with a star and snip , both hind legs and off fore heel white , got by highflyer , her dam by match\u2019em , grand dam flora , by regulus , great grand dam by bartlett\u2019s childers , great great grand dam by bay bolton , great great great grand dam by belgrade . - - n b the grand dam of this filly was the dam of marquis and count . n b the price of the colts 100gs , the fillies 50gs each . [ weatherby ' s racing calendar ( newspaper ) 29 sep 1784 . numb . xiii . ]\nflora , bred by sir w strickland , got by regulus , her dam by bartlet ' s childers , grand dam by bay bolton , great grand dam by the belgrade turk . 1755 c by sloe \u2026 ld rockingham 1757 b c by whitefoot \u2026 ld rockingham 1758 c by ditto \u2026 ld rockingham 1760 b f by the godolphin colt ( grand dam of nottingham ) \u2026 ld rockingham 1761 b c marquis , by the godolphin colt \u2026 mr vernon 1762 f by the godolphin colt ( dam of copperbottom ) \u2026 ld rockingham 1764 br c by sampson \u2026 ld rockingham 1766 b f marchioness , by the godolphin colt \u2026 mr vernon 1767 br b f by sampson \u2026 ld rockingham 1768 c by sampson \u2026 ld rockingham 1769 b f harriet , by matchem ( dam of creeper ) \u2026 mr blake 1770 b c hotspur , by ditto \u2026 ld bolingbroke 1771 c by squirrel \u2026 ld bolingbroke 1772 br c count , by snap \u2026 mr jennings 1776 c viscount , by chillaby \u2026 mr jennings 1780 b c by ditto \u2026 mr dowson\nalthough flora was a broodmare from a fairly early date in lord rockingham ' s stud , she is only mentioned twice in records of his examined to date , and his lordship does not appear to have had a pedigree or breeders certificate for her amongst his papers . pick , in his\n, ( vol . i , 1803 ; p 381 ) says flora was a gift to lord rockingham from mr wentworth ( from his name , likely a kinsman of his lordship ) and that she was foaled about 1749 or ' 50 . this would make flora 30 years old at the time of her last foal . however , it is rare in thoroughbred records for mares to have foals so late in life , and a somewhat later foaling date seems more likely , perhaps about 1752 .\na question also arises about her breeder , since no\nsir\nw strickland seems to have been alive during the time period in question . sir william strickland , the 4th baronet of boynton died in 1735 , and the next william strickland , born in 1753 , did not become baronet until after the death of his father , sir george , in 1808 . another member of the extended strickland family ( william , 1714 - 1788 ) , is said to have been\nof beverley .\nhe is described in the online history of parliament as second son of walter strickland , also of beverley , by his wife elizabeth peirson of mowthorpe , yorks . the father walter was a brother of sir william strickland , the 3rd baronet . beverley , late in the 17th century and through the first half of the 18th century had several active breeders , and bruce lowe ' s families 26 , 31 , and 40 were fostered there . names of early breeders and proprietors of running horses mentioned in\n, . . . george poulson , esqr , vol . ii , 1829 mentioned the following in the list of\neminent seats of gentlemen in beverley\nof about 1723 :\nsir charles hotham , bart . in eastgate sir michael warton , adjoining north bar - - - warton , esq . in newbigin alured popple , esq . let to mr richard burton , in ditto [ within north bar ] warton warton , esq in eastgate , let to sir robt . hildyard , bart . ; francis apleyard , esq . in laregate , formerly st giles ; francis appleyard , esq . in tollgavel , let to samuel dalton , esq ;\nthe only breeder known to have patronized all the stallions in flora ' s pedigree ( regulus , bartlet ' s childers , bay bolton , and the belgrade turk , which he owned ) is sir marmaduke wyvill .\nthis mare does not have an entry in gsb , and no historical information has been found about her .\nthe\nown brother to childer ' s\nwas advertised for sale as part of\nthe stud , late of mr william ovington of cowling , nigh beedal , in the county of york .\n[\n. 24 feb 1727 - 8 ] there is also an existing stallion advertisement for him , as mr bartlet ' s , in the same newspaper from 20 apr 1728 ( numb . 56 . ) .\nat mr bartlet ' s at nutwith - coate nigh masham , bedale and rippon , in the north - riding of the county of york , will be leap ' d this season , the full brother to the duke of devonshire ' s famous childers at 3 guineas , and half a crown a mare , where mares may be kept in good grass , and well taken care of .\nbartlet ' s childers ( late ovington ' s ) had definitely dated foals 1726 - 1738 . given the next crosses in flora ' s pedigree , the bartlet ' s childers mare was probably foaled later , sometime after 1731 .\nbay bolton mare this mare does not have a broodmare entry in gsb , and historical information is also lacking . bay bolton was probably kept as a private stallion by the duke of bolton , since no advertisements to the public have been located , and he appears mostly in pedigrees of horses bred either by the duke himself or his family , friends , and associates . bay bolton had definitely dated foals 1715 - 1732 . this mare was probably foaled towards the latter end of that range , 1727 or later .\nthis mare has neither a broodmare entry in gsb nor any known historical information .\nthe mare mentioned in the above advertisement was sir marmaduke wyvill ' s bay mare ; she won the 120 guineas for 5 years old at richmond , 18 jun 1728 , beating four others , and then looks to have become the duke of somerset ' s mare known as belgrade , which he started for the king ' s plate for 5 year old mares at newmarket the following april .\nthe belgrade turk appeared in one more advertisement for his son ( later called young belgrade or belgrade the 2nd and sometimes confused with his father ) . by that time , the fee for the\nold belgrade turk\nhad risen from the original one guinea to 5 guineas , well above the going rate .\nfrom the first advertisement , it appears that the belgrade turk probably began his career in england as a stallion about 1722 . he has definitely dated foals 1723 - 1739 , but the mare in question , in order to have been flora ' s great grandam , was probably foaled before 1728 .\nboth francis appleyard , esq ; and mr bethell were breeders in beverley , and pilot ' s dam is one of the few mares known to have been sired by the belgrade turk . that pilot ' s grandam was a contemporary of brocklesby betty suggests she was also foaled around 1711 , and implies that marwood ' s coneyskin ( later mr hutton ' s coneyskins , according to pick ,\n, i , 1803 ; p 160 ) must have been foaled no later than 1708 , further distinguishing him from the duke of rutland ' s coneyskins ( 1712 ) winner of 5 king ' s plates in 1719 . marwood ' s\nold coney - skins\nis mentioned in one other advertisement .\nhe was got by capt . appleyard\u2019s single - peeper , out of a fine mares , whose sire was carried abroad by mr sitlington , and reported to have been sold , to the emperor of germany , for a very considerable sum of money .\nn b single - peeper\u2019s performances are so well known , that it is needless to repeat them . [\nwhether the coneyskins mare in the above advertisement ( dam of craftsman and grandam of appleyard ' s singlepeeper ) was the same as pilot ' s grandam ( and dam of bethell ' s poor robin ) is unknown .\ndescribes laelia as a grey :\n1842 laelia gr . f .\n[ gsb 5 : 32 ] .\non the other hand , it is also possible that the matings of cotillon occurred exactly as reported to the stud book and rather that cotillon was not the dam of laelia . it is also possible that laelia was a sabino , a relatively modern colour distinction , rather than a grey .\nan example of a roan hunter by james seymour ( 1702c - 1752 ) illustrates that\nroan\ndid not always mean\ngrey\n. colour theorists suggest that the roan gene has never been present in the thoroughbred , thus , when the term\nroan\nis used to describe a coat colour it is generally assumed that the colour was actually grey , sabino or rabicano . the latter two are widely distributed throughout the breed ."]}
{"id": 455, "summary": [{"text": "semicassis labiata ( formerly also known as phalium labiatum ) is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is in the subfamily cassinae , the \" helmet shells \" and \" bonnet shells \" , which feed on sea urchins . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "semicassis labiata", "paragraphs": ["subspecies semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) represented as semicassis labiata ( perry , 1811 )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) represented as semicassis labiata ( perry , 1811 )\nsemicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\nworms - world register of marine species - semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 )\nscientific data : genus : semicassis species : labiata subspecies : forma : author : perry , g . author year : 1811\nspecies semicassis diuturna iredale , 1927 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies semicassis persimilis kira , 1955 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n\u00bb variety semicassis undulata var . levilabiata paetel , 1888 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( synonym )\n\u00bb species semicassis ( semicassis ) bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis bisulcata persimilis kira , 1955 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies semicassis japonica ( reeve , 1848 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies semicassis pila ( reeve , 1848 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n( of semicassis ( semicassis ) labiata ( perry , 1811 ) ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis bisulcata booleyi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies semicassis fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species semicassis ( antephalium ) adcocki ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1896 ) represented as semicassis adcocki ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1896 )\n\u00bb species semicassis ( kahua ) lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 represented as semicassis lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species semicassis ( kahua ) marwicki ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 represented as semicassis marwicki ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species semicassis ( kahua ) fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) \u2020 represented as semicassis fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) \u2020\n( of semicassis ( semicassis ) labiata ( perry , 1811 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis saburon evanescens settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis saburon inaequalis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis saburon multicostata settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata bivaricosa settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata elegantissima settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata maderensis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata saburoidea settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata tenuis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n( of semicassis labiata iheringi ( carcelles , 1953 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncassis japonica reeve , 1848 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 ) ( type by subsequent designation )\nsubgenus semicassis ( casmaria ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as casmaria h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( original rank )\n( of phalium ( semicassis ) m\u00f6rch , 1852 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 [ details ]\n( of semicassis ( antephalium ) iredale , 1927 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cassis ( semicassis ) m\u00f6rch , 1852 ) m\u00f6rch o . a . l . ( 1852 ) . catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d . alphonso d\u2019aguirra & gadea , comes de yoldi 1 , cephalophora . l . klein , hafniae [ copenhagen ] , 170 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\none of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the \u201cisland rule\u201d , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe island rule states that after island colonisation , animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution , with larger colonising species becoming smaller , and smaller species becoming larger . the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 4 ] . because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways , this pattern might be variously explained , and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . recently , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system . specifically , they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners . using the malacolog database version 3 . 3 . 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ] , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study , and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsince the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some , but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] . for example , one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is \u201cimmigrant selection\u201d , that is , between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands , as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands , and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ] , this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of xenogalea insperata iredale , 1927 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of xenogalea collactea finlay , 1928 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cassis achatina lamarck , 1816 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cassis achatina lamarck , 1816 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of phalium labiatum ( perry , 1811 ) ) macdonald & co ( 1979 ) . the macdonald encyclopedia of shells . macdonald & co . london & sydney . [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ncassis achatina lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6e7aff22 - 0f91 - 4d9d - 8365 - 7dcfb19581fc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b0b7f230 - b35e - 49bd - 9b3c - 2632ed770284\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 540321\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfigures a - c : 56 mm , maria island , tas ( e ) , coll . s . grove .\ntypical shell - length 60 mm . lives subtidally on sand . native . occurs in southeastern and southwestern australia ( qld , nsw , tas , vic , sa and wa ) ; also new zealand , south africa and southeast south america . in tasmanian waters , this is a rare species , most likely to be found in the e .\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nrespectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nmorley , m . s . , hayward , b . w . , raven , j . l . , foreman , g . a . , grenfell , h . r . 2006 : intertidal and shallow subtidal biota of mahia peninsula , hawkes bay , records of the auckland institute and museum , 43 ( p . 35 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 159 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nkreipl k . 1997 . recent cassidae . christa hemmen , wiesbaden , 151 p . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]\nm\u00f6rch , o . a . l . ( 1852 - 1853 ) catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d\u2019alphonso d\u2019aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi , regis daniae cubiculariorum princeps , ordinis dannebrogici in prima classe & ordinis caroli terth eques . fasciculus primus . cephalophora , 170 pp . [ 1852 ] ; fasciculus secundus . acephala . annulata cirripedia . echinodermata , 74 pp . l . klein , hafniae , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xenophalium iredale , 1927 ) iredale t . 1927 . a review of australian helmet shells ( family cassididae \u2014 phylum mollusca ) . records of the australian museum 15 ( 5 ) : 321\u2013354 , plates 31 - 32 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 333 [ details ]\n( of faurotis jousseaume , 1888 ) jousseaume , f . ( 1888 ) . description des mollusques recueillis par m . le dr . faurot dans la mer rouge et le golfe d\u2019aden . m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france . 1 : 165 - 223 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 188 [ details ]\n( of tylocassis woodring , 1928 ) woodring , w . p . 1928 . miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results . contributions to the geology and paleontology of the west indies . carnegie institution of washington publication 385 : vii + 564 pp . , 3 figs . , 40 pls page ( s ) : 306 [ details ]\n( of maucassis c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020 ) beu , a . g . & maxwell , p . a . ( 1990 ) cenozoic mollusca of new zealand . new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin , 58 , 1\u2013518 . [ details ]\ngrammatical gender feminine , under provisions of iczn art . 30 . 1 . 1 , following ending with latin noun cassis , meaning\nhelmet\n. [ details ]\niredale , t . 1927 ,\na review of australian helmet shells ( family cassididae - phylum mollusca )\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 15 , pp . 321 - 354\nfinlay , h . j . 1928 ,\nthe recent mollusca of the chatham islands\n, transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , vol . 59 , pp . 232 - 286 , pls 38 - 43\nlamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . 1816 ,\nliste des objets repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans les planches de cette livraison\n, ed . lamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . , tableau encyclop\u00e9dique et m\u00e9thodique des trois r\u00e8gnes de la nature . vers , coquilles , mollusques et polypiers , no . 23 , pp . 1 - 16 , agasse , paris\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : aac847d5 - 5ff9 - 4766 - ae79 - 93e49469868f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5573d09e - 46ae - 40e0 - 83b0 - da7534a4d5c6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 539037\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : e . vredenburg . 1925 . description of mollusca from the post - eocene tertiary formation of north - western india : cephalopoda , opisthobranchiata , siphonostomata . memoirs of the geological survey of india 50 ( 1 ) : 1 - 350\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell 28 . 5 x 21 . 0\nf + + , very strange specimen ! looks like hybrid of vibex and turgida ! we had some before from b . cook !\nf + + , first time we have from venezuela ! ex . coll . peggy williams\nf + , nice smooht specimen , w / o ! - last pieces from gigliotti\u00b4s collection , super bargain ! was 40 . 00 ( con )\nf + , fresh collected ! very nice shape and patterns . w / o\nf + , very thick , heavy specimen ! - last pieces from gigliotti\u00b4s collection , super bargain ! was 30 . 00 ( con )\nf + + , very thick lip ! nice color , ex . coll . peggy williams , w / o\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nfourteen shells , a mixture of gastropods and bivalves , arranged in two rows of three and two rows of four against a plain background . the drawing is signed by watling , and annotated in brown ink .\nthe drawing is annotated in blue pencil at top right with the number\n329\n, which refers to the pre - 1984 numbering system for the watling collection .\nthe drawing is annotated in brown ink against four shells in roughly the lower left hand quarter with the native names\nbirra - da\n,\ncaib - bow - ah\n,\nbal - bou - ree\nand\nmoan\n.\nthe drawing is signed at lower right in brown ink\nt . watling , delt . -\n, but is undated .\niredale , tom , ' history of new south wales shells part iii : the settlement years ( continued ) : thomas watling , artist ' , proceedings , royal zoological society of new south wales 1956 - 7 pp . 162 - 169 ( 1958 ) .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npoint radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro ."]}
{"id": 457, "summary": [{"text": "calcochloris is a genus of mammal in the family chrysochloridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : congo golden mole ( calcochloris leucorhinus ) yellow golden mole ( calcochloris obtusirostris ) somali golden mole ( calcochloris tytonis )", "topic": 27}], "title": "calcochloris", "paragraphs": ["endemic to africa . recorded only from ten scattered locations in cameroon , republic of congo , central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo and angola . the subspecies h . leucorhina cahni ( previously calcochloris leucorhinus cahni ) occurs in southeastern cameroon , northern republic of congo and southeastern central african republic . huetia leucorhina leucorhina ( previously calcochloris leucorhinus leucorhinus ) is known from six isolated locations in western and southwestern democratic republic of the congo and southwards to northern angola ( one locality ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfollowing simpson ( 1931 ) , the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nknown from only a partial specimen collected at the type locality , giohar ( villagio duca degli abruzzi ) in southern somalia in 1964 , with no subsequent records thereof ( though this may reflect a lack of sampling ) . further research is needed to clarify its systematic and conservation status . the species is therefore assessed as data deficient .\nthis species is known from a single specimen ( partial owl pellet remains ) collected from the type locality at giohar , somalia .\nthe area where it was collected has dense bushland and savanna of the somali peninsula ( agnelli et al . 1988 ) . also referred to as somalia - masai acacia - commiphora deciduous bushland and thicket .\nresearch is needed to ascertain the generic affinities and systematic status of this species , and to document its distributional limits . there is a lack of knowledge regarding most aspects of its biology , ecology and life history strategy .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na widespread species in a region that tolerates mild habitat alteration and is not heavily impacted by human activities , so the presumably large global population is unlikely to be in decline . least concern is justified also by its occurrence in many provincial , national and transfrontier protected areas in south africa , zimbabwe and mozambique .\nlocally common in suitable sandy habitats on the coastal plains of mozambique and northern kwazulu natal ( south africa ) .\nthere are no known major threats . minor threats may arise from rural and urban development , which include housing and associated roads infrastructure . agriculture and commercial forestry operations no doubt contributes to degradation , fragmentation and loss of its natural soil habitat . however , these are localized threats .\nasher , r . j . , maree , s . , bronner , g . , bennett , n . c . , bloomer , p . , czechowski , p . , meyer , m . and hofreiter , m . 2010 . a phylogenetic estimate for golden moles ( mammalia , afrotheria , chrysochloridae ) . bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 69 ( doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 69 ) .\ninsufficient data are available on the limits of the geographic distribution of this species and its subspecies , the systematic and ecological status of known subpopulations and the threats faced by these subpopulations . data deficient status is warranted , as more research is needed to clarify its conservation status .\nthe largest portion of its distributional range in west africa ( cameroon , republic of congo and central african republic ) fall within moist montane rainforests with extension into peripheral forest - savanna mosaics where they prefer soft sandy loam soil . outlying records from central africa were collected from soft loamy soil in moist and dry lowland equatorial forests and forest - savanna mosaics southwestern democratic republic of the congo and northern angola . signs of activity also observed in pastoral and cultivated lands as well as rural and urban gardens ( bronner 2013 , prince kaleme pers . comm . ) . seemingly no information is available on the general biology , life history and ecology of this species ( bronner 2013 ) .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it ."]}
{"id": 458, "summary": [{"text": "quiff ( foaled 2 march 2001 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "bred and owned by khalid abdulla and trained by michael stoute , she was lightly campaigned and ran only six times in three seasons .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after finishing fifth on her only appearance as a two-year-old she won on her debut at three in 2004 and then appeared unlucky when beaten in the ribblesdale stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she then recorded her biggest success when winning the group one yorkshire oaks by eleven lengths .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "on her fourth and final race as a three-year-old she was narrowly beaten in the st leger stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her performances led to her being rated the best filly of her generation in the world over staying distances .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after running poorly on her only start in 2005 she was retired from racing and has had some success as a broodmare . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "quiff ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["quiff ' s trainer sir michael stoute has yet to win the doncaster classic , and he also had the fourth - placed horse maraahel .\nthe horse , ridden by kerrin mcevoy and trained by saeed bin suroor , took up the running after three furlongs and held off fellow joint favourite quiff at the finish .\n1 . 184 quiff est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis em fotos stock , vetores e ilustra\u00e7\u00f5es livres de direitos .\nhe increased the pace very gradually and it was a wonderful ride . the trip was a question mark , but he ' s a very honest horse , and quiff is a very brave filly .\nsadler ' s wells was rated as the sixth - best european horse of 1984 on the international classification .\nrule of law won in a thrilling finish from quiff to give the godolphin team their fourth st leger winner .\nteaming with my bigger than life quiff , i think i\u2019ve brought some fun to my work colleagues\u2019 lives today .\nmiley also showed off her new quiff last night on the red - carpet at the mtv video music awards .\na woman is stirring the contents of a pot over a fire as a man leads a horse . woodcut .\nderby winner north light will not run but sir michael stoute ' s challenge is headed by yorkshire oaks winner quiff .\neuropean horse of the year ouija board crossing the finish line in the vo5 breeders ' cup filly & mare turf .\nman face close up . beautiful young guy with long forelock , quiff . black and white handsome male portrait on grey background .\nman portrait . beautiful young guy , naked nude torso with navel , long forelock , quiff . black and white handsome male portrait\nman portrait . beautiful young guy in hood , nude torso with navel , long forelock , quiff . black and white handsome male portrait\nquiff , ridden by kieren fallon , was bidding to become the oldest filly for 12 years to win the world ' s oldest classic .\npairing a strapless black dress with a fur shawl and classic , black pumps , chyka pulled her cropped hair back into her signature quiff .\nhere is her butter would not melt look , sporting her quiff of a hair style that never does what its told . : d urltoken\nhowever , quiff could not find a clear path through and fallon was forced to switch , losing valuable momentum as rule of law streaked ahead .\nand his hair seemed fashioned into a quiff this time , potentially making a style adjustment after last week ' s running commentary from the tweeters .\nexcited viewers took to twitter to show their appreciation for the hunk with chiselled cheekbones and a perfect quiff , and soon the mystery man began trending .\na mid - season break allowed trainer elie lellouche worked the oracle for the danehill horse and he rounded off the season with three successive victories .\nfallon was in a prime position on quiff sitting in about third place most of the way round , and turning for home he looked ready to challenge .\nsuggestively twirling her platinum blonde quiff in her fingers , the teenager displays plenty of flash in a pair of racy leather trousers and a cropped white top .\nsir michael stoute equalled matthew dawson\u2019s record of 9 yorkshire oaks victories , with quiff in 2004 , but has been unable to secure the 10th win that would make him the clear leader . two of stoute\u2019s wins came with islington , who is the last horse to win in consecutive campaigns ( 2002 & 2003 ) .\ngainsborough stud ' s sharmadal was bred in kentucky by brilliant stable and trained by mark johnston . from the first crop of 2000 cartier horse of the year\ni bought this horse jumper in beyond retro on great marlborough street about 2 years ago , and it\u2019s definitely helped to brighten up many a dull day .\nrule of law , given a fine tactical front - running ride by kerrin mcevoy , repelled a sustained challenge from quiff to land the urltoken st leger at doncaster yesterday .\ndiana cooper , representing godolphin , said :\nkerrin knows the horse so well . he set a sensible pace because there was a strong headwind up the straight .\nouija board also won the cartier three - year - old filly award and remains in training next year . she finished ahead of soviet song , bago , attraction and divine proportions in the race for the horse of the year award and beat attraction , quiff , grey lilas and alexander goldrun for the three - year - old filly award .\nouija board , who was also honored with the cartier 3 - year - old filly award and will remain in training next year , beat out soviet song , bago , attraction and divine proportions in the horse of the year race . her competition in the 3 - year - old filly division included attraction , quiff , grey lilas and alexander goldrun .\nlondon , england , 05 / 05 / 2017 , a stylish retro vintage teddy boy elvis style 1950s fashionable man with a quiff with a woman walking at a vintage event . .\nlondon , england , 05 / 05 / 2017 , a stylish retro vintage teddy boy elvis style 1950s fashionable man with a quiff , smoking a cigarette at a vintage event . .\nit was a fourth triumph in the world ' s oldest classic for trainer saeed bin suroor and the godolphin operation , following classic cliche ( 1995 ) , nedawi ( 1998 ) and mutafaweq ( 1999 ) . quiff ' s trainer , sir michael stoute , who has yet to win the doncaster classic , also had the fourth - placed horse , maraahel .\na fine horse wearing a gold and blue harness is pulling a golden sleigh carrying a woman with a footman travelling standing on the sleigh runners . coloured photomechanical reproduction after cortazzo .\nthe loving couple were among a host of stars who made their way down to the annual horse - racing event , which is a much favoured fixture on the social calendar .\nkieren fallon was in a good position on quiff for most of the way but when they ranged alongside rule of law ' s girth it soon became apparent that mcevoy had kept something in reserve .\nblurry reflection of a brightly clad guy looking at himself in the mirror while applying makeup with a brush . the young man wearing a hipster beard , quiff hairstyle , purple lipstick , pink eyeshadow .\ncookies quiff ( ire ) g , 2004 { 2 - e } dp = 5 - 4 - 13 - 0 - 0 ( 22 ) di = 2 . 38 cd = 0 . 64\nquiff ( nz ) br . m , 1977 { 11 - a } dp = 3 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 2 ( 6 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 33\nour g1 yorkshire oaks ( york , thursday , august 24th , 3 : 35pm ) ante - post betting market is already live and there is little doubt as to which horse will start as favourite .\nmale makeup look . closeup portrait of a young man with a neck tattoo , rocking beard , long quiff , purple lipstick , winged eyeliner , pink eyeshadow . the guy looking at the camera over pink background .\ncloseup portrait of a transgender couple . 2 young men wearing bright makeup . the guy with a quiff looking down while touching his cheek . the male person in women ' s dress and bob wig looking aside .\nlondon , england , 05 / 07 / 2017 , a retro and vintage dressed man and woman in 1950s clothing , man with a quiff and woman in a blue rain macintosh , at a vintage retro nostalgic event .\nlooks to be heading towards the uk after destroying its rivals by 10len overnight at chantilly . after the flop of werther equal third rated horse in world last weekend , the japanese superstar showed what real quality is .\nmale makeup look . portrait of a young man in colorful shirt , wearing beard , quiff , purple lipstick , eyeliner , pink eyeshadow . the guy looking at the camera over pink background , one hand on his nape .\nthe cartier stayer award went to westerner , the 5 - year - old horse owned by ecurie wildenstein . trained by elie lellouche in france , westerner had four wins in 2004 , including two in group i company .\nfrom the first crop of the\niron horse\ngiant ` s causeway , shamardal was unbeaten in three races as a juvenile and goes into the winter as a very exciting prospect for the top honours in 2005 .\nlord grimthorpe said he \u201cvery much hoped\u201d juddmonte would support noble mission with some of its own mares . \u201cwe\u2019ve retained an interest in the horse , so i would imagine prince khalid would want to , \u201d he said .\na transgender couple , 2 attractive male persons with beards and makeup on their faces , looking at the camera . the guy with a quiff touching the back of his partner in women ' s clothing and bob - cut wig .\nmale makeup look . 3 / 4 view portrait of a young man rocking beard , quiff , purple lipstick , winged eyeliner , pink eyeshadow . the guy looking at the camera over pink background , his hand on his nape .\nlittmoden said :\nhe is a really lovely horse . he won very easily at leicester , then would have been even more impressive when winning at royal ascot if he had not been hit over the head with a whip .\nusing an unofficial but more accurate measurement of eight lengths a shin hikari recorded an rpr of 131 , making him the highest - rated japanese horse since his sire deep impact ( 133 ) was crowned world champion back in 2006 .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nlord grimthorpe noted kingman is \u201cin great form , \u201d since his relocation from trainer john gosden\u2019s yard to banstead manor . \u201che\u2019s settled in like a pro , \u201d he said . \u201cit\u2019s so exciting to have a horse like him on the stallion roster . \u201d\nwhile horse of the year honors eluded soviet song , the 4 - year - old trained by james fanshawe and took the cartier older horse of the year award . racing for the elite racing club that consists of thousands of owners , soviet song won three group i races in 2004 \u2013 the uae equestrian federation falmouth stakes at newmarket in july , the cantor odds sussex stakes at goodwood later the same month and the coolmore fusaichi pegasus matron stakes at the curragh in september . she is due to race again in 2005 .\nacropolis , albinus , baraka , book of kings , darsalam , frank sonata , go for gold , into the dark , let the lion roar , liss ard , maraahel , mikado , napoleon , ovation , percussionist , quiff , rule of law , two miles west and tycoon .\nthe tough stayer westerner , the five - year - old danehill horse owned by ecurie wildenstein and trained by elie lellouche in france , beat off godolphin ` s papineau to gain the cartier stayer award by scoring four times during 2004 , twice in group one company in france .\nthe yorkshire oaks was introduced in 1849 and originally was just for 3 - year - old fillies ( now 3 and up ) . g1 status was immediately awarded in 1971 . brown duchess ( 1861 ) was the first horse to win both the epsom oaks and the yorkshire oaks .\nstand to gain , in australia won the sydney cup , he ' s an ex - pat juddmonte horse , otherwise - yes only foreteller , as far as g1 wins goes , there ' s been 5 stakes winners this current season of ex juddmonte horses down here in australia already .\ncommenting on the first - crop foals by frankel , timeform\u2019s highest - ever rated horse , lord grimthorpe added , \u201cwe\u2019ve been very pleased with ours . they seem to be athletic and have good temperaments . it\u2019s very exciting that in under two years they\u2019re going to be hitting the racetrack . \u201d\nsoviet song , trained at newmarket by james fanshawe and in the running for the cartier horse of the year accolade , took the cartier older horse of the year award . the four - year - old marju filly scored three times at group one level for her many thousands of owners in the elite racing club during a tremendous season . her top - level victories came in the uae equestrian federation falmouth stakes at newmarket in july , the cantor odds sussex stakes at goodwood later the same month and the coolmore fusaichi pegasus matron stakes at the curragh in september . she is due to race again in 2005 .\njuddy wrote : stand to gain , in australia won the sydney cup , he ' s an ex - pat juddmonte horse , otherwise - yes only foreteller , as far as g1 wins goes , there ' s been 5 stakes winners this current season of ex juddmonte horses down here in australia already .\nlord derby ` s brilliant dual oaks and breeders ` cup filly & mare turf winner ouija board was named horse of the year at the 2004 cartier racing awards , which were presented at the four seasons hotel in london ` s west end on the evening of wednesday , november 17 . ( please note the embargo )\nin the st leger at doncaster on 11 september , rule of law started 3 / 1 joint favourite alongside the michael stoute - trained filly quiff , the winner of the yorkshire oaks . he was the godolphin team ' s sole representative and had been strongly fancied after working impressively in training . [ 9 ] mcevoy sent rule of law into the lead from the start and set a moderate pace before sending him into a clear lead in the straight . in the closing stages he was strongly challenged by quiff , but ran on\ngamely\n[ 10 ] to win by a head in what the bbc described as a\nthrilling finish\n. [ 11 ]\nwith all nine runners reluctant to force the early pace , it was mcevoy who grabbed the race by the scruff of the neck and took up the running after about three furlongs . the australian jockey gradually increased the tempo in the home straight and was never passed , though strongly pressed by the filly quiff who was only a head down at the line .\n\u201cthat is the hardest thing for people outside racing to understand . they are not machines and you can\u2019t just change the tyres , fill up the oil , or whatever . when a horse is on form it always looks like smooth clockwork , but getting them to the races and in the best shape of mind is not an easy thing to do . \u201d\nseek again has run well in all three of his starts this year at 4 for trainer bill mott , running a superlatively game second to two - time horse of the year wise dan in the grade 1 woodford reserve turf classic , falling short by a head , and finishing third behind real solution and kaigun in the grade 1 manhattan before his fourstardave victory .\nno horse in europe this season has made a greater impression than kingman . and when the john gosden - trained 3 - year - old miler , winner of the g1 st james\u2019s palace stakes at royal ascot last month , lines up in wednesday ' s g1 sussex stakes at goodwood , he is favourite to add another momentous chapter to the khalid abdullah story .\nfallon said of quiff :\nshe has run a terrific race . i thought we were going to get there , but there had been no pace and the winner pulled out a little bit more when we got to him . the ground didn ' t really suit her . it ' s a pity we didn ' t have the rain - things might have been different .\nbago , also a contender for horse of the year another niarchos family homebred , was honored as 3 - year - old colt . the colt trained by jonathan peace posted group i victories in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , the prix jean prat at chantilly and the grand prix de paris at longchamp . he is also set to race in 2005 .\nin the middle section of the commercial market , the one that catches the eye is bated breath . from a solid sample of yearlings that went through the sales ring , his numbers read very well . just as significantly given that he represents the powerful owner / breeders juddmonte , it is worth noting that they have retained 19 of his 2 - year - olds . these include a half - sister to kingman that will be trained by john gosden , a half - brother to twice over , a half - sister to quiff , a daughter of quiff , a half - brother to main aim and a half - sister to reefscape . he has the profile , the weight of numbers and the quality of mare behind him to give him every chance to make a serious impact with his first runners .\nrobbie williams is just great ! he does what he likes , give a horse ' s ass about media and covers a great oldies song now and then . what more to ask from a tattooed millionnaire ? iz . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . for greater good - ambient music for the masses . . . . .\nsir michael stoute is seeking to saddle the winner of the yorkshire oaks for a remarkable tenth time , although he has been out of luck in the race since quiff registered his ninth success in 2004 . he relies on queen\u2019s trust , who won the grade 1 breeders ' cup filly & mare turf at santa anita last year after finishing third in the yorkshire oaks , and abingdon , a three - time listed race winner .\nlord derby ' s v05 breeders ' cup filly & mare turf ( gr . it ) winner ouija board was named horse of the year at the 2004 cartier racing awards during a ceremony wednesday night at the four seasons hotel in london , england . two kentucky - breds - - 2 - year - old male colt shamardal and 2 - year - old filly divine proportions - - received cartier awards for their respective divisions\na beautifully balanced , lengthy bay horse with a good shoulder and a straight , strong hind leg , safler ' s wells stood 16 hands . he was a fluent mover despite habitually racing with his head carried high . he possessed tactical speed , a fine turn of foot , and great tenacity . he was slightly light on bone and could be faulted for long pasterns , traits which he has often passed to his stock .\na delighted mcevoy added :\ni didn ' t really want to go on , but there wasn ' t much pace so i was able to dictate it . i increased the pace from three furlongs out and i could hear kieren ' s horse coming . i was just hoping the post would come in time .\nasked to compare the victory with winning the melbourne cup , he went on :\nit ' s right up there .\nsign up with promo code f50 , place a bet on any horse race and ladbrokes will give you a free bet up to \u00a350 . new customers only . certain deposit methods excluded . min \u00a35 excluding tote or pools = match max \u00a350 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 + . free bet valid for 4 days , stake not returned . single line bets only . free bet cannot be used on certain markets . 18 + . terms and conditions apply\nbago , another of the contenders for the cartier horse of the year award , was rewarded for a fabulous year that included group one wins in the prix de l ` arc de triomphe at longchamp , the prix jean prat at chantilly and the grand prix de paris at longchamp by landing the cartier three - year - old colt award . trained by jonathan pease at chantilly and owned by the niarchos family , the three - year - old nashwan colt is also set to race next year .\nanother proven producer is juddmonte\u2019s posteritas ( lear fan ) ( lot 1810 ) who , as well as being a listed winner herself , is the dam of g1 prix jean prat winner mutual trust ( gb ) ( cacique { gb } ) among her five black - type performers . selling in foal to kingman ( gb ) , posteritas is one of 58 fillies or mares in the juddmonte consignment , which also includes g1 yorkshire oaks winner quiff ( gb ) ( sadler\u2019s wells ) , who is lot 1734 and is in foal to holy roman emperor ( ire ) .\nfrankel received yet another boost to his glowing page when his full - brother noble mission ( gb ) ( galileo { ire } ) garnered three group 1 events in 2014 , culminating in the g1 champion s . oct . 18 , and that juddmonte homebred recently arrived at lane\u2019s end farm in kentucky , where he will take up stud duty in 2015 . lord grimthorpe shed some light on the decision to stand the 5 - year - old in the u . s . , explaining , \u201cwe looked at various options for him . lane\u2019s end came up with a very good solution for all of us , including the horse . \u201d\nwhat this figure should be is a subject that could be debated all night , as there is obviously a great variety in costs based on individual circumstances ranging from the breeder that keeps the horse on their own land at minimum expense right up to the owner that boards his horses from birth at high - profile farms at much greater expense . the figure i have decided to use to best reflect an industry - wide average is 6 , 000gns . adding this amount into the equation on top of the nomination fee certainly levels up the playing field and indeed swings the statistical balance back in favour of sires that stood at higher fees .\nseek again\u2019s third dam , donut\u2019s bunnie , was bred by the late verne h . winchell , whose son , ron , campaigns the prominent 3 - year - olds untapable and tapiture this year , and was purchased by belair after her racing career . winchell built his first fortune through a chain of doughnut shops in california , earning the sobriquet the \u201cdonut king , \u201d a name he passed on to the first horse he bought at public auction . one of the best horses sired by the 1954 kentucky derby winner determine , donut king won the 1961 champagne stakes and ran second in the garden state stakes and hawthorne gold cup , all grade 1 - caliber events at the time .\nrule of law , described by timeform as a\nleggy , attractive\n[ 1 ] bay horse , was bred in the united states by robert sangster . he is one of many notable thoroughbred racehorses [ 2 ] sired by kingmambo , a son of mr . prospector . his dam , crystal crossing , as a descendant of the successful racehorse and broodmare violetta , was closely related to the derby winner teenoso . [ 3 ] before the start of his racing career , rule of law was acquired by sheikh mohammed who sent him into training with david loder at newmarket , suffolk . for the 2004 season , the colt was transferred to the godolphin racing organisation and was trained by saeed bin suroor .\njuddmonte stands seven sires at its banstead manor stud in newmarket , a number that appears small compared to some of the bloodstock business\u2019s other superpowers , but that septet oozes quality all the way through , its established flagbearers including dansili and oasis dream . the first weanlings to hit european sales rings by frankel at recent foal sales included the \u20ac1 . 8 million record - sitting filly out of finsceal beo ( ire ) at goffs , and another juddmonte freshman , bated breath ( gb ) , has had his first foals sell for up to $ 107 , 000 in recent weeks . juddmonte will unveil another heavyweight next year when four - time group 1 winner and cartier horse of the year kingman ( gb ) ( invincible spirit { ire } ) covers his first book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe 3 - 1 joint favourites were followed home by the strong - finishing tycoon , who was a length and half away in third .\nthere are no plans for him this year , but he will be kept in training , when i think he ' ll drop back to middle distances .\ndarryll holland said of tycoon :\nhe travelled really well but i could have done with a faster pace and i was just not quite getting there . but he has run a good race .\nthe other pattern race on the card , the group two polypipe flying childers over five furlongs , was won impressively by chateau istana . the nick littmoden - trained colt , who showed a smart turn of foot to beat tournedos by two lengths , was a royal ascot winner in june before flopping when tried over an extra furlong at newmarket .\nyou can write off his last run as he had an infection a few days afterwards .\nalso ran : 9 - 2 let the lion roar , 8 maraahel ( 4th ) , 12 go for gold , 16 frank sonata , 25 mikado ( 5th ) , 33 darsalam ( 6th ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntycoon , a 9 - 1 shot ridden by darryll holland , came in third .\nmcevoy became the first australian since 1969 to win racing ' s last classic of the season .\nthis is his first season racing in europe and the win came just six days after he landed his first group one victory in europe on warsaan in germany .\nthis is right up there with my melbourne cup win . what a way to cap my first season here , to win a classic in what ' s a foreign country to me ,\nmcevoy said .\nrule of law was smartly out of the stalls and was soon disputing it up front with mikado as the nine runners set out at a slow pace .\nas mcevoy slowly wound up the pace from the front , the field became strung out .\nthe filly collected herself well but she just could not find enough extra while tycoon , who had hunted round at the back of the pack , accelerated through the fading runners to claim third .\ntrained by ed dunlop won the vodafone oaks ( eng - i ) at epsom and the darley irish oaks ( ire - i ) at the curragh . previous to shipping to lone star park for her breeders ' cup triumph , ouija board finished third in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe ( fr - i ) at longchamp .\n, shamardal was sold as a yearling for 50 , 000 guineas and was undefeated in three races as a juvenile . included in his victories were the veuve clicquot vintage ( eng - ii ) , in which he defeated eventual bessemer trust breeders ' cup juvenile ( gr . i ) winner wilko , and the darley dewhurts stakes ( eng - i ) .\nout of myth to reality , divine proportions is a homebred racing for the niarchos family under trainer pascal bary . undefeated in five starts , divine proportions won two french group i races - - prix morny at deauville and the prix marcel boussac at longchamp \u2013 as well as the prix robert papin ( f - ii ) and prix du bois ( fr - iii ) .\nsomnus , trained by tim easterby , won the cartier sprinter award , with his french group i successes including the prix maurice de gheest at deauville . he is a 4 - year - old pivotal gelding .\naward of merit for the person or persons who , in the opinion of a 21 - member cartier jury , have done most for european racing and / or breeding either over their lifetime or within the past 12 months goes to david and patricia thompson , owners of the cheveley park stud in newmarket .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\njason servis is on the best run of his career , wi . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nt & cs apply on all offers . new customers only ; debit / credit cards only .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse this site you are agree to our use of cookies .\npost - template - default , single , single - post , postid - 296 , single - format - standard , ajax _ fade , page _ not _ loaded , , qode _ grid _ 1300 , footer _ responsive _ adv , qode - content - sidebar - responsive , qode - theme - ver - 10 . 1 . 2 , wpb - js - composer js - comp - ver - 5 . 5 . 1 , vc _ responsive\nman for himself is run by robin james - men ' s style , lifestyle and grooming blogger and youtube creator .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and 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conditions and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience of our website and to keep it free for users , to find out more please read our privacy policy .\nour frequently asked questions page answers the most common customer queries relating to attheraces . com .\nif the faqs page doesn ' t answer your query , please fill in your details below and we ' ll endeavour to respond as soon as possible .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\noverbomber joined : 30 jan 2002 posts : 2508 location : wherever i am at the time . . . . . .\nit ' s an awful song - a weird kind of new romantic pastiche , and doesn ' t seem to mean much . let ' s hope it puts off some of those 14 - year old girls from buying his records . let the backlash commence . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ chris - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - again and again and again . . .\n@ qb - if i could i would but i cant ( at the moment - pre - upgrade ) but i would if i could and i will when i can . in the mean time a celtic soul brother may be able to facilitate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ this is not ordinary s & m this is m & s s & m so\nyour flavour of the month\nthis week are you ? andrew eldritch is herr flick of the gestapo in allo alllo !\n@ qb - if i could i would but i cant ( at the moment - pre - upgrade ) but i would if i could and i will when i can . in the mean time a celtic soul brother may be able to facilitate\ni\u00edm shocked that radio is so dire . but at least it keeps stephen duffy off the streets . robbie\u00eds musical output has been going downhill ever since he chose to leave what was a very going concern at the time . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dreams of number one last forever it ' s the only way to make you feel better\noverbomber joined : 10 feb 2003 posts : 4128 location : rick astley ' s house . trying to find out why he chooses to look like timsinister .\noh ffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ only a paand .\ni have always found it puzzling and annoying that people take this gurning , cabaret singing twerp seriously . 14 year old girls , i can understand why , but when the ' indie ' crowd began to think he was cool , i thought the world had gone mad . his new song is ' s * * t ' , almost as bad as the girls aloud new single . they don ' t even try these days do they ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we are nothing but experience in the eyes of nature , and we will live forever in the eyes of nature .\nand when you start to think about death , you start to think about what ' s after it . and then you start hoping there is a god . for me , it ' s a frightening thought to go nowhere\n.\nmr blast , its not even that good oasis fell under his spell for a while too , thats when they lost the plot . he ' s a pox on talent . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we are nothing but experience in the eyes of nature , and we will live forever in the eyes of nature .\nno , a thousand times no . he ' s the 90s version of donny osmond or a bay city roller . ok , some of his early songs had quality but were just plain slushy pop . the housewife ' s choice _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we are nothing but experience in the eyes of nature , and we will live forever in the eyes of nature .\nutterly bastard groovy amphetamine filth joined : 12 mar 2004 posts : 998 location : going nowhere . fast .\nvital consumer information songs take that : pray , back for good , everything changes ( robbie on lead vocals ! ) , love ain\u00edt here anymore , never forget , could it be magic ( more robbie on lead vocals ! ) solo : eternity and rock dj albums tt\u00eds best album is everything changes . robbie williams has not yet released an album that i want to buy . but i love the sinner and hate the sin . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dreams of number one last forever it ' s the only way to make you feel better\nyou say that as if it ' s a bad thing . . . . . . . blummin love the rollers i does _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ five cups of coffee just to be myself . . . when i ' d rather be somebody else\nlots of eggs are broken but no omelette yet ! the rollers were of their time , and were mainly taken seriously by young girls . most pop music these days is made to appeal to little girls . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we are nothing but experience in the eyes of nature , and we will live forever in the eyes of nature .\nthat sounds quite good actually . he ' s hateable for , amongst other things , the most smug looking album cover in the world evah , on ' i ' ve been expecting you ' . i know its ' meant ' to look smug but , sheeesh , yuk . also he ' s a port vale fan that owns an executive box at stamford bridge ffs . . . . off with his head ! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i never saw you again\ni read your post not having heard the song yet . i saw it had been on , but switched the channel quick . but after reading this , and next time i saw it was on , i forced myself to watch it . and indeed , i agree with you . still not liking the song or the artist really though . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ urltoken\nalso he ' s a port vale fan that owns an executive box at stamford bridge ffs . . . . off with his head !\noops . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ only a paand .\ncoming from wellcome images ? all freely available images have now been moved to the wellcome collection website . here we ' re working to improve data quality , search relevance and tools to help you use these images more easily\na psittaceous hornbill sitting on a branch of a tree . etching by p . mazell after a . latham .\na young man and a young woman looking through an opening in a wall ; alternatively , a human skull . lithograph .\na man carrying a flag is riding on a camel . coloured lithograph by hullmandel after a . orlowski .\na fight among animals : a lion is killing a fox and a unicorn is fighting a griffon while other animals are fleeing or watching on . engraving [ by a . de bruyn ]\na man is tied to a stump by a chain around his neck ; a chinese shoemaker is working behind him . coloured stipple by a . freschi , ca . 1812 .\nabove , two camels , a llama and and a dromedary ; below , a giraffe , a goatsucker ( nightjar ) , a hyena , a crab ( cancer ) and an arctiv fox . etching by heath .\na sheet of studies of the legs of a nude male model ; a standing man holding a palette and another seated drawing in a sketchbook ; a fourth is seen from behind . pencil drawing .\na young girl with a large bow in her hair faces a young boy wearing a hat and a large bow tie . colour lithograph .\na group of women gathered in a room and around a table with a woman in a large chair presiding over the group . engraving .\na group of people are gathered around a candle - lit table , one man , held by another appears terrified , a figure holds a glass and a large figure looms in the background .\na young boy has caught a fish by a small stream , a young girl with a bucket is standing nearby . etching .\na surgeon treating a patient ' s foot , in the background another surgeon is examining a patient in a surgery . lithograph by e . meyer after a . brouwer .\nan anthropomorphical figure consisting of a bird ' s body and a human head is sitting on a branch of a tree next to a dangling noose . coloured lithograph .\na young boy accompanied by a girl is talking to a gentleman while a woman pushing a pram looks amused as she passes . wood engraving .\na lion is standing on a rock surrounded by a large group of animals ; illustration for a fable . etching .\na theatrical performance of a tooth - drawer extracting a tooth from a patient , a clown taunts him . colour etching .\nabove , red - figured greek water jar ( hydria ) decorated with a palm motif ; below , detail of decoration showing a naked man and a woman holding a dish . watercolour by a . dahlstein , 1760 / 1780 ( ? ) .\na wolf and a lamb are standing in a wooded landscape with a goat behind them . etching by w . hollar for a fable by aesop .\na young man holding a dagger threatens to kill himself while a young lady sitting on a chair next to him smiles at him , not taking his threat seriously . coloured lithograph .\na man plays a violin as children dance at a party , and a woman hands round drinks from a tray . etching by george cruikshank .\na group of figures from antiquity are led into a garden by a woman with a telescope and a hand mirror . etching .\na banker seated in the courtyard of a house , with a woman standing on the left . gouache , 18 - - .\nan ox and a steer face each other in a field watched on by a fox and a wolf ; illustration for a fable by j . ogilby . etching .\na surgeon dressing the wound of a grimacing patient . colour aquatint by a . schlicht , 1788 , after a . brouwer .\na dental surgeon standing on the arm of a chair and pressing his foot against a man ' s chest to enable him to extract a tooth from his mouth . chromolithograph cut - out .\na bonsai tree on a rock and a cycad ( cycas revoluta ) in a decorated pot with a japanese watering vessel . watercolour .\na crowned woman in red holding a rose - topped caduceus ; she is suspended in a circle of water ; a cherub blows wind from above ; representing a stage in the process of alchemy . coloured etching , ca . 18th century .\na man sitting in a tree with a pipe leading from his mouth to a hole in the trunk ( destroying a mosquito breeding area ? ) . photograph , 1880 / 1910 .\na man in a heavy cloak and hat is reading a large book which is resting on a lectern , another man nearby has a pot in his hand . woodcut .\na greenwich pensioner , with a pipe in one hand and a stick in the other , being rolled out of a sheet [ hammock ? ] by a sailor . wood engraving by j . jackson .\nabove , two tigers , a fennel stalk and flower , an ant , and a plant ; below , a lantern fly , two finches , a coot and a moor - hen . engraving by heath .\na rescue dog brings back a weary boy on his back to a hospice . lithograph by a . hoffay after wafflard .\njapan : a hairdresser wearing a loin cloth at work on a kneeling man ; a man in a robe squats in front of him . coloured photograph , 1870 / 1890 .\na sinhalese devil wearing a lungi with a scarf draped around his head , stands under a doorway entwined with snakes . gouache painting by a sri lankan artist .\na sick man projects his tongue while a doctor takes his pulse and times it with a sand - glass , a woman looks on over the chair - back . coloured lithograph .\na man and a woman with a herd of goats sit under a tree holding hands ; the man places a garland of flowers on the woman ' s head . engraving by c . van dalen the younger after j . casteleyn .\na man sits at a table with a sheet of paper and a pen , in a room which is very sparsely furnished . etching .\na seated figure of time holding a scythe and an hourglass with a female figure of geometry holding dividers and a female figure resting a book on her knee . red chalk drawing .\npennsylvania , u . s . a : a state baby clinic : a baby is examined by a nurse and a doctor with a stethoscope . photograph , ca . 1925 .\nleprosy : a red lesion on the face of an indian man ; an insert shows a detail of the same lesion . watercolour ( by jane jackson ? ) , 1921 / 1950 ( ? ) , after a ( painting ? ) by ernest muir , ca . 1921 .\na woman lies on top of a man on a beach ; scene from a film within a collage of leaves , flowers and ribbon with a double gold horizontal border ; a representation of safe sex to prevent the spread of aids and related diseases . colour lithograph , 1990\npeople are crowded around a table on which there is a large dish of oysters , a woman is standing nearby with a basket of chickens on her head and a young boy is emptying more oysters out of the donkey ' s panniers . engraving by william greatbach after a . fraser .\na man taking a woman ' s pulse . oil painting by egbert van heemskerck . a young woman with a bonnet and a cloak is seated in the forground . left , a dishevelled man takes the pulse of her right wrist with his right hand , and places his left hand on his chest . both have strong expressions , she casting her eyes upwards in dread and he looking askance , with suspicion : perhaps the implication is that she fears he will detect that she is pregnant . behind , an older woman , presumably the mother of the younger one , holds a flask , presumably containing urine for examination by the medical practitioner\nabove left , a man in western dress observes a japanese worker ; below left , a figure on a balcony views sugita bay through a telescope ; right , a bird perched on a plum blossom branch , with sugita bay in the background . colour woodcut by ky\u00e5\u008dsai , with design on right by m\u00e5\u008dsai ( yoshitora ) , ca . 1870 ."]}
{"id": 459, "summary": [{"text": "the mackenzie river wolf ( canis lupus mackenzii ) is a subspecies of the gray wolf , canis lupus , and is found in the canadian northwest territories .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "not much has been \" published \" on canis lupus mackenzii but one of the most comprehensive studies was done in 1954 by w.a. fuller , wolf control operations , southern mackenzie district , canada wildlife service report .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in 1992 , this wolf was re-classified as canis lupus occidentalis , the mackenzie valley wolf , common with wolves in alaska and western canada . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "mackenzie river wolf", "paragraphs": ["the canis lupus occidentalis which also goes by the mackenzie valley wolf , the alaskan timber wolf , the canadian timber wolf , or the rocky mountain wolf , was classified as a gray wolf subspecies in 1829 by sir john richardson , m . d . it is one of the largest wolf subspecies in north america .\na pack of mackenzie river wolves - a north american wolf - has been a feature at highland wildlife park , kincraig , near aviemore , since 1972 .\nross minett , director of campaign group advocates for animals , said the mackenzie river wolf pack should have been allowed to\nlive out their lives in peace\n.\nthe wildlife park ' s mackenzie river pack arrived in 1972 , but breeding of the animals ended in 2000 .\na special\nthank you\nto donna dowling for sharing these photos and historical information on mackenzie river huskies .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - mackenzie valley wolf pack hunting buffalo\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - mackenzie valley wolf pack hunting buffalo\ntitle =\narkive video - mackenzie valley wolf pack hunting buffalo\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe mackenzie valley wolf also known as the northwestern timber wolf is a subspecies of gray wolf found in western north america . it ranges from the upper mackenzie river valley into central alberta . it is believed that the mackenzie valley wolf is descended from the last eurasian wolf to move into north america . sir john richardson first described the species in 1829 . the mackenzie valley wolf has been involved in two fatal human attacks . a coroner ' s inquest found that 22 year old kenton carnegie was killed by a pack of wolves in northern saskatchewan on november 8 , 2005 , making it the first documented case of fatal wolf attack in the wild in north america . carnegie ' s body was found near a garbage dump where wolves scavenged . evidence supports the belief that 32 - year - old candice berner was attacked and killed in 2010 by two or more wolves while jogging near the village of chignik lake on the alaska peninsula . wolf dna was recovered from berner ' s clothing and matched dna from wolves later shot in the area . the forensic evidence was consistent with the injuries to berner and the wolf tracks found around her body . both victims were fed upon . wolf attacks in canada are linked to habituation .\na pack of mackenzie river wolves , normally found in north america , had been a feature at the highland wildlife park , kincraig , near aviemore , since 1972 .\npack dynamic is the term used to describe how every wolf knows its place within its group .\nthis hierarchy continues down through the pack to the omega wolf , which is usually picked on by the others .\nrange : original range \u2013 northwest territories , canada current range \u2013 east of the mackenzie river , from the arctic coast to south of great bear lake . possibly as far south as great slave lake . northwest territories , canada\nthe catchy name\nmackenzie river husky\nwas coined from newcomers seeing the freight huskies and not being able to differentiate the different villages while passing through an area . the locals knew the huskies by their different villages , naming them accordingly : old crow dogs , ft . mcpherson dogs , arctic red dogs , porcupine river dogs , hay river dogs , etc . the name really took hold in the 1960\u0092s , from which the distortions grew , especially as the freight husky began to disappear .\nstatus like most other wolves , human activity ( hunting , trapping , etc . ) is by far the greatest threat . however , protection given to the mackenzie valley wolf has allowed its population to increase drammatically . the wolf population in alaska was estimated between 7 , 000 and 10 , 000 in 2006 . wolf population in the northern rocky mountains ( greater yellowstone area , nw montana , and idaho ) was estimated to be about 1200 and increasing . the u . s . fish and wildlife services has decided to remove the gray wolf from the federal endangered list in the northern rockies and the western great lakes . courts have overturned attempts in the past to remove them from the list . legal battles are expected .\nthe mackenzie valley wolf weighs from 100 to 145 pounds . one weighing 175 pounds was caught in alaska in 1939 . their average length is from 5 to 7 feet in length , from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail . they can reach speeds of 40 miles per hour and travel as many as 70 miles per day . their coat consists of an outer layer composed of coarse guard hairs and a soft undercoat . they moult in late spring . the most common coat color is grey flecked with black , with lighter underparts , but individuals and populations also occur that are red , brown , black or almost pure white . the mackenzie valley wolf is no longer considered endangered .\nthe\nmackenzie river husky\nis a catch all name , that can describe vastly different dogs depending on who is using that name . it can be used as follows : the mythical best northern sled dog ever ; as a sales tool to sell mixed breed mutts or unwanted litters ; in plain ignorance because someone said that\u0092s what the dog was ; someone trying to recreate the breed based on the falsehood that they are a mix of wolf , malamute and st . bernard or some other unlikely working dog combination ion ; or the truth that they are a freight husky , all but extinct .\na spokeswoman for the park said the catalyst for recent problems was that the pack ' s leader died of natural causes some time ago and the female did not accept the next male wolf in the pecking order .\nhabitat mackenzie valley wolves inhabit much of western canada and alaska including unimak island . in 1995 - 96 , they were brought from canada to restore populations in yellowstone national park and central idaho . in alaska , wolf packs are usually 6 to 12 wolves , though some packs may be as large as 20 to 30 . their territories in alaska average about 600 square miles . in yellowstone , pack size averages 9 . 2 wolves with average territory size of 348 square miles . in idaho , pack size averages 11 . 1 with territories averaging 364 square miles .\ni am an alaskan born resident who first came across these magnificent huskies when i moved to an interior alaskan bush community in the mid - 1970\u0092s . my research and consequential breeding program began in 1990 after the passing on of my last freight husky . in complete ignorance , i started asking questions and researching libraries for the truth instead of rumors and myths surrounding these dogs , and at the same time trying to locate any that resembled my old working huskies . i kept getting conflicting information both from people and from the small amount of published information i could find . i looked at a motley variety of dogs with only a precious few resembling my huskies , all claiming to be mackenzie river huskies .\ndiet the size of mackenzie valley wolves is partially due to their large abundance of food . they will prey on wood bison , elk , caribou , musk ox , moose , dall sheep , sitka black - tailed deer , mountain goat , beaver , ground squirrel , vole , snowshoe hare , lemmings , and salmon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwolves at a scottish wildlife park have been culled and replaced with another sub - species of the animal .\nbut experts said the six animals had to be euthanised because they were\nnot portraying their natural behaviour\n.\nthe park is now part of a breeding programme involving seven rare scandinavian wolves .\npark owners , the royal zoological society of scotland , said the cull followed lengthy discussion and research and with the approval of the animal welfare and ethics committee .\nthe society said that in the past five years the six wolves stopped\nportraying their natural behaviour\n, or pack dynamic , which it said was essential to the survival of the species .\nsociety chief executive david windmill said :\nanimal management is a complex , difficult but rewarding work .\nwith any kind of management , at times difficult decisions need to be taken and this was one of those times .\nthe welfare of the animal is always paramount in our minds and no decision is made until a full investigation has been carried out , taking into account all aspects of the species and situation .\nhe added :\nin the wild , animals are competing in the deadly game of ' survival of the fittest ' .\nthe challenge will be to manage them in captivity to the best of our ability in the future , until perhaps one day ' the wild ' is safe enough for their return .\nan alpha pair leads the pack and the top male and female have a second - in - command called a beta male and beta female .\nonly the alpha pair is allowed to breed within the pack , but all the wolves take responsibility for caring for the cubs .\nthe wolves were aged between six and eight years old and were put down in january .\ntwo new females from scandinavia have been introduced to the park and will be joined by five males in about a month .\nhe said :\nzoos have a responsibility for these animals and not just treat them as a disposable commodity .\non the pack dynamic , mr minett said the wolves would have lost this behaviour because they had been kept in a controlled environment .\nmost popular now | 17 , 029 pages were read in the last minute .\n;\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncharacteristics average males weigh between 100 and 145 pounds with females weighing roughly 10 to 20 percent less . the heaviest on record was caught in alaska in 1939 , weighing 175 pounds . though the guinness book of animal world records mentions an unconfirmed specimen weighing 230 pounds . they measure 32 to 36 inches shoulder height and 5 to 7 feet in length , from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail . their long , powerful legs allow them to travel as far as 70 miles a day , and through rough terrain like deep snow . they can reach speeds of up to 40 miles an hour for short periods of time . their skull measures about 12 inches long . a combination of powerful jaw and neck muscles allows them to break bones and bring down large prey .\nbreeding breeding season usually occurs in february . the dominant male and female of the pack breed in attempt to keep up the strength of the pack . usually 63 days after breeding , 4 to 6 pups are born . they leave the den in 4 to 6 weeks , and by fall , they are large enough to travel and hunt with the pack . they become full - grown in 6 to 8 months , and sexually mature at about 22 months .\na wildlife park has culled a pack of wolves because it feared the animals would eventually kill each other .\nhowever , it has been revealed that the remaining six animals , aged between six and eight , have been destroyed because they were no longer displaying natural behaviour .\nthe royal zoological society of scotland , which owns the park as well as edinburgh zoo , said the deaths were carried out humanely and with the backing of the independent animal welfare and ethics committee .\nanimals rights protesters have condemned the move , but the society says it was done after prolonged discussion and research .\nwhen things start to go wrong and they lose their pack structure they start very aggressive behaviour and start attacking each other when there is no natural leader ,\nshe said .\nthat for us is where the welfare issue comes in . if they were in the wild it would be resolved quickly as they could move away from each other , but they are not and they would have continued to attack each other .\nshe said putting the animals down was considered to be more humane than leaving them to kill each other .\ndavid windmill , the society ' s chief executive , said :\nanimal management is a complex , difficult , but rewarding work . with any kind of management , at times difficult decisions need to be taken and this was one of those times .\nthe welfare of the animal is always paramount in our minds , and no decision is made until a full investigation has been carried out , taking into account all aspects of the species and the situation .\nhe added :\nin the wild , animals are competing in the deadly game of survival of the fittest .\nzoos have saved a number of these species from imminent extinction ; the challenge will be to manage them in captivity to the best of our ability in the future , until perhaps one day the wild is safe enough for their return .\nthe pack , which was destroyed in january , has been replaced by scandinavian wolves and the kincraig park is now part of a european conservation breeding programme for vulnerable sub - species .\nross minett , the director of advocates for animals , said the cull was\nscandalous\n.\nhe added :\ni don ' t think the general public is aware this kind of thing goes on in the name of conservation .\nthis is the darker side of zoos ' work , which i ' m sure they don ' t want the public to find out about , and it typifies zoos ' treatment of animals without paying them individual respect . they are seen to some degree as disposable commodities .\nwolves kept in the kind of environment they are in in the wildlife park are unlikely to show the full repertoire of natural behaviour anyway , in a comparatively barren , deprived environment .\nwe think this is pretty scandalous and believe the royal zoological society has to answer how it can justify doing this .\nmaster tracks 33 west park clifton bristol avon bs8 2lx united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 973 6833 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 923 7090 neil @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nbbc natural history unit c / o bbc motion gallery getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 3227 2579 bbc . motiongallerysales @ urltoken urltoken\nby clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndonna dowling northern quest kennels p . o . box 70109 , fairbanks , alaska 99707 ( 907 ) 456 - 2710 e - mail : mrhusky @ urltoken\nthe truth began to unfold after interviewing old - timers : ed moody , norman vaughan , both involved with the admiral byrd\u0092 s antarctic expeditions in the 1920\u0092s and 1930\u0092s ; retired canadian mountie during 1950\u0092s and 1960\u0092s , sandy saunderson ; author lorna coppinger of the world of sled dogs , copyright 1977 ; alaskan trappers , mailrunners , and guides to name a few joe dehlia , john schultz , bob schlentner ; canadian dog driver , larry\ncowboy\nsmith ; and many others from trips up the demster highway to the northern reaches of canada and then east to the great slave lakes region . bill carpenter of yellowknife , who received a grant in the 1970\u0092s to bring back the canadian eskimo dog , also known as the greenland husky , was gracious enough to share his research documentation on the sled dog with me . these valuable documents dated from the present back to the 1530\u0092s .\nthe demise of these magnificent huskies began in the 1960\u0092s as a result of several factors : the introduction of the snowmachine ; the discovery of oil and consequential formation of native corporations whose dividends allowed the people to afford snowmachines ; the canadian government efforts to stop native sovereignty by the mass killing of dog teams in the 1950 - 1960\u0092s under the guise of eradicating rabies ; and profitable sled dog racing that resulted in the development of a breed of small , high strung , running machines .\nwhat has allowed me to find breeding stock is the 1960\u0092s movement that sent vietnam vets , draft dodgers , and hippies to the interior of alaska to try a subsistence life style . a few hardy souls remain in bush communities that still have these huskies and a few crusty old trappers . the few i found in canada were so intermingled with the racing lines , that little of the old blood line remains . if anyone knows differently , please contact me .\ni remain a coordinator in my efforts to bring these dogs back . i personally have two litters a year . searching continually for new quality males to breed to my females as i expand my breeding pool for the future . i\u0092 m going into this with the firm understanding that its a 20 year project and there are no shortcuts that i\u0092m willing to take . i follow each of the pups through their lifetime to insure that my breeding program is on track . i depend on\nmy people\nto help me with this project by their willingness to follow my guidelines for breeding , having pups and suitable placement . this is not a one person job short of having hundreds of huskies , which i am unwilling to do . this is truly a labor of love on my part to keep these huskies from extinction . the pups currently sell for $ 250 including worming , first shots and vet exam . hopefully , this project will continue to snowball so that there will be more available in the future with less restrictions . if you\u0092re interested , you must keep in contact with me and be patient .\ncopyright \u00a9 1997 - 2016 sled dog central , all rights reserved . email sled dog central"]}
{"id": 467, "summary": [{"text": "graphium angolanus , the angola white lady , is a species of butterfly in the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sub-saharan africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 65 \u2013 70 mm in males and 70 \u2013 75 mm in females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fight period is year-round , peaking in november and february .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the caterpillars feed on annona senegalensis , sphedamnocarpus pruriens , uvaria species , landolphia buchannani , and landolphia ugandensis . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "graphium angolanus", "paragraphs": ["graphium ( arisbe ) angolanus ( goeze , 1779 ) = papilio angolanus goeze , 1779 = graphium pylades = graphium ( arisbe ) angolanus = papilio pylades lapydes suffert , 1904 .\nparents animalia , arthropoda , hexapoda , insecta , pterygota , lepidoptera , glossata , neolepidoptera , heteroneura , eulepidoptera , obtectomera , papilionoidea , papilionidae , graphium , graphium angolanus subsp . angolanus\ngraphium angolanus ( angola white lady ) , limpopo province , south africa . [ photo diedericks g . \u00a9 ]\npapilio angolanus goeze , 1779 ; ent . beytr\u00e4ge 3 ( 1 ) : 87 ; tl : angolae\nthe angola white lady ( graphium angolanus ) is a species of butterfly in the family papilionidae , found in subsaharan africa . [ 1 ] | pinterest\ncommon in woodlands from central ( tropical ) to southern africa . graphium angolanus is the correct name for this taxon , with pylades as the name of the central african subspecies\ngraphium angolanus is unlike any other african species with the possible exception of g . philonoe . in philonoe the large white area on the forewings is broken up into a series of bars .\ngraphium angolanus subsp . angolanus - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ngraphium ( graphium ) anthedon ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) monticolus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) agamemnon ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) meyeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus celebensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus stiris ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus taloranus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) anthedon milon ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) anthedon coelius ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) monticolus monticolus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) monticolus textrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus gordion ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus arctofasciatus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus pamphylus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus sangira ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus fumikoe ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) agamemnon comodus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) meyeri meyeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) meyeri extremum ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) antiphates kalaoensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( graphium ) antiphates kurosawai ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( graphium ) sarpedon sarpedon ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 - 6\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus insularis [ sic ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus yayoeae ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 2 , f . 3 - 4\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus noeli ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 2 , f . 5 - 8\ngraphium ( graphium ) empedovana empedovana ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 7\ngraphium ( graphium ) sandawanum sandawanum ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 8\ngraphium ( graphium ) sandawanum joreli ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 3 , f . 9 - 10\ngraphium chironides malayanum ; [ bmp ] : 76 , pl . 6 , f . 2\ngraphium macfarlanei ; [ bow ] : pl . 131 , f . 10 ( text )\ngraphium macfarlanei seminigra ; [ baur ] , 115 , f . ( larva , pupa )\nspecies graphium doson ( c . felder & r . felder , 1864 ) - common jay\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium macleayanus wilsoni couchman , 1965 ; utas : 84 ; tl : kuranda , n . q .\ngraphium eurypylus mecisteus ; [ bmp ] : 76 , pl . 5 , f . 7 - 8\nneue unterarten und neue namen in den gattungen papilio , graphium und parnassius ( lep . : papilionidae )\nnote sur graphium illyris ( hewitson ) et revision systematique de l ' espece ( lep . papilionidae )\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus melanthus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 8 - 9 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 2\ngraphium anthedon anthedon ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 221\ngraphium anthedon dodingensis ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 224\ngraphium anthedon crudum ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 224\ngraphium anthedon sulaensis ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 222\ngraphium anthedon halesus ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 222\ngraphium macleayanus ; [ bow ] : pl . 131 , f . 22 ; couchman , 1965 , utas : 84\n= graphium monticolus textrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium sarpedon luctatius ; [ bmp ] : 75 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; [ bor ] , 98\ngraphium evemon eventus ; [ bor ] , 100 ; [ bmp ] : 76 , pl . 5 , f . 9\ngraphium doson nauta tsukada & nishiyama , 1980 ; in tsukada ( ed . ) , butts se asian islands 1 : 380\ngraphium arycles arycles ; [ bmp ] : 76 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; [ bor ] , 102\ngraphium browni ; [ bow ] : pl . 132 , f . 2 ( text ) ; [ baur ] , 110\ngraphium ( pathysa ) antiphates ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) euphrates ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) androcles ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( pathysa ) dorcus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( paranticopsis ) encelades ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium stratocles senectus tsukada & nishiyama , 1980 ; in tsukada ( ed . ) , butts se asian islands 1 : 423\ngraphium ( paranticopsis ) deucalion ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium sumatranum ; hancock , 1983 ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 220\ngraphium gelon ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 284 ; [ baur ] , 120\ngraphium ( pathysa ) euphrates elegantia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium ( pathysa ) androcles androcles ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) androcles cleomenes ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) androcles pelengensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus rhesus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus rhesulus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus parvimacula ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) dorcus dorcus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) dorcus butungensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( paranticopsis ) deucalion deucalion ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium ( paranticopsis ) deucalion marabuntana ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium antiphates tiomanus moonen , 1984 ; papilio int . 1 ( 3 ) : 47 ( repl . pathysa insularis eliot , 1978 )\ngraphium phidias obscurium yoshino , 2017 ; butterfly science 7 : 25 ; tl : dalat , 1500m , lam dong , s . vietanm\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : insect details : individual images : graphium angolanus image2 . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use\ngraphium cloanthus ; [ bor ] , 98 ; [ bow ] : pl . 131 , f . 16 ; [ mrs ] , 168\ngraphium ucalegon fonteinei berger , 1981 ; les papillons du zaire : 51 ; tl : sankuru , km . 43 , route de lusambo \u00e0 batempa\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus rhapia [ sic ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium codrus noeli page & treadaway , 2003 ; in bauer & frankenbach , butterflies of the world , suppl . 8 : ( 1 - 6 )\ngraphium abri smith & vane - wright , 2001 ; bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( ent . ) 70 ( 2 ) : 628\ngraphium ucalegon schoutedeni berger , 1950 ; ann . mus . congo belge zool . ( 3 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 73 ; tl : uele , bambesa\ngraphium ( macfarlaneana ) agamemnon agamemnon ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 4 - 5\ngraphium sandawanum yamamoto , 1977 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 28 ( 3 ) : 87 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : philippines , mindanao , mt . apo\ngraphium olbrechtsi berger , 1950 ; ann . mus . congo belge zool . ( 3 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 85 ; tl : sankuru , mwene - ditu\ngraphium glycerion kimurai murayama , 1982 ; new ent . 31 ( 4 ) : 69 , 71 , f . 1 ; tl : doi inthanon , n . thailand\ngraphium evombar viossati collins , 1997 ; in d ' abrera , butts afrotrop . region ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : comoro islands , anjouan , forest of moya\ngraphium clanis malayanum eliot , 1982 ; malayan nat . j . 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 180 ; tl : malaysia , selangor , 16 miles s of pahang road\ngraphium ucalegonides rileyi berger , 1950 ; ann . mus . congo belge zool . ( 3 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : gold coast , west africa , begoro\ngraphium porthaon tanganyikae kielland , 1978 ; tijdschr . ent . 121 ( 4 ) : 161 , pl . 6 , f . 21 - 24 ; tl : tanzania , kigoma , kasoge\ngraphium ( leptocircini ) ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 ; [ afrl ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 90\n1134x873 ( ~ 315kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , right bank of the thma bang river left tributary at the bridge , 7 km sw thma bang village , 23rd august 2011 ( graphium sarpedon sarpedon , gandaca harina , eurema sp . ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1208x752 ( ~ 336kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 ( graphium sarpedon sarpedon , pathysa agetes agetes ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n990x806 ( ~ 233kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 ( graphium sarpedon sarpedon , pathysa antiphates pompilius ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1144x873 ( ~ 355kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 ( middle , between graphium sarpedon sarpedon and pathysa agetes agetes ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nthe species has a unique appearence with its falcate forewing , pure white ground - colour with a broad black border and white spots in it . the hindwing is tailles but is strongly lobed . there is a variable extent of red on the hindwing underside . the body is also black and white checqered . there is no other similarly looking butterfly . originally g . angolanus was a savannah butterfly but with its strong flight it could penetrate into the open areas in the forest zone . it is usually more common in the dry season , but can appear basically everywhere within its range . the flight is strong , although specimens sometimes stop at flowers . males are avid hilltoppers and they also appear on puddles . in the evening hours before dusk some males can also gather and patrol around their resting area .\npapilio codrus cramer , [ 1777 ] ; uitl . kapellen 2 ( 9 - 16 ) : 127 , pl . 179 , f . a , b\nlarva on hernandia avigera , hernandia , h . peltata ? [ baur ] , annona , uvaria , hernandia , ? thespesia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\naru , waigeu , w . irian - papua , d ' entrecasteaux , woodlark , rossel is .\n= papilio codrus medon ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 426\npapilio codrus b ( celebensis ) wallace , 1865 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . 25 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : celebes ; sulla is\npapilio codrus loc . f . a ( gilolensis ) wallace , 1865 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . 25 ( 1 ) : 64\npapilio segonax godman & salvin , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 734 ; tl : new ireland\n= papilio codrus pisidice ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 426\npapilio segonax tenebrionis rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 427 ; tl : new georgia , solomon islands\npapilio codrus auratus rothschild , 1898 ; novit . zool . 5 ( 2 ) : 218 ; tl : st . gabriel , admiralty is .\npapilio codrus toealensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 4 ) : 424 ; tl : kei toeal\ncodrus stiris ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 93\ncodrus taloranus ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 93\npapilio codrus schoutensis talbot & joicey , 1916 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1916 ( 1 ) : 68\nlarva on geifera salicifolia , doryphora aromatica , atherosperma moschatum [ baur ] , tasmannia lanceolata , t . xerophila , atherosperma moschatum , daphnandra micrantha , d . repandula , doryphora aromatica , d . sassafras , cinnamomum camphora , cryptocarya hypospodia , endiandra pubens , geijera salicifolia k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\npapilio macleayanus insulana waterhouse , 1920 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 45 ( 3 ) : 470 ; tl : lord howe island\npapilio weiskei stresemanni rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 4 ; tl : ceram\npapilio cloanthus westwood , 1841 ; arcana entomologica , 1 : pl . 11 , f . 2 , ( 4 ) 42 ; tl : n . india\npapilio cloanthus f . temp . cloanthulus fruhstorfer , 1902 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 1 ) : 168\npapilio cloanthus var . clymenus leech , 1893 ; butts china japan corea ( 2 ) : 523 , pl . 32 , f . 2\npapilio cloanthus kuge fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 29 ) : 119 ; tl : chip - chip\npapilio cloanthus var . sumatrana hagen , 1894 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 1 ) : 28 ; tl : sumatra\nchina , ceylon , s . india , kashmir - assam , burma , au . see [ maps ]\n1047x773 ( ~ 62kb ) underside yona , okinawa , ryukyus , japan , 8 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n1000x888 ( ~ 105kb ) underside japan : tokyo , 18 . 09 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 peter payzant\nlarva on lauraceae , myrtaceae , sapotaceae [ eob ] , cinnamomum camphora , cinnamomum oliveri , cryptocarya triplinervis , neolitsea dealbata , doryphora aromatica , tristania laurina , planchonella laurina , litsea glutinosa , macaranga spp . , rutaceae [ mrs ] , geijera salicifolia , daphnandra aromatica , cryptocarya , planchonella laurifolia , persea gratissima [ baur ]\nlarva on annona reticulata , melodorum leichhardti , doryphora aromatica , beilschmiedia obtusifolia , cinnamomum camphora , cinnamomum oliveri , cryptocarya cinnamomifolia , c . hypospodia , c . mackinnoniana , c . murrayi , c . triplinervis , endiandra impressicosta , litsea ferruginea , l . glutinosa , l . leefeana , l . reticulata , neolitsea australiensis , n . dealbata , planchonella laurifolia , geijera salicifolia ? , tristania laurina ? , clerodendrum spp . ? , macaranga spp . ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\n= papilio sarpedon ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 440\naru , kai is . , misool , salawati , waigeu , w . irian - papua , d ' entrecasteaux , louisiades , woodlark , torres straits is . , e . australia\ndelchina [ sic ] thermodusa swinhoe , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 146 ; tl : matheran\npapilio parsedon westwood , 1872 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1872 ( 2 ) : 99 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 2\npapilio sarpedon parsedon ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 442\npapilio sarpedon var . semifasciatus honrath , 1888 ; ent . nachr . 14 ( 11 ) : 161 ; tl : china , kiukiang\nbougainville , shortland is . , santa isabel , gudalcanal , florida is . , choiseul\npapilio isander godman & salvin , 1888 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 211 ; tl : aola , guadalcanar i .\npapilio sarpedon imparilis rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 443 ; tl : new britain ; new ireland ; duke of york\npapilio sarpedon impar rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 443 ; tl : solomon islands , new georgia\npapilio sarpedon rufofervidus fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 42 ( 3 / 4 ) : 305 ; tl : nias\npapilio sarpedon jugans rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 3 ) : 324 ; tl : waingapoeng , sumba\npapilio sarpedon adonarensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 3 ) : 324 ; tl : adonara ; sumbawa\npapilio sarpedon nipponus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 215 ; tl : okinawa\npapilio sarpedon luctatius fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 30 ) : 183 ; tl : natuna\npapilio sarpedon timorensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : timor ; wetter\n? papilio surusumi matsumura , 1910 ; ent . zs . 23 ( 47 ) : 209 ; tl : formosa , horisha\nlarva on cinnamomum camphora , cinnamomum micranthum , c . osmophloeum , c . japonica , persea thunbergii , p . zuihoensis , litsea kostermansii , lindera glauca , persea japonica , neolitsea sericea , n . aciculata , laurus nobilis [ mrs ]\npapilio sarpedon messogis fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 30 ) : 183 ; tl : key ; aru\npapilio sarpedon phyris jordan , 1937 ; novit . zool . 40 : 321 ; tl : siberut\n? papilio sarpedon anthedon ab . citricinctus fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 3 / 4 ) : 423\nlarva on cinnamomum vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\n= papilio sarpedon milon ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 444\npapilio sarpedon var . milon ab . milonides honrath , 1884 ; berl . ent . z . 28 ( 2 ) : 397 ; tl : macassar\npapilio sarpedon dodingensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : halmaheira\npapilio sarpedon crudus rothschild , 1898 ; novit . zool . 5 : 416 ; tl : obi\npapilio sarpedon coelius fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 3 / 4 ) : 424 ; tl : sula - mangoli\npapilio sarpedon sulaensis lathy , 1899 ; entomologist 32 : 149 ; tl : sula arch .\npapilio sarpedon halesus fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 30 ) : 183 ; tl : buru\npapilio monticolus fruhstorfer , 1896 ; soc . ent . 11 ( 3 ) : 20\n= ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 284\npapilio empedocles fabricius , 1787 ; mantissa insectorum 2 : 10 , no . 94\npapilio empedocles ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 427\npapilio empedovana corbet , 1941 ; j . fed . malay st . mus . 18 ( 5 ) : 805\npapilio mendana godman & salvin , 1888 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 212 ; tl : aola , guadalcanar i .\npapilio mendana var . acous ribbe , 1898 ; soc . ent . 12 ( 21 ) : 161 ; tl : bougainville\npapilio mendana neyra rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 428 ; tl : solomon islands , rubiana ( new georgia )\npapilio eurypylus gabinus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : sumbawa\nlarva on annona reticulata , a . muricata , rauwenhoffia leichhardtii , mitrephora froggattii , polyalthia nitidissima , diploglottis australis [ mrs ]\nlarva on michelia champaca , annona cherimola , a . glabra , a . muricata , a . reticulata , artabotryus sp . , desmos sp . , melodorum spp . , miliusa traceyi , mitrephora froggattii , polyalthia australis , p . nitidissima , p . sp . , rauwenhoffia leichhardtii , saccopetalum bidwillii , uvaria goezeanus , u . membranacea , u . rufa , annona squamosa ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nlarva on annona , artabotrys , desmos , fitzalania , melodorum , miliusa , mitrephora , polyalthia , pseuduvaria , rauwenhoffia , saccopetalum , uvaria , michelia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\n? papilio eurypylus tagalicus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 210\npapilio lycaon c . & r . felder , 1865 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 1 ) : 68\npapilio sangira oberth\u00fcr , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 3 ) : 229 , pl . 8 , f . 1\narisbe ( eurypleana ) eurypylus mecisteus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 13 , pl . 5 , f . 1\npapilio sallastius staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 2 ) : 351 ; tl : wetter ; sumbawa\npapilio eurypylus sallastius ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 431\npapilio eurypylus extensus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : new ireland\npapilio eurypylus lycaonides rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : new guinea\npapilio eurypylus crispus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 208 ; tl : babber\npapilio eurypylus sallastinus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 208 ; tl : sumba\nsikkim - s . burma , thailand - s . china , s . yunnan , hainan , indo - china\npapilio eurypylus cheronus f . vern . petina jordan , 1909 ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 98 ; tl : indo - china\npapilio eurypylus melampus ab . rufinus rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 4 ) : 425\npapilio eurypylus lutorius fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 30 ) : 182 ; tl : batjan , halmaheira\npapilio eurypylus aloricus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : alor\npapilio evemon boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 234\npapilio evemon albociliatis fruhstorfer , 1901 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 14 ) : 106 ; tl : tonkin\npapilio evemon igneolus fruhstorfer , 1901 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 12 ) : 89 ; tl : nias\ns . burma , thailand , peninsular malaya , langkawi is . , sumatra , banka , borneo\npapilio evemon eventus fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 37 ) : 222 ; tl : borneo ; natuna ; sumatra ; malay peninsula\n? papilio orthia jordan , 1909 ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 98 ( spell . ? )\narisbe ( eurypleana ) evemon orithia ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 12\npapilio evemon hetaerias jordan , 1937 ; novit . zool . 40 : 321 , pl . 14 , f . 2 ; tl : siberut\nnepal - c . burma , n . laos , vietman , cambodia . see [ maps ]\npapilio chiron wallace , 1865 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . 25 ( 1 ) : 66 ( preocc . ) ; tl : assam ; sylhet\npapilio bathycles chiron f . vern . ligyra jordan , 1909 ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 100\nclanis ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 100\ns . japan , riu kiu , ceylon , s . india - bengal , kumaon - assam , burma . see [ maps ]\n1047x773 ( ~ 44kb ) underside okuma , okinawa , ryukyus , japan , 8 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\npapilio jason mikado ; fruhstorfer , 1907 , ent . zs . 21 ( 34 ) : 209\npapilio jason praestabilis fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : tonkin ; hong kong\n982x989 ( ~ 359kb ) underside cambodia , koh kong province , a rocky left bank of the sala muntun ( right tatai river ) at its mouth . 24th august 2011 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n= papilio eurypylus axion ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 433\npapilio heurni [ jacobson ] & eecke , 1914 ; tijdschr . ent . 57 : 12\narisbe ( eurypleana ) doson evemonides ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 1 - 2 , 9 - 11\npapilio eurypylus rubroplaga rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 4 ) : 504 ; tl : nias i .\npapilio jason jostianus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 212\narisbe ( eurypleana ) doson postianus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8\nlarva on magnolia grandiflora , michelia alba , m . compressa , annona squamosa [ mrs ]\npapilio jason gyndes fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 34 ) : 209 ; tl : palawan\narisbe ( eurypleana ) doson gyndes ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 3 - 4\npapilio jason eleius fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 34 ) : 209 ; tl : malabar , karwa\ndoson perillus ( fruhstorfer , 1908 ) ( papilio ) ; ent . wochenbl . 25 ( 9 ) : 38\npapilio kajanga corbet , 1937 ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 6 ( 3 ) : 47\narisbe ( eurypleana ) doson nauta ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 5 - 6\npapilio arycles boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 231 ; tl : singapore\n= papilio arycles ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 446\npapilio arycles incertus fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 44 ( 3 / 4 ) : 283 ; tl : singapore\npapilio arycles perinthus fruhstorfer , 1915 ; ent . rundschau 32 ( 1 ) : 6 ; tl : palawan\narisbe ( eurypleana ) arycles perinthus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 5 - 6\npapilio arycles arycleoides fruhstorfer , 1902 ; dt . ent . z . iris 14 ( 2 ) : 344 ; tl : e . thailand\npapilio bathycles zinken , 1831 ; nova acta physico - med . [ leop . carol . ] 15 ( 1 ) : 157 , pl . 14 , f . 6 - 7\npapilio bathycles var . bathycloides honrath , 1884 ; berl . ent . z . 28 ( 2 ) : 396 , pl . 10 , f . 3\narisbe ( eurypleana ) batchycles bathycloides ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 5 , f . 7 - 9\npapilio bathycles tereus fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 37 ) : 222 ; tl : hainan\npapilio bathycles manlius fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 37 ) : 222 ( preocc . papilio manlius fabricius , 1798 ) ; tl : palawan\npapilio leechi rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 437 ; tl : chang - yang , china\nchina , ceylon , s . india - saurasthtra , kumaon - assam , burma . see [ maps ]\npapilio agamemnon lasius van eecke , 1918 ; zool . meded . 4 ( 7 ) : 73 ; tl : pulu lasia\n600x400 ( ~ 24kb ) larva india : pune , 20 . 9 . 2008 \u00a9 kedar tokekar\n600x400 ( ~ 33kb ) larva india : pune , 20 . 9 . 2008 \u00a9 kedar tokekar\nlarva on michelia champaca , ancana stenopetala , annona cheromoya , a . cherimola , a . glabra , a . muricata , a . reticulata , a . squamosa , cyathostemma micranthum , desmos goezeanus , d . sp . , fitzalania heteropetala , goniothalamus australis , haplostichanthus johnsonii , h . spp . , melodorum uhrii , m . spp . , miliusa brahei , m . traceyi , mitrephora froggattii , oncodostigma sp . , polyalthia michaelii , p . nitidissima , p . sp . , pseuduvaria froggattii , p . hylandii , p . mulgraveana , p . villosa , rauwenhoffia leichhardtii , rollinia deliciosa , uvaria goezeanus , u . membranacea , u . rufa , xylopia maccreai , x . sp . k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nn . india - singapore , s . yunnan , taiwan , sumatra , java , bali , borneo , philippines\n= papilio agamemnon \u2642 - ab . aegisthus ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 449\nlarva on magnolia grandiflora , michelia alba , m . compressa , annona montana , a . squamosa , artabotrys uncinatus , desmos cochinchinensis , uvaria microcarpa [ mrs ] , annona , mitrephora froggattii [ baur ] , saccopetalum , friesodielsia , polyalthia [ bmp ]\npapilio plisthenes c . & r . felder , 1865 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : amboina\npapilio agamemnon var . neopommerania honrath , [ 1888 ] ; berl . ent . z . 31 ( 2 ) : 350 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; tl : neu pommern\npapilio argynnus druce , 1888 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 2 ( 9 ) : 235 ; tl : key is .\naru , misool , salawati , waigen , w . irian - papua , d ' entrecasteaux , torres strait is . , ne . australia\npapilio agamemnon ligatus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 451 ; tl : new guinea\npapilio agamemnon decoratus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 452 ; tl : nicobar islands\npapilio agamemnon salomonis rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 453 ; tl : solomona islands , guadalcanar\npapilio agamemnon rufoplenus fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 42 ( 3 / 4 ) : 310 ; tl : nias\nagamemnon andamana ( lathy , 1907 ) ( papilio ) ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1907 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : andaman i .\npapilio agamemnon atropictus fruhstorfer , 1904 ; berl . ent . zs . 49 ( 1 / 2 ) : 195 ; tl : engano\nagamemnon pulo ( evans , 1932 ) ( zetides ) ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 56 ; tl : nicobar\npapilio agamemnon aelius fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 218 ( repl . papilio agamemon var . baweana hagen , 1896 )\npapilio agamemnon var . celebensis fickert , 1889 ; zool . jahrb . : 730\nagamemnon ugiensis ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 102\npapilio agamemnon admiralis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 195 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\npapilio meeki rothschild & jordan , 1901 ; novit . zool . 8 ( 4 ) : 402 , f . a ; tl : isabel , solomon is .\npapilio macfarlanei butler , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 ( 3 ) : 471 ; tl : new guinea\nlarva on annona , annona mercuriata , a . squamosa [ baur ] , annona muricata , a . reticulata k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nbachan , ternate , halmahera , waigeu , misool , salawati , w . irian - papua , ne . australia\npapilio macfarlanei cestius fruhstorfer , 1903 ; soc . ent . 18 ( 7 ) : 49 ; tl : ?\npapilio macfarlanei admiralia rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 195 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\npapilio meyeri hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 19 ; tl : celebes\npapilio procles grose - smith , 1887 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 20 : 433 ; tl : kina balu\npapilio wallacei hewitson , 1858 ; ill . exot . butts [ 1 ] ( papilio iii ) : [ 5 ] , pl . [ 3 ] , f . 7 ; tl : new guinea\npapilio wallacei rubrosignatus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 455 ; tl : northern moluccas , batjan\nbougainville , choiseul , shortland is . , florida is . , guadalcanal , new georgia group , ugi is . . see [ maps ]\npapilio hicetaon mathew , 1886 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1886 : 350 ; tl : ugi i .\nnew britain , duke of york group , new hanover , st . mathias ? . see [ maps ]\npapilio browni godman & salvin , 1879 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1879 : 655 ; tl : new ireland\nailus billberg , 1820 ; enum . ins . mus . billb . : 81 ( repl . for zelima fabricius , 1807 ) ) ; ts : papilio pylades fabricius\n: n . o . tanganyika , ukaranga ; n . nyassa see , langenburg\npapilio evombar boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 254 ; tl : madagascar , comoro i .\npapilio policenes cramer , [ 1775 ] ; uitl . kapellen 1 ( 1 - 7 ) : 61\nlarva on uvaria caffra , artabotrys [ eob ] , artabotrys monteiroae [ bk ] , uvaria bukobensis , u . chamae , landolphia buchannani , l . ugandensis , polyalthia sp . , annona reticulata , a . senegalensis , a . squamosa , monanthotaxis caffra [ afrl ]\nguinea , sierra leone , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , equatorial guinea , bioko , cameroon , gabon , congo , e . congo republic , burundi . see [ maps ]\ncameroon , gabon , congo , congo republic ( bas - fleuve , equateur ) . see [ maps ]\nangola , congo republic , uganda , tanzania , mozambique , e . zimbabwe . see [ maps ]\npapilio junodi trimen , 1893 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1893 ( 2 ) : 138 ; tl : morakwen , delagoa bay\nnigeria , e . congo republic ( coast ) , tanzania , n . malawi , mozambique . see [ maps ]\nliberia , sierra leone , ghana , ivory coast , togo , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , congo republic , c . a . r , sudan , sw . ethiopia , s . somalia , uganda , kenya ( coast ) , tanzania , mozambique , e . zimbabwe - zululand , swaziland . see [ maps ]\npapilio illyris hewitson , 1873 ; ent . mon . mag . 9 : 232 ; tl : gold coast\npapilio illyris flavisparsus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; stettin ent . ztg 64 ( 2 ) : 359 ; tl : fernando po\npapilio illyris girardeaui guilbot & plantrou , 1978 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 70 ; tl : empire centrafricain , bangui\npapilio illyris hamatus joicey & talbot , 1918 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1917 : 271 ; tl : german east africa\ncongo republic ( kivu ) , rwanda , burundi , sw . uganda . see [ maps ]\nnatal , zululand , transvaal , mo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , botswana , kenya , malawi , zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , tanzania . see [ maps ]\npapilio porthaon hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 1 ] ( papilio vii - viii ) : [ 14 ] , pl . [ 7 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : zambesi\nlarva on artabotrys monteiroae , annona , uvaria [ bk ] , friesodielsia obovata , cleistochlamys kirkii , monodora junodii , monanthotaxis caffra , uvaria caffra , u . kirkii [ afrl ]\nkenya ( coast ) , tanzania , angola , malawi , zambia , mozambique - natal , zimbabwe , n . botswana , namibia\nlarva on annona senegalensis , sphedamnocarpus pruriens [ pbsa ] , uvaria [ bk ] , landolphia buchannani , l . ugandensis [ afrl ]\nangola , s . congo republic , kenya ( coast ) , tanzania , malawi , zambia , mozambique , zimbabwe , n . botswana , n . namibia , transvaal , natal , swaziland , comoro is .\n: kasa\u00ef , rivi\u00e8re mulundu , affluent de longatschimo , 85 km . de tshikapa\nsenegal , gambia , guinea - bissau , guinea , sierra leone , ivory coast , mali , burkina faso , ghana , togo , benin , niger , nigeria , sao tome and principe , cameroon , congo , c . a . r , n . congo republic ( ubangi , mongala , uele , ituri ) , chad , sudan , uganda , rwanda , burundi , ethiopia , w . kenya , tanzania\npapilio endochus boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 243 ; tl : madagascar\nnatal , zululand , swaziland , transvaal , s . mo\u00e7ambique , se . zimbabwe , e . botswana . see [ maps ]\nlarva on uvaria caffra , artabotrys sp . [ pbsa ] , hexalobus monopetalus , artabotrys brachypetalus , a . monteiroae , annona senegalensis [ afrl ]\nangola , congo republic ( shaba ) , tanzania , malawi , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nnamibia , angola , s . congo republic , nw . zambia . see [ maps ]\npapilio schaffgotschi niepelt , 1927 ; int . ent . zs . 21 : 53 ; tl :\ndeutsch sudw . africa\n[ ? error ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r , congo republic , chad , s . sudan , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , zambia . see [ maps ]\n: sud kivu , rivi\u00e8re micozi , z\u00f4ne des mines m . g . l .\npapilio leonidas fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : africa\nlarva on popowia caffra [ pbsa ] , annona , monanthotaxis , uvaria [ bk ] , monanthotaxis caffra , annona senegalensis , landolphia ugandensis , l . buchannani , annickia chlorantha , friesodielsia obovata , uvaria leptocladen , u . caffra , u . kirkii , u . acuminata , artabotrys cinerea , a . brachypetalus [ afrl ]\npapilio leonidas santa - marthae joicey & talbot , 1927 ; encycl . ent . ( b3 ) 2 ( 1 ) : 12 ; tl : st . principe , 1500 - 2000ft\npapilio leonidas thomasius le cerf , 1924 ; bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . 30 ( 2 ) : 137 ; tl :\nsan thome\n; [ bafr ] , 44 ; [ bafr ] , 45 f . ( zanzibar pop . )\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r , congo republic ( ituri forest , n . shaba ) , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , congo republic , angola , c . a . r , chad , w . uganda , tanzania\npapilio philono\u00eb ward , 1873 ; ent . mon . mag . 10 : 152 ; tl : kenya , rib\u00e9\nlarva on uvaria leptocladon , u . chamae , annona sp . [ afrl ]\ns . sudan ( riverine forest ) , sw . ethiopia , n . uganda , nw . kenya\npapilio philonoe whalleyi talbot , 1929 ; bull . hill mus . 3 : 72 ; tl : s . sudan , imatong mountains\nguinea , sierra leone , mali , burkina faso , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r , congo republic ( ubangi , mongala ) . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , c . a . r , congo republic ( mongala , uele ) . see [ maps ]\ne . cameroon , congo , c . a . r , congo republic ( mongala ) . see [ maps ]\npapilio almansor honrath , 1884 ; berl . ent . z . 28 ( 1 ) : 210 ; tl : guinea , ashanti [ error , angola ? ]\nangola , congo republic ( lualaba , lomami , kasai , sankuru , tanganika ) , n . zambia\npapilio charcedonius [ sic ] birbiri ungemach , 1932 ; m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 21\npapilio charchedonius karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 285 ; tl : bismarckburg , misah\u00f6he\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r , congo republic ( mongala , uele ) , s . sudan , uganda\ncongo republic ( kivu ) , uganda , sw . kenya , nw . tanzania , rwanda ? , burundi ?\nboth sexes are mimics of amauris niavius or a . tartarea ( another mimic of those same species is hypolimnas dubius ) . [ bk ]\nsenegal , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r , congo republic . see [ maps ]\npapilio fulleri grose - smith , 1883 ; ent . mon . mag . 19 : 234 ; tl : camaroons\n: cameroun , mont kala , 900 / 1150m , 20 km . w . de yaound\u00e9\ncameroon , congo , n . angola , congo republic ( except shaba ) , chad . see [ maps ]\nn . angola , s . congo republic , nw . zambia . see [ maps ]\npapilio poggianus honrath , 1884 ; berl . ent . z . 28 ( 1 ) : 210 ; tl : guinea [ error ]\npapilio hachei dewitz , 1881 ; berl . ent . z . 25 : 286 ; tl : west afrika , quango\ncameroon , congo , n . congo republic , e . congo republic , c . a . r\npapilio aurivilliusi seeldrayers , 1896 ; ann . soc . ent . belge 40 : 499 ; tl : congo\npapilio ucalegon hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 1 ] ( papilio vii - viii ) : [ 13 ] , pl . [ 7 ] , f . 19 ; tl : old calabar\nw . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , nw . angola , c . a . r , congo republic ( mayumbe )\nlowland forest ( nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , congo republic , c . a . r ) . see [ maps ]\npapilio ucalegon var . simoni aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 485 ; tl : congogebiet , bangala\nsri lanka , malaysia , malabar , sikkim - assam , burma . see [ maps ]\npapilio antiphates cramer , [ 1775 ] ; uitl . kapellen 1 ( 1 - 7 ) : 113 , pl . 72 , f . a , b ; tl : s . china\nlarva on desmos cochinchinensis , uvaria microcarpa [ mrs ] , annona lawii [ bmp ] , annona , desmos , goniothalamus , melodorum , miliusa , uvaria , xylopia , michelia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\npapilio antiphates javanicus eimer , 1889 ; artb . verwandtsch . schmett . ( 1 ) : 136 ; tl : java\n= papilio antiphates ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 410\npapilio antiphates itamputi ab . leucania jordan , 1909 ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 89 ; tl : ne . sumatra\npapilio itamputi butler , 1885 ; in forbes , natur . wander east . archip . : 276 ; tl : lake ranau\npathysa ( pathysa ) antiphates itamputi ; [ bmp ] : 78 , pl . 6 , f . 12\npapilio antiphates antiphanes fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 197 ( repl . papilio antiphates ceylonicus eimer , 1899 )\npapilio antiphates antiphonus fruhstorfer , 1902 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 22 ) : 170 ; tl : nias\npathysa naira moore , [ 1903 ] ; lepidoptera indica 6 : 22 , pl . 475 , f . 1 , 1a ; tl : travancore , s . india\nantiphates balius ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 90 ; tl : bali\npapilio antiphates rhabdotus jordan , 1937 ; novit . zool . 40 : 321 , pl . 14 , f . 1 ; tl : sipora\npapilio antiphates kalaoensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 2 ) : 92 ; tl : kalao i .\nantiphates kurosawai ( igarashi , 1979 ) ( pathysa ) ; kodansha : 165 ; tl : s . sulawesi\npeninsular india - s . bihar , madhya pradesh , saurashtra , lucknow , simla - sikkim , assam , burma , ceylon . see [ maps ]\npapilio nomius f . pernomius moore , [ 1903 ] ; lepidoptera indica 6 : 29 , pl . 478 , f . 1 ; tl : sikkim\npathysa nomius hainana chou , 1994 ; : 751 , 173 , f . 6 ; tl : hainan\npapilio aristeus parmatinus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : waigiu\nlarva on miliusa brahei , m . traceyi , polyalthia nitidissima , mitrephora froggattii ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\npapilio anticrates doubleday , 1846 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . 18 ( 121 ) : 371 ; tl : sylhet\npapilio aristeus pedo fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : sumba\narisbe ( pathysa ) aristeus hermocrates ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 5 , f . 10 - 13\npathysa aristea hainanensis chou & gu , 1994 ; in chou , monographia rhopalocerum sinensium 1 - 2 : 751 , 173 , f . 3 ; tl : hainan , jianfengling\naru , waigeu , w . irian , new guinea , papua , n . queensland\n= papilio aristeus parmatus ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 419\npapilio paron godman & salvin , 1879 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1879 : 654 ; tl : new ireland\npapilio aristeus bifax rothschild , 1898 ; novit . zool . 5 : 416 ; tl : obi\npapilio aristeus aristinus fruhstorfer , 1902 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : kalao\n= arisbe euphrates euphrates ( c . & r . felder , 1862 ) ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphrates euphrates ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 8 , f . 2 - 5\nzebraica ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 90\npapilio antiphates domaranus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 198 ; tl : domaran i .\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphrates domaranus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 9 , pl . 1 - 5\npapilio ornatus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 414 ; tl : halmahera\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphrates boholensis ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 8 , f . 6 - 7\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphrates buhisanus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 8 , f . 8\npapilio euphratoides eimer , 1889 ; artb . verwandtsch . schmett . ( 1 ) : 133 , pl . 2 , f . 4\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphratoides ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 9 , f . 6 - 8\npapilio antiphates palawanicus eimer , 1889 ; artb . verwandtsch . schmett . ( 1 ) : 149 ( repl . ) ; tl : palawan\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor decolor ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 4\npapilio antiphates euphrates ab . loc . atratus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 414 ; tl : mindoro ; ? bohol\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor atratus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 6 , f . 5 - 6\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor neozebraica ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 6 , f . 7 - 10\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor sibuyana ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 7 , f . 1 - 2\npapilio antiphates f . tigris semper , 1892 ; reisen philipp . ( 7 ) : 284 , pl . 48 , f . 2 ; tl : se . mindanao\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor tigris ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 7 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 8 , f . 1\narisbe decolor rebeccae page & treadaway , 2003 ; in bauer & frankenbach , butterflies of the world , suppl . 8 : ( 1 - 6 )\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor rebeccae ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 7 , f . 5 - 6\narisbe decolor jamesi page & treadaway , 2003 ; in bauer & frankenbach , butterflies of the world , suppl . 8 : ( 1 - 6 )\naribes ( pathysa ) decolor jamesi ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 7 , f . 7 - 8\n? papilio androcles latilinea joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 323 ; tl : sula i .\npapilio androcles cleomenes fruhstorfer , 1911 ; ent . rundschau 28 ( 23 ) : 178 ; tl : sula mangoli\npapilio rhesus boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 253 ; tl :\nbengal\n[ error ]\npapilio rhesus rhesulus fruhstorfer , 1902 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 1 ) : 164\npapilio rhesus parvimacula joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 322 ; tl : sula i .\npapilio dorcus de haan , 1840 ; verh . nat . gesch . ned . overz . bez . ( zool . ) : 35\npapilio agetes westwood , 1843 ; arcana entomologica , 2 : 23 , pl . 55 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl :\nsylhet\n1099x918 ( ~ 384kb ) upperside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1155x826 ( ~ 337kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npapilio agetes tenuilineatus fruhstorfer , 1901 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 12 ) : 89 ; tl : xomgom , s . annam"]}
{"id": 474, "summary": [{"text": "pseudochazara droshica is a species of butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from drosh , southern chitral and in the shandur pass in north-east chitral . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "pseudochazara droshica", "paragraphs": ["pseudochazara droshica rajevskyi tshikolovets , 1996 ; j . ukr . ent . soc . 2 ( 2 ) : 39\ndroshica ( tytler , 1926 ) ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 : 256\nencyclopedia of life pseudochazara aristonicus fruhstorfer 1911 . pseudochazara atambegi wyatt & omoto 1966 . pseudochazara augustini weiss 1980 . pseudochazara aurantiaca staudinger 1871 . pseudochazara badachshana wyatt & omoto 1966 . pseudochazara baltistana holik 1949 . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara - encyclopedia of life\u201d ,\npseudochazara de lesse 1951 . andrew v . z . brower . click on an image to view larger version & data in pseudochazara hippolyte . pseudochazara kanishka . pseudochazara lehana . pseudochazara lydia . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara\u201d ,\npseudochazara . de lesse 1951 . pseudochazara is a genus of butterflies within the pseudochazara alpina ( staudinger , 1878 ) pseudochazara amalthea . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara - wikipedia , the free encyclopedia\u201d ,\nnw173 - 12 pseudochazara atlantis . by pavel matos on 12 feb 2009 . nw173 by pavel matos on 25 jan 2009 . nw172 - 26 pseudochazara droshica ( ? ) by pavel matos on 25 jan . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara : on nsg ' s voucher db\u201d , urltoken\npseudochazara atlantis pseudochazara atlantis ( austaut , 1905 ) moroccan grayling . genus : pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 original genus : satyrus latreille , . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara atlantis\u201d , urltoken\nwhite banded grayling , pseudochazara anthelea - matt rowlings ' s european butterflies . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara anthelea\u201d ,\npseudochazara anthelea . anthelea . a - m . \u20ac5 . 00 . turkey . satyridae . pseudochazara anthelea pseudochazara anthelea . anthelea . a - f . \u20ac7 . 50 . greece , crete . satyridae . pseudochazara anthelea . \u2014 \u201cthe insect collector satyridae ( pseudochazara - q ) \u201d ,\nthis photo from the treknature travel gallery is titled ' pseudochazara mamurra photo ' . \u2014 \u201ctreknature | pseudochazara mamurra photo\u201d ,\npseudochazara telephassa courtship courship behavior of a butterfly species pseudochazara telephassa . halveti - turkey , 22 - 05 - 2013 .\npseudochazara cingovskii . species authority : gross , 1973 . common name / s : pseudochazara cingovskii . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara cingovskii ( macedonian grayling ) \u201d ,\nzur kenntnis der androkonienfelder von pseudochazara thelephassa ( geyer , 1827 ) und pseudochazara anthelea ( h\u00fcbner , 1824 ) ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) .\npseudochazara hippolyte ; [ bru , 253 ] ; [ h & r ; , 148 ] ; [ bow : pl . see [ about maps ] pseudochazara hippolyte williamsi romei , 1927 ; , tl : sierra nevava , spain . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara\u201d , urltoken\neine neue satyride der gattung pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 aus afghanistan ( satyridae ) .\ncomparison of the male genitalia and androconia of pseudochazara anthelea acamanthis ( rebel , 1916 ) from cyprus , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( h\u00fcbner , 1924 ) from mainland turkey and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea ( frivaldsky , 1845 ) from mainland greece ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\npseudochazara kopetdaghi dubatolov , 1989 ; cheshuekrylye srednei azii , proc . zin ran 200 : 138\nnew discoveries of pseudochazara mamurra amymone brown , 1976 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\nwanted ! dead or alive : the tale of the brown\u2019s grayling ( pseudochazara amymone ) .\npseudochazara nukatli ; [ bru2 ] : 221 , pl . 84 , f . 27 - 29\npseudochazara cingovskii gross , 1973 ; j . ent . gaz . 27 ( 2 ) : 88\na review of the genus pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) in greece .\nebay : find pseudochazara mniszechii - male - mounted butterflys in the collectibles , animals , insects butterflies , butterflies moths category on ebay . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara mniszechii - male - mounted butterflys - ebay\u201d ,\nmoroccan grayling - pseudochazara atlantis . family : satyridae . flight the species of this genus have a europe wide distribution . they have formed into many . \u2014 \u201cmoroccan grayling - pseudochazara atlantis\u201d , butterfly -\nthe lifecycle and ecology of pseudochazara amymone ( brown , 1976 ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\niran . khorasan north quchau , . \u2014 \u201cnw173 - 6 pseudochazara pelopea on flickr - photo sharing ! \u201d ,\nlepidopterology - e - museum - pseudochazara orestes de prins & van der poorten , 1981 balkan endemic , confined to some mountains of n greece and s bulgaria . \u2014 \u201clepidopterology | e - museum | pseudochazara orestes de prins\u201d ,\npseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : ok\u00e1\u010d uk : white - banded tawny rockbrown nl : witbandheremiet tk : anadolu yalanci cadisi pseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : ok\u00e1\u010d uk : white - banded tawny rockbrown nl : witbandheremiet tk : anadolu yalanci cadisi . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : ok\u00e1\u010d uk : white - banded\u201d ,\npseudochazara mamurra ; [ h & r ; ] , 149 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 16\npseudochazara nukatli bogdanov , 2000 ; helios 1 : 111 ; tl : verkhny gunib . nukatl ' mts . , 2000m , daghestan\nlist of samples of the genus pseudochazara included in the barcoding analysis ( either own samples with \u201cla\u201d id or from bold ) .\na quantitative description of the male genitalia of 23 taxa of pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\n1986 ) , one colony in a single utm 10 x 10 km grid , and of pseudochazara hippolyte 1986 ) , in einem 10 x 10 km utm - raster , und von pseudochazara hippolyte . \u2014 \u201cnew localities for polyommatus sagratrox ( aistleitner , 1986\u201d , usuarios3\npseudochazara porphyritica clench & shoumatoff , 1956 ; vidensk . medd . dansk naturh . forening 118 : 148 ; tl : panjao , 2500m\npseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ; rev . fran\u00e7 . l\u00e9pid . 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 42 ; ts : hipparchia pelopea klug\npseudochazara pakistana gross , 1978 ; atalanta 9 : 63 , f . 23 ; tl : ziarat , [ nw . baluchistan , pakistan ]\npseudochazara daghestana holik , 1955 ; z . lep . : 176 , pl . 10 , f . 1 , 2 , 5 , 6\npseudochazara lehana riegeri tshikolovets , 2005 ; butterflies of ladak : 105 , pl . 22 , f . 10 - 12 , 14 - 16\npseudochazara is a palearctic genus with its center of diversity in central asia and the caucasus . the range of one widespread species p . hyppolyte\npseudochazara mniszechii watsoni clench & shoumatoff , 1956 ; vidensk . medd . dansk naturh . forening 118 : 148 ; tl : kotal pass , 3800m\npseudochazara atlantis ; [ h & r ; ] , 148 ; [ bmat ] : 77 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 15\nphylum : arthropoda \u2022 classis : insecta \u2022 subclassis : pterygota \u2022 infraclassis : neoptera \u2022 superordo : endopterygota \u2022 ordo : lepidoptera \u2022 familia : nymphalidae \u2022 subfamilia : satyrinae \u2022 tribus : satyrini \u2022 genus : pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 . subcategories . \u2014 \u201ccategory : pseudochazara - wikimedia commons\u201d ,\npseudochazara atlantis benderi weiss , 1979 ; entomops 48 : 273 - 274 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : dj . lakraa ( morocco )\ndescriptions of wing androconia from some pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the natural history museum , london .\nfrequency distribution of pairwise intra - and interspecific p - distances of the coi sequences in the genus pseudochazara . no \u201cbarcoding gap\u201d exists between these two data series .\nit is important to note that the average genetic distance between two geographically separated subspecies , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea from asia minor and neighbouring islands , and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea from the balkan peninsula was 1 . 5 % . this result is indicative for differentiation into distinct species as predicted by kudrna et al . ( 2011 ) .\nidentit\u00e4t , verbreitung und subspezifische gliederung von pseudochazara lydia ( staudinger , 1878 ) ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f .\nfurther descriptions of androconia from staudinger\u2019s pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the zoologisches museum der humboldt - universit\u00e4t zu berlin .\nle genre pseudochazara de lesse en europe et en afrique du nord . description d\u2019une sous - esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de ps . hippolyte esper ( lep . : satyridae ) .\npseudochazara is a palearctic genus with its center of diversity in central asia and the caucasus . the range of one widespread species p . hyppolyte extends west to spain .\n? pseudochazara daghestana zangezura nekrutenko , 1989 ; vestn . zool . 1989 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : nakhichevan assr , mts zangezur , bitshenek , 2100 - 2300\na quantitative description of androconia from staudinger\u2019s pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the zoological museum of the humboldt university of berlin .\ninformation on species of hesperiidae occurring in the former ussr , including , type locality , synonyms , range , distribution and variation , taxonomic notes , habitat and biology , similar species , and photo of adults pseudochazara beroe rhena ( herrich - schaffer , 1852 ) . \u2014 \u201csatyridae , pseudochazara beroe ( herrich - schaffer , [ 1844 ] ) \u201d ,\npseudochazara kanishka aussem , 1980 ; nota lepid . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 8 ; tl : afghanistan , prov . samangan , tang - e - tashqurghan , 500m\ndescription of wing androconia from the lectotype of pseudochazara caucasica ( lederer , 1864 ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) , with notes on the topotype wing androconia of related taxa .\ndie verbreitung und subspezifische gliederung von pseudochazara mamurra ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1846 ] ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f .\ngiven the high resolution of the basal clades within the coi gene tree , the lack of differentiation between taxa within the \u2018 mamurra \u2019 and \u2018 pelopea \u2019 group was unexpected . in particular , species like pseudochazara geyeri and pseudochazara daghestana are among the most easily recognisable species in the genus with uniform and very distinct wing patterns / coloration . there are several possible hypotheses to explain this lack of differentiation :\nnotes on the taxonomic status and supposed biogeographic affinity of the pseudochazara anthelea ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1824 ] ) populations from k\u00edpros ( cyprus ) and from the greek island of k\u00f3s ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae satyrinae ) .\nverovnik r , wiemers m ( 2016 ) species delimitation in the grayling genus pseudochazara ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) supported by dna barcodes . zookeys 600 : 131\u2013154 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 600 . 7798\ndescription of androconia in the palaearctic asian pseudochazara baldiva ( moore , 1865 ) butterfly species - group ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with designation of two lectotypes and reference to type and other material in the natural history museum , london .\nphylogeny of pseudochazara species derived from the barcoding gene coi using bayesian inference analysis . values on major branches are bayesian posterior probabilities . branches with support lower than 50 % were collapsed manually . branch names combine taxon name and sample id ( see appendix 1 ) . nomenclature follows lukhtanov ( 2007 ) .\n\u201cand also colias phicomone , colias erate , colias palaeno europomene , pseudochazara hippolyte ( a - ) , junonia villica goto : forum list\u2022message list\u2022search\u2022log in . your name : your email : subject : spam prevention : please , enter the code that you see\u201d \u2014 rusinsects forum : : lepidoptera : : parnassius , agrias , colias ,\n\u201caeshna cyanea female dragonfly . i ' ve visited only once this beautiful island ( rhodos ) before a few years , for some interesting and rare rhopalocera , like pelopidas thrax ( hesperiidae ) , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( brown form female , satyridae ) etc , but didn ' t see this species of anax\u201d \u2014 forum - aeshna cyanea female dragonfly ,\nnew data regarding the geographical distribution of pseudochazara graeca in greece , with notes about its wing coloration , the status of its ssp . coutsisi ( = zagoriensis ) , as well as the supposed correlation between the hw underside ground colour and the geological character of the habitat in both p . graeca and hyponephele lycaon ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\ndepending on which systematic order of classification is adhered to , the genus pseudochazara comprises 27\u201332 species of graylings ( gross 1978 , lukhtanov 2007 , savela 2015 ) . it has a wide distribution in the palaearctic region from north africa to the himalayas and mongolia ( tennent 1996 , tshikolovets 2005 , yakovlev 2012 ) . in addition to vague species delimitation , large intraspecific variation has resulted in the description of over 100 subspecific taxa ( lukhtanov 2007 ) in this intensively studied taxon .\nes , asia minor , s . russia - tian - shan , mongolia . see [ maps ]\npapilio hippolyte esper , 1783 ; die schmett . th . i , bd . 2 ( 8 ) : 164 , pl . 84 , f . 4 [ ? ] ; tl : s . russia\n742x500 ( ~ 90kb ) underside a dry delta [ sair ] of the shivilig - khem river descending from the east tannu - ola mountain range being a northern border of the ubsu - nur hollow , tes - khem district , the southern tuva rapublic , s siberia , russia . 16th july 1990 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nhippolyte dorriesi ( bang - haas , 1933 ) ( satyrus ) ; ent . z . 47 ( 12 ) : 98\n1200x1200 ( ~ 262kb ) underside russia , siberia , tyva republic , the hills on the ulug - khem river right bank at city kyzyl , 51\u00b043 ' n 94\u00b024 ' e , alt . 650 - 700 m , dry stony steppe . 9 / vii 2000 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n810x540 ( ~ 58kb ) sierra maria , prov . almer\u00eda , spain , august 1989 , photo \u00a9 enrique garcia - barros\npallida ( staudinger , 1901 ) ; in staudinger & rebel , cat . lepid . palaearct . faunengeb . , 1 : 55 ; tl : e . altai\nhipparchia euxina kuznetsov , 1909 ; ann . mus . zool . st . - p\u00e9tersb . 14 : 141 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 6 ; tl : crimea\nafghanistan - middle asia ( mountains ) - sw . altai . see [ maps ]\nsatyrus lehana var . turkestana grum - grshimailo , 1893 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 27 : 384 ; tl : tian - shan\nnw . himalaya , w . hindu kush - w . pamirs . see [ maps ]\nlebanon , syria , asia minor , e . turkey , caucasus , kopet - dagh . see [ maps ]\nhipparchia pelopea klug , 1832 ; in ehrenberg , symbolae phys . , ins . 3 : 1 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 8 ; tl :\nmonte libano syriae prope arissam\n, [ lebanon ]\nsatyrus pelopea schahrudensis staudinger , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 69 ; tl : elburs mts . , iran\nsatyrus mamurra herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1846 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 13 ) : ( ii ) f . 314 - 315\nsatyrus pelopea var . alpina staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 281 ; tl :\nkurusch im nord\u00f6stlichen caucasus . . 3000m\nsatyrus olga gerhard , 1882 ; berl . ent . zs . 26 ( 1 ) : 127\nasia minor - s . transcaucasia , elburs mts . - kopet - dagh . see [ maps ]\nberoe ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1844 ] ) ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 4 ) : 74 , ( 5 ) ( ii ) pl . 23 , f . 108 - 111 ; tl : stambul and bursa , turkey\nsatyrus mamurra schakuhensis staudinger , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 70 ; tl : shahkuh mt . range , elburs mts . , iran\nsw . georgia , asia minor , baluchistan - simla hills . see [ maps ]\neumenis mniszechii herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1852 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 54 ) : ( ii ) f . 577 - 579 ; tl : central turkey\nlarva on poa annua , p . pratensis [ bru ] , hesselbarth et al , 1995\nsatyrus pelopea var . caucasica lederer , 1864 ; wien . ent . monats . 8 ( 5 ) : 168 . pl . 3 , f . 5\nsatyrus geyeri herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1851 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 6 ( 48 ) : 13 ; tl : mt . ararat , turkey\nasia minor , iran , iraq , syria , transcaucasia , kopet - dagh - afghanistan - baluchistan . see [ maps ]\neumenis thelephassa geyer , [ 1827 ] ; samml . exot . schmett . 2 : pl . [ 85 ] , f . 1 - 4\nsatyrus anthelea schawerdae fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 30 ) : 121 ; tl : herzegovina , lastoa\nbaldiva ( moore , 1865 ) ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 2 ) : 499\nhipparchia lehana moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : leh , kharbu ( 13000ft ) , ladak\nminois mniszechi lehana ; fruhstorfer , 1908 , int . ent . zs . 2 ( 2 ) : 10 ( note )\ngraeca ( staudinger , 1870 ) ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 70 ; tl : mt . parnassus and taygetos mts .\nsatyrus mamurra var . lydia staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 281\nsatyrus mamummra var . obscura staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 282\nsatyrus pelopea var . kirgisa gerhard , 1882 ; berl . ent . zs . 26 ( 1 ) : 127\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nlepidoptera rhopalocera ( insecta ) from afghanistan . the 3rd danish expedition to central asia ( zoological results 21 )\nhistoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8rs ou papillons de france - supplement . diurnes in godart ,\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , 1843 ( - 1855 ) , die tagfalter\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , sechter un letzter band , 1843 - 1856\n( 1 ) : ( i ) pl . i ( 1843 ) , ( 3 ) : ( i ) i - ii , pl . ii - iv ( 1844 ) , ( 6 ) : ( i ) pl . v ( 1844 ) , ( 7 ) : ( i ) pl . vi ( 1844 ) , ( 8 ) : ( i ) iii - x , pl . vii - viii ( 1844 ) , ( 9 ) : ( i ) pl . ix - xi ( 1844 ) , ( 11 ) : ( i ) pl . xii ( 1845 ) , ( 13 ) : ( i ) xi - xiv , pl . xiii - xiv ( 1846 ) , ( 17 ) : ( i ) pl . xvi ( 1846 ) , ( 22 ) : ( ii ) pl . i - iii ( 1847 ) , ( 35 ) : ( i ) pl . xv ( 1848 ) , ( 36 ) : ( i ) pl . xvii - xix ( 1848 ) , ( 37 ) : ( i ) pl . xx ( 1849 ) , ( ? 38 ) : ( i ) xv - xviii ( 1849 ) , ( 38 ) : ( i ) pl . xxi - xxii ( 1849 ) , ( 40 ) : ( ii ) i - ii - iv , pl . iv - ix ( 1849 ) , ( 48 ) : [\n- 36 ( 1852 ) , ( 60 ) : ( ii ) v - viii , pl . x - xiv ( iv ) 37 - 40 ( 1853 ) , ( 65 ) : ( iv )\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )\ndivisions g\u00e9n\u00e9riques et subg\u00e9n\u00e9riques des anciens genres satyrus et eumenis ( s . l . )\nlist of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt . a . m . lang in the n . w . himalayas\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\nwyatt , 1952 einige neue tagfalterformen aus marokko zs . wiener ent . ges . 37 : 173 - 175\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nssp . atambegi wyatt & omoto , 1966 \u2013 \u201cbala quaran , anjuman valley , badachshan at 2 , 900 \u2013 3 , 200 mtrs . \u201d ;\nwyatt & omoto , 1966 \u2013 \u201cnorth badachshan , shiva mts , afghanistan\nat 1 , 800 - 2 , 800 mtrs . ;\nssp . rajevskyi tshikolovets , 1996 - tadzhikistan , pamir , severo - alichursky mts . , 5 km eastern of kishlak bargadiv , 3000 mtrs .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n2 ufz \u2013 helmholtz - centre for environmental research , department of community ecology , theodor - lieser - str . 4 , 06120 halle , germany\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe main reason for the extensive variation in phenotype can be linked with the specific ecological requirements of these butterflies . they are mostly petrophilous and limited to specific rock substrate to which they are perfectly adapted with their camouflaged underside wing pattern and cryptic coloration . local adaptation to mimic the coloration of the rock substrate is , therefore , one of the main drivers for such large scale diversification ( lorkovi\u0107 1974 , weiss 1980 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 , tennent 1996 , but see anastassiu et al . 2009 ) .\nthere has been no attempt to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus or validate species status using molecular markers . only the taxonomic position within subtribe satyrina and a sister relationship to chazara has been established ( pe\u00f1a et al . 2011 ) .\ntotal genomic dna was extracted from single legs , following the mammalian tissue preparation protocol ( genelute mammalian genomic dna miniprep kit from sigma - aldrich ) . for each sample a 657 bp fragment of the first subunit of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase ( coi ) was amplified using primers lco1490 and hco2198 ( folmer et al . 1994 ) . amplification followed a standard protocol described in verovnik et al . ( 2004 ) . pcr products were visualized on an agarose gel to verify amplification success and sequenced by macrogen in both directions on an applied biosystems 3730xl sequencer .\nno insertions or deletions were observed in the mitochondrial coi gene and therefore the alignment was unambiguous . for the coi dataset 63 unique haplotypes among 108\nsequences were detected . 114 ( 17 . 5 % ) sites were variable and 95 ( 14 . 6 % ) were parsimony informative . the average interspecific genetic distance was 4 . 9 % , but in the case of\nthe intraspecific diversity ranged from 0 to 6 . 7 % with highly distinct divergent sequences of\n. no evident barcoding gap was observed separating intraspecific from interspecific pairwise genetic distances ( fig .\n. on the other hand , 82 % of species comparisons showed high ( \u22652 % ) interspecific distances .\nstatistical parsimony network of the \u2018 pelopea \u2019 species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .\nstatistical parsimony network of the \u2018 mamurra \u2019 species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .\n) , confirms the monophyly of the genus . high posterior probability values support a basal position of\n, the only species of the genus present in ( and confined to ) north africa . this is somewhat surprising as\nis also distinctive according to the tcs analysis and forms a separate network . in addition , the second basal split within\n\u2019 clades received high support . we present the results for these clades separately :\nthis group , which forms a distinct network in the tcs analysis ( fig .\n, in particular the latter , with much wider and more pronounced orange submarginal bands on their forewings .\ndespite superficial resemblance in wing patterns and coloration . in fact , it is closely related to two other local endemics from the balkan peninsula ,\n, so our preliminary results do not support its current status as a separate species . within this clade\nfrom southern spain appears basally , however with low posterior probability and it is not monophyletic . all other described subspecies (\nstatistical parsimony network of the \u2018 hippolyte \u2019 species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .\n\u2019 group , indicating their close relationship , but with a separate network for each in the tcs analysis . all other sequences form a single network ( fig .\n\u2019 group is monophyletic , and includes several well - defined species ( in terms of wing patterns , androconia and genitalia ) with identical or very similar haplotypes . the following taxa could not be distinguished based on coi haplotypes as they do not form separate monophyletic clades :\n, so their position within this group is tentative . however , it is clear that\nwith which it shares similarities e . g . the shape of the androconia (\nand they appear closely related , however , this is again based on the inclusion of a single sequence .\n\u2013 incomplete lineage sorting : recent speciation could result in unresolved relationships among these closely related species ; however , well - defined species borders in terms of constant wing pattern differentiation coupled with broad overlaps in species ranges challenges this hypothesis .\n\u2013 pseudogenes or wolbachia infections : both are common in invertebrates , particularly in arthropods ( bensasson et al . 2011 , gerth et al . 2014 , leite 2012 , ritter et al . 2013 ) . as the vast majority of the haplotypes in the \u2018 mamurra \u2019 and \u2018 pelopea \u2019 clades originate from the bold database it is impossible to check or correct for this potential error .\nrussia : north ossetia - alania , rv . ardon , skasan , 1850 m\ns . montagud , j . a . garcia - alama & j . garcia\nbensasson d , zhang x , hartl dl , hewitt gm . ( 2011 )\nproblems with dna barcodes for species delimitation : \u2018ten species\u2019 of astraptes fulgerator reassessed ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) .\nin : settele j , shreeve tg , konvicka m , van dyck h . ( eds )\ndinca v , zakharov ev , hebert pdn , vila r . ( 2011 )\ncomplete dna barcode reference library for a country\u2019s butterfly fauna reveals high performance for temperate europe .\nfolmer om , black m , hoeh r , lutz r , vrijehoek r . ( 1994 )\ndna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates .\ngarcia - castellanos d , estrada f , jim\u00e9nez - munt i , gorini c , fern\u00e0ndez m , verg\u00e9s j , de vicente r . ( 2009 )\ngascoigne - pees m , verovnik r , franeta f , popovi\u0107 m . ( 2014 )\ngerth m , gansauge mt , weigert a , bleidorn c . ( 2014 )\ngompert z , forister ml , fordyce ja , nice cc . ( 2008 )\nwidespread mito - nuclear discordance with evidence for introgressive hybridization and selective sweeps in lycaeides .\nhebert pdn , penton eh , burns jm , janzen dh , hallwachs w . ( 2004 )\nten species in one : dna barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly astraptes fulgerator .\nphylogeny and biogeography of coenonympha butterflies ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) \u2013 patterns of colonization in the holarctic .\nkreuzinger aj , fiedler k , letsch h , grill a . ( 2014 )\ntracing the radiation of maniola ( nymphalidae ) butterflies : new insights from phylogeography hint at one single incompletely differentiated species complex .\nkudrna o , harpke a , lux k , pennerstorfer j , schweiger o , settele j , wiemers m . ( 2011 )\ndie verteilung der varibilit\u00e4t von hipparchia statilinus hufn . ( lepid . , satyridae ) in beziehung zum karstboden des ostadratischen k\u00fcstenlandes .\nmitochondrial pseudogenes in insect dna barcoding : differing points of view on the same issue .\ninterpretation of mitochondrial diversity in terms of taxonomy : a case study of hyponephele lycaon species complex in israel ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\nmolecular systematics and phylogeny of the \u2018marbled whites\u2019 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae , melanargia meigen ) .\ndna barcoding reveals twelve lineages with properties of phylogenetic and biological species within melitaea didyma sensu lato ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) .\nthe radiation of satyrini butterflies ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) : a challenge for phylogenetic methods .\nritter s , michalski sg , settele j , wiemers m , fric zf , sielezniew m , \u0161a\u0161i\u0107 m , rozier y , durka w . ( 2013 )\nwolbachia infections mimic cryptic speciation in two parasitic butterfly species , phengaris teleius and p . nausithous ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) .\nsong h , buhay je , whiting mf , crandall ka . ( 2008 )\nmany species in one : dna barcoding overestimates the number of species when nuclear mitochondrial pseudo - genes are coamplified .\ntamura k , stecher g , peterson d , filipski a , kumar s . ( 2013 )\nthe butterflies of ladak ( n . - w . india ) ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) .\nverovnik r , micevski b , maes d , wynhoff i , van swaay c , warren m . ( 2013 )\nverovnik r , popovi\u0107 m , \u0161a\u0161i\u0107 m , cuvelier s , maes d . ( 2014 )\nphylogeography of subterranean and surface populations of water lice asellus aquaticus ( crustacea : isopoda ) .\nwakeham - dawson a , parker r , john e , dennis rlh . ( 2003 )\ndoes the dna barcoding gap exist ? \u2013 a case study in blue butterflies ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) .\nchecklist of butterflies ( papilionoidea ) of the mongolian altai mountains , including descriptions of new taxa .\nyang z , landry j - f , handfield l , zhang y , solis ma , handfield d , scholtens bg , mutanen m , nuss m , hebert pdn . ( 2012 )\ndna barcoding and morphology reveal three cryptic species of anania ( lepidoptera : crambidae : pyraustinae ) in north america , all distinct from their european counterpart .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntuzov vk , bogdanov pv , devyatkin al , kaabak lv , korolev va , murzin vs , samodurov gd , and tarasov ea . 1997 . guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) . pensoft , sofia .\nrussia , siberia , tyva republic , the hills on the ulug - khem river right bank at city kyzyl , 51o43 ' n 94o24 ' e , alt . 650 - 700 m , dry stony steppe .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nuse\n?\nfor one missing letter : pu ? zle . use\n*\nfor any number of letters : p * zle . or combine : cros ? w * d\n20130424 _ 25fps onbewerkte foto ' s . in windows movie maker geladen met 0 , 04 sec per frame ( 25 frames per seconde ) .\n20130324 _ 2 onbewerkte foto ' s . film gemaakt met photolapse 3 . 15 frames per seconde . compressie met mpeg - 4 .\n20130324 _ 3 in lightroom bewerkte foto ' s ( contrast en gradueel grijsfilter , verscherpt ) . film gemaakt met photolapse 3 . 30 frames per seconde . compressie met mpeg - 4 .\nthis action might not be possible to undo . are you sure you want to continue ?\nthis is a non - comprehensive list of larval host plants that are possibly used by the western palearctic satyrinae . there are still some butterfly species which i need to add and update but hopefully you can find what i currently have as useful .\nthe only difference between list a and list b is that whereas in list a the data is sorted according to the butterfly species , list b is sorted according to the host plant species . this should facilitate the usage of this data .\n? \u2013 either no data is available or still unsure whether the food plant is accepted by that species .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 475, "summary": [{"text": "tachyporus is a genus of rove beetle in the tribe tachyporini .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the type genus of both the tribe tachyporini and the subfamily tachyporinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the global biodiversity information facility reports 40 species in this genus , with most collection and observation activity from europe , but also including records from north american , africa , asia , australia , and new zealand . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tachyporus", "paragraphs": ["og tachyporus hypnorum . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark , pp . 1 - 24 .\nlipkow e . ( 1966 ) biologischokologische untersuchungen iiber tachyporus - arten und tachinus rufipes ( col . , staphyl ) . pedobiologia 6 , 140 - 177 .\nnative to , and occurs throughout , the palaearctic ; long established in our area and occurs over much of north america . most abundant tachyporus in north america .\na revision of the genus tachyporus gravenhorst ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) of north and central america j . m . campbell . 1979 . the entomological society of canada .\ncampbell jm ( 1979b ) a revision of the genus tachyporus gravenhorst ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) of north and central america . memoirs of the entomological society of canada no 109 . 95 pp .\npetersen , m . k . 1997 . life histories of two predaceous beetles , bembidion lampros and tachyporus hypnorum , in the agroecosystem . doctors ' s dissertation . issn 1401 - 6249 . isbn 91 - 576 - 5280 - 5\npedersen m . , pedersen l . t . & abildgaard k . ( 1990 ) annual and diurnal activity of some tachyporus species ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) in two spring barley fields and a hedge . pedobiologia 34 , 367 - 375 .\nkennedy t . f . , evans g . o . & feeney a . m . ( 1986 ) studies on the biology of tachyporus hypnorum f . ( col . staphylinidae ) , associated with cereal fields in ireland . irish journal of agricultural research 25 , 81 - 95 .\nkowalski , r . ( 1986 ) biology of tachyporus spp . ( coleoptera , staphylinidae ) in relation to their role as predators of cereal aphids in feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles . in : report of the fifth meeting og european carabidologists at stara brda pilska , poland , september , 13 - 15 , 1982 , warsaw : warsaw agricultural university press , pp . 97 - 104 .\n\u00b9 die kafer mitteleuropas , freude , harde , lohse . vols 4 and 5 \u00b2 practical handbook of british beetles , joy \u00b3 the author ' s son , one of our junior members , continually provides copious amounts of specimens which the father is expected to set , mount and identify - webmaster .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ngravenhorst , johann l . c . 1802 . coleoptera microptera brunsvicensia nec non exoticorum quotquot exstant in collectionibus entomologorum brunsvicensium in genera familias et species distribuit . carolum reichard , brunsuigae . : i\u2013lxvi ; 1\u2013206 .\nhallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 1743 tachinidae fleming , 1821 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : spelling emended to tachinusidae to remove homonymy with tachinidae robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ( insecta , diptera ) , and tachyporidae macleay , 1825 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : given precedence over tachinusidae fleming , 1821 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 50 ( 3 ) , 248 - 250 ( 1993 )\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nsn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthis small ( 3 or 4 mm long ) rove beetle , black with dark red wing cases and a yellow margin to its thorax is another species which is shaped like a teardrop travelling blunt end first .\nin plant litter , moss , under leaf rosettes , or amongst soil crumbs on the soil surface .\nit is a useful predator of other small invertebrates in the garden or in agriculture , feeding especially on aphids .\ncommon in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 449 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n, but primarily holarctic , with ~ 2 / 3 spp . in eurasia ; occur throughout na\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nmore accurate length is 1 . 1 to 1 . 4 mm ( measured from apex of head to apex of elytra )\nextremely variable species . very small ( head to elytra length 1 . 1 to 1 . 4 mm ) . light yellowish to dark reddish - brown , sometimes darker . head often darker than pronotum and elytra . elytra usually lighter than pronotum and head . pubescence of elytra and abdomen fine and dense . pronotum glabrous , shiny . apical segment of maxillary palps not longer than width of preceding segment . may have fully developed wings or reduced nonfunctional wings .\nknown habitats in europe include under rotting materials ( such as stacks of hay / straw , compost , mushrooms , leaf litter , and moss ) and often swept from flowers and bushes . usually favors moist habitats , and common in river debris .\nadults have been collected year - round , but most commonly late summer and early fall .\nintroduced staphylinidae ( coleoptera ) in the maritime provinces of canada majka c . g . , klimaszewski j . 2008 . the canadian entomologist 140 : 48 - 72 .\nchecklist of beetles ( coleoptera ) of canada and alaska . second edition bousquet y . , bouchard p . , davies a . e . , sikes d . s . 2013 . zookeys 360 : 1\u2013402 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nakademisk avhandling som f\u00f6r vinnande av filosofie doktorsexamen kommer att offentligen f\u00f6rsvaras i sal l , undervisningshuset , slu , uppsala , onsdagen den 23 april 1997 , kl . 10 . 00 .\npolyphagous predators are important for natural control of insect pests in arable fields . this study has focused on mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements which were expected to influence predator field densities . it has been suggested that increased number of predators in arable fields could lead to an increased natural control of insect pests . investigations were primarily made under controlled conditions . priority was given to mortality factors out of farmer ' s control such as influence from weather and soil types , as these factors will define the limits for effects of manmade manipulations .\nwere selected due to their abundance and activity during the period of aphid establishment in cereal crops . both species overwinter as adults . in spring they disperse into arable fields where they reproduce .\njuvenile mortality was high in different soil types which were irrigated regularly and had prey occurring in excess . mortality of\nwas lower in sandy soil ( 51 % ) than in clayey soil ( 80 % ) . mortality of\n. adult mortality during winter and early spring is of minor importance as long as temperatures during the winter are stable and the beetles are protected by a cover of vegetation . however , some winters might have a temperature regime that will cause a higher mortality . in the postwinter period both species have the capacity to survive periods of starvation .\ntwo singlespecies simulation models were constructed using the concept of metabolic pool models . the models contain all quantified data on\nshould be concentrated to enhancement of the conditions for the juvenile stages during development in the soil surface . specific recommendations cannot be given before optimal conditions are determined in detail and compared to effects of different potential changes in agricultural practices .\nmette kj\u00f8bek petersen , department of entomology , slu , s - 750 07 uppsala , sweden .\nthis thesis is based on the following papers , which will be referred to by their roman numerals .\nii . petersen , m . k . relationship between the capacity to survive starvation and dispersal ability of two polyphagous predators in arable fields . manuscript ( submitted ) .\nkind permission to reprint paper i was granted by elsevier science ltd , the boulevard , langford lane , kidlington 0x5 1gb , uk .\nincreasing knowledge of the importance of early active predators for aphid control in combination with a political decision to reduce pesticide use in danish agriculture , initiated the project which this thesis is based upon . the role of polyphagous predators in natural control of aphids in cereal crops has been studied since the early 70 ' s . polyphagous predators are most important in spring and early summer when aphids colonize the crops ( chiverton , 1986 , 1988 ; winder , 1990 ) . simulation studies indicate that an increased predator density could lead to better aphid control ( carter et al . , 1982 ; ekbom et al . , 1992 ) .\nthe aim of the project is to analyse the influence of weather and farming practices on population densities of common polyphagous predators , and to evaluate the potential for increasing predator densities in arable fields . the carabid\nf . ( fig . 1 ) , were selected for a detailed study because they are abundant and active during the period of aphid establishment in cereal crops .\nherbst ( left ) , actual length 3 . 0 - 4 . 4 mm , and an adult\nf ( right ) , actual length 3 - 4 mm . illustrations kindly produced by rune axelsson .\narable fields are characterised by yearly disturbances such as soil tillage , establishment of crops , harvest processes , etc . these yearly disturbances keep the vegetation at a stage of early succession , where cereals , oilseed rape and vegetables have a growing season of less than a year . the degree of disturbance of a habitat is one of three main components determining evolution of an insect ' s life history ( southwood , 1988 ) . insect species using arable fields with annual crops as a habitat for reproduction may have life histories adapted to an unstable environment ( macdonald & smith , 1990 ) . in addition , some species are adapted to the landscape patterns created by agricultural activities over centuries with patches of fields lined by hedgerows , shelterbelts , ditches , forest edges etc . both\nare examples of insects utilising both habitats , arable fields to reproduce and forage in and the habitats along the field edges for overwintering ( e . g . coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; pedersen etal . , 1990 ; wallin , 1989 ; riedel , 1992c ) .\nthe present study was therefore mainly carried out under controlled conditions in the laboratory or under semifield conditions . mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements of\nthe adult beetle is 3 . 0 - 4 . 4 mm long ( lindroth , 1985 ) ( fig . 1 ) . it overwinters as an adult in field edges and moves , in early spring , into arable fields where it reproduces ( e . g . wallin , 1985 , 1986 ; coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; riedel , 1992b , 1992c ; purvis & fadl , 1996 ) ( fig . 2 ) . eggs are primarily laid in may to july with a peak in may / june and larvae occur in the soil surface during june to august ( mitchell , 1963a ; wallin , 1989 , purvis & fadl , 1996 ) . pupation takes place in an oblong chamber made by third instar larvae beneath the soil surface ( langor & larson , 1983 ) . new adults emerge mainly during july to september ( mitchell , 1963a ; wallin , 1989 ; purvis & fadl , 1996 ) .\nis univoltine in newfoundland and sweden ( langor & larson 1983 ; wallin , 1989 ) but can live for more than one year in england ( mitchell , 1963b ) .\ncollected from arable fields ( mitchell , 1963b ; trittelvitz & topp , 1980 ; den boer , 1971 ; langor & larson , 1983 ; wallin , 1985 ) . the beetle is found on open , sunexposed ground with sparse vegetation , often on dry sandy soil and is distributed throughout the palearctic region ( bangsholt , 1983 ; lindroth , 1985 ) , and in newfoundland where it has been introduced ( lindroth , 1955 ) . the density of reproductive\nin sweden ( chiverton , 1987 ) and between 15 . 7 and 42 . 3 per m\nlay an average of 6 eggs in total with a range of 1 - 15 eggs ( wallin et al . , 1992 ) . on average , 50 % of the eggs hatch at constant temperatures between 17\u00b0c and 25\u00b0c , and 50 % to 80 % of first instar larvae became adults at constant temperatures between 17 - 30\u00b0c ( boye jensen , 1990 ) . only 10 % developed into adults at 12\u00b0c and no larvae developed into adults at constant temperatures of 5\u00b0c and 32\u00b0c ( boye jensen , 1990 ) . survival from first instar larvae to adult was about 46 % when beetles were reared in soil substrate under laboratory conditions ( langor & larson , 1983 ) . development time from egg through three larval instars and pupae to adult beetle emergence was between 24 and 65 days in the laboratory depending on the temperature regime ( boye jensen , 1990 ) .\nfall\u00e9n ) ( andersen et al . , 1983 ; mitchell , 1963a ) , frit fly eggs ( ocinella frit l . ) ( jones , 1969 ) , collembola , and other arthropods ( mitchell , 1963a ) . laboratory experiments have shown that both adults and larvae of\nfeed on all types of animal prey they are likely to find in the field ( mitchell , 1963a ) . lower temperature threshold for feeding activity of adults is about 9\u00b0c ( mitchell , 1963a ; chiverton , 1988 ) .\n. adults overwinter in edge habitats along arable fields ( top ) . dispersal into the fields occurs during spring ( right ) . reproduction takes place in arable fields during spring and summer ( bottom ) . eggs are laid in the soil surface .\ndevelops through 3 larval instars and a pre pupal stage before pupation . teneral beetles emerge during late summer / early autumn and move to the edge habitat for overwintering ( left ) .\nthe adult beetle is 3 - 4 mm long ( hansen , 1964 ) ( fig . 1 ) .\noverwinter as adults often in field edges and hedges ( lipkow , 1966 ; pedersen et al . 1990 ; riedel 1992c ) . in the following spring they disperse into arable fields mainly by flight ( coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) , whereafter they mate and oviposit on the soil surface in may / june ( in germany ) ( lipkow , 1966 ) ( fig . 2 ) . larvae occur mainly during june to august ( germany , england , ireland , denmark ) ( lipkow , 1966 ; kennedy et al . , 1986 ; kowalski , 1986 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) . teneral beetles occur from late july to october depending on the geographic location ( lipkow , 1966 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) . tenerals have been caught as early as may in denmark and pedersen et al . , ( 1990 ) suggested that these originated from hibernated larvae or pupae .\noccurs in arable fields , meadows and forests ( schaufuss , 1916 ) and is also found in sand dunes ( topp , 1983 ) . it is found in most of the palearctic region ( schaufuss , 1916 ) with the exception of the far northern districts of scandinavia ( lundberg , 1995 ) . field density during the reproductive period of\nin ireland ( kennedy et al . , 1986 ) and up to 5 per m\nin sweden ( chiverton , pers . comm . ) . when estimated by flooding in arable fields in northern germany the density was up to 2 . 2 per m\nis between 15 and 87 eggs per female , being in the lower part of the range at a constant temperature of 10\u00b0c and the upper part of the range at a constant temperature of 25\u00b0c ( lipkow , 1966 ; kennedy et al . , 1986 ) . egg hatch was between 70 % and 97 % ( lipkow , 1966 , kennedy et al . , 1986 ) . survival from first instar larvae to adult beetles when fed upon a mixed diet of aphids and mealworms was between 27 - 40 % in the laboratory , lowest at 25\u00b0c and highest at 15\u00b0c ( lipkow , 1966 ) . full development to adult beetle was not possible at either 10\u00b0c or 28\u00b0c ( lipkow , 1966 ) . developmental time from egg , through 3 larval instars , pre pupal and pupal stages to adult emergence is 26 - 53 days depending on the temperature during the period of development ( lipkow , 1966 ) .\n) ( e . g . kennedy et al . 1986 ; sopp & wratten , 1986 ; dennis et al . , 1991 ; andersen , 1992 ) and plant pathogens such as powdery mildew (\nspp . ( e . g . dennis et al . , 1991 ) . adults have also been reported to prey upon eggs of cabbage root flies (\n) by andersen et al . ( 1983 ) . both adults and larvae forage on the soil surface and on plants ( dennis et al . , 1991 , dennis & sotherton , 1994 ) . the lower temperature threshold for feeding activity of adults is between 3 and 4\u00b0c in the laboratory ( s\u00f8rensen , 1996 ) .\nintroduction of severe frost ( - 6\u00b0c ) for one or two weekly periods during the winter caused mortality up to 90 % in both species ( i ) . in general\n. both species have a relatively high survival during winters with constant weather conditions - both mild and cold winters ( i ) . winter survival could be described as a function of the sum of sub zero temperatures to which the beetles were exposed during the winter . the sum of negative temperatures was calculated from daily mean soil temperatures 2 cm below a grass turf ( i ) . to make these functions more general a correction factor was calculated from the latter data and data on air temperature 2 m above soil surface from the same period . winter mortality can be estimated from a temperature sum of hourly readings of air temperature 2 m above soil surface by multiplication with 0 . 193 ( iv ) . the super cooling point ( scp ) was in general lower for\n( ranging from - 6 . 44\u00b0c to - 12 . 17\u00b0c ) . the cold hardiness of the beetles decreased as temperatures increased in spring ( i ) .\nboth species were shown to have the capacity to survive periods of starvation during the postwinter period ( ii ) .\nunder the same conditions ( ii ) . fat content was found to be a useful measure of the feeding status of beetles collected in the field ( ii ) . results for\ncollected in the field during spring or fed ad lib . on aphids or collembola contained on average 23 % fat ( based on dry weight ) , and beetles starved to death contained on average 7 % fat . the results for\nwere more variable , both for specimens collected in the field during spring ( 20 - 26 % ) , fed ad lib . ( 17 - 33 % ) and specimens starved to death ( 10 - 20 % ) .\nwith regard to winter survival , scp ( i ) and also with regard to their capacity to survive starvation in early spring and utilisation of fat reserves during starvation ( ii ) . the energetic costs might limit the range of some organisms ' physiological capability for developing cold hardiness ( danks , 1978 ) . since the survival of terrestrial arthropods depends on their ability to withstand the lowest winter temperature there will be a strong selection for scp below the minimum temperatures of their microhabitats . if coldhardiness is costly , geographical variations in supercooling ability within a species should be expected . relatively few investigations into this question have been conducted ( s\u00f8mme , 1982 ) .\nduring juvenile development was lower in sandy soil ( 51 % on average ) than in clayey soil ( 80 % on average ) ( iii ) . mortality of\nduring juvenile development was independent of the soil type with an average of 70 % . all larvae had an excess of living prey ( aphids and collembola ) during their development in the different soil types ( iii ) . soil origin ( from conventional or organic farms ) did not influence larval mortality for either\n( iii ) . the different soil types were used to expose the larvae to different abiotic conditions caused by differences in texture and water holding capacity of sandy and clayey soil respectively . further the use of soil originating from different farming practices ( from organic and conventional farms ) was assumed to provide conditions with differences in microflora andfauna . organic soil was expected to have a higher content of microorganisms , however this was not quantified due to methodological complications . mortality of\nduring juvenile development was further studied under field conditions and was 88 % in a relatively warm and dry summer . however , this result might be influenced by interspecific competition as larval density was twice as high as in the semi field experiment\nas they had food in excess during development in the present study . larval mortality is proposed to be the major mortality factor in many species of carabids ( thiele , 1977 ; l\u00f6vei & sunderland , 1996 ) . biotic factors such as food limitation and interspecific competition among the larvae seem to be of importance when occuring in higher densities ( largersized carabids e . g . gr\u00fcm , 1975 ; nelemans , 1987 ; knisley & juliano , 1988 ; siepel , 1988 ; and for a staphylinid species ( kowalski , 1976 ) ) .\nan average of only 10 eggs . egglaying was related to a physiological timescale ( \u00b0d ) using the lower threshold for feeding activity as a base temperature ( iii , iv ) . this was done on the assumption that development of eggs is dependent on the energy obtained from feeding activity ( see ' the study organisms ' ) . measured in physiological time\nin the same time counted in hours or days ( iii ) . channelling of resources into preparation for overwintering can reduce fecundity in diapausing animals ( cf . danks , 1987 ) .\n' robustness during overwintering and in the postwinter period might lead to a tradeoff in fecundity .\n( ii ) . spring dispersal from the overwintering sites in field edges etc . could be predicted by lognormal distributed functions of the proportion of beetles dispersing based on a physiological time scale ( \u00b0d ) ( ii ) . the base temperature used was 6\u00b0c for\n. these base temperatures were selected from shapes of curves of the cumulative proportions of dispersal plotted against physiological time scales with base temperatures of 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 and 18\u00b0c . the need for specific conditions for take off by\nwas assumed to be a reason for a better curve fit when using 12\u00b0c than lower base temperatures . as\n, where a majority of the population only move by walking . however , mortality during the seasonal movements was not quantified in this study .\nagricultural fields are characterised by regular disturbances . thiele ( 1977 ) speculates that the carabid fauna in the agroecosystem might have evolved from areas with periodic flooding . such areas close to e . g . sea or river shores have similarities with agricultural fields in that they are regularly disturbed and rich in nutrients from e . g . sea weed . however , fires in habitats with an otherwise permanent vegetation will cause the same conditions with bare soil and a high level of nutrients for a short period , but with less predictable frequency .\nthe literature on r - and k - selection of life history strategies ( e . g . pianka , 1970 ; steams , 1976 ; denno & dingle , 1981 ; roff , 1992 ) has often been compared to the stability of the habitat . the rselection is often found in relation to an unstable environment and k - selection related to an stable environment . the two model species in this study have been evaluated with regard to the presented results on mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements . the data on these two species shows that they have some characteristics for both rselection [ large reproductive effort ( only\n) ] . a comparison to other organisms in the agroecosystem shows that some weed species have a similar mix of ' r - ' and ' k - selection ' characters in their life histories ( macdonald & smith , 1990 ) .\ncollected in arable fields may indicate that arable fields are optimal habitats for reproduction compared with other habitats .\nmay in general be characterised as much less adapted to arable fields , as it is much more mobile and found in several habitats ( se ' the study organisms ' ) . comparison of the events in the life cycles of\nwith agricultural practices in the majority of agricultural areas in denmark shows that they are well adjusted to some treatments but are threatened by others . soil tillage as preparation for establishment of both autumn and spring sown crops ( cereals and oilseed rape ) is mainly done during periods where\nare in their adult life stage , either in the field or in the edge habitats along the fields ( fig . 2 ) . by being in the adult stage they are less sensitive to mechanical damage than the juvenile stages , as larvae are weakly chitinized and have a low mobility ( l\u00f6vei & sunderland , 1996 ) . mechanical soil tillage , e . g . ploughing , may although be a severe , recurring problem for adult beetles in a majority of fields . the effect of this event has been investigated in a pilot study ( petersen , unpubl ) . the effect of soil tillage was simulated by covering adult beetles with layers of soil with different depth ( 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 cm ) . there was a clear tendency for\nremained covered ( petersen , unpubl ) . weeds can be controlled mecanically in organic fields but this treatment will often be done at the same time as the juveniles of\nare developing in the soil surface . preliminary studies on the effect of harrowing on larvae of\nshowed that this process was destructive for all specimens involved ( petersen , unpubl ) . also the study of purvis & fadl ( 1996 ) indicated that there may be an influence on the occurrence on\ndependent on the time of crop establishment ( autumn or spring ) . establishment of crops such as sugar beets , cabbage , carrots and other vegetables often occurs later in the season which may cooccur with the presence of eggs and larvae in the soil surface , and thereby have a destructive effect on the juveniles .\nhave been recorded from burned areas in forests in germany and norway ( winter , 1980 ; bakke , 1996 ) . it is one of the first species entering clearings in the forest made by fire ( winter , 1980 ; ehnstr\u00f6m , 1991 ) . macropterous specimens of\ninvading clearings in forests may belong to another metapopulation with a different life history strategy compared to the brachypterous forms in arable fields . as solbreck ( 1978 ) points out , phenotypical alternative life histories are interesting for studies of life history strategies since they represent real alternatives compared with manipulations made in the laboratory .\nseems to be a candidate for studies on different life histories developed for life in habitats connected to two seemingly different ecosystems such as agricultural fields and forests . however , both habitats are created by disturbances and will leave the mineral soil bare and sun exposed for the beetles .\nthe two singlespecies simulation models presented ( iv ) were constructed using the concept of metabolic pool models ( see guiterrez , 1996 ) . the models contain all quantified data on\nfound in the literature or obtained in this study . the models seems to function correctly because they replicate adult phenology in the field and correctly estimate the timing of reproduction .\nthe current status of the models makes them useful as tools for planning further research on the two species . additionally the models will be appropriate to combine with models on winter wheat , aphids , parasitoids and fungi infections on aphids for a study of interactions in the winter wheat ecosystem , which was the aim of the collaborative project which the present study was a part of . however , the models can not be used for any predictions of effects on aphids or long term population dynamics of the beetles before they have been validated with independent field data and the energy budgets used justified with data on\n. the resource base for the beetles needs also to be defined and its dynamics quantified ( sunderland et al . , in press ) .\nmeasures of field density of reproductive beetles in spring and of teneral beetles in late summer were made . these measurements were meant to be used for validation of the models ( iv ) . however , the timing of measurement of field density was found to be difficult with regard to the beetles movement into the fields in early spring . the data obtained were found unreliable for a validation of the models and were therefore not used .\nseveral mortality factors are still not quantified such as mortality of the juvenile stages in relation to well defined abiotic conditions and mortality due to entomopathogenic fungi and parasites ( cf . lipkow , 1966 ; andersen & skorping , 1991 ; riedel & steenberg , 1992 ) . furthermore there may be a mortality during autumn , from eclosion to start of hibernation , including the beetle ' s movement to the field edges for overwintering . another possible mortality factor of both species is predation by other larger arthropods , small rodents or birds .\n. i conclude that further work should be concentrated to the limiting conditions during development of the juvenile stages . experimental work to test effects of abiotic factors , caused by different farming practices , should , as a first step , be carried out for each factor in the laboratory .\nsecondly , field investigations with an initially known number of individuals can be used . to overcome the effects from an uneven distribution of carabid beetles ( petersen , 1995 ; personal observations ) , weeds ( marchall , 1988 ) and other effects such as heterogeneous soil conditions on a field scale e . g . soil type and soil moisture , many replicates are needed in field studies .\ncomparisons between conditions created both by different soil treatments and by different farming systems ( e . g . organic , conventional and conservationtillage / notillage ) are important . organic farming usually has other crop rotations , crops for nitrogen fixation , application of manure and a higher degree of weed cover . all these factors might produce microclimatic conditions different from those in conventional fields as there are more perennial crops , a higher content of organic matter and , of course , no use of pesticides . as mentioned earlier mechanical weed control is expected to have a negative effect on population densities of\nas it cooccurs with development of juveniles in the soil surface . organic farming may also provide more alternative prey for the predators , which may affect the natural control of insect pests .\nchange of soil tillage practices to ' conservationtillage ' or ' notillage ' minimize yearly disturbances and may dramatically change the microclimatic conditions in the soil surface and will cause change in species composition in accordance to species specific optimal conditions ( see ' effects of agricultural practices ' ) .\nmove by walking the number of beetles in arable fields will have a wave like pattern during their dispersal ( coombes & sotherton , 1986 ) . estimates of the field density of\nshould therefore be made after their spring dispersal is terminated . estimates of both reproductive specimens in late spring / early summer and of the new generation in late summer / early autumn should be made . descriptions of the spring dispersal as a function of physiological time ( ii , iv ) will be helpful for the right timing of a sampling program in spring . further the models ( iv ) will be helpful for the timing of sampling of the new generation . these data should optimally be collected from several fields and from successive years .\nare affected by high mortality during juvenile development and adults will experience high mortality in winters with periods of severe frost alternating with milder conditions .\nbecause they are generally less robust with regard to cold hardiness and they have a lower capacity to survive starvation .\nmay also have a higher mortality during the seasonal movements between the summer and winter habitats . a majority of\npopulations in arable fields are brachypterous and they show , in general , a very low fecundity . this suggests that population densities of\nto increase their density in arable fields should be concentrated to the environment during juvenile development . specific recommendations can not be given at this stage because the optimal conditions for development in the soil surface have to be defined in detail . furthermore , development has to be related to the effects of different agricultural practices in different soil types .\nmay have adapted very well to the agricultural landscape with its frequently disturbed habitats . however ,\n' very low fecundity and its limited ability to move by walking put it into a threatened position . treatments with pesticides , which are directly toxic to beetles and their offspring , might be hazardous to populations in arable fields . removal of shelterbelts and other linear habitats , that provide stable conditions during overwintering , may further reduce the number of\nin laboratory and semifield experiments . norwegian journal of agricultural sciences 6 , 365 - 273 .\nfall\u00e9n ( diptera , anthomyiidae ) in cage experiments . zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewante entomologie 95 , 499 - 506 .\nandersen j . & skorping a . ( 1991 ) parasites of carabid beetles : prevalence depends on habitat selection of the host . canadian journal zoology 69 , 1216 - 1220 .\nbakke a . ( 1996 ) virkningen av skogbrann pa billefaunaen . influence of forest fire on the beetle fauna . research paper of . skogforsk 3 , 1 - 20 .\nbangsholt , f . ( 1983 ) sandspringemes of l\u00f8bebillernes udbredelse og forekomst i danmark ca . 1830 - 1981 ( coleoptera : cicindelidae and carabidae ) . with a summary by ole lomholdt : the distribution and occurence of tiger beetles and ground beetles ind denmark from about 1830 to 1981 . dansk faunistisk bibloitek , bind 4 , copenhagen : scandinavian science press ltd . , pp . 1 - 275 .\nbarney r . j . , lamp w . o . , armbrust e . j . & kapusta g . ( 1984 ) insect predator community and its response to weed management in spring planted alfalfa . protection ecology 6 , 23 - 33 .\nbarney r . j . & pass b . c . ( 1986 ) ground beetle ( coleoptera : carabidae ) populations in kentucky alfalfa and influence of tillage . journal economic entomology 79 , 511 - 517 .\nbasedow t . . braun c . , l\u00fchr a . , naumann j . , norgall t . & yanes g . y . ( 1991 ) abundance , biomass and species number of epigeal predatory arthropods in fields of winter wheat and beets at different levels of intensity : differences and their reasons . results of a study at three intensity levels in heese , 1985 - 1988 . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher abteilunf f\u00fcr systematic \u00f6kologie und geographic der tiere 118 , 87 - 116 .\nbiotopgruppen ( agger , brandt , bymak , jensen & ursin ) ( 1986 ) udviklingen i agerlandets sm\u00e5biotoper i \u00f8stdanmark . roskilde universitetscenter publikationer fra institut for geografi , samfundsanalyse of datalogi . forskningsrapport nr . 48 .\nc\u00e1rcamo h . a . , niemel\u00e4 j . & spence j . r . ( 1995 ) farming and ground beetles : effects of agronomic practice on populations and community structure . the canadian entomologist 127 , 123 - 140 .\ncarter n . , gardner s . . fraser a . m . and adams t . h . l . ( 1982 ) the role of natural enemies in cereal aphid population dynamics annals of applied biology 101 , 190 - 195 .\nchiverton p . a . ( 1986 ) predator density manipulations and its effects on population of rhopalosiphumpadi homoptera aphididae in spring barley . annals of applied biology 109 , 49 - 60 .\nchiverton p . a . ( 1987 ) effects of exclusion barriers and inclusion trenches on polyphagous and aphid specific predators in spring barley . journal of applied entomology 103 ( 2 ) , 193 - 203 .\n, in relation to temperature and prey density . entomologica experimentalis et applicata 47 , 173 - 182 .\nchiverton p . a . ( 1989 ) the creation of withinfield overwintering sites for natural enemies of cereal aphids . brighton crop protection conference - weeds 3 , 1093 - 1096 .\nchiverton p . a . and sotherton n . w . ( 1991 ) the effects on beneficial arthropods of the exclusion of herbicides from cereal crop edges . j . appl . ecol . 28 , 1027 - 1039 .\ncoombes d . s . & sotherton n . w . ( 1986 ) the dispersal and distribution of polyphagous predatory coleoptera in cereals . annals of applied biology 108 , 461 - 474 .\ndanks h . v . ( 1978 ) modes of seasonal adaptation in the insects . i . winter survival . the canadian entomologist 110 , 1168 - 1205 .\ndanks , h . v . ( 1987 ) insect dormancy : an ecological perspective . biological survey of canada monograph series no . 1 , ottawa : biological survey of canada ( terrestrial arthropods ) , pp . 1 - 439 .\nden boer p . j . ( 1971 ) on the dispersal power of carabid beetles and its possible significance . miscellaneous papers landbouwhogeschool wageningen the netherlands 8 , 119 - 138 .\ndennis p . and fry g . l . a . ( 1992 ) field margins - can they enhance natural enemy populationdensities and general arthropod diversity on farmland . agriculture , ecosystems & environment 40 , 95 - 115 .\ndennis p . , wratten s . d . & sotherton n . w . ( 1991 ) mycophagy as a factor limiting predation of aphids ( hemiptera : aphididae ) by staphylinid beeltes ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) in cereals . bulletin of entomological research 81 , 25 - 31 .\ndenno , r . f . & dingle , h . ( 1981 ) introductory chapter . considerations for the development of a more general life history theory . in : insect life history patterns . habitat and geographic variation , edited by denno , r . f . & dingle , h . new york , heidelberg , berlin : springer - verlag , pp . 1 - 6 .\ndesender k . & pollet m . ( 1986 ) adult and larval abundance from carabid beetles coleoptera carabidae in a pasture under changing grazing management . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent 51 , 943 - 956 .\nekbom b . s . , wiktelius s . & chiverton p . a . ( 1992 ) can polyphagous predators control the bird cherryoat aphid ( rhopalosiphumpadi ) in spring cereals ? a simulation study . entomologica experimentalis et applicata . 65 , 215 - 223 .\ngr\u00fcm l . ( 1975 ) mortality patterns in carabid populations . ekologia polska 23 , 649 - 665 .\ngutierrez , a . p . 1996 . applied population ecology : a supplydemand approach . california : division of biological control , uc - berkeley .\nhansen , v . ( 1964 ) entomologiske meddelelser . xxxiii bind . hefte 1 , k\u00f8benhavn : entomologisk forenings forlag , pp . 1 - 240 .\nand on grain yield of oats in monocrops and mixed intercrops . entomologica experimentalis et applicata 54 , 225 - 236 .\n( l . ) ( diptera : anthomyiidae ) , and on alternative prey species . pedobiologia 38 , 513 - 518 .\nl . ) and its predators . journal of applied ecology 6 , 425 - 441 .\nknisley c . b . & juliano s . a . ( 1988 ) survival , development , and size of larval tiger beetles : effects of food and water . ecology 69 . 1983 - 1992 .\nlindroth c . h . ( 1955 ) the carabid beetles of newfoundland . illustrated by carabid beetles . opuscula entomologica supplementum 12 , 1 - 160 .\nlindroth , c . h . ( 1985 ) the carabidae ( coleoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark , leiden , copenhagen : e . j . brill / scandinavian science press ltd .\nl\u00f6vei g . l . & sunderland k . d . ( 1996 ) ecology and behavior of ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . annual review of entomology 41 , 231 - 256 .\nlundberg , s ( 1995 ) . catalogus coleopterorum sueciae , stockholm : naturhistoriske riksmuseet & entomologiska foreningen i stockholm .\nmacdonald , d . w . & smith , h . ( 1990 ) dispersal , dispersion and conservation in the agricultural ecosystem . in : species dispersal in agricultural habitats , edited by bunce , r . g . h & howard , d . c . london : belhaven press , pp . 18 - 64 .\nmarchall e . j . p . ( 1988 ) field scale estimates of grass weed populations in arable land . weed research 28 , 191 - 198 .\n( schrank ) . i . life cycles and feeding behaviour . journal of animal ecology 32 . 289 - 299 .\n( schrank ) el studies on populations of adults in the field , eith special reference to the technique of pitfall trapping . journal of animal ecology 32 , 377 - 392 .\nm\u00fcnster - swendsen m . ( 1992 ) systems analytical studies of the flora and fauna in cultivated lands - elucidated by model studies . revised project description . department of population biology . university of copenhagen .\n( f . ) . netherlands journal of zoology 37 , 26 - 42 .\npauer r . ( 1975 ) zur ausbreitung der carabiden in der agrarlandschaft , unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der grenzbereiche verschiedener feltkulturen . zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewandte zoologie 62 , 457 - 489 .\npetersen m . k . ( 1995 ) spatial distribution of carabid beetles in a winter wheat field . poster presented at the 3th international symposium of carabidology , kauniainen , finland , september 1995 . ( abstract )\npianka e . r . ( 1970 ) on r - and k - selection . the american naturalist 104 , 592 - 597 .\npotts , g . r . & vickerman , g . p . ( 1974 ) studies on the cereal ecosystem . in : advances in ecological research . volume 8 , edited by macfadyen , a . london : academic press , pp . 108 - 197 .\npowell w . , dean g . j . & dewar a . ( 1985 ) the influence of weeds on polyphagous arthropod predators in winter wheat . crop protection 4 , 298 - 312 .\npurvis g . & curry j . p . ( 1984 ) the influence of weeds and farmyard manure on the activity of carabidae and other grounddwelling arthropods in a sugar beet crop . journal of applied ecology 21 , 271 - 283 .\npurvis g . & fadi a . ( 1996 ) emergence of carabidae ( coleoptera ) from pupation : a technique for studying the ' productivity ' of carabid habitats . annales zoologici fennici 33 . 215 - 223 .\nramert b . & ekbom b . ( 1996 ) intercropping as a management strategy against carrot rust fly ( diptera : psilidae ) : a test of enemies and resource concentration hypotheses . environmental entomology is , 1092 - 1100 .\nriedel w . ( 1992a ) establishing hibernation sites for beneficial arthropods in arable land . manuscript i in ' hibernation and spring dispersal of polyphagous predators in arable land ' . a ph . d . thesis . institute of biology , department of zoology . university ofaarhus , denmark 1 - 22 .\npont . ( col . , carabidae ) from and established hibernation ridge in arable land . manuscript ii in ' hibernation and spring dispersal oof polyphagous predators in arable land ' . a ph . d . thesis . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark 1 - 30 .\nriedel w . ( 1992c ) overwintering preferences of some beneficial arthropods inhabiting arable land . manuscript iii in ' hibernation and spring dispersal of polyphagous predators in arable land ' . a ph . d . thesis . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark 1 - 20 .\nriedel w . & steenberg t . ( 1992 ) winter mortality for some adult overwintering polyphagous predators with attention to the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana . manuscript iv in ' hibernation and spring dispersal of polyphagous predators in arable land ' . a ph . d . thesis . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark 1 - 15 .\nroff , d . a . ( 1992 ) the evolution of life histories . theory and analysis . new york london : chapman & hall , pp . 1 - 535 .\nschaufuss . c . ( 1916 ) calwer ' s k\u00e4ferbuch . einf\u00fchrung in die kenntnis der k\u00e4fer europas . band / , stuttgart : e . schweizbart ' sche verlagsbuchhandlung , n\u00e4gele & dr . spr\u00f6sser\nscheller h . v . ( 1984 ) the role of ground beetles ( carabidae ) as predators on early populations of cereal aphids in spring barley . zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewante entomologie 97 , 451 - 463 .\noblongopunctatus f . ( coleoptera ; carabidae ) with special refence to the larval stage . revue d ' ecologie et de biologie du sol . 25 , 435 - 350 .\nsolbreck , c . ( 1978 ) migration , diapause . and direct development as alternative life histories in a seed bug neacoryphus bicrucis . in : proceedings in life science . evolution of insect migration and diapause , edited by dingle , h . new york : springer - verlag . pp . 195 - 217 .\nsopp p . & wratten s . d . ( 1986 ) rates of consumption of cereal aphids by some polyphagous predators in the laboratory . entomologica experlmentalis et applicata 41 , 69 - 73 .\nsouthwood t . r . e . ( 1988 ) tactics , strategies and templets . oikos 52 , 3 - 18 .\nstearns s . ( 1976 ) lifehistory tactics : a review of the ideas . the quarterly review of biology 51 , 3 - 47 .\nstinner b . r . & house g . j . ( 1990 ) arthropods and other invertebrates in conservationtillage agriculture . annual review of entomology 35 , 299 - 318 .\np . j . m . , petersen m . k . , powell w . , ruggle p . , triltsch h . and winder l . ( in press ) pest control by a community of natural enemies . acta jutlandica .\ns\u00f8mme l . ( 1982 ) supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods . comphrensive biochemistry and physiology 73 a , 519 - 543 .\nthiele , h . - u . ( 1977 ) carabid beetles in their environments . a study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology and behaviour . berlin : springerverlag , pp . 1 - 369\nthomas m . b . , wratten s . d . & sotherton n . w . ( 1992 ) creation of island habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods predator densities and species composition . journal of applied ecology 29 , 524 - 531 .\ntopp , w . ( 1983 ) limiting similarity in rove beetles ( col . , staphylinidae ) of a habitat inland . in : adaptations to terrestrial environments , edited by margaris . n . s . new york : plenum press , pp . 3 - 11 .\ntrittelvitz w . & topp w . ( 1980 ) verteilung und ausbreitung der epig\u00e4ischen arthropoden in der agrarlandschaft . i . carabidae . anzeiger f\u00fcr sch\u00e4dlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz 53 , 17 - 20 .\nwallin h . ( 1985 ) spatial and temporal distribution of some abundant carabid beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in cereal fields and adjacent habitats . pedobiologia 28 , 19 - 34 .\nwallin h . ( 1986 ) habitat choice of some fieldinhabiting carabid beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) studied by recapture of marked individuals . ecological entomology 11 , 457 - 466 .\nwallin h . . chiverton p . a . , ekbom b . s . & borg a . ( 1992 ) diet , fecundity and egg size in some polyphagous predatory carabid beetles . entomologica experimentalis et applicata 65 , 129 - 140 .\nby polyphagous predators on the ground . ecological entomology 15 , 105 - 110 .\nwinter k . ( 1980 ) sukzession von arthropoden in verbrannten kiefemforsten . iii . laufk\u00e4fer ( carabidae ) . forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt 99 , 356 - 365 .\nmany people have been involved in my work both during the experimental period of the project and the writing of this thesis . i would like to thank them all :\nbarbara ekbom for the kindness of the reception she gave me at the department of entomology , her structured and constructive support and critisism of experimental plans and many versions of manuscripts . the facilities and support i have recived during my stays at the department have been perfect . thank you for it all , barbara .\nj\u00f8rgen jakobsen initiated the project as part of the center for agricultural biodiversity and managed to find additional funding for the last part of this work - thank you j\u00f8rgen .\nhans peter ravn has been the formal leader of the project and responsible for its connection to the centre of agricultural biodiversity . thank you for your support hans peter\nthe staff at the department of plant pathology and pest management , danish institute of plant and soil science , who have helped in many ways with all the practical work of the experiments and made a friendly atmosphere in the department .\ni would like to extend special thanks to ursula althoff for her assistance with many of the investigations made in the laboratory and under semi field conditions - during cold winter and warm summer days . gitte jensen , mariane \u00f8stergaard , tine nielsen , janie poulsen , kirsten jepsen and morten lind have kindly helped during the years with the collection of beetles , establishment of barriers and emptying of pitfall traps etc . henning bang madsen helped with the handling of the equipment for temperature measurements .\nthanks are also extended to annie enkegaard , jens bligaard and steen gyldenk\u00e6rne who have given critical comments on manuscripts and been good discussion partners at the department in lyngby .\npeter boll and kristian kristensen in the department of biometrics and informatics , danish institute of plant and soil science , have offered support with the use of sas , both the statistical facilities and the complicated way of making graphs .\nthe staff at the department of entomology , swedish university of agricultural sciences have by their capacity as teachers in postgraduate courses introduced me to many different aspects of insect ecology . special thanks are extended to christer bj\u00f6rkmann , philip chiverton , bengt ehnstr\u00f6m , richard hopkins , stig larsson , jan pettersson , mats w . petterson and christer solbreck . thanks are extended to rune axelsson making the drawings of ' the favorite beetles ' ."]}
{"id": 476, "summary": [{"text": "bouchardina is a genus of north american crayfish , containing a single species , bouchardina robisoni ( bayou bodcau crayfish ) which is named after one of the scientist who found it henry w. robison .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it can be found in the bayou basins of southwestern arkansas , united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is not considered to be significantly threatened as its habitat has low human disturbance ; it is listed as data deficient on the iucn red list , s1 ( critically imperiled ) by the nature conservancy and by natureserve as g2 ( imperiled ) and by the american fisheries society as vulnerable .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2010 , research by scientists suggested changing the iucn status to threatened as it was only known from four counties ( lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia county , arkansas ) and only a few specimens had been collected since 1977 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "bouchardina", "paragraphs": ["crandall , keith a . , james w . fetzner , jr . , and horton h . hobbs , jr . 2001 . bouchardina .\nhobbs , h . h . , jr . 1977 . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 .\nhobbs , horton h . , jr . 1977 . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 , figure 1 .\nhobbs , h . h . ( 1977 ) . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 , 1 figure . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkeith a . crandall , james w . fetzner , jr . , and horton h . hobbs , jr .\nbritish museum ( natural history ) , london , england , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington d . c .\nbackwaters of bayou bodcaw ( red river basin ) in borrow ditch along sunray road , 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) north of lewisville off state route 29 , lafayette county , arkansas ( sec . 14 , t . 15s , r . 2w ) .\nhobbs , h . h . jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian institution press .\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlivingston , f . , livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . while this species has a restricted range with an extent of occurrence of 250 km\n, there is no evidence that it is undergoing a decline in population numbers or quality of habitat . however , if with further investigation it was found that this species ' habitat was undergoing a continuing decline in quality , or there is an ongoing decline in population numbers , then this species would qualify for an assessment of endangered under criteria b . further research is required to determine the abundance of this species , and whether it is impactd upon by any major threat processes .\nis known from the bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins , and lafayette , nevada , hempstead and columbia counties , southwestern arkansas ( hobbs 1977 , robison and allen 1995 ) . this species has a distribution of approximately 250 km\nthis species has been collected in shallow , sluggish backwaters and small intermittent streams with a sandy substrate ( robison and allen 1995 ) . in this study , individuals appeared to be associated with the presence of vegetation such as\nsp . it was collected from burrows over 3 m deep ( k . crandall pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species is unlikely to be undergoing a significant decline as much of the catchment in which it occurs is forested with very little urbanization , or agricultural land ( arkansas water 2009 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , species has been given a natureserve global heritage status rank of g2 , and was assigned an american fisheries society status of vulnerable based on its restricted range ( taylor\n. 2007 , natureserve 2009 ) . due to the restricted nature of this species , further research is required on its abundance and threats impacting upon it .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncrandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhobbs , h . h . , jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology 480 : 1 - 236 .\nthis species has a restricted range in southwestern arkansas but is known from several sites in 2 drainages and 4 counties . however , there have been no attempts to located this species on other sites , therefore the distribution of this species cannot be verified . additionally , there are no known threats to this species recorded . further research is required to determine a more recent population abundance and distribution and to identify the extistence of major threats . status and trend information are not known .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nalthough described from lafayette , co . , arkansas , it is now known from the following counties in southwestern arkansas : lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia ( bouchard and robison , 1980 ; robinson and allen , 1995 ; robison et al . , 2008 ) ; in bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins .\nthis species has a restricted range in southwestern arkansas but is known from several sites in 2 drainages and 4 counties .\nfour very experienced collectors secured only 40 individuals in 2 . 5 hours ( hobbs , 1977 ) .\nit is unknown whether there are any major threats impacting this species . however , it is likely to be undergoing localized declines due to urbanization , alterations to the hydrological regime and water pollution .\n( 100 - 250 square km ( about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) although described from lafayette , co . , arkansas , it is now known from the following counties in southwestern arkansas : lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia ( bouchard and robison , 1980 ; robinson and allen , 1995 ; robison et al . , 2008 ) ; in bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins .\na small , greyish tan crawfish with no conspicuous gross features to give distinct field marks . pleopod definitive ; see diagchars ( hobbs , 1977 ) . [ length : to 17 tcl , to 23 tl ] [ width : to 9 ]\nfirst pleopod of male with two short terminal elements , central projection flattened in antero - posterior plane ; palm of cheliped hirsute and with dactyl shorter than mesial margin of palm ( hobbs , 1977 ) .\nshallow , detritus - rich , sluggish , sandy - bottomed backwaters and small intermittent streams , or overflow ditches with aquatic vegetation ; animals apparently associated with vegetation . ludwiga sp . and utricularia sp . and grasses are the dominants . has been collected from burrows of over three meters deep ( robison and allen , 1995 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers are based on hydrological discontinuity . additional physical barriers , particularly for secondary and tertiary burrowers , include presence of upland habitat between water connections of a distance greater than 30 m . migration of primary burrowers is generally not hindered by presence of upland habitat unless conditions are very xeric ( dry and desert - like ) ( smith , 2001 ) .\nfreshwater cave ( troglobitic ) species may occur from near entrances to very deep in cave systems . for cave species , each cave where an observation or collection was recorded ( see minimum eo criteria , above ) constitutes an element occurrence regardless of separation distance unless caves are part of a single hydrological system ( see below ) . occurrences are additionally separated by underground physical barriers to movement . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered to be a single element occurrence when they are less than one km apart . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered separate element occurrences when hydrological connections have not been determined or when separated by a distance of at least one km .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbouchard , r . w . and h . w . robison . 1980 . an inventory of the decapod crustaceans ( crayfishes and shrimps ) of arkansas with a discussion of their habitats . proceedings of the arkansas academy of science 34 : 22 - 30 .\nmclaughlin , p . a . , d . k . camp , m . v . angel , e . l . bousfield , p . brunel , r . c . brusca , d . cadien , a . c . cohen , k . conlan , l . g . eldredge , d . l . felder , j . w . goy , t . haney , b . hann , r . w . heard , e . a . hendrycks , h . h . hobbs iii , j . r . holsinger , b . kensley , d . r . laubitz , s . e . lecroy , r . lemaitre , r . f . maddocks , j . w . martin , p . mikkelsen , e . nelson , w . a . newman , r . m . overstreet , w . j . poly , w . w . price , j . w . reid , a . robertson , d . c . rogers , a . ross , m . schotte , f . schram , c . shih , l . watling , g . d . f . wilson , and d . d . turgeon . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 : 545 pp .\nrobison , h . c . mcallister , c . carlton , and g . tucker . 2008 . the arkansas endemic biota : an update with additions and deletions . journal of the arkansas academy of science 62 : 84 - 96 .\nrobison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .\ntaylor , c . a . , g . a . schuster , j . e . cooper , r . j . distefano , a . g . eversole , p . hamr , h . h . hobbs iii , h . w . robison , c . e . skelton , and r . f . thoma . 2007 . a reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the united states and canada after 10 + years of increased awareness . fisheries 32 ( 8 ) : 371 - 389 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 477, "summary": [{"text": "eulima sarsi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eulima sarsi", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : eulima sarsi k . j . bush , 1909 - id : 1821850235\neulima acerrima ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) ( taxon inquirendum )\neulima angulosa ( f . p . jousseaume in fisher - piette & nickl\u00e8s , 1946 )\neulima is a genus of small , ectoparasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family eulimidae . [ 1 ]\n( of melanella sarsi ( bush , 1909 ) ) rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eulima intermedia sensu verrill , 1882 ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nbouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . eulima risso , 1826 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 13\nthe animal shows subulate tentacles , approaching at the base , . the eyes are large and nearly sessile . the foot is truncated in front . the foot of eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water . the mentum is bilobed . the opercular lobe is winged on each side . the branchial plume is single .\n[ 3 ]\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbush , 1909 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 565930 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ntype locality : not stated [ usfc sta . 870 , 871 , 874 , 876 , 877 , 949 ]\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) , by neotype designation of war\u00e9n ( 1988 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmelanella delmontensis ( a . g . smith and m . gordon , 1948 )\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the tertiary period .\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the aperture is ovate and entire with the peristome incomplete behind . the outer lip is thick and even . [ 2 ]\nthe imperforate shell is subulate , many - whorled , polished , and porcellanous its spire is usually curved or twisted to one side , bearing on one side only , a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths . the apex is acute . the aperture is oval , entire , pointed above , rounded below . the lip is simple and a little thickened . the columellar margin is reflected . the operculum is corneous and pancispiral . its nucleus is near the inner lip .\nrisso a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe m\u00e9ridionale et particuli\u00e8rement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 + 1 carta [ 1826 ] . vol . 2 : vii + 482 + 8 pl . ( fiori ) [ novembre 1827 ] . vol . 3 : xvi + 480 + 14 pl . ( pesci ) [ settembre 1827 ] . vol . 4 : iv + 439 + 12 pl . ( molluschi ) [ novembre 1826 ] . vol . 5 : viii + 400 + 10 pl . ( altri invertebrati )\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1984 ) a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies suppl . 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 43\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180\u2013213\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name ."]}
{"id": 479, "summary": [{"text": "the herons are the long-legged freshwater and coastal birds in the family ardeidae , with 64 recognised species , some of which are referred to as \" egrets \" or \" bitterns \" rather than herons .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "members of the genera botaurus and ixobrychus are referred to as \" bitterns \" , and , together with the zigzag heron or zigzag bittern in the monotypic genus zebrilus , form a monophyletic group within the ardeidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "egrets are not a biologically distinct group from the herons , and tend to be named differently because they are mainly white or have decorative plumes .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "although egrets have the same build as herons , they tend to be smaller .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "herons , by evolutionary adaptation , have long beaks .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the classification of the individual heron/egret species is fraught with difficulty , and no clear consensus exists about the correct placement of many species into either of the two major genera , ardea and egretta .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "similarly , the relationships of the genera in the family are not completely resolved .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , one species formerly considered to constitute a separate monotypic family , the cochlearidaeor the boat-billed heron , is now regarded as a member of the ardeidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "although herons resemble birds in some other families , such as the storks , ibises , spoonbills , and cranes , they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted , not outstretched .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "they are also one of the bird groups that have powder down .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "some members of this group nest colonially in trees , while others , notably the bitterns , use reed beds . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "heron", "paragraphs": ["yellow - crowned night - heron the yellow - crowned night - heron has a chunkier body and heavier bill .\nin 1880 , the most common heron occupation in the usa was farmer . 34 % of heron ' s were farmers . farmer , laborer and keeping house were the top 3 reported jobs worked by heron . a less common occupation for the heron family was farm laborer .\nin 1881 , the most common o ' heron occupation in canada was servant . 100 % of o ' heron ' s were servants .\nyou will receive an email ( no more than once per day ) summarizing any new mentions of heron on nameberry . would you like to follow heron ?\nvisit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the great blue heron .\nthe total of apparently occupied grey heron nests in cheshire and wirral , 1980\u20132007 .\ni quite like heron , and i like that it has meaning for you .\na retrospective deep dive into one of heron ' s early fixed income impact investments .\nadult great blue heron ( white - morph ) , captiva is . , fl .\nfigure 1 . range of the black - crowned night - heron in north america .\nadult black - crowned night - heron foraging , lake martin , la , april .\nthe white - faced heron is one of new zealand ' s commonest large birds .\nthe heron is dead in an instant , and two other lions rush into the frame .\nfigure 1 . breeding , nonbreeding , and year - round ranges of the great blue heron .\nthe great blue heron is one of the most widespread and adaptable wading birds in north america .\nto me , heron doesn ' t seem quite as namelike as wren , robin or lark .\nbetween 1948 and 2004 , heron life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1957 , and highest in 1996 . the average life expectancy for heron in 1948 was 44 , and 77 in 2004 .\nkc tsang did it again . on 30th december 2008 he sighted a malayan night heron . . .\nthe earliest occurrence of the heron surname in our family history documents is from 1454 , and we currently have 117 , 847 records where heron appears . here are a few more facts to get you started\u2026\nheron may feel like a very usable nature name - - the heron is a long - legged wading bird - - but it was also the name of a 1st century greek inventor and of an egyptian saint . highly unusual yet easy to understand and meaningful on several levels , heron is a fantastic choice .\nto find your nearest heron foods store , simply enter a place name or postcode in the field below .\nthe tall , long - legged great blue heron is the most common and largest of north american herons .\nlast year a heron took nearly half our adult and young goldfish and golden orfe from our fish pond .\nwhat about heather ? it ' s a nature name with some of the same soft sounds as heron .\nthe great blue heron is a tall , long - legged , long - necked heron with a bluish - gray body , a pale head with a black stripe above the eye , and black streaking on the foreneck .\nthe name heron is a boy ' s name meaning\nhero\n. heron and is often added to lists like unique middle names for boys and discussed in our forums with posts like\nbaby a day\n.\nsimilar species : the white - faced heron is paler and two - toned grey , with an obvious white face when adult . it has a more upright stance , and uses a much wider range of habitats than the reef heron , which is never seen away from the coast . in flight , the reef heron is uniformly dark , whereas the white - faced heron ' s dark flight feathers contrast with the paler grey wing coverts and body .\nthe grey heron is a tall bird with a long neck and legs , and a heavy dagger - like bill .\nwhite - bellied heron \u2013 ardea insignis . avis . indianbiodiversity . org . retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 22 .\ni\u2019m a big heron fan - i always shop locally and i pop into heron at least 3 times a week . love the products and element of surprise offers ! the staff make it extra special . pride in their store is very evident !\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 heron foods . all rights reserved . all offers are subject to availability . prices include vat where applicable .\nas heron continues to optimize our portfolio for mission , some types of impact look great in isolation\u2014but less so in context .\nreef heron . adult stalking . port charles , coromandel peninsula , may 2009 . image \u00a9 neil fitzgerald by neil fitzgerald urltoken\na medium - sized dark grey heron with a long , greyish - yellow bill , and greenish - yellow legs , that is uniformly dark in flight . an all - white form of reef heron also exists but is rare in new zealand .\na grey heron has been seen flying overhead many times over the last few years and occasionally has visited our garden or those of our neighbours , especially in the early morning . several magpies and carrion crows usually\nescort\nand mob the heron .\nan all - white subspecies , the great white heron , is found in coastal areas of southern florida , along with individuals that are intermediate in plumage ( showing a grayish body with a mostly white head and neck ) , known as \u201cw\u00fcrdemann\u2019s heron . \u201d\nwe had never seen a heron here before . we put a net over the pond but the heron still came and made holes in the net to get to what was left of our fish . don\u2019t know how we can protect our fish this year .\nwe recently merged updates to run heron natively using mesos in aws , mesos / aurora in aws , and locally on a laptop .\nin an effort to be as transparent as possible , heron has been posting the performance of its financial portfolio dating all the way back to 1992 . and lately , observant readers have been sending us questions about the way in which heron\u2019s portfolio performed during the 2008 financial crisis .\nthe great blue heron is a large , slim wading bird with a long , curving neck and long legs . most often confused mistaken as a sandhill crane , in flight the great blue heron folds its neck back over its shoulders in an s - shape , while cranes hold their necks outstretched in flight . while hunting , the great blue heron stands nearly motionless , and despite its size can be easily overlooked .\nadams , r . 2013 . reef heron . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\none of the interesting and critical recent advances in understanding the systematics of herons is that three groups of herons are more primitive than the rest , the tiger herons , the agami heron , and the boat billed heron , the latter being a sister group of all the remaining herons . the tiger heron subfamily includes five species . members of the group have somewhat bittern - like plumage , but differ from bitterns in a number of skeletal characteristics and in behavior . the distributions of the species are scattered in the tropics of america ( tigrisoma ) , new guinea ( zonerodius ) and africa ( tigrionis ) . the old world forms are of conservation concern . the agami heron is a unique and little known heron from the american tropics . the boat billed heron is a polytypic species , also unique and requiring additional study to understand its population structure for conservation purposes .\nwhat made you want to look up heron ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nwhite - faced heron . adult in breeding plumage . anderson park , taradale , napier , january 2012 . image \u00a9 adam clarke by adam clarke\ni had never thought of heron as a name before , but my initial reaction is that i quite like it . i think heron stands as a lovely full name without need of a nickname , but hera is a beautiful , all - girl nickname . i like herons - i think the great blue heron is a gorgeous , long and lean , elegant bird , and a decent namesake . heron seems a little gender - neutral , but leans feminine to me . and i love a good nature name , even if i can ' t talk my husband into them !\nthe nest will be twiggy , usually at the top of a tall tree , such as a mature oak tree . herons nest in colonies , known as heronries , and one tree may contain up to six heron nests . there have been rare observations of heron nests found on the ground .\nthe tricolored heron is protected by the u . s . migratory bird treaty act and as a state threatened by florida\u2019s endangered and threatened species rule .\njuvenile white - bellied heron released . royal society for protection of nature ( rspn ) , thimphu : bhutan ( 2011 - 09 - 17 ) .\non the plus side , i don ' t think heron needs a nickname . it ' s like simon or emma - simple enough to avoid shortening .\nanother dead juvenile heron stood 1 . 58 m ( 5 . 2 ft ) tall and weighed 8 . 51 kg ( 18 . 8 lb ) .\nthe ' great white heron ' is generally considered a color - morph of the great blue ( a . h . occidentalis ) , though some authorities suggest it is a distinct species . where the dark and white forms overlap in florida , intermediate birds known as ' wurdemann ' s herons ' can be found ; they have the grayish bodies of a great blue heron , but the white head and neck of the great white heron . ; photographer william l . newton\nthe black - crowned night - heron ( nycticorax nycticorax ) is the most widespread heron in the world , breeding on every continent except antarctica and australia , where the genus is represented by the nankeen ( or rufous ) night - heron ( nycticorax caledonicus ) . although widespread and common in north america , its coloration and behavior , as well as its nocturnal and crepuscular feeding habits - - especially outside the breeding season - - render it less noticeable than many diurnal herons . this heron is an opportunistic forager that feeds on a wide variety of terrestrial organisms , but its diet consists primarily of fish and other freshwater and marine organisms .\nthe all - white color morph found in the caribbean and southern florida is often called the great white heron , but it is in fact the same species .\ncrossland , a . c . 1992 . first record of white phase reef heron ( egretta sacra ) in new zealand . notornis 39 : 233 - 234 .\nit ' s a completely androgynous name - i would have no idea whether heron was a boy or girl . that could be a plus or a minus .\nheron ' s size depends on the species . they can reach between 34 and 55 inches in length and weigh between 3 . 3 and 6 . 6 pounds .\nwalters , michael .\nthe correct scientific name of the white - bellied heron\n. bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club 121 ( 4 ) : 234\u2013236 .\nthe tricolored heron is a midsized member of the genus egretta . this species can reach a length between 24 - 26 inches ( 61 - 66 centimeters ) with a wingspan of approximately 36 inches ( 91 centimeters ) . the tricolored heron is named for its distinct coloration . it has a dark slate - blue colored head and upper body , a purple chest , and white underparts . this species also has a long , slender neck and bill , and is the only dark heron with light underparts .\nadams , r . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . white - faced heron . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nif you are near appropriate habitat , consider building a nest platform to attract herons . you can get plans for great blue heron nest platform on our all about birdhouses site .\nwe ' re excited that you have an opinion about the name heron . to rate names on nameberry , please register for an account or log in to an existing account .\nat the species level , many herons are well characterized . but there remains much uncertainty as to the species limits of many forms . the green herons , the little egret group , intermediate egret , great egrets , pond herons , small bitterns , large bitterns , boat billed heron , great blue heron and grey heron are some of the forms for which species limits remain unsettled . as late as 2005 , a new heron species was recognized as being distinct from another . of course this uncertainty may reflect in part difficulty with applying the species concept to widespread forms with isolated populations . but it more fundamentally reflects a lack of behavioural and molecular information available on these birds . research is essential to properly design conservation actions .\ncensus records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your heron ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .\nthe first of a series of retrospective deep dives into a broad selection of heron ' s early fixed income impact investments , featuring the financing of a wind turbine factory in jonesboro , arkansas .\ncensus records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your o ' heron ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .\nwithin the second heron subfamily , the bitterns , botaurus includes four superficially similar species in , north america , south america , australia and eurasia - africa . all species are of conservation concern . eight small bitterns are included in the genus ixobrychus . the most distinctive may be the little known zigzag heron , which is of conservation concern due to the lack of distribution and status information .\nedgar , a . t . 1978 . the reef heron ( egretta sacra ) in new zealand . notornis , 25 : 25 - 58 . available from urltoken ( sighted 22 july 2012 ) .\nthe familiar great blue heron is the largest heron in north america . it is a large bird , with a slate - gray body , chestnut and black accents , and very long legs and neck . in flight , it looks enormous , with a six - foot wingspan . adults sport a shaggy ruff at the base of their necks . a black eyebrow extends back to black plumes emerging from the head . juveniles have a dark crown with no plumes or ruff , and a mottled neck . in flight , a great blue heron typically holds its head in toward its body with its neck bent .\nheron is realtime analytics platform developed by twitter . it is the direct successor of apache storm , built to be backwards compatible with storm ' s topology api but with a wide array of architectural improvements .\na recent announcement by blackrock ceo larry fink that corporations need to pay more attention to their effects on society echoes heron chair buzz schmidt\u2019s call for accountability for enterprises\u2019 positive or negative effect on society\u2019s wherewithal .\nfor naturalists who enjoy the shore and marsh , this heron ' s distinctive call is a quintessential sound of dusk and night . in life histories of north american marsh birds , a . c . bent (\nthe white - faced heron is new zealand ' s most common heron , despite being a relatively new arrival to this country . it is a tall , elegant , blue - grey bird that can be seen stalking its prey in almost any aquatic habitat , including damp pasture and playing fields . because it occupies space also shared with people it is usually well habituated to their presence , and may allow close approach .\ncensus records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your heron ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .\nthe tricolored heron faces many threats to its population , such as the continued development of wetlands . as with other birds that inhabit estuaries , the exposure to pollutants and pesticides are a threat to the tricolored heron population ( rodgers 1997 , spalding et al . 1997 ) . other threats include alterations to the hydrology of foraging areas , reduced prey abundance , and oil spill impacts to critical breeding , foraging and roosting sites .\nthe white - bellied heron is found in the wetlands of tropical and subtropical forests in the foothills of the eastern himalayas of india and myanmar . it is also spotted in bhutan ' s sub - tropical areas and was once found in nepal . the major threats the heron faces are poaching ( both the bird itself and its eggs ) and habitat destruction ( the cutting of nesting trees and the disappearance of wetlands ) .\ncommon and widespread . see \u2018habitat\u2019 below for examples of the kind of place they can be found . one particularly good location for the grey heron is powderham , which has the biggest nesting colony in devon . *\nthis large heron is plain dark grey above with a long neck . the crown is dark and there are no black stripes on the neck as in the grey heron . in breeding plumage , it has a greyish - white nape plume and elongated grey breast feathers with white centers . the bill is black , greenish near the base and tip and the face is greenish grey . the bill is large and solid , with the\nthe reef heron is a dark grey wading bird most often seen in coastal areas in the north of the north island . one or two birds may be found patrolling a rocky shoreline or nearby estuary . although similar to the common white - faced heron it is not seen as frequently and has slightly different feeding habits . reef herons occur throughout polynesia , and their prevalence in northern new zealand may reflect their preference for warmer climates .\ncensus records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your o ' heron ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .\nthe white - faced heron is a medium - sized heron with primarily blue - grey plumage . as the name suggests it has white on the face and the front of its neck . the back is medium blue - grey with the chest and underside more brown - toned . in breeding plumage , white - faced herons have strap - like grey plumes on the back , and shorter pinkish brown plumes on the breast . the dagger - like bill is dark grey , dull yellow at the base , and the legs are pale yellow . in flight the white - faced heron usually tucks its head back towards its shoulders in the characteristic heron posture , but it will also fly with the neck out - stretched . its open wings show contrast between the pale grey fore - wing and dark grey main flight feathers on both the upper and lower surfaces . immature birds lack the white face .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' heron . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\nmostly fish , but will eat small mammals , amphibians and even smaller birds in the winter when the water the surface of ponds and lakes is frozen over . unfortunately , the heron has been spotted eating the very rare water vole .\n. it is mostly dark grey with a white throat and underparts . this heron is mostly solitary and is found on undisturbed riverside or wetland habitats . the global population has declined and the species is threatened by disturbance and habitat degradation .\nthe shoreline habitat occupied by the reef heron has ongoing threats from encroachment by development , and the birds are vulnerable to disturbance by people and dogs . the conservation status of this species was changed from nationally vulnerable to nationally endangered in 2013 .\nfrederick , peter c . 1997 . tricolored heron ( egretta tricolor ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online .\nyoung waterbirds are taken in hard weather by full - grown birds . a water - rail has been recovered in a heron ' s stomach . mice and rats are eaten and judging by the fur in pellets , many water - voles .\nhonestly my first thought when i sae the word\nheron\nwas not the bird ( of which i am familiar ) but rather the words :\nheroine\nor the drug\nheroin\n( not sure of the spelling ) .\nherons hunt by quickly straightening their s - shaped neck toward the victim . fish and other prey will be stabbed with sharp bill and swallowed in one piece . heron can die out of suffocation if it tries to swallow some really big prey .\nthe grey heron is the uk\u2019s most widespread predatory bird . it is solitary , until the breeding season , when they come together in large colonies . some herons are resident , some leave for the winter and some overwinter here from northern europe .\n. 2006 ) , and hpon razi wildlife sanctuary and hkakabo razi national park hold small populations . white - bellied heron has been recorded along rivers elsewhere in kachin state , such as the nam sam chaung , although little is known about its status in these areas\nthis heron is classified as critically endangered because it has an extremely small and rapidly declining population . this decline is projected to increase in the near future as a result of the loss and degradation of lowland forest and wetlands , and through direct exploitation and disturbance .\nthe dark grey colour provides the bird with excellent camouflage when it is patrolling the shoreline rocks that are its main habitat . the reef heron is wary , and flies away when approached too closely . it will , however , use man - made structures for nesting .\nheron foods , the frozen , chilled and grocery business with hundreds of stores across the midlands , north of england and south wales has announced they will be opening a new store in netherfield , mk6 , which is scheduled to open on monday , june 25 , 2018 .\nthe white - faced heron feeds on a wide variety of prey , including fish , insects and amphibians . food is obtained in a variety of ways , such as walking and disturbing prey , searching among damp crevices or simply standing in the water and watching for movement .\nwatts , bryan d . 2011 . yellow - crowned night - heron ( nyctanassa violacea ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nkelly , j . p . , h . m . pratt , and p . l . greene . 1993 . the distribution , reproductive success , and habitat characteristics of heron and egret breeding colonies in the san francisco bay area . colonial waterbirds 16 : 18 - 27 .\nthe new zealand reef heron population is estimated at only 300 - 500 birds , but they are regularly seen at the sites where they occur , and those populations surveyed appear to have been stable over the past 40 years . they are widespread and abundant elsewhere in their range .\na medium - sized blue - grey heron with white face , long dark grey bill , and pale yellow legs . in flight the open wings show a marked contrast between the pale grey fore - wing and dark grey main flight feathers on both the upper and lower surfaces .\nat heron foods we\u2019ve made it our business to help our customers buy big name bargains for less , for nearly forty years . our customers constantly tell us how much they love our fantastic range of chilled foods , frozen foods and grocery products at prices none of our competitors can match .\nvennesland , ross g . and robert w . butler . 2011 . great blue heron ( ardea herodias ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\n2012 ) . two adult birds were recorded in phibsoo wildlife sanctuary , sarpang in february 2014 ( anon . 2014 ) . the annual survey of white - bellied heron in bhutan reported 22 birds in 2014 , an increase from 2013 when 20 birds were recorded ( anon . 2014 ) .\n. 2006 ) , and hpon razi wildlife sanctuary . a project studying white - bellied heron began in bhutan in 2003 , and is run in conjunction with the royal society for the protection of nature , the world wildlife fund , the felburn foundation and the international crane foundation . recognising the importance of the riverbed in punakha - wangdue as a primary feeding ground for this species , the royal government of bhutan has declared the area as protected habitat for white - bellied herons . in may 2011 , a white - bellied heron was hatched in captivity for the first time ( tshewang norbu\nbourne , w . r . p . , ashmole , n . p . and simmons , k . e . l . ( 2003 ) a new subfossil night heron and a new genus for the extinct rail for ascension island , central tropical ocean . ardea 91 : 45 - 51 .\nour stores are bright and attractive places to shop . our staff are always on hand to help you track down any one of the hundreds of bargains in - store . call in today to any one of our 240 stores throughout the north and midlands . find your nearest heron foods store now .\neventually a fish will pay the price of carelessness as the heron ' s kinked neck is straightened with startling speed and the sharp bill stabs its prey - sometimes several times . at breydon , herons also known in norfolk as the marshmen ' s harnser , will wade until the body is afloat .\nan unusually short lifespan might indicate that your heron ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .\nhonestly , i don ' t love heron as a name . part of the reason is that i don ' t think herons are very attractive birds . larks and wrens are cuter , plus larks are know for their songs . but it ' s probably mostly because i ' m a traditionalist .\nat the genus level , heron taxonomy is in a state of flux , and has been for decades . wca recognizes 17 genera . several species represent monotypic genera , and so are of conservation special interest , pilherodius , syrigma , agamia , zebrilus , zonerodius , tigriornis , nyctinassa , and cochlearius .\nthe reef heron is a medium - sized dark grey heron with a long , greyish - yellow , heavy bill and greenish - yellow legs . during the breeding season it develops long plumes , mainly on its back but with some also on its chest . it has no white face but a small streak of white may sometimes be seen on the throat . in flight it tucks its head back into its shoulders so that the length of its neck is hidden , giving it a hunched appearance . it stays fairly low unless travelling a significant distance when it may fly higher . immature birds are brownish .\nclosely related to ardea are the butorides and ardeola herons . as a whole the butorides herons demonstrate a degree of geographic and individual variation in aspects of plumage unparalleled in extant herons , with many subspecies being recognized . butorides is vagile , with a new population being established in bermuda within the last decade . the species limits within this genus have been a huge problem for decades , particularly as to whether the green heron and striated heron are or are not the same species . this is a genus for which conservation of geographic populations is especially important , irrespective of what the current taxonomic opinions might be .\nmost extant species are part of a single subfamily of \u201ctypical herons , \u201d the ardeinae . this subfamily includes the herons and egrets ( ardea , egretta ) , the green herons ( butorides ) , the pond herons ( ardeola ) , a few monotypic genera , but also the night herons ( nycticorax , gorsachius ) . within the typical heron subfamily , three groups are recognized as tribes , ardeini , egrettini , and nycticoraxini . the second subfamily , botaurinae , encompasses the bitterns ( ixobrychus , botaurus , zebrilus ) . these birds share a number of morphological and behavioural characteristics that differ from the typical herons . several species are quite distinctive from other herons , and from each other . these are the boat billed heron , the tiger herons , and the agami heron , all of which are allocated to separate subfamilies . it is thought they represent ancient lineages of herons , and so are of special conservation concern .\nwidespread and familiar ( though often called\ncrane\n) , the largest heron in north america . often seen standing silently along inland rivers or lakeshores , or flying high overhead , with slow wingbeats , its head hunched back onto its shoulders . highly adaptable , it thrives around all kinds of waters from subtropical mangrove swamps to desert rivers to the coastline of southern alaska . with its variable diet it is able to spend the winter farther north than most herons , even in areas where most waters freeze . a form in southern florida ( called\ngreat white heron\n) is slightly larger and entirely white .\nan unusually short lifespan might indicate that your o ' heron ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .\njust like school used to make ! this retro classic is really simply to make with only five ingredients . makes a nice dessert that kids absolutely love . find all of what you need in your local heron foods store . now you just need to decide whether to have it with pink or mint custard ? !\nthe reef heron is a bird of the rocky shore , where it stalks around rock pools and small rivulets of water that may carry fish . it can also be seen on estuary mudflats feeding at low tide and may occasionally be seen wading in the shallow waves on sandy beaches . it is rarely seen inland .\noccupied herons ' nests may be readily told by numerous droppings on the ground beneath them . the pellets are the indigestible portions of heron ' s food . unless blown down by storms the same nest is used each spring . old ones , massive platforms 3ft across , may also provide homes for nesting tree sparrows .\nthese extremely high weights require verification , since they indicate this species can exceed even the typically larger goliath heron in mass . on the ground it walks slowly , moving its neck slowly while looking from side to side . the goliath species , beyond the average size difference , is distinguished by its chestnut neck while the slightly smaller\nlargest of the north american herons with long legs , a sinuous neck , and thick , daggerlike bill . head , chest , and wing plumes give a shaggy appearance . in flight , the great blue heron curls its neck into a tight \u201cs\u201d shape ; its wings are broad and rounded and its legs trail well beyond the tail .\nhothem , roger l . , brianne e . brussee and william e . davis jr . 2010 . black - crowned night - heron ( nycticorax nycticorax ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe great blue heron weathered the impacts of 20th century north americans relatively successfully . although it was hunted heavily for its plumes and some of its wetland habitats were drained or otherwise degraded , many populations have recovered well . nevertheless , breeding colonies remain vulnerable to disturbance and habitat loss , and climate change and increasing predator populations may bring new challenges .\nup to nine subspecies have been recognized by past researchers , based on differences in plumage color and morphology . researchers have agreed that florida ' s great white heron ( a . h . occidentalis ) , the subspecies most distinctive in color ( entirely white ) , and the pacific great blue heron ( a . h . fannini ) are distinct subspecies . recent reviews ( see systematics ) have suggested that the remaining great blue herons in north america are composed of either one ( a . h . herodias ) , or two ( a . h . herodias , a . h . wardi ) subspecies . owing to this controversy , this account primarily considers ' blue group ' great blue herons ( a . h . herodias , a . h . wardi , a . h . fannini ) , usually referred to as the herodias ( or blue ) group , and ' white group ' great blue herons - the great white heron ( a . h . occidentalis ) , referred to here as the occidentalis ( white ) group great blue herons .\ngreat blue heron numbers are stable and increased in the u . s . between 1966 and 2014 , according to the north american breeding bird survey . however , notable population declines have occurred in some areas , particularly in the \u201cgreat white heron\u201d group in southern florida , where elevated mercury levels in local waterways may be a factor . the north american waterbird conservation plan estimates a continental population of 83 , 000 breeding birds , and rates the species an 8 out of 20 on the continental concern score . the great white form of great blue heron is on the 2014 state of the birds watch list , which lists birds that are at risk of becoming threatened or endangered without conservation action . great blue herons can be found throughout the year all over north america , though most populations in canada are present only during the breeding season , and most populations in mexico are only present during the winter . because great blue herons depend on wetlands for feeding and on relatively undisturbed sites for breeding , they are vulnerable to habitat loss and to impacts such as traffic , logging , motorboats , and other human intrusions that can disrupt nesting colonies . other threats include chemical pollutants or other causes of reduced water quality . although contaminant levels have declined in many areas , pollutants such as pcbs and ddt and newer types of industrial chemicals continue to affect heron habitats and can contribute to factors such as reduced nest site attendance . back to top\nenglish and french ( h\u00e9ron ) : nickname for a tall , thin person resembling a heron , middle english heiroun , heyron ( old french hairon , of germanic origin ) . english : habitational name from harome in north yorkshire , named with old english harum , dative plural of h\u00e6r \u2018rock\u2019 , \u2018stone\u2019 . this surname has evidently become confused with 1 . irish : reduced form of o\u2019heron , an anglicized form of gaelic \u00f3 huidhr\u00edn \u2018descendant of uidhr\u00edn\u2019 , a personal name from a diminutive of odhar \u2018dun\u2019 , \u2018swarthy\u2019 . irish : reduced anglicized form of gaelic \u00f3 hear\u00e1in ( see haren ) . irish : reduced anglicized form of gaelic mac giolla chiar\u00e1in \u2018son of the servant of ( saint ) ciar\u00e1n\u2019 ( see kieran ) .\nvery pretty ! heron is distinguished yet sweet . i personally like helena , or hava for other h names . ( plus hava has a nice hebrew meaning , and could be used as a hebrew name if not given . ) hera for a nickname is cool in my mind - - a greek godess and androgynous bird name all in one ! fantastic !\nthe heron ' s breeding season is prolonged . in early february in a mild season , they may be seen soaring over the nesting wood and chasing one another , tilting from side to side and diving head - long . an exciting performance to watch for next to the mute swan the heron is our largest common bird . endless display takes place on old nest platforms and consists of elaborate neck movements with crest and neck plumes erect and accompanied by bill - snapping and a variety of blood - curdling calls . for short periods the normally yellow - coloured bill and legs change dramatically to deep orange , especially when a group assembles on the ' dancing grounds ' running and skipping first in one direction and then another with open wings .\ntwo hesitations about heron : it ' s gender - ambiguous , but i ' d probably be more likely to guess boy than girl , if that matters to you . it could also be an awkward name to wear if your daughter is a leggy , lanky teenager . heron does feel a bit in - your - face in the sense that it ' s a commonly known bird ( linnet and avocet wouldn ' t ring a bell with most non - birders ) but not one that ' s been commonly used as a name ( people recognize wren and lark as bird names , but we ' re not too surprised to see these names on people ) . it does sound name - like at least : fits the ends - with - n trend , almost rhymes with aaron or erin . . . actually i wouldn ' t be surprised if people misheard it as one of these , if that matters to you . i ' m not sure i ' d do it myself ( maybe more likely as a middle name ) , but i love the story heron has for your family ! what a special , meaningful gift to your daughter .\nthis night - heron ' s diet has magnified its exposure to contaminants , especially ddt , a persistent organochlorine pesticide that appears to have caused reproductive failure in some populations and may have contributed to subsequent local population declines in the 1960s . since then , extensive sampling has shown that while some populations continue to accumulate contaminants , these appear to have had minimal effect on breeding success and population levels .\nin parts of their range where food is not available in the winter , great blue herons are migratory , and some may migrate to washington from points farther north . most of washington ' s breeding population remains in the state year round . in parts of eastern washington where the water freezes , great blue heron populations concentrate along major rivers where food is available , or they hunt rodents on land .\nthe white - faced heron is mostly light blue - grey in colour , with a characteristic white face . in flight , the dark flight feathers of the wing contrast with the paler grey plumage , making this bird easily identifiable when viewed from below . it has a long , slim neck and a pointed grey - black bill . the legs are long and dull yellow in colour . sexes are similar . when breeding , the birds have long feathers ( nuptial plumes ) on the head , neck and back . the white - faced heron has a slow bouncing flight . young white - faced herons are similar in appearance to the non - breeding adults ( no nuptial plumes ) , but are duller , with little or no white on the face . they often have a reddish colour on the underparts .\nhenny , c . j . , e . f . hill , r . a . grove and j . l . kaiser . 2007 . mercury and drought along the lower carson river , nevada : i . snowy egret and black - crowned night - heron annual exposure to mercury , 1997 - 2006 . archives of environmental contamination and toxicology no . 53 ( 2 ) : 269 - 280 . close\nthe variable diet of great blue herons allows them to exploit a variety of habitats . this adaptability also enables them to winter farther north than most herons . fish , amphibians , reptiles , invertebrates , small mammals , and even other birds are all potential prey of the great blue heron . in washington , much of their winter hunting is on land , with voles making up a major portion of their winter diet .\nc . nycticoracis : it was described as a new species based on the presence of a single male with broken spicule from a heron in new south wales ( johnston and mawson , 1941e ) . the description of this species is very brief and the figures provided in the article do not show sufficient detail of taxonomically important features to differentiate it from other contracaceum spp . therefore the validity of c . nycticoracis is questionable .\nadaptable and widespread , the great blue heron is found in a wide variety of habitats . when feeding , it is usually seen in slow - moving or calm salt , fresh , or brackish water . great blue herons inhabit sheltered , shallow bays and inlets , sloughs , marshes , wet meadows , shores of lakes , and rivers . nesting colonies are typically found in mature forests , on islands , or near mudflats , and do best when they are free of human disturbance and have foraging areas close by .\nso if you wish to adhere to tradition , you are not wedded to the letter h as the first initial , although you may choose it if you like . first , find out whether your relative had a hebrew or yiddish name , and if so , ascertain its meaning . then you can brainstorm names with similar sound , initial or otherwise , or meaning . you may , of course , still end up with an h - name and that name might still be heron , but you might also uncover other interesting possibilities .\nyellow - crowned night - herons nest near or over water in trees such as pine and oak\u2014as high as 60 feet or more off the ground\u2014or on lower vegetation such as mulberry , myrtle , hackberry , and mangrove . on islands with limited vegetation , they may nest on rock ledges . the male chooses the location , and the pair may start several nests before completing one . they nest alone or in colonies of up to several hundred pairs , sometimes with other heron species . some colony sites remain in use for more than 20 years .\nforaging great blue herons are not hard to find in appropriate habitat throughout the year . some prominent rookeries can be found on samish island between samish bay and padilla bay ( skagit county ) ; at the dumas bay sanctuary in tacoma ( pierce county ) ; by the ballard locks in seattle , at lake sammamish state park ( both in king county ) ; on vancouver lake ( clark county ) ; and at potholes wra ( grant county ) . when observing great blue heron rookeries , please keep in mind the 1000 - foot disturbance buffer zone .\nardea includes the largest modern heron , ardea goliath , and other \u2018giant\u2019 herons , all of which are of conservation concern . the white - bellied heron is among the world\u2019s most rare and endangered . the three large ardea ( cinerea , herodias and cocoi ) appear closely related . the nearly cosmopolitan cattle egret ( previously placed in bubulcus , ardeola , or egretta ) , the great egret and the eastern great white egret ( previously referred to egretta and casmerodius as well as ardea ) , and the intermediate egret ( previously egretta ) , also are ardea . shifting names may cause some confusion among conservationists . there remain a number of interesting research questions and uncertainties within ardea . these include the possible specific distinctiveness of certain populations , including ardea cinerea monicae in mauritania and ardea herodias in southern florida and the caribbean and the north pacific coast of north america . it remains unclear how many species are in the great egret group . although the great egret and eastern great egret are currently recognized , it is unclear what is the correct delineation of species in this nearly cosmopolitan group . conservation action centering on these populations is critical .\nheron is a bird that can be easily confused with a stork , due to similarities in appearance . there are 64 different species of herons that differ in size , color and type of habitat . herons can be found on each continent except on antarctica . these birds prefer wetlands , swamps , coastlines and areas near rivers , ponds and lakes . pollution of the water with heavy metals and chemicals and habitat destruction are the main factors that decrease number of herons in the wild . at the moment , world population of herons is stable and they are not on the list of endangered animals .\ncheshire is the pond capital of britain , and it is not surprising that it is the heron capital as well . two of the five largest heronries in britain are in cheshire and wirral , and the county holds more than one - in - twenty of britain\u2019s birds . the private wood on the north side of marbury ( budworth ) mere ( sj67n ) holds currently the largest colony of grey herons in britain , 180 apparently occupied nests ( aon ) in 2005 , and that at eaton hall ( sj45e ) \u2013 in existence since at least 1874 \u2013 is the third largest with 149 nests .\nthe herons are a fairly ancient group of birds . although bird fossils are rare , herons are exceptionally rare even by avian standards totaling fewer than 40 identified species . herons first emerge in the fossil record some 60 - 38 million years ago . birds attributable to contemporary genera first occur about 7 million years ago . these include nycticorax , ardea , egretta and ardeola . thus by the miocene , a period characterized by extensive aquatic habitats , herons rather closely resembling modern forms had evolved and had radiated into the kinds of herons known today , day and night herons , and large , medium and small herons . fossils are commoner in more recent times . those from the pleistocene are often assignable to extant species , so contemporary heron species have been around a long time . subfossils from islands often represent recently extinct forms , species or subspecies , particularly of nycticorax . most of these went extinct when humans colonized their islands . these fossils are illustrative of the ever - changing face of heron distribution in the world . herons can make significant changes in range within a matter of decades . as a result , conservation depends on an accurate monitoring of herons\u2019 ranges and with special attention to isolated and outlying populations .\nthe grey heron population of cheshire and wirral , assessed from the bbs transects in 2004 - 05 , was 3 , 050 birds ( with wide confidence limits of zero to 7 , 940 ) . the number of breeding adults is about 1 , 300 so this figure implies more non - breeders than breeders : most grey herons do not nest until two or three years of age , so there are large numbers of immature birds present , and bbs fieldworkers might also have counted some early - fledged juvenile birds . the county figure is 4 . 2 % of the national total of 57 , 220 birds ( newson et al 2008 ) .\nblack - crowned night - herons are opportunists feeders that eat many kinds of terrestrial , freshwater , and marine animals . their diet includes leeches , earthworms , insects , crayfish , clams , mussels , fish , amphibians , lizards , snakes , turtles , rodents , birds , and eggs . they also eat carrion , plant materials , and garbage from landfills . rather than stabbing their prey , they grasp it in their bills . black - crowned night - herons normally feed between evening and early morning , avoiding competition with other heron species that use the same habitat during the day . they may feed during the day in the breeding season , when they need extra energy for nesting . back to top\nequally at home in coastal ( marine ) environments and in fresh water habitats , the great blue heron nests mostly in colonies , commonly large ones of several hundred pairs . such colonies are often located on islands or in wooded swamps , isolated locations that discourage predation by snakes and mammals and disturbance from humans . although the species is primarily a fish eater , wading ( often belly deep ) along the shoreline of oceans , marshes , lakes , and rivers , it also stalks upland areas for rodents and other animals , especially in winter . it has been known to eat most animals that come within striking range . its well - studied , elaborate courtship displays have correlates on the foraging grounds , where this species can be strongly territorial ."]}
{"id": 482, "summary": [{"text": "the red whip snake or collared dwarf racer ( platyceps collaris ) is a species of snake in the family colubridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "native to the middle east , its natural habitats are mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation , rocky areas , arable land , pastureland , plantations , and rural gardens . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red whip snake", "paragraphs": ["also known as : red whip snake , brown whip snake , keel bellied whip snake , keel bellied vine snake .\ncoachwhip snake , eastern coachwhip , lined coachwhip , prairie runner , red coachwhip , red racer , san joaquin coachwhip , san joaquin whip snake , sonoran coachwhip , western coachwhip .\nred - bellied black snake ( pseudechis porphyriacus ) 2 . 52 2 . 53\nthe rufous or red whip snake ( demansia rufescens ) is restricted to the pilbara region of western australia . this one is from karratha\nsearch red whip snake and thousands of other words in english cobuild dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of red whip snake given by the english cobuild dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\ncommon names : green tree snake , yellow - belied black snake , grass snake .\nsearch red whip snake and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of red whip snake given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\nreticulated whip snake ( demansia reticulata reticulata ) . this individual from jurien , western australia\nhead of yellow - faced whip snake , demansia psammophis , showing distinctive facial markings .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is fast and alert and is active by day .\nif someone whips a person or animal , they beat them or hit them with a whip or something like a whip .\ndryophiops rubescens \u2013 brown whip snake . rear fanged . not dangerous to humans . relatively rare .\nthe coachwhip is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nnotes : these are really beautiful snakes resembling the ahaetulla prasina in body morphology and gunther\u2019s whip snake . studied closely you\u2019d be amazed at the pattern in the body of the snake . both of ours were brown whip snakes ( we are guessing \u2013 there are few photos in the lit ) , there are also red - colored species of this snake .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake usually feeds on lizards and their eggs , frogs and other small snakes .\nto bring , train , etc . , forcefully into a desired condition ( esp . in the phrases whip into line and whip into shape )\nthis snake is superficially similar to the green tree snake , dendrelaphis punctulata , which lacks markings around the eyes and the reddish tinge seen on the neck of the yellow - faced whip snake .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2009 : e . t61449a86246670 .\nthe small - eyed snake ( maximum length 1 . 2m ) looks similar to a red - bellied black snake , with a steely - black skin and pink belly scales that are just visible on the lower sides of the snake .\nhere is a whip snake that was a bit of a mystery for a while , it was finally identified by an american expat snake researcher in bangkok \u2013 michael cota .\nduring winter the yellow - faced whip snake may shelter beneath rocks , and has been observed aggregating with several other individuals on occasion .\ncoppertail , two - toned snake , green whip snake are all common names applied to this northwestern australian species ( demansia reticulata cupreiceps ) . this individual from whim creek , western australia\ndescription : uniform glossy black along whole body . belly has red or pink flush brighter on the sides and paler in the middle . hind edge of belly scales is black , creating an even red and black striped appearance . belly colour is visible along flanks and sides .\nthe black - necked whip snake ( demansia calodera ) is restricted to the central west coast . this individual is from carnarvon , wa .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is widespread over a large portion of mainland australia and is found in open forests , farmland and suburban gardens .\nif you have the whip hand , you have power over someone else in a particular situation .\nany of various other birds , such as pachycephala pectoralis and p . rufiventris ( mock whip bird )\nany of several birds of the genus psophodes , esp . p . olivaceus ( eastern whip bird ) and p . nigrogularis ( black - throated whip bird ) , having a whistle ending in a whipcrack note\nat snake catchers adelaide we offer toolbox talks for information , prevention and safety on snake awareness in the workplace or community .\nif you whip people into an emotional state , you deliberately cause and encourage them to be in that state .\nthese days the shopper has the whip hand , and will not buy if stores fail to lower their prices .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is a slender and fast - moving snake , active during the day . it is common and widespread across many areas of australia . it is often confused with the eastern brown snake , and it is hard to observe closely , being alert and fleeing quickly when disturbed .\n, also referred to as the whip snake , endemic to the united states and the northern half of mexico . the coachwhip is one of the largest native snakes found in north america .\nhowever ; some people take different reactions to a bite from a yellow faced whip snake , so medical advice should be sought if the bite victim has unusual symptoms or doesn\u2019t feel well .\na very fast and agile snake encountered quite frequently by brisbane residents , usually in their gardens . the yellow - faced whip snake is easy to identify by the comma marking around the eyes . they are non aggressive and will flee at the \u0003first chance .\nit is thought that the coachwhip gets its name from the pattern on its tail , which looks like a braided whip .\nmost of 1300 catch it\u2019s call outs for yellow - faced whip snakes are around the north lakes and mango hill area .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake feeds mainly on small diurnal lizards , as well as frogs and lizard eggs . they have good eyesight , and can chase and capture lizards on the run .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is a venomous snake , but is not considered dangerous . however , a bite could be extremely painful , with much local swelling . some instances of increasing severity of bites after multiple exposure have been anecdotally reported for this species .\naccident - unavoidable without exceptional awareness . herp - herpetologist bitten while handling snake . kill - bitten while killing snake . mis id - bitten while handling venomous snake believing it to be harmless . trod - bitten after treading on snake . ? - insufficient data to determine cause .\nfyfe , g . & booth , p . 1984 . ' some notes on the habits of the little whip snake , unechis flagellum . herpetofauna 6 ( 2 ) . pp 16 - 21 .\nwhen you whip something liquid such as cream or an egg , you stir it very fast until it is thick or stiff .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake has a large distribution . eastern populations occur from townsville down along the east coast and ranges , extending inland through the nsw semi - arid zone and into eastern sa .\nred - bellied blacks are active during the day and night , and are often found near swamps , lagoons , streams and wet forests of eastern queensland . growing to 2m in length , they are iridescent black above with bright red or pink scales along the edge of the belly , fading to pink to white towards the middle belly . this species is generally shy and will only defend itself if cornered .\nthe western populations , sometimes referred to as a subspecies ( demansia psammophis cupreiceps ) occupy a large portion of the arid interior . their range includes most of western sa , the southern nt and much of the interior of wa up into the pilbara region . the closely related reticulate whip snake ( demansia reticulata ) . sometimes considered a sub - species of the yellow - faced whip snake , inhabits the south - east coast of wa .\na snake will not make a deliberate move towards you unless it is provoked .\nreevesby island tiger snake ( notechis ater niger ) 0 . 131 0 . 099\nwestern mainland tiger snake ( notechis scutatus occidentalis ) 0 . 194 0 . 124\nchappell island tiger snake ( notechis ater serventyi ) 0 . 338 0 . 271\nstephens ' s banded snake ( hoplocephalus stephensii ) 1 . 36 1 . 44\nthe elapids consist of 23 species of sea snakes and 51 species of land snakes , including some of the world ' s most venomous land snakes such as the taipan , brown snake and king brown snake ( also known as mulga snake ) .\ntree snakes belong to the group of snakes known as colubrids . three main species that are regularly encountered by people are the brown tree snake ( boiga irregularis ) , common tree snake ( dendrelaphis punctulata ) and northern tree snake ( dendrelaphis calligastra ) .\nif you need help with a snake , call mr gilbert on 0409 536 000 .\neastern mainland tiger snake ( notechis s . scutatus ) 0 . 118 0 . 118\ndo not try to handle the snake . injured snakes are particularly aggressive . call the rspca qld to obtain details for a rehabilitation permit holder to come and collect the snake .\na whip is a long thin piece of material such as leather or rope , fastened to a stiff handle . it is used for hitting people or animals .\nsnake catcher richie gilbert has seen it all in more than 13 years on the job .\nthis snake is known to exist in several protected areas . no conservation actions are recommended .\na three - line whip is a situation where the mps in a political party are ordered to attend parliament and vote in a particular way on a particular issue .\nif there is a chance that a snake could find its way into your home you should have the number of a commercial snake catcher on hand . snakes found on your premises can be removed and relocated by snake catchers authorised under the nature conservation act 1992 . contact details of local snake catchers can be obtained through the yellow pages or via the internet . it is important to remember that snakes are an important part of the environment and the relocated snake is often replaced by another living nearby . the best approach is to snake - proof your house .\ncovecevich , j . & limpus , c . 1972 . ' observations on community egglaying in the yellow - faced whip snake , demansia psammophis . ( schlegel ) 1837 . ( squamata ; elapidae ) . herpetologica , 28 ( 3 ) pp 208 - 210 .\nthis snake usually feeds on lizards and their eggs but will also eat frogs and other snakes .\ndanger : highly venomous . accounts for more fatalities than any other australian snake . a nervous , ready biter it will defend itself if threatened . the second most toxic land snake in the world .\nhi , i have many whipped snake in captivity myself , and i have the one u show one of the video , howevr these snake is not poisonous . . and they move very fast\u2026they will bites once threatened . . but will not sore or pain , , some smalller whip will not even leave a tooth hole after the bites , nice work , like the way u show on video\npeter rankin ( pers . comm . ) documented a case involving an adult female red - bellied black snake at a gully in suburban sydney . the female apparently had a territory that she inhabited and never wandered out of . this snake only utilised a few particular resting places . the snake was observed closely by rankin for some time . an adult male specimen was seen to enter the territory and later mate with the female . the male ' loitered ' around the female for some time ( over a week ) , mating with her more than once , before vacating the territory , never to be seen again .\nif the snake is in a place away from electricity and valuable items , try directing a gentle jet of water from the garden hose or squirt bottle towards the snake to encourage it to move away . remember that snakes on the move will naturally try to find shelter , so hosing the snake may not always work .\nif someone whips up an emotion , especially a dangerous one such as hatred , or if they whip people up into an emotional state , they deliberately cause and encourage people to feel that emotion .\nwhen a group of people have a whip - round , money is collected from each person so that it can be used to buy something for all of them or for someone they all know .\nthis snake was found in krabi province , and far north of where other instances of this snake have been found in thailand . there were a couple found in the southernmost provinces \u2013 near narathiwat \u2013 near the malaysian border .\nit is important that you never try to kill the snake . not only is it illegal to kill a native animal , but it places you at a higher risk of being bitten if you force the snake to defend itself .\na whip is a member of a political party in a parliament or legislature who is responsible for making sure that party members are present to vote on important issues and that they vote in the appropriate way .\nand with 20 snake species living here , it is common for them to pop up in the most unlikely places .\nany of various other slender nonvenomous snakes , such as masticophis flagellum ( coachwhip snake ) of the u . s .\ndescription : the head of this snake is more brown than any other part of the body . keep in mind there are red and brown varieties . the head is elongated and has a ridge between the eye and snout . pupils are set horizontally . the body of the snake is slender \u2013 ideal for climbing through vines and light growth . the snake is measured in grams , not exceeding 300 grams for the largest of them . scales on top of the body are smooth . the underside scales are keeled and are excellent for climbing . the whip snake i caught yesterday was able to climb up a smooth plastic water jug and grip it tightly . i was quite surprised . the head is brown , the neck and first half of the body is silver / grey and mottled with some black and dark grey . the belly is pale yellow under the head and neck , and toward the tail gets a coloration very similar to the top \u2013 heavily mottled and darker brown moving posteriorly . these snakes are more thin than my smallest finger .\nto learn more , go to urltoken or follow the facebook page for tips , videos , identification and general snake education .\nan agile , fast - moving snake , the coachwhip can move at top speeds of up to four miles per hour .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake lays eggs in early summer in the south of its range , with clutches of 5 - 20 eggs ( the average is six ) being recorded . communal egg - laying of up to 200 eggs , in deep soil or rock crevices , has also been reported , possibly deposited over multiple years , as evidenced by old egg shells .\naustralia ' s most venomous ( yield ) snake is the king brown ( pseudechis australis ) . believed involved in very few fatalities .\nabout half the deaths are due to bites from the brown snake and the rest are mostly from tiger snakes , taipans and death adders .\nthe most toxic snake venom on mice ( of the species tested ) is the inland taipan ( oxyuranus microlepidotus ) . see figure 3 .\ndescription : very slender snake with long , thin whip - like tail . large prominent eyes . colour generally pale olive or bluish - grey , often with rusty flush or longitudinal stripes along front - third of body . belly grayish - green , often yellowish under tail . distinctive face markings . obvious pale cream or yellow rim around eye , with dark comma - shaped marking curving back below eye .\ndescription : large , heavy bodied snake with a highly variable , mottled and blocked pattern and colour . mostly white to cream on the underside .\nfigure 4 . comparative frequency of fatalities relative to the five species - groups of snake believed involve for the 24 year period 1980 - 2004 .\nde vis ' banded snake , denisonia devisi . in late august 1975 , colin fitzgerald and myself undertook two full days of collecting adjacent to a swamp between nevertire and nyngan , n . s . w . . on the first day the only snakes we caught were a single adult male eastern brown snake , pseudonala textilis , and an adult male de vis ' banded snake , d . devisi , which was caught inside a log .\nso he has put together a handy guide to every snake that can be found on the sunshine coast - from the nice to the particularly nasty .\nsnake posts by vern lovic . amateur herpetologist roaming about thailand on field herping tours and events to find king cobras , kraits , vipers , corals , keelbacks , and other snakes native to thailand . fyi - thailand has over 200 snake species . here ' s our latest book with detailed information on thailand ' s 35 deadly snakes .\nis that snake in your house dangerous ? identify deadly thailand snakes in under 5 minutes !\ninfo here .\nthe descriptions below will help you to become familiar with some common snakes you may encounter . a variety of books and the queensland museum website provide additional information . even snake skins that have been shed can be identified by matching them to descriptions of scale patterns and scale counts given in snake identification guides .\nno . the fastest snake in the world is the black mamba of africa and it can travel at around 12km / hr . humans can easily run faster than this . snakes soon tire , as moving rapidly uses their stored energy . the likelihood that a snake will give a persistent chase is small .\nthere is no hard - and - fast rule to distinguish a dangerous snake from a harmless one . for the untrained observer in particular , it can often be difficult to make a positive identification of different types of snakes . the general rule is always to be cautious and avoid coming into contact with any snake .\nsnake posts by vern lovic . amateur herpetologist roaming about thailand on field herping tours and events to find king cobras , kraits , vipers , corals , keelbacks , and other snakes native to thailand . fyi - thailand has over 200 snake species . here ' s our latest book with detailed information on thailand ' s 35 deadly snakes .\nis that snake in your house dangerous ? identify deadly thailand snakes in under 5 minutes !\ninfo here . view all posts by vern\nno . it is impossible for venomous and non - venomous species of snake to interbreed . even closely related species are extremely unlikely to interbreed in the wild .\nno . snake skin is very smooth and soft , similar to supple leather . snake skin is often thought to be slimy as the skin often has a shiny appearance . water pythons ( liasis mackloti ) have a waxy layer protecting the scales , adding to their shiny appearance and the perception that they are slimy animals .\nthose educators specialising in reptiles must definitely do all in their power to improve the snake ' s image . rather than promote the negatives , emphasise the positives !\nfive species of colubrid snakes , including the brown tree snake , produce weak venom delivered through fangs at the back of the mouth . venom delivery is poor and these snakes do not pose a threat to human life . five other species of colubrid snakes , including the common tree snake , do not have fangs or venom .\nhoser , r . 1980 . ' further records of aggregations of various species of australian snake ' . herpetofauna , 12 ( 1 ) , pp 16 - 22 .\nplate 1 ; yellow - faced whip snakes , demansia psammophis . these snakes were caught as a pair under a rock , at west head , n . s . w . photo by author . see the book australian reptiles and frogs for photos of named species and the habitats in which they occur .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake grows up to one hundred centimeters and is very slender . typical colors are pale bluish grey to light olive green with a greenish - grey belly . a reddish tinge on the neck and front third of its back is often present . the eye is large and is encircled by a pale ring with a black , comma - shaped marking beneath . a dark , pale - edged line on the tip of the snout runs between the nostrils .\nin australia there are about 300 snake bites every year , with 200 - 500 victims receiving anti - venom . on average , two or three bites will prove fatal .\non a rainy day in august 1975 , alex dudley and myself caught eight yellow - faced whip snakes under scattered slabs of sandstone , near rock outcrops within a few hundred metres of mona vale road , at terry hills , n . s . w . the snakes appeared inactive and the air temperature was about 15c .\nit can be distinguished from the eastern brown snake ( pseudonaja textilis ) by its facial markings , smaller size and slimmer shape and through its less patterned belly ( lacking orange blotches ) .\nit is pale grey to brown in colour , with a reddish or yellowish head and tail , and often a red stripe down the centre of the back , which when present is stronger toward the front of the body . the belly is grey - green to yellowish . a dark comma - shaped streak runs from the eye to the corner of the mouth , bordered by a distinct white margin . the face is usually but not always yellowish , with a narrow yellow - edged dark bar around the front of the snout from nostril to nostril .\nis it true that dangerous snakes such as taipans etc . are interbreeding with pythons , and producing ' venomous pythons ' ? does the taipan cross with the king brown to produce a fierce snake ?\nwe tailor to your needs for time and placement and there aren\u2019t any minimum requirements on how many people attend . sessions are very informative and may even change the way you feel regarding either a fear of snakes or not understanding the behaviour of these misunderstood animals . what is covered in the sessions ? well , we can cater to your needs if you have specific information required , or , we cover venomous snake behaviour and understanding of the animal , snake identification , situations to avoid , what to do if you are bitten , initial first aid for snake bite , and q & a .\nmost sessions are required for us to bring along venomous snakes which is a great way of learning their behaviour and understanding they are not evil creatures like some are lead to believe and also for snake identification \u2013 it\u2019s great for people to see them up close as some people have never seen a snake in the wild before and can only go on to relate to what they see or hear .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is very slender and is pale bluish grey to light olive green . it typically has a reddish tinge on the neck and front third of its back . the eye is large and is encircled by a pale ring . there is a black , comma - shaped marking beneath the eye and a dark , pale - edged line on the tip of the snout running between the nostrils . the belly is usually greenish - grey . this species grows to 1 m . midbody scale rows 15 ; ventrals 165\u2013230 ; anal and subcaudals divided .\nrange : literature has this snake occurring only in thailand\u2019s deep south , but , this is the second instance of one found in krabi province \u2013 so , obviously the range includes this province as well .\npairing of this snake has also been observed in sydney ' s north shore , although it seems less common there . the three areas referred to above are substantially colder then sydney ' s north shore .\nmost snakes have the potential to bite a human , but will generally only bite as a last resort . not all snake bites are harmful . pythons do not have venom and colubrids ( rear - fanged snakes ) either have a weak venom or lack venom altogether . bites from venomous elapids ( front - fanged snakes ) should be taken seriously and treated appropriately . read more about avoiding and treating snake bites .\nthis arboreal , diurnal snake inhabits primary and secondary lowland tropical wet forest where it can be found in thick vegetation ( david and vogel 1996 ) . it has also been found in shrubs in gardens ( cox\nthere are a number of species of brown snakes in queensland . the one that is most commonly seen is the common or eastern brown snake . this snake occurs over all but the western - most parts of queensland and across a wide range of habitats ( the other species of brown snake occur in western and central queensland ) . like all brown snakes , the eastern brown is fast - moving and sun - loving , and is generally active during the day . it is particularly lively when the weather is extremely hot and is often found around houses and sheds where it searches for prey including rats , mice and lizards .\ndon ' t panic . back away to a safe distance and allow the snake to move away . snakes often want to escape when disturbed . remember , all native wildlife , including snakes , is protected .\nto increase people ' s awareness and improve the snake ' s image in australia much more positive information must be available in any educational session . maybe this will encourage people ' s want to conserve them .\nthe brown tree snake , sometimes referred to as a ' doll ' s - eye ' or ' night tiger ' lives in coastal areas of the state and cape york peninsula , across a range of habitats from rainforest , mangroves and wet and dry sclerophyll forests , through to paperbark swamps and coastal heaths . it is a distinctive snake with large eyes , a broad head and thin neck and long slender body . its body colour is brown to bright reddish - brown with many irregular , dark cross - bands . its belly is cream to salmon - coloured . the brown tree snake grows to an average length of 1 . 5 metres ( m ) , reaching a maximum of 2m . at night , this snake mostly forages in trees but will also hunt on the ground for small mammals , birds and their eggs , and lizards .\ngeneral : most commonly encountered snake in the region . often lives in ceilings . active day and night . large specimens can devour small pets such as dogs , cats and chickens , with smaller specimens taking caged birds .\nthere are several recognised subspecies of coachwhip ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) , ranging in colour from black or red to yellow - tan and even pink ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . for instance , the western coachwhip ( masticophis flagellum testaceus ) is typically light tan ( 2 ) to dark brown ( 9 ) , with uniform colouration across its entire body ( 2 ) . this subspecies is found in three forms , one of which has virtually no markings . in the other two forms , one is marked with narrow bands , and the other with broad bands ( 9 ) .\nit is also locally threatened by accidental mortality on roads , occasional persecution , and also by accidental poisoning through the use of agrochemicals . in north africa , it is increasingly captured for use by snake charmers in local markets .\nno . under no circumstances can you keep a snake that you have found in the wild . all wildlife in queensland is protected under the nature conservation act 1992 . it is an offence to keep wild animals , and fines and penalties may apply . if you want to keep a snake as a pet , you can legally acquire an animal that has been bred in captivity from an authorised reptile dealer . you will also need to obtain a wildlife licence from qpws to keep the snake . even if you have a wildlife permit , it cannot be used to take additional snakes from the wild . for more information about wildlife licences and permits visit permit and licence management .\ndescription : solidly - built snake but not as large as the coastal carpet python . fawn or pale - brown ground colour with contrasting dark , chocolatey - brown mottled and blotched pattern and colour . mostly cream on the underside .\nthis snake is potentially dangerous and should be treated with caution . the symptoms are usually local . if bitten , apply first aid and seek urgent medical attention . first aid procedure for any snakebite from the australian venom research unit .\nsee snake identification for pictures and information about these and other snakes that live near you . find out what snakes occur in your area by requesting a species list of wildlife ( including snakes ) that have been recorded in your area .\nthis snake is found in dry , stony areas of the sahara with sparse vegetation . it can be found in open scrubland , semi - desert , steppe areas , arable land , olive groves , dry ditches , stone walls , and old buildings ( including ruins ) . the female lays eggs . it is a fast - moving diurnal snake that basks for long periods in the morning sun , and actively hunts lizards , rodents , and occasionally birds ( trape and man\u00e9 2006 ) .\nthe brown tree snake is a regular visitor to aviaries and houses in both urban and bushland environments , often seen hunting for geckos around the window sills at night and taking refuge in roofs , walls and on exposed rafters during the day . the brown tree snake is not considered dangerous to people as it is weakly venomous and rear fanged . nevertheless , it can become very aggressive when disturbed and will often rear up into a series of s - shaped loops before delivering rapid and accurate strikes .\non a later solo collecting trip to this area , scenlon had his activities cut short after being bitten by a brown snake , pseudonaja spp . , that he was capturing . he was rushed to hospital after less than five minutes in the field .\nthe guide below outlines characteristics of the most commonly encountered snakes in queensland . this information should only be used as a general guide and should not be relied upon to provide positive snake identification . never approach snakes and never assume that they are non - venomous .\nhouses and yards can also be used by snakes for shelter . carpet pythons are regularly found curled up in ceilings , enjoying the security and warmth . a variety of snake species is often encountered in places such as timber piles and under sheets of corrugated iron .\nmany people make an erroneous distinction between tiger snake ' s ( notechis scutatus ) fangs and coastal taipan ' s ( oxyuranus scutellatus ) , saying the former differ by being grooved . the only distinction is the length , in both species they are effectively hollow .\naggregation in a number of australian snake species has been recorded , aggregation is defined here as three or more snakes being located at a single site , excluding cases where it consists of a single female and newborn young . species of australian snakes known to aggregate include ;\nclose the internal doors in the house and open the external doors and windows . block the gaps underneath internal doors with rolled up towels . place chairs and boxes under windows to make it easier for snakes to climb out . keep everyone well clear of the snake .\na long , slender species ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , the coachwhip ( masticophis flagellum ) is one of the largest native snakes in north america ( 3 ) . the scales on the upperparts of this species are smooth ( 3 ) ( 4 ) and overlap each other ( 4 ) , and it is thought that the coachwhip gets its common name from the pattern on its tail , which resembles a braided whip ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is found in a wide range of habitats from the coast inland to semi - arid areas , though it is largely absent from northern australia , it does reach as far north as townsville on the east coast . though it ranges well into the semi - arid zone it is mostly restricted to areas with some amount of tree cover and low vegetation , though it may opportunistically range into dry open deserts after rain boom periods . it is sun - loving and is mainly absent from very closed dark forests in which it cannot find much opportunity to bask . in this respect it is most common in open forests such as dry - sclerophyll , but will occupy any open sunny area with an abundance of its preferred prey , skinks .\ni was walking at kit karson park when i saw something slither at first i thought i was imagining i saw a snake but no then i saw it was two . part of me was scared . but then they told me it isn ' t so i relaxed a little\nsome reptile texts , ( which i am unable to locate at present ) , state that for most snake species a male , by his wanderings during the breeding season , will hopefully find a receptive female , mate with her , and then part ways . observations by myself of wild specimens of many species , and of captive specimens , tend to refute the above idea in at least some species . i propose that for many snake species the male will ' trail ' a female for some period during the mating season , possibly mating with her more than once .\nall aspects of a snake ' s life rely on this external heat to function , whether it is to feed , find a mate , fight off disease and infection , or even just to pump blood around its body . as a result , they are not very active during winter .\nsnake activity patterns change dramatically over the course of a year . throughout the cool months , snakes and other reptiles are relatively inactive . reptiles gain body warmth using external heat sources , either by basking in the sun or in warm places including rocks , near roads and even under the fridge !\nit is rare for snakes to be found copulating in the wild . however , it is common to find pairs of snake together . snakes do not need to stay in pairs in order to survive threats from climate or predators , so it must be concluded that pairing is only for breeding purposes .\nsetting a good example around wildlife is also something adults can do . if a child sees an adult kill a snake , they are more likely to show the same behaviour in a similar situation . it is important that children learn to respect snakes and are taught the correct way to behave around them .\nthe northern and common tree snakes are active during the day , spending most of their lives in trees or shrubs , but hunt on the ground for frogs , birds , reptiles and occasionally small mammals . they are slender and agile snakes with whip - like tails , often encountered by humans in the bush and around the house , but will usually quickly retreat . these snakes are completely harmless and will only bite as a last resort . they often emit an unpleasant smell when threatened . unfortunately , they are sometimes killed when mistaken for venomous black snakes .\nif this is a concern , it is important that steps are taken to minimise the chances of snakes being in your yard . see living with snakes for helpful advice . it is important that parents , teachers and childcare providers are aware of snakes and correct first aid in the event of a snake bite .\nthose in a position of authority perpetuate many myths unknowingly . for example , some diving instructors continue to incorrectly refer to the\nsmall mouth and rear fangs\nin sea snakes . they often comment that sea snakes can only bite between the fingers or on the ear lobes . this is far from the truth ( see limpus , 1987 pg 198 or bush ' s article on fangs ) . zimmerman ( 1988 ) relates an experience where a stokes sea snake ( astrotia stokesii ) bites both a camera ' s strobe arm and a diving flipper thrust towards it . however , there are no documented fatalities in australia from sea snake bite .\nthe world ' s deadliest snake , based on documented deaths , is probably the saw - scaled viper ( echis carinatus ) especially in sri lanka . the deaths of nearly fifty people per million from snakebite occur there each year . today in australia we have 0 . 13 / million deaths each year . see figure 1 .\nyou should not try to identify snakes by their colour alone . snakes vary greatly in their colour and patterns between species and within species . some experts can identify snakes by sight but the most accurate way is by looking at physical characteristics like the number of scales around the mid - body , types of scales on the head and the types of teeth . catching a snake to identify it can be extremely dangerous and is illegal . if a photograph can be safely taken it can be compared with the snake identification pictures on this website or by going to the queensland museum website . if this doesn ' t provide an answer , the picture can be forwarded to the queensland museum for identification .\ntaipans have the unenviable reputation of being australia ' s most deadly snakes . the longest venomous snake in the country , the coastal taipan reaches an average length of 2 . 5m , with a maximum length of 3 . 35m . the head of a coastal taipan is large , rectangular - shaped and distinct from its narrow neck . the eye is a reddish colour . adult coastal taipans have a uniformly light or dark - brown colouration above with a creamy - yellow belly that usually has reddish or pink spots towards the front . these spots are not as distinct as on the brown snake . they mainly eat rats and mice , and taipans are commonly encountered by humans in sheds , farm buildings and waste heaps .\npythons may coil around their eggs to protect them , aiding incubation . female pythons will even ' shiver ' to generate heat to keep the eggs warm . young snakes emerge from eggs with the use of their egg tooth\u2014a projection on the top of the snout . the tooth is used to make slits in the shell through which the young snake can emerge .\ndescription : variable colouring but typically shades of grey , brown or olive with irregular , broken cross - bands or flecks of darker brown and flecks of paler creamy colour . belly surfaces cream or pale rusty colour with dark scale edges . feature is each scale has a distinct raised longitudinal ridge , giving the snake an appearance of parallel ridges down the length of the body .\nno mating activity was noticed in captivity between these two or other specimens of the same species held in a single cage by myself . however , on 30th may 1979 two eggs were produced , followed by two more on 6th july 1979 , and twelve more on 15th july 1979 . all were apparently hard and infertile , the snake having been ' egg - bound ' for some time .\npairing of this species has been well documented by fyfe and booth , 1984 . they reported pairing behaviour in this species , and report it as being more common to find specimens in groups of two or more , then singly . the winter ' aggregations ' averaged 3 snakes per rock ( presumably including single snake finds in the just quoted statistic ) , whilst summer aggregations averaged two snakes .\nthis slender bodies colubrid snake is adapted to vertical substrates , and occurs in a wide variety of arid , dry and rocky habitats . it is very adaptable to modified habitats , commonly found in scrubland , coastal plains , arable land , pastures , vineyards , almond and olive groves , rural gardens , villages and cities in and around buildings . the females lay clutches of up to 11 eggs .\npairing behaviour is defined here as\nwhen a male and female specimen of the same species are found within close or immediate proximity\n. this could be under the same piece of ground cover , or within a few metres of each other . species of snake that engage in pairing behaviour probably also aggregate in large numbers when circumstances allow , and both behavioural patterns must be regarded as essentially similar .\nyou can take measures to reduce the attractiveness of your yard or house to snakes . if you have a rock wall or other structure that has the potential to house frogs and rats , and in turn attract snakes , discourage these animals by blocking holes . avoid creating habitat for snakes by keeping a tidy , well - maintained yard and shed . actively discourage rats and mice , and snake - proof your aviaries and poultry pens .\nas the months become warmer , particularly around september , snakes become active and are frequently encountered by people . this is the breeding and feeding season for snakes . a good guide to when a snake is likely to be active is if the species that it feeds on are active and abundant at that particular time and place . for example , frog - eating snakes are likely to be active on warm , humid nights near streams when frogs are breeding .\nadult eastern brown snakes are usually uniform in colour , being light brown , orange or black , with a slender streamlined body and small head . when they hatch a young brown snake usually has a black head ( except for a brown snout ) and a black band across its neck . some hatchlings will have black bands across the entire length of their bodies . this species grows to an average length of about 1 . 5m but can reach a length of 2 . 4m .\ncoastal taipans occupy a wide range of habitats from tropical wet sclerophyll to dry forests and woodland . they are usually active during the day , but can be active at night during very hot weather . this is not a naturally aggressive snake and if disturbed , it will generally retreat . humans are rarely bitten but , if a taipan is cornered or attacked , it will viciously defend itself , striking repeatedly with speed and accuracy . taipans have very keen senses and are extremely alert .\nwhen provoked , the snake curves itself into an s - shape to strike , raising its head from the ground and displaying orange spots on its belly . eastern brown snakes can strike with extreme speed and ferocity , especially if cornered , and often a series of bites are inflicted in these situations . if bitten , the initial effects of the venom appear quickly - a severe headache develops within 15 minutes . paralysis develops very slowly and the majority of patients receive antivenin before paralysis has occurred .\ni have heard it said many times by people i believe should know better that this or that australian snake is\nmore deadly\n,\nmore toxic\nor\nmore venomous\nthan the indian cobra ( naja naja ) . this is a misrepresentation of the facts and gains little support from the evidence available concerning humans . these types of statements have no place in education if positive results are the goal . all venomous snakes have the potential to be dangerous because of the variable sensitivity between individual people to venoms . however , first a bite has to occur .\non other continents humans have existed for hundreds of thousands of years . therefore , has the cobra evolved the hood , elevated stance and , in some species , the ability to\nspit\nvenom as a direct response to human predation ? what about the snakes that play dead ? the rinkhals ( hemachatus haemachatus ) , one of a few\ncobras\ncapable of spitting , also plays dead . this behaviour would have little effect in deterring a predator looking for a feed , but it may deter a passing human from taking up a club and clobbering the snake into lifeless pulp .\nthe common tree snake is widespread along the east coast of queensland and cape york peninsula across a range of coastal , rainforest , wet and dry sclerophyll forests , and riverine environments . their colours vary in different areas from grey to olive - green through various shades of brown to almost black or even blue above . the head of lighter - coloured specimens is often grey or brown , contrasting strongly with their body colour . the belly is usually lemon - yellow , varying from white to olive , yellow , green or even bluish . the species reaches an average length of 1 . 2m but can grow to 2m .\nthe coachwhip is a diurnal species , meaning that it is active during the day ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . it is thought to take shelter in crevices or animal burrows at night , and may also use such retreats in the winter ( 2 ) . this species is typically active from march to october , or even until november in the warmer parts of its range ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . an agile , fast - moving snake ( 2 ) ( 9 ) , the coachwhip can reach top speeds of about four miles per hour on the ground ( 2 ) , and is also reported to be an excellent climber ( 3 ) .\njustification : has a limited distribution ( extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 18 , 755 km 2 [ b1 ] ) in a region that is characterised by high levels of habitat transformation . average habitat transformation within the cape floristic region is estimated at approximately 30 % , while certain vegetation types ( e . g . renosterveld ) in which this species is known to occur have been reduced by up to 80 % in extent ( rouget et al . 2003 ) [ b1b ( iii ) ] . habitat transformation is expected to increase ( rouget et al . 2003 ) . additionally , remaining habitats within the range are likely to be severely fragmented [ b1a ] . there are very few large tracts of undisturbed habitat remaining for this species , which occurs in few protected areas . it is likely that the majority of subpopulations are isolated and although this snake is capable of long distance movement , altered habitats and roads will act as barriers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 488, "summary": [{"text": "scopula pauperata is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are white with a variable grey fasciation and suffusion . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "scopula pauperata", "paragraphs": ["select a genus & species ignobilia prout - ignobilia urnaria guen\u017ee zythos fletcher - zythos turbata walker - zythos avellanea prout - zythos strigata warren - zythos obliterata warren antitrygodes warren - antitrygodes divisaria walker - antitrygodes pseudagrata sp . n problepsis lederer - problepsis plenorbis prout - problepsis apollinaria guen\u017ee - problepsis borneamagna sp . n - problepsis delphiaria guen\u017ee - problepsis achlyobathra prout scopula schrank - scopula inficita walker - scopula actuaria walker - scopula usticinctaria walker - scopula mecysma swinhoe - scopula opicata fabricius - scopula adeptaria walker - scopula insolata aequibrachiata ssp . n - scopula flavinsolata sp . n - scopula annularia swinhoe - scopula planidisca bastelberger - scopula pulchellata fabricius - scopula parodites prout - scopula pithogona prout - scopula brookesae holloway - scopula sp . ? albiflava warren - scopula coangulata prout - scopula voluptaria prout - scopula ? pallidiceps warren - scopula pauperata prout - scopula leucopis prout - scopula quadratisparsa holloway - scopula vacuata guen\u017ee - scopula subdecorata warren - scopula hyphenophora warren - scopula succrassula prout - scopula sp ? sybillaria swinhoe - scopula melinau sp . n - scopula nesciaroides sp . n - scopula asymmetrica sp . n - scopula phallarcuata sp . n - scopula deflavarioides sp . n - scopula 18361 - scopula 9015 - scopula 9012 , 18422\nthis is one of the larger bornean scopula , distinguished by variable grey fasciation and suffusion on a whitish ground .\nspecimens taken at altitude on g . kinabalu are larger , paler than those from the lowlands ( both illustrated ) , but are females only . males will be needed to determine whether sibling species are involved . s . spissitarsata warren from sumatra is related to pauperata , having similarly bifid sclerotised arms to the valves of the male genitalia .\nscopula - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nwalker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 23 : 761 .\nthe species is common in lowland forest but occurs infrequently up to 1930m on g . kinabalu ( see taxonomic note ) .\nthe largest bornean species , voluptaria has a whitish ground colour , strong marginal black dots , and diagnostic blackening within the postmedial and submarginal complex of fasciae at the dorsum , and distal from the discal spot . the fasciae are otherwise rather faint .\nthis species belongs to a group that includes the himalayan s . extimaria walker and s . ochricrinita prout , and s . pallidiceps warren from lombok . these taxa share similarities of facies and of the male abdomen : small coremata laterally on segment 5 ; a large straight ceratum on the right of sternite 8 , with that on the left vestigial ; short , broad socii that bear long setae . in voluptaria the valve processes are broader , blunt rather than acute .\nonly recorded from g . kinabalu , the species is infrequent at 1620m - 1760m .\nsabah : ulu dusun , 30 miles w . of sandakan , 28 - 31 . 1 . 1976\n2 ( slide , 18416 , 18430 ) , 1 ( slide 18431 ) pulo laut , borneo ( doherty ) june ' 91 .\nwalker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 23 : 765 .\nrecords have been made from the lowlands to 1618m , but the species was particularly frequent on the limestone g . api during the mulu survey at 250m and in lower montane forest at 900m .\nboth ground colour and fasciation of the wings are distinctly ochreous in tint , the postmedials of both wings rather irregular in course .\nonly two bornean specimens have been seen , one from hill dipterocarp forest at 300m on g . mulu , the other from the forest edge ( 100m ) at the danum valley field centre , sabah .\nwalker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 23 : 860 .\nthe pattern of straight fasciae on a bone - white ground is distinctive . the forewing fasciae converge at the apex of the wing .\ntropical africa , sri lanka , india , hainan , burma , sundaland , philippines , sulawesi , timor , new guinea .\nonly one bornean specimen has been seen , collected at the end of the previous century in sandakan .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018"]}
{"id": 493, "summary": [{"text": "paramormyrops hopkinsi is a species of freshwater electric fish .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it was discovered in the ivindo river in gabon , in western africa by dr. carl d. hopkins of cornell university .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it lives in a tropical climate . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "paramormyrops hopkinsi", "paragraphs": ["brienomyrus hopkinsi from the ivindo river in gabon ( photo : c . hopkins ) .\nbarbus camptacanthus ( bleeker , 1863 ) . photo & copy ; carlhopkins brienomyrus hopkinsi photo & copy ; carl . hopkins\nbrienomyrus hopkinsi nov . sp . du nord du gabon ( pisces , teleostei , mormyridae ) p . 49 , fig . 1 .\nthe biodiversity of freshwater fish in gabon rainforests , one hundred years after mary h . kingsley\nfrom : kingsley , m . h . ( 1899 ) west african study . mcmillian , london .\nbelow are three of the species of fishes collected by mary kingsley in 1895 , described and named after her by albert g\u00fcnther in 1896 .\nreference : g\u00fcnther , a . ( 1896 ) . report on a collection of reptilesand fishes made by miss m . h . kingsley during her travels on the ogowe riverand in old calabar . annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 6 17 , 261 - 285 .\ndownload reprint of the g\u00fcnther ' s article as reprinted in mary kingley ' s book ( * . pdf format , you will need ) .\njean - daniel m ' bega working in rocky pools in upper ivindo river , february 6 , 1998 photo : j . p . sullivan\ns\u00e9bastian lavou\u00e9 showing high densities of mormyrid fishes from cast net samples from the upper ivindo river . january 27 , 1998 . photo : j . p . sullivan .\nright : jean herv\u00e9 mve launches a cast net from the pirogue on the ivindo river .\ndepartment of neurobiology and behavior w263 seeley g . mudd hall cornell university ithaca , new york 14853\nresearch in this lab concerns the neural basis of animal communication , including studies of mechanisms of signal generation , signal localization , and signal recognition in the context of species recognition . our focus is on communication in the electrosensory modality of fish .\n( 4 ) systematics of a group of endemic species of mormyrid fishes in the genus brienomyrus from gabon .\n( 5 ) evolution and ontogeny of electrogenesis . collaboration with the gabon cenarest : research request\n( 6 ) fieldwork : a survey of the freshwater fishes of gabon , 100 years after the explorations of mary h . kingsley .\ngreek , para = near + greek , mormyros = a fish ( sparus sp ) ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : ivindo river in gabon , and ntem river in cameroon ( ref . 81635 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 81635 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 17 - 19 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 26 . a slender , laterally compressed body ( ref . 81635 ) . dorsal profile of the head is downward sloping and concave or straight ; snout is v - shaped from above ( ref . 81635 ) . both anal and dorsal fins terminate at about the same level ( ref . 81635 ) . the fish is dark chocolate - brown overall , lighter on the belly ; the fins are dark brown ( ref . 81635 ) .\nhopkins , c . d . , s . lavou\u00e9 and j . p . sullivan , 2007 . mormyridae . p . 219 - 334 . in m . l . j . stiassny , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa . volume i . collection faune et flore tropicales 42 . institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris , france , and mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium . 800 pp . ( ref . 81635 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00609 - 0 . 02852 ) , b = 2 . 84 ( 2 . 66 - 3 . 02 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 5 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\njustification : the ntem population is threatened by a planned deep river port and iron mine with the associated infrastructure . the population on the lower ivindo is threatened by iron mining . the aoo is estimated less than 2 , 000 km\u00b2 . the species is currently only known from three localities .\na lower guinea endemic common in the ivindo river of gabon , the type locality . it is also reported from the lower ntem river of cameroon , although it is considered rare .\nthe ntem population is threatened by a planned deep river port and iron mine with the associated infrastructure . the population on the lower ivindo is threatened by iron mining .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nafrica : ivindo river in gabon and ntem river in cameroon ( ref . 81635 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nivindo river , near makokou , gabon , western africa . holotype : mrac 84 - 34 - 1 . paratypes : mrac 84 - 34 - 2 and 3 ( 2 ) .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ngreen border : there is a polygon for the asserted geography , and the specimen ' s georeference is within the polygon .\nred border : there is a polygon for the asserted geography , and the specimen ' s georeference is not within the polygon .\nred circle , centered on markers , is uncertainty radius . zero - radius errors indicate unknown uncertainty , not absolute precision .\nblue transparent polygon is the asserted geography ' s shape . geography without supporting spatial data is ambiguous .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhureau , j . - c . , 1991 . la base de donn\u00e9es gicim : gestion informatis\u00e9e des collections ichthyologiques du mus\u00e9um . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas pr\u00e9liminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la p\u00eache , minist\u00e8re de l ' environnement , cemagref et mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .\nanonymous , 1997 . fish registrations within the museum database of the vertebrate section of the royal museum for central africa . mrac , tervuren , belgium .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication , california academy of sciences , san francisco . 3 vols . 2905 p .\nkamdem toham , a . and g . g . teugels , 1998 . diversity patterns of fish assemblages in the lower ntem river basin ( cameroon ) , with notes on potential effects of deforestation . arch . hydrobiol . 141 ( 4 ) : 421 - 446 .\nteugels , g . g . and c . d . hopkins , 1998 . morphological and osteological evidence for the generic position of mormyrus kingsleyae in the genus brienomyrus ( teleostei : mormyridae ) . copeia 1998 ( 1 ) : 199 - 204 .\nanonymous , 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .\nanonymous , 2002 . fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k , 2002 . ? esk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivo ? ich ? v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , malo\u00fast\u00ed ( gonorhynchiformes ) - m\u00e1loostn\u00ed ( cypriniformes ) . n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 odd ? len\u00ed ) , praha .\nhopkins , c . d . , s . lavou\u00e9 and j . p . sullivan , 2007 . mormyridae . p . 219 - 334 . in m . l . j . stiassny , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa . volume i . collection faune et flore tropicales 42 . institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris , france , and mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium . 800 pp .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 13 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 09 / 05 / 08 , last modified by caldemita , 04 / 03 / 16"]}
{"id": 494, "summary": [{"text": "leptasterias hexactis is a species of starfish in the family asteriidae , commonly known as the six-rayed star .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in the intertidal zone of the western seaboard of the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a predator and is unusual among starfish in that it broods its eggs and young . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "leptasterias hexactis", "paragraphs": ["c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of\nimage of leptasterias hexactis\n.\npopulation genetics and systematics of the leptasterias hexactis ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) species complex .\n\u203a leptasterias sp . ' haplotype c ' \u203a leptasterias sp . ' haplotype g ' \u203a leptasterias sp . i - 281 \u203a leptasterias sp . i - 285 \u203a leptasterias sp . lsu # i - 303\nleptasterias hylodes . five rayed species of leptasterias . photo used with permission from aaron baldwin .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nsix - rayed star\nto\nleptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 )\n.\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nleptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 )\n.\nleptasterias katherinae . polar species of leptrasterias . photo used with permission from aaron baldwin .\nreferences harbo , r . m . ( 1999 ) . whelks to whales : coastal marine life of the pacific northweest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 136 . leptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 ) . marine biodiversity of british columbia . accessed 02 / 10 / 2013 . mcfadden , m . , helmstetler , h . and cowles , d . ( 2005 ) . leptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 ) . invertebrates of the salish sea . rosario beach marine laboratory . accessed 10 / 02 / 2013 . authors and editors of page chanda brietzke and brian starzomski ( 2013 ) .\nleptasterias aequalis . skeletal ossicles of aequalis are on the top or abdactal side of the sea star in distinct radial rods . photo used with permission from aaron baldw\nsmall leptasterias may be confused with juveniles of pisaster ochraceus or evasterias troschelii , which occasionally have six arms . p . ochraceus has a single spine on each adambulacral , with a cluster of pedicellariae at the base but not on the spine . leptasterias has one or two spines per plate with a cluster of pedicellariae on the spine itself . e . troschelii has pedicellariae on the adambulacrals but an arm - to - disc ratio of 5 . 0 - 7 . 6 and six similar rows of spines between the superomarginals and the furrow , made up of two inferomarginals and four oral intermediates . leptasterias has no more than two oral intermediates .\nthe alaskan peninsula to the juan de fuca strait , puget sound and the strait of georgia . the small brooding forms of leptasterias are commonly found on rocky shores under rocks , in crevices and in mussel beds ; larger specimens are found subtidally .\n( of asterias hexactis stimpson , 1862 ) stimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 272 [ details ]\nmembers of the leptasterias hexactis complex have six arms 4 to 8 cm long , each with a distinct carinal row whose plates bear one to three spines apiece . this group of sea stars has arm - to - disc ratios ranging from 3 . 3 to 5 . 4 . it generally appears to have short stubby arms with an obvious row of light coloured spines down the centre of the arm and widely spaced capitate , dorsolateral spines irregularly arranged in a loose reticulate pattern . the superomarginals have one or two spines , rarely three , and the inferomarginals two . the oral intermediates are usually in a single well - developed series extending beyond half the arm , but never two rows . the adambulacrals have one or two spines , with clusters of crossed pedicellariae on their distal sides .\n( of leptasterias aequalis var . compacta verrill , 1914 ) verrill , a . e . ( 1914 ) . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series : us national museum 14 : 1 - 408 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 130 [ details ]\n( of leptasterias aequalis var . concinna verrill , 1914 ) verrill , a . e . ( 1914 ) . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series : us national museum 14 : 1 - 408 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 132 [ details ]\nreferring to the six arms . ) . green , black , brown , or red , sometimes mottled . disk moderate - sized with 6 fairly broad arms ; spines on upper surface dense and mushroom - shaped . rarely do we find these at race rocks exceeding 15 cm in length .\nhabitat : on rocky shores . we frequently find these when doing intertidal studies or when diving in shallow water at race rocks . range british columbia to s . california .\nechinoderms have a few important aspects in common . they have bony ossicles in their body . they have a water - vascular system which pumps water through the madroporite . they also have small jaws that are supported by the water - vascular system . and they have tube feet which they use to attach to objects , for protection , as well as to obtain food . they have radial symmetry and most can regenerate lost limbs .\nthis file is provided as part of a collaborative effort by the students of lester b . pearson college\nstimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 272 [ details ]\n( of asterias vancouveri perrier , 1875 ) perrier , e . ( 1875 ) . r\u00e9vision de la collection de stell\u00e9rides du museum d\u2019histoire naturelle de paris . paris , reinwald . 384 p . , available online at urltoken ; _ esc = y page ( s ) : 64 [ details ]\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nauthor =\nkwast , { k . e . } and foltz , { d . w . } and stickle , { w . b . }\n,\npowered by pure , scopus & elsevier fingerprint engine\u2122 \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v .\ncookies are used by this site . to decline or learn more , visit our cookies page\ntwo six ray stars found on a rock in the lower intertidal on calvert island . photo by chanda brietzke .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nayala , f . j . ( 1982 ) . population and evolutionary genetics . benjamin / cummings , menlo park , california\n, an ecological analog of some unsuccessful evolutionary lineages . evolution , lawrence , kansas 27 : 177\u2013191\nberger , e . m . ( 1983 ) . population genetics of marine gastropods and bivalves in : russell - hunter , w . d . ( ed . ) the mollusca . vol . 6 . ecology . academic press , new york , p . 563\u2013596\nbrandt , ( 1835 ) . prodromus descriptionis . animalium abh . , mertensio observatorum . fascic . i . ( polypos , acalephas discophoras et siphonophoras nec non echinodermata contineus ) . p . 270 [ cited after verrill ( 1914 ) ]\nburton , r . s . ( 1983 ) . protein polymorphisms and genetic differentiation of marine invertebrate populations . mar . biol . lett . 4 : 193\u2013206\nbush , m . ( 1918 ) . key to the echinoderms of friday harbor , washington . publs puget sound mar . biol . stn 2 : 17\u201344\nbush , m . ( 1921 ) . revised key to the echinoderms of friday harbor , washington . publs puget sound mar . biol . stn . 3 : 65\u201377\n, in the vicinity of san juan island , washington . syst . zool . 15 : 300\u2013306\nfisher , w . k . ( 1930 ) . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part 3 . forcipulata . bull . u . s . natn . mus . 76 : 1\u2013255\nharris , h . , hopkinson , d . a . ( 1976 ) . handbook of enzyme electrophoresis in human genetics . north - holland , amsterdam\nhedgecock , d . ( 1986 ) . is gene flow from pelagic larval dispersal important in the adaptation and evolution of marine invertebrates ? bull . mar . sci . 39 : 550\u2013564\nhighsmith , r . c . ( 1985 ) . floating and algal rafting as potential dispersal mechanisms in brooding invertebrates . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 25 : 169\u2013179\nkoehn , r . k . , milkman , r . , mitton , j . b . ( 1976 ) . population genetics of marine pelecypods . iv . selection , migration and genetic differentiation in the blue mussel\nspecies complex ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) . m . s . thesis . louisiana state university\nlambert , p . ( 1981 ) . the sea stars of british columbia . british columbia provincial museum , victoria\nlevene , h . ( 1949 ) . on a matching problem arising in genetics . ann . math . statist . 20 : 91\u201394\nmanwell , c . , baker , c . m . a . ( 1963 ) . a sibling species of sea - cucumber discovered by starch gel electrophoresis . comp . biochem . physiol . 10 : 39\u201353\non the pacific coast of north america . mar . biol . 99 : 111\u2013118\n( l . ) , in the great barrier reef region . coral reefs 7 : 11\u201318\nnei , m . ( 1978 ) . estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals . genetics , austin , tex . 89 : 583\u2013590\nnishida , m . , lucas , j . s . ( 1988 ) . genetic differences between geographic populations of the crown - of - thorns starfish throughout the pacific region . mar . biol . 98 : 359\u2013368\nsas institute , inc . ( 1985 ) . sas user ' s guide : statistics . version 5 ed . sas institute inc . , cary , north carolina\nand implications for their evolution . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 145 : 589\u2013597\nsmouse , p . e . ( 1972 ) . the canonical analysis of multiple species hybridization . biometrics 28 : 361\u2013371\nsneath , p . h . a . , sokal , r . r . ( 1973 ) . numerical taxonomy \u2014 the principles and practice of numerical classification . w . h . freeman & co . , san francisco\nverrill , w . k . ( 1914 ) . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska exped . ( smithson . instn ) 14 : 1\u2013408\n- statistics for the analysis of population structure . evolution , lawrence , kansas 38 : 1358\u20131370\ntransmitting snails in china and the philippines are distinct species . malacologia 29 : 347\u2013361\nzouros , e . , foltz , d . w . ( 1984 ) . possible explanations of heterozygote deficiency in bivalve molluscs . malacologia 25 : 583\u2013591\nextracted from sea stars of british columbia , southeast alaska and puget sound by philip lambert .\nfive or more arms . at least one adambulacral is fused into an adoral carina . the adambulacrals are wider than their length . crossed and straight pedicellariae are present , the former usually in dense tufts around the spines . the aboral skeleton is meshlike . the tube feet are arranged in four rows .\nclick on the image below to view an expanded illustration for this taxon . if more than one illustration is available for a species ( e . g . , two subspecies may be illustrated ) then links to the separate images will be provided below .\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\ndisclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .\nbarr , a . j . , j . h . goodnight , j . p . sall , w . h . blair and d . m . chiko : sas user ' s guide , 1979 edition , 494 pp . raleigh : sas institute , inc . 1979\nl . , with special reference to the effects of oxygen tension and salinity . proc . 9th europ . mar . biol . symp . , pp 213\u2013238 ( 1975 )\nbayne , b . l . , m . n . moore , j . widdows , d . r . livingstone and p . salkeld : measurement of the responses of individuals to environmental stress and pollution : studies with bivalve molluscs . phil . trans . r . soc . lond .\n: physiology of echinodermata , pp 359\u2013378 . ed . by r . a . boolootian . new york : interscience publishers 1966\n, in the vicinity of san juan island , washington . syst . zool .\nchia , f . s . : brooding behavior of a six - rayed starfish .\ncohnheim , o . : versuche \u00fcber resorption , verdauung und stoffwechsel von echindermen . hoppe - seyler ' s z . physiol . chem .\nconover , r . j . and e . d . s . corner : respiration and nitrogen excretion by some marine zooplankton in relation to their life cycles . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k .\n: methods for the study of marine benthos , pp 197\u2013279 . ed . by n . a . holme and a . o . mcintyre . oxford : blackwell scientific publications 1971\ndelaunay , h . : l ' excretion azotee des invertebres . biol . rev . cambridge philos . soc .\ndiehl , w . j . , iii and j . m . lawrence : effect of nutrition on the excretion rate of soluble nitrogenous products of\n( say ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) . comp . biochem . physiol .\nelliott , j . m . and w . davison : energy equivalents of oxygen consumption in animal energetics . oecologia\n( echinodermata : asteroidea ) in response to hyposmotic stress . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\nemerson , d . n . : influence of salinity on ammonia excretion rates and tissue constituents of euryhaline invertebrates . comp . biochem . physiol .\n: physiology of echinodermata , pp 245\u2013265 . ed . by r . boolootian . new york : interscience 1966\nfisher , w . k . : asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . u . s . natl mus . bull .\nfuji , a . : ecological studies on the growth and food consumption of japanese common littoral sea urchin .\ngiese , a . c . and a . farmanfarmaian : resistance of the purple sea urchin to osmotic stress . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\ngrasshoff , k . and h . johannsen : a new sensitive and direct method for the automatic determination of ammonia in seawater . j . cons . cons . int . explor . mer\nhanlon , d . p . : the distribution of arginase and urease in marine invertebrates . comp . biochem . physiol .\nhorne , b . r . : nitrogen excretion in crustacea . i . the herbivorous land crab ,\nhumphreys , w . f . : production and respiration in animal populations . j . anim . ecol .\nkoller , g . : versuche an marinen wirbellosen \u00fcber die aufnahme gel\u00f6ster n\u00e4hrstoffe . z . vergl . physiol .\n( echinodermata : asteroidea : platyasterida ) in tampa bay . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .\nmaloeuf , n . s . r . : studies on the respiration ( and osmoregulation ) of animals . i . aquatic animals without oxygen transporter in their internal medium . z . vergl . physiol .\nmauzey , k . p . , c . e . birkeland and p . k . dayton : feeding behavior of asteroids and escape responses of their prey in the puget sound region . ecology\nund ihre abh\u00e4ngigkeit von verschiedenen au\u00dfenfaktoren . zool . jahrb . ( abt . allg . zool . physiol . tiere )\nmenge , b . a . : foraging strategy of a starfish in relation to actual prey availability and environmental predictability . ecol . monogr .\nmenge , b . a . : competition for food between two intertidal starfish species and its effect on body size and feeding . ecology\nmenge , j . l . and b . a . menge : role of resource allocation , aggression and spatial heterogeneity in coexistance of two competing intertidal starfish . ecol . monogr .\nmiller , r . j . and k . h . mann : ecological energetics of the seaweed zone in a marine bay on the atlantic coast of canada iii . energy transformations by sea urchins . mar . biol .\nmorris , r . h . , d . p . abbott and e . c . haderlie : intertidal invertebrates of california , 690 pp . stanford : stanford univ . press 1980\nnorth , b . b . : primary amines in california coastal waters : utilization by phytoplankton . limnol . oceanogr .\nsabourin , t . d . and w . b . stickle : effects of salinity on respiration and nitrogen excretion in two species of echinoderms . mar . biol .\n( l . ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) on fish and algal diets . comp . biochem . physiol .\n( echinodermata : asteroidea ) to low salinity . i . survival , activity , feeding , growth and absorption efficiency . mar . biol . 00 , 00 - 00 ( 1982 )\nshumway , s . e . : the effects of fluctuating salinities on four species of asteroid echinoderms . comp . biochem . physiol .\nsolorzano , l . : determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite method . limnol . oceanogr .\ntidal salinity fluctuations on osmotic and ionic composition of body fluid in southeastern alaska rocky intertidal fauna . mar . biol .\nstickle , w . b . , t . c . shirley and t . d . sabourin : patterns of nitrogen excretion in four species of echinoderms as a function of salinity .\n: proceedings of the international echinoderm conference , tampa , florida , september 14\u201318 , 1981 . ed . by j . m . lawrence . rotterdam ( netherlands ) : a . a . balkerma publishers 1982\nvan der heyde , h . c . : sur l ' excretion chez les echinodermes . archs . neerl . physiol .\nwebster , s . k . : oxygen consumption in echinoderms from several geographic locations , with particular reference to the echinoidea . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\nwelch , h . e . : relationships between assimilation efficiencies and growth efficiencies for aquatic consumers . ecology\nwiddows , j . , d . k . phelps and w . galloway : measurement of physiological condition of mussels transplanted along a pollution gradient in narragensett bay . mar . environ . res .\nwoodland , d . j . and s . c . cairns sensitivity of population energy efficiency indices to differences in mortality rates . oecologia ( berl . )\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000 jp 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{"id": 495, "summary": [{"text": "plioviverrops is an extinct genus of terrestrial carnivore of the family hyaenidae , endemic to southern europe during the late miocene subepoch ( 11.6 \u2014 5.3 mya ) existing for approximately 6.3 million years . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "plioviverrops", "paragraphs": ["el linaje de\nplioviverrops\nprosper\u00f3 y dio origen a descendientes con patas m\u00e1s largas y mand\u00edbulas m\u00e1s puntiagudas , similar al aspecto tomado por los c\u00e1nidos en am\u00e9rica del norte .\nthe lineage of\nplioviverrops\nprospered , and gave rise to descendants with longer legs and more pointed jaws , a direction similar to that taken by canids in north america .\n= = = auge y desaparici\u00f3n de hi\u00e9nidos similares a perros = = = los descendientes de\nplioviverrops\nalcanzaron su apogeo hace 15 millones de a\u00f1os , con m\u00e1s de treinta especies identificadas .\n= = = rise and fall of the dog - like hyenas = = = the descendants of\nplioviverrops\nreached their peak 15 million years ago , with more than 30 species having been identified .\nhowever , other hyaenids soon spread into europe and began spending more time on the ground . the first known european hyaenid was plioviverrops orbignyi , a small critter that has been called a\nmongoose - like insectivore / omnivore .\nplioviverrops was specialized for eating insects , rather than the wider diet of protictitherium . its claws couldn ' t retract , and it probably spent most of its time on the ground rather than in trees , like this angolan slender mongoose . it lived from 17 million to 5 . 3 million years ago , - - basically all through the miocene epoch .\nshortly after the plioviverrops genus evolved , other hyaenids began getting bigger ( along with changes in their teeth ) , as the warm forests and woods of the early miocene epoch opened up into grasslands and open forests with definite seasons . around 10 million years ago , some hyaenids evolved into\nrunning hyenas\nwho were better adapted to running down their prey like wolves than to crushing bones and scavenging ; others became more like small wolves or jackals , pursuing a scavenging and rodent - hunting lifestyle . finally , between 6 and 7 million years ago , some became fairly slow , bone - crushing animals ( although the spotted hyena can run reasonably fast ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhyaenid\nis the proper term for any member of the hyena family ( the hyaenidae ) , including the aardwolf .\nonly four species of hyaenids still live today , but paleontologists know of at least 69 species from fossils . i cannot hope to describe them all here , so this is kind of a rough overview .\nwith their heavy jaws and sloping backs , modern hyenas may look vaguely\nprimitive ,\nbut in fact the first hyaenid that scientists can recognize as such dates back only between 18 and 17 million years ago - - the early miocene epoch . by that time , horses already had three toes instead of five and cats were recognizable , if only barely .\nof course , the ancestors of hyaenids must have separated from those of other carnivores millions of years before . maybe they looked - - and lived - - much like genets such as this small - spotted genet , living in trees much of the time and eating almost anything , including fruit and insects . most of the world was then covered with tropical or subtropical forests , with only a few areas of grassland .\nat any rate , that first known hyena is protictitherium gaillardi , which still basically looked like a genet or civet . it could retract its claws like a cat and spent much if not most of its time in the trees . its diet may have been birds , small mammals and even insects .\nthere were several species of protictitherium after p . gaillardi . even though they were quite primitive , they managed to survive in the trees above their more advanced kin for millions of years , at last dying out between 5 . 3 and 4 . 2 million years ago .\nbelong ) . they evolved larger and heavier teeth , but we know very little about them , because as yet we have only fragmentary skulls , jaws and teeth of them .\none of the most extreme bone - crushers that ever evolved was adcrocuta eximia which lived in greece , austria and spain a bit more than 9 million years ago . with its thick , short legs , it was not a good runner - - but it was a good bone - crusher and may have thus lived mainly by scavenging , even more so than any modern hyena .\nthree hyena genera took up running down prey for a living : chasmaporthetes , lycyaena and hyaenictis . they had a long reign as important predators . chasmaporthetes crossed the bering land bridge during the pliocene to enter north america , where it evolved a new species , chasmaporthetes ossifragus - - the only native hyaenid that north america ever had . it did not die out until the first ice ages began , in the pleistocene - - perhaps a victim of the climate changes that also triggered the growth of the great ice sheets .\nby the end of the miocene , hyaenids apparently ran into problems . we don ' t know why for sure , but competition with the canids ( wolves , foxes , jackals and other wild\ndogs\n) may have been part of it . the canids evolved in north america , but they entered eurasia seven million years ago and began to diversify . between three and four million years ago - - the pliocene - - the first wolf - sized canids arrived . whatever the cause , the entire hyaenid family almost died out in europe , except for a few running hyenas like chasmaporthetes and a giant version of the spotted hyena , called the\ncave hyena\n.\ntwo known genera of hyenas explored a whole new ecological niche - - tongxinictis and tungurictis . they may have been evolving to become like modern civets . their teeth lost all ability to crush bone . but apparently this unique direction didn ' t work out , because they seem to have been rare and soon became extinct .\nthe aardwolf , a termite - eating hyaenid , must have split off from other hyaenids very early , because its weak jaws and feeble teeth are so different . but there are no hyaenid fossils that seem related . oddly , its coat is colored just like the striped hyena ' s . this may mean the coat coloring is a very old one for hyenas and was shared by the earliest hyaenids .\nby the time the climate had truly warmed after the last ice age , perhaps 10 , 000 years ago , only today ' s four species of hyaenids still survived . of them all , only the striped hyena still ranges outside of africa . even the giant cave hyena of europe became extinct . the hyaenid family appears to be in a state of irreversible decline , though the surviving species may well persist and evolve for millions of years longer if humans do not exterminate them .\nthe hyaenid specialist group ' s page on ancient hyenas , which is more up to date .\nkoepfli kp , jenks sm , eizirik e , zahirpour t , van valkenburgh b , wayne rk . molecular systematics of the hyaenidae : relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 2006 mar 31 ; 38 ( 3 ) : 603 - 20 . ( what are these strange numbers and letters ? )\nturner a , ant\u00f3n m . evolving eden : an illustrated guide to the evolution of the african large - mammal fauna . columbia university press ; 2004 .\nwang x , tedford rh , ant\u00f3n m . dogs : their fossil relatives and evolutionary history . columbia university press ; 2010 .\nwerdelin l , solounias n . the evolutionary history of hyaenas in europe and western asia during the miocene . bernor , raymond louis , volker fahlbusch , and hans - walter mittmann , in the evolution of western eurasian neogene mammal faunas . columbia university press , 1996 .\nangolan slender mongoose - - wikimedia commons , original photo taken by hans hillewaert and released under the creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license .\nthis is a subsite of wearesites , robin m . weare ' s personal website . all contents copyright robin m . weare except where otherwise noted . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\njust enter the word in the field and the system will display a block of anagrams and unscrambled words as many as possible for this word .\nthe section is also useful for those who like compiling words from other words . you will get a list that begins with 3 letters and ends with 8 or more letters .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . 1 . 0 ma , france ) and untermassfeld ( ca . 1 . 0 , germany ) , among others ( turner et al . , 2008 ; palmqvist et al . , 2011 and references therein ) . the well - calibrated last appearance of this species is precisely layer evt7 of the vallparad\u00eds section ( fig . 5i ; ca . . . .\n. . . during the late pleistocene cave hyenas were the main non - anthropic accumulators of bone remains in caves ( fosse , 1997 ; diedrich , 2014 ) . as a consequence of its activity , hundreds of accumulations have been documented in european caves ( fosse , 1997 ; fosse et al . , 1998 ; diedrich and \u017e\u00e1k , 2006 ; turner et al . , 2008 ; fourvel , 2012 ; diedrich , 2014 ; fourvel et al . , 2014 ) . in the late pleistocene of the iberian peninsula , the cave hyena was a common element in large mammal assemblages , being recorded from numerous sites ( varela , 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . the cave hyena enjoyed notable success , becoming a ubiquitous taxon in european faunal associations of the late pleistocene from the urals to the iberian peninsula ( figure 15 , appendix 7 ) ( carri\u00f3n et al . , 2006 , stuart andlister , 2014 ) . some authors hold that there are anatomical differences that are not sufficient for making a taxonomic distinction between individuals from the eurasian pleistocene and those from africa ( turner et al . , 2008 ) . results of studies of ancient dna of these fossil remains suggest that the populations of european spotted hyena are a subset of the african population and not a distinct species ( rohland et al . , 2005 ) . . . .\n. . . in the last years , actuo - taphonomic studies show that crocuta crocuta seldom creates large accumulations of bones despite having the ability . on the contrary , it is thought that the cave hyena made large accumulations of bones during the late pleistocene throughout europe ( turner et al . , 2008 ; see references in diedrich , 2014 ; fosse , 1997 ; fourvel , 2012 , fourvel et al . , 2015 ) . therefore , apart from the morphological differences between c . spelaea and c . crocuta , ethological differences might exist as well . . . .\n. . . given the lack of these diagnostic features of the type species of the genus , the inclusion of this species in hyaenictis is questionable ( being here referred to as ? hyaenictis wehaietu ) . hyaenictis has been classically included in the cursorial hyaenid ecomorphotype ( werdelin and solounias 1996 ; turner et al . 2008 ) , given the lack of the typical durophagous adaptations of adcrocuta . in this paper , we describe a new skull with associated mandible and atlas from the late vallesian of the vall\u00e8s - pened\u00e8s basin that , based on the retention of p1 and m2 , as well as the reduced m1 metaconid , is attributed to hyaenictis . . . .\n. . . overall , the dentition of ips62078 is more slender ( it displays relatively narrower premolars ) than adcrocuta eximia ( see solounias 1990 , 1991 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . ips62078 further differs from a . eximia in the larger p4 protocone , the presence of a p3 mesial accessory cusp , the longer and tricuspid m1 talonid ( instead of bicuspid , as adcrocuta lacks the hypoconulid ) , and the retention of m2 . . . .\n. . . the dentition of the described specimen also does not resemble that of chasmaporthetes , which is characterized by more slender and trenchant premolars with well - developed distal accessory cusps , as well as several more derived features that are absent in hyaenictis spp . ( turner et al . 2008 ) . thus , ips62078 differs from chasmaporthetes ( see kurt\u00e9n and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin and solounias 1991 ; werdelin and turner 1996 ; ant\u00f3n et al . 2006 ; tseng et al . 2013 ) in the presence of p1 , the relatively broader cheek teeth , the less developed accessory cusps in the premolars , the mesial and distal accessory cusps of the premolars aligned with the main cusp ( instead of lingually tilted ) , the presence of metaconid ( even if vestigial ) , the tricuspid m1 talonid ( chasmaporthetes lacks the hypoconulid and sometimes the hypoconid ) , and the presence of m2 . . . .\n. . . according to the ecological opportunity hypothesis , this will be more likely if the immigrant has a substantially different ecology ( e . g . using otherwise unexploited resources ) , or if the continent is poor of species with similar ecologies . for instance , a phylogenetic study suggests that rat snakes ( colubridae : tribe lampropeltini ) underwent an explosive diversification in north america after migrating from eurasia through the bering land bridge [ 14 ] . this pattern is interpreted as the outcome of the colonization of a continent where ecological opportunities were plentiful , since the existing diversity of snakes in north america at the time of immigration was relatively low [ 14 ] . . . .\n. . . for instance , a phylogenetic study suggests that rat snakes ( colubridae : tribe lampropeltini ) underwent an explosive diversification in north america after migrating from eurasia through the bering land bridge [ 14 ] . this pattern is interpreted as the outcome of the colonization of a continent where ecological opportunities were plentiful , since the existing diversity of snakes in north america at the time of immigration was relatively low [ 14 ] . likewise , a phylogeny of muroid rodents suggests that a rapid radiation characterized by a burst in speciation rates , followed the arrival to south america [ 15 ] . . . .\n. . . their biochronological significance remains , however , relatively limited since their presence in western europe covers a large timeframe . pachycrocuta brevirostris appeared in europe at the beginning of the late villafranchian ( olivola fu / mnq18 , e . g . turner et al . , 2008 ; rook and mart\u00ednez - navarro , 2010 ) and disappeared at the beginning of the middle galerian , perhaps as a result of the arrival of crocuta ( palombo et al . , 2008 ) . panthera onca gombaszoegensis and canis mosbachensis are present in western and central europe respectively from mnq18 and mnq19 and up to the late galerian ( e . g . . . .\n. . . pachycrocuta brevirostris appeared in europe at the beginning of the late villafranchian ( olivola fu / mnq18 , e . g . turner et al . , 2008 ; rook and mart\u00ednez - navarro , 2010 ) and disappeared at the beginning of the middle galerian , perhaps as a result of the arrival of crocuta ( palombo et al . , 2008 ) . panthera onca gombaszoegensis and canis mosbachensis are present in western and central europe respectively from mnq18 and mnq19 and up to the late galerian ( e . g . . . .\n. . . hunting ( or cursorial ) hyenas were the last ecomorphotype to become extinct , being substituted by canids during the pliocene , after the dispersal of the latter into the old world by the end of the miocene ( werdelin and turner 1996a , b ; turner et al . 2008 ) . three out of the four extant hyaenids belong to the bone - cracking ecomorphotype : crocuta crocuta ( erxleben , 1777 ) , hyaena hyaena ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , and parahyaena brunnea ( thunberg , 1820 ) . . . .\n. . . more recently , studies on the internal cranial anatomy of hyaenids relied on extant taxa ( holekamp et al . 2007a ; arsznov et al . 2010 ; sakai et al . 2011 ) , so that the brain morphology of extinct bone - cracking hyenas remains undescribed . here , with the aid of ct - scans , we describe the internal cranial morphology ( frontal sinuses and brain ) of the extinct bone - cracking hyena pliocrocuta perrieri , which is the most common hyena in late pliocene to early pleistocene mammalian faunas from europe ( turner et al . 2008 ) . we analyze three complete crania of this hyaenid species from the iberian peninsula , whose external morphology was previously described by vinuesa et al . ( 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . alan . cooper @ urltoken 1 these authors contributed equally to this work . types and fill a surprisingly wide range of ecological niches , and their presence is a useful indicator of ecosystem health ( turner et al . 2008 ) . among the four extant species , the spotted hyena , which is the sole member of the genus crocuta , has attracted considerable evolutionary and systematic interest due to having a social system similar to that of many primates , in contrast to other gregarious carnivores ( watts & holekamp 2007 ; diedrich 2008 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . this diversity was even greater during the quaternary , when hyenids were also present , and the extant carnivore fauna was much more widespread than it is today . however while the evolution of the large african and european terrestrial carnivore guild has had considerably attention ( turner , 1990 ; turner and ant\u00f3n , 1996 , 1998 ; werdelin and lewis , 2005 , 2013 ; turner et al . , 2008 ) , this is less true of asia and southeast ( se ) asia in particular . southeast asia , especially the sundaic and indochinese parts of the indomalayan realm ( encompassing the area from southern china in the north to java in the south , sumatra in the west and borneo and the philippines in the east ; fig . . . .\n. . . the earliest record of this species is from the pliocene of europe , ca 5 . 3e3 . 4 ma ( turner et al . , 2008 ) . in se asia its earliest record is kao pah nam , thailand ( recorded as crocuta sp . ) , a currently undated , but probably middle pleistocene , site . . . .\nour research during the last 20 years has been chiefly concerned with aspects of the evolution of miocene - pliocene carnivora . areas of particular interest include the functional anatomy and systema\u2026\n[ more ]\nas an international research team , we strive to understand the anatomy and paleoecology of the once widespread fossil ailurids ( red pandas ) .\ni ' m involved in projects concerning rri and public engagement in science . one of these is nano2all and another is sparks . the projects synenergene is just ended .\nnew viverrid , felid , mustelid and amphicyonid fossils from the lothidok formation of west turkana .\nrecent studies have found regularities in the pattern of distribution of dental parameters such as canine or carnassial length among sympatric carnivores . these regularities are taken to be indicative of community - wide character displacement . this study documents similar patterns in late miocene and earliest pliocene hyaenids from several localities in eurasia and africa . statistical tests . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe topotypic material of the giant late miocene hyaenid allohyaena kadici kretzoi is described . new data on the deciduous dentition shows unambiguously that a . kadici is a hyaenid and not a percrocutid as reported by some previous authors . a . kadici is compared to the large hyaenids adcrocuta eximia and crocuta crocuta . these comparisons show that a . kadici has a mixture of primitive . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsabre - toothed felids , the machairodontines , have attracted much attention among palaeontologists for many decades , not only because of their spectacular morphology but also because they are a striking example of convergent evolution that is most probably linked to strong selective pressures . in this paper we provide a summary of the changing interpretations of their functional anatomy and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfunctional anatomy of the forelimb in promegantereon * ogygia ( felidae , machairodontinae , smilodonti . . .\nwe examine the functional anatomy of the forelimb in the primitive sabre - toothed cat promegantereon ogygia in comparison with that of the extant pantherins , other felids and canids . the study reveals that this early machairodontine had already developed strong forelimbs and a short and robust thumb , a combination that probably allowed p . ogygia to exert relatively greater forces than extant . . . [ show full abstract ]\n\u201cearliest zanclean age for the colombacci and uppermost di tetto formations of the \u00ab latest messinian \u00bb northern apennines : new palaeoenvironmental data from the maccarone section ( marche province , italy ) \u201d by popescu et al . ( 2007 ) geobios 40 ( 359\u2013373 )\nif you are a subscriber , please sign in ' my account ' at the top right of the screen .\nwe review the larger pattern of appearance of the hyaenidae in europe and outline their part in the turnover of the guild of larger carnivora that occurs across the miocene\u2013pliocene boundary . the earliest record of the family is in mn4 , although the patchy nature of the earliest records makes it difficult to be certain about the continent of origin . there is a clear pattern of morphological evolution over that long timespan , from the earliest viverrid - and herpestid - like forms through dog - like and more cursorial taxa to the larger , bone - crunching animals of the later miocene and the pliocene\u2013pleistocene epochs . miocene dog - like hyaenas may indicate that social hunting had emerged by that time , while the appearance of larger species means that hyaena - accumulated bone assemblages may potentially occur in any late miocene to pleistocene locality .\nnous r\u00e9visons le mod\u00e8le d\u2019apparition des hyaenidae en europe et nous soulignons leur r\u00f4le dans le renouvellement des communaut\u00e9s de grands carnivores au cours du mioc\u00e8ne et du plioc\u00e8ne . le premier enregistrement de cette famille est situ\u00e9 dans la mn4 , m\u00eame si la raret\u00e9 des premiers enregistrements ne permet pas d\u2019\u00e9tablir avec certitude leur continent d\u2019origine . il existe un mod\u00e8le clair d\u2019\u00e9volution morphologique pendant cette p\u00e9riode , des premi\u00e8res formes apparent\u00e9es aux viverrid\u00e9s et aux herpestid\u00e9s en passant par des formes de type dog - like et des taxons plus cursoriaux , jusqu\u2019aux grands animaux broyeurs d\u2019os du mioc\u00e8ne terminal et du plio - pl\u00e9istoc\u00e8ne . les hy\u00e8nes mioc\u00e8nes qualifi\u00e9es de dog - like peuvent indiquer que la chasse sociale , en groupe , ait \u00e9merg\u00e9 \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque , alors que l\u2019apparition des esp\u00e8ces de grande taille signifie que les hy\u00e8nes accumulatrices de vestiges osseux , ont pu potentiellement exister dans les localit\u00e9s du mioc\u00e8ne terminal au plioc\u00e8ne .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nem - consulte . com is registrered at the cnil , d\u00e9claration n\u00b0 1286925 . as per the law relating to information storage and personal integrity , you have the right to oppose ( art 26 of that law ) , access ( art 34 of that law ) and rectify ( art 36 of that law ) your personal data . you may thus request that your data , should it be inaccurate , incomplete , unclear , outdated , not be used or stored , be corrected , clarified , updated or deleted . personal information regarding our website ' s visitors , including their identity , is confidential . the owners of this website hereby guarantee to respect the legal confidentiality conditions , applicable in france , and not to disclose this data to third parties .\nview nexus file : hyaenidae _ werdelin _ & _ solounias _ 1991 . nex\nwerdelin , l . and n . solounias . 1991 . the hyaenidae : taxonomic systematics and evolution . fossils and strata 30 : 1 - 104 .\n( 7926 ) l . werdelin and n . solunias 1991 . the hyaenidae : taxonomy , systematics , and evolution fossils and strata 30 : 1 - 104\n( 53093 ) p . j . wagner and g . f . estabrook 2014 . trait - based diversification shifts reflect differential extinction among fossil taxa proceedings of the national academy of sciences 111 ( 46 ) : 16419 - 16424\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n( de bonis et al . , 2005 ) ? ] | | - - \u2020\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\nde bonis , l . , peign\u00e9 , s . , likius , a . , mackaye , h . t . , vignaud , p . & brunet , m . , 2005 : hyaenictitherium minimum , a new ictithere ( mammalia , carnivora , hyaenidae ) from the late miocene of toros - menella , chad . \u2013comptes rendus de l ' acad\u00e9mie des sciencies , paris : palevol : vol . 4 , pp . 671 - 679\nkurt\u00e9n , b . & werdelin , l . , 1988 : a review of the genus chasmaporthetes hay , 1921 ( carnivora , hyaenidae ) . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 8 , # 1 , pp . 46 - 66\nmckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals \u2013 above the species level . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629\ntseng , z . j . , jin , c . - z . , liu , j . - y . , zheng , l . - t . & sun , c . - k . , 2008 : fossil hyaenidae ( mammalia : carnivora ) from huainan , anhui province , china . \u2013vertebrata palasiatica : vol . 46 , # 2 , pp . 133 - 146\nwang , x . - m . , 2004 : new materials of tungurictis ( hyaenidae , carnivora ) from tunggur formation , nei mongol . \u2013vertebrata palasiatica : vol . 42 , # 2 , pp . 144 - 153\nwerdelin , l . & lewis , m . e . , 2000 : carnivora from the south turkwel hominid site , northern kenya . \u2013journal of paleontology : vol . 74 , # 6 , pp . 1173 - 1180\nwerdelin , l . & lewis , m . e . , 2012 : the taxonomic identity of the type specimen of crocuta sivalensis ( falconer , 1867 ) . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 32 , # 6 , pp . 1453 - 1456 [ doi : 10 . 1080 / 039 . 032 . 0607 ]\nwerdelin , l . , 2003 : mio - pliocene carnivora from lothagam , kenya . 261 - 328 . in leakey , m . g . & harris , j . m . , ( eds . ) 2003 : lothagam \u2013 the dawn of humanity in east africa . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 2003 , 1 - 678\nwerdelin , l . & solounias , n . , 1991 : the hyaenidae : taxonomy , systematics and evolution . \u2013fossils & strata : # 30 , 31 may , pp . 1 - 104\nadcrocuta ( syn . hyena ) , allohyaena , chasmaporthetes ( syn . ailuraena ) , crocuta , hyaena , hyaenictis , hyaenictitherium , ictitherium , leecyaena , lycyaena , miohyaena , pachycrocuta , palinhyaena , pliocrocuta , protictitherium , thalassictis ( syn . palhyaena ) , tungurictis .\nj . j . flynn . 1998 . early cenozoic carnivora (\nmiacoidea\n) . in c . m . janis , k . m . scott , and l . l . jacobs ( eds . ) , evolution of tertiary mammals of north america\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 2 / 28 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 503, "summary": [{"text": "myrmarachne formicaria is a species of jumping spider ( family salticidae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it mimics an ant .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is one of the few species in the genus myrmarachne that is found outside the tropics . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "myrmarachne formicaria", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for myrmarachne formicaria yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe ant - jumper , myrmarachne formicaria . the spider is camouflaged as an ant . it moves like an ant and holds up its front legs so it look like antennas of an ant .\nbradley , r . a . , cutler , b . and hodge , m . 2006 . the first records of myrmarachne formicaria ( araneae , salticidae ) in the americas . journal of arachnology 34 : 483\u2013484 .\ngall , w . k . & edwards , g . b . ( 2016 ) . first records for the jumping spiders heliophanus kochii in the americas and myrmarachne formicaria in new york state ( araneae : salticidae ) . peckhamia 140 . 1 : 1 - 7 . - - show included taxa\nmyrmarachne confusus wanless , 1978a : 46 , f . 23a - h ( d m ) . myrmarachne confusa brignoli , 1983c : 645 .\nnomina nuda : myrmarachne kuroiwana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 . myrmarachne matsumurana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 . myrmarachne sakisimana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 .\nhigh - speed video results are based on 27 recordings of m . formicaria ( three females and two males ) , 15 recordings of ants ( four formica sp . workers ) and 23 recordings of non - mimetic salticids ( salticus scenicus two females ; sitticus sp . one female ; phidippus audax two females ) .\nmyrmarachne decorata reimoser , 1927b : 3 , f . 3 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne roeweri reimoser , 1934b : 500 , f . 22 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne natalica lessert , 1925b : 344 , f . 11 ( d f ) . myrmarachne natalica wanless , 1978a : 39 , f . 18a - e ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne lulengensis roewer , 1965 : 49 , f . 39 ( d m ) . myrmarachne caheni roewer , 1965 : 61 , f . 67 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lulengensis wanless , 1978a : 55 , f . 29a - i ( m , s ) .\nmyrmarachne bamakoi berland & millot , 1941 : 404 , f . 94 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bamakoi wanless , 1978a : 73 , f . 43a - g ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne biseratensis badcock , 1918 : 312 , f . 10 ( d m ) . myrmarachne biseratensis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 512 , f . 8a - g , 9a - f ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne biseratensis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 46l ( f ) . myrmarachne biseratensis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19l ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne brevis xiao , 2002 : 477 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne calcuttaensis biswas , 1984a : 126 , f . 17 - 19 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne consobrina denis , 1955b : 116 , f . 14 - 17 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne dirangicus bastawade , 2002 : 278 , f . 20 - 28 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne galianae cutler , 1981c : 52 , f . 1 - 7 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne ransoni wanless , 1978a : 124 , f . 83a - e ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne richardsi wanless , 1978a : 61 , f . 35a - h ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne russellsmithi wanless , 1978a : 92 , f . 58a - h ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne thaii zabka , 1985 : 418 , f . 359 - 363 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne vehemens fox , 1937d : 16 , f . 6 , 10 ( d m ) .\nsynemosyna clavigera thorell , 1877b : 548 ( d m ) . myrmarachne clavigera simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne clavigera yamasaki , 2012 : 161 , f . 20 - 27 ( m ) . myrmarachne clavigera yamasaki , 2015 : 55 , f . 21 - 22 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne bakeri banks , 1930a : 216 , pl . 11 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bakeri edwards , 2015 : 79 , f . 39k - l ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne balinese pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 176 , f . 123 - 124 ( d f ) . myrmarachne balinese pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 22b ( f ) .\nsynemosyna moesta thorell , 1877b : 541 ( d f ) . myrmarachne moesta roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne moesta yamasaki , 2012 : 165 , f . 32 - 35 ( f ) .\nsynemosyna nigra thorell , 1877b : 544 ( d f ) . myrmarachne nigra simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne nigra yamasaki , 2012 : 167 , f . 36 - 41 ( f ) .\nsynemosyna nitidissima thorell , 1877b : 546 ( d m ) . myrmarachne nitidissima roewer , 1955c : 948 . myrmarachne nitidissima yamasaki , 2012 : 169 , f . 42 - 48 ( m ) . myrmarachne nitidissima yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 544 , f . 35a - g ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne cornuta badcock , 1918 : 291 , f . 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta edmunds & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2003 : 304 , f . 30 - 39 ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 16 , f . 7 ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 518 , f . 13a - g , 14a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45c12 , 46m ( f ) . myrmarachne cornuta pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19m , 22a ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne aurea ceccarelli , 2010 : 248 , f . 10 - 18 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne edwardsi berry , beatty & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1996 : 241 , f . 97 - 102 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne edwardsi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b7 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne foreli lessert , 1925b : 342 , f . 9 - 10 ( d m ) . myrmarachne foreli wanless , 1978a : 85 , f . 53a - l ( m , d f ) .\nmyrmarachne gurgulla ceccarelli , 2010 : 250 , f . 19 - 27 ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna lugens thorell , 1881 : 406 ( dj ) . myrmarachne lugens roewer , 1955c : 946 .\nsalticus macrognathus thorell , 1894a : 58 ( d m ) . myrmarachne macrognatha roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne macrognatha yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 11 , f . 33 - 45 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne macrognatha pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19n ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne palladia denis , 1958b : 105 , f . 34 ( d f ) . myrmarachne palladia logunov & zamanpoore , 2005 : 223 , f . 15 - 17 ( f , d m ) .\nmyrmarachne platypalpus bradoo , 1980 : 387 , f . 1 - 8 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne poonaensis tikader , 1973b : 62 , f . 7 - 11 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne tamsuiensis yamasaki , 2013 : 29 , f . 1 - 12 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne assimilis banks , 1930a : 210 , pl . 11 , f . 7 , 13 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 510 , f . 6a - h , 7a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis yamasaki , 2015 : 55 , f . 8 , 19 - 20 ( m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 46k ( f ) . myrmarachne assimilis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19k ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne inermichelis b\u00f6senberg & strand , 1906 : 329 , pl . 9 , f . 128 , pl . 14 , f . 382 ( d m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis strand , 1918 : 100 ( d f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis saito , 1933b : 39 , pl . 3 , f . 7a - b . myrmarachne innermichelis uyemura , 1952 : 5 , f . 3 , b ( m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis oliger , 1984 : 126 , f . 3 ( m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis yaginuma , 1986a : 242 , f . 134 . 2 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis bohdanowicz & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1987 : 96 , f . 160 - 166 ( m f ) . myrmarachne innermichelis chikuni , 1989b : 160 , f . 64 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis seo , 2001a : 38 , f . 5 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis namkung , 2002 : 607 , f . 43 . 51a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne innermichelis cho & kim , 2002 : 110 , f . 40 , 141 - 142 , 249 - 250 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis namkung , 2003 : 611 , f . 43 . 51a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 25 - 30 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis kim & lee , 2014 : 95 , f . 67a - e ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne bidentata banks , 1930a : 209 , pl . 11 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bidentata barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 50 , f . 19a - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne collarti roewer , 1965 : 54 , f . 55 ( d m ) . myrmarachne collarti wanless , 1978a : 49 , f . 24a - h , pl . 1e - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne rufisquei berland & millot , 1941 : 411 , f . 100 , 101a - b ( d m ) . myrmarachne rufisquei wanless , 1978a : 55 , f . 30a - c ( m ) .\nsalticus lugubris kulczy\u0144ski , 1895d : 46 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne grahami fox , 1937d : 12 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ) . myrmarachne lugubris pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1979 : 313 , f . 222 - 223 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris wesolowska , 1981a : 81 , f . 112 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris dunin , 1984b : 136 , f . 47 - 49 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris zabka , 1985 : 248 , f . 349 - 358 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1987 : 26 , 157 ( f , s ) . myrmarachne lugubris logunov & wesolowska , 1992 : 133 , f . 21b - d , 22a - c , 23a - c ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 536 , f . 305e , q ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris cho & kim , 2002 : 112 , f . 252 - 253 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris ikeda , 2010 : 29 , unnumbered f . ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne eidmanni roewer , 1942b : 252 , pl . 19 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne punctata wanless & clark , 1975 : 290 , f . 29 - 35 ( d m ) . myrmarachne eidmanni wanless , 1978a : 39 , f . 17a - h ( m , s ) .\nmyrmarachne elongata szombathy , 1915a : 475 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne coppeti berland & millot , 1941 : 405 , f . 95 , 101c ( d m ) . myrmarachne faradjensis roewer , 1965 : 48 , f . 36 ( d m ) . myrmarachne atra roewer , 1965 : 50 , f . 40 ( d m ) . myrmarachne abimvai roewer , 1965 : 58 , f . 61 , 61a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne dartevellei roewer , 1965 : 58 , f . 62 ( d m ) . myrmarachne kasaia roewer , 1965 : 60 , f . 64 ( d m ) . myrmarachne moto roewer , 1965 : 60 , f . 65 , 65a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne elongata wanless , 1978a : 50 , f . 25a - f , 26a - h , 27a - i , 28a - i ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne elongata zabka , 1985 : 244 , f . 314 - 317 ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 4 . 1 - 3 ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304i - j , 327l ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 40 - 43 ( m f ) . myrmarachne elongata wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 582 , f . 99 - 102 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne kiboschensis lessert , 1925a : 441 , f . 18 - 22 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne diversicoxis caporiacco , 1947d : 227 , pl . 2 , f . 62 ( d f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wanless , 1978a : 78 , f . 47a - g , 48a - k ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis zabka , 1985 : 247 , f . 337 - 341 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1992b : 187 , f . 93 - 98 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis peng et al . , 1993 : 137 , f . 469 - 473 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304s ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 28 , f . 107 - 111 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 111 - 113 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis kananbala et al . , 2011 : 4 , f . 1a - f ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis yin et al . , 2012 : 1412 , f . 767a - e ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne marshallii peckham & peckham , 1903 : 249 , pl . 29 , f . 6 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne riveti berland & millot , 1941 : 410 , f . 99 ( d m ) . myrmarachne akermani lawrence , 1942 : 181 , f . 28 - 29 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne burgeoni roewer , 1965 : 54 , f . 56 , 56a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne bredoi roewer , 1965 : 55 , f . 57 ( d m ) . myrmarachne benoiti roewer , 1965 : 57 , f . 60 ( d m ) . myrmarachne mulungu roewer , 1965 : 59 , f . 63 ( d m ) . myrmarachne marshalli wanless , 1978a : 67 , f . 38a - h , 39a - g , 40a - k , pl . 1a - d , 4a , c , e ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne marshalli wanless , 1978e : 277 , pl . 2d . myrmarachne marshalli wesolowska & cumming , 2008 : 199 , f . 98 - 106 ( m f ) . myrmarachne marshalli wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 63 , f . 121 - 123 ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne foenisex simon , 1910c : 415 ( d m ) . myrmarachne foenisex giltay , 1929 : 25 , f . 3 - 4 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne foenisex berland & millot , 1941 : 406 , f . 96 ( m f ) . myrmarachne foenisex lessert , 1942 : 10 , f . 5 ( f ) . myrmarachne foenisex wanless , 1978a : 60 , f . 33a - g , 34a - e , pl . 1h , 2a , 3e - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne foenisex wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 103 - 110 ( m f ) .\nsalticus alticeps thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d m ) . myrmarachne alticeps roewer , 1955c : 944 .\nsynemosyna capito thorell , 1890c : 155 ( d f ) . myrmarachne capito roewer , 1955c : 945 .\nmyrmarachne crassembolus yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 520 , f . 15a - g ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne cyrtodens yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 521 , f . 16a - g ( d m ) .\nsynemosyna debilis thorell , 1890c : 155 ( d f ) . myrmarachne debilis roewer , 1955c : 945 .\nmyrmarachne endoi yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 523 , f . 17a - g ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne hidaspis caporiacco , 1935b : 196 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne himalayensis narayan , 1915 : 399 , pl . 32 , f . 5 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne incertus narayan , 1915 : 396 , pl . 32 , f . 2 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1967b : 100 , f . 3l - p ( d m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1986a : 243 , f . 134 . 3 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata bohdanowicz & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1987 : 98 , f . 167 - 171 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata chikuni , 1989b : 160 , f . 62 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 5 . 1 - 4 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata seo , 1992b : 181 , f . 3 - 6 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata peng et al . , 1993 : 138 , f . 474 - 478 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 305k - m , 327m ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata namkung , 2002 : 605 , f . 43 . 49a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata cho & kim , 2002 : 111 , f . 42 , 144 - 145 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata namkung , 2003 : 609 , f . 43 . 49a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 37 - 39 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata yin et al . , 2012 : 1413 , f . 768a - e ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata kim & lee , 2014 : 97 , f . 69a - e , pl . 19 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata caleb , 2016c : 405 , f . 1 - 19 ( m f ) .\nsalticus leptognathus thorell , 1890c : 158 ( d m ) . myrmarachne leptognatha roewer , 1955c : 946 .\nmyrmarachne megachelae ganesh kumar & mohanasundaram , 1998 : 27 , 5 unnumbered f . ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne onceana barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 58 , f . 25a - j ( d m ) .\nsalticus paviei simon , 1886a : 137 ( d m ) . myrmarachne paviei simon , 1904b : 290 .\nsalticus pectorosus thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d m ) . myrmarachne pectorosa roewer , 1955c : 948 .\nmyrmarachne pinakapalea barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 54 , f . 22a - g ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne pinoysorum barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 61 , f . 26a - h ( d m ) .\nsynemosyna prognatha thorell , 1887 : 343 ( d m ) . myrmarachne prognatha roewer , 1955c : 948 .\nsynemosyna rufescens thorell , 1877b : 552 ( d f , not m ) . myrmarachne rufescens roewer , 1955c : 949 . myrmarachne rufescens yamasaki , 2012 : 171 , f . 49 - 54 ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne satarensis narayan , 1915 : 404 , pl . 32 , f . 9 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne seriatis banks , 1930a : 215 , pl . 11 , f . 5 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne solitaria peckham & peckham , 1903 : 250 , pl . 29 , f . 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wanless , 1978a : 75 , f . 46a - l ( m f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 65 , f . 124 - 126 ( f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wesolowska & haddad , 2014 : 253 , f . 82 - 86 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne vanessae wanless , 1978a : 91 , f . 57a - l ( d m f ) . myrmarachne vanessae wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 73 , f . 196 - 199 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne vulgarisa barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 53 , f . 23a - h ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne gisti fox , 1937d : 13 , f . 4 , 9 , 12 , 14 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne gisti yin & wang , 1979 : 36 , f . 19a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti hu , 1984 : 379 , f . 395 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhu & shi , 1985 : 207 , f . 189a - c ( f ) . myrmarachne legon zabka , 1985 : 247 , f . 342 - 348 ( m f , misidentified ) . myrmarachne gisti song , 1987 : 298 , f . 254 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhang , 1987 : 244 , f . 216 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti feng , 1990 : 211 , f . 186 . 1 - 7 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti chen & gao , 1990 : 187 , f . 238a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti chen & zhang , 1991 : 311 , f . 330 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti peng et al . , 1993 : 132 , f . 440 - 449 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhao , 1993 : 411 , f . 211a - c ( f ) . myrmarachne gisti logunov , 1993a : 51 , f . 1a - c ( m ) . myrmarachne gisti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304n - p , 305a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 440 , f . 292a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhu & zhang , 2011 : 490 , f . 355a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti yin et al . , 2012 : 1408 , f . 765a - j ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne uvira wanless , 1978a : 86 , f . 54a - m ( d m f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 73 , f . 192 - 195 ( f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 32 , f . 125 - 129 ( m f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 585 , f . 121 - 123 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne lulengana roewer , 1965 : 50 , f . 42 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lulengana wanless , 1978a : 33 , f . 12g , j - l , 13a - h ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne lulengana wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 30 , f . 115 - 119 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lulengana wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 61 , f . 115 - 120 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne militaris szombathy , 1913 : 33 , 56 , f . 9 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens lessert , 1925a : 445 , f . 23 - 25 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens caporiacco , 1940c : 855 ( d f ) . myrmarachne paucidentata berland & millot , 1941 : 408 , f . 98 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens roewer , 1965 : 41 , f . 51 , 51a ( f ) . myrmarachne schoutedeni roewer , 1965 : 51 , f . 44 ( d m ) . myrmarachne militaris wanless , 1978a : 30 , f . 10a , e - f , h - i , 11a - c , e - f , h - i , 12a - b , e , h ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne militaris wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 32 , f . 120 - 124 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne acromegalis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 505 , f . 2a - f , 3a - f , 41c - f ( d m f ) . myrmarachne acromegalis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b4 , 46j ( m f ) . myrmarachne acromegalis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19j ( f ) .\nsalticus manducator westwood , 1841 : 1 , pl . 1 ( d f ) . salticus luridus simon , 1885e : 453 ( d m ) . ascalus manducator thorell , 1895 : 323 ( d m ) . myrmarachne manducator simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne lurida simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne manducator simon , 1904b : 290 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ( m ) . myrmarachne manducator reimoser , 1925 : 90 .\nmyrmarachne acutidens yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 3 , f . 2 - 19 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne circulus xiao & wang , 2004 : 263 , f . 1 - 10 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne iridescens banks , 1930a : 216 , pl . 11 , f . 3 ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna praelonga thorell , 1890b : 64 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laeta praelonga strand , 1909f : 103 .\nmyrmarachne ludhianaensis sadana & gupta , 1998 : 469 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska & salm , 2002 : 410 , f . 1 - 16 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne piercei banks , 1930a : 214 , pl . 11 , f . 2 ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna opaca karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne opaca banks , 1930a : 211 , pl . 7 , f . 12 . myrmarachne opaca yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 546 , f . 36a - g ( m ) . myrmarachne opaca benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 39c - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne ramosa badcock , 1918 : 303 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne albicrurata badcock , 1918 : 306 , f . 9a ( d f ) . myrmarachne lateralis badcock , 1918 : 310 , f . 9b ( d f ) . myrmarachne ramosa edmunds & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2003 : 301 , f . 8 - 29 ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne ramosa pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2016 : 6 , f . 2b - c , 3b , 4b ( m f ) . myrmarachne ramosa pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 101 , f . ( f , removed from s of m . melanocephala , contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 , s of m . albicrurata and m . laterali s confirmed ) . myrmarachne ramosa pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 22e ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne ramunni narayan , 1915 : 400 , pl . 32 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne ramunni dyal , 1935 : 221 ( d f ; n . b . : may be misidentified , per benjamin , 2015b : 2651 ) . myrmarachne ramunni benjamin , 2015b : 2651 , f . 2e - f , 3e - f ( m ) . myrmarachne ramunni caleb , 2016c : 417 , f . 66 - 75 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne chapmani banks , 1930a : 214 , pl . 11 , f . 6 , 11 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne concava zhu et al . , 2005 : 536 , f . 10a - f ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne dundoensis wanless , 1978a : 82 , f . 51a - i , 52a - e , pl . 5a - b ( d m f ) . myrmarachne dundoensis edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 16 , f . 7 ( m ) . myrmarachne dundoensis wesolowska & wi\u015bniewski , 2015 : 555 , f . 31 - 33 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne glavisi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 176 , f . 117 , 119 - 120 , 125 - 126 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne glavisi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 22c ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne mcgregori banks , 1930a : 213 , pl . 11 , f . 9 , 14 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne mussungue wanless , 1978a : 42 , f . 19d - e , g - j ( d f ) .\nsalticus pectorosus sternodes thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d f ) . myrmarachne pectorosa sternodes roewer , 1955c : 948 .\nmyrmarachne tagalica banks , 1930a : 212 , pl . 11 , f , 1 , 10 ( d m ) .\nsalticus tristis simon , 1882b : 212 ( d f ) . salticus tristis simon , 1890a : 115 ( d m ) . salticus tristis peckham & peckham , 1892 : 22 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis simon , 1901a : 501 . myrmarachne tristis narayan , 1915 : 397 , pl . 32 , f . 3 ( f ) . myrmarachne tristis roewer , 1965 : 42 , f . 35 , 35a ( f ) . myrmarachne tristis diversipes denis , 1966e : 113 , f . 13 ( d m ) . myrmarachne tristis wanless , 1978a : 63 , f . 36a - h , 37a - e ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1989 : 44 , f . 37 - 43 ( m ) . myrmarachne tristis wesolowska & van harten , 1994 : 63 , f . 128 - 132 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2003 : 108 , f . 446 - 452 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2016 : 6 , f . 2a , 3a , 4a ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45a6 , 45b6 , 45c11 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 22d ( f ) .\nsalticus constrictus blackwall , 1877 : 5 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ( dj ) . myrmarachne constricta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne constrictus saaristo , 1978 : 111 , f . 100 - 102 ( d m ) . myrmarachne constricta wanless , 1984c : 24 , f . 7a - g , 8a - c ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne constricta saaristo , 2010 : 194 , f . 27 . 101 - 104 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne evidens roewer , 1965 : 53 , f . 52 ( d m ) . myrmarachne evidens wanless , 1978a : 42 , f . 20a , h - i , 21d , f , i , 22a , d ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne lesserti lawrence , 1938a : 521 , f . 39 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lesserti wanless , 1978a : 106 , f . 68a , c - d , f , 69a - b , e - g ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne nigeriensis wanless , 1978a : 88 , f . 55a - j , 56a - m ( d m f ) . myrmarachne nigeriensis wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 114 - 120 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne caliraya barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 56 , f . 24a - i ( d m ) . myrmarachne caliraya sen et al . , 2015 : 40 , f . 136 - 141 , pl . 14 ( m ) . myrmarachne caliraya dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 38 , f . 96 - 99 , pl . 17 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne edentata berry , beatty & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1996 : 238 , f . 84 - 90 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne pisarskii berry , beatty & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1996 : 240 , f . 91 - 96 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne lesserti schenkel , 1963 : 391 , f . 226a - b ( d m ; n . b . : preoccupied by lawrence , 1938 ) . myrmarachne lesserti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 305d , n ( m , f may be mislabeled ) . myrmarachne schenkeli peng & li , 2002g : 26 ( replacement name ) .\nsalticus bicurvatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1869c : 67 , pl . 6 , f . 57 - 60 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bicrivata sherriffs , 1931 : 539 ( lapsus ) . myrmarachne bicurvata roewer , 1955c : 944 . myrmarachne bicurvata benjamin , 2015b : 2613 , f . 2a - d , 3a - d , 4a - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne melanocephala macleay , 1839 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmecia melanocephala walckenaer , 1841 : 462 ( d f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala galiano , 1969b : 146 ( type locality is\nbengal ,\nnot cuba ) . myrmarachne orientales tikader , 1973b : 60 , f . 3 - 6 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034866 ] . myrmarachne orientales tikader & biswas , 1981 : 105 , f . 193 - 194 ( f ) . myrmarachne orientalis brignoli , 1983c : 644 ( lapsus ) . myrmarachne orientales mushtaq et al . , 1995 : 91 , f . 1a - f ( m ) . myrmarachne melanocephala edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 , f . 1a - h , 2a - d , 3a - d , 4a - e , 5a - d ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 15 , f . 46 - 58 ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 541 , f . 32a - g , 33a - h , 34a - c ( m f ) . myrmarachne orientales sen et al . , 2015 : 42 , f . 152 - 156 , pl . 14 ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala benjamin , 2015b : 2625 , f . 17a - d , 18a - d , 19a - d ( m , s ) . myrmarachne melanocephala roy , saha & raychaudhuri , 2016 : 24 , f . 20a - f , 25i , 27r ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala caleb , 2016c : 410 , f . 20 - 30 ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 39 , f . 105 - 109 , pl . 17 ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b1 , 45c9 , 46b ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 19b , 22e1 ( f ) .\nsalticus nemorensis peckham & peckham , 1892 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ( d m ) . myrmarachne nemorensis roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne nemorensis benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 39a - b ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne giltayi roewer , 1965 : 52 , f . 45 ( d m ) . myrmarachne giltayi wanless , 1978a : 36 , f . 14a - b , f , h , 15a , f - g , 16d - f , h ( m ) . myrmarachne giltayi wesolowska & wi\u015bniewski , 2015 : 556 , f . 34 - 38 ( d f , m ) .\nsalticus angusta thorell , 1877b : 553 ( d m ) . myrmarachne angusta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne annamita zabka , 1985 : 243 , f . 306 - 313 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034729 ] . myrmarachne annamita zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 2 , f . 3 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita peng et al . , 1993 : 130 , f . 430 - 439 ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 303o - p , 304g - h , 327k ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita yin et al . , 2012 : 1405 , f . 763a - j ( m f ) . myrmarachne angusta yamasaki , 2012 : 155 , f . 2 - 12 ( m , s f ) .\nsalticus hesperius simon , 1887a : 261 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hesperia simon , 1901a : 498 . myrmarachne hesperia berland & millot , 1941 : 407 , f . 97 ( m ) . myrmarachne insulana roewer , 1942b : 254 , pl . 19 , f . 10 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034805 ] . myrmarachne chelata wanless & clark , 1975 : 294 , f . 36 - 43 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hesperia wanless , 1978a : 46 , f . 20d - e , g , j , 21a , c , h , k , 22c , f ( m , s ) . myrmarachne insulana wanless , 1978a : 40 , f . 19a - c , f ( f ) . myrmarachne hesperia wesolowska & edwards , 2012 : 753 , f . 70 - 76 ( m , s f ) .\nmyrmarachne laurentina bacelar , 1953 : 8 , f . 4 - 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laurentina wanless , 1978a : 99 , f . 63a - b , e , g , i , 64b - c , 65a - c , g - h ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne laurentina wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 61 , f . 111 - 114 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne\nlaurentina pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 171 , f . 21s - v ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne lawrencei roewer , 1965 : 56 , f . 59 , 59a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wanless , 1978a : 32 , f . 10b - d , g , j , 11d , g , j - k , 12c - d , f , i ( m f ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 28 , f . 112 - 114 ( m ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wesolowska & wi\u015bniewski , 2015 : 558 , f . 39 - 43 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne milledgei pek\u00e1r , in pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 662 , f . 11a - j ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne sabahna yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 547 , f . 37a - g , 38a - f ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne smaragdina ceccarelli , 2010 : 250 , f . 28 - 36 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne smaragdina pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 554 , f . 2k - l , 12a - g , s1q - r ( m f ) .\nthe first specimen records of m . formicaria from north america have all been from ohio , usa : from warren , trumble county on 16 august 2001 ; the j . h . barrow field station , portage county on 15 september 2002 ; and at a residence near peninsula , summit county . additional individuals have been observed by the third author in and around the j . h . barrow field station and the peninsula residence during the summers of 2003 and 2004 . ( bradley et al . 2006 )\nmyrmarachne isolata clark & benoit , 1977 : 89 , f . 35a - d , 36a - b ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne lambirensis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 529 , f . 22a - g , 23a - f ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna lupata l . koch , 1879a : 1052 , pl . 93 , f . 1 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lupata rainbow , 1911 : 283 . myrmarachne lupata pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 657 , f . 8a - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne markaha barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 51 , f . 20a - h , 21a - h ( d m ) . myrmarachne markaha yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 536 , f . 28a - g , 29a - f ( m , d f ) .\nsalticus robustus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ( d m ) . myrmarachne robusta roewer , 1955c : 949 . myrmarachne maratha tikader , 1973b : 65 , f . 12 - 15 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034844 ] . myrmarachne maratha tikader & biswas , 1981 : 105 , f . 195 - 197 ( m f ) . myrmarachne maratha sen et al . , 2015 : 42 , f . 142 - 146 , pl . 14 ( f ) . myrmarachne robusta benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 41a - b ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne robusta dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 38 , f . 100 - 104 , pl . 17 ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne uniseriata narayan , 1915 : 402 , pl . 32 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne aurantiaca benjamin , 2015b : 2613 , f . 1a - d ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 048048 ] . myrmarachne uniseriata caleb & benjamin , 2017 : 294 , f . 1 - 6 ( m , s of m . aurantiaca ) .\nsalticus augustus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ( d m ) . myrmarachne angustiformis simon , 1901a : 503 ( unnecessary replacement name ) . myrmarachne augusta wanless , 1978a : 109 , f . 70a - h ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne epigealis yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 7 , f . 20 - 32 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne epigealis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b3 ( m f ) . toxeus epigealis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19g ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne jacksoni pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 178 , f . 115 - 116 , 121 - 122 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne linguiensis zhang & song , in zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 6 . 1 - 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne linguiensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 536 , f . 305o - p , 327n ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne morningside benjamin , 2015b : 2628 , f . 20a - d , 21a - d , 22a - d ( d m ) .\nsalticus albocinctus c . l . koch , 1846 : 36 , f . 1105 ( d m ) . salticus ephippiatus emerton , 1891 : 249 , pl . 21 , f . 4 ( f , misidentified ) . myrmarachne albocincta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne albocincta emerton , 1909 : 233 . myrmarachne albocincta peckham & peckham , 1909 : 371 , pl . 50 , f . 2 ( m f ) .\nleptorchestes striatipes l . koch , 1879a : 1059 , pl . 93 , f . 4 ( d f ) . myrmarachne striatipes simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne striatipes pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 665 , f . 13a - k , s1j ( d m , f ) .\nsalticus macleayanus bradley , 1876b : 220 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ( d m ) . myrmarachne jugularis simon , 1901a : 499 , f . 593 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034811 ] . myrmarachne macleayana rainbow , 1911 : 283 . myrmarachne jugularis zabka , 1991c : 42 ( type locality specified as australian ) . myrmarachne macleayana pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 660 , f . 2i - j , 3e , 10a - m , s1m - p ( m , d f , s of m . jugularis ) .\nmyrmarachne albosetosa wanless , 1978a : 108 , f . 68b , e , g , 69c - d , h - j ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne corpuzrarosae barrion , in barrion & litsinger , 1981a : 144 , f . 2a - j , 3a - g ( d m f ) .\nsalticus eumenes simon , 1900b : 405 ( d m ) . myrmarachne eumenes simon , 1901a : 499 , f . 587 - 589 ( m ) . myrmarachne eumenes wanless , 1978a : 114 , f . 73a - k , 74a - e , pl . 2b ( m , d f ) .\nsalticus ichneumon simon , 1886g : 387 ( d m ) . salticus ichneumon peckham & peckham , 1892 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ( m ) . myrmarachne ichneumon simon , 1901a : 499 . salticus ichneumon peckham & peckham , 1903 : 250 ( d f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon roewer , 1965 : 47 , f . 38 , 38a ( f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon wanless , 1978a : 56 , f . 31a - g , 32a - i ( m f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 58 , f . 105 - 110 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne kilifi wanless , 1978a : 102 , f . 63c - d , f , h , j - k , 64a , d , 65d - f , i - j , pl . 3c - d ( d m f ) . myrmarachne kilifi wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 72 , f . 188 - 191 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne\nkilifi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 171 , f . 21w - z ( m f ) .\nsynemosyna pumilio karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hanoii zabka , 1985 : 246 , f . 332 - 336 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034795 ] . myrmarachne topali zabka , 1985 : 419 , f . 364 - 367 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034911 ] . myrmarachne hanoii xiao & wang , 2007 : 1004 , f . 1 - 8 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne hanoii yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 526 , f . 20a - g , 21a - d , 41a ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne pumilio benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 40a - e ( removed m from nomen dubium contra roewer , 1955c : 166 , t from synemosyna , s f ) . myrmarachne hanoi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19o ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne macaulayi pek\u00e1r , in pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 658 , f . 9a - j , s1k - l ( d m f ) .\nsalticus myrmicaeformis lucas , 1871 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ( d m ) . salticus desertus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 21 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne myrmicaeformis simon , 1901a : 501 . myrmarachne myrmicaeformis reimoser , 1919 : 97 .\nsalticus providens peckham & peckham , 1892 : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne providens simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne providens pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 101 ( removed from s of m . melanocephala contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ; species inquirenda ) .\nsalticus bicolor l . koch , 1879a : 1055 , pl . 93 , f . 2 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bicolor rainbow , 1911 : 282 . myrmarachne spp . davies & zabka , 1989 : 203 , f . 10 ( m only ) . myrmarachne rubra ceccarelli , 2010 : 246 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 043414 ] . myrmarachne bicolor pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 645 , f . 1a - f , 2a - b , 3a , s1a - b ( m , d f , s of m . rubra ) .\nsalticus dubius peckham & peckham , 1892 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne dubius banks , 1930a : 208 .\nmyrmarachne inflatipalpis wanless , 1978a : 95 , f . 59a , c , f - g , 60a , c , e - g ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne jianfenglin barrion , barrion - dupo & heong , in barrion et al . , 2013 : 23 , f . 25a - e ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne leleupi wanless , 1978a : 80 , f . 49a - b , e , 50b , d - e , g , i ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne uelensis wanless , 1978a : 82 , f . 49c - d , f - g , 50a , c , f , h ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne legon wanless , 1978a : 69 , f . 41a - c , 42a - k , pl . 4b , d , f ( d m f ) .\nsalticus simonis herman , 1879 : 295 , 383 , pl . 8 , f . 185 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne simonis reimoser , 1919 : 97 .\nmyrmarachne zabkai pek\u00e1r , in pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 666 , f . 2m - n , 14a - j , s1s ( d m f ) .\nleptorchestes erythrocephalus l . koch , 1879a : 1057 , pl . 93 , f . 3 ( d f ) . myrmarachne erythrocephala simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne erythrocephala pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 649 , f . 2c - d , 3b , 5a - m , s1c - e ( d m , f ) .\nanon . 2010 ,\nmyrmarachne macleay , 1839 ( araneae : salticidae ) : generic name conserved\n, bulletin of zoological nomenclature , vol . 67 , p . 336\nsalticus edentulus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ( d f ) . myrmarachne edentata roewer , 1955c : 945 ( lapsus ) .\nmyrmarachne kitale wanless , 1978a : 94 , f . 59b , d - e , h - i , 60b , d , h - m ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna laeta thorell , 1887 : 339 ( d f ) . ascalus laeta thorell , 1895 : 321 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laeta gravely , 1922 : 1049 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ( m f ) . myrmarachne laeta dyal , 1935 : 220 , pl . 17 , f . 160 - 164 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne luachimo wanless , 1978a : 37 , f . 14c - e , g , 15b - e , h , 16a - c , g ( d m f ) .\nsalticus pravus karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne paivae narayan , 1915 : 403 , pl . 32 , f . 8 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034867 ] . myrmarachne bengalensis tikader , 1973b : 65 , f . 16 - 18 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034737 ] . myrmarachne bengalensis tikader & biswas , 1981 : 106 , f . 198 - 200 ( f ) . myrmarachne prava benjamin , 2015b : 2634 , f . 23a - e , 24a - d , 25a - d , 26a - d , 27a - c , 28a - e ( removed m from nomen dubium contra roewer , 1955c : 1649 , t from salticus , s f ) . myrmarachne prava caleb , 2016c : 414 , f . 55 - 65 ( f ) .\niola cowanii peckham & peckham , 1892 : 75 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ( d f ) . myrmarachne cowani simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne cowanii wanless , 1978a : 73 , f . 44a - e , 45a - g ( f , m was considered as variety of m . augusta by peckham & peckham , 1892 ) .\nnomina dubia : myrmarachne cuprea ( hogg , 1896 : 352 , pl . 24 , f . 16 - 17 , f , central australia , originally leptorchestes cupreus ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034760 ] - - pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 648 . myrmarachne exultans caporiacco , 1949a : 462 , f . 83 ( f , kenya ) - - wanless , 1978a : 126 . myrmarachne obscura ( taczanowski , 1872 : 124 , french guiana , originally in janus ) - - roewer , 1955c : 1535 , galiano , 1969b : 144 . myrmarachne sansibarica strand , 1910 : 13 ( m , zanzibar ) - - wanless , 1978a : 126 , ( but see caporiacco , 1949a : 461 ) .\nsalticus attenuatus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d f ; n . b . : omitted by roewer ) . myrmarachne attenuata bonnet , 1957 : 2999 ( t f from salticus ) .\nmyrmarachne helensmithae pek\u00e1r , in pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 652 , f . 2e - f , 3c , 6a - j , s1f - g ( d m f ) .\nsalticus spissus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne spissa simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne spissa benjamin , 2015b : 2652 , f . 32a - j , 33a - d , 34a - d , 35a - f , 36a - c , 37a - f ( m , d f ) .\nleptorchestes cognata l . koch , 1879a : 1063 , pl . 93 , f . 6 ( dj ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034751 ] . leptorchestes luctuosus l . koch , 1879a : 1065 , pl . 93 , f . 7 ( d m ) . leptorchestes simoni l . koch , 1879a : 1061 , pl . 93 , f . 5 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034901 ] . myrmarachne cognata simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne luctuosa simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne simoni simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne spp . davies & zabka , 1989 : 203 , f . 10 ( f only ) . myrmarachne luctuosa pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 654 , f . 2g - h , 3d , 7a - j , s1h - i ( m , d f , s of m . cognata and m . simoni ) .\nmyrmarachne naro wanless , 1978a : 43 , f . 20b - c , f , k , 21b , e , g , j , 22b , e , g ( d m ) .\nsalticus niger peckham & peckham , 1892 : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ( d m , preoccupied ) . myrmarachne nigella simon , 1901a : 503 ( replacement name ) .\nsynemosyna transversa mukerjee , 1930 : 200 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ; n . b . : omitted by roewer ) . myrmarachne transversa galiano , 1966a : 377 ( t f from synemosyna ) .\nsalticus contractus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d m ; n . b . : nomen dubium per roewer , 1955c : 1646 ) . myrmarachne contracta edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ( t from salticus , s of m . melanocephala , rejected by pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 100 ) . myrmarachne contracta pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 100 ( removed from s of m . melanocephala contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ; species inquirenda ) .\nsalticus dilatatus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d m ) . myrmarachne dilatata pr\u00f3chniewicz , 1989 : 217 , f . 23 - 27 ( t m from salticus , where\nnicht zu deuten !\nper roewer ) .\nseo , b . k . ( 2001a ) . spiders of the genus myrmarachne ( araneae , salticidae ) from korea . journal of the institute of natural sciences , keimyung university 20 ( 2 ) : 37 - 41 . - - show included taxa\nsalticus attenuatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1901b : 15 , pl . 5 , f . 6 ( d f ; n . b . : preoccupied by karsch , 1880 , will need replacement name if identifiable ) . myrmarachne attenuata roewer , 1955c : 944 .\nsimonella formosana saito , 1933b : 40 , pl . 3 , f . 5a - e ( d m ) . myrmarachne formosana galiano , 1966a : 378 ( t m from simonella = synemosyna ; n . b . : preoccupied by matsumura , 1911 if congeneric ) .\nedwards , g . b . & benjamin , s . p . ( 2009 ) . a first look at the phylogeny of the myrmarachninae , with rediscovery and redescription of the type species of myrmarachne ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa 2309 : 1 - 29 . - - show included taxa\nbizone longiventris simon , 1903a : 1051 ( d f ) . bizonella longiventris strand , 1929 : 15 ( generic replacement name ) . bizonella longiventris roewer , 1965 : 80 , f . 71a - d ( f ) . myrmarachne longiventris wanless , 1978a : 105 , f . 66a , f , i , 67b - c ( f ) .\njanus melanocephalus c . l . koch , 1846 : 22 , f . 1092 ( d m , preoccupied ) . janigena melanocephala karsch , 1880c : 394 . synemosyna melanocephala van hasselt , 1882 : 47 . salticus melanocephalus simon , 1885a : 30 . synemosyna melanocephala thorell , 1892c : 224 ( d f ) . myrmarachne kochi reimoser , 1925 : 90 ( replacement name ) .\nlsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034782 ]\ndistribution : macaronesia , europe , turkey , caucasus , russia , china , korea , japan . introduced to usa\nalmquist , s . ( 2006 ) . swedish araneae , part 2 - - families dictynidae to salticidae . insect systematics & evolution , supplement 63 : 285 - 601 . - - show included taxa\nbecker , l . ( 1882b ) . les arachnides de belgique . i . annales du mus\u00e9e royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique 10 : 1 - 246 . - - show included taxa\nblackwall , j . ( 1861a ) . a history of the spiders of great britain and ireland . london 1 , 1 - 174 . - - show included taxa\nb\u00f6senberg , w . ( 1903 ) . die spinnen deutschlands . v , vi . zoologica ( stuttgart ) 14 ( 5 - 6 ) : 385 - 465 , pl . 37 - 43 . doi : 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 6508 - - show included taxa\nbreitling , r . , bauer , t . , sch\u00e4fer , m . , morano , e . , barrientos , j . a . & blick , t . ( 2016b ) . phantom spiders 2 : more notes on dubious spider species from europe . arachnologische mitteilungen 52 : 50 - 77 . doi : 10 . 5431 / aramit5209 - - show included taxa\ncanestrini , g . ( 1868 ) . nuove aracnidi italiani . annuario della societ\u00e0 dei naturalisti in modena 3 : 190 - 206 . - - show included taxa\ncanestrini , g . & pavesi , p . ( 1868 ) . araneidi italiani . atti della societ\u00e0 italiana di scienze naturali 11 : 738 - 872 . - - show included taxa\ncanestrini , g . & pavesi , p . ( 1870 ) . catalogo sistematico degli araneidi italiano . archivi per la zoologia anatomia e fisiologia bologna 2 : 60 - 64 ( separate , pp . 1 - 44 ) . - - show included taxa\nchen , x . e . & gao , j . c . ( 1990 ) . the sichuan farmland spiders in china . sichuan science and technology publishing house , chengdu , 226 pp . - - show included taxa\nchen , z . f . & zhang , z . h . ( 1991 ) . fauna of zhejiang : araneida . zhejiang science and technology publishing house , 356 pp . - - show included taxa\nchikuni , y . ( 1989b ) . pictorial encyclopedia of spiders in japan . kaisei - sha publishing co . , tokyo , 310 pp . - - show included taxa\ncho , j . h . & kim , j . p . ( 2002 ) . a revisional study of family salticidae blackwall , 1841 ( arachnida , araneae ) from korea . korean arachnology 18 : 85 - 169 . - - show included taxa\ndahl , m . ( 1926 ) . spinnentiere oder arachnoidea . springspinnen ( salticidae ) . in : . jena 3 , 1 - 55 . - - show included taxa\nde geer , c . ( 1778 ) . des araign\u00e9es . in : m\u00e9moires pour servir \u00e0 l ' histoire des insectes . tome septi\u00e8me . pierre hesselberg , stockholm , 176 - 324 , pl . 11 - 19 , 38 - 39 . - - show included taxa\ndoleschall , l . ( 1852 ) . systematisches verzeichniss der im kaiserthum \u00f6sterreich vorkommenden spinnen . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , wien 9 : 622 - 651 . [ sub ' doleschal ' ] - - show included taxa\ndunin , p . m . ( 1984b ) . [ material on the spider fauna from the far east ( arachnida , aranei ) . 1 . family salticidae ] . in : lehr , p . a . ( ed . ) fauna and ecology of insects in the south of the far east . dalnevostochnyi nauchnyi tsentr akademii nauk sssr , vladivostok , pp . 128 - 140 . - - show included taxa\nfeng , z . q . ( 1990 ) . spiders of china in colour . hunan science and technology publishing house , 256 pp . - - show included taxa\nflanczewska , e . ( 1981 ) . remarks on salticidae ( aranei ) of bulgaria . annales zoologici , warszawa 36 : 187 - 228 . - - show included taxa\nfuhn , i . e . & gherasim , v . f . ( 1995 ) . familia salticidae . fauna romaniei , arachnida 5 ( 5 ) , 1 - 301 . ( bucuresti , ed . acad . roman . ) - - show included taxa"]}
{"id": 506, "summary": [{"text": "elachista saccharella , the sugarcane leafminer moth , is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in florida , and louisiana in the united states and in cuba .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on saccharum species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "elachista saccharella", "paragraphs": ["elachista saccharella ( busck , 1934 ) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\nkaila , lauri . 1999 . a revision of the nearctic species of the genus elachista s . l . iii . the bifasciella , praelineata , saccharella and freyerella groups ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . acta zoologica fennica 211 : 1 - 235 .\nkaila , l . , 1999a . a revision of the nearctic species of elachista s . l . iii . the bifasciella , praelineata , saccharella and freyerella groups ( lepidoptera elachistidae ) . acta zool . fenn . 211 , 1 - 235 . [ links ]\na revision of the nearctic species of elachista s . 1 ii . , the argentella group ( lepidoptera : elachistidae )\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . 26 , pupa in dorsal , 27 , ventral and 28 , lateral views , respectively . scale bar = 300 \u03bcm .\nkaila , l . , varalda , p . g . , 2004 . the elachista juliensis complex revisited ( elachistidae ) . nota lepidopterol . 27 , 217 - 237 . [ links ]\nbaran , t . , 2002 . elachista nolckeni \u0161ulcs , 1992 : morphology and bionomics of immature stages ( gelechioidea : elachistidae ) . nota lepidopterol . 25 , 97 - 107 . [ links ]\nbaran , t . , 2009 . the immature stages of elachista zonulae ( sruoga , 1992 ) ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) . entomol . fenn . 20 , 239 - 244 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 2011b . on species related to elachista pollutella duponchel ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) , with descriptions of four new palaearctic species . entomol . fenn . 22 , 129 - 139 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 2011a . a review of species related to elachista catalana parenti ( lepidoptera , elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with descriptions of two new species . entomol . fenn . 22 , 85 - 96 . [ links ]\nsugisima , k . , kaila , l . , 2005 . japanese elachista mining on the leaf of woody poaceae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae s . str . ) . entomol . fenn . 16 , 83 - 102 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , sippola , l . , 2010 . elachista saarelai sp . n . ( lepidoptera elachistidae : elachistinae ) , a new species from southern finland . entomol . fenn . 21 , 129 - 138 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , sruoga , v . , 2014 . definition of the elachista puplesisi sruoga complex ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea , elachistidae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa . 3821 , 583 - 589 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , st\u00e5hls , g . , 2006 . dna barcodes : evaluating the potential of coi to differentiate closely related species of elachista ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : elachistidae ) from australia . zootaxa . 1170 , 1 - 26 . [ links ]\nbaran , t . , buszko , j . , 2005 . elachista baltica hering 1891 sp . rev . \u2013 a valid species of elachistidae from the baltic shore ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . entomol . fenn . 16 , 9 - 18 . [ links ]\nparenti , u . , 2005 . elachistid moths of the collection antonio cur\u00f3 and the pre - imaginal stages of elachista adscitella stainton and e . pollinariella zeller . riv . mus . civ . sc . nat . e . caffi . 24 , 3 - 9 . [ links ]\nbaran , t . , buszko , j . , 2010 . preimaginal stages and life history of elachista irenae buszko , 1989 ( insecta : lepidoptera : elachistidae ) \u2013 a local montane moth from central europe . ital . j . zool . 77 , 323 - 330 . [ links ]\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . first larval instar : 5 , general , dorsal view ; 6 , head , ventral ; 7 , mouth parts , ventral ; 8 , antenna , laterodorsal ; 9 , prothoracic spiracle , anterolateral . scale bars = 100 , 25 , 5 , 5 and 2 \u03bcm , respectively .\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . last larval instar : 10 , head chaetotaxy , frontal view ; 11 , thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view ; 12\u201313 , head and prothorax , dorsal and ventral views , respectively ( open arrows indicate prothoracic legs ) . scale bars = 150 , 300 , 200 and 200 \u03bcm , respectively .\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . egg : 1 , dorsolateral view ; 2 , chorionic cells showing location of aeropyles ( indicated by closed arrow in fig . 1 ) ; 3 , micropylar region ( indicated by open arrow in fig . 1 ) ; 4 , aeropyle in detail . scale bars = 50 , 10 , 5 and 1 \u03bcm , respectively .\nelachista synethes was recently recognized as an alien species in northern chile , where its larvae mine the rescue grass bromus catharticus ( poaceae ) . in order to provide the necessary information to allow field detection of e . synethes during early ontogeny , we conducted a morphological reappraisal of the immature stages of this leaf - miner moth , based on light and scanning electron microscopy , including the first descriptions of the egg and the first - instar larva . this is the first report of the existence of an apodal early larva for a species of elachista treitschke . the legs and prolegs are absent in the first two instars , but are well developed in the last two . additional observations on the life history are also provided , including a description of the mine .\nin relation to the thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy of e . synethes , the closest pattern is found in elachista baltica hering , 1891 , as described by baran and buszko ( 2005 ) . this is interesting , as e . baltica belongs to the freyerella species group ( baran and buszko , 2005 ) , in which the synethes complex is included ( kaila , 2011c ) . apparently the d - group is absent in a10 of the two species ; the d - group may be unisetose or bisetose in species belonging to other groups of elachista ( baran , 2002 , 2009 ; baran and buszko , 2010 ) . however , the homology of the a10 setae should be carefully examined before any conclusion is attempted in this regard ( baran and buszko , 2005 ) .\ntransverse histological sections of leaf of bromus catharticus , showing the organization levels of mine of elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 in relation to larval ontogeny : 46 , first instar , initial , linear section of mine ; 47 , last instar , final , blotch section of mine . asterisks indicate leaf mines . ab abaxial surface of epidermis ; ad adaxial surface of epidermis ; me mesophyll ; ph phloem ; sc sclerenchyma ; xy xylem . scale bars = 150 and 400 \u03bcm , respectively .\nthe new information presented here , in particular that related to the first instar , highlights the importance of performing morphological studies with the early life stages of elachistid moths , for comparative purposes . a remarkable characteristic in e . synethes is the absence of legs and prolegs in the two early larval instars , contrasting with the presence of these structures in the two later instars . as far as we know , this pattern has not been reported elsewhere for the family . reduction of thoracic legs has been mentioned for some elachistid species ; and the absence of prothoracic legs was reported for the last instar of some australian members of elachista ( wagner , 1987 ; common , 1990 ) .\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . scanning electron micrographs of last larval instar : 14 , head , lateral view ; 15 , stemmata , lateral ; 16 , antenna , lateral ; 17 , head and prothorax , dorsal ; 18 , labrum and dorsal stemmata in detail , dorsal ; 19 , maxilla and labium , ventral ; 20 , prothorax , ventral ; 21 , detail of prothorax left portion , dorsal ; 22 , spiracle of abdominal segment a1 , lateral ; 23 , prothoracic leg , posterolateral ; 24 , proleg of abdominal segment a4 , ventral ; 25 , last abdominal segments , lateral . scale bars = 100 , 15 , 10 , 200 , 50 , 20 , 150 , 50 , 20 , 50 , 50 and 100 \u03bcm , respectively .\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . scanning electron micrographs of pupa : 29 , head and thorax , dorsal view ; 30 , head , anterior ; 31 , head , ventral ; 32 , mesothoracic lateral tubercles in detail , dorsal ; 33 , terga of abdominal segments a2 - 4 , dorsal view ; 34 , tergal ridges in detail , dorsal ; 35 , spiracle of abdominal segment a2 , lateral ; 36 , spiracle of abdominal segment a6 , dorsal ; 37\u201339 , last abdominal segments , in dorsal , ventral and lateral views , respectively ; 40 , cremaster setae on ninth abdominal segment , lateral . scale bars = 200 , 150 , 150 , 100 , 200 , 25 , 250 , 20 , 100 , 100 , 100 and 20 \u03bcm , respectively .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plug - in installed ( for example , a recent version of adobe acrobat reader ) .\nif you would like more information about how to print , save , and work with pdfs , highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs .\nalternatively , you can download the pdf file directly to your computer , from where it can be opened using a pdf reader . to download the pdf , click the download link above .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 5 june , 2013 - 10 : 30am\nmemoirs of the american entomological society 13 : 1 - 110 , pl . 1 - 26 , 1948\nphylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) . . .\nby sohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkil\u00e4 , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kaw\nsohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkil\u00e4 , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kawahara , s . cho , m . p . cummings & p . schmitz , 2016 . phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) : new insight from 19 nuclear genes . systematic entomology , 41 ( 1 ) : 112\u2013132 . abstract and link to fee based access here . cite : 1412991\ndescriptions of new species , including : isophrictis occidentalis , aristotelia amelanchierella , aristotelia planitia , gnorimoschema consueta , gnorimoschema macromaculata , gelechia fructuaria , gelechia prognosticata , brachmia casca . available online ( requires jstor access ) here\nby heikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l .\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , m . mutanen , m . kekkonen & l . kaila , 2014 [ 2013 ] , morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics , 30 : 563\u2013589 . doi : 10 . 1111 / cla . 12064\nas of 2015 , this was the most current revision of gelechioidea . a summary of the revision is found on p . 585 . as of 2016 , the phylogeny of gelechioidea remains in flux with a paper published by sohn et al . ( 2016 )\ntwo new species of coniferous needle miners from louisiana and the description of a new genus ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 2 october , 2014 - 12 : 44am\na review of coelopoeta ( elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species .\nkaila , l . 1995 . a review of coelopoeta ( elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) : 171 - 178\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 10 may , 2014 - 8 : 55pm\nelachistidae is a family of gelechioidea moths , with 830 recognized species in three subfamilies , parametriotinae , agonoxeninae and elachistinae ( heikkil\u00e4 et al . , 2014 ) . the cryptic life mode of many of these species is among the reasons that large numbers of elachistids are still waiting to be discovered and described , even from geographic areas where micro - moth faunas have been the subject of intensive taxonomic studies ( kaila and sippola , 2010 ) . they are collected relatively seldom in south america ( kaila , 1999b , 2000 ) .\nthus , accurate description of e . synethes is important , not only to follow its eventual population expansion in chile , but also to detect new occurrences of this leaf - miner moth at other localities , if any . detailed morphological characterizations of the adult stage of e . synethes are already available , particularly for the male and female genitalia ( common , 1990 ; kaila , 2011c ; gon\u00e7alves et al . , 2015 ) . gross morphologies of the pupa , last - instar larva and the mature mine in holcus mollis l . , 1759 ( poacaeae ) were provided by kaila ( 2011c ) . here we provide a reappraisal of the external morphology of the immature stages of e . synethes , based on light and scanning electron microscopy , including the first descriptions of the egg and early larval instars . information on the life history is also provided , together with a detailed description of the leaf mine .\nall the specimens used in this study were collected as either leaf - miner larvae or attached eggs and pupae , on b . catharticus in the azapa valley ( 18\u00b031\u2032s ; 070\u00b010\u2032w ) between june 2012 and august 2013 . the rearing was conducted in plastic vials at room temperature , in the departamento de recursos ambientales , facultad de ciencias agron\u00f3micas , universidad de tarapac\u00e1 , arica , chile .\nfor observations of the gross morphology , the specimens were cleared in 10 % koh , dissected , and slide - mounted in either glycerin jelly or canada balsam ; chlorazol black was used to stain membranous structures . observations were performed with the aid of a leica m125 stereomicroscope , where structures selected to be drawn were photographed with an attached sony \u00ae dsc - h10 digital camera ; or using an olympus bx51 microscope , where the selected structures were photographed with a qimaging\u2122 micropublisher\u2122 3 . 3 rtv - digital camera . vectorized line drawings were then made with the software coreldraw \u00ae x4 , using the corresponding digital images as a guide . measurements were made with an attached ocular micrometer ; unless noted , values are presented as mean \u00b1 standard deviation .\nfor scanning electron microscope examination , the specimens were dehydrated in a bal - tec\u2122 cpd 030 critical - point dryer , mounted with double - sided tape on metal stubs , and coated with gold in a bal - tec scd050 sputter coater . they were then examined and photographed in a jeol jsm - 5800 scanning electron microscope at the centro de microscopia eletr\u00f4nica ( cme ) of the federal university of rio grande do sul ( ufrgs ) , porto alegre , state of rio grande do sul , brazil .\ndescriptions of plant anatomy were based on diaphanized , field - collected leaf mines ( n = 5 ) from leaves of b . catharticus that were fixed in faa ( 37 % formaldehyde , glacial acetic acid , and 50 % ethanol , 1 : 1 : 18 , v / v ) , stained with toluidine blue ( aqueous solution : 0 . 05 g / 100 ml ) and mounted either whole or in freehand section in glycerin on slides , following a procedure described in detail by brito et al . ( 2012 ) .\nin addition to those vouchers with their respective collection data and accession numbers listed by gon\u00e7alves et al . ( 2015 ) , the following slide preparations should be added as material examined in the present study [ all with the same data , deposited in the insect collection of the laborat\u00f3rio de morfologia e comportamento de insetos ( lmci ) , of the departamento de zoologia , ufrgs ] : five larvae mounted in glycerin jelly ( lmci 191 - 25a - e ) , and five mature leaf mines , mounted in glycerin ( lmci 191 - 25f - j ) .\ndimensions ; n = 4 : length = 0 . 42 \u00b1 0 . 02 mm ; width = 0 . 19 \u00b1 0 . 01 mm . flat and elliptical , deposited with micropylar axis parallel to longitudinal leaf veins ( fig . 1 ) ; chorion translucent ; surface sculptured with slightly differentiated , broad ridges , forming elongated and poorly defined cells that are longitudinally arranged ( fig . 2 ) ; circular aeropyles at intersections of ridges ( figs . 2 and 4 ) ; micropylar area with 4\u20135 subcircular cells ( fig . 3 ) .\nwith two clearly different morphs : first and second instars without legs and prolegs ; third and fourth instars with a more typical eruciform appearance , with well - developed legs and prolegs .\ndimensions ( n = 4 ) : length = 1 . 03 \u00b1 0 . 04 mm ; head - capsule width = 0 . 10 \u00b1 0 . 006 mm .\nthorax ( figs . 5 and 9 ) : cream - white , setae extremely reduced or absent ; legs absent . prothorax : spiracle circular , without pronounced peritrema ; dorsal shield as narrow brownish band ; ventral surface with pair of brown circular blotches ; integument sculptured with broadly rounded coniform processes , mostly around spiracles , and forming broad transverse band on ventral surface near posterior margin ; one pair of callus - like structures laterodorsally and another pair of similar structures lateroventrally . meso - and metathorax : without spiracles ; coniform processes similar to those on prothorax , forming dorsal and ventral transverse bands ; one pair of callus - like structures laterodorsally and another ventrolaterally .\nabdomen ( fig . 5 ) : cream - white , setae extremely reduced or absent ; prolegs absent ; circular spiracles with slightly developed peritreme , laterally on a1 - 8 ; ornamentation of integument similar to that on thorax but widely scattered , except near spiracles .\ndimensions ( n = 6 ) : length = 4 . 81 \u00b1 0 . 53 mm ; head - capsule width = 0 . 34 \u00b1 0 . 02 mm .\nhead ( figs . 12 - 19 ) : prognathous , brown , slightly depressed ; frontoclypeus subtriangular , with lateral sides ca . three times length of anterior side ; six subcircular stemmata near lateral margin ( fig . 15 ) ; stemma 6 ventrally between setae s2 and s3 , stemma 5 hidden by antenna in dorsal view , stemmata 1\u20134 between seta a3 and antenna . antenna ( fig . 16 ) greatly reduced , bisegmented ; five sensilla on broad basal segment , two sensilla on narrow distal segment . mouthparts of chewing type ( figs . 18 and 19 ) ; labrum bilobed with ten short hairlike setae ; mandibles with three cusps .\nabdomen ( figs . 24 and 25 ) : cream - white , integument slightly rough , provided with hairlike setae , and anal shield slightly differentiated ; one pair of circular spiracles laterally on a1 - 8 ; one pair of prolegs on segments a3 - 6 and a10 , each with 4\u20136 hooklike crochets arranged in transverse bars .\nhead : f group unisetose ; f1 ca . equidistant between epicranial notch and distal margin of frontoclypeus ; fa pore between f1 and distal margin of frontoclypeus ; c group replaced by small pores ; af group unisetose , af1 greatly reduced , near epicranial notch ; cd group trisetose , cd1 , cd2 and cd3 almost in straight line , cda pore between cd2 and cd3 ; a group bisetose , a1 absent , a2 between stemmata 2 and 3 and frontoclypeus , aa pore posteromedial to a2 , a3 proximal to stemma 1 ; p not represented by setae , pa pore medial to a3 , pb distomedial to cd1 ; l group unisetose , l1 a small seta posterolateral to a3 , la pore posterior to l1 ; s group bisetose , s2 posterolateral to stemma 6 , a pore between s2 and stemma 6 , s3 between stemmata 5 and 6 , sb pore between stemmata 3 and 4 ; mg group bisetose , both setae greatly reduced , near posterior margin of gena , mga pore between mg setae .\nprothorax : d group bisetose , with d1 and d2 posterolaterally on dorsal shield ; xd group bisetose , with xd1 anterolaterally on dorsal shield , xd2 ventral to xd1 , outside of dorsal shield ; sd group bisetose , sd1 and sd2 ca . equidistant between xd2 and spiracle ; l group trisetose , l2 ventral to xd2 , l3 ca . equidistant between l2 and spiracle , l1 posteroventral to l2 ; sv group unisetose , sv1 posteroventral to l3 ; v group unisetose , v1 between coxa and ventral shield ; mv group bisetose , mv2 and mv3 on ventral shield , near lateral margin .\nmeso - and metathorax : d group bisetose , d2 posteroventral to d1 ; sd group unisetose , sd1 anteroventral to d2 ; l group trisetose , l2 anteroventral to sd1 , l1 posteroventral to l2 , l3 posterodorsal to l1 ; sv group unisetose , sv1 between l3 and coxa ; v group unisetose , v1 medial to coxa .\nabdominal segment 1 ( a1 ) : d group bisetose , d1 greatly reduced , d2 posteroventral to d1 ; sd group bisetose , sd1 dorsal to spiracle , sd2 greatly reduced , anteroventral to sd1 ; l group bisetose , l1 posteroventral to spiracle , l3 anteroventral to l1 ; sv group bisetose , between l3 and v1 , sv3 anterior to sv1 ; v group unisetose .\nabdominal segments 2 , 7 ( a2 , 7 ) : similar to a1 , except sd1 anterodorsal to spiracle , sd2 anteroventral to sd1 , and sv3 anteroventral to sv1 .\nabdominal segments 3\u20136 ( a3 - 6 ) : similar to a2 , except sv group trisetose , inserted anterolaterally on proleg , v1 on medial surface of proleg .\nabdominal segment 8 ( a8 ) : similar to a7 , except l and sv groups unisetose .\nabdominal segment 9 ( a9 ) : d , l , sv and v groups bisetose , with d1 , l1 , sv1 and v1 almost in straight line .\nabdominal segment 10 ( a10 ) : provided with 10 pairs of setae with uncertain identities ; one pair on anal shield , remaining nine pairs outside of dorsal shield .\ndimensions ( n = 5 ) : length = 3 . 24 \u00b1 0 . 23 mm . overall dark yellowish brown ( fig . 28 ) , occurring within a cocoon that is generally constructed on a leaf blade of b . catharticus .\nhead ( figs . 26 - 31 ) : integument with abundant tiny punctures , almost evenly distributed ; frons and eyes not separated by sutures , forming subrectangular area , anterior margin forming broad carina interrupted at middle , posterior margin slightly projected between galeae , tentorial pits near posterior margin ; vertex triangular , with two tubercle - like projections anteriorly , posterior margin with conspicuous carina . antennae narrow , elongated , reaching posterior margin of a5 . proboscis on ventral surface broad anteriorly , narrowing distally , reaching middle of a2 .\nthorax ( figs . 26 - 29 , 31 - 32 ) : integument ornamented as on head . prothorax a narrow band between head and mesothorax . mesothorax mostly evident by forewings , pair of broad longitudinal carinae dorsally , and dorsolateral group of longitudinally arranged tubercle - like process ; tip of forewings reaching middle of a6 ; dorsal margin strongly sinuous between meso - and metathorax ; broad longitudinal carina along middle of metathorax ; hindwings mostly covered by forewings . forelegs lateral to proboscis , not reaching proboscis tip ; middle legs between forelegs and antennae , almost reaching posterior margin of a2 .\nabdomen ( figs . 26 - 28 , 33 - 40 ) : integument ornamented as on head and thorax ; each segment with one dorsal longitudinal carina , one pair of dorsolateral carinae ( fig . 28 ) , and two transverse carinae ( figs . 33 and 34 ) , one on anterior margin , another on posterior margin ; spiracles of a1 not visible , spiracles a2 - 7 at tip of coniform projection ( figs . 35 and 36 ) ; spiracle of a8 greatly reduced ; group of elongated , hooklike setae ( figs . 37 - 40 ) ventrolaterally on broadly rounded outgrowths on a9 - 10 , an additional group of similar setae ventrally at middle on a10 ; posterior half of a10 coniform ( figs . 37 - 39 ) , with broadly rounded tip .\nthe pupa has no silken girdle , remaining attached to the substrate by the hooklike setae of abdominal segments a9 - 10 .\nas far as we know , this is the first description of the chaetotaxy for a species of the synethes complex , and the information presented here may be useful in future comparative studies of this species complex . many setae are absent on the cephalic head capsule of e . synethes larvae compared with those of stephensia , another genus of elachistinae for which the chaetotaxy has been described ( baran , 2010 ) . for instance , all setae from the c - group were replaced by pores in e . synethes , but c1 is present in stephensia ; also , setae of the p - group are absent in e . synethes , whereas this group is bisetose in stephensia .\nbaran , t . , 2010 . larval morphology of central european species of genus stephensia stainton , 1858 ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . deutsche entomol . z . 57 , 149 - 158 . [ links ]\nbraun , a . f . , 1948 . elachistidae of north america ( microlepidoptera ) . mem . am . entomol . soc . 13 , 1 - 110 . [ links ]\nbrito , r . , gon\u00e7alves , g . l . , vargas , h . a . , moreira , g . r . p . , 2012 . a new species of phyllocnistis zeller ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) from southern brazil , with life - history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species . zootaxa . 3582 , 1 - 16 . [ links ]\nbrito , r . , gon\u00e7alves , g . l . , vargas , h . a . , moreira , g . r . p . , 2013 . a new brazilian passiflora leafminer : spinivalva gaucha gen . n . , sp . n . ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae , gracillariinae ) , the first gracillariid without a sap - feeding instar . zookeys . 291 , 1 - 26 . [ links ]\ncommon , i . f . b . , 1990 . moths of australia . melbourne university press , melbourne . [ links ]\ndavis , d . r . , landry , b . , roque - albelo , l . , 2002 . two new neotropical species of bucculatrix leaf miners ( lepidoptera : bucculatricidae ) reared from cordia ( boraginaceae ) . rev . suisse zool . 109 , 277 - 294 . [ links ]\ngon\u00e7alves , g . l . , moreira , g . r . p . , brito , r . , vargas , h . a . , 2015 . stranger in a known land : bayesian analysis confirms the presence of an australian leaf miner in the chilean atacama desert . bioinvasions rec . 4 , 67 - 73 . [ links ]\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . , kaila , l . , 2014 . morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics . 30 , 563 - 589 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 1999b . phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . syst . entomol . 24 , 139 - 169 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 2000 . a review of the south american elachistidae s . str . ( lepidoptera gelechioidea ) , with descriptions of 15 new species . steenstrupia . 25 , 159 - 193 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 2011c . elachistine moths of australia ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : elachistinae ) . monographs on australian lepidoptera series 11 . csiro publishing . [ links ]\nmutanen , m . , kaila , l . , tabell , j . , 2013 . wide - ranging barcoding aids discovery of one - third increase of species richness in presumably well - investigated moths . sci . rep . 3 , 2901 . [ links ]\npato\u010dka , j . , 1999 . die puppen der mitteleurop\u00e4ischen elachistidae ( lepidoptera gelechioidea ) . bonn . zool . beitr . 48 , 283 - 312 . [ links ]\nrosso , b . , pagano , e . , rimieri , p . , r\u00edos , r . , 2009 . characteristics of bromus cartharticus vahl ( poaceae ) natural populations collected in the central area of argentina . sci . agric . 66 , 276 - 279 . [ links ]\nsruoga , v . , 2010 . the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : elachistidae ) of ecuador with descriptions of five new species . zootaxa . 2524 , 33 - 50 . [ links ]\nsruoga , v . , di\u0161kus , a . , 2001 . stephensia brunnichella ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) new species for lithuania . acta zool . litu . 11 , 73 - 77 . [ links ]\nvargas , h . a . , moreira , g . r . p . , 2012 . a new species of bucculatrix zeller ( lepidoptera : bucculatricidae ) associated with baccharis salicifolia ( asteraceae ) in northern chile . zootaxa . 3300 , 20 - 33 . [ links ]\nwagner , d . , 1987 . elachistidae ( gelechioidea ) . in : stehr , f . w . ( ed . ) , immature insects , vol . i . kendall / hunt publishing company , dubuque , pp . 383\u2013385 . [ links ]\n* corresponding author . e - mail : gilson . moreira @ urltoken ( g . r . p . moreira ) .\n\u00a9 2015 sociedade brasileira de entomologia . published by elsevier editora ltda . this is an open access article under the cc by - nc - nd license urltoken\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution - noncommercial no derivative license , which permits unrestricted non - commercial use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited and the work is not changed in any way .\ncaixa postal 19030 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 0502 sbe @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 508, "summary": [{"text": "the big-eared horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus macrotis ) is a bat species within the rhinolophidae native to china , india , indonesia , laos , malaysia , nepal , pakistan , the philippines , thailand , and vietnam . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "big - eared horseshoe bat", "paragraphs": ["complete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat rhinolophus macrotis ( chiroptera , rhinolophidae ) .\ncomplete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat rhinolophus macrotis ( chiroptera , rhinolophidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nbig - eared horseshoe bat or rhinolophus macrotis is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / least concern .\na young / baby of a bigeared horseshoe bat is called a ' pup ' . a bigeared horseshoe bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .\nthe big - eared horseshoe bat is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nin china , 79 individuals of big - eared horseshoe bat complex were sampled during 2006\u20132012 from 14 localities ( fig . 1 and table s1 , supporting information ) , including the 12 specimens of the 7 small form and 5 large form bats published previously 18 . all bats were identified following csorba et al . 19 .\nhow to cite this article : sun , k . et al . the complex evolutionary history of big - eared horseshoe bats ( rhinolophus macrotis complex ) : insights from genetic , morphological and acoustic data . sci . rep . 6 , 35417 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep35417 ( 2016 ) .\npleistocene climatic fluctuations and accompanying ecological changes in china have presented severe challenges to the survival of bat species , greatly affecting their population differentiation and contemporary distribution 3 , 21 , 22 . in this study , the tmrca of the entire r . macrotis complex populations dated to 1 . 51 ma . during this period , china was experiencing glacial - interglacial cycles , including the poyang glacial stage ( 1 . 8 ma ) and the dagu glacial stage ( 1 . 1 ma ) 23 . climatic changes and temperature decline may have forced the big - eared horseshoe bats to diverge from other bat species and evolve separately .\nwe sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat , rhinolophus macrotis . total length of the mitogenome is 16 , 848 bp , with a base composition of 31 . 2 % a , 25 . 3 % t , 28 . 8 % c and 14 . 7 % g . the mitogenome consists of 13 protein - coding genes , 2 rrna ( 12s and 16s rrna ) genes , 22 trna genes and 1 control region . it has the same gene arrangement pattern as those of typical vertebrate mitochondrial genome . the results will contribute to our understanding of the taxonomic status and evolution in the genus rhinolophus bats .\nin our previous study 18 , the large and small forms were identified from sympatric large - eared horseshoe bats in china , suggesting the existence of a cryptic species . in this study , three sympatric populations ( gd1 , hun and jx1 ) were detected between small and large forms ( fig . 1 ) , suggesting secondary contact after putative speciation .\nwe used a uniq - 10 column animal genomic dna isolation kit ( sangon , china ) to extract total genomic dna from collected bat wing membranes which had been preserved in 99 % ethanol .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe mainland populations probably represent two distinct species . the philippine form of r . macrotis was initially described as a separate species , r . hirsutus ( anderson , 1905 ) , but was later subsumed under r . macrotis by tate ( 1943 ) but hirsutus is morphologically and genetically distinct ( guillen et al . in csorba et al . 2003 ) .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthough this species is widely distributed in its range in south asia it is known from a few localities and has a small colony size . the population size of this species is low and a declining trend in the population is inferred ( molur et al . 2002 ) . in peninsular malaysia and southern thailand it is rare in tall lowland forest and also hill forest in peninsular malaysia ( bumrungsri and francis pers . comm . 2006 ) and widespread but seemingly uncommon in the philippines ( heaney et al . 1998 ) .\nin south asia , the habitat of this species is being deforested for timber , firewood and conversion for agricultural use . in nepal it is threatened due to increase in tourism leading to disturbance to roosting sites ; fumigation and chemical pesticides to rid the caves of roosts ( t . k . shreshta pers . comm . january 2002 ; molur et al . 2002 ) . in southeast asia , it is probably threatened in parts of its range ( such as malaysia ) by ongoing habitat loss .\nin south asia , there are no direct conservation measures in place for this species . the species has not been recorded from any protected areas . additional studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , breeding biology , general ecology and threats to this little - known species . populations should be monitored to record changes in abundance and distribution . habitat maintenance , conservation and restoration are needed . public awareness activities need to be taken up to mitigate any further threats to this taxon ( molur et al . 2002 ) . in view of its wide range in southeast asia , it seems probable that the species has been recorded from some protected areas , although this needs to be confirmed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\n( a ) phylogenetic tree based on the analysis of the combined mitochondrial cyt b and control region . numbers above the branches are bootstrap support from in maximum likelihood followed by posterior probabilities from bayesian analyses . ( b ) sampling sites for the mt lineages included in the study . circle sizes are proportional to the number of individuals captured . abbreviations of samples populations are indicated in table s1 . the map was made with qgis 2 . 8 ( urltoken ) and natural earth public domain map data ( urltoken ) , and modified in illustrator .\nfor 79 individuals in the r . macrotis complex sampled from 14 localities across the entire chinese range of the species , we found much variation in cyt b ( 1 , 140 bp ) and control region ( 464 bp ) . a total of 29 haplotypes of cyt b were defined based on 103 polymorphic sites ( 71 of which were parsimony informative ) . no insertions or deletions were found . fifty haplotypes of the control region were defined based on 115 polymorphic sites ( 90 of which were parsimony informative ) . the alignment of the combined cyt b and control region ( 1 , 604 bp ) resulted in 53 haplotypes . for the autosomal chd1 gene ( 742 bp ) , a total of 20 haplotypes were defined from 71 individuals based on 24 polymorphic sites ( 6 of which were parsimony informative ) .\nthe ranges of the three clades were partially sympatric ( fig . 1b ) . both sxi and cq populations contained individuals from clades 2 and 3 ( all large forms ) , both the hun and jx1 populations contained individuals from clades 1 and 3 , and the gd1 population contained individuals from clades 1 and 2 .\nin general , intraspecific genetic divergence levels among bats are typically less than 2 % within cyt b 20 . thus we used cyt b to calculate the intra - lineage and inter - lineage genetic differences . in this species complex , the maximum level of uncorrected intra - clade divergence was \u22642 % ( table 1 ) . among the three clades , the minimum uncorrected divergence was over 2 % ( table 1 ) , though never exceeded 4 % .\nsince the clades were distinct genetic pools , population genetics analyses were performed within each lineage . genetic diversity was highest in clade 1 , followed by clades 3 and 2 for both the cyt b and control region ( table 2 ) .\nwe estimated divergence times among clades using cyt b ( table 3 ) . the inferred tmrca for all r . macrotis complex was 1 . 51 ma ( million years ago ) , with similar divergence times mt clades 1 and 2 ( 0 . 64 and 0 . 66 ma , respectively ) . in contrast , mt clade 3 originated much later . tajima\u2019s d values and fu\u2019s fs tests indicated that none of the three mt lineages deviated significantly from neutrality ( table 4 ) . unlike in mt clades 2 and 3 , analysis of mt clade 1 failed to reject the model of population expansion ( table 4 ) , with an estimated timing of expansion occurring 78 . 8 ka ( thousand years ago ) ( 95 % ci : 38 . 1\u201396 . 1 ka ) .\nconsistent with the microsatellite results , the large form individuals from mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 did not form independent chd1 haplogroups and instead shared five haplotypes ( fig . 3 ) . however , the large form and the small form had their own distinct haplotypes with one exception ( fig . 3 ) .\ncolours indicate the membership of each mt lineage , including clade 1 ( red ) , clade 2 ( green ) and clade 3 ( blue ) .\nwe focused on the geographic pattern of nuclear genetic variation within mt clades 2 and 3 , as the above analyses failed to detect their genetic differentiation in individual clustering ( figs 2 and 3 ) . no significant ibd was found within the large forms ( p > 0 . 05 ) . however , when excluding the gd1 population , the test of ibd suggested that the two lineages had not evolved separately but were connected because smooth clinal variation rather than a geographic break was observed in the nuclear genetic variation ( fig . 4 ) .\nwhite circles represent the distances between gd1 population in large forms and other populations .\nphenotypic analyses distinguished the large and small forms using either forearm length or resting frequency of echolocation calls ( fig . 5 ) , including in sympatric populations .\ncircles represent the mean values . colours indicate the membership of each mt lineage , including clade 1 ( red ) , clade 2 ( green ) and clade 3 ( blue ) . the asterisks represent the individuals from gd1 population in large forms .\nwithin the large form , morphological differentiation was not significant between mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 . forearm length was significantly explained by site , but not by sex and mt lineage , or by interactions among variables ( table 5 ) . resting frequency was significantly explained by sex and mt lineage , as well as by site . no significant interaction was found between effects ( table 5 ) .\nlineage , sex and site , analyzed by general linear model ( glm ) .\nwe focused on the geographic pattern of acoustic variation within mt clade 2 / clade 3 of the large form as we found no significant morphological differences between these two clades . we detected positive significant associations between resting frequency and both longitude ( r = 0 . 39 , p = 0 . 0011 ) and latitude ( r = 0 . 284 , p = 0 . 0199 ) . when excluding gd1 , clinal variation was much more significant ( longitude : r = 0 . 48 , p < 0 . 0001 ; rf vs latitude : r = 0 . 74 , p < 0 . 0001 ) .\nthe tmrcas of the combined mt clade 1 ( small form ) and mt clade 2 ( large form ) dated to 1 . 16 ma , suggesting that the two mt lineages differentiated from each other between 1 . 16\u20130 . 64 ma . this time was consistent with two major cold glacial stages , xixiabangma glaciations ( 1 . 17\u20130 . 8 ma ) 24 and the naynayxungla glaciations ( 0 . 71\u20130 . 59 ma ) 25 . the former stage is one of the coldest recent climatic periods based on a high mass accumulation rate for chinese loess 26 . at that time , the populations might have become isolated into different refugia and occupied different habitats and climate zones either due to , or eventually leading to , local ecological adaptation , and two distinct lineages distributed in central and southwest china .\nthe mitochondrial genetic analyses indicated that large forms diverged into two distinct lineages , clade 2 and clade 3 with a level of divergence similar to that between the small and large forms . additionally , these two mt clades show distinct geographic distribution , with clade 2 primarily occurring central china , whereas clade 3 is primarily in southeast china ( fig . 1 ) , although there is sympatry in two localities ( cq and sxi ) . these results suggest a cryptic mitochondrial lineage in the large form in china .\nan increasing number of studies have reported mitochondrial species - level paraphyly ( e . g . refs 6 , 7 and 8 ) . in our study , phylogenetic analyses revealed that mt clade 1 ( small forms ) was nested within the mt clades 2 + 3 group ( large forms ) , rendering large forms paraphyletic with respect to small forms . two evolutionary processes may account for this mitochondrial paraphyly : ( i ) incomplete lineage sorting and the persistence of highly divergent mt lineages , and ( ii ) mitochondrial introgression .\nbased on our analyses of population demographic history , the small form might have undergone post - glacial range expansion after the baiyu ( the last ) glaciation 24 , following secondary contact with the large forms . in the mitochondrial trees , all individuals from the three sympatric areas diverged recently ( see the top of mt clade 1 ; figs s1 and s2 ) . moreover , the number of small forms is less than large forms in three sympatric areas ( fig . 1 ) , suggesting the small form may be expanding into areas occupied by the large form .\nsampling sizes were different for morphological characters , echolocation calls , mtdna , microsatellite dna and the chd1 gene . for morphological characters ( forearm length ) , 133 independent samples were measured . for echolocation calls , 109 independent samples were recorded . from those individuals with morphological and echolocation data , 79 samples were sequenced for mtdna , 78 and 71 were examined using microsatellite dna and chd1 analyses , respectively . for each sampling locality , we determined the latitude and longitude using gps ( etrex vista ) and then calculated the geographic distance matrixes among localities .\neight microsatellite loci , reffer 15 , 22 , 24 , 27 , h3 , pd3 , a4 and ph69a , were amplified using fluorescently labeled primers for 78 individuals . primer sequences and pcr conditions followed those of rossiter et al . 45 and hua et al . 46 . amplified pcr products were analyzed using the abi 3730 automated dna sequencer . the resulting sequences were analyzed using genemapper id 3 . 2 ( applied biosystems ) . all loci were screened for null alleles and large allele dropouts using micro - checker v2 . 2 . 3 47 . tests for deviation from hardy - weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were performed for each population in genepop v4 . 0 48 .\nthe autosomal chd1 gene was amplified using two sets of primers ( ex26f and ex27r ; emb26f and emb27r ) 49 because some individuals failed to amplify with one set , and so we tried a second set . for the first set of primers , the pcr conditions were an initial denaturation at 95 \u00b0c for 5 min , followed by 36 cycles of denaturation at 94 \u00b0c for 30 s , annealing at 63 \u00b0c for 30 s , and extension at 70 \u00b0c for 2 min 30 s , and a final extension at 72 \u00b0c for 10 min . for the second set , the pcr conditions were 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 \u00b0c for 45 s , annealing at 59 \u00b0c for 45 s , and extension at 72 \u00b0c for 1 min . heterozygous sites in chd1 sequences were resolved to two haplotypes per individual using phase 2 . 1 50 implemented in dnasp v5 51 .\nhaplotype diversity ( h ) and nucleotide diversity ( \u03c0 ) were calculated for mitochondrial cyt b and control region for each population and mt lineage . the uncorrected cyt b genetic distances within and among mt lineages were calculated in mega 5 . 05 52 . for microsatellites , expected heterozygosity ( h e ) and observed herterozygosity ( h o ) were calculated using genepop , and mean allele number and allelic richness for per locus and per taxon was assessed in fstat 2 . 9 . 3 53 . for the chd1 gene , \u03c0 , h e and h o for each taxon was calculated using arlequin v3 . 5 54 .\nwe calculated nuclear genetic distances between localities using slatkin\u2019s linearized f st ( given by f st / ( 1 \u2212 f st ) ) . an isolation by distance ( ibd ) model was estimated from the large forms based on microsatellites .\nwe used jmodeltest 61 and the akaike information criterion to select the best model of evolution for ml and bi analyses . the best - fit models were as follows : ( 1 ) trn + g [ g = 0 . 072 ] for cyt b , ( 2 ) tim3 + i + g [ i = 0 . 478 ; g = 0 . 507 ] for control region , trn + i + g [ i = 0 . 651 ; g = 0 . 714 ] for the combined mtdna data . for ml analysis , the starting tree was obtained with bionj 62 and we evaluated support of the resulting topologies using 1 , 000 nonparametric bootstraps . for bi analysis , we used the molecular evolution model parameters estimated for each data set and two simultaneous runs of markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) analysis , each comprising four chains and 10 6 generations . trees and parameters were sampled every 10 generations . when the run terminated , the deviation of split frequencies reached a value < 0 . 01 . the ln - likelihoods of trees reached an asymptote . the first 25 % of the sampled trees were discarded as a burn - in .\ngeographic variation for phenotypic characters was explored via box plots , with longitude and latitude on the abscissa . the relationship of resting frequency to either longitude or latitude was estimated by linear regression analysis , with averaging of frequency by site .\nto estimate the phenotypic differentiation between mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 in the large form , we used a general linear model with type iii sums of squares to test for an effect of sex , site and mt lineage on forearm length and echolocation frequency . all variables were treated as fixed effects in the model .\naccession codes : all sequence data has been uploaded to genbank ( kx261888 - kx261966 , kx826057 - kx826076 ) . microsatellite genotypes , sequence alignments by markers , phylogenetic trees and morphological and acoustic data files are uploaded on the dryad digital repository ( doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . b1c88 ) .\n( eds . ) ] [ 339\u2013361 ] ( academic press , new york , 2003 ) .\n( eds . ) ] ( cornell university press , new york , 1996 ) .\nfstat , a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices ( version 2 . 9 . 3 ) . updated from goudet ( 1995 ) . available at :\narlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows\npopulations 1 . 2 . 30 : population genetic software ( individuals or population distances , phylogenetic trees ) ( 2007 ) .\ngenetix 4 . 05 , logiciel sous windows tm pour la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des populations . laboratoire g\u00e9nome , populations , interactions , cnrs umr 5171 , universit\u00e9 de montpellier ii , montpellier ( 1996\u20132004 ) .\nwe thank lei wang , yuyan you , sen liu , shi li , guanjun lu , limin shi and xu zhu for field support . this work was financed by the national natural science foundation of china ( grant nos . 31370399 , 31270414 and 31570390 ) , the specialized research fund for the doctoral program of higher education ( no . 20120043130002 ) , the fundamental research funds for the central universities ( no . 2412016kj045 ) and the program for introducing talents to universities ( b16011 ) .\nk . s . designed the study , performed much of the sampling , implemented most of genetic methodologies and analyses , and wrote the manuscript . r . t . k . assisted with interpretation of data and gave important comments on multiple versions of the manuscript . t . l . and x . w . contributed part of genetic methodologies . l . j . , t . j . and a . l . assisted with sample collection . j . f . assisted with study design , provided laboratory space , reagents , and some funding . all authors reviewed the manuscript .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u2019s creative commons license , unless indicated otherwise in the credit line ; if the material is not included under the creative commons license , users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material . to view a copy of this license , visit urltoken\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : philippinensis species group . includes episcopus and hirsutus ; see ellerman and morrison - scott ( 1951 ) , tate ( 1943 ) , corbet and hill ( 1992 ) , and bates and harrison ( 1997 ) , but also see ingle and heaney ( 1992 ) , who suggested that hirsutus may deserve recognition as a distinct species . does not include siamensis , see francis et al . ( 1999b ) and hendrichsen et al . ( 2001b )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmitochondrial dna a dna mapp seq anal . 2016 nov ; 27 ( 6 ) : 4078 - 4079 . epub 2015 jan 21 .\na jilin provincial key laboratory of animal resource conservation and utilization , northeast normal university , changchun , china .\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 512, "summary": [{"text": "orthetrum sabina , the slender skimmer or green marsh hawk , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is widespread , being found from south-eastern europe and north africa to japan and south to australia and micronesia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are grayish to greenish yellow with black and pale markings .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is very similar to orthetrum serapia in appearance , with both species appearing in northern australia .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "pale markings on segment four of the abdomen do not extend into the posterior section when viewed from above on orthetrum sabina .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is a medium-sized dragonfly with a wingspan of 60-85mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "this dragonfly perches motionless on shrubs and dry twigs for long periods .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it voraciously preys on smaller butterflies and dragonflies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "orthetrum sabina", "paragraphs": ["dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 52 . orthetrum sabina sabina ( drury , 1770 )\nmaggie whitson marked\nslender skimmer or green marsh hawk orthetrum sabina ( male )\nas trusted on the\northetrum sabina\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : orthetrum sabina feeding tetrathemis platyptera at kadavoor . jpg\nas trusted on the\northetrum sabina ( drury 1770 )\npage .\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\ngreen marsh hawk\nto\northetrum sabina drury 1773\n.\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )\ntitle =\narkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\northetrum sabina drury 1773\n.\northetrum sabina sabina . everywhere in the lowlands , you can spot this species . often you will hear it first as it makes a rather loud ' clacking ' sound as it takes off . this is the fifth dragonfly species from the\nschneider w . 1995 . ein paarungskette between orthetrum sabina ( drury 1770 ) und crocothemis erythraea ( brull\u00e9 1832 ) ( odonata : anisoptera : libellulidae ) . entomologische zeitschrift 105 : 462 - 463 .\nwatson , j . a . ( 1984 ) a second australian species in the orthetrum sabina complex ( odonata : libellulidae ) . australian journal of entomology , 23 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : lib\u00e9lula ( orthetrum sabina ) sobre un gymnocalicium mihanowichii , ciudad ho chi minh , vietnam , 2013 - 08 - 14 , dd 05 . jpg\n.\nthe slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina ) is a striking green to greyish - yellow dragonfly with black markings ( 3 ) . the sides of the thorax and abdomen are striped with black , and the abdomen is distinctly swollen towards the base . a small dark spot is present at the base of the hindwing ( 4 ) .\ndumont , h . j . and verschuren , d . 2005 . odonata from the ennedi and ounianga regions of northern chad , with a note of the status of orthetrum kollmannspergeri buchholz , and a checklist of the species currently known from the republic of chad . odonatologica 34 : 291 - 297 .\northertrum sabina is a very widespread and common oriental species , whose range extends to australia and china . the westernmost populations are found in the maghreb and along the turkish mediterranean coast . its european distribution is limited to cyprus and the greek islands of samos , kos and rhodos where less than 20 localities are known .\ndijkstra k . - d . b . and boudot j . - p . 2010 . first update of the atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa : orthetrum machadoi longfield , 1955 new to the palearctic and agriocnemis sania nielsen , 1959 new to the egyptian nile valley . libellula , 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 107 - 125 .\njustification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 assessment : least concern ( lc ) orthertrum sabina has a very wide global range and only marginally occurs in europe ( cyprus , kos , samos , rhodos ) . in total , less than 20 european localities are known . it occupies a broad range of habitats and there is no indication that it may be declining and the species is therefore assessed as least concern in europe .\njoshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2015 . world odonata list . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 july 2015 ) .\nlieftinck , 1942 , has been described from the highlands of central new guinea . it is sometimes regarded as a synonym of\n( drury , 1773 ) urltoken a genetic study of the species throughout its huge range is needed to understand its variability and possible subspeciation .\njustification : this is a very widespread species that is well adapted to various kinds of habitats in fresh and brackish waters , including disturbed ones . it is assessed as least concern .\nis an oriental species showing a huge range going from australia , japan and micronesia to north africa .\nafghanistan ; algeria ; armenia ; australia ( new south wales , northern territory , queensland , western australia ) ; azerbaijan ; bahrain ; bangladesh ; bhutan ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; chad ; china ( fujian , guangdong , guangxi , hainan , hubei , sichuan , yunnan ) ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; eritrea ; ethiopia ; georgia ( abkhaziya , adzhariya , gruziya ) ; greece ; hong kong ; india ( assam , bihar , himachal pradesh , meghalaya , punjab , tripura , uttaranchal , uttar pradesh , west bengal ) ; indonesia ( bali , jawa , kalimantan , lesser sunda is . , maluku , papua , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kazakhstan ; kuwait ; lao people ' s democratic republic ; lebanon ; libya ; malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; nepal ; new caledonia ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ( papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; qatar ; russian federation ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; sri lanka ; sudan ; syrian arab republic ; taiwan , province of china ; tajikistan ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tunisia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia ) ; turkmenistan ; united arab emirates ; uzbekistan ; viet nam ; yemen ( north yemen , socotra , south yemen )\nthis species occupies a broad range of slow flowing and still water habitats , from ponds and lakes to wet rice fields , irrigation ditch and marshes . it is very tolerant of high salt contents and to habitat disturbance .\nno conservation measures are needed but a study about the genetic variability or homogeneity of the species throughout its range is recommended .\nabdu , r . m . and shaumar , n . f . 1985 . a preliminary list of the insect fauna of qatar . qatar university science bulletin 5 : 215 - 232 .\nal - houty , w . 1985 . some odonata from kuwait . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 121 : 62 .\nal - safadi , m . m . 1990 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the yemen arab republic . fauna of saudi arabia 11 : 18 - 30 .\nal - safadi , m . m . 1995 . a pilot study of lake ma ' rib , yemen . hydrobiologia 315 : 203 - 209 .\namr , z . s . , katbeh - bader , a . and schneider , w . 1997 . on the common insecta of al azraq , jordan . entomologist ' s gazette 48 : 55 - 66 .\nandres , a . 1928 . the dragonflies of egypt . m\u00e9moires de la societ\u00e9 royale entomologique d ' egypte 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 43 .\nasahina , s . 1973 . the odonata of iraq . japese journal zoology 17 : 17\u201336\nasahina , s . 1974 . an additional note on the odonata of iraq . kontyu , tokyo 42 : 107 - 109 .\nbedjanic , m . , conniff , k . and de silva wijeyeratne , g . 2007 . dragonflies of sri lanka . jetwing eco holidays , colombo .\nblom , w . l . 1982 . list of odonata collected during various lepidopterological trips in iran ( 1971 - 1974 ) . notulae odonatologicae 1 : 150 - 151 .\nborisov , s . n . and haritonov , a . y . 2008 . the dragonflies ( odonata ) of middle asia . part 2 . ( anisoptera ) . eurasian entomological journal 7 : 97 - 123 .\nboudot , j . p . , kalkman , v . j . , azpilicueta amor\u00edn , m . , bogdanovi\u0107 , t . , cordero rivera , a . , degabriele , g . , dommanget , j . l . , ferreira , s . , garrig\u00f3s , b . , jovi\u0107 , m . , kotarac , m . , lopau , w . , marinov , m . , mihokovi\u0107 , n . , riservato , e . , samraoui , b . and schneider , w . 2009 . atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa . libellula supplement 9 : 256 pp .\nde marmels , j . 1995 . some dragonfly records from central and northern israel . opuscula zoologica fluminensia 128 : 1 - 9 .\ndo manh cuong and dang thi thanh hoa . 2007 . checklist of dragonfly from vietnam . vietnam national university publisher , hanoi .\ndumont , h . j . 1988 . on the composition and palaeoecological significance of the odonate fauna of darfur , western sudan . odonatologica 17 : 385 - 392 .\ndumont , h . j . 1991 . odonata of the levant . the israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem .\ndumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1991 . additions to the dragonfly fauna of yemen . notulae odonatologicae 3 : 114 - 117 .\ndumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1993 . further additions to the dragonfly fauna of the republic of yemen ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia . 109 : 1\u20138 .\ndumont , h . j . and heidari , h . 1996 . on a collection of spring odonata from iran , with the description of coenagrion australocaspicum n . sp . bulletin et annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale belge d\u2019entomologie 132 : 63\u201378 .\nebrahimi , a . , madjdzadeh , s . m . and mohammadian , h . 2009 . dragonflies ( odonata ) from south - eastern iran . caspian journal of environmental science 7 : 107 - 112 .\nel amin el rayah , m . and el zubeir , n . 1984 . on the dragonfly fauna of khartoum ( sudan ) . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 120 ( 1440 / 1443 ) : 153 - 160 .\ngeene , r . 1994 . notes on dragonflies in egypt , spring 1990 . in : p . l . meininger and g . a . m . atta ( eds ) , ornithological studies in egyptian wetlands 1989 / 1990 , pp . 391 - 395 ( appendix iii ) . foundation for ornithological researech in egypt , vlissingen .\nghahari , h . , tabari , m . , sakenin , h . , ostovan , h . and imani , s . 2009 . odonata ( insecta ) from northern iran , with comments on their presence in rice fields . . munis entomology & zoology 4 : 148 - 154 .\ngrunwell , m . 2010 . dragonflies and damselflies in qatar . journal of the qatar natural history group .\nh\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . and pinratana , a . 1999 . atlas of the dragonflies of thailand . distribution maps by provinces . brothers of st . gabriel in thailand , bangkok .\nheidari , h . and dumont , h . j . 2002 . an annotated check - list of the odonata of iran . zoology in the middle east 26 : 133 - 150 .\nherren b . 2003 . erstnachweis von sympetrum fonscolombii ( sel . ) in den vereinigten arabischen emiraten ( anisoptera : libellulidae ) . notulae odonatologicae 6 : 24 .\niucn . 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2013 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2013 ) .\nj\u00f6dicke , r . , arlt , j . , kunz , b . , lopau , w . and seidenbusch , r . 2000 . the odonata of tunisia . international journal of odonatology 3 : 41 - 71 .\nkalkman , v . j . 2006 . key to the dragonflies of turkey , including species known from greece , bulgaria , lebanon , syria , the trans - caucasus and iran . brachytron 10 : 3 - 82 .\nkalkman , v . j . and van pelt , g . j . 2006 . the distribution and flight period of the dragonflies of turkey . brachytron 10 : 83 - 153 .\nkatbeh - bader , a . , amr , z . and schneider , w . 2002 . odonata of jordan . fragmenta entomologica 34 : 147 - 170 .\nkimmins , d . e . 1950 . results of the armstrong college expedition to siwa oasis ( libyan desert ) 1935 under the leadership of prof . j . omer - cooper . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fouad ier d ' entomologie 34 : 151 - 157 .\nkimmins , d . e . 1961 . the odonata and neuroptera of the island of socotra . annals and magazine of natural history 13th series . 3 : 385\u2013 - 392 .\nkrupp , f . , apel , m . , hamoud , a . , schneider , w . and zajonz , u . 2006 . zoological survey in the red sea coastal zone of yemen . fauna of arabia 21 : 11 - 32 .\nle roi , o . 1915 . odonaten aus der algerischen sahara von der reise von freiherrn h . geyr von schweppenburg . mit einer \u00fcbersicht der nordafrikanischen odonaten - fauna . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1915 : 609 - 634 .\nmeurgey , f . ( coord . ) . 2006 . les odonates des d\u00e9partements et collectivit\u00e9s d ' outre - mer fran\u00e7ais . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d ' odonatologie , versailles .\nmonnerat , c . and hoess , r . 2011 . libellen aus jordanien , dem westjordanland und dem libanon , gesammelt von johann friedrich klapperich zwischen 1956 und 1969 ( odonata ) . libellula 30 : 77 - 88 .\nmorton , k . j . 1919 . odonata of mesopotamia . entomologist ' s monthly magazine ( ser . b ) 55 : 143 - 151 , 183 - 196 .\nmorton , k . j . 1920 . odonata collected in mesopotamia by the late major r . brewitt - taylor , r . a . m . c . annals and magazine of natural history 9 : 293 - 303 .\nmorton , k . j . 1920 . odonata collected in north - western persia and mesopotamia by captain p . a . buxton , r . a . m . c . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 56 : 82 - 87 .\nmorton , k . j . 1924 . the dragonflies of palestine , based primarily on collections made by dr . p . a . buxton , with notes on the species of the adjacent regions . transactions of the royal entomological society of london 72 : 25 - 44 .\nmousatat , f . , dumont , h . j . , karrom , m . and ali , n . m . 2010 . dragonflies from northern syria . zoology in the middle east 51 : 105 - 112 .\nnavas l . 1929 . insectos de la cirenaica . revista de la academia ciencias exactas de zaragoza 13 : 13 - 28 .\nnielsen c . 1936 . odonati dell ' africa orientale italiana . bolletino della societa entomologica italiana 68 : 123 - 130 .\norr , a . g . 2003 . a guide to the dragonflies of borneo . their identification and biology . natural history publications , kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia .\norr , a . g . 2005 . dragonflies of peninsular malaysia and singapore . natural history publications ( borneo ) .\npinhey , e . 1961 . a survey of the dragonflies of eastern africa . british museum ( natural history ) , london .\nriservato , e . , grieco , c . , pella , f . , sindaco , r . , pupin , f . , suleiman , a . s . and fasola , m . 2010 . a contribution to the knowledge of the odonatofauna of the socotra archipelago ( yemen ) . zoology in the middle east 50 : 101 - 106 .\nris , f . 1912 . ergebnisse der mit subvention aus der erbschaft treitl unternommenen zoologischen forschungsreise dr . franz werner ' s nach dem \u00e4gyptischen sudan und nord - uganda . sitzungsberichte der k\u00f6niglichen akademie der wisseschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , abteilung 1 , wien 121 : 149 - 170 .\nris , f . 1928 . zur erforschung des persischen golfes . beitrag 8 , libellen ( odonata ) . wiener entomologische zeitung 44 : 155 - 164 .\nsadhegi , s . and mohammadalizadeh , j . 2009 . additions to the odonata fauna of iran . iranian journal of science and technology , transaction a 33 : 355 - 359 .\nsage , b . l . 1960 . notes on the odonata of iraq . iraq natural history museum publication : 1 - 11 .\nsamraoui , b . and menai , r . 1999 . a contribution to the study of algerian odonata . international journal of odonatology 2 : 145 - 165 .\nschmidt , e . 1954 . die libellen irans . sitzungsberichte der \u00f6sterreischichen akademie der wissenschaften ( abt . i ) 163 : 223 - 260 .\nschneider , w . 1981 . on a dragonfly collection from syria . odonatologica 10 : 131 - 145 .\nschneider , w . 1986 . systematik und zoogeographie der odonata der levante unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der zygoptera . biologie , institut f\u00fcr zoologie , johannes gutenberg - universit\u00e4t .\nschneider , w . 1988 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the wahiba sands and adjacent areas , eastern oman . journal of oman studies special report 3 : 377\u2013388 .\nschneider , w . and dumont , h . j . 1997 . the dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of oman . an updated and annotated checklist . fauna of saudi arabia 16 : 89 - 110 .\nschneider , w . and dumont , h . j . 1998 . checklist of the dragonflies and damselflies of soqotra island ( insecta : odonata ) . first international scientific symposium on socotra island : present and future 1 : 211 - 231 . aden , 1996 .\nschneider , w . and krupp , f . 1993 . dragonfly records from saudi arabia , with an annotated checklist of the species from the arabian peninsula ( insecta : odonata ) . fauna of saudi arabia 13 : 63 - 78 .\nshalaby , f . 1961 . a preliminary survey of the insect fauna of saudi arabia . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique d ' egypte 45 : 211 - 228 .\nskvortsov , v . e . 2010 . the dragonflies of eastern europe and caucasus : an illustrated guide . kmk scientific press ltd ( distributed out of russia by pensoft ) , moscow .\nsubramanian , k . a . 2005 . dragonflies and damselflies of peninsular india \u2013 a field guide . project lifescape . indian academy of sciences , bangalore , india .\nsubramanian , k . a . 2009 . a checklist of odonata ( insecta ) of india . zoological survey of india : 33 .\ntang , h . b . , wang , l . k . , and h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , singapore .\ntariq chauldry , m . 2010 . systematics of dragonflies ( anisoptera : odonata ) of pakistan . department of entomology , arid agriculture university , faculty of crop and food sciences .\ntheischinger , g . and hawking , j . h . 2006 . the complete field guide to dragonflies of australia . csiro , collingwood , australia .\ntourenq , c . , barcelo , i . , kumari , a . and drew , c . 2005 . the terrestrial mammals , reptiles and invertebrates of al wathba wetland reserve - a species list and status report . . terrestrial environment research centre , environmental research and wildlife development agency , p . o . box 45553 , abu dhabi .\nvan der weide , m . j . t . and kalkman , v . j . 2008 . some new records of dragonflies from oman . agrion , newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association 12 : 52 - 54 .\nwang , liang - jong . 2000 . dragonflies of taiwan . wild bird society of taipei .\nwaterston , a . r . 1980 . insects of saudi arabia . odonata . fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 57\u201370 .\nwaterston , a . r . 1984 . insects of southern arabia . odonata from the yemens and saudi arabia . fauna of saudi arabia 6 : 451\u2013472\nwaterston , a . r . and pittaway , a . r . 1991 ( 1989 ) . the odonata or dragonflies of oman and neighbouring territories . journal of oman studies 10 : 131 - 168 .\nwatson , j . a . l . , theischinger , g . and abbey , h . m . 1991 . the australian dragonflies . a guide to the identification , distribution and habitats of australian odonata . csiro , canberra and melbourne .\nwilson , k . d . p . 2004 . field guide to the dragonflies of hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .\nwilson , k . d . p . 2008 . a brief trip to united arab emirates and northern oman . agrion , newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association 12 : 56 - 57 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\namphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths ( external site ) bug guide ( external site ) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada , j . pelham , 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state\nnote : please inform dennis paulson ( dennispaulson @ comcast . net ) of any errors of commission or omission . thank you .\nwe were recently presented with a list of\nmystery synonyms\nof species that had been posted on inaturalist but were not in this world list . considerable effort was expended to solve this problem , and it led to a substantial number of errors being corrected on this list . we thank matthew muir , greg lasley and john abbott for calling our attention to this and the opportunity to make the corrections . the list was considered updated as of 21 september 2017 .\nsubsequently an attempt was made to have the list of world odonata used by the iucn in its red list assessments conform to the world odonata list , and this also pointed out some errors in the wol . we thank caroline pollock of iucn for making this possible and k - d dijkstra , viola clausnitzer and rory dow for furnishing information of importance as we worked out the problems . as of 30 march 2018 , the list is considered updated .\ngenera modified after 30 march 2018 : amphicnemis , anisogomphus , argia , coeliccia , coenagrion , cora , drepanosticta , euthore , forcepsioneura , heliogomphus , indocypha , mattigomphus , microgomphus , miocora , nososticta , protosticta . genera in which the changes involve only addition of synonyms or orthographic changes are not listed here .\nthanks to john abbott ( special thanks ) , yahya abdal - aziz , pekka alestalo , matjaz bedjanic , viola clausnitzer , prosenjit dawn , cyrille deliry ( special thanks for ongoing detective work ) , k - d dijkstra , rory dow , g\u00fcnther fleck , heinrich fliedner , ryo futahashi , dirk gassmann , arjen van het hof , marcel hospers , rasmus hovmoller , kwang - soo jung , vincent kalkman , oleg kosterin , noppadon makbun , alan manson , andreas martens , michael may , jose martin mel\u00e9ndez quinto , sarah miller , johann hendrik n\u00fcss , fons peels ( special thanks ) , felix reimann , richard rowe , dominic rupprich , csilla vajda , don - alexander van bergen , nancy van der poorten , martin villet , liang - jong wang , florian weihrauch , keith wilson , reiner work , xin yu , ondrej zicha and dan zimberlin ( special thanks ) for corrections and additions over the years . and thanks to martin lindeboom for his early contributions to this list .\nthis is an ongoing attempt to list all of the valid species of odonata . it is based on past compilations by the authors listed below and constant additional literature research . it includes the author and year of description for all genera and species . it also includes all synonyms for new world species ( from garrison 1991 ) and the great majority of synonyms for african and australian species , but the effort for eurasia is still quite incomplete . nevertheless , we consider the list a good starting point for estimates of biodiversity in this insect order . we must also point out that many typographical errors were introduced into the list when it was first typed , and as we continue to find these we correct them , but some of them persist . the list is not error - free . in fact , it is presently in a stage of making changes almost every week as these errors are discovered by the work of cyrille deliry , and\nwe have been asked if there is any way that revisions of the list can be shown clearly . right now this is impractical , both because the revisions are frequent , at least several times per month , and we have not come up with a method that would make this both easy on the compiler and easily recognized by the user . because of the volume of changes , we also cannot cope with the responsibility of informing other workers who are maintaining their own versions of the list about every little change ( e . g . , correcting typographical errors in names or dates ) . we are listing the genera in which substantive changes ( e . g . , new species , new synonymies , taxonomic changes ) have been made since the last\nedition .\nwe have not recognized any subspecies of odonata . instead , we have listed all named subspecies as synonyms of the species under which they were named . we are not able to judge the validity of these subspecies , and as many of them have been questioned , we chose to treat them all in the same fashion .\nthe list includes zygoptera through coenagrionidae , then anisozygoptera for epiophlebiidae , then anisoptera . within each suborder the families are in some semblance of phylogenetic order , then the genera and species are in alphabetical order within the family . indented names ( not indented very far on some browsers ) indicate ( a ) generic placement in the original description if different from the current generic placement , and ( b ) synonyms following\nsyn .\nyou can use the find function in your web browser to locate families , genera , and species .\nbridges , c . a . 1993 . catalogue of the family - group , genus - group and species - group names of the odonata of the world ( second edition ) . c . a . bridges , urbana , illinois .\ndavies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1984 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of the extant species of odonata . vol . 1 . zygoptera , anisozygoptera . societas internationalis odonatologica rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 3 , utrecht .\ndavies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1985 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of extant species of odonata . vol . 2 . anisoptera . soc . int . odonatol . rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 5 . , utrecht .\ndijkstra , k - d . b . , g . bechly , s . m . bybee , r . a . dow , h . j . dumont , g . fleck , r . w . garrison , m . h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , v . j . kalkman , h . karube , m . l . may , a . g . orr , d . r . paulson , a . c . rehn , g . theischinger , j . w . h . trueman , j . van tol , n . von ellenrieder , & j . ware . 2013 . the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) . zootaxa 3703 ( 1 ) : 36 - 45 .\ndijkstra , k - d . b . , v . j . kalkman , r . a . dow , f . r . stokvis & j . van tol . 2014 . redefining the damselfly families : a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera ( odonata ) . systematic entomology 39 ( 1 ) : 68 - 96 .\ngarrison , r . w . 1991 . a synonymic list of the new world odonata . argia 3 ( 2 ) : 1 - 30 .\ntsuda , s . 1991 . a distributional list of world odonata . published by author , osaka .\nslater museum of natural history 1500 n . warner st . # 1088 tacoma , wa 98416 253 . 879 . 3356\nde knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .\nthe species is common and often abundant at the turkish coast . most european records ( cyprus , kos , samos and rhodos ) pertain to less than 10 individuals .\nthe species inhabits all kind of unshaded standing and slow - flowing waters . it is found at channels , runnels , ponds and easily inhabits man made waters like ditches .\nthe larvae of the slender skimmer reach a total length of 19 to 21 millimetres and have spines in the middle of their abdominal segments ( 3 ) .\nthere is very little specific information available about the biology of the slender skimmer . like all dragonflies , the slender skimmer starts its life as an aquatic larva or nymph , and passes through a series of developmental stages or \u2018stadia\u2019 , and undergoes several moults as it grows ( 5 ) .\nthe length of the larval stage varies between species , although it may range from a few weeks to several years . the larva emerges from its final moult having metamorphosed into an adult dragonfly with characteristic features such as wings and enlarged compound eyes ( 5 ) . the wings of the newly emerged adult expand and harden rapidly , enabling flight soon after the final moult ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nafter emergence , the adult dragonfly leaves the water and spends anything from a few days to several months feeding and maturing . it is in this maturation period where the dragonfly normally develops its full adult colour ( 5 ) .\nalthough little is known specifically about reproduction in the slender skimmer , there is often fierce competition between male dragonflies for access to reproductive females . females typically begin to lay eggs in water immediately after copulation , often guarded by the male . however , females of some dragonfly species can store live sperm in their body for a number of days ( 5 ) .\nthe slender skimmer is renowned for feeding on other dragonfly species , including some species larger than itself ( 7 ) .\nan extremely widespread species , the slender skimmer occurs from south - eastern europe to japan and south to australia and micronesia ( 1 ) .\nthe slender skimmer occupies a broad range of slow - flowing and still water habitats , from ponds to wet rice fields and marshes . it is very tolerant of disturbance ( 1 ) , and will sometimes occupy temporary water sources ( 3 ) .\nthe slender skimmer is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthere are currently no threats to the slender skimmer , which is a common species with an ability to thrive in disturbed habitats ( 1 ) .\nthere are currently no specific conservation measures known to be in place for the slender skimmer ( 1 ) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nmoore , n . w . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) dragonflies - status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nabdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . larvae stage in an animal\u2019s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults , and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs . in vertebrates the thorax contains the heart and the lungs .\ntheischinger , g . , and hawking , j . ( 2006 ) the complete field guide to dragonflies of australia . csiro publishing , australia .\nsubramanian , k . a . ( 2005 ) dragonflies and damselflies of peninsular india - a field guide . project lifescape , indian institute of science and indian academy of sciences , india .\no\u2019toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .\nsilsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis page contains information for about slender skimmers that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\nslender skimmer is yellow to greenish yellow in colour , with black markings . there are the yellow and black strips on the body sides and brown spot at base of hindwings . male and female look the same . as its common name implied , its body is slender .\nformed in karawatha forest . we saw some of these slender skimmers flying around those shallow ponds .\nthe male is as common as the female and can be seen in equal numbers . the thorax is green with black stripes and the abdomen has distinctive black and white markings .\nthe young male is very similar to the adult male , yet is more of a brown colour .\nthe female is identical to the male . the only difference are the end segments , where the males appendages are closed together , and the females are splayed ( see below ) . i have to take a photo and zoom in just to see the difference in sex .\nthis is something i have seen on numerous occasions , but have struggled to get good photos as they fly away at the slightest movement . this shows clearly just how similar they are . the markings are slightly different and the female ' s abdomen is more robust .\nfrom barren grassy areas to paddy fields , and from ponds to rivers , i have seen this species everywhere in the lowlands all year round . in fact , it was the first ever species i took a photo of . . . and got me into travelling the country in search of them .\ni am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .\n98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .\nnumber : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .\nnumber : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nlocation : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .\nnumber : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .\nlocation : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .\nnumber : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .\nlocation 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .\nnumber : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nnumber : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .\nnumber : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 dennis farrell 2010 - 2016 . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .\na subspecies o . s . viduatum is known from the highlands of central new guinea .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 522, "summary": [{"text": "tupinambis is a lizard genus which belongs to the family teiidae , and contains seven described species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these large lizards are commonly referred to as tegus ( tei\u00fas in portuguese ) ; t. merianae ( argentine black and white tegu ) , t. rufescens ( red tegu ) , and t. teguixin ( gold tegu ) are popular in the pet trade .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "they are primarily found in south america , although t. teguixin also occurs in panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "tegus that have escaped or have been illegally released have adapted and are increasing in several florida counties including rural and suburban ( especially south miami-dade and hillsborough ) counties , agricultural areas ( especially homestead and unincorporated miami-dade county , florida ) and publicly owned conservation areas ( especially southern glades environmental and wildlife area and southeast margin of everglades national park ) of south florida see invasive species website ( www.ive-got-1.org ) for details with specific locations of credible observations and voucher specimens .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2012 a number of tegu species were reclassified from tupinambis to the previously used genus salvator .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the newly proposed classification comes from a restructuring of the teiidae family based upon the study of 137 morphological characteristics .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the new classification is as follows : salvator duseni ( yellow tegu ) , salvator rufescens ( red tegu ) , salvator merianae ( black and white tegu ) , tupinambis teguixin ( gold tegu ) , tupinambis longilineus ( rhondonia tegu ) , tupinambis palustris ( swamp tegu ) , tupinambis quadrilineatus ( four-lined tegu ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tupinambis", "paragraphs": ["tupinambis longilineus avila - pires 1995 : 547 tupinambis longilineus \u2014 pianka & vitt 2003 : 200 tupinambis longilineus \u2014 harvey et al . 2012\nmaggie whitson marked\ntupinambis merianae\nas trusted on the\ntupinambis merianae\npage .\nlacertus tupinambis lac\u00e9p\u00e8de 1788 salvator merianae dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839 : 85 teius teguixim \u2014 gray 1845 : 16 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 boulenger 1885b : 335 tejus tejuexin \u2014 camp 1923 : 377 tupinambis rufescens \u2014 presch 1973 : 743 ( part ) tupinambis merianae \u2014 dirksen & de la riva 1999 tupinambis merianae \u2014 vrcibradic et al . 2011 salvator merianae \u2014 harvey et al . 2012 tupinambis merianae \u2014 avila et al . 2013 tupinambis merianae \u2014 crother et al . 2017 salvator merianae buzioensis ( m\u00fcller 1968 ) tupinambis teguixin buzioensis m\u00fcller 1968 tupinambis teguixin buzioensis \u2014 b\u00f6hme 2010 salvator merianae buzioensis \u2014 harvey et al . 2012 ( by implication ) salvator merianae sebastiani ( m\u00fcller 1968 ) tupinambis teguixin sebastiani m\u00fcller 1968 tupinambis teguixin sebastiani \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 272 tupinambis teguixin sebastiani \u2014 b\u00f6hme 2010 salvator merianae sebastiani \u2014 harvey et al . 2012 ( by implication )\nlacerta teguixin linnaeus 1758 : 208 seps marmoratus laurenti 1768 : 59 laacerta tupinambis lac\u00e9p\u00e8de 1788 lacerta monitor \u2014 shaw & nodder 1790 : plate 21 lacerta monitor latreille 1801 : 220 tupinambis monitor daudin 1802 : 20 agama teguixin \u2014 link 1807 : 58 monitor meriani blainville 1816 monitor ( tutor ) americanus goldfuss 1820 : 168 teius monitor \u2014 wied 1824 tupinambis nigropunctatus spix 1825 : 18 monitor teguixin fitzinger 1826 podinema teguixin wagler 1830 lacerta teguixin \u2014 cuvier 1831 : 113 tupinambidibus daudini \u2014 ranzoni 1836 ( synonymy unclear ) teius teguixin \u2014 gray 1838 : 276 salvator nigropunctatus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839 : 90 teius nigropunctatus \u2014 gray 1845 : 16 teius teguexim \u2014 bates 1864 : 233 podicnema teguixin \u2014 br\u00fchl 1886 tejus teguexin [ sic ] \u2014 dollo 1884 : 68 tejus tequexin [ sic ] \u2014 cope 1885 : 189 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 335 tupinambis nigropunctatus \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 337 tupinambis tegnixin [ sic ] \u2014 m\u00fcller 1912 : 24 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 peters et al . 1970 : 272 tupinambis teguixin nigropunctatus \u2014 m\u00fcller 1971 : 24 tupinambis teguixin nigropunctatus \u2014 mertens 1972 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 presch 1973 : 741 ( part ? ) tupinambis nigropunctatus \u2014 hoogmoed & lescure 1975 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 duellman 1978 : 223 tupinambis nigropunctatus \u2014 rese 1983 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 rese 1983 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 cei 1993 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 dirksen & de la riva 1999 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 mcnish 2011 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 harvey et al . 2012\nmacroscopic description of the limb muscles of tupinambis meriana . . . : ingenta connect\na new species of tupinambis daudin , 1802 ( squamata : teiidae ) from brazil .\nreptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis quadrilineatus : distribution extension and geographic distribution map .\na new species of tupinambis daudin , 1803 from southeastern brazil ( squamata , teiidae ) .\nhere we describe three cryptic species related to tupinambis teguixin on the basis of morphology and genetics .\nprimeira ocorr\u00eancia de tupinambis quadrilineatus manzani , abe , 1997 ( squamata : teiidae ) no bioma amaz\u00f4nia .\nhibernation and emergence pattern of tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) in the taim ecological . . .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : t\u00e9iu . jpg\nas trusted on the\ntupinambis merianae\npage .\nthese findings expand the geographic distribution of tupinambis quadrilineatus is northwards , and encompass the the region between the states of piau\u00ed and maranh\u00e3o , which is dominated by cerrado sensu strictu and / or forested patches of the cerrado\u2013amazon ecotone . in this region , tupinambis quadrilineatus also occurs in syntopy with salvator merianae , which was previously classified as a member of the genus tupinambis .\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nthe reptile database\nas preferred for\ntupinambis merianae dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : salvator merianae - necrophilia . jpg\nas trusted on the\ntupinambis merianae\npage .\nrese , r . 1983 . die grosstejus der gattung tupinambis . sauria 5 ( 2 ) : 15 - 17 - get paper here\nroad ecology blog : tegu lizard ( tupinambis merianae ) roadkill , south of capivari do sul , rio grande do sul , brazil .\nright hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus ( chnufpi 0036 ) . a sulcate surface b asulcate surface c lateral region . scale bar = 1 cm .\na new species of tupinambis ( squamata : teiidae ) from central brazil , with an analysis of morphological and genetic variation in the genus .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 1989 . tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . sauria 11 ( 1 ) suppl . : 133\u2013136 - get paper here\npresch w ( 1973 ) a review of the tegus , lizard genus tupinambis ( sauria : teiidae ) from south america . copeia 4 : 740\u2013746\ncomparisons . tupinambis teguixin is distinguished from the sympatric tupinambis cryptus sp . n . by two supraciliaries contacting the last supraocular ( three in t . cryptus sp . n ) ; usually three occipitals in contact with the interparietal ( usually one in t . cryptus sp . n ) . tupinambis teguixin differs from t . cuzcoensis sp . n . in having the first supraocular the longest ( the second is the longest in cuzcoensis ) ; first pair of chinshields are distinctly longer than the postmental ( in t . cuzcoensis sp . n . the first pair of chinshields are about as long or shorter than the postmental ) . tupinambis teguixin differs from tupinambis zuliensis sp . n . by having the first supraocular the longest ( the second is longest in t . zuliensis ) .\nschreitm\u00fcller , w . 1924 . endotheliom bei tupinambis teguixin l . ( gemeiner teju . ) . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 90a ( 8 ) : 114 - 116\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\ntupinambis merianae dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839\n.\ncastro erde ; galetti m , 2004 . frugivory and seed dispersal by the tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ( frugivoria e dispers\u00e3o de sementes pelo lagarto tei\u00fa tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ) pap\u00e9is avulsos de zoologia ( s\u00e2o paulo ) , 44 ( 6 ) : 91 - 97 .\nde castro er ; galetti m , 2004 . frugivory and seed dispersal by the tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ( frugivoria e dispers\u00e3o de sementes pelo lagarto tei\u00fa tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) ) pap\u00e9is avulsos de zoologia ( s\u00e2o paulo ) , 44 ( 6 ) : 91 - 97 .\nthe hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus is also described here for the first time . the hemipenial morphology of teiid lizards is poorly known ( harvey et al . 2012 ) . cope ( 1896 ) analyzed the hemipenis of the genera dracaena , tupinambis , ameiva , and cnemidophorus and concluded that the morphology of these typical teiid species consist of numerous delicate , imbricate , transverse laminae , which are closely attached to one another . dowling and duellman ( 1978 , figure 83 . 2 ) published an illustration of the sulcate surface of the hemipenis of a species referred to as tupinambis nigropunctatus spix , 1825 , however they did not provide a museum number , nor did they describe the organ . presently , tupinambis nigropunctatus is considered as a synonym of tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , and its drawing exihibited a slightly bilobed and relatively long hemipenis , with distal laminae . in addition , the hemipenial morphology of 13 teiid species was described by b\u00f6hme ( 1988 ) , but the author did not examine nor describe the hemipenis of tupinambis .\nm\u00fcller , p . 1969 . \u00fcber eine neue subspezies vom teju , tupinambis teguixin buziosensis n . ssp salamandra 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 32 - 35 - get paper here\nsize . the largest tupinambis teguixin measured was a male , 279 mm svl with a 491 mm tail . the smallest was a neonate 84 mm svl and a 134 mm tail .\nconfusion over the use of tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus ) and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix is a long standing problem and closely tied to the salvator merianae entanglement [ 10 ] . hoogmoed and lescure [ 19 ] and hoogmoed and gruber [ 20 ] considered lacerta teguixin linnaeus and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix distinct , but presch [ 21 ] considered them conspecific due to overlapping characters . the nomenclatural problems have been discussed and clarified by avil - pires [ 10 ] and we have little to add to her discussion . using photographs of type material , museum specimens and molecular analysis we conclude the following .\nchamut s , jahn ga , arce oea , manes me ( 2012 ) testosterone and reproductive activity in the male tegu lizard , tupinambis merianae . herpetol conserv biol 7 ( 3 ) : 299\u2013305\nk\u00f6hler , g . 1989 . lebensweise , haltung und nachzucht von tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus 1758 ) ( sauria : teiidae ) . salamandra 25 ( 1 ) : 25 - 38 - get paper here\nkiefer , mara c\u00edntia & ivan sazima 2002 . diet of juvenile tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( teiidae ) in southeastern brazil . amphibia - reptilia 23 ( 1 ) : 105 - 108 - get paper here\nlema , thales de 1983 . bipedalia em tupinambis teguixin ( linneaeus , 1758 ) . ( suaria , teiidae ) . iheringia . s\u00e9rie . zool . , porto alegre 62 : 89 - 119 - get paper here\nlima , a . c . de ; pimenta , f . e . 2008 . reptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis longilineus : distribution extension . check list 4 ( 3 ) : 240\u2013243 - get paper here\nthe results of the cluster analysis [ s2a fig ] and pca [ s2b fig ] are in based on the genetic and morphological analyses describe above , we split the species currently recognized as tupinambis teguixin into four morphologically distinct species , three of which are new . considering the morphological data collected for this study , it is clear why these lizards have been confused for more than two centuries . differences are subtle , the coloration and pattern are variable , complex and have an ontogenetic component . table 1 summarizes the morphology for the four species of the tupinambis teguixin group discussed here , and table 2 compares the known species in the genus tupinambis .\nfew data are available on the morphology of the hemipenis of teiid lizards , especially those of the recently - defined genus tupinambis , a widely - distributed group of large - bodied lizards . this study provides an illustrated description of the hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus , which is similar to that of other representatives of the tupinambinae subfamily . new records of the species from the state of piau\u00ed , in northeastern brazil , are also presented .\nscale counts of the specimens of tupinambis quadrilineatus analyzed in the present study and the known range of values for the species , according to manzani and abe ( 1997 ) and colli et al . ( 1998 ) .\nfitzgerald , lee a . , joseph a . cook and a . luz aquino 1999 . molecular phylogenetics and conservation of tupinambis ( sauria : teiidae ) . copeia 1999 ( 4 ) : 894 - 905 - get paper here\netymology ( genus ) : the generic name tupinambis is a masculine latin noun in the nominative singular apparently referring to the tupinamba\u0301 indigenous tribe , one of several tupi ethnic groups that inhabited brazil at the time of the conquest .\nbenicio , ronildo alves ; gon\u00e7alves fonseca , mariluce 2014 . first record of tupinambis teguixin linnaeus , 1758 ( squamata : teiidae ) for the state of piau\u00ed , northeastern brazil cuad . herpetol . 28 : - get paper here\nhagmann g . die eier von gonatodes humeralis , tupinambis nigropunctatus und caiman sclreops . 3 . beitrag zur kenntnis der lebens und fortpflanzungsweise der brazilianischen reptilien . zoo jahrb jenna , abt f syst . 1907 24 , 1906 307\u2013316 .\nunexpectedly , we found a substantial amount of confusion still exists between members of the tupinambis teguixin group and the salvator merianae group . m\u00fcller [ 49 ] named t . teguixin sebastiani and t . t . buzioensis based on island populations in southeast brazil . b\u00f6hme [ 50 ] recognized these as belonging to t . ( = salvator ) merianae , not t . teguixin , and reallocated the names appropriately . a recently published paper on exotic reptiles in the philippine pet trade lists tupinambis teguixin , however the accompanying photograph clearly shows a species of salvator [ 51 ] . fig 12 compares profiles of salvator merianae and tupinambis teguixin . data for the number of tupinambis teguixin group members involved in the novelty leather trade are apparently unknown . while large numbers of tegus are taken from the wild each year for the leather industry , most of these appear to be salvator merianae , or another member of the salvator clade . members of the tupinambis teguixin group are likely more often consumed as bush meat or enter the pet trade . the confusion between t . teguixin group members and s . merianae is on - going and basal to the confusion .\nmanzani , paulo roberto & abe , augusto shinya 2002 . a new species of tupinambis daudin , 1803 from southeastern brazil ( squamata , teiidae ) . arquivos do museu nacional rio de janeiro 60 ( 4 ) : 295 - 302\nfor this work we examined 335 extant museum specimens for morphological data [ s2 table ] . three previous works [ 8 , 10 , 18 ] provide detailed descriptions for tupinambis . however , some clarification as well as challenges regarding scale and scale arrangement terminology for tupinambis are needed . while we use the terms and characters provided in these papers , we made some adjustments . some scale counts and characters were found to contain information for distinguishing taxa , but most did not .\netymology . named cryptus for it similarity to tupinambis teguixin . on trinidad it is commonly known as the matte , on tobago it is called the salempenta . we propose the cryptic golden tegu as the common english name for this species .\np\u00e9res jr ak ( 2003 ) sistem\u00e1tica e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de lagartos do g\u00eanero tupinambis ( squamata , teiidae ) . d . sc . thesis . bras\u00edlia : universidade de bras\u00edlia , programa de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em biologia animal , p . 193\nwinck , g . r . and cechin , s . z . 2008 . hibernation and emergence pattern of tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) in the taim ecological station , southern brazil . journal of natural history 42 : 239 - 247\ndistribution . tupinambis teguixin appears to be widespread in the amazon and present on the guiana shield , ranging from the caribbean coast of the guianas to roraima and para , brazil southward to mato grosso and goias and into western amazonas , brazil .\na lacerta teguixin paralectotype , the seps marmoratus holotype , and a tupinambis nigropunctatus paralectotype examined for this study all clearly lack the divided loreal , the small rows of granular scales between the supraoculars and ciliaries and the other traits associated with the genus salvator .\none of the two largest terrestrial lizards in the new world , the argentine black and white tegu , tupinambis merianae , is one of the seven currently recognized species of tegu lizards ( genus tupinambis , all south american ) . its sister species , the red tegu ( tupinambis rufescens ) rivals its size ; both can reach a total length of 145 cm ( 57 inches ) , with large heads and jaws . the argentine black and white tegu is an abundant species , found in a wide breadth of habitat types from ocean beaches to savannahs and disturbed areas such as forest edges , clearings , and roadsides up to elevations of 1250 m ( 4100 ft ) . it is a terrestrial animal but also a good swimmer ( embert et al . 2010 ; enge 2006 ) .\ngols - ripoll , ariana ; emilio a . herrera & jazzm\u00edn arrivillaga 2015 . genetic structure of tupinambis teguixin ( squamata : teiidae ) , with emphasis on venezuelan populations rev . biol . trop . 63 ( 4 ) : 1235 - 1249 - get paper here\ngarc\u00eda - valdez , mar\u00eda valeria ; silvia chamut , gonzalo valdez jaen , osvaldo e . a . arce , mario e . manes 2011 . dynamics of ovarian follicles in tupinambis merianae lizards . acta herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 303 - 313 - get paper here\nkaiser , bernard w . , kimberly j . osorio , kevin m . enge and richard m . engeman . 2013 . tupinambis merianae ( argentine giant tegu ) ; pantherophis guttatus ( red cornsnake ) non - predatory killing . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 329\nvega parry , harold ; elisa vinti\u00f1i ; osvaldo e . a . arce ; mario e . manes 2009 . nutritional perfomance of tupinambis merianae lizards fed with corn starch as source of energy . acta herpetologica 4 ( 1 ) : 29 - 36 - get paper here\njansen , m . & g . k\u00f6hler : reptilia , squamata , amphisbaenidae , amphisbaena cegei montero , 1997 , and reptilia , squamata , teidae , tupinambis rufescens ( g\u00fcnther , 1871 ) : vertical range extension . checklist 6 ( 4 ) : 503 - 504 .\nexamination of photographs of type material including one of the paralectotypes of lacerta teguixin linnaeus ( nrm 121 ) as well as seps marmoratus laurenti , and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix ( zma 629 ) allowed for some comparison of the type material to the data collected from the specimens examined .\ntype species : tupinambis monitor daudin 1802 is the type species of the genus tupinambis daudin 1802 . tupinambis is also the type species of the subfamily tupinambinae bonaparte 1831 ( not established by estes et al . 1988 as is often cited ; see costa et al . 2016 for historical details ) . distribution : not in uruguay ( m . hoogmoed , pers . comm . , 19 feb 2013 ) . not in panama fide lotzkat 2015 ( pers . comm . , 23 dec 2015 ) ; see map in silva et al . 2018 . nomenclature : the name t . teguixin was for a long time applied for the species here named t . merianae , while the species here under discussion was called t . nigropunctatus . for a detailed discussion of nomenclature see avila - pires ( 1995 ) . synonyms partly from cei 1993 .\ngudynas , e . 1985 . notas sobre teiidos del uruguay ( lacertilia : teiidae ) , i . nuevos registros y distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de tupinambis teguixin , teius teyou , cnemidophorus lacertoides y pantodactylus schreibersii schreibersii . centro de estudios don orione , contribuciones en biolog\u00eda 12 : 9 - 17 .\ncaldeira - costa , henrique ; s\u00e3o pedro , v . de a . ; p\u00e9res , a . k . & neves feio , r . 2008 . reptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis longilineus : distribution extension . check list 4 ( 3 ) : 267\u2013268 - get paper here\njuri , guadalupe l\u00f3pez ; sergio naretto , ana carolina mateos , margarita chiaraviglio , and gabriela cardozo 2015 . influence of life history traits on trophic niche segregation between two similar sympatric tupinambis lizards south american j . herp . 10 ( 2 ) : 132 - 142 . - get paper here\nalthaus , r l . ; maunskas , g . ; gasparotti , < br / > m . l . l ; miouet a , c . 1994 . caracteristicas comestibles de la carne de tupinambis teguixin . bol . asoc . herp . argentina 10 ( 1 ) : 19 - 21\nhere , we provide a taxonomic revision to bring taxonomy into concordance with the molecular and morphological results for the tupinambis teguixin complex . the confusion of names presented in these lizards is discussed and illustrated in s3 , s3a and s3b fig . first , we provide a re - description of :\ncecchetto , nicolas rodolfo ; naretto , sergio 2015 . do sex , body size and reproductive condition influence the thermal preferences of a large lizard ? a study in tupinambis merianae journal of thermal biology , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jtherbio . 2015 . 09 . 001 - get paper here\nfirst , the shape and size of the scales on the anterior surface of the femur : ( a ) t . cuzcoensis ; ( b ) t . cryptus ( c ) t . teguixin ( d ) t . zuliensis . second , the upper labial under the anterior corner of the orbit ( e , f ) . the inside corner of the orbit is over the third upper labial in tupinambis teguixin , and the fourth upper labial in t . cryptus . the supratemporals are numbered . tupinambis teguixin ( e ) usually has two supratemporals and t . cryptus ( f ) usually has three supratemporals .\nsilva , marc\u00e9lia b . ; marco a . ribeiro - j\u00fanior , and teresa c . s . \u00e1vila - pires 2018 . a new species of tupinambis daudin , 1802 ( squamata : teiidae ) from central south america . journal of herpetology 52 ( 1 ) : 94 - 110 - get paper here\ntupinambis cerradensis colli , p\u00e9res & cunha , 1998 : 479 ( adult male holotype deposited in the cole\u00e7\u00e3o de herpetologia of the universidade de bras\u00edlia , chunb 00468 , type - locality : ros\u00e1rio oeste , mato grosso , brazil ( 14\u00b050 ' s , 56\u00b025 ' w , sad69 ) , not examined ) .\n( a ) importance of meristic counts in predicting individual assignments to four species of tupinambis lizards based on mean decrease in gini accuracy as revealed by 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation of guided regularized random forests ( grrf ) . the higher the mean decrease in gini accuracy , the higher the predictor importance . ( b ) prediction error of grrf models based on reducing number of predictors ranked by importance , as revealed by 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation . ( c ) variation in vertebral rows and scales around midbody , the two best predictors of differences among four species of tupinambis lizards .\ntupinambis quadrilineatus manzani & abe , 1997 : 2 ( adult male holotype deposited in the museu de zoologia of the universidade estadual de campinas , zuec 1963 , type - locality : fazenda bandeirantes , municipalty of baliza , goi\u00e1s , brazil ( 16\u00b013 ' s , 51\u00b025 ' w , sad69 ) , not examined ) .\nseps marmoratus laurenti is most likely based upon zmb 849 [ 23 ] a juvenile specimen ( fig 3 ) . the name has long been considered a junior synonym of tupinambis teguixin . the dorsal pattern is composed of wide dark bands separated by narrow light bands and four rows of white spots on the dorsum . it has five supraoculars , first is the longest , the second is the largest in area and the last one contacts two ciliaries . also , it has 115 or 116 vertebral rows . all are in agreement with our clade two . here we retain this name as a junior synonym of tupinambis teguixin based upon the data we have .\nmoraes carvalho , andre\u0301a de ; ayrton klier pe\u0301res ju\u0301nior , maria auxiliadora andrade , and vale\u0301ria de sa\u0301 jayme 2013 . prevalence of enterobacteriaceae in tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) from a captive facility in central brazil , with a profile of antimicrobial drug resistance in salmonella enterica . phyllomedusa 12 ( 1 ) : 57 - 67\nadult male tupinambis quadrilineatus . a specimen collected in the palmares national forest , altos , piau\u00ed ( chnufpi 0036 ; scale 5cm ) b specimen collected with pit - fall traps at guadalupe , piau\u00ed ( chnufpi 0038 ) c lateral view of the head and d dorsal view of the anterior region of the body ( chnufpi 0036 ) .\ntupinambis nigropunctatus spix was based upon five syntypes and all are extant . hoogmoed and gruber [ 20 ] designated zma 629 the lectotype , making zma 627 , 628 , 630 , 3208 paralectotypes . they note spix was unsure of his own classification when it came to distinguishing it from t . teguixin , and thought it to be either a different species or a female t . teguixin . vanzolini [ 25 ] interpreted the spix type locality to be bel\u00e9m , para , brazil . photos of zma 627 ( a male ) illustrate morphology that agrees relatively well with our clade two ( fig 4 ) . here we retain tupinambis nigropunctatus spix as a junior synonym of t . teguixin .\ncitation : murphy jc , jowers mj , lehtinen rm , charles sp , colli gr , peres ak jr , et al . ( 2016 ) cryptic , sympatric diversity in tegu lizards of the tupinambis teguixin group ( squamata , sauria , teiidae ) and the description of three new species . plos one 11 ( 8 ) : e0158542 . urltoken\nspecies illustrated : top - tupinambis cuzcoensis sp . n . , clade 1 . photo credit mike pingleton . second from top t . teguixin , clade 2 . photo credit armida madngisa . bottom photo t . cryptus ( clade 4 ) . photo credit jcm . nodes with bayesian posterior probabilities \u2265 95 are represented by asterisks ( * ) .\nthere is considerable pattern variation in tupinambis cryptus . mainland venezuelan specimens tend to have bands that are indistinct and short longitudinal stripes that beebe [ 2 ] termed \u201cdashes . \u201d a few are almost uniform in coloration . none of the adults from trinidad and tobago have this pattern , although we have seen a few individuals in the field with indistinct bands .\ndistribution . tupinambis cryptus is known from trinidad and tobago , venezuela , the guianas , and as far south as the confluence of the rio negro and rio branco in brazil , but its range may be more extensive . it ranges as far west as falcon , venezuela , and appears to range into the andes in the vicinity of bucaramango , colombia .\ntupinambis quadrilineatus is endemic to the cerrado savannas of central brazil . the species was described in 1997 , based on four specimens from goi\u00e1s , mato grosso , and tocantins ( manzani and abe 1997 , silveira 2009 ) . almost simultaneously , colli et al . ( 1998 ) described the same form under the junior - synonym tupinambis cerradensis . a number of other specimens were collected subsequently in the brazilian states of goi\u00e1s , minas gerais , mato grosso , maranh\u00e3o , tocantins , piau\u00ed , par\u00e1 and the distrito federal ( barreto et al . 2007 , ferreira et al . 2009 , silveira 2009 , dal vechio et al . 2013 ) . the geographic range of the species is extended further in the present study .\nchiarello , adriano g . ; srbek - araujo , ana c . ; del - duque jr . , hermano j . ; coelho , eduardo de r . ; rocha , carlos f . d . 2010 . abundance of tegu lizards ( tupinambis merianae ) in a remnant of the brazilian atlantic forest . amphibia - reptilia 31 ( 4 ) : 563 - 570 - get paper here\nthe emergence period and winter aggregations of a population of tupinambis merianae from southern brazil as well as some behavioural aspects from its post\u2010emergence period are examined . fifty\u2010six individuals were captured and marked in 64 days ( 640 h ) of field study . most of the hibernacula identified were beneath human constructions . the first individuals emerged in august and the last active . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntupinambis is distributed from the choc\u00f3 of colombia eastward to northern venezuela , ( including the isla de margarita , trinidad and tobago ) and the guianas southward into amazonia , and the cerrados of eastern bolivia [ 8 ] . three of the four species , tupinambis longilineus [ 10 ] , t . palustris [ 11 ] , and t . quadrilineatus [ 12 ] have poorly understood distributions centered in brazil . one species , t . longilineus , is known to use open , sub - montane tropical rainforest along rivers as well as disturbed areas . another , t . palustris is apparently restricted to wetlands in the vicinity of the type locality at usina hidr\u00e9letrica tr\u00eas irm\u00e3os , in the lower tiete river , between aracatuba and pereira barreto in the state of s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . tupinambis quadrilineatus is endemic to the savannas of central brazil [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] , however langstroth [ 16 ] suggested it may also occur in bolivia . these three species have all been described since 1995 . the range of t . teguixin is thought to overlap the distribution of all three congeners , and has a range that encompasses that of the entire genus , or nearly so [ 8 ] .\npassos , d . c . ; f . lima - araujo ; a . c . b . melo ; d . m . borges - nojosa . 2013 . new state record and distribution extension of the golden tegu tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( squamata : teiidae ) to the caatinga biome , northeastern brazil . check list 9 ( 6 ) : 1524 - 1526 - get paper here\nfig 1 illustrates some of the varied patterns and coloration present in the tupinambis teguixin group . here , we present a range - wide analysis of molecular and morphological data , strongly supporting the existence of four species - level taxa within what is currently considered t . teguixin . morphological data suggest the potential presence of additional species . we discuss the phenomenon and impact of cryptic , widespread species , and offer perspectives for future research .\ntupinambis quadrilineatus ; taylor 2003 : 44 , langstroth 2005 : 106 , silva jr . et al . 2005 : 81 , vitt et al . 2005 : 8 , werneck and colli 2006 : 1987 , guimar\u00e3es et al . 2007 : 353 , recoder and nogueira 2007 : 270 , silveira 2009 : 442 , ferreira et al . 2009 : 355 , moreira et al . 2009 : 187 , recoder et al . 2011 : 275 .\nthe genus tupinambis contained seven species until harvey et al . [ 8 ] revalidated salvator dum\u00e9ril and bibron for s . duseni , s . merianae , and s . rufescens . the generic split was subsequently supported by molecular work [ 9 ] . salvator inhabits much of south america east of the andes , and they share a suite of traits ( a complete row of supraocular granules , divided caudal annuli alternating with complete annuli , a round pupil , keeled proximal subcaudals , and usually a divided loreal ) distinguishing them from the sometimes sympatric tupinambis . thus , four species , t . longilineus , t . palustris , t . quadrilineatus , and t . teguixin , remain in daudin\u2019s genus . one of these , t . palustris , is poorly known and its status seems uncertain . two of us ( grc , ap ) are currently working to clarify its relationship to the other species in the genus .\nnatural history . because this species has been long confused with other species of the t . teguixin group comments on its natural history are difficult to make because they are deeply entangled in the literature with the other cryptic species in the group as well as members of the genus salvator . considering that tupinambis teguixin and t . cryptus sp . n . have been collected within 3 km of each other further investigation of these taxa would be of ecological interest .\ntupinambis quadrilineatus : maranh\u00e3o : mpeg 16817 ( rio mat\u00f5es , right bank tributary of the rio balsas , balsas ) , mpeg 30140 ( s\u00e3o raimundo das mangabeiras ) , piau\u00ed : chnufpi 0036 ( palmares national forest , altos ) , chnufpi 0037 ( monsenhor gil ) , chnufpi 0038 ( fazenda s\u00e3o pedro , guadalupe ) , mpeg 16845 ( lagoa alegre ) , mpeg 30139 ( ribeiro gon\u00e7alves ) , mpeg 30141 ( esta\u00e7\u00e3o ecol\u00f3gica de uru\u00e7u\u00ed - una , uru\u00e7u\u00ed ) .\ncomparisons . tupinambis zuliensis sp . n . can be distinguished from t . teguixin and t . cryptus by having the second supraocular the longest and the largest in area ( the other two species have the first supraocular the longest and the second is largest in area ) . it can be distinguished from t . cuzcoensis by having the post mental longer than the first pair of chin shields ( it is shorter than the first pair of chin shields in t . cuzcoensis ) .\nwith a maximum body length of 400 mm [ 8 ] , tupinambis teguixin is one of the largest terrestrial , and as previously noted one of the most exploited , neotropical lizards . yet , its systematics and nomenclature remain poorly resolved , with some authors [ 3 ] describing the taxonomy as \u201ctortuous . \u201d discussing genetic data fitzgerald et al . [ 3 ] wrote , \u201c\u2026the split among t . teguixin from cuyabeno , ecuador and roraima , brazil was comparable to differences between t . teguixin and t . longilineus and even to that between t . rufescens and t . merianae . \u201d this would be expected in species composed of multiple lineages and given the two localities are separated by more than 1500 km . however , tupinambis teguixin has been used in hundreds of phylogenetic , ecological , morphological , and physiological studies given its abundance , size , and availability in museum collections and the pet trade , without the systematic work to clarify the status of various populations .\nwe gathered tissue samples from existing museum collections from 40 tupinambis and salvator , including 31 t . teguixin . using standard pcr and sanger - sequencing methods , we sequenced fragments of three mitochondrial genes ; the 12s rdna using primers 12sa 5\u2032 - aaactgggattagataccccactat - 3\u2032 and 12sb 5\u2032 - gagggtgacgggcggtgtgt - 3\u2032 from kocher et al . [ 26 ] , 16s rdna using primers 16sl : 5\u2032 - gcctgtttatcaaaaacat - 3\u2032 and 16sh 5\u2032 - ccggtctgaactcagatcacgt - 3\u2032 from palumbi et al . [ 27 ] , and nd4 using primers nd4 5\u2019 cac cta tga cta cca aaa gct cat gta gaa gc 3\u2019 and leu 5\u2019 cat tac ttt tac ttg gaa ttt gca cca 3\u2019 from ar\u00e9valo et al . [ 28 ] . these data were combined with all available , vouchered individuals from genbank for those genes for crocodilurus , dracaena , tupinambis , and salvator , representing the subfamily tupinambinae , with callopistes representing callopistinae , following harvey et al . [ 8 ] and ameiva ameiva as the outgroup .\nanecdotally , an internet search for photographs of tupinambis teguixin produces nearly as many photographs of salvator merianae labeled t . teguixin as it does t . teguixin photographs . websites such as the encyclopedia of life , i - naturalist , and the reptile database have photographs of both s . merianae and the t . teguixin group labeled t . teguixin . the confusion of these two tegu lizards has been on - going for centuries and carries into their life history descriptions and ultimately into conservation polices .\nthe bayesian inferences ( bi ) analyses converged very quickly , with psrf ~ 1 . 0 and ess > 200 for all parameters . our results are similar to previous phylogenies of tupinambinae [ 3 , 9 , 41 ] . the subfamily is strongly supported as monophyletic ( pp = 100 ) , as are the genera callopistes ( 100 ) , salvator ( 100 ) and tupinambis ( 98 ) . the placement of the genera dracaena and crocodilurus is not strongly supported , likely due to the small amount of mitochondrial data available for those species . we find weak support for a clade consisting of , respectively , dracaena , crocodilurus , and tupinambis . we also find strong support for all sampled species , with possible paraphyly of s . rufescens , which includes two specimens of s . duseni [ 3 ] , though this could potentially be specimen mis - identification . multi - locus nuclear datasets and deeper phylogeographic investigation will be needed to resolve deeper relationships in tupinambinae and species limits in salvator .\ntupinambis teguixin has been given two common names , the golden tegu ( t . teguixin and t . cryptus ) and the black and white tegu . salvator merianae is also mostly black and white [ 18 ] . the two species of golden tegus , t . teguixin and t . cryptus , both have adult patterns of black , brown and gold / yellow / white , with adult male t . teguixin tending to be darker than t . cryptus males based upon our relatively small sample of live specimens .\nnatural history . the co - occurrence of this species with t . teguixin on the guiana shield suggests the previous natural history accounts [ 2 ] are likely a mixture of these two species . however , t . teguixin is unknown from trinidad and tobago and natural history descriptions from the islands\u2019 populations can be attributed to t . cryptus alone . our observations of this lizard suggest they use secondary forest , savannas , and human modified habitats . we have not observed them in primary forests proper , but at the forest edge . it may avoid dense forest because of the reduced number of basking sites . like other species of tupinambis , t . cryptus is a dietary generalist . we have observed this lizard investigating caiman nests , foraging along streams on the floor of secondary forests and in mangroves . usually their tongue is flicking and they are probing the leaf litter with their head . tupinambis cryptus is most readily observed foraging under the bird feeders at the asa wright nature center ( trinidad ) were they scavenge pieces of fruit .\ntupinambis teguixin and t . cryptus eggs incubate until the first heavy rains in june or july . incubation time is thus on the order of 150\u2013180 days compared to incubation times of about 60 days in salvator merianae which places its nests in the ground [ 57 ] . there is some anecdotal evidence that female t . teguixin group members may use communal nests and that the incubation time of eggs laid in captivity may be as long as 170 days which supports the 150\u2013180 incubation period suspected in nature [ 10 ] .\nfive tupinambis quadrilineatus specimens were examined in the collection of the goeldi museum . in 1993 , specimen mpeg 16817 was collected in balsas , maranh\u00e3o ( reported by barreto et al . 2007 ) , and specimen mpeg 16845 was captured in the municipality of lagoa alegre , piau\u00ed . in 2009 , three specimens were collected during the parnaiba project in ribeiro gon\u00e7alves ( mpeg 30139 ) , and uru\u00e7u\u00ed ( mpeg 30141 ) , in the state of piau\u00ed , and s\u00e3o raimundo das mangabeiras ( mpeg 30140 ) , in maranh\u00e3o .\nthe two species have been long confused in the literature . both specimens were in the pet trade and are from unknown localities . diagnostic characters are obvious . a . tupinambis teguixin lacks granular scales separating the supraoculars from the ciliaries , it has a single loreal scale , and the head is slightly compressed ( dorsoventrally ) . b . salvator merianae has granular scales between the supraocualars and the cillaries , a divided loreal , and a deep head . also note the tall and horizontally divided lower labials . photographs by jcm .\nthe grrf analyses indicated that prediction accuracy ranged from 13 % , when using the single most important predictor , to 7 % , when using all predictors ( fig 9a ) . vertebral rows and scales around midbody were the best predictors of the four species , with a prediction accuracy around 87 % based on 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation ( fig 9b ) . with the exception of tupinambis zuliensis , which was represented by only four individuals , these two variables permit a fairly good separation of the three other species ( fig 9c ) .\ntegu lizard ( tupinambis merianae ) belongs to the teiidae family . it is distributed throughout the americas , with many species , including brazilian ones . they are from the tupinambis genus , the largest representatives of the teiidae family . for this study three animals ( run over ) coming from donation were used . the dissected lizards were fixed in 10 % , formaldehyde , and the macroscopic analysis was carried out in a detailed and photo documented way , keeping the selected structures \u201cin situ\u201d . this paper had as its main aim contributing to the macroscopic description of the chest myology , as well as the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the lizard t . merianae . the results obtained from this research were compared to authors who have studied animals from the same reptilia class . thus , we conclude that our macroscopic results are similar to those already described by the researchers hildebrand ( 1995 ) , moro and abdala ( 2004 ) and abdala and diogo ( 2010 ) . we should highlight that the knowledge on anatomy has importance and applications to various areas within biology , contributing in a substantial way to the areas of human health and technology .\ntupinambis cuzcoensis is the most basal clade and its andean foothills\u2014western amazon distribution suggests the andean uplift may have been involved in its origin . the rise of the m\u00e9rida andes likely isolated t . zuliensis from the other populations and the eastward shifts of the orinoco river are likely to have influenced the evolution of the t . cryptus and t . teguixin . the absence of t . teguixin in venezuela may suggest that the orinoco or a marine incursion separated the eastern and western populations and allowed speciation with the subsequent eastward dispersal of t . cryptus to the guyanas and brazil .\nknown localities for tupinambis quadrilineatus in brazil . distrito federal ( df ) : bras\u00edlia , gama ( 1 ) . goi\u00e1s ( go ) : iaciara ( 2 ) mina\u00e7u ( 3 ) mara rosa ( 4 ) santa terezinha de goi\u00e1s ( 5 ) piren\u00f3polis ( 6 ) aragar\u00e7as ( 7 ) baliza ( 8 ) . maranh\u00e3o ( ma ) : balsas ( 9 ) s\u00e3o raimundo das mangabeiras ( 10 ) . mato grosso ( mt ) : primavera do leste ( 11 ) chapada dos guimar\u00e3es ( 12 ) ros\u00e1rio oeste ( 13 ) c\u00e1ceres ( 14 ) . minas gerais ( mg ) : chapada ga\u00facha ( 15 ) jo\u00e3o pinheiro ( 16 ) . piau\u00ed ( pi ) : guadalupe ( 17 ) lagoa alegre ( 18 ) altos ( 19 ) monsenhor gil ( 20 ) amarante ( 21 ) , ribeiro gon\u00e7alves ( 22 ) uru\u00e7u\u00ed ( 23 ) . par\u00e1 ( pa ) : santa maria das barreiras and reden\u00e7\u00e3o ( 24 ) . tocantins ( to ) : gurupi ( 25 ) mateiros ( 26 ) . the localities recorded in the present study are represented by red squares . the type - locality of tupinambis quadrilineatus is shown as an asterisk , the type - locality of its junior - synonym ( tupinambis cerradensis ) is shown as a star and remaining records from the literature are shown as blue circles ( manzani and abe 1997 ; colli et al . 1998 ; guimar\u00e3es et al . 2007 ; silva jr . et al . 2005 ; vitt et al . 2005 ; mesquita et al . 2006 ; recoder and nogueira 2007 ; ferreira et al . 2009 ; silveira 2009 ; recoder et al . 2011 ; dal vechio et al . 2013 ) . the cerrado savanna biome is highlighted in gray .\ndistribution . tupinambis cuzcoensis appears to be relatively widespread in the foothills of the andes and the western amazon . in peru it is known from quincemil ( the type locality ) , cuzco at about 750 m and goes to at least 827 m ( fmnh 81378 is from villa carmen , peru ) . in ecuador it occurs in the vicinity of canelos , near the rio bobanasa at about 200 m and , at zancudo , napo , ecuador at about 600 m . it ranges westward into the amazon basin as far as humaita , amazonas , brazil and cuiaba , mato grosso , brazil .\nafter convincing flor to expand her research into freshwater fishes , she has enjoyed working with me on our byu - stri collaborative project with alda and bermingham on the phylogeny , species delimitation , and phylogeography of the poecilia sphenops species complex ( see above ) ! ! we are also collaborating on comparative phylogeography projects , including a project testing for shared evolutionary responses and predicted patterns of genetic diversity among one species of toad ( rhinella schneideri ) and two species of lizards ( iguana iguana and tupinambis merianae ) codistributed across the \u201carc of deforestation\u201d ecotone at the interface of the amazon and cerrado biomes .\nrecently , gols - ripoll et al . [ 42 ] examined the genetic structure of venezuelan tupinambis in different bioregions using nucleotide diversity , haplotype diversity and number of polymorphic sites . they found genetic structuring with all three measures and suggest it is the result of historic biogeographic events , the m\u00e9rida andes orogeny and the shifts in orinoco river ( which accounted for 71 . 2 % of the molecular variance ) as barriers . they considered the zulia population ( now tupinambis zuliensis ) an evolutionary significant unit . since we have not found evidence of t . teguixin in venezuela , all of their comments likely apply t . cryptus ( and t . zuliensis ) . we did find morphological differences between several of the venezuela t . cryptus populations which supports the genetic structure found by gols - ripoll et al . [ 42 ] . specimens from amazonas tended to be dark , almost melanistic with very little yellow pigmentation , and differed from other t . cryptus populations in having three occipitals contacting the interparietal and a complete fold at the interangular sulcus . the orinoco populations tend to have a dorsal pattern of distinct transverse bands interrupted by longitudinal lines . however , both populations share the other traits typical of t . cryptus .\non the positive side , many of the genera they recognize are monophyletic and are not nested in other genera in our tree , including their ameivula ( cnemidophorus ocellifer ) , aspidoscelis ( unchanged from previous definitions ) , cnemidophorus ( excluding c . ocellifer , c . lacertoides , and c . longicaudus ) , holcosus ( ameiva undulata , a . festiva , and a . quadrilineatus ) , kentropyx ( unchanged from previous definitions ) , salvator ( tupinambis rufescens , t . duseni , and t . merianae ) , and teius ( unchanged from previous definitions ) . we did not sample ameiva edracantha ( their medopheos ) .\n. . . nesta senten\u00e7a , a esp\u00e9cie popularmente conhecida como\ntejo\n( provavelmente , tupinambis merianae , dum\u00e9ril & bibron , 1839 ) \u00e9 referida como de h\u00e1bitos noturnos . entretanto , isto n\u00e3o condiz com a bibliografia cient\u00edfica , uma vez que esta esp\u00e9cie \u00e9 diurna , realizando suas atividades durante as horas mais quentes do dia ( van sluys ; rocha , 1999 ; vitt , 1995 ; winck ; blanco ; cechin , 2011 ) . quanto aos aspectos comportamentais , tamb\u00e9m houve registro de equ\u00edvocos de cunho biol\u00f3gico :\nquando o lagarto perde o rabo , ele s\u00f3 tem tr\u00eas dias de vida\n. . . .\n. . . nesta senten\u00e7a , a esp\u00e9cie popularmente conhecida como\ntejo\n( provavelmente , tupinambis merianae , dum\u00e9ril & bibron , 1839 ) \u00e9 referida como de h\u00e1bitos noturnos . entretanto , isto n\u00e3o condiz com a bibliografia cient\u00edfica , uma vez que esta esp\u00e9cie \u00e9 diurna , realizando suas atividades durante as horas mais quentes do dia ( van sluys ; rocha , 1999 ; vitt , 1995 ; winck ; blanco ; cechin , 2011 ) . quanto aos aspectos comportamentais , tamb\u00e9m houve registro de equ\u00edvocos de cunho biol\u00f3gico :\nquando o lagarto perde o rabo , ele s\u00f3 tem tr\u00eas dias de vida\n. . . .\nimagine , however , that one of these species , tupinambis teguixin , was in reality a collection of cryptic species some of which are living in sympatry at some locations . by definition , cryptic species are morphologically similar to the human eye , but genetically distinct . such populations have commonly been historically classified as a single species . the phenomena of cryptic species is well known and frequently encountered when detailed studies involving morphology , genetics and ecology are undertaken [ 7 ] . therefore their discovery should not be unexpected , except perhaps for the fact that these lizards are extensively used by humans and have been the subject of hundreds of scientific studies .\nsize . the largest tupinambis cryptus sp . n . measured was a male 391 mm svl with a 530 mm tail . the smallest was a neonate that was 85 mm svl and a 42 mm tail . fourteen males svl 216\u2013391 mm , x = 281 . 71 mm , sd = 41 . 11 ; seven had undamaged tails 463\u2013635 , x = 448 . 56 mm , sd = 60 . 62 . eleven female svls 183\u2013284 mm , x = 231 . 0 mm , sd = 39 . 73 ; only three had unbroken tails 384\u2013605 , x = 481 . 0 mm , sd = 79 . 87 . smallest individual measured 85 mm svl .\nwe reviewed the literature and examined illustrations and specimens said to be tupinambis teguixin and t . nigropunctatus in an attempt to understand the characters various authors have attributed to each name . we also consulted researchers with extensive taxonomic knowledge for their opinions on the status of some names . taxonomic decisions are best made on the basis of recognizable morphological characters and concordant molecular evidence [ 33 ] . thus , we reconcile geographic genetic variation with meristic and mensural characters from specimens to produce a robust taxonomic estimate with diagnostic evidence from both molecular and morphological data . this integrates all available data , using the general lineage species concept to delimit evolutionarily distinct clades as independent species [ 34 ] .\nlarge circular markers denote the localities of specimens sampled for dna . smaller circular markers denote localities of specimens identified using morphology : green is clade 1 ( t . cuzcoensis sp . n . ) , blue is clade 2 ( t . teguixin ) , purple is clade 3 , ( t . zuliensis sp . n . ) , and red is clade 4 ( t . cryptus sp . n . ) . the two most northern red circles represent the islands of tobago and trinidad respectively . the other markers denote other species of tupinambis not in the teguixin group . red x = t . palustris . black x = t . longilineus . aqua blue circles = t . quadrilineatus ."]}
{"id": 523, "summary": [{"text": "attercopus is an extinct genus of arachnids , containing one species attercopus fimbriunguis , known from a devonian-aged fossil .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is placed in the extinct order uraraneida , spider-like animals able to produce silk , but which lacked true spinnerets and retained a segmented abdomen bearing a flagellum-like tail resembling that of a whip scorpion .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are thought to be close to the origins of spiders .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "an important early devonian ( about 390 million years ago ) fossil example from gilboa , new york , was originally described as a member of the extinct order trigonotarbida and named gelasinotarbus ? fimbriunguis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was later assigned to a new genus attercopus and reinterpreted as the oldest , and most primitive , example of a true spider ( araneae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this hypothesis was based on the supposed presence of unique spider features such as silk-producing spinnerets and the opening of a venom gland on the fang of the chelicera .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "further study \u2013 based on new fossils from a comparable devonian locality called south mountain \u2013 and comparison with other material from the permian of russia , i.e. , of permarachne , indicates that attercopus does not actually have spinnerets .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the feature which looked like a tubular spinneret is actually a folded sheet of cuticle .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it would , however , have produced silk from a series of silk gland openings , or spigots , located across plates on the underside of the abdomen .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the opening for the venom gland is also a misinterpretation .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a segmented tail , or flagellum , also belonged to this animal .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it seems unlikely that attercopus spun webs , but it may have used its silk to wrap eggs , lay draglines or construct burrow walls .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "attercopus fimbriunguis is not a spider , but it is probably close to the type of animals which did give rise to modern spiders today .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "its name is taken from the english dialect word attercop ( \" spider \" ) , which came from old english attorcoppa ( \" poison-head \" ) , from ator ( \" poison \" ) , itself drawn from the proto-germanic * aitra - ( \" poisonous ulcer \" ) and kopp - ( \" head \" ) . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "attercopus", "paragraphs": ["attercopus was spider - like , \u202d \u202cbut was not a true spider . \u202d \u202cattercopus had a segmented tail and silk producing organs , \u202d \u202cbut probably only used silk for constructing shelters and wrapping eggs , \u202d \u202crather than constructing elaborate webs .\nin the original description of attercopus , several chelicerae were illustrated and described . in at least one of these specimens ( 329 . 22 . ar9 ; fig . 1 f ) , a hole near the tip of the fang was interpreted as a poison gland pore . revisiting this specimen raises uncertainty because other apparent holes on the same fang appear to be artefacts of preservation and none of the chelicera specimens show this pore clearly . mesothele spiders lack poison glands ( 16 ) , and to infer their existence in attercopus would require their loss and reacquisition ( by opithotheles ) in araneae . because the preponderance of the evidence now suggests that poison glands were also absent in attercopus , it is more parsimonious to assume that they were acquired only once , in the spider suborder opisthothelae , and are synapomorphic for that taxon , not for spiders as a whole .\nbecause of the different preservational styles of attercopus and permarachne , it is not clear whether the apomorphies of attercopus ( palpal femur spinules , fimbriate tarsal claws , lack of emargination at distal joint of leg patella ) are shared by permarachne . it is possible that the flagellum was uniquely derived and not homologous with that of the pedipalp orders . although we do not presently have evidence of any synapomorphies for this lineage , we wish to draw attention to its distinctiveness and so establish the ordinal name uraraneida selden & shear ord . nov . ( etymology : greek oura , tail , and latin , aranea , spider ; included taxa : attercopus and permarachne ) . uraraneida and araneae are distinguished from the pedipalp orders by 2 characters : the naked ( seta - less ) cheliceral fang and the presence of opisthosomal silk glands and spigots . the existence of permarachne alongside mesotheles in the fossil record indicates that uraraneida was a persistent lineage that only became extinct ( if , indeed , it is ) some time after the late permian .\nsilk production from opisthosomal glands is a defining characteristic of spiders ( araneae ) . silk emerges from spigots ( modified setae ) borne on spinnerets ( modified appendages ) . spigots from attercopus fimbriunguis , from middle devonian ( 386 ma ) strata of gilboa , new york , were described in 1989 as evidence for the oldest spider and the first use of silk by animals . slightly younger ( 374 ma ) material from south mountain , new york , conspecific with a . fimbriunguis , includes spigots and other evidence that elucidate the evolution of early araneae and the origin of spider silk . no known attercopus spigots , including the original specimen , occur on true spinnerets but are arranged along the edges of plates . spinnerets originated from biramous appendages of opisthosomal somites 4 and 5 ; although present in limulus , no other arachnids have opisthosomal appendage homologues on these segments . the spigot arrangement in attercopus shows a primitive state before the reexpression of the dormant genetic mechanism that gave rise to spinnerets in later spiders . enigmatic flagellar structures originally described as arachnida incertae sedis , are shown to be attercopus anal flagella , as found in permarachne , also originally described as a spider . an arachnid order , uraraneida , is erected for a plesion , including these two genera , based on this combination of characters . the inability of uraraneida precisely to control silk weaving suggests its original use as a wrapping , lining , or homing material .\nthe oldest known silk - producing spigots are from the middle devonian of gilboa , new york ( 1 ) . this specimen ( slide 334 . 1b . ar34 , fig . 1 a ) , was described as a nearly complete , fusiform spinneret , consisting of a single article , bearing \u224820 spigots arrayed along the presumed medial surface but more clustered distally . on the basis of the single , simple spigot type and the lack of tartipores ( vestigial spigots from earlier instars ) , the fossil spinneret was compared most closely with posterior median spinnerets of the primitive spider suborder mesothelae . the distinctiveness of the cuticle enabled us to associate the spinneret with remains previously referred tentatively to a trigonotarbid arachnid ( 2 ) . restudy of this material resulted in a fuller description of the animal as the oldest known spider , attercopus fimbriunguis ( 3 ) . the appendicular morphology of attercopus , but little of the body , is now known in great detail . in this article , morphological information on attercopus is described , which significantly alters these earlier interpretations , and provides insights into the evolution of the spider silk system .\nspecimen sm 1 . 11 . 3b ( fig . 2 b ) shows overlapping layers of undoubted attercopus cuticle with both small setal and large macrosetal follicles but no silk spigots . slightly darker and lighter bands of cuticle are interpreted , as in sm 1 . 11 . 3a , as plate edges and interplate membrane , respectively . the few macrosetal follicles are interpreted as those present at the posterior edges of plates ( and the largest of these occurs adjacent to a darker plate edge ) . the plates taper and become narrower to one side ; the widest plate is torn along most of its width and laterally , whereas the narrower ones are more complete . setae on the specimen point toward the side of the specimen with narrower plates , and \u22483 plates are present . we interpret this specimen as the posterior end of the opisthosoma where the plates narrow . both tergite and sternite remains could be present on this specimen , but the posteriormost , at least , appears to be a complete ring . the importance of this specimen is that emerging from the posterior end are two annular segments with thickened posterior collars that bear a row of \u224812 prominent setal follicles . these are clearly part of the same flagellar organ found in association , but hitherto not in direct organic connection , with attercopus ( 2 ) . despite the virtually identical cuticle pattern , including slit sensilla , between these flagella and attercopus , we described them as arachnida incertae sedis because no flagella are known from spiders . the evidence provided by specimen sm 1 . 11 . 3b shows unequivocally that attercopus did , indeed , bear a postanal flagellum of at least 12 segments . in two of the attercopus specimens ( e . g . , fig . 1 e ) , a distinctive terminal article appears that is 2\u20133 times as long as the more proximal articles and densely set with setal sockets .\nattercopus fimbriunguis , devonian of south mountain , new york , macerated from matrix with hf and slide - mounted . ( a ) part of opisthosoma with rows of spigots , sm 1 . 11 . 3a . ( b ) two flagellar segments emerging from posterior part of opisthosoma , sm 1 . 11 . 3b . ( scale bars : 0 . 5 mm . )\nspiders probably evolved about 400 million years ago from thick - waisted arachnid ancestors that were not long emerged from life in water . the first definite spiders , thin - waisted arachnids with abdominal segmentation and silk producing spinnerets , are known from fossils like attercopus fimbriungus . this spider lived 380 million years ago during the devonian period , more than 150 million years before the dinosaurs .\nit seems unlikely that the spigot - bearing plates in attercopus are tergites , and much more probable that they represent ventral plates , because in spiders the spinnerets are invariably ventral . if the ventral plates are appendage - derived , the reactivation of genes ( such as distalless ) that would extend these plates once more into segmented appendages would carry along with them the spigots observed in attercopus to be distributed along the posterior margins of those plates . we suggest that developmental genetic studies to determine the homologies of the ventral plates in the pedipalp orders could provide evidence to resolve this question . further evidence that silk spigots are associated with appendages comes from the recent finding that at least one species of mygalomorph spider has silk spigots on its leg tarsi that produce threads that help the spider cling to smooth surfaces ( 10 ) .\nthe advantage of spigots on spinnerets is that silk production can be controlled to produce complex linear structures , rather than simple , sheet - like masses of threads . our interpretation of spigot location in attercopus suggests that the original use of silk in protospiders was to produce such sheets , perhaps used as burrow linings , to cover egg masses ( 17 ) , or as trails that would allow hunting animals to return to the safety of a retreat ( 18 ) .\nname : attercopus . phonetic : at - ter - coe - pus . named by : p . \u202d \u202ca . \u202d \u202cselden\u202d & \u202cw . \u202d \u202ca . \u202d \u202cshear\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1991 . classification : arthropoda , \u202d \u202cchelicerata , \u202d \u202carachnida , \u202d \u202curaraneida . species : a . \u202d \u202cfimbriunguis\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c . diet : insectivore . size : unavailable . known locations : usa , \u202d \u202cnew york . \u202d time period : mid devonian . fossil representation : almost complete .\nfrom our reevaluation of 334 . 1b . ar34 we conclude that the original description is essentially correct , but note that the specimen consists of a sheet of cuticle folded over twice ; thus , the resemblance of the piece of cuticle bearing spigots to a \u201csemifusiform\u201d spinneret ( 3 ) is fortuitous . in summary , the specimens of attercopus bearing spigots are plate - like in morphology , with 2 rows of spigots along the presumed posterior edge . the spigots are not borne on appendage - like spinnerets .\ntaking the evidence from attercopus and permarachne together , we conclude that both lacked spinnerets but possessed rows of spigots along the margins of sclerotized ventral plates , and a long , multiarticled postanal flagellum . these characters , while evidently plesiomorphic , would exclude attercopus and permarachne from the order araneae as presently defined . removal of permarachne from the mesothelae leaves only one other described mesothele in the fossil record : palaeothele montceauensis from the late carboniferous of france ( 20 ) . a number of other paleozoic fossils have been referred to araneae ; some of these are not spiders at all ( 21 ) , whereas others can be referred to mesothelae with confidence ( p . a . s . , unpublished observations ) . the external mold of the london specimen of palaeothele shows an anal tubercle , and to ascertain whether this continued into a flagellum ( which could place palaeothele as an intermediate between araneae and the order ) , an x - ray computed tomography ( ct ) scan was performed on the specimen by m . d . s . ( fig . 3 d ) . this showed without doubt that there is no flagellum , and therefore palaeothele remains the earliest and only described fossil mesothele spider to date .\na . fimbriunguis specimens were recovered from the rock matrix by digestion in concentrated hydrofluoric acid followed by washing in dilute hydrochloric acid and mounted on plain microscope slides in clearcol mountant . the specimens were studied by using a leica dm2500 m microscope and photographed with a leica dfc420 digital camera attachment . images of the attercopus specimens were captured by using leica firecam software on an apple macbook pro computer and manipulated by using adobe photoshop cs3 software . drawings were made by using a drawing tube attached to the microscope and also by tracing photographic images in adobe illustrator cs3 . all specimens are deposited in the department of invertebrates , american museum of natural history , new york .\nmany other characters demonstrate that both attercopus and permarachne are spider - like in their morphology , without features of other known pulmonate arachnids ( 3 , 11 ) . among pulmonate orders , only uropygids and schizomids have a postanal flagellum , and only in uropygids is the flagellum long and multisegmented . in other pulmonate orders ( amblypygids , trigonotarbids , and spiders ) , the pygidium is a 1 - to 3 - segmented preanal structure with a postanal tubercle . the multisegmented flagellum may be a plesiomorphy of pantetrapulmonata ( 13 ) that has been retained in uropygi ( where it appears to function as a sensory structure used for aiming shots of the acetic / caprylic acid repugnatorial secretion ) , and in our proposed order where the function is unknown , or it could be a homoplasy .\nin permarachne , from the permian of russia , a series of 6 opisthosomal plates are clearly seen ( 11 ) ( fig . 3 a and b ) . in the original description these were interpreted as tergites ( as seen in mesotheles ) even though all other visible structures in the fossil are ventral , a fact originally accounted for by assuming that the specimen represented a molt from which the carapace had been displaced , thus revealing ventral structures in the prosoma . however , these structures are in ventral , not dorsal , view . it now seems more parsimonious to interpret the series of plates as ventral plates , conforming to the ventral view of the rest of the fossil . thus , there is a real probability that , unlike spiders , both attercopus and permarachne bore a series of ventral plates .\na flagellar structure was described in permarachne ( 11 ) , but because such a structure was previously unknown in spiders , yet all other morphological features suggested that permarachne was a mesothele , the structure was interpreted as an elongate , multiarticled spinneret . however , close examination of the specimen shows a complete absence of spigots ; the structure appears to emerge from the posterior of the opisthosoma along the median line ( fig . 3 a and b ) , not laterally as would be expected for a spinneret , and is not matched by any corresponding paired structure on the specimen . spider spinnerets are always paired , except where the anterior median spinnerets are fused into a single cribellar plate or nonfunctional colulus ( 12 ) . in permarachne the flagellum shows setal whorls ( fig . 3 c ) , but only a few segment collars are distinct , because of the poor preservation ; those preserved are similar to the segments of attercopus . extrapolation from the lengths of the more distinct segments , \u224812 articles appear to be present , but the distal end is not preserved .\nsm 1 . 11 . 3a ( fig . 2 a ) consists of a subrectangular mass of overlapping layers of cuticle with \u224833 spigots arrayed in an approximate double row along one long edge and an area of unsculptured cuticle along the opposite edge . the folds have their long axes parallel to the shorter edges . these features , together with the setal arrangement , suggest that the preferred orientation is : unsculptured cuticle anterior , spigots posterior , shorter edges lateral . seven macrosetae and / or their sockets are present on sm 1 . 11 . 3a . one posterolateral corner is missing ; spigots are most numerous at the opposite posterolateral corner . because of the presence of spigots , we interpret sm 1 . 11 . 3a as part of the opisthosoma . living and fossil mesotheles have macrosetae at the rear of each large tergite ( 5 ) , and other spiders that lack tergites commonly bear large setae on the opisthosoma that reflect original segmentation ; thus , the macrosetae on attercopus sm 1 . 11 . 3a could also reflect at least 4 sclerotized plates and the transverse lines could represent plate boundaries ( note : both dorsal and ventral surfaces are present ) .\nattercopus fimbriunguis , devonian of new york ( localities : g , gilboa ; sm , south mountain ) , macerated from matrix with hf and slide - mounted . ( a ) first - described \u201cspinneret , \u201d g 334 . 1b . 34 ; darkness of cuticle reflects number of layers , so this fragment is folded over twice . ( b ) palpal femur , sm 1 . 11 . 12 ; arrow indicates patch of distinctive spinules . ( c ) piece of cuticle from corner of opisthosomal ventral plate showing setae , spigots , and possible silk strand , sm 1 . 11 . 4 . ( d ) close - up of e showing possible silk strand emerging from spigot shaft , sm 1 . 11 . 4 . ( e ) flagellar structure with 12 segments ( including possible distalmost ) from original gilboa locality ; segments show distal collars and setae , g 334 . 1a . 4 . ( f ) close - up of cheliceral fang showing a number of holes ( arrowed ) , the most distal of which had been interpreted as a venom - gland opening , g 329 . 22 . 9 . ( scale bars : 0 . 5 mm , except f , 0 . 25 mm . )\nsm 1 . 11 . 4 ( fig . 1 c and d ) is a smaller piece of cuticle than sm 1 . 11 . 3a . the distribution of setae and spigots enables orientation of the piece . at one lateral side is an even fold that conforms to the curved outline of the posterolateral margin ; this is interpreted as a doublure along the margin of the plate . it is folded at the lateral side and bears \u224815 spigots in an approximate double row along the posterior edge ; the anterior and opposite lateral edges are torn . if sm 1 . 11 . 4 were once joined to sm 1 . 11 . 3a , then it is likely that it is the missing posterolateral corner of sm 1 . 11 . 3a , with its posterolateral concentration of spigots . of especial interest on sm 1 . 11 . 4 is the long , winding filament emerging from the distal end of one spigot ( fig . 1 e ) . detailed study shows that this is a single strand that is inseparable microscopically from the tip of the spigot , thus leading us to hypothesize that this is a strand of silk . no other silk strands have been seen in attercopus material , but silk from modern spiders is identical in size and appearance under the light microscope .\namptes & attircoppes & suche o\u00feer \u00feat ben euere bisy ben maide to schewe man ensaumple of stodye & labour . [ elucidarium of honorius of autun ( wycliffite version ) c . 1400 ]\nit lingered in northern england dialect in the sense\npeevish , ill - natured person\n( c . 1500 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfurther reading - \u202d \u202cnew terrestrial arachnids from the devonian of gilboa , \u202d \u202cnew york . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202camerican museum novitates\u202d \u202c2901 : \u202d \u202c1\u202d\u2013\u202c74 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cwilliam a . \u202d \u202cshear , \u202d \u202cpaul a . \u202d \u202cselden , \u202d \u202cw . \u202d \u202cd . \u202d \u202ci . \u202d \u202crolfe , \u202d \u202cpatricia m . \u202d \u202cbonamo\u202d & \u202cjames d . \u202d \u202cgrierson\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1987 . - \u202d \u202ca spider and other arachnids from the devonian of new york , \u202d \u202cand reinterpretations of devonian araneae . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cpalaeontology\u202d \u202c34 : \u202d \u202c241\u202d\u2013\u202c281 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cpaul a . \u202d \u202cselden , \u202d \u202cwilliam a . \u202d \u202cshear\u202d & \u202cpatricia m . \u202d \u202cbonamo\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1991 . - \u202d \u202ctaxonomic names , \u202d \u202cin a spider and other arachnids from the devonian of new york , \u202d \u202cand reinterpretations of devonian araneae . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cpalaeontology\u202d \u202c34 : 241 - 281 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cp . \u202d \u202ca . \u202d \u202cselden\u202d & \u202cw . \u202d \u202ca . \u202d \u202cshear\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1991 .\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . a . shear , p . a . selden , and w . d . i . rolfe . 1987 . systematic paleontology , in new terrestrial arachnids from the devonian of gilboa , new york ( arachnida , trigonotarbida ) . american museum novitates 2901 : 1 - 74\nedited by may r . berenbaum , university of illinois at urbana\u2013champaign , urbana , il , and approved november 14 , 2008 ( received for review september 14 , 2008 )\nthe defining adaptation of spiders is the production of silk from highly modified appendages called spinnerets , located on the posterior division of the body ( opisthosoma ) . silk emerges from spigots ( modified setae ) arrayed on the spinnerets and connected to internal silk glands capable of producing , in the most advanced spiders , several kinds of chemically and physically distinct fibers . silk is used not only to create webs of various types , but also to produce egg - sac material , for prey wrapping , lining burrows , and to aid in navigation and communication , among other uses . because of the importance of silk and spinnerets in the lives of spiders , clues to the origins of the spinning apparatus are of great importance in understanding the evolution of the group . although silk is important in other animals ( e . g . , moth cocoons ) , no other arthropod group relies so heavily on its use in so many ways . here , we reinterpret old and assess recent fossil evidence , and combine our analysis with developmental genetic studies , to clarify how silk use may have evolved . an unexpected result of the study was the discovery that some paleozoic fossils thought to be spiders represent a hitherto undiagnosed order of arachnida .\ncollections made in 1993 and 1996 in middle devonian strata [ lower frasnian , lowermost onteora formation , 374 ma ( 4 ) ] at south mountain , schoharie county , new york ( 74\u00b016\u203230\u2033e / 42\u00b023\u203255\u2033n ) yielded material that is indistinguishable from a . fimbriunguis from gilboa , and thus presumed to be conspecific . this material includes 3 pairs of chelicerae ( therefore , at least 3 individuals ) , numerous podomeres including a palpal femur showing the distinctive patch of spinules on the inferoanterior surface ( fig . 1 b ) , and two slides with specimens showing spigots . the last are numbered sequentially ( sm 1 . 11 . 3 and sm 1 . 11 . 4 ) , which means they were extracted from the same acid - macerate residue and slide - mounted one after another , and so could be parts of the same animal .\nalthough mesothele spiders and a few mygalomorphs have opisthosomal tergites that can be attributed to the original segmentation of the opisthosoma , no spiders living or fossil have ventral opisthosomal plates . however , these plates are present in all other arachnid orders , including the pedipalpi ( orders amblypygi , uropygi , and schizomida ) , sister group to spiders . there is no evidence for the origin of these plates from genetic studies ; the patterns of expression of hox genes has only been studied in some spiders and mites [ in the latter , with focus on head segmentation , not expression of appendage - determining genes ( 6 ) ] . it has been suggested , on the basis of paleontological and developmental evidence ( 7 ) , that , in scorpions , these plates are not true sternites but are the fused remnants of paired opisthosomal appendages , as indeed seems to be the case for the epigastric plate and book - lung covers of spiders , and the homologous anterior opisthosomal opercula in uropygi ( 8 ) and amblypygi ( 9 ) . in mesotheles the first 2 pairs of book - lung covers are part of continuous sclerotization across the opisthosoma , with distinct posterior margins .\npaleozoic araneae and uraraneida . ( a\u2013c ) permarachne novokshonovi , permian of russia , pin 4909 / 12 . ( a ) holotype part in rock matrix . ( b ) explanatory drawing of a . ( c ) close - up of flagellum showing whorls of setae . ch , chelicera ; cx , coxa ; fe , femur ; mt , metatarsus ; pa , patella ; pl , ventral plate ; st , sternum ; ta , tarsus ; ti , tibia . ( d ) palaeothele montceauensis , carboniferous of france , in 62050a , x - ray ct scan showing appendages buried in the rock matrix ; note , anal tubercle ( arrowed ) is not a flagellum . ( scale bars : b , 1 mm ; c and d , 0 . 1 mm . )\nspider spinnerets are homologs of biramous opisthosomal appendages , still present in the primitive chelicerate limulus , as demonstrated by expression of the developmental genes pdm / nubbin and apterous in embryos of spiders and limulus ( 14 ) . in limulus these appendages consist of a segmented median branch and a lateral branch with a plate covering lamellate gills . in spider embryos , distalless gene expression shows 4 pairs of spinnerets ( anterior and posterior median and lateral pairs ) represented by 2 pairs of appendage buds on opisthosomal somites 4 and 5 ( 15 ) . the appendage buds each later divide in 2 to produce potentially 4 pairs of spinnerets , although in nearly all spiders some of these buds do not develop into functional postembryonic spinnerets . the full complement of 8 spinnerets is today seen only in the primitive mesotheles liphistius and heptathela ( even in these animals the anterior median pair bears no silk - producing spigots ) ( 16 ) . other homologs of opisthosomal appendages in spiders are the book - lung opercula ( 2 pairs in mesotheles and mygalomorphs , on somites 2 and 3 ) and tracheae derived from appendage apodemes in araneomorph spiders on somite 3 . in other arachnids , homologs of opisthosomal appendages can be seen in the gonopods , book - lung opercula , and ventral sacs of pantetrapulmonates , and other organs in diverse groups ( 13 ) . only spiders show expression of appendage homologs on somites 4 and 5 [ although structures in other orders could be silk gland homologs , such as the fusules in female palpigrades ( 17 ) ] . silk glands also occur in many adult male spiders along the anterior edge of the epigastric furrow ( somite 2 ) . these are termed epiandrous or epigastric glands ( 12 ) , and open through simple spigots ( fusules ) . because of their medial position in relation to the more lateral book - lung opercula , epigastric fusules could be serial homologs of the median spinnerets of somites 4 and 5 .\nloss and reappearance of wings in stick insects suggests that genes for appendage development can be suppressed , perhaps by a single disabling mutation , and later reactivated , again perhaps by a reversal of the original mutation or an offsetting mutation that restores gene function ( 19 ) . once these genes were reactivated in the ancestors of spiders , it would be a clear advantage to have the spigots on them as this would confer significantly more control over the use and distribution of silk , as seen in the orb - weaving orbiculariae of today in the construction of their architecturally precise webs .\nthe holotype and only known specimen of permarachne novokshonovi , pin 4909 / 12 , part and counterpart , comes from the koshelevka formation , kungurian stage , cisuralian series ( permian ) , at the krutaya katushka outcrop , left bank of the barda river , upstream of matveyevka , russia , and is deposited in the palaeontological institute of the russian academy of sciences , moscow . the specimen was studied , under ethanol to enhance contrast , by using a wild m7s stereomicroscope , drawn by using a drawing tube , and photographed with a nikon d1x digital camera attached to the microscope .\na specimen of palaeothele montceauensis , in 62050a housed in the natural history museum , london , was submitted to x - ray ct analyses . these were performed on a phoenix v | tome | x \u201cs\u201d x - ray tomography system in the engineering faculty , imperial college , london . x - ray source energy was 160 kv ; the detector was a 16 - bit flat panel 512 \u00d7 512 pixel - direct digital detector using a stepping mode to double initial resolution . analysis and reconstruction of tomographic slices was performed by using the custom spiers software suite ; visualizations are ray - traced isosurfaces of data , manually prepared to remove artefacts and extraneous material .\nwe thank linda hernick ( new york state museum ) and the new york department of forestry for help in field work at south mountain , and kirill eskov ( paleontological institute , moscow ) for discussions on permarachne .\nauthor contributions : p . a . s . and w . a . s . designed research ; p . a . s . and w . a . s . performed research ; m . d . s . contributed new reagents / analytic tools ; p . a . s . and w . a . s . analyzed data ; and p . a . s . and w . a . s . wrote the paper .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nfirst report of amber with spider webs and microbial inclusions from the earliest cretaceous ( c . 140 ma ) of hastings , sussex\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nspiders were among the earliest animals to live on land , probably evolving about 400 million years ago .\nmost of the early segmented fossil spiders belonged to the mesothelae , a group of primitive spiders with the spinnerets placed underneath the middle of the abdomen ( rather than at the end as in ' modern ' spiders ) . they were probably ground dwelling predators , living in the giant clubmoss and fern forests of the mid - late palaeozoic , where they were presumably predators of other primitive arthropods ( like cockroaches , giant silverfish , slaters and millipedes ) . silk may have been used simply as a protective covering for the eggs , a lining for a retreat hole , and later perhaps for simple ground sheet web and trapdoor construction .\nas plant and insect life diversified so also did the spider ' s use of silk . spiders with spinnerets at the end of the abdomen ( opisthothelae ) appeared more than 250 million years ago , presumably promoting the development of more elaborate sheet and maze webs for prey capture both on ground and foliage , as well as the development of the safety dragline .\nby the jurassic period ( 191 - 136 million years ago ) , when dinosaurs roamed the earth , the sophisticated aerial webs of the orb weaving spiders had developed to trap the rapidly diversifying hordes of flying insects . similarly , the diversification of hunting spiders in litter , bark and foliage niches would have progressed in response to new prey - capture and habitat opportunities .\ndespite this the spider fossil record is relatively poor . during the tertiary period the rich record of amber spider fossils - complete spiders trapped in clear , sticky , tree resins - show us that a spider fauna basically similar to that of the present day existed more than 30 million years ago .\namazingly , segmented mesothelid spiders have survived in eastern asia ( china to indonesia ) from late palaeozoic times to the present day . these large , impressive spiders live in soil burrows with trapdoors in forested areas and caves . segmented spiders are very similar to their ancestors and have virtually remained unchanged . they are not found in australia .\na 300 million year old , half metre long , fossil arachnid , megarachne servinei , was originally described as a spider , but is now thought more likely to represent another type of spider - like ancient arachnid . its unique features include the enormous size , massive shovel - like jaws and ribbed , shield - like covering over the abdomen . an arachnid of this size must have fed on large prey like cockroaches and giant millipedes . but why did this massive predator need such an impressively armoured body - were there even bigger arachnid predators about ?\ndo you have a question or comment ? please contact our search & discover team .\nso here ' s an update to where we are - lloyd has decided to take a backseat role in the band and will no longer be playing bass for us . luckily , we have a fantastic bass player ready to step up to the job : mike edwards . currently we are going through a few old songs , writing some new , and will be ( hopefully ) back out in the field in a couple of months time !\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - 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{"id": 532, "summary": [{"text": "acropolis is a monotypic butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the one species in the genus , acropolis thalia , is distributed in western subtropical china . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "acropolis ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["phrases that include acropolis : acropolis rally , athenian acropolis , central acropolis , hotel acropolis , landscaping of the acropolis of athens , more . . .\nplants of the holy land . plant of genus alyssum . plant of the genus chamemaelum . plant of the genus thymus .\nbranch of tree of the genus quercus . fruits of plant of the genus rhamnus .\n\u2014 acropolis select athens country : greece , city : athens ( the acropolis ) acropolis select athens location the hotel is ideally located as it is within the vicinity of the acropolis and plaka . in addition , it is only a 15 minutes walk from the heart\u2026 \u2026\nnarcissus is a genus of predominantly spring perennial plants in the amaryllidaceae family . various common names including daffodil , daffadowndilly , narcissus , and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus\nacropolis was introduced as the name for a new genus and not as a replacement for the name pharia fruhstorfer , [ 1911 ] , of which also the above species is the type - species but which is invalid under the law of homonymy . for practical purposes therefore acropolis acted as a substitute for the invalid name pharia fruhstorfer .\nacropolis thalia ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 1 ; [ mrs ] , 377\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\nacropolis\nis defined .\nview and plan of the propylaea of the acropolis of athens . drawings of the capitals and other architectural features of the monument , mostly of corinthian order .\nthe city of athens was home to some of the most aesthetically sophisticated architecture of the ancient world . in particular , the acropolis , a sanctuary of religious structures , has been extensively excavated to reveal the superior place its wonders occupy in classical architectural history . located on a hill in the center of athens , these buildings celebrate the origins of athenian culture through the veneration of the goddess athena . after the first acropolis complex was destroyed by persian troops in 480 bc , a new complex was commissioned by the athenian ruler pericles and directed by the architectural sculptor pheidias . this new complex was much criticized by surrounding communities because their payments to the delian league ' s treasury , kept in athens to provide military support across the region , was instead used for pericles ' s reconstruction of the acropolis . in athens , however , the acropolis became a symbol of athenian supremacy across the region , demonstrative of athenian pride and cultural values .\n\u2014 athens atrium hotel & suites country : greece , city : athens ( the acropolis ) athens atrium hotel & suites the athens atrium hotel & suites is a modern and recently renovated property located in the centre of athens , the capital of greece . the aim\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 acropolis now is a bbc radio sitcom set in ancient greece , written by the author of eats , shoots leaves , lynne truss . it was broadcast on bbc radio 4 in two series in 2000 and 2002 , with subsequent reruns on bbc 7 in 2006 , 2007 and\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 infobox world heritage site name = acropolis of athens state party = gre type = cultural criteria = i , ii , iii , iv , vi id = 404 link = region = europe coordinates = coord | 37 . 971421 | n | 23 . 736166 | e year = 1987 session = 11th extension = danger = the \u2026\n\u2014 acropolitan / ak reuh pol i tn / , adj . / euh krop euh lis / , n . 1 . the citadel or high fortified area of an ancient greek city . 2 . the acropolis , the citadel of athens and the site of the parthenon . [ 1655 65 ; < gk akr\u00f3polis . see acro , polis ] * * * \u2026 \u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\npharia fruhstorfer , 1911 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 295 ( preocc . pharia gray , 1840 ) ; ts : acrophthalmia thalia leech\nacrophthalmia thalia leech , 1891 ; entomologist 24 ( suppl . ) : 25 ; tl : pautze - fang ; omei - shan\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u2014 ( gr . akros , akron , [ acro . ( n . d . ) . the american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language , fourth edition . retrieved september 29 , 2008 , urltoken from urltoken website : ] quote : [ from greek akros , \u2026 \u2026\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\ntype - species : acrophthalmia thalia leech , 1891 . entomologist : 25 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis item may be purchased in any quantity that is divisible by lowest quantity shown .\nex : if lowest quantity is 5 , you may type in 10 and then select\nadd to cart\n.\naltruist - registered as having orange petals and a red cup which is probably the case if it opens on a cool , moist spring day ; the coloration is unusual , ' bronzy ' , bright and gorgeous even in our often warm climate ; 14\n- 18\n; mid - spring .\ndaffodils are the most cost effective , pest - free perennial plants available and make wonderful companions with other bulbs , perennials , annuals and flowering shrubs . they grow in almost all areas of the united states as long as there is a discernible winter . they are pest - free and when given ample sunlight , water and proper nutrition , will provide early spring color for many years . they are divided into 13 divisions according to their flower shape and heritage . daffodils should be planted in full sun or at least half day ( 8 hours ) of sunlight after the leaves are on the trees and should be planted 3 x the height of their bulb deep ( 3\n- 8\n) . the ads defines division 3 - small cup as :\none flower to a stem ; cup or corona not more than one - third the length of the perianth segments\n. these are long - term perennializers , show flowers and late season picked flowers , often with a spicy fragrance ; whz 3 - 8 ; bulbs are 14 / 16cm unless otherwise noted ; 4 - 5 per sq . ft .\nplease use the search to find the products you are interested in before proceeding with create catalog . catalog will be prepared as a . pdf and available as a down load .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of satyrinae sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience possible . no personal information is stored . using this website means that you are ok with this cookie policy\nacer pal . ' beni - hagoromo ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' bi - hoo ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' black lace ' 80 - 100 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' dissectum ' 30 cm st . deco 15l . crown ? 60 - 80\nacer pal . ' jerre schwartz ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' koto - no - ito ' 80 - 100 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' linearilobum ' 125 - 150 cm deco 18l . pyram .\nacer pal . ' mikawa - yatsubusa ' 40 - 50 cm deco 15l . bush\nacer pal . ' mikawa - yatsubusa ' 90 cm st . deco 18l . extra\nacer pal . ' orange dream ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' osakazuki ' 150 - 175 cm deco 18l . pyram .\nacer pal . ' peve dave ' 80 - 100 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' red emperor ' 150 - 175 cm deco 18l . pyram .\nacer pal . ' skeeter ' s broom ' 100 - 125 cm deco 18l . bush\nacer pal . ' skeeter ' s broom ' 60 cm st . deco 15l .\nacer pal . ' stella rossa ' 30 cm st . deco 15l . crown ? 60 - 80\nacer pal . ' summer gold ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' winter flame ' 90 cm st . deco 18l . extra\napple ( malus ) bramley ' original ' patio 115043 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) charles ross patio 118175 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) james grieve patio 108773 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) red falstaff patio 108860 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) red windsor patio 108870 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) scrumptious patio 108902 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napricot ( prunus ) garden aprigold patio 119452 8 . 5l container st . julien a\npeach ( prunus ) garden lady top worked at 45cm 119471 8 . 5l container\npear ( pyrus ) invincible delwinor fertilia patio 11948 11 . 5l container quince eline\nplum ( prunus ) victoria fan trained 109193 12l container ( trd ) st . julien a\ncaragana arbor . ' pendula ' top grafted at 120 cms . caragana weeping 10l container\nacer pal orange dream top worked at 100cm japanese acers 111004 11 . 5l container\nwiddop bambino resin cloud hanging plaque - love you to the moon . . . cg1367\nwiddop hometime copper plastic wall clock large quarter no ' s 30 . 5cm w7775\ncomplete the form below to request an e - mail when this item arrives back in stock .\nrich , large magenta flowers with yellow stamens , flower freely over a long season .\nnote : price includes \u00fa0 . 375 / plant royalty charge ( additional label charges also apply )\nlovely compact habit - ideal for pots and containers on the patio or veranda .\na hardy plant which should survive normal winter conditions outside , especially if protected from the hardest frosts .\nbased on producing a finished pot size of 1l for plug products and 2l for liner products . ( * )\nplease note : this forecasted availability is a guide only . quantities can be increased or produced earlier on request .\nall information provided is based on producing a default finished pot size of 1l for our plug products , and 2l for 7cm and 9cm liner products . for alternative pot sizes please adjust cultural notes accordingly .\nfinishing times - based on average estimated climatic and environmental conditions , and are for guidance purposes only .\ntemperature \u013e these conditions assume a protected ornamental growing environment . recommended growing is generally above 5\u2591c .\nfeeding \u013e does not specify controlled release or liquid fertiliser application . this choice will depend on your conditions , requirements and preferences \u013e please contact your fertiliser consultant for suitable products to meet your requirements .\ngrowing media and ph \u013e is shown for guidance purposes only - please contact your growing media consultant for suitable growing media to meet your requirements .\nthis information is for guidance purposes only and is based upon our own growing environment and experience during trials . it is wise to use your own knowledge about your growing conditions and local environment in order to make informed cultural decisions .\npaypal accepted most preferred way to pay online in the uk . pay online without entering sensitive information .\nthis web site is owned and operated by kernock park plants ltd . company registration no . 03297350 . if you have any suggestions or comments or if you need to contact us , please email us on sales @ urltoken .\nvat registration number 326 7561 45 , pillaton , saltash , cornwall , pl12 6ry , eu plant / quality passport uk / ew 20268 . prices exclude vat ( charged at 20 % ) unless otherwise stated . terms & conds | privacy policy | site map | powered by ebiz systems\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nif you believe that any material in vtechworks should be removed , please see our policy and procedure for requesting that material be amended or removed . all takedown requests will be promptly acknowledged and investigated .\npococke , richard . a description of the east , and some other countries \u2026 , vol . \u03b9\u03b9 , london , w . bowyer , mdccxlv [ = 1745 ] . - travellers ' views - places \u2013 monuments \u2013 people southeastern europe \u2013 eastern mediterranean \u2013 greece \u2013 asia minor \u2013 southern italy , 15th - 20th century\npococke , richard . a description of the east , and some other countries \u2026 , vol . \u03b9\u03b9 , london , w . bowyer , mdccxlv [ = 1745 ] .\ndedication to philip earl of chesterfield . composition of mythological figures ( hermes , athens , etc . )\nviews and floor plan of the church of the holy sepulchre in jerusalem . view and floor plan of the grotto and the church of the nativity .\nmap of caesarea maritima . ( b ) mount tabor . ( \u03b9 ) the funerary monuments known as\ntombs of the kings\nin jerusalem . tomb of josaphat in kidron valley in jerusalem .\nview and plan of the tomb of absalom in kidron valley ( jerusalem ) .\nview and plan of the tomb of zechariah in kidron valley ( jerusalem ) .\nviews and plans of the aqueducts of sour ( tyre ) . map of sour ( tyre ) showing the place of the aqueducts .\nview , section and plan of the temple of aphrodite at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .\nrear view of the temple of aphrodite in baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) . megaliths from baalbeck .\nthe entrance to the temple of bacchus in baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .\nplan of temple at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) . columns ( \u03b9 ) .\nview and plan of entrance to a temple at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .\nplan and views of the church of saint simeon stylites . ancient funerary monuments from syria .\nview and plan of the roman monument called pillars of jonas on the belen pass on nur mountains ( turkey ) . pococke claims that this is the site of the battle of issus and that these pillars are actually a triumphal arch dedicated to alexander . map of samanda\u011f ( anc . seleucia pieria )\na , b , f : views of aqueducts in antioch ( antakya - hatay ) . c , d : views of the iron gate at the walls of antioch ( antakya - hatay )\nview and plan of the arch of septimus severus in latakia ( anc . laodicea ) in syria .\nview , section plans and plan of the roman theater of ancient gavala ( jableh ) in syria .\nfunerary monuments from arwad ( anc . arados / antiochia in pieria ) . plan of a temple . view of a throne . map of the island .\nmaps of the archeological sites of dictamnum , aptera , cydonia , in chania , crete .\ntemple of cybele at daskalopetra on chios island . a . and d . plan of the temple . b . and c . reconstruction of the relief showing homer and the muses .\nmap of pythagoreio in samos island . plan of the church of agios nikolaos ( q on the map ) .\nplan of the temple of hera in samos . views and sections of the columns of the temple .\n\u03b1 . plan of a building in nicaea ( iznik ) . \u03b2 , c and f : view and plans of the ancient theater of ephesus . d . plan of the ancient theater in alabanda ( arabihissar ) . \u03b5 . plan of the ancient theater in pythagoreio in samos . g . plan of the ancient theater in magnesia on the maeander .\nplans of buidings in magnesia on the maeander and alabanda ( do\u011fanyurt - araphisar ) .\nplan and section plan of ancient theater in alabanda ( do\u011fanyurt - araphisar ) . plans and section plans of funerary monuments in caria .\narch in milas , known today as baltal\u0131 kap\u0131y\u0131 . capitals from milas ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) . base of column ( c ) .\nroman monumental tomb in milas , known today as g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkesen . capitals of the monument ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) . plan of the monument ( c ) .\nmap of alexandria troas ( eski stambul ) . plan of the hippodrome . ( d ) . plan of the ruins of the gymnasium and baths complex . ( g ) . plan of ancient building known today as gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar saray\u0131 ( palace of young girls ) ( k , h ) .\nmap of the ruins of the ancient city of cyzicus . view of bursa . maps of the lake apolloniatis ( today lake uluabat ) .\nmap of the walls of nicaea ( iznik ) , and map of the lake of nicaea ( lake iznik / anc . ascania ) . plan of a christian orthodox church in iznik ( g ) , propably of hagia sophia . view and plan of a funerary monument ( i ) .\nthe obelisk of gaius cassius philieus on the road from iznik ( nicaea ) to izmit ( nicomedia ) .\nview of the sculptures of the south entrance of the roman agora in thessaloniki ( incantadas monument ) . view and plan of the triumphal arch of galerius ( kamara ) . plan of the rotonda in thessaloniki .\nmap of athens , on which some of the most important monuments of the city are noted .\nview and plan of the parthenon , with drawings of several architectural features of the temple .\nthe choregic monument of thrasyllus ( panagia spiliotissa ) . plan of the monument .\nview of hadrian ' s arch in athens . plan of the monument . capitals of corinthian order from hadrian ' s arch ( \u03b1 ) , from portici near naples ( \u03b2 ) and salamis in cyprus ( c ) . plan of the temple of olympian zeus in athens .\nview of the temple of artemis agrotera in agrae ( panagia stin petra ) . drawing of the epistyle . plan of the monument . the porch of aqueduct of hadrian ( dexameni ) in athens ( \u03b2 ) . plan of the monument . drawing of the entablature .\nthe horologion of andronikos kyrristos ( tower of the winds ) in athens . plan of the monument .\nsection of the horologion of andronikos kyrristos ( tower of the winds ) in athens .\nview of the gate of athena archegetis ( mod . pazaroporta ) in athens . drawing of the pilaster , and plan of the monument .\nthe temple of hephaestus ( theseion ) in athens . plan of the monument , together with drawings of its architectural elements .\nfoot of bronze statue from myconos island , which john montagu sandwich brought to great britain . ( \u03b1 ) . foot of colossal marble statue discovered by r . pococke in asia minor ( \u03b2 ) . bronze statue bought by r . pococke at the bazaar of aleppo in syria ( c ) . lamp from qift ( anc . coptus ) in egypt ( d ) .\nbronze lamp from thessaloniki ( \u03b1 ) . bronze lamp from aleppo ( \u03b2 ) . mirror ' s frame ( c ) . decorative mask from aleppo ( d ) . ring from aleppo ( \u03b5 ) . statue from aleppo ( f ) . signet from beirut ( g ) . clay head of the hellenistic deity harpocrates from egypt ( \u03b7 ) . charm from egypt ( \u03b9 ) . several charms from egypt .\nbranch and fruit of the plant melia azedarach which r . pococke saw in palestine .\nbranch with fruits of the plant mespilus germanica from palestine . plant with fruit of the plant acer sempervirens from palestine .\nplan of the mausoleum of lucius munatius plancus in gaeta , in italy . plan of buildings in the ancient city of augusta raurica ( today augst ) in switzerland ( d , c ) . plan of public baths in rome .\nviews of the obelisk standing at the court of san bartolomeo all ' isola basilica , which is built upon the temple of asclepius on tiber island in rome .\nan amphora , probably of the hellenistic era , found in the city antium ( today anzio ) , in italy . inscription found in the interior of the vase .\nthe ruins of the roman villa of venulei , near the lake massaciuccoli , in italy .\ncolossal statue of marcus vipsanius agrippa , which is found today in the archeological museum of venice . coins of the era of marcus vipsanius agrippa .\nbuilding in the form of ancient temple , in which the statue of cybele stood , in the villa grimani in venice .\nroman triumphal arch from the era of constantine ii ( 4th century ce ) , named also as heidentor , in the city of carnuntum , today petronell , in austria .\nview and plan of the temple of rome and augustus in pula , in croatia .\nview of the remaining part of the temple of diana in pula , croatia , which is today part of the city hall .\nof apocrita by various behavioral and physical characteristics , particularly their possession of a slender , smooth body and legs with relatively few hairs . wasps also generally are predatory or parasitic and have stingers with few barbs that can be removed easily from their victims . similar to other members of apocrita , wasps have a narrow petiole , or \u201cwaist , \u201d which attaches the abdomen to the\nwasps have biting mouthparts and antennae with 12 or 13 segments . they are normally winged . in stinging species , only the females are provided with a formidable sting , which involves use of a modified ovipositor ( egg - laying structure ) for piercing and venom - producing glands . adult wasps may feed on nectar and , in some species , on the secretions produced by larvae . larvae of predatory wasp species typically feed on insects , while larvae of parasitic species feed on their hosts .\nwasps are subdivided into two groups : solitary wasps , which live alone , and social wasps , which live in colonies . of the tens of thousands of species of wasps that have been described , the vast majority are solitary in habit . the social wasps are confined to about 1 , 000 species within the family\nvespoidea ) and include the hornets and yellow jackets ( yellowjackets ) . they differ from other wasp families in having their wings folded longitudinally when at rest .\n. most species build isolated nests , which they provision with paralyzed insects or spiders . the female wasp deposits an egg in each cell of the nest , and the wasp larva hatching from that egg feeds to maturity upon the food with which its cell has been provisioned . the vast majority of solitary wasps nest in the ground , digging tunnels in the soil in which to lay their eggs . but the\nhabits , with some nesting in wood , pithy plant stems , or in nests made of mud .\n( pompilidae ) usually build nests in rotten wood or in rock crevices and provision them with spiders . the\npotter , or mason , wasps ( subfamily eumeninae ) of the vespidae build nests of mud , which are sometimes vaselike or juglike and may be found attached to twigs or other objects .\nlearn about the tarantula hawk ( pepsis species ) , a type of large spider wasp that preys on tarantulas .\nthe social wasps within the family vespidae are among the best - known species of wasps . most of them belong to the subfamilies vespinae or\n, a few drones ( males ) , and sterile females called workers . the queen , a fertilized female , begins the colony in the spring by building a small nest and laying eggs that hatch into workers . the latter enlarge the paperlike nest , which is composed of chewed dry plant material , usually wood , that has been mixed with saliva and regurgitated . the nest consists of one or more layers of cells that are arranged vertically with the openings downward . depending on the species , the nest may be found in cavities in the soil , in tree trunks , or hanging from leaves , branches , or the eaves of buildings .\n, which are mostly black , with yellowish markings on the face , thorax , and the tip of the abdomen . the asian giant hornet (\n) is the largest known hornet in the world , with some workers growing to nearly 4 cm ( 1 . 6 inches ) in body length and queens typically exceeding that size .\nfour major groups of solitary wasps are parasitic and do not construct nests . these are the\n( family mutillidae ) in the superfamily vespoidea . cuckoo wasps are mostly brilliant metallic - green or - blue in colour and have intricate sculpturing on the\n. they lay their eggs in the nests of solitary bees or wasps . the larvae hatching from those eggs feed on the bee or wasp larvae or on the food provisioned by the latter\u2019s parents . the velvet ants have bodies clothed with long thick hair of contrasting colours , often black and red . the females are wingless and antlike in appearance . most of them are parasitic on the larvae and pupae of solitary bees and wasps . most species of tiphiid and scoliid wasps parasitize\nchalcids , sawflies , wasps , and lesser - known types . except in the polar regions , they are abundant in most habitats , particularly in tropical and subtropical regions . \u2026\nfew wasps feed their young pollen or nectar . yellow jackets , however , occurring occasionally in large numbers and visiting flowers for nectar for their own consumption , may assume local importance as pollinators . these insects prefer brownish - purple flowers with easily accessible nectar , such as those of\u2026\n\u2026appears to resemble the female wasp of a particular species but also produces the pheromone released by the insect to attract males of the species . the male wasp effects pollination by pseudocopulation with the orchid flower . other insect pollinators include flies , butterflies ( see photograph ) , moths , and mosquitoes . many flowers pollinated\u2026\n\u2026is that ant , bee , and wasp sisters share 75 percent of their genes through common ancestry , whereas they share only 50 percent of their genes with their own daughters . \u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article ."]}
{"id": 534, "summary": [{"text": "the chinese jumping mouse ( eozapus setchuanus ) is a species of rodent in the family dipodidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is monotypic within the genus eozapus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is endemic to china where its natural habitat is temperate forests , steppes and meadows in mountainous regions .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is tolerant of some degree of habitat destruction , and the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \" least concern \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "chinese jumping mouse", "paragraphs": ["chinese fengshui golden art 8 jumping galloping horse . . . chinese fengshui golden art 8 jumping galloping horse . . .\nwestern jumping mouse - zapus princeps j . a . allen , 1893 - details - encyclopedia of life\npreble ' s meadow jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius preblei , is endangered ; the black hills meadow jumping mouse , z . hudsonius campestris , is vulnerable and z . hudsonius luteus is near threatened .\nthe woodland jumping mouse is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ndobrov v , neronov v . on the boundary between the palearctic and indo - malayan faunal regions on the chinese territory ( concerning the distribution of rodents )\nvol . 26 . 2005 . structure of community of small mammals in wawushan natural reserve , sichuan province , china ; pp . 14\u201318 . in chinese .\nchen wenjie still likes to call it a\njumping mouse\n. he told xinhua that he has since released the creature .\nin the southern parts of its range , the woodland jumping mouse is often restricted to mountain peaks ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nis when they began to store up enough fat , and the greatest weight gain is noticed . overall the meadow jumping mouse is considered to be a\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\ntitle =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbrannon , m . p . ( 2005 ) distribution and microhabitat of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , and the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , in the southern appalachians . southeastern naturalist , 4 ( 3 ) : 479 - 486 .\nthe woodland jumping mouse occurs at a range of elevations , from near sea level to around 2 , 000 metres in the appalachian mountains ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe food preference of the meadow jumping mouse consists of seeds , but they also eat berries , fruit and insects . usually right after emerging from hibernation they will eat the\nstinson , n .\nhome range of the western jumping mouse , zapus princeps , in the colorado rocky mountains .\ngreat basin naturalist 37 ( 1977 ) : 87\u201390\ncan leap . he states that it is capable of long leaps , short hops , and also it can creep through the grass on all fours without having to leap at all and without any difficulty at all . finally in 1935 , townsend was able to witness a leap of two feet , and many more studies afterwards and to the date have concluded that the meadow jumping mouse is capable of jumping anywhere from two to three feet depending on the situation . under certain lab - controlled conditions , the jumping mouse has been measured to jump a few inches longer than three feet . what is clear is that the meadow jumping mouse is capable of leaping a good sized distance compared to its body size . the initial leap of the jumping mouse when startled from a\nlike all lemurs , mouse lemurs inhabit the island of madagascar off the east coast of africa .\nthe woodland jumping mouse would benefit from further research into its abundance , the extent of its distribution , and the potential impacts of any threats on its populations ( 1 ) .\na man from northwest china ' s xinjiang uygur autonomous region has found a\njumping mouse\nor dwarf three - toed jerboa , which is the smallest rodent in the world .\nwith elongated ankle bones and long toe bones make it possible for the mouse to leap and jump .\nthe mouse probably has a lifespan of two years but some individuals may live three or four years .\nin 1947 a study was done to see what the jumping mouse preferred for food . for this study many caged jumping mice were fed forty species of plants representing 20 different families . they were also fed many different fruits , such as apples , pears , and also given grains such as oatmeal . to test if they would eat anything they were given , they were also fed prepared rat and mouse concentrate . twenty - eight species of insects , pertaining to ten different orders were collected and fed to the jumping mouse . all were partially or completely eaten except for\nthe woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis ) is a species of jumping mouse found in north america . it can hop surprisingly long distances given its small size . the mouse is an extraordinary part of the rodent family . its scientific name in latin is napaeozapus insignis , meaning glen or wooded dell + big or strong feet + a distinguishing mark . this mammal can jump up to 3 m ( 9 . 8 ft ) when scared , using its extremely strong feet and long tail .\nlasts until about mid april to may , with males and females emerging at about the same time with males emerging slightly earlier than females . from the time that the meadow jumping mouse goes into\nwestern jumping mice are found throughout western canada and much of the western united states .\njones , g . s . & jones , d . b . ( 1985 ) .\nobservations of intraspecific behavior of meadow jumping mice , zapus hudsonius , and escape behaviour of a western jumping mouse , zapus princeps , in the wild\n. canadian field naturalist 99 : 378\u2013379 .\nthe most interesting characteristic of the meadow jumping mouse is its saltatorial powers . quimby states that there is large disagreement , dating back to 1899 , as to how high the jumping mouse can actually jump . in 1899 preble documented that the meadow jumping mouse can jump six to eight feet when disturbed , and in some instances it may be able to jump further . then in 1909 seton stated that it can creep through the grass without hopping , and then suddenly can leap out a distance of ten to twelve feet . later in 1926 bailey says that there are no standards as to how long or far\nwhitaker jr , j . o . ( 1963 ) food , habitat and parasites of the woodland jumping mouse in central new york . journal of mammalogy , 44 ( 3 ) : 316 - 321 .\nbetween june and august . studies have shown that on average the jumping mouse has a litter during late spring after emergence and then again in later summer , with very little reproductive activity in mid summer .\nalthough usually silent , the woodland jumping mouse may sometimes utter a low clicking or clucking sound , or squeal if disturbed . it may also drum its tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .\n, because the mouse is common and widespread , populations are considered stable , and no major threats exist at present .\ndavies , thomas ( 6 june 1797 ) .\nan account of the jumping mouse of canada . dipus canadensis\n. transactions of the linnean society 4 . london ( published 1798 ) . pp . 155\u20137 .\nthe jumping mouse is an excellent digger ; it usually burrows in a depression , and begins to dig horizontally with its front limbs , once inside it also uses its powerful hind feet to throw out the loose soil .\n. the average litter size is said to be 5 . 3 young , but can range anywhere from two to nine young . the jumping mouse is capable of having two to three litters per year , with most litters\nalthough it may use long leaps to escape danger , the woodland jumping mouse more often walks around on all fours when moving slowly , or uses short hops for greater speed ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . when escaping , it usually makes several leaps before stopping and remaining motionless under nearby cover ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the woodland jumping mouse climbs well in bushes , but does not ascend trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nlike all jumping mice , the woodland jumping mouse has prominently grooved incisors ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . this species is distinguished from jumping mice in the genus zapus by its white tail tip and by differences in its teeth , and from eozapus species by lacking a dark stripe on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . across its range , the woodland jumping mouse varies in appearance , with northern populations generally being larger and paler than those in the south ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . some scientists have recognised up to five subspecies ( 2 ) .\nthe woodland jumping mouse is a common and widespread species and is not currently considered at risk of extinction . its populations are believed to be stable , and it is not facing any major threats at present ( 1 ) .\nfemale meadow jumping mice provide all the care for their young , until they are weaned and independent .\nthere are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the woodland jumping mouse . this colourful rodent occurs within a number of protected areas , but there are no conservation efforts targeting its specific needs ( 1 ) .\novaska , k . and herman , t . b . ( 1988 ) life history characteristics and movements of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , in nova scotia . canadian journal of zoology , 66 : 1752 - 1762 .\nquimby , d . c . ( 1951 ) ,\nthe life history and ecology of the jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius\n, ecological society of america 21 ( 1 ) : 61\u201395 , doi : 10 . 2307 / 1948646\ncranford . j . a . ( 1978 ) .\nhibernation in the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps )\n. journal of mammalogy 59 ( 3 ) : 496\u2013509 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1380226 . jstor 1380226 .\nage class of specimens of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by date of capture for ( a ) valley populations and ( b ) montane populations . age class was determined by characteristics of the skull and dentition .\nmeadow jumping mice perceive their environment using their eyes , their ears , their nose , and their whiskers .\nbreeding season : the breeding season of meadow jumping mice occurs shortly after hibernation in late april or may .\n. it is not easy to say which member of a given area prefers which insect but as a whole insects do compose an important part of the jumping mouse\u2019s diet . by the time the study was concluded they could not say that any particular mouse from any given area preferred one type of food over another . however when the meadow jumping mice were fed plants , they consumed the only the seeds of some and the roots of others , but the plant itself usually stay intact .\na study conducted in southern gansu in 1996 recorded this species as occurring in previously unknown habitat ( dense shrubland ) , where it was characterized as not so rare ( giraudoux et al . 1998 ) . giraudoux et al . ( 1998 ) also indicate that this species is often recorded by chinese surveys conducted in forests within its range .\nmeadow jumping mice may eat grain , but numbers aren ' t generally high enough to have a substantial impact .\nmeadow jumping mice may eat grain , but numbers aren ' t generally high enough to have a large impact .\nhowever , residential , agricultural and industrial development may reduce the habitat available to the woodland jumping mouse in some areas , particularly affecting suitable hibernation sites . in future , a more serious threat is likely to come from climate change , which could cause a decline in the southern populations of this species , which are already restricted to cooler environments at high elevations . climate change may also cause reduced winter snowfall , removing the insulating layer that the woodland jumping mouse needs to survive its hibernation period ( 1 ) .\nspecimen data used in the evaluation of the phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . museums acronyms are defined in text . julian date is the date of capture . age class is described in text .\nthe meadow jumping mouse is a decent swimmer , it usually will jump in when retreating from danger , or it was noticed as well to jump in when being set free . its method of aquatic locomotion is very similar to its locomotion on land . at first it pushes off with long thrusts using only its hind feet simultaneously , mimicking its long jumps on land . afterwards , the jumping is followed by movement of all four limbs , in an almost doggy - paddle - like form , with its head held high above the water . the meadow jumping mouse is also capable of diving , and a maximum distance of four feet was recorded .\nthe woodland jumping mouse has rather coarse fur , due to a layer of stiff guard hairs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . its fur is quite bright , with yellow - orange to reddish - brown sides , sprinkled with dark hairs . the sides contrast with the brown to black back and top of the head , and with the pure white underparts . the tops of the feet are also white , while the tail is distinctly bi - coloured , being dark brown above and white below , with a white tip ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the ears of the woodland jumping mouse are of moderate size and are furred on the outside ( 6 ) . the female woodland jumping mouse is usually slightly larger than the male ( 2 ) .\nthe pacific jumping mouse is common within its range . population densities vary greatly , from three individuals per hectare in dry grassy areas , to 40 per hectare in mesic meadows where forbs are more abundant than grasses ( cranford 1999 , in wilson and reeder , 2005 ) .\nbrown , l . n . ( 1970 ) .\npopulation dynamics of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) during a four - year study\n. journal of mammalogy 51 ( 4 ) : 651\u2013658 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1378291 . jstor 1378291 .\nmeadow jumping mice are not currently threatened , although local populations may be affected by changes in land use and habitat destruction .\nmeadow jumping mice are not currently threatened , although some populations may be affected by changes in land use and habitat destruction .\norrock , j . l . , farley , d . and pagels , j . f . ( 2003 ) does fungus consumption by the woodland jumping mouse vary with habitat type or the abundance of other small mammals ? canadian journal of zoology , 81 : 753 - 756 .\nin its hypopus stage does not feed on the mouse but simply ' hops a ride ' , and presumably drops off to reach adulthood in the nest .\nas a species , the meadow jumping mouse is currently not threatened , and is very widespread and common throughout its range . thus , it is listed as a species of least concern on the iucn red list . however , three recognized subspecies are considered threatened by habitat destruction and overgrazing .\nwhich have been spotted having meadow jumping mice either in their stomachs , or in their mouths . examples of such creatures are common\nwestern jumping mice exhibit low predation by mammalian carnivores during hibernation . one of the reasons for this is that their hibernation chambers are hidden far beneath the layers of snow . also , jumping mice give off little odor during hibernation , making them difficult find .\nwestern jumping mice can live as long as 6 years if they survive their first season of hibernation . half of all juveniles that enter their first winter hibernation will die . because western jumping mice hibernate they are only active for a short period each year .\nmouse lemurs are forest dwellers that live in female - dominated groups of up to 15 animals . they spend most of their time in trees , and can move nimbly from branch to branch and tree to tree . mouse lemurs sleep aloft during the day and forage at night for insects , fruit , flowers , and other plants .\nthe only species in its genus ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , the woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis ) is a small rodent with long hind feet and a distinctly long tail , which makes up more than half of its total length ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . using the hind limbs for propulsion and the tail for balance , the woodland jumping mouse is able to make large leaps of up to three metres at a time ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) , although it more commonly moves with shorter hops ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe diet of the woodland jumping mouse includes a variety of fungi , seeds , caterpillars , beetles , nuts , fruits and other plant material ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . fungi often make up over a third of the diet ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , with underground species such as those in the genus endogone being particularly important ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . the association of the woodland jumping mouse with cool , moist habitats may partly relate to the availability of this food source ( 7 ) .\nso what\u2019s the issue , then ? if you\u2019re using a trackpad , the answer may be as simple as dirt , jewelry or a faulty third - party power supply . see portables and magic trackpad : jumpy or erratic trackpad operation . if you\u2019re using an optical mouse , it could be that the surface the mouse is sitting on is causing the problem . try a different surface . you can also try a different input device if you\u2019re using an external mouse or trackpad , as the device itself could be bad .\nbirch mice and jumping mice are small , mouse - like quadrupedal rodents with fairly long semi - prehensile tails . jumping mice hind limbs are moderately elongated , whereas birch mice have no elongation . jerboas are small to medium - sized bipedal , nocturnal rodents adapted to run fast in sparse vegetation . both birch and jumping mice have relatively small and narrow heads , and jerboas have relatively large heads with wide muzzles and flat snouts . jerboas also have big eyes , long vibrissa , and auricles that vary in size from relatively short among three - toed jerboas to extremely long in long - eared jerboa\nmouse lemurs are protected from hunting , but they are still captured for the exotic pet trade . they are most threatened by loss of the limited woodland habitat of their madagascar home .\nthe woodland jumping mouse is most active at night , although it may also be active at dawn and dusk , especially in cloudy or rainy weather ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . this species has a long hibernation , usually lasting from september or october until april or may . during the autumn , the woodland jumping mouse starts to accumulate extra body fat in preparation for hibernation , and will sometimes increase to one and a half times its spring weight ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . no extra food is eaten over the winter months , so any individuals without sufficient fat reserves do not survive ( 1 ) . in the spring , male woodland jumping mice emerge a couple of weeks before the females ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) .\nwestern jumping mice need high - energy foods to increase fat storage for their long hibernation periods . the main foods eaten by western jumping mice are arthropods , seeds and leaves . seeds are important in the fat deposition , however , arthropods may be a critical substitute when seeds are not available .\nthe meadow jumping mouse can range in length , from 180 mm to 240 mm , with its tail taking credit for most of its length , usually about 108 mm to 165 mm . a distinct characteristic about this species is its enlarged hind feet , which can be 28 to 35 mm long , and relatively short forelimbs . this gives it a\nwestern jumping mice are important prey species for many predators in the ecosystems in which they live . they are also important as consumers of seeds and arthropods .\nbirch mice , jumping mice , and jerboas ( dipodidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nmeadow jumping mice may live in various habitats that have some low plant cover , but moist grassland is preferred and heavily wooded areas are avoided . grassy fields and thick vegetated areas bordering streams , ponds , or marshes generally have greater numbers of meadow jumping mice . it is possible that these mice prefer habitats with high humidity .\nmeadow jumping mice range in length from 180 to 240 mm , with the tail accounting for 108 to 165 mm . the hind feet are 28 to 35 mm long .\nthere are more than 20 species of mouse lemurs , and several have been identified only in recent years . this is a rarity in primate research , and illustrates just how much remains to be known about these fascinating animals .\npercent of records by month for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) based on museum specimens from low elevation valleys and montane populations . percent of records by month for bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( valley , rio grande population ) is based on field data reported by najera ( 1994 ) and sr najera , pj zwank , & m cardenas ( 1994 , unpublished data ) .\nmeadow jumping mice are an important food source for many predators , and may play a role in spreading the seeds of some of the plants they eat . they have few parasites .\nbirch mice , jumping mice , and jerboas ( dipodidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nthe newborn woodland jumping mice are naked and blind and weigh just 0 . 9 grams . the young are fully furred by 24 days old and open their eyes at 26 days ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . weaning takes place by about 34 days old ( 3 ) . neither the male nor female woodland jumping mouse breed until after their first hibernation ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) . this species may live up to three or four years , but most individuals probably do not survive beyond one or two years ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nmeadow jumping mice range in length from 180 to 240 mm , with the tail making up 108 to 165 mm of that length . the hind feet are 28 to 35 mm long .\njiang wei , researcher with the center for disease control and prevention in xinjiang , identified that it ' s not a mouse but a dwarf three - towed jerboa , a species of rodent which usually appears in the deserts of southern xinjiang .\nmost meadow jumping mice in the wild die in their first year ; about 9 % of those who live longer make it into their third year . maximum lifespan in captivity is five years .\nas its common name suggests , the woodland jumping mouse is found primarily in wooded habitats . it prefers relatively cool , moist areas with dense vegetation , particularly in spruce - fir and hemlock - hardwood forests ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . this species is often found along streams or around bogs or swamps ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nlatitude , longitude , elevation , temperature equivalent , and predicted date of first emergence of the meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) from hibernation . the temperature equivalent is a relative measure of mean annual temperature that corrects locations for latitude and elevation according to approximate means in new mexico and a temperature lag rate of 0 . 56 \u00b0c per 1\u00b0 latitude and 76 m elevation . the predicted date of first emergence is based on the regression equation in fig . 3 .\npopulations of pacific jumping mice appear secure , however , potential threats to long term viability exist . as with similar species , populations of pacific jumping mice are often greatly reduced by wildfires and prescribed burns , which are becoming increasingly common throughout its range . because of its reliance on mesic , montane habitats , this species may also be threatened by climate change . but overall there are no major threats to the species at present .\nthe mating season for the woodland jumping mouse starts at the beginning of summer ( may ) and ends at the end of summer ( august ) . females usually have 2 or more litters a year , each containing 1\u201312 juveniles . the female nurses the young while the male gets food to feed the young . the young first leave the nest after 16 days , leaving permanently after 34 days or less . about 90 % of young are eaten , every 1 out of 10 lives .\ni am grateful to greg wright for his assistance and the many insightful discussions we have had about jumping mice . i thank scott wait of colorado parks and wildlife and jennifer l . zahratka for providing information about jumping mice at sambrito creek . i thank christina kenny for assistance creating the histograms . i thank fs dobson , an anonymous reviewer , and the academic editor , d kramer , for constructive suggestions that greatly improved the paper .\nat banwr , najera ( 1994 see also zwank , najera & cardenas , 1997 ) caught jumping mice through september and until 22 october , although all were considered young of the year in these months except an adult female ( 24 . 0 g ) on 12 september and an adult male that weighed 32 . 0 g on 27 september and 35 . 0 g on 1 october , and was imminently ready for immergence ( table 3 ) . wright ( 2012 ) did not catch any jumping mice at banwr in september , but caught a 20 . 0 g young of the year female on 22 and 25 october . this jumping mouse was radio - collared and its last above ground movement was 26 october ( wright , 2012 ) . no jumping mice have been detected above ground at banwr between 27 october and 13 may , despite 1 , 740 trap - nights ( 1 trap - night = 1 trap set for 1 night ) by najera ( 1994 ) in march , april and november and an effort of 7 , 540 trap - nights during relatively warm spells throughout this period ( wright & frey , 2011 ; wright , 2012 ) .\nto have eighteen teeth with a dental formula of : 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 1 / 0 , and 3 / 3 . the upper jaw is short , and narrow . the incisors are longitudinally grooved , and its cheek teeth are small . preceding the molars is a small peg - like premolar . as a whole the female jumping mouse is slightly larger , and heavier than the male , but their weight varies quite a bit depending on the season . their weight during summer seasons can range from 11 . 15 grams to 24 . 8 grams , with an average at about 16 to 19 grams . just prior to hibernation , jumping mice can obtain a weight of 35 grams or larger .\n( quadrupedal hop ) . the jumping mouse can make three to four jumps without touching the substrate with their forelimbs . while the pygmy jerboa moves slowly with short hops , it also can touch the substrate with forelimbs . when it increases its speed , the hind feet work simultaneously , and the forelimbs never touch the substrate . pygmy jerboas cannot run long distances . when chased they demonstrate cryptic behavior and stretch out on the substrate in a shadow of small shrub or hollow . they never use shelter burrows to escape danger .\nbirch mice and jumping mice feed on fungus , nuts , berries , fruits , and arthropods . they , as well jerboas , do not store food . jerboas represent a diverse spectra of feeding adaptations from carnivory of euchoreutes naso and salpingotus kozlovi\nthe woodland jumping mouse occurs in the north - eastern united states and south - eastern canada . in canada , it has been recorded from southern labrador , south through quebec , and east through southern and central ontario , as far as manitoba . its range extends south through the north - eastern united states , along the appalachian mountains and as far south as northern georgia ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it is also found in northern michigan and northern wisconsin ( 1 ) ( 5 ) .\nchen wenjie , a bird lover , discovered the jerboa when driving on a village road in hotan prefecture . under the car lamp , the hopping\nmouse\nwith pig - like face and a body little big larger than a cap of bottled water , stopped in front of chen ' s car .\nmass varies substantially with the season . summer weights range between 11 . 15 and 24 . 8 grams , averaging between 16 and 19 g . prior to hibernation , meadow jumping mice may attain weights up to , or greater than , 35 g .\nmeadow jumping mice make few sounds , except the squeaking of young . adults may call in clucks , chatter their teeth , and drum the ground with their tails . they have a keen sense of smell and probably use scent to communicate as well .\nthe timing of reproduction for western jumping mice varies from year to year . many females less than 2 years old do not breed . if they do breed it will usually occur later in the season and they produce smaller litter sizes than older females .\nreproductive data for female meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) that were field - evaluated to be pregnant at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico , 2009\u20132010 ( wright , 2012 ; frey & wright , 2012 ) .\n, but has been captured in the late evening of a cloudy moist day . this could be because they are coming out to feed a bit earlier because of the conditions , but for the most part all activities occur during the night . the jumping mouse is a docile creature when handled ; amongst its kind it is also pretty calm . there is very little territorial strife amongst them , but by no means are they social creatures . they are solitary animals , rarely if ever seen in pairs , but to contrast that , they are not aggressive towards each other either .\nthey subsist entirely on their fat reserves while dormant , and do not cache food ; a typical mouse may lose 25 % of its body weight during the eight to ten months of its hibernation . however , the hibernation is not continuous throughout this period , with the mice waking , on average , once every 38 days .\nage of new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by month captured in the middle rio grande valley at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico . the number of known pregnant females is indicated with a \u201cp\u201d in parentheses .\nwestern jumping mice are found primarily in moist fields , thickets , and woodlands , especially where grasses , sedges , or other green plant cover is dense . they are also found in grassy edges of streams , ponds , and lakes , usually within 50 meters of water .\nthis small rodent builds a globular nest of dry grass and leaves , usually in an underground burrow , in a hollow log or fallen tree , or in a pile of brush ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . burrows may be dug by the mouse itself , or taken over from another small animal . the entrance is concealed during the day ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the breeding season of the woodland jumping mouse runs from may to early september , although births usually peak in june and august ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the gestation period is about 21 to 29 days ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , and litter size ranges from 2 to 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . females sometimes have two litters a year , particularly in more southerly populations ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nmeadow jumping mice are recognized for their extremely long tails and long hind feet . small and slender , they differ from woodland jumping mice in that they do not have a white - tipped tail and are generally duller in color . adults have a dark or olive brown band on their back , which is paler in juveniles . the sides are a pale yellowish - brown , with black hairs lining them , and the underparts are white or buffy - white . the tail has few hairs , is dark brown on top and yellow - white on the bottom , and is longer than the body . the coat is short , thick , and mostly coarse . these mice undergo a yearly molt that usually starts after mid - june for adults or in august for the juveniles and lasts for about three weeks . meadow jumping mice have small and delicate forelimbs with four toes on each foot . the hind limbs are longer and have five toes . the bottoms of the feet are naked . the head is small and narrow , and the nose is short and pointed . meadow jumping mice are the only mammal with eighteen teeth .\nthe pygmy mouse lemur is the smallest primate in the world . its head and body are less than two and a half inches long , though its tail is a bit more than twice that length . these threatened nocturnal lemurs live in the dry forests of western madagascar and rarely leave the forests ' trees . little is known of these rare primates .\nmeadow jumping mice may live in various habitats that have some herbacious cover , but moist grassland is preferred and heavily wooded areas are avoided . grassy fields and thick vegetated areas bordering streams , ponds , or marshes generally support greater numbers . it is possible that these mice prefer habitats with high humidity .\nmass varies quite a bit with the season . summer weights range between 11 . 15 and 24 . 8 grams , averaging between 16 and 19 g . before hibernation , meadow jumping mice may reach weights up to , or greater than , 35 g . females may sometimes be slightly larger and weigh more than males .\nmeadow jumping mice may be found throughout northern north america . they are found from the atlantic coast to the great plains in the united states , northward throughout the north eastern and north central states to the arctic tree - line of alaska and canada , and as far south as georgia , alabama , arizona , and new mexico .\nwestern jumping mice resemble typical mice in appearance , but with long hind - feet and reduced forelimbs . they range from 22 to 25 cm ( 8 . 7 to 9 . 8 in ) in total length , including a tail 13 to 15 cm ( 5 . 1 to 5 . 9 in ) long , and weigh from 17 to 40 g ( 0 . 60 to 1 . 41 oz ) . the mouse has coarse , dark - greyish - brown fur over the upper body , with a broad yellow to red band along the flanks , and pale yellowish - white underparts . some individuals have white spots on the upper body , or on the tip of the tail . the two sexes are similar in appearance and size ; females have four pairs of\nthe woodland jumping mouse will live in either nests or burrows . the nests are usually found in hollow logs , under roots of trees or under rocks . the burrows can be found almost anywhere , although they are usually by a plant that can cover the entrance . their nests are made from soft grasses , reeds and leaves . the burrows usually have multiple chambers , each one dug for a different reason . there is usually a room filled with nesting materials such as grass , reeds and leaves , which is used for sleeping or hibernation . second , most mice have a room where they store and horde food for hibernation . and finally , there is , in most cases and room with some nesting material for mating , and where the juveniles will be nursed .\nmeadow jumping mice have very long tails and very large feet . they are most common in grassy or weedy fields , where they use runways made by other rodents . if they are frightened , they may creep away through the grass , or make a series of short jumps . they have to put on about six grams of fat in the fall , because they burn about a gram a month in their six months of hibernation . jumping mice have litters of 3 - 6 young after an 18 - day gestation period . most of the mice born late in the summer are not able to put on enough weight to survive hibernation . links : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account\nmeadow jumping mice primarily eat seeds , but also feed on berries , fruit , and insects . grasses may be cut in sections to reach the seed heads . these mice may leave these piles of grass debris with rachis and glumes on the surface . in the spring , one half of the diet may consist of animal foods after emergence from hibernation . especially important are\nbirch and jumping mice and jerboas have little significance to humans . in a plague , some jerboas ( stylodipus telum and allactaga elater ) can be invoked into epizootic process . jerboas play a significant role in desert ecosystems . the density of most abundant species such as stylodipus telum , allactaga elater , or pygeretmus pumilio can reach 40\u201350 individuals per 2 . 5 acres ( 1 ha ) .\nmeadow jumping mice may be found throughout northern north america . they are found from the atlantic coast to the great plains in the united states , northward throughout the north eastern and north central states to the arctic tree - line of alaska and canada , and as far south as georgia , alabama , arizona , and new mexico . they have the widest known distribution of mice in the subfamily\nwestern jumping mice mate soon after they emerge from hibernation , usually in june . their gestation period is approximately 18 days and they give birth to 3 to 9 young . a newborn weighs about 1 gram . they can have 2 or 3 litters per year but will usually have only one litter . young born too late in the year do not acquire sufficient fat reserves to survive hibernation .\nthese adaptable primates store fat in their tails and hind legs , burning it when forage is lean . they may store up to 35 percent of their body weight . female lesser mouse lemurs enter a dormant state during madagascar ' s dry season , from april or may to september or october . females are inactive during this time and may not leave their tree holes . during the same season , however , males are more active . they may be establishing breeding hierarchies for the coming mating season .\nmeadow jumping mice prefer a habitat which is high in humidity . although they may live in many different areas usually with high herbaceous cover , they prefer moist grasslands , and avoid heavily wooded areas . high numbers are usually found in grassy fields , and thick vegetated areas with streams , ponds , or marshes nearby . they prefer large open areas to thickly wooded areas . as was stated before they are found in large parts of the\nactivity season of male ( black bars ) and female ( white bars ) new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) from ( a ) valley populations and ( b ) montane populations , based on dates of capture recorded on museum specimen labels . julian date equivalents are 121 , 1 may ; 152 , 1 june ; 182 , 1 july ; 213 , 1 august ; 244 , 1 september ; 274 , 1 october ; 305 , 1 november .\nbanwr is the southernmost location for z . h . luteus along the rio grande and the lowest elevation location ( i . e . , highest temperature equivalent ) where the species is currently known to persist . field studies at banwr have revealed a sharp reduction in detectable above - ground activity of jumping mice during late summer . in 1991 and 1992 , najera ( 1994 ) caught jumping mice in june , july , september and october , but caught none 16 july\u201310 september , which included a sampling effort of 4 , 708 trap - nights in august ( najera , 1994 ) . in 2009 and 2010 , wright ( 2012 ) captured only a juvenile male on 16 august during a 30 july\u201317 august 2009 trapping period with an effort of 2 , 910 trap - nights and a 16 g male on 28 august during a 23 august\u201320 september 2010 trapping period with an effort of 4 , 320 trap - nights ( table 3 ) .\nall groups of dipodidae are nocturnal rodents , although the birch mice and jumping mice can be active in the day time ( mostly in the morning or evening ) . jerboas are strictly nocturnal and sleep in individual burrows with the entrance closed by a soil plug during the daytime . pygmy jerboas build plugs with their tail , whereas all other jerboa species use the muzzle . only in spring is it possible to observe jerboas feeding in dusk before sunrise or immediately after sunset .\ngeneralized schematic of the timing of key life history events for the new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) at ( a ) bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( banwr ) , and ( b ) in montane populations . solid lines represent time frames documented by observation ; dashed lines represent time frames that are inferred based on timing of other observed events . asterisks indicate pregnant females captured at other valley locations ( sambrito creek and isleta ) that suggest a wider possible time frame for pregnancies at banwr .\nnajera ( 1994 ) and zwank , najera & cardenas ( 1997 ) suspected that breeding at banwr took place as late as august because they caught young of the year animals in october . however , this estimate of breeding date may be incorrect . the size range of jumping mice they caught in october was 15 . 0 to 24 . 5 g ( mean 18 . 5 g ) . these included a 15 . 5 g female on the last date ( 22 october ) jumping mice were caught . according to quimby ( 1951 ) , this female was approximately 70 days old and hence it had a back - calculated parturition date of 13 august and conception date of 23 july . thus , no breeding ( i . e . , conception ) is verified after july at banwr , though some females may not give birth until early august . similarly , at banwr males with scrotal testes were captured most frequently in june and july , with a smaller proportion in may ; none were found after july ( najera , 1994 ; wright , 2012 ) .\nwestern jumping mice are common in meadows , streamsides , and marshes in northwestern mountains . they also occur in subalpine meadows , and are found at low densities in dry , low - elevation , grassy habitats . the mice have one litter per year . the young nurse for about a month , and after weaning have a month and a half to eat seeds and put on the fat they need to hibernate . their summer weight is 18 - 24 g ; just before hibernation , they can weigh up to 35 g . only about half the juveniles who enter hibernation survive the winter . links : mammal species of the world\nwestern jumping mice have yellow sides with a dark band down the middle of their back . their belly is usually white , but can sometimes have a yellow tinge . the body length including the tail is 215 - 260 mm . they have a long tail ( 126 - 160 mm ) that is darker on the top than the bottom . males and females are similar in size and characteristics . weight ranges from 18 to 24 grams , but can reach up to 35 grams before they enter hibernation . the hind feet are very large with each foot measuring 28 - 34 mm and they can hop up to 2 m . each upper tooth row has 4 molariform teeth with the first reduced in size .\nthe earliest date of pregnancy recorded at banwr is a 21 . 5 g female was captured on 15 june 2014 that was confirmed pregnant through palpation of embryos and presence of enlarged nipples ( banwr , 2014 ) . two additional female jumping mice ( 23 . 5 g and 26 . 5 g ) were caught on 19 june and confirmed pregnant by palpation of fetuses , and presence of enlarged nipples and vulva ( banwr , 2014 ) . in addition , najera ( 1994 ) caught an 8 g juvenile male ( age 21\u201330 days according to quimby , 1951 ) on 31 july , that likely would have had been conceived 10\u201319 june ( najera , 1994 ) . given that there is a lag between conception and ability to detect pregnancy , pregnancies may occur as early as the first week of june at banwr .\non basis of observed patterns in phenology of hibernation and reproduction in other jumping mice , i expected for z . h . luteus that : ( 1 ) emergence from hibernation in spring will be later for higher latitudes and higher elevations due to overall cooler climate and hence cooler soil temperatures ; ( 2 ) immergence into hibernation will be later for lower latitudes and lower elevations due to longer growing seasons ; ( 3 ) the active interval will be shorter for montane populations as opposed to valley populations , and ( 4 ) the number of litters possible will be reduced for montane populations . i also report an apparent midsummer hiatus in above ground activity by z . h . luteus at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( banwr ) , which is the lowest elevation and warmest site known to be currently occupied by the taxon .\nthe breeding season of meadow jumping mice occurs shortly after hibernation in late april or may . males emerge from hibernation slightly before females and are ready to mate when the females emerge . within two weeks after emergence , most females are pregnant . pregnancy usually lasts about 18 days , but may be longer for females that are nursing young . a female may have 2 to 3 litters in a year . the average litter size is 5 . 3 , though the number of young ranges between 2 and 9 . in the north , most young are born and weaned between june and august . small and weighing about 0 . 8 g , the newborns are naked , pink , blind , clawless and deaf , but squeak loudly at birth . in the first week , their ears unfold , fur begins to cover their backs , and their claws appear . they begin crawling between the first and second weeks , and by the third week they can hop , creep , and hear . their front teeth have appeared , and they have tawny coats . by the end of the fourth week , the young have adult fur , and open eyes . weaned , they leave their mother between the 28th to 33rd day . those young females born during the spring may reproduce after two months .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied ."]}
{"id": 543, "summary": [{"text": "merlucciidae are a family of cod-like fish , including most hakes .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they are native to cold water in the atlantic and pacific oceans , and typically found at depths greater than 50 metres ( 160 ft ) in subtropical , temperate , sub-arctic or sub-antarctic regions .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the best known species are in the genera macruronus and merluccius .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these are large , up to 1.55 m ( 5 ft 1 in ) in length ( though most only reach about half that length ) , predatory fish inhabiting the waters of the continental shelf and upper continental slope , where they feed on small fish such as lanternfishes .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "several species are important commercial fish , for example the blue grenadier ( macruronus novaezelandiae ) that is fished in the southwest pacific and the north pacific hake ( merluccius productus ) that is fished off western north america . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "merlucciidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e1\u30eb\u30eb\u30fc\u30b5\u79d1\nto\nmerlucciidae\n.\ndianne j . bray , southern hakes . . . , merlucciidae in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nin order to describe the structure and evolution of merlucciidae and related gadiformes mitochondrial control region we analysed 470 bp of 31 taxa belonging to 28 different species . the general structure and conserved sequence blocks observed in gadiformes mitochondrial control region are similar to those present in other teleost fishes . the length of this segment is variable among related species due to the presence of numerous indels at domain i . domain ii is the most conserved region with a high g content . the gtggg - box is absent in all merluccius and seven other gadidae species . several methods of phylogenetic analyses has revealed the monophyly of gadiformes , gadinae and merlucciidae . merlucciidae is most closely related to gadidae . within merlucciidae , american and euroafrican clades show similar levels of differentiation to those within gadinae where trisopterus and micromesistius are sister taxa . genetic distance values for merluccius subspecies pairs are less than half of those between species , comparable to intra specific differentiation levels in marine fish species .\ngalleguillos , r . , troncoso , l . & oyarz\u00fan , c . ( 1999 ) evolutionary relationships in southern pacific hakes merluccius gayi , merluccius australis and merluccius hubbsi ( pisces : merlucciidae ) . revista chilena de historia natural , 72 , 315\u2013324 .\nlloris , d . , j . matallanas & p . oliver . 2005 . hakes of the world ( family merlucciidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 2 . fao , rome 57 pp .\nlindquist , d . c . , r . f . shaw & t . farooqi . 2006 . merlucciidae : hakes , pp . 633 in richards , w . j . ( ed ) . early stages of atlantic fishes : an identification guide for the western central north atlantic . crc press , taylor and francis group , boca raton , fl , 2640 pp .\ninada , t . 1990 . family merlucciidae , pp . 319 - 345 in cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto & n . scialabba . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 , vol . 10 . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . 442pp .\nthe new state of world fisheries and aquaculture report reveals that total fish production hit a record high in 2016 , and will continue growing .\nthe 33rd session of the committee on fisheries ( cofi ) runs from 9 - 13 july . access the cofi33 agenda , documents and information on the side events .\ntwo sites , for ginseng in the republic of korea , and olives in italy , have been recognized on the globally important agricultural heritage systems list .\nfao ' s state of the world ' s forests report urges governments to foster an all - inclusive approach to benefit trees and the communities who rely on them .\nexplore fao ' s flagship forests progress report , the state of the world ' s forests .\nthe fao food price index dropped in june for the first time in 2018 , as trade tensions affected markets even with global production prospects down .\nwe\u2019re eating more fish than ever before , but are we approaching a fish limit ? fao ' s manuel barange discusses the issue .\nfao works with governments and partners to empower some of the world\u2019s most marginalized people to end rural poverty .\nfao helps ensure food security by developing ways of growing food that will work in the future so that millions of people don\u2019t go hungry .\ngood health starts with nutrition . fao sets global standards and works with governments and the private sector to ensure food quality and safety throughout the food chain .\nfao invests in educational systems for rural communities and supports improved access to primary education and school meals in order to create equal opportunities for all and chances of lifelong learning .\nfao supports gender equality in the agricultural sector in an effort to raise levels of nutrition in local communities and improve agricultural productivity .\nfao works with governments to ensure water use in agriculture is made more efficient , equitable and environmentally friendly .\nfao promotes the use of renewable energies and works to ensure access to modern energy services across the food chain .\nfao seeks better economic opportunities for all by investing in sustainable agricultural practices and food systems that reduce inequalities and create decent jobs .\nfao seeks to secure a future for rural communities via investments in transportation , irrigation , food storage facilities and communication technologies .\nfao works with countries and partners to generate employment in rural areas , ensure access to natural resources for the most vulnerable and connect farmers to markets .\nfao works to improve urban healthcare , water quality and rethink city region food systems to help deter the negative effects of sprawling urbanisation .\nfao coordinates major global initiatives and projects to tackle food waste and loss , partnering with international organisations , the private sector and civil society .\nfao supports countries in responding to the threats of climate change by providing advice , data and tools for better agricultural policies and practices .\nfao , in partnership with governments and fishing communities , implements best practices in fisheries to ensure our oceans are protected as a means of livelihoods .\nfao promotes sustainable approaches to natural resource management and supports endeavours that promote a balance between conservation and development initiatives .\nfao plays a critical role in peacebuilding , restoring rural livelihoods , building resilience and participatory approaches to policymaking .\nfao acts as a neutral policymaking forum and develops partnerships with all concerned with food and agriculture to ensure a world free from hunger .\nfao is an intergovernmental organization present in over 130 countries . the organization is comprised of 194 member states , two associate members and one member organization \u2013 the european union .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : atlantic , eastern pacific , tasmania , and new zealand . dorsal fins 2 , except lyconodes with one . second dorsal fin and anal fin with a posterior notch . chin barbel lacking . small cycloid scales . teeth present on head of vomer . spinous first principal dorsal ray . mouth large and terminal ; long , pointed teeth in most species . a large v - shaped ridge appears on the upper side of the head . pelvic fin rays 7 - 10 . branchiostegal rays 7 . pyloric caeca absent . species of merluccius are voracious predators inhabiting the continental shelf and upper slope . the three species of macruronus live in large schools on the continental shelf in subantarctic waters .\nlatin , mare , maris = sea + latin lucius = pike ( ref . 45335 ) .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba 1990\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : kabeljauw . jpg\n.\nyan wong marked\nfile : gadus morhua - cod - 2 - atlanterhavsparken - norway . jpg\nas trusted on the\ngadus morhua\npage .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from gadus to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na diverse family of commercially important fishes found worldwide , mostly in temperate southern waters .\nsmall family with about 18 or more described species in 4 or 5 genera ; two described species in two genera are found in australian waters . with the exception of merluccius , researchers disagree about the placement of genera in this family .\nfound in temperate and cold - temperate waters throughout the atlantic and in parts of the pacific and indian oceans of both hemispheres . merluciids are most abundant on the continental slope in southern waters . they are benthic or benthopelagic fishes inhabiting the continental shelves and slopes in moderate to abyssal depths to 2500m , although juveniles are found in shallower waters .\nbody elongate , fusiform , compressed posteriorly , tapering in one subfamily ; head large , pointed , with a v - shaped dorsal ridge ; eye moderate to large , mouth large , terminal , oblique , lower jaw protruding slightly beyond upper ; jaws with well - developed , strong pointed teeth ; branchiostegal rays 7 , chin barbel absent . one or two dorsal fins , if two present , the first short - based , high , with spinous anterior elements , second long - based , somewhat bilobed in one genus , with a distinct or confluent caudal fin ; anal fin long - based , anterior rays spinous ; pelvic fin insertion slightly before or behind pectoral - fin insertion ; caudal fin either distinct , truncate to forked , or , tapering and confluent with dorsal and anal fins . scales small , cycloid , deciduous .\nthese active and voracious predators feed mainly on other fishes ( including myctophids , gadiform fishes and nototheniids ) , and on on squids , crustaceans and benthic invertebrates . species of the genus macruronus reportedly feed mostly on lanternfishes ( family myctophidae ) .\noviparous , spawn small , smooth , spherical , pelagic eggs , 0 . 8 - 1 . 2 mm diameter , oil globule single , yolk homogenous . larvae pelagic , tadpole - shaped at hatching , gut short with single loop exiting laterally rather than medially through finfold , eyes round , unpigmented , mouth non - functional , pigmentation well - developed ; caudal fin forms first . gradual transformation to juvenile stage is followed by a pelagic - juvenile stage . juveniles descend to the bottom in shallower continental shelf waters . blue grenadier , macruronus novaezelandiae , spawn in winter to early spring in deep continental slope waters ; juveniles are found in shallower water on the continental shelf and gradually move to deeper water , attaining sexual maturity at 3 years of age and about 60 cm fl .\nmany species of this commerically important family live in large schools and are marketed fresh , frozen and as fishmeal . the genera macruronus and merluccius support large targeted fisheries and are caught primarily by demersal trawl , but also with gillnets and longlines . blue grenadier ( macruronus novaezelandiae ) is fished year - round in southeastern australia , mostly in tasmanian and victorian waters from may to august , but also targeted extensively in new zealand and off south america . the flesh is good eating , especially when fresh ; imported mostly as hoki ( plus cod or hake ) from new zealand . hakes of the genus merluccius support large targeted fisheries and have a high market value . southern hake ( merluccius australis ) is targeted commercially off south america , and in multispecies fisheries in new zealand waters .\nfahay , m . p . & d . f . markle . 1984 . gadiformes : development and relationships , pp . 265 - 283 in moser h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . & s . l . richardson ( eds ) . ontogeny and systematics of fishes . am . soc . ichthyol . herpetol . spec . publ . no . 1 .\nhowes , g . j . 1991 . anatomy , phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadoid fish genus macruronus g\u00fcnther , 1873 , with a revised hypothesis of gadoid phylogeny . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) zool . 57 ( 1 ) : 77 - 110 .\ninada , t . 1981 . studies on the merlucciid fishes . bull . far seas fish . res . lab . 18 : 1 - 172 .\niwamoto , t . & d . m . cohen . 2003 . phycidae , gaidropsaridae , merluciidae , and gadidae . pp . 1005 - 1025 . in carpenter , k . e . ( ed . ) the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . volume 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes and american society of ichthyologist and herpetologists special publication no . 5 . fao , rome .\nmatallanas , j . & d . lloris . 2006 . description of merluccius tasmanicus sp nov . and redescription of merluccius australis ( pisces : merluciidae ) . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 86 : 193 - 199 .\npunt , a . e . , d . c . smith , r . b . thomson , m . haddon , x . he & j . m . lyle . 2001 . stock assessment of the blue grenadier macruronus novaezelandiae resource off south - eastern australia . mar . freshwater res . 52 ( 4 ) : 701 - 717 .\ncohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba\nmecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis page was last edited on 20 october 2015 , at 21 : 32 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmarta crous laboratori d\u2019ictiologia gen\u00e8tica . universitat de girona . campus montilivi , e - 17071 girona , spain . tel . + 34 972418961 . fax . + 34 972418277\nmar\u00eda i rold\u00e1n laboratori d\u2019ictiologia gen\u00e8tica . universitat de girona . campus montilivi , e - 17071 girona , spain . tel . + 34 972418961 . fax . + 34 972418277\nalvarado - bremer , j . r . , baker , a . j . & mejuto , j . ( 1995 ) mitochondrial dna control region sequences indicate extensive mixing of swordfish ( xiphias gladius ) populations in the atlantic ocean . canadian journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences , 52 , 1720\u20131732 . urltoken\n\u00e1rnason , e . & rand , d . m . ( 1992 ) heteroplasmy of short tandem repeats in mitochondrial dna of atlantic cod , gadus morhua . genetics , 132 , 211\u2013220 .\navise , j . c . ( 1994 ) molecular markers , natural history and evolution . chapman and hall , new york , 511 pp . urltoken\navise , j . c . ( 2000 ) phylogeography : the history and formation of species . harvard university press , cambridge , ma , 447 pp .\nbakke , i . & johansen , s . ( 2002 ) characterization of mitochondrial ribosomal rna genes in gadiformes : sequence variations , secondary structural features , and phylogenetic implications . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 25 , 87\u2013100 . urltoken\nbakke , i . & johansen , s . ( 2005 ) molecular phylogenetics of gadidae and related gadiformes based on mitochondrial dna sequences . marine biotechnology , 7 , 61\u201369 . urltoken\nbrown , g . g . , gadaleta , g . , pepe , g . , saccone , c . & sbis\u00e1 , e . ( 1986 ) structural conservation and variation in the d - loop - containing region of vertebrate mitochondrial dna . journal of molecular evolution , 192 , 503\u2013511 . urltoken\ncarr , s . m . , kivlichan , d . s . , pepin , p . & crutcher , d . c . ( 1999 ) molecular systematics of gadid fishes : implications for the biogeographic origins of pacific species . canadian journal of zoology , 77 , 19\u201326 . urltoken\ncohen , d . m . , inada , t . , iwamoto , t . & scialabba , n . ( 1990 ) gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fisheries synopsis . no . 125 . vol . 10 . fao , rome , 442 pp .\ncoucheron , d . h . , nymark , m . , breines , r . , karlsen , b . o . , andreassen , m . , j\u00f8rgensen , t . e . , moum , t . & johansen , s . d . ( 2011 ) characterization of mitochondrial mrnas in codfish reveals unique features compared to mammals . currents genetics , 57 ( 3 ) , 213\u2013222 . urltoken\nchow , s . , okamoto , h . , uosumi , y . & takeuchi , y . ( 1997 ) genetic stock structure of the swordfish ( xiphias gladius ) inferred by pcr - rflp analysis of the mitochondrial dna control region . marine biology , 127 , 359\u2013367 . urltoken\ndoda , j . n . , wright , c . t . & clayton , d . a . ( 1981 ) elongation of displacement - loop strands in human and mouse mitochondrial dna is arrested near specific template sequences . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 78 , 6116\u20136120 . urltoken\ndunn , j . r . ( 1989 ) a provisional phylogeny of gadid fishes based on adult and early life - history characters . in : cohen , d . m . ( ed . ) papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes . natural history museum of los angeles city , science series 32 , 209\u2013236 .\nfelsenstein , j . ( 1993 ) phylip ( phylogeny inference package ) version 3 . 5 . department of genetics , university of washington , seattle .\ngrant , w . s . & leslie , r . w . ( 2001 ) inter - ocean dispersal is an important mechanism in the zoogeography of hakes ( pisces : merluccius spp . ) . journal of biogeography , 28 , 699\u2013721 . urltoken\nhall , t . a . ( 1999 ) bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt . nucleic acids symposium series , 41 , 95\u201398 .\nhasegawa , m . , kishino , h . & yano , t . ( 1985 ) dating of the human - age splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial dna , journal of molecular evolution , 22 , 160\u2013174 . urltoken\nheras , s . & rold\u00e1n , m . i . ( 2011 ) phylogenetic inference in odontesthes and atherina ( teleostei : atheriniformes ) with insights into ecological adaptation . comptes rendus biologies , 334 , 273\u2013281 . urltoken\nhowes , g . j . ( 1991 ) biogeography of gadoid fishes . journal of biogeography , 18 , 595\u2013622 . urltoken\njohansen , s . & johansen , t . ( 1993 ) the putative origin of heavy strand replication ( orih ) in mitochondrial dna is highly conserved among the teleost fishes . journal of dna sequencing and mapping , 3 , 397\u2013399 . urltoken\njohnson , g . d . & patterson , c . ( 1993 ) percomorph phylogeny : a survey of acanthomorphs and a new proposal . bulletin of marine science , 52 , 554\u2013626 .\nj\u00f8rgensen , t . e . , bakke , i . , ursvik , a . , andreassen , m . , moum , t . & johansen , s . d . ( 2014 ) an evolutionary preserved intergenic spacer in gadiform mitogenomes generates a long noncoding rna . bmc evolutionary biology , 14 , 182 . urltoken\nkumar , s . , tamura , k . & nei , m . ( 2004 ) mega3 : integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment . briefings in bioinformatics , 5 , 150\u2013163 . urltoken\nlee , w . j . , conroy , j . , howell , w . h . & kocher , t . d . ( 1995 ) structure and evolution of teleost mitochondrial control regions . journal of molecular evolution , 41 , 54\u201366 . urltoken\nmarkle , d . f . ( 1989 ) aspects of character homology and phylogeny of the gadiformes . in : cohen , d . m . ( ed . ) , papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes . natural history museum of los angeles city , science series 32 , pp . 59\u201388 .\nmiya , m . & nishida , m . ( 2000 ) use of mitogenomic information in teleostean molecular phylogenetics : a tree - based exploration under the maximum - parsimony optimality criterion . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 17 ( 3 ) , 437\u2013455 . urltoken\nmiya , m . , kawaguchi , a . & nishida , m . ( 2001 ) mitogenomic exploration of higher teleostean phylogenies : a case study for moderate - scale evolutionary genomics with 38 newly determined complete mitochondrial dna sequences . molecular biology & evolution , 18 ( 11 ) , 1993\u20132009 . urltoken\nmiya , m . , takeshima , h . , endo , h . , ishiguro , n . , inoue , j . , mukai , t . , satoh , t . , yamaguchi m , kawaguchi , a . , mabuchi , k . , shirai , s . & nishida , m . ( 2003 ) major patterns of higher teleostean phylogenies : a new perspectives based on 100 complete mitochondrial dna sequences . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 26 , 121\u2013138 . urltoken\nm\u00f8ller , p . r . , anders , \u00e6 . , jordan , d . , gravlund , \u00e6 . p . & steffensen , j . f . ( 2002 ) phylogenetic position of the cryopelagic codfish genus arctogadus drjagin , 1932 based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences . polar biology , 25 , 324\u2013349 .\nnelson , j . s . ( 1994 ) fishes of the world . 3 th edition . john wiley and sons , inc . , new jersey , 600 pp .\nnesbo , c . l . , arab , m . o . & jakobsen , k . s . ( 1998 ) heteroplasmy , length and sequence variation in the mtdna control regions of three percid fish species ( perca fluviatilis , acerina cernua , stizostedion lucioperca ) . genetics , 148 , 1907\u20131919 .\nnolf , d . & steurbaut , e . ( 1989a ) evidence from otoliths for establishing relationships between gadiforms and other groups . in : cohen , d . m . ( ed . ) , papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes . natural history museum of los angeles city , science series 32 , pp . 37\u201346 .\nnolf , d . & steurbaut , e . ( 1989b ) evidence from otoliths for establishing relationships within gadiforms . in : cohen , d . m . ( ed . ) , papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes . natural history museum of los angeles city , science series 32 , pp . 89\u2013112 .\npereira , s . l . ( 2000 ) mitocondrial genome organization and vertebrate phylogenetics . genetics and molecular biology , 23 , 745\u2013752 . urltoken\npereira , s . l . , grau , e . t . & wajntal , a . ( 2004 ) molecular architecture and rates of dna substitutions of the mitochondrial control region of cracid birds . genome , 47 , 535\u2013545 . urltoken\npogson , g . h . & mesa , k . a . ( 2004 ) positive darwinian selection at the pantophysin ( pan i ) locus in marine gadid fishes . molecular biology & evolution , 21 , 65\u201375 . urltoken\nposada , d . ( 2008 ) jmodeltest : phylogenetic model averaging . molecular biology and evolution , 25 , 1253\u20131256 . urltoken\nquinteiro , j . , vidal , r . & rey - mendez , m . ( 2000 ) phylogeny and biogeographic history of hake ( genus merluccius ) , inferred from mitochondrial dna control - region sequences . marine biology , 136 , 163\u2013174 . urltoken\nrold\u00e1n , m . i . , garc\u00eda - mar\u00edn , j . l . , utter , f . m . & pla , c . ( 1999 ) genetic relationships among merluccius species . heredity , 83 , 79\u201386 . urltoken\nruokonen , m . & kvist , l . ( 2002 ) structure and evolution of the avian mitochondrial control region . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 23 , 422\u2013432 . urltoken\nsaccone , c . , pesole , g . & sbis\u00e1 , e . ( 1991 ) the main regulatory region of mammalian mitochondrial dna : structure - function model and evolutionary pattern . journal of molecular evolution , 33 , 83\u201391 . urltoken\nsaitou , n . & nei , m . ( 1987 ) the neighbor joining method : a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees . molecular biology & evolution , 4 , 406\u2013425 .\nsaiki , r . k . , gelfand , d . h . , stoffel , s . , scharf , s . , higuchi , r . , horn , g . t . , mullis , k . b . & elrich , h . a . ( 1988 ) primer - directed enzymatic amplification of dna with a termostable dna polymerase . science , 239 , 487\u2013425 . urltoken\nsambrook , j . , fritsch , e . j . & maniatis , t . ( 1989 ) molecular cloning . a laboratory manual . cold spring harbor laboratory press , new york , 1626 pp .\nsbis\u00e1 , e . , nardelli , m . , tanzariello , f . , tullo , a . & saccone , c . ( 1990 ) the complete and symmetric transcription of the main noncoding region of rat mitochondrial genome : in vivo mapping of heavy and light transcripts . current genetics , 17 , 247\u2013253 . urltoken\nsbis\u00e1 , e . , tanzariello , f . , reyes , a . , pesole , g . & saccone , c . ( 1997 ) mammalian mitochondrial d - loop region structural analysis : identification of new conserved sequences and their functional and evolutionary implications . gene , 205 , 125\u2013140 . urltoken\nsilva - segundo , c . , brito - chavarria , m . , balart , e . f . , barriga - sosa , i . a . , rojas - esquivel , r . , rold\u00e1n , m . i . , murugan , g . , garc\u00eda - de le\u00f3n , f . j . ( 2011 ) clarifying the taxonomic status of merluccius spp . in the northeastern pacific : a combined morphological and molecular approach . reviews in fish biology & fisheries , 21 , 259\u2013282 . urltoken\nsouthern , s . o . , southern , p . j . & dizon , a . e . ( 1988 ) molecular characterization of a cloned dolphin mitochondrial genome . journal of molecular evolution , 28 , 32\u201342 . urltoken\ntamura , k . & nei , m . ( 1993 ) estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial dna in humans and chimpanzees . molecular biology & evolution , 10 , 512\u2013526 .\nthompson , j . d . , higgins , d . g . & gibson , t . j . ( 1994 ) clustal w : improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice . nucleic acids research , 22 , 4673\u20134680 . urltoken\nvidal , r . r . , carson , e . w . & gold , j . r . ( 2012 ) population structure in chilean hake merluccius gayi as revealed by mitochondrial dna sequences . journal of fish biology , 81 ( 5 ) , 1763\u20131772 . urltoken\nxia , x . & xie , z . ( 2001 ) dambe : data analysis in molecular biology and evolution . journal of heredity , 92 , 371\u2013373 . urltoken\nlearn how to say words in english correctly with emma saying free pronunciation tutorials . over 140 , 000 words were already uploaded . . . check them out ! visit my homepage : urltoken"]}
{"id": 546, "summary": [{"text": "the slender-billed white-eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) is a species of bird in the family zosteropidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to norfolk island .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "slender - billed white - eye", "paragraphs": ["other english names : long - billed silvereye or white - eye ; slender - billed white - eye ; grinnell .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for slender - billed white - eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) yet .\nrobinson , d . ( 1988 ) . ecology and management of the scarlet robin , white - breasted white - eye and long - billed white - eye on norfolk island . report to australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .\nrobinson , d . ( 1988 ) . ecology and management of the the scarlet robin , white - breasted white - eye and long - billed white - eye on norfolk island . report to the australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .\nthe white - chested white - eye can be distinguished from the norfolk island white - eye by its slightly larger size , white throat and breast and darker and more extensive brown markings on the flanks ( higgins et al . , 2006 ) .\nis grey on back and chest , has shorter , straighter bill , is less yellow overall . white - chested white - eye\nthe taxonomy presented here follows the international consensus in treating the norfolk island white - eye as a separate species .\nvan balen , b . ( 2018 ) . slender - billed white - eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye feeds in noisy flocks that move through the forest with much calling and agitation ( hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ) . its appearance , behaviour and calls are generally similar to the silvereye , which occurs in the same habitats as the white - eye and with which the white - eye sometimes associates ( bell 1990 ; mees 1969 ; moore 1981 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . the norfolk island white - eye is also similar in appearance and calls to the white - chested white - eye , which is thought to be extinct ( higgins et al . , 2006 ) . the norfolk island white - eye can be distinguished from the silvereye by its greater size , greyish back and underparts and longer , decurved bill ( hermes 1985 ; mees 1969 ) .\nbell , b . d . ( 1990 ) . the status and management of the white - breasted white - eye and other birds on norfolk island . royal australasian ornithologists union , melbourne .\nrooke , i . ( 1986 ) . survey of the white - breasted white - eye and the norfolk island boobook owl on nofolk island , october - november 1985 . raou report 20 . royal australasian ornithologists union , melbourne .\nthe majority of the norfolk island white - eye population occurs in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park . the management plan for the park contains provisions for the management of all resident species , including norfolk island white - eye ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye , zosterops tenuirostris , is not listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 , or any state / territory government legislation .\nthe foraging behaviour of the white - eye and silvereye also differs , even at sites at which both species occur : the white - eye forages more often in native plant species and takes most of its food by probing bark and crevices of branches and trunks , whereas the silvereye uses exotic plants more often and forages mainly by gleaning from foliage ( bell 1990 ; gordon 1983 ; robinson 1988 ; rooke 1986 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . the white - eye also appears to take less nectar than the silvereye ( bell 1990 ) .\nthere have been no confirmed records of cross - breeding between the norfolk island white - eye and other zosterops species . cross - breeding could potentially occur between the norfolk island white - eye and the silvereye z . lateralis , which colonised norfolk island in 1904 ( paynter 1967 ) . minor hybridisation may have occurred between the norfolk island white - eye and the immigrant silvereyes z . lateralis in the early stages of the 20th century ( gill 1970 ; grant 1978 ; mees 1969 ) , but there is no evidence of this now ( gill 1970 ; schodde & mason 1999 ) .\nit has been recommended that the white - eye be introduced to phillip island once the vegetation there is considered capable of maintaining an introduced population ( bell 1990 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ; robinson 1988 ) .\nat present , introduced predators probably pose the greatest potential threat to the white - eye population . rats and cats are common on norfolk island , even within the national park and other forested reserves ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 ) , and although the impact of predation upon the white - eye population is not known ( robinson 1988 ) , their small population size renders them vulnerable to any increase in predation pressure ( robinson 1988 ; rooke 1986 ) .\nthe calls of the two species are easily distinguished by experienced observers ( bell 1990 ) , with the white - eye said to have a higher pitched , wheezier and more sibilant call than the silvereye ( birdlife international 2000 ) .\nno recovery or conservation plans exist specifically for the norfolk island white - eye although a multi species recovery plan is currently being prepared for the island by deh in consultation with norfolk island administration ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) . both robinson ( 1988 ) and bell ( 1990 ) contain recommendations for the direction of conservation efforts for the species . as a resident of norfolk island national park , the white - eye is covered under norfolk island national park ' s plan of management .\nthe white - eye prefers to forage in native plants such as norfolk island pine , white oak , maple , beech , ironwood and norfolk island palm , but they will also use introduced species including eucalypts , red guava , african olive , lantana and wild tobacco solanum mauritianum . they nest in trees , shrubs and saplings ; nests have been recorded in eucalypts and ironwoods nestegis apetala .\ngill , f . b . ( 1970 ) . hybridization in norfolk island white - eyes ( zosterops ) . condor . 72 : 481 - 2 .\nat rocky point reserve , the white - eye inhabits regenerating forest consisting of norfolk island pines and a sparse understorey of native hardwoods ( mainly white oak ) and a few weed species ( rooke 1986 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . the species has also been recorded in degraded pasture that had been invaded by thickets of woody weeds ( smithers & disney 1969 ) , though they typically avoid lower thickets as well as garden and forest edges ( schodde et al . 1983 ) .\n13 - 14 cm . medium - sized , warbler - like bird with long , slightly decurved bill . sexes similar . greyish - brown upperparts , including head and flanks , with olive cast . white eye - ring . black lores . suffused olive - yellow upperwing - coverts . yellow - tinged undertail - coverts . grey bill , paler lower mandible .\nthe norfolk island white - eye population in norfolk island national park has been censused by having an observer walk a series of 250 m long transect routes through four different habitats , between 05 : 00 and 09 : 00 , at five to eight day intervals , and recording any birds within 20 m on either side of the transect ( robinson 1988 , 1997 ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye is usually seen in small flocks of up to 20 birds , but has also been recorded singly and in pairs ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; mees 1969 ; moore 1981 , 1985 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . it is sometimes seen in company with silvereyes ( moore 1981 ) . no data is available on territories or breeding dispersion .\n13\u201315 cm ; 16\u201318 g . has black lores continuing under and behind medium - sized white eyering , latter interrupted at front by the black of lores ; forehead , crown , . . .\nthe norfolk island white - eye has been surveyed on five occasions : in 1978 , as part of the raou census of norfolk island ( schodde et al . 1983 ) ; and in 1985 , 1987 , 1989 and 1996 , during investigations of the status of native birds in norfolk island national park and at selected sites outside of the park ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; rooke 1986 ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye is non - migratory ; it is present on norfolk island throughout the year ( hermes 1985 ) . banding data suggests that they roam over small areas ; of 18 birds re - sighted after trapping during spring and early summer in 1987 , none were seen more than 60 m from the trapping sites , and some were observed near their trapping sites six weeks after banding ( robinson 1988 ) .\nbecause the estimated total population size of the norfolk island white - eye is so small , all populations are important to the survival and recovery of the species . of particular importance is the population that occurs in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park , which is the largest of the species ' populations on norfolk island ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye breeds from september to december ; eggs have been recorded in october and november ( hermes 1985 ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) . it builds a cup - shaped nest of moss , roots and grass , lined with hair , that is suspended by the rim from thin twigs or branchlets in trees , shrubs and saplings , including eucalypts eucalyptus spp . and ironwoods nestegis apetala ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) .\narea of occupancy is estimated at 8 km\u00b2 ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . this estimate is considered to be of high reliability . though no baseline data exists , area of occupancy has apparently declined since european settlement due to the degradation and clearing of habitat ( smithers & disney ) ; and recent studies show that area of occupancy is still decreasing today ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . in the past century the white - eye has disappeared from several sites throughout the central and eastern parts of norfolk island , e . g . ball bay , steels point , and near burnt pine and point blackbourne .\nthe norfolk island white - eye occurs only on norfolk island ( christidis & boles 1994 ; mees 1969 ; paynter 1967 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) , where it occurs mainly in areas of tall , native forest ( hermes 1985 ; mills 2003 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . the largest numbers are found in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park , in the north - west corner of the island ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . it is recorded only at scattered sites elsewhere on the island ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) , including at rocky point reserve on the south - west coast , where it is common ( hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; mills 2003 ; robinson 1988 ) . there have been no recent records from the eastern side of the island ( bell 1990 ; mills 2003 ; robinson 1997 ) .\nthey show a preference for foraging in native plant species , such as norfolk island pine , white oak , maple , beech , ironwood and norfolk island palm ( bell 1990 ; gordon 1983 ; robinson 1988 ) , though they will occasionally feed on introduced plants including red guava , eucalypts , african olive , lantana and wild tobacco ( robinson 1988 ) . the preference for foraging in native vegetation makes them vulnerable to habitat modification and the replacement of indigenous plants by introduced species ( robinson 1988 ) .\nthese birds are highly mobile with movement possibly driven by food sources and shelter requirements which would change regularly as the island is subject to winds from all quarters . when an owl is disturbed in daylight hours it is not unusual for white - eyes in the immediate area to attempt to harass the owl out of their area . the noise they make whilst pressuring the owl attracts many other individuals which observers would otherwise not see or be aware of ( r . ward july 2005 , pers comm . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\nthis species is listed as near threatened because although it has a very small range and population on a single island ( and has declined historically ) , its population is estimated to have been stable for several decades . it has not been significantly affected by introduced predators , including rats , and therefore there is not thought to be any plausible threat likely to lead to very rapid future declines . if such a plausible future threat were to be identified it would warrant classification as vulnerable .\n, where it is thought to number c . 4 , 500 mature individuals . the species is mostly restricted to the norfolk island national park but is also found in the botanic garden and one hundred acres reserve ( m . christian\n2016 ) . it underwent declines since the 1960s , particularly outside the park , which continued in the period 1987 - 1997 , however numbers since appear to have stabilised .\na survey in 2010 estimated a population of c . 4 , 000 birds in the national park on the basis of 74 records in point counts at a density of c . 900 / km\nthe species has been declining since the 1960s , particularly outside the norfolk island national park , a decline which has continued in the period from 1987 to 1997 ( garnett and crowley 2000 ) . numbers are since thought to have stabilised , as a 2010 survey found detected similar numbers along transects to previous surveys ( garnett\nit lives in rainforest and tall secondary growth . it uses its long , down - curved bill to probe fissures in bark for insects , although it also takes fruit , including those of exotic species . it is also observed feeding on nectar from flowers of the endemic\nthe species has gradually disappeared from all parts of the island that have been extensively cleared for timber , cultivation , pasture and continued development ( m . christian\n. this species is also presently threatened by the replacement of cleared native forest with invasive weeds ( m . christian\nthe norfolk island national park was declared in 1986 , encompassing most of the main remaining stands of native trees on the island . rat baiting and cat trapping is carried out within its boundaries . in 2006 , it was noted that control measures for rats were budget - constrained and limited in their effectiveness ( s . garnett\n. responsible cat ownership is being encouraged , through sponsorship of a cat neutering clinic . the norfolk island region threatened species recovery plan ( director of national parks 2010 ) recommends a set of recovery measures required to reduce or remove threats to native species on the island . rabbits have been removed from phillip island .\nmonitor trends in the population through analysis of birdwatchers ' records . consider introducing the species to phillip island . eliminate mammalian predators from areas in which there is strong community support ( m . christian\n2016 ) , and prevent reintroduction ( director of national parks 2010 ) . carry out research into the impacts of introduced predators ( m . christian\n. the idea of installing a predator - proof fence around the national park , hundred acre reserve and other important areas of habitat was once proposed but hasn ' t gained traction , likely due to the costs and maintenance this would involve ( m . christian\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : zosterops tenuirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nclosely related to z . lateralis ; extinct \u2020 z . strenuus ( formerly occurring on lord howe i ) sometimes treated as conspecific with present species . monotypic .\nsept\u2013dec . nest a cup - shaped structure composed of mosses , fibrous roots and grasses , lined with hair , suspended by rim from thin . . .\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in norfolk island eba . confined to small island of norfolk , less than 35 km\u00b2 in extent , where moderately abundant in its . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal structure much clarified by recent genetic studies # r # r , which also show that speirops and woodfordia do not represent monophyletic assemblages and are best subsumed within present genus ; one species previously included herein ( wallacei ) is better transferred to heleia .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njohn o ' malley , cookdj , lindsay hansch , jennifer spry , john and jemi holmes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nthe action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .\nlisted as near threatened ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nat present , the extent of occurrence is considered stable based on documented data ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\nthese birds are highly mobile and there would need to be a lot of monitoring to get a reliable perspective on their numbers ( r ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .\nthis species occurs at only one location , norfolk island . a single threatening event such as the introduction of a predator , wildfire or severe storm activity may affect all individuals present .\nthe species ' distribution on the island is severely fragmented by cleared land such as farmland and the airstrip which does not provide suitable habitat for this forest - dwelling bird ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe total population size of the species has most recently been estimated at 2000 breeding birds . however , this estimate is considered to be of low reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . no attempt at surveying populations of these birds has been made in recent times ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .\ngeneration length is estimated at three years . this estimate is considered to be of low reliability due to a lack of reliable life history data ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\nthere is no information on ages of sexual maturity or natural mortality . one adult banded at norfolk island was recaptured at its banding place more than 13 months after banding ( unpublished data from australian bird and bat banding scheme in higgins et al . , 2006 ) .\nclutch - size is said to range from two to six ( basset hull 1909a ; hermes 1985 ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) . the eggs are pale blue , slightly glossy and elongated oval in shape , and measure 19 . 5 - 23 . 2 x 13 . 5 - 16 . 3 mm ( basset hull 1909a ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ) . one nest appeared to have been preyed upon by rats ( bell 1990 ) .\nrecovery objectives should focus on maintaining a viable population on norfolk island , with a view to introducing the species to phillip island in the future ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\ncontrol of introduced predators in norfolk island national park through rat baiting and cat trapping .\nencouragement of responsible cat ownership through sponsorship of a cat de - sexing clinic . there is also support for a ban on the importation of reproductively - capable cats .\nthe conservation of remaining suitable habitat and the restoration or creation of suitable habitat through the removal of introduced weeds and the encouragement of native tree - planting programmes on both norfolk and phillip islands . this is critical and is occurring in the national park including phillip island .\nthe introduction of birds to phillip island once revegetation is established . to be assessed when vegetation has advanced to provide for the species ' requirements .\nthe implementation of co - operative rodent control programs across norfolk island , with the aim of eradicating rats from the island .\nenhancement of the current rat baiting and cat trapping programs on norfolk island and monitoring of their efficacy and the need for this to be undertaken beyond the national park area .\ngordon , m . ( 1983 ) . feeding ecology of two silvereyes zosterops lateralis and zosterops tenuirostris on norfolk island with different bill sizes . unpublished report , wildlife management department , south australian college of advanced education .\nanpws ( 1994 ) . plan of managment norfolk island national park and norfolk island botanic garden . australian national parks and wildlife service . australian national parks and wildlife service .\nbasset hull , a . f . ( 1909a ) . the birds of lord howe and norfolk islands . in : proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 34 : 636 - 93 .\nbirdlife international ( 2000 ) . threatened birds of the world . barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk : . birdlife international and lynx edicions .\nchristidis , l . & w . e . boles ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . royal australasian ornithologists union monograph 2 . melbourne , victoria : royal australasian ornithologists union .\ngarnett , s . t . & g . m . crowley ( 2000 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2000 . canberra , act : environment australia and birds australia . available from : urltoken .\ngordon , m . ( 1983 ) . feeding ecology of two silvereyes , zosterops lateralis and zosterops tenuirostris , on norfolk island with different bill sizes . unpublished report . wildlife management department , south australian college of advanced education .\ngrant , p . r . ( 1978 ) . recent evolution of zosterops lateralis on norfolk island , australia . canadian journal of zoology . 56 : 1624 - 6 .\nhermes , n . ( 1985 ) . birds of norfolk island . wonderland publications , norfolk island .\nhermes , n . , o . evans & b . evans ( 1986 ) . norfolk island birds : a review . notornis . 33 : 141 - 149 .\nhiggins , p . j . , j . m . peter and s . j . cowling ( 2006 ) . boatbill to starlings . in : the handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . 7 . melbourne : oxford press .\nmathews , g . m . ( 1928 ) . the birds of norfolk and lord howe islands and the australasian south polar quadrant . h . f . & g . witherby , london .\nmees , g . f . ( 1969 ) . a systematic review of the indo - australian zosteropidae ( part iii ) . zoologische verhandelingen . 102 : 1 - 390 .\nmills , k . ( 2003 ) . a survey of the birds of norfolk island - unpublished report .\nmoore , j . l . ( 1981 ) . norfolk island notes 1971 to 1980 . notornis . 28 : 50 - 56 .\nmoore , j . l . ( 1985 ) . norfolk island notes . notornis . 32 : 311 - 318 .\nnorth , a . j . ( 1899 ) . nests and eggs of birds found breeding on lord howe and norfolk islands . australian museum catalogue . 12 : 407 - 416 .\npaynter , r . a . ( 1967 ) . check - list of birds of the world . paynter , r . a . , ed . 12 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\nrobinson , d . ( 1997 ) . an evaluation of the status of the norfolk island robin following rat - control and weed - control works in the norfolk island national park .\nschodde , r . & i . j . mason ( 1999 ) . the directory of australian birds : passerines . melbourne , victoria : csiro .\nschodde , r . , p . fullagar & n . hermes ( 1983 ) . a review of norfolk island birds : past and present . australian national parks and wildlife service special publication . 8 .\nsibley , c . g . & b . l . monroe ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world . new haven , connecticut : yale university press .\nsmithers , c . n . & h . j . disney ( 1969 ) . the distribution of terrestrial and freshwater birds on norfolk island . australian zoologist . 15 : 127 - 140 .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2008zzp ) . non - current threat abatement plan for predation by feral cats . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2008 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 23 - jul - 2015 .\ngarnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . zosterops tenuirostris in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 38 : 28 + 1000 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 591 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n, where it is thought to number c . 4 , 500 mature individuals , mostly restricted to the norfolk island national park . it underwent declines since the 1960s , particularly outside the park , which continued in the period 1987 - 1997 , however numbers since appear to have stabilised .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c0bf78a7 - 0569 - 4c59 - 894b - 18540a2e97ae\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 186b9e7d - a7d0 - 4edd - 9cfe - 2c8977bdb521\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 419851\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* * direct email link protected by javascript . enable javascript or email ' ian ' ( at symbol ) ' urltoken ' . * *\naperture : f4 . 0 shutter speed : 1 / 250 sec focal length : 500 . 0 mm"]}
{"id": 548, "summary": [{"text": "megalictis ( great weasel ) is an extinct genus of large predatory mustelids , which existed in north america during the \" cat gap \" in the miocene period .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is thought to have resembled a large wolverine , with a body mass of up to 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "megalictis", "paragraphs": ["lower tooth measurements ( in mm ) of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictiss frazieri , and \u201cmegalictis\u201d petersoni .\nrelationships between lengths ( l ) and widths ( w ) of lower dentition in megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , and \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni .\ns5 video . video of the mandible of megalictis simplicidens ( cm 1553 ) and megalictis frazieri uf 23928 .\nmegalictis ferox , hunt and skolnick , 1996 ( pars ) . [ 7 ]\nsequential reconstruction of the head of megalictis ferox based on f : am 25430 .\ncraniomandibular measures of megalictis ferox and other giant mustelids and extant north american carnivorans .\ns6 video . video of the reconstructed head of megalictis ferox f : am 25430 .\ncranium and mandibles remains of f : am 54079 and amnh 54076 of megalictis ferox .\nimage - megalictis by hodarinundu - d52eqrr . jpg | dinopedia | fandom powered by wikia\ns1 video . video of the cranium and mandible of megalictis ferox f : am 25430 .\ns2 video . video of the cranium and mandible of megalictis ferox f : am 54079 .\nincluded species : megalictis simplicidens ( = paroligobunis simplicidens ) ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] and megalictis frazieri ( = paroligobunis frazieri ) ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] .\ntype species : megalictis ferox matthew , 1907 p1 . ii , fig . 1 [ 1 ]\nrelationships between lengths ( l ) and widths ( w ) of upper dentition in megalictis ferox .\ni think megalictis is an ancestor to the present day wolverine . say , how about drawing a megalictis attacking a prehistoric elephant , horse , rhino , or camel of the same time period ?\ns3 video . video of the cranium and mandible of the holotype of megalictis ferox amnh - 12880 .\nsearches were performed using the branch and bound and a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replicates to test the clade support in the analysis . the outgroup was c . lupus . strict consensus tree of 6 trees ( length 194 steps , consistency index ( ci ) = 0 . 41 , retention index ( ri ) = 0 . 65 ) for knowing the relationships between the different specimens of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni , oligobunis crassivultus , and a sample of extant musteloids and a canid . numbers below nodes are bremer indices , and numbers above nodes are bootstrap support percentages ( only shown when \u2265 50 ) . character / taxa matrix is detailed in the \u2013 appendices . silhouette of megalictis ferox based on hunt and skolnick [ ] , silhouette of megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus based on megalictis ferox but rescaled according the size of the dentition .\nsearches were performed using the branch and bound and a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replicates to test the clade support in the analysis . the outgroup was c . lupus . strict consensus tree of 6 trees ( length 194 steps , consistency index ( ci ) = 0 . 41 , retention index ( ri ) = 0 . 65 ) for knowing the relationships between the different specimens of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni , oligobunis crassivultus , and a sample of extant musteloids and a canid . numbers below nodes are bremer indices , and numbers above nodes are bootstrap support percentages ( only shown when \u2265 50 ) . character / taxa matrix is detailed in the s1 \u2013 s3 appendices . silhouette of megalictis ferox based on hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] , silhouette of megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus based on megalictis ferox but rescaled according the size of the dentition .\nvirtual models of the mandibles and skulls of megalictis ferox ( f : am 25430 , f : am 54079 , amnh 12880 and amnh 22632 ) as well as megalictis frazieri uf 23928 and megalictis simplicidens ( cast of cm 1553 ) were derived by means of a 3d nextengine hd laser surface scanner ( s1 \u2013 s6 videos ) .\ns4 video . video of the cranium and mandible megalictis ferox amnh - 22632 ( cast of cm 1590 ) .\nthree views of megalictis : restoration , skull reconstruction , and original skull . art by adam hartstone - rose .\nboth wolverines and megalictis are members of the weasel family mustelidae . so , informally , you could say a wolverine ( or megalictis ) is a giant weasel , same way you could say a lion or tiger is a giant cat . if you want to be technical , megalictis was megalictis , and it was neither a wolverine nor a weasel , but was related to both of them ( and probably looked more like a wolverine and less weasel - y than seen here )\nmegalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america .\nthere are no derived characters uniting the three named species of paroligobunis that are not shared with megalictis ( s2 appendix ) . our phylogenetic analysis ( fig 5 ) shows that these three species are paraphyletic with m . ferox . the larger p . frazieri and p . simplicidens are both referred to megalictis . the differences in morphology and size between the three species of megalictis with respect to \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( fig 6 ) suggest that \u201c m . \u201d petersoni could be excluded from the genus megalictis .\n( a ) megalictis simplicidens , type specimen , cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( b ) megalictis simplicidens cm 1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , medial view , ( c ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( d ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , medial view , ( e ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , holotype uf 23928 , lateral view of the mandible , ( f ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , uf 23928 , medial view , ( g ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] , holotype acm 2011 , lateral view of the mandible , ( h ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] acm 2011 , medial view , ( i ) megalictis simplicidens cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , occlusal view , ( j ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , occlusal view , ( k ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , uf 23928 , occlusal view , ( l ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] acm 2011 , occlusal view . scale bar equals 5 cm . a - d , i and j courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history . e - f and k courtesy of the florida museum of natural history . g - h and l , beneski museum of natural history at amherst college , courtesy of the trustees of amherst college .\nun megalictis a la entrada de su guarida . : > megalictis fue una comadreja gigante - segun ciertos autores , algunas especies alcanzaban el tama\u00f1o de un oso negro . era incluso mas grande que ekorus , pero ten\u00eda proporciones distintas , mas similares a las de un must\u00e9lido moderno . los mustelidos modernos son depredadores temerarios que atacan presas a veces mucho mayores que ellos mismos ; imaginen si megalictis existiera todavia . . . a megalictis by its lair : > megalictis was a giant weasel - according to certain authors , some species could grow up as big as a black bear . it was even bigger than ekorus , but had different proportions , more like a modern day mustelid . modern day mustelids are fearless predators that attack prey sometimes much larger than themselves . imagine if megalictis was still around . . .\n( a ) megalictis simplicidens , type specimen , cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( b ) megalictis simplicidens cm 1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , medial view , ( c ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( d ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , medial view , ( e ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , holotype uf 23928 , lateral view of the mandible , ( f ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , uf 23928 , medial view , ( g ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] , holotype acm 2011 , lateral view of the mandible , ( h ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] acm 2011 , medial view , ( i ) megalictis simplicidens cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , occlusal view , ( j ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , occlusal view , ( k ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , uf 23928 , occlusal view , ( l ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] acm 2011 , occlusal view . scale bar equals 5 cm . a - d , i and j courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history . e - f and k courtesy of the florida museum of natural history . g - h and l , beneski museum of natural history at amherst college , courtesy of the trustees of amherst college .\na , and b megalictis ferox holotype amnh 12880 , lateral view ( a ) , ventral view ( b ) ; c , and d megalictis ferox cm 1590 ( genotype of aelurocyon brevifacies ) , lateral view ( c ) , ventral view ( d ) ; megalictis ferox f : am 25430 lateral view ( e ) , ventral view ( f ) ; g , and h megalictis ferox f : am 54079 lateral view ( g ) , ventral view ( h ) . scale bar equals 5 cm . c and d courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history .\nmegalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . - pubmed - ncbi\nawesome ! nice to see a picture of megalictis . y ' know , ya don ' t don ' t see many of that around .\nfinally , a second megalictis restoration ! until now , there was only one i knew of , and it was part of a childrens ' coloring book . wonderful job on the artwork , as usual .\nbut now paleontologist alberto valenciano and colleagues have discovered that megalictis was no feline wannabe . through a new analysis of previously - undescribed skull material , the researchers not only refine the evolutionary relationships of america\u2019s giant weasels , but they also make the case that the teeth and jaws of megalictis were more like those of hyenas and some deep - jawed dogs than to cats . in other words , this huge weasel was a bone - crusher .\noh , ok , thanks for clearing it up . so you ' re saying that megalictis would appear more like a wolverine than a stoat ? so bacically you ' re saying your drawing is innacurate ? ( still an awesome drawing though )\nname : megalictis . phonetic : meg - ah - lik - tiss . named by : william diller matthew\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1907 . synonyms : aelurocyon brevifacies , \u202d \u202cbrachypsalis simplicidens , \u202d \u202cmegalictis brevifacies , \u202d \u202cmegalictis simplicidens , \u202d \u202cparoligobunis , \u202d \u202csimplicidens . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202cmammalia , \u202d \u202ccarnivora , \u202d \u202cmustelidae , \u202d \u202coligobuninae . species : m . \u202d \u202cferox\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cm . \u202d \u202cfrazieri , \u202d \u202cm . \u202d \u202cpetersoni . diet : carnivore . size : estimated between\u202d \u202c20\u202d \u202cand\u202d \u202c60\u202d \u202ckilograms , \u202d \u202cbut opinions amongst palaeontologists can vary greatly . known locations : usa . time period : harrisonian\u202d ( \u202clate chattian of the oligocne to aquitanian of the miocene\u202d ) \u202c . fossil representation : multiple individuals .\npaleontologist william diller matthew named carnivore megalictis ferox way back in 1907 . the mammal\u2019s teeth and osteology clearly showed it to be a cousin of martens and stoats , yet their dimensions \u201cindicate an animal which may best be described as a gigantic wolverene [ sic ] , equaling a jaguar or a black bear in size . \u201d and given that cats were meek little things at the time megalictis lived , paleontologists thought that this weasel had evolved to take on a lion - like lifestyle during north america\u2019s long cat gap .\nit was rendered almost exactly like a modern wolverine , right down to the pattern of its coat . yours has more of a chunky bear - like quality to it , which makes a bit more sense than simply upsizing a wolverine to megalictis ' proportions .\nvalenciano , a . , baskin , j . , abella , j . , p\u00e9rez - ramos , a . , \u00e1lvarez - sierra , m . , morales , j . , hartstone - rose , a . 2016 . megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . plos one . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0152430\n\u201cmegalictis\u201d petersoni ( fig 6g , 6h and 6l ) differs from m . simplicidens and m . frazieri in the absence of mesial accessory cuspids on p3\u20134 , a relatively stouter p4 with a shorter mesial part and a relatively more robust m1 with a taller and stouter metaconid .\n. . . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis , aelurocyon , and paroligobunis simplicidens into a single , sexually - dimorphic chronospecies m . ferox . this hypothesis has been generally accepted ( e . g . , [ 3 , 13 , 42 ] ) . . . .\ni like how you drew him cute . at least until he bites someone ' s face off ! it just baffles me that bear - sized wolverines once walked the earth . i mean , modern day wolverines can drive off bears and kill moose , so imagine what this creature was capable of ! megalictis don ' t care !\ncitation : valenciano a , baskin ja , abella j , p\u00e9rez - ramos a , \u00e1lvarez - sierra m\u00e1 , morales j , et al . ( 2016 ) megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . plos one 11 ( 4 ) : e0152430 . urltoken\nhunt and skolnick [ 7 ] did not consider the other two species referred to paroligobunis : the small p . petersoni loomis , 1932 [ 27 ] and p . frazieri frailey , 1978 [ 28 ] . as discussed below , we consider the material referred to both p . simplicidens and p . frazieri to be valid species : megalictis frazieri and m . simplicidens .\nmegalictis ferox [ 1 ] was described from the black bear formation , stanley county , south dakota , usa . a second giant oligobunine , aelurocyon brevifacies peterson , 1907 [ 5 ] , was described from the niobrara canyon local fauna , anderson ranch formation in sioux county , nebraska , usa . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] established that the actual publication date for a . brevifacies was one week after matthew described m . ferox in 1907 , not in 1906 as indicated in the journal . after these initial descriptions , riggs [ 6 ] described new cranial and postcranial material of both taxa . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis ferox , aelurocyon brevifacies , and the large oligobunine mustelid paroligobunis simplicidens ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] .\nhere , we describe an important unpublished sample of craniomandibular remains of megalictis ferox ( f : am 25430 , f : am 54079 , and amnh 54076 ) , housed at the american museum of natural history ( new york , usa ) . although f : am 25430 and f : am 54079 were found in the late 1930s and have been used to obtain metric , morpho - functional and phylogenetic data ( e . g . , [ 2 , 7 , 12 \u2013 16 ] ) , they have never been fully described . therefore , the main objective of the present paper is to describe these unpublished skulls and mandibles , and provide new data on the taxonomy and systematics of the genus in order to shed new light on the paleobiology of megalictis .\nall the three species that have been referred to paroligobunis ( fig 6 ) are known from limited material . the genotype of paroligobunis , megalictis simplicidens ( cm 1590 , peterson , 1907 , 1910 ) [ 5 , 29 ] comes from the \u201cagate stock farm\u201d , sioux county nebraska . the exact locality is unknown and it is either from the harrison formation ( ar3 ) or the basal part of the anderson ranch formation [ 7 ] . additional material first referred to p . simplicidens [ 29 ] and later to megalictis ferox [ 7 ] is from quarry 3 , beardog hill , agate fossil beds national monument , from the basal part of the anderson ranch formation . the small \u201cm\u201d . petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] is from a locality near van tassel , wyoming , \u201cupper harrison beds\u201d ( = anderson ranch formation ) and p . frazieri frailey , 1978 [ 28 ] is from the sb - 1a local fauna , florida , latest oligocene , early late arikareean ( ar3 ) . hunt ( in tedford et . al , 2004 : p . 205 [ 3 ] ) recognized that \u201c\u2018 paroligobunis\u2019 frazieri is an earlier form preceding the late arikareean species of megalictis \u201d .\nthe new specimens of megalictis ferox described here ( f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 ) give us a broader understanding of the morphology of m . ferox and lead us to conclude that the holotypes of both m . ferox ( amnh 12880 ) and aelurocyon brevifacies ( cm 1590 ) are conspecific and thus the latter should be subsumed into m . ferox . we argue that there are 3 species ascribed to megalictis : m . ferox , m . frazieri and m . simplicidens . however , the fourth potential congener , \u201cm\u201d . petersoni , might be best ascribed to a different genus . our cladistic analysis suggests that m . ferox is the sister taxon of the clade composed by m . simplicidens \u2014 m . frazieri . our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the subfamily oligobuninae as being a stem mustelid .\nmegalictis frazieri ( fig 6e , 6f and 6k ) differs from m . simplicidens ( fig 6a\u20136d , 6i and 6j ) in having a less massive mandible and a more distinctive distal cingulum with a higher crown in p2\u20134 than m . simplicidens . the c and p2 of m . frazieri are also more robust . the m1 hypoconid is higher and the talonid is relatively larger , slightly basined with a very low internal rim .\nsynonyms : senior subjective synonym [ 7 ] of aelurocyon brevifacies peterson , 1907 , p . 68 [ 5 ] , \u201cupper harrison formation\u201d , sioux county , nebraska and paroligobunis peterson , 1910 [ 29 ] . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis , aelurocyon , and paroligobunis simplicidens into a single , sexually - dimorphic chronospecies m . ferox . this hypothesis has been generally accepted ( e . g . , [ 3 , 13 , 42 ] ) .\nhunt and skolnick [ 7 ] partially described and measured some of the unsm and cm specimens of megalictis from the basal part of the anderson ranch formation at beardog hill that we refer to m . simplicidens . aside from their more primitive morphology ( e . g . , presence of a metaconid on m1 ) , they are smaller than m . ferox from the upper anderson ranch formation . the upper and lower dental measurements indicate a size similar to g . gulo .\nthanks . yeah , i don\u00b4t think i had ever seen a megalictis reconstruction when i drew this , so yes , it probably looks little like the real thing . there ' s quite a few drawings in my gallery that are really just my first impresison of what x creature would look like , because quite simply there were no other reconstructions available ( or i didn\u00b4t find any ! ) the drawing ' s over three years old , i think it may be time to draw a new version\ndiagnosis : baskin [ 2 ] diagnosed of aelurocyon brevifacies ( which he considered the senior subjective synonym of megalictis ferox because of the presumed earlier publication date at the time he submitted the chapter ) . new or revised characters follow . megalictis ferox is the largest of the oligobunines ; coronoid process high and caudally curved ; enlarged masseteric fossa with a robust crest extending from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 ; laterocaudal area of the ventral edge of the mandibular corpus laterally projected ; p2 with distal accessory cusp ; robust p3 ; robust p4 with strong parastyle and protocone ; p4 carnassial notch present ; m1 with enlarged stylar area ; m2 with paracone and protocone ; p2\u20134 with high - crowned distal cingula ; p3 with mesial and distal accessory cuspid ; p4 relatively enlarged with presence of mesial accessory cuspid and stout distal accessory cuspid ; m1 trigonid widened ; m1 with strong lingual concavity between paraconid and protoconid ; m1 protoconid higher than paraconid ; m1 hypoconid short , trenchant and buccally located ; m1 with a lingual cingulum in the entoconid position ; m2 reduced with metaconid .\ndental nomenclature follows ginsburg [ 17 ] and smith and dodson [ 18 ] . anatomical descriptions are based primarily on scapino [ 19 ] , turnbull [ 20 ] , barone [ 21 , 22 ] , waibl et al . [ 23 ] , evans and de lahunta [ 24 , 25 ] , and hartstone - rose et al . [ 26 ] . the terminology conforms to the standard of the nomina anatomica veterinaria [ 23 ] with the exception of the masseter and temporalis muscle complexes for which we follow hartstone - rose et al . [ 26 ] . the megalictis material ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) has been compared to all the other material of megalictis and paroligobunis on the basis of published descriptions , figures , measurements and photographs . we have re - measured the dentition of amnh 12880 and 22632 ( cast of cm 1590 ) measured initially by matthew [ 1 ] and peterson [ 5 ] and completed the measures of paroligobunis petersoni loomis , 1932 [ 27 ] using a cast tmm 40966\u20131 . measurements were made using mitutoyo absolute digital calipers to the nearest 0 . 1 mm ( tables 1 and 2 ) .\nthe preservation of the of m . ferox specimen f : am 25430 represents by far the most complete and best preserved craniomandibular specimen of any giant mustelids . based on the size of the skull , m . ferox emerges as the largest terrestrial mustelid ever known\u2013even larger than the extinct late miocene giant mustelid ekorus , eomellivora , and plesiogulo [ 13 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 70 ] . this new material sheds light on a new paleobiological interpretation of megalictis as a hyena - like , bone - crushing mustelid , instead of the cat - like ecomorphotype previously ascribed to the genus .\nmetrically the new megalictis ferox sample described above ( f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 ) together with amnh 12880 and cm 1590 form a single picture of m . ferox with dental biometric variability similar to the largest extant terrestrial mustelids gulo and mellivora ( figs 7 and 8 ) . however , if m . simplicidens is considered as a synonym of m . ferox , this variability exceeds the extant one . such variability is much more pronounced when all the specimens of m . simplicidens , m . frazieri and the small \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( figs 7 and 8 ) are included .\nmegalictis ferox matthew , 1907 [ 1 ] is a giant mustelid of the subfamily oligobuninae and belongs to the paraphyletic group of \u201cpaleomustelids\u201d [ 2 ] . it lived in the early miocene during the late arikareean ar4 north american land mammal age 22 . 7\u201318 . 5 mya [ 3 , 4 ] of the central great plains of united states in the states of nebraska , south dakota , and wyoming [ 1 , 5 \u2013 7 ] . the ar4 lithostratigraphic units containing giant oligobunines have been revised . hunt [ 8 ] named the anderson ranch formation for the terminal formation of the arikaree group in nebraska and wyoming formerly referred to as the upper harrison beds of peterson [ 5 , 9 ] and the lower marsland formation of schultz [ 10 ] . the black bear formation replaces the upper rosebud formation of south dakota [ 11 ] .\nin order to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of the oligobunines megalictis ferox ( amnh 12880 , cm 1590 , f : am 25430 and f : am 54079 ) , m . simplicidens ( = paroligobunis simplicidens ) ( cm 1553 and cm 2389 ) , m . frazieri ( = paroligobunis frazieri ) ( uf 23928 ) , \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( = paroligobunis petersoni ) ( acm 2011 ) , and oligobunis crassivultus ( amnh 6903 ) , we have performed a cladistic analysis ( fig 5 ) including 18 taxa ( m . ferox is represented in the analysis as 4 separate operational taxonomic units ( otu ) ) and 73 equally weighted and unordered craniomandibular characters ( s1 \u2013 s3 appendices ) . cladistic analysis was performed using in paup * 4 . 0b10 [ 38 ] . the analysis was rooted using c . lupus as the outgroup .\ndifferential diagnosis : megalictis ferox differs from m . simplicidens , m . frazieri , \u201cm . \u201d petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus in its larger size , m1 without metaconid and m1 talonid with a closed lingual morphology with a lingual cingulum between the metacristid and entocristid . additionally , it differs from m . simplicidens and m . frazieri in having a higher and more robust mandibular symphysis , a reduced p2 and a more robust p4 and m1 . it further differs from \u201cm . \u201d petersoni in much larger size and p3\u20134 with mesial accessory cuspids . it further differs from oligobunis crassivultus in having a more rectangular p2 , smaller m1 than p4 , enlarged m1 stylar area , higher paracone than metacone on the m1 , reduced p2 , p2\u20133 high - crowned distal cingula , more developed p3 distal accessory cuspid , relatively enlarged p4 , and higher protoconid than paraconid on the m1 .\nmegalictis simplicidens and m . frazieri ( fig 6 ) resemble m . ferox in several characters , such as a high , wide and distally curved ascending ramus , and a deep masseteric fossa with a robust crest that extends from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 . both taxa have a p1 , the distal cingula of p2\u20134 are high - crowned , and the p4 is relatively enlarged with mesial and distal accessory cuspids . the m1 trigonid is widened , with a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid , a low , and narrow talonid with a short , trenchant and labially located hypoconid , and a reduced m2 with presence of a metaconid . however they differ from m . ferox in having a non - reduced p2 , the presence of a stout m1 metaconid , relatively more slender p4 and m1 , m1 talonid with an open lingual morphology between the metacristid and entocristid , and a lower and more slender mandibular symphysis .\nmegalictis ferox ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) is characterized by several traits : long external auditory meatus ; high and caudally curved coronoid process ; enlarged masseteric fossa with a robust crest from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to just beneath the m2 ; latero - caudal area of the ventral edge of the mandibular corpus is laterally projected , with the ventral edge of the angular process also laterally projected ; i3 is enlarged ; p2 with a distal accessory cusp ; robust p3 ; robust p4 with carnassial notch ; enlarged stylar area of m1 , and a m2 with paracone and protocone differentiated ; p2\u20134 distal cingula high - crowned ; distal accessory cuspid on p3 ; relatively enlarged p4 with a stout mesial accessory cuspid ; relatively stout m1 with a widened trigonid , a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid , no metaconid , protoconid higher than paraconid , with a short , trenchant and buccally located hypoconid and a lingual rim in the entoconid position ; reduced m2 with a metaconid .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . d . matthew . 1907 . a lower miocene fauna from south dakota . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 23 ( 9 ) : 169 - 219\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2016 valenciano et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : a . v . has received funding from the european union\u2019s seventh framework programme ( fp7 / 2007 - 2013 ) under grant agreement n\u00b0 226506 ( synthesys ; se - taf - 3637 ) , the usc school of medicine ( columbia , south carolina , usa ) , the amnh ( collection study grant program 2014 ) and the international travel grant 2015 from the vertebrate paleontology department of flmnh from uf . a . v . is researcher in formation in the csic program jae - pre _ cp2011 ( csic program\njunta para la ampliaci\u00f3n de estudios\n) , co - funded by the european social fund . a . p . r . is a pre - doctoral fpi fellowship ( bes - 2013 - 065469 ) of the project cgl2012 - 37866 . this study was also supported by the spanish ministerio de econom\u00eda y competitividad ( research project cgl2015 - 68333 , cgl2011 - 28877 and cgl2011 - 28681 ) , the research group bsch - ucm 910607 and university of south carolina school of medicine ( columbia , south carolina , usa ) .\nabbreviations : acm , amherst college beneski museum of natural history , massachusetts , usa ; ahr , comparative anatomy research collection , university of south carolina school of medicine , columbia , usa ; amnh , american museum of natural history , division of paleontology and division of mammalogy , new york , usa ; cm , carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , usa ; f : am , collection housed in the frick collection of the division of paleontology , amnh , new york , usa ; lgput , laboratory of geology and palaeontology , university of thessaloniki , greece ; mncn , museo nacional de ciencias naturales madrid , spain ; mncncomp , comparative anatomy research collection of paleobiology department of museo nacional de ciencias naturales madrid , spain ; nrm , naturhistoriska rikmuseet , stockholm , sweden ; pin , palaeontological institute , russian academy of sciences , moscow , russia ; sam - pql , iziko south african museum , cape town south african museum , south africa ; tmm , texas memorial museum at the vertebrate paleontology laboratory , the jackson school of geosciences , university of texas , austin , usa ; uf , vertebrate paleontology collection of the florida museum of natural history ( flmnh ) , university of florida , gainesville , usa ; unsm , university of nebraska state museum , lincoln , nebraska , usa ; usnm , united states national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . , usa\na lateral view ; b rostral view ; c dorsal view ; d caudal view ; e ventral view . scale bar equals 5 cm .\na right mandible lateral view ; b occlusal view ; c left mandible lingual view of lower dentition . scale bar equals 5 cm .\na1\u20134 cranium f : am 54079 , lateral view ( a1 ) , dorsal view ( a2 ) , ventral view ( a3 ) , and caudal view ( a4 ) ; b1\u20133 right hemimandible f : am 54079 , lateral view ( b1 ) , medial view ( b2 ) , and occlusal view ( b3 ) ; c1\u20133 left hemimandible f : am 54079 lateral view ( c1 ) , medial view ( c2 ) , and oclussal view ( c3 ) ; d1\u20133 right hemimandible of amnh 54076 , lateral view ( d1 ) , medial view ( d2 ) , and occlusal view ( d3 ) . scale bar equals 5 cm .\nf : am 25430 ( figs 1 and 2 , s1 video ) : relatively complete skull with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 , missing only its left zygomatic arch , a broken frontal area plus a portion of the right parietal region missing and filled with plaster , a hole in its right parietal bone , and a complete mandible with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ; f : am 54079 ( fig 3 , s2 video ) : right side of a partial skull without the premaxilla , with worn c , p2 - m1 and partial mandibles with a nearly complete right one with c - m2 and a broken mandibular symphysis and a left one just with the mandibular corpus preserved and a broken p2 , and a complete both p3 and m1 ; amnh 54076 ( fig 3 ) : partial mandibular corpus with m1 - 2 .\ndiagnosis : large to giant size mustelid ; robust mandible with a high , wide and distally curved ascending ramus ; deep masseteric fossa with a stout crest that extends from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 ; robust dentition ; p1 present ; p2\u20134 with distal cingula high - crowned ; p4 relatively enlarged with mesial and distal accessory cuspids ; m1 trigonid widened , with a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid ; m1 metaconid reduced to absent , present in the older and smaller forms and absent in the giant forms , m1 talonid low and narrow with a short , trenchant and labially located hypoconid ; and m2 with reduced metaconid .\nholotype : amnh 12880 , a partial reconstructed skull ( fig 4 , s3 video ) with right p4 , m1 - 2 , a fragmented right mandible with almost complete coronoid process , m1 trigonid and m2 , and very few postcranial remains figured by matthew , 1907 , p . 196 , fig . 10\u201313 , 15 [ 1 ] .\ntype locality : rosebud 22 , porcupine butte , black bear formation , stanley county , south dakota .\nother localities : rosebud 5 , porcupine butte , stanley county , south dakota , usa ( amnh 12881 ) ; niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa ( cm 1590 ) , \u201chigh daemonelix beds\u201d , niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa ( f : am 25430 ) ; j - m district , south of lusk , goshen county , wyoming , usa [ 6 ] ; \u201chigh brown sand\u201d , 16 mile district , goshen county , wyoming , usa ( f : am 54079 ) ; 8 north of lusk , goshen county , wyoming , usa ( f : am 54076 ) .\nage : upper part of the anderson ranch formation and its equivalents , south dakota , nebraska , and wyoming , late late arikareean ( ar4 ) , 22 . 7\u201318 . 5 mya [ 4 ] early miocene .\ncomments : specimens that can be referred to m . ferox s . s . are from the latest arikareean ( ar4 ) upper part of the anderson ranch formation and its equivalents .\na nearly complete skull with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ( fig 1 , s1 video ) and a complete mandible with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ( fig 2 , s1 video ) . the left zygomatic arch is missing . part of the frontal and a region of the right parietal bones are missing and filled with plaster . there is a subrectangular and anthropogenic hole in its right parietal bone located above the most caudal area of the zygomatic arch .\nlocality : \u201chigh daemonelix beds\u201d , anderson ranch formation , niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa .\nthe zygomatic arches are robust , especially caudally near the glenoid cavity . both m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda have their origin on the ventrolateral side of the zygomatic arch . the frontal processes of the zygomatic arches are triangular and dorsoventrally high .\nventrally ( fig 1e ) , the incisive foramina are preserved . the palate is broad and expanded mediolaterally between the p4\u2013m2 . the posterior border of the palatine is expanded caudally behind the molars . the pterygoid region and the hamulus pterygoideus processes are relatively well preserved . the hamulus pterygoideus processes are large and caudally expanded ( fig 1e ) . the foramen ovale is located in line with the glenoid fossa . the alisphenoid canal is absent . the glenoid fossa is relatively strong . the auditory bullae are large and swollen . the external auditory meati are rounded ( fig 1a ) . the ventral wall of the auditory bullae has been partially destroyed , and the tympanic chamber is exposed . the postglenoid foramen is large , rounded and located caudally to the postglenoid process and medially to the external auditory meatus . the rostral foramen lacerum or external carotid foramen is a large double foramen located on the rostromedial corner of the auditory bullae . the caudal carotid foramen is almost hidden and is located in line with the external auditory meatus , midway along the medial margin of the auditory bullae . the large rounded caudal foramen lacerum is located on the caudal - most corner of the skull . the suprameatal fossa is absent . the condyloid foramen is located caudally to the caudal foramen lacerum and is clearly separated from it . the stylomastoid foramen is not preserved . the occipital condyles are strong and their dorsal parts are broader than the ventral ones . the foramen magnum is large and subquandrangular ( fig 1d ) . the mastoid process is highly expanded ( fig 1c and 1e ) ; measuring 106 . 1 mm in width . the caudal area of the skull is very broad . the nuchal crest has a great caudal development . its dorsal part is projected caudally . in dorsal view the ventral parts of the nuchal crest in conjunction with the mastoid process are laterally widened , which creates large attachment areas for m . zygomatic temporalis on the dorsal side ( fig 1c ) and m . obliquus capiti cranialis on the caudal side ( fig 1d ) . the mastoid process is robust and is situated caudal to the external auditory meatus . the supraoccipital bone is very enlarged . the paroccipital process is not preserved .\nmandible and lower dentition : the mandible of f : am 25430 is very robust ( fig 2a and 2b ) . it has a total length of 149 . 0 mm . the tooth row is slightly convex and is aligned with the articular process . the mandibular corpus is high and robust . the ventral margin is convex at the level of the m1 . there is single rounded mental foramen under p2 . the ascending ramus is tall and rostrocaudally broad ( fig 2a ) . its tip is distally oriented . the coronoid process is laterally rotated with an angle of ~ 75 degrees , compared to the articular process . there is a robust crest from the dorsal border of the coronoid to beneath the m2 where the tendon of the m . temporalis is attached . this area is especially enlarged and laterally projected around the area of the m2 ( fig 2a and 2b ) . the masseteric fossa is large and deep . its rostral margin lies at the level of talonid of m1 , and ventrolaterally is limited by a strong area where the m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda insert . the articular process is large and robust . the angular process is robust and shows a medial crest for the muscular attachment of the m . pterygoideus medialis .\nthe lower dentition ( 3 / 1 / 4 / 2 ) is also preserved in its entirety ( fig 2 ) . the lower incisors are heavily worn . the canine is large , stout and markedly curved distally ( fig 2a and 2b ) . it has a swollen base and is oval in cross - section . the p1 is oval , single - cusped and distally wide ( fig 2b ) . the p2\u20134 are stout , subrectangular and wider distally . these premolars have strong cingula at their bases , and the distal cingula are high - crowned . the p2 has a single messially - located cuspid . the p3 has a low mesial accessory cuspid and a more developed distal one . the p4 is the largest lower premolar and has more strongly developed mesial and distal accessory cuspids . the m1 is a relatively short and stout tooth ( fig 2 ) . the very robust trigonid occupies almost three fourths of the total length of the tooth , with the greatest width at the base of the protoconid . the paraconid is lower than the protoconid and there is no metaconid . the m1 shows a markedly lingual concavity in the base of the crown between the trigonid cuspids ( fig 2b ) . the stout talonid lacks an entoconid . the hypoconid is low , trenchant and buccally located . there is a smooth cristid from the top of the protoconid to the hypoconid that encloses a deep lingual depression ( fig 2c ) . the m2 is rounded and low ( fig 2b ) . the paraconid is low , and located in the mesial corner . the protoconid is the highest cuspid , located buccally in the middle of the tooth . the metaconid is situated over the lingual corner . it is less developed than the protoconid . the hypoconid is low and located in the distal corner . there is a cingulum around the whole tooth .\npartial skull with worn c , p2\u2013m1 and partial mandible with worn p1\u20134 and m1\u20132 ( fig 3a1\u20134 , 3b1\u20133 and 3c1\u20133 , s2 video ) .\nlocality : \u201chigh brown sand\u201d , 16 mile district , anderson ranch formation , goshen county , wyoming , usa .\nc , p2\u20134 and are preserved . the p1 is missing . they are more worn than are those of f : am 25430 . the c has a large lingual wear facet . the morphology of p2\u20134 ( fig 3a3 ) is almost identical to that of f : am 25430 . the p3 is more quadrangular than that of f : am 25430 , but the mesiolingual corner of the p3 is missing . the p4 paracone , protocone and metastyle are greatly - worn ( fig 3a3 ) . the m1 ( fig 3a3 ) has the same development of the cusps as that found in f : am 25430 , and shows a very similar morphology as that of amnh 12880 . the m2 and its alveoli are not preserved .\nmandible and lower dentition : the right hemimandible ( fig 3b1\u20133 ) has a fragmented corpus that is missing its symphyseal end but includes a complete ascending ramus with p1\u20134 and m1\u20132 . its morphology is almost identical to that of f : am 25430 . the left hemimandible ( fig 3c1\u20133 ) is missing its ascending ramus but includes a complete mandibular corpus , a complete p1 , a fragmented p2 , a highly worn p3 , a complete m1 and a fragmented m2 . the p1\u20134 and m1 are almost identical to those of f : am 25430 though there is more substantial occlusal wear in p2\u20134 and m1 than in f : am 25430 . the m2 is oval and has a more developed metaconid than the m2 of f : am 25430 .\nlocality : 8 north of lusk , goshen county , anderson ranch formation , wyoming , usa .\nmandible and lower dentition : amnh 54076 is a fragmented mandibular corpus missing its symphysis ( fig 3d1\u20133 ) . it has roots for p2\u20133 , and complete m1\u20132 . the mandibular corpus is high and robust . the m1 is identical to those of f : am 54079 and f : am 25430 . it has a stout trigonid , and a low talonid composed of a trenchant hypoconid , lingually located and a lingual depression . the m2 is rounded and low . it has a distinguishable protoconid and metaconid , and a continuous basal cingulum .\nthe results of the cladistic analysis indicate that the specimens we assign to m . ferox form a monophyletic group ( fig 5 ) . we agree with hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] in that m . ferox and a . brevifacies are the same taxon , and that m . ferox has priority . morphologically , the specimens f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 , as well as cm 1590 and amnh 12880 , are practically identical to each other ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) . f : am 54079 differs from f : am 25430 and cm1590 in having a more robust p3 and a relatively longer m2 . cm 1590 has a reduced lingual expansion of p3 and a stronger parastyle of p4 than f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 12880 . the morphology of f : am 25430 is clearly different from the skull of amnh 12880 , and shows that the reconstructed parts of the latter were incorrect , in which the temporal , frontal and a part of the zygomatic arch bones are misinterpreted ( fig 4a and 4b ) . f : am 25430 allows us to complete the knowledge about the morphology of the skull of m . ferox and showing that the holotype of m . ferox ( amnh 12880 ) and the holotype of a . brevifacies ( cm 1590 ) belong to the same species . consequently , f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 should be assigned to m . ferox . we agree with hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] that the difference observed in the specimens of m . ferox can be explained by intraspecific variability ( sexual dimorphism and intrapopulational differences ) or small temporal differences .\na life appearance ; b , reconstructed skull and mandible ; c , skull and mandible f : am 25430 . artwork by adam hartstone - rose .\ns1 table . list of the extant specimens of carnivorans used in this paper .\nconceived and designed the experiments : av jm ahr . performed the experiments : av jab jm . analyzed the data : av jab ja maas jm ahr . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : av ja apr . wrote the paper : av jab ja maas jm ahr .\nmatthew wd . a lower miocene fauna from south dakota . bull am mus nat hist . 1907 ; 23 : 169\u2013219 .\nbaskin ja . mustelidae . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america , volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulate - like mammals . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 1998 . pp . 152\u2013173 .\ntedford rh , albright lb iii , barnosky ad , ferrusquia - villafranca i , hunt rm jr , storer je , et al . mammalian biochronology of the arikareen through hemphillian interval ( late oligocene through early pliocene epochs ) . in : woodburne mo , editor . late cretaceous and cenozoic mammals of north america : biostratigraphy and geochronology . new york : columbia university press ; 2004 . pp . 169\u2013231 .\nalbright lb iii , woodburne mo , fremd tj , swisher cc iii , macfadden bj , scott gr . revised chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the john day formation ( turtle cove and kimberly members ) , oregon , with implications for updated calibration of the arikareean north american land mammal age . j geol . 2008 ; 116 : 211\u2013237\npeterson oa . the miocene beds of western nebraska and eastern wyoming and their vertebrate faunae . ann carnegie mus . 1907 ; 4 : 21\u201372 .\nriggs es . some early miocene carnivores . publ - field mus nat hist , geol ser . 1945 ; 9 : 69\u2013114 .\nfrom the early miocene carnivore dens at agate fossil beds national monument , nebraska : earliest evidence of dimorphism in new world mustelidae ( carnivora , mammalia ) . univ wyoming contrib geol . 1996 ; 31 : 35\u201348 .\nhunt rm jr . new amphicyonid carnivorans ( mammalia , daphoeninae ) from the early miocene of southeastern wyoming . am mu novit . 2002 ; 3385 : 1\u201341 .\npeterson oa . a revision of the entelodontidae . mem carnegie mus . 1909 ; 4 : 41\u2013158 .\nschultz c . b . the miocene of western nebraska . am j sci . 1938 ; 35 : 441\u2013444 .\nmartin j e . the rosebud problem revisited . proc s dak acad sci . 2011 ; 90 : 37\u201350 .\nradinsky lb . evolution of skull shape in carnivores . 3 the origin and early radiation of the modern carnivores families . paleobiology . 1982 ; 8 : 177\u2013195 .\nwerdelin l . mio - pliocene carnivora from lothagam , kenya . in : leakey mg , harris jm editors . lothagam , the dawn of humanity in eastern africa . new york : columbia university press ; 2003 . pp . 261\u2013328 .\nholliday ja , steppan sj . evolution of hypercarnivory : the effect of specialization on morphological and taxonomic diversity . paleobiology . 2004 ; 30 : 108\u2013128 .\n( arctoidea , carnivora ) from hsanda gol formation , central mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography . am mu novit . 2005 ; 3483 : 1\u201357 .\nfinarelli ja . a total evidence phylogeny of the arctoidea ( carnivora : mammalia ) : relationships among basal taxa . j mammal evo . 2008 ; 15 : 231\u2013259 .\nginsburg l . order carnivora . in r\u00f6ssner ge , heissig k editors . the miocene land mammals of europe . friedrich pfeil : m\u00fcnchen ; 1999 . pp . 109\u2013148 .\nsmith jb , dodson p . a proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions . j vert paleontol . 2003 ; 23 : 1\u201312 .\nscapino rp . biomechanics of feeding in carnivora . ph . d . theses , university of illinois . 1968\nturnbull wd . mammalian masticatory apparatus . fieldiana , geol . 1970 ; 18 : 149\u2013356 .\nbarone r . anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques , tome 1 , ost\u00e9ologie 4th edition . \u00e9ditions vigot : paris ; 1999 .\nbarone r . anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques , tome 2 , antrologie et myologie 4 th edition . \u00e9ditions vigot : paris ; 2000 .\nwaibl h , gasse h , hashimoto y , burdas kd , constantinescu gm , saber as , et al . nomina anatomica veterinaria . 5th edition . international committee on veterinary gross anatomical nomenclature . world association of veterinary anatomists , columbia , missouri ; 2005 ."]}
{"id": 585, "summary": [{"text": "eutrichopidia latinus is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from eastern australia , including queensland , new south wales , the australian capital territory , victoria , south australia and tasmania .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the moth is about 45 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are black with a broad diagonal band across each forewing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "this band may vary from white to yellow to orange .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the hindwings have a white margin with black dots and the abdomen is tipped with a tuft of orange hairs .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on hibbertia obtusifolia and haloragis teucriodes . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eutrichopidia latinus", "paragraphs": ["the adult moths of this species are black , with a broad diagonal band across each forewing . this band is varied in colour : anywhere from white through yellow to orange . the hindwings have a white margin containing black dots . the abdomen is tipped with a tuft of orange hairs , and the forelegs have orange hair tufts . the moths are inclined to rest head downward . the moths have a wingspan of about 4 . 5 cms .\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 22 . 28 , p . 464 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7be5da87 - c9af - 4d9e - 850c - d392ec1e2bc1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b96346fa - 6c57 - 422b - bb53 - e875180d91bb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : db89495e - d8b9 - 4ccd - 9f82 - 9d3dfeaa5589\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 396252\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nall data on natureshare is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2 . 5 australia license .\nfree : natureshare is , and will always be , a free and open service .\nwarranty : natureshare services and all software are provided on an\nas is\nbasis without warranties of any kind , either express or implied , including , without limitation , fitness for a particular purpose . your use of the services is at your sole risk . we do not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of information available from the service .\ncathy powers your id is absolutely correct and the ala image connected with idalima is an incorrect id . good spotting . goes to show you need more than one source and natureshare is a very good one .\ncathy powers yep , a moth . this group is covered in mov 8 which will be available before the end of 2017 .\npowered by naturemapr | canberra nature map operates under creative commons attribution 3 . 0 australia | privacy\nsorry for the photo quality , it wouldn ' t land and sit still .\ncitations are automatically generated and may require some modification to conform to exact standards .\nthis image belongs in a collection . go up a level to see more .\nyou may save or print this image for research and study . if you wish to use it for any other purpose , please visit using the pictures collection\ncopies direct supplies reproductions of collection material for a fee . this service is offered by the national library of australia\nyou may order a copy or use the online copy for research or study ; for other uses contact us .\ncopyright status may not be correct if data in the record is incomplete or inaccurate .\nyour browser either has no support for javascript , or has javascript turned off .\nthis application requires javascript to be enabled . please open your browser preferences and enable javascript , or use a browser with javascript capabilities .\ntrove eresources catalogue version 1 . 33 . 0 - release copyright terms of use privacy disclaimer api"]}
{"id": 586, "summary": [{"text": "celeric is a retired , british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he improved from running in minor handicaps to group one level , and recorded his most important win in the 1997 ascot gold cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the same year he was named european champion stayer at the cartier racing awards .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "he won thirteen of his forty-two races in a career which lasted from 1994 until his retirement at the age of eight in 2000 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "together with double trigger , kayf tara and persian punch he was one of a group of horses credited with revitalising the staying division in the 1990s . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "celeric", "paragraphs": ["satisfy due diligence requirments on celeric investments limited in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of celeric investments limited and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on celeric investments limited\nmichael garbutt is a company director of celeric investments limited since 1995 and a listed director of 6 other companies .\n( won by celeric ) , leading some to conclude that he was no longer a threat in major races .\nceleric ( out of character ) : i pull amearann aside and take him to the outside part of the camp .\nceleric winning in 1997 from classic cliche . this is the last mile of the two and a half mile race . . .\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for celeric investments limited ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on celeric investments limited or click join - up to get started .\nfrankie dettori , who takes the ride on celeric , can complete a double aboard crumpton hill in the doubleprint whitsun cup rated stakes .\nit ' s fair to say that john is who david would have wanted to train celeric as they were great friends .\nthe 15 % one that does stack is called a stable greater celeric arcanium tincture , and you ' ll find in under\nspecial charges\n.\nceleric ( in character ) : this is for you . not as a token of my gratitude , but as a sign that i\u2019ll always be close\u2026\n\u201cmy first memory of royal ascot is celeric winning the gold cup ( 1997 ) . he was owned by a great friend of my dad . he had been telling us for weeks that celeric would win the gold cup and through the mist and murk pat eddery managed to weave his way through . \u201d\nand seren ,\nstable greater celeric arcanium tincture\nis out of date , according to patch notes its now 17 % charge and not 15 % .\nfive years old and hardly lightly - raced by today ' s standards , celeric nevertheless appears still on the upgrade and should be able to follow up .\nhorses like double trigger and celeric , who finished a noble fourth yesterday , have transformed the marathons from embarrassing throwbacks into compelling centrepieces in no more than half a dozen seasons .\nthe defection of double eclipse - who now goes straight to the royal meeting - eases celeric ' s task and the five - year - old looks sure to start favourite . however , persian punch , the recent winner of the aston park stakes at newbury - who receives 5lb - and orchestra stall should ensure that celeric does not have things his own way .\nceleric , scaling the staying peaks like a latter - day sherpa tenzing , can continue his ascent up the ranks by taking the group three bonusprint henry ii stakes at sandown today .\nmtoto ended his career with an unlucky - in - running second in the arc before retiring to stud where his progeny included derby winner shaamit , champion stayer celeric and leading national hunt stallion presenting .\nmorley was responsible for many winners in the colours of hamdan al - maktoum , but his most successful horse during 1997 was celeric , who won the gold cup at royal ascot under pat eddery .\nceleric ( in character ) : know that , even though the meals you eat afar may not be as good as mine , i\u2019ll always have a hot meal waiting for you when you come back .\npat eddery is a racing legend and he rode many great horses . two of the best rides that stick out in my memory are dancing brave in the arc and celeric in the ascot gold cup .\nceleric needed his reappearance in the jockey club stakes at the beginning and probably found the mile - and - a - half a bit on the sharp side , but ran a respectable fourth to time allowed .\ninside the final furlong he slipped celeric through a gap between snow princess and the fading foundry lane , and the gelding ran on well up the rails to win by a cosy three - quarters of a length .\nthe 17 % one doesn ' t stack with healer celerity . the 15 % one that does stack is called a stable greater celeric arcanium tincture , and you ' ll find in under\nspecial charges\n.\nspence announced :\nfollowing the closure of david morley ' s yard i and jonathan morley have decided to send celeric to be trained by john dunlop , who has confirmed he will be delighted to train him .\neddery earned wide praise for one of\nthe rides of the season\nafter he brought celeric from behind to land the feature race at royal ascot last june by three quarters of a length from classic cliche .\non dismounting at york , willie carson told morley that he had a gold cup prospect for next year and celeric now gets a big chance to prove he ' s up to that level as he faces double trigger .\ndouble trigger spread a plate there and was found to have hurt his foot but is reportedly fighting fit once more . he is the strict form selection but could find himself vulnerable to celeric ' s excellent finishing speed .\nto start : except for how you need to cut out the heart of the celeric root before beginning , you make these the same way you do potato fries ( see video below for how to cut it ) .\nceleric , the winner of four races as a three - year - old , added a further five to his haul at four in 1996 , in the process crossing the divide between handicapper and pattern - class performer .\nbest bet of the day is celeric in the \u00a340 , 000 - added weatherbys insurance lonsdale stakes . david morley ' s gelding graduated to group level in this race last year , smoothly beating always aloof two by lengths .\ni talked about trying celeric root for the first time when i used it as icing for the meatloaf cupcakes recipe . recently i have been experimenting with other ways to use this potato - like veggie , my first being fries .\nalso called turnip - rooted celery or knob celery celeric is a variety of celery cultivated for its edible roots grown for its bulbs but you can also be use the tops like celery . the flavour of roots is milder than celery .\n. ridden by dettori , he was held up in the closing stages before moving up to take the lead in the straight . inside the final furlong he was overtaken by celeric and finished second , beaten three quarters of a length .\nto have a horse suddenly improve 30lb is unlikely in the extreme , especially after it has run six times , yet i couldn ' t drop kristal paradise as she was second to celeric previously and that is rock solid form .\nceleric should be celeriac , a turnip - rooted variety of celery , but somewhere in the transmission to weatherbys an\na\nwent missing . he was bred , appropriately enough , in the back garden of his owner , christopher spence .\nthe small stud we have is literally in the garden at home ,\nhe said . celeric ' s mother , hot spice , has produced a greengrocers ' shelf of offspring as her progeny also includes sesame , myrrh , camomile , turmeric and zucchini .\nceleric can cope with another rise in class and land the \u00a330 , 000 added east coast doncaster cup on town moor today . david morley ' s four year old simply hasn ' t stopped improving , since winning a york handicap back in may .\n. sadly , the trainer died not long after celeric ' s gold cup victory ( as a five - year - old in 1997 ) and the admirable gelding was to contest the following year ' s gold cup from john dunlop ' s stable .\nhe faced a stiff task when fifth to shantou in the princess of wales ' s stakes over a mile and a half at newmarket last time but now reverts to his optimum trip . celeric has a group one penalty but possesses the class to overcome it .\npat eddery ' s first , and previously only , victory in the gold cup was on erimo hawk 25 years ago and , as his prowess and longevity remain closely entwined , celeric should not be the last . he will , however , be the most memorable .\nthe defection of double eclipse has deprived the \u00a340 , 000 contest of some of its flavour , but celeric , winner of the group two yorkshire cup for david morley at york last time , still faces a formidable opponent in john dunlop ' s sagaro stakes winner orchestra stall .\ncontesting the listed lonsdale stakes , celeric left his rivals for dead once he hit the front a fur long out , beating always aloof two lengths . incidentally , that form received a nice boost last weekend when always aloof registered a fine win in the group three prix gladiateur at longchamp .\nthis season celeric has looked better than ever , winning the yorkshire cup in may before a narrow defeat by persian punch in the henry ii stakes at sandown . the slow early pace was against him there and he meets his conqueror on 7lb better terms which should allow him to turn the tables .\nevery link the the old apothecary gives\nnot found the requested url / merchants . htm was not found on this server .\n. . . and seren ,\nstable greater celeric arcanium tincture\nis out of date , according to patch notes its now 17 % charge and not 15 % .\nlast year ' s winner classic cliche and second double trigger are both proven stayers but there are question marks hanging over them both as they ran abysmal races last time out . respective trainers mark johnston and saeed bin suroor are both confident that their charges are back to their best but celeric gets the nod .\nsad to see you go pat ! legend is a term used to frequently these days , this man deserves this accolade bestowed on him . i agree with ritchie povey , pat ' s ride on celeric in the 1997 gold cup was the maestro at the height of his powers , enjoy your retirement pat .\ngiven celeric ' s upward spiral , his trainer was sure to pitch him into group races and after a good second to double trigger in the doncaster cup , the bay broke his pattern duck in the group three jockey club cup at newmarket in october , battling on courageously to hold ebor winner sanmartino by a head .\ngold cup winner celeric is to be moved to john dunlop ' s stable , it was announced yesterday . his co - owners christopher spence and jonathan morley have chosen to send their gelding to the former champion trainer following the death of david morley , whose widow melanie has elected not to take over the training licence .\nhappily , my first experience with celeric root fries has been rapturous . i\u2019d argue that they are even more flavorful than potato fries . not to mention , paleo - friendly foods are oftentimes great for keeping flare - ups down for people with autoimmune dysfunctions such as celiacs and crohn\u2019s . seriously folks , give these babies a try .\nceleric , the stayer who showed his courage matches his smart turn of foot when he deprived mons in york ' s group two yorkshire cup last time out , is starting to look like a gold cup winner . and many expect him to further enhance his royal ascot claims in the group two henry ii stakes at sandown today , writes ian davies .\nnotable previous winners of the northumberland plate include quick ransom ( 1994 ) , celeric ( 1996 ) , sergeant cecil ( 2005 ) and tominator ( 2011 and 2013 ) . paul cole trained the winner three times in five seasons between 1997 and 2001 . donald mccain was successful in 2010 and 2012 while charlie appleby trained antiquarium to win for godolphin in 2016 .\nbuttermilk - battered chicken sandwich with apple / celeric slaw and sambal ( chili - infused ) mayo from genuine roadside at gotham market , 600 11th avenue , new york city ; and , the brisket sandwich at the bolivian llama party , 1000 eighth avenue ( really the southern end of the columbus circle subway station , enter at 57th street and eighth avenue ) .\nall willie carson ' s previous trespasses this season were forgiven yesterday when he gave celeric an inch - perfect ride to take yesterday ' s northumberland plate and land a gamble . the four - year - old , trained by david morley at newmarket , was backed at 9 - 1 in the ante - post market and from 7 - 2 to 2 - 1 favourite on the course .\nceleric investments limited was set up on saturday the 1st of april 1995 . their current address is 109 lower baggot street , dublin 2 . , and the company status is dissolved with the company closing on friday the 3rd of march 2000 . the company ' s current directors ena smale and michael garbutt have been the director of 5 other irish companies between them ; 5 of which are now closed .\nwillie carson , who before his retirement from raceriding last year had enjoyed a successful partnership with celeric , said :\nit is very sad . although he had a running battle with his health for a number of years , we hoped he would last a lot longer . he was a great friend to me and i had a lot of fun riding for him . we had a good relationship .\nit is the gelding ' s nature that he must be brought to the front with only fractions of his journey remaining . thus it was no surprise to see eddery and his partner ambling out of the stalls yesterday . as anticipated , the outriders were grey shot and double trigger , who carried wide - cupped blinkers which lent the impression he was wearing sunglasses . behind them , the order changed but not the position of celeric , who was glued in last place .\ndown the far side , eddery crept as unnoticed as ivy up brickwork , and by the time the straight was breached the final push was under way . celeric slid through the bookends of double trigger and samraan and then had just classic cliche in front of him . so well was the five - year - old travelling , that his passenger could afford to take a cheeky tug before striking out for the post . at the line there was three - quarters of a length of space behind him .\nthere have been many outstanding rides in pat eddery ' s 28 - year career but hardly ever have they been accompanied by a flash of emotion . the gold cup changed that yesterday . the irishman executed a ride of such skill and timing on celeric that he even managed to satisfy his greatest critic , himself . when he came to a stop , his face covered in a rash of mud spots , eddery smiled at connections and raised a clenched fist in front of him . the mission had , gloriously , been accomplished .\nit was a bad day all round for the bookies at newcastle , where the first six favourites went in . celeric , owned and bred by his trainer ' s brother - in - law chris spence , was 53 - year - old carson ' s third winner of the pitmen ' s derby ; he rode the first , amateur , 28 years ago - and he said of the son of mtoto :\nhe ' s a bit of a character , and making it difficult for him keeps him interested . if he ' s not in a bit of bother , then he doesn ' t bother .\nmake a stand arrived at the pipe yard in a fairly conventional way in august 1995 , picked up from henry candy for \u00a38 , 000 after winning a leicester claimer . his flat career had been something of a disappointment , showing plenty of promise as a two - year - old but seemingly proving difficult to train thereafter , missing a year prior to his four - year - old season . he ran for pipe on the level the following month , finishing mid - field in a newmarket handicap ( future ascot gold cup winner celeric was third ) . make a stand ' s hurdling debut was just as inauspicious , with him finishing down the field in an exeter novice run in very poor visibility .\na tricky sort of ride who has been known to idle in front , carson kept him off the pace among horses until the field , led by highflying , turned into the straight . as foundry lane took over , to be tackled almost immediately by the market ' s second choice snow princess , carson began to weave through the pack .\nat newmarket one of carson ' s regular partners , gabr , took the group three van geest criterion stakes , with richard hills deputising . the globetrotting six - year - old , back with robert armstrong this season , beat the subsequent group one winner soviet line over a mile early in the season but had been disappointing since , hence his odds of 14 - 1 .\nbut switched back to seven furlongs to counteract a tendency to pull , he was far too good for his rivals yesterday , with three lengths to spare over inzar .\nthe henry cecil - pat eddery - khalid abdullah team , responsible for dushyantor in ireland today , got their weekend off to a bright start with an impressive victory from the unexposed bequeath in the fred archer stakes .\nthe son of rainbow quest , racing for only the fourth time , quickened on demand inside the final furlong to stride impressively clear . there are some high - flying plans for the chestnut , with next saturday ' s eclipse stakes - in which michael hills has been confirmed the rider of pentire even if his derby winner shaamit runs - now a possible target .\nover in france at auteuil , mysilv ' s bid to become the first british - trained winner of the french champion hurdle failed by two lengths . the gallant charlie egerton - trained mare tried to make all in the pounds 100 , 000 event , but was headed three out by the eventual winner earl grant .\nit was 15 lengths back to the third horse montperle , and the jockey jamie osborne said :\nshe ran and jumped her heart out and lost absolutely nothing in defeat .\nbrett doyle will miss his ride on amfortas in today ' s budweiser irish derby at the curragh due to illness .\ndoyle , suffering from food poisoning , gave up his rides at newmarket yesterday and will not be able to renew his association with clive brittain ' s shock king edward vii stakes winner in ireland .\ndarryll holland , recently returned from riding in hong kong , will deputise on the son of caerleon in the curragh feature .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\neasycall , who won goodwood ' s richmond stakes , the flying childers stakes at doncaster and ascot ' s cornwallis stakes last year , could develop into a champion sprinter this term . however , in farhana , the duke of york stakes runner - up and hever golf rose , the 1995 prix de l ' abbaye winner , easycall faces tough rivals on his reappearance from a lengthy absence in the group two temple stakes .\nthe michael - stoute trained insatiable , third to centre stalls in the hambleton rated handicap at york on his reappearance , is the one the bookmakers fear could be the subject of a major office gamble this morning for the whitsun rated handicap .\nthere was a sense of the past and a glimpse of the future yesterday as enzeli galloped clear in the gold cup . johnny murtagh ' s silks were straight out of a pathe newsreel , the chocolate and green hoops of the old aga khan which won a dozen classics in the 1930s aboard horses like bahram and mahmoud . the thought which fixed itself most firmly , though , was that the astonishing renaissance of races for stayers is not yet complete .\nnow a new generation seems ready to inherit their legacy , led by the four - year - old enzeli , and other gutsy fighters like invermark , yesterday ' s runner - up . nedawi , last year ' s st leger winner and the beaten favourite yesterday , may yet be a match for them in time , while kayf tara , the gold cup winner 12 months ago and third this time , is still only five .\nthese horses and more will be back for seasons to come , pulling in racegoers not just at ascot but at goodwood , york and doncaster too . they will all do well to cope with enzeli , though , who was running yesterday for just the eighth time , and must surely get better with age .\nthe field of 17 was the largest in gold cup history , but enzeli showed everything you could ask of a stayer to beat them off with ease . he travelled smoothly as murtagh , the irish champion jockey , took the inside line throughout the first two miles , and quickened instantly to take a decisive lead over a furlong from home . he then lasted out the 20th and final furlong with real determination as invermark came after him all too late .\nthe winning colours , those of the current aga khan ' s grandfather , had not been seen on a racecourse for eleven years . that track was epsom , on the first wednesday in june 1988 , when kahyasi carried the green and chocolate silks to victory in the derby . yesterday , one of kahyasi ' s sons did them every bit as much credit .\nthe cheers were muted as enzeli passed the post at 20 - 1 , but his irish connections had not arrived without hope .\nhe had to improve by 10lb at least to be in the frame , but he has been giving all the right signals recently ,\njohn oxx , his trainer , said .\nhe is normally a lazy worker but his work has been very good recently and this extra distance can improve a horse a lot . i don ' t know whether he will go for the goodwood cup or have a break instead , but he will probably go for the prix du cadran later on .\nit was only good fortune which kept enzeli with oxx long enough to win a gold cup .\nthis race is not normally one i have on my agenda ,\nhe said ,\nbecause i do not have a lot of older horses , they are usually sold . in fact a lot of people could have bought enzeli last year but he just had one or two little things go wrong .\nit would take a wild offer now to prise enzeli away from his trainer , and the aga khan is hardly a man who needs the money . instead , he should become a familiar feature of the flat racing landscape , which certainly needs a few more heroes who stick around .\nthe defeat of nedawi in the gold cup was excellent news for bookmakers , who had already seen frankie dettori , his jockey , win the first two races . there was never any danger that dettori might repeat his through - the - card trick of two years ago - he did not have a ride in the fifth - but the italian ' s name in conjunction with ascot can still cause bookies to develop a nervous twitch .\nboth of dettori ' s winners were horses of promise , particularly warm heart , who took the norfolk stakes and now heads to the richmond at goodwood , a lightning - fast track which should suit him well . fairy queen , meanwhile , who won the ribblesdale stakes , will be winning again now that godolphin can be sure she stays 12 furlongs .\nthe only horse who really mattered yesterday , though , was enzeli .\nwhen will those colours be out again ?\nsomeone asked the aga khan in the winners ' enclosure . the aga smiled and narrowed his eyes .\nyou must be a punter ,\nhe said .\ni will be the next time i see those colours ,\ncame the reply . wise man .\nthe huge personality of frankie dettori dominates racing today , but he is not champion jockey . that honour belongs to the man who has won the championship 11 times , ridden around 4 , 000 winners , 67 of them at the royal meeting .\nthe horse loves to be ridden like that and i just went out there with so much confidence as the owner and trainer let me do what i wanted ,\neddery said .\nit was marvellous .\nthat david morley managed to send out such a positive message was a tribute to his stagecraft . he actually felt dreadful . the trainer heard rain spattering against his bedroom window in the dark hours and felt like climbing out on to the ledge for a closer inspection .\ni was in the depths of despair this morning with all that rain having fallen ,\nthe newmarket man said .\ni was awake from 4 . 15am listening to the rain and the more it came down the more despondent i got . i thought he had no chance .\nelsewhere , there were victories for figures who do not have to ask for directions to the winners ' enclosure at the royal meeting . yashmak was devastating in the ribblesdale stakes for henry cecil , while paul cole ' s central park provoked a quote of 25 - 1 for the 1998 2 , 000 guineas from coral with his success in the chesham stakes . but perhaps the most warming success was that of cole ' s former assistant , kevin mcauliffe .\nthe only people who fancied his tippitt boy in the norfolk stakes were probably those who liked the name or devotees of the system of backing the outsider of six . tippitt boy , however , seemed to be unaware that he was a 33 - 1 option as he caught and passed hopping higgins inside the final furlong .\nthis is the best day of my life ,\nmcauliffe said .\ni ' ve always thought he was a good horse , the best two - year - old i have ever trained .\nto be fair , that particular race does not require much winning .\nmcauliffe has been training from delamere cottage stables in lambourn for four years , employing the expertise he collected at whatcombe .\npaul [ cole ] is a very good trainer of two - year - olds and he taught me the bottom line is buying young horses ,\nhe said .\nhe taught me that if you buy a selling plater , it will always be a selling plater .\nthere were plenty who thought tippitt boy was not much above that class before yesterday . after his defeat at redcar in may one of the trade papers opined that he\nmight be capable of winning a seller on a small track\n. they were right .\nroyal ascot set an attendance record for the third successive day yesterday . the ladies ' day crowd of 77 , 543 beat the previous best of 76 , 640 , set in 1986 .\nalmaty may be a late withdrawal from today ' s king ' s stand stakes if the rain - softened ground is deemed unsuitable .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience , for analytics and to show you offers tailored to your interests on our site and third party sites . we may share your information with our advertising and analytic partners . find out more about cookies by reading our updated cookies policy , which contains further information about the cookies and other technologies we use and information about how to disable them . by clicking\naccept\n, you agree to our use of cookies and similar technologies .\nwe have updated our privacy policy effective 25 may , 2018 . please click here to read our updated policy .\nup to \u00a3100 in bet credits for new customers at bet365 . min deposit \u00a35 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits . min odds , bet and payment method exclusions apply . returns exclude bet credits stake . time limits and t & cs ; apply . terms & conditions apply\nregister with william hill using the promo code c30 and place your first bet of \u00a310 / \u20ac10 or more and get three \u00a310 / \u20ac10 free bets . new online customers only , min \u00a310 / \u20ac10 stake , win only , min odds 1 / 2 , free bets paid as 3 x \u00a310 / \u20ac10 , 30 day expiry , free bet / payment method / player / country restrictions apply . terms & conditions apply\nsign up with promo code f50 , place a bet on any horse race and ladbrokes will give you a free bet up to \u00a350 . new customers only . certain deposit methods excluded . min \u00a35 excluding tote or pools = match max \u00a350 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 + . free bet valid for 4 days , stake not returned . single line bets only . free bet cannot be used on certain markets . 18 + . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to paddy power and get a \u00a320 risk free first bet : new customers only , limited to one per person . if you\u2019ve previously had a paddy power account , you will not qualify for the offer . place your first bet on any sportsbook market and if it loses we will refund your stake in cash . max refund for this offer is \u00a3 / \u20ac20 . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . t & cs ; apply . terms & conditions apply\nsign up to coral today , deposit and place a bet of \u00a310 or more and get \u00a330 in free bets ! uk + ire . new customers only . min first bet \u00a310 . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a330 credited as 3 x \u00a310 free bets . not valid with cashout . free bet valid for 4 days . 18 +\nsign up to betway , deposit and place a qualifying bet and get a free bet up to \u00a330 . 1 . new customers only . 2 . min deposit : \u00a3 / \u20ac10 . 3 . 1 x wagering at odds of 1 . 75 + to unlock free bet . 4 . credit card , debit card & paypal deposits only 5 . additional terms apply terms and conditions apply\nregister with betbright , deposit \u00a320 and play with \u00a370 ( \u00a325 sports plus \u00a325 casino ) . min deposit \u00a320 . max sports bonus \u00a325 . max casino bonus \u00a325 . 5 x wagering to release sports bonus . min odds 1 . 8 . \u00a325 casino bonus added within 24 hours of first sports bet settling . 40x wagering to release casino bonus . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to betfred and place a \u00a310 sports bet to receive up to \u00a330 in free bets , plus 30 free spins . new customers from uk & northern ireland . stake \u00a310 or more at odds of evens ( 2 . 0 ) or greater on your first bet . \u00a330 free bet credited in 48 hours of your first bet being settled . 7 day expiry . e - wallet restrictions apply . max 30 free spins on selected games . full t & cs ; apply . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to boylesports today and get up to \u00a325 in free bets . cash stakes only . min \u00a310 stake required for initial \u00a35 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 . max \u00a325 in free bets . subsequent free bets equal 50 % average of each 3 qualifying bets . 13 bets required to receive full \u00a325 free bet . qualifying bet be placed within 30 days of opening account . free bet expires after 7 days . payment method restrictions apply . terms and conditions apply\njoin betfair and get a \u00a3 / \u20ac50 matched free bet . new customers only , receive a free bet up to the value of your first qualifying bet . minimum stake \u00a3 / \u20ac5 , minimum odds 1 / 5 ( 1 . 2 ) . if your first bet is an accumulator , at least one selection must meet the min odds requirement . qualifying bet must be placed in first 30 days of account opening . offer is only available to customers who deposit using debit / credit or paypal . max free bet \u00a3 / \u20ac50 \u2013 valid for 7 days . t & c ; \u2019s apply . terms and conditions apply\ndate ( days since ) race details wgt . result sp ff jockey or video\nsign up now and get all the latest news , tips and top offers from at the races direct to your inbox every week .\nyes , send me email communications from at the races and occasional offers from carefully selected bookmakers and partners . by clicking ' sign up now ' i agree to at the races terms and conditions and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience of our website and to keep it free for users , to find out more please read our privacy policy .\nour frequently asked questions page answers the most common customer queries relating to attheraces . com .\nif the faqs page doesn ' t answer your query , please fill in your details below and we ' ll endeavour to respond as soon as possible .\nwe use cookies to personalise content , target and report on ads , to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic .\nhe landed some good bets when showing a good turn of foot to take the northumberland plate at newcastle in june but his best performance came at york last month .\nwinner of the gold cup in 1995 , the latter was sent off 1 to 2 favourite for this year ' s race but came up against another smart customer in classic cliche .\nreams of verse can come out best of some promising fillies in the \u00a325 , 000 added , may hill stakes . henry cecil ' s filly had to work hard to land odds of 4 to 7 at newmarket last time but may have met a smart sort in bint batadee .\nreams of verse held on by neck as bint baladee ran very green but the pair put 14 lengths between them and the rest of the field , an impressive distance over seven furlongs , even on rain softened ground . now reams of verse can prove beyond doubt that she ' s a serious 1000 guineas candidate .\nat chepstow , miss universal is napped to gain a deserved first success in the silurian scania fillies ' conditions stakes .\none of clive brittain ' s specialities being able to produce horses that can hold their own in smart company before they ' ve even won a race and miss universal is the latest to fall into that category .\nshe was far from disgraced when under four lengths fifth to shake the yoke in the group one coronation stakes at royal ascot and luck just hasn ' t been on her side since . brett doyle ' s mount subsequently went down by a short head to sheer danzig in the \u00a350 , 000 hong kong jockey club trophy handicap at sandown .\nand she would have won a listed race at sandown last lime had not wandering star improved by several pounds to land the spoils . miss universal is the clear form choice and should see off her three rivals with a bit up her sleeve\nal shaatl catches the eye in the scania 4 series king of the road handicap . roland o ' sullivan ' s six year old will have been sharpened up by an encouraging run at kempton - his first for six months - and is on a handy mark .\nat newton abbot , best bet is second colours , who should have too much speed for her opponents in the thurlestone hotel centenary celebrations novices hurdle .\nkeep informed with all you need to know in the world of sport along with the very best in opinion from our outstanding team of sports writers .\ntour de france : team sky finish second in 35 . 5km team time trial 19 : 07\nadaptable to most garden soils but prefers a humus rich soil in a sunny position . avoid deformed roots by planting them in loose soil free from stones or rocks .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\ngenerate a b2b marketing list with ease and grow your business . identify key decision makers and pre - qualified new prospects for your sales and business development teams .\nview cro company documents and company reports any irish company or business with ease .\nbackground check companies , sole traders or individuals and minimise your spend with more efficient anti - money laundering checks and reports .\nmore people choose vision - net over any other search service . . . ask us why ?\n2017 was a record year for company start - ups in ireland while insolvencies went through a levelling off period .\nwe are in acceleration mode and ireland has taken its place as europe ' s fastest growing economy . many aspects of that recovery are demonstrated in our 2017 annual review .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall food categories cereal grains and pasta breakfast cereals baked products vegetables and vegetable products fruits and fruit juices nut and seed products legumes and legume products finfish and shellfish products poultry products beef products pork products lamb , veal , and game products sausages and luncheon meats dairy and egg products soups , sauces , and gravies fats and oils snacks sweets spices and herbs beverages baby foods ethnic foods meals , entrees , and sidedishes fast foods , generic foods from a & w ; foods from arby ' s foods from back yard burgers foods from blimpie foods from burger king foods from carl ' s jr . foods from chick - fil - a foods from cold stone creamery foods from culver ' s foods from dairy queen foods from del taco foods from dippin ' dots foods from domino ' s foods from donatos foods from hardee ' s foods from in - n - out burger foods from jamba juice foods from kfc foods from krispy kreme foods from krystal foods from long john silver ' s foods from mcdonald ' s foods from papa john ' s foods from papa murphy ' s foods from pizza hut foods from rubio ' s foods from sbarro foods from starbucks foods from subway foods from taco bell foods from tcby foods from teriyaki stix foods from wendy ' s foods from white castle foods from wienerschnitzel\n- firefox ( file > page setup > format & options ) - internet explorer 6 / 7 ( tools > internet options > advanced > printing ) - in internet explorer 7 you will need to adjust the default\nshrink to fit\nsetting . ( go file > print preview > adjust the shrink to fit dropdown to 100 % . ) - mac safari ( click print below > copies & pages > safari )\n- in internet explorer 7 you will need to adjust the default\nshrink to fit\nsetting .\nfile > print preview > adjust the shrink to fit dropdown to 100 % .\nnutritional target map\u2122 the nutritional target map\u2122 allows you to see at a glance how foods line up with your nutritional and weight - management goals . the closer a food is to the right edge of the map , the more essential nutrients per calorie it contains . for a more nutritious diet , select foods that fall on the right half of the map . the closer a food is to the top edge of the map , the more likely it is to fill you up with fewer calories . if you want to restrict your caloric intake without feeling hungry , choose foods from the top half of the map . foods that are close to the bottom edge are more calorie - dense . if you want to increase your calorie intake without getting too full , choose foods from the bottom half of the map . read more about the nutritional target map\n: this food is very low in cholesterol . it is also a good source of dietary fiber , vitamin b6 , magnesium , potassium and manganese , and a very good source of vitamin c and phosphorus .\ncaloric ratio pyramid\u2122 this graphic shows you what percentage of the calories in a food come from carbohydrates , fats , proteins , and alcohol . if you are trying to achieve a specific distribution of calories , such as the 40 / 30 / 30 distribution of the zone\u2122 diet , or the more traditional 60 / 30 / 10 distribution , the caloric ratio pyramid\u2122 will show you how recipes , meal plans , or individual foods line up with those goals . foods low in fat , for example , will cluster along the bottom edge of the pyramid , ranging from foods that are high in carbohydrates ( at the left edge ) to foods that are high in protein ( at the right edge ) . foods low in carbohydrates will cluster along the right edge of the pyramid , with foods that are high in fat at the upper edge and foods that are high in protein at the lower edge . foods that have roughly the same number of calories from fats , calories , and protein will be found closer to the center of the pyramid . read more about the caloric ratio pyramid\nestimated glycemic load\u2122 glycemic load is a way of expressing a food or meal ' s effect on blood - sugar levels . nutrition data\u2019s patent - pending estimated glycemic load\u2122 ( egl ) is available for every food in the database as well as for custom foods , meals , and recipes in your pantry . how to interpret the values : experts vary on their recommendations for what your total glycemic load should be each day . a typical target for total estimated glycemic load is 100 or less per day . if you have diabetes or metabolic syndrome , you might want to aim a little lower . if you are not overweight and are physically active , a little higher is acceptable . read more about the egl\nnutrient balance indicator\u2122 this symbol offers a visual representation of a food ' s nutritional strengths and weaknesses , with each spoke representing a different nutrient . the spoke for dietary fiber is colored green , protein is blue , vitamins are purple , minerals are white , and yellow represents a group of commonly overconsumed nutrients : saturated fat , cholesterol , and sodium . a completeness score between 0 and 100 is a relative indication of how complete the food is with respect to these nutrients . although few ( if any ) individual foods provide all the essential nutrients , the nutrient balance indicator and completeness score can help you construct meals that are nutritionally balanced and complete . read more about the nutrient balance indicator\nprotein quality protein quality is dependent on having all the essential amino acids in the proper proportions . if one or more amino acid is not present in sufficient amounts , the protein in your diet is considered incomplete . each spoke on the protein quality graph represents one of the nine essential amino acids , and the graph shows how close the protein in your diet is to the optimal distribution of amino acids recommended by the institute of medicine ' s food and nutrition board . an amino acid score of 100 or higher indicates a complete or high - quality protein . if the amino acid score is less than 100 , a link is provided to complementary sources of protein . by combining complementary proteins , you may be able to increase the overall quality of the protein you consume . read more about protein quality\nthis listing does not contain enough data on individual amino acids to determine protein quality .\nsource : nutrient data for this listing was provided by usda sr - 21 . each\n~\nindicates a missing or incomplete value . percent daily values ( % dv ) are for adults or children aged 4 or older , and are based on a 2 , 000 calorie reference diet . your daily values may be higher or lower based on your individual needs . nutrition data ' s opinion , completeness score\u0099 , fullness factor\u0099 , rating , estimated glycemic load ( egl ) , and better choices substitutions\u0099 are editorial opinions of nutritiondata . com , given without warranty , and are not intended to replace the advice of a nutritionist or health - care professional . nutrition data ' s opinions and ratings are based on weighted averages of the nutrient densities of those nutrients for which the fda has established daily values , and do not consider other nutrients that may be important to your health or take into account your individual needs . consequently , nutrition data ' s higher - rated foods may not necessarily be healthier for you than lower - rated ones . all foods , regardless of their rating , have the potential to play an important role in your diet .\nnutrition data ' s opinion nutrition data awards foods 0 to 5 stars in each of three categories , based on their nutrient density ( nd rating ) and their satiating effect ( fullness factor\u2122 ) . foods that are both nutritious and filling are considered better choices for weight loss . foods that are nutritious without being filling are considered better choices for healthy weight gain . foods that have more essential nutrients per calorie are considered better choices for optimum health . nutrition data also indicates whether a food is particularly high or low in various nutrients , according to the dietary recommendations of the fda . read more about nutrition data ' s opinion\nfind recipes with this ingredient or dishes that go with this food on self . com . search for :\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of cond\u00e9 nast .\nthe self nutritiondata method and system is covered by u . s . patent no . 7 , 620 , 531 .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\ni have been trying to find out what the 17 % celerity charge tincture ( that stacks with healer casted haste ) is called . but with the alchemy names , it seems both haste and celerity charges are called something with\ncelerity\nin the name witch is really bad imo ."]}
{"id": 591, "summary": [{"text": "junonia ansorgei , or ansorge 's leaf butterfly , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , the eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo , southern ethiopia , uganda , western kenya , western tanzania and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is generally found in dense forests . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "junonia ansorgei", "paragraphs": ["junonia ansorgei ( rothschild , 1899 ) = kallima ansorgei rothschild , 1899 = kallima incerta gr\u00fcnberg , 1908 = kamilla ansorgei .\njunonia ansorgei ; ypm ent 412397 ; africa ; belgian congo ; mt . hoyo ; sidney a . hessel ; 1960 - 04 - 03\njunonia ansorgei ; ypm ent 412395 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; sidney a . hessel ; 1960 - 04 - 01\nent . 412395 : junonia ansorgei digital image : yale peabody museum of natural history ; photo by p . shamble , 2011 metadata updated : 7 mar 2018 03 : 16 : 45\nmelanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407406 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 05\nmelanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407403 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 08\nmelanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 814194 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; ( now democratic republic of the congo ) ; gowan c . clark\nmelanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407405 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; ( now democratic republic of the congo ) ; gowan c . clark\n? junonia evarete ssp . ; lamas , ms , [ nl4a ] , # 2053j\n? junonia evarete ssp . ; neild , ms , [ nl4a ] , # 2053k\njunonia hierta hierta ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 10\njunonia atlites atlites ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 7\njunonia almana javana ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 9\njunonia wallacei distant , 1883 ; rhopalocera malayana : 95 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4\njunonia swinhoei butler , 1885 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 309\njunonia livia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; ent . rundschau 29 ( 2 ) : 15 ; tl : bolivia , illimani\njunonia orithya sumatrana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : sumatra\njunonia orithya baweana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : bawean\njunonia orithya minusculus fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 359 ; tl : sumba\njunonia orithya orthosia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia orithya kuehni ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia orithya saleyra ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia orithya kontinentalis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia atlites acera ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia erigone gardineri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia timorensis kucil ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia hedonia intermedia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia hedonia teurnia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia orithya var . neopommerana ribbe , 1898 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 1 ) : 116\n= junonia hedonia intermedia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia orithya metion fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : n . borneo\njunonia almana battana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 353 ; tl : sulawesi , patunuang\njunonia lemonias lemonias ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 8\njunonia iona grose - smith , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 349 ; tl : new guinea\njunonia albicincta butler , 1875 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1875 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : queensland\njunonia terea ; [ bk ] , 347 , pl . 49 , f . 609 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\njunonia timorensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ]\n? junonia nigralis forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 312\njunonia orithya wallacei ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 11 - 12\njunonia erigone leucophora fruhstorfer , 1903 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 2 ) : 313 ; tl : trobriand is .\njunonia orithya celebensis ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia oenone oenone ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 601 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia hierta cebrene ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 602 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia westermanni suffusa ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 603 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia natalica natalica ; [ bafr ] , 230 ; [ bk ] , 347 , pl . 49 , f . 608 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia almana battana ; [ bor ] , 279 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\nprecis erigone himera fruhstorfer , 1915 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 746 ( repl . junonia tristis miskin , 1891 )\njunonia evarete lima forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 315 ; tl : peru\njunonia vestina c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 398\njunonia iphita horsfieldi ; [ bor ] , 279 ; [ mrs ] , 580 ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 3\njunonia gregorii butler , [ 1896 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1895 : 726 , pl . 42 , f . 7 - 8\njunonia antigone c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 398\njunonia orithyia [ sic ] var . novae guineae hagen , 1897 ; jarhb . nass . ver . nat . 50 : 85 ; tl : german new guinea\njunonia artaxia ; [ bafr ] , 230 ; [ bk ] : 346 , pl . 49 , f . 604 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\njunonia hedonia ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]\njunonia sophia infracta ; [ bafr ] , 229 ( text ) ; [ bk ] , 346 , pl . 49 , f . 605 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia chorimene ; [ bafr ] , 231 ; [ bk ] : 347 , pl . 49 , f . 607 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\njunonia erigone ; [ bor ] , 277 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ]\njunonia genoveva vivida forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 311 ; tl : guyana , surinam\njunonia villida ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ wahlberg ] ; vane - wright & tennent , 2011 , syst . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 290\njunonia asterie var . nikobariensis felder , 1862 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 12 ( 1 / 2 ) : 482 ; tl : nicobar\njunonia ( kallimini ) ; [ madl ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 208 ; [ nl4a ] , 251\njunonia asterie var . sumbae doherty , 1891 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 60 pt . ii ( 2 ) : 172 ; tl : sumba ; sumbawa ?\njunonia constricta c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 400 ; tl : bogota\njunonia incarnata c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 400 ; tl : colombia\njunonia evarete evarete ; brown & mielke , 1967 , j . lep . soc . 21 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 98 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2053a\njunonia atlites ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ mrs ] , 579 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]\nprecis erigone f . celebensis butler , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 : 214 ( preocc . junonia orithya celebensis staudinger , 1888 ) ; tl : celebes\njunonia evarete ; [ nacl ] , # 4442 ; [ bcr ] : 180 , pl . 28 , f . 14 ; [ ecul ] ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2053\njunonia hedonia ida ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 2 ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia coenia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 4440 ; [ opler ] ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2052\njunonia vestina livia ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2055b ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & b\u00e1lint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 20 ( list )\njunonia oenone ; wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 42 , pl . 22 , f . 3 , 3a ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\njunonia lemonias ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 41 , pl . 21 , f . 3 , 3a ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ mrs ] , 579 ; [ wahlberg ]\njunonia almana ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; [ bor ] , 279 ; [ mrs ] , 577 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]\njunonia orithya ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 41 , pl . 22 , f . 1a - b ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ mrs ] , 578 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\ns . usa , california , maryland , kansas , bermuda , mexico , . . . ? . see [ maps ]\n432x343 ( ~ 36kb ) usa : ann arbor , michigan , may 1999 , photo \u00a9 christopher a . rickards\n1300x1034 ( ~ 163kb ) usa : n . shore of shasta lake , siskiyou co . , ca , 29 . 7 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1300x1017 ( ~ 187kb ) underside usa : n . shore of shasta lake , siskiyou co . , ca , 29 . 7 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1400x1095 ( ~ 260kb ) upperside usa : lepsoc field trip to patagonia region , santa cruz co . , arizona , 2 . 8 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1104x780 ( ~ 163kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 4 . 5 . 2003 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n967x1081 ( ~ 121kb ) underside usa : alabama , 4 . 5 . 2003 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n1400x1050 ( ~ 174kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 12 . 8 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n1265x1126 ( ~ 183kb ) underside usa : alabama , 16 . 8 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n2048x1360 ( ~ 317kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 15 . 10 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n400x463 ( ~ 31kb ) usa , texas , grapevine , 15 - 18 . 6 . 1996 , photo \u00a9 tero piirainen\nhispaniola , puerto rico , trinidad , guatemala , costa rica , panama . see [ maps ]\npapilio genoveva cramer , [ 1780 ] ; uitl . kapellen 4 ( 25 - 26a ) : pl . 290 , f . e , f ; tl : surinam\nmadagascar , tropical africa ( dry ) , arabia , india , ceylon , burma , new guinea , n . australia . see [ maps ]\n1024x768 ( ~ 111kb ) male female funaura , iriomote , ryukyu , japan , 4 - 95 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n1024x768 ( ~ 64kb ) upperside male funaura , iriomote , ryukyu , japan , 4 - 95 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\nlarva on justicia procumbens , j . micrantha , lepidagathis prostrata , ipomoea batatas , antirrhinum majus , striga asatica [ mrs ] , antirrhinum , thunbergia alata [ baur ] , hygrophila [ bmp ]\nlarva on angelonia salicariifolia , antirrhinum sp . , buchnera linearis , asystasia gangetica , a . scandens , hypoestes floribunda , hygrophila salicifolia , justicia sp . , pseuderanthemum variabile , p . sp . , rostellularia adscendens glaucoviolacea , thunbergia alata k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nlarva on acanthus , asystasia , barleria , brunoniella , hygrophila , hypoestes , justicia , lepidagathis ? , pseuderanthemum , rostellularia , ipomoea , engelastrum , plectranthus , plantago , angelonia , antirrhinum , buchnera , misopates , scrophularia , striga , thunbergia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\norithya patenas ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis [ ? ] ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523 ; tl : ceylon\nprecis orithya hainanensis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 522\n1172x885 ( ~ 128kb ) upperside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko lan island , ruderal vegeation at a roadside . 15th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\norithya leucasia ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523 ; tl : luzon\norithya celebensis staudinger , [ 1888 ] \u00b2 ; in staudinger & schatz , exot . schmett . 1 ( 10 ) : 98 , ( 8 ) pl . 37\nprecis orithya eutychia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523\norithya palea ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 524\nprecis orithya madagascariensis ab . punctella strand , 1915 ; arch . naturgescb . 80 a ( 10 ) : 105\nlarva on hygrophila sp . [ pbsa ] , barleria , convolvulus , lippia , plantago [ bk ]\norithya saleyra ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 524 ; tl : saleyer\niunonia orithya kontinentalis martin , 1920 ; tidschr . ent . 63 : 157 ; tl : n . celebes\norithya marcella ( hulstaert , 1923 ) ( precis ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 12 ( 68 ) : 232 ; tl : new guinea\nprecis orithya cheesmani riley , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 : 151\nvanessa epiclelia boisduval , 1833 ; faun . ent . madagascar , l\u00e9pid . : 44 , pl . 7 , f . 3\naustralia , tasmania , samoa , solomon is . , new hebrides . see [ maps ]\n= ; vane - wright & tennent , 2011 , syst . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 290\nlarva on plantago , centaurium australis , antirrhinum , convolvulus valsinoidi , verbena [ baur ] , paspalum dilatatum , portulaca oleracea , centaurium minus , c . spicatum , evolvulus alsinoides , verbena bonariensis , v . sp . , antirrhinum sp . , russelia equisetiformis , veronica repens , plantago lanceolata , p . spp . , goodenia sp . , scaevola aemula , arctotheca calendula , epaltes australis , ruellia spp . ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nindia , ceylon , burma , cambodia - w . china , s . china , andaman , nicobar . see [ maps ]\nab . demaculata ( neustetter , 1916 ) ( precis ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 ( 2 - 3 ) : 99\n769x513 ( ~ 188kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\n753x957 ( ~ 98kb ) underside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n713x867 ( ~ 72kb ) underside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n689x765 ( ~ 81kb ) upperside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n753x641 ( ~ 57kb ) upperside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n967x834 ( ~ 78kb ) upperside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n681x857 ( ~ 59kb ) underside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n: pl . 150 , f . 16 ( text only ) [ missp . of\n1112x1069 ( ~ 504kb ) female ethiopia , amhara , a blue nile right bank at the bridge of the road addis ababa - bahir dar , 1100 m a . s . l . 31st july 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nprecis magna evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 3 ) : 715\nprecis westermanni suffusa rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 513 ; tl : kikuyu escarpment\nprecis westermanni splendens schmidt , 1921 ; dt . ent . z . iris 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 34\nrhodesia , mo\u00e7ambique , angola - e . africa , w . kenya ( lake victoria ) . see [ maps ]\nmo\u00e7ambique ? , madagascar , comoro , mascarene , astove . see [ maps ]\nceylon , s . india , c . india , himalayas , ne . india , burma , sumatra , w . china , s . china . see [ maps ]\nprecis iphita ab . pullus murayama , 1961 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 57 , f . 8 , 13 ; tl : poli , formosa\n769x514 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\nprecis iphita pluviatilis fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 22 ; tl : malabar ; ceylon\n606x800 ( ~ 158kb ) underside thailand , phuket , a bank of a pond at a road 1 km ne of khao sai tan kliang mt . , 18th february 2009 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n869x800 ( ~ 236kb ) underside thailand , phuket , the khao phra theo national park , the lower reaches of bang pae brook . 19th february 2009 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nprecis hopfferi m\u00f6schler , 1872 ; stettin ent . ztg 33 ( 7 - 9 ) : 337 ; tl : silhet\nprecis iphita tosca fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 22 ; tl : sumatra ; borneo\nprecis iphita var . ( ? ) adelaida staudinger , 1889 ; dt . ent . z . iris 2 ( 1 ) : 51 ; tl : palawan\nprecis iphita cebara fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 517\nlarva on hemigraphis alternata , hygrophila salicifolia k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 ) , blechum , hemigraphis , hygrophila , ruellia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\nprecis seitzi corbet , 1937 ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 6 ( 5 ) : 100\nprecis hedonia apollonia fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 351 ; tl : sumbawa , flores\nprecis hellanis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 402 , n . 601\nprecis hedonia numana fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518 ; tl : obi\nprecis hedonia thero fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518\naru , kai , misool , waigeu , northern territory , cape york - brisbane , west irian - papua , bismarck archipelago , solomon is .\npapilio zelima fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 492 ; tl : nova hollandia\nlarva on hygrophila salicifolia dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 5 ) : ( sankowsky , 1975 )\nprecis hedonia admiralitatis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 203 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\nprecis hedonia iwasakii matsumura , 1915 ; ent . mag . kyoto 1 ( 2 ) : ?\nprecis hedonia parvipuncta howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 70\nprecis hedonia kangeana kalis , 1933 ; tijdschr . ent . 76 ( 1 - 2 ) : 57 ; tl : tambajangan , kangean\nuganda , w . tanzania , kenya ( highlands ) . see [ maps ]\nzaire , angola - uganda , ethiopia , kenya , tanzania , malawi , n . zambia\nprecis tereoides butler , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 : 211 ; tl : e . africa\nprecis terea fumata rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 518 ; tl : gillet mtns\nnatal , swaziland , transvaal , mo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , malawi , zambia , s . zaire , angola , coast ( e . tanzania , e . kenya )\nvanessa goudoti boisduval , 1833 ; faun . ent . madagascar , l\u00e9pid . : 45 , n . 5 , pl . 7 , f . 1\nnatal , zululand , swaziland , transvaal , mo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia - kenya . see [ maps ]\nprecis natalica var . schmidti knoch , 1927 ; int . ent . z . 21 : 24\nnatal , mozambique , rhodesia , zambia , malawi , tanzania , e . kenya , c . kenya\nprecis natalica angolensis rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 345 ; tl : angola\nsenegal - sudan , ugdanda , w . kenya , ethiopia . see [ maps ]\n1180x918 ( ~ 228kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n874x910 ( ~ 211kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1224x918 ( ~ 264kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1072x920 ( ~ 291kb ) ethiopia , amhara , hayk town environs . 6th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1082x1109 ( ~ 294kb ) underside ethiopia , amhara , a rapidous brook , blue nile right tributary just upstream the bridge of the road addis ababa - bahir dar , 1100 m a . s . l . 1st august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nne . india , himalayas ( foot ) , peninsular india ( wetter regions ) , ceylon , burma . see [ maps ]\n640x480 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\nlarva on asteracantha longifolia , barleria , alternanthera philoxeroides , hygrophila lancea , h . salicifolia [ mrs ] , asteracantha , barleria , blechum , hygrophila , justicia , nelsonia , pseuderanthemum , strobilanthes , achyranthes , alternanthera , oryza , lindernia , phyla vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\nprecis atlites acera fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 519 ; tl : celebes\nceylon , india , burma , malaysia , java , sumatra , formosa , philippines , hong kong , andaman , nicoban . see [ maps ]\nprecis almana asterie ab . liquefactus murayama , 1961 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 57 , f . 17 , 23 ; tl : poli , formosa\n680x878 ( ~ 52kb ) thailand , chon buri province , a small pool at the lake at bang phra . 1st february 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1031x880 ( ~ 89kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , a small pool at the lake at bang phra . 1st february 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlarva on acanthaceae [ bow ] , asteracantha longifolia , hygrophila lancea , barleria spp . , osbeckia spp . , alternanthera philoxeroides , vandellia ciliata , v . anagallis , antirrhinum majus , plantago asiatica , p . major [ mrs ] , acanthus , asteracantha , barleria , blechum , hemigraphis , hygrophila , ruellia , strobilanthes , alternanthera , mimosa , gloxinia , osbeckia , ludwigia , plantago , antirrhinum , bonnaya , ilysanthes , lindernia , mimulus , lippia , phyla , stachytarpheta ? vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\nceylon , himalayas , assam , bengal , s . india , c . india , saurashtra , burma . see [ maps ]\n711x594 ( ~ 126kb ) upperside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a chain of muddy pools behind the chain of hitels along the jomtien beach . 25th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1098x906 ( ~ 123kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko khram island , a spiny bamboo forest at a beach . 2nd february 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n993x829 ( ~ 108kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a small grassy swamp with cattail and reed , surrounded by trees , at the jomtien beach , between b . o . guesthouse and jomtien metro condotel , 15th january , 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nprecis lemonias vaisya fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 520\nprecis lemonias aenaria fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 520\nprecis expansa butler , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 367 ; tl : larat\nprecis erigone tegea fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 521\nprecis erigone wetterensis strand , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 7 , pl . 14 , f . 5 ; tl : wetter i .\ntimorensis cibota ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 521 ; tl : sumba i .\nprecis adulatrix fruhstorfer , 1905 ; berl . ent . zs . 49 ( sb ) : 7 ; tl : sumba\nprecis hedonia teurnia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518\n? obscurata ball , 1932 \u00b2 ; bull . soc . ent . belg . 72 : 54\ncameroons - uganda , zaire , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya , ethiopia . see [ maps ]\nkallima cymodice ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 12 ( spell . ? )\nkallima cymododoce var . lugens schultze , 1912 ; ent . rundsch . 29 ( 14 ) : 92 ; tl : kamerun\nprecis africana richelmann , 1913 ; int . ent . z . 7 : 106\nprecis schmiedeli fiedler , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 53 ; tl : kamerun\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res des provinces chinoises s\u00e9 - tchouen et kam recueillis , en 1893 , par m - r g . n . potaine in romanoff ,\nan updated list of the butterflies of chile ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea and hesperioidea ) including distribution , flight period and conservation status . part i , comprising the families : papilionidae , pieridae , nympalidae ( in part ) and hesperiidae . describing a new species of hypsochila ( pieridae ) and a new subspecies of yramea modesta ( nymphalidae )\nlepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman\nlist of lepidoptera collected by mr . h . o . forbes in the islands of timor laut\non a collection of lepidoptera made at manipur and on the borders of assam by dr . george watt\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\nreview of australian butterflies : distribution , life history and taxonomy . pushlished by authors , melbourne\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nrhopalocera bazilana . verzeichniss der von w . doherty auf der insel bazilan gesammelten tagfalter\n( 1 ) : 3 - 4 ( 1 january ) , ( 3 ) : 18 - 19 ( 14 january ) , ( 4 ) : 26 - 27 ( 21 january ) , ( 5 ) : 34 - 35 ( 28 january ) , ( 6 ) : 42 - 43 ( 4 february ) , ( 7 ) : 51 ( 11 february ) , ( 9 ) : 66 - 67 ( 25 february ) , ( 10 ) : 74 ( 3 march ) , ( 11 ) : 83 ( 10 march ) , ( 12 ) : 90 - 91 ( 17 march ) , ( 14 ) : 106 - 107 ( 31 march ) , ( 15 ) : 114 - 115 ( 7 april ) , ( 16 ) : 122 - 123 ( 14 april ) , ( 17 ) : 130 - 131 , 4 figs . ( 21 april ) , ( 18 ) : 139 - 140 ( 28 april ) , ( 19 ) : 146 - 147 ( 5 may ) , ( 20 ) : 154 - 155 ( 12 may ) , ( 22 ) : 170 - 171 ( 26 may ) , ( 23 ) : 177 - 179 ( 2 june ) , ( 24 ) : 186 - 187 ( 9 june ) , ( 25 ) : 195 - 196 ( 16 june ) , ( 26 ) : 202 - 203 ( 23 june ) , ( 27 ) : 210 - 211 ( 30 june ) , ( 28 ) : 218 - 219 ( 7 july ) , ( 30 ) : 235 ( 21 july ) , ( 31 ) : 242 - 244 ( 28 july ) , ( 32 ) : 251 - 252 ( 4 august ) , ( 33 ) : 259 - 260 ( 11 august ) , ( 34 ) : 267 - 268 ( 18 august ) , ( 35 ) : 274 - 275 ( 25 august ) , ( 36 ) : 282 - 283 ( 1 september ) , ( 37 ) : 291 ( 8 september ) , ( 38 ) : 299 - 300 ( 15 september ) , ( 39 ) : 306 - 307 ( 22 september ) , ( 40 ) : 314 - 315 ( 29 september )\nverzeichniss der von herrn dr . theodor koch - gr\u00fcnberg am oberen waupes 1903 - 1905 gesammelten rhopaloceren mit besprechung verwandter arten\nbiologia centrali - americana . rhopalocera . vol . 1 . ( 1879 - 1886 )\nfrom new guinea ( parts i - iii ) - made by mr . w . doherty at humboldt bay , dutch new guinea , and in neighbouring islands , in the museum of the honourable walter rothschild at tring , with descriptions of new species\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res de madagascar . in vinson . voyage a madagascar au couronnement de radama ii . in vinson ,\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .\nnote on a collection of lepidoptera from s . e . new guinea in blue book ,\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species\nlepidopteren von den samoainseln . in : botanische und zoologische ergebnisse einer wissenschaftlichen forschungsreise nach den samoainseln , dem neuguinea - archipel und den salomonsinseln von m\u00e4rz bis dezember 1905\nlist of the butterflies collected in arabia by captain r . e . cheesman , with a description of one new subspecies\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\nneue afrikanische pierididen und nymphalididen gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\nrhopalocera africae australis ; a catalogue of south african butterflies : comprising descriptions of all the known species . . .\nnotes on butterflies collected by j . h . bowker , esq . , in basuto - land , south africa ; with descriptions of some new species\nsouth - african butterflies : a monograph of the extra - tropical species . vol . 1\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopaloc\u00e8res )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 yale university . all rights reserved . privacy policy its , campus community technologies , web technologies\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\n( new for mbogi , male f . alcippina but with an unusual amount of black on the hws )\nwell , there you go ! if you ' d like to see photos of any of the non - illustrated species , let me know , i ' ll be glad to post them over the next few days . and thanks to anyone able to help me with those few ids !\nthank you tom for sharing i would like to see the cymothoe herminia when you have time . . . a + , michel\ntom , i ' d like to understand your photography system . you have perfect pictures and i can guess some\nthreads\n(\nfil\nen francais ) behind the specimens . do you use photoshop ( or another software ) to work on your pictures or do you really obtain this perfectly white background ?\ni would like to see the cymothoe herminia when you have time . . .\nhere you go ! one of my favourite species . too bad about the strange tear at the base of the fw . . . though it leaves me wondering how it might have happened ?\nyou have perfect pictures and i can guess some\nthreads\n(\nfil\nen francais ) behind the specimens .\nthe whole process is really simple actually . you can see my set - up in a previous post here :\nfirst , i followed advice given and am using the manual white balance setting on my camera ( this makes post - processing a lot easier ) .\nsecond , i ' ve switched from white thread to clear fishing line . clear fishing line is almost invisible behind lighter coloured specimens , whereas the white thread created noticeable lines in the images .\nsince i don ' t have a stand to hold my camera steady , i usually snap 3 to 5 pictures of each side of a specimen , then once transferred to my computer , sort through them to pick out the clearest / sharpest results .\nunfortunately , this method does not immediately give the pure white background . usually , i get a light greyish - blue background , but after a bit more white balancing ( if needed ) , and slight brightening ( if needed ) , i use photoshop ' s wand and lasso tools to cut out the background and replace it with white .\nyour picture of the falcuna specimen has disappeared which was one that i was going to try and help you to identify .\nin the meantime i have narrowed down the pentila to possibly p umangiana aurivillius . there seems to be several subspecies of this and berger suggests two might be in the ituri area ssp : umangiana aurivillius and ssp : connectens hulstaert , although the latter is listed as south and east of ituri so this may be your specimen . i have taken a picture of the relevant drawer in my collection which may be of assistance though i do not have a specimen from kivu . p umangiana is in column 8 .\nfor anyone interested further in this very attractive genus of butterflies this is the second drawer showing further species , again they are all from various countries in africa .\nthe falcuna reappeared for a brief time and after a quick look it may be a male of f orientalis bwamba stempffer and bennett . see f orientalis orientalis bethune - baker in column 3 .\ni think your id is possible ( marginal / submarginal hw verso markings are good matches ) . though , i do have a specimen of\nfrom haut - uele and the verso hw is not this heavily marked . . . in fact , it ' s quite close to\nsubspecies . . . though given their ranges that doesn ' t quite make sense .\ni have narrowed down the pentila to possibly p umangiana aurivillius . there seems to be several subspecies of this and berger suggests two might be in the ituri area ssp : umangiana aurivillius and ssp : connectens hulstaert , although the latter is listed as south and east of ituri so this may be your specimen .\n. the verso hw pattern seems to match , while all the other similar species i ' ve looked at have an extra row of black dots .\ncould be found in close proximity in ituri . in his plate the nominate is just so lightly marked compares to\n. . . it doesn ' t make sense to me . at any rate , from the picture you ' ve posted and berger ' s plate , it would seem to me that the closest ( at least visually ) is actually ssp .\n. this would be entirely out of range . . . and would only work if\nthis morning b aurora , m continua and another one are missing , but the falcuna photo is present . this situation changes each time i log on , nearly always one or two of this post of yours is absent , strange !\nthere always seems to be a degree of variability in lesser known species probably because fewer specimens are available compared to larger more showy species . as more collecting is carried out in new collecting zones then surely a better picture of what is what will emerge . the latest revision of celaenorrhinus is a case in point , and even then there are those who would want to argue that this is not complete ! will we ever know for certain ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 598, "summary": [{"text": "goniobranchus splendidus is a species of colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the specific epithet splendida means splendid in reference to the colouring , because this nudibranch has large red spots on a white background , a yellow line at the mantle edge , and magenta rhinophores . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "goniobranchus splendidus", "paragraphs": ["goniobranchus splendidus , photographed by professor steve smith off nelson bay nsw in 2016 .\ngoniobranchus splendidus nudibranch ' s red spots vary across populations , but the yellow rim is present in all individuals .\nwilson , ng , winters , ae & cheney , kl ( 2016 ) . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity 8 : 16\nwilson ng , winters ae , cheney kl . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity . 2016 ; 8 ( 3 ) : 16 .\nwilson , n . g . ; winters , a . e . ; cheney , k . l . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity 2016 , 8 , 16 .\nwilson , nerida g . ; winters , anne e . ; cheney , karen l . 2016 .\ntropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) .\ndiversity 8 , no . 3 : 16 .\nepoxygoniolide - 1 ( 1 ) , possessing spiroepoxide lactone , enal , and masked dialdehyde functionalities , has been characterized from the conspicuously patterned mollusc goniobranchus splendidus . its relative configuration was investigated by spectroscopic analyses , molecular modeling , and density functional theory calculations . the biosynthesis of 1 may involve rearrangement of a diterpene . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis study reports the isolation and characterisation of six new metabolites with ' gracilin ' - type carbon skeletons and of aplytandiene - 3 from the australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus . the structure of gracilin g is revised , and the c - 6 configuration deduced by comparison of calculated 3jc / h values with values measured using the exside pulse sequence . a lactone isolated from . . . [ show full abstract ]\nusing the gonibranchus splendidus in their study , they observed that the nudibranch displays a consistent yellow brim around a white body with red spots . it is found in the southern great barrier reef to new south wales . the colour and pattern of the red spots vary significantly across populations , but the yellow rim is the common factor .\nthree new norditerpenes ( 1 , 6 , and 7 ) and four diterpenes ( 2 - 5 ) with extensively rearranged carbon skeletons have been characterized from australian nudibranchs . the relative configuration of the cyclopropyl - containing verrielactone ( 1 ) from goniobranchus verrieri was suggested by spectroscopic analysis at 500 mhz informed by a combination of molecular modeling and dft calculations . the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nt . 12 = ser . 3 : t . 4 ( 1864 ) - journal de conchyliologie . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : johnson rf , gosliner tm ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . urltoken\neditor : jonathan h . badger , j . craig venter institute , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 johnson , gosliner . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported by the california academy of sciences , the university of california santa cruz - department of ecology and evolutionary biology , the national science foundation deb 9978155 and deb 0329054 to tg , and an encyclopedia of life rubenstein fellowship to rj . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\na . \u2018phylogenetic scenario\u2019 for the chromodorid genera modified from [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . b . morphological phylogeny of generic representatives for the chromodorididae [ 13 ] . c . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae from [ 27 ] . d . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae and cadlinidae from [ 28 ] . rudman ' s \u2018 chromodoris group\u2019 in red , \u2018 hypselodoris group\u2019 in blue , cadlinella in yellow , diversidoris ( not included in [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 26 ] ) , cadlina in grey and other dorids in black .\nnew collections ( from this contribution and [ 28 ] in blue . genbank specimens in red . size of circle represents number of specimens collected in each region . specimen details in supplementary table s1 ) .\nthe goals of this contribution are : ( 1 ) generate a phylogeny that tests the species level relationships of the chromodorid nudibranchs and confirms the monophyly of the chromodorididae , ( 2 ) assess the phylogenetic validity of the chromodorid genera , and ( 3 ) propose a new classification for the chromodorid nudibranchs that reflects their relationships .\nmost of our samples were collected especially for molecular work and were preserved accordingly , either in 95 % etoh , sed buffer ( saturated nacl solution with edta and dmso ) or frozen . in addition to the specimens collected specifically for molecular study , we were also able to use museum material that was , either preserved in 70\u201375 % etoh or the original fixation method is unknown .\nthe cleaned , pcr products were copied and labeled with fluorescently dye - terminators ( big dye 3 . 1 abi ) in 10 \u00b5l reactions . each reaction contained 0 . 5\u20132 \u00b5l of cleaned pcr product , 1 . 63 \u00b5l of 5\u00d7 reaction buffer , . 5 \u00b5l of primer ( 10 mm stock ) , 0 . 5 \u00b5l\u20130 . 75 \u00b5l of big dye and water to 10 \u00b5l . these reactions were run on a perkin elmer 9600 - geneamp pcr system or a biorad mycycler\u2122 thermocycler ( software version 1 . 065 , bio - rad laboratories ) . the resulting labeled , single stranded dna was precipitated by addition of 2 . 5 \u00b5l of edta and sequential washing and pelleting in ( centrifuge details ) with 100 % and then 70 % etoh . the pelleted dna was denautured for two minutes at 94\u00b0c in 13\u201315 \u00b5l of hidi formamide ( applied biosystems ) . the denatured , labeled dna fragments were sequenced in both directions on the abi 3100 and 3130 genetic analyzer in the center for comparative genomics ( formerly the osher laboratory for molecular systematics ) at the california academy of sciences .\nwe assembled , edited and removed primer strands from forward and reverse strands for each gene fragment sequenced using sequencher ( ver . 4 . 7 . genecodes corporation ) and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) . we aligned the coi sequences by eye and translated the base pair data into amino acids to using macclade 4 . 08 [ 46 ] to confirm alignment accuracy . we aligned 16s sequences with muscle [ 47 ] . we then further optimized the alignments by eye using both macclade [ 46 ] and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) .\nwe tested for saturation or multiple substitutions at the same site by plotting the absolute number of transitions and transversions at each codon position ( 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) for coi and at each base pair for 16s against both uncorrected p distance and log det using paup [ 48 ] and excel ( plots not shown ) .\nsequence data for both genes was not obtained for every specimen we studied . we worked with two main data sets , because we wanted to test the effect of missing data on the resulting phylogeny : the two data sets were : 1 ) combined 16s and coi for specimens with sequence data for both genes , 2 ) all 16s and coi data for all specimens ( table s1 . ) both of these data sets were analyzed both including and excluding variable characters in the 16s alignment . for all of these analyses we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup .\nthe sequenced coi fragment is 658 base pairs ( bp ) long . the edited 16s sequences are 531 bp long . the combined data sets with gaps introduced for alignment are 1189 base pairs long . all sequences are available from genbank coi ( jq727822\u2013jq727914 ) , 16s ( jq727689\u2013jq727821 ) and aligned data matrices are available upon request from the corresponding author . excluded variable 16s regions are identified as character sets in all nexus files . saturation was not found in the 16s fragment or the first or second positions of the coi fragment . there is slight saturation in the third position transitions in the coi data set ( not shown ) . the third positions were included in the bayesian analysis as the partitioning allows the parameters of this position to be estimated separately and the inclusion of the third positions did not change the resulting trees . the recommended model of evolution ( aic form mr . model test ) was used to set parameters in mr . bayes for each partition . the resulting best - fit model of evolution for each partition using the aic selection from mr . modeltest ver . 2 [ 78 ] were coi 1 st : gtr + g , coi 2nd : trn + i + g , coi 3 rd : gtr + i + g and 16s : gtr + i + g . these models correspond to the following settings in mr . bayes ; all partitions set to nst = 6 and rates = invgamma except for the coi second codon position partition which was set rates = gamma .\nthe figured trees are the resulting consensus phylograms from the bayesian analyses ( figures s1 , s2 ) . all posterior probabilities are shown above the branches on the bayesian phylograms . tree topology was not altered with the inclusion or exclusion or the 16s fragment ' s variable regions ( see figure s2 for comparison of trees with and without variable regions ) . the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses for each dataset are summarized below . we will discuss relationships in terms of posterior probabilities .\ncoi and 16s combined analysis : including only specimens with data for both genes ( figure s1 ) .\nthis data set included 244 individual chromodorids , representing 157 species , four species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis .\ntree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included .\ntree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included . blue = indo - pacific , red = atlantic and caribbean , gold = eastern pacific , green = sister group , black = outgroups . dark grey = solely eastern pacific and atlantic clades . light grey = primarily indo - pacific clades with eastern pacific members .\nthe two species of cadlinella included here , cadlinella ornatissima and cadlinellla subornatissima form a clade and are sister to the rest of the chromodorid species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . these findings support previous results [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] and rudman ' s evolutionary scenario [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . the widespread indo - pacific genus , cadlinella is an enigmatic taxon . it has at different times been considered it own separate family [ 64 ] , a part of the cadlininae [ 65 ] and a member of the chromodoridinae / chromodorididae [ 26 ] , [ 66 ] .\ncadlina burnayi ortea , 1988 [ 68 ] = t . nobilis [ 69 ]\nthe only two species of tyrinna : t . evelinae and t . nobilis are included here . tyrinna is always monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . after the split from cadlinella , this clade is poorly - supported as the sister group to the main group of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . rudman [ 26 ] suggested that tyrinna , cadlinella and cadlina form a basal grade of primitive chromodorids . cadlina had been shown not to be a chromodorid [ 28 ] , but our results support rudman ' s suggestion that tyrinna and cadlinella are basal to the rest of the chromodorids . muniain et al [ 70 ] and schr\u00f6dl and millen [ 71 ] extensively reviewed the morphology of the two species in this clade .\nverconia verconis is well supported as part of a clade that includes n . haliclona , n . laboutei , n . romeri and n . simplex ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . noumea varians , n . purpurea and n . norba form a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) that is not part of a name bearing clade , but is one branch of the polytomy that includes the \u2018noumea sensu stricto\u2019 and the branch leading to the rest of the family ( pp = 0 . 88 ) . the monotypic genus verconia is nested within the noumea clade as suggested by rudman [ 75 ] and weakly supported as the sister species to another south australian species , n . haliclona , as found in the preliminary results shown by turner & wilson [ 27 ] .\ntype species : doris xantholeuca ehrenberg , 1831 [ 76 ] = g . pallida ( by subsequent designation )\nthe glossodoris clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) includes species g . pallida and g . rufomargninata . in an important , but often overlooked detailed examination of the relationships of the species classified in the genus glossodoris , rudman identified five subgroups of this genus based on morphology [ 77 ] . the species in this glossodoris clade were considered by rudman [ 77 ] to be members of the \u2018 glossodoris pallida subgroup\u2019 . this clade also includes two species he did not include in any subgroup , g . cincta and g . hikuerenesis .\nlissodoris odhner , 1934 [ 80 ] . type species : l . mollis odhner , 1934 ( = c . aureomarginata cheeseman , 1881 [ 86 ] ( by monotypy )\ncasella h . & a . adams , 1858 : 57 [ 84 ] . type species : c . gouldii h . & a . adams , 1858 [ 84 ] ( by monotypy )\nspecies included in the glossodoris atromarginata subgroup [ 77 ] are recovered in this clade , with the addition of g . sedna and digidentis kulonba ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .\nthis name will be used for all eastern pacific and atlantic species of chromodoris and glossodoris ( except glossodoris sedna ) . these species form a polytomy including glossodoris baumanni and three clades of atlantic and eastern pacific chromodorids .\nchromodoris clenchi , c . norrisi and c . sphoni ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nchromodoris krohni , c . luteorosea and c . purpurea ( pp = 0 . 78 )\nthese exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic clades do not form a monophyletic group , but we will provisionally name all of these species \u2018felimida\u2019 . this is the most conservative choice , the choice that requires the fewest name changes and is the least disruptive pending further information and broader taxon sampling .\nthe ardeadoris clade includes both species of ardeadoris : a . egretta and a . scottjohnsoni , five species of glossodoris ( g . averni , g . pullata , g . rubroannulata , g . tomsmithi and glossodoris undaurum ) and noumea angustolutea ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . . based on their analysis , turner and wilson [ 27 ] suggested that with more sampling it would be come clear if ardeadoris should be synonmized with glossodoris . by sampling more broadly within the family , we found the converse . four species of glossodoris and noumea angustolutea need to be included within ardeardoris because they are strongly supported as part of the clade including ardeadoris egretta and not the type species of glossodoris . three of the species , g . averni , g . undaurum and g . rubroannulata , found in this clade were part of rudman ' s glossodoris sedna subgroup [ 77 ]\nthis clade includes all of the black - lined species of chromodoris and chromodoris aspersa ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . this clade was identified by , both wilson & lee [ 17 ] and turner & wilson [ 27 ] , as the planar spawning or black - lined chromodoris clade . all of the members of this clade lay flat egg masses .\ntype species : diversidoris aurantionodulosa rudman , 1987 [ 89 ] ( by original designation ) .\nthe diversidoris includes , diversidoris aurantionodulosa , two yellow species of noumea , n . crocea and n . flava , and a new species from moorea , french polynesia - chromodoridae biocode 2937 ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .\nthe miamirinae clade includes all of the species currently classified as ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and two species of digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nthis clade was first predicted by rudman [ 26 ] based on morphological similarities and then confirmed by rudman & berquist ' s [ 5 ] finding that all of the species in this clade feed exclusively on sponges of the family dysideaidae , although they assumed all of the genera to be monophyletic . miamirinae bergh 1891 is the oldest appropriate and available subfamily or family name for this clade . the remaining six genera ; miamira , ceratosoma , felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris make up the miamirinae .\nthe miamira clade includes the following species ( as currently classified ) ceratosoma alleni , ceratosoma magnificum , ceratosoma miamiranum , ceratosoma sinuatum . miamira is part of a grade with ceratosoma . the morphological phylogeny of species of ceratosoma and classified as miamira and orodoris , that was used as justification for their synonomy , predicted a sister group relationship between species of miamira and ceratosoma alleni [ 93 ] . our results confirm that c . alleni is more closely related to species of miamira , but do not find support for synonymy of miamira and ceratosoma . although , it is possible this relationship will be recovered with further sampling and by including molecular markers that will help resolve basal branches on the phylogeny .\nthe ceratosoma clade includes c . amoenum , c . gracillimum , c . ingozi , c . tenue , c . trilobatum and a new species . ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nthe felimare clade includes all eastern pacific , atlantic and mediterranean species of hypselodoris and two species of mexichromis , m . porterae and m . kempfi from the eastern pacific and caribbean respectively ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . both gosliner and johnson [ 13 ] and alejandrino and vald\u00e9s [ 31 ] hypothesized a sister group relationship between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific / atlantic species of hypselodoris . turner and wilson [ 27 ] did not recover that relationship , but instead found the same relationships shown here .\nthis clade includes the type species of mexichromis , m . antonii , known only from the eastern pacific and the three included species of durvilledoris , d . lemniscata , d . pusilla and d . similaris , the two described species of pectenodoris , p . aurora and p . trilineata and all of the indo - pacific species currently considered mexichromis , m . festiva , m . macropus , m . mariei and m . mutituberculata ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . there are two well - supported clades within the mexichromis clade . the clade including mexichromis antonii and the species of durvilledoris is sister to the clade including pectenodoris and indo - pacific mexichromis . these clades could be given two names , but it is much less disruptive and confusing to maintain the name mexichromis for all clade members . the clade including p . aurora and p . trilineata can be called the \u2018 pectenodoris \u2019 clade of mexichromis .\nthe thorunna clade includes all species of thorunna and two species of digidentis , d . arbutus and d . perplexa . all of species currently classified as thorunna are found in the indo - pacific and the species of digidentis are limited to southern australia . as suggested by rudman [ 26 ] , the only species within thorunna with mantle glands , t . australis and the species of digidentis ( all of which have mantle glands ) form a clade .\nthis clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of hypeslodoris and risbecia ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .\nspecies of risbecia s . s forms a well - supported clade nested within hypselodoris and can be referred to as the risbecia clade of hypselodoris . risbecia aplogema is not part of this risbecia clade and was previously considered a species of hypselodoris . including all of the members of the risbecia and hypselodoris bullocki clade in risbecia is not an option because this would render hypsleodoris paraphyletic . the second clade includes , h . bennetti , h , maritima , h . bertschi , h . paulinae , h . kaname , h . bollandi , h . obscura , h . infucata , h . zephrya and one or two new species . the third clade includes h . reidi , h . krakatoa , h . jacksoni and one new species . this clade was also recovered in gosliner & johnson ' s [ 13 ] morphological phylogeny of hypselodoris .\nin future contribtuions , we will work out synapomorphies for the clades identified here , but because of the amount of homoplasy and number of incomplete descriptions , this is a huge undertaking and not appropriate here .\nin summary , with the most comprehensive sampling of chromodorid species to date , we confirmed that the chromodorids are monophyletic and are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids . we also found that the majority , 12 / 14 non - monotypic traditional genera , were not monophyletic or make another clade paraphyletc . seven traditional genera , ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) . the two monotypic genera , diversidoris and verconia are nested within clades . only tyrinna and cadlinella are monophyletic and without disruption to any other clades ( figure 3 , s1 , s2 ) . the classification proposed here and discussed at length above renames clades and is more consisitent with evolutionary history ( figure s3 ) .\nthe most speciose chromodorid genera : chromodoris , glossodoris and hypselodoris were originally created to describe indo - pacific species . it wasn ' t until some time after these names were created that previously described , similar , brightly colored cryptobranch dorid species found in the eastern pacific , western atlantic and mediterranean were added to these genera [ 1 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 102 ] , [ 103 ] . in mexichromis the opposite is true . the type species , mexichromis antonii , was described from the eastern pacific and indo - pacific species were included later included in this genus [ 26 ] , [ 95 ] . other eastern pacific \u201c mexichromis \u201d are shown here to belong to felimare .\nthis new classification clarifies our view of biogeographic patterns in the chromodorid nudibranchs . instead of taxonomy obscuring patterns of diversification in this group , this taxonomy reflects and reinforces evolutionary history . it gives us a much better framework for exploring evolutionary questions .\nthe electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to \u201cpublic library of science\u201d .\ntable of specimens used in this study . specimens used in this study listed by family . the names in this table reflect current classification not proposed classification ( new names are listed in the text ) . abbreviations are as follows : casiz = california academy of sciences , sam = south australian museum , wam = western australian museum , am = australian museum , zsm = zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen , sio - bic = scripps institute of oceanography , biocode = moorea biocode project .\nnew classification of the chromodorididae with synonyms . generic names and type species in bold and the most recent genus membership follows . listing order follows phylogeny .\nbayesian consensus phylogram including all specimens with data for both genes . posterior probabilities are listed above branches . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . this phylogram is the consensus of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position .\nbayesian consensus phylograms including all specimens . a . phylogram resulting from the inclusion of all characters b . phylogram resulting from excluding hard to align characters . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . these phylograms are the consensuses of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position . dotted lined indicate areas of disagreement .\nconceived and designed the experiments : rfj tmg . performed the experiments : rfj . analyzed the data : rfj . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : tmg . wrote the paper : rfj . conceptualized and wrote the new classification : tmg rfj .\nedmunds m ( 1981 ) opishtobranchiate mollusca from ghana : chromodorididae . zoological journal of the linnean society 71 : 175\u2013201 .\nspecies ( gastropoda : nudibranchia ) ultrastructure and chemical analysis of mantle dermal formations ( mdfs ) . marine biology 106 : 245\u2013250 .\n( opisthobranchia , chromodorididae ) . journal of molluscan studies 72 ( 2 ) : 214\u2013216 .\nrudman wb , berquist pr ( 2007 ) a review of feeding specificity in the sponge - feeding chromodorididae ( nudibranchia : mollusca ) . molluscan research 27 ( 2 ) : 60\u201388 .\nfaulkner dj , ghiselin mt ( 1983 ) chemical defense and evolutionary ecology of dorid nudibranchs and some other opisthobranch gastropods . marine ecology progress series 13 : 295\u2013301 .\navila c ( 1995 ) natural products of opisthobranch molluscs : a biological review . oceanography and marine biology annual review 33 : 487\u2013559 .\ncimino g , fontana a , gavagnin m ( 1999 ) marine opisthobranch molluscs : chemistry and ecology in sacoglossans and dorids . current organic chemistry 3 : 327\u2013372 .\nnudibranchs illuminate the protective role of their dorsal horn . chemoecology 15 : 31\u201336 .\ncimino g , ghiselin mt ( 2009 ) chemical defense and the evolution of opistobranch gastropods . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 60 ( 10 ) : 175\u2013422 .\ngosliner tm , behrens d ( 1990 ) special resemblance , aposematic coloration and mimicry in opisthobranch gastropods . in : wicksten m , editor . symposium on the adaptive significance of color in invertebrates . sponsored by the american society of zoologists . college station : texas a . & m . university press . pp . 127\u2013138 .\nrudman wb ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies 57 : 5\u201321 .\n( nudibranchia : chromodorididae ) with a review of the monophyletic clade of indo - pacific species , including descriptions of twelve new species . zoological journal of the linnean society 125 : 1\u2013125 .\ngosliner tm ( 2001 ) aposematic coloration and mimicry in opisthobranch mollusks : new phylogenetic and experimental data . bollettino malacologico 37 : 163\u2013170 .\ncortesi f , cheney kl ( 2010 ) conspicuousness is correlated with toxicity in marine opisthobranchs . journal of evolutionary biology 23 : 1509\u20131518 .\nwilson ng ( 2002 ) egg masses of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) . malacologia 44 ( 2 ) : 289\u2013306 .\n( mollusca : nudibranchia ) and the identification of a planar spawning clade . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 36 : 722\u2013727 .\nlee wl , devaney dm , emerson wk , ferris vr , hart cw jr , et al . 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( 1996 ) the simple fool ' s guide to pcr , version 2 . 0 . hawaii : department of zoology and kewalo marine laboratory , university of hawaii .\nmaddison dr , maddison wp ( 2005 ) macclade version 4 . 08 . sinauer asssociates .\nedgar rc ( 2004 ) muscle : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput . nucleic acids research 32 ( 5 ) : 1792\u20131797 .\nswofford dl ( 2002 ) paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4 . sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts .\nnylander jaa ( 2004 ) mrmodeltest v2 . program distributed by the author . evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university . available :\nhuelsenbeck jp , ronquist f ( 2001 ) mrbayes : bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees . bioinformatics 17 : 754\u2013755 .\nronquist a , huelsenbeck jp ( 2003 ) mrbayes 3 : bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models . bioinformatics 19 : 1572\u20131574 .\nnylander jaa , ronquist f , huelsenbeck jp , nieves - aldrey jl ( 2004 ) bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data . systematic biology 53 : 47\u201367 .\nrambaut a , drummond aj ( 2007 ) tracer v1 . 4 , available from tracer website available :\nfelsenstein j ( 2001 ) the troubled growth of statistical phylogenetics . systematic biology 50 : 465\u2013467 .\nfelsenstein j ( 2004 ) a digression on history and philosophy . in : felsenstein j , editor . inferring phylogenies . pp . 123\u2013146 . sinauer associates , sunderland , ma .\nfranz nm ( 2005 ) on the lack of good scientific reasons for the growing phylogeny classification gap . cladistics 21 : 495\u2013500 .\ninternational commisson of zoological nomenclature ( 2000 ) international code of zoological nomenclature . fourth edition . the international trust for zoological nomenclature c / o the natural history museum london , united kingdom . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi jp , fr\u00fdda j , hausdorf b , ponder w , et al . ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1\u20132 ) : 1\u2013397 .\ninternational society for phylogenetic nomenclature ( 2010 ) the phylocode . version 4c . available :\ndayrat b , gosliner tm ( 2005 ) species names and metaphyly : a case study in discodorididae ( mollusca , gastropoda , euthyneura , nudibranchia , doridina ) . zoologica scripta 34 ( 2 ) : 199\u2013224 .\ngray je ( 1857 ) guide to the systematic distribution of mollusca in the british musuem . part 1 . london taylor and francis .\nthiele j ( 1931 ) hanbuch der systematischen weichtierkinde : 431 . jena : fischer .\nrisbec j ( 1928 ) contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des nudibranchs n\u00e9o cal\u00e9doniens . faune des colonies francaises 2 : 328 .\nodhner nhj ( 1934 ) the nudibranchiata . british antarctic ( \u201cterra nova\u201d ) expedition , 1910 . british museum of natural history report zoology 7 ( 5 ) : 229\u2013310 , pls . 1\u20133 p 251 .\nbertsch h ( 1977 ) the chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the pacific coast of america - part i . investigative methods and supra - specific taxonomy . veliger 20 : 107\u2013118 .\nbergh lsr ( 1898 ) die opisthobranchiata der sammlung plate . fauna chilensis . zoologische jahrbucher suppl . 4 : 481\u2013582 .\nortea ja ( 1988 ) molluscos opisthobranquios del archipelago de cabo verde : chromodorididae . publica\u00e7\u00f5es ocasionais da sociedade portuguesa de malacologia 11 : 1\u201316 .\nbergh , 1898 ( opisthobranchia : chromodorididae ) from patagonia , argentina . journal of molluscan studies 62 ( 3 ) : 265\u2013273 .\nbergh , 1898 ( doridoidea : chromodorididae ) . journal of natural history 35 : 1143\u20131171 .\nbaba k ( 1937 ) opisthobranchia of japan 2 . journal of the department of agriculture kyushu imperial university 5 ( 7 ) : 289\u2013344 .\npruvot - fol a ( 1931 ) notes de systematique sur le opisthobranches . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( 2 ) 3 ( 3 ) : 309\u2013310 .\nbasedow h , hedley c ( 1905 ) south australian nudibranchs and an enumeration of the known australian species . transactions and proceedings of the royal society of south australia 29 : 134\u2013160 .\nehrenberg cg ( 1831 ) symbolae physicae seu incones et descriptions animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per agricam borealem et asiam occidentalem . decas 1 mollusca .\n, h . a . adams ) . zoological journal of linnean society 86 : 101\u2013184 .\npease wh ( 1866 ) remarks on nudibranchiata inhabiting the pacific islands , with descriptions of two new genera . american journal of conchology 2 ( 3 ) : 204\u2013208 .\ncheeseman tf ( 1881 ) on some new species of nudibranchiate mollusca . transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute 13 : 222\u2013224 .\nd ' orbigny a ( 1839 ) mollusques , echinoderms , foraminiferes et polypiers , recueillis aux iles canaries par mm . webb et berthelot et decrits par alcide d ' obrigny . mollusques - 1 2 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013117 , pls 1\u201376 .\nherrmannsen an ( 1847 ) indicus generum malacozoorum primordial . vol . 1 . cassellis .\nadams h , adams a ( 1858 ) the genera of the recent mollusca , vol . 2 . london : van voorst .\nmarcus ev , marcus er ( 1967 ) american opisthobranch mollusks . studies in tropical oceanography 6 : 1\u2013256 , pl . 1 .\nmarcus e ( 1971 ) on some euthyneuran gastropods from the indian and pacific oceans . proceedings of the malacological society , london 39 : 355\u2013369 .\nalder j , hancock a ( 1855 ) monograph of the british nudibranciate mollusca . appendix . london . ray society .\nquoy jr , gaimard jp ( 1832 ) voyage de decouvertes de l ' astrolabe pendant les annees 1826\u20131829 sous le commendement de m . j . dumont d ' urville zoologie 2 : 1\u2013686 .\nbergh lsr ( 1891 ) die cryptobranchiaten dorididen . zoologische jahrbucher 6 : 103\u2013144 .\nbergh lsr ( 1874 ) neue nacktschnecken der s\u00fcdsee , malacologische untersuchungen . 2 . journal des museum godeffroy 2 ( 6 ) : 91\u2013116 , pls . 1\u20134 .\nbergh lsr ( 1875 ) neue nacktschnecken der s\u00fcdsee , malacologische untersuchungen . 3 . journal des museum godeffroy 3 ( 8 ) : 53\u2013100 ( 185\u2013232 ) , pls . 7\u201311 .\nbergh , 1875 ( nudibranchia : chromodorididae ) in light of phylogenetic analysis . journal of molluscan studies 65 : 33\u201345 .\nadams a , reeve l ( 1850 ) mollusca , part 3 . the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . samarang during the years 1843\u201346 . reeve , benham & reeve : london .\n( opisthobranchia : nudibranchia ) from tropical west america . the veliger 19 : 156\u2013158 .\nbergh lsr ( 1878 ) malacologische untersuchungen 13 . in : semper c , editor . reisen im archipel philippinen . pp . 495\u2013546 . wissenschaftliche resultate . vol . 2 , no . 2 .\nburn r ( 1961 ) a new doridid nudibranch from torquay , victoria . the veliger 4 : 55\u201356 , pl . 15 .\nstimpson w ( 1855 ) descriptions of some new marine invertebrates . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , 7 ( 10 ) : 385\u2013395 .\ngosliner tm , ghiselin mt ( 1984 ) parallel evolution in opishthobranch gastropods and its implications for phylogenetic methodology . systematic zoology 33 : 255\u2013274 .\n( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . the veliger 37 ( 2 ) : 155\u2013191 .\nortea j , vald\u00e9s \u00e1 , garcia - gomez jc ( 1996 ) review of the atlantic species of the family chromodorididae ( mollusca : nudibanchia ) of the blue chromatic group . avicennia supplement .\nmacfarland fm ( 1966 ) studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america memoirs of the california . academy of sciences 6 : 1\u2013546 .\nkirkendale la , meyer cp ( 2004 ) phylogeography of the patelloida profunda group ( gastropoda : lottidae ) : diversification in a dispersal - driven marine system . molecular ecology 13 : 2749\u20132762 .\nlatiolais jm , taylor ms , roy k , hellberg me ( 2006 ) a molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 41 : 436\u2013444 .\nfrey ma , vermeij gj ( 2008 ) molecular phylogenies and historical biogeography of a circumtropical group of gastropods ( genus : nerita ) : implications for regional diversity patterns on the marine tropics . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 48 : 1067\u20131086 .\nreid dg , dyal p , lozouet p , glaubrecht m , williams st ( 2008 ) mudwhelks and mangroves : the evolutionary history of an ecological association ( gastropoda : potamididae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47 : 680\u2013699 .\nmalaquias mae , reid dg ( 2009 ) tethyan vicariance , relictualism and speciation : evidence from a global molecular phylogeny of the opisthobranch genus bulla . journal of biogeography 36 : 1760\u20131777 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupper : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , 3m , march 1982 . lower : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , december 1982 , on food sponge . photos : bill rudman .\nthere are many red and orange - spotted species of chromodorid in new south wales and southeastern australia . i have discussed this example of mimicry on a separate page .\nreferences : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1983a ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris splendida , c . aspersa and hypselodoris placida colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society 78 : 105 - 173 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , ( t . e . thompson memorial issue ) : 5 - 21 .\nit usually takes about 3 months before the first slugs show up and they are always austraeolis ornata and jorunna sp 1 . plocamopherus imperialis then arrives on the main sea wall and dendrodoris denisoni and dendrodoris fumata show up further upstream . sometimes aplysia spp also arrive . it is always after these species establish that chromodorids appear about half a kilometre up river and always on the same rock wall . chromodoris geometrica , chromodoris daphne , chromodoris cf reticulata and hypselodoris obscura all appear about the same time and what is curious is that they are often large animals with almost no juveniles seen , and i have always had a thorough search before hand .\nif no slugs survive after a flood ( chromodorids definitely dont ) how do these species re - establish . the odd animal may come in on weed but the regularity of their arrival seems to indicate that they must have at least a short planktonic stage and can only establish once their food source is present . i have no qualification to make any assumption but i believe that my observation is correct so i would appreciate your opinion\nwe basically need to know a lot more about the lifecycles of the nudibranchs and of the food organisms - algae , sponges , hydroids , bryozoans etc - before we can say much more about how nudibranchs re - establish themselves at certain places after catastrophes . it is a very interesting - if very complicated topic .\ndear bill , in answer to your question :\ni wondered if two sponge species were interwoven , but i suspect the bluish regions are paler parts of the chelonaplysilla - perhaps where the slug has been feeding . i would be interested in your comments . do you perhaps have a photo showing the join between blue and darker regions more clearly ?\nwe have another photo of each nudibranch and sponge in the previous message . the two we sent in showed the mouth everted and indicated feeding better than the ones we didn ' t send . here are the two other photos . we think what you are seeing is not two sponges but the hills and hollows of the sponge making shadows and light . we will keep looking for chromodoris daphne feeding and see if we can come up with some photos that clear up the puzzle .\nlocality : the pipeline , nelson bay , port stephens and fly point , port stephens - great lakes marine park , port stephens , 5metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 09 january 2009 & 10 january 2009 , sandy silty bottom with sponges , ascidians , gorgonias , soft corals , hydroids and seaweed . length : 30 mm . photographer : leanne and david atkinson .\ni think these extra photos have cleared up the puzzle quite well . some sponges change colour in different parts of the same colony - certainly parts that are shaded are often much paler or almost colourlesss . it seems as though chelonaplysilla violacea can range in colour from deep violet to dull blue to a reddish colour and also to a pale straw colour . one of the distinguishing features of chelonaplysilla is its incorporation of small sand grains into its tissue which can usually be seen in c . violacea , in the granular appearance of the honeycomb - like surface of the colony . interestingly your lower photo shows part of the honeycomb layer [ c ] being hidden by a smooth layer with raised conical papillae more typical of the related genera darwinella . if i had seen the smooth section only i wouldn ' t have thought of it as chelonaplysilla .\nas i have often said , sponges are notoriously difficult to identify externally , and one of the reasons for this is that we don ' t have a good idea of the variability of living colonies . although this is not a ' sponge forum ' our growing collection of ' nudibranch food ' photos is increasing our knowledge in both fields of biology .\nhi bill and everyone ! so chromodoris daphne is the hot topic . . . i won ' t go into feeding but will go into egg masses and mating . this species is fairly common here and is typically a botton dweller . in all the dive we have seen it , it has been crawling along the silty sandy bottom . it has been found intertidally and at the mooloolaba rock wall / ledges , which is a shore dive and old woman island and the local reefs . i collected a couple to see if they would lay eggs and walla . . . two animals laid egg masses together at the same time and then went right back to mating ! i could not believe my eyes .\nlocality : mooloolaba , sunshine coast , intertidal down to 20 m , sthn queensland , australia , pacific ocean , 20 january 2009 . length : 15 - 25 mm . photographer : gary cobb .\nhi bill , we found these chromodoris daphne feeding on a black sponge on two recent dives , one at fly point and the other at the pipeline . these dive sites are at opposite ends of nelson bay beach . there is some discussion on where to find these nudibranchs in an earlier message by dez paros . we usually find these nudibranchs in less than 12 metres in the zone where there is a mixture of seaweed and sponges .\nlocality : the pipeline , nelson bay , port stephens and fly point , port stephens - great lakes marine park , port stephens , 5 metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 09 january 2009 & 10 january 2009 , sandy bottom sponges , bryozoans , soft corals , hydroids and ascidians . length : 30 mm . photographer : leanne and david atkinson .\nto accompany leanne & david atkinson ' s message [ # 18549 ] , here is another record of chromodoris daphne feeding .\nlocality : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , australia . 7 m . 20 december 1982 , many specimens , 20 - 35 mm long on food sponge . coll : g . avern . am c137068 . photos : bill rudman .\nmany specimens were found , all on a large empty beer bottle which was completely covered in a colony of the purple darwinellid sponge chelonaplysilla violacea .\nhi bill , we came across this chromodoris daphne we think was feeding and thought it might be of interest .\nlocality : little beach , fly point marine reserve port stephens , 8 metres , nsw australia , pacific , 12th november 2006 , sandy bottom scattered sponges , kelp , ascidians soft corals and gorgonias . length : 40 mm . photographer : leanne & david atkinson .\nthe upper shot shows the sponge , the damage where feeding has occurred and a mucus trail to the chromodoris daphne . the lower shot quite clearly shows the mouth everted . water temperature was 19 degrees celcius . there didn ' t seem to be any other messages or information about its food on the site . regards , leanne & david atkinson\ndear leanne & david , this is a very valuable addition to our knowledge . i have added a couple of closeups to show the damage and sponge structure in more detail . the sponge is a darwinellid , and i suspect a species of chelonaplysilla but will need to check with prof . bergquist . your mention about no feeding information on the site for this species surprised me as i thought i had photos of it on a discarded beer bottle which was covered in the purple sponge chelonaplysilla violacea . on checking i have only a very cursory reference on the fact sheet so i have prepared a fuller message to accompany your record .\nit ' s very good to have some confirmatory observations - and interesting from the sponge point of view as well because we still have a lot to learn about how many species of chelonaplysilla there are .\ndear bill , we were thrilled to find this chromodoris daphne laying eggs on our last dive . sadly we were still learning to use our newly housed digital camera and badly overexposed the shots showing the eggs coming out . it was definitely laying these eggs and not just crawling over them . locality : fly point marine reserve port stephens , 5 metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 18 . 03 . 2006 , sandy bottom seaweed with scattered sponges and kelp . length : 25 mm . photographer : leanne & david atkinson ."]}
{"id": 601, "summary": [{"text": "charopa is a genus of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family charopidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "charopa is the type genus of the family charopidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "charopa", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - charopa e . von martens , 1860\nkarin mahlfeld added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncharopa coma ( gray 1843 )\n.\nsignificant find : the ' charopa lafargei ' was found in the northernmost part of gunung kanthan in ipoh .\nspecies charopa novoguineensis l . so\u00f3s , 1911 accepted as pilsbrycharopa kobelti ( boettger , 1908 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies charopa descendens i . rensch , 1937 accepted as sinployea descendens ( i . rensch , 1937 ) ( original combination )\nspecies charopa novopommerana i . rensch , 1937 accepted as sinployea novopommerana ( i . rensch , 1937 ) ( original combination )\nspecies endodonta ( charopa ) vortex r . murdoch , 1897 accepted as geminoropa vortex ( r . murdoch , 1897 ) ( original combination )\nspecies charopa nigrofusca e . a . smith , 1896 accepted as pilsbrycharopa nigrofusca ( e . a . smith , 1896 ) ( original combination )\nspecies charopa rotumana e . a . smith , 1897 accepted as sinployea rotumana ( e . a . smith , 1897 ) ( original combination )\n\u201cwe named this species charopa lafargei after lafarge , whose declared goals for biodiversity include minimising and avoiding damage to important habitats , \u201d the report said .\nfound by two malaysians in 2011 , charopa lafargei is only 1 . 4mm tall and takes its name after lafarge , which is currently mining the limestone hill gunung kanthan .\nheliosia charopa turner , 1904 ( arctiidae : lithosiinae ) , female - qld , townsville , 11 . oct . 1901 , f . p . dodd leg . ( anic ) .\narina charopa ( blr ) ' 15 corbeil tournament all around / tournoi de corbeil concours g\u00e9n\u00e9ral 15 . 533 ( diff : 7 . 6 / ex : 7 . 933 ) rank : 9th\n\u201cthese adapted species often occur confined to a single hill or a small group of hills , and are found nowhere else in the world . charopa lafargei may be such a species , \u201d he said .\nvermeulen , j . j . and marzuki , m . e . 2014 . ' charopa ' lafargei ( gastropoda , pulmonata , charopidae ) , a new , presumed narrowly endemic species from peninsular malaysia . basteria 78 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 34 .\n\u2018charopa\u2019 lafargei spec . nov . is described . it is apparently restricted to the isolated limestone hill gunung kanthan in peninsular malaysia . the hill is scheduled for quarrying by the lafarge malaysia cement company , which has a high likelihood of resulting in the extinction of the species .\n( of patula ( charopa ) e . von martens , 1860 ) gottschick , f . ( 1911 ) . aus dem terti\u00e4rbecken von steinheim a . a . jahreshefte des vereins f\u00fcr vaterl\u00e4ndische naturkunde in w\u00fcrttemberg . 67 , 496 - 534 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 501 [ details ]\nobis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of simplicaria mousson , 1890 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\na leg injury ruled her out of the 2016 world cup event in minsk , belarus . ( beatricevivaldi . com , 20 may 2016 ) she injured her leg in january 2015 . ( passion , beauty and grace are rhythmic gymnastics facebook page , 19 jan 2015 )\nwinning a silver medal in the team event at the 2014 world championships in izmir , turkey . ( ctv . by , 10 aug 2014 ; sportpanorama . by , 28 sep 2014 )\nnorth , south , chatham and stewart islands ( with distributional gap from southern westland across to mid - canterbury , most of otago and southland and western fiordland ) .\nlitter dweller in a wide range of habitats including drier , open and more modified habitats .\ndistribution north , south , chatham and stewart islands ( with distributional gap from . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n3 . 5 miles sw of sungei siput , 4\u00b046\u201953 . 58\u201dn , 101\u00b07\u201915 . 99\u201de ( leg . m . e .\nery on the last whorl . radial ribs predominant , c . 30 on the\nof whorls up to 4 1 / 2 , height aperture c . 0 . 5 mm ; width aper -\nlist of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > .\n, 2014 . lafarge biodiversity strategy : 1 - 10 . lafarge , paris .\niucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 .\ninventorise the rich mollusc faunas of varied depositional environments of nw borneo , covering miocene to recent environments ranging from estuarine to mid shelf .\nnotes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 5 . the genus diplommatina ( gastropoda proso . . .\nnotes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 8 . the genus arinia ; additions to the gener . . .\nnotes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 6 . the genus opisthostoma ( gastropoda proso . . .\na new land snail , arinia ( notharinia ) micro ( caenogastropoda : cyclophoroidea : diplommatinidae ) , from . . .\na new snail species of the family diplommatinidae is described from perak , western peninsular malaysia . arinia ( notharinia ) micro , new species , differs from known congeners by its remarkably smaller shell . it is among the smallest land snails in the world with a mean shell height of 0 . 85 mm and mean shell width of 0 . 35 mm . the shell has tight radial ribbed whorls ( except for the smooth . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 302 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\napparently this species is restricted to the isolated limestone hill gunung kanthan in peninsular malaysia . the hill lies close to the limestone quarry 3 . 5 miles southwest of sungei siput ( 4\u00b046\u201953 . 58\u201dn , 101\u00b07\u201915 . 99\u201d ) .\nthere are no data on population trends , as the species was recently described .\nfound on leaf litter at the base of a limestone cliff at the northern extremity of the hill .\nthe primary limestone forest in this area was previously in proximity to a nearby hindu temple , providing some influence on forest management but the cement company lafarge malaysia is currently in negotiation with the various temples around the hill to use the habitats for quarrying hence the continued presence of the forests and adjacent temples is not guaranteed , as when quarrying starts , the forests will be logged , and hence the habitats will be lost , and the adjacent regions will suffer from dust pollution . the forest habitat is also being possibly being degraded by the presence adventitious oil palm seedlings from the adjacent plantations which may continue to impact the original forest habitat .\nthere are no species - specific conservation actions in place for the mollusc . the changes in land management may adversely affect the habitats of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nipoh : a new species of snail has been discovered in perak and named after the cement company quarrying the hill it was found on .\npublished in a scientific journal by the netherlands malacological society on aug 17 , the report said the snail was found on the hill\u2019s northern region .\n\u201con a species level , it is uniquely identified among west malaysian charopidae by its conical shell and high , lamella - shaped radial ribs , \u201d the report , co - authored by dutch taxonomist jaap van vermuelen and malaysian mohammad effendi marzuki , said .\nit added that the snail was found on leaf litter at the base of a limestone cliff and termed as \u201cpresumed narrowly endemic\u201d , meaning that it was found only in a small area and that more surveys needed to be done to be sure .\nspeaking to the star via e - mail , vermuelen said the snail was discovered by mohammad and liew thor seng , a biologist currently based at universiti malaysia sabah .\ndescription : shell minute , spire flat or slightly sunken . protoconch smooth , about 1\u00bc whorls , first \u00bd whorl sloping downwards . teleoconch of about 3\u00bd rounded whorls , smooth apart from fine , dense axial growth ridges . aperture nearly circular , outer lip simple , thin . umbilicus widely open . shell transparent becoming opaque white with age .\ndistribution : endemic to australia : port stephens , nsw , southwards and around southern australia , to shark bay , wa , including tasmania .\nhabitat : specimens are from intertidal and shallow subtidal rock and algal washings , and from beach washup . common .\nremarks : the anatomy of this species was described in detail by ponder ( 1990 ) .\nfigs . 1\u20133 : st helens point , tasmania ( c . 213600 ) . the dried animal is inside the shell , and the operculum is visible in the aperture .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro ."]}
{"id": 611, "summary": [{"text": "agonopterix lacteella is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by caradja in 1920 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east ( south-eastern siberia ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "agonopterix lacteella", "paragraphs": ["agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent\narticle : agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent\nredescription of agonopterix selini ( heinemann , 1870 ) with description of agonopterix lessini sp . n . and agonopterix paraselini\ndetails - agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent - biodiversity heritage library\ndepressaria lacteella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nthelma ' s agonopterix moth ( agonopterix thelmae ) is a moth of the depressariidae family .\nagonopterix kuznetzovi lvovsky , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 3 ) : 594\nty - jour ti - agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent t2 - the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation . vl - 89 ur - urltoken pb - s . n . cy - [ london : py - 1977 sp - 348 ep - 348 er -\nagonopterix flurii sonderegger , 2013 ; contr . nat . history 21 : ( 1 - 14 )\nagonopterix banatica georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 113\nagonopterix dumitrescui georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 111\nagonopterix subpropinquella ( ruddy flat - body ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nagonopterix abditella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40\nagonopterix graecella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233\nagonopterix inoxiella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 38\nagonopterix ordubadensis hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 34\nagonopterix subumbellana hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 42\nagonopterix purpurea ( small purple flat - body ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nagonopterix chaetosoma clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 93 ; tl : japan , hoshu , kii , nati\nagonopterix cluniana huemer & lvovsky , 2000 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 21 ( 3 ) : 135\nagonopterix issikii clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 96 ; tl : japan , honshu , sinano , tobira\nagonopterix ( subagonopterix ) vietnamella subgen . nov . et spec . nov , of flat moths from south - eastern asia\nagonopterix socerbi sumpich , 2012 ; nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 162 ; tl : slovenia , crni kal - socerb\nagonopterix dierli lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : nepal , east khumjung , 3800m\nagonopterix medelichensis buchner , 2015 ; zootaxa 3986 ( 1 ) : 107 ; tl : italy , prov . verona , monte , 300m\nagonopterix mendesi corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26 ; tl : portugal , algarve , praia de castelejo\nagonopterix heracliana ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\n@ article { bhlpart196699 , title = { agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent } , journal = { the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation . } , volume = { 89 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ london : s . n . } , author = { } , year = { 1977 } , pages = { 348 - - 348 } , }\nagonopterix mikkolai lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , kathmandu , phulchoki mt . , 1700m\nagonopterix perezi walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 957 , pl . 52 , f . 8\nagonopterix paraselini buchner , 2017 ; gortania 38 : 94 ; tl : austria , lower austria , eichkogel near m\u00f6dling , 48\u00b04 . 8n ; 16\u00b016 . 6e\nagonopterix parinkini lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , e . bujan , dudh kosi tal , 2900m\n= agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix bipunctifera ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 3 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix takamukui ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 1 , f . 6 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix toega hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : san clemente island , california\nagonopterix l - nigrum ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 4 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix sapporensis ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 5 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix hesphoea hodges , 1975 ; j . lep . soc . 29 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : texas , culberson co . , sierra diablo 20 mi . nnw van horn , 6000ft\nagonopterix amyrisella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 898 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix psoraliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix caucasiella karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 ; nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 180 ; tl : russia , caucasus , 44\u00b009 ' n , 40\u00b004 ' e , majkop , 1300m\nagonopterix cinerariae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 955 , pl . 52 , f . 7 ; tl : tenerife , arafo ; barranco lorez , near orotava\nagonopterix dammersi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 4 , f . 1 - 1a , 8 ; tl : forest home , san bernardino co . , california\nagonopterix chrautis hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28 , f . 2d - e , h , pl . 1 , f . 33 ; tl : jemez springs , new mexico\nagonopterix paulae harrison , 2005 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : illinois , piatt co . , univ . of illinois - robert allerton park , lost garden trail\nagonopterix thelmae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 96 , pl . 44 , f . 259 ; tl : oak station , allegheny co . , pennsylvania\nagonopterix oregonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 65 , pl . 31 , f . 176 , pl . 42 , f . 241 ; tl : salem , oregon\nagonopterix cajonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 82 , pl . 31 , f . 180 , pl . 42 , f . 244 ; tl : cajon valley , california\nagonopterix amissella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 890 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix arnicella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 879 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clarkei ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 863 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 862 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix costimacula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 39 ; harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix gelidella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 855 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix hyperella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix latipalpella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 897 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix lecontella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 886 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix muricolorella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 860 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pergandeella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 888 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix senicionella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 881 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix walsinghamella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nervosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 2 , f . 42 - 47 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix is a moth genus of the superfamily gelechioidea . it is placed in the subfamily depressariinae , which is often \u2013 particularly in older treatments \u2013 considered a distinct family depressariidae or included in the elachistidae , but actually seems to belong in the oecophoridae .\nagonopterix curvilineella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 859 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 97 , pl . 31 , f . 179 , pl . 40 , f . 229 ; tl : henry , putnam co . , illinois\nagonopterix eupatoriiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix flavicomella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 880 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 80 , pl . 28 , f . 167 , pl . 44 , f . 258 ; tl : dunca , vancouver island , british columbia\nagonopterix lythrella ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nebulosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 894 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nubiferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 858 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix posticella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 896 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pteleae ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 865 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pulvipennella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix robiniella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 29 - 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix rosaciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 41 - 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sabulella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sanguinella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 885 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix jezonica ; kuroko , 1959 , 35 ; [ nhm , ( nom nud . ) card ] ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 17\nagonopterix ciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix cratia hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi e by s . flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nagonopterix argillacea ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 8 - 10 , 16 , 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix atrodorsella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , f . 1a , pl . 1 , f . 20 - 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 864 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix canadensis ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 47 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix cajonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 874 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dammersi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 43 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 873 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix antennariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 22 - 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 887 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix oregonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 103 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 861 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix thelmae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 884 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , f . 2a - b , g , pl . 1 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 870 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent < / title > < / titleinfo > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 89 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the entomologist & # 39 ; s record and journal of variation . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ london : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > s . n . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 89 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 348 < / start > < end > 348 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1977 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n312x662 ( ~ 85kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 4 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ndepressaria abjectella christoph , 1882 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 57 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : wladiwostok\ndepressaria acerbella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 564 ; tl : cape\nacuta stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416\ndepressaria agyrella rebel , 1917 ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 193 ; tl : r . agyr [ ? ] , tannuola\nlarva on conium , conium maculatum berenbaum & passoa , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 38\ndepressaria amissella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : kissimmee , florida\nlarva on amyris floridana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on antennaria luzuloides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\ndepressaria anticella erschoff , [ 1877 ] ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 4 ) : 344 ; tl : irkutsk\naperta hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 43\ndepressaria archangelicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch\n669x637 ( ~ 88kb ) russia , moscow area , 11 . 9 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\ncalifornia - british columbia , manitoba , ontario , new brunswick , nova scotia , michigan , south dakota , illinois , texas , florida , utah . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on salix lasiolepis , s . bebbiana , amorpha fruticosa , ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39\ndepressaria arnicella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 314 , pl . 36 , f . 3 ; tl : mt . shasta , california\nlarva on erigeron hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\ns . quebec , ontario , wisconsin , n . illinois . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria atrodorsella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 124 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]\nlarva on eupatorium spp . , coreopsis spp . , bidens frondosa , myrica asplenifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\nbabaella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136\nagonopteryx bakriella amsel , 1958 ; sber . \u00f6st . akad . wiss . ( 1 ) 167 : 559 ; tl : deh bakri , prov . kirman , iran\ndepressaria baleni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 253 ; tl : bogota\ndepressaria bipunctifera matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo\ndepressaria cadurciella chr\u00e9tien , 1914 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1914 : 159 ; tl : causse de gramat\nconnecticut , new york , manitoba , s . british columbia - colorado , washington - california , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on senecio terra hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33\ncanuflavella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292\ndepressaria caprella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 157 , pl . 17 , f . 9 ; tl : near lewes\ntinea carduella h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 439\nlarva on heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 181\ndepressaria cervariella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 251 , pl . 10 , f . 13\ndepressaria chironiella constant , 1893 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 392 , pl . 11 , f . 4\nalberta - to ( new mexico , california , alberta ) . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica silvestris , a . archangelica , peucedanum palustre , selinum , sium , cicuta , pimpinella saxifraga , seseli , heracleum , ligusticum , carum\nlarva on senecio populifolius , s . heritieri walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 956\nagonopteryx [ sic ] clarkei keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 10 , pl . 4 , pl . 7 , f . 6 ; tl : missouri flat , placerville district , california\nlarva on artermisia vulgaris hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\ns . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , illinois , ohio . see [ maps ]\ngelechia clemensella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : easton , pennsylvania\nlarva on pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\nhaemylis cnicella treitschke , 1832 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 1 ) : 237\ndepressaria coenosella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schlu\u00df ) : 45 , pl . 11 , f . 14 \u2642 ; tl : pelur ( 2000m ) ; rehde - demawend\ndepressaria comitella lederer , 1855 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 232 , pl . 5 , f . 5\ndepressaria communis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , table mtn\ndepressaria compacta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\nlarva on salix , ( wide leafed ) s . caprea , s . aurita , s . cinerea , s . repens\ndepressaria crassiventrella rebel , 1891 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 627\ndepressaria crypsicosma meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft\ncuillerella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137\ne . ontario , manitoba , massachusetts , new york - south carolina . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria curvilineella beutenm\u00fcller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : new york\ndepressaria cyclas meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : dalhousie , kashmir\ncynarivora meyrick , 1932 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 280\ndepressaria cyrniella rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 45\nlarva on senecio douglasii , eriophyllum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29\nagonopteryx demissella hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 456\ndeliciosella turati , 1924 \u00b2 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 174 , pl . 5 , f . 61\ndeltopa meyrick & caradja , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80\ndideganella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 3\nsouth carolina , illinois , e . nebraska , kansas , arkansas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on amorpha fruticosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38\ndepressaria divergella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : tjutjuje\ndepressaria dryocrates meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 100 ; tl : natal , kirkloof\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nhm card ]\nelbursella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 234\ndepressaria encentra meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 252 ; tl : japan\ndepressaria epichersa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : china , ta - tsien - lon\npennsylvania , illinois , north carolina , kentucky , maryland . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eupatorium , actinomeris alternifolia , carya ovata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26\ndepressaria erythrella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 161 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 7a ; tl :\nchanka - meer\n; suifun\ndepressaria exquisitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 132 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nfarsensis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 457\ndepressaria ( schistodepressaria ) ferocella chr\u00e9tien , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 340\nlarva on cirsium ferox spuler , 1910 , schmett . eur . 2 : 340\nconnecticut , s . manitoba , north carolina , indiana , illinois . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria flavicomella engel , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 7 ) : 276 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania\nlarva on heracleum lanatum , taenidia integerrima hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\nlarva on bupleurum fruticosum walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 267\nhungary , dalmatia , asia minor , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on senecio aronicoides , cacaliopsis nardosmia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28\ndepressaria fuscovenella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 18 ; tl : ain draham , tunis\ngalbella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 36\ndepressaria gelidella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 90 ; tl : winnipeg , manitoba , canada\nlarva on salix , betula papyrifera hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22\ndepressaria glabrella turati , 1921 ; naturalista sicil . 23 ( 7 - 12 ) : 338 , pl . 4 , f . 45 ; tl : tangier , morocco\ndepressaria glyphidopa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 475 ; tl : natal , weenen\ndepressaria grammatopa meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\n= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\ndepressaria homogenes meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft\ndepressaria hypomarathri [ = hippomarathri ] nickerl , 1864 ; wiener ent . monat . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 5 , f . 8\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on hypericum prolificum , h . perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22\ndepressaria conterminella var . atrella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch\ndepressaria iliensis rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 96\nintersecta filipjev , 1929 \u00b2 ; ann . mus . zool . leningrad 30 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 10 , pl . 2a , f . 2\ninvenustella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 293\nagonopteryx [ sic ] latipalpella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : san benito , texas\nlatipennella zerny , 1934 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 8\ndepressaria lecontella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 174\nlarva on baptisia tinctoria hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38\ncroatia , france , greece , italy , slovenia , turkey . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria leucadensis rebel , 1932 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver 17 ( 8 ) : 55 ; tl : greece\ndepressaria l - nigrum matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1091 ; tl : japan , sapporo\nnova scotia , new brunswick , ontario , illinois , north carolina . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lythrum alatum , hypericum punctatum , h . virginicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23\nastria , italy , slovakia , hungary , greece , . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria melanarcha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton\nlarva on centaurea sphaerocephala corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26\nmetamelopa meyrick , 1931 \u00b2 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 72\nmiyanella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 1\nmonotona caradja , 1927 \u00b2 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . 4 ( 8 ) : 33\ndepressaria muricolorella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 741 ; tl : golden , colorado\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum , l . grayi , leptotaenia multifida hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24\ndepressaria nanatella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 154 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : charlton sand - pit\ndepressaria aridella mann , 1869 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 19 : 385 ; tl : brussa ; spalato\ndepressaria nebulosa zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 237 ; tl : cambridge , massachusetts\nlarva on antennaria plantaginifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\ndepressaria neoxesta meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : zululand , eshowe\nbritish columbia - california , nevada , . . . , eu , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on ulex europaeus , cytisus scoparius , laburnum , genista hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41\nnew york , s . quebec , s . ontario , nw . wisconsin , arkansas . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria nigrinotella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 88 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\nlarva on carya , ptelea trifoliata , zanthoxylum americanum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27\ndepressaria nodiflorella milli\u00e8re , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 214 , pl . 73 , f . 8 - 11\ndepressaria nubiferella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 316 , pl . 36 , f . 6 ; tl : rogue river , oregon\nlarva on hypericum perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23\ndepressaria nyctalopis meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 621 ; tl : comoro is . , grand comoro\ndepressaria occaecata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : syria , beirut\nlarva on salix , s . repens , ( middle europe also ) betula , quercus\ndepressaria oinochroa turati , 1879 ; bull . soc . ent . ital . 11 : 200 , pl . 8 , f . 13\nomelkoi lvovsky , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 97\nlarva on lomatium caruifolium , l . marginatum , l . nudicaule , l . utriculatum , angelica hendersonii , a . lucida , eryngium vaseyi , oenanthe sarmentosa , sanicula bipinnatifida , sanicula laciniata , s . nevadensis , s . tuberosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24\npallidior stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417\npanjaoella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137\naustria , france , germany , slowenia , switzerland , turkey . see [ maps ]\nlarva on zanthoxylum americanum harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 166\ndepressaria pavida meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts\ndepressaria pergandeella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : nebraska\ndepressaria petasitis standfuss , 1851 ; zs . ent . breslau ( lepid . ) ( 16 ) : 51\nsyllochitis petraea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 462 ; tl : maskeliya , madulsima , matale , wellawaya , kegalle , puttalam , ceylon\ndepressaria posticella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 315 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : lake co . ; mendocino co . , california , s . oregon\nlarva on psoralea physodes , p . macrostachya , p . tenuiflora hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42\nprobella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292\npseudorutana turati , 1934 \u00b2 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 201 , pl . 3 , f . 26\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on psoralea lanceolata , p . physodes hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\nagonopteryx [ sic ] pteleae barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 231 , pl . 28 , f . 13 , pl . 38 , f . 1 ; tl : decatur , illinois\nlarva on ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\nnew hampshire , s . manitoba , missouri , lousiana , colorado . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on solidago , urtica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26\ndepressaria pupillana wocke , 1887 ; bresl . ent . z . 12 : 62\nceu , seu , asia minor , iran , palestine . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria remota meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , haifa\ndepressaria rimulella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nrhododrosa meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 476\nrhodogastra meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80\nnova scotia , s . michigan , na . georgia , w . arkansas . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on robinia pseudoacacia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35\nalaska , w . saskatchewan - washington - california , arizona . see [ maps ]\n: skyline ridge , 2500 - 3000 ' , mt baker district , whatcom co . , washington\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica arguta , a . hendersonii , conioselinum chinense , ligusticum apiifolium , oenanthe sarmentosa , osmorhiza chilensis , osmorhiza occidentalis , echinopanax horridum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32\nroseocaudella stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417\nagonopteryx rubristricta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 136 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nrubrovittella caradja , 1926 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 168\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eriophyllum confertiflorum , e . lanatum , eriophyllum stachaediflorum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29\nsalangella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137 , pl . 1 , f . 5\ndepressaria sanguinella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 738 ; tl : pinal mts . , arizona\nlarva on robinia neoxmexicana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37\ndepressaria sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1092 ; tl : japan , sapporo\nscopariella calycotomella ( amsel , 1958 ) ( depressaria ) ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 43 ( schlu\u00df ) : 73\naustria , croatia , finland , france , germany , greece , hungary , italy , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , turkey . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria selini heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 167\nlarva on peucedanum palustre , p . oreoselinum , selinum carvifolium , ligusticum lucidum buchner , 2017 , gortania 38 : 81\ndepressaria senicionella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 742 ; tl : district of columbia\nlarva on senecio aureus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\ndepressaria septicella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 162 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : chabarowska\ndepressaria seraphimella chr\u00e9tien , 1929 ; amat . papillons 4 : 194 , pl . 5 , f . 9\ndepressaria silerella stainton , 1865 ; ent . mon . mag . 1 : 221\nlarva on siler aquilegifolium stainton , 1865 , ent . mon . mag . 1 : 222\ndepressaria squamosa mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 185 , pl . 4 , f . 13\ndepressaria stigmella moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 237 ; tl : yangihissar ( 4320ft ) , kashgar\ndepressaria straminella staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 238 ; tl : chiclana\nnaf , seu , ceu , asia minor , syria . see [ maps ]\nsutschanella caradja , 1926 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 43\ntabghaella amsel , 1953 \u00b2 ; mitt . zool . mus . berlin 20 : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 69\ndepressaria takamukui matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1902 ; tl : japan , chikugo\ndepressaria thurneri rebel , 1941 ; isv . tsarsk . prirodonauch . inst . sofia 14 : 7\nlarva on sanicula hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30\ntolli hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 37\ntriallactis meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 594\ndepressaria trimenella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 251 , pl . 11 , f . 19 ; tl : spring valley\ndepressaria tschorbadjiewi rebel , 1916 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 45 ; tl : burgas\nvasta amsel , 1935 \u00b2 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 58\nnova scotia , s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on myrica aspleniifolia , m . gale , l . pensylvanica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27\nxylinopis caradja , 1931 \u00b2 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 14\nn . africa , canary is . , seu , . . . . see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia eoa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : khasis\nleptopa ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 84\nmalaisei ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 86\ntinea deplanella h\u00fcbner , [ 1805 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : f . 274\ndepressaria furvella f . jezonica matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090 ; tl : japan , saghalin\ntinea rubidella h\u00fcbner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 32 , f . 221\ndepressaria urzhumella krulikowsky , 1909 ; dt . ent . z . iris 21 ( 4 ) : 266 ; tl : kasan\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nergebnisse der \u00f6sterreichischen iran - expedition 1949 / 50 . lepidoptera ii . ( microlepidoptera )\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nthe natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .\nspecies insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 17 - 32 )\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .\nlepidoptern gesammelt w\u00e4hrend dreier reisen nach dalmatien in den jahren 1850 . 1862 und 1868\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\nmicrol\u00e9pidop\u00e8res de la haute syrie , r\u00e9colt\u00e9s par m . ch . delagrange , et , et descriptions de 27 esp\u00e8ces nouvelles\nzerny , 1940 mikrolepidopteren aus dem elburs - gebirge in nord - iran zs . wiener entver . 25 : 20 - 24 , ( schlu\u00df ) : 42 - 48\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nrecorded in 43 ( 62 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nfirst modern - day record at bowthorpe in 2012 ( c . stean , 11 / 08 / 12 ) , the previous record taken at horstead in 1940 ( whit . )\nscattered victorian records , and noted at fritton , norfolk ( vc25 ) before 1890 .\nrecorded in 16 ( 23 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 ."]}
{"id": 618, "summary": [{"text": "lambula fuliginosa is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1862 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of montane forests , dipterocarp forests and lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are uniform , dark purplish brown with a diffuse , transverse medial band on the forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "lambula fuliginosa", "paragraphs": ["lithosia fuliginosa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 106 ; tl : sarawak\nlambula fuliginosa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 1e , 40 , 43\nthis and the next species are very similar , being a uniform , dark purplish brown with a diffuse , transverse and faint medial band on the forewing . the forewing is more purplish , less rufous and darker in fuliginosa . in the male genitalia the valves of errata van eecke are broader , with the distal spine of the saccular part longer , more strongly and evenly curved .\nlambula bilineata bethune - baker , 1904 = bifasciata rothschild , 1912 = aroa .\nlambula errata van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . leiden , 10 : 139 .\nlambula pleuroptycha turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 58\nlambula errata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 36\nlambula pallida ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 37\nlambula contigua rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula dampierensis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula hypolius rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula erema collenette , 1935 ; bull . bishop mus . 114 : 202 ; tl : hivaoa , feani summit , 3970ft\nlambula plumicornis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : manus , admiralty is .\nlambula melaleuca walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1890 ; tl : sula [ moluccas ]\nlambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula melaleuca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , f . 38 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula orbonella ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 ; [ nhm card ]\n= lambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavobrunnea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea , 5000 - 7000ft\nlambula castanea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\nlambula pallida hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 18 ; tl : borneo\nlambula laniafera hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 34 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur\nlambula plicata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 33 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur\nlambula bifasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , f . 68 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula bivittata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , f . 69 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula obliquilinea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 1 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nlambula phyllodes ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 36 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula pristina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula transcripta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 40 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula errata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 139 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock\nlambula punctifer hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 19 ; tl : new guinea , kapaur\nlambula agraphia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 17 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nlambula castanea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 , pl . 25 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavobrunnea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , pl . 25 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavogrisea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 447 , pl . 25 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula aethalocis hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , pl . 25 , f . 15 ; tl : br . n . guinea , angabunga r .\nselect a genera poliosia hampson - poliosia muricolor walker - poliosia quadrifida sp . n . - poliosia bifida sp . n . - poliosia sp . 5463 - poliosia marginata hampson - poliosia pulverea hampson - poliosia concolora sp . n . lambula walker - lambula fuliginosa walker - lambula errata eecke - lambula pallida hampson nishada moore - nishada chilomorpha adunca ssp . n . - nishada rotundipennis walker - nishada syntomiodes walker - nishada sambara moore tigrioides butler - tigriodes sabulosalis walker - tigrioides leucanioides walker - tigrioides puncticollis butler - tigrioides antipulvereola sp . n . mithuna moore - mithuna quadriplagoides sp . n . - mithuna fuscivena hampson stenaulis hampson - stenaulis discalis walker macotasa moore - macotasa suffusus talbot - macotasa biplagella butler - macotasa tortricoides walker - macotasa orientalis hampson teulisna walker - teulisna curviplaga rothschild comb . n - teulisna tumida walker - teulisna chiloides walker - teulisna pseudochiloides sp . n . - teulisna plagiata walker comb . rev . - teulisna quadratella sp . n . - teulisna reflexa sp . n . - teulisna tricornuta sp . n - teulisna nigricauda holloway - teulisna pallidicauda sp . n . - teulisna macropallida sp . n . - teulisna harmani sp . n . - teulisna nebulosa walker comb . n . - teulisna divisa walker comb . n . - teulisna montanebula sp . n . - teulisna uniplaga hampson comb . rev . - teulisna steineri sp . n . thysanoptyx hampson - thsanoptyx oblonga butler stat . rev . eilema hubner - eilema prabana moore - eilema costalboides sp . n . - eilema plumbeomicans hampson - eilema flavicosta moore - eilema fasciculosa walker - eilema decreta butler - eilema monochora turner stat . rev . - eilema pulvereola hampson - eilema sandakana draudt stat . n . - eilema brevivalva sp . n . - eilema trimacula sp . n . - eilema pseudocretacea sp . n . - eilema longpala sp . n . - eilema females - eilema sp . burnia moore gen . rev . - burnia antica walker comb . rev . - burnia sarawaca butler stat . rev . - burnia apicalis walker comb . n - burnia nebulifera hampson comb . n mantala walker - mantala tineoides walker euconosia watson - euconosia aspera walker - euconosia xylinoides walker stat . rev . - euconosia obscuriventris sp . n . pseudoscaptia hampson - pseudoscaptia rothschild draudt\nall material taken during the mulu survey was from lower montane forest at 1000m on g . mulu and at 900m on g . api except for one from 500m in hill dipterocarp forest on the former . the species has also been taken in lowland forest in brunei .\nscoliacma bivittata rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 215 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\npoliosia flavogrisea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 216 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\npalaexera phyllodes meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 699 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nlarva on raphia australis dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 1 ) :\ntigriodes [ sic ] transcripta lucas , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1069 ; tl : brisbane\nmacaduma umbrina rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 46 ; tl : utakwa r . , 3000ft\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nwalker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 627, "summary": [{"text": "demania is a genus of crabs in the family xanthidae , containing the following species : demania alcocki deb , 1987 demania armadillus ( herbst , 1790 ) demania baccalipes ( alcock , 1898 ) demania crosnieri serene , 1984 demania cultripes ( alcock , 1898 ) demania garthi guinot & richer de forges , 1981 demania intermedia guinot , 1969 demania japonica guinot , 1977 demania mortenseni ( odhner , 1925 ) demania reynaudi ( h. milne edwards , 1834 ) demania rotundata serene , 1969 demania scaberrima ( walker , 1887 ) demania serenei guinot & richer de forges , 1981 demania splendida laurie , 1906 demania toxica garth , 1971 demania unispinosa chen & ng , 1999 demania wardi garth & ng , 1985 many of the species are known to be toxic to humans and domestic animals , and it is thought likely that all species of demania are toxic .", "topic": 26}], "title": "demania", "paragraphs": ["species demania squamosa guinot , 1977 accepted as demania reynaudii ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )\nbetween 1969 and 2002 , demania life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1985 , and highest in 1978 . the average life expectancy for demania in 1969 was 78 , and 62 in 2002 .\nstream demania by demania ( de grassi / manring / garcia trio ) and tens of millions of songs on all your devices with amazon music unlimited . exclusively for prime members . new subscribers only . terms apply .\ntable 1 : toxicity of xanthid crab demania cultripes ( alcock , 1898 ) from cebu island ( 2006 ) .\ncensus records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your demania ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .\ncensus records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your demania ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .\nuse census records and voter lists to see where families with the demania surname lived . within census records , you can often find information like name of household members , ages , birthplaces , residences , and occupations .\ngarth , j . s . , 1975 . demania alcalai , a second new species of poisonous crab from the philippines . philippine journal of science , 104 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 6 , fig .\ngarth , j . s . , 1976 . demania macneilli , a new species of xanthid crab from northern queensland ( crustacea : decapoda ) . records of the australian museum , 30 ( 5 ) : 113 - 117 , fig .\ndavie , p . j . f . , 1989b . new records of demania ( crustacea : decapoda : xanthidae ) from australia . memoirs of the queensland museum , 27 ( 2 ) : 123 - 128 , figs 1 - 5 .\ngarth , j . s . & p . k . l . ng , 1985 . notes on the genus demania laurie , 1906 ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura , xanthidae ) . indo - malayan zoology , 2 ( 2 ) : 293 - 308 , pls 1 - 7 .\nchen , h . & p . k . l . ng , 1999 . crabs of the demania rotundata species group ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) from east and south china seas , with description of a new species . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 47 : 139 - 153 .\nan unusually short lifespan might indicate that your demania ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .\nfigure 5 : hplc - fld analysis for psp in demania cultripes . one mu of ttx standard solution was injected to hplc - fld system . ( a , b ) viscera , ( c ) gtx stds . ( ( a : gtx4 , b : gtx1 , c : gtx3 , d : gtx2 ) , ( d ) stx stds . ( ( e : hyneostx , ) f : neostx , g : hystx , h : dcstx , i : stx ) .\nfigure 1 shows sampling locations in cebu island , central visayas region of philippines . in coral reefs along town of carmen , eastern coast in cebu island faced with the camotes sea , a total of seven xanthid crab specimens were collected by fishermen from cebu island using crab cages during the period from february to august 2006 . specimens were immediately frozen after capture , transported by air to the laboratory of utilization of marine bioresources , hiroshima university , and kept frozen at \u221220\u00b0c prior to identification and toxicity analysis . specimens were identified as the xanthid crab demania cultripes by dr . m . shimomura , one of our authors , from the kitakyushu museum of natural history & human history ( figure 2 ) . following identification , specimens were dissected into viscera and appendages to determine the anatomical distribution of toxins .\ntwo innovators of solo instrumental music , acoustic guitarist alex de grassi and electric bassist michael manring , join forces with percussionist and tabla player chris garcia ( of the zappa alum group , the grandmothers ) for a set of arranged and improvised music . with influences from india to appalachia to latin america and the blues , this trio fuses new sounds together with their original compositions and unlikely arrangements - think the stones ' paint it black in 7 / 8 time , and an improvised take on the traditional folk melody , the water is wide . de grassi ' s sympitar ( sympathetic string guitar ) and manring ' s liquid and ever - changing fretless sounds combine with tabla , kanjira , mbwata , and a myriad of percussion to produce a distinctly world twist to many of the tracks . from moments of introspection to pure grooving , the demania trio covers a lot of terrain and leaves no stone unturned .\nseveral cases of poisoning resulting in human fatalities and stemming from the ingestion of coral reef crabs have been reported from the indo - pacific region . we assessed the toxicity of the unidentified xanthid crab collected from the camotes sea off the eastern coast of cebu island , central visayas region of philippines from the food hygienic point of view . all seven specimens , which were identified with demania cultripes , collected in 2006 were toxic to mice irrespective of the season of collection and induced paralytic symptoms typical of tetrodotoxin ( ttx ) and paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) . the activity was expressed in mouse unit ( mu ) being defined as the amount of ttx to kill a 20 g ddy male mice in 30 min after i . p . injection . toxicity scores for viscera and appendages of specimens were ( mean \u00b1 s . d . ) and mu / g , respectively . the highest individual toxicity scores observed for viscera and appendages were 52 . 1 and 7 . 7 mu / g , respectively . the frequency of toxic samples was 100 % . toxin profiles as determined by high - performance liquid chromatography - fluorescent detection analysis ( hplc - fld ) revealed that ttx was the main toxic principle accounting for about 90 % of the total toxicity along with 4 - epi ttx and 4 , 9 - anhydrottx . furthermore , gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( gc - ms ) analysis revealed mass fragment ion peaks at 376 , 392 and 407 , which were characteristic of the quinazoline skeleton ( c9 - base ) specific to ttx . in addition , only a small amount of psp containing gonyautoxins1\u20134 and hydroxysaxitoxin was detected . to our knowledge , this is the first report presenting evidence of occurrence of ttx and psp in the xanthid crab d . cultripes inhabiting waters surrounding cebu island . from food hygienic point of view , people in coastal areas should be warned of the potential hazard of this crab in order to prevent its intentional or accidental consumption .\nserene , r . ( 1984 ) . crustaces decapodes brachyoures de l ' ocean indien et de la mer rouge . xanthoidea : xanthidae et trapeziidae . editions orstom . collection faune tropicale no . 24 . [ details ]\n: 187 ( key ) , 189 ( key ) , fig . 110 . - -\nalcock , a . w . , 1898 . materials for a carcinological fauna of india . no . 3 . the brachyura cyclometopa . part 1 . the family xanthidae . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , calcutta , 67 , part 2 ( 1 ) : 67 - 233 .\nbalss , h . , 1938b . \u00fcber einige xanthidae ( crustacea , dekapoda ) von singapore und umgebung . bulletin of the raffles museum , 14 : 48 - 63 , figs 1 - 2 , pls 2 - 3 .\nguinot , d . & b . richer de forges , 1981a . crabes de profondeur , nouveaux ou rares de l ' indo - pacifique ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ( premi\u00e8re partie ) . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( zool . biol . ecol . anim . ) 2 ( 4 ) , ( 1980 ) : 1113 - 1153 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 7 . ( in french with english summary )\nguinot , d . , 1969d . sur divers xanthidae notament sur actaea de haan et paractaea gen . nov . ( crustacea decapoda brachyura ) . cahiers du pacifique , 13 : 223 - 267 , figs 1 - 36 . ( in french )\nguinot , d . , 1979 . donn\u00e9es nouvelles sur la morphologie , la phylogen\u00e8se et la taxonomie des crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( zoologie ) , 112 : 1 - 354 , figs 1 - 70 , pls 1 - 27 , 5 tabls . ( in french )\nho , p . - h . , 1994 . how much do we know about poisonous crabs ? ( 3 ) . fisheries extension , taipei , 92 : 21 - 24 . ( in chinese )\nsakai , t . , 1939 . studies on the crabs of japan . iv . brachygnatha , brachyrhyncha , pp . 365 - 741 , figs 1 - 129 , pls 42 - 111 , table 1 . yokendo co . , tokyo .\nser\u00e8ne , r . , 1984 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures de l ' oc\u00e9an indien occidental et de la mer rouge , xanthoidea : xanthidae et trapeziidae . avec un addendum par crosnier ( a ) : carpiliidae et menippidae . faune tropicale , no . xxiv : 1 - 349 , figs a - c + 1 - 243 , pls 1 - 48 . ( in french ) ( translated into english by r . w . ingle ) .\ntakeda , m . & s . miyake , 1968c . crabs from the east china sea . i . corystoidea and brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . journal of the faculty of agriculture , kyushu university , 14 ( 4 ) : 541 - 582 , figs 1 - 11 , pl . 6 .\nlin , c . c . , 1949 . a catalogue of brachyurous crustacea of taiwan . quarterly journal of the taiwan museum , 2 ( 1 ) : 10 - 33 .\nmilne - edwards , h . , 1834 . histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s , comprenant l ' anatomie , la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux . libraire encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , vol . 1 : i - xxxv , 1 - 468 , pls 3 , 5 - 6 , 15 - 17 , 20 , 22 - 23 , 25 . ( see holthuis , 1979 , for dates of publication . )\nmuraoka , k . , 1998 . catalogue of the brachyuran and anomuran crabs donated by prof . dr . tune sakai to the kanagawa prefectural museum . catalogue of the collection in the kanagawa prefectural museum of natural history , 11 : 5 - 67 , pls 1 - 16 .\nodhner , t . , 1925 . monographierte gattungen der krabben - familie xanthidae . i . g\u00f6teborgs kungliga vetenskaps - och vitterhets - samh\u00e4lles handlingar , ( 4 ) 29 ( 1 ) : 1 - 92 , figs 1 - 7 , pls 1 - 5 . ( in german )\nsakai , t . , 1936b . crabs of japan : 66 plates in life colours with descriptions . sanseido , tokyo ( 1935 ) : 1 - 239 , figs 1 - 122 , 27 pages of bibliography & index , frontispiece ( in colour ) , pls 1 - 66 ( colour ) . ( in japanese )\ntakeda , m . & s . miyake , 1969d . crabs from the east china sea . ii . addition to brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . journal of the faculty of agriculture , kyushu university , 15 ( 4 ) : 449 - 468 , figs 1 - 4 .\nhave three or four teeth behind the exorbital angle , the two posterior are generally more projecting and more angular . the\n; all the regions are smooth ( sometimes feebly tuberculate near their margins ) . the submedian lobes of the\nare hardly in advance of the lateral and separated by an open fissure . the\nchhapgar , b . f . , 1957b . marine crabs of bombay state . taraporevala marine biological station , contribution number 1 : v + 89 pp . , pls a , b , 1 - 16 .\ndai , a . & s . yang , 1991 . crabs of the china seas , i - iv , 1 - 608 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . china ocean press , beijing and springer - verlag , berlin heidelberg new york tokyo , english edition . ( translation from chinese original 1986 . )\nguinot , d . , 1971a . recherches pr\u00e9liminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les crustac\u00e9s decapodes brachyoures . viii . synth\u00e8se et bibliographie . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 42 ( 5 ) : 1063 - 1090 . ( in french )\nsakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .\nare more or less worn out . antero - lateral borders are extremely arcuated , the four lobes behind the external\nangle being rounded and not forming angular teeth as in the typical species . the tubercles upon the posterior half of\nare , as well as those on the postero - lateral borders , somewhat more prominent and obtusely pointed . the\nlobes are smooth and their free margin entire and sinuate but not appreciably produced near the median notch as in the typical species . the granules on the under surface of\nare dorsally and externally covered with sharp fine granules , the former has an obtuse tooth and an accessory denticle near the inner angle , the latter has an obtusely crested superior border , which is divided into four or five obtuse teeth . the granules on the outer and under surfaces of\nis weakly crested in proximal half of the superior border ; both fingers are not at all pigmented , and their prehensile edges armed with five to six obtuse teeth .\nare all styliform , regularly decreasing in length from first to last , each anterior and posterior margin being furnished with two longitudinal rows of hairs respectively . ( t .\ndai , a . , s . yang , y . song & g . chen , 1986 . crabs of chinese seas , i - iv , 1 - 642 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . ocean press , beijing . ( in chinese . )\njeng , m . - s . , r . - g . chan , h . - r . fung , & q . - s . chen , 1997 . northeast coast scenic area . investigations into ecological resources and monitering . 194 pp . ministry of transport and tourism . taipei . ( in chinese )\nser\u00e8ne , r . & p . lohavanijaya , 1973 . the brachyura ( crustacea : decapoda ) collected by the naga expedition , including a review of the homolidae . in : scientific results of marine investigations of the south china sea and the gulf of thailand 1959 - 1961 . naga rep . , 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 187 , figs 1 - 186 , pls 1 - 21 , 1 map .\nyour amazon music account is currently associated with a different marketplace . to enjoy prime music , go to your music library and transfer your account to urltoken ( us ) .\nfree 5 - 8 business - day shipping within the u . s . when you order $ 25 of eligible items sold or fulfilled by amazon .\nor get 4 - 5 business - day shipping on this item for $ 5 . 99 . ( prices may vary for ak and hi . )\norder now and we ' ll deliver when available . we ' ll e - mail you with an estimated delivery date as soon as we have more information . your account will only be charged when we ship the item .\nsolo guitar innovator alex de grassi joins forces with electric fretless bass icon michael manring and percussionist / tabla player chris garcia , ( a touring member of frank zappa ' s old band , the grandmothers ) . this trio fuses elements of jazz , folk , and world music using surprising arrangements of original and traditional themes as a basis for improvisation . from the folk classic\nthe water is wide\nto the stones '\npaint it black\nplayed in 7 / 8 time , this trio explores new terrain .\nhe ' s one of my favorite guitarists . i buy all of his cd ' s . in fact i ' ve bought a couple lp ' s of his , even though i still don ' t have a working record player right now .\nthese guys are all at the top of their game . think you ' ve heard every version of ' paint it black ' ? here ' s a new twist ! beautifully produced trio setting . at the top of my playlist . . .\nthis recording , the music and performances are excellent , in my experience as a listener . and as a performer , i ' m inspired by both the acoustic guitar and fretless bass tones phrases etc . , and although garcia ' s work is new to me , his udu solo on\nyet again\n, track 4 , tells me that he is a monster at his art form and a beat master or he wouldn ' t be rubbing tempos with de grassi and manring . . . . k\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music , movies , tv shows , original audio series , and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists \u00ae , operated by tgn services , llc , a subsidiary of ancestry .\nthis page needs javascript enabled in order to work properly . click here for instructions on how to enable it in your browse\nhistorically , surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation , place of origin , clan affiliation , patronage , parentage , adoption , and even physical characteristics ( like red hair ) . many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to britain and ireland .\nto receive news and publication updates for journal of toxicology , enter your email address in the box below .\ncopyright \u00a9 2010 manabu asakawa et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\ncrabs are valued as popular seafood items and are widely consumed as many styles of human food such as boiled , steamed , or processed food in various parts of the world . while most species are edible , some are toxic to humans and other mammals . in tropical pacific areas , widespread rumors exist regarding the occurrence of toxic crabs . several cases of poisoning stemming from the ingestion of coral reef crabs and resulting in human fatalities have been reported [ 1 , 2 ] . the xanthid crabs zosimus aeneus , atergatis floridus , and platypodia granulosa inhabiting tropical and subtropical area are known to contain potent neurotoxins [ 3 ] . in z . aeneus , the species most frequently implicated in human poisoning , the occurrence of saxitoxin ( stx ) analogues [ 4 \u2013 6 ] and tetrodotoxin ( ttx ) [ 7 ] has been confirmed . paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) , a most hazardous marine toxin , mainly originates in toxic marine dinoflagellates species of the genera alexandrium , gymnodinium , and pyrodinium , which are accumulated in many species of marine organisms such as crabs and filter - feeding organisms such as bivalve mollusks [ 8 \u2013 13 ] . at least 20 stx - like congeners have been identified with a range of hydroxyl , carbamyl , and sulfate moieties at four sites on the back bone structure . these organisms can act as potential toxin vectors and pose a threat to human health . on the other hand , the puffer toxin , ttx , has been continuously found in a wide range of organisms from both terrestrial and marine habitats [ 14 ] .\nour study deals with the screening and isolation of paralytic toxins from the xanthid crab d . cultripes of cebu island and identification of the toxins as ttx and paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) , which are highly potent toxins occurring in pufferfish and toxic dinoflagellates .\nfigure 1 : map showing crab - collecting locations in cebu island . the location of cebu island in the philippines is shown in the map to the right . the map on left shows an enlarged image of cebu island to pinpoint the sampling location .\nfigure 2 : d . cultripes collected from camotes sea near cebu island . ( scale bar = 1 . 0 cm ) .\neach crab specimen was partially thawed and dissected into two anatomically different parts : viscera including hepatopancreas , reproductive organs , and intestines and appendages that were torn off from each crab specimen , including muscles . we examined each tissue for toxicity by the standard bioassay for ttx [ 19 ] . lethality was expressed in mouse units per gram of crab specimen tissue ( mu / g ) , where one mu is the amount of intraperitonially ( i . p . ) administered toxic material required to kill an 18\u201320 g male mouse of the ddy strain in 30 min .\nthe viscera from all seven crab specimens mentioned above were used as materials . to the viscera ( e . g . , 56 g ) were added 3 volumes of 1 % acetic acid in 80 % methanol . the mixture was homogenized for 3 min and extracted under reflux . this operation was repeated on the residue twice after filtration . the filtrate was combined and concentrated under reduced pressure . total lethality of the extracts thus obtained from the viscera was 3 , 559 mu for ttx . extracts were defatted with dichloromethane , and the aqueous layer was partially purified by successive treatment on activated charcoal ( wako ) and bio - gel p - 2 ( bio - rad . lab . ) column chromatography . conditions for each procedure were similar to those encountered in previous studies [ 20 \u2013 22 ] . toxicity was detected exclusively in the 0 . 03 m acoh fraction obtained from bio - gel p - 2 column chromatography . this toxic fraction was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure , and the partially purified toxin obtained was dissolved in a small amount of water and analyzed for ttx and psp by high - performance liquid chromatography - fluorescent detection ( hplc - fld ) as previously described [ 20 , 23 ] . in addition , an alkali - hydrolysate of this toxin was trimethylsilylated and analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( gc - ms ) , as described below . standards of ttx , which also contained 4 - epi ttx and 4 , 9 - anhydrottx , were prepared from ribbon worm cephalothrix sp . ( found in hiroshima bay ) , using previously reported methods [ 21 ] . authentic specimens of gonyautoxins1 - 4 ( gtx ) and stxs were prepared from the digestive glands of psp - infested scallop patinopecten yessoensis found in ofunato bay , iwate prefecture , japan , and from the exoskeleton of z . aeneus collected at kabira bay , okinawa prefecture , japan , according to previously reported methods [ 4 , 24 , 25 ] .\nthe trimethylsilyl ( tms ) derivative of 2 - amino - 6 - hydroxymethyl - 8 - hydroxyquinazoline ( c9 base ) was derived from purified toxins and authentic ttx by a previously described procedure [ 26 ] . both tms derivatives were injected to a varian gas chromatograph ( 1200 ms / ms ) equipped with a mass spectrometer ( varian cp - 3800 ) according to previously described methods [ 21 ] .\nfigure 3 : hplc - fld analysis of ttx in d . cultripes . one mu of ttx standard solution was injected to hplc - fld system . ( a ) viscera . ( b ) ttx standards . ( a : ttx ; b : 4 - epi ttx ; c : 4 , 9 - anhydrottx ) .\nfigure 4 : gc - ms analysis of tms derivative of c9 base from ttx in d . cultripes . ( a ) viscera . ( b ) ttx standards . ( ( a ) ; ( b ) ; ( c ) ) ) .\njudging from the symptoms of the patients and the results of hplc - fld and gc - ms analysis , it seems to be the most probable that the causative food responsible for the poisoning with two deaths in april , 2004 mentioned above is d . cultripes containing ttx and psp . from food hygienic point of view , people in coastal areas should be warned of the potential hazard of this crab in order to prevent its intentional or accidental consumption .\nit was previously reported that ttx is the major toxin , and gtx 1 and 3 are minor toxins in l . pictor ( xanthid crab from taiwan ) [ 29 ] . in contrast , in crabs from negros island , philippines , ptx was found to be the predominant toxin [ 3 ] . on the other hand , ttx and psp are the major and minor toxins , respectively , in a . floridus inhabiting miura peninsula , kanagawa prefecture , japan , which differs from crabs found in okinawa , japan [ 30 ] . the a . floridus specimen from fiji island was found to have stx and stx derivatives as major toxins [ 31 ] . it is not clear at present whether the toxin in our crab specimens is of endogenous or exogenous origin . because crabs are generally detritus ( and not planktonic ) feeders , the most plausible explanation is that crabs specimens accumulated the toxin by feeding on toxic marine organisms in sampling areas . oikawa et al . [ 32 ] showed the presence of psp toxins in the viscera of the edible shore crab telmessus acutidens . it was also revealed that the total toxicity in the crab viscera increased linearly with the amount of toxic mussels the crabs ingested by feeding experiments [ 33 ] . transport and accumulation of toxins in food chains are a common phenomenon , particularly in marine biota . the origin of neurotoxins in toxic xanthid crabs may be from toxic lower strata invertebrates . the occurrence of calcareous red algae jania sp . as the primary source of psp in coral reef crabs was reported [ 34 , 35 ] . on the other hand , it was also reported that psp - containing a . floridus maintains a fairly high toxicity level for a long period when fed nontoxic diets ( noguchi et al . , personal communication ) . this observation may suggest that psp in this toxic crab mentioned above is endogenous . in addition to this , it may also suggest that the crabs have the psp and / or ttx - specific binding substance . through a complex system of trophic interrelationships , nonfilter - feeding organisms can also be exposed to psp and / or ttx and thus accumulate and play a role as vectors in marine food web . in order to elucidate the diet of d . cultripes , microscopic examination of stomach contents of the species is needed . further studies are now in progress to elucidate the associated mechanism of toxicity . in addition , investigation of individual , local , and size - dependent variations in toxicity of d . cultripes is also needed . because d . cultripes specimens are large enough to be regarded as food items , the potential danger of their consumption should be disseminated to the public to prevent future cases of food poisonings .\nto our knowledge , this is the first evidence of occurrence of ttx and psp in the d . cultripes inhabiting the coast of cebu island and the confirmation of its implication in human poisoning .\nthis work was partly supported by a jsps - dost core university program in fisheries sciences .\na . c . alcala and b . w . halstead , \u201chuman fatality due to ingestion of the crab\nt . yasumoto , y . oshima , and t . konta , \u201canalysis of paralytic shellfish toxins of xanthid crabs in okinawa , \u201d\nk . daigo , a . uzu , o . arakawa , t . noguchi , h . seto , and k . hashimoto , \u201cisolation and some properties of neosaxitoxin from a xanthid crab\nk . koyama , t . noguchi , y . ueda , and k . hashimoto , \u201coccurrence of neosaxitoxin and other paralytic shellfish poisons in toxic crabs belonging to the family xanthidae , \u201d\nt . noguchi , s . konosu , and y . hashimoto , \u201cidentity of the crab toxin with saxitoxin , \u201d\nd . yasumura , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , \u201ctetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish toxins in philippine crabs , \u201d\nm . asakawa , k . miyazawa , h . takayama , and t . noguchi , \u201cdinoflagellate\nk . ito , m . asakawa , r . beppu , h . takayama , and k . miyazawa , \u201cpsp - toxicification of the carnivorous gastropod\nm . asakawa , h . takayama , r . beppu , and k . miyazawa , \u201coccurrence of paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) \u2014producing dinoflagellate\nr . beppu , k . nojima , s . tsuruda et al . , \u201coccurrence of psp - producing dinoflagellate\np . r . costa , m . j . botelho , and s . m . rodrigues , \u201caccumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins in digestive gland of octopus vulgaris during bloom events including the dinoflagellate\nk . miyazawa and t . noguchi , \u201cdistribution and origin of tetrodotoxin , \u201d\nr . b . gonzales and a . c . alcala , \u201cfatalities from crab poisoning on negros island , philippines , \u201d\nt . yasumoto , d . yasumura , y . ohizumi , m . takahashi , a . c . alcala , and l . c . alcala , \u201cpalytoxins in two species of xanthid crabs from the philippines , \u201d\ne . e . carumbana , a . c . alcala , and e . p . ortega , \u201ctoxic marine crabs in southern negros , philippines , \u201d\n, environmental health bureau , ministry of health and welfare , ed . , vol . 2 , pp . 240\u2013244 , japan food hygiene association , tokyo , japan , 1978 .\nm . asakawa , t . toyoshima , y . shida , t . noguchi , and k . miyazawa , \u201cparalytic toxins in a ribbon worm\nm . asakawa , t . toyoshima , k . ito et al . , \u201cparalytic toxicity in the ribbon worm\no . arakawa , t . noguchi , y . shida , and y . onoue , \u201coccurrence of 11 - oxotetrodotoxin and 11 - nortetrodotoxin - 6 ( r ) - ol in a xanthid crab\no . arakawa , y . noguchi , and y . onoue , \u201cparalytic shellfish toxin profiles of xanthid crabs\nt . noguchi , m . kohno , y . ueda , and k . hashimoto , \u201cisolation of gonyautoxin - 2 , a main component of paralytic shellfish poison from toxic scallop and its properties , \u201d\nt . noguchi , y . ueda , k . hashimoto , and h . seto , \u201cisolation and characterization of gonyautoxin - 1 from the toxic digestive gland of scallop\nh . narita , t . noguchi , j . maruyama et al . , \u201coccurrence of tetrodotoxin in a trumpet shell , \u201cboshubora\u201d\np . k . l . ng , d . guinot , and p . j . f . davie , \u201csystema brachyurorum\u2014part i : an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world , \u201d\nt . noguchi and j . s . m . ebesu , \u201cpuffer poisoning : epidemiology and treatment , \u201d\ny . h . tsai , d . f . hwang , t . j . chai , and s . s . jeng , \u201coccurrence of tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poison in the taiwanese crab\nt . noguchi , t . uzu , k . koyama , j . maruyama , y . nagashima , and k . hashimoto , \u201coccurrence of tetrodotoxin as the major toxin in a xanthid crab\nu . raj , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , \u201cthe occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins in two species of xanthid crab from suva barrier reef , fiji islands , \u201d\nh . oikawa , t . fujita , m . satomi , t . suzuki , y . kotani , and y . yano , \u201caccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the edible shore crab\nh . oikawa , m . satomi , s . watabe , and y . yano , \u201caccumulation and depuration rates of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the shore crab\nt . yasumoto , y . oshima , and y . kotaki , \u201canalyses of paralytic shellfish toxins in coral reef crabs and gastropods with the identification of the primary source of toxins , \u201d\ny . kotaki , m . tajiri , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , \u201cidentification of a calcareous red alga as the primary source of paralytic shellfish toxins in coral reef crabs and gastropods , \u201d"]}
{"id": 630, "summary": [{"text": "deltatheridium ( meaning triangle beast or delta beast ) is an extinct species of metatherian .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it lived in what is now mongolia during the upper cretaceous , circa 80 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was a basal metatherian , which places it near start of the lineage that led to the marsupials , such as kangaroos , wallabies , koalas , and opossums .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it had a length of 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its teeth indicate it was carnivorous .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "one specimen of archaeornithoides might attest an attack by this mammal , the skull bearing tooth marks that match its teeth . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "deltatheridium", "paragraphs": ["scientists believe that deltatheridium had characteristics that are very similar to marsupials ( pouched animals ) that live today .\nwe found deltatheridium - - this beautiful , little skull - - at our favorite site , ukhaa tolgod .\ndeltatheridium prerituberculare ( del - tah - ther - id - ee - um ) locality found : mongolia age : cretaceous 80 mya size : 6 inches long prepared for : 2000 museum exhibit fighting dinosaurs characteristics : paleontologists believe that deltatheridium was an early ancestor to modern day marsupials .\nso , what are ya , marsupial or placental ? since the discovery of deltatheridium , scientists knew that it was an early mammal . however , before the late 1990s , they debated about what kind of mammal it was . was it a marsupial ( pouched mammal such as opossums and kangaroos ) or a placental ( a mammal that gives birth to fully developed young , such as rats , bats , and whales ) ? now , thanks to some amazing fossil evidence from the gobi , scientists have the answer . on the mammal family tree , deltatheridium is definitely a marsupial . although deltatheridium ' s descendants went extinct , some of its\ncousins\nbecame the marsupials we know today .\nflashback to 80 million years ago in the gobi desert . deltatheridium scurried among dinosaurs . this cat - sized mammal had sharp canine teeth and triangular molars , much like those of opossums today . this early marsupial probably sunk its teeth into small lizards and insects .\ndeltatheridium is one of the organisms in birthdays the beginning . it was mentioned in the video called birthdays the beginning - \u201ccelebrate\u201d by mr . yasuhiro wada ( ps4 , steam ) presented by nis america on 3 / 14 / 2017 . it appears in the description of no . 174 - andrewsarchus .\nwe describe here two new specimens of the mammal deltatheridium pretrituberculare from the late cretaceous period of mongolia . these specimens provide information on tooth replacement in basal therian mammals and on lower jaw and basicranial morphology . deltatheroidans , known previously from isolated teeth , partial rostra and jaws from the late cretaceous of asia and possibly north america , have been identified variously as eutherians , as basal metatherians ( the stem - based clade formed by marsupials and their extinct relatives ) , or as an outgroup to both eutherians and metatherians . resolution of these conflicting hypotheses and understanding of the early evolution of the therian lineage have been hampered by a sparse fossil record for basal therians . the new evidence supports metatherian affinities for deltatheroidans and allows a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of basal metatherians and marsupials . the presence of specialized marsupial patterns of tooth replacement and cranial vascularization in deltatheridium and the basal phylogenetic position of this taxon indicate that these features are characteristic of metatheria as a whole . other morphological transformations recognized here secure the previously elusive diagnosis of metatheria . the new specimens of deltatheridium illustrate the effectiveness of fairly complete fossil specimens in determining the nature of early evolutionary events .\nthe evidence for the radical transfer of the famous genus deltatheridium to the marsupialia seems to be partly different from that already presented 1 . the cheek tooth formula , a key character separating marsupials and placentals , is questionable for deltatheridium . there are seven cheek teeth , as usual in both groups , and the fourth is molariform , as in marsupials . this is evidence on phyletic affinity only if the primitive state , that of the latest common ancestor , was otherwise . in a manuscript that has circulated privately since 1963 i have argued from diverse evidence that the seven cheek teeth of each group may well be directly homologous with those of the other , with an ambiguity as to the permanent or deciduous premolars . in other words , p 4 4 or dp 4 4 of placentals may well be homologous to m 1 1 of marsupials . if so , a more or less molariform state of the fourth cheek tooth is primitive to both groups and the often nonmolariform state in more or less primitive placentals is secondary . this was why i suggested 2 that deltatheridium might have one more molar than previously thought ; the suggestion is now confirmed . relative wear of the teeth is a useful but unreliable criterion ( ref . 3 , footnote on page 86 ) .\nmammal , ( class mammalia ) , any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother . in addition to these characteristic milk glands , mammals are distinguished by several other unique features . hair is a typical mammalian feature , although in many\u2026\ncretaceous period , in geologic time , the last of the three periods of the mesozoic era . the cretaceous began 145 . 0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago ; it followed the jurassic period and was succeeded by the paleogene period ( the first of the two periods into which the tertiary\u2026\nrat , ( genus rattus ) , the term generally and indiscriminately applied to numerous members of several rodent families having bodies longer than about 12 cm , or 5 inches . ( smaller thin - tailed rodents are just as often indiscriminately referred to as mice . ) in scientific usage , rat applies to any of 56 thin - tailed , medium - sized rodent\u2026\nmarsupial , any of more than 250 species belonging to the infraclass metatheria ( sometimes called marsupialia ) , a mammalian group characterized by premature birth and continued development of the newborn while attached to the nipples on the mother\u2019s lower belly . the pouch\u2014or marsupium , from which the group takes its name\u2014is a flap\u2026\nplacental mammal , ( infraclass eutheria ) , any member of the mammalian group characterized by the presence of a placenta , which facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood of the mother and that of the fetus . the placentals include all living mammals except marsupials and monotremes . although some authorities consider the\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\nevolution of the therian mammals in the late cretaceous of asia . part i . deltatheriidae .\non the metatherian nature of the deltatheroida , a sister group of the marsupialia .\ncretaceous mammals of southern utah . iii . therian mammals from the turonian ( early late cretaceous ) .\n( eds lillegraven , j . a . , kielan - jaworowska , z . & clemens , w . a . ) 182\u2013191 ( univ . calif . press , berkeley , ( 1979 ) .\n( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 205\u2013215 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) ) .\nthe staggered marsupial third lower incisor : hallmark of cohort didelphimorphia , and description of a new genus and species with staggered i3 from the albian ( lower cretaceous ) of texas .\npetrosals of late cretaceous marsupials from north america , and a cladistic analysis of the petrosal in therian mammals .\n( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 182\u2013204 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) .\n( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 165\u2013181 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) ) .\n( eds givnish , t . & systma , k . ) 129\u2013161 ( cambridge univ . press , cambridge , ( 1997 ) ) .\nwe thank a . davidson for preparation of the fossils ; l . meeker , c . tarka and e . heck for illustrations ; and j . hopson , i . horvitz , m . mckenna , c . de muizon and m . norell for comments on the paper . this work was supported by the nsf , the jaffe foundation , the national geographic society , the eppley foundation , the mercedes - benz corporation , the james carter memorial fund and the frick laboratory endowment of the american museum of natural history .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nstyracosaurus rider / the dreaded shrink ray . . . how do you feel about it ?\nit had a length of 15 cm ( 5 . 9 in ) . apart from preying on insects , its diet was also composed of small reptiles and what it could scavenge from carrion using its sharp canine teeth .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . k . gregory and g . g . simpson . 1926 . cretaceous mammal skulls from mongolia . american museum novitates 225 : 1 - 20\nsee also gregory and simpson 1926 , kielan - jaworowska et al . 1979 and simpson 1928\ntype specimen : amnh 21705 , a skull ( palate with c - m3 and associated lower jaws ) . its type locality is shabarakh usu ( amnh loc . 12049 ) , which is in a campanian eolian sandstone in the djadokhta formation of mongolia .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na small , probably carnivorous mammal from the late cretaceous that was once thought to be an insectivore , but the possession of certain dental characters indicates that it was a likely ancestor or sister group to the creodonta and carnivora .\nprinted from oxford reference ( www . oxfordreference . com ) . ( c ) copyright oxford university press , 2013 . all rights reserved . under the terms of the licence agreement , an individual user may print out a pdf of a single entry from a reference work in or for personal use ( for details see privacy policy and legal notice ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of anatomical sciences and neurobiology , school of medicine , university of louisville , kentucky 40292 , usa . grougier @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nmammals in the world today make up only a tiny part of all of the mammal species that have ever existed .\nalthough many kinds of mammals lived in north america during the cretaceous , most of their fossils were destroyed .\nearly mammal fossils from north america are no more than teeth and partial jaws . but in the gobi , entire mammal skeletons are commonly found .\nimage credits : courtesy of amnh ; mark norell : courtesy of discovery channel online .\na mouse that migrated from the forest to the plains . it appeared after the propagation of adelobasileus .\nthis page was last edited on 21 may 2017 , at 21 : 41 .\ncontent is available under cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted . game content and materials are trademarks and copyrights of their respective publisher and its licensors . all rights reserved . this site is a part of curse , inc . and is not affiliated with the game publisher ."]}
{"id": 635, "summary": [{"text": "keiferia inconspicuella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by murtfeldt in 1883 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from the south-eastern and mid-western united states , north to new jersey and iowa and west to nebraska and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 5-5.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey mottled with dark grey and yellowish orange .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light to medium grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on solanum carolinense and solanum melongena .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "full-grown larvae are green and reach a length of 7 \u2013 8 mm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "keiferia inconspicuella", "paragraphs": ["keiferia brunnea povoln\u00fd , 1973 ; acta univ . agric . 21 ( 3 ) : 610\nkeiferia educata povoln\u00fd , 2004 ; acta univ . agric . brno 52 : ( 15 - 22 )\nkeiferia powelli povoln\u00fd , 2004 ; acta univ . agric . brno 52 : ( 15 - 22 )\nlarvae on s . carolinense in parts of texas can be either k . glochinella or k . inconspicuella . these will have to be reared to the adult stage until the larva of k . glochinella is described with certainty .\nkeiferia rusposoria povoln\u00fd , 1970 ; j . lep . soc . 24 : 6 ; tl : west indies , grenada , balthazar\nkeiferia inconspicuella can be separated from other species in our study by the lack of a dark band on the posterior margin of the prothoracic shield , the trisetose l group on a9 , the rounded head , pale thoracic legs , the eastern united states distribution and the host being either solanum melongena or s . carolinense but not solanum xanti . they tend to mine the edge of the leaves unlike p . operculella that occupies the central portions of the leaf .\nkeiferia dalibori king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : hualpen , 12m , chile\nkeiferia altisolani ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28\nkeiferia elmorei ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nkeiferia ( gnorimoschemini ) ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1724 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ me6 ] , 206 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nthis species is allied to keiferia altisolani in wing size and color , but it differs in that the male valva is elongate with a triangular apex , and the vinculum processes are vestigial and hump - like , whereas the valva is bifurcate in k . altisolani .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nadults are about 5 . 0 - 5 . 5 mm in forewing length . they are gray mottled with dark gray and yellowish orange . the labial palpus is upturned . the hindwing is light to medium gray and trapezoidal with a long fringe of hairs . the male genitalia have a sickle - shaped uncus with strongly curved base , elongate valva with triangular apex , and posterior margin of the vinculum shallowly excavated medially with paired vestigial hump - like processes . females have a funnel - shaped antrum and a large sickle - shaped signum .\nlarvae when fully grown are about 7 - 8 mm long , cylindrical , slightly flattened in form , and green colored . the head and t1 shield are light brown without a posterior band . the fifth tooth of the mandible , being small and pointed , is easily worn smooth and missed .\nlarvae burrow within the leaf along the edge of the leaf blade . they make a blotch - shaped mine and deposit feces and silk within the mine , causing leaves to turn brown .\nnative to north america . usa ( southeastern and midwestern united states north to about new jersey and iowa and west to nebraska and texas ) .\nthis species was described with the larva observed to cause the leaves of the host plants to turn brown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n= ; [ sangmi lee ] ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28\ngnorimoschema altisolani kieffer , 1937 ; bull . dep . agric . calif . 26 : 179\naristotelia chloroneura meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 6 ; tl : brazil , obidos , santarem\ncolombiana povoln\u00fd , 1975 ; acta univ . brno 23 ( 1 ) : 109\nlarva on solanum powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14\ntildenia georgei hodges , 1985 ; j . lep . soc . 39 ( 3 ) : 151 ; tl : illinois , mason co . , sand ridge state forest\ngelechia gudmannella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 77 ; tl : west indies , san domingo , puerto plata\nlarva on solanum carolinense murtfeldt , 1881 , can . ent . 13 ( 12 ) : 244\ncalifornia , cuba , mexico , hawaii , . . . , introduced ( italy ) . see [ maps ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 216 ; [ nacl ] , # 2047 ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ me6 ] , 207\nlarva on lycopersicon esculentum , solanum melongena var ' esculentum ' , s . tuberosum , s . carolinense , s . xanthii , s . bahamese , s . umbelliferum [ me6 ] , 208\nparasites apanteles dignus , horogenes blackburni , panhormius pallidipes zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1728\nvorax ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 53\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nn . sp . , ( family gelechiidae ) a leaf feeder on tomato ( lep . )\nzimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose ."]}
{"id": 641, "summary": [{"text": "trichopezinae are a subfamily of empidoid flies .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives , and generally small to medium-sized , long-legged and large-eyed .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "previously , they were included in the clinocerinae or the hemerodromiinae .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "in some more recent treatments , the brachystomatinae are considered a distinct family , and the trichopezinae are placed therein .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , it is more likely that the brachystomatinae are part of the empididae , and that the trichopezinae represent a separate lineage in the same family .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the monophyly of the trichopezinae versus its closest relatives is not firmly established ; it seems likely that some changes will be necessary to make this subfamily a natural group . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "trichopezinae", "paragraphs": ["rondani also are removed from the clinocerinae and transferred to the subfamily trichopezinae , new status . in addition ,\nrondani sont \u00e9galement transf\u00e9r\u00e9s des clinocerinae \u00e0 la sous - famille des trichopezinae , nouveau statut . de plus ,\ngarrett jones ( formerly in brachystomatinae ) are removed from synonymy and also transferred to the trichopezinae . this subfamily is described , and the phylogenetic relationships and . geographic distribution of the included genera are discussed . the trichopezinae is considered most closely related to the brachystomatinae ( exclusive of\n, b . j . 2008 . review of three little - known monotypic genera ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) , assigned to trichopezinae .\n, b . j . 1995 . generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) .\nsinclair , b . j . 2008 : review of three little - known monotypic empidoid genera ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) , assigned to trichopezinae . zootaxa 1754 : 52\u201362 .\ntrichopezinae are a subfamily of empidoid flies . they are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives , and generally small to medium - sized , long - legged and large - eyed .\nsinclair , b . j . 1995 : generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) . the canadian entomologist 127 : 665\u2013752 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2011 : revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist 34 : 30\u201336 .\nsinclair , b . j . ( 1995 ) generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) . the canadian entomologist , 127 , 665\u2013752 . urltoken\nsinclair , b . j . ( 2011 ) revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist , 34 , 30\u201336 . urltoken\n78 . sinclair , b . j . 2011 . revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist 34 : 30 - 36 . urltoken\nwagner , r . , leese , f . & panesar , a . r . ( 2004 ) aquatic dance flies from a small himalayan mountain stream ( diptera : empididae : hemerodrominnae , trichopezinae and clinocerinae ) . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge , 52 ( 1\u20132 ) , 3\u201332 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2011 . revision of the new zealand genusadipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . new zealand entomologist , vol . 34 , issue . 1 , p . 30 .\ngarrett jones ( autrefois chez les brachystomatinae ) ont leur statut r\u00e9tabli et sont \u00e9galement transf\u00e9r\u00e9s aux trichopezinae . la nouvelle sous - famille est d\u00e9crite et les relations phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tiques entre les genres de m\u00eame que leurs r\u00e9partitions g\u00e9ographiques respectives sont examin\u00e9es . la nouvelle sous - famille se rapproche surtout des brachystomatinae ( \u00e0 l\u2019exception d\u2019\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : molecular phylogenetics and evolution publisher : orlando , fla . : academic press isbn / issn : 1055 - 7903 oclc : 231794612\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthe phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthe phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) .\ndepartment of entomology and plant pathology , 205 ellington plant sciences building , the university of tennessee , knoxville , tn 37996 - 4560 , usa . jmoulton @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : brachystomatidae according to b . j . sinclair et al . 2011\nheleodromia haliday is recorded from tibet for the first time with the following three species belonging to the subgenus heleodromia : heleodromia ( heleodromia ) ausobskyi wagner , heleodromia ( heleodromia ) basiflava sp . nov . and h . ( h . ) immaculata haliday . this finding extends the distribution of heleodromia in china from northwest china to southwest china . a key to the known species of heleodromia from the himalayas is presented .\ncollin , j . e . ( 1961 ) empididae . in : british flies . vol . 6 . cambridge university press , 782 pp .\nengel , e . o . ( 1939 ) 28 . empididae . in : lindner , e . ( ed . ) , die fliegen der palaearktischen region , 4 ( 4 ) , 1\u2013152 .\nhaliday , a . h . ( 1833 ) catalogue of diptera occurring about holywood in downshire . entomological magazine , 1 , 147\u2013180 .\nliu , x . y . , wang , j . j . & yang , d . ( 2012 ) heleodromia haliday newly recorded from china with descriptions of two new species ( diptera : empidoidea ) . zootaxa , 3159 , 59\u201364 .\nmcalpine , j . f . ( 1981 ) morphology and terminology - adults . in : mcalpine , j . f . , peterson , b . v . , shewell , g . e . , teskey , h . j . , vockeroth , j . r . & wood , d . m . 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288 .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nwahlberg , emma and johanson , kjell arne 2018 . molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within empidoidea ( diptera ) . systematic entomology ,\nivkovi\u0107 , marija \u0107evid , josipa horvat , bogdan and sinclair , bradley j . 2017 . aquatic dance flies ( diptera , empididae , clinocerinae and hemerodromiinae ) of greece : species richness , distribution and description of five new species . zookeys , vol . 724 , issue . , p . 53 .\nsinclair , bradley j . cumming , jeffrey m . brooks , scott e . plant , adrian r . and saigusa , toyohei 2016 . gondwanamyia , a new empidoid ( diptera ) genus of uncertain placement . zookeys , vol . 621 , issue . , p . 137 .\nwang , ning wang , baohai and yang , ding 2015 . wiedemannia ( diptera : empididae ) newly found in china with description of a new species from tibet . florida entomologist , vol . 98 , issue . 1 , p . 44 .\npalaczyk , andrzej s\u0142owi\u0144ska , iwona and klasa , anna 2015 . the genusbergenstammiamik , 1881 ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) in poland with description ofbergenstammia glacialissp . nov . from the tatra mts . . annales zoologici , vol . 65 , issue . 1 , p . 53 .\nivkovi\u0107 , marija plant , adrian leather , simon r . and hassall , christopher 2015 . aquatic insects in the dinarides : identifying hotspots of endemism and species richness shaped by geological and hydrological history using empididae ( diptera ) . insect conservation and diversity , vol . 8 , issue . 4 , p . 302 .\ncumming , jeffrey m . brooks , scott e . and saigusa , toyohei 2014 . revision of the hesperempis genus group ( diptera : empidoidea : empididae ) . the canadian entomologist , vol . 146 , issue . 02 , p . 170 .\nliu , xlaoyan tang , cufei and yang , ding 2014 . dolichocephala ( diptera : empididae ) newly found in tibet with description of a new species . florida entomologist , vol . 97 , issue . 3 , p . 1021 .\nsinclair , bradley j . and macdonald , john f . 2012 . revision of dolichocephala of america , north of mexico ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . the canadian entomologist , vol . 144 , issue . 01 , p . 62 .\nevenhuis , neal l . and sinclair , bradley j . 2012 . case 3588brachystomameigen , 1822 ( insecta , diptera , brachystomatidae ) : proposed conservation of usage . the bulletin of zoological nomenclature , vol . 69 , issue . 2 , p . 113 .\nsinclair , bradley j . and kirk - spriggs , ashley h . 2010 . alavesiawaters and arillo - a cretaceous - era genus discovered extant on the brandberg massif , namibia ( diptera : atelestidae ) . systematic entomology , vol . 35 , issue . 2 , p . 268 .\nli , zhu and yang , ding 2009 . a new species oftrichoclinoceracollin ( diptera : empididae ) from china . aquatic insects , vol . 31 , issue . 2 , p . 133 .\nwagner , r\u00fcdiger bart\u00e1k , miroslav borkent , art courtney , gregory goddeeris , boudewijn haenni , jean - paul knutson , lloyd pont , adrian rotheray , graham e . rozko\u0161n\u00fd , rudolf sinclair , bradley woodley , norman zatwarnicki , tadeusz and zwick , peter 2008 . global diversity of dipteran families ( insecta diptera ) in freshwater ( excluding simulidae , culicidae , chironomidae , tipulidae and tabanidae ) . hydrobiologia , vol . 595 , issue . 1 , p . 489 .\nyang , ding 2008 . a new species ofdolichocephalafrom hainan island , with a key to the chinese species ( diptera : empididae ) . aquatic insects , vol . 30 , issue . 4 , p . 281 .\ngrootaert , patrick and yang , ding 2008 . a newhypenella ( empididae : clinocerinae ) , a palaearctic relict in guangdong , south china . annales zoologici , vol . 58 , issue . 3 , p . 557 .\nmoulton , john k . and wiegmann , brian m . 2007 . the phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 43 , issue . 3 , p . 701 .\nnel , andr\u00e9 perrichot , vincent daugeron , christophe and n\u00e9raudeau , didier 2004 . a newmicrophoritesin the lower cretaceous amber of the southwest of france ( diptera : dolichopodidae , \u201cmicrophorinae\u201d ) . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( n . s . ) , vol . 40 , issue . 1 , p . 23 .\ndaugeron , c . 2001 . cladistics and taxonomy of the afrotropical empis ( coptophlebia ) chrysocera - group ( diptera , empididae ) . journal of natural history , vol . 35 , issue . 4 , p . 583 .\nare no longer recognized and the genus is divided into six tentative informal species groups . the following new generic synonyms are proposed :\n. a key to genera is provided for the identification of adult specimens of clinocerinae , all genera are described , several lectotypes are designated , and male and female terminalia are illustrated . a world list of species is included for each genus , identifying new combinations . cladistic relationships of the genera of the clinocerinae are presented .\nmelander , both of which are hypothesized to share apomorphies with the empidinae + hemerodromiinae . the genera\nphilippi ) and ceratomerinae . these three subfamilies are hypothesized to represent the sister group to the microphorinae + dolichopodidae .\nne sont plus reconnus et le genre est divis\u00e9 provisoirement en six groupes informels d\u2019esp\u00e8ces . les synonymies suivantes sont propos\u00e9es :\n. une cl\u00e9 des genres permettra de distinguer les adultes des clinocerinae ; tous les genres sont d\u00e9crits , plusieurs lectotypes sont d\u00e9sign\u00e9s et les pi\u00e8ces g\u00e9nitales des m\u00e2les et des femelles sont illustr\u00e9es . pour chaque genre , une liste des esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale tient compte des nouvelles combinaisons . les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019analyse des relations cladistiques des genres de clinocerinae sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s ici .\nmelander , et les deux genres semblent partag\u00e9 des apomorphies avec les empidinae + hemerodromiinae . les genres\nphilippi ) et des ceratomerinae . on suppose que les trois sous - familles constituent le groupe soeur des microphorinae + dolichopodidae .\ndipt\u00e8res nouveau r\u00e9colt\u00e9s par mm . ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale 1911\u20131912\nthe mouth - parts of the dance fly , empis livida l . ( diptera , empididae )\ntaxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 18 . the hemerodromiinae ( empididae )\ntaxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 27 . a revised note on the subfamily hemerodromiinae ( empididae )\ntaxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 28 . the larva and pupa of hydrodromia stagnalis ( haliday )\nemergenz - untersuchungen an einem mittelgebirgsbach bei bonn . vii . empididen - und dolichopodiden - emergenz 1976 ( insecta , diptera , brachycera )\nthe empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae\nrevision of palearctic microphoridae ( diptera ) 3 . parathalassiinae ( parathalassius mik and microphorella becker )\nsome pipunculidae and empididae from the ussuri region on the far eastern border of the u . s . s . r . ( diptera )\nbook review of chv\u00e1la , m . 1983 . the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae , and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica , volume 12\n. fusion and confusion : interpretation of male genitalic homologies in the empidoidea ( diptera ) .\n( ed . ) , catalog of the diptera of the australasian and oceanic regions .\ndie arthropodenfauna von madiera nach den ergebnissen der reise von prof . dr . o . lundblad juli - august 1935 . xix diptera brachycera . ( exkl . phoridae , muscidae , tachinidae )\ntiergeographische studien \u00fcber die dipterenfauna der azoren . i . verzeichnis der bisher von den azoren bekannten dipteren\nbook review of chv\u00e1la , m . 1983 . the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica , volume 12\ninsektfossilien aus der unteren kreide . iii . empidiformia ( \u201cmicrophorinae\u201d ) aus der unteren kreide und aus dem baltischen bernstein ; ein vertreter der cyclorrhapha aus der unteren kreide\nbergenstammia carniolica sp . n . ( diptera , empididae : clinocerinae ) from karavanke mts . in slovenia\nwiedemannia ( philolutra ) koeppeni sp . n . aus sibirien ( diptera , empididae )\nwiedemannia ( philolutra ) mauersbergeri n . sp . aus der mongolei ( diptera , empididae )\n. possibilities of using the structural features of the ovipositor in the systematics of brachycera - orthorrhapha . pp . 70\u201374\npp . [ translated from zoologicheskii institut an sssr publishers , leningrad ( 1979 ) . ]\ndiptera nova , in pannonia inferiori et in confinibus daciae regionsibus a ferd . kowarzio capta\net al . , ( coords . ) , manual of nearctic diptera . vol . 1 .\nnouvelle classification des mouches \u00e0 deux ailes ( diptera l . ) d ' apr\u00e8s un plan tout nouveau\net al . , ( eds . ) , a catalog of the diptera of america north of mexico .\neine neue schweizerische art aus der alten gattung clinocera meig . ( ein dipterologischer beitrag . )\nwiedemannia jazdzewskii sp . n . and hemerodromia mazoviensis sp . n . , new species of empididae ( diptera , brachycera ) from poland\nwiedemannia escheri ( zetterstedt , 1838 ) and w . hirtiloba ( speiser , 1924 ) , new synonyms of w . zetterstedti ( fall\u00e9n , 1826 )\n. genera italica ordinis dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata .\nr\u00e9coltes de r . paulian et a . villiers dans le haut atlas marocain , 1938 ( xvii e note ) . dipt\u00e8res\na new species of asymphyloptera collin ( dipt . , empididae , clinocerinae ) from australia\net al . , ( coords . ) , manual of nearctic diptera . vol .\nmitteilungen \u00fcber die empididen ( dipt . ) finnlands vii . die gattung hormopeza zett\n. [ though the journal cover bears the date 1952 , the issue containing this article was published in 1953 . ]\nrecherches sur la faune madicole ( hygrop\u00e9trique s . l . ) de france , de corse et d ' afrique du nord\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des dipt\u00e8res empididae du grand - atlas marocain . i . hemerodromiinae et atalantinae\nrevision des empididae hemerodromiinae de france , d ' espagne et d ' afrique du nord [ dipt . ]\nnotes on empididae ( 8 ) , bergenstammia albanica sp . n . , a new aquatic empidid ( diptera ) from southeast europe\n. phylogeny and classification of the \u201corthorrhaphous\u201d brachycera [ chapter ] 115 . pp . 1371\u20131395\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nbradley j . sinclair canadian national collection of insects & canadian food inspection agency , ottawa plant laboratory - entomology , k . w . neatby bldg . , c . e . f . , 960 carling avenue , ottawa , on , canada k1a 0c6 ;\nbarratt , b . i . p ; patrick , b . h . 1987 : insects of snow tussock grassland on the east otago plateau . new zealand entomologist 10 , 69\u201398 .\nbickel , d . j . 1983 : two new australian teuchophorus loew ( diptera : dolichopodidae ) . journal of the australian entomological society 22 : 39\u201345 .\nbickel , d . j . 1991 : sciapodinae , medeterinae ( insecta : diptera ) with a generic review of the dolichopodidae . fauna of new zealand 23 : 1\u201374 .\nbickel , d . j . 1996 : thinempis , a new genus from australia and new zealand ( diptera : empididae ) , with notes on the tribal classification of the empidinae . systematic entomology 21 : 115\u2013128 .\nbickel , d . j . 2009 : biogeography of diptera in the southwest pacific . pp . 257\u2013275 in pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) dipteran diversity : status , challenges and tools , koninklijke brill nv , xx + 459 pp .\nbremer , k . 1994 : branch support and tree stability . cladistics 10 : 295\u2013304 .\nbrooks , s . e . ; cumming , j . m . 2011 : the new world genera of parathalassiinae ( diptera : empidoidea : dolichopodidae s . l . ) , with new species of thalassophorus and eothalassius . the canadian entomologist 143 : 423\u2013446 .\nbrust , r . a . 1966 : gynandromorphs and intersexes in mosquitoes ( diptera : culicidae ) . canadian journal of zoology 44 : 911\u2013921 .\nbuckley , t . r . ; krosch , m . ; leschen , r . a . b . 2015 : evolution of new zealand insects : summary and prospectus for future research . austral entomology 54 : 1\u201327 .\nchv\u00e1la , m . 1981 : classification and phylogeny of empididae , with a presumed origin of dolichopodidae ( diptera ) . entomologica scandinavica supplement 15 : 225\u2013236 .\nchv\u00e1la , m . 1983 : the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica 12 : 1\u2013279 .\ncolless , d . h . 1963 : an australian species of microphorella ( diptera : empididae ) , with notes on the phylogenetic significance of the genus . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 88 : 320\u2013323 .\ncolless , d . h . ; mcalpine , d . k . 1970 : diptera ( flies ) [ chapter ] 34 . pp . 656\u2013740 i n the insects of australia . melbourne university press , carlton .\ncolless , d . h . ; mcalpine , d . k . 1991 : diptera ( flies ) [ chapter ] 39 . pp . 717\u2013786 i n nauman , i . d . ( ed ) the insects of australia , vol . 2 . 2nd edition . melbourne university press , carlton .\ncollin , j . e . 1928 : new zealand empididae based on material in the british museum ( natural history ) . british museum ( natural history ) , london . 110 pp .\ncollin , j . e . 1931 : two remarkable new species of empididae ( diptera ) from new zealand . annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 8 : 352\u2013355 .\ncollin , j . e . 1933 : part iv empididae . diptera of patagonia and south chile . british museum ( natural history ) , london . 334 pp .\ncollins , k . p . ; wiegmann , b . m . 2002 : phylogenetic relationships and placement of the empidoidea ( diptera : brachycera ) based on 28s rdna and ef - 1\u03b1 sequences . insect systematics and evolution 33 : 421\u2013444 .\ncowie , b . ; winterbourn , m . j . 1979 : biota of a subalpine springbrook in the southern alps . new zealand journal of marine & freshwater research 13 ( 2 ) : 295\u2013301 .\ncraig , d . a . ; craig , r . e . g . ; crosby , t . k . 2012 : simuliidae ( insecta : diptera ) . fauna of new zealand 68 : 1\u2013336 .\ncranston , p . s . 2005 : biogeographic paterns in the evolution of diptera . pp . 274\u2013311 in yeates , d . k . ; wiegmann , b . m . ( eds ) the evolutionary biology of flies , columbia university press , new york .\ncranston , p . s . ; hardy , n . b . ; morse , g . e . ; puslednik , l ; mccluen , s . r . 2012 : when molecules and morphology concur : the \u2018gondwanan\u2019 midges ( diptera : chironomidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 636\u2013648 .\ncrosby , t . k . 1976 : localities and collection dates of a . l . tonnoir\u2019s diptera specimens . the new zealand entomologist 6 : 201\u2013203 .\ncrosby , t . k . ; dugdale , j . s . ; watt , j . c . 1976 : recording specimen localities in new zealand : an arbitrary system of areas and codes defined . new zealand journal of zoology 3 : 69 + map .\ncumming , j . m . ; sinclair , b . j . 2008 : dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ( diptera : empidoidea , exclusive of dolichopodidae ) . pp . 1146\u20131151 in : capinera , j . l . 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( eds ) manual of central american diptera , volume 1 , nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , canada .\ndarwin , c . 1871 : the descent of man , and selection in relation to sex . john murray , london .\ndaugeron , c . ; plant , a . ; winkler , i . ; stark , a . ; baylac , m . 2011 : extreme male leg polymorphic asymmetry in a new empidine dance fly ( diptera : empididae ) . biology letters 7 , 11\u201314 .\nfreitas - silva , r . a . p . ; ale - rocha , r . 2013 : a new apterous species of platypalpus macquart ( diptera : hybotidae , tachydromiinae ) from ecuador . zootaxa 3636 ( 4 ) : 590\u2013596 .\ngrimaldi , d . ; cumming , j . 1999 : brachyceran diptera in cretaceous ambers and mesozoic diversification of the eremoneura . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 239 : 1\u2013124 .\nhennig , w . 1966 : the diptera fauna of new zealand as a problem in systematics and zoogeography . translated from german by p . wygodzinsky . pacific insects monograph 9 : 1\u201381 .\nhuber , b . a . 2003 : rapid evolution and species - specificity of arthropod genitalia : fact or artifact ? organisms , diversity & evolution 3 : 63\u201371 .\nkert\u00e9sz , k . 1909 : catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum , volume vi . empididae , dolichopodidae , muscidoridae . museum nationale hungaricum , budapest , 362 pp .\nko\u00e7ak , a . \u00f6 . ; kemal , m . 2010 : nomenclatural notes on the genus group names of the order diptera . centre for entomological studies ankara miscellaneous papers 151 : 5\u20137 .\nlunau , k . ; middelmann , a . ; pianka , m . 2006 : density - and food - resource - dependent courtship behaviour in the fly poecilobothrus nobilitatus l . 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( empididae ) . dipterists digest 7 : 40\u201341 .\nplant , a . r . 1991 : a revision of the genus ceratomerus ( diptera : empididae : ceratomerinae ) of new zealand . journal of natural history 25 : 1313\u20131330 .\nplant , a . r . 1993 . sexual dimorphism in the genus monodromia collin ( diptera empididae : hemerodromiinae ) . new zealand journal of zoology 20 : 207\u2013210 .\nplant , a . r . 1998 ( 1997 ) : atodrapetis , a new genus of empidoid fly ( diptera , empidoidea , hybotinae , tachydromiinae ) from new zealand . studia dipterologica 4 : 435\u2013440 .\nplant , a . r . 1999 : new species of isodrapetis collin , 1928 ( diptera , empidoidea , hybotinae ) with a detailed diagnosis of the genus . studia dipterologica 6 : 279\u2013294 .\nplant , a . r . 2005 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera , empididae ) of new zealand i . phyllodromia zetterstedt . studia dipterologica 12 : 119\u2013138 .\nplant , a . r . 2007 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera , empididae ) of new zealand ii . chelipoda macquart . zootaxa 1537 : 1\u201388 .\nplant , a . r . 2011 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera : empididae ) of new zealand iii . antipodromia new genus . new zealand entomologist 34 : 52\u201355 .\nplant , a . r . ; didham , r . k . 2006 : a new genus of drapetini ( diptera : hybotinae : tachydromiinae ) from new zealand . entomologist\u2019s monthly magazine 142 : 41\u201347 .\npont , a . c . 1995 : the type - material of diptera ( insecta ) described by g . h . verrall and j . e . collin . oxford university museum publication 3 , clarendon press , oxford . 223 pp .\nsaigusa , t . 2006 : homology of wing venation of diptera . unpublished handout distributed at the 6 th international congress of dipterology , fukuoka , japan . 26 pp .\nsanmart\u00edn , i . ; ronquist , f . 2004 : southern hemisphere biogeography inferred by event - based medels : plant versus animal patterns . systematic biology 53 : 216\u2013243 .\nshamshev , i . v . ; grootaert , p . 2002 : a new genus of microphorinae ( diptera : empidoidea ) from new zealand . belgium journal of entomology 4 : 129\u2013144 .\nsinclair , b . j . 1997 : icasma collin and an allied new genus glyphidopeza from new zealand ( diptera : empidoidea ; ceratomerinae ) . records of the australian museum 49 ( 2 ) : 195\u2013211 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2000 : revision of the genus clinocera meigen from australia and new zealand ( diptera : empiidae : clinocerinae ) . invertebrate taxonomy 14 : 347\u2013361 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2003 : taxonomy , phylogeny and zoogeography of the subfamily ceratomerinae of australia ( diptera : empidoidea ) . records of the australian museum 55 : 1\u201344 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2010 : revision and phylogenetic systematics of the neotropical ceratomerinae ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . arthropod systematics & phylogeny 68 ( 2 ) : 197\u2013228 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2016 : revision of the australian species of hydropeza sinclair ( diptera : empididae : ragadinae subfam . nov . ) . records of the australian museum 68 : 1\u201322 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2017 : 55 . homalocnemidae ( homalocnemid dance flies ) . in kirk - spriggs , a . h . ; sinclair , b . j . ( eds ) manual of afrotropical diptera , volume 2 . nematocerous diptera and lower brachycera . suricata 5 . pretoria : sanbi graphics & editing .\nsinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . 2000 : revision of the genus apterodromia ( diptera : empidoidea ) , with a redefinition of the tribe ocydromiini . records of the australian museum 52 : 161\u2013186 .\nsinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . 2006 : the morphology , higher - level phylogeny and classification of the empidoidea ( diptera ) . zootaxa 1180 : 1\u2013172 .\nsinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . ; brooks , s . e . ; plant , a . r . ; saigusa , t . ( 2016 ) : gondwanamyia , a new empidoid ( diptera ) genus of uncertain placement . zookeys 621 : 137\u2013147 .\nsinclair , b . j . ; dorchin , n . 2010 : isoptera , embioptera , neuroptera , mecoptera , raphidioptera and diptera types in zfmk . bonn zoological bulletin 58 : 49\u201388 .\nsinclair , b . j . ; mclellan , i . d . 2004 : revision of the new zealand species of hydropeza sinclair ( diptera : empidoidea : ragas - group ) . invertebrate systematics 18 : 627\u2013647 .\nsivinski , j . 1997 : ornaments in the diptera . florida entomologist 80 ( 2 ) : 142\u2013164 .\nsmith , k . g . v . 1967 : family empididae ( empidae , hybotidae ) . pp . 39 . 1\u201339 . 67 in a catalogue of the diptera of the americas south of the united states . departamento de zoologia , s\u00e3o paulo .\nsmith , k . g . v . 1989 : 43 . family empididae . pp . 382\u2013392 in evenhuis , n . l . ( ed ) catalog of the diptera of the australasian and oceanic regions . bishop museum special publication 86 . bishop museum press and e . j . brill , honolulu .\nsorenson , m . d . 1999 : treerot , version 2 . boston university , boston , massachusetts .\nstuardo , c . 1946 : catalogo de los dipteros de chile . imprenta universitaria , santiago de chile , 253 pp .\nstuckenberg , b . r . 1999 : antennal evolution in the brachycera ( diptera ) , with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum . studia dipterologica 6 : 33\u201348 .\nswofford , d . l . 1998 : \u2018paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4 . \u2019 sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts , usa .\nthompson , f . c . 2009 : nearctic diptera : twenty years later . pp . 3\u201346 in pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) diptera diversity : status , challenges and tools . brill , leiden , boston .\ntrewick , s . a . ; wallis , g . p . 2001 : bridging the \u201cbeech - gap\u201d : new zealand invertebrate phylogeography implicates pleistocene glaciation and pliocene isolation . evolution 55 ( 11 ) : 2170\u20132180 .\nturner , a . j . 1902 : new genera and species of lepidoptera belonging to the family noctuidae . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 27 : 77\u2013136 .\nwheeler , t . a . 1992 : a gynandromorph of rachispoda subpiligera ( malloch ) ( diptera : sphaeroceridae ) , with notes on asymmetry , circumversion , and the structure of the male postabdomen . the canadian entomologist 124 : 729\u2013735 .\nwiegmann , b . m . ; mitter , c . ; thompson , f . c . 1993 : evolution origin of the cyclorrhapha ( diptera ) : test of alternative morphological hypotheses . cladistics 9 : 41\u201381 .\nwinterbourn , m . j . ; gregson , k . l . d . ; dolphin , c . h . 2000 : guide to the aquatic insects of new zealand ( 3rd edition ) . bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 13 : 1\u2013102 .\nyang , d . ; yao , g . ; zhang k . ; zhang , j . 2007 : world catalog of empididae ( insecta : diptera ) . china agricultural university press , beijing . 704 pp .\nyeates , d . k . ; bickel , d . ; colless , d . h . 2009 : diversity , relationships and biogeography of australian flies . pp . 227\u2013256 in : pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) dipteran diversity : status , challenges and tools , koninklijke brill nv , xx + 459 pp .\nzimmer , m . ; diestelhorst , o . ; lunau , k . 2003 : courtship in long - legged flies ( diptera : dolichopodidae ) : function and evolution of signals . behavioral ecology 14 : 526\u2013530 .\nbradley j . sinclair canadian national collection of insects & canadian food inspection agency , opl - entomology , k . w . neatby bldg . , c . e . f . , 960 carling ave . , ottawa , on , canada k1a 0c6 .\neight species are recognized among new world species of asymphyloptera collin , including seven new species ( a . cajanuma sp . nov . ( ecuador ) , a . chilensis sp . nov . ( chile ) , a . chiricahua sp . nov . ( usa : arizona ) , a . dominica sp . nov . ( dominica ) , a . havasu sp . nov . ( usa : arizona ) , a . lutea sp . nov . ( costa rica ) and a . mexicana sp . nov . ( mexico ) ) . the new species are described , male terminalia illustrated , distributions mapped and a key to species is presented . two additional undescribed species based on single females , are known from ecuador and venezuela .\nbrooks , s . e . & cumming , j . m . ( 2011 ) the new world genera of parathalassiinae ( diptera : empidoidea : dolichopodidae s . l . ) , with new species of thalassophorus and eothalassius . the canadian entomologist , 143 , 423\u2013446 . urltoken\ncollin , j . e . ( 1933 ) empididae . diptera of patagonia and south chile , 4 , 1\u2013334 .\ncumming , j . m . & sinclair , b . j . ( 2009 ) empididae ( dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ) [ chapter ] 48 . in : brown , b . v . , borkent , a . , cumming , j . m . , wood , d . m . , woodley , n . e . & zumbado , m . a . ( eds . ) , manual of central american diptera . vol . 1 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , pp . 653\u2013670 .\ncumming , j . m . & wood , d . m . ( 2009 ) adult morphology and terminology [ chapter ] 2 . in : brown , b . v . , borkent , a . , cumming , j . m . , wood , d . m . , woodley , n . e . & zumbado , m . a . ( eds . ) , manual of central american diptera . vol . 1 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , pp . 9\u201350 .\ndonnelly , t . w . ( 1988 ) geologic constraints on caribbean biogeography . in : liebherr , j . k . ( ed . ) , zoogeography of caribbean insects . cornell university press , ithaca , pp . 15\u201337 .\npollet , m . ( 2009 ) in search for dolichopodid flies in southern ecuador : the true story . fly times , 42 , 36\u201351 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 19 march 2015 )\nricklefs , r . & bermingham , e . ( 2008 ) the west indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution . philosophical transactions of the royal society b , 363 , 2393\u20132413 . urltoken\nrobinson , h . ( 1975 ) the bredin - archbold - smithsonian biological survey of dominica . the family dolichopodidae with some related antillean and panamanian species ( diptera ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 185 , 1\u2013141 .\nsinclair , b . j . ( 1999 ) review of the clinocerinae of southern africa ( diptera : empididae ) . annals of the natal museum , 40 , 103\u2013125 .\nsmith , k . g . v . ( 1961 ) a new species of asymphyloptera collin ( dipt . , empididae , clinocerinae ) from australia . the entomologist\u2019s monthly magazine , 96 ( 1960 ) , 245 ."]}
{"id": 642, "summary": [{"text": "the konye ( konia eisentrauti ) is a critically endangered species of fish in the family cichlidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is endemic to lake barombi mbo , a crater lake in western cameroon .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is threatened because of pollution and sedimentation due to human activities , and potentially also by large emissions of carbon dioxide ( co \u2082 ) from the lake 's bottom ( compare lake nyos ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 9.3 centimetres ( 3.7 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "konye", "paragraphs": ["miss oni also recalled telling konye about the attack . konye replied : \u2018omg . can\u2019t believe it . \u2019\nthe konye council was created in 1977 following presidential degree n\u00b0 77 / 203 of june 29 1977 . it went operational in july 1978 with headquarters in konye .\nmitigating , sally o\u2019neill qc said konye had a \u2018difficult domestic upbringing\u2019 and felt remorse .\ninformation on the konye is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthere is no comfortable hotel in konye urgench . it is better to stay overnight at dashoguz .\nthe konye is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nmary konye , 22 , of canning town , allegedly attacked ms oni because she had called her ugly .\nthe woman , a neighbour of konye\u2019s who did not want to be named , taught konye when she was a pupil at st joachim\u2019s catholic primary school in custom house said she had been shocked to hear the verdict .\nhe told reporters that witnesses had testified in court that konye planned the attack over the course of two years .\nthere are sensitive zones in konye municipality . dikome , konye , kokaka , matoh , ikiliwindi have swamps . mbakwa supe has flood zones and landslide areas . kurume has steep slopes . these areas have been abandoned by the inhabitants .\nduring her trial , the jury heard that konye pretended to give oni a shoulder to cry on following the attack .\nhe added that the attack might have been driven by jealousy and that konye displayed signs of a \u2018stalking behavioural disorder\u2019 .\nkonye , who was convicted in january , looked straight ahead from the dock and showed no reaction as she was sentenced .\nkonye sub division is made up of 36 villages with the main ethnic groups being bakundu , bafaw , mbonge and balong .\nthe judge said konye had been\ndeliberately untruthful\nduring the trial after she admitted throwing the acid following her conviction .\nduring her trial , the jury heard that konye pretended to give ms oni a shoulder to cry on following the attack .\nthe court heard the pair fell out when miss oni said konye looked like a disfigured character from the horror film wrong turn .\njudge david radford told konye the consequences of her\ndeliberate\nand\nwicked act\nhad been\ndevastating to miss oni\n.\nyesterday konye , of canning town , east london , finally admitted throwing the acid after maintaining throughout the trial that miss oni attacked herself .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti )\ntitle =\narkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nacid attacker mary konye was \u201clovely in school\u201d and came from a \u201cvery humble\u201d family , a former teacher has told the barking and dagenham post .\njudge radford told konye : \u2018the consequences of your deliberate and wicked act have been devastating for miss oni , causing her terrible pain and physical injury .\ncctv image of konye ( in the foreground ) trailing miss oni . she hurled the acid in her face shortly before arriving at her home in dagenham\nkonye sub division is rich with the following mineral resources stones for the extraction of gravel at baduma and mbakwa supe , pouzzolane along the road to eboko bajou from the konye market , sand along the villages of baduma , kokaka , ngolo bolo , dikomi etc , but the exploitation is very minimal .\nthere is no public transport in konye urgench . the sights of konye urgench are spread over the town . a taxi to the most distant monuments ( turabeg khanym mausoleum , sultan tekesh mausoleum , kyrk molla and il - arslan mausoleum ) and back will cost about us $ 2 including waiting time .\nthe false allegations referred to by ms oni were konye ' s claims in her defence case that the victim wanted to gain media publicity from the attack .\ncctv footage captured konye , who was found guilty in january , secretly following the victoria ' s secret shop assistant home from work while wearing a veil .\nkonye has touristic sites such as the viaduct at mbakwa supe , - mobombe waterfall in mbakwa supe , the hammock bridge in konye and ndoi , the bembembe rock at ibemi , the njoke water fall at ibemi , the etana\u2019s river in mbu and itoki , the caves at itoki , the relies at itoki .\nkonye will be sentenced for the attack on dagenham woman naomi oni on march 7 . judge david radford yesterday told her to expect a substantial custodial sentence .\noni previously told the court that konye was aware of how much of an impact piper ' s ordeal had on her after watching a television documentary about it .\nmary konye , 22 , wore an islamic veil that hid her face to stalk and attack naomi oni on her way home from work in the early hours .\nkonye is also host of decentralized government institutions like the sub divisional officer , sub delegation of basic education , sub delegation of agriculture , forestry , and livestock .\na cctv image issued by the metropolitan police of mary konye disguised in a niqab following naomi oni home before she attacked her with acid . photograph : metropolitan police / pa\ncctv footage obtained by police after the attack showed konye in a niqab following oni as she left work at the westfield shopping centre in stratford at about 11 . 30pm .\nkonye , of canning town , east london , denied throwing or casting a corrosive fluid with intent to burn , maim , disfigure , disable or do grievous bodily harm .\nshe added that konye was an\nimmature 22 - year - old\nwith a possible personality disorder and had been threatened by other inmates while in prison awaiting sentencing .\ncctv footage obtained by police after the attack showed konye in a niqab following ms oni as she left work at the westfield shopping centre in stratford at about 11 . 30pm .\nms oni previously told the court that konye was aware of how much of an impact ms piper ' s ordeal had had on her after watching a television documentary about it .\nfollowing konye ' s conviction in january , detective chief inspector dave whellams said it had been a\nserious , horrible offence which required a degree of planning and calculation\n.\nbusiness student mary konye , 22 , attacked naomi oni , a victoria ' s secret shop assistant , over a\ntrivial , insignificant\nargument after following her home from work .\nthe pair , who had been friends since secondary school , fell out in april 2011 when oni allegedly accused konye of texting her boyfriend and called her an\nugly monster\n.\nthe pair , who had been friends since secondary school , fell out in april 2011 when ms oni allegedly accused konye of texting her boyfriend and called her an\nugly monster\n.\nkonye used the\nimplausible\nexcuse that it had been oni who planned the incident because she wanted\nfame and fortune and to sell her story to the paper\n, police said .\ncocoa contributes 75 % of the total income of the sub division and in households . but due to an outbreak of the black pod disease cocoa production quantity and quality has dropped in konye .\nher lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court konye has since admitted throwing the acid following her conviction but maintained she did not intend to cause injury to ms oni ' s face .\nthe town was called gurgandzh from the 10th century ad onwards and is now called konye urgench ( old urgench ) , as the inhabitants moved to modern urgench in uzbekistan in the 17th century .\nvaluable timber has always been exploited from the konye forest for local use but more for exportation . the natural vegetation cover in konye municipality has similar characteristics to that of the dense equatorial rain forest , harboring a wide range of varieties of natural resources including fauna and flora . concurrently , the type of farming method experienced in this village has changed some part of the forest into a savannah type\nkonye urgench was built on the crossing of two major caravan routes from the south to the volga in the northwest and from the west to china in the east . from the 1st century ad onwards konye urgench was an important trade center on the northern silk road leading to the caspian sea and russia . around 1000 emir mamun unified the country of khwarezm [ 1 ] and made konye urgench its capital . in the 10th cent . urgench was the capital of the powerful khwarezm state which occupied the whole area of the amu darya [ 2 ] delta in northern turkemnistan and western uzbekistan .\nkonye ' s lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court she had admitted throwing the acid since her conviction but claims she did not intend to cause injury to ms oni ' s face .\nher lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court konye has since admitted throwing the acid , following her conviction , but maintained she did not intend to cause injury to oni ' s face .\nkonye used the\nimplausible\nexcuse that it had been ms oni who planned the incident because she wanted\nfame and fortune and to sell her story to the paper\n, police said .\nkonye urgench museum in the modern dash mosque ( us $ 1 , 8am to 1pm , 2pm to 4pm closed tue ) . some rooms contain ethnographic exhibits including a pottery workshop and carpet looms .\nkonye , who hung her head and wept quietly as he spoke , will be expected to serve at least two - thirds of her 12 - year term , but could be freed after eight years .\njudge david radford , who sentenced konye to 12 years at london ' s snaresbrook crown court today , said the consequences of her\ndeliberate\nand\nwicked act have been devastating to miss oni\n.\ndescription : the ancient cities of merv and konye - urgench inspire visions of caravans plodding along the ancient silk road , while the haunting beauty of the karakum desert and other quirky natural phenomena are equally mesmerising .\nthe jury heard that , the day after the attack , konye sent a mobile phone message to oni , who was in hospital receiving treatment , saying :\nomg , i can ' t believe it .\nthe judge said konye had been\ndeliberately untruthful\nduring the trial , after she admitted throwing the acid following her conviction . a letter of remorse she had since written was\nutterly belated\n, he added .\nthe jury heard that , the day after the attack , konye sent a mobile phone message to ms oni , who was in hospital receiving treatment , saying :\nomg , i can ' t believe it .\ndescription : east kilbride g74 3ya . tel . 01355 247471 . charity no . . . we extend a very warm welcome to fr . michael konye who will be working in st . leonard\u2019s during the . . .\nkonye has a surface area of 1101 km2 with 57 inhabitants per km2 . it has an estimated population of 62 . 892 inhabitants giving an increase of 40 . 663 % as compared to the 2005 national census statistics which estimate its population at 44 . 771 inhabitants . from the total population , are men ( 31 . 3 % ) , women ( 30 . 3 % ) , adolecent ( 25 % ) children ( 13 . 5 % ) . . konye being a cosmopolitan municipality harbors indigenes from different ethnic tribes . the population of konye is constantly fluctuating , as there is constant movement of people in and out of the village , during and after the farming season .\noni said she regretted ever being friends with konye .\nit was bad enough believing it was a random attack . knowing mary planned this is beyond belief . i don ' t trust people in the same way any more .\ndescription : funky things to draw [ paul konye & kate ashforth ] on amazon . com . * free * shipping on qualifying offers . step by step instructions to draw fairies , fairytale princesses , baby animals , in the ocean , m costumes & fashions\nkonye urgench became one of the centers of the islamic world and was called\nthe heart of islam\nand\nthe capital of thousand wise men\n. great scholars as al biruni ( abu reikhan biruni ) [ 3 ] and avicenna ( abu ali ibn sina ) [ 4 ] lived here . after its conquest by the mongols in the 13th century , the city became an important trade center again . the famous arabic traveller ibn batuta [ 5 ] described konye urgench as the ' biggest among the turkish cities with broad streets and splendid bazaars ' . the main part of the magnificient monuments in konye urgench were built during the reign of kutlug timur and his wife tyurabek - khanym . in the 14th century the city was destroyed by the troups of timur [ 6 ] .\njudge david radford , who sentenced konye at london ' s snaresbrook crown court , said the consequences of her\ndeliberate [ and ] wicked act have been devastating to miss oni\n. he added that it was a premeditated and callous plan to burn and disfigure the victim .\nkonye is located along the kumba \u2013 mamfe road in , meme division , in the south - west region of cameroon . it is bounded in the north by nguti council , the south by kumba council , the east by tombel council and in the west by dikome balue .\ndescription : the h . p . dream book : this is your lucky day . what did you dream ? [ herbert gladstone parris ] on amazon . com . * free * shipping on qualifying offers . new 96 page the hp dream book by prof . uriah konye .\nthe vast majority of the world ' s cocoa is produced in smallholdings between 2 - 4 hectares , like those around konye . cocoa farming , the cause of much deforestation in west africa , may now be one answer to saving what ' s left of the natural forests .\nkonye is a forest area municipality and hunting is an important and widespread activity . although the regulations governing hunting are not respected , hunting is professionally done . most hunters catch birds ( partridge ) and trap rodents ( rats , porcupine ) and their harvest is used for family consumption .\nthe bakundu originated from the congo basin around the 17th century and settled in beboka in ndian division . they migrated from beboka due to its hilly nature which made crop cultivation difficult for them and discovered the different bakundu villages such as ( itoki , konye , kumbe , wone , mbakwa supe ,\nthe mighty congo basin rainforest is spread across five countries and is rivalled only by the amazon in its vastness . the cameroonian village of konye is within the western reaches of the congo basin , and is home to around 1 , 000 inhabitants dependent on both cocoa and the forest for their livelihoods .\nin konye , farmers are benefitting from joining konafcoop . the cooperative sells in bulk direct to customers and can negotiate better prices for the farmers . through farmer field schools they learn to regenerate the land by diversifying what they grow , working with the forests natural ability to create healthy ecosystems that balance nutrients and pest / disease control measures .\nin livestock , people in the geographical area of konye municipality practice the traditional breeding of poultry , small ruminants and pigs . the breeding of cattle is not developed in the town . the absence of a livestock market , the lack of fish farming , unconventional breeding of livestock and inadequate veterinary services are limitations to the modernization of livestock which is a source of income in the municipality . konye municipality is not so much rich in waterways condusive for fishing . the mungo river is almost the only one that allows some people to fish as a secondary activity and make income that contributes to the survival of their families . fishery products are mostly sold on the local market . the fish species\nkutlug timur m\u00ednaret was begun in the 11th century and finished in the 14th century unter kutlug timur . it was the minaret of the main mosque in konye urgench . with a height of 60 meters , it is the highest minaret in central asia . the minaret is divided by 18 belts with an ornament and 3 belts with kufi inscriptions .\nil - arshan mausoleum is konye urgench ' s oldest surviving monument . it contains the grave of il arslan [ 8 ] , the father of sultan tekish . the dome in the form of a tent and the facade of the monument with a pattern of bricks are the first of this type and were the prototype for similar buildings in samarkand .\nnedjameddin kubra mausoleum was built in the 14th century it is considered as the holiest place in konye urgench . nedjameddin kubra lived in the 12th / 13th centuries . he was born in khiva and became a famous religious teacher known as ' designer of saints ' . he left several treatises on mystic experiences , founded an important sufic order and was killed by the mongols .\nkonye is made up of 36 villages with the main ethnic groups being bakundu , bafaw , mbonge and balong . but due to it fertile soil and hospitality it has invited many strangers from different ethnicity such as the bayangi\u2019s , bikom\u2019s , meta\u2019s , and nigerians . it is worth nothing that the bafaw and the balong are the minority with six and one villages respectively , while the mbonge and bakundu have 17 and 15 villages respectively .\nthe bakundu , bafaw , balong , mbonge are the main dialects spoken in konye . traditional dishes are mekere na donga ( plantains and peper ) , mberibi ( coco leaf with bush meat soup ) . their traditional attire is sanja and white shirt or jumper and kaba for women . the chief wears sanja , white shirt and a red cap with the feather of a parrot , while the traditional heads wears sanja , white shirt , a black cap with the feather of a cock .\nour band of sleepy travellers has had a very early morning flight from ashgabat to dashoguz in turkmenistans far north east . our bleary eyed departure and comfort along the way was courtesy of a very spiffy , efficient and modern but not ostentatious airport and a very efficient and modern state airline . top marks turkmenistan ! we are here to visit the great historic capital of the khorazem empire , konye urgench which is 100km to the north of dashoguz . konye urgench was the lynch pin of trade , religious study and intellectual endeavour on the northern most branch of the silk road in ancient times . it suffered badly at the hands of successive invaders and is now a ruin . as a consequence turkmen have a very jaundiced view of arabs , mongols and uzbeks . most especially the latter since the mongol - uzbek timur or tamerlane as he is known in the west came calling four times before totally destroying the city and ploughing the ground with salt . he was a tyrant typical of his time but now is an uzbek national hero .\nthe following animal species are significantly found in konye : mammals bushpig ( potamochoerus porcus ) , antelope ( antilocapra americana ) , monkey ( cercopithedae ) , porcupine ( erethison dorsatum ) , deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) , catarh beef , ) , ruminants cutting grass ( thryonomyidae ) , rat mould ( rattus rattus ) , squirrel ( rodentia sciurus ) , reptiles ( snakes ) , livestock ( goats , sheep , pigs , fowls , rabbits snails ) the trend of rare species reduces as you move away from the enclave forest areas towards more settlement zones .\nsorry to say that the aral sea is no more and the mighty amu darya river will die the death of a thousand cuts if mr okhunabanaev\u2019s relatives continue to siphon off its water to \u2018flood irrigate\u2019 tens of thousands of hectares of cotton . if you live in the middle of a desert it doesn\u2019t pay to take water for granted . that lesson was learned at ancient konye urgench and at more than 500 other cities of antiquity that relied on the fickle course of the amu darya . in these parts a river can be here today and gone tomorrow .\nsultan tekish mausoleum is the mausoleum of sultan tekish [ 7 ] , shah of khorezm in the 12th century , who conquered a huge territory from the aral sea the the persian gulf and from what is today iran to the pamir . this mausoleum is one of the few monuments in konye urgench surviving from pre - mongol times . the dome was richly decorated with blue tiles and geometrical patterns . the mausoleum was 30 meters high and serves both as a lighthouse in the desert and as a symbol of authority ( as it stood high above ordinary houses ) .\nas the farmers bring their cocoa together , they are able to sell at better prices , therefore each farmer who belongs to a cooperative earns more money selling to the cooperative than a farmer who sells independebntly to other buyers , so that is an advantage we gain as members of the cooperative . because of the cooperative we are able to influence the situation . i would say that konye community is relatively better in terms of forest management because today we train farmers to know that even we have to cultivate cocoa we have to also allow other trees to stay as canopies for this cocoa and also to check the ecosystem to protect the cocoa and also to increase their revenue because when you harvest cocoa and you harvest other crops from the other economic trees you are able to make more money so this is a practice we are implementing today in order to save the forest .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\na lower guinea endemic , only known from lake barombi - mbo , cameroon .\nkonia eisentrauti it feeds on algae , small insects and fish eggs ( lamboj 2004 ) . it is also a kleptoparasite of freshwater crabs ( dominey and snyder 1988 ) . this species is a ovophilic mouth - brooder with both sexes as possible incubator ( lamboj 2004 ) . it is a benthopelagic species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nafrica : endemic to lake barombi - mbo , cameroon ( ref . 81260 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4984 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 16 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 29 . diagnosis : profile of the snout evenly decurved , descending to a nearly horizontal mouth ; narrow interorbital space ( 24 - 27 % head length ) ( ref . 53940 , 53949 ) . lower jaw not , or only slightly inclined from the horizontal ; lower pharyngeal jaw only slightly longer than wide ( ref . 81260 ) . dentigerous area of lower pharyngeal bone longer than anterior blade in young and of characteristic shape , with a narrow anterior apical portion ( ref . 53949 ) . blade of lower pharyngeal bone 0 . 7 - 0 . 95 times median length of toothed area ; 3 regular rows of teeth ; upper series of black blotches parallel to dorsal outline ; black band of uneven width extending from opercular spot to anterior part of caudal peduncle ; posterior end of caudal peduncle with vertical blotch meeting its fellow over top ; fins colorless ; tilapia mark absent ( ref . 53940 ) .\nfeeds on algae , small insects and fish eggs ( ref . 52307 ) . also kleptoparasite of freshwater crabs ( ref . 53950 ) . ovophilic mouthbrooder with both sexes as possible incubator ; from aquarium observations : a few days prior to spawning , both partners remain close together for much of the time ; the genital papilla of the female is clearly visible immediately before spawning and is much broader and larger than the male ' s ; females are normally more successful than males when it comes to brooding the fry ; when mouthbrooding , which ends about 3 weeks post - spawning , the specimens are relatively shy and prefer to lie silently near the bottom in secluded areas ; once free swimming , juveniles normally do not return to the parent ' s mouth again ( ref . 52307 ) .\nmale or female carries the egg in the mouth ( ref . 52307 , ref . 13614 ) . a few days prior to spawning , both partners remain close together for much of the time ; the genital papilla of the female is clearly visible immediately before spawning and is much broader and larger then the male ' s ; females normally more succesfull in brooding the fry ; specimens are relatively shy and prefer to lie silently near the bottom in secluded areas when mouthbrooding , which ends about three weeks post - spawning ; once free swimming , the fry normally does not return to the parent ' s mouth ( ref . 52307 ) .\nlamboj , a . , 2004 . the cichlid fishes of western africa . birgit schmettkamp verlag , bornheim , germany . 255 p . ( ref . 52307 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 45 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\na woman who threw acid in the face of a friend while wearing a veil as a disguise has been jailed for 12 years .\nnaomi oni , 22 , suffered burns to her face and chest in the attack near her home in dagenham , east london , in december 2012 .\nin a victim impact statement , ms oni said she had at times felt suicidal since the attack due to her appearance .\nit was a\npremeditated and callous\nplan to\nburn and disfigure\nher victim , he added .\nthis careful , premeditated criminality was planned against a person who reasonably believed you were a true friend ,\nthe judge said .\nfollowing the sentencing , lawyer mitesh patel read a statement on ms oni ' s behalf , where she said :\nmy family and i have been forced to put up with false allegations about my character , including the false allegation that i had done this to myself\n.\nin the statement she said the effects of these allegations had been\ndevastating\nand the\nnegative and false publicity\nresulted in some people\ndistancing themselves from me during my hour of need\n.\nms oni needed skin grafts and has suffered permanent scars to her leg , chest , stomach and arms and was almost blinded in one eye .\nin the impact statement , read to the court by prosecutor gareth patterson , ms oni said she found it very difficult to live with her physical appearance and was now\nparanoid and scared\nabout being outdoors alone .\nms oni said that before the attack she was a\nconfident\nyoung woman .\nall this changed that day i was struck with acid and my life was turned upside down ,\nshe said . she added it was now a\nbattle to get by each day\n.\nms oni said :\ni ' m reminded what i look like every day i look in the mirror or see the reaction on people ' s faces .\nthe whole traumatic experience has changed my life . at times i felt suicidal and thought about ending it all .\non being attacked by someone who had been a friend since secondary school , ms oni said :\nit was bad enough believing it was a random attack . knowing mary planned this is beyond belief .\ni don ' t trust people in the same way any more .\nthe reason for this incident will always be shrouded in some doubt and mystery ,\nthe lawyer said .\ntheresa may names a new uk foreign secretary after boris johnson quits over her brexit strategy .\na woman who threw acid in the face of her friend while disguised by a muslim veil has been jailed for 12 years .\noni was left scarred for life after suffering serious burns on her face and chest following the incident in dagenham , east london , on 30 december 2012 .\noni , 22 , who did not attend the sentencing , said in a statement to the court that she considered killing herself after being\nviolated\nby her\nevil\nattacker .\ndelivering his sentence , judge radford said :\nthis careful , premeditated criminality was planned against a person who reasonably believed you were a true friend .\nradford said oni ' s life had been\nruined\nalong with her trust in friends .\nin a statement read to the court by prosecutor gareth patterson , oni said she was now\nparanoid and scared\nabout being outdoors alone .\nthe victim told the court that , before the attack , she was a confident young woman with a job she enjoyed .\nall this changed that day i was struck with acid and my life was turned upside down ,\nshe said . it was now a\nbattle to get by each day\nafter being permanently disfigured , she added .\noni said she had suffered permanent scars to her leg , chest , stomach and arms and was almost blinded in one eye . she faces further reconstructive surgery and must wear a silicon face mask which makes it difficult to breathe , the court heard .\noni said :\ni ' m reminded what i look like every day i look in the mirror or see the reaction on people ' s faces . the whole traumatic experience has changed my life .\noni said her mother , who was in court for the hearing , had kept her going but their relationship was sometimes\nstrained\nafter they had been forced to move into a hostel .\nshe added :\npeople often stare at me . some ask what happened to my face . i ' m still scared of being attacked again .\nthe victim lost her hair and eyelashes , and required skin graft surgery to cover her burns .\nit is thought to have been a copycat attack mimicking the one suffered by model and tv presenter katie piper , who was badly scarred and left blind in one eye in an assault arranged by her ex - boyfriend , daniel lynch , in 2008 .\nthe reason for this incident will always be shrouded in some doubt and mystery ,\no ' neill said .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980\na \u2018callous and wicked\u2019 student was sentenced to 12 years in jail yesterday for throwing acid in her childhood friend\u2019s face .\nsentencing her , judge david radford said the \u2018deliberate and wicked act\u2019 was \u2018devastating\u2019 .\nhe said it was a \u2018premeditated , evil and callous\u2019 copy of the acid attack on presenter katie piper .\nin a statement , miss oni , 22 , said : \u2018my attacker\u2019s sentence will end but i have to live with my injuries and disabilities for the rest of my life .\n' the world only sees my scars that have been left , but i have mental scars that will stay with me forever . \u2019\nshe continues to claim that miss oni asked her to do it so she could enjoy \u2018fame and fortune\u2019 like miss piper .\nthe result of your offence , as you must have foreseen , was life - changing injuries .\n\u2018this was wholly premeditated criminality against a person who reasonably believed that you were her true friend . \u2019\nhe said she had not shown any genuine remorse and had \u2018ruined [ miss oni\u2019s ] trust in anyone who she believed to be a friend , that friendship being so wilfully betrayed by you\u2019 .\nsnaresbrook crown court heard she was \u2018obsessed\u2019 with miss oni , from dagenham , east london , and envied her looks .\nmiss oni described how , going home from her job at lingerie shop victoria\u2019s secret , she got off at her bus stop and felt a \u2018presence\u2019 before turning to see someone in a niqab , or veil .\nshe felt a \u2018massive splash\u2019 as the acid was thrown at her , disfiguring her face , dissolving her hair and eyelashes and burning her tongue as she screamed .\ndescribing how she felt , she said : \u2018why has this happened to me ? i work hard . am i ugly ? no one\u2019s going to marry me now . \u2019\nmiss oni added : \u2018i just had my bandages removed and it was the first time i saw my face after surgery and i broke down .\n\u2018i was crying on the phone to her and she was on the phone to me telling me don\u2019t worry . \u2019\nin a victim impact statement , miss oni said her life had been \u2018completely turned upside down\u2019 .\neach day was a \u2018challenge and a battle\u2019 , she said , adding : \u2018it is difficult to live with my physical appearance .\n' iam very conscious of it and am reminded of what i look like every day when i see my reflection or the reaction on people\u2019s faces . \u2019\nshe said she had trouble eating and sleeping , adding : \u2018i lie awake at night for hours on end , reliving the incident in my head . \u2019\ndetective chief inspector dave whellams said : \u2018the court recognised the extent of the injuries and trauma it has caused the victim and we are very pleased . \u2019\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\nthe fashion designer ' s $ 24million party pad that no one . . .\n' you broke your girl ' s heart ' : car racing legend craig . . .\nmoney launderer caught with \u00a3250 , 000 cash in bin bags in . . .\ndon ' t kill the army of ants and wasps invading your home . . .\nsydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting\nciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon . . . two years after wedding\nrapper del the funky homosapian falls off stage during gorillaz set . . . but he reassures fans he ' s ' alright ' as he recovers in hospital\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor\n' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby\nkevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal\ndakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock\n' i regret making it public ' : guy pearce is remorseful for asserting his former co - star kevin spacey was ' handsy ' with him on the set of l . a . confidential\niconic movie home where molly ringwald ' s sixteen candles was filmed finally sells for $ 1 . 135 million after two years on market\nkendra caldwell duggar struggles through labor on counting on . . . before welcoming baby garrett\nwhy madonna dated only toyboys and why , as she pushes 60 , she ' s finally got bored with them . . . by the writer who knows her best\nbrooklyn beckham and squeeze lexy panterra get cozy at london club . . . enraging ex tallia storm\nyolanda hadid ' splits from boyfriend matt minnis ' . . . less than a year after david foster divorce\nbrooklyn beckham utilises his camera skills at wireless festival . . . after his debut photography book was slammed by fans\njustin bieber is the perfect gentleman as he handles the bags . . . while crop top - clad hailey baldwin struts alongside\n' i just don ' t want stuff ' kim kardashian doesn ' t buy her kids gifts to avoid spoiling them and sticks to a household budget . . . but says kanye is the ' biggest shopper '\njoanna gaines shares husband chip ' s unique birth tradition . . . as he cradles newborn son crew\nkylie jenner gushes baby stormi is ' changing every week ' and ' has cutest personality ' . . . as new mom admits to binge watching the handmaid ' s tale\nlena dunham says she was ' really smart ' to date ex jack antonoff . . . after posting nude selfie\ntom brady shows no mercy as he takes on gisele and his cancer - survivor mom in dodgeball . . . with a ' no crying ' rule\nlauren conrad ' s son liam takes a handful of cake . . . as proud mom ' celebrates one year with our little guy '\nkhloe kardashian ' anxious but eager ' as she gets back to work for the first time since true ' s birth . . . and her alarm goes off at 4 . 35am\nnia vardalos ' divorce filing . . . as duo split following 25 years of marriage\nkendall jenner boats in sheer dress . . . after snuggling up to her nba beau ben simmons at khloe kardashian ' s party\nkeyshia cole announces pregnancy on instagram . . . as boyfriend niko khale posts beach pic of couple\nanthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane\nben affleck ' s $ 19m la mansion is surrounded by moving trucks . . . as it ' s revealed girlfriend lindsay shookus plans to spend more time on west coast\nbeaming kate gazes lovingly at sleeping prince louis as she and william attend his christening in their . . .\ntroubled actor jonathan rhys meyers is detained at lax after getting into a ' drunken fight with his wife and . . .\njamie oliver reveals the best way to organise your fridge - as he shares his tips for how you can avoid . . .\nlesbian couple are charged with neglect after they ' repeatedly gave young son marijuana for good behavior . . .\namerican man who posed as a saudi prince to try and buy a stake in a miami hotel was busted when the . . .\n' we only knew each other between action and cut ' : robin wright breaks her silence on kevin spacey ' s sexual . . .\nfinal four thai cave boys and coach are in ' good health ' but must remain trapped underground for at least . . .\nrescued thai cave boys face a lifetime of trauma from their ordeal as traumatic memories could trigger fear . . .\nfrantic parents of rescued thai cave boys have not been told which children have been saved \u2013 as teammates . . .\nthree men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .\nhollywood hostage actor who lost his eye , had nose and tongue slit , and was ' deprived of a member of his . . .\nhandcuffed harvey weinstein pleads not guilty to new rape charges , then shares a laugh with his lawyer after . . .\nmesmerising maps reveal record - breaking temperatures across the world as the earth experiences ' one of the . . .\ncouple arrested after their four - year - old son accidentally shots himself between the eyes could face ten . . .\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time . . .\nrevealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .\nhistorically bad : orioles ' chris davis on pace to finish with the lowest qualifying batting average ever , . . .\n' he was my son ! ' devastated father sobs as he is detained by police moments after his two - year - old . . .\nhere comes aunt meghan ! duchess of sussex looks elegant in an olive green shift dress by ralph lauren as she . . .\nhere come the godparents ! kate and william are joined by childhood friends - including guy pelly - and the . . .\nfit for a prince ! louis becomes the eighth royal baby to wear the historic honiton lace christening robe on . . .\n' i hope he stays like this ' : kate and the archbishop of canterbury share a joke about sleeping louis as she . . .\nblue for a boy ! george and charlotte both wear the shade for their little brother louis ' christening as the . . .\nsuch a perfect princess ! cute charlotte steals the show again with her royal wave - and a very polite . . .\npregnant pippa looks glowing in a very appropriate shade of baby blue - as she joins her parents and brother . . .\nit ' s a hat trick for mcqueen ! kate repeats the look she chose for george and charlotte ' s christenings in . . .\nmay will not face a vote of no confidence . . . for now : pm warns furious tory brexiteers at showdown meeting that sacking her would mean handing corbyn the keys to no 10\n' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit has an undulating topography of hills on the northern and western side and level lands in the south and eastern side .\nthe climate falls within the equatorial climate ( cameroon type ) with an annual rainfall of 3000mm - 4000mm . it is characterized by the wet and dry season , the dry season last from november to february , while the rainy season extends from march to october . the average annual temperature is 27 \u00b0 c .\nit has characteristic soft black , red , stony , sandy soil which is heavily leached during heavy rains . the soil is fertile for the production of cocoa and food crops .\nin addition , the district is watered , the mungo , mengeh , moke , nyale , are rivers that run through its frame and physical space . in addition , many other rivers , streams , springs waterfalls are visible at the village level .\nthe vegetation is mainly forest , characterized with cocoa , timber , rubber , palms and fruit trees . it also consists of vast wetland areas consisting mainly of mangroves and a vast expanse of cocoa farms . the fauna appears to have suffered a lot of pressure . indeed , despite the almost permanent presence of the forest , the animals are difficult to see . they are far from residential areas , given the reduction in their living space by logging and agriculture .\nthe principal mineral resource identified in the area is sand . it is found in all the villages along river , baduma , dikomi , kokaka , and bolo moboka . access is free but the use is loosely coordinated , very traditional . wood is abundant in the forest areas covering many villages of the council space . the villagers use it as firewood or for construction . loggers , usually illegal , make intensive use , contributing to a strong degradation of forest cover . however , forest also provides non - timber products , including njansa , bush peper , colanut , and bamboo . it is found at mbonge meteke , kokaka , itoki , upper ifanga , mwangala . access is free but it is under exploited ."]}
{"id": 643, "summary": [{"text": "cladoxycanus is a monotypic genus of moths belonging to the hepialidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it consists of only one species , cladoxycanus minos , which is endemic to new zealand . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "cladoxycanus", "paragraphs": ["genus : cladoxycanus dumbleton , 1966 . n . z . j . sci . 9 : 942 [ key ] , 948 .\ncladoxycanus dumbleton , 1966 ; n . z . jl sci . 9 ( 4 ) : 942 ( key ) , 948 ; ts : porina minos hudson\ncladoxycanus minos ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 52 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )\ncladoxycanus ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 51 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : porina minos hudson , 1905 . trans . proc . n . z . inst . 37 : 357 , pl . 22 fig . 5 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n= ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 52 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )\nnielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 ghostmoths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia j . nat . hist . 34 : 823 - 878\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nmonotypic . member of clade comprising old world genera with oxycanus - type venation . relative size of the truellum in the male genitalia appears to be unique in the hepialidae .\nforests and open country moss bogs . adults mostly fly in autumn ( april - may ) , with some also occuring through the winter ( june - august ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nscott , r . r . ; emberson , r . m . 1999 : handbook of the new zealand insect names : common and scientific names for insects and alllied organisms . bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 12 : 100pp\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) ."]}
{"id": 644, "summary": [{"text": "homoptera is a suborder of order hemiptera that is considered by some taxonomists to be paraphyletic , and therefore deprecated ( obsolete ) .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was therefore split into the suborders sternorrhyncha , auchenorrhyncha , and coleorrhyncha .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the earlier work was based on nuclear dna , but more recent phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial dna suggest that homoptera may be a monophyletic group after all , a sister group of heteroptera .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the cause of the disparity in the analyses is suggested to be the long branch attraction effect in phylogenetic analysis , due to rapidly evolving dna regions .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the homoptera include the aphids , scale insects , cicadas , and leafhoppers , which all have sucking mouthparts . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "homoptera", "paragraphs": ["closely related to heteroptera . ( heteroptera and homoptera are suborders of order hemiptera )\nthe insect suborder homoptera includes cicadas , hoppers , psyllids , whiteflies , aphids and scale insects . here are a few facts about insects belonging to the suborder homoptera :\nand have commercial value . most members of the homoptera fall into one of two large groups ; the\nmale and female ( with scale cover ) san jose scale ( quadraspidiotus perniciosus ; order homoptera ) .\nthe order homoptera is divided into a number of families . some families containing important agricultural pests are :\nall homoptera are exclusively plant feeders and some species have been used in the biological control of weeds .\noccurs in most groups of homoptera , with males and females often coloured differently . for example , the male leafhopper\nadults are the largest of homoptera and do serious damage to trees by boring into them to lay their eggs .\nhistorically the homoptera were a suborder of the hemiptera ( true bugs ) . they were characterised by the uniform structure of their wings .\ndesign by oleg ko\nhomoptera ,\nmicrosoft\u00a8 encarta\u00a8 online encyclopedia 2009 urltoken \u00a9 1997 - 2009 microsoft corporation . all rights reserved .\nhowever , recent studies on the genetic relationship between the groups within the homoptera has shown that they are more distinct than previously thought . as a result , the suborder homoptera should no longer be used and the insects within it have been reclassified in to three new suborders :\ntwo large groups of homoptera are ( 1 ) the cicadas and leafhoppers , and ( 2 ) the aphids , scale insects and mealybugs .\nthe invertebrates that transmit virus diseases resembling viruses are primarily homoptera , acarina ( excluding spider mites ) , thysanoptera and some orthoptera , hemiptera and coleoptera .\nhomoptera are among the most abundant herbivores found in terrestrial habitats . many species are pests of cultivated plants . aphids and leafhoppers are important carriers of plant diseases .\nthe name homoptera , derived from the greek\nhomo -\nmeaning uniform and\nptera\nmeaning wings , refers to the uniform texture of the front wings .\nthe hemiptera and homoptera are large orders of insects with too many species to cover in this book . below are examples of a few of the more commonly encountered species .\nhoneydew , an excretory product that is rich in sugars and amino acids , is produced by many species of homoptera . other animals use honeydew as a source of food .\ndna evidence shows a close relationship to the hemiptera , so that eventually the homoptera may be once again grouped together with the hemiptera as they have been under heteroptera earlier .\ncicadellidae ( leafhoppers ) - - this is the largest family of homoptera and includes many pests of cultivated plants . leafhoppers are important carriers of plant diseases - - especially mycoplasmas .\n\u2018this is common in many insect groups , most notably the hemiptera / homoptera ( waterstriders , planthoppers and aphids ) , coleoptera and , orthoptera ( crickets and grasshoppers ) . \u2019\na photograph of the froghopper cercopis vulnerata - this insect would previously have been placed in the suborder homoptera but is now in the suborder auchenorrhyncha . photograph by richard bartz licensed under creative commons .\n\u2018this has since been found to be a wolbachia - induced trait in a wide diversity of arthropod orders , including acarina , coleoptera , homoptera , hymenoptera , isoptera , lepidoptera , and orthoptera . \u2019\n\u2018around the outside lights i ' m still seeing antlions and owlflies along with an assortment of small carabid beetles , tiny homoptera , crickets , grasshoppers and occasionally a large dragonfly spends the night . \u2019\ncicadidae ( cicadas ) - - nymphs live underground where they feed on the roots of trees and shrubs . adults are the largest members of the homoptera . males produce loud songs to attract a mate .\n\u2018diets of little brown myotis and eastern pipistrelles were highly diverse , consuming an even proportion of six orders of insects including coleoptera , hemiptera , lepidoptera , homoptera , diptera , hymenoptera , and tricoptera . \u2019\nall members of the suborder homoptera have piercing / sucking mouthparts and feed by withdrawing sap from vascular plants . the proboscis is shorter than that found in true bugs ( suborder heteroptera ) , and it emerges near the ventral posterior margin of the head capsule ( opistognathous ) . although some homoptera are secondarily wingless , the majority have membranous or uniformly textured wings that fold tent - like over the body at rest .\n\u2018to date , 10 insect orders , homoptera , heteroptera , lepidoptera , coleoptera , hymenoptera , diptera , odonata , isoptera , orthoptera , and dictyoptera , have been recorded to be hosts of cordyceps species . \u2019\nthe term ' homoptera ' should now only be used as a popular term for plant - feeding hemiptera ( for example : aphids , leafhoppers , whiteflies etc . ) and should not be used to refer to a suborder .\n\u2026scaly excreta of coccids ( homoptera ) on tamarisk or larch trees is the source of manna in the sinai desert . coccids were once the source of the crimson dye kermes . the cochineal , or carmine , from dactylopius scale insects found\u2026\nis sometimes included within the hemiptera , even though they lack the toughened areas on the first pair of wings . some entomologists group both hemiptera and homoptera within the group heteroptera ; others use the name heteroptera for what we have called the hemiptera and use hemiptera for the heteroptera . confused ? so are we . anyway , the homoptera have the dubious distinction of being probably the most destructive insects of all . they include aphids , leafhoppers , cicadas , and scale insects : 45 , 000 species in all .\n\u2026or rhynchota ) , with two suborders homoptera and heteroptera separated traditionally by texture and resting position of the forewings and by the apparent origin of the beak . other entomologists , while recognizing the proximity of relationship between these two groups , consider that the relationship is of superorder value and that features separating\u2026\nalthough homoptera species are distributed throughout the world , the relative numbers of individual species vary in a given locale . only one cicadid species is known in great britain , and fewer than 12 in all of europe . however , more than 200 cicadid species are known in north america , and about 180 in australia .\nthe homoptera are close relatives of the hemiptera and also have piercing - sucking mouthparts . in contrast to the hemiptera , homopteran mouthparts arise further back on the underside of the head . those forms that have wings have ones that are uniform in structure , hence their name , homoptera , meaning \u201csamewing . \u201d also unlike the hemiptera , these insects hold their wings roof - like over their backs . all are plant feeders and most have incomplete metamorphosis . many families within this order have very strange and complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual generations , winged and wingless generations , as well as individuals with much reduced , highly specialized structures .\nthe homoptera includes a large number of different forms ranging in size from the usually microscopic coccidae to the large tropical lantern bugs ( fulgoridae ) and the cicadas , which may attain 5 cm . in length and with a wing expanse of 10 cm . with the cicadas are the leafhoppers , treehoppers and froghoppers , all active insects .\n\u2026adult or immature heteroptera and homoptera ( the true bugs and other plant - sucking insects ) . many insects , especially lepidopterans , are specialists , feeding only on a specific species , genus , or family of plants . on the other hand , orthopterans ( grasshoppers , katydids , crickets , and roaches ) can be more indiscriminate feeders . mammalian herbivores include spiny rats , \u2026\nhomoptera , order of plant - feeding insects with membranous wings and piercing , sucking mouthparts . they are closely related to the true bugs . about 45 , 000 species are known . among the most familiar are the aphids , cicadas , leafhoppers , and scale insects . the range of size and shape of homopterans is great . most undergo incomplete metamorphosis . there are usually two pairs of wings . many species are destructive to crops and orchards .\nin most of the homoptera , a portion of the digestive system is modified into a filter chamber . this structure allows the insects to ingest and process large volumes of plant sap . excess water , sugars , and certain amino acids bypass most of the midgut and are shunted directly into the hindgut for excretion as honeydew . only a small volume of filtered plant sap passes through the midgut for digestion and absorption . many species of ants are attracted by the honeydew and provide care and protection for the homopterans in exchange for the honeydew they excrete .\n) . the female digs a burrow in well drained soil , stings a cicada until it ceases to struggle , places it in the bottom of the burrow , lays her eggs on the cicada , covers the burrow , and dies . the larvae develop on the cicada , remain in the burrow until the following spring or summer , and emerge as adult wasps . other wasps also burrow in the soil and provision their burrows with one or more kinds of homoptera , particularly leafhoppers , planthoppers , or treehoppers . aphid wasps use the same method of provisioning their nests , while squareheaded wasps usually use leafhoppers of one species to provision burrows in decomposed wood .\n, or lacewing larva , a chrysopid with mandibles like the ladybird larva . however , instead of chewing the aphids , the aphidlion larva inserts its mandibles into the body of the aphid and sucks fluids through a channel or groove on the inside of its mandible . green winged adult aphidlions lay eggs in aphid colonies , placing them on stalks , so that when the young larvae hatch , there is an adequate food supply nearby . most larvae of the chamaemyiids ( i . e . , aphidflies ) feed on aphids , scale insects , and mealybugs . the larvae of drosophila known as pomace flies , are predacious on mealybugs and other small homoptera , and the larvae of a few gall midges ( i . e . , cecidomyiids ) prey on aphids and scale insects . certain diptera have parasitic larvae that feed on the internal tissues of homopterans including certain scale insects , leafhoppers , and planthoppers . some moth larvae are parasites of fulgorids , while other larvae are internal parasites of female gall - like coccids of the genus\nplants . many homopterans cause injuries or destruction to plants , including fruit trees and grain crops , and can be vectors of plant diseases . a few provide secretions or other products that are\ninch ) in length . there are certain species of cicadas in borneo and java , however , that are 8 cm ( 3 . 1 inches ) long with wingspreads of 20 cm ( 7 . 9 inches ) . the large\ncan attain this size also . on the other hand , some of the tiniest scale insects are only 0 . 5 mm ( 0 . 02 inch ) in length .\nthe abundance of any species in a given environment depends upon the biotic potential of the insect , the abundance of the food plant , and other factors favourable for development of large populations . certain species never reproduce in excessive numbers , while others , considered pests , produce many offspring . insect species that feed on available crops or other plants present in quantities sufficient to support them normally develop large populations ; for example , the oyster shell scale ( lepidosaphes ulmi ) on fruit trees and ornamentals ; the greenbug ( toxoptera graminum ) on wheat ; and the potato leafhopper ( empoasca fabae ) on potatoes , beans , and alfalfa . grape leafhoppers ( erythroneura ) frequently develop large populations that result in heavy plant losses .\nhomopterans , because all species feed on sap sucked from plants , often cause injuries or destruction to the plants that nourish them . when such plants are cultivated crops ( e . g . , grains or fruit trees ) or valued ornamentals , the economic loss resulting from infestations is severe . in addition , some homopteran species act as vectors of virus - and bacteria - caused diseases of their plant hosts . the check exerted upon insect pests by other insects is an important mechanism of natural control of populations . predacious insects feed on small , weak species ; parasitic insects live on or in a host and feed at its expense . aphids , for example , are parasitized principally by members of the hymenoptera ; two important aphid predators are ladybird beetles and lacewings . pests also may be controlled by chemical and biological methods ( e . g . , development of resistant plants , as with european grapevines ) .\nthe homopterans are responsible for injuring numerous plants of economic importance . cicadas or dogday harvestflies , sometimes mistakenly called locusts , are well - known pests that have an annual life cycle . they are characterized by their large size and the strident song of the male . periodical cicadas emerge every 13 or 17 years in\n, swarm in trees , mate , and lay eggs in green twigs . permanent damage to\nslits ; when the weakened twigs mature into fruit - bearing limbs , they break under the weight of the fruit , and the crop is lost . failures of this sort can be avoided by not planting young fruit trees in years of\nleafhoppers cause various types of plant injury by interfering with the normal physiology of the plant . the\nof the potato leafhopper , for example , causes leaf cell hypertrophy that impairs transport of sugars . the resulting sugar accumulation in the leaves destroys chlorophyll and causes the leaves to turn brown and die . this injury , termed \u201chopper burn , \u201d can result in complete loss of a\ncrop if not controlled . another type of injury is caused by leafhoppers that feed upon plant mesophyll tissue . in addition to removing excessive amounts of sap , these insects also destroy the plant\u2019s chlorophyll , resulting in yellow spots on the leaves , which eventually turn yellow or brown .\nreduce growth and foliage function and cause formation of grapes that are inferior in size , colour , flavour , and sugar content . plants also are injured when insects lay eggs in green twigs . the egg punctures of several leafhoppers and treehoppers reduce the flexibility of plant limbs . plant stunting and severe curling of leaves occur when the leafhopper\ngrowth . this leafhopper also feeds on alfalfa and causes leaves to turn yellow and drop off . in the same way , aphids and mealybugs cause leaf curling on potatoes and many ornamental plants , and the potato psyllid feeds on potato leaves and causes curling and yellowing known as \u201cpotato yellows . \u201d\nthe froghoppers , often called spittlebugs because immature stages live in spittlelike masses , feed on a variety of plants . one important species , the\nand causes severe stunting that can result in loss of up to 50 percent of a crop . scale insects , unless parasitized , produce enormous populations on green twigs , young limbs , leaves , and fruit ; when tree bark or shrubs become encrusted with one or more layers of scales , the entire plant often dies . damage is caused to\nby the rosy apple aphid . females of the third seasonal generation remain on the apple leaves until after small apples have formed . many aphids crawl onto these tiny apples and puncture them causing dimpling of the fruit and normal incision of tiny apples . the cluster of apples , known as aphid apples , are small and gnarled .\n( sooty mold ) grows in each droplet . the apples become black spotted and are no longer marketable . many other homopterans also produce honeydew , with\non twigs in tropical and subtropical regions . the lac is refined and used in preparing\nsecreted by aphids and scale insects are used in candlemaking , medicines , and candies .\nfor the children of israel . the females produce large quantities of honeydew that solidify in thick layers on plant leaves in arid regions . this sugarlike material , still collected by natives of arabia and iraq , is considered a great delicacy . the term manna often refers to plant products also . certain species of scale insects produce a gum that was used as\nby tribes of north american indians . female root - inhabiting scale insects ( species of\n) enclose their bodies in gold and bronze coloured wax cysts that are used in strings of beads . certain colour patterns and designs of the forewings of tropical species of leafhoppers and planthoppers have been used in artwork by various peoples . for many generations the mexican indians have used a black , white , and red colour design in their art . the design is that of the forewings of a brilliantly coloured\nthe scales of several species of scale insects , including the old world kermes and new world cochineal , have been used to produce red dyes for clothing , foods , and medicines and in emulsions to colour film .\ngenerally , homopterans are bisexual , with mating occurring prior to the production of eggs . however , individual life cycles vary in length and complexity .\nis simple or gradual , with immature stages resembling adults except that the latter usually have wings . the life cycles of most homopterans are short . a typical example is the common\n, which has one generation a year . eggs are laid in late summer on stems or sheaths of host plants and hatch the following spring . over the next 4 to 6 weeks , the larvae develop into adults and begin producing eggs that will overwinter .\nthe life cycle of three species of periodical cicadas is the longest known for insects , lasting 17 years . in the temperate zone enormous numbers of orange - winged adults emerge in spring , when male \u201csinging\u201d to attract females for mating can be extremely loud . after mating , using her strong ovipositor , the female cuts deeply into green twigs and through the harder wood of deciduous trees where she inserts 12 to 14 eggs through drilled slots into each of two chambers separated by a thin partition of wood . the female drills slots until she has deposited a total of 400 to 600 eggs . injury to these trees can be severe , with branches usually dying beyond the point of egg insertion . although eggs may be deposited in some 75 different kinds of trees or shrubs , the females prefer hickory , oak , apple , peach , pear , and grape .\nmagicicada , the genus containing the 13 - and 17 - year cicadas of eastern north america .\n) have cycles that involve passing the winter as eggs inserted in apple twigs . other leafhoppers , however , such as\n, winters as an adult in desert areas and produces an early spring generation on desert plants . as desert plants become unfavourable for feeding , the leafhoppers migrate to available cultivated plants where from one to four summer generations are produced . when the crop is harvested or the plants become unfavourable for feeding , the leafhoppers return to desert plants . although definite alternation of desert and cultivated host plants occurs in this life cycle , no specific plant serves as a primary or secondary host . plant selection by migrating leafhoppers is determined largely by the amount of rainfall and succulence of both wild and cultivated plants . while most species have one generation a year , a few have two or three . the life cycle of planthoppers and fulgorids is similar to that of leafhoppers , while the pear psylla ,\nthe whiteflies , common on citrus trees and in greenhouse plants , do not survive winter out of doors in the north but produce several generations a year in the south . the metamorphosis of whiteflies varies from the typical gradual form . in the first instar ( interval between molts ) the young are active , wingless forms and are usually called larvae . during three subsequent instars , the immature insects become sessile and scalelike and are called nymphs . during these three instars , internal wing development occurs . the molt from last larval instar to pupa occurs inside the last larval skin , which forms a puparium . at this point , whitefly metamorphosis is essentially complete .\nthe scale insects also have modified life cycles . for example , the oyster shell scale , lepidosaphes ulmi , typically passes the winter as an egg beneath a secreted scale covering , whereas the san jose scale quadraspidiotus perniciosus produces living young . in either case newborn young , called crawlers , leave the scale covering to search for food . after a few days they molt , losing their legs , antennae , and anal spines , and retaining poorly developed eyes . they secrete a hard scale about their soft bodies , insert their mouthparts into a plant , and remain sessile . as the females mature , they increase in size , enlarging the scale covering periodically , but do not change form or develop wings .\nyoung males also have a crawler stage but become sessile and inactive after the second molt , passing through a more complete metamorphosis beneath the scale covering . the last preadult instar has two external wings and is called the pupa . adult males have two wings and two small knobs or halteres where the second pair of wings would normally develop . some males have three pairs of eyes . adult males seek out wingless females , concealed beneath the scale covering , and mate with them . as many as three males may mate simultaneously with one female .\nreproduction is bisexual among the homopterans , although asexual reproduction occurs in the aphids , in a few primitive leafhoppers , and possibly in species whose life cycles are not known in detail . an unusual situation occurs in the normally hermaphroditic cottony cushion scale icerya purchasi , in which both male and female sexual organs are present in one individual and the eggs of any individual may be fertilized by its own sperm .\nin the auchenorrhyncha , eggs are laid by the female , who uses an egg - laying structure , the ovipositor , to insert eggs into plant tissue . in the sternorrhyncha ( e . g . , aphids ) the female places her eggs on the surface of the plant . the eggs of scale insects are retained in the body of the female or remain under the scale covering if separated from the female . in mealybugs and certain \u201ccottony\u201d scales , eggs are extruded from the body and remain in a mass enclosed by waxy plates or shreds . in most homopterans , each female produces a few hundred eggs . exceptions occur in some scale insects ( e . g . , cottony maple scale ) where a female may lay 5 , 000 eggs .\ngrowth is gradual and is accompanied by periodic molting . the nymphal stages , or instars , between egg and adult usually number five in leafhoppers and related species . wings , if present , develop when the fifth instar molts and the adult emerges .\n, a species common on cane , is orange , and the female is milk white . size and form also vary between males and females . the male marsh leafhopper\nis not only a different colour than the female but also only half as long . in treehoppers the\n( the dorsal sclerite of the prothorax ) often is so different in shape and size between the two sexes that they appear to be two species . examples of this are\nin appearance that previous knowledge is necessary to associate two sexes of the same species . most homopterans lack defense mechanisms , however , one\nevery insect lives in a habitat defined by specific physical , chemical , and biological conditions . if these conditions are changed sufficiently , the insect cannot survive and will either migrate to available acceptable conditions or perish . temperature and humidity are important climatic factors in determining geographical regions and local habitats of specific homopterans . the distribution of homopterans is influenced also by conditions that favour distribution of host plants .\nplant distribution is determined largely by rainfall - evaporation ratios ; insects with specific host relationships occur in the same regions where the plants are found . other climatic factors may limit the insect to a smaller range within the host plant range ; for example , selection of food plants by the desert species of\ndepends on the abundance of rainfall during one season . host plants of a given species may be closely related , as legumes on which eggs are deposited and adults live ; or the life cycle may be divided between alternate unrelated host plants . the fact that most species are specific in their plant relationships determines habitats such as swamp , marsh , bog , meadow , prairie , desert , deciduous or\nmoisture or humidity relationships also affect the habitats of homopterans . the eggs of most auchenorrhynchans are deposited in tender plant stems or in the undersides of leaf ribs or veins . thus , the incubation period is passed in saturated humidity . after hatching , the nymphs feed on the undersurface of the leaf and remain in high relative humidity since most of the stomata , through which transpiration occurs , are on the undersurface . a reduction in relative humidity due to reduced transpiration can destroy large field populations . certain leafhopper and fulgorid species , although they are not adapted for aquatic life , can live on plants and produce normal populations under conditions of periodic tidal submergence , even in cold waters .\ninsect galls , abnormal growths of plant tissue , are caused usually by the mechanical or chemical stimulus of egg laying in plant tissue and by subsequent activities of the hatching young . the young usually live and feed inside the gall and complete their development before emerging . some 60 species of homopterans , including aphids , psyllids , and coccids , cause plant galls , although aphids are responsible for a majority of them . galls frequently seen on foliage include aphid leaf galls , caused by the grape phylloxera phylloxera vitifoliae ; the leaf petiole gall of poplar , caused by the aphid pemphigus populitransversus ; and the elm cockscomb gall on elm leaves , caused by the aphid colopha ulmicola . different species cause the formation of different types of plant galls .\nor use them to provision their nests . colonies of aphids and scale insects are prey for several kinds of ladybird beetles . female beetles lay their eggs on leaves or twigs where aphids are feeding . when the beetle eggs hatch , the larvae feed upon the homopterans in the colony using chewing mandibles . one larva of\ncan consume 300 aphids in a two week developmental period , while the adult female devours several thousand aphids in her three month life . certain species of flower flies or syrphids also commonly lay their eggs on leaves or twigs where colonies of aphids are feeding . the hatching larvae thrust their piercing mouth structures into the bodies of the aphids and devour them by extracting\namong the hymenoptera , certain wasps are parasites of planthoppers , leafhoppers , and treehoppers . the larvae of dryinid wasps develop internally in the host although part of the body of the larva protrudes from the body of the host , forming a saclike structure between the abdominal and thoracic segments . most encyrtid\nare parasites of aphids , scale insects , and whiteflies . the female eulophid wasp develops as a parasite of scale insects , while the male , developing as a hyperparasite , attacks parasites of the scale insects ( often females of its own species ) . the thamid wasps have habits similar to those of the eulophids in that both parasitize scale insects and whiteflies or are hyperparasites of chalcid wasps that parasitize homopterans .\n. they paralyze homopterans by stinging them , then store them in burrows , lay eggs , and rear young using the homopterans as food . best known of these is the large\nmany species of adult and young aphids are subterranean and feed on the roots of plants . in some species the alternate food plant is no longer used , and the aphids no longer develop wings . some entire colonies spend years below the surface of the soil ; other species spend most of each year underground ; and a few species appear above ground , locate a new host plant , and immediately seek roots . the woolly aphid can live indefinitely on the roots of apple trees but can exist only part of the year on elm , the alternate host . the\nstrawberry root louse has a sexual cycle in which eggs are laid , but these aphids are dependent upon ants for survival . the ants not only care for the eggs in their nests but they also carry the young aphids from plant to plant . in some subterranean aphids the sexual cycle , and with it the egg - laying stage , has disappeared entirely . subterranean aphids have no predators and few parasites . other root feeders are young cicadas , certain young cercopids , some cixiid nymphs of the fulgorids , and immature stages of a few leafhoppers .\nthe homopterans and heteropterans , here classified as separate orders , sometimes are considered as suborders of an order hemiptera . both groups have piercing - sucking mouthparts ; for this reason , they are thought to be closely related to each other . some entomologists , however , consider distinguishing features other than the mouthparts\u2026\ninsect , ( class insecta or hexapoda ) , any member of the largest class of the phylum arthropoda , which is itself the largest of the animal phyla . insects have segmented bodies , jointed legs , and external skeletons ( exoskeletons ) . insects are distinguished from other arthropods by their body , which is divided into three major regions : \u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\namong the larger and more familiar representatives of this order are the cicadas . these musical insects are prevalent during the summer months and are usually first heard during the hot dry days of june before the monsoons . most of us are probably familiar with the song , a loud buzzing noise emanating from a tree or shrub . males sing to attract mates and can be very hard to locate since they usually stop singing as you approach their perch . an observant person is probably more familiar with the brown husks of exoskeleton left by nymphs when they emerge as adults . there are several species of cicadas in the sonoran desert region , with one of the most common species at lower elevations being the apache cicada ( diceroprocta apache ) . adults emerge in june , feed on plant sap , mate , and insert their eggs just under the surface of plant stems . these eggs hatch , and the larvae drop to the ground and dig into the soil to feed on the roots of various plants . in their underground homes , nymphs live and feed for 3 or more years before emerging as adults .\nfemales , like most other homopterans , have incomplete metamorphosis , but males pupate within a tiny silken cocoon before emerging as adults .\ncochineals\u2019 claim to fame is that their bodies contain a substance called carminic acid that produces a beautiful red dye . native peoples from the southwest , mexico , and south america harvested these insects for the dye . europeans discovered the dye when conquering the new world and the valuable product made many of them rich . up to that time , most red dyes came from plant material . cochineal , however , not only produced a superior red hue , but also withstood the effects of sun and washing much better than did the plant - derived dyes . cochineal dye fell out of favor with the advent of synthetic dyes developed in the mid 1800s . however , it is making a comeback , as the more subtle hues of natural dyes are regaining popularity . it is also currently being used as a food and pharmaceutical dye , particularly since many of the synthetic food dyes have proven to be toxic . look for cochineal or carmine on the labels of pink - and red - colored foods and medicines at the grocery store .\nother familiar homopterans are the aphids or plant lice . most of us have encountered large groups of these little creatures feasting on the fleshy stems of herbaceous plants in the spring and summer . these tiny insects have very interesting and complex life cycles . most species survive the winter as eggs and then hatch into females in the spring . these new females then begin to reproduce asexually on their host plants\u2014which differ depending on the species of aphid\u2014forming small colonies of clones . in many species , the colony eventually produces winged forms that fly off to a second host plant ( sometimes a completely different plant species ) and continue to reproduce . when fall approaches , winged forms migrate back to the original species of host plant and produce both males and females which mate and lay the overwintering eggs . an easy - to - recognize species that occurs in our area is the milkweed aphid , aphis nerii . these beautiful aphids are bright yellow with black legs and antennae ; they are found on various species of milkweed in the spring and summer months .\n\u00a9 2018 arizona - sonora desert museum 2021 n . kinney rd . , tucson az 85743 u . s . a . directions \u00b7 hours & rates \u00b7 520 . 883 . 2702 \u00b7 info @ urltoken jobs & volunteers \u00b7 contact \u00b7 faq \u00b7 privacy \u00b7 terms & conditions \u00b7 accessibility\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit is difficult to generalize about the biology of these insects . cicadas are the largest members of the suborder . as nymphs , they live underground and feed on the roots of trees and shrubs . some species complete development in as little as four years , but others have a 13 - or 17 - year life cycle . in contrast , the aphids are tiny , soft - bodied insects with multiple generations per year . many species have complex life cycles involving more than one host plant . winged and wingless forms of the same species may develop at different times of the year . asexual reproduction ( parthenogenesis ) is common and males are unknown in some species . the scale insects are even more specialized . during much of their life cycle , they remain immobile , living beneath an impervious cover of wax or cuticle that they secrete over themselves . legs and antennae often disappear after the first molt . only newly hatched nymphs and adult males bear any resemblence to other insects . females grow to sexual maturity , mate , produce offspring , and die without ever leaving their protective cover .\nmembracidae ( treehoppers ) - - ecologically similar to leafhoppers , these insects have a large pronotum that extends over most of the body . they often resemble thorns or small twigs .\ncercopidae ( spittlebugs or froghoppers ) - - nymphs live on plant stems and produce a frothy defensive secretion around themselves . adults are similar to leafhoppers in size and general appearance .\nfulgoridae ( planthoppers ) - - this is one of eleven families classified as planthoppers ( superfamily fulgoroidea ) . these insects are ecologically similar to leafhoppers and treehoppers . many species are oddly shaped and cryptically colored .\npsyllidae ( psyllids or jumping plant lice ) - - small , aphid - like insects with 3 - segmented beaks and 10 segmented antennae . many species are covered with a woolly layer of wax .\naleyrodidae ( whiteflies ) - - body and wings of adults are covered with a white powdery wax . nymphs attach to the undersides of leaves and become immobile , resembling scale insects .\naphididae ( aphids , plantlice ) - - second largest family in the suborder homptera . many of these insects are pests of cultivated plants . aphids are considered the most important carriers of viral plant diseases .\ncoccidae ( soft scale insects ) - - this is one of 17 families that make up the superfamily coccoidea ( scale insects and mealybugs ) . most species are sedentary during most of their life cycle and secreate a protective covering over their bodies . these insects are among the most common pests of cultivated plants .\na scale insect , laccifer lacca , is the source of natural shellac . the insect lives on various fig trees in the tropics .\ndactylopius coccus , the cochineal insect , is the source of a bright red dye formerly used in the textile industry . it is a scale insect that lives on prickly pear cacti .\naphids in the subfamily pemphiginae are gall - makers . the galls are usually open at one end so the insects can come and go freely .\nthe ground pearls ( family margarodidae ) are a group of scale insects that live on plant roots . in some tropical species , the females form large wax cysts , often bronze or gold in color , that people collect and use as beads .\nseveral groups : cicadas , hoppers , psyllids , whiteflies , aphids , scale insects .\nsimple metamorphosis . in whiteflies it resembles a comple metamorphosis because the last nymphal instar does not move and looks like a pupa .\nmany species produce honeydew . sometimes ants that feed on honeydew will protect the insects .\nthis website uses cookies to improve your experience . we ' ll assume you ' re ok with this , but you can opt - out if you wish . accept read more\nif you have found this glossary useful please consider supporting the amateur entomologists ' society by becoming a member or making a donation .\nthis website uses cookies , if you want to use our site without cookies or would like to know more , please see privacy & cookies . if you continue to use this site we ' ll assume that you ' re happy with this .\nmost people tend to call anything with lots of legs a\nbug .\nhowever , to an entomologist , a\nbug\nis one of the 35 , 000 or so species of the order hemiptera .\nmeans\nhalf wing\nand refers to the fact that part of the first pair of wings is toughened and hard , while the rest of the first pair and the second pair are membranous . hemipterans also have modified piercing and sucking mouthparts ; some suck plant juices and are plant pests , while others can bite painfully .\nboth hemiptera and heteroptera go back to the permian , and are fairly well - known as fossils . the picture at the top of the page depicts a group of aquatic hemipterans , i . e . water bugs , from the\ncarpenter , f . m . 1992 . treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda 4 , volume 3 : superclass hexapoda . geological society of america and university of kansas , boulder , colorado and lawrence , kansas .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na group of true bugs comprising those in which the forewings are uniform in texture . plant bugs such as aphids , whitefly , scale insects , and cicadas belong to this group .\nmodern latin ( plural ) , from homo - \u2018equal\u2019 + greek pteron \u2018wing\u2019 .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nie . , having a 17 - year cycle . the eggs are injected into holes in twigs of trees , and the nymphs hatching from them fall to the ground into which they burrow to feed on the roots . after about 17 years of nymphal growth a stage resembling a pupa is passed through before emergence of the adult ( derived and updated from\nplant lice ( aphididae ) are noted for their wide distribution and for their rapid reproduction , and transparent wings . the tarsus is 2 - jointed , that of the coccidae being 1 - jointed . wax - secreting cornicles are located dorsally on the abdomen .\nin the coccidae the reproductive phenomena are of much economic importance . a comparatively simple life cycle is that of\nas eggs , which are laid in the autumn by fertilized females . in spring these eggs give rise to wingless viviparous parthenogenetic females . a variable number of these parthenogenetic generations is passed through in the summer , then winged parthenogenetic females appear that migrate to another host plant ( the bean\nfrom these there now appear oviparous females to copulate with winged males , that are migrants from the secondary host plant , the bean .\nfertilized eggs are laid in autumn that give rise to wingless viviparous parthenogenetic females .\nthese then give rise to winged migrant parthenogenetic females and wingless parthenogenetic viviparous females .\nsome of these give rise to winged viviparous females that in turn give rise to wingless oviparous females .\nthe notorious pest of vineyards , the life cycle is more complicated and involves migrations between root and stem of the host plant . the reproductive capacity of these insects is extraordinary but is kept down by the number of enemies they possess .\nthe cyclical reproductive phenomena in aphids leads to important questions relating to the differences between sexual and parthenogenetic individuals , and to the environmental conditions determining the occurrence of these phases in any life cycle .\nfertilized eggs produce only parthenogenetic females . these multiply by diploid parthenogenesis , i . e . the eggs retain the full complement of chromosomes and are not capable of fertilization . eventually there come individuals capable of bearing sexual forms ,\nthe sexual forms arising from these produce haploid germ cells that have undergone normal reduction . fertilization then will restore diploid parthenogenesis . sexual differences are indicated in the chromosomes ; the female of\nhas six , of which two are sex chromosomes ; the male only five , one only being a sex chromosome . however , sexual reproduction leads only to the production of parthenogenetic females and\nto males and females in equal numbers , as might be expected . this appears to be due to the fact that in the maturation of sperms , those with only two chromosomes die . fertilization is always between sperms and ova each with three chromosomes , of which in each case two are normal chromosomes\nthe capacity of females with six chromosomes to produce male offspring with only five is due to the fact that in the maturation of male - producing parthenogenetic eggs , reduction in the number of chromosomes only affects the sex ( x ) chromosomes , one remaining in the egg , the other going to the polar body . in this way a parthenogenetic female with six chromosomes , i . e . 4 +\ngives rise to males with only five , i . e . 4 + x ( derived and updated from\nthey have membranous or leathery wings , but it is possible to trace venation to the base .\nthe mouthparts are beak - like and appear to arise from the front legs .\nthe cicada has the longest life cycle of any insect , and there is a great diversity in dwelling places .\nare noted for their high - pitched call , which is made only by the male and is used to attract females .\nall cicadas have a rather broad head and prominent eyes with three glossy , beadlike ocelli between .\nthey feed on herbaceous plants and some species have different hosts in different parts of the life cycle .\nfor example , oak in springtime , goldenrod in summer and oak again in autumn .\nthis is beat up and mixed with air by action of the hind legs .\nthese insects become free living as adults when they resemble some leafhoppers very closely , but can be distinguished by having spines on the apex of the hind tibia . .\nfeed on plants in all stages and many are very economically important pests . these insects are characterized by long , slender wings , which are held roof - like above their body .\nthey are very active as jumpers due to their enlarged tibia , and the nymphs are agile and can run sideways . the hind legs have a double row of spines and not a single circular row as in spittlebugs .\n, which have a virus incubation period that can last a year or more . the beet leafhopper migrates and transmits\nthe toxic effect is not only from their saliva but also due to their feeding on the vascular parts of plants ( xylem and phloem ) .\nthey have complex life histories with winged and wingless forms and one or more hosts .\nthey prefer to feed mostly on tender shoots of rapidly growing plants , but will also feed at other sites even on the roots .\nbesides causing direct injury to plants some species are also able to transmit plant viruses , which occur on their mouthparts as contaminants .\nwhen dropping onto plants various molds grow on it , which will damage plants .\nants will care for aphids and extract honeydew from them by caressing them with their antennae .\nif the winter host is a tree the alternate host will often be an herbaceous plant .\nif conditions become crowded on the alternate host , winged generations may be produced , which are all females .\nthese fly to another plant that may be the same or a different species of herbaceous plant .\nin the autumn , there is a migration back to the winter host plant .\nalso in autumn the female may produce several generations on the reinvaded winter host .\nshe may mate with the male and then go through an egg - laying phase that overwinters .\nare primarily tropical and subtropical insects that secrete a wax covering over their body , which protects them from external environmental conditions ."]}
{"id": 648, "summary": [{"text": "the western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) is a species in the grebe family of water birds .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "folk names include \" dabchick \" , \" swan grebe \" and \" swan-necked grebe \" .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "western grebe fossils from the late pleistocene of sw north america were described as a distinct species , but later ranked as a paleosubspecies aechmophorus occidentalis lucasi .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "more recent study found them to fall within the variation now known to exist in today 's birds . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "western grebe", "paragraphs": ["atitlan grebe or giant grebe podilymbus gigas . endemic to lake atitlan , guatemala .\nsubspecies and range : the western grebe has two subspecies which differ only in size .\nfolk names for this bird include dabchick , swan grebe , and swan - necked grebe .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the western and clark ' s grebe , whose ranges overlap .\nthe western grebe is the largest north american member of the grebe family . other names for this species include \u201cswan grebe\u201d , \u201cdabchick\u201d and \u201cswan - necked grebe\u201d . this species has been known to interbreed with the clark\u2019s grebe , which looks much like and shares the same habitat as the western grebe . nests are built on large inland lakes and coastal marshes of western north america . during winter months , northern populations will migrate to the western coastal ocean areas . typical diets of this bird consist of carp , herring , mollusks , crabs and salamanders . the conservation rating for the western grebe is least concern .\nthe western grebe was first described in 1858 by sir william lawrence , an english surgeon and biologist .\nhill w . l . , m . browne , and c . hardenbergh . 1995 . composition of eared grebe western grebe eggs . jstor biological sciences collection\nthe western grebe is one of the two most piscivorous species with the great crested grebe . both have elongated body , slender neck and long thin bill .\nthe oldest recorded western grebe was a female and at least 11 years old when she was found in california .\ndavis , d . g . 1961 . western grebe colonies in northern colorado . condor 63 : 264 - 265 .\neichhorst ba ( 1994 ) an analysis of western grebe banding and recovery data . north american bird bander 17 : 108\u2013115 .\nwestern grebe aechmophorus occidentalis - a . o . occidentalis . british columubia to lake winnipeg and south to southern california . - a . o . clarkii . western usa and mexican plateau .\nthe western grebe lives on fresh water lakes and marshes which have large areas of open water and vegetation around it ( storer & nuechterlein 1992 ) .\nwestern grebes are large and slender with long necks and long , thin bills . plumage is dark gray above and white below , with a clear color division . the top of the face is black , and the bottom white . the black extends below the eye in the western grebe . ( in the closely related and similar - appearing clark ' s grebe , the black ends above the eye . ) the bill of the western grebe is yellowish to dull olive .\nred - necked grebe or holb\u00f6ll\u2019s grebe podiceps grisegena . kornwerderzand , the netherlands culmen : 36 . 0 mm ; total : 84 . 5 mm , unsexed adult\nthe artwork shown to the left is from the 1925 grebe radio advertising brochure .\nin north america , there are eight species of grebes in four genera ( including the extinct atitlan grebe ) . members of this family include the long and slender - necked western and clark\u2019s grebes , and the plump pied - billed grebe .\nin all seasons and habitats , the primary food of western grebes is fish .\neastern and western mexican subspecies differ slightly in plumage and might be reliably identifiable .\nrange / habitat : the western grebe is commonly found from canada through california , and sometimes in mexico . it usually occurs in the great plains and western states , but occasionally can be found in the eastern half of the united states . it usually stays on prairie lakes in british columbia and california , and sometimes as far down as mexico . in the winter the western grebe lives on the pacific coast .\nerickson ma ( 2010 ) persistence and abundance of the western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) in alberta . msc . thesis , university of alberta , edmonton , alberta .\nwestern grebes are highly gregarious at all seasons , nesting in colonies and wintering in flocks . their thin , reedy calls are characteristic sounds of western marshes in summer .\nbill : the dagger - like bill is one of the best distinguishing characteristics of these similar birds . the clark ' s grebe has a bright yellow or bold orange - yellow bill , while the western grebe ' s bill is much darker and has a strong olive - green or gray tinge . because of its coloration , a western grebe ' s bill may appear narrower or slightly upturned , especially in dim light .\nthe grebe qsl card . the card design did change somewhat from time to time .\nclick the range map to learn more about the distribution of western grebes in washington .\na bird ( black mask ) swimming close to a pair of clark ' s grebe .\nshort - winged grebe rollandia micopterum . restricted to some lakes in peruvian and bolivian andes .\nthe western grebe feeds mainly on fish , but will also eat salamanders , crustaceans , plychaete worms , and insects . they tend to be opportunists ( storer and nuechterlein 1992 ) .\nthe western form of solitary sa - dpiper ( sandpiper ) is misspelled in the list .\nt . r . ruficollis . europe , north - western africa , turkey and israel .\nrobbins , c . , b . bruun , h . zim . 1996 .\nwestern grebe aechmophorus occidentalis\n( on - line ) . accessed october 23 , 2000 at urltoken .\nbent ac ( 1919 ) western grebe . in : bent ac , editor . life histories of north american diving birds . dover publications inc , new york , new york . 1\u20139 .\nthe western grebe is a large and conspicuous waterbird . adapted for an aquatic lifestyle , with lobed feet set well back on a streamlined body , western grebes are powerful swimmers but awkward on land . their white throat , breast and belly contrast with the black and grey plumage of their crown , neck , back and wings . they have bright red eyes and a long , pointed yellowish - green bill . the western grebe has been suggested as a bioindicator for wetland ecosystems .\ndelacour ' s little grebe or aloatra dabchick tachybaptus rufolavatus . endemic to lake aloatra , madagascar .\nphoto above : the grebe cr - 5 , a single tube receiver from 1922 . many accessories could be purchased from grebe to improve the performance of smaller receivers like the cr - 5 .\ngrebe advertising spared no expense to convey their message that grebe used the best parts in the best circuits with the highest quality construction and that naturally resulted in the best performing radio equipment available . the 1925 grebe radio brochure is a very high quality book that not only shows the various models of the synchrophase that were available in 1925 but also contains several photos of earlier grebe radios .\na large , elegant , black - and - white grebe , the western grebe breeds in lakes and ponds across the american west and winters primarily off the pacific coast . the very similar clark ' s grebe was long thought to be the same species . both species have a dramatic , choreographed courtship display , in which the birds rush across the water with their long necks extended .\nthe elegant western grebe is unlikely to be confused with any species other than its close relative , the clark ' s grebe . in general , western grebe has a paler greenish - yellow bill ( orange in clark ' s ) , and darker face , flanks , and neck sides . in breeding plumage , western ' s face is blacker than clark ' s , usually with blackish extending around the eyes to the base of the bill . bill color may be the single best character for separating the two during all seasons . the following is a link to this photographer ' s website : urltoken .\nburger ae ( 1997 ) status of the western grebe in british columbia . wildlife working report no . wr\u201387 . british columbia ministry of environment , lands and parks , wildlife branch , victoria , bc .\nthe western subspecies is widespread in north america ; eastern ( asian ) has been recorded at least once in western alaska . it differs in size and breeding plumage , and is split by several authorities .\neastern and western forms are usually distinguishable by tail pattern , and more study might reveal other differences .\nthe western grebe is a large and conspicuous waterbird . adapted for an aquatic lifestyle , with lobed feet set well back on a streamlined body , western grebes are powerful swimmers but awkward on land . their white throat , breast and belly contrast with the black and grey plumage of their crown , neck , back and wings . they have bright red eyes and a long , pointed yellowish - green bill . the western grebe has been suggested as a bioindicator for wetland ecosystems . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\ndescription : the western grebe is the largest of the north american grebes . sexes are similar in that they both have a long , slender neck and bill and their feet are far back of the body .\nrobison km , weems re , anderson dw , henkel la , brickey a ( 2008 ) western & clark\u2019s grebe conservation and management in california . annual report to the american trader trustee council , february 2008 .\nyanch j ( 2006 ) status of the western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) in alberta . wildlife status report no . 60 . alberta sustainable resource development & alberta conservation association . edmonton , alberta , canada .\nis a carnivore . it mostly eats fish , but also eats insects , mollusks , and crustaceans . the western grebe is an aggressive hunter . it dives under the water and spears fish with its long bill .\nstorer rw , nuechterlein gl ( 1992 ) western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) . in : poole a , editor . the birds of north america online . ithaca , cornell lab of ornithology . available : urltoken .\nwith this upgrade , the grebe mu - 1 continued in production built to this configuration until mid - 1927 .\n4 . radio age , don patterson - multi - part article on a . h grebe from the 1980s .\nadult males of siberian subspecies ( recorded a few times in western alaska ) are safely distinguishable from american subspecies .\nebird and clements suggest the name woodhouse\u2019s western scrub - jay for the interior groups based on the latin trinomial .\ntwo western grebes engage in a courtship dance called\nrushing ,\nin which the birds walk on water .\nshown to the left is the cover which has\ngrebe\nand\nradio\nactually embossed in the heavy paper cover . the photo to the right is of grebe ' s experimental station 2xe which shows the cr - 6 and cr - 7 receivers along with a grebe - built 200 watt transmitter that is powered by batteries and the motor - generator set under the table . the horn speaker shown is a western electric 10 - d horn .\nwestern grebes famously run on water , but few ornithologists have seen them using their aquatic feet to scamper across land .\nsubtle differences in song between eastern and western populations of this species are probably not reliable enough to allow confident identification .\nbecause the western and clark ' s grebes were considered color phases of one species\u2014the western grebe\u2014from 1886 until 1985 , the literature on them was combined under that name . only rarely was mention made of the \u201cphase\u201d of the birds studied . because of this , and because of the great similarity between the two species in morphology and behavior , this account contains references that may pertain to both species . first , under western grebe , is given the information known to apply to that species alone , followed by information common to both species , and that for which the \u201cphase\u201d was not mentioned . the clark ' s grebe account consists of information known to apply to that species and to known differences between the two .\nface : both species have a white face with a prominent black cap , but on clark ' s grebes the red eye is surrounded by white while on western grebes the red eye is surrounded by black or dark gray . this can make it seem as though the western grebe has larger eyes , while the white plumage makes the eyes of clark ' s grebes seem more colorful . in winter , however , the gray on western grebes can become much lighter , so careful observation is necessary .\nthe western grebe is a conspicuous water bird of western north america , from southern canada to the mexican plateau . they are perhaps best known for their elaborate and energetic courtship rituals , now well - studied . these courtship ceremonies - - in which these birds perform a series of displays in ritualized , apparently mechanical , sequences - - are among the most complex known in birds .\ngreat crested grebe podiceps cristatus . the netherlands culmen : 48 . 1 mm ; total : 98 . 5 mm , adult male\nhorned grebe podiceps auritus kornwerderzand . the netherlands culmen : 22 . 0 mm ; total : 61 . 0 mm , unsexed adult\ngrebe actually supplied a printed post card qsl that was ready to fill out and send off to received broadcast stations . hopefully , the card would impress the station to the point that they would reciprocate . grebe also used the card for advertising purposes , showing a synchrophase and\ndoctor mu\non one side and wahg and wboq grebe ' s bc stations on the other side .\ndiet : as a carnivore , it mostly eats fish , but also gleans the water ' s surface for insects , mollusks , and crustaceans . the western grebe is an aggressive hunter . it dives under the water and spears fish with its long bill .\nwestern ( left ) and clark ' s ( right ) grebes can be hard to tell apart . photo \u00a9 mike baird ;\nby understanding the differences between the two species , however , birders can learn to recognize both clark ' s and western grebes .\nsome western birds have obvious white crests in breeding plumage and may be identifiable , but many have black crests like eastern birds .\nthe head , neck , and body are a blackish brown color from above , and white from below . the western grebe has a dull yellow or olive - colored bill and red eyes surrounded by dark coloration . in flight a white wing stripe is exposed .\nblack - necked grebe podiceps nigricollis . location unknown culmen : 22 . 7 mm ; total : 59 . 3 mm , unsexed adult\nit is a migratory bird found on temperate coastal , freshwater lakes . during the breeding season it lives on large lakes with dense areas of emergent vegetation or thick mats of floating aquatic plants . in migration , the western grebe is found on large , deep lakes .\neastern and western subspecies differ only on average in overall plumage color , and are too variable to allow identification outside their normal range .\nwestern mexican and eastern mexican populations differ only in average size ( especially bill size ) and are not safely identified in the field .\nthe grebes or podicipedidae ( pronounced po - dih - seh - pih - peh - dih - dee ) include twenty - one species in six genera found on all continents except antarctica including two extinct species , the aloatra grebe of madagascar and the atitlan grebe of guatemala .\ngrebe produced a series of ham receivers designated with a\ncr\nprefix followed by a number to identify the model . the cr receivers were very popular with the hams and , if a commercially built receiver is seen in a vintage photograph of an old ham station , it will more than likely be a grebe\ncr\nreceiver . the amateur business was large enough that , by 1920 , grebe had a fairly large building for radio manufacturing . the a . h . grebe & co . , inc . was incorporated in january , 1920 .\nthe western grebe is 55 to 77 cm long and 800 to 1800 grams . it is black and white with a narrow body , long neck , and long , pointed yellowish green bill . the bright red eyes of the western grebe are surrounded by black . the female is smaller and the bill on the female is much thinner and shorter ( storer and nuechterlein 1992 ) . for a comprehensive review of the conservation status , habitat use , and ecology of this and other montana bird species , please see marks et al . 2016 , birds of montana .\nwestern grebes are highly gregarious in all seasons , wintering in large flocks and nesting in colonies . the neck structure of western grebes allows them to thrust their beaks forward , like spears , a motion they use to catch prey . as a family , grebes are known for their elaborate courtship displays . western grebes and the closely related clark ' s grebes perform the most spectacular displays of the family . the displays of western and clark ' s grebes are almost identical ; the only apparent difference is that one of many calls differs in the number of notes .\neastern and western populations differ substantially and consistently in song and singing behavior , and differ slightly in plumage and have been proposed for species status . in addition , pacific birds differ at least in overall color from other western birds , and a distinctively gray subspecies occurs in coastal southeast us .\nsubspecies townsendi of western alaska averages larger and whiter than widespread nivalis , but differences are probably not sufficient to allow identification , and intergrades occur .\nstorer , r . w . and g . l . nuechterlein . 1992 . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) and clarke ' s grebe ( a . clarkii ) . in : a . poole , p . stettenheim , and f . gill , ( eds . ) , the birds of north america , no . 26 . philadelphia : the academy of natural sciences ; washington d . c . : the american ornithologists union 24 pp .\nif you think dating is hard , be glad you ' re not a grebe . these north american waterbirds have high standards when it comes to attracting and keeping a mate : if either a male or female grebe can ' t\nwalk\non water , they ' re out of luck .\n2 . change to ux - 112 audio output tube . part of changes 3 and 4 . shown on grebe schematic dated 8 - 16 - 26\n5 . radio manufacturers of the 1920s , vol . 2 , alan douglas - history on a . h . grebe & co . , inc .\nlaporte , nicholas , robert w . storer and gary l . nuechterlein . 2013 . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe western grebe is migratory and winters down pacific coast . they start to move in september towards saltwater locations . they migrate by night over land , and partially by day along the coast where they often swim . the mexican populations appear fairly sedentary , with only local movements according to the season .\ntwo subspecies are probably reliably identified by bill and leg color in breeding plumage but not at other times . asian a rare visitor to western alaska .\nsiberian form recorded once in western aleutians . more study is needed on visual id criteria , but dna barcode study shows substantial difference from north american .\nclowater js ( 1998 ) distribution and foraging behavior of wintering western grebes . m . sc . thesis , simon fraser university , burnaby , bc .\naechmophorus grebes breed in colonies at the vegetated edge of larger lakes and freshwater marshes . kushlan et al . [ 28 ] estimated the north american population size of western grebes at more than 110 , 000 breeders , and clark\u2019s grebes at 10 , 000\u201320 , 000 . the breeding range of western grebes includes most of southwest canada and the western united states , while clark\u2019s grebes are more restricted to the southwestern states [ 27 ] . after breeding , western grebes migrate primarily to the pacific coast and overwinter from southern alaska to mexico with lower numbers reported at inland sites from southern british columbia to west texas . wintering clark\u2019s grebes are restricted to the southern portion of the western grebe winter range and are rare north of about 42\u00b0 latitude ( this study ) . both species specialize on fish prey ( > 81 % of diet ) but are opportunistic and utilize other prey depending on availability [ 27 ] .\nprotection / threats / status : the western grebe is threatened by oil spills and insecticides accumulated in their food , involving reduced breeding success . another threat is the reduction of the habitat , with increasing human developments . however , populations are currently large and stable , and this species is not globally threatened .\nrange : both birds share the same range and habitats in western north america , but clark ' s grebes are much rarer and have a smaller range spread , particularly to the north and east . western grebes are more common and can be found further north and east more regularly , especially in summer .\nthe largest grebe . only one species , although there is some discussion about the status of the two subspecies . they may appear to be true species .\n2 . grebe radio 1925 advertising brochure - covers early versions of the mu - 1 and mu - 2 . multi - color and high - quality photos and artwork . this brochure states that the escutcheons are\ndull 24k gold covered .\ninformation on wahg and many earlier grebe cr - series models .\nwestern grebes and their former conspecifics , clark ' s grebe , are unique among grebes in possessing a mechanism in the neck that permits them to thrust forward the head like a spear . such a mechanism is well known in herons and anhingas , but its details remain to be worked out in these grebes .\nkraft , s . k . 1983 . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) . pp . 1 - 12 in j . a . armbruster , ed . , impacts of coal surface mining on 25 migratory bird species of high federal interest . usdi fish and wildlife service fws / obs - 83 / 85 .\neastern and western populations are quite different in female plumage , and several flight call variations are also known . more study is needed to sort out differences .\nwithout a doubt , the most often seen grebe radio produced is the synchrophase mu - 1 . after all , over 150 , 000 of them were built between mid - 1924 and mid - 1927 . it is a good example to represent grebe , a company that could stay competitive throughout the twenties when radios were being produced and sold in incredible quantities by hundreds and hundreds of manufacturers . great performance and great looks , . . . that ' s the grebe synchrophase .\neurasian subspecies known as goosander ( rare but regular in western alaska ) is safely distinguishable from american subspecies by wing pattern and probably by bill and head shape .\ntwo subspecies groups ( western and texas ) differ slightly in overall color , tail pattern , and size , but more study is needed to clarify potential differences .\nneuchterlein gl ( 1975 ) nesting ecology of western grebes on the delta marsh , manitoba . msc . thesis . colorado state university , fort collins , colorado .\n- in 1927 , the mu - 1 was rapidly becoming obsolete . many\nhigh quality\nneutrodynes were on the market that performed as well as , if not better than , the grebe mu - 1 . grebe did introduce a single dial version but it wasn ' t produced in any quantity . by late 1927 , ac power operation was the latest offering from the manufacturers . grebe responded with the synchrophase ac - six , a thoroughly different looking radio receiver than the old mu - 1 . for those in areas without ac power , grebe offered the similar - looking synchrophase seven battery operated receiver . later , for a nominal sum of $ 55 , the factory would convert a seven to ac operation . in the end , screen - grid tubes sets and eventually a few superheterodynes were produced before grebe went bankrupt , a victim of the great depression . grebe had every intention of reforming the company but he died , at age 40 , from complications following surgery .\nplumage : while clark ' s and western grebes are almost identical in plumage , clark ' s grebes are lighter overall when seen in good light , and their flanks are particularly lighter and may show as light gray or whitish . western grebes are darker overall and can appear dark gray or black , with much darker flanks .\nexcept for the least grebe of southern texas and tropical wetlands further south , all grebes migrate to bays , large lakes , and other coastal habitats in north america .\nreproduction of this species : the laying occurs between may and july in usa and between may and october in mexico . the western grebe breeds sometimes in large colonies of hundreds or thousands of nests , and sometimes mixed with clark grebe ( aechmophorus clarkii ) . but it may occasionally breed solitary too . both sexes build a floating nest , a fairly solid mound of plant matter , floating or resting on the bottom . the nest is usually anchored to the emergent vegetation in shallow water in marshes .\nhand , r . l . 1969 . a distributional checklist of the birds of western montana . unpublished . available at mansfield library , university of montana , missoula .\ntwo subspecies groups differ in plumage and dna . all or nearly all are readily identifiable . eurasian group a rare visitor to western alaska and very rarely farther south .\nhumple d ( 2009 ) genetic structure and demographic impacts of oil spills in western and clark\u2019s grebes . m . sc . thesis , sonoma state university , california .\nwestern grebe : breeds from british columbia , saskatchewan , and manitoba south to california and southwestern texas . winters along the pacific coast from southeastern alaska to california , on the gulf coast of louisiana and texas . casual to eastern u . s . preferred habitats include large lakes with reeds or rushes , shallow coastal bays , and estuaries .\npopulations of western grebe may be declining . the north american waterbird conservation plan estimates more than 110 , 000 breeding birds in north america , rates the species a 12 out of 20 on the continental concern score , and lists it as a species of moderate concern . western grebe is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . around 1900 , western grebes were extensively hunted for their silky white breast and belly feathers , which were used in clothing and hats . this aquatic species is also sensitive to pesticides , to other causes of poor water quality , and entanglement in fishing line . western grebes nest in colonies and can be flushed by boaters that approach too closely , leaving their nests vulnerable to gulls and other predators . on their coastal wintering grounds they are vulnerable to oil spills and are caught in gill nets . according to natureserve , their status is of particular concern near the edges of their range , in kansas , oklahoma , wisconsin , and british columbia , canada . back to top\n11 . it ' s likely that the mu - 2 was not produced after mid - 1926 since it isn ' t mentioned in the grebe synchrophase manual copyrighted 1926 .\neastern and western ( and perhaps pacific ) forms differ slightly in plumage and possibly voice . these are probably not safely identified in the field but more study is warranted .\na range - wide analysis of western grebe abundance is complicated by the relatively recent systematic designation of this species from its congener , the clark\u2019s grebe ( aechmophorus clarkii , [ 27 ] ) . the two species were considered to be color phases of a single species prior to 1985 and thus both recorded as western grebes on counts . most grebes are identified to species on counts conducted after 1985 but because they are similar in appearance , positive identification is not always possible in large groups or at great distance . as a result , 13 . 9 % of surveys after 1985 report \u2018 aechmophorus spp\u2019 as a component of the total number of grebes recorded . in this case , we used the ratio of all western and clark\u2019s grebes identified on that count to estimate the fraction of aechmophorus count attributed to each species . clark\u2019s grebes are rare compared to western grebes and only regularly detected in the southern portion of the aechmophorus winter range . thereore , our main analysis estimated trends for aechmophorus spp . over the entire range under the assumption that large trends would necessarily be dominated by changes in the number of western grebes . we also conducted separate analyses for clark\u2019s grebes after 1985 to test for a potential influence on overall trends .\nthe nest is most often built on floating vegetation hidden among emergent plants ; western grebes occasionally nest in the open and rarely on land . both sexes build the nest using material brought from underwater , found floating on the surface , or growing near the nest . western grebes often nest in colonies , with hundreds or even thousands on one lake .\nstorer , r . w . , and g . l . nuechterlein . 1992 . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) . species account number 026a . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database\nlike many grebes , the western grebe flies little and is more often seen in its aquatic environment than in the air . however , this species is able to migrate and to fly . it needs to run along the water surface while beating quickly its wings in order to take off . it has to keep beating the wings quickly during the flight too . it can fly fast and over long distances during the migrations , performing direct flight and rapid wingbeats . the western grebes often form major concentrations during migrations and in winter .\ngrebe marketed some of their cr receivers as broadcast receivers since they did tune around where the bc stations were transmitting . the cr - 9 was the most popular early grebe cr receiver since it included a two - stage audio amplifier section in addition to the regenerative detector . additionally , grebe later offered the cr - 12 and the cr - 14 as broadcast receivers but they still retained the round black dials and the same circuit of the earlier cr receivers , that is , regenerative detectors with a couple of stages of audio amplification .\nthe western grebe adult has dark grey to blackish upperparts . sides and flanks are paler grey . the underparts are white . the tail is very short . secondaries and bases of primaries are pale grey to white , often conspicuous in flight . the black cap ( through eye - level ) and hindneck contrast strongly with the white face , neck sides and foreneck .\nthe western grebe , like other grebes , spends almost all its time in water and is very awkward when on land . the legs are so far back on the body that walking is very difficult . western grebes are adept swimmers and divers . courtship happens entirely in the water , including a well - known display known as \u201crushing , \u201d where two birds turn to one side , lunge forward in synchrony , their bodies completely out of the water , and race across the water side by side with their necks curved gracefully forward . back to top\nor black and white patterns on the head . bill color also becomes bright orange or yellow in a few species while the pied - billed grebe\u2019s bill acquires a dark , vertical line .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 2001 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 2000 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . february 2001 .\ntwo groups \u2013 eastern ( brown - backed ) and western ( gray - backed ) \u2013 can be distinguished by average plumage color , but the reliability of differences needs to be determined .\nthe western grebe breeds in british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , and throughout the western united states . it is a colonial breeder , with an uneven and clustered breeding distribution . it winters mainly in coastal areas from southern alaska to mexico , and on inland lakes , particularly in the southern portion of its range . large numbers formerly occurred in the salish sea ( strait of georgia , juan de fuca strait , and puget sound ) , but in recent years the wintering distribution has apparently shifted southward to california . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\nhabitat : during the breeding season , the western grebe frequents freshwater lakes , brackish marshes , reservoir and ponds , and usually areas with large stretches of open water with surrounding reedy vegetation . in winter , it is often found in brackish and salt waters , including at sea along the coasts . it is visible in coastal bays and estuaries , and sometimes on inland freshwater sites .\nbut the grebe ' s technique could have some interesting applications in the robotics world\u2014a robot that runs on water could be used for search and rescue operations in flooded or marsh - like environments .\ncoastal and interior circles are those < 50 km or \u226550 km from the coast , respectively ( see methods ) . mean count per circle is averaged across all 36 years and does not account for trend . proportion wegr refers to the percentage of all observations to species that were identified as western grebes ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) since the split of western and clark\u2019s grebes in 1985 .\nthe western grebe is the most gregarious species of north american grebe ; wintering flocks of over 10 , 000 individuals have been observed and nesting colonies can contain thousands of pairs . it engages in complex courtship rituals and is seasonally monogamous . pairs build a nest together , which they defend aggressively , and they alternate incubation duties . the downy young leave the nest immediately after hatching and are then brooded on their parents\u2019 backs . western grebes are mainly piscivorous and both parents feed the young , until they are independent at about 8 - 10 weeks of age . they usually produce one clutch per year . typical clutches contain 1 - 4 eggs and annual productivity ranges from 0 . 39 to 0 . 88 young per breeding adult . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\ndifferences in song , plumage , and possibly tail movements ( as well as dna ) between eastern and western populations may be sufficient for field identification , but this has not yet been confirmed .\nbirders visiting open , marshy lakes and bays in the western united states can easily be stumped by clark ' s grebes and western grebes . once considered the same species , these two distinct birds are nearly identical and the unique characteristics each has are subtle . since the species are also relatively uncommon in many areas , chances for extended observation are minimal , making identifying these grebes particularly challenging .\nvoice : both clark ' s and western grebes are often found in large colonies where calls and sounds can be overwhelming . clark ' s grebes have a single syllable\nkreeek\ncall , while western grebes have a distinct two syllable\nkree - eeek\ncall . though both calls are similar , the number of syllables can be an important clue for a bird ' s identity .\ndid you know ? the mating display of the western grebe is among the most complicated of all . during the ' weed dance , ' the male and female both raise their chest gently out of the water and then rub each other with water plants in their long bills . then comes the ' rushing ' phase when the birds look at each other before exploding into a sprint across the water ' s surface . each grebe stands high , with its wings held back and its cobra - like head and neck rigid . the race ends with the pair diving head first into the water .\nthe synchrophase was born out of broadcast boom but was really not marketed during that period which ended around the beginning of 1924 . by mid - 1924 , radio buyers wanted great performance and easy operation . grebe had some top engineers that designed a receiver that was made up of innovative components rather than a special circuit . grebe components were built at the factory . they had their own bakelite molding facilities , their own screw machines , plating facilities , everything required to build first - class equipment . the new synchrophase ' s mechanical superiority was due to the experienced manufacturing ability of the grebe company .\nunless otherwise noted , serial letters are for mu - 1 receivers . also noted are any further component variations that would further\nnarrow down\nthe time period of manufacture . please be sure to examine your mu - 1 or mu - 2 carefully because grebe factory / dealer upgrades are difficult to tell from original . see section above on\ngrebe factory / dealer installed upgrades and modifications .\ncharacteristic for the two species of this genus are the stubby white bills with a black vertical band during the breeding season . the atitlan grebe is much bigger than de pied - billed and practically flightless .\nis commonly found from canada through california , and sometimes in mexico . it usually occurs in the great plains and western states , but occasionally can be found in the eastern half of the united states .\nlindvall , m . l . and j . b . low . 1982 . nesting ecology and production of western grebes at bear river migratory bird refuge , utah . condor 84 : 66 - 70 .\neastern and western populations differ in intensity of male plumage , but intergrade broadly and , given the variation shown in carotenoid pigments in plumage of birds , are probably not safely identified by this feature alone .\n51\u201374 cm ; 550\u20131800 g . large , long - billed , long - necked , white and black to dark grey - brown grebe lacking obvious crest on head . nominate race in breeding plumage . . .\nto speculate on a reason for the obfuscation : it might indicate that grebe was trying to protect themselves from a neutrodyne lawsuit settlement that would be based on total production quantities . it seems possible that the grebe management came up with an undecipherable code that allowed them to identify each mu - 1 and mu - 2 receiver while preventing anyone else from discerning any useable information from just the serial letters . if you had the code book , like the grebe factory must have , you could identify any mu - 1 or mu - 2 but , without the code book , nothing specific could be determined about anything involving production quantities .\n2 . two position band switch that extends the tuning range of the receiver up to 2000kc ( though most mu - 1 receivers will only tune to about 1900kc . ) - advertised september , 1925 . it ' s unlikely that any grebe mu - 1 receivers were built with the ball chain drive but without the band switch . the band switch is shown in the grebe mu - 1 schematic dated august 29 , 1925\nwaage , bruce c . , 1996 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1995 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1994 - november 30 , 1995 . february 28 , 1996 .\ntwo subspecies ( eastern and western ) differ substantially in dna , but apparently very little in plumage and no differences are known in voice or behavior . criteria for identification in the field remain to be discovered .\neastern and western subspecies differ only on average in overall plumage color . some extremes might be identifiable but color is so variable with age and sex that most probably cannot be identified to subspecies outside their normal range .\n) , with western and clark\u2019s grebes representing 98 % and 2 % of observations , respectively . the percentage of birds identified as western grebes varied by region but was very close to 100 % in the portion of the winter range situated north of 42 degrees latitude , varied from 95\u201397 % in coastal california , 92 % in interior california and nevada , and 47 % in new mexico , arizona , texas and interior mexico (\neach circle refers to an audubon christmas bird count used in the analysis and the size of the circle is scaled to the effort adjusted abundance of grebes on the count in that year . combined data on western ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) and clark\u2019s grebes ( a . clarkii ) were used in the figure but over 90 % of observations are for western grebes in all regions except the southwestern states ( see text for further detail ) .\nthe differences between clark ' s grebes and western grebes are subtle , but distinct . birders who learn to tell the difference between the two species can appreciate their subtleties and enjoy finding both of them in similar habitats .\ntogether , the male and female western grebe build a floating nest made of heaps of plant material anchored to emergent vegetation in a shallow area of a marsh . the female lays three to four eggs , and both parents incubate . once hatched , the young leave the nest almost immediately and ride on the backs of the parents . both parents feed the young . young are plain gray and white , not striped like the young of other grebes .\nadditionally , some early grebe receivers will have a gold colored label in the shape of the tuning dial escutcheons glued to one of the inside walls of the synchrophase . these labels advertised wahg and the fact that the grebe qsl cards were included with the purchase of the synchrophase . the installation of these advertising labels at assembly must have only lasted a short time as they are not found very often and are usually on late 1924 versions of the synchrophase .\nhowever , looking at the photograph shown to the right , which is the grebe factory test and alignment department , it ' s apparent that grebe wasn ' t trying to hide the fact that the synchrophase was a tremendous seller . over one hundred synchrophase chassis are shown in this photo . each cart appears capable of holding at least twenty - five chassis and there are four carts in the area . maybe advertising hype wasn ' t considered admissible evidence .\nrecords in virginia and western alaska have been suspected of being the african and asian subspecies , respectively , which may be elevated to species status , but identification has not been confirmed and id criteria need to be worked out .\nthe booklet is printed in multiple colors and the artwork for the various synchrophase models are shown in brown and gold tones . typical of grebe operator ' s manuals , whenever an escutcheon is pictured , it is shown in gold .\ngrebe sightings in north america from 1975 to 2010 . analyses using a longer data set from 1970 produced identical results to those we report here but because of the increased cbc survey coverage after 1975 we focus on that time period .\nbehavior : the courtship display of the western grebe is among the most elaborate breeding rituals of north american wildlife . during the ' weed dance , ' the male and female both raise their torsos gently out of the water , caressing each other with aquatic vegetation held in their long , rapier - like bills . the pair ' s bond is fully reinforced by the ' rushing ' phase , during which the birds glance at one another before exploding into a sprint across the water ' s surface . each grebe stands high , with its wings held back and its cobra - like head and neck rigid , until the race ends with the pair breaking the water ' s surface in a headfirst dive .\ntwo subspecies ( kamchatka a rare visitor to western alaska ) differ in plumage and many / most are probably reliably separated in adult male plumage , but intergradation and variation need to be assessed . some authorities split these into two species .\ncitation : wilson s , anderson em , wilson asg , bertram df , arcese p ( 2013 ) citizen science reveals an extensive shift in the winter distribution of migratory western grebes . plos one 8 ( 6 ) : e65408 . urltoken\nduring the breeding season , the western grebe performs amazing series of ritual displays , often more elaborate than in other species . this behaviour happens entirely in the water . after several advertising calls , typical displays such as \u201chead - shaking ceremony\u201d occur . this one is an introduction to others , more elaborate . both birds are floating with the neck erect and facing each other . they shake their heads , quickly up and down and slowly side to side . they are silent .\n5 . tone color control is changed to capacitance - only , stepped - switch adjustment and it now shunts the audio output tube grid to - c . position 6 is open for\nflat\nresponse . grebe schematic 8 - 16 - 26\nseveral subspecies groups are identifiable by plumage , size and flight call , but more study is needed to sort out variation and assess intermediate populations . kamchatka subspecies recorded several times in western alaska differs substantially from north american populations in dna barcode test .\neach grebe ' s step started with a splayed foot slapping the water , generating between 30 to 55 percent of the vertical force needed to keep the animals from sinking . the rest came from the bird actually pushing its foot underwater , clifton explains .\nbehaviour in the wild : the western grebe feeds mainly on both freshwater and marine fish , and it may take sometimes fairly large fish of up to 20 centimetres long . aquatic insects , molluscs , crustaceans , marine worms and some amphibians are also included in its diet . it fishes mainly by diving during about 30 seconds . rapid bursts of diving are interspersed with long periods at surface where the bird probably feeds on fish\u2019s schools . it uses its strong bill as a rapid spear thrust for hunting .\nwestern grebes breed on freshwater lakes and marshes with extensive open water bordered by emergent vegetation . during winter they move to saltwater or brackish bays , estuaries , or sheltered sea coasts and are less frequently found on freshwater lakes or rivers . back to top\nwollis s , stratmoen c ( 2010 ) population study of western grebes in alberta 2001\u20132009 : implications for management and status designation . alberta sustainable resource development , fish and wildlife division , alberta species at risk report no . 138 . edmonton , ab .\nintroduction : this large grebe is well known for its spectacular courtship displays , and especially the amazing \u201crushing - ceremony\u201d during which the birds rush wildly across the water , side by side , with their bodies out of water and their necks gracefully curved forwards .\noh , what fun and fabulous pictures ! western grebes don\u2019t show up in my eastern n . a . field guides , so i\u2019ll have to assume that\u2019s mom \u2013 either way , ( s ) he seems unconcerned with the racket going on behind her !\nllimona , f . , del hoyo , j . , christie , d . a . , jutglar , f . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsince the synchrophase was an impressive performing receiver and the styling was quite popular it seems natural that owners wanted to keep their mu - 1 up - to - date for at least a while . radio was so rapidly evolving in the twenties many radios were sold ( especially in 1926 ) that became obsolete in just one year . though the synchrophase wasn ' t quite in that rapidly obsolete category , there were some upgrades that probably were offered by the grebe factory and by some grebe dealers to customers who had purchased an earlier model .\nalthough most species are solitary during breeding , clark\u2019s and western grebes nest in large colonies . they are highly vocal at this time but become much quieter during the winter . at all times of the year grebes feed on fish by catching them underwater on frequent dives .\nthree subspecies are usually identifiable by differences in overall color , although intergrades do occur and no differences in structure or voice are known . in addition , siberian birds differ significantly in dna , slightly in plumage . these have been reported in western alaska but not confirmed .\ntwo subspecies groups differ in non - adult - male plumages , and may differ in voice . more study is needed to determine how reliably these can be distinguished in the field , and whether southwestern desert birds belong with other western populations or as a separate group ."]}
{"id": 656, "summary": [{"text": "peters ' elephant-nose fish ( gnathonemus petersii ; syn . gnathonemus brevicaudatus pellegrin , 1919 , mormyrus petersii g\u00fcnther , 1862 ) is an african freshwater elephantfish in the genus gnathonemus .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "other names in english include elephantnose fish , long-nosed elephant fish , and ubangi mormyrid , after the ubangi river .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "as the latin name petersii confirms it is named after someone called \" peters \" ( probably wilhelm peters ) , although the apostrophe is often misplaced and the common name given as \" peter 's elephantnose fish \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it uses electrolocation to find prey , and has the largest brain-to-body oxygen use ratio of all known vertebrates ( around 0.6 ) . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "peters ' elephantnose fish", "paragraphs": ["to find a peters\u2019 elephantnose fish , you must lurk in muddy , slow - moving water . look closely , because the fish is brown and so is the background .\nthe retina of the peters\u2019 elephantnose fish looks completely different . it is covered with cup - shaped depressions . around 30 cones sit inside each cup , and a few hundred rods are buried underneath .\npeters\u2019 elephantnose fish has no such limitations . its peculiar eyes allow it to use the two types of receptor at the same time . that could help it to spot predators as they approach through the murky water it calls home .\nblack or dark brown in colour with attractive white stripes across the tail , elephantnose fish are smooth - skinned . like many scaleless fish they can be\nif your elephantnose fish slides its proboscis across your other fish from time to time , don ' t worry - it isn ' t trying to eat them .\nhowever , the peters\u2019 elephantnose fish were very good at spotting large moving objects against a cluttered background \u2013 essential for fish that live in dirty water . presented with a monitor displaying a black stimulus on a white background , they took as long to spot it as goldfish . but when a grey noise pattern \u2013 like an untuned tv \u2013 was superimposed , the elephantnose fish spotted the stimulus faster than the goldfish .\n\u00a9 urltoken - providing tropical fish tank and aquarium information for freshwater fish and saltwater fish keepers . sitemap | aquarium fish sitemap | aquarium fish dictionary | privacy policy | contact us\nthe elephantnose fish , or peter ' s elephant , are very unique fish that not many hobbyists can say they have . elephantnose fish are thin and oblong , primarily dark brown or gray with white markings and a long trunk - like nose , thus the name , elephantnose . elephantnose fish are shy , sensitive fish , who need pristine water conditions to thrive . they are , in fact , so delicate , that they are used at government water departments in the usa and germany to test the quality of the water . whether this is humane or not is debatable ; the point is that an elephantnose needs to be added to a fully cycled , mature tank .\npeters rc , denizot jp . miscellaneous features of electroreceptors in gnathonemus petersii ( g\u00fcnther , 1862 ) ( pisces , teleostei , mormyriformes )\nwhat the bonn team found was that the elephantnose can switch between these two senses despite having a tiny brain .\npeters\u2019 elephantnose fish belongs to a large family called the elephantfish , all of which live in africa . they get their name from the trunk - like protrusions on the front of their heads . but whereas the trunks of elephants are extensions of their noses , the trunks of elephantfish are extensions of their mouths .\n, peters ' elephantnose fish are second to none . their fascinating appearance , with the lower lip extended like a long snout , is accompanied by a high degree of intelligence and intriguing behaviour . although they can be shy , patience and care will encourage them to be friendly , active participants in the aquarium community .\naccording to bonn , statistical analyses showed identical performance as they swapped between vision and electrical impulses . also , they did it with a consistency that indicates that all elephantnose fish share this talent .\npeters ' elephantnose fish ( gnathonemus petersii ) is common to the slower rivers of west africa , where it hunts for insect larvae just before dawn and after sunset . it ' s also one of a number of fish equipped with an electrical organ that allows it to generate a weak electrical field that allows it to sense its immediate environment like a living motion detector . it also has eyes that it uses to navigate as well as to track and catch its supper .\nas to why the elephantnose can do this , the bonn team hasn ' t speculated , but it could be that the fish uses a specialized algorithm or processing system , the job of sense - swapping is less complex than believed , or fish are just really clever .\npeters\u2019 elephantnose fish are native to the rivers of west and central africa , in particular the lower niger river basin , the ogun river basin and in the upper chari river . it prefers muddy , slowly moving rivers and pools with cover such as submerged branches . it is a dark brown to black in colour , laterally compressed ( averaging 23\u201325 cm ) , with a rear dorsal fin and anal fin of the same length . its caudal or tail fin is forked . it has two stripes on its lower pendicular . its most striking feature , as its names suggest , is a trunk - like protrusion on the head . this is not actually a nose , but a sensitive extension of the mouth , that it uses for self - defense , communication , navigation , and finding worms and insects to eat . this organ is covered in electroreceptors , as is much of the rest of its body . the elephantnose fish has poor eyesight and uses a weak electric field , which it generates by muscular contractions , to find food , to navigate in dark or turbid waters , and to find a mate . peters\u2019 elephantnose fish live to about 6 - 10 years , but there are reports of them living even longer .\npeters\u2019 elephantnose fish is probably the most commonly - available mormyrid in aquarium stores in the usa . in the aquarium ( which should be at least 200 liters ) it is timid , preferring a heavily planted environment with subdued lighting . ideally , a pipe or hollow log should be provided . the substrate should ideally be soft sand to allow the fish to sift through it with its delicate extended lip . it feeds on small worms ( bloodworms ) and aquatic invertebrates such as mosquito larvae , but in the aquarium will usually accept frozen or even flake food . how peaceful an elephantnose fish is can depend on the individual ; some are quite aggressive with other species , while others are retiring . they may be kept in a community aquarium with peaceful species who share their water preferences . however , unless kept in an aquarium of over 400 liters , it is unwise to keep more than one elephantnose fish as they can be territorial . the conditions suggested to keep them in an aquarium are as follows : ph of 6 . 8 to 7 . 2 , water temperature 26 to 28 degrees celsius , and water of medium hardness . the substrate should always be something that does not irritate the sensitive snout of the fish .\nthe weak electrical impulses generated by this fish can be made audible by placing two electrodes in the fish tank , which are then hooked up to an audio amplifier or a piezoelectric earbud . the sonar - like clicks that this fish emits can sound like a squeaky door when the fish is excited . \u2013 wikipedia\nhello , i have an elephant nose fish just the one , they are fine in groups when young but as soon as they reach sexual maturity they will not tolerate there own species . in my experience these fish are great community fish best kept with medium to large species like the south - american cihlids , clown loaches , botia , larger tetra ' s and angel fish . however these fish are slow growing and nocturnal but these fish are very elegant and a very intelligent fish species . the elephant nose fish has an electric force - field depending on their mood so these fish can ' t be kept with any other fish with an electric force - field like the black ghost knife fish . elephant nose fish are not for the beginners of fish keeping , they are somewhat sensitive to water conditions and will be very unhappy and lethargic in anything above ph7 . i keep my elephant nose fish in ph 6 . 8 which is spot on in the middle as the ph for these fella ' s ranges form 6 . 5 - 7 . i have been keeping fish for nearly 14 years now , every year has been a joy . i love keeping these lovely elegant fella ' s and have don ' t for many years now , so good luck with your elephant nose ' s , hope all is good .\n- medium / difficult . this fish needs perfect water and is somewhat intolerant to medication .\nhopkins cd , bass ah . temporal coding of species recognition signals in an electric fish .\nciali s , gordon j , moller p . spectral sensitivity of the weakly discharging electric fish\nmaler l . the posterior lateral line lobe of a mormyrid fish - a golgi study .\n. far gentler than that generated by a stingray or electric eel , this is used not for defence but for navigation , for finding food , and for finding a mate . male and female elephantnose fish have distinctly different electrical signatures but these can be distorted in the aquarium , which may be why they have never bred in captivity .\nfish may be smarter than we thought . not only can some recognize human faces , but others can use their senses in a way that it was believed only humans and other mammals could manage . a team of zoologists at the university of bonn has discovered that , despite lacking a complex brain , the african elephantnose fish can swap between its electrical and visual senses in the same way a person can switch between sight and touch .\nschwarz s , emde g von der . distance discrimination during active electrolocation in the weakly electric fish\nkramer b , tautz j , markl h . the eod sound response in weakly electric fish .\narnegard me , carlson ba . electric organ discharge patterns during group hunting by a mormyrid fish .\nso that you can supply them with an extra meal at dusk when other fish are less active .\n. with other types of fish they tend to be shy , though individual temperament varies a lot .\nemde g von der . discrimination of objects through electrolocation in the weakly electric fish , gnathonemus petersii .\ngrau hj , bastian j . neural correlates of novelty detection in pulse - type weakly electric fish .\nszabo t , hagiwara s . a latency change mechanism involved in sensory coding of electric fish ( mormyrids )\nthis page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the\nelectric fish navigate and explore their dark and turbid environment with a specialised electric sense . this active electrolocation involves the generation and perception of an electric signal and fish have proven to be useful model systems for the investigation of sensory - motor interactions . a well studied example is the elephantnose fish , gnathonemus petersii , which has a characteristic and unique elongated chin covered with hundreds of electroreceptor organs . this highly moveable so - called schnauzenorgan constitutes the main fovea of the active electrosensory system . here we present first evidence for a sensory - motor loop relating active electrical sensing to active motor exploration of the environment .\npeople and animals can navigate a darkened room by touch , hearing , or even smell , and then switch immediately to sight when the lights come on without having to reassess their surroundings . this was thought to require the cerebral cortex of the mammalian brain , but the elephantnose fish doesn ' t have a cerebral cortex and seems to manage it like a zx - 80 running windows 10 .\nthe fish\u2019s ability to see the wood for the trees probably helps it spot incoming predators like catfish . so reichenbach thinks its oddball visual system isn\u2019t a mistake . \u201cit\u2019s the right type for this fish , \u201d he says .\nsaltwater and marine fish topics menu located at the bottom of the blog . we have also added the fish experts questions and answers in regards to the most common questions we receive on our email . scroll down to see it\nemde g von der . non - visual environmental imaging and object detection through active electrolocation in weakly electric fish .\nemde g von der , zelick r . behavioral detection of electric signal waveform distortion in the weakly electric fish ,\nthe ability to recognize objects across different is senses is regarded as an evolutionary plus because it provides the animal with greater sensory flexibility in different environments . however , it ' s been thought that this ability was confined to certain highly developed mammals , including monkeys , dolphins , rats , and humans , because the information processing was thought to require a cerebral cortex . that is , until the elephantnose fish came along .\ns ' , you can use this method from time to time to check on your fish ' s well being .\nszabo t . sense organs of the lateral line system in some electric fish of the gymnotidae , mormyridae and gymnarchidae .\nemde g von der , bleckmann h . finding food : senses involved in foraging for insect larvae in the electric fish ,\npost n , emde g von der . the\nnovelty response\nin an electric fish : response properties and habituation .\nhall c , bell c , zelick r . behavioral evidence of a latency code for stimulus intensity in mormyrid electric fish .\nengelmann j , pusch r , emde g von der . active sensing : pre - receptor mechanisms and behavior in electric fish .\nalso known as peter\u2019s elephantnose , this fascinating species is currently the most common mormyrid in the hobby . sadly , its popularity means it is often kept in unsuitable conditions . to deny the fish a soft substrate really is cruel , as it uses its \u201ctrunk\u201d to locate food hidden in the substrate . it also needs dim lighting , and will commonly become withdrawn and pine away if kept under bright lights . if you cannot provide suitable lighting , add food to the tank at lights out to allow the fish to feed , along with plenty of cover for them to hide in during tanklight hours .\nlike other mormyrids , it produces a weak electric field using specially - adapted muscle tissue located towards the tail . it also possesses electroreceptors which allow the fish to receive electrical signals . with these , the fish can sense the tiniest of movements as the field around it is disturbed , and navigate in total darkness , useful skills for a poorly - sighted fish when hunting prey or avoiding predators in the gloom . what is most fascinating about this adaptation is that the fish also use it to communicate with each other and find partners .\nelephantnoses are a member of the mormyridae family , or electric fish . they emit small electrical pulses from an organ located inside their nose . the pulses will change with the mood of the fish . female elephantnoses have shorter pulses , males longer . they also have very poor eyesight , so this organ helps them navigate around the tank . this slight electricity should not hurt the other fish in the tank .\nthe fish were started in the experiments with the lights on , where they could use both senses , then in the dark . with the lights off , the team could see that the fish found their goal , but only at short range \u2013 indicating that it was using its electrical sense . the scientists then made the objects electrically invisible , so the fish could use only sight and repeated the experiment .\noverall the color of the fish is a dark brown or black color . there are a pair of somewhat yellow vertical bands that extend from the back of the dorsal to the anal fin . not a stunning fish as far as color goes , but nice in its own right .\n. they grow up to twenty four centimetres in length but can live happily alongside peaceful fish of anything down to a third of their size .\ntwenty - four fish ( gnathonemus petersii , g\u00fcnther 1862 ) , all purchased from aquarium glaser ( rodgau , germany ) , were used in this study . fish were housed in two 100 litre tanks of constant temperature ( 22 - 24\u00b0c ) and electrical conductivity ( 100 to 120 \u03bcs / cm ) .\nelephantnoses are very timid and nocturnal . a very well planted tank with multiple hiding places in the form of driftwood , pots and pipes is a must , otherwise your elephant nose will be very stressed . soft gravel is also necessary , so they don ' t damage their sensitive noses . hobbyists have reported that these fish only swim in the open when all lights in the room are completely off , yet others say that their fish are very active , and will swim around their owners ' hands during water changes , so it ' s sort of hit or miss . the fish will be much more friendly , however , once comfortable in its surroundings . one tip for viewing your elephant nose during the day is to purchase some see - through plastic pipes , and put a few plants in front . that way the elephantnose can feel secure , and you can view them .\n, though they can share that space with other types of fish . they are best kept either singly or in groups of three or more ; keeping two will\ni have not been so lucky as everyone else . i have tried twice now to have the elephantnose in my 55g tank with no success . they have lasted 2 to 3 days and wind up dead in the bottom of my tank . all the water levels are where they should be and i have been feeding them at night ( frozen brine shrimp ) , plenty of cover . . . i see where some recommend 3\nw\u00f6hl s , schuster s . the predictive start of hunting archer fish : a flexible and precise motor pattern performed with the kinematics of an escape c - start .\nprivacy policy | contact badman ' s tropical fish copyright \u00a9 all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is forbidden without written permission .\nthe fish has paid a price for its electrical sensitivity . processing the signals takes brainpower , so it has an exceptionally large brain . as a result , 60 per cent of the oxygen taken in by the fish goes to its brain . even humans , with our whopping brains , only devote 20 per cent of our oxygen to them .\nemde g von der , ronacher b . perception of electric properties of objects in electrolocating weakly electric fish : two - dimensional similarity scaling reveals a city - block metric .\nhollmann m , engelmann j , emde g von der . distribution , density and morphology of electroreceptor organs in mormyrid weakly electric fish : anatomical investigations of a receptor mosaic .\nto study this phenomenon , the zoologists took 10 fish and taught them how to recognize objects using both their visual and electrical senses . they did this using an aquarium separated into two chambers that held a sphere and a cuboid object . each fish was introduced to the aquarium and taught to select one or the other object with rewards of larvae .\nthe unusual appearance and novelty of the elephant nose has increased its popularity in recent years . if the proper care is taken they will be a rewarding member of your fish community .\nthese experiments were conducted in a separate tank ( 27 \u00d7 13 \u00d7 8 cm 3 , 100 \u03bcs cm - 1 ) with fish that were curarized and artificially respirated . fish initially were anaesthetised ( ms - 222 , 306 . 17 \u03bcmol l - 1 ) followed by an injection of 30 \u03bcl pancuronium ( solution 4 mg pancuroniumbromid per 2 ml , thinner 1 : 400 , organo teknika ) . afterwards the fish was rigidly placed in the tank where it was connected to an artificial respiration system . recording technique and animal handling was similar to that described elsewhere [ 51 ] .\nthis is one of the most interesting fishes . very exciting to watch . they are freindly with all . the nose bends around while searching for food . one of few fish that swims backwards often .\nwhile our systematic mapping of the response was restricted to the head region of the fish , experiments with the objects placed at the trunk of the fish never evoked sors . in these experiments , the trunk was only partially covered . we therefore conclude that particularly the schnauzenorgan is the focal region for evoking sors , but can not exclude that sors might also be evoked form other regions in freely behaving animals .\ni bought an elephantnose about two months ago . i built a cave for him out of some flat rocks that i found in lake ontario , but he refuses to come out of it unless it is completely dark in the room . at this moment in time he is about 13 cm long . they also have some electrical organs in their tails . it ' s too weak to affect any fish at all , they can ' t even feel it . i don ' t know why they are there , but i just thought it would be cool to know . they eat blood worms , it ' s best to feed them after you turn off the lights or they won ' t get the food and they ' ll starve to death .\nhi ! i have 5 elephant nose fish in a 150 gal . tank . it shares its space with 5 cichlids , 1 black ghost knife fish , 2 chinese eaters , 1 pleco , and a bunch of different species of tetras . my elephant nose fish are doing great ! i feed them frozen ( and live ) brine shrimp , bloodworms , sometimes krill , sinking meaty pellets , and cyclop - eeze ( which is a crustacean ) , and chopped up night crawlers . my tank temperature is 79 degrees f . and ph is 6 . 8 . it is also well planted with 2 pieces of driftwood .\nplease remember that the following comments are personal experiences and may or may not apply to your setup . use them as guide to help better understand your fish , like us all individuals will behave differently under different circumstances .\nweakly electric fish produce electric signals ( electric organ discharges , eods ) with a specialised electric organ creating an electric field around their body . objects within this field alter the eod - induced current at epidermal electroreceptor organs , which are distributed over almost the entire body surface . the detection , localisation and analysis of objects performed by monitoring self - produced electric signals is called active electrolocation . electric fish employ active electrolocation to detect objects that are less than 12 cm away and have electric properties that are different from those of the surrounding water . within this range , the mormyrid gnathonemus petersii can also perceive the distance of objects . depth perception is independent of object parameters such as size , shape and material . the mechanism for distance determination through electrolocation involves calculating the ratio between two parameters of the electric image that the object projects onto the fish ' s skin . electric fish can not only locate objects but can also analyse their electrical properties . fish are informed about object impedance by measuring local amplitude changes at their receptor organs evoked by an object . in addition , all electric fish studied so far can independently determine the capacitative and resistive components of objects that possess complex impedances . this ability allows the fish to discriminate between living and non - living matter , because capacitance is a property of living organisms . african mormyrids and south american gymnotiforms use different mechanisms for capacitance detection . mormyrids detect capacitance - evoked eod waveform distortions , whereas gymnotiforms perform time measurements . gymnotiforms measure the temporal phase shift of their eods induced at body parts close to the object relative to unaffected body parts further away .\ni find that having more fish and a large group of elephant noses will bring them out during the day time . i currently have 13 elephant nose in a 140 gallon tank with tetras , plecos , rainbows and corys . there is probably about 80 different fish with the elephant nose . the elephant nose are so happy that they come up and feed out of my hand . there is plenty of driftwood , rocks and plants for them to hide in .\nelephant noses are a great fish to have but i wouldn ' t recommend it to beginners as they are very sensitive to water quality . i use to have 2 of these fish but you are supposed to have 3 + because they are very territorial with each other so you need more than to so they share the bullying . they wont harm each other but will skillfully chase one another dodging in and out plants and d\u00e9cor with great precision . make sure you have places for them to hide as they are more active at night . one of mine use to live under a slightly raised piece of slate and the other in a hollow coconut . to keep them thriving do regular water changes maybe 1 every 2 weeks change 20 % of water . they will take all frozen foods mainly bloodworm and will be trained to eat from your hand . make sure you don ' t have large gravel for the bottom or it can harm their noses i recommend sand or fine gravel . they are very god with other fish they lived with maybe 19 other fish including 2 cichlids and 2 red eyed puffers in my 45 gallon tank . very enjoyable fish .\nit finds its way through the murk using its trunk , which generates a weak electrical field that helps it sense its surroundings and even discriminate between different objects . the fish\u2019s electric sense allows it to hunt insect larvae in pitch darkness .\nin order to diminish the amplitude of the eod produced by the fish and thereby impair active electrolocation , the tail of the fish was wrapped in aluminium foil . this caused a short circuit of the electrical organ . in these experiments , the two dipole objects were positioned at a lateral distance of 3 mm at the middle of the so , and novelty responses and sors were evoked , investigated , and analysed in the same manner as described for the standard paradigm above .\n, you can tune into it by placing two electrodes in the aquarium water and connecting them to an amplifier . the field will then manifest as a series of clicks , increasing in frequency hen the fish is distressed or excited . although you\npusch r , emde g von der , hollmann m , bacelo j , nobel s , grant k , engelmann j . active sensing in a mormyrid fish : electric images and peripheral modifications of the signal carrier give evidence of dual foveation .\npusch r , emde g von der , hollmann m , bacelo j , n\u00f6bel s , grant k , engelmann j . active sensing in a mormyrid fish - electric images and peripheral modifications of the signal carrier give evidence of dual foveation .\ni bought 3 , within a couple of weeks two were dead , too shy to come out and eat . the survivor gets along fine with the other fish in the 110 gal . community tank , ( black ghost knife , red tail shark , bala sharks , angel fish , gouramis , plecos , clown loaches , tiger barbs and rasboras ) it likes to hang around with the black ghost knife the most . have had it over a year with no problems . especially likes blood worms .\nit ' s an omnivore which prefers live foods , but will take frozen foods , and possibly flake . the ' trunk ' is used for hunting small food organisms , a soft substrate is necessary to prevent injury to the snout . these fish have a weak electric organ which they use for navigation . you must take great care if you ever need to treat these fish , or a tank containing them , with a medication . they are sensitive to several of the common treatments - read the product insert carefully .\nbecause of the peculiar design of the fish\u2019s retina , it was thought to be blind until about 10 years ago , says andreas reichenbach of the paul flechsig institute for brain research in leipzig , germany . reichenbach has now worked out what the cups are for .\nthere is no other fish that even closely resembles the elephant nose . the top and bottom profiles are almost identical , which come to an end in a forked shaped caudal fin ( tail . ) the small dorsal fin is located at the end of the body , it to is mirrored by the anal fin . the most distinguishing trait of the fish is its ' mouth . it is located at the eye level and the lower jaw section extends into a moveable trunk like extension . guess where the common name comes from .\n- very difficult to breed in captivity . studies have shown that when introduced into aquaria , the electrical organ that is used to find food can get reversed from male to female , making it impossible for even the fish to tell the gender of their tank mates .\nit cannot be sexed by external means ( some sources suggest the shape of the anal fin may be significant ) , although the sexes can be distinguished by examining the electric fields produced by the fish . obviously this approach is not an option for the general aquarist .\nwhat the researchers found is that the fish could recognize objects electrically that they had only seen visually , in addition , they favored whichever sense was most reliable at the time with the electrical sense dominating when the object was close up , while vision dominated with distant objects .\n) . switches were between a shunted and open - circuit object ( see standard stimulus in the material and methods section ) . motor - responses of the schnauzenorgan could be evoked in all fish by both , an impedance - switch from a low to a high impedance ( fig .\nthis is a nocturnal fish , so dim lighting is required to make it feel secure . plenty of cover should also be provided , particularly if you\u2019re keeping a few together . smooth rocks , driftwood and plants that can survive under low lighting , such as anubias sp . , java fern and vallisneria can all be used . a sand substrate is absolutely critical to the well - being of this species , as it burrows into it with it\u2019s proboscis - like lower lip . sharp - edged or coarse substrates can damage the mouthparts of the fish and prevent it from feeding naturally .\nnot thought to have been achieved in captivity . one scientific study suggests that being kept in the confines of an aquarium causes the sexually - defining patterns of electric impulses to become less clearly defined or even reversed . this means the fish cannot recognise members of the opposite sex , and inhibits spawning .\nmormyrids also have relatively large brains , possessing the equivalent of a human brain in terms of its size . there are 3 different types of electroreceptors that carry information to different parts of this , amazingly allowing g . petersii to distinguish between different species of fish and ascertain the sex of conspecifics in total darkness !\nbefore animals could be transferred to the experimental set - up , they were anaesthetised by immersion in ms - 222 ( tricaine methane sulfonate ; sigma , st . louis , mo , usa ; concentration 306 . 17 \u03bcmol l - 1 ) and transferred to a holder . here , the fish ' s trunk was lightly restrained . the animals head was not covered from the pectoral fin to the so . the holder was placed in a tank ( 30 \u00d7 19 . 5 \u00d7 18 . 5 cm 3 lxwxh ) with fresh water ( 123 \u03bcs cm - 1 ) , where the fish recovered from anaesthesia within a few minutes .\nwe have had two of these fish in a 96 let tank for over eighteen years . they have plenty of bog wood to hide under and usually rest at opposite ends of the tank . there is also some plants but not enough to make it too crowded as they do sometimes like to shoot around when the lights are off . they only like bloodworm which they are given once the lights are off . they have shared the tank with a variety of other community fish over the years , currently eight harlequins , three pandas , a corydoras myersi and a few cardinal tetras . 30 % water change every three ( ish ) weeks\nit is well established that some electric fish can respond to changes in their environment with a change in the rate of their eods [ 16 , 19 , 22 , 26 , 30 , 31 ] . these novelty responses can be evoked by all sensory modalities . here we show that novelty responses caused by changes in the impedance of an object located near the schnauzenorgan can be accompanied by a previously un - described motor - response , the schnauzenorgan response . following a novelty response , fish show a quick movement of their schnauzenorgan towards or away from the object . both sor and novelty response probabilities scale with the change in the eod - amplitude .\nit\u2019s less easily kept with conspecifics . buying only 2 is not recommended , as the stronger will often bully the weaker to death . if you wish to keep more than one of these you\u2019ll need a suitably large tank with lots of hiding places . buy at least 5 fish in order to disperse aggression within the group .\nthese are the coolest fish . i have one named elefunky . he is in a large tank with 2 kissing gouramis , 2 gold gouramis , 1 dwarf gourami , 2 small barbs , 3 kuhli loaches , 3 albino catfish and 1 bristle nose catty . he loves swimming amongst the plants , and spends the majority of his time there . he does however cruise around the tank , nose butting everyone else just to remind them of his dominence . he has it all over them , even the larger fish . saying that , he and the bristle nose have buddied up together . i highly recommend elefunkies , everyone should have one . be careful if treating the tank with medication , they have no scales and it can burn their soft skin .\nsors were undirected single movements of the schnauzenorgan , but up to seven consecutive movements were observed . theses were reminiscent of the rhythmic scanning movements of the schnauzenorgan , which these fish perform during foraging [ 39 , 40 ] . irrespective whether a single or multiple sors were evoked , sors were quick , with angular velocities reaching 89 . 4 \u00b1 34 . 3\u00b0 / sec . this value is lower than the natural scanning movement observed in freely moving animals , where values of up to 500\u00b0 / sec have been reported [ 28 ] . however , these data were based on regular video analysis at frame rates of 40 ms and an analysis of freely moving fish using high - speed videos ( 128 frame / sec ) indicates that natural scanning movements are comparable in their speed to evoked sors .\nin order to analyse the latency of the sor and to compare it with the latency of the simultaneously recorded novelty response , we used high - speed video sequences ( 128 frames / sec ; 16 sors ) obtained from one fish . these data show that the peak of the novelty response occurred at a mean latency of about 40 ms after changing the electrical properties of the dipole - object . the latency of\nthe elephant nose are shy by nature and will require a well planted aquarium , with subdued lighting and a soft substrate . you must include hiding places in the form of clay pipes , rockwork or driftwood . they should be kept singly as they are somewhat aggressive to their own species . nocturnal in nature they will become more active at dusk and start looking for food , it is important to provide this to them after the lights come out . given time they will become active with the other fish with the lights on . feed them with tubifex worms , mosquito larva and bloodworms . they are a member of the electric fish family and emit a small electrical charges that change with their mood . they are very sensitive to water quality and i have read that some municipal water companies use them as a gauge of water purity .\nlike other scaleless fish , it is sensitive to many aquarium medications , including salt . it is also very sensitive to deteriorating water conditions and is actually used as an indicator of water quality in municipal supplies in parts of germany and the us . the frequency of its electrical discharges increases as the water becomes more polluted . when maintained correctly , however , it makes a superb addition to the african biotope aquarium , or a community of compatible species .\nin this study we are mainly interested in possible links between ( motor ) behaviour and electrolocation . it has been shown that the mormyromast system is important for foraging and orientation [ 10 , 11 ] . fish can perceive a wealth of information form their ' electrical ' world , including parameters such as size and distance of objects and the differentiation of various object properties , like capacitive and resistive electrical properties [ for review see : [ 12 ] ] .\n) . except for the tip of the schnauzenorgan , where the orientation of the dipole - object was along the rostro - caudal axis of the animal , two such dipole - objects were placed at equal distances at opposing sides of the animal . distances between dipole - object and the skin of the fish were 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 10 , 12 and 15 mm , and placement of the objects along the length of the animal is shown in figure\na quiet but territorial species . it is peaceful towards heterospecifics , although it should not be kept with very active or aggressive species , as it will be out - competed at feeding time . it also does not mix well with other mormyrids . suggested tankmates include other african species such as butterfly fish , smaller bichirs , congo tetras , synodontis catfish and ctenopoma species . g . petersii can also be kept successfully with peaceful cichlids such as satanoperca , some geophagus and angelfish .\nin the course of evolution many different sensory systems and sensory receptors have developed . one of the rather unique sensory systems is that of active electrolocation and electro - communication found in mormyriform and gymnotiform weakly electric fishes from africa and south america , respectively . during active electrolocation mormyrids emit and simultaneously perceive electric signals , which enable them to detect and analyse nearby objects . this is considered as an adaptation enabling electric fish to extend their activity to the hours of darkness , since the dependence on vision is expected to be reduced .\ncapacitive switches evoked a sor in 45 % of all stimuli ( 70 switches , 32 sors ) . in comparison , purely resistive switches ( from a short to an isolator ) under otherwise identical conditions lead to sors in 55 out of 64 cases ( 86 % ; 64 switches in 4 fish ) . sors caused by capacitive switches were less frequent and also lower in amplitude compared to those caused by purely resistive switches ( mann - whitney u - test , z = - 2 . 5 , p < 0 . 011 ; fig .\nprobability of sor . a . probability of the sor as a function of the dipole - object ' s position along the body of the fish . black filling represents a single sor , medium grey two , and light grey bars three consecutive responses , respectively . the total probability of a sor is given by the white bars . numbers above the graphs show the absolute number of stimuli ( 100 % ) at each position . b . box - and - whisker plot of the amplitude ( peak amplitude ) of the sor as a function of distance . sor amplitude were almost constant at object distances of 1 to 12 mm , while amplitudes decreased at a distance of 15 mm c . box - and - whisker plot of the peak amplitude of the sor as a function of dipole position . sors declined in amplitude form rostral to caudal along the fish ' s body . in b and c horizontal lines above the plots summarise the results of the dunn post - hoc test ( p < 0 . 05 ) . data labelled far in b and c indicates the false alarm rate amplitudes .\ni have read that the elephant noses are not for beginners but i am new to having a larger tank i have one in a 40 gallon tank and it is very happy and healthy so far . we have had it about 2 months now . we have lots of live plants and two driftwood pieces we put together to form a sort of cave / tunnel for it . we also have 2 fantail goldfish , 2 mickey mouse platys , 2 sunburst platys , 3 dalmation mollys , a peacock eel ( who swims constantly and never hides which i heard is not normal ) , a pleco and ghost shrimp . the elephant nose swims around day and night although more so at night . it doesn ' t really bother any of the other fish unless they go into one small part of the\ncave\nand even then it doesn ' t bite them , just kind of scares em off . he / she always has it ' s head sticking out , watching the other fish and never really hides completely . within 3 days it was eating the frozen blood worms out of my hand ( although i have to bring the food to it , it doesn ' t come and get it ) and when i clean the tank it swims around my hand and through my fingers . we have had a high nitrite ( or nitrate ? i always confuse the two ) problem and it did not seem to effect the fish at all . that problem is now under control . i have to honestly say i was not thrilled when my husband first got the fish , i thought it was incredibly ugly but it ' s temperament and the way it responds to me has changed my mind . i can defiantly see myself getting another in the future . the only issue we had was that my husband got 2 at the same time and they chased / harassed each other all the time . we gave one away and now they are both happy . the pet store didn ' t think to mention that they are territorial , especially with their own kind and they had had the two in a tank . . . go figure . thank goodness for the internet and sites like this one or i would never have known !\nyet a different example of electrosensory foveation in the passive electrosensory system can be found in paddlefish ( polyodon spathula ) , which have the highest density of ampullary receptors on their rostrum [ 44 ] . these fish swim in an undulatory manner that imparts a lateral oscillating motion to their rostrum . these saccade - like motions of the rostrum are interpreted as an adaptation for prey detection , since they increase the width of the electrical scan field . in contrast to the sor , however , these movements are rather slow . if a potential prey is encountered , however , a fast and precise turning of the rostrum takes place .\na video camera ( sony dcr - hc 40e ) was placed above the tank and images of the animals were acquired and stored at 22 frames / s with a pc running viewer 2 ( biobserve , bonn , germany ) . a pair of carbon electrodes on the inside wall of the tank between the head and tail of the fish was used to record the electric organ discharges ( custom - built amplifier , band pass filtered 10 hz - 10 khz ) . eods were stored using a ced digitiser ( cambridge electronic design , micro 1401 12 bit , 200 khz , analogue - digital converter ) and spike2 software ( cambridge electronic design ltd ) .\nmy experience with elephant nose is they need worm - type food ( e . g frozen blood worm , live black worm ) diet due to the structure of the mouth . the mouth is the hole above the nose sensory . the elephant nose will refuse dry food because of they lack of ability to consume the food from the shape of their mouth . the elephant nose has poor sight and relies on the electric sensory organs . the requirement of cave fixtures whether from rocks or drift wood is a must to make them feel secure . caves preferred by the elephant nose is one with two doorways . elephant nose needs to be the dominant bottom dweller as it can easily be stressed or bullied by a more bossy species . this is the major reason i do not keep elephant noses anymore , because of my larger clown loaches were giving the fish a difficult time . other bottom dwelling fish to avoid is the pictus catfish , eeltails or tandanus catfish , large clown loaches and black ghost , due to their bossy nature towards the elephant nose . another thing is elephant nose are sensitive to poor water quality . you need to practice good aquarium management , such as regular water changes . although elephant nose is nocturnal and secretive , they can be trained in behaviour by food rewards to be more outgoing or to come out in the day .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nvertebrates have repeatedly been noted for having remarkably constant ratios of brain to body o2 consumption , the brain using 2 - 8 % of resting body o2 consumption , suggesting that evolution has put strict limits on the energetic cost of brain function . only man , with a value of 20 % , is an exception to this rule . however , the results presented here suggest that , in the electric fish gnathonemus petersii , the brain is responsible for approximately 60 % of body o2 consumption , a figure three times higher than that for any other vertebrate studied , including man . the exceptionally high energetic cost of the g . petersii brain appears to be a consequence both of the brain being very large and of the fish being ectothermic . it was also found that g . petersii has a high ability to utilise o2 at low levels . thus , during falling [ o2 ] , this species was found to maintain both its o2 uptake and its electric discharge rate down to an ambient o2 level of 0 . 8 mg l - 1 ( at 26 & deg ; c ) , although it was unable to tolerate an [ o2 ] below 0 . 3 mg l - 1 . during severe hypoxia ( < 0 . 8 mg l - 1 ) , g . petersii attempted to gulp air from the water surface . these results establish a new record for the energetic cost of a vertebrate brain and they show that the species possessing such a brain has a high capacity for utilising o2 at very low ambient concentrations ."]}
{"id": 661, "summary": [{"text": "pachymerium ferrugineum is a species of centipede in the family geophilidae that can be found in central europe , the iberian peninsula , scandinavia , asian countries such as japan and turkey , and on african islands such as the azores , canary islands and crete .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also distributed in alaska and mexico . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "pachymerium ferrugineum", "paragraphs": ["pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) - natural history museum\nworms - world register of marine species - pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 )\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh entomology resource from pachymerium ferrugineum koch ( 1835 ) to their own page .\nhox gene sequences from the geophilomorph centipede pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : geophilidae ) : implicatio . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nhox gene sequences from the geophilomorph centipede pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : geophilidae ) : implications for the evolution of the hox class genes of arthropods\nhox gene sequences from the geophilomorph centipede pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : geophilidae ) : implications for the evolution of the hox class genes of arthropods .\nhox gene sequences from the geophilomorph centipede pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : geophilidae ) : implications for the evolution of the hox class genes of arthropods - sciencedirect\nin the majority of habitats one species was overwhelmingly dominant ( from 41 . 5 % to 95 . 2 % ) . in rushes at oxbows and in the wet meadows it was lamyctes emarginatus , in riparian forests lamyctes curtipes , in thermophilous thickets lamyctes mutabilis , in sandy grasslands lithobius dudichi , and in the mesic meadows pachymerium ferrugineum . it was only in xerothermic grasslands that two species co - dominated ( lithobius dudichi and pachymerium ferrugineum ) ( table 1 ) .\nchilopoda were collected throughout all the months of the study , although one can observe certain tendencies in particular species \u2013 especially with regard to four , most frequent species . lithobius curtipes was active throughout all the months , though predominantly in october and november . lamyctes emarginatus occurred from june to november , while it was most numerous in september . pachymerium ferrugineum was reported from april until november , especially in may and june , but also in august and september . finally , lithobius dudichi was most active in may and november .\n( of geophilus ferrugineum c . l . koch , 1835 ) matic , z . ( 1972 ) . clasa chilopoda , subclasa epimorpha . fauna republicii socialiste rom\u00e2nia , 6 ( 2 ) : 1 - 224 . bucuresti page ( s ) : 160 [ details ]\n( of geophilus ferrugineum c . l . koch , 1835 ) zapparoli , m . ( 2002 ) . a catalogue of the centipedes from greece ( chilopoda ) . fragmenta entomologica , 34 ( 1 ) : 1 - 146 . roma page ( s ) : 94 [ details ]\ndistribution probably one of the most widespread chilopod species in the world . there are very few records , all from coastal shingle , . . .\ndistribution probably one of the most widespread chilopod species in the world . there are very few records , all from coastal shingle , from great britain . rather eastern distibution in scandinavia . [ details ]\nbarber , a . d . ( 2018 ) . world database of littoral myriapoda .\nbarber , a . d . ( 2009a ) centipedes . linnean society synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) 58 . field studies council , shrewsbury . [ details ]\niorio , e . ( 2005 ) contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des chilopodes de bretagne ( myriapoda , chilopoda ) . bull . soc . linn . bordeaux 140 ( 33 ) : 149 - 156 [ details ]\njohns , p . m . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum myriapoda : centipedes , millipedes , pauropods symphylans , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 90 - 97 . [ details ]\npalmen , e . ( 1949 ) the chilopoda of eastern fennoscandia . ann . zool . soc . zool . bot . fenn . vanamo 13 ( 4 ) : 1 - 45 [ details ]\nprzhiboro , a . ( 1994 ) fauna of terrestrial arthropods of the intertidal zone of kandalaksha bay , the white sea . unpublished phd thesis , st . petersburg state university . [ details ]\necology a terrestrial species also occurring on seashores . apparently quite tolerant of seawater and so likely to be dispersed by rafting . [ details ]\na large ( to 50 mm ) reddish - orange centipede with 43 - 45 leg pairs and numerous small pores distributed over both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the coxae of the last legs .\nit is known from a handful of coastal sites in south - east england , invariably in shingle above the storm drift line .\na terrestrial species also occurring on seashores . apparently quite tolerant of seawater and so likely to be dispersed by rafting .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nas far as i know , no soil centipedes have official common names . i made this one up , to refer to the elongate fangs and the fact that this species often occurs in the intertidal zone .\n; also japan , alaska , mexico [ info from wikipedia , not checked . = v = ]\nin soil , beneath rocks and debris , often in moist areas . this species is well - known for often inhabiting the intertidal zone where it can tolerate long periods of immersion in salt water .\nsmall invertebrates . in the intertidal zone they eat barnacles , amphipods , polychaete worms , etc .\nde jong y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbarber , a . d . ( 2009 ) . littoral myriapods . a review . < em > soil organisms . < / em > 81 ( 3 ) : 735 - 760 .\nbarber , a . d . ( 2009a ) centipedes . linnean society synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) 58 . field studies council , shrewsbury .\niorio , e . ( 2005 ) contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des chilopodes de bretagne ( myriapoda , chilopoda ) . bull . soc . linn . bordeaux 140 ( 33 ) : 149 - 156\njohns , p . m . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum myriapoda : centipedes , millipedes , pauropods symphylans , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 90 - 97 .\nkoch c . l . ( 1835 ) deutschlands crustaceen myriapoden und arachniden . in : ( panzer ) herrich - schaeffer ' s deutschlands insecten : pustet , regensburg . heft 136\nmatic z . ( 1972 ) fauna republicii socialiste romania . clasa chilopoda subclasa epimorpha : academiei republicii socialiste romania bucuresti . 6 : 1 - 220\npalmen , e . ( 1949 ) the chilopoda of eastern fennoscandia . ann . zool . soc . zool . bot . fenn . vanamo 13 ( 4 ) : 1 - 45\nprzhiboro , a . ( 1994 ) fauna of terrestrial arthropods of the intertidal zone of kandalaksha bay , the white sea . unpublished phd thesis , st . petersburg state university .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nto whom correspondence should be addressed at the department of biology , university of padua , via ugo bassi 58 b , i 35131 padua , italy . e - mail : almin @ civ . bio . unipd . it .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\narticle public\n- / / taxonx / / dtd taxonomic treatment publishing dtd v0 20100105 / / en\ntax - treatment - ns0 . dtd\ndepartment of general zoology , adam mickiewicz university ul . umultowska 89 , 61 - 614 pozna\u0144 , poland\n\u201cnatura\u201d ecology research laboratory marek wierzba , ul . kubusia puchatka 78 , \u017cabokliki 08 - 110 siedlce , poland\nsiedlce university of natural science and humanities , faculty of natural sciences , department of zoology , ul . b . prusa 12 , 08 - 110 siedlce , poland\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nle\u015bniewska m , jastrz\u0119bski p , sta\u0144ska m , hajdamowicz i ( 2015 ) centipede ( chilopoda ) richness and diversity in the bug river valley ( eastern poland ) . in : tuf ih , tajovsk\u00fd k ( eds ) proceedings of the 16th international congress of myriapodology , olomouc , czech republic . zookeys 510 : 125\u2013139 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 510 . 8763\nhabitats in valleys of european rivers are relatively poorly known in terms of species diversity , habitat selection and the dynamics of chilopoda communities . the very few studies in this field include , for instance , zerm ( 1997a , b , 1999 ) . in poland , such studies have not been conducted so far .\ncentipedes from river valleys have been studied mainly in the context of changes in the communities as a result of seasonal flooding ( zulka 1991 , pi\u017el and tajovsk\u00fd 1998 , tajovsk\u00fd 1999 , tuf 2000 , 2003 , tufov\u00e1 and tuf 2005 , marx et al . 2009 ) , and in the context of life strategies enabling survival in periodically flooded habitats ( adis et al . 1996 , adis and junk 2002 ) . xerothermic environments ( often naturally occurring in the river valleys ) have rarely been the subject of research on chilopoda ( voigtl\u00e4nder 2003 ) .\nriver valleys , especially the natural ones , only slightly changed \u2013 unregulated , are extremely valuable areas with habitats found more and more rarely , which already start to disappear across the continent . studies on these habitats provides an opportunity not only to learn about the biodiversity but also to develop appropriate management and protection schemes . the bug river is one of the few rivers of such a size in europe , which still remain almost unregulated ( dombrowski et al . 2002 ) . its length in poland amounts to 587 km .\nresearch in the bug river valley was conducted since march to november in 2007 and 2008 .\nin the lower course of the river , where the valley is much wider ( it stretches up to several kilometers wide ) with an overgrown flood terrace at its bottom . in this section , the bug river slowly meanders and sometimes changes its course ( near localities : morzyczyn , p\u0142atkownica , in the protected area \u2018bug landscape park\u2019 ) .\nlocation of the study area in poland . study area . morzyczyn , p\u0142atkownica \u2013 lower section of the bug valley : mogielnica , zabu\u017ce , gnojno \u2013 central section of the bug valley .\nin the bug valley we can come across habitats that vary in terms of moisture content and structure \u2013 two important parameters from the point of view of chilopoda biology . on the side of the river \u2013 from flooded and very humid habitats through medium moist ones to grasslands . riparian forests within the floodplain are closest to the river , then there are meadows of lower flooded terrace \u2013 submerged during river floods . mesic meadows are found in higher terraces , while slopes of terraces feature xerothermic grasslands , and thermophilous thickets . sandy grasslands and rushes at oxbows are located in the mosaic of meadows , sometimes closer to the river bed , and sometimes closer to the edge of the valley ( g\u0142owacki et al . 2002 ) . in terms of the structure , according to the classification by voigtl\u00e4nder ( 2005 ) one can distinguish high ( riparian forests ) , middle ( thermophilous thickets , rushes at oxbows ) and low ( meadows , grasslands ) vegetation cover .\nbelow , the data about the habitat ( along with an abbreviation used throughout the study ) , coordinates , phytocoenosis , location , substrate , at every site are given .\n3 ) p\u0142atkownica , sandy grassland ; 52\u00b069 ' 02\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 53\ne ; diantho - armerietum ; the phytocenosis occupies the raised , flat flooded terrace at the foot of the southern slopes of the flood embankment , within the base of the bug valley cut off from the inundation area ; desiccated river alluvial soils .\n4 ) gnojno , xerothermic grassland ; 52\u00b027 ' 59\nn , 23\u00b013 ' 88\ne ; impoverished form of the adonido - brachypodietum arrhenatheretosum ; slope of the upper terrace , southern exposure and inclination of approx . 30\u00b0 ; proper parendzina ;\n5 ) mogielnica , xerothermic grassland ; 52\u00b040 ' 08\nn , 22\u00b057 ' 04\ne ; adonido - brachypodietum ; slope of the upper terrace , eastern exposure and inclination of approx . 30\u00b0 ; proper pararendzina ;\n6 ) morzyczyn , xerothermic grassland ; 52\u00b068 ' 43\nn , 21\u00b091 ' 50\ne ; tunico - poetum compresse ; the analyzed patch of the phytocoenosis evolved in an anthropogenic habitat , with a slightly alkaline ph . it is the southern slope of the flood embankment with an inclination of about 30\u00b0 ; anthropogenic pararendzinas ;\n7 ) p\u0142atkownica , xerothermic grassland ; 52\u00b069 ' 00\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 43\ne ; grassland with carex praecox of the agropyretea intermedio - repentis class ; southern slope of the flood embankment with an inclination of about 35 degrees ; anthropogenic pararendzinas .\n11 ) p\u0142atkownica , rushes at oxbows ; 52\u00b069 ' 21\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 54\ne ; glycerietum maximae ; located on the edge of the shallow old riverbed of the bug river ; alluvial soils .\n12 ) gnojno , thermophilous thickets ; 52\u00b028 ' 19\nn , 23\u00b013 ' 47\ne ; rhamno - cornetum sanguinei ; on the edge of the bug valley . the phytocoenosis habitat is a moraine slope with eastern exposure and inclination of approx . 30\u00b0 ; leached brown soils ;\n13 ) mogielnica , thermophilous thickets ; 52\u00b040 ' 02\nn , 22\u00b057 ' 08\ne ; rhamno - cornetum sanguinei ; on the edge of the bug valley . the phytocoenosis habitat is a moraine slope with eastern exposure and inclination of approx . 30\u00b0 ; brown soils .\n17 ) p\u0142atkownica , mesic meadow ; 52\u00b069 ' 06\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 53\ne ; poo - festucetum ; raised upper flooded terraces of the bug valley ; river alluvial soils .\n18 ) zabu\u017ce , riparian forest ; 52\u00b033 ' 33\nn , 23\u00b000 ' 86\ne ; salicetum albae - fragilis ; n slope of the low flooded terrace in the patch of the riparian willow ; alluvial processes accumulate coarse - grained material of sand and river sediments . during periods of low water the initial alluvial soil may undergo significant desiccation ;\n21 ) p\u0142atkownica , riparian forest ; 52\u00b069 ' 19\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 06\ne ; salicetum albae - fragilis ; flooded terrace ; proper alluvial soils .\n24 ) p\u0142atkownica , wet meadow ; 52\u00b069 ' 16\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 42\ne ; violo - cnidietum ; upper flooded terrace of the bug valley , submerged regularly during the floods of the river ; river alluvial soils .\npitfall traps were used as a sampling method . an aqueous solution of propylene glycol ( about 50 % ) , containing a few drops of a detergent per 1 liter to reduce the surface tension of the fluid , was used as a preservation liquid . in each of the sites ten pitfall traps were placed in one straight line , at a distance of two meters one from another . the beginning of the trapping period was in the middle of march and the end was in the middle of november . the traps were replaced every two weeks .\nthe material analyzed in the current work was obtained during studies related to different groups of arthropods \u2013 including primarily spiders , carabids , diplopods and butterflies \u2013 under the project titled \u201cthe diversity of habitats and the biological diversity of selected groups of arthropoda in the bug valley\u201d ( oleszczuk et al . 2011 , jastrz\u0119bski 2012 , hajdamowicz et al . 2014 ) . since chilopoda were not taken into account during the planning of the study , the specificity of this group of animals was not accounted for in the applied methodology .\nin this work , standard methods and analysis indicators were applied : the shannon - weaver diversity index ( h ) , pielou\u2019s measure of species evenness ( j ) , morisita index values as modified by horn , the cluster analysis \u2013 distance / similarity measure bray and curtis ; cluster method : nearest neighbor .\n444 specimens belonging to 12 centipede species of two orders \u2013 geophilomorpha ( four species ) and lithobiomorpha ( eight species ) were caught ( table 1 ) .\nlithobius ( monotarsobius ) dudichi \u2013 present in five habitats , prevalent in sandy grasslands ( 35 % of specimens ) and in xerothermic grasslands ( 32 % ) .\nthese species constitute 88 % of all centipedes caught during the study , thus establishing themselves as the most typical ones of almost all habitats of the study area . it is only in thermophilous thickets that a species from outside this group of four dominates \u2013 lithobius ( lithobius ) mutabilis ( table 1 ) .\ninterspecies occurrence similarity ( figure 2 ) [ the analysis does not include lithobius ( lithobius ) tenebrosus , as regrettably the information about the site on the label describing the specimen was completely obscured ] .\nsimilarity of species ( distance / similarity measure bray and curtis ; cluster method : nearest neighbor ) . species nomenclature in table 1 .\nin terms of ecology and zoogeography european eurytopic species prevail ( table 1 ) .\ntwo to ten chilopoda species were found in each habitat under investigation . the greatest species richness was found in thermophilous thickets ( ten species ) , sandy grasslands ( eight species ) , xerothermic grasslands ( eight species ) and mesic meadows ( six species ) . the fewest number of species was found in rushes of reed mannagrass ( glyceria maxima ) and in wet meadows ( two species at each location ) ( table 1 ) .\nthe greatest number of specimens was found in the following habitats : riparian forests , mesic meadows and xerothermic grasslands ( table 1 ) .\nthe shannon - weaver diversity index ( h ) and pielou\u2019s measure of species evenness ( j ) reached their highest values in thermophilous thickets , xerothermic grasslands , mesic meadows , while the lowest values \u2013 in rushes at oxbows and riparian forests ( table 1 ) .\nthe cluster analysis conducted on the basis of the species composition and dominance structure demonstrated the greatest similarity between communities of warm and dry habitats on the one hand , and wet and flooded \u2013 on the other ( figure 3 , table 2 ) .\ndendrogram of the similarities of centipede composition in different habitats ( distance / similarity measure \u2013 bray and curtis , cluster method \u2013nearest neighbor ) for designations see table 1 .\nsimilarity of dominance structures \u2013 morisita index values as modified by horn . for designations see table 1 .\nwe note differences in the species composition and the number of chilopoda between the lower ( 102 specimens from 6 species ) and the middle section of the river valley ( 324 specimens from 11 species ) . this result reflects the differences in the structure and the vegetation of the two regions of the bug valley \u2013 especially the presence of thermophilous habitats in the middle section of the valley .\nalthough several studies from european river valley areas have been conducted , this habitat is still poorly explored in terms of chilopoda . meanwhile natural and seminatural habitats associated with valleys of big rivers are already disappearing throughout the continent ( g\u0142owacki et al . 2002 ) .\nthis study is based on the materials obtained in studies on groups of arthropods other than chilopoda . this should explain the applied methodology , which does not take into account the specificity of chilopoda . this undoubtedly affected the results . pitfall traps limited the set of species to active epigeic forms . the expansion of the method to include quantitative soil samples and direct qualitative capture would contribute to a more complete picture of this group of chilopoda .\nas noted by zulka ( 1999 ) and voigtl\u00e4nder ( 2011 ) , the one - year life cycle of lamyctes emarginatus is a strategy that allows this species to populate the same habitats as lamyctes curtipes \u2013 a species of a similar body size and probably very similar ecological requirements . adult specimens of the annual species lamyctes emarginatus appear in the environment in the summer and fall , when there is enough food to suffice for perennial species , such as lamyctes curtipes .\nthe riparian forest habitat is dominated by lamyctes curtipes \u2013 a species that prefers wet and humid habitats with high vegetation cover . this species , was found alive after 34 days of inundation ( adis and junk 2002 ) . in central europe it inhabits primarily riparian forests , alder swamp forests , river and brook sides , wet meadows with flooding and more rarely humid deciduous forests ( voigtl\u00e4nder 2005 ) . in the investigated area a small number of the specimens of this species was also collected from dry and xerothermic habitats ( table 1 ) . it can be assumed that these specimens have only immigrated from surrounding habitats , and they do not form stable populations in these habitats .\nmost species in the bug river valley inhabit thermophilous thickets \u2013 an environment that is already similar to forest habitats . this is clearly manifested by the composition of chilopoda community , in which we can find typically forest - dwellers \u2013 such as lithobius mutabilis or strigamia acuminata .\nour results confirm the need to protect xerothermic habitats , unique almost throughout entire central europe , which due to their dispersion and their small area covered are fairly easily subject to the process of destruction . these environments are refuges for rare species of animals \u2013 including centipedes , as our research shows . lithobius dudichi presumably belongs to the relict xerothermic species of steppe provenance and is presumably in danger of extinction .\nthe results from our research in the bug valley also show that centipedes are a valuable indicator group for the assessment of habitat conditions . the information about the species composition of chilopoda communities , the dominance structure and their dynamics may thus be useful in characterizing specific location types .\nwe wish to extend our gratitude to karin voigtl\u00e4nder and ivan tuf for the extremely valuable comments to the first version of the manuscript .\nm . sta\u0144ska and i . hajdamowicz were supported by grant of siedlce university of sciences and humanities 222 / 05 / s .\nterrestrial invertebrates inhabiting lowland river floodplains of central amazonia and central europe : a review .\n[ tausend - und hundertf\u00fc\u00dfer ] ) an trockenheit und \u00fcberflutung . \u2013 mitt .\nimpact of inundations on terrestrial arthropod assemblages in southern moravian floodplain forests , the czech republic .\neven through the snowey winter i was able to find these guys under leaf litter .\nbased on around 43 pairs of legs ( not many northeastern soil centipedes have so few ! ) and the fact that the fangs extend forward past the edge of the head . this is an amazing species that often lives in the intertidal zone , eating barnacles , amphipods , worms etc . it can even survive several hours in salt water !\nthey often live outside of the intertidal zone , they just prefer moist areas . it ' s just that they ' re one of the few centipedes that can live on the shore .\nmoved from id request . one pair of legs per body segment = centipede .\nthat ' s good basic info . thank you ! i ' m learning so much more than i thought i could about ecology since getting into macro photography ! everyone here at te guide are the best ! : )\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes ."]}
{"id": 665, "summary": [{"text": "the philippine long-tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis philippensis ) is a subspecies of the crab-eating macaque , known in various philippine languages as matching/matsing or the more general term unggoy ( \" monkey \" ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is endemic in the philippine forests and woodlands , but especially in the mangrove forests of western central philippines \u2014 particularly in palawan , the visayas , and mindanao .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the names m. f. philippinensis or even m. f. philippinenesis have also been used , but arise from orthographical error . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "philippine long - tailed macaque", "paragraphs": ["here is a video of a young philippine long - tailed macaque in a cage in cebu zoo .\nother names : m . cynomolgus or m . irus ; crab - eating macaque , cynomolgus monkey , kera macaque , or longtail macaque ; macaque crabier or macaque de buffon ( french ) ; macaca cangrejera ( spanish ) ; javaapa or krabbmakak ( swedish ) ; m . f . atriceps : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque ; m . f . aurea : burmese long - tailed macaque ; m . f . condorensis : con song long - tailed macaque ; m . f . fusca : simeulue long - tailed macaque ; m . f . karimondjawae : kemujan long - tailed macaque ; m . f . lasiae : lasia long - tailed macaque ; m . f . philippinensis : philippine long - tailed macaque ; m . f . tua : maratua long - tailed macaque ; m . f . umbrosa : nicobar long - tailed macaque\nthe crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey , philippine monkey and the long - tailed macaque .\nthe long - tailed macaque is also called the crab - eating macaque , or the cynomolgus or ' java ' monkey .\ncrab - eating macaques are also called long - tailed macaques , due to their exceedingly long tails .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque , macaca fascicularis atriceps , the burmese long - tailed macaque , m . f . aureus , the simeulue long - tailed macaque , m . f . fuscus , the kemujan long - tailed macaque , m . f . karimondjawae , the lasia long - tailed macaque , m . f . lasiae , and the maratua long - tailed macaque , m . f . tua , are classified as data deficient ( dd ) , the con song long - tailed macaque , m . f . condorensis , and the nicobar long - tailed macaque , m . f . umbrosa , are classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , the long - tailed macaque , m . f . fascicularis is classified as least concern ( lc ) and the philippine long - tailed macaque , m . f . philippensis , is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nreferred to as the cynomolgus monkey . in its natural environment , the long - tailed macaque is found\nphilippine monkey , gk missionville , iligan city philippines 14th december 2014 . . .\n. it is also called the\nlong - tailed macaque\n, and is referred to as the\ncynomolgus monkey\nin laboratories .\ngumert md , malaivijitnond s . marine prey processed with stone tools by burmese long - tailed macaques (\nin thailand , long - tailed macaques occur in evergreen forests , bamboo forests , and in deciduous forests .\nde ruiter jr , geffen e . relatedness of matrilines , dispersing males and social groups in long - tailed macaques (\nthe philippine long - tailed macaque has a reddish brown coat . its tail has an average length of 50 cm to 60 cm . it can reach a height of 40\u201350 cm ( 16\u201320 in ) . it is the size of a domestic cat . male macaques weigh 4\u20138 kg , but females only attain 3\u20134 kg .\nthe lion - tailed macaque primarily eats fruits , however , it also eats leaves , buds , insects and small vertebrates .\nthe crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey and the long - tailed macaque . the crab - eating macaque is found in a wide variety of habitats , including primary lowland rainforests , disturbed and secondary rainforests and riverside and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove .\nthere are two subspecies of the japanese macaque monkey , macaca fuscata fuscata and yakushima macaque , macaca fuscata yakui .\nhumans and long - tailed macaques have shared environments since prehistoric times , and tend to both frequent forest and river edge habitats ( 9 ) .\ncite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2006 january 6 . primate factsheets : long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .\nlong - tailed macaques are\necologically diverse .\nsome of the habitats in which they have been found are primary forests , disturbed and secondary forests , and riverine and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove . long - tailed macaques live most successfully in disturbed habitats and on the periphery of forests .\nthe philippine long - tailed macaque is found on all major philippine islands ( luzon , visayas , mindanao ) . however , though assessed near threatened , it is actually in serious retreat or already extinct in much of its original range . [ citation needed ] for instance , in olongapo in zambales province ( western central luzon ) , where a patch of old - growth forest remains , the monkeys have found some refuge ; [ citation needed ] however , they are often road killed , accidentally electrocuted by live wires , and sometimes stoned .\nthe celebes crested macaque ( macaca nigra ) is also known as the crested black macaque , sulawesi crested macaque , or the black \u2018ape\u2019 . the celebes crested macaque lives in the northeast of the indonesian island of sulawesi ( celebes ) as well as on smaller neighbouring islands .\n] , we found long - tailed macaques from the philippines clustering within the borneo clade . since the bornean individual , which is most closely related to the philippine specimens , is from the furthest east of borneo ( sabah , tawau hill park ) , this branching pattern fosters the previously proposed hypothesis of a colonization of the philippines via borneo [\nthis species has the highest degree of arboreality of all macaque species . one study of long - tailed macaque behavior reported that they never came to the ground except within 5 m of the edge of a river near their tree . the population densities of this diurnal species vary from 10 to 400 per squared kilometer .\nthere are nine national parks , nine reserves , and two sanctuaries in which some long - tailed macaques reside . regardless of the type of habitat , there must be at least 500 squared kilometers of habitat necessary to support a viable population of 5 , 000 long - tailed macaques . this is the minimum size for a reserve for this species .\nsmith dg , ng j , george d , trask js , houghton p , singh b , et al . a genetic comparison of two alleged subspecies of philippine cynomolgus macaques .\nthe booted macaque is an omnivore and feeds on figs , buds , invertebrates and cereals . there are two subspecies of the booted macaque that are recognized : macaca ochreata ochreata and muna - buton macaque , macaca ochreata brunnescens .\n\u200b ecological role with a largely seasonally fruit - based diet , long - tailed macaques play an important role in seed dispersal\u2014both through their feces and transporting seeds stuck in their fur .\nthe booted macaque ( macaca ochreata ) is a macaque of the sulawesi island , indonesia . the booted macaque monkey is diurnal ( active during the daytime ) and spends most of the day in the trees . they can grow to a length of 50 \u2013 59 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 \u2013 40 centimetres .\nconditions at nafovanny\n, video produced by the british union for the abolition of vivisection following an undercover investigation at a captive - breeding facility for long - tailed macaques in vietnam .\nabdul - latiff mab , ruslin f , fui vv , abu mh , rovie - ryan jj , abdul - patah p , et al . phylogenetic relationships of malaysia\u2019s long - tailed macaques ,\ntroops of the toque macaque are a common sight in the cultural triangle , where many ancient temples are situated , hence earning them the nick name of \u2018temple monkey\u2019 . the other two subspecies of toque macaque that have been described are dryzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica sinica ) and wetzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica aurifrons ) .\n[ 0095 ] shimizu et al . ( 2003 ) , in vitro aging of macaque adherent cells : similar pattern of cellular aging between human and macaque ( pubmed )\nthe crab - eating macaque has several common names . it is often referred to as the long - tailed macaque due to its tail , which is often longer than its body . the name crab - eating macaque refers to its being often seen foraging beaches for crabs . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey , which literally means dog - skin or dog - hide monkey ; this name is commonly used in laboratory settings .\nthe tibetan macaque ( macaca thibetana ) , also known as milne - edwards\u2019 macaque , is found in china , tibet and vietnam . the tibetan macaque lives in subtropical forests either mixed deciduous or evergreen at altitude that range from 800 to 2000 metres .\nlong - tailed macaques extensively overlap with humans across their range in southeast asia . consequently , people and long - tailed macaques live together in many locations . some of these areas are associated with religious sites and local customs , such as the temples of bali in indonesia , thailand , and cambodia , while other areas are characterized by conflict as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space .\nlong - tailed macaques are listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) to help ensure that conservation efforts continue in their favor . they are listed in schedule 1 , part 1 , of the indian wildlife protection act . long - tailed macaques naturally occur in many protected areas , but efforts to assess their current population status is drastically needed .\nroos c , zinner d . diversity and evolutionary history of macaques which special focus on rhesus and long - tailed macaques . in : bl\u00fcmel j , korte s , schenck e , weinbauer gf , editors .\nthe lion - tailed macaque ( macaca silenus ) is an old world monkey that lives only in the western ghats of south india . the skin of the lion - tailed macaque is dark - brown or black and its most outstanding characteristic is the silver - white mane which surrounds the head from the cheeks down to its chin , which gives this monkey its german name of beard ape .\nthe lion - tailed macaque monkeys hairless face is black in colour . the lion - tailed macaque monkey has a head - to - tail length of 45 to 60 centimetres and a weight of 3 to 10 kilograms and is one of the smaller macaques . their tail is medium length and measures around 25 centimetres and has a black tuft at the end , similar to a lions tail .\nthese macaques are primarily arboreal and can leap distances between trees up to five meters ( 16 . 4 ft ) , using their long tails for balance ( rodman 1991 ; rowe 1996 ) . long - tailed macaques move quadrupedally through the canopy and spend some amount of time on the ground ( rodman 1991 ) .\ngumert , md , fuentes a , jones - engel , l . ( 2011 ) . monkeys on the edge : ecology and management of long - tailed macaques and their interface with humans . cambridge university press .\nthe bonnet macaque ( macaca radiata ) is a macaque that resides in india . the bonnet macaque is a diurnal monkey which means it is mostly active during the daytime . bonnet macaques are around 35 \u2013 60 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 \u2013 68 centimetres . male bonnet macaques weigh 5 . 5 to 9 kilograms and females 3 . 5 to 4 . 5 kilograms .\nthe tibetan macaque monkey has a long dense brown fur with whiskers but a hairless face . the infants have silver and black fur that changes to its adult colour at the age of 2 years .\ngiven the long history of humans and macaques living together in se asia , it is likely the latter .\nthe common name of this animal varies . it is commonly referred to as the long - tailed macaque because the tail of this macaque is usually about the same length as its body and because its long tail distinguishes it from most other macaques . the species is also commonly known as the crab - eating macaque . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgous monkey , which literally means\ndog - milker\nmonkey , which is the name most commonly used for these animals in laboratory settings . in indonesia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are generically known as kera , possibly because of the high - pitched alarm calls they give when in danger (\nkrra ! krra !\n) .\nin addition , long - tailed macaques are one of the most - used primate species in biomedical and pharmaceutical research , as well as other types of scientific research , such as space flight tests . they are a resilient species that can endure and survive pretty horrific conditions . the use of long - tailed macaques and other nonhuman primates in experimentation is controversial with critics charging that the experiments are cruel and result in potentially inaccurate and / or useless findings .\nthis species has been observed drinking much water and eating crabs , they often live near bodies of water . of the various habitats occupied by long - tailed macaques , the swamp forests seem to have the highest density of them .\nthe life span of the tibetan macaque is over 20 years . there are four recognized subspecies of this macaque , macaca thibetana thibetana , macaca thibetana esau , macaca thibetana guiahouensis and macaca thibetana huangshanensis .\nthe celebes crested macaques skin and hairless face is , with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range , entirely black . the celebes crested macaque monkey has a long muzzle with high cheeks and the long hair tuft , or crest , at the top side of the head . their tail is only 2 centimetres of stub . with a total body length of 45 to 60 centimetres and a weight of 7 to 10 kilograms , it is one of the smaller macaque species . the celebes crested macaque is a diurnal rainforest dweller .\ninformation on the crab - eating macaque is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nin thailand and myanmar , long - tailed macaques use stone tools to open nuts , oysters , other bivalves , and various types of sea snails ( nerites , muricids , trochids , etc . ) along the andaman sea coast and offshore islands .\nsmith dg , mcdonough jw , george da . mitochondrial dna variation within and among regional populations of long - tail macaques (\nlong - tailed macaques receive some protection in temple ruins in thailand and protection and food in temples in bali . in malaysia , long - tailed macaques are legally protected , and they are fed and protected in urban forests and parks . in the philippines , there is much interest in protecting this species . in indonesia , the species is well - protected , but some of the reserves are being considered for oil drilling and harvesting . some people in bali , in fact , consider these primates to be sacred . this may increase the chances of their survival in these reserves . in thailand , long - tailed macaques may be hunted , captured , or kept in captivity only under license . the export of this species is regulated by a quota system .\nlong - tailed macaques are unique among other non - human primates because of their ability to show learned or cultural behavior . this cultural behavior was observed in the preparation of food by long - tailed macaques . on one occasion , an adult female dipped a piece of fruit into a river and then she consumed it . it was proposed that perhaps the female was cleaning sand off the fruit . scientists investigated this further on other individuals who showed this behavior . some of the macaques washed sandy fruit in the river , but some of them also washed fruit the scientists had cleaned prior to distributing them . there were also long - tailed macaques that simply ate the cleaned fruits without washing them . the controversy of what cultural behavior means is still being researched .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\ncommunication long - tailed macaques have an extensive array of communication calls . there are very clear differences between friendly calls and calls of warning , aggression , or anger . they also use non - verbal cues , such as baring their teeth to display submission . \u200b\nthe objective of this study is to shed more light on the phylogeny of m . f . fascicularis , the most widespread subspecies of the long - tailed macaques , occurring on the southeast asian mainland and sundaland islands , including parts of the philippines and east as far as timor . therefore , we generated complete mitochondrial ( mtdna ) genomes from 40 long - tailed macaque individuals either by traditional polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) amplification followed by sanger sequencing or by dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing . we expect that the analysis of complete mtdna genomes provides a better resolution of phylogenetic relationships among lineages than only short mtdna fragments .\nthe moor macaque ( macaca maura ) is an macaque with brown / black body fur with a pale rump patch and pink bare skin on the rump . it is about 50 \u2013 58 . 5 centimetres in length . the moor macaque monkey eats figs , bamboo seeds , buds , sprouts , invertebrates and cereals in tropical rainforests .\nthis animal has several common names . it is often referred to as the long - tailed macaque because its tail is usually about the same length as its body and because its long tail distinguishes it from most other macaques . the species is also commonly known as the crab - eating macaque because they are often seen foraging beaches for crabs . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey , which literally means\ndog - milker\nmonkey ; this is the name most commonly used in laboratory settings . in indonesia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera , possibly because of the high - pitched alarm calls they give when in danger (\nkrra ! krra !\n) .\nthe rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) , often called the rhesus monkey , is one of the best known species of old world monkeys . it is a typical macaque , common throughout afghanistan to northern india and southern china .\nas a result of sharing its environment with humans , this macaque had the opportunity to steal an asthma inhaler .\n] . this ancient hybridization ( gene flow ) most likely occurred unidirectional ( male - mediated ) , from rhesus into long - tailed macaques and not vice versa , i . e . analyses of maternally inherited markers such as mitochondria will not resolve the question of hybridization [\nthe moor macaque is sometimes called dog - ape because of its dog - like muzzles , although they are no more closely related to apes than any other old world monkey . the moor macaque inhabits only sulawesi ( indonesia ) .\nthe body fur of long - tailed macaques tends to be grey - brown to reddish brown . these colors are always paler ventrally . the face is brownish - grey with cheek whiskers . the eyes are directed forward for binocular vision . the nose is flat and the nostrils are narrow and close together ( catarrhine condition ) . long - tailed macaques have shovel - shaped incisors , conspicuous canines , and bilophodont molars . the tooth formula is i 2 / 2 , c 1 / 1 , pm 2 / 2 , and m 3 / 3 .\nkawamoto y , ischak tm , supriatna j . genetic variations within and between troops of the crab - eating macaque (\ngumert , md ; kluck , m . , malaivijitnond , s . ( 2009 ) .\nthe physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long - tailed macaques in the andaman sea region of thailand\n. american journal of primatology 71 : 594\u2013608 .\na diverse range of habitats . these primates are extremely adaptable and can thrive in a wide variety of conditions . some examples include coastal forests , mixed mangrove swamps , freshwater swamps , scrub grasslands , evergreen forests , bamboo forests , deciduous forests , and human settlements . the long - tailed macaque has also been introduced to several areas outside of their native range , including china and the island of mauritius .\nlong - tailed macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) are an important model species in biomedical research and reliable knowledge about their evolutionary history is essential for biomedical inferences . ten subspecies have been recognized , of which most are restricted to small islands of southeast asia . in contrast , the common long - tailed macaque ( m . f . fascicularis ) is distributed over large parts of the southeast asian mainland and the sundaland region . to shed more light on the phylogeny of m . f . fascicularis , we sequenced complete mitochondrial ( mtdna ) genomes of 40 individuals from all over the taxon\u2019s range , either by classical pcr - amplification and sanger sequencing or by dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing .\nalthough there are some sanctuaries for long - tailed macaques , hunting is still a problem . in thailand and borneo , they are hunted for food . this species is also killed because it is a pest to agriculture . the fact that these macaques destroy crops has prevented some governments from making serious conservation efforts . long - tailed macaques are collected for medical research . they are one of the five most used primate species in medical research . many of these macaques were exported to the united states and great britian . habitat loss in these organisms is occurring due to extensive logging operations .\nin recent years , habitat alteration has expanded the range of some populations of long - tailed macaques . in malaysia , cleared land , such as plantation areas , has been colonized by this species . it has been observed that some disturbed habitats have higher troop and population sizes than some pristine forests .\nlong - tailed macaques , along with other species of macaques , have benefited humans through their use as research models in immunology , surgery , toxicology , and pharmacology . they are also important members of ecosystems and may serve as a basis for ecotourism ventures . they are sometimes still hunted for food .\nlong - tailed macaques have been known to feed in cultivated fields on such items as young dry rice , cassava leaves , rubber fruit , taro plants , and other crops . they also take food from graveyards , garbage cans , and garbage pits . they have also become involved in aggresive interactions with people .\ntosi aj , morales jc , melnick dj . comparison of y chromosome and mtdna phylogenies leads to unique inferences of macaque evolutionary history .\nthe crab - eating macaque monkey also easily adjusts to human settlements and are considered sacred at some hindu temples and on some small islands .\nthe toque macaque ( macaca sinica ) is a reddish - brown coloured old world monkey endemic to sri lanka . the toque macaque monkey lives in troops which contain up to 20 individuals . this species of monkey is a full species , however , it has developed into three subspecies .\nsize , weight , and lifespan long - tailed macaques have an average lifespan of 15 - 30 years , with longer lifespans documented in captivity . their body length measures about 15 - 18 . 5 in ( 40 - 47 cm ) . they earn their name from their remarkably long tail , which is longer than their full body length , typically adding about another 19 - 23 . 5 in ( 50 - 60 cm ) . males are much larger in size than females , weighing 10 . 5 - 15 . 5 lbs ( 4 . 8 - 7 kg ) , whereas females weigh 6 . 5 - 8 . 5 lbs ( 3 - 4 kg ) . appearance long - tailed macaques have gray - brown fur , and their outer fur is darker than their bellies . at birth , their fur is much darker , almost black in color , and it becomes lighter as they mature . males are distinguished by their unique mustache , whereas females have a beard . both sexes have cheek whiskers , as well as cheek pouches for storing food . their long tail not only gives them their name , but also helps to aid in balance when jumping long distances .\nin indonesia and malaysia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera , possibly because of their high - pitched cries .\nthe japanese macaque can develop different accents , like humans . it was found that macaques in areas separated by only a couple hundred miles can have very different pitches in their calls , their form of communication . the japanese macaque is classified as data deficient by the 2000 iucn red list .\nbonhomme m , cuartero s , blancher a , crouau - roy b . assessing natural introgression in 2 biomedical model species , the rhesus macaque (\nlong - tailed macaques are omnivores , and exploit many different food types , reflecting the diversity of habitats they can utilize . the average length of feeding bouts is 18 . 3 minutes . there may be on average of twenty bouts per day . they eat a wide variety of foods such as fruits , crabs , flowers , insects , leaves , fungi , grasses , and clay . clay may be eaten for the potassium found in it , although the potassium levels in the clay are low . however , 96 % of the feeding time per day is spent eating fruit . some limited observations suggest that long - tailed macaques select fruit based on ripeness , which is based on color .\nthe bonnet macaque monkey has a life span of more than 30 years . the bonnet macaque is an omnivore and feeds on fruits , nuts , seeds , flowers , invertebrates and cereals . there are two subspecies of bonnet macaques which have been identified : macaca radiata radiata and macaca radiata diluta .\n[ 0945 ] aizawa et al . ( 2009 ) , age - dependent alteration in hippocampal neurogenesis correlates with learning performance of macaque monkeys ( pubmed )\nthe japanese macaque feeds on seeds , roots , buds , fruit , invertebrates , berries , leaves , birds eggs , fungi , bark and cereals .\nultrametric tree showing phylogenetic relationships and divergence ages among macaques as calculated from complete mtdna genome sequences ( relationships among non - macaque taxa not shown ) .\ntosi aj , morales jc , melnick dj . paternal , maternal , and biparental molecular markers provide unique windows onto the evolutionary history of macaque monkeys .\nthe body length , not including the tail , is 40 to 47 cm . the greyish - brown or reddish colored tail is 50 to 60 cm . long - tailed macaques exhibit sexual dimorphism in size . the average weight for males is 4 . 8 to 7 kg and 3 to 4 kg for females , approximately 69 % of average male weight .\neach subspecies faces differing levels of threats , and too little information is available on some subspecies to assess their conditions . the m . f . umbrosa subspecies is likely of important biological significance and has been recommended as a candidate for protection in the nicobar islands , where its small , native population has been seriously fragmented , and is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list . the philippine long - tailed macaque ( m . f . philippensis ) is listed as near threatened , and m . f . condorensis is vulnerable . all other subspecies are listed as data deficient and need further study ; although recent work is showing m . f . aurea and m . f . karimondjawae need increased protection . one concern for conservation is , in areas where m . fascicularis is not native , their populations need to be monitored and managed to reduce their impact on native flora and fauna .\nthe barbary macaque ( macaca sylvanus ) is found in the atlas mountains of algeria and morocco and possibly in gibraltar . the barbary macaque monkey is one of the best - known old world monkey species . they live freely in europe . although referred to as the barbary ape , it is a true monkey .\nthe japanese macaque lives in troops 20 \u2013 100 individuals consisting of many females and several males . on average , females outnumber males by 3 to 1 .\n) , form a monophyletic clade and separated from the borneo / philippines clade 0 . 61 ( 0 . 47 - 0 . 75 ) ma . the philippine individual is nested within the borneo clade and specifically clusters with an individual from sabah ( id : 41 ) ; they diverged from each other 0 . 21 ( 0 . 15 - 0 . 28 ) ma .\nthe moor macaque is endangered mostly due to habitat loss from an expanding human population and deforestation to increase agricultural land area . it is estimated that only 1000 moor macaques are left in sulawesi . because several sulawesi macaque species are endangered , information on ecology and behaviour is essential and conservation management plans are being designed .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis )\ntitle =\narkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\neudey , ardith ( 2008 ) .\nthe crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) widespread and rapidly declining .\n. primate conservation 23 : 129\u2013132 .\nfemale long - tailed macaques show a conspicuous cyclicity of sexual behavior during their menstrual cycle . as they approach ovulation , females experience a swelling of the skin in the perineal region . however , there has been no direct correlation between the frequency of copulation and the degree of swelling of genital tissues . this concealment of ovulation could exist in order to persuade consorting males to stay with females longer .\nthe barbary macaque is a diurnal monkey , dividing its time more or less equally between arboreal and terrestrial territory . mostly herbivorous , they feed on leaves , roots and fruit , however , they will also eat insects . by day , the barbary macaque patrols a territory which may cover several square kilometres where it peacefully co - exists with other primate species . they share water holes without quarrel . the barbary macaque moves about energetically on all fours , occasionally rising on its hind limbs to survey for threats .\nlong - tailed macaques live in multi - male and multi - female groups of 6 to 58 individuals . the number of individuals in a group is relative to the potential threats in the area . larger groups provide protection in areas with higher risk of predation , but may also result in greater competition for fruit and other resources . when appropriate , they split up into smaller foraging groups to help avoid competition .\nblancher a , bonhomme m , crouau - roy b , terao k , kitano t , saitou n . mitochondrial dna sequence phylogeny of 4 populations of the widely distributed cynomolgus macaque (\nlong - tailed macaques are classified as least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn , 2008 ) . the greatest threat to their survival is habitat loss as a result of human activity , such as logging operations . as they lose habitat , they are forced onto agricultural land to find food . their feeding activity jeopardizes the farmers\u2019 yield and they are considered pests . they are beaten and / or killed for crop - raiding .\nthe lion - tailed macaque ranks among the rarest and most threatened primates . according to estimations of the iucn , only approximately 2 , 500 of these monkeys live scattered over several areas in southwest india . the destruction of their habitat and the fact that they avoid human proximity , has led to the drastic decrease of their population . many zoos take part in breeding programs which help to secure the survival of this species .\nthe japanese macaque ( macaca fuscata ) , is also known as the snow monkey . it is a terrestrial old world monkey species native to northern japan although a troop has been identified living in texas since 1972 . the japanese macaque monkey is the most northern - living non - human primate . individuals have brown - grey fur , a red face , hands and bottom and a short tail .\nthe japanese macaque has a body length ranging from 79 to 95 centimetres , with a tail length of approximately 10 centimetres . males weigh from 10 to 14 kilograms , females , around 5 . 5 kilograms . the japanese macaque can survive winter temperatures below - 15 \u00b0c ( 5\u00b0 f ) and is perhaps most famous for the amount of time it spends relaxing in naturally heated volcanic hot springs .\nthe females have a rigid hierarchy with infants inheriting their mother\u2019s rank . female gestation period is 173 days , females bear only one young , which weighs about 500 grams at birth . the japanese macaque has an average life span of 30 years . the japanese macaque is very smart . it is the only animal other than humans and raccoons that is known to wash its food before eating it .\nthe lion - tailed macaque is a diurnal rainforest dweller . they are good climbers and spend most of their life in the trees . unlike other macaques , it avoids humans . in group behaviour , it is much like other macaques as it lives in hierarchical groups of usually 10 to 20 individuals , which consist of some males and many females . it is a territorial animal , defending its area first with loud cries towards the invading troops .\nalthough the species is ecologically well - adapted and poses no threat to population stability of prey species in its native range , in areas where the crab - eating macaque is not native , it can pose a substantial threat to biodiversity . some believe the crab - eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds by threatening critical breeding areas as well as eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds .\nrhesus macaques have a life span of about 25 years . inhabiting arid , open areas , the rhesus macaque may be found in grasslands , woodlands and in mountainous regions up to 2 , 500 metres in elevation . rhesus macaques are good swimmers and they enjoy this activity . the rhesus macaque is noted for its tendency to move from rural to urban areas , coming to rely on handouts or refuse from humans .\nyan g , zhang g , fang x , zhang y , li c , ling f , et al . genome sequencing and comparison of two nonhuman primate animal models , the cynomolgus and chinese rhesus macaque .\nlong - tailed macaques sleep in trees along the river and are particular about choosing their roosting sites . each group sleeps in its own tree and individuals huddle together when they sleep to maintain body temperature . they sleep toward the edge of the branches near the top or crown of the tree and preferentially choose branches that overhang the river ( van schaik et al . 1996 ) . long - tailed macaques are excellent swimmers , and this may be a predator avoidance technique : if they are threatened , they simply can escape by dropping to the water and swimming to safety ( rowe 1996 ; van schaik et al . 1996 ) . some predators include pythons , monitor lizards , raptors , large cats , and , in some areas , feral dogs . ( palombit 1992 ; van noordwijk & van schaik 1999 ) . the felid predation risk is so strong in some parts of their range that there is a discernible effect on social structure and group size ( van schaik & van noordwijk 1985 ) .\nthe barbary macaque is yellowish - brown to grey with lighter undersides . the barbary macaque grows to a maximum size of 75 centimetres ( 30 inches ) and weighs 13 kilograms ( 29 pounds ) . their faces are a dark pink colour and their tails are functionless . the barbary macaques front limbs are longer than its hind limbs . females are somewhat smaller than males . they inhabit forests of cedar , pine and oak .\nthe japanese macaque is diurnal and spends most of its time in forests . it lives in a variety of forest - types , including subtropical to subalpine , deciduous , broadleaf and evergreen forests , below 1500 metres .\n\u200b diet long - tailed macaques are opportunistic omnivores . they select fruit to eat based on its color , which indicates when the fruit is ripe . although they prefer fruit , they eat many different types of food in its absence . in habitats that are near water , they may eat small crabs . because of this , they are also known as crab - eating macaques . in some areas of the world , they are no longer afraid of humans and have become comfortable taking food from people , both passively and assertively .\nit is clear that the long - tailed macaques have one thing in mind : survival . they are extremely successful at adapting to different lifestyles . as arboreal creatures\u2014which means they have adapted to living primarily or exclusively in trees\u2014they may sleep towards the very end of tree branches , and sometimes dangle high above water for a quick get - away from predators . they are known for using tools , such as stones , to help crack open nuts or snails , and they wash food in water or , when water is not available , rub it clean\nwe are grateful to the bavarian state collection of zoology , covance inc . and the german primate center for providing valuable long - tailed macaque samples , as well as to the universiti kebangsaan malaysia , the department of wildlife and national parks ( perhilitan ) , the sarawak forest department , the sabah wildlife department and sabak parks for sharing fecal samples . this research was financially supported by the german primate center and by grants to badrul munir md - zain ( frgs / 1 / 2012 / stwn10 / ukm / 02 / 3 , dlp - 2013 - 006 , ergs / 1 / 2013 / stwn10 / ukm / 02 / 1 ) . we further thank sabine hutschenreuther , christiane schwarz , nico westphal and jens gruber for support during sample collection , laboratory work or data analysis .\ngrooming and support in conflict among primates is considered to be an act of reciprocal altruism . in crab - eating macaques , an experiment was performed in which individuals were given the opportunity to groom one another under three conditions : after being groomed by the other , after grooming the other , and without prior grooming . after a grooming took place , the individual that received the grooming was much more likely to support its groomer than one that had not previously groomed that individual . these results support the reciprocal altruism theory of grooming in long - tailed macaques .\nacross much of the range , the major threat to the species is hunting . in mainland southeast asia , such as in cambodia and viet nam , females are taken into breeding facilities and males are exported internationally primarily for use in laboratory research . a potential related issue is the release of confiscated long - tailed macaques from the border area of viet nam and china ( which is where most of the current international trade is being recorded ) into the native range of other macaque species . in the philippines , the species is subject to a high level of hunting , where it is taken for local consumption and hunted for sport . it is also persecuted as a pest . habitat loss is also a localised threat , but the species can persist in a variety of habitats and very adaptable .\nfemale gestation is approximately 6 months . the young are nursed for one year . sexual maturity is reached at 4 years for females , 6 years for males . the lion - tailed macaques life span in the wild is approximately 20 years , while in captivity up to 30 years .\na diurnal animal , the rhesus macaque is both arboreal and terrestrial . the rhesus macaque is an omnivore and feeds on leaves and pine needles , roots and the occasional insect or small animal . they have specialized pouch - like cheeks , allowing them to temporarily store their food . the gathered morsels are eaten sometime later , in safe surroundings . troops may contain up to 180 individuals , however 20 is normally the average . females may outnumber the males by a ratio of 4 to 1 .\nthe tibetan macaques diet consists mostly of fruit , however , it will also consume seeds , leaves , berries and flowers as well as invertebrates . the tibetan macaque is a gregarious animal and lives in multi - male and multi - female groups .\nbranched off first , 6 . 10 ( 5 . 23 - 6 . 92 ) ma . the remaining , solely asian macaque species , diverged into two clades 5 . 49 ( 4 . 69 - 6 . 34 ) ma , one comprising\nfor phylogenetic reconstructions , we expanded our dataset with additional mtdna genome sequences from macaque and non - macaque taxa derived from genbank . the dataset comprised 60 mtdna genomes including 43 m . fascicularis individuals ( 3 from genbank including id : 3 ) , at least one representative of the other six macaque species groups ( 2 m . sylvanus , 1 m . arctoides , 3 m . mulatta , 2 m . thibetana , 1 m . tonkeana , 1 m . silenus ) and various outgroup taxa ( 1 theropithecus gelada , 1 papio hamadryas , 1 chlorocebus pygerythrus , 1 colobus guereza , 1 pongo abelii , 1 pan troglodytes , 1 homo sapiens ) . for detailed sample information and genbank accession numbers see additional file 2 : table s2 .\ngumert , michael d . ( december 2007 ) .\npayment for sex in a macaque mating market\n. animal behavior 74 ( 6 ) : 1655\u20131667 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . anbehav . 2007 . 03 . 009 .\nlong - tailed macaques live in primary , secondary , coastal , mangrove , swamp , and riverine forests from sea level up to elevations of 2000 m ( 6561 ft ) ( rowe 1996 ; supriatna et al . 1996 ) . they prefer forested areas near water and are found in higher densities near riverbanks , lakeshores , or along the seacoast ( van schaik et al . 1996 ) . they preferentially utilize secondary forest , especially if it borders human settlement , where they have access to gardens and farms to crop - raid ( crockett & wilson 1980 ; sussman & tattersall 1986 ) .\nthe celebes crested macaque is an omnivore , 70 % of its diet consists of fruits , however , it also consumes leaves , buds , seeds , fungus , birds and bird eggs , insects ( such as caterpillars ) and the occasional small lizard or frog .\nlong - tailed macaques live in multi - male groups consisting of about thirty members . at sexual maturity , males leave their natal group , and join either bachelor groups or new social groups . since males leave the natal group , they are subject to more predation , disease , and injury thna are females . once a male finds another group in which to reside , he may replace some of the existing high - ranking males . male replacement itself is a process in which a foreign male adult successfully takes over a resident male ' s harem position . these events are highly aggressive activites , and the participating adults are usually injured .\nthe celebes crested macaques life span is approximately 20 years . the total population of the macaque on sulawesi is estimated at 4 , 000 \u2013 6 , 000 , while a booming population of up to 100 , 000 monkeys are found on bacan , an island in indonesia .\n, can also infect humans . a few cases have been documented in human , but for how long humans have been getting infections of this malarial strain is unknown . it is , therefore , not possible to assess if this is a newly emerging health threat , or if just newly discovered due to improved malarial detection techniques .\nlong - tailed macaques are found in tropical rain forests characterized by warm , humid climate and heavy seasonal rainfall ( supriatna et al . 1996 ; umapathy et al . 2003 ) . the rainy season in southeast asia lasts from about september to may , with average monthly rainfall between 140 and 300 mm ( 5 . 5 and 11 . 8 in ) and with less rainfall from june through august or september ( lucas & corlett 1991 ; yeager 1996 ; umapathy et al . 2003 ) . annual rainfall ranges between 2100 and 4500 mm ( 6 . 89 to 14 . 8 ft ) per year ( cannon & leighton 1994 ; melisch & dirgayusa 1996 ) .\nboth applied laboratory methods have proven to be powerful to generate complete mtdna genome data with similarly high accuracy , with the dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing approach as the most promising and only practical option to obtain such data from highly degraded dna , fast and relatively cheap . our study provides new insights into the evolutionary history of m . f . fascicularis , most prominent we obtained first evidence for the presence of haplotypes in north sumatra that are related to asian mainland haplotypes and the clearly distinct and phylogenetically old timor clade . however , to fully resolve the phylogeny of long - tailed macaques , to identify their origin and the dispersal routes leading to their current distribution , to assess their full genetic diversity and to explore to which extent secondary gene flow occurred between local populations , it is fundamental to include further m . f . fascicularis populations from throughout their range into future studies . in these studies both , mitochondrial and a large number of nuclear loci , should be analyzed . moreover , to fully understand the evolutionary history of the species , the other subspecies of m . fascicularis should be incorporated in such studies as well . since long - tailed macaques are an important model species in biomedical research and considering intra - specific variation in genetics , physiology and behavior , more attention should be paid to the selection of study specimens .\nthe crab - eating macaque has the third - largest range of any primate species , behind only humans and rhesus macaques . the iucn red list categorizes the species as least concern , and cites lists them as appendix ii (\nnot necessarily threatened with extinction\n, in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival ) . a recent review of their populations suggests a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human - macaque conflict , which are reducing overall population levels despite the species being widely distributed .\nif you love photography as much as we do please help ! a small donation can go a long way allowing us to make this site even better ! ! if you have any additional historical information about any of the photo ' s featured on our website please email me so we can add more information . this webpage was updated september 06 , 2014\nthe native range of the crab - eating macaque includes most of mainland southeast asia , including the malay archipelago islands of sumatra , java and borneo , the islands of the philippines and the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal . although this monkey is often referred to as the crab - eating macaque , its diet is by no means limited to crabs . other food items are in fact far more common . they are an opportunistic feeding omnivore , meaning they can and will eat a wide variety of animals , plants and other materials , it also eats leaves , flowers , roots and bark . it also preys on bird chicks and nesting female birds , lizards , frogs , fishes and bird eggs .\nboth laboratory approaches yielded complete mtdna genomes from m . f . fascicularis with high accuracy and / or coverage . according to our phylogenetic reconstructions , m . f . fascicularis initially diverged into two clades 1 . 70 million years ago ( ma ) , with one including haplotypes from mainland southeast asia , the malay peninsula and north sumatra ( clade a ) and the other , haplotypes from the islands of bangka , java , borneo , timor , and the philippines ( clade b ) . the three geographical populations of clade a appear as paraphyletic groups , while local populations of clade b form monophyletic clades with the exception of a philippine individual which is nested within the borneo clade . further , in clade b the branching pattern among main clades / lineages remains largely unresolved , most likely due to their relatively rapid diversification 0 . 93 - 0 . 84 ma .\nadult males measure approximately 53 centimetres on average and weigh an average of 7 . 7 kilograms . females are smaller , averaging 47 centimetres in length and 5 . 3 kilograms in weight . rhesus macaque monkeys are brown or grey in colour and have pink faces which are typically bereft of fur . rhesus macaques tails are of medium length and average between 20 and 22 centimetres .\nlists them as appendix ii (\nnot necessarily threatened with extinction\n, in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival ) . a recent review of their populations suggests there is a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human - macaque conflict , which are reducing overall population levels despite the species being widely distributed .\nour results concerning the phylogenetic relationships among macaque and non - macaque taxa and estimated divergence ages are largely in line with previous molecular studies [ 5 , 7 , 10 , 19 , 43 - 48 ] . for the phylogenetic relationships among m . fascicularis haplotypes , we obtained higher statistical support for most nodes in our tree , as compared to earlier mtdna studies which used only fragments of the mtdna genome [ 5 , 7 , 17 - 20 , 22 ] . nevertheless , some nodes in our study are still missing significant statistical support , thus leaving some phylogenetic relationships , in particular those between populations from timor , java , mauritius and bangka / borneo / philippines , unresolved . such results are common when clades or lineages diverged within a short time period [ 42 , 48 - 52 ] ."]}
{"id": 666, "summary": [{"text": "the crosse 's shrew ( crocidura crossei ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in benin , cameroon , ivory coast , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone , and togo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "crosse ' s shrew", "paragraphs": ["arizona shrew ( s . arizonae ) \u2022 zacatecas shrew ( s . emarginatus ) \u2022 merriam ' s shrew ( s . merriami ) \u2022 kashmir pygmy shrew ( s . planiceps ) \u2022 saussure ' s shrew ( s . saussurei ) \u2022 sclater ' s shrew ( s . sclateri ) \u2022 san cristobal shrew ( s . stizodon ) \u2022 tibetan shrew ( s . thibetanus ) \u2022 trowbridge ' s shrew ( s . trowbridgii ) \u2022 chestnut - bellied shrew ( s . ventralis ) \u2022 veracruz shrew ( s . veraecrucis )\ns . akaibei \u2022 cameroonian forest shrew ( s . cameruniensis ) \u2022 grant ' s forest shrew ( s . granti ) \u2022 howell ' s forest shrew ( s . howelli ) \u2022 bioko forest shrew ( s . isabellae ) \u2022 johnston ' s forest shrew ( s . johnstoni ) \u2022 kongana shrew ( s . konganensis ) \u2022 moon forest shrew ( s . lunaris ) \u2022 mount cameroon forest shrew ( s . morio ) \u2022 greater forest shrew ( s . ollula ) \u2022 lesser forest shrew ( s . oriundus ) \u2022 rain forest shrew ( s . pluvialis ) \u2022 volcano shrew ( s . vulcanorum )\ntaita shrew ( s . aequatorius ) \u2022 black shrew ( s . ater ) \u2022 day ' s shrew ( s . dayi ) \u2022 etruscan shrew ( s . etruscus ) \u2022 sri lankan shrew ( s . fellowesgordoni ) \u2022 bornean pygmy shrew ( s . hosei ) \u2022 least dwarf shrew ( s . infinitesimus ) \u2022 greater dwarf shrew ( s . lixus ) \u2022 madagascan pygmy shrew ( s . madagascariensis ) \u2022 malayan pygmy shrew ( s . malayanus ) \u2022 climbing shrew ( s . megalura ) \u2022 flores shrew ( s . mertensi ) \u2022 asian highland shrew ( s . montanus ) \u2022 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a ( s . murinus ) \u2022 remy ' s pygmy shrew ( s . remyi ) \u2022 anderson ' s shrew ( s . stoliczkanus ) \u2022 lesser dwarf shrew ( s . varilla ) \u2022 jungle shrew ( s . zeylanicus )\nlong - tailed shrew ( s . dispar ) \u2022 smoky shrew ( s . fumeus ) \u2022 gasp\u00e9 shrew ( s . gaspensis ) \u2022 american pygmy shrew ( s . hoyi ) \u2022 large - toothed shrew ( s . macrodon ) \u2022 carmen mountain shrew ( s . milleri ) \u2022 dwarf shrew ( s . nanus ) \u2022 mexican long - tailed shrew ( s . oreopolus ) \u2022 orizaba long - tailed shrew ( s . orizabae ) \u2022 ornate shrew ( s . ornatus ) \u2022 inyo shrew ( s . tenellus ) \u2022 verapaz shrew ( s . veraepacis ) s . vagrans complex : glacier bay water shrew ( s . alaskanus ) \u2022 baird ' s shrew ( s . bairdii ) \u2022 marsh shrew ( s . bendirii ) \u2022 montane shrew ( s . monticolus ) \u2022 new mexico shrew ( s . neomexicanus ) \u2022 pacific shrew ( s . pacificus ) \u2022 american water shrew ( s . palustris ) \u2022 fog shrew ( s . sonomae ) \u2022 vagrant shrew ( s . vagrans ) s . cinereus group : kamchatka shrew ( s . camtschatica ) \u2022 cinereus shrew ( s . cinereus ) \u2022 prairie shrew ( s . haydeni ) \u2022 saint lawrence island shrew ( s . jacksoni ) \u2022 paramushir shrew ( s . leucogaster ) \u2022 southeastern shrew ( s . longirostris ) \u2022 mount lyell shrew ( s . lyelli ) \u2022 portenko ' s shrew ( s . portenkoi ) \u2022 preble ' s shrew ( s . preblei ) \u2022 pribilof island shrew ( s . pribilofensis ) \u2022 olympic shrew ( s . rohweri ) \u2022 barren ground shrew ( s . ugyunak )\naberdare mole shrew ( s . norae ) \u2022 mount kenya mole shrew ( s . polulus )\nvan sung ' s shrew ( c . caovansunga ) \u2022 de winton ' s shrew ( c . hypsibia ) \u2022 lamulate shrew ( c . lamula ) \u2022 lowe ' s shrew ( c . parca ) \u2022 pygmy brown - toothed shrew ( c . parva ) \u2022 salenski ' s shrew ( c . salenskii ) \u2022 smith ' s shrew ( c . smithii ) \u2022 lesser taiwanese shrew ( c . sodalis )\ncockrum ' s gray shrew ( n . cockrumi ) \u2022 crawford ' s gray shrew ( n . crawfordi ) \u2022 large - eared gray shrew ( n . evotis ) \u2022 villa ' s gray shrew ( n . villai )\nphillips ' s shrew ( c . phillipsorum ) \u2022 greater congo shrew ( c . polli ) \u2022 lesser congo shrew ( c . verheyeni )\nbroad - footed mole ( s . latimanus ) \u2022 coast mole ( s . orarius ) \u2022 townsend ' s mole ( s . townsendii )\nbabault ' s mouse shrew ( m . babaulti ) \u2022 montane mouse shrew ( m . blarina ) \u2022 dark - footed mouse shrew ( m . cafer ) \u2022 eisentraut ' s mouse shrew ( m . eisentrauti ) \u2022 geata mouse shrew ( m . geata ) \u2022 nyika mouse shrew ( m . gnoskei ) \u2022 kihaule ' s mouse shrew ( m . kihaulei ) \u2022 long - tailed forest shrew ( m . longicaudatus ) \u2022 oku mouse shrew ( m . okuensis ) \u2022 rumpi mouse shrew ( m . rumpii ) \u2022 schaller ' s mouse shrew ( m . schalleri ) \u2022 sclater ' s mouse shrew ( m . sclateri ) \u2022 thin mouse shrew ( m . tenuis ) \u2022 forest shrew ( m . varius ) \u2022 kilimanjaro mouse shrew ( m . zinki )\nanderson ' s shrew mole ( u . andersoni ) \u2022 gracile shrew mole ( u . gracilis ) \u2022 inquisitive shrew mole ( u . investigator ) \u2022 chinese shrew mole ( u . soricipes )\ncuban solenodon ( s . cubanus ) \u2022 hispaniolan solenodon ( s . paradoxus )\ngrauer ' s large - headed shrew ( p . graueri ) \u2022 greater large - headed shrew ( p . maxima ) \u2022 lesser large - headed shrew ( p . schoutedeni )\nmediterranean water shrew ( n . anomalus ) \u2022 eurasian water shrew ( n . fodiens ) \u2022 transcaucasian water shrew ( n . teres )\nassam mole shrew ( a . assamensis ) \u2022 giant mole shrew ( a . schmidi ) \u2022 chinese mole shrew ( a . squamipes ) \u2022 taiwanese mole shrew ( a . yamashinai )\nmalayan water shrew ( c . hantu ) \u2022 himalayan water shrew ( c . himalayica ) \u2022 bornean water shrew ( c . phaeura ) \u2022 japanese water shrew ( c . platycephalus ) \u2022 chinese water shrew ( c . styani ) \u2022 sumatran water shrew ( c . sumatrana )\nnorthern short - tailed shrew ( b . brevicauda ) \u2022 southern short - tailed shrew ( b . carolinensis ) \u2022 elliot ' s short - tailed shrew ( b . hylophaga ) \u2022 everglades short - tailed shrew ( b . peninsulae )\nhodgsons ' s brown - toothed shrew ( e . caudatus ) \u2022 taiwanese brown - toothed shrew ( e . fumidus ) \u2022 long - tailed brown - toothed shrew ( e . leucops ) \u2022 long - tailed mountain shrew ( e . macrurus )\nc . goldmani set : central mexican broad - clawed shrew ( c . alticola ) \u2022 goldman ' s broad - clawed shrew ( c . goldmani ) \u2022 goodwin ' s broad - clawed shrew ( c . goodwini ) \u2022 guatemalan broad - clawed shrew ( c . griseoventris ) \u2022 c . lacertosus \u2022 c . mam \u2022 oaxacan broad - clawed shrew ( c . peregrina )\nindochinese short - tailed shrew ( b . griselda ) \u2022 asiatic short - tailed shrew ( b . quadraticauda ) \u2022 burmese short - tailed shrew ( b . wardi )\n\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u06a4\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0645 etruscan shrew ( suncus etruscus ) , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628 etruscan pygmy shrew or the white - toothed pygmy shrew \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1\u060c8 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 .\ncomments : there has been disagreement over whether s . monticolus is distinct from s . vagrans at the species level ; most recent studies recognize s . monticolus as a distinct species ( e . g . , jones et al . 1992 ; hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ; smith and belk 1996 ) . s . obscurus , formerly regarded as a subspecies of sorex vagrans , was considered a subspecies of s . monticolus by hennings and hoffman ( 1977 ) , carraway ( 1990 ) , and hutterer ( in wilson and reeder 1993 ) . taxa formerly known as s . monticolus bairdii and s . monticolus permiliensis were regarded by carraway ( 1990 ) as subspecies of sorex bairdii . subspecies setosus formerly was included in sorex vagrans by some authors . alexander ( 1996 ) conducted a morphometric analysis of skulls and determined that the shrew heretofore known as sorex obscurus neomexicanus , sorex vagrans neomexicanus , or sorex monticolus neomexicanus should be recognized as a distinct species , s . neomexicanus . the north american mammal checklist by baker et al . ( 2003 ) followed alexander in recognizing s . neomexicanus as a distinct species . sorex neomexicanus was considered a subspecies of sorex monticolus by george , in wilson and ruff ( 1999 ) . subspecies calvertensis may be synonymous with s . m . elassodon ; further study is needed ( alexander 1996 ) . see george ( 1988 ) for an electrophoretic study of systematic relationships among sorex species .\nthis is thought to be the commonest shrew in nigerian rainforest ( happold 1975 ; happold 1987 ) . comprised 70 % of the two species of shrew captured during a three - year study in the gambari forest reserve , nigeria ( hutterer and happold 1983 ) .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\naulagnier , s . ; hutterer , r . ; jenkins , p . ; bukhnikashvili , a . ; kry\u0161tufek , b . ; and kock , d . ( 2008 ) .\nmontane shrews are among the most common shrews , and do well in a variety of moist habitats : thick , grassy areas near streams or rivers ; meadows ; thickets of willow and alder ; spruce - fir forests ; and alpine tundra . they are dietary generalists , eating insects , earthworms , and other invertebrates . females can have two litters a year , usually of 5 or 6 young . the montane shrew may occur with as many as four other species of shrews , and except for the water shrew , it is usually the largest shrew where it is found . normally , montane shrews do not live longer than 16 - 18 months . links : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account\ngreater chinese mole ( e . grandis ) \u2022 kloss ' s mole ( e . klossi ) \u2022 long - nosed mole ( e . longirostris ) \u2022 himalayan mole ( e . micrura ) \u2022 japanese mountain mole ( e . mizura ) \u2022 small - toothed mole ( e . parvidens )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\naltai mole ( t . altaica ) \u2022 blind mole ( t . caeca ) \u2022 caucasian mole ( t . caucasica ) \u2022 european mole ( t . europaea ) \u2022 p\u00e8re david ' s mole ( t . davidiana ) \u2022 levant mole ( t . levantis ) \u2022 spanish mole ( t . occidentalis ) \u2022 roman mole ( t . romana ) \u2022 balkan mole ( t . stankovici )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nformerly included crocidura jouvenetae , see notes on these two species in hutterer ( 2005 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nhutterer ( 2005 ) records this west african species as probably ranging through lowland forest from guinea to western cameroon . although it is largely a lowland species , there is a record from mount cameroon .\nin nigeria , this species has been recorded from primary lowland tropical moist forest , or relict forests in derived savanna , and is possibly present in tree plantations ( hutterer and happold 1983 , happold 1987 , decher et al . 1997 ) . it is a terrestrial species that searches through leaf litter and siimilar ground cover for food ( happold 1987 ) .\nit has been recorded from the gambari forest reserve ( happold 1997 ) and is presumably present in a number of west african protected areas . further research is needed into the range of both this species and the partially sympatric crocidura jouvenetae . this is a widespread and common species of no immediate conservation concern .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t40624a115175904 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : formerly included ebriensis and jouvenetae ; see heim de balsac and meester ( 1977 ) . c . crossei occurs almost sympatrically with c . jouvenetae from guinea to c\u00f4te d ' ivoire\nthis widespread species occurs from alaska and western canada , south through the western united states ( although patchily distributed ) and the highlands of the sierra madre occidental in mexico ( baker and greer , 1962 ) . the highest altitudinal records in mexico are around 2 , 600 m asl in durango ( baker and greer , 1962 ) .\ndusky shrews are one of the most common members of the genus sorex in north america . they can be found from northern alaska to new mexico and from the pacific coast to central manitoba ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . they also inhabit the rocky mountains , blue mountains , and the sierra nevada . in addition dusky shrews can be found on vancouver island and queen charlotte island ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) .\nglobal range : alaska to southern california , east to western manitoba , montana , wyoming , colorado , new mexico ( not south - central ) , chihuahua , and durango ; many populations exist on relatively isolated mountain ranges in the southern half of the range ( hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ; smith and belk 1996 ) . see alexander ( 1996 ) for information on distributions of subspecies .\nare small , long tailed shrews . total length varies between 103 and 142mm , and tail length between 40 - 62mm ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . in summer shrews are brownish dorsally with silvery white or gray ventral pelage ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) . in september or october the pelage becomes darker and thicker . in general molting occurs twice per year and starts from the rump and nose and spreads out , finishing between the ears . the timing of molt differs between sexes , around march for females and may for males ( smith & belk , 1999 ) . the tail is indistinctly bicolored . musk glands on the flanks are visible in breeding males and 30 % of breeding females . there is no significant sexual dimorphism ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) .\ndusky shrews have one incisor with two cusps , five unicuspids and four molars in the upper jaw . there is one incisor , two unicuspids and three molars in the lower jaw ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . dental formula : 3 / 1 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 1 , 3 / 3 = 32 teeth ( forsyth , 1985 ) .\nsexual dimorphism : none length : average : 119 mm range : 95 - 139 mm weight : range : 4 . 4 - 10 . 2 g\nsee carraway ( 1995 ) for a key to western north american soricids based primarily on dentaries .\nit is found in a variety of habitat types : montane boreal and coastal coniferous forest and alpine areas ; damp meadows surrounded by coniferous forest , in grass among spruce - fir , mid - elevation fir - larch , along streams and rivers in high prairie , mossy banks of small streams , alpine tundra , sphagnum bogs .\ndusky shrews occupy a wide range of habitats including tundra , alpine meadows , forests , and prairies ( forsyth , 1985 ) . the main component of suitable microhabitat is dense ground cover , which may aid in predator avoidance . shrews are often found in forest floor litter and almost never burrow ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . habitats with high quantities of coarse woody debris lead to higher reproductive rates in\n( lee , 1995 ) . they are closely associated with riparian zones and studies show that most shrews can be found within 100 meters of streams or rivers ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . shrews prefer habitats with acidic soils and nearby coniferous forest ( forsyth , 1985 ) .\ncomments : montane boreal and coastal coniferous forest and alpine areas ; various habitats including damp meadows surrounded by coniferous forest , in grass among spruce - fir , mid - elevation fir - larch , along streams and rivers in high prairie , mossy banks of small streams , alpine tundra , sphagnum bogs .\nnon - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ndusky shrews are insectivorous . their small size results in rapid heat loss due to the small surface to volume ratio . in order to maintain a constant body temperature shrews have to maintain a high metabolic rate and , therefore , consume large quantities of prey ( findley , 1987 ) . they must spend most of their time hunting and feeding . the diet of\nconsists of insects and their larvae , earthworms , spiders , snails , and , rarely , small salamanders . the largest possible prey size was estimated to be > 30mm ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . in addition , dusky shrews were observed eating conifer seeds , lichens , and fungi ( rhoades , 1986 ) . although dusky shrews were described as aggressive hunters , little has been mentioned as to how they capture their prey .\ncomments : feeds primarily on insects and other small invertebrates ( worms , sowbugs , molluscs , etc . ) . also consumes some vegetable matter .\nmost individuals probably do not live longer than 18 months . mean home range estimates = 1227 sq m for nonbreeders , 4020 sq m for breeders ( van zyll de jong 1983 ) . apparently not territorial in breeding season ; may move widely ( van zyll de jong 1983 )\nobservations : like in other similar species , females overwinter before breeding . in the wild , they are not expected to live more than 1 . 5 years , which means that there is a yearly population turnover ( smith and belk 1996 ) .\nbreeding season extends from april - august . average litter size is about 5 , but ranges up to 7 ( van zyll de jong 1983 ) . information on reproduction from different parts of the range is needed .\nmatson , j . , woodman , n . , castro - arellano , i . & de grammont , p . c .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & chanson , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , its local abundance , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nsince it is one of the most common and widespread species of sorex in north america it is not protected and no ( known ) steps have been taken to protect these species .\nthere are no major threats to this species , although habitat loss may be occurring in some parts of its range .\nin mexico it is included in legislation protection under the nom 059 semarnat 2001 , under the name of sorex vagrans monticola . in the state of california the species is listed as a\nspecies of special concern\n. it presumably occurs in protected areas throughout its range .\nmatson , j . , woodman , n . , castro - arellano , i . & de grammont , p . c . ( 2008 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nechigo mole ( m . etigo ) \u2022 insular mole ( m . insularis ) \u2022 kano mole ( m . kanoana ) \u2022 kobe mole ( m . kobeae ) \u2022 small japanese mole ( m . imaizumii ) \u2022 large mole ( m . robusta ) \u2022 sado mole ( m . tokudae ) \u2022 japanese mole ( m . wogura ) \u2022 senkaku mole ( m . uchidai )"]}
{"id": 677, "summary": [{"text": "snail is a common name loosely applied to shelled gastropods .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the name is most often applied to land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "however , the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "when the word \" snail \" is used in this most general sense , it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "gastropods that naturally lack a shell , or have only an internal shell , are mostly called slugs , and land snails that have only a very small shell ( that they can not retract into ) are often called semi-slugs .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "snails have considerable human relevance , including as food items , as pests , as vectors of disease , and their shells are used as decorative objects and are incorporated into jewelry .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the snail has also had some cultural significance , and has even been used as a metaphor . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "snail", "paragraphs": ["scientists sucked a memory out of a snail and stuck it in another snail .\nachatina fulica ( the east african land snail ) \u2013 known commonly as the giant african snail or giant african land snail .\nthe snail ' s eyes are below where an actual snail ' s eyes are .\nsew the snail stalks to the snail body . sew the eyes to the stalks .\nachatina achatina ( giant ghana snail or tiger land snail ) \u2013 common name the giant ghana snail , also known as the giant tiger land snail , is a specie of very large , air - breathing land snail .\nsnail facts and information . habitat , feeding , anatomy , reproduction , lifecycle , predators . facts about african giant snail , garden snail , roman snail or escargot . get started \u203a\ntake action if you find a snail that is much larger than the common garden snail .\nseoul ceuticals korean skin care snail repair cream moisturizer - 97 . 5 % snail mucin . . .\nmyth and legend offer lots of cool tidbits about the snail and symbolic snail meaning . below are a few tidbits about the snail\u2019s mythological importance around the world . .\nsnail shell is made of calcium carbonate and keeps growing as long as the snail grows . they keep adding more calcium carbonate to the edge until the snail reaches adult size .\n) . further , silencing snail resulted in restored expression of cryptic . 4 \u03bcg snail shrna reduced the snail expression by 70 % \u00b110 % and enhanced cryptic expression by 59 % \u00b1 12 % , validating that snail negatively regulates cryptic - expression ( fig .\nsnail repair cream for face , luckyfine anti aging , anti wrinkle , day cream & night cream , for moisturizer dry skin repair fine lines snail face cream with snail extract 1 . 76 oz\nfirstly , we will begin with the symbolism that surrounds the snail\u2019s mythology and cultural importance . the shape the the snail and the curvature of the snail\u2019s shell is the basis for most of its cultural background and importance . the spiral shape of the snail\u2019s shell is a result of how the shell grows on the snail .\nin fact , the snail was an old witch who had disguised herself as a snail . the witch was outraged . the witch cursed dewi limaran . the witch changed dewi limaran into a golden snail . then the witch the snail into the river . the stream carried dewi limaran cursed into snail far away from the palace .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : snail on snail . jpg\nas trusted on the\nhelix pomatia linnaeus , 1758\npage .\nan euhadra quaesita snail , which , like other snail species , uses a\nlove dart\nto stab its partner while mating .\nto construct snail short hairpin rna ( shrna - snail ) , sense and antisense dna oligonucleotides were designed form double - stranded rna with a loop structure : snail shrna sense ( 5\u2032 - ggatcccgcgagctgcaggactctaagaagcttgttagagtcctgcagctcgctttttt - 3\u2032 ) and snail shrna antisense ( 5\u2032 - ctagaaaaaagcgagctgcaggactctaacaagcttcttagagtcctgcagctcgcgg - 3\u2032 ) .\nhuman snail was cloned by pcr amplification from image clone no . 4537122 by using the following primers : snail sense ( 5\u2032 - atgccgcgctctttcctcgtc - 3\u2032 ) and snail antisense ( 5\u2032 - agcgtaatcggggacatcgtaggggtagcggggacatcctgagcagccgga - 3\u2032 ) .\nwe conclude from the western blotting and qpcr assays that the abundance of snail causes attenuation of cryptic expression that can recovered by depleting snail .\nno ' that means the snail is dead . it probably died from drowning . next time put the snail in a dry tank with a little bit of water and rocks for the snail to climb on .\nsnail meaning offers us a world of symbolism and insight . here are just a few key attributes that are exclusively symbolic to the snail .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : snail on snail . jpg\nas hidden on the\ncepaea hortensis ( muller , 1774 )\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : snail on snail . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncepaea nemoralis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\n) . we observed that overexpression of snail led to a decreased mrna of cryptic whereas knocking down snail led to increased cryptic mrna ( fig .\narchachatina marginata ( giant west african snail ) \u2013 the giant west african snail , is a specie of air - breathing tropical land snail . they can grow up to 20cm long , and live up to 10 years .\nalso , in\nfinn the human ,\nthe snail is shown as a regular snail ( without eyes , a mouth , and arms ) .\nthe snail is a steady symbol in nature . this can be a prime point in snail tattoo ideas , especially if you want to convey steady progress on your life - path . click here for symbolic snail tattoo ideas .\nin issue 520 in mad magazine , the snail can be seen on the cover , waving . although , the snail is waving angrily at the reader .\n) , was unaffected by snail expression in the absence of drug . however , after adr treatment , snail - expressing cells exhibited a statistically significant increase in\n, are unresponsive , and the binding of snail or slug is not detected by chip . thus , snail and slug can bind to the promoters of the\nthe snail\u2019s shell is basically its only form of protection . it\u2019s weak , squishy and slimy body would be defenseless without the snail\u2019s hard shell . because of this simple , but highly important feature , the snail symbol can represent protection and defense . another thing about the snail\u2019s shell is that it doubles as the snail\u2019s home . because the snail makes its own shell , it carries it with it as long as it lives . this means that the snail is like a living mobile home . no matter where the snail goes , it is always at home . this can symbolize travel , safety , and self - reliance .\nwe then used qpcr analyses using over - expression and shrna mediated knockdown of snail and tested its effect on cryptic mrna expression . we verified that the snail over - expression and knockdown indeed led to change in snail transcripts ( fig .\nthe largest land snail recorded was 12 inches long and weighed near 2 pounds .\nin\nthe jiggler ,\nthe snail seems to have a different appearance .\ndepends upon the species ; common snail moves at about 1 millimeter per second .\nyou can use any one of those options as a snail and slug barrier .\n) . as expected , the endogenous snail transcript declined . statistically significant upregulation of\ncell death specification gene ces - 1 encodes a snail family zinc finger protein .\nif you use imported fertiliser , check your plants for signs of snail activity .\n5 ) michaels , f . 2001 . organic slug and snail control . urltoken\nplease , sir . i want to venture into the business if snail farm . i needest species of snail . i am from the eastern part of nigeria .\nget advice about your snail\u2019s diet from a clerk , expert , or vet .\nanother very cool aspect of snail meaning is found in its shell . do you have a little free - roaming gypsy in you ? the snail is a great\nmoon snail : as its name implies , the shell resembles a small moon .\nthe only significant morphological difference between the slug and the snail is the snail\u2019s conspicuous shell . this shell is large enough for the snail to completely retract into for defense . some snails are also able to close off their shell once fully retracted .\n7 . diy snail spas or snail slime products are not encouraged . remember , snails used at a responsible spa center or in beauty products are professionally grown and the snail slime is professionally purified , while those in your backyard garden are not .\nin season three , the snail is still possessed by the lich in every cameo .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : snail on snail . jpg\nas untrusted on the\ncepaea hortensis ( muller , 1774 )\npage . reasons to untrust : misidentified\na strong shell reduction has also happened during the evolution of different predatory snail groups .\n) . immunoblot analysis of two well - characterized transcriptional targets of snail ( fig .\n) , declined significantly in response to expression of snail or of slug ( fig .\ngenes , the transcripts of which are all repressed after overexpression of snail or slug .\na & b ) confirming that snail indeed binds to the cryptic promoter in vivo .\nslugs are the homeless version of the snail , and as such hold much symbolism .\nthe physical features of the snail animal spirit may be able to provide the most valuable meaning to someone who is trying to get the most out of the snail\u2019s symbolism .\ncommon hair snail ( trochulus hispidus ) . picture : michal ma\u0148as ( source ) .\n2 . snail slime contains 91 - 98 % water . the slime is filtered multiple times to increase its concentration and ensure its purity . some snail slime products claim to contain as much as 97 % snail secretion filtrate . however , the consistency and quality of the snail mucus should also be taken into account when looking for a good product .\nsnails in garlic butter , marinated snail liver , snail fillets and snail caviar are the products pokorney is producing , and he will be demonstrating how to use them at the bite artisan food festival in the rds , dublin 4 , on november 18th - 20th .\nit will be easier for your snail to eat hard vegetables if you boil them beforehand . just make sure they ' re not hot when you give them to your snail .\nyou can also help your snail to stay hydrated by misting them with water . fill a spray bottle with spring or filtered water , and mist your snail and their habitat .\nhmm . . . this is pretty cool . have you tried garlic mash ? snails hate it so it ' s good for barriers and if a snail eats it anyway the snail gets sick and dies ! oh , and that decollate snail cartoon ' s funny !\nare the only characters who have noticed or interacted with the snail in the tv series .\nin the game righteous quest 2 , the snail appears a few times in the game .\nthe snail appears in finn ' s backpack on the adventure time thanksgiving day parade balloon .\n2001 . the mouse snail gene encodes a key regulator of the epithelial - mesenchymal transition .\ni have a snail and needed to know how to take care of it .\npopular snail cosmetic products of good quality and at affordable prices you can buy on aliexpress .\n) , in other terrestrial snail groups there are love darts made from chitin or cartilage .\non the stump that finn and jake trip over . potentially the third time the snail has influenced the plot , as it is somewhat implied the lich - possessed snail caused them to trip\nbefore we go into the snail food , you need to understand step by step how to start and manage your snail farm . as a result of increased awareness on the profitability of snail farming , many entrepreneurs are beginning to delve into the business of snail rearing , processing and export . this business also has its pros and cons like other businesses . understanding this will be a good thing . this care guide will attempt to shed light on snail breeding \u2013 snail rearing , feeding , including other things that may be of importance to someone interested in breeding snails .\ntecciztecatl is an aztec moon god ( mexico ) . he was depicted snuggled up in a snail\u2019s shell in ancient relics and aztec art . in this culture , the snail is symbolic of the moon , and its phases . the spiral of the snail\u2019s shell is also symbolic of the\nthe snail was not featured in this episode due to it being made by a guest animator .\nmultiple times in the third season , the snail appears normal and not possessed by the lich .\nthe snail can be seen on the blue team ' s side in adventure time battle party .\nanother damaging snail is the white garden snail , theba pisana . it is currently an established pest only in san diego county but has been found in los angeles and orange counties as well .\nmrna levels were unaffected by adr treatment or by expression of either snail or slug ( fig .\n2000 . the transcription factor snail controls epithelial - mesenchymal transitions by repressing e - cadherin expression .\nsome snail species may need additional food sources , such as fish food or bottom feeder tablets .\nand now has better understanding of feeding and what can hurt the snail . thank you .\nits really helpful . i get updates on the info concerning developments in snail farming .\none of the most powerful physical parts of the snail in reality and in symbolism is the snail\u2019s shell . we\u2019ve already talked about how the spiral can influence the symbolism of the shell , and how the snail grows its own shell , but there is more to it than just that .\n1986 ) , so during the first matings of a snail , no love dart is applied .\nhe may also be the first god to wear a shell suit , as a snail shell seems to be his principle abode . we know snail shells are also capable of containing much holiness .\nis snaky , in others she is known as snail woman with woman\u2019s torso and head . and why not ? our own holy snail\u2122 remains inscrutable on the subject and refuses to leave his shell .\nat last , she pulled up the net to go home . suddenly the widow saw something shining at the bottom of it . it was only a snail . she picked the snail and took it back . its shell shone like gold . the old woman had never seen such a snail before .\ninteraction of snail and cryptic promoter was also assayed in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation ( chip ) . briefly , cross - linking of total - protein and dna was performed using formaldehyde in panc1 cells that express snail endogenously . the dna obtained in the chromatin immunoprecipitate using snail specific or control ( igg ) antibody was assayed utilizing respective primer sets for the two binding sites of snail on the cryptic promoter by both semi - quantitative pcr and qpcr . pcr analyses of these products revealed an amplification of the samples corresponding to the snail specific antibody for both the snail binding sites along the cryptic promoter ( fig .\nthat rarity made it particularly surprising to find two potential suitors for jeremy after the scientists launched the international search . first , a snail enthusiast near ipswich , u . k . came forward with her pet snail lefty . then , a snail farmer and restaurateur in majorca , spain , found another left - coiling snail that had been on its way to becoming a meal . it was later named tomeu .\nin finn ' s premonition dream , the snail reads the enchiridion and subsequently appears to kill billy .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : 01a - garden - snail . jpg\n.\n) . similar results were obtained after expression of slug or coexpression of snail and slug ( fig .\n, right panel ) . rt - pcr was performed for selected transcripts after snail depletion ( fig .\nthe snail ' s shell is a beautiful representation of the life , death , and rebirth cycle .\neach jaguar is holding a trumpet made of a snail ' s shell on this ancient mesoamerican wall .\neaston , matthew george .\nentry for snail\n.\neaston ' s bible dictionary\n.\nyay \u2013 go snail and thanks to the animal kingdom for keeping us grounded . a great story !\nlocus , by using adenovirus - based short hairpin rna interference ( shrna ) . infection with the shrna - snail adenovirus resulted in depletion of endogenous snail mrna with no apparent effect on slug mrna ( fig .\nsnail and slug localization at responsive genes . chip analyses of mcf7 cells infected with snail , slug , or mock adenovirus were performed . p1 to p9 indicate pcr primer sets that amplify genomic dna from the indicated loci . primer sets p2 , p4 , p6 , p7 , p8 , and p9 amplify fragments containing snail or slug binding sites , whereas primer sets p1 , p3 , and p5 amplify nearby regions lacking snail or slug sites . dna coprecipitating with snail and control antibodies was amplified by using the indicated primer pairs .\nusing promoter - analyses tools , we found strong evidence that the developmentally essential transcription factor snail binds to the human cryptic - promoter . we cloned the promoter - region of human cryptic in a reporter gene and observed decreased cryptic - promoter activation upon increasing snail expression . further , the expression of cryptic is down - regulated upon exogenous snail expression , validating the reporter assays and the previously identified role of snail as a transcriptional repressor . finally , we demonstrate using gel - shift assay that snail in nuclear extract of panc1 cells interacts with the promoter - construct bearing putative snail binding sites and confirm this finding using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay .\nrare snail jeremy with the offspring of its two former suitors . angus davison , university of nottingham hide caption\nsnail or slug regulation of epithelial - to - mesenchymal transitions . the model depicts various aspects of epithelial to mesenchymal transition regulated by snail and / or slug . details of the model are discussed in the text .\n2000 . the transcription factor snail is a repressor of e - cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells .\n2000 . snail / slug family of repressors : slowly going into the fast lane of development and cancer .\nsnail transcription is dependent on erk pathway activity . cell lines were incubated with pd98059 ( pd ) ( 50\nthis web article looks at methods of lessening snail and slug damage using cultural , chemical and biological controls .\nthe giant african snail threatens our plants , our homes and our health . report giant african snails immediately .\nhi , thanks very much for d information on snail farming . i reside in nigeria and have started d farming already but need some clarification on d white type of snail , are they also ok for farming ?\nif you live in a very dry climate , try misting your snail 1 - 2 times per day .\nsnail facials are actually not popular or common in korea , but there are places in asia ( japan and thailand ) and even in the uk that offer snail facials . most of these treatments consist of allowing snails to crawl around your face , which leaves a trail of the snail mucin wherever they go .\ncollagen elastin & baba de caracol cream 4 oz . snail gel . helps renew skin cells face and neck\nat closer look and thought , we realize that the snail carries his defense mechanism on his back . . . his home , if you will . the snail ' s spiral shell acts as a mobile home to the ever - moving snail . it also acts as a protector in times of danger . the snail knows how to employ his own body ' s resources in order to defend himself against predators and dangerous species .\nwhat a wonderful story ! seems like the snail may have some cancerian / lunar qualities as well . .\ni smiled .\ni ' ll be quiet as a buttered snail sneaking through a frenchman\u2019s kitchen . \u201d\nlake baikal impresses him as home to some 100 species of snail and at least 260 shrimp - like animals .\nthat ' s where we left the tale of jeremy , the rare left - coiling snail , last november .\nthis episode originally had no snail appearing in it . however , the snail has been added in the swamp of embarrassment at the base of the tree next to the woman and her baby showering who calls finn a pervert .\nthe snail was the only main character that didn ' t wear a sweater in holly jolly secrets part ii .\nmrna levels were not altered either by snail expression , by slug expression , or by adr treatment ( fig .\ngiant african snails cannot be brought into australia by travellers as pets or by purchasing online giant african snail kits .\nhi , i am from nigeria i need a whatsapp forum to join to have more knowledge about snail farming .\nthis version of how to feed a snail was reviewed by pippa elliott , mrcvs on february 9 , 2018 .\nand its cycles . to the aztecs , the snail is symbolic of time , transition , and even fertility .\nendogenous cryptic levels are attenuated by snail expression and are restored upon snail depletion in panc1 cells . a cryptic and snail levels are measured by western blotting after transfecting different amounts of snail / control / shrna plasmids ( 2 / 4 / 6 \u03bcg of snail plasmid and 4 \u03bcg of shrna plasmid and total amount of plasmid made up to 8 \u03bcg with pcdna3 empty vector ) . equal loading is confirmed by beta - actin . the blot is representative of 3 experiments ( n = 3 ) . qpcr is performed on reverse transcribed samples to estimate the mrna levels of ( b ) snail and ( c ) cryptic and is normalized to beta - actin expression ( n = 4 )\nsnails are slimy little creatures that don\u2019t seem to do all that much . however , that doesn\u2019t mean that the snail isn\u2019t full of animal symbolism . there is more than meets the eye when it comes to the snail . this slow moving animal has symbolism that comes from the way it moves , some mythology from cultures from around the world . but most of the snail\u2019s symbolism comes from its physiological make - up : what it looks like . this article will discuss all of these traits of the snail and explain how these traits add to the snail\u2019s symbolic meanings .\n) . here we demonstrate that snail expression suppresses the cryptic gene when they are co - transfected into hek - 293 cells in a dose dependent manner . this also correlates with decreased cryptic expression upon exogenous snail expression ( fig .\nwhat makes some snail species particularly interesting to chase is their use of\nlove darts\nduring copulation . about one third of snail species manufacture hard , sharp darts which they\nfire\nat the objects of their affections .\nif you are unsure how to feed your snail , give it a wide range of fruits , vegetables , and seeds , such as apples , tomatoes , and mushrooms . before you feed your snail , chop the food into small pieces . aim to feed your snail 1 / 4 cup of food per day , and be sure to remove any uneaten food within 24 hours . in addition to food , provide your snail with a shallow dish of water to bathe in and pieces of cuttlebone to keep its calcium levels high , which helps the snail keep its shell healthy .\nloci could result from either direct effects or indirect effects of snail and slug . chip assays were performed to determine whether aberrantly expressed snail and slug bound to these loci . e - cadherin and occludin served as positive controls . after snail or slug expression , chip was performed , and coprecipitated dna was analyzed by pcr . at all responsive loci , e - box sequences ( snail or slug binding sites ) were precipitated , whereas control sequences were not ( fig .\nin\nsimon & marcy ,\nhe appears during a flashback from 996 years ago , proving that he has has a lifespan much larger than that of a normal snail . however , this could possibly just be another snail entirely .\nthe game legends of ooo uses snails as hints . also , a slimy snail is used to free slime princess .\ncorry\u2019s slug & snail killer is the perfect solution to protect plants from slug & snail damage . after feeding , slugs and snails crawl to secluded places to die . people and pets can enter the area immediately after product is applied .\nkoehler c , barclay w . 1983 . snail barriers . california agriculture 37 ( 9 - 10 ) : 15 .\n( the most common species used to prepare escargot ) are raised on snail farms or collected wild . several species of\n) . these data suggest that snail represses proapoptotic genes in the dna damage response pathway , providing a prosurvival function .\n) . these results establish that snail , as a transcription factor , negatively regulates cryptic gene by direct transcriptional repression .\nde craene b , van roy f , berx g . unraveling signalling cascades for the snail family of transcription factors .\nfor three experimental populations ( r10 , r30 , and gua ) , snail susceptibility phenotypes were measured over five generations .\nsnail mucin ' s ingredients are known to be anti - aging by stimulating the formation of collagen and elastin , repair damaged skin , and restore hydration , which has made snail mucin skin care products very popular in korea and now in the u . s . our snail product is a top seller and often sells out on soko glam .\nbefore christianity used the snail as a symbol of the deadly sin of sloth , other ancient cultures saw the snail as sacred . to the ancient greeks , the snails keyed them in as to when the crops were ready to harvest . they represented fertility and fruition of hard work . the snail was also a symbol used frequently in ancient mesoamerican cultures .\nthe snail animal totem has come a long way in this world by simply moving along slowly . this can show us that we don\u2019t need to rush around to be safe . we need to work with what we have , just like the snail works with its shell . we can play to our own strengths just like the snail does every day .\nsmith , william , dr .\nentry for ' snail '\n.\nsmith ' s bible dictionary\n.\nlet them be as a snail which melteth and passeth away .\nmandelkern gives limax ,\nslug .\ns . ( 2006 ) . the way of the samurai snail . american naturalist 168 : 553 - 555 . (\nsnail watercolor and digital image . hand drawn media artwork for textiles , fabrics , souvenirs , packaging and greeting cards .\nproposed mechanism of snail mediated l - r axis specification through cryptic repression . ( up , left ) low endogenous expression of snail on the left side of the developing embryo permits cryptic - mediated nodal signalling , causing left - side specification . ( up , right ) relatively higher levels of snail on the right side suppress cryptic - mediated nodal signalling resulting right - side specification . ( bottom ) a snail mutant background is reported to aberrantly activate nodal signalling . the de - repression of cryptic in a mutant snail background may cause bi - laterally symmetrical activation of nodal signalling and thereby random organ positioning\nmade up of a succession of patches of colour : they curl round like the shell of a snail . the spiral form of a snail ' s shell echoes the direction of universal movement . the composition so named is therefore not at all\n, lane 5 , 6 ) , suggesting that a factor from the npe interacts with the cryptic promoter at the snail binding site . we therefore conclude that snail specifically interacts with the cryptic promoter even when the interaction is reconstituted in vitro .\n1 . snail slime ( or its cosmetic name , snail filtrate ) is packed with nutrients such as hyaluronic acid , glycoprotein , proteoglycans , and antimicrobial and copper peptides , all of which are commonly used in beauty products and proven to be beneficial for the skin . these elements help to protect the snail\u2019s skin from damage , infection , dryness and uv rays .\npeople also got itchy rashes thanks to parasites called avian schistosomes , which usually infect birds and a specific species of snail .\npayments for premiums still cannot be processed online - people have to snail - mail checks to a cgi processor in nebraska .\nnext to slime princess when she says ,\nyay !\nthis is the first close - up of the snail .\na spirit version of the snail appears in one of marceline ' s father ' s soul sacks near lumpy space princess .\nthe snail appears in the episode title card and in the final scene of the episode , still possessed by the lich .\nthe snail is near the top right corner of the screen when the guards are discussing about the\nnew painting .\nin adventure time with fionna and cake issue 1 , the snail can be seen in the cover of the comic waving .\nto confirm that the binding factor in the npe is indeed snail , the specificity of interaction was ascertained by incubating npe and oligonucleotide complex with snail antibody ( ~ 3 \u03bcg ) or with igg control antibody ( ~ 3 \u03bcg ) ( fig .\nsnail population : a field study using random - amplified polymorphic dna markers . j parasitol 85 : 436\u2013441 . pmid : 10386434\nyes , it did , thank you so much for your help ! my snail is growing big and faster .\nhelix aspersa muller glycoconjugates may sound like something mary poppins would say , but the real definition is simple : snail slime . more specifically , this is the snail slime that is the main ingredient in the natural cosmetic aptly named \u201csnail cream . \u201d now , slime probably is the last thing you\u2019d want to put on your skin , but snail cream is actually used as a beauty aid and is thought to reduce inflammation and redness , stimulate skin regeneration , and lock moisture into the skin .\nthis is mainly gel with aloe and other stuff , with tiny bit of snail extract . chemical preservatives included as well .\nthe ancient aztecs of mesoamerica saw the snail as a sacred being in that its shell represented the cycle of life . this belief is supported by artwork , paintings , drawings , and carvings in ancient places that include the spiral shell of the snail . the snail ' s shell can also be seen carried on the god tecciztecatl ' s back . tecciztecatl was a lunar deity ( a god of the moon ) , and he carried a shell on his back because the aztecs associated the snail with the moon . just as the snail retreats into its shell , the moon retreats into the depths of the ocean .\nin the picture below , you can see the panthers are holding the spiral snail shell and using it as a horn .\nanother signaling pathway that has been related to snail expression is that requiring pi3k activation . our results do not suggest a major involvement of this pathway in the activation of snail transcription in most of the tumor cell lines , but we cannot discard that it might contribute to snail expression in some cell lines , since in some cell lines ( iec - ilk , scc15 - akt ) additional sequences other that those present in the minimal promoter seem to be necessary for the full stimulation of snail promoter .\ninteraction of snail with the cryptic - promoter in - vivo . chromatin immunoprecipitation ( chip ) was performed in panc1 cells for the two putative snail binding sites using a ) semi - quantitative or b ) qpcr . the cells expressing endogenous snail were cross linked using formaldehyde followed by shearing and immunoprecipitation using a snail specific or igg control antibody . the resulting chromatin was reverse cross linked and amplified using the primers flanking the two putative snail binding sites . equal loading was confirmed by the amplification of input chromatin . the resulting blot ( 4a ) and the quantification ( 4b ) is representative of 3 experiments ( n = 3 )\neach snail contains both female and male reproductive organs . after a single mating , each snail can produce 100 to 500 eggs . these snails can reproduce several more times without mating again . they can generate clutches of eggs every 2 to 3 months .\nthe nots seminar panel of speakers also includes panagiota vlachou , who has 12 snail farms in greece , germany and cyprus , and irish snail farmers stephan de wit of marphan escargot in co wexford and catherine and richard cocollos of celtic escargot in kinvara .\nnot all land snails are edible . in france , the roman snail ( helix pomatia ) , the garden snail ( helix aspersa ) and , to a lesser extent , the european snail ( helix lucorum ) are the only species eaten . helix aspersa is called \u201c le petit gris \u201d in france and escargot is also an aperitif served in many restaurants in france and spain .\nsnail extract , formally referred to as snail mucin , is packed with nutrients such as hyaluronic acid , glycoprotein enzymes , proteoglycans and antimicrobial and copper peptides , all of which are commonly used in beauty products and proven to be beneficial for the skin . it has even been registered and recognized as an official cosmetic ingredient under the name , ' snail secretion filtrate . '\nsnail is a family business that specializes in motorhome rental enabling people to travel around iceland in a simple and budget friendly way .\nour adult tritons have finished laying eggs now and theyre starving . one snail is eating one to two starfish a day .\nsimilar recurring , hidden characters show up in other media , an example of which is the snail in blue ' s clues .\nin the adventure time encyclop\u00e6dia , marceline states that the snail , along with many other characters , lives in the grass lands .\nin issue 3 of the adventure time comic , the snail makes two cameos on top of a snow finn ' s head .\nthe snail appears at random points in finn and jake ' s epic quest and is sometimes the objective of a certain quest .\nseveral types of snail and slug bait products ( molluscicides ) are available . snail and slug baits can be effective when used properly and in conjunction with a cultural program that incorporates the other methods discussed above . baits alone will not effectively control snails or slugs in the long term . baits are also toxic to all snails and slugs , including the predatory decollate snail and native species .\nafter annealing , the fragment was subcloned in to pge - 1 vector ( stratagene ) . shrna - snail adenovirus was constructed by excising the shrna - snail fragment , along with the u6 promoter from shrna - snail / pge - 1 , and ligating the fragment into padtrack , from which the cytomegalovirus promoter used for protein expression had been deleted . adenoviruses were purified by cscl banding .\n) . this reduction in luciferase activity demonstrates that snail represses the promoter activity ( correlated to gene - expression ) of the cryptic gene . further , successive deletions of the two putative snail binding sites i . e . , sbei and sbeii ( fig .\nthe giant african snail , which reproduces very rapidly , is also capable of devouring the produce on a farm in one night .\nthere is this wise saying : \u201cif you are not idle , you are succeeding a little\u201d . so , start climbing the success stairs by starting up a small snail farm beside your apartment . to begin , you need to know what snails feed on and the list of snail food . snail breeding is one of the numerous businesses that you can start with a very little capital , easy to manage and consume lesser amount of energy and time , you have the rest of your time for other things . snail breeding is a lucrative business that generates profitable income if properly managed . click here to buy best ebook on snail farming in nigeria\ni have 2 snails , one is very happy in its habitat and one stays under a rock . is that snail sick ?\namazing ! i used to feed my pet snail with water from the tap . thanks so much for your help .\nkate - yes , the snail can be a very unique means of bringing someone a message from spirit . i love snails !\n\u201cjames gave the huffle of a snail in danger . and nobody heard him at all . \u201d \u2015 a . a . milne\nsnail superfamily members function as transcriptional repressors ( 16 , 29 ) . transcriptional repression function is associated with various conserved protein domains . in vertebrates , the snag domain is essential to transcriptional repression function of snail family members . drosophila snail lacks the snag domain , yet it still functions as a transcriptional repressor , through interaction with a well - characterized corepressor , ctbp ( 16 , 29 ) . consensus sequences for interaction with ctbp are found in some , but not all , members of the snail superfamily ( 29 ) .\nadditionally , nodal expression in chick embryos is not affected by high levels of snail anti - sense oligonucleotides [ 8 ] . our finding that cryptic , a co - receptor for nodal signals , is repressed by snail now provides a plausible mechanism behind this observation . in the absence of snail , freely transcribed cryptic causes propagation of nodal signals by acting as its co - receptor . with this mechanism in action , addition of high levels of snail anti - sense oligonucleotides will have no effect on nodal ( as shown in this report ) because cryptic repression is already withdrawn . on the contrary , it is likely that high expression of snail suppresses nodal signalling .\nlet ' s learn a little about the humble snail and it ' s history as we look through the ages passed . while the snail might be considered a nuisance in modern times to those who don ' t pay attention , there are those of us who are ready to learn of the snail ' s deep spiritual symbolism and beginnings and how these can be applied to our lives today .\ngiant african snail eggs next to a coin that is similar size to our 10 cent coin for comparison . \u200b source : steve greaves\nthe giant african snail feeds on more than 500 types of plants , including : peanuts , beans , peas , cucumbers and melons .\nroman snails and a garden banded snail in a terrarium . dan - delion was not the snails ' favourite food . [ rn ]\nplease sir , i want to start the farm . how can i get the snail from you and get more directions from you .\nplease , sir . i want to venture into the business if snail farm . i needest species of snail . i am from the eastern part of nigeria . can i get the best species from you , i will like to by about 4 - 5 hundreds piece\nthe shell of my land snail is turning white . what is the cause for the change in color and what should i do ?\ni learned a lot from wikihow , most especially feeding and sources of calcium . i am into snail farming . thanks .\ni wanted to take care of a land snail and i kept it alive for a few months after following these tips .\nthere are thought to be up to 30 small snail farms in development in ireland at the moment , with about six operating commercially .\nso other than the symbolic observations already made , how did the snail earn all these great features ? - mostly from cultural observations .\nit\u2019s a little guy , about an inch long , with muddy markings and a spiral shell . is this the mighty threat that\u2019s causing all the commotion ? actually , no . the well - meaning citizen has found a rosy wolf snail , similar in appearance but without the devastating appetites of an african land snail . this spring , a rosy wolf snail was misidentified in houston , rippling panic throughout texas .\nit had been a timeless love story . a garden snail with a rare genetic condition can ' t mate with normal snails ; scientists launch an international search for a mate ; the snail becomes a media sensation ; and miraculously not one but two possible mates are found .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - garden snail - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - garden snail - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - garden snail - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwe loved watching the world championship snail race . we learned that snails have shells and slugs do not . we also learned that slugs can go into places that snails can not . we wondered where the snail ' s eyes are located ? we will be on spring break next week and are wondering how many friends from our class will stop by and leave some comments . have a snail - rific friday !\nat the end of\nin your footsteps ,\nthe snail speaks for the first time and gains the enchiridion . the snail still continues to appear in each episode , and ( when examined closely ) appears to still have green eyes and an evil expression on its face .\nthe snail makes a prominent appearance emerging from finn ' s backpack , becoming possessed by the lich and freeing him from his amber prison .\non the side of the jake vs . me - mow dvd box containing finn ' s hat , the possessed snail can be seen .\ni learnd about the cool things snails and slugs do and the races they were very cool . the snails have shells and slugs don ' t . i want a snail . i once found a snail on my porch and i put it in the water and it drowned .\nsnails and slugs are among the most destructive pests found in gardens and landscapes . the brown garden snail , cornu aspersum ( formerly helix aspersa ) , is the most common snail causing problems in california gardens . it was introduced from france during the 1850s for use as food .\nthe up side to snail venom : scientists are now researching the use of cone snail poisons in treatment of neurological diseases such as epilepsy . although most toxins used in drugs are extracted from dead snails , some researchers have begun to farm and \u201cmilk\u201d the live snails for venom .\n) . expression of snail also resulted in a modest decline in the steady - state level of p53 at the protein level ( fig .\n2003 . the transcription factor slug represses e - cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions : a comparison with snail and e47 repressors .\n2003 . regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium - mesenchyme transition : direct repression of the gene expression of claudins / occludin by snail .\n) . we also demonstrate in vitro ( through emsa experiments ) interaction of snail with promoter region of the human cryptic gene ( fig .\nanswer : thank you for your question on snail and slug management . this letter provides information about control options for both snails and slugs .\nmcleod , edwin j . no date . snail and slug biology and management : a review . organic agriculture research institute . 6 p .\narticles are all pretty helpful . i have a 2 . 5 gallon tank with one common pond snail who hitched a ride home from\ni ' m with a bunch of treatment kids , and they are really inspired by snails . they are intrigued with snail habits ,\nit might not be to everyone\u2019s taste , but snail meat , containing protein , iron and omega - 3 , is considered a healthy food \u2013 as long as you don\u2019t drown it in garlic butter . milka also points to the potential for production of high value snail caviar .\nsnails represent great patience in life and those that have the totem animal as the snail are creatures of habit that can be frail emotionally .\nthe golden snail is known as keong mas in bahasa indonesia . these indonesia folktales told about the princess dewi limaran had cursed into the snail . his husband raden putra was sad because he lost his lovely wife . this folktale for storytelling comes from east java of java island .\ngiven the function of snail and of slug as transcriptional repressors , their ability to interfere with the apoptotic program is predicted to result from alterations in gene expression . since the tumor suppressor p53 plays an integral role in cellular responses to dna damage , the role of snail and slug in p53 regulation was investigated . expression of either snail or slug resulted in modest downregulation of steady - state levels of p53 mrna ( fig .\nsnail mucin is found in products such as moisturizers , serums and spot treatments . in some cases , brands use snail secretion filtrate in their products , but don ' t advertise it openly because of the ' ick ' factor . now that so many people in the west are opening up to the thought of snail mucin in their beauty products however , brands are highlighting it as an integral part of their formula .\nsnails need a lot of calcium in order to keep their shells healthy . a great option is a cuttlebone because you can simply break off pieces and place them in the tank for your snail to nibble on . other calcium sources should be crushed and added to your snail\u2019s food .\ni always say big meanings come in little packages . the depth of symbolic snail meaning is surprising and revealing . these little creatures represent things like : sensitivity , self - reliance , healing , patience and more ! read this article for awesome lessons the snail offers us every day .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - great pond snail - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - great pond snail - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - great pond snail - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsnail and cryptic are essential for left right asymmetry in mammals . in present study we demonstrated that over expression of snail suppresses cryptic expression in transdifferentiated panc1 cells . through promoter binding studies and luciferase assays we confirmed that snail directly binds to cryptic gene promoter and regulates its expression . our study has implications in the establishment of the left - right axis asymmetry where the gene - regulatory mechanism described in this report may be utilized .\ncryptic promoter activity in cells over expressing snail . plasmid construct expressing snail was transfected in increasing concentrations ( as indicated ) in hek 293 cells along with reporter constructs for cryptic promoter activity by cloning the cryptic promoter region upstream of the firefly luciferase gene . ( a ) the full length cryptic promoter , ( b ) promoter region containing a single snail binding element ( sbe1 ) , and ( c ) deleted snail binding elements are co - expressed with increasing concentrations of the vector expressing snail . ( d ) luciferase acivity is also measured for the cryptic promoter construct either containing sbei or sbeii mutant or full - length and for the vector alone . empty reporter vector is used as vector control , pcdna3 is used as control for snail transfection and beta - galactosidase construct is utilized to ensure equal transfection . the relative luciferase activity is plotted as a function of increasing snail expression . experiments are carried out in triplicates and repeated at least 3 times . data with p < 0 . 05 is considered significant\nwhat made you want to look up snail ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) ."]}
{"id": 680, "summary": [{"text": "anadara broughtonii is a species of ark clam .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the species was described by shrenk in 1867 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "originally belonging to the genus scapharca , the genus has merged with anadara now . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "anadara broughtonii", "paragraphs": ["subunit structure of hemoglobins from erythrocytes of the blood clam , anadara broughtonii . - pubmed - ncbi\nbiological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck .\nbiological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck .\nbiological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck . [ 1977 ]\nsilina a v . 2006 . spatial heterogeneity and long - term changes in bivalve anadara broughtonii population : influence of river run - offand fishery .\nlength frequency distribution of anadara antiquata from ocean road . . . | download scientific diagram\nbroom m j . 1985 . the biology and culture of marine bivalve molluscs of the genus anadara .\nwang z s , sui x l . 1996 . preliminary study of the death of scapharca broughtonii in simulating ecological conditions .\ntang q x , wang j , qiu x y , guo x w . 1994 . s tudies on releasing enhancement of scapharca broughtonii .\nfecundity and population structure of cockles , anadara antiquata l . 1758 ( bivalvia : arcidae ) from a sandy / muddy beach near dar es salaam , tanzania\nnishida k , ishimura t , suzuki a , sasaki t . 2012 . seasonal changes in the shell microstructure of the bloody clam , scapharca broughtonii ( mollusca : bivalvia : arcidae ) .\nxiao y x , su j j , xu e d . 1994 . effects of salinity on growth of juvenile and on fattening and mature acceleration of parent scapharca broughtonii ( schrenck ) .\n( of anadara kafanovi lutaenko , 1993 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of arca broughtonii schrenck , 1867 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of arca inflata reeve , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of arca reeveana nyst , 1848 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of arca tenuis tokunaga , 1906 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of scapharca broughtoni ( schrenck , 1867 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nerm . ( 1998 ) . fisheries resources and fishing operations in hong kong waters . final report . submitted to agriculture & fisheries department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\nstudies on hemoglobin : vi . amino acid compositions of the fractionated bovine globin \u03b1 and \u03b2\nxerostomia , thirst , sodium gradient and inter - dialytic weight gain in hemodialysis diabetic vs . non - diabetic patients .\nclinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in brazil ( u - mdt / ct - br ) : adverse effects approach .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nsupported by the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( no . 201003068 ) and the national department public benefit research foundation ( no . 201305043 )\nbaer j , r\u00f6sch r . 2008 . mass - marking of brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) larvae by alizarin : method and evaluation of stocking .\nbarker j m , mckaye k r . 2004 . immersion marking of juvenile midas cichlids with oxytetracycline .\nbashey f . 2004 . a comparison of the suitability of alizarin red s and calcein for inducing a nonlethally detectable mark in juvenile guppies .\nday r w , williams m c , hawkes g p . 1995 . a comparison of fluorochromes for marking abalone shells .\neckmann r . 2003 . alizarin marking of whitefish , coregonus lavaretus otoliths during egg incubation .\nevseev g a , lutaenko k a . 1998 . bivalves of the subfamily anadarinae ( arcidae ) from vietnam .\nfitzpatrick m p , jeffs a g , dunphy b j . 2010 . identification of the optimal fluorochrome for marking larvae of the pulmonate limpet siphonaria australis .\nfitzpatrick m p , jeffs a g , dunphy b j . 2013 . efficacy of calcein as a chemical marker of green - lipped mussel (\nfrenkel v , kindschi g , zohar y . 2002 . noninvasive , mass marking of fish by immersion in calcein : evaluation of fish size and ultrasound exposure on mark endurance .\nkaehler s , mcquaid c d . 1999 . use of the fluorochrome calcein as an in situ growth marker in the brown mussel perna perna .\nklunzinger m w , beatty s j , morgan d l , lymbery a j , haag w r . 2014 . age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation .\nleips j , baril c t , rodd f h , reznick d n , bashey f , visser g j , travis j . 2001 . the suitability of calcein to mark poeciliid fish and a new method of detection .\nlemarie d p , smith d r , villella r f , weller d a . 2000 . evaluation of tag types and adhesives for marking freshwater mussels (\nlinard c , gueguen y , moriceau j , soyez c , hui b , raoux a , le moullac g . 2011 . calcein staining of calcified structures in pearl oyster pinctada margaritifera and the effect of food resource level on shell growth .\n. ocean university of china , qingdao , china . urltoken ( in chinese with english abstract )\nlu h j , zhang x m , xi d , gao t x . 2014 . use of calcein and alizarin red s for immersion marking of black rockfish sebastes schlegelii juveniles .\nlucas t , palmer p j , wang s z , scoones r , o\u2019brien e . 2008 . marking the shell of the saucer scallop amusium balloti for sea ranching using oxytetracycline , calcein and alizarin red s .\nmatsukuma a , okutani t . 2000 . family arcidae , order arcoida . marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . p . 844\u2013855 .\nmoran a l , marko p b . 2005 . a simple technique for physical marking of larvae of marine bivalves .\nmorgan s g . 2001 . the larval ecology of marine communities . marine community ecology . sinauer associates , new york . p . 159\u2013181 .\nmorgan s g . 2001 . the larval ecology of marine communities . marine community ecology . sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts , usa . p . 159\u2013181 .\nnational standardization management council . 2008 . gb / t 12763 . specifications for oceanographic survey - part 6 : marine biological survey . china standard publishing house , beijing . ( in chinese )\noliveira k . 1996 . field validation of annular growth rings in the american eel , anguilla rostrata , using tetracyclinemarked otoliths .\npalumbi s r . 2003 . population genetics , demographic connectivity , and the design of marine reserves .\nskov c , gr\u00f8nkj\u00e6r p , nielsen c . 2001 . marking pike fry otoliths with alizarin complexone and strontium : an evaluation of methods .\nsomero g n . 2002 . thermal physiology and vertical zonation of intertidal animals : optima , limits , and costs of living .\ntaylor m d , fielder d s , suthers i m . 2005 . batch marking of otoliths and fin spines to assess the stock enhancement of argyrosomus japonicus .\nthorrold s r , jones g p , hellberg m e , burton r s , swearer s e , neigel j e , morgan s g , warner r r . 2002 . quantifying larval retention and connectivity in marine populations with artificial and natural markers .\nvan der geest m , van gils j a , van der meer j , olff h , piersma t . 2011 . suitability of calcein as an in situ growth marker in burrowing bivalves .\nvan der walt b , faragher r a . 2003 . otolith marking of rainbow trout fry by immersion in low concentrations of alizarin complexone .\nwang z c , zhang g f , gao y m , zhang c y . 1987 . effects of temperature and foods on the development of gonad of the blood cockle , arca inflat a .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n2 . hb i and ii treated with p - chloromercuribenzoate , designated as pmb - i and pmb - ii , showed greatly increased oxygen affinity and decreased cooperativity . cd spectra at the far - ultraviolet of the pmb - hb in the oxygen liganded state gave similar patterns to those of native oxygenated hb . however no changes in the spectra were observed on deoxygenation . these findings suggest that the pmb - i and pmb - ii retain their native oxy conformation even in the deoxy states . the pmb - modification might prevent the initial ligand - induced conformational change within the protomers .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n( schrenck , 1867 ) . accessed through : ahyong , s . ; costello , m . j . ; galil , b . s . ; gollasch , s . ; hutchings , p . ; katsanevakis , s . ; lejeusne , c . ; marchini , a . ; occhipinti , a . ; pagad , s . ; poore , g . ; rius , m . ; robinson , t . b . ; sterrer , w . ; turon , x . ; willan , r . c . ; zhan , a . ( 2018 ) world register of introduced marine species ( wrims ) at : urltoken ; = 504357 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nahyong , s . ; costello , m . j . ; galil , b . s . ; gollasch , s . ; hutchings , p . ; katsanevakis , s . ; lejeusne , c . ; marchini , a . ; occhipinti , a . ; pagad , s . ; poore , g . ; rius , m . ; robinson , t . b . ; sterrer , w . ; turon , x . ; willan , r . c . ; zhan , a . ( 2018 ) . world register of introduced marine species ( wrims ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nbusan national fisheries univ . , busan ( korea r . ) . dept . of fisheries biology [ corporate author ]\nfao , rome ( italy ) . canadian international development agency , ottawa , ontario . [ corporate author ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . reared in tanks in japan , mainly for experimental purposes .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . tropical pacific . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas of thailand , malaysia , korea , etc . also in west java in shallow sea waters with muddy bottom . attains marketable size of 5\u20137 . 5 cm in 6\u20137 months . feeds on organic detritus and phytoplankton . cockle \u2018gardens\u2019 are erected on rich cockle spat grounds .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in korea .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in coastal waters of banten ( west java ) along with a . granosa .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in japan . prefers shallow and calm sections of warm bays with mud or sandy mud bottom . spawning season from july to early september , beginning at water temperature of about 25\u00b0c and with peak at about 27\u00b0c . larvae become bottom dwellers 3\u20136 months after birth .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas of thailand .\nribbed ark - shell . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . india , pacific islands , etc . cultivated in japan . flesh used as food . attains marketable size in three years .\nark - shell clam . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated commercially in the gulf , thailand . young are collected for this purpose from mud . harvestable size attained in about 6 months .\nportuguese oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . coast of europe ; introduced to other areas for culture . commercial cultivation in coastal areas of france , brackish water lakes of tunisia , etc . experimental culture in south africa . salinity tolerance : 21\u201343 ppt . reported not to breed in lakes where salinity is about 34 ppt .\nsydney rock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . australia and hawaii . cultivated in australia , largely in estuaries and inlets of sea . spat collected on wooden sticks and grown on racks or trays raised above surface of estuarine mud flats . can survive out of water for two to three weeks depending on the temperature . attains marketable size in a few months . experimental culture tried in south africa .\njapanese oyster ; indian rock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan , australia , new zealand and india . cultivated in japan on bamboo . spat imported from japan and cultivated in american waters . commercially important cultivation in philippines also . limited cultivation in south india . requires 8\u201312 months ' growth to reach marketable size of 6\u20138 cm length . harvested before spawning season ( march - may ) . feeds mainly on diatoms and protozoans .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . west coast of africa from senegal to angola . experimental cultivation in nigeria . 7 . 5 cm growth observed in 9 months .\njapanese oyster ; pacific oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan ; transplanted to america ( alaska to california ) , new zealand , tasmania , france , etc . one of the largest cultivated oysters in japan , korea , thailand , north america , tasmania , new zealand , etc . experimental cultivation in philippines , france , etc . grows to 30 cm or more . hardy and can stand wide variations in temperature and salinity . salinity tolerance : 8\u201336 ppt . optimum salinity and temperature : 20\u201325 ppt and about 24\u00b0c . grows best near estuaries . attains marketable size of 10\u201315 cm in less than two years , but growth rate is extremely variable . filter feeder , on bacteria , protozoa , diatoms , larval forms , detritus , etc .\nrock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . new zealand . farmed in new zealand by placing the young taken from natural rocks and rock spawls in suitable locations on the foreshore .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . indian seas . limited farming in kelwa , near bombay ( india ) .\nsouth american oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . coast of africa . experimental cultivation in knysa lagoon , south africa .\nmangrove oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cuba , jamaica and puerto rico . commercially exploited species ; cultivation on scientific lines initiated in venezuela , cuba .\nedible oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan , india , etc . cultivated in japan for food purposes . salinity tolerance : 7\u201334 ppt .\natlantic oyster ; eastern oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . gulf and atlantic coast of u . s . a . , west indies and introduced in british columbia . cultivated in u . s . a . at present four hatcheries are reported to be working on commercial scale . reaches marketable size in 2\u20134 years . feeds on plankton . spawning takes place when temperature increases within average range of 20\u201332\u00b0c . salinity tolerance : 5\u201332 ppt with optimum between 10\u201328 ppt . larvae grow best in 15\u201318 ppt salinity and temperature of 18\u201330\u00b0c .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in brackish waters of thailand .\npearl oyster . ( unionidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated in japan for pearls . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months ; big ones in three years .\npearl \u2018oyster\u2019 ; abalone . ( haliotidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated for pearls in japan . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months ; big ones in three years .\npearl \u2018oyster\u2019 . ( unionidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated in japan for pearls . details same as h . discus hannai .\nmussel . ( unionidae ) . fresh water . east america . cultivated along with fishes in u . s . a . the mussel clears the water by filtering , thereby increasing fish production . cultivation reported to be still in experimental stage .\nsurf clam . ( mactridae ) . marine waters . japan . propagated on the southwest coast of tokyo bay .\nhard clam . ( mercenaridae ) . marine and brackish waters . gulf of st . laurence to gulf of mexico in north america . experimental farming in u . s . a . grown in protective boxes along gulf and atlantic coasts . most specimens spawn when one year old . feeds on plankton , mostly phyto . larvae grow best in salinity of 25\u201327 ppt and temperature 18\u201330\u00b0c .\nexperimental cultivation in boxes along gulf and atlantic coasts of u . s . a . for seed purposes .\nbackwater clam . ( veneridae ) . east coast of india . experimental cultivation reported from a marine fish farm in south india .\nclam . ( veneridae ) . japan coast . spawning season from july to september when water temperature rises above 25\u00b0c . grows to 6 . 6 mm in shell length in one full year and 36 mm in two full years . in three full years the growth is about 51 mm . largest specimens about 98 mm long . requires sandy bottom , but is considered suitable for marine propagation .\nhard clam ; big clam . ( veneridae ) . japan coast . cultivated in korea and japan . reaches marketable size of 5\u20137 cm in one to two years .\n\u2018clam\u2019 . ( muricidae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . collected from tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) .\nsoft clam ; soft - shell clam . ( myidae ) . marine waters . east and west coasts of north america , norway - france , japan , etc . farmed in u . s . a . feeds on phyto and zooplankton . in nature occurs in exposed areas of coast line .\nsea mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated in korea .\ncommon mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . widely distributed . cultivated in france , spain , germany , italy , netherlands , denmark , england , scotland , canada , etc . feeds on plankton ( diatoms , protozoans ) and detritus . harvested when 7\u20138 cm in length . in netherlands requires three years to grow to marketable size .\nmediterranean mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean coasts . cultivated in taranto gulf , italy ; brackishwater lakes of tunisia ; greece , etc .\ngreen bay mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas , mostly on bamboo stake - traps , in thailand . cultivated also in oyster farms in philippines or separately , following diverse methods . harvested in six months at the average length of 5\u20138 cm . feeds on \u2018lab - lab\u2019 . spawns throughout the year . optimum temperature 26\u201330\u00b0c and salinity 27\u201335 ppt .\nmussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in muddy estuarine waters of thailand .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . found at water depth of 15\u201340 m . spawning begins in early june , when the water temperature is about 19\u00b0c . culture by sowing , raft and simplified hanging methods .\neuropean flat oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . european coast . cultivated in european countries , specially in spain , france , tunisia , greece , scotland , ireland , etc . and marine ( u . s . a . ) . culture reported from south africa also . salinity tolerance : 24\u201345 ppt . spawns at temperature 15\u201318\u00b0c . in cages attains 6\u20137 cm in 9 months and on ordinary beds 9 cm in 16 months . feeds on phytoplankton . in scotland cultivated on ropes attached to floats and reported to attain marketable size in three years .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . most important oyster cultivated in philippines . ready for harvest when right valves are 6\u20138 cm or more long . generally takes 8\u201312 months to grow from spat to harvesting stage . harvested before spawning season ( march - may ) .\nolympia oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . alaska to lower california on american coast . cultivated in puget sound ( u . s . a . ) by drilling favourable areas and carefully maintaining the enclosed ground . begins to spawn when temperature reaches 16\u00b0c . hatchery established in oregon . experimental culture in japan also .\nbackwater oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . east coast of india . cultivated in pulicat lake ( india ) . flesh used as food . food largely diatomaceous . eggs and larvae prefer low salinities . salinity range for adults : 8\u201325 ppt .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . details same as o . iredalei .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . mediterranean . cultivated in the black sea , u . s . s . r .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . africa . experimental cultivation in nigeria .\nclam ; tapestry shell . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . cultivated in japan . grows to marketable size of 3 cm in one year .\nwindow - pane shell . ( pectenidae ) . distribution and biological characters similar to p . yessoensis . cultivated in japan .\nwindow - pane shell . ( pectenidae ) . marine waters . japan coast . generally cold sea dweller . spawning season march to july . critical temperature for spawning 8\u20139\u00b0c . growth depends on location , age and population density .\nmussel . ( aviculidae ) . marine waters . limited cultivation on rafts in venezuela .\nmargarita pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . limited farming in venezuela .\njapanese pearl oyster ; pearl oyster of sri lanka and persian gulf . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . japan , red sea , sudan , sri lanka , etc . cultivated in japan . imported in australia for experimental culture . easy to culture , but very small in size . marketable in five years .\nblack - lip pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . indo - pacific . cultivated for pearls in japan and philippines . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months , big ones in three years . cultivated in australia for flesh and shell also .\njapanese pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . japan , sudan , red sea , etc . cultivated for pearls in japan , in cages suspended in sea . pearls are formed in six months ; big ones in three years . feeds on diatoms . cultivated in australian farms , where pearls are produced in half the time required in japan ( size up to 18 mm diameter ) . gigantic nurseries in sudan and red sea - dongonab bay .\nsilver - lip ; gold - lip ; australian pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . australasia . cultivated in seas around australia . very much amenable to culture conditions .\nindian pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine . indian seas . cultivated in the marine farm at krusadi , india ( bay of bengal ) . first spawning in two years . two spawning periods , one in south west monsoon and the other in north east monsoon . maximum shell growth attained in third year . seldom exceeds 8 . 5 cm in height .\nwindow - pane shell . ( anomiidae ) . marine and brackish waters . limited cultivation in philippine farms . prefers beds of greyish or bluish mud in tidal zones of estuaries , coves or bays . shell is free and unattached .\nlittle neck clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . north america . a trend is developing toward private farming in u . s . a .\nwing shell . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated for pearls in japan by putting treated oysters in cages and suspending in sea . pearl formation takes six months to three years according to size required .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . raft culture in thailand .\nbutter clam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . a trend is developing toward private farming in u . s . a .\nmediterranean clam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . young collected from tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) . production in 1967 : 85 tons .\njapanese little neck clam ; manila clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . japan and pacific coast of asia . cultivated in japan and korea . called \u2018asari\u2019 in japan . spawning occurs between 20 and 28\u00b0c .\nmanila clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . japan coast . a trend is developing toward private farming in pacific coast of u . s . a . ; introduced from japan .\nshort neck clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated in korea .\nclam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . young collected from the tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) .\nartificial culture of scallops ( pectenidae ) , reported in bay of peter the great , off vladivostok .\nlimited cultivation of squids and octopus larvae ( exact species determinations not available ) has been initiated in japan .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\n. . . since v . vulnificus was first recognized as a human pathogen in 1979 [ 22 ] , great advances have been made in the understanding of the epidemiology this species [ 23 ] . v . vulnificus is commonly isolated from seawater and seafood in korea and infections are expected to increase , with more than 100 cases already occurring annually [ 20 , 24 ] . the question then arises as to why more people do not become infected with v . vulnificus . . . .\ndistribution of hemolytic vibrio sp . in sea water of the beaches of busan during mid - summer\nthe change of cell counts of vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish muscle by the storage time and temperature was examined to get basic informations for precautionary steps against food poisoning of slices of raw fish ( sashimi ) . there fore , we inoculated fish homogenate of oceanic bonito ( katsuwonus pelamis ) , yellow tail ( seriola quinqueradiata ) with kanagawa positive vibrio parahaemolyticus and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of cultured vegetables and to check the removing rate of bacteria by treating methods such as washing with tap water or commercial detergent , or blanching . samples collected from farm land located at busan suburbs and markets were fragaria chiloensis var . ananasa , lycopersicum esculentum , capsium longum , cucumis sativus , lactuca . . . [ show full abstract ]\ninhibitory effects on bacterial growth by using lysozyme and mixtures of it with other antibacterial substances ( sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate ) were investigated against the 7 kinds of hacterial strains isolated from putrefied surumi products . the growth inhibitory concentrations of lysozyme and lysozyme + sodium hexametaphosphate + sodium pyrophosphate against the bacteria . . . [ show full abstract ]\nstudies on distribution , characterization and detoxification of shellfish toxin in korea 3 . detoxifi . . .\nwe have veen already reported the distribution of psp of bivalve mollusca in southern coast of korea and also analyzed their characteristics . the purpose of this study was to develop detoxification method for psp infested sea mussel , mytilus edulis , by rearing methods or processing treatments . there was no significant detoxification effect when the psp infested sea mussel was reared in a tank . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 690, "summary": [{"text": "the pygmy eagle or new guinea hawk-eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) is a bird of prey in the accipitridae family .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is often considered a subspecies of the little eagle , but some taxonomists separate it into a distinct species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "pygmy eagle", "paragraphs": ["an active nest of the pygmy eagle hieraaetus weiskei is described , providing the first documented observation of a downy chick in late january and hence an indicative laying date of late november / early december . the first documented record of this species for waigeo island ( west papua province ) is presented . a prey item being carried by another pygmy eagle is identified as a probable brown ( slender - billed ) cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis , and another pygmy eagle had fed upon a mountain fruit - dove ptilinopus bellus .\ngjershaug , j . o . , lerner , h . r . l . & diserud , o . h . ( 2009 ) . taxonomy and distribution of the pygmy eagle aquila ( hieraaetus ) weiskei ( accipitriformes : accipitridae ) . zootaxa 2326 , 24\u201338 .\ndebus , s . j . s . ( 2011 ) . parental time - budgets and breeding behaviour of the little eagle hieraaetus morphnoides in northern new south wales . corella 35 , 65\u201372 .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndel hoyo , j . , kirwan , g . m . & marks , j . s . ( 2016 ) . pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 7 june 2016 ) .\nastrolabe mountains , new guinea , altitude 3000 feet [ c . 915 m ]\nuntil recently considered conspecific with h . morphnoides , but differs in its smaller size , ( wing length 308\u2013317 mm vs 332\u2013396 mm in males , 327\u2013342 mm vs 367\u2013413 mm in females ) ( score at least 2 ) ; less - pronounced or non - existent malar stripe ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; more evenly distributed dark crown streaks on white base ( vs more densely packed broader dark central crown streaks on biscuit - coloured base , creating capped effect with more prominent pale postocular supercilium ) ( 2 ) ; breast streaking more prominent and extensive ( 2 ) ; absence of broad pale brown ( biscuit - coloured ) collar ( from neck sides around nape ) ( 3 ) ; less - crested crown ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; seven ( not six ) tail bars , darker and broader in pattern and reaching edges of feathers ( ns [ 2 ] ) ; darker upperparts including flight feathers ( ns [ 1 ] ) . full details published elsewhere # r # r . monotypic .\nnew guinea and moluccas ( halmahera , ternate , buru , seram ) # r , # r , # r .\n38\u201348 cm ; male 483 g ( one ) ; wingspan 112\u2013126 cm . like closely related\nuses primary rainforest , riparian forest , monsoon forest , and forest edges ; soars low above forest . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread in new guinea but generally considered uncommon . no data on population trends or numbers , but probably declining wherever . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsome systematists favour merging this genus into aquila # r . recent molecular study , however , indicated that two distinct lineages are involved , the smaller species forming a separate clade ; the five species currently placed in this genus are closely related # r . composition of these two genera has recently been reassessed and modified on the basis of several phylogenetic studies # r # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hieraaetus weiskei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 14 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 815 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nbirdlife international ( 2016 ) . species factsheet : hieraaetus weiskei . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 7 june 2016 ) .\nknobel , j . ( 2016 ) . eagles of africa . game parks publishing , pretoria , south africa , and sunbird publishers , cape town .\nmarchant , s . & higgins , p . j . ( eds ) ( 1993 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand & antarctic birds , volume 2 : raptors to lapwings . oxford university press , melbourne .\npratt , t . k . & beehler , b . m . ( 2015 ) . birds of new guinea . 2nd edn . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey , usa ."]}
{"id": 691, "summary": [{"text": "astacoides caldwelli is a species of crustacean in family parastacidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "a. caldwelli is mostly found in rivers draining forested areas at elevations between 600 - 800m .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the populations are threatened by habitate loss as well as predation by introduced species and harvesting at a subsistence level from local fishermen . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "astacoides caldwelli", "paragraphs": ["here ' s a compilation of some pics i took of what probably is astacoides betsileonensis .\n[ l & apos ; examen des sp\u00e9cimens types d & apos ; astacus madagascarensis h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 , et d & apos ; astacoides goudotii gu\u00e9rin , 1839 , et l & apos ; \u00e9tude de la lit\u00e9rature ont montr\u00e9 que les noms corrects des sous - esp\u00e8ces que monod & petit ( 1929 ) nommaient astacoides m . madagascariensis et a . m . brevirostris sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 astacoides madagascarensis caldwelli ( bate , 1865 ) et a . m . madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 ) . une bibliographie des quatre sous - esp\u00e8ces d & apos ; astacoides madagascarensis est donn\u00e9 . , l & apos ; examen des sp\u00e9cimens types d & apos ; astacus madagascarensis h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 , et d & apos ; astacoides goudotii gu\u00e9rin , 1839 , et l & apos ; \u00e9tude de la lit\u00e9rature ont montr\u00e9 que les noms corrects des sous - esp\u00e8ces que monod & petit ( 1929 ) nommaient astacoides m . madagascariensis et a . m . brevirostris sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 astacoides madagascarensis caldwelli ( bate , 1865 ) et a . m . madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 ) . une bibliographie des quatre sous - esp\u00e8ces d & apos ; astacoides madagascarensis est donn\u00e9 . ]\nastacoides caldwelli is only found in large rivers draining forested catchments , mainly on the eastern side of the escarpment ( jones et al . 2007 ) . most localities where this species is known from are in relatively recently deforested areas abutting natural forest ( jones et al . 2007 ) . astacoides caldwelli is a tertiary burrower ( jones et al . 2007 ) meaning it creates a burrow but spends the majority of its time in the water . eggs are laid in june or july and carried for approximately four months , hatching in october or november ( jones et al . 2007 ) .\njustification : astacoides caldwelli has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of approximately 11 , 930 km\u00b2 and is known from eight locations . it faces a number of threats including habitat loss due to conversion of forested land to rice paddies , harvesting as a food source , and predation pressure and competition from introduced species .\nastacoides caldwelli occurs mainly in the eastern highlands of madagascar , and is largely found between the latitudes 18\u00b0 to 21\u00b0 s , longitudes 46\u00b0 to 48\u00b0 e ( hobbs 1987 ) . this is a rare species found in rivers draining forested catchments ( jones et al . 2007 ) in the antananarivo ( including mandraka , andasibe , lac mantasoa , behenjy , vakinankaratra , ambatolampy and antsampandrano ) and fianarantsoa provinces ( boyko et al . 2005 ) . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 11 , 930 km\u00b2 .\n( of astacus caldwelli spence bate in sclater , 1865 ) spence bate . ( 1865 ) . astacus caldwelli , spence bate , sp . nov . in p . l . sclater , report on a collection of animals from madagascar , transmitted to the society by mr . j . caldwell . in : p . l . sclater , report on a collection of animals from madagascar , transmitted to the society by mr . j . caldwell . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 469 , 470 , 1 plate . [ details ]\nhere by three more pics of crayfish from madagascar . it is not entirely clear which species these are , according to a reliabe source and friend , who kindly had a look at these photos , they may be astacoides caldwelli or possibly a smooth carapaced form of a . betsileonensis but he stresses they are difficult to determine by photo . both pictured specimens were collected in the same forest stream near fianarantsoa , at least that is what my local collector tells me . i ' ll email you more pics of crayfish from other parts of madagascar in the weeks to come . best regards olaf thank you olaf\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlivingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .\n) . at none of the sampling localities was this species abundant . a maximum of nine individuals were found in a two hour search .\n, however there is a national law preventing the harvesting of crayfish under 10 cm total length . local rules and taboos govern harvesting in some areas ( jones\nmonitoring of this species ' range and abundance is required to better understand the rate at which it is being lost . however , establishing a community led monitoring program may prove difficult as it is understood that time lost monitoring is time lost harvesting ( hockley\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( spence bate in sclater , 1865 ) . accessed at : urltoken ; = 472960 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncrandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > 8mzrk2yfpu5zybe - in1rcj5 _ . x - brill - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 225 . 170 . 179 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531163381799 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nh . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\ni just found your crayfish website . great site ! i live on madagascar and like crays ."]}
{"id": 694, "summary": [{"text": "japalura splendida , the japalura tree dragon also called banana split mountain lizard , chinese tree dragon , dragon agama , or neon tree dragon , is an agamid lizard found in southwestern china in the provinces of hunan , hubei , guizhou , yunnan , sichuan , gansu , and henan , and also in the southeast of tibet .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "in captivity the japalura tree dragon requires a warm , humid environment .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they are an active and arboreal species , and should only be kept in a medium to large size vivarium , with plenty of limbs and ledges in which to seek elevation .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they can be fed on a variety of domestically bred insects , and need a bowl of water to bathe in .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the japalura tree dragon , like many arboreal lizard species , will drink from water droplets found on leaves , often from rain or dew , so they will require a drip or misting system to stimulate this in captivity .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in the wild , these lizards will also bask to absorb heat and ultraviolet radiation from the sun , so sufficient lighting should be provided in a captive environment to replicate this .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "tree dragons are typically not territorial towards other lizards , although males should never be kept together , and they are very dominant feeders due to their voracious appetite , which may present additional hassles when they are kept in a communal setting .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "they are not aggressive towards humans , however , they may be skittish and attempt to flee .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "this may make handling a difficulty due to their speed . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "japalura splendida", "paragraphs": ["japalura splendida barbour & dunn 1919 japalura splendida \u2014 pope 1935 : 467 japalura splendida \u2014 smith 1935 : 175 japalura splendida \u2014 wettstein 1938 : 177 japalura splendida \u2014 wermuth 1967 : 68 japalura splendida \u2014 manthey & schuster 1999 : 75 japalura splendida \u2014 manthey et al . 2012\nhello . i ' ve just started with japalura splendida . | reptile forums - information\nmass - mortality in green striped tree dragons ( japalura splendida ) associated with multiple viral infections .\njapalura variegata . . . biancia niger japalura microlepis japalura yunnanensis the variegated mountain lizard japalura variegata is an agamid lizard found in n india ( sikkim , west bengal darjeeling . . .\nlist of endemic species of taiwan - endemic reptiles . . . gecko \u2013 lepidodactylus yami ota kikuchi ' s gecko \u2013 gekko kikuchii ( oshima ) lue ' s japalura \u2013 japalura luei ota , chen shang maki ' s japalura \u2013 japalura makii ota swinhoe ' s japalura \u2013 japalura . . .\nimage in elaphe 12 ( 4 ) : 33 . similar species : j . splendida . previous reports of japalura splendida in yunnan may represent j . slowinskii .\ntanya higgins added the english common name\ndragon agama\nto\njapalura splendida barbour & dunn 1919\n.\nmass - mortality in green striped tree dragons ( japalura splendida ) associated with multiple viral infections . - pubmed - ncbi\nlaue , e . 2005 . zur haltung und vermehrung der chinesischen bergagame japalura splendida barbour & dunn 1919 . elaphe 13 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30\nlittle is known about the long - term care and breeding of japalura splendida but following the guidelines for green anoles ( anolis carolinensis ) is a suggested starting point .\nschradin , h . 2004 . haltung und nachzucht der chinesischen bergagame ( japalura splendida ) . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 49 ) : 56 - 66 - get paper here\nmy new vivarium for my 1 . 2 japalura splendida . i used the concrete over polystyrene method to create a 2 1 / 3 wall background and water wall . enjoy !\nin 2010 , neon tree dragon refers to japalura splendida which is pictured above . its adult size is 10 to 12 inches total length . in the past , this was sometimes used\npurchasing a japalura splendida . . . the japalura is only recently hitting pet stores in the united states as of the addition to this article ( june 2009 ) and many pet stores do not carry . . . however , the care of the japalura is similar to that of the chinese water dragon ( a member of the physignatus genus ) . . . when purchasing a japalura , look for the following signs of health . . .\njapalura splendida - housing and habitat . . . in the wild , japaluras reside in humid , temperate jungles . . . the japalura can reportedly grow 8 to 16 inches in length ( including the tail ) . . . for the lizard to bask on and plants ( live or artificial ) for the japalura to climb on or hide within . . .\nlaue , e . 2009 . erfahrungen mit krankheiten und verlusten bei der langj\u00e4hrigen pflege und nachzucht cer chinesischen bergagame japalura splendida , veranschaulicht durch drei fallbeispiele . iguana rundschreiben 22 ( 1 ) : 21 - 30\njapalura splendida are generally quite skittish with a curios nature . they are extremely active and rarely sit still . extremely adept at climbing and jumping so care must be taken when handling . they jump for england .\nfor information on the following species , see the agamidae : japalura page at the tigr reptile database .\nwettstein , o . 1938 . eine neue japalura aus cambodja . zool . anz . 122 : 175 - 177\njapalura is a genus of lizards in the family agamidae . species of japalura are native to pakistan , india , myanmar , china , vietnam , taiwan , and japan . china has the most species , [ 1 ] including many endemics . [ 2 ]\nthere are some twenty species of lizards in the genus japalura . one of the general common names for this agamid genus is mountain lizard .\nthere are some twenty species of lizards in the genus japalura . one of the general common names for this agamid genus is mountain lizard .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 . 1 . 0 leopard gecko ( gary ) thought he was a she ! ! lol 1 . 0 . 0 chinese tree dragon ( japalura splendida ) ( mojo ) r . i . p tigerlily\nbefore the japalura i was leaning toward a gecko but a snake would be interesting . i ' ve heard that the cornsnake and ball python are good choices .\ngao , xue - yuan ; wu , hong - bo ; zhao , shen ; fu , mei - li ; li , zong - yun . 2006 . analysis of pachyten chromosome karyotype and micro - chrosomes of japalura splendida . sichuan journal of zoology 25 ( 2 ) : 237 - 240 . [ in chinese ] - get paper here\nota , h . 1989 . a new species of japalura ( agamidae : lacertilia : reptilia ) from taiwan . copeia 1989 ( 3 ) : 569 - 576 - get paper here\nhad a single male japalura splendida ( neon tree dragon , though it has a lot of common names ) and decided to get him a female companion . this is a very short time after they were introduced to each other . the male mostly did a lot of head bobbing and push ups , but wasn ' t overtly aggressive with her . this is just a very short clip showing the head bobbing behavior .\nthe chinese tree dragon ( japalura splendida ) may be called the banana - split mountain lizard , dragon agama or neon tree dragon . it ' s an agamid species , native to the trees in the rain forests of southeastern asia , only recently been brought into the u . s . pet trade . when determining the sex of an adult chinese tree dragon , you have a few differentiating physical characteristics to study .\nvery nice viv mate i hope to get my splendida viv planted in the near future . i loved it to start with but now its annoying me but there away to get a bigger viv so will try and ger round to it then\ntwo weeks ago i started a terrarium with two japalura splendida . after 2 days one of them became lethargic and died . the pet store gave me a replacement and it too died a couple of days later . all of these reptiles seemed healthy at the store . my current lizard is from the original two and now he seems to becoming lethargic . my terrarium is well foilaged with ample water and lighting . the temp ranges from 72 - 82 degrees farenheit . what should i be looking for ?\ni ' m sorry to hear about your japalura . if it is any comfort to you most of them are wild caught and they are fairly new on theherp scene so there is still a lot that needs to be figured out about them .\nmanthey , ulrich ; wolfgang denzer , hou mian & wang xiaohe 2012 . discovered in historical collections : two new japalura species ( squamata : sauria : agamidae ) from yulong snow mountains , lijiang prefecture , yunnan , pr china . zootaxa 3200 : 27\u201348\nin 2010 , neon tree dragon refers to japalura splendida which is pictured above . its adult size is 10 to 12 inches total length . in the past , this was sometimes used for calotes versicolor . all of the lizards sold as\nneon tree dragons\nare very territorial and easily stress in crowded conditions . they do best housed with no more than 2 dragons per 20 gallon tank with at least one hiding spot ( such as a hollow piece of cork ) and one bright basking spot per lizard . lots of plastic plants or live plants are needed to break up the sight lines so the lizards can hide from each other easily .\nhey guys i was wondering if any of you know a good place to get japalura splendida in the ne of england ? have done some looking around and did inquire at coasttocoase they did seem to have some but they thought they are 2 males . i ' m after a male and a female if possible . i am quite new to it all but done a lot of reading up on the specs . this care sheet was really helpfull . was hoping to get a cb but from what i understand from everyone is that thats close to impossible in the uk . so was hoping maybe you guys know somewhere or maybe are willing to part with some hatchlings from a unrelated pare ? any advise or help ?\nin spring 2011 , high mortality in association with skin lesions , systemic haemorrhages and necrosis occurred in a group of green striped tree dragons ( japalura splendida ) which were imported from southwestern china via florida to germany . infections with various endoparasites were diagnosed in coprological examinations . different antiparasitic and antibiotic treatments over a period of three months did not reduce the mortality rate . the remaining animals were therefore euthanased and submitted for additional testing . predominant findings in pathological examination were granulomatous and necrotising inflammation of the skin , vacuolar tubulonephrosis of the distal renal tubules , hyperaemia and liver necrosis . eosinophilic intranuclear and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were detected in the liver . virological testing ( pcr and virus isolation methods ) demonstrated the presence of ranavirus , adenovirus and invertebrate iridovirus .\nhey guys i was wondering if any of you know a good place to get japalura splendida in the nw ( cumbria ) of england ? have done some looking around and did inquire at coasttocoase they did seem to have some but they thought they are 2 males . i ' m after a male and a female if possible . i am quite new to it all but done a lot of reading up on the specs . this care sheet was really helpfull . was hoping to get a cb but from what i understand from everyone is that thats close to impossible in the uk . so was hoping maybe you guys know somewhere or maybe are willing to part with some hatchlings from a unrelated pare ? or is it possible to introduce a female later on ? any advise or help ?\nwell , i ' m\nherp - less\nnow . my japalura splendida died last night . i haven ' t had him for long and the pet store that i purchased him from is issuing me a credit for the loss . so , i don ' t want to give up on herps but i do want to clean the enclosure and start fresh with something else . i ' m using a 29 - gallon tank with a lockable screen top . obviously , i don ' t want to purchase another reptile without researching it first and allowing me the chance to set up the terrarium in advance . i don ' t have a preference as to what i raise but i would like something that won ' t outgrow my set up . any suggestions , recommendations or comments appreciated .\nj . andersoniana j . brevipes j . chapaensis j . dymondi j . fasciata j . flaviceps j . grahami j . hamptoni j . kaulbacki j . kumaonensis j . luei j . major j . makii j . micangshanensis j . planidorsata j . polygonata j . polygonata polygonata , j . p . ishigakiensis . okinawan ( sakishima ) tree lizard . j . sagittifera j . splendida j . swinhonis j . tricarinata j . varcoae j . variegata j . yunnanensis\nj . andersoniana j . brevipes j . chapaensis j . dymondi j . fasciata j . flaviceps j . grahami j . hamptoni j . kaulbacki j . kumaonensis j . luei j . major j . makii j . micangshanensis j . planidorsata j . polygonata j . polygonata polygonata , j . p . ishigakiensis . okinawan ( sakishima ) tree lizard . j . sagittifera j . splendida j . swinhonis j . tricarinata j . varcoae j . variegata j . yunnanensis\njapalura splendida feed on insects and arthropods , their eyes capture the movement of the prey and require a naturalistic hunting environment as feeding with tweezers in not natural and not recommended . they prefer flies , moths and wasps . crickets and locust can also be used as part of their diet as long as their big enough . although i have found that they do like wax worms and mealworms as a treat . also honey worms have been suggest and even zophobas and cockroaches . any food should be no bigger than the reptiles head . the food should also be gut loaded before feeding , this is done by providing the food with food ( e . g . potato , carrots ( very good ) , oats ) . all food must be dusted with a vitamin supplement for them to get an ample amount of vitamins and minerals into their body . they do not bother with earthworms , woodlice and springtails that are in the substrate and as a result are not eaten .\nfor breeding you will need a male and at least one female , but i ' m sure you already knew that ( you will also need a suitable place for eggs to be laid , though don ' t be surprised if the female completely refuses to use the place you have set up for her like mine did . to be able to tell the difference in gender the best way is with pictures . some detailed information on determining gender of japalura splendidas can be found at\nmaybe better posting a wanted ad in the classifieds than on a care sheet thread . my best advice would be to keep an eye on monkfield ' s stock list , they update it every monday . they seem to be the more common supplier of j . splendida around - but you ' ll need to contact a shop who use them as they don ' t sell direct to customers . if you want cb , hamm is probably your best bet , or wait and see if myself , kirky or some of the other keepers on here have any luck this year .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 . 0 . 0 coastal carpet 1 . 0 . 0 bearded dragon 1 . 2 . 0 crested geckos 1 . 0 . 0 royal python 0 . 1 . 0 boa constrictor 0 . 0 . 1 western hognose 0 . 2 . 0 horned frog 1 . 0 . 0 giant madagascan day gecko 2 . 0 . 0 tokay geckos 0 . 1 . 0 japalura sp . 0 . 2 . 0 african pygmy hedgehog 1 . 0 . 0 siberian husky facebook . . . . urltoken\n[ font = & quot ] hey everyone . i am fairly new to the herp hobby . i have always stayed aquatic and now have herp fever as well . lol i don & # 8217 ; t think my house is big enough for this lmao . well i picked up a japalura splendida about 6 months ago and fell in love with the little guys . ( i know they are pretty common but they are fun ) anywho , i recently rescued one from petco a couple days ago . i normally don & # 8217 ; t buy anything there usually just go to look but i felt so bad for the little girl i had to bring her home . i was wondering if anyone could help me . i was wondering if both of mine are female ( i think so from what little info i have found on them ) and any breeding or other info would be greatly appreciated . i want to pick up a male and possibly build a walk in terrarium to house about 10 maybe more , ( but that & # 8217 ; s later down the road ) . added some pics . the first 4 are ryu the first little girl i got . the last 2 are my new little girl tatsu that is currently in a quarantine tank till i nurse her back to health and fatten her up .\nas someone else said , i haven ' t really ever heard of silver city serpentarium either . though i would sadly have to say that big apple herp does not have any of these beautiful lizards , i am happy to say that i know lll reptile should have some ( listed as green tree calotes there , but they are the same - - - - this lizard actually has a multitude of names [ i . e . , japalura splendidas , banana split lizards , neon tree dragons , chinese tree dragons , green tree calotes , calotes , calotes whatever , green calotes , dragon agamas , chinese bergagame , neon agama , etc . ] and there are so many inaccurate care sheets out there because really don ' t know very much of anything about these lizards ) , which is probably why the care sheets are so inaccurate they have too many names .\nsuper sale : colorado river toads ( adults ) 199 . 99 \u2022 red sliders turtles 4 . 99 \u2022 bearded dragon\u0092s 49 . 99 \u2022 ball pythons ( babies ) 29 . 99 \u2022 savannah monitors ( c . b . babies ) 19 . 99 \u2022 customer reviews / testimonials\nour job is to search out the very best . our commitment to you is nothing less .\ntype locality : from the gorge of the yangtze river near tchang , hupeh , central china .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nananjeva , natalia b . ; xianguang guo and yuezhao wang 2011 . taxonomic diversity of agamid lizards ( reptilia , sauria , acrodonta , agamidae ) from china : a comparative analysis . asian herpetological research 2 ( 3 ) : 117 - 128 - get paper here\nbarbour , thomas & dunn , emmett reid 1919 . two new chinese japaluras . proc . new england zool . club 7 : 15 - 19 - get paper here\ncalder\u00f3n - espinosa , martha lucia & guido fabian medina - rangel 2016 . a new lepidoblepharis lizard ( squamata : sphaerodactylidae ) from the colombian guyana shield . zootaxa 4067 ( 2 ) : 215\u2013232\nhallermann , j . 2005 . the bizarre arboreal agamids . reptilia ( gb ) ( 42 ) : 8 - 15 - get paper here\nhallermann , j . 2005 . mit h\u00f6rnern , k\u00e4mmen und gleith\u00e4uten - die bizarren baumagamen . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 10 ( 51 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here\nkunz , k . 2012 . bild sch\u00f6n ! fotografie von terrarientieren . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 17 ( 94 ) : 20 - 26 - get paper here\nlaue , esther 2009 . die chinesische bergagame . vivaria verlag , 96 pp .\nmacey , j . r . , j . a . schulte ii , a . larson , n . b . ananjeva , y . wang , r . pethiyagoda , n . rastegar - pouyani , t . j . papenfuss 2000 . evaluating trans - tethys migration : an example using acrodont lizard phylogenetics . systematic biology 49 ( 2 ) : 233 - 256 - get paper here\nmanthey u 2010 . agamid lizards of southern asia . draconinae 2 - leiolepidinae . terralog 7b , edition chimaira , frankfurt , 168 pp .\nmanthey , u . & schuster , n . 1999 . agamen , 2 . aufl . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 120 pp . - get paper here\npope , clifford h . 1935 . the reptiles of china . turtes , crocodilians , snakes , lizards . amer . mus . nat . hist . , new york , nat . hist . central asia , 10 : lii , 1 - 604\nsmith , m . a . 1935 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptiles and amphibia , vol . ii . sauria . taylor and francis , london , 440 pp .\nzhao , e . & adler , k . 1993 . herpetology of china . ssar , oxford / ohio , 1 - 522\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nneon tree dragon is a common name used in the pet trade for a variety of small agamid lizards from southeast asia . agamid lizards are an old world family of lizards that include bearded dragons and uromastyx lizards .\nin addition to a basking spot that hits 90 - 95\u00b0f during the day , neon tree dragons need strong uvb light for at least 10 hrs a day or else they readily develop nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism ( a form of metabolic bone disease ) . they also need high humidity and frequent spraying as they only drink from droplets . if they do not get enough humidity , they will retain shed skin ( as may be seen on the tip of the nose of the dragon at the top of this page ) . however , they also need plenty of fresh air or else they develop skin infections .\nthey do best with crickets no longer than the space between the dragon ' s eyes . some will eat waxworms . it is important to dust the insects at every meal with a calcium supplement containing d3 such as zoomed ' s calcium with d3 and a once a week dusting with a multivitamin containing pure vitamin a such as zoomed ' s reptivite .\nthis neon tree dragon has a broken back as a result of a metabolic bone disease ( red arrow ) . there is also a change in color ( blue arrow ) showing where there is unshed skin .\nunfortunately the neon tree dragons are almost always wild - caught imports and suffer from a variety of intestinal parasites and other infectious diseases . it is extremely important to have your new neon tree dragon checked for parasites by submitting a fresh fecal sample to a veterinarian within the first few days of bringing it home .\ndid you know arizona exotics carries a complete line of products for your turtles and tortoises , geckos , iguanas and other reptiles ? check out our reptile and amphibian supplies here .\nschedule an appointment online now and make sure your pet is as healthy as can be .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nright guys , i ' ve decided to post this caresheet up as there is next to nothing on decent information about these stunning little reptiles on the internet ( thats in english anyway ) . i ' ve managed to translate and retype this caresheet , so that anyone looking into keeping a tree dragon can fully understand that they are not a beginners reptile and do take abit of knowledge on keeping them . although , i found that once you have the setup perfected then they are no harder than other tropical lizards . just want to say thanks to kirky1980 for getting me into the amazing reptiles and helping me through the steps to keeping them . also the original german caresheet was provided by him , if it wasn ' t for him i would ' nt of stumbled across these beauties !\nat least 50cm in depth , width of about 100cm and height about 100cm for a trio , ( 1 male and 2 females ) never put 2 males in one enclosure ! around a 20 gallon tank should be big enough for one , but due to these reptiles being arboreal height is more important than length . adequate ventilation is also needed .\n- tree dragons do not recognise glass , so there needs to be a generous amount of plants all over .\nthe ground plays a big role in the attitude of the tree dragons . it is mainly for egg laying by the female . it needs to be around 10 - 20cm deep . a good substrate is important in the humidity and climate of the terrarium also . a mixture of terrarium humus , pine bark , peat , soil and sand . pine bark is very good as it has natural germ killing properties , also the humus and bark will retain a lot of moisture in the terrarium .\ntropical woodlice , springtails and earthworms are also highly recommended for cleaning purposes of the terrarium as they will clean up any faeces , mould and other biodegradable rubbish in the terrarium , this will also make the substrate bioactive and if maintained properly will rarely need changing .\ntree dragons only recognise running water , this is why it is vital or at least highly recommended to have either a stream or waterfall in the terrarium . they can absorb water in this way no problem , they do prefer a trickling stream or waterfall rather than a pool as they do not swim . it is very important for tree dragons to take in water as this will help them successfully shed their skin . it is vital that all the skin is shed as it can cause complications with the tree dragons . they also do not require a water bowl and would not use one as it is not running water .\nit is important that when constructing a waterfall or stream that there is plenty of water in there as it has been mentioned that they do like to lie in the water , although it needs to be ensured that it is not too deep they will drown . it needs to be dug in deep enough that the female does not dig any of the appliances out when laying eggs .\na well designed landscape is needed , with a watercourse added and a number of plants in the substrate and also in the walls if able to do so . odd shaped branches and vines should be running constantly through the enclosure along with rock formations to enable plenty of different climbing spaces for the dragons . all equipment and decoration must be sterilised before putting them in the terrarium , this is done by either heating them in the oven or freezing them in a freezer to kill any parasites .\nas the tree dragons are arboreal they require a lot of higher growing vegetation and plants , live plants work very well in the terrarium as they provide an increased amount of oxygen and also increase the humidity . the leaves of the plants also need a good spraying 2 - 3 times daily for many reasons ; personal hygiene and cleaning , the lizards will drink the water from the leaves , increase the humidity and to water the plants . it is important to find plants that thrive well in the conditions required for the dragons as they have to tolerate a lot of moisture and offer the lizards a \u201cforest of leaves\u201d to hide in a move around .\na styrofoam design is good as they come with many terrariums , but if constructing one yourself it should be laminated with epoxy resin and covered with natural substrates such as bark and humus .\nthe temperature should be staggered from bottom to top of around , mid to low 80sf ( 27c to 30c max ) around basking spot and mid to low 70sf ( 21c to 25c ) cool end or the terrarium floor . night time temperatures can vary between around 64f to 70f ( 18c to 21c ) , in the substrate it should be around 12c . the tank lights should turn on around 08 : 00 , at the same time the waterfall should start and the tank should be sprayed with plenty of water , the heat should increase only slightly around 10 : 00 and the humidity should fall slightly , eventually reaching a maximum temperature of around 86f ( 30c ) by 16 : 00 the tank should then start to cool down . the humidity should rise as the tank is cooling and should cool no lower than 64f ( 18c )\nin the day the humidity should be around 50 % and 90 % but no higher , although i don\u2019t like to let mine drop below 70 % . at night the humidity should be at least around 90 % . as stated above the higher the temperature the lower the humidity , which requires more spraying of the tank . the waterfall and plants will aid the humidity of the terrarium but does require spraying around 2 - 3 times daily but , a mini fogger or rain system is a good idea to keep the humidity up , although there needs to be enough drainage layer for the rain system .\nfluorescent tubes ( lsr ) are the preferred choice and provide a good output of light on a lower power consumption and minimal heat radiation in the area , although coils are ok to use , but they can be expensive . the lighting should be on at least a 12 hour cycle , although i do have mine on about 14 hours , dependant on the amount of daylight outside and for viewing purpose until the dragons are asleep .\nas the lizards are diurnal they require uv light , uva and uvb light is very important to them as their entire calcium balance depends on the intensity of these rays , as they allow the vitamin d3 to be made in the skin . the absence of this lighting will prevent the correct vitamins being made and will cause bone disease in the reptiles , they will also refuse food , have shedding difficulties , a weakened immune system , inertial motion and in turn a disturbed body care .\na 5 - 6 % fluorescent tube is probably the best uv lighting to use , but make sure the reptiles have a place to hide from it if they wish . also keep in mind that some glass filters uv light so it is best to place the light on a gauze mesh above the tank .\nthis means adding vitamins , minerals and essential fatty acids in a concentration form as they are vital for the animal . ensure calcium is in the supplement . this will prevent the diseases and the deficiency of some vitamins and minerals . i also like to place a calcium dish in the terrarium for the dragons to find at their leisure as it is especially important in the production of eggs , although they should be getting enough from dusting their food so this is not necessary .\nthanks for taking the time to read this , i hope that it has given you a lot more information on what is required of these lizards and whether you think they are for you or not .\nif you think i have missed any information on these please don ' t hesistate to ask and i ' ll try do my best to sort it .\nvery nicely done its something iv been meaning to do for a long time but never got round to it . but its there in all its glory now , if people follow that care guide then they will have very happy tree dragons hows yours doing anyway mate ? ?\nged i and a lot of other people on the forum would never recommend mixing species if only there is no risk and if it is benefically e . g . tropical woodlice and crested geckos , so i would say no as it ' s not worth the risk .\nyer he ' s sound ! just refurb his enclosure , its looking loads better but still needs filling up more . i ' m going to get a fogger for it i think as i ' m going away next week and need to keep the humidity up .\nyer mate , i thought its about time i posted it , its been sitting on my laptop for ages ! yer he ' s sound ! just refurb his enclosure , its looking loads better but still needs filling up more . i ' m going to get a fogger for it i think as i ' m going away next week and need to keep the humidity up . hows yours doing ? how did the eggs turn out ? ?\nahh nice one then glad to hear it . my lot will be in there new viv as soon as i get back from my holidays with kids next week and cant wait lol one big ass exo terra will be fully kitted out very soon lol didnt any joy with my eggs im affraid but i do have 2 gravid females again im pretty sure but we will see soon enough\nhaha well its handy for me now i get a ton off messages about these guys all the time and now i have an easy option haha ahh nice one then glad to hear it . my lot will be in there new viv as soon as i get back from my holidays with kids next week and cant wait lol one big ass exo terra will be fully kitted out very soon lol didnt any joy with my eggs im affraid but i do have 2 gravid females again im pretty sure but we will see soon enough\nsounds awesome mate ! i really want to get a bigger tank , its just the money ! ahhh thats shit mate , well hopefully the next batch will be better . i ' m still after another female , can ' t seem to get one from anywhere : s\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 3 . 8 . 8 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , vbulletin solutions , inc . content relevant urls by vbseo 3 . 6 . 0\nvbulletin security provided by vbsecurity v2 . 2 . 2 ( pro ) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright \u00a9 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd . copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2011 , reptile forums ( rfuk\u0099 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nget the facts , not the hype !\nvisit urltoken stay informed and join the fight to keep your pets ! this is extremely important right now , there are several new laws being passed and many states are jumping on the anti - reptile bandwagon . if you enjoy being able to keep your pets you need to keep up to date on what is going on . you also may be asked to do something as simple as write some letters . we can ' t stress enough how important it is to do this !\ncopyright \u00a9 - twin cities reptiles - all rights reserved . proudly presented by , nativ3 , a minneapolis web development agency !\naka , banana split dragon , banana tree dragon , neon tree dragon , banana mountain lizard , etc , etc . this is why scientific names are helpful . beautiful animals no matter what you call them . eating great and ready to go !\nthe category page you are looking for might have been removed , had its name changed , or is temporarily unavailable .\nopen the urltoken home page , and then look for links to the information you want .\nif you typed the page address in the address bar , make sure that it is spelled correctly .\nstay up to date on the latest product releases and offers by signing up to our newsletter .\n\u00a9 2018 copyright livefoods by post ltd all rights reserved . prices may vary between online and instore .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nbehncke h 1 , st\u00f6hr ac , heckers ko , ball i , marschang re .\nimport - export peter hoch gmbh , august - jeanmaire - str . 12 , waldkirch 79183 , germany .\ncontinent : asia distribution : se tibet ( salween valley ) , sw china ( szechuan , guizhou , yunnan ? ) type locality : from the gorge of the yangtze river near tchang , hupeh , central china .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthat ' s pretty fast to just die . did you build the terrarium yourself ?\nyes , thats odd . tell us about your setup a bit more . photos would be good . what type of soil did you use ?\nhere ' s a photo of my set up . it ' s a 29 gallon tall tank . i used 100 % fir bark for the bedding . the black hoses that you see are a for a manual misting system . i ' ve attached a photos of my agama from a week or so ago with his eyes wide open and photos of him today . when i pick him up he quickly crawls up to my shoulder but doesn ' t open his eyes . what do you think ?\ni have no idea , unless if the whole bunch from the store is infected with something . i really don ' t know anything about them . i asked about substrate because lots of times people use stuff that isn ' t good , like potting soil with fertilizer . my theory is , when in doubt , see a vet .\nyou said climbs up your shoulder ? i know that won ' t cause death , but the little dude is probably under a lot of stress . you should pretty much leave him alone for a few weeks , with just going into his tank for food , water and cleaning . let him get used to the new surroundings .\nwith such quick deaths my first guess would be stress . many of these lizards are carrying internal parasites and are already physically and psychologically stressed out before you even buy them .\nyou could also try smelling the bedding . fir trees are an evergreen . if it smells reminiscent of pine or cedar , that could be your problem . those trees contain toxins that are unsuitable for any animal , especially small ones like your splendid tree lizards .\nthanks for the suggestions . the pet store ( pet world warehouse ) didn ' t have a lot of info on these agamas except to say that they prefer room temperatures not below 70 degrees and to feed them dusted crickets as their main food . the substrate that i purchased is made by zoo med and is called premium repti bark . it has a woodsy smell . almost like moss or dirt . it holds moisture but i don ' t track the humidity level as of yet . the info that i ' ve found on this lizard says that they like humidity but not so much the uv ' s . my terrarium has a 20w 7 . 0 uvb florecent daylight bulb , a 60w red - night bulb , and a 60w black - night bulb . with any combination of bulbs being on , the tanks upper half stays between 72 - 85 degrees . as far as what i ' m dusting the crickets with i ' m using tetrafauna ' s reptocal with calcium and vitamin d3 . i ' ve only recently handled the agama . more or less to see if he ' s still with us .\nthat doesn ' t sound too bad . the caresheet looks ok for the most part too , though i wouldn ' t say it ' s the most reliable source of information . i skimmed it , and with false statements like\ntwo males have never successfully lived together in any of the reptile species .\nand\npart of the genus agama . . .\n, and not going specific enough when talking about uv rays ( uvb is the critical one ) , i wouldn ' t call the caresheet a bible for splendid tree lizards by any means .\nfor starters with a 29 gal tank you could go with a leopard gecko or a cornsnake .\ncorns are great snakes . easy to handle and keep , docile , and easy feeders .\nobviously , with any animal , there are a lot of opinions and recommendations as to their overall care . as an owner of corn snakes what are your most important observations or guideliness ? i ' ve found several internet sellers of corn snakes and would consider going that route when purchasing one .\nwelcome to herpcenter . . . . . sorry to hear of your losses . . . . hopefully you will have better luck with something new . . . . best wishes . . .\n\u201cif we save our wild places , we will ultimately save ourselves . \u201d ~ steve irwin\nwould like to know if there are any good reads for them . from what i have collected there isnt much info on them besides the very basics which vary of course . from what i have read they are very similar to some species of chameleons husbandry wise . same lights , arboreal lizards that drink from leaves , high humidity etc etc .\nanyway , i got one yesterday after i came to the conclusion that they are quite similar to chameleons . i am not usually interested in anything but chameleons but this guy caught my eye . the first day i checked him out and he appears to be in great shape . no missing toes , full tail , clean mouth , alert , highly active , etc etc , so . . . . . . . . . .\nas usual , the lizards i like , there is next to no information . any experience is appreciated . will try to get some pics up at some point in time .\nbert langerwerf wrote of his short experiment breeding them , but i can ' t remember if the info you want is in his water dragon book , a back issue of reptiles magazine , or reptiles magazine site online ( can ' t remember the name of that site either lol ) .\ni have a pair right now ( and some eggs incubating ) - i have had them about 6 - 8 months now ! they are very active during the day . mine love to run upside down on the screen top . i feed them crickets and mealworms . i have a 40 wt bulb and a 5 . 0 uvb light . i have pics from a previous post of their setup . they are very funny to watch !\ni like the colors and patterns also . ill have to look up your thread .\nthanks , flux . its neat to know bert was working with them also . ill have to try and find his article . if you do come across it though let me know .\nsorry to necro this thread , but i am trying to find someone who has successfully hatched these . have had a number of failed clutches . trying to find out what the eggs are supposed to be like when freshly laid and best incubating parameters - can ' t find a lot online at all .\nclick the button below to add the caiman lizards for sale ( dracaena guianensis ) to your wish list .\nawesome baby caiman lizards for sale that are farm bred . limited supply as we only pick the very best for our customers . they will be shipped feeding on ground turkey , cat food , shrimp , and zoomed can o ' snails .\nall our caiman lizards undergo a 2 week treatment to ensure parasite free , established , beautiful animals . the new hatch batch is arriving after xmas 2017 , and will be ready for shipping in two weeks but you can order now to reserve .\nwe ship our lizards fed ex overnight . most packages arrive by 10 : 30am . if you live in a smaller town , or in a rural area it may arrive between 12 - 4pm .\nwe also offer hold for pickup at your closest fedex center , so you can pick the package up after work / school . our shipping days are monday - thursday . reptile orders placed before 2pm usually get shipped the same day . reptile orders placed after 2pm , get shipped the following day . ex : if you place your order at 5pm monday , we will ship tuesday , and you will receive wed . morning . you may request an alternate shipping day . please email us at albinoturtles @ urltoken to let us know what day works for you .\nsomeone must be present to sign for the package or our live arrival guarantee is void . please see live arrival guarantee page .\nwe pack your reptiles in the safest , most efficient way possible . all reptile orders are shipped in a styro - foam lined cardboard box used specifically for shipping reptiles . depending on weather conditions , we may include an ice pack or heat pack at no charge for the safety of the animals . if weather conditions are too severe to ship , we will notify you and arrange a future shipping date . this is all done for the safety of the animal !\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\ni got my boy about 9 months ago . he had a good reason to be grumpy but he came in healthy and chubby with wonderful skin and color . he mostly tamed out in 6 months he has been the most rewarding reptile i own . sas was easy to work with and easy to contact too and was a great expereance . the only thing i wish they knew how to do is sex the caiman lizards . its really easy to tell about a 4 - 6 weeks after hatching . i did get a male ( which i wanted ) but i would have liked a guarantee of the sex i wanted .\nreceived my little guy and i couldn ' t be happier . first , the fed ex guy was extra careful , as he told me he kept him next to him for the whole time making sure he was not too hot or cold . ( right on fed ex ! ) he arrived very muscular and well fed , but he didn ' t eat for a week , and was sleeping a lot , so i e - mailed mike and he told me to increase the ambient temperature from the 80deg i had it at to 82deg and increased his basking spot from 90deg to 100deg . that did the trick . hes eating like a pig , still very shy , but nothing i can ' t work with . thanks mike and snakes at sunset !\ni received a healthy , and luckily tame , caiman lizard . he ate out of bowls perfectly and climbed up my hand whenever he can . sleeps in his water a lot too ! very curious , inquisitive , and an amazing pet overall !\nmy little guy arrived by 10 : 30am of the next day after i ordered . it was very stressed , and is still rather defensive , but it just started eating today ( after 2 days ) and it really seems to be coming around . i suggest if you order one , do your research . if you have any questions , either email or talk to snakesatsunset on their facebook page , they always respond with helpful advice .\nhad one delivered to me the other day and it ' s already gotten attached to me . has been eating since it got it and is thriving . purchasing one of these babies are worth it .\nmale yearling caiman lizard came in and i am very happy with him , very active and healthy . ate for me next day . i would highly recomend snakesatsunset to anyone purchasing a reptile online\ni got my baby caiman lizard about three days ago he ' s beautiful healthy and loving his enclosure would definitely recommend snakes at sunset . thank you guys !\nboth caiman lizards came in active and healthy . they started eating within an hour of being in their new cage . i ' m very happy with what i received and would highly recommend buying from snakes at sunset .\nordered one of these caiman lizard babies in early february . mike was very helpful in solving shipping issues due to the cold snaps we have been getting here in chicago . i always received a reply to any emails sent . the lizard arrived in great condition . packaging kept stress on the animal to a minimal . animal ate within the first few hours of its arrival . it ' s taking a variety of foods from snails and shrimp to cat food and lean turkey . this is very important at this young stage and i was very pleased . the caiman lizard is easy to handle and has hand tamed very well . just starting to clicker train it with great success . overall , i am very pleased with this purchase and look forward to doing business with snakes at sunset in the future !\nhello ! i ' m getting a bearded dragon tomorrow and i ' ve been researching for a while to ensure i am ready . i have printed off a few care sheets and just wanted to clear up a few things . first of all i ' ll be purchasing a baby beardie rather than an adult . i have a viv that is 40\nx 20\nx 20\n, will this be satisfactory for the beardie ? the other thing is the heating , is it 3 different sources the beardie requires ? i see that they require around 12 hours of uv light which i have a tube for . they also need 24 hours of heat so would i just leave a heat lamp on at all times on one side of the viv ? also i have seen\nmoonlights\nin petshops . when it gets to night time do i turn the heat lamp on and use this instead till i wake up ? sorry , little confused there . the final thing is will play sand be okay to use as the bedding ? the final thing was water , i hear you use a water bowl for the beardie to bathe in and then spray it in the face ( o _ o ? ) as it will lick the droplets and spray the walls too . thanks for any clearing up ! jack p . s - i have a herman ' s tortoise too , now i ' m not going to put them in the same viv but would it be okay to introduce them ? : p"]}
{"id": 696, "summary": [{"text": "phreatoicidae is a family of blind , freshwater isopods .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they have survived apparently unchanged for 350 million years , and are only found in south africa , india , australia and new zealand .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they were first found near christchurch in 1882 by charles chilton .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the family phreatoicidae now contains 13 genera : colacanthotelson nicholls , 1944 colubotelson nicholls , 1944 crenoicus nicholls , 1944 gariwerdeus wilson & keable , 2002 mesacanthotelson nicholls , 1944 metaphreatoicus nicholls , 1944 naiopegia wilson & keable , 2002 neophreatoicus nicholls , 1944 notamphisopus nicholls , 1944 onchotelson nicholls , 1944 paraphreatoicus nicholls , 1944 phreatoicus chilton , 1883 uramphisopus nicholls , 1943", "topic": 26}], "title": "phreatoicidae", "paragraphs": ["ecology : phreatoicidae belongs to the suborder phreatoicidea . instream habitat : phreatoicideans occur in streams , burrow in moist soil , in yabby burrows , ground water and underground streams . phreatoicidae species live in freshwater streams and lakes . feeding ecology : habit : many phreatoicidean species are curled under at the end . this spiny posterior is used to push them through the cryptic habitats they favour . the \u2018head to toe\u2019 curl is typically a resting or defensive position . life history :\nboyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database . phreatoicidae chilton , 1891 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 248306 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nboyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database . phreatoicidae chilton , 1891 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 248306 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nsome of the world\u2019s most ancient and fascinating animals have been re - discovered in southern new zealand . prospects for their survival look good \u2013 provided groundwaters and wetlands are protected .\nover the past two years , department of conservation workers and scientists from the national institute of water & atmospheric research have been painstakingly searching for phreatoicids ( pron . free - at - o - ik - ids ) .\nthis intensive search of over 230 locations yielded phreatoicids at 66 places . the scientists believe they have now found all the known species , and have even discovered some new ones .\nif they were the size of tuatara , kiwi , or wetas , these cryptic , aquatic animals would be equally iconic because they are so bizarre . phreatoicids are blind , unpigmented isopods ( relatives of slaters and fish lice , and a sister group to crabs , shrimps , land hoppers and , more distantly , insects ) . they play a vital role in cleaning up freshwater .\ntrue relicts ( or \u201cghosts of gondwana\u201d , to borrow george gibbs\u2019s words ) , phreatoicids have persisted unchanged for some 350 million years . but being just 20 millimetres long and dwelling in extremely mucky places , they have lingered mostly forgotten and unnoticed . in fact , they are so poorly known that they have no common name !\nphreatoicids are confined to four of ancient gondwana\u2019s five main remnants ( south africa , india , australia , new zealand ; not south america ) . first discovered near christchurch in 1882 by charles chilton , a leading crustacean scientist at canterbury college ( now university of canterbury ) , scientists at the time were puzzled by phreatoicids\u2019 body structure that is intermediate between other types of crustaceans . by 1944 , nine species in three genera were discovered from new zealand , but have been largely unknown since , prompting scientists to wonder whether some species had become endangered or even extinct .\nthe terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity information system programme , administered by the department of conservation , aims to raise awareness , provide identification tools and make data accessible to improve the new zealanders\u2019 understanding of the need for protection of biodiversity and significant habitats . it contracted niwa to investigate the conservation status of new zealand\u2019s endemic phreatoicids , so that any threatened species and habitat can be protected . niwa\u2019s investigations focused on six species which have not been reported for over 60 years . these species live in surface waters in the southern south island and appear to be important in breaking down dead plant matter to recycle their nutrients . full details of the locations and habitats where phreatoicids were found will be in niwa\u2019s publically - available freshwater biodata information system once the study is completed .\nthe research results appear to be remarkably good news . phreatoicids were surprisingly abundant when present ; on ruapuke island in foveaux strait , for example , densities were estimated at over 200 per square metre . on stewart island , phreatoicids were common close to oban township , as well as the remote toitoi flats wetland and other locations . dense populations were found in several modified habitats , notably in drainage channels downstream of bayswater peatland scenic reserve near otautau in southland , amongst submerged , dead leaves of introduced grasses around road culverts on several roads in southland , and on macrocarpa tree roots in one drainage ditch .\nthe best - known named species , plus two lesser known named species , live entirely within canterbury\u2019s groundwater . niwa discovered one of these species in huge numbers : \u201cwe easily collected a cupful \u2013 several hundred animals \u2013 at a time from wells 20 metres below the surface . these tiny , blind crustaceans play a major role in cleansing the region\u2019s groundwater , keeping our drinking water naturally pure , \u201d says dr graham fenwick , niwa\u2019s assistant regional manager in christchurch .\nsurvivors through aeons , phreatoicids live in a variety of habitats . some live in soupy , muddy ponds with almost no dissolved oxygen , others in quite acid conditions ( ph 4 . 5 ) . most seem to prefer various types of leaf litter . they avoid swift currents , but some do inhabit slow flowing rivers , while others find refuge in crevices or under rocks in various lowland or foothills streams . when their habitat dries too much , phreatoicids can walk short distances in search of another wet area ; others burrow as water levels retreat , or simply curl up in damp moss or leaf litter to survive brief dry periods .\nbut the full story is yet to be unravelled . at least four new species were discovered . the unique characteristics of each species are being studied carefully , so that each species can be reliably re - identified and distinguished from others . this vital step is essential for determining each species\u2019 geographic range , abundance and true conservation status . with a history of little morphological change over 350 million years , this task is challenging because differences between our native species that have evolved much more recently are very subtle indeed .\n\u201ctheir high abundances , habitats preferences , and wide tolerances indicate that these ghosts of new zealand\u2019s ancient continental origins can survive in the face of considerable human changes to the landscape , so long as wetlands , in their various forms , are kept intact , \u201d dr fenwick says .\ninformation sources : poore 2002 , wilson 2003 & 2005 , cummins et al . 2005 key to genera : wilson & keable 2000 ( partial ) key to species : wilson & keable 2000 ( colubotelson , metaphreatoicus , partial )\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\nschotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld list of marine , freshwater & terrestrial isopoda . . . 2005 , website ( version 04 - may - 05 )\ncompiled by brian kensley , marilyn schotte , and steve schilling ( oniscidea only ) , department of invertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution . found at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 11bb4c7d - a9bd - 417c - 8709 - 6c39203500a8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4ffdf53f - 718c - 4f17 - be39 - 426e919cf960\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5409691f - ac0d - 44f4 - 8f40 - 32af75f31130\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8c67c3e0 - a3d7 - 4b25 - bf9b - 4af1cb3f7f81\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 284472\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na family of isopod crustaceans in the suborder phreatoicoidea in which only the left mandible retains a lacinia mobilis .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional ."]}
{"id": 698, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris fuscalis is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by park and hodges in 1995 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( hong kong ) and taiwan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16-17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "there is a dark brown fascia on the anterior margin of the forewings , connected with the median fascia , but separate from a small discal streak .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a subterminal fascia , followed by a greyish-orange line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on millettia nida . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dichomeris fuscalis", "paragraphs": ["asura fuscalis is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in india .\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nsynaphe fuscalis is a species of moth of the pyralidae family . it was described by amsel in 1966 . it is found in morocco .\ndichomeris fuscalis is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by park and hodges in 1995 . it is found in china ( hong kong ) and taiwan .\nhypsopygia fuscalis is a species of snout moth in the genus\nhypsopygia\n. it was described by hampson in 1891 . it is found in india .\nnephopterix fuscalis is a species of snout moth in the genus\nnephopterix\n. it was described by kenrick in 1907 . it is found in new guinea .\nparacymoriza fuscalis is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by yoshiyasu in 1985 . it is found in japan and china ( hubei , guizhou ) .\nparacataclysta fuscalis is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by hampson in 1893 . it is found in south - east asia ( including sri lanka and borneo ) , northern australia and africa .\ndichomeris fuscalis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 76\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft"]}
{"id": 701, "summary": [{"text": "bagdadia tricornis is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by yang and li in 2015 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( hainan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 8 \u2212 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are yellowish brown , sprinkled with black and greyish white scales and three small scale tufts near the base , around them greyish white mixed with black scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal margin has scale tufts at one-fourth , halfway and two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bagdadia tricornis", "paragraphs": ["etymology . the specific name is derived from latin tricornis , meaning triangular , referring to the process of valva .\nbagdadia tricornis is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by yang and li in 2015 . [ 1 ] it is found in china ( hainan ) .\nbagdadia cymoptila ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238\nbagdadia paroctas ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238\nbagdadia tugaella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238\nbagdadia yanglingensis ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238\nbagdadia irakella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; [ nhm card ]\nbagdadia salicicolella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; [ nhm card ]\nbagdadia irakella amsel , 1949 ; bull . soc . fouad i er ent . 33 : 322 ; tl : iraq , baghdad\nbagdadia salicicola ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 278\nbagdadia claviformis ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )\nbagdadia gnomia ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )\nbagdadia sapindivora ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )\nyang , meiqing , li , houhun ( 2015 ) : a taxonomic study of the genus bagdadia amsel , 1949 from hainan island of china ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . zootaxa 3972 ( 4 ) : 589 - 594 , doi : urltoken\nbagdadia eucalla ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 277\ndiagnosis . this species closely resembles bagdadia longanae ( yang & chen ) in male genitalia , but can be separated from the latter by following characters : forewing with a large irregular black blotch at 2 / 3 near posterior margin , eighth sternum with a strongly sclerotized plate in female genitalia . host plant . unknown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n= ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 235\nchelaria cymoptila meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : dibidi , coorg\nkorea , china ( shaanxi , guizhou ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nchelaria isosema meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ncapidentalia khaoensis park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 334 ; tl : khao soi dao , chantha - buri prov .\nchina ( zhejiang ) , vietnam , ceylon , andaman is . , java . see [ maps ]\nchelaria paroctas meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nhypatima salicicola park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 84 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nlarva on salix spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\nnothris salicicolella kuznetsov , 1960 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 27 : 41 ; tl : kopetdag , turkmenistan\nchelaria sapindivora clarke , 1958 ; ent . news 69 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : honshu , kinki , nisinomiya\nlarva on sapindus mukurossi clarke , 1958 , ent . news 69 ( 1 ) : 5\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the microlepidoptera collected by e . p . wiltshire in irak and iran in the years 1935 to 1938\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal ."]}
{"id": 702, "summary": [{"text": "naquetia barclayi , common name : barclay 's murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "naquetia barclayi", "paragraphs": ["7082 naquetia barclayi annandalei - 58 mm - f + + + - phil . . . 7082 naquetia barclayi annandalei - 58 mm - f + + + - phil . . .\nfamily : muricidae born : 1938 , dall , batsch & rehder genus and description : naquetia barclayi , 50 mm , f + + origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off olango island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .\n( of chicoreus barclayi ( reeve , 1858 ) ) finet y . & houart r . ( 1989 ) on the taxonomic status of murex trigonulus lamarck , 1816 , murex trigonulus lamarck , 1822 and related taxa ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . apex 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 18 . [ details ]\n( of chicoreus ( naquetia ) annandalei ( preston , 1910 ) ) finet y . & houart r . ( 1989 ) on the taxonomic status of murex trigonulus lamarck , 1816 , murex trigonulus lamarck , 1822 and related taxa ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . apex 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 18 . [ details ]\n( of pteronotus annandalei preston , 1910 ) preston , h . b . ( 1910 ) description of five new species of marine shells from the bay of bengal . records of the indian museum , 5 , 117\u2013121 . [ details ]\nmerle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\nhouart r . , kilburn r . n . & marais a . p . ( 2010 ) muricidae . pp . 176 - 270 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of pteronotus annandalei preston , 1910 ) merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of chicoreus annandalei ( preston , 1910 ) ) finet y . & houart r . ( 1989 ) on the taxonomic status of murex trigonulus lamarck , 1816 , murex trigonulus lamarck , 1822 and related taxa ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . apex 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 18 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\npterynotus annandalei preston , h . b . , 1910 : india - philippines - australia\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 604 seconds . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nhouart , r . 1992 ,\nthe genus chicoreus and related genera ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in the indo - west pacific\n, m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ser . a , vol . 154 , pp . 1 - 188\npreston , h . b . 1910 ,\ndescription of five new species of marine shells from the bay of bengal\n, records of the indian museum , vol . 5 , pp . 117 - 121\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0040fc51 - eb0c - 406b - 9d15 - d995067c0979\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 91664f81 - 9598 - 47c8 - a4e6 - a0b0f89994dc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 330177\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n1857 & 1858 . descriptions of seven new shells from the collection of the hon . sir david barclay , of port louis , mauritius .\nthe genus chicoreus and related genera ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in the indo - west pacific .\n. m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle . 1 - 188pp ; figs 1 - 480\nlabel : mauritius . reeve , 1858 : st . brandon shoal , near mauritius ( thrown on shore after a hurricane ) .\nlectotype ( designated by d ' attilio & hertz , 1987 ) is in nhmuk ( 196277 ) . provenance : this specimen was bought at the sale of sir david barclay\u2019s collection in 1891 , three years after his death . although j . c . melvill was at this sale and purchased several lots , the\nwas not one of them . further investigation is needed to find out who purchased it at this sale and how it came to be in the melvill - tomlin collection . the lectotype was originally in the mrs de burgh collection , which was purchased by v . w . macandrew and after his death passed to the nhm ( dance , 1986 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - 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opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill usually ship within 1 business day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nitems delivered internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nyou\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date - opens in a new window or tab based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\ninternational postage and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item . find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\n* you\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\nwill usually dispatch within 1 working day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis species is distributed in the red sea and in the indian ocean along the mascarene basin and mauritius ; in the western pacific ocean along india , the philippines and australia ."]}
{"id": 706, "summary": [{"text": "gobio hettitorum or the taurus gudgeon ( also cited as dere kayasi ) is a species of gudgeon , a small freshwater fish in the cyprinidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found only in a single stream in turkey .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is listed on the iucn red list of threatened species and is threatened by habitat loss but not by pollution . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "gobio hettitorum", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1\nthe species is known from g\u00f6kdere stream ( 15 km in length ) and ere\u011fli marshes ( 6 , 787 km\u00b2 ) in south - eastern lake tuz basin in central anatolia , turkey .\nextirpated from ere\u011fli marshes due to the desiccation of the area ( in the mid 1990s ) ; the area was only 10 % of its original size in 2011 . the species is expected to be declining in g\u00f6kdere due to ongoing threats .\nere\u011fli marshes dried out in the mid 1990s and the area was only 10 % of its original size in 2011 . water is abstracted in large quantities in the area and in g\u00f6kdere stream there are several small dams which restrict the flow of the stream . furthermore , climate change has lead to a reduction in rainfall in the area and contributed to increasingly severe droughts .\nno conservation actions are known to be in place . the stream catchment is in an urgent need of a freshwater biodiversity - based conservation strategy .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 93777 )\na short - lived species which occurs in water bodies on low - lying plains , with little current ( ref . 26100 ) .\ncrivelli , a . j . , 1996 . the freshwater fish endemic to the mediterranean region . an action plan for their conservation . tour du valat publication , 171 p . ( ref . 26100 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00320 - 0 . 01186 ) , b = 3 . 21 ( 3 . 05 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 710, "summary": [{"text": "root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus meloidogyne .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "they exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "about 2000 plants worldwide are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause approximately 5 % of global crop loss .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "root-knot nematode larvae infect plant roots , causing the development of root-knot galls that drain the plant 's photosynthate and nutrients .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "infection of young plants may be lethal , while infection of mature plants causes decreased yield . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "root - knot nematode", "paragraphs": ["meloidogyne incognita ( root - knot nematode ) ; male , full body image .\nglycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica .\nadegbite aa , adesiyan so . 2005 . root extracts of plants to control root - knot nematode on edi -\nfigure 6 . the lettuce on the left is wilting due to root knot nematode infestation .\nfigure 1 .\nknotted\nroots on a tomato plant caused by root - knot nematode .\ntable 4 . example of a rotation plan for a root knot nematode - infested garden 1 .\nkarssen g , van aelst a . root - knot nematode perineal pattern development : a reconsideration .\ncracking on storage roots due to root - knot nematode ( g . lawrence , aps ) .\nfigure 2 . a three week - old tomato plant ready for root - knot nematode inoculation .\nmanagement of root knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita affecting chickpea , cicer arietinum for sust . . .\ndevelopment of a simple multiplex pcr protocol for identification of the tropical root - knot nematode . . .\nuse of trap crops and antagonistic crops . planting tagetes erecta and crotolaria spectabilis in nematode infested soil is effective against the root - knot nematode\nroot - knot nematode infection and growth of infected okra and brinjal plants . pak j bot . 40 :\nidentification of the tropical root - knot nematode species meloidogyne incognita , m . arenaria and m . . . .\neffect of various physico - chemical factors on the incidence of root knot nematode meloidogyne spp . i . . .\n1 most varieties susceptible to at least one species of the nematode type listed . 2 harmony and freedom grape rootstocks are resistant to root knot nematodes . 3 nemaguard and nemared ( peach ) rootstocks are resistant to root knot nematodes . 4 royal blenheim rootstock is resistant to root knot and root lesion nematodes .\nfigure 2 . close - up of\nknotted\nroots on a tomato plant infected with root - knot nematode .\nabad p , favery b , rosso mn , castagone - sereno p . 2003 . root - knot nematode parasitism and\n1 most varieties susceptible to at least one species of the nematode type listed . 2 some blackeye , lima , and snap bean varieties are resistant to meloidogyne incognita , a species of root knot nematode . 3 tomato varieties designated \u201cn\u201d are resistant to most root knot nematode species .\na role of the gelatinous matrix in the resistance of root - knot nematode ( meloidogyne spp . ) eggs to microorganisms .\nfigure 1 . a two week - old cowpea plant grown in a pouch and ready for root - knot nematode inoculation .\nroot - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne species ) : systemics , biology , and control .\nthe root knot nematode species , m . incognita , is the most widespread and probably the most serious plant parasitic nematode pest of tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world (\ncastagnone - sereno p . genetic variability and adaptive evolution in parthenogenetic root - knot nematodes .\nthe threat of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in africa : a review\nmeloidogyne incognita ; juvenile mortality ; egg hatching ; plant extracts ; root - knot nematodes .\nmonitoring or assessment of nematode populations is an important aid to nematode management . monitoring should begin well before problems occur , as it is too late to prevent crop losses once root - knot nematode damage is seen in the field .\nhowever , with careful planning , rotation in combination with fallowing and solarization can reduce root knot nematode numbers . annual crops that are useful in a rotation plan for reducing root knot nematode populations include small grains such as wheat and barley , sudangrass , and resistant tomato and bean varieties .\nkatcho za , 1972 . first occurrence of certain root - knot nematode species in iraq . plant disease reporter , 56 ( 9 ) : 824 .\nehlers jd , matthews wc , hall ae , roberts pa . inheritance of a broad - based form of root - knot nematode resistance in cowpea .\nin general , members of the grass family are less susceptible than other plants to root - knot nematodes .\nthe threat of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in africa : a review | request pdf\nnematode analysis is likely to show a number of plant - parasitic species . however , root - knot nematode is the only species known to cause economic damage to tomatoes in queensland and nematode management decisions should be made on the basis of its presence or absence .\nbabatola jd , 1980 . reactions of some rice cultivars to the root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita . nematropica , 10 ( 1 ) : 5 - 9\nmishra sm , 1991 . screening of tomato varieties at nursery stage against root - knot nematode . indian journal of nematology , 21 ( 2 ) : 162 .\nadam mam , phillips ms , blok bc . molecular diagnostic key for identification of single juveniles of seven common and economically important species of root - knot nematode (\nroot - knot nematode juveniles are active , thread - like worms about 0 . 5 mm long . they are too small to be seen with the naked eye .\nfademi oa , 1987 . resistance of some rice varieties to the root - knot nematode ( rkn ) meloidogyne incognita . international rice research newsletter , 12 : 11 .\nseveral nematicide have been very effective against the root - knot nematode in sweetpotato . examples are nemagon , mocap , dasanit , nemacur , furadan , temik , vydate .\nsharon e , spiegel y . glycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica . j nematol . 1993 ; 25 : 585 - 9\nroot - knot problems increase and control becomes more difficult when tomatoes or other susceptible crops are grown without rotation .\ncorrigendum : distribution and genetic diversity of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in potato . . .\nhost suitability of ixora spp . for the root - knot nematodes meloidogyne incognita race 1 and m . javanica .\nevidence of direct feeding , apparent in the form of galls and other root malformations leads to the damage symptoms described above . the invasive stage of the root - knot nematode life cycle is the juvenile root - knot nematode , which can freely move through the soil and will enter the root of a suitable host plant . only the female is capable of establishing a feeding site . the female will become immobile , causing the plant to form giant cells for feeding , which essentially appears as a gall on the root . the presence of root - knot nematodes can be detected by the presence of these characteristic galls .\n) . after penetrating the root , the larvae move towards the central cylinder ( stele ) . larvae of root - knot and cyst nematodes migrate by different pathways : the\nmishra c , singh b , laha sk , 1987 . integrated approach for root - knot nematode management in jute . indian journal of nematology , 17 : 285 - 287 .\nmature female root knot nematodes are pear - shaped and about 0 . 01 inch long . root knot nematodes spend most of their life in galls . mature females resemble tiny , white pearls ; they sometimes can be seen with the use of a hand lens when root galls are cut open .\nfigure 1 . an adult female citrus nematodes , tylenchulus semipenetrans , shown imbedded in a root cut in cross section . the nematode\u2019s front end is deep inside the root tissue while the rear end remains outside of the root .\nhussey rs , mims cw , westcott sw . , iii ultrastructure of root cortical cells parasitized by the ring nematode ,\nm . incognita is probably the most widely distributed and economically important species of plant parasitic nematode in tropical and subtropical regions . two - thirds of the root - knot nematode samples obtained from a number of tropical countries were of m . incognita (\nwu jq , xue zh , 1986 . a preliminary study on the root - knot nematode disease of kenaf . acta - phytopathologica sinica , 16 ( 1 ) : 53 - 56 .\na number of other nematode species also can damage home garden and landscape plants including the ring nematode ( criconemoides xenoplax ) , root lesion nematodes ( pratylenchus species ) , the sugarbeet cyst nematode ( heterodera schachtii ) , the citrus nematode ( tylenchulus semipenetrans ) , the stem and bulb nematode ( ditylenchus dipsaci ) , and others . tables 1 , 2 , and 3 list some common garden plant species and their nematode pests .\ntrudgill dl , block vc . apomictic , polyphagous root - knoot nematodes : exceptionally successfull and damaging biotrophic root pathogens .\nnematode assays can be obtained through the nematode assay section , agronomic division , north carolina department of agriculture & consumer services .\nrasina b , 1970 . root - knot nematodes in hothouses . darzs un drava , 10 ( 150 ) : 14 - 15\nmeng q , long h , xu j . pcr assays for rapid and sensitive identification of three major root - knot nematodes ,\nwinter cereals are useful because they are generally poor hosts and little nematode reproduction occurs during the cold winter months . it is more difficult to find summer crops with good resistance to root - knot nematode , though sorghum x sudan grass hybrids ( particularly cv . jumbo ) are useful against most populations of the nematode .\nr . n . perry , m . moens and j . starr , eds . root - knot nematodes . lincoln : cabi .\ni have been told numerous times that beneficial nematodes will not work on root knot nematodes . in fact the university of florida states :\nmcsorley , r . 1999 . host suitability of potential cover crops for root - knot nematodes . journal of nematology 31 : 619\u2013623 .\na fungal egg parasite , was found effective against root - knot attacking sweetpotato . the parasite reduced egg masses by about 50 % .\nlordello rra , lordello ail , sawazaki e , trevisan wl , 1986 . root - knot nematode damages a maize field in goias . nematologia brasileira , 10 ( 1 ) : 145 - 149 .\nsharon e & spiegel y . ( 1993 ) . glycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica . journal of nematology , 25 , pp . 585 - 9 .\nfademi oa , 1986 . reaction of some selected rice cultivars to a root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita ( kofoid and white ) chitwood . pakistan journal of nematology , 4 : 15 - 18 .\ninstead of sending soil samples to a laboratory for nematode analysis , a simple bioassay is sometimes useful , particularly for detecting low populations of root - knot nematode . transplant a nematode - free tomato seedling of a susceptible variety into a pot containing about 2 l of your soil sample . grow plants at temperatures of 20 - 28 o c for about one month , and then remove the root system and examine it for galls . at this stage , the galls ( if present ) will be less than 0 . 5 mm in diameter but their occurrence will indicate the presence of root - knot nematode .\none of the best ways to manage nematodes is to use vegetable varieties and fruit tree rootstocks that are resistant to nematode injury . tomato varieties with the code vfn ( verticillium , fusarium , nematodes ) on the seed packet or label are resistant to common root knot nematode species . although even resistant tomato varieties can still exhibit some root galling under high nematode levels , they usually maintain their yield . for example in recent vegetable garden - type experiments on root knot nematode soil , nematode - resistant tomatoes yielded almost 6 times more tomatoes than a similar susceptible variety . an additional benefit of growing a resistant variety is the nematode levels in the soil decline rather than increase , making it more feasible to grow a susceptible crop the following season .\na considerable amount of work has been devoted to the biological control of root - knot nematodes in general and m . incognita in particular (\nabad p , favery b , rosso mn , castagnone - sereno p ( 2003 ) root - knot nematode parasitism and host response : molecular basis of a sophisticated interaction . mol plant pathol 4 : 217\u2013224 .\ndubreuil g , magliano m , deleury e , abad p , rosso mn ( 2007 ) transcriptome analysis of root - knot nematode functions induced in the early stages of parasitism . new phytol 176 : 426\u2013436 .\nroot injury from other nematode species can produce aboveground symptoms similar to those from root knot nematodes . however , the actual injury to the roots is more difficult to detect . roots can be shortened or deformed with no other clues as to the source of the injury . you can confirm a nematode infestation by collecting soil and root samples and sending the material to a laboratory for positive identification of the infesting species .\nstanton jm , o ' donnell we . assessment of the north carolina differential host test for identification of australian populations of root - knot nematodes (\namin aw , budai cs , 1994 . some weed host plants of the root - knot nematode meloidogyne species in south - eastern hungary . pakistan journal of nematology , 12 ( 1 ) : 59 - 65 .\nmohandas c , ramakrishnan s , 1997 . pathogenic effect of root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita on african white yam , dioscorea rotundata . indian journal of nematology , 27 ( 2 ) : 233 - 236 .\ntesarov\u00e1 b , zouhar m , ry ? \u00e1nek p , 2003 . development of pcr for specific determination of root - knot nematode meloidogyne incognita . plant protection science , 39 ( 1 ) : 23 - 28 .\nthe root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita , is worldwide in distribution . it is widespread in asia , southeast asia and usually occurs in warmer areas . in some countries , m . javanica is more dominant .\nsharon e , spiegel y . glycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica . j nematol 1993 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 585 - 9 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nrosso mn , dubrana mp , cimbolini n , jaubert s , abad p ( 2005 ) application of rna interference to root - knot nematode genes encoding esophageal gland proteins . mol plant microbe interact 18 : 615\u2013620 .\nnematodes cause extensive injury to many vegetables in over half of the gardens in north carolina . nematode - control measures will significantly reduce root - knot and other nematodes from the garden site . the continued combined use of rotation , resistance , and cultural practices will minimize nematode damage and , over time , will reduce the nematodes to low population levels so that a serious problem is not likely to occur . root - knot nematode problems can be detected by examining the roots of vegetables soon after harvest is completed or through an assay of a soil sample . root - knot affected cantaloupe , cucumber , eggplant , okra , squash , tomato , and other susceptible crops will have very conspicuous root galls ( swellings ) .\nwhen tomatoes ( or other root - knot susceptible crops ) are planted in the same field every year , a check for root - knot galls at the end of the season provides valuable information on the level of nematode infestation and the likelihood of nematode damage in the next year . a thorough sampling of the field at harvest may provide as much information as having soil samples analysed for nematodes before the planting of the next crop .\nmay promote the giant cells to divide , it is not sufficient to drive expansion of giant cells . for the root - cyst nematode ,\nli hq , cheng jl , feng cc , 1992 . the primary report on the investigation and identification of tobacco root - knot nematode in shaanxi . shaanxi agricultural science , no . 2 : 29 ; 2 ref .\nnasira k , shaheen n , shahina f , 2011 . root - knot nematode meloidogyne incognita wartellei on pomegranate in swat , kpk , pakistan . pakistan journal of nematology , 29 ( 1 ) : 117 - 118 .\nsalam ma , 1991 . weed hosts of root knot nematodes in little andaman island . current nematology , 2 ( 1 ) : 83 - 84 .\nroot knot nematodes , mainly m . incognita and m . javanica , are always pests of economic importance in tobacco culture , wherever the climate favours them (\nbhardwaj ln , hogger ch , 1984 . root - knot nematodes of chitwan district of nepal . nematologia mediterranea , 12 ( 1 ) : 155 - 158\nwhitehead ag , 1969 . the distribution of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in tropical africa . nematologica , 15 : 315 - 333 .\nhadisoeganda w , sasser jn . resistance of tomato , bean , southern pea , and garden pea cultivars to root - knot nematodes based on host suitability .\nr . n . perry , m . moens and j . l . starr , eds . root - knot nematodes , 1 . london : cabi .\nr . n . perry , m . moens and j . l . starr , eds . root - knot nematodes , 1 . wallingford , uk .\nmeloidogyne incognita ( root - knot nematode ) ; female . ( reproduced from orton williams kj , 1973 . cih descriptions of plant - parasitic nematodes . set 2 , no . 18 . wallingford , uk : cab international . )\nnematodes are basically aquatic animals and require a water film around soil particles before they can move . also , nematode eggs will not hatch unless there is sufficient moisture in the soil . thus , soil moisture conditions that are optimum for plant growth are also ideal for the development of root - knot nematode .\nit is believed the root knot nematode survives from season to season primarily as eggs in the soil . after the eggs hatch , the second - stage juveniles invade roots , usually at root tips , causing some of the root cells to enlarge where the nematodes feed and develop . the male nematodes eventually leave the roots , but the females remain embedded , laying their eggs into a jellylike mass that extends through the root surface and into the soil .\n\u2264 0 . 01 ) for dry root weight . although the effect of the combined nematode treatment ( mx + mp ) was less than that of\nsivapalan p , 1978 . investigation on root - knot nematodes in sri lanka under international meloidogyne project . kasetsart journal , 12 ( 1 ) : 14 - 24\nalthough california has many different species of root - feeding nematodes , the most damaging ones to gardens are the root knot nematodes , meloidogyne species . root knot nematodes attack a wide range of plants , including many common vegetables , fruit trees , and ornamentals . they are difficult to control , and they can spread easily from garden to garden in soil on tools and boots or on infested plants .\nroot knot nematodes are named for the reason that they feed off of a plant\u2019s root cells from their first stage as a worm or larvae after hatched from an egg . the root knot nematode lives in three stages , growing each time and shedding their outer layer . as nematodes grow they also attach themselves to a host plant\u2019s roots , feeding off of the plant cells and inserting itself deeper within the root as it feeds which creates a root knot or gall . throughout the three stages of shedding and growing within a plants root system , the root knot nematode will live anywhere between 17 to 57 days depending on the climate . the easiest way to eliminate nematodes is to kill them while they are in the egg stage of their life so they have no chance to damage your plants . a simple way to manage a nematode infestation is with a nematicide like multiguard protect that kills nematodes on contact without damaging your plant or the beneficial organisms in the soil . the difference is that multiguard protect is not phytotoxic , leaves no harmful residue in the soil and stimulates the growth of beneficial organisms in the soil .\nfield - if the management practices above are adopted , nematicides should only be needed in the field as a last resort ( e . g . in sandy soils where tomatoes are particularly prone to nematode damage ) . even in situations where root - knot nematode problems are usually severe , the use of good management practices reduces the nematode population pressure and gives nematicides a greater chance of providing effective control .\ntomatoes are very susceptible to root - knot nematodes under queensland conditions . in the past , control measures were normally recommended if one root - knot nematode was found in a 200 ml soil sample taken before planting or a gall was found in the roots of bioassay plants . however , recent research suggests that the economic threshold may be a little higher than previously thought . thus , well managed crops grown in fields with a preplant density of 1 - 10 root - knot nematodes per 200 ml soil may be heavily galled at harvest but will suffer little yield loss from nematodes .\ngeneral identification of root - knot nematode infestation can be conducted by competent nematologists with basic equipment . identification of species within the genus meloidogyne requires the services of specialized taxonomists . in addition to classical taxonomic techniques , biochemical methods are also being developed (\nd ' errico g , crescenzi a , landi s , 2014 . first report of the southern root - knot nematode meloidogyne incognita on the invasive weed araujia sericifera in italy . plant disease , 98 ( 11 ) : 1593 - 1594 . urltoken\nsharma gl , baheti bl , 1992 . loss estimates due to root - knot nematode in peas , okra , tomato and bottle gourd crops in rajasthan , india . current nematology , 3 ( 2 ) : 187 - 188 ; 3 ref .\nsingh sk , conde b , hodda m , 2012 . root - knot nematode ( meloidogyne incognita ) on bitter melon ( momordica charantia ) near darwin , australia . australasian plant disease notes , 7 ( 1 ) : 75 - 78 . urltoken\nmclean md , yevtushenko dp , deschene a , van cauwenberghe or , makhmoudova a , et al . ( 2003 ) overexpression of glutamate decarboxylase in transgenic tobacco plants confers resistance to the northern root - knot nematode . mol breeding 11 : 277\u2013285 .\n1 most varieties susceptible to at least one species of the nematode type listed .\nand is now present in many tomato cultivars . early after infection , a localized necrosis occurs at the nematode feeding site inhibiting further development of the nematode . the\ncount the nematode inoculum and stir on a magnetic stirring plate as described earlier .\nlong way in nematode management . it will provide bright future for identifying new class\nkhan a , shaukat ss . 2001 . management of plant parasitic nematode associated with\nroot - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) are a major problem facing crop production globally including potatoes . during the 2011 / 2012 potato growing season , root - knot nematode infected potato tubers were obtained from different potato growing regions in south africa for identification of meloidogyne spp . using the intergenic region of the ribosomal dna ( igs - rdna ) together with the region between . . . [ show full abstract ]\nroot knot nematodes are tiny , almost microscopic , wormlike creatures that are very common in soil . they have a wide range of host plants , tomatoes one of the most critically affected , and very widespread distribution . root knot nematodes thrive in very moist conditions in the soil . they require a film of water around the soil before they are able to move , and the eggs cannot hatch without sufficient moisture . unfortunately , the same conditions that allow root knot nematodes to prosper are the same that make most plants flourish . root knot nematodes are parasitic creatures that live off the cells of their host plant . they excrete enzymes that cause plant cells to enlarge , creating galls or lumps ranging from 1mm to 10mm in diameter to develop all over the roots . effects of a root knot nematode infestation include stunting , wilting , yellowing , reduction of flowering , fruit set , and fruit development , and sometimes even plant death .\npotting mixes - if peat , sand and other components are obtained from sources free of root - knot nematode and are not contaminated before use , the treatment of potting mixes for nematode control is unnecessary . treatments for damping - off fungi ( e . g . aerated steam at 60\u00b0c for 30 minutes ) will also kill nematodes .\nmeloidogyne incognita ( root - knot nematode ) ; posterior cuticular patterns of females . ( reproduced from orton williams kj , 1973 . cih descriptions of plant - parasitic nematodes . set 2 , no . 18 . wallingford , uk : cab international . )\nbhat ok , kaul v , 1994 . influence of soil temperature on the population behaviour of root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita in a tomato field . annals of plant protection sciences , 2 ( 1 ) : 28 - 29 ; 6 ref .\naccurate diagnosis is crucial to the development of an effective control program . soil samples can be examined for root knot juveniles and other species of nematodes . if root galls are present , the roots and soil may be submitted for analysis . for information on submitting samples to the umass extension diagnostic laboratory for nematode analysis , please see urltoken\none explanation for the suppression in nematode reproduction by one nematode species on another may be attributed to a reduction or alteration of suitable feeding sites on the root . nematode - feeding sites on roots differ between a sedentary endoparasite , such as the root - knot nematode , and a migratory ectoparasite , such as the ring nematode . meloidogyne spp . penetrate at the root tip , establish themselves and feed within the vascular cylinder region for the remainder of their life cycle ( de guiran and ritter , 1979 ) . the ring nematode feeds from individual cortical cells further back on the root for up to eight days and then moves to a new feeding site along the root ( hussey et al . , 1992 ) ; these sites are modified into discrete food cells . apparently , as a result of direct or indirect competition for feeding sites , the more aggressive nematode may influence reproduction of the cohabiting nematode . on soybean and peach , m . incognita suppressed reproduction of pratylenchus brachyurus and m . xenoplax , respectively ( herman et al . , 1988 ; nyczepir et al . , 1993 ) , whereas m . xenoplax suppressed reproduction of m . hapla on grape ( santo and bolander , 1977 ) . our results showed that m . partityla suppressed the reproduction of m . xenoplax in pecan and appears to be the more aggressive nematode specie and competitor in this nematode - nematode host - parasite relationship .\ndig up plants from several areas of the field , taking care to retrieve the fine feeder roots , and look carefully for the presence of galls . the number and size of the galls provides an indication of the degree of root - knot nematode infestation .\nbridge j , otim - nape w , namaganda j , 1991 . the root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita , causing damage to cassava in uganda . afro - asian journal of nematology , 1 ( 1 ) : 116 - 117 ; 7 ref .\nmoura rmde , regina mdgc , silva - lima stda , costa mbda , ribeiro ars , 2010 . first report of root - knot nematode on yam ' s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 ' in brazil . nematologia brasileira , 34 ( 3 ) : 178 - 180 . urltoken\nyoung seedlings are the best developmental stage for root - knot nematode inoculation . however , this needs to be balanced with the formation of an adequate root system providing sufficient numbers of root tips as points of entry for the j2s . maintaining optimal plant growth condition is also critical for the screens . avoid over - watering plants specially those grown in pouches . over - watering the pouches , as indicated by standing water in the bottom of the pouch , can promote fungal growth and diminish root health .\nif you are growing a crop susceptible to root - knot , check a sample of roots and determine the level of galling approximately 12 months before planting tomatoes . eight months before planting , destroy nematode - infested root systems and plough out the crop immediately after harvest . maintain a weed - free fallow until a cover crop is planted . plant a cover crop that is not susceptible to root - knot nematodes , such as winter cereals or forage sorghum . two months before planting , collect soil samples and either do a bioassay or test the soil for nematodes . if the results of nematode analyses or bioassays , or the previous occurrence of nematode problems , suggest that nematodes are likely to cause damage , either plant a nematode - resistant variety or apply a preplant nematicide .\nseedbeds - in crops established from seedlings , transplants must be free of root - knot nematodes . before planting , fumigate all seedbeds with a registered chemical according to label directions .\ndabaj kh , jenser g , 1987 . list of plants infected by root - knot nematodes in libya . international nematology network newsletter , 4 ( 3 ) : 28 - 33\nogunfowora ao , 1982 . root - knot nematodes on cowpea and some selected vegetable crops . proceedings of the 3rd research planning conference on root - knot nematodes , meloidogyne spp . , regions iv and v , 16 - 20 november 1981 , ibadan , nigeria . ( international meloidogyne project ) . international institute of tropical agriculture ibadania niger , 72 - 84\npinochet j , 1977 . occurrence and spatial distribution of root - knot nematodes on bananas and plantains in honduras . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 6 ) : 518 - 520\nzijlstra cm , uenk bj , van silfhout ch . a reliable , precise method to differentiate species of root - knot nematodes in mixtures on the basis of its - rflps .\nmoody , e . h . , lownsbery , b . f . and ahmed , j . m . ( 1973 ) \u2014 culture of the root - lesion nematode\nraveendran v , nadakal am , 1975 . an additional list of plants infected by the root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita ( kofoid & white , 1919 ) chitwood , 1949 in kerala . indian journal of nematology , 5 ( 1 ) : 126 - 127\nthe use of trays and growth pouches enables screening of hundreds to thousands of plants in a small growth space . growth pouches also allow fast and efficient non - destructive evaluation of root - knot nematode infections with no need for washing roots ( figure 4 ) .\nroot - knot nematodes , ( meloidogyne spp . ) are main pathogens of tomato in india . a survey was undertaken to find out the effect of physico - chemical properties of soil on the incidence and infestation of two root - knot nematode species namely meloidogyne javanica and meloidogyne incognita on tomato growing fields in aligarh . maximum disease frequency ( 87 . 5 % ) was found in shah jamal and mahraval . . . [ show full abstract ]\nnwauzor ec , fawole b , 1982 . root - knot nematodes on yams in eastern nigeria . proceedings of the 3rd research planning conference on root - knot nematodes , meloidogyne spp . , regions iv and v , 16 - 20 november 1981 , ibadan , nigeria . ( international meloidogyne project ) . international institute of tropical agriculture ibadania niger , 161 - 167\nnematodes\u2013especially root - knot nematodes\u2013cause major losses in vegetable crops in commercial farms , greenhouses , and home gardens in north carolina . root - knot nematodes are microscopic roundworms that can pierce the roots of certain plant species and lay their eggs inside the roots . this gives the roots a \u201cknotty\u201d appearance ( figure 1 and figure 2 ) and results in a wilted or stunted appearance of the whole plant . meloidogyne incognito , the southern root - knot nematode , is most common in north carolina , but other species have been found recently . these pests occur in about two - thirds of the fields used for crops in the state .\nraymundo sa , 1985 . cropping systems research and root - knot nematode control . in : sasser jn , carter cc , eds . an advanced treatise on meloidogyne . vol . i . biology and control . raleigh , north carolina state graphics , 277 - 281 .\nsharon e , spiegel y :\nglycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica .\njournal of nematology , vol . 25 , no . 4 , 1993 , pp . 585 - 9 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\njammes f , lecomte p , de almeida - engler j , bitton f , martin - magniette ml , et al . ( 2005 ) genome - wide expression profiling of the host response to root - knot nematode infection in arabidopsis . plant j 44 : 447\u2013458 .\nadesiyan so , odihirin ra , 1978 . root knot nematodes as pests of yams ( dioscorea spp . ) in southern nigeria . nematologica , 24 ( 1 ) : 132 - 134\nanamika , sobita simon , 2010 . new report on occurrence of root - knot disease in beta vulgaris . current nematology , 21 ( 1 / 2 ) : 71 - 73 .\nfademi oa , 1984 . influence of rate and time of carbofuran application to control root - knot nematodes in upland rice . international rice research newsletter , 9 : 22 - 23 .\nmartinez de ilarduya o , moore ae , kaloshian i . the tomato rme1 locus is required for mi - 1 - mediated resistance to root - knot nematodes and the potato aphid .\nnematodes are roundworms that occupy a vast array of ecological niches and have many different lifestyles . of the more than 25 , 000 species of nematodes on earth , only a handful are known to feed on plants in the northeastern us . the species of greatest concern to vegetable growers in the region is the northern root knot nematode ( nrkn ) , meloidogyne hapla . unlike the southern root knot nematode ( m . incognita ) and a few other species found primarily in the southern us , nrkn is capable of surviving the freezing temperatures of northern winters .\n) . soyabean ( glycine max ) is another legume severely damaged by root knot nematodes and in brazil yield can be reduced by over 55 % in the presence of m . incognita (\nrodriguez - kabana , r . and king , p . s . ( 1980 ) \u2014 use of mixtures of urea and blackstrap molasses for control of root - knot nematodes in soil .\nvovlas n , sim\u00f5es njo , sasanelli n , santos mcvdos , abrantes imde o , 2004 . host - parasite relationships in tobacco plants infected with a root - knot nematode ( meloidogyne incognita ) population from the azores . phytoparasitica , 32 ( 2 ) : 167 - 173 . urltoken\ncitation : baldacci - cresp f , chang c , maucourt m , deborde c , hopkins j , lecomte p , et al . ( 2012 ) ( homo ) glutathione deficiency impairs root - knot nematode development in medicago truncatula . plos pathog 8 ( 1 ) : e1002471 . urltoken\n- alone = 24 , 302 eggs / gram dry root vs . mx + mp = 11 , 911 eggs / gram dry root ; data not presented in table ) .\nkhan mw , dabaj kh , 1980 . some preliminary observations on root - knot nematodes of vegetable crops in tripoli region of libyan jamahiriya . libyan journal of agriculture , 9 : 127 - 136\nreddy ddr , 1975 . pathogenicity and control of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) infecting chick pea . mysore journal of agricultural sciences , 9 ( 3 ) : 434 - 439\ngalls and egg masses of root - knot nematodes on fibrous roots ( left ) . galls on sweetpotato roots are often much smaller and difficult to see ( w . martin , aps ) .\nbhattarai kk , xie qg , mantelin s , bishnoi u , girke t , navarre da , kaloshian i . tomato susceptibility to root - knot nematodes requires an intact jasmonic acid signaling pathway .\nalthough many spring - planted vegetables such as beets , carrot , english pea , lettuce , potato , radish , and others are susceptible to root - knot nematode , they can be grown in infested soil and suffer only minor damage because nematodes are inactive at low soil temperatures ( 60\u00b0f ) . however , these same vegetables can suffer extensive damage when planted in the late spring , summer , or fall when soil temperatures are more suitable for nematode activity ( 70\u201385\u00b0f ) . other common garden vegetables grown during mid - to late summer , such as tomato , pepper , cucumber , squash , eggplant , and okra also are highly susceptible to root - knot nematode .\nthe presence of developing nematodes in the root stimulates the surrounding tissues to enlarge and produce the galls typical of infection by this nematode . mature female nematodes then lay hundreds of eggs on the root surface , which hatch in warm , moist soil to continue the life cycle .\nali ss , 1986 . root - knot nematode problem in cardamom and its management . proceedings of the second group discussions on the nematological problems of plantation crops , april 24 - 25 , 1986 . central coffee research station , balehonnur , karnataka , india , pp . 10 - 12 .\nthe primary damage to yams ( dioscorea species ) by m . incognita is in the reduction in quality and marketability of the tubers due to the extensive surface galling caused by the root knot nematodes (\nchen cm , chen p , yao g , 1991 . study on root - knot nematodes on tobacco and their control . sichuan plant protection , no . 1 / 2 , 75 - 78 .\nlehman ps , cochran cr , 1991 . how to use vegetable cultivars to control root - knot nematodes in home gardens . nematology circular no . 189 . florida department of agriculture and consumer services .\nsirca s , urek g , karssen g , 2003 . occurrence of the root - knot nematodes meloidogyne incognita and m . hapla in slovenia . plant disease , 87 ( 9 ) : 1150 .\nroot tissue response of two related soybean cultivars to infection by lectin - treated meloidogyne spp .\nthe formation of these galls damages the water - and nutrient - conducting abilities of the roots . galls can crack or split open , especially on the roots of vegetable plants , allowing the entry of soil - borne , disease - causing microorganisms . root knot nematode galls are true swellings and can\u2019t be rubbed off the roots as can the beneficial , nitrogen - fixing nodules on the roots of legumes . root knot nematodes can feed on the roots of grasses and certain legumes without causing galling .\nthree to four days before nematode inoculation , extract root - knot nematode eggs from infected tomato roots . before starting egg extraction , wash the work area thoroughly with hot water to avoid contamination . also wash in hot water a blender , two buckets , a wire mesh support , a rubber mallet , three sieves of 425 , 90 and 25 \u03bcm aperture , a graduated cylinder and scissors .\nseveral vegetable varieties are resistant to root - knot nematodes and will produce a good crop even in the presence of nematodes . the effectiveness is increased when combined with crop rotation . by alternating root - knot resistant and susceptible vegetables within a given portion of the garden from one year to the next , the overall nematode problem can be reduced by preventing a build - up of high populations . this practice will reduce the risk of serious damage to the susceptible vegetables . table 1 lists vegetable varieties having resistance to the most widespread and prevalent root - knot nematode . many of these varieties , especially the tomatoes , can be purchased at local lawn and garden centers or can be purchased through online retailers . others are more difficult to obtain and may have to be ordered directly from the producer .\nfigure 2 . healthy onion bulb ( right ) and bulb infested by stem and bulb nematode .\nnematode communities and island biogeography theory : inputs from the caribbean islands and indian ocean islands . .\n\u2022 grow resistant varieties . look for an \u201cn\u201d on the seed packet which indicates nematode resistant .\naddition of organic amendments . chicken manure is very effective reducing nematode egg masses by 56 % .\nfirst reported the development of a transgenic plant conferring nematode resistance by expressing dsrna . by targeting two\ntranscripts from expressed sequence tag ( est ) data for 32 nematode parasites . these efforts identified 31\nchen cm , li hy , lii dy , 1986 . the study on root - knot nematodes of common turmeric ( curcuma domestica valet ) . herald of agricultural sciences , 1 : 16 - 22 .\nbelow ground , the symptoms of root - knot nematodes are quite distinctive . lumps or galls ranging in size from 1 to 10 mm in diameter , develop all over the roots . in severe infestations , heavily galled roots may rot away , leaving a poor root system with a few large galls .\ncrop rotation : rotating onion , carrot , or lettuce with a nonhost crop such as sweet corn and other grain crops , if economically possible , will be effective in controlling the northern root - knot nematode . sudangrass is a nonhost to this nematode and when incorporated as a green manure will further suppress the soil population of this nematode . current crop rotations on organic soils are of limited value as most crops grown , including potatoes , beans , celery , lettuce , onion , and carrot are susceptible .\nnematodes are too small to see without a microscope . often you become aware of a nematode problem by finding galled roots on a previous crop . however , you also can use a simple bioassay to detect root knot nematodes in garden soil . melons seeded in pots in moist soil collected from the garden will develop visible galls on the roots in about 3 weeks when pots are kept at about 80\u00baf if root knot nematodes are present . as a comparison , melons planted in heat - sterilized soil won\u2019t develop galls .\nsen k , das gupta mk , 1976 . occurrence of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) on some plants in sriniketan ( west bengal ) . science and culture , 42 : 112 - 115\ngalano , c . d . , r . m . gapasin and j . l . lim . 1996 . efficacy of paecilomyces lilacinus isolates for the control of root - knot nematode ( meloidogyne incognita ( kofoid and white ) chitwood ) in sweet potato . annals of tropical research 18 : 4 - 12 .\n3 nematode interactions unit , rothamsted research , ltd . , harpenden , herts al5 2jq , united kingdom\n\u201ccurrently , no predators are commercially available for augmentative releases for nematode control in vegetable production systems . \u201d\ncrop rotation . non - host crops or resistant crops can be planted when nematode population is high .\nnematodes , nematodes , nematodes ! considering the nematode family constitutes one of the most abundant animal life on this planet , it should come to no surprise that nematode infestations are common . for fighting root knot nematodes with beneficial nematodes , the best time to apply the beneficials would be about 10 - 14 days before transplanting anything into the soil . many of the recommendations for chemical nematode control involve organophosphates or carbamates ( both effect nerve impulse transmission ) and specialized equipment . i would recommend utilizing an integrates pest management approach instead of chemicals . utilizing host plants which do not support nematode life , crop rotation , and choosing nematode resistant varieties are all steps you can take to rid yourself of those buggers once and for all .\n) . in north america , losses to tobacco from root knot nematodes , mainly m . incognita , have been estimated to range from 1 % to 14 % annually in areas where control measures are the norm (\nesfahani mn , ahmadi a , 2010 . field observations on the reaction of medicinal plants to root - knot nematodes in isfahan , iran . international journal of nematology , 20 ( 1 ) : 107 - 112 .\nfreire fdas co , ponte jjda , 1976 . root - knot nematodes , meloidogyne spp . , associated with plant parasitism in the state of bahia ( brazil ) . boletim cearense de agronomia , 17 : 47 - 55\nonly few populations of other nematode species from argentina have been characterized in detail ( doucet , 1989 ; lax and doucet , 2001 ; vovlas et al . , 2007 ) and no studies on root - knot nematodes from this country have been undertaken , which constitutes a disadvantage for agricultural management and for understanding meloidogyne species variability around the world . the goals of this study are : i ) to characterize a population of root - knot nematodes from a production zone in tupungato ( mendoza , argentina ) ; ii ) to contribute to the understanding of the species variability using morphological , morphometric , biochemical , molecular , and reproductive traits as well as host range ; and iii ) to provide data on the identification of root - knot nematodes infecting tomato cultivars from argentina .\nabove - ground symptoms exhibited by sweetpotato plants due to root - knot nematode include poor shoot growth , leaf chlorosis and stunting . galling of rootlets and severe cracking of storage roots on some varieties or formation of small bumps or blisters on other varieties are important below - ground symptoms in sweetpotato . there may also be brown to black spots in the outer layers of flesh which are not evident unless the storage root is peeled .\ndrain the pouches and evaluate the root systems by counting the egg masses under an illuminated desk magnifier .\nwith both assays further evaluation of nematode infection and calculation of the number of eggs / root system and eggs / gram of fresh root can be performed . for the tomato assays , individual roots are weighed and eggs extracted as described for inoculum preparation ( section 3 ) . when processing large number of plant samples , individual root systems could be macerated using a blender for egg extraction . the number of eggs should be counted in at least three aliquots and the eggs / gram of fresh root system calculated . for the pouch assays , the root system is pulled off the paper insert , weighed , and eggs extracted .\ncolombo a , cataldi s , marano g , genna g , 2008 . soil solarization and phenamiphos to control the root - knot nematode meloidogyne incognita in sicily . redia [ ix congress of the italian society of nematology ( sin ) , florence , italy , 22 - 24 november 2007 . ] , 91 : 97 - 102 .\nassess the population level and damage potential based on soil sampling or the history of injury in previous crops . because root knot nematodes feed and multiply on many weed species , weed control is an important aspect of their management .\nshen bk , sun sy , dai ys , 1990 . studies on root - knot nematodes of trees , ornamental plants , and forest weeds . journal of nanjing forestry university , 14 ( 3 ) : 37 - 42 .\ntzortzakakis ea , concei\u00e7\u00e3o ilpmda , santos mcvdos , abrantes imde o , 2011 . root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in greece . hellenic plant protection journal , 4 ( 1 ) : 25 - 30 . urltoken\nmcsorley , r . , dickson , d . w . , de brito , j . a . 1994 . host status of selected tropical rotation crops to four populations of root - knot nematodes . nematropica 24 : 45\u201353 .\ngrowing a crop on which the nematode pest can\u2019t reproduce is a good way to control some nematodes . for example , the sugarbeet cyst nematode attacks only a limited number of crops including cole crops ( broccoli , brussels sprouts , cabbage , and cauliflower ) and related crops and weeds . growing nonsusceptible crops for 3 to 5 years reduces the sugarbeet cyst nematode population to a level where you can grow susceptible crops again . unfortunately , rotation isn\u2019t as easy for controlling root knot nematodes , because so many vegetable crops and weeds are hosts of the pest .\nyou will need to repeat fallowing when you begin to see root injury again , as nematodes can build up to damaging levels even in a single season . a good way to conduct a fallowing program is to split the garden into thirds and fallow one - third every year or two on a rotating basis . if you intend to grow woody plants in a nematode - infested area , consider fallowing the soil for 4 years before planting . table 4 gives an example of a rotation / fallowing plan that would be useful for root knot nematode control .\nunfortunately , not all nematodes are recovered with the extraction methods currently available and this applies particularly to nematodes in the egg stage . when relatively small samples are processed , some nematodes may be missed when population levels are low . the absence of root - knot nematode in these extractions does not necessarily mean that the nematode is not present in the field . in this case , use information about the soil texture , previous cropping history and previous occurrence of nematode damage to decide whether the negative result is accepted or whether the block should be re - sampled .\nmullin ba , abawi gs , pastor - corrales ma , kornegay jl , 1991 . root - knot nematodes associated with beans in colombia and peru and related yield loss . plant disease , 75 ( 12 ) : 1208 - 1211\nponte jjda , 1968 . contributions to the knowledge of the host plants and control of root - knot nematodes , meloidogyne spp . , in the state of ceara . boletim da sociedade cearense de agronomia , 9 : 1 - 26\ncaillaud mc , dubreuil g , quentin m , perfus - barbeoch l , lecomte p , et al . ( 2008 ) root - knot nematodes manipulate plant cell functions during a compatible interaction . j plant physiol 165 : 104\u2013113 .\noften , the most damaging nematodes in the southeastern united states and the tropics are root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) . these nematodes are pests of nearly all major crops and are therefore widespread . damage can be directly observed by examining the roots , because root - knot nematodes produce galls or knot - like swellings along the plant roots ( figure 4 ) . these galls cannot not be easily removed because they are part of the plant root tissue . in contrast , nodules caused by beneficial nitrogen fixing bacteria can be easily removed . another method to distinguish nematode galls from nodules is to slice them in half and expose to air , which will cause nitrogen - fixing nodules to appear pink or red if the bacterial colony is active , or green or brown if the colony is inactive .\nthe cycle of development of nematodes begins with the egg where the development of the first larval phase is completed . after molting , a second age larva with a well - developed stylet leaves the egg . the nematode can infest the plant root system only at this phase . larvae from soil penetrate the root tissue growth area directly in front of the root cap . to penetrate the root , the larvae pierce a cell with the stylet and secrete the enzymes that cause cell wall degradation . these enzymes are produced in the esophageal glands (\nroot - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) have gained importance due to their widespread distribution , their host range and damage potential ( hussey & janssen , 2002 ) . a recent survey on root - knot nematodes in europe by wesemael et al . ( 2011 ) showed that out of the 90 species described so far , 23 have been found in europe . furthermore , this survey showed that three species , namely meloidogyne . . . [ show full abstract ]\npotential role of aqueous extract of some weeds against egg hatching and juvenile mortality of root - . . ."]}
{"id": 723, "summary": [{"text": "dichocoenia stellaris , commonly known as pancake star coral , is a species of stony coral in the family meandrinidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in the west indies and the bahamas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its form is a flat , platform-like structure and it is usually found in deeper water than the closely related pineapple coral ( dichocoenia stokesi ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "some authorities consider these to be the same species while other authorities regard them as distinct . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "dichocoenia stellaris", "paragraphs": ["specimen details : dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1849 specimen : usnm 84894 image type : image view : colony ; dichocoenia sp . ; scale : reference : locality : - enlarge image -\nspecimen details : dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1849 specimen : usnm 84894 image type : image view : calice ; dichocoenia sp . ; scale : reference : locality : - enlarge image -\ndichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . colony with tentacles extended at night . charlie veron .\ndichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . this species commonly forms small spherical colonies . charlie veron .\ne . c . peters ( personal communication ) considers the recent caribbean genus dichocoenia to consist of only one highly polymorphic species ( manuscript in preparation ) . cairns ( 1982 ) and zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) both synonymized d . stellaris with this species .\ntaxonomic note : taxonomic note : colonies from lower reef slopes or shaded habitats have markedly smaller corallites than those from more exposed environments and are usually identified as dichocoenia stellaris ( see wells , 1973b ) . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , wells ( 1973b ) , cairns ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .\nin the western atlantic , this coral was been divided into two species ( d . stokesii and d . stellaris ) , although most researchers lump both corals in d . stokesii . cairns et al . ( 1999 ) regard the two as distinct .\neste estudio , cuarto y \u00faltimo donde se describen los arrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro y su estado de conservaci\u00f3n en forma individual , contempla a 14 arrecifes continentales en 129 km de costa comprendidos entre la pen\u00ednsula valiente y el r\u00edo calov\u00e9bora . se encontr\u00f3 una cobertura de coral vivo promedio para esta regi\u00f3n de 17 . 1 % (\n3 . 6 % ) , principalmente en el sector occidental de la pen\u00ednsula , en particular la zona interna de bah\u00eda bluefield , y en el sector de tobobe . la cobertura de coral aumenta con la profundidad ( 5 m ) en la mayor\u00eda de los arrecifes . dos especies de coral , porites furcata y acropora palmata , dominan las aguas superficiales . el coral acropora palmata se encontr\u00f3 abundante en seis de los 14 arrecifes estudiados concentr\u00e1ndose su mayor presencia hacia el sector de la ensenada tobobe y punta valiente . los patrones de reclutamiento son similares en distribuci\u00f3n a los de mayor cobertura , present\u00e1ndose densidades promedios de 4 reclutas / m\u00b2 ( hasta 9 reclutas / m\u00b2 ) principalmente agaricia spp . , porites astreoides y siderastrea siderea . la mayor diversidad de corales y esponjas se registr\u00f3 hacia el sector occidental de pen\u00ednsula valiente encontrandose 55 especies de corales en el \u00e1rea de estudio , incluyendo dos nuevos registros para bocas del toro ( 59 especies en total ) ; dichocoenia stellaris y madracis luciphila , incrementando tambi\u00e9n la diversidad de corales de panam\u00e1 a 65 especies . se encontraron 24 especies de octocorales , inform\u00e1ndose por primera vez tres especies : gorgonia mariae , muriceopsis sulphurea y muricea laxa , aumentando as\u00ed en un 10 % la diversidad de bocas del toro a 32 especies en total . se registraron cinco nuevas especies de esponjas , lo que representa un incremento del 9 % en el n\u00famero de especies que hacen un total de 58 para bocas del toro . la diversidad total de esponjas en el \u00e1rea de estudio fue de 48 especies . se encontraron grandes poblaciones de acropora palmata en la ensenada de tobobe lo que justifica , una vez m\u00e1s , la necesidad de modificar el \u00e1rea protegida actual de forma que se incorpore dentro de los planes de conservaci\u00f3n este nuevo sector .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as data deficient as there is no reliable information on population status , and there are taxonomic uncertainties on the validity of the species . if this species is shown to be valid , and to be affected by white plague at levels similar to that observed in d . stokesii , this species may qualify for listing in a threatened category due to its low abundance .\nthis species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida ( including the florida middle grounds ) , and the bahamas .\nthis species is usually uncommon . this is a deep - water species , often classified as the more abundant and closely related\n, and there is no reliable information on its current population status . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . )\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nthis species is found in fore reef habitats below 15 m . coexists with d . stokesii in deeper water . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . ) this species may be found to 22 m .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmilne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . m\u00e9moire 4 . monographie des astr\u00e9ides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\nmilne edwards & haime , 1848 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 289806 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nzlatarski v . n . ; martinez e . n . ( 1982 ) . les scl\u00e9ractiniaires de cuba avec des donn\u00e9es sur les organismes associ\u00e9s . editions l\u2019acad\u00e9mie bulgare des sciences , sofia . 472 pp . [ details ]\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\ncolonies form rounded heads , domes or flattened plates . rounded colonies may reach 40 cm in diameter . the\nhumann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nroos , p . j . , 1964 . the distribution of reef corals in curacao . stud . fauna curacao , 20 : 1 - 51 .\nroos , p . j . , 1971 . the shallow - water stony corals of the netherlands antilles . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 130 .\nvoss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\nlate pliocene moin fm ( santarosa ) . pueblo nuevo , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . late pliocene - early pleistocene manchioneal formation . navy island , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . moin fm ( lomas del mar ) . & nbsplomas ; del mar , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . & nbspportete ; , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . early pleistocene manchioneal formation . & nbspnavy ; island , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . & nbspport ; antonio , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . middle pleistocene middle terrace . hato , curacao , south caribbean . middle pleistocene - late pleistocene san andres formation . san andres , san andres , central caribbean . late pleistocene lower terrace . hato , curacao , south caribbean . recent recent 10 - 20m . discovery bay , jamaica , central caribbean . > 30m . discovery bay , jamaica , central caribbean .\ncolonies are massive , often spherical , or may form thick submassive plates . corallites are evenly spaced , plocoid or ploco - meandroid . septo - costae are usually in two neatly alternating orders .\ncolour : a distinctive orange - brown with white septo - costae , rarely green .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\narrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro , panam\u00e1 : iv . distribuci\u00f3n , estructura y estado de conservaci\u00f3n de los arrecifes continentales de pen\u00ednsula valiente\ngeo - spatial location , chronological period , research sample ( gender , age , etc . )\nthe following 6 pages are in this category , out of 6 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncairns , s . d . , d . r . calder , a . brinckmann - voss , c . b . castro , d . g . fautin , p . r . pugh , c . e . mills , w . c . jaap , m . n . arai , s . h . d . haddock , and d . m . opresko . 2002 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 28 , bethesda , maryland . 115 pp .\nwidespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , occurs on most classes of marine hardbottom communities , and has recently been classfied as common in much of its range , with more than 50 localities having been recorded . but it has been designated as vulnerable by the iucn in part because of recent declines . more information is needed .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nwidespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .\nthere are records for more than 50 localities between urltoken and the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission invertebrate collection and this species has a relatively large range .\ncommon on low - relief hardbottom communities , patch reefs , fringing reefs , spur and groove reefs , transitional reefs and deeper intermediate reefs .\nall coral reefs are being adversely affected by bleaching from rising ocean temperatures and water temperatures in 2005 were the warmest they ' d been in 150 years ( eakin et al . 2010 ) . coral disease , bleaching , sedimentation , and habitat loss are threats to this species and ocean acidification and climate change may be ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .\na 2008 iucn assessment estimated an approximate 38 % loss in the short term over its entire range ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .\n( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\na79bak02fcus : low reported recruitment rates . little information on reproductive ecology in resources consulted .\np91pet01fcus : protozoan parasites , diseases of unknown etiology . a90ghi01fcus : susceptible to bleaching ( loss of zooxanthellae ) due to adverse environmental conditions . a81ant02fcus : seldom inflicted with black band disease , never reported with white band disease . a15vau01fcus : growth rate measured at 2 - 7 mm / yr increase in diameter and 2 - 5 . 2 mm / yr increase in height . p93pet01fcus : slow growth rate at 1 - 2 mm / yr .\noverall depth range from 2 - 40 + m , but typically occurs from 3 - 20 m on most classes of marine hardbottom communities .\ndata needed on reproduction and recruitment patterns . information needed on susceptibility to sedimentation and eutrophication .\nfour components to a stony coral element occurrence : 1 . ) determine size and boundary of site to be surveyed , 2 . ) determine density of colonies via quadrats , 3 . ) determine size distribution of colonies with a note on maximum colony size , and 4 . ) provide habitat description .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nalmy , c . c . , jr . and carrion - torres , c . 1963 . shallow - water stony corals of puerto rico . caribbean journal of science 3 : 133 - 162 .\naronson , r . , a . bruckner , j . moore , b . precht , and e . weil . 2008 . [ various coral species treatments ] in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken .\nbak , r . p . m . 1975 . ecological aspects of the distribution of reef corals in the netherlands antilles . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 45 : 181 - 190 .\nbak , r . p . m . and elgershuizen , j . h . b . w . 1976 . patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . marine biology 37 : 105 - 113 .\nbak , r . p . m . , brouns , j . j . w . m . and heys , f . m . l . 1977 . regeneration aspects of spatial competition in the scleractinian corals agaricia agaricites and montastrea annularis . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 143 - 148 .\ncairns , s . d . 1982 . stony corals of carrie bow cay , belize . smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences 12 : 271 - 302 .\ncairns , s . d . , calder , d . r . , brinckman - voss , a . , castro , c . b . , pugh , p . r . , cutress , c . e . , jaap , w . c . , fautin , d . g . , larson , r . j . , harbison , g . r . , arai , m . n . and opresko , d . m . 1991 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . american fisheries society special publication 22 , bethesda , maryland . 75 pp .\ncolin , p . l . 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . thf publications , hong kong . 512 pp .\ndahlgren , e . j . 1989 . gorgonian community structure and reef zonation patterns on yucatan coral reefs . bull . mar . sci . 45 ( 3 ) : 678 - 696\ndodge , r . e . , logan , a . and antonius , a . 1982 . quantitative reef assessment studies in bermuda : a comparison of methods and preliminary results . bulletin of marine science 32 ( 3 ) : 745 - 760 .\ndryer , s . and logan , a . 1978 . holocene reefs and sediments of castle harbor , bermuda . journal of marine research 36 ( 3 ) : 399 - 425 .\ndunne , r . p . and brown , b . e . 1979 . some aspects of the ecology of reefs surrounding anegada , british virgin islands . atoll research bulletin 236 : 1 - 83 .\ndustan , p . 1985 . community structure of reef - building corals in the florida keys : carysfort reef , key largo and long key reef , dry tortugas . atoll research bulletin 288 : 1 - 27 .\ndustan , p . and halas , j . c . 1987 . changes in the reef - coral community of carysfort reef , key largo , florida : 1974 to 1982 . coral reefs 6 : 91 - 106 .\neakin c . m . , l . alvarez - filip , b . baca , e . bartels , c . bastidas , c . bouchon , m . brandt , a . w . bruckner , l . bunkley - williams , a . cameron , b . d . causey , m . chiappone , t . r . l . christensen , m . j . c . crabbe , o . day , g . d\u00edaz - pulido , d . diresta , c . m . eakin , d . l . gil - agudelo , d . s . gilliam , r . n . ginsburg , s . gore , e . d . l . guardia , h . m . guzm\u00e1n , j . c . hendee , e . a . hern\u00e1ndez - delgado , s . f . heron , e . husain , c . f . g . jeffrey , r . j . jones , e . jord\u00e1n - dahlgren , l . s . kaufman , d . i . kline , p . a . kramer , j . c . lang , d . lirman , g . liu , j . mallela , c . manfrino , j . mar\u00e9chal , k . marks , j . mihaly , w . j . miller , j . a . morgan , e . m . mueller , e . m . muller , h . a . oxenford , d . ponce - taylor , n . quinn , a . r . ram\u00edrez , k . b . ritchie , k . w . roberson , s . rodr\u00edguez , s . romano , j . f . samhouri , j . a . s\u00e1nchez , g . p . schmahl , b . v . shank , w . j . skirving , t . b . smith , s . c . c . steiner , c . a . o . toro , e . villamizar , s . m . walsh , c . walter , e . weil , e . h . williams , and y . yusuf . 2010 . caribbean corals in crisis : record thermal stress , bleaching , and mortality in 2005 . plos one 5 ( 11 ) : e13969 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0\nedmunds , p . j . , roberts , d . a . and singer , r . 1990 . reefs of the northeastern caribbean i . scleractinian populations . bulletin of marine science 46 ( 3 ) : 780 - 789 .\nfarrell , t . m . , d ' elia , c . f . , lubbers , l . and pastor , l . j . 1983 . hermatypic coral diversity and reef zonation at cayos arcas , campeche , gulf of mexico . atoll research bulletin 270 : 1 - 7 .\nflorida museum of natural history . undated c . invertebrate zoology master database . online . available : urltoken\nghiold , j . and smith , s . h . 1990 . bleaching and recovery of deep - water , reef - dwelling invertebrates in the cayman islands , b . w . i . caribbean journal of science 26 ( 1 - 2 ) : 52 - 61 .\ngoldberg , w . m . 1973a . the ecology of the coral - octocoral communities off the southeast florida coast : geomorphology , species composition and zonation . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 3 ) : 465 - 487 .\ngoodwin , m . h . , cole , m . j . , stewart , w . e . and zimmermann , b . l . 1976 . species density and associations in caribbean reef corals . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 24 : 19 - 31 .\ngoreau , t . f . 1959 . the ecology of jamaican coral reefs . i . species composition and zonation . ecology 40 : 67 - 90 .\ngoreau , t . f . and wells , j . w . 1967 . the shallow - water scleractinia of jamaica : revised list of species and their vertical distribution range . bulletin of marine science 17 ( 2 ) : 442 - 453 .\nhopkins , t . s . , blizzard , d . r . , brawley , s . a . , earle , s . a . , grimm , d . e . , gilbert , d . k . , johnson , p . g . , livingston , e . h . , lutz , c . h . , shaw , j . k . and shaw , b . b . 1977 . a preliminary characterization of the biotic components of composite strip transects on the florida middle grounds , northeastern gulf of mexico . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 31 - 37 .\nhumann , p . and n . deloach . 2013 . reef coral identification : florida , carribean , bahamas . new world publications inc . jacksonville , florida . 270 pp .\njaap , w . c . 1984 . the ecology of the south florida coral reefs : a community profile . u . s . fish and wildlife service , office of biological services , washington , d . c . fws / obs - 82 / 08 . 138 pp .\njaap , w . c . , halas , j . c . and muller , r . g . 1988 . community dynamics of stony corals ( scleractinia and milleporina ) at key largo national marine sanctuary , key largo , florida during 1981 - 1986 . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 2 : 237 - 243 .\njaap , w . c . , w . g . lyons , p . dustan and j . c . halas . 1989 . stony coral ( scleractinia and milleporina ) community structure at bird key reef , ft . jefferson national monument , dry tortugas , florida . florida marine research publications 46 : 1 - 31\nkuhlmann , d . 1974 . the coral reefs of cuba . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 69 - 83 .\nlogan , a . 1984 . interspecific aggression in hermatypic corals from bermuda . coral reefs 3 : 131 - 138 .\nroberts , h . h . 1972 . coral reefs of st . lucia , west indies . caribbean journal of science 12 ( 3 - 4 ) : 179 - 190 .\nrogers , c . s . , h . c . fitz , iii , m . gilnack , j . beets , and j . hardin . 1984 . scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at salt river submarine canyon , st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . coral reefs 3 : 69 - 76 .\nrogers , c . s . , m . gilnack , and h . c . fitz , iii . 1983 . monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects : a study of storm damage . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 66 : 285 - 300 .\nscatterday , j . w . 1974 . reefs and associated coral assemblages off bonaire , netherlands antilles , and their bearing on pleistocene and recent reef models . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 85 - 106 .\nscoffin , t . p . and garrett , p . 1974 . processes in the formation and preservation of internal structure in bermuda patch reefs . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 429 - 448 .\nsmith , f . g . w . 1971 . atlantic reef corals . university of miami press , coral gables , florida . 164 pp .\nsterrer , w . 1986 . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms . john wiley and sons , new york . 742 pp .\ntomascik , t . and sander , f . 1987a . effects of eutrophication on reef - building corals . ii . structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs , barbados , west indies . marine biology 94 : 53 - 75 .\ntunnell , j . w . , jr . 1988 . regional comparison of southwestern gulf of mexico to caribbean sea coral reefs . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 3 : 303 - 308 .\nvaughan , t . w . 1915 . the geologic significance of the growth - rate of the floridian and bahamian shoal - water corals . journal of the washington academy of sciences 5 : 591 - 600 .\nwells , j . w . 1973a . new and old scleractinian corals from jamaica . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 1 ) : 16 - 58 .\nwheaton , j . l . , and w . c . jaap . 1988 . corals and other prominent benthic cnidaria of looe key national marine sanctuary . florida marine research publications 43 , 25 pp .\nwhite , m . h . and porter , j . w . 1985 . the establishment and monitoring of two permanent photograph transects in looe key and key largo national marine sanctuaries ( florida keys ) . proceedings of the 5th international coral reef congress 6 : 531 - 537 .\nzlatarski , v . n . and estalella , n . m . 1982 . les scleractiniaires de cuba avec des donnees sur les organismes associes . academic bulgare des sciences , sofia , bulgaria . 472 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n] [ fr doc no : 2013 - 13194 ] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - department of commerce national oceanic and atmospheric administration 50 cfr part 622 [ docket no . 120718255 - 3500 - 02 ] rin 0648 - bc38 amendment 4 to the corals and reef associated plants and invertebrates fishery management plan of puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ; seagrass management agency : national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) , national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) , commerce . action : final rule . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - summary : nmfs issues this final rule to implement amendment 4 to the corals and reef associated plants and invertebrates fishery management plan ( fmp ) of puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ( usvi ) ( coral fmp ) , as prepared and submitted by the caribbean fishery management council ( council ) . this final rule removes seagrass species from the coral fmp . the purpose of this rule and amendment 4 to the coral fmp is to address the future management of seagrasses in the u . s . caribbean exclusive economic zone ( eez ) in accordance with the magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act ( magnuson - stevens act ) . dates : this rule is effective july 5 , 2013 . addresses : electronic copies of amendment 4 to the coral fmp , which include an environmental assessment , a regulatory flexibility act analysis , a regulatory impact review , and a fishery impact statement , may be obtained from the southeast regional office web site at :\n9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 8 . marine neritic - coral reef - > 9 . 8 . 1 . outer reef channel suitability : marginal 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 8 . marine neritic - coral reef - > 9 . 8 . 3 . foreslope ( outer reef slope ) suitability : suitable\n1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 3 . species management - > 3 . 2 . species recovery 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 1 . captive breeding / artificial propagation 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 2 . genome resource bank\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 2 . commercial & industrial areas\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas\n11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 3 . temperature extremes\n11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 4 . storms & flooding\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 6 . motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 1 . unspecified species\n2 . species stresses - > 2 . 3 . indirect species effects - > 2 . 3 . 2 . competition\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 2 . problematic native species / diseases - > 8 . 2 . 1 . unspecified species\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 4 . problematic species / disease of unknown origin - > 8 . 4 . 2 . named species\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 1 . domestic & urban waste water - > 9 . 1 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 2 . industrial & military effluents - > 9 . 2 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 2 . soil erosion , sedimentation\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 4 . type unknown / unrecorded\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 5 . air - borne pollutants - > 9 . 5 . 3 . ozone\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends\naeby , g . s . , work , t . , coles , s . , and lewis , t . 2006 . coral disease across the hawaiian archipelago . eos , transactions , american geophysical union 87 ( 36 ) : suppl .\naronson , r . b . and precht , w . f . 2001b . white - band disease and the changing face of caribbean coral reefs . hydrobiologia 460 : 25 - 38 .\nbruno , j . f . , selig , e . r . , casey , k . s . , page , c . a . , willis , b . l . , harvell , c . d . , sweatman , h . , and melendy , a . m . 2007 . thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks . plos biology 5 ( 6 ) : e124 .\ncolgan , m . w . 1987 . coral reef recovery on guam ( micronesia ) after catastrophic predation by acanthaster planci . ecology 68 ( 6 ) : 1592 - 1605 .\ngreen , e . p . and bruckner , a . w . 2000 . the significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation . biological conservation 96 : 347 - 361 .\njacobson , d . m . 2006 . fine scale temporal and spatial dynamics of a marshall islands coral disease outbreak : evidence for temperature forcing . eos , transactions , american geophysical union 87 ( 36 ) : suppl .\npatterson , k . l . , porter , j . w . , ritchie , k . b . , polson , s . w . , mueller e . , peters , e . c . , santavy , d . l . , smith , g . w . 2002 . the etiology of white pox , a lethal disease of the caribbean elkhorn coral , acropora palmata . proc natl acad sci 99 : 8725 - 8730 .\nporter , j . w . , dustan , p . , jaap , w . c . , patterson , k . l . , kosmynin , v . , meier , o . w . , patterson , m . e . , and parsons , m . 2001 . patterns of spread of coral disease in the florida keys . hydrobiologia 460 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 24 .\nsutherland , k . p . , porter , j . w . , and torres , c . 2004 . disease and immunity in caribbean and indo - pacific zooxanthellate corals . marine ecology progress series 266 : 273 - 302 .\nveron , j . e . n . 2000 . corals of the world , volume 2 . australian institute of marine science , townsville mc , australia .\nwallace , c . c . 1999 . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora . csiro , collingwood .\nweil , e . 2003 . the corals and coral reefs of venezuela . in : jorge cortes ( ed . ) , latin american coral reefs , elseview science b . v .\nweil , e . 2004 . coral reef diseases in the wider caribbean . in : e . rosenberg and y . loya ( eds ) , coral health and diseases , pp . 35 - 68 . springer verlag , ny .\nweil , e . 2006 . coral , ocotocoral and sponge diversity in the reefs of the jaragua national park , dominican republic . rev . bio . trop . 54 ( 2 ) : 423 - 443 .\nwilkinson , c . 2004 . status of coral reefs of the world : 2004 . australian institute of marine science , townsville , queensland , australia .\nwillis , b . , page , c and dinsdale , e . 2004 . coral disease on the great barrier reef . in : e . rosenber and y . loya ( eds ) , coral health and disease , pp . 69 - 104 . springer - verlag berlin heidelberg .\n5 - year efh review 5 - year essential fish habitat review bob trumble , ph . d m\u00e3\u00b3nica valle , ph . d . monica . valle @ urltoken cfmc meeting fajardo , puerto rico dec . 14 - 15 , \u2026\n[ pdf ] 5 - year review - united states fish and wildlife 5 - year review . final . pdf5 - year review - united states fish and wildlife service\nguide to essential fish habitat consultation david o\u2019brien noaa fisheries service habitat conservation division gloucester point , va .\nfish habitat : essential fish habitat and rehabilitation l . benaka ( ed . ) 1999 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md , usa . price us * $ 50 . 00 , isbn 1 - 888569 - 12 - 3 , 480 pp .\ngroundfish essential fish habitat ( efh ) gis mapping van hare pacific states marine fisheries commission .\nentender os fatores e intera\u00e7\u00f5es que afetam a estrutura de comunidade em um ambiente recifal \u00e9 importante para a compreens\u00e3o e elabora\u00e7\u00e3o de propostas de manejo que visem a resili\u00eancia e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de popula\u00e7\u00f5es inst\u00e1veis no ambiente . algumas estrat\u00e9gias de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o destes ecossistemas s\u00e3o as cria\u00e7\u00f5es de \u00e1reas protegidas marinhas que v\u00eam se tornando locais de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de v\u00e1rias esp\u00e9cies restritas nestes ambientes . o trabalho procurou avaliar o efeito do fechamento da \u00e1rea recifal de tamandar\u00e9 , litoral sul pernambucano ap\u00f3s 14 anos de exclus\u00e3o da pesca , na estrutura de comunidades bent\u00f4nicas , especialmente em popula\u00e7\u00f5es de ouri\u00e7os echinometra lucunter , abund\u00e2ncia de corais e cobertura algal viva . foram comparados dois recifes , dentro e fora da \u00e1rea fechada atrav\u00e9s de t\u00e9cnicas de censo visual subaqu\u00e1tico com mergulhos livres , utilizando o m\u00e9todo conjugado de linha de transects e quadrats no topo recifal durante tr\u00eas per\u00edodos do ano ( ver\u00e3o 2011 ; outono 2012 ; ver\u00e3o 2012 ) empregados para avaliar a estimativa da densidade populacional de ouri\u00e7os e corais ; e a t\u00e9cnica de fotoquadrats para a estimativa de cobertura viva dos mesmos . os resultados mostraram densidade m\u00e9dia de ouri\u00e7os e . lucunter sete vezes maior no recife aberto \u00e0 pesca ( pirambu ) em compara\u00e7\u00e3o ao recife fechado ( ilha da barra ) indicando que o efeito da pesca intensiva de seus predadores e a falta de organismos competidores por espa\u00e7o e disponibilidade de alimento na \u00e1rea impactada , afeta diretamente a sua abundancia e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o , modificando a composi\u00e7\u00e3o de outros organismos , complexidade topogr\u00e1fica e os processos ecol\u00f3gicos do local . col\u00f4nias do hidrocoral do g\u00eanero millepora sp . apresentaram maior densidade populacional na \u00e1rea fechada , onde foram treze vezes mais abundantes neste recife em compara\u00e7\u00e3o ao recife adjacente . para os corais escleractinios , as esp\u00e9cies agaricia humilis e favia gravida apresentaram maior densidade no recife do pirambu , enquanto que siderastrea stellata apresentou maior abundancia na ilha da barra . apesar das diferen\u00e7as encontradas entre as esp\u00e9cies , a cobertura geral viva geral destes organismos foi tr\u00eas vezes maior no recife fechado \u00e0 pesca , indicando um ambiente mais prop\u00edcio para o crescimento destes corais neste recife . a cobertura algal viva apresentou diferen\u00e7as significativas entre as duas \u00e1reas , onde foram mais abundantes na ilha da barra , cobrindo cerca de 80 % do topo recifal , com exce\u00e7\u00e3o das algas calcarias incrustantes que apresentaram maior abund\u00e2ncia no recife do pirambu . os resultados mostraram que a exclus\u00e3o do uso de pesca no recife da ilha da barra , na \u00e1rea fechada de tamandar\u00e9 , vem mostrando capacidade de resili\u00eancia do ecossistema recifal , importante para a reestrutura\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do ecossistema marinho ."]}
{"id": 728, "summary": [{"text": "telmatochromis vittatus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika usually at depths of from 5 to 10 metres ( 16 to 33 ft ) but occasionally down to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 8.6 centimetres ( 3.4 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "telmatochromis vittatus", "paragraphs": ["abstract telmatochromis vittatus ( cichlidae ) is a tanganyikan substrate brooder which spawns in the gastropod - shell nests of a cichlid , lamprologus callipterus . we describe male reproductive tactics of t . vittatus in and around the shell nests , where males of\nok i ' m not an expert . . . . but my fish look like telmatochromis vittatus ( kambwimba ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login or telmatochromis vittatus ( namansi ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login clints fish is also called telmatochromis vittatus and looks like visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login which looks alot like telmatochromis brichardi ( chituta ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login or telmatochromis brichardi ( ulwile ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login the only difference between clint ' s type and the brichardi is size . . . . 31 / 2 inches verses 2 inches for brichardi i wonder if the difference in size is just a confusion between different types of males as per my previous post ? ? ? any comments ? ? isn ' t telmatochromis brichardi ( chituta ) a beautiful fish . . . . love to get some of them ! ! !\nsmilie , there is a picture on urltoken that shows a fish very much like your photo above , identifying it as telmatochromis vittatus\nkambwimba\n. follow the link below : http : / / www . urltoken / profiles / species . php ? id = 2274 the standard picture on urltoken for telmatochromis vittatus shows a fish with a solid stripe . it looks from this as though the fish you have seen may indeed be t . vittatus , but from a specific location in the lake . can you provide a reference for the abstract quoted in your previous post ?\nsimilar in lifestyle to julidochromis species , telmatochromis vittatus is ideal for the smaller tanganyikan community and is also a good choice for the beginner . it can be distinguished from the similar t . brichardi and t . bifrenatus primarily by its larger size , smaller eyes and more rounded nose . like other lamprologines , telmatochromis have fang - like , caniform teeth , which they use for scraping microrganisms from rock surfaces . on adult specimens these are clearly visible .\nmar\u00e9chal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . telmatochromis . p . 474 - 478 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5704 )\na lfs has some fish that the say are t . vittatus these fish are still quite small . . . . . and very rare in australia i ' m going to get 6 . . . . . swapping some of my l . ocellatus they seem to be more slender than clint photo ' s the biggest is about an inch long and very thin . . . almost like an eel and the strip on the side is broken with diagonal lines . . . . . not the full line of clint ' s fish i was looking for t . brichardi because i thought they were smaller but there seems to be conflicting information on the web regarding size of both these species . doesn ' t matter i suppose can ' t find t . brichardi but i have found t . vittatus . . . . i think ? ( wouldn ' t be the first time a fish was mislabelled ) a different sort of shellie ! this is what they look similar to visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login\ni have a pair of telmatochromis vittatus as well . they are wild caught , and specific location is utinta bay , tanzania . they are very excellent fish to maintain . i have them for over a year and a half . their bodies color are yellow when they are getting bigger . i really love them very much . they bred more than 12 times after i have had them . i used to have three pairs , but i lost 2 pair when i went back to my country for vacation . they are not fuzzy for the foods . they love to eat everything when i feed them . i put them in 10 gallon tank , 50 liters for breeding and for their private home for more than a year and a half , but i put their fries in 20 gallons and 30 gallons tank for my future collection . i know that this species it is not easy to find wild caught and specific location , so i try to keep their fries for my future collection and for my studying in the future . i have fries more than 80 of them right now from 1\nto 2 1 / 2\n. oh ! they are very hardy even their fries also . their parent allows their fries to live with them until they grow up to 1 1 / 2\nor a little more . oh ! i used to put 4 lamprologus ocellatus ,\nchimba\nfries in their own private tank , and they killed them all . i thought it might be the male killed my little lam . ocellatus fries because male always stays outside of the cave , and female never get out from her own cave ; only when she really want to eat . i had to put lam . ocellatus fries because i had no space for them , so i tried to put them together with their own fries , but the male killed only lam . ocellatus fries . that was surprised me very much because he knew which one wasn ' t his own fries even though at that time , he had almost 30 fries in his own private tank , but he still knew which one wasn ' t his own babies . i will try to take a photo of my telmatochromis vittatus to show in this website if it is possible soon . oh ! the male will grow up to 2 1 / 2\nwith very slender body , but the female is slightly smaller about 2 1 / 4\nwith a fat body . when they are quite mature , it is very easy to distinguish how male and female are different . i will take their photos , and will show their photos over here as soon as i can .\nhas anyone seen lake tanganyika jewel of the rift ? it displays the type of spawning behavior being talked about here with lamprologus callipterus . some males get 6 inches and create large shell nests where as some only get 1 . 5 inches and sneak in spawns with the females . i still would not consider telmatochromis species shell dwellers in the traditional sense . just like caudopunctatus for example or signatus . they are commonly referred to as shell dwellers but they are more of shell spawners or just creatures of opportunity . these fish will breed in the smallest crevice or shell that they can get into safely and feel like they can guard their young efficiently . most shell dwellers not only breed but live and base their lives around their shell and arranging it to their liking . i ' ve have l . attenatus breed exclusively in shells and in no accounts is it a shell dweller . it just depends on the fish and the situation . none the less telmats are nice unique fish that should be more widespread . i have some wild caught varieties available to me if anyone is interested . p . s i also have meeli , meleagrise and occelatus gold available right now in breeding sizes if anyone is looking for them .\ngreek , telma - atos = swamp + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 8 . 5 - 9 . 0 ; dh range : 10 - 20 . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 3\u00b0s - 9\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5704 )\nlives in rather deep water for such small species , specimens having been found as deep as 20 m , although they seem to prefer a range between 5 and 10 m . swims in the open . omnivorous , feeds on microorganisms ( ref . 6770 ) . usually solitary but form temporary pair bonds ; the male defends the territory while the female takes care of her offspring ( ref . 7343 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 3 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : widespread species in rocky shore littoral zone of lake tanganyika where it has no known major widespread threats . localised sedimentation is the greatest threat .\nthe aquarium trade heavily exploits this species . sedimentation of the rocky shore habitat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan open water species usually found at depths of 5 - 20 metres in the vicinity of rocky areas .\n30\u2033 x 12\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 75x12x12cm ) \u2013 70 litres , though larger is preferable .\nshould be housed in a lake tanganyika biotope setup , with piles of rocks arranged to form caves filling much of the aquarium . a sandy substrate is preferable . upturned flower pots make good alternative shelters and spawning caves for this species , as do large snail shells .\nlive and frozen foods should comprise a large proportion of the diet . dried foods can be fed and some vegetable matter such as spirulina or blanched spinach should also be offered .\na territorial but shy species . it can be maintained successfully with other small to medium - sized tanganyikan cichlids that occupy different areas of the tank such as neolamprologus shelldwellers and cyprichromis species . it should be kept as a pair as it is aggressive towards conspecifics . a suitably large aquarium is required if several are to be kept .\nnot a terribly easy species to sex . adult males tend to be slightly larger than females and have a more slender shape .\npossible . bi - parental cave spawner . we suggest the purchase of a group of young fish . allow these to pair off naturally . once a pair forms the other fish should be removed from the aquarium as the pair will remain together for life . the aquarium itself should be at least 30\u2033 in length and set up as suggested above . the ph should be around 8 . 2 - 9 . 0 and the temperature 77 - 80\u00b0f .\nthe pair will spawn very secretively in a cave or shell , with the female laying her eggs on the wall or roof . the courtship ritual is quite vigorous , but if you miss this it is often very difficult to tell if they have spawned until the fry are seen . once spawning has occured the female will remain in the cave , tending to the eggs while the male guards the area around the cave . when the fry become free swimming ( around 2 weeks post spawning ) you may wish to remove them or the parents to a separate aquarium .\nthe fry are large enough to accept brine shrimp nauplii , microworm or powdered dry foods . brood care is short - lived , with the adults losing interest in the fry once they are free swimming .\ni just got these little squirts . im thinking they will be a lot like the bifrenatus i used to keep . we ' ll see .\nhow big ' re they supposed to get ? and how quickly / slowly do they grow ? i understand there ' s debate as to whether they ' re shellies or not , as well ! aggression ? breeding ? experience so far ? they look more like julies then neolamps . . . .\nthey look like chalinochromis more than anything , imo . . . kinda wish i hadn ' t passed up on these guys at that fish place but i have no more shellie room , really . well , sort of . anyway , great shots of a cute fish .\nreally ? they ' re very cute , they look , well , rather like telmatachromis . chalinochromis ( a few genera down the list ) : urltoken oh , and clint - you should send your old photos in to cichlid - forum , their profile page on t . bifrenatus doesn ' t have any pictures .\nl . occelatus\nblue\nn . multifasciatus n . similis l . calliurus\nmagara\nl . brevis\nkavala\nl . brevis\nbulu point\nl . brevis\nzaire\nl . brevis\nkatete\ni ' ve been doing some browsing on this species and was confused by the number of different sizes quoted . . . . everywhere from 2\nto 4\n: sneaker males , satellite males , territorial males and piracy males . size range of males in tactic groups rarely overlapped . territorial males defended shell nests harboring multiple females , but during pair - spawning they were occasionally taken over by large piracy males that visited several nests repeatedly . small sneaker males darted to pair - spawning territorial males and might ejaculate sperm . satellite males did not perform parasitic spawning but pair - spawned in a single shell outside the nests . spawning of satellite males was infrequently parasitized . the largest gonado - somatic index ( gsi ) was found in sneaker males followed by piracy males , territorial males and satellite males , suggesting that gonadal investment of males using the four tactics may be consistent with intensity or risk of sperm competition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 731, "summary": [{"text": "piophila is a genus of small two-winged flies which includes the species known as the cheese fly .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "as a whole , the genus is often called wine flies ; they prefer fermented foodstuffs to deposit their eggs .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "piophila vulgaris visits arum maculatum flowers in england .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the genus is found in the palearctic . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "piophila", "paragraphs": ["piophila megastigmata ( diptera : piophilidae ) : first records on human corpses . - pubmed - ncbi\nlife fertility tables of piophila casei l . ( diptera : piophilidae ) reared at five different temperatures\nlimiti termici ed optimum di sviluppo degli stadi preimmaginali di piophila casei ( l . ) , ( diptera piophilidae )\nfigure 5 . larva of the cheese skipper , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by caitlin lewis , university of florida .\nultrastructure of preimaginal stages of piophila megastigmata mcalpine , 1978 ( diptera , piophilidae ) : a fly of forensic importance .\nfigure 2 . dorsal view of adult cheese skipper , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by caitlin lewis , university of florida .\nfigure 3 . lateral view of adult cheese skipper , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by caitlin lewis , university of florida .\nmote dc . 1914 . the cheese skipper ( piophila casei linne ) . the ohio naturalist 14 : 309 - 315 .\nlife fertility tables of piophila casei l . ( diptera : piophilidae ) reared at five different temperatures | environmental entomology | oxford academic\nzuzka j . 1978 . autogeny in piophila casei ( diptera , piophilidae ) . folia parasitologica , prague 25 : 173 - 77 .\nultrastructure of preimaginal stages of piophila megastigmata mcalpine , 1978 ( diptera , piophilidae ) : a fly of forensic importance . - pubmed - ncbi\nwhat made you want to look up piophila ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\npiophila casei undergo complete metamorphosis . females mate almost immediately after adult emergence ( smith and whitman 2000 ) . although feeding on protein sources increases fecundity of the insects , piophila casei females are autogenous , able to produce eggs without a protein meal , in a laboratory setting ( zuzka 1978 ) .\nfigure 1 . adult cheese skippers , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by susan ellis , united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service , plant protection and quarantine , urltoken .\ncrandell ha . 1939 . the biology of the pachycrepoideus dubius ashmead ( hymenoptera ) , a pteromalid parasite of piophila casei . annals of the entomological society of america 32 : 632 - 654 .\ndescriptions and illustrations of myiasis - producing larvae are very scanty in laboratory handbooks . we report herein a case of human intestinal infestation with larvae of piophila casei , the first one observed in our clinic .\nsanitation is considered the most important aspect of management of cheese skippers . exclusion of piophila casei from all levels of food production ( processing , curing , and storage ) ranges from proper sanitation techniques to proper wrapping / protection of food products . light infestations of piophila casei larvae can be removed individually , but the judicious use of fumigation techniques if often required for more severe infestations ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nfigure 6 . adult cheese skippers , piophila casei linnaeus , on meat . photograph by susan ellis , united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service , plant protection and quarantine , urltoken .\nfigure 7 . adult cheese skippers , piophila casei linnaeus , on cheese . photograph by susan ellis , united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service , plant protection and quarantine , urltoken .\nfigure 4 . anterior view of head of adult cheese skipper , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by susan ellis , united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service , plant protection and quarantine , urltoken .\npiophila casei are small metallic - colored flies , usually black / bluish - black with bronze - colored tints on the head , thorax , and abdomen , with reddish - brown eyes and iridescent wings ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\npiophila casei are cited as pests of stored products ranging from salted meats to overripe cheeses . damage to the stored products can incur both pest management costs and possible medical costs from accidental ingestion of the fly larvae ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\npeckenschneider le , pokorny c , hellwig ca . intestinal infestation with maggots of the\ncheese fly\n( piophila casei ) . jama . 1952 ; 149 ( 3 ) : 262\u2013263 . doi : 10 . 1001 / jama . 1952 . 72930200005011b\na . russo , g . e . cocuzza , m . c . vasta , m . simola , g . virone ; life fertility tables of piophila casei l . ( diptera : piophilidae ) reared at five different temperatures , environmental entomology , volume 35 , issue 2 , 1 april 2006 , pages 194\u2013200 , urltoken\nthe cheese skipper , piophila casei ( linnaeus ) , sometimes called the ham skipper , is a member of the\nskipper fly\nfamily ( piophilidae ) . these flies receive their name due to the unusual ability of the larvae to propel themselves through the air . the flies are detritivores , feeding on decaying matter , and even have been found on the exhumed remains of egyptian mummies ( cockburn et . al 1975 ) . because of their delayed infestation of decaying remains , piophila casei ( linnaeus ) have been implicated as useful in the forensic investigation of postmortem remains and the determination of\ntime since death\n( triplehorn and johnson 2005 ) .\npiophila casei usually feed on overripe ( three or more months old ) and moldy cheese , and slightly salted or putrid - smelling meats , such as ham , bacon , and beef . larvae are typically found on high - protein substrates ranging from salted beef to smoked fish and animal carcasses ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nwhen myiasis occurs , piophila casei larvae are usually found in the intestines , but larvae sometimes infest the chests and nasal passages of human patients . because of their filth - feeding lifestyles , the adults are believed to be able to act as mechanical vectors of disease pathogens , similar to house flies ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nintentional introduction of piophila casei larvae into pecorino cheese produces the famous , but illegally - produced , italian cheese known as\ncasu marzu ,\na delicacy desired for the famous pungent taste left behind when the larvae digest and ferment the cheese ( overstreet 2003 ) . individuals eat the goo - like paste as well as the living maggots .\nin italy , piophila casei larvae are often introduced into pecorino cheese to promote fermentation as they feed and create a unique flavor in the cheese . though this\ncasu marzu\n( cheese with worms ) is not produced commercially , the pungent / burning flavor created by the decomposing fats is considered a delicacy in italian areas ranging from piedmont and bergamo to sardinia ( overstreet 2003 ) .\nforensic entomologists have used the presence of piophila casei larvae as a tool to assist in the estimation of time of death for human remains . though they can appear on remains less than two months old in geographic locations such as florida , the flies sometimes do not appear on an exposed corpse until three to six months postmortem ( after death ) , usually after the body has completed the\nactive decay\ndecomposition stage and is beginning to dry ( nanzi et al 2008 ) . entomologists utilize knowledge of the current instar of collected larvae , coupled with measurements of weather and temperature conditions , to provide an estimation of the postmortem interval ( benecke 1998 ) . furthermore , unlike some other insects used in forensic investigation , the presence of drugs such as heroin do not significantly alter the development of piophila casei larvae ( benecke 1998 ) .\nsigns of piophila casei in foods include the presence of whitish - colored eggshells as well as small grooves or creases found in the surface of cheeses made by first - instar larvae . infested cheeses will usually have soft or sunken areas , and meats may have a shiny grease - like liquid drip from infested areas ( smith and whitman 2000 ) . eggs , larvae , pupae , and adults are found near or on infested materials .\npupae : the dark brown pupae of the cheese skipper are formed approximately 32 hours after the larvae abandon the substrate on which they are feeding . though they prefer dry , dark locations , piophila casei larvae will pupate on open concrete floors if such spaces are not available . the oval puparium is typically 2 . 9 - 3 . 9 mm long and 1 - 1 . 7 mm wide ( lui and greenberg 1989 ) . adults emerge after approximately 12 days ( mote 1914 ) .\npachycrepoideus dubius ashmead , a small pteromalid wasp , is the primary parasite of the cheese skipper . the wasp attacks the pupal stage of piophila casei , as well as other cyclorrhaphan flies , including the mediterranean fruit fly ceratitis capitata ( wiedemann ) . pachycrepoideus dubius is reported to provide effective control of the cheese skipper , especially during summer months ( crandell 1939 ) . however , other research conducted at ohio state university states that pachycrepoideus dubius does not act as an economically viable method for natural control of the cheese skipper ( crandell 1939 ) . the small beetle necrobia rufipes de geer is also reported as a predator of cheese skipper larvae .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nfauna europaea is europe ' s main zoological taxonomic index . scientific names and distributions of all living , currently known , multicellular , european land and freshwater animal species are available in one authoritative database .\nfauna europaea provides access to its rich and quality - checked data via this public web portal that also links to other key biodiversity services . it is installed as a taxonomic backbone in a wide range of biodiversity services and actively contributes to biodiversity informatics innovations in various initiatives and ec programs . fauna europaea started in 2000 as an ec funded fp5 project and provides a unique taxonomic reference for many user - groups such as scientists , governments , industries , nature conservation communities and educational programs . fauna europaea was formally accepted as an inspire standard for europe , as part of the european taxonomic backbone established in pesi . today it is hosted by the museum f\u00fcr naturkunde in berlin .\nthis site is powered by the edit platform for cybertaxonomy and supported by eu bon ( urltoken ) . eu bon - building the european biodiversity observation network , presents an innovative approach towards the integration of biodiversity data and information systems , both from in - situ and remote sensing data sources . the eu bon project is a 7th framework programme funded by the european union under contract no . 308454 .\ndue to significant security issues and a warning received from the german federal office for information security , the old fauna europaea site ( urltoken ) urgently had to be closed and is unfortunately no longer available . all requests to this site are automatically redirected to the new portal , also directly available under fauna - eu . org .\nthe new fauna europaea portal first launched in late 2016 provides access to all taxonomic and geographic distribution information currently contained in the fauna europaea database by directly searching for individual taxa . through a search request , also the full taxonomic tree is available for further navigation .\nhowever , a number of functionalities ( e . g . to obtain a list of species for any taxon above the genus level , to offer export / download functionalities for species lists / distributions ) as well as some statistics available at the old site are not yet implemented at the new site , which is still under development . these functionalities will be implemented in the near future , as well as further improvements on display and functions . also , pending updates on the taxonomic and geographic content in the database will be tackled , but may still take some time due to limited personnel and resources available .\nmany thanks for your understanding and we apologize for all inconveniences . in case of urgent need of specific information currently not accessible from the site , please , do contact us .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\noften found as pests in meat and cheese , these small flies often are cited as a cause of accidental enteric ( intestinal ) myiasis , where the fly larvae invade the living tissue of animals including humans ( scott 1964 ) . researchers have reported cases of myiasis in red foxes in iowa ( smith 1943 ) .\ninsect groups similar to the cheese skippers include black scavenger flies ( sepsidae ) , eye gnats ( chloropidae ) , and small fruit flies ( drosophilidae ) ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\ncheese skippers have a worldwide distribution , including the united states , and are not limited to any specific geographic location ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nadults : cheese skipper adults are usually about half the size of a common house fly . males are 4 . 4 - 4 . 5 mm from the tip of the head to the tip of the wings , whereas females are slightly larger , usually measuring 5 . 0 - 5 . 2 mm . the dominant color of both males and females is a metallic black - bronze ( triplehorn and johnson 2005 ) . the palps and proboscis are usually covered with bristles , and the antennae are short . the compound eyes found on both sexes are usually bare and red in color . the thorax has distinct rows of setae , and long setae are also found on the sides of the insect . the legs are covered with short spines and often have both yellow and brown colorations . the wings are iridescent and nearly overlap when resting . halteres , rudimentary second wings , are typically a pale yellow color ( mote 1914 ) . adults live for three to seven days ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\neggs : the eggs of the cheese skipper are 0 . 63 - 0 . 74 mm long ( lui and greenberg 1989 ) and 0 . 18 - 0 . 2 mm wide . a female usually deposits 140 - 500 eggs on meat or cheese ( smith and whitman 2000 ) . the chorion ( shell ) of each egg is oval / cylindrical and a smooth , pearly white color . eggs usually hatch between 23 and 54 hours in a temperature range of 15\u00b0 to 27\u00b0c ( mote 1914 ) .\nlarvae : the larvae of the cheese skipper are active as soon as they hatch from the egg and appear fairly cylindrical and white , except for scleratized black mouthparts . oftentimes , the larvae can leap 4 to 5 inches through the air by using their mouth hooks as grapples and then flexing / jerking themselves forward , earning the flies the name\ncheese skippers .\nlarvae tend to avoid light and congregate near each other on fairly lean portions of meat ( smith and whitman 2000 ) . the three larval instars typically last 14 days total and are found on substrates ranging from meats ( bacon , ham , beef ) to cheeses , fatty foods and decaying bodies . full - grown larvae are 13 - segmented , typically 9 - 10 mm long and approximately 1 mm wide , and appear white or yellowish - white to the unaided eye ( mote 1914 ) . larvae are fairly resistant to changes in heat and cold ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nthe complete life cycle of a cheese skipper in appropriate nourishment and temperature conditions can be as short as 12 days ( 1 day for egg development , 5 day larval maturation , 5 day pupal maturation , 1 day of adult feeding before reproduction ) . however , the typical life cycle is as follows ( mote 1914 ) : egg ~ 23 to 54 hours - larva ~ 14 days - pupa ~ 12 days - adult ~ 3 to 7 days .\ncheese skippers are commonly cited as a cause of enteric ( intestinal ) myiasis in humans ( macgregor 1918 ) . once a female oviposits ( lays eggs ) on meats , cheese , and other surfaces , the larvae hatch and penetrate deeply into the substrate ( white et al . 2006 ) . unintentional human ingestion of cheese skipper larvae causes the maggots to pass through the human digestive system , often leading to serious intestinal lesions that result in diarrhea , pain , nausea , and other gastric symptoms . cheese skippers are cited as one of the most problematic fly species associated with accidental myiasis ( white et al . 2006 ) .\ncockburn a , barraco ra , reyman ta , peck wh . 1975 . autopsy of an egyptian mummy . science , new series 187 : 1155 - 1160 .\nbenecke m . 1998 . six forensic entomology cases : description and commentary . journal of forensic science 43 : 797 - 80 .\nlui d , greenberg b . 1989 . immature stages of some flies of forensic importance . annals of the entomological society of america 82 : 80 - 93 .\nmacgregor me . 1918 . insects as carriers of diseases . transactions of the american microscopical society 37 : 7 - 17 .\nnanzi wa , jeffery j , sa ' diyah i , noorjuliana wm , chen cd , rohayu sa , hafizam ah , lee hl . 2008 . first report of maggots of family piophilidae recovered from human cadavers in malaysia . tropical biomedicine 25 : 173 - 175 .\noverstreet rm . 2003 . presidential address : flavor buds and other delights . journal of parasitology 89 : 1093 - 1107 .\nscott hg . ( 1964 ) . human myiasis in north america ( 1952 - 1962 inclusive ) . florida entomologist 47 . ( 23 april 2013 ) .\nsmith eh , whitman rc . 2003 . ham / cheese skipper . in national pest control association field guide to structural pests : stored product pests . fairfax , va .\nsmith lf . 1943 . internal parasites of the red fox in iowa . the journal of wildlife management 7 : 174 - 178 .\ntriplehorn ca , johnson nf . 2005 . borror and delong ' s introduction to the study of insects , 7th edition . thomson brooks / cole publishers . 864 pp .\nwhite g , prendergast pf , rosales al , evans jr es , hogsette jr ja . ( 2006 ) . filth flies : significance , surveillance , and control in contingency operations . technical guide no . 30 . armed forces pest management board . ( 23 april 2013 ) .\nstate in their\nhandbook of medical entomology\nthat a multitude of cases of parasitism of dipterous larvae are on record . however , in\n, we were able to find only one case of this kind reported in the last 25 years .\nf . r . r . , a 44 - year - old contractor who had modern sanitary facilities in his home , was admitted to the hospital on july 30 . 1951 , with complaints of bowel disturbance . in 1944 he had attacks of severe pain in the abdomen , radiating to the back and downward to the left thigh . at this time he had noticed blood and mucus as well as small white\nworms\nin the stool .\ncustomize your jama network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below .\nour website uses cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to use our site , or clicking\ncontinue ,\nyou are agreeing to our\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nprado e castro c 1 , cunha e , serrano a , garc\u00eda md .\ncentre for environmental biology , department of animal biology , faculty of sciences , university of lisbon , lisbon , portugal . cbcastro @ urltoken\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na taxonomic genus within the family piophilidae \u2013 small two - winged flies including the cheese fly .\nthis page was last edited on 29 january 2018 , at 13 : 37 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n: a genus of dipteran flies ( family piophilidae ) that include the cheese fly ( p . casei )\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndipartimento di scienze e tecnologie fitosanitarie , university of catania , via s . sofia 100 , catania 95123 , italy\nthis species is also of medical and veterinary interest because of the various myasies ( enteric , nasal , and urinal ) that it can cause ( zumpt 1965 , perez inigo 1971 , el serougi el 1991 , saleh and el sibae 1993 , passos et al . 2004 ) . moreover , p . casei is an important fly species in forensic entomology because is informative for the estimation of postmortem interval ( smith 1986 , early and goff 1986 , liu and greenberg 1989 , schoenly et al . 1996 , de jong and chadwick 1999 ) .\na colony of p . casei was established in the laboratory in 2001 from wild specimens collected in some ripening rooms of dairies located in ragusa , italy . colonies were reared for \u22481 yr before the experiments began in cages ( length 40 cm by width 50 cm by height 50 cm ) maintained in climatic chambers at a constant temperature of 27 \u00b1 1\u00b0c , 70 \u00b1 5 % rh , and a l8 : d16 photoperiod . this photoperiod was chosen because it is the standard regime maintained in dairies . the flies were fed with an artificial diet consisting of agar ( 20 g ) , powdered milk ( 80 g ) , dry yeast ( 50 g ) , nipagine ( 1 g ) , ethyl alcohol ( 10 ml ) , and water ( 1 , 000 ml ) ( sacchi et al . 1971 ) . fresh diet was provided every 2 d and was used as an oviposition substrate and moisture source .\nthe effects of temperature on developmental time , survival , and fecundity of p . casei were evaluated in growth chambers at constant temperatures of 15 , 19 , 25 , 28 , and 35 \u00b1 1\u00b0c , 70 \u00b1 5 % rh , and a l8 : d16 photoperiod . these temperatures were selected because they are similar to the range recorded in dairies in the periods of higher infestation level ( in autumn and summer ) .\nto obtain synchronized eggs , adult females ( \u2248200 for each temperature ) were incubated at 28\u00b0c for 5 h . the eggs of the flies ( < 2 h old ) were collected with a palette knife from stock colonies , put in groups of 10 into plastic petri dishes ( 9 cm in diameter by 2 cm high ) , and incubated at the five temperatures . the total number of eggs incubated at each temperature were 630 , 850 , 1 , 120 , 1 , 682 , and 1 , 810 at 15 , 19 , 25 , 28 , and 32\u00b0c , respectively . each petri dish containing 10 eggs was considered one replicate . to record developmental time and percentage of egg eclosion , progress in embryonic development was monitored twice a day with a stereoscopic microscope until hatching .\nto determine juvenile developmental time , survival , and sex ratio of the larval stages at the five temperatures , all the newly hatched larvae ( with the exception of those maintained at 15\u00b0c , for which only 401 larvae were selected ) were collected and transferred in groups of 10 into bigger plastic petri dishes ( 12 cm in diameter by 2 . 5 cm high ) . development and mortality of larvae were recorded daily ( twice a day in trials at 28 and 32\u00b0c ) until they reached the pupal stage . the age of the larvae was determined on the basis of the different degrees of sclerotization of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus . food was replaced daily during the whole period of larval and pupae development to maintain a constant level of humidity .\nare the natural logarithm of the number of larvae at the beginning and at the end of the stage , respectively , and \u03b4t is the developmental time .\nto evaluate the number of eggs laid and adult longevity of the cheese skipper at the five temperatures , 40 male : female pairs of newly emerged adults ( < 1 h old ) were randomly chosen from those followed during larval development . pairs were confined in separate plexiglas containers ( 12 cm in diameter by 3 cm high ) , provided with vent holes on the lid and covered with a fine mesh nylon screen to allow ventilation . food was replaced daily , and temperature was checked daily by placing a thermometer inside containers without larvae . preoviposition ( the age , in days , before the first deposition of eggs ) , oviposition period ( days ) , number of eggs laid , and survival of adults were recorded daily until all adults had died .\nthe effects of treatments on eggs , larval developmental times , and adult life history ( i . e . , longevity , preoviposition , and oviposition period ) were determined using a one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) , and t - tests ( p = 0 . 05 ) were used for post hoc comparisons ( statsoft 1996 ) .\nlife and fertility tables were constructed on the basis of life history of immature stages and adults observed during the experiment . from previous laboratory results , we assumed a sex ratio of 1 : 1 in all treatments . for each temperature , daily age - specific survivorship ( l\nare the proportion of surviving females at the age x and the number of female progeny produced per female in the age interval x , respectively . with a stable age distribution and under given climatic and food conditions , the intrinsic rate of natural increase is a useful comparative statistic of population growth potential (\nmean developmental time ( days \u00b1 se ) of the inunature stages of p . casei at five constant temperatures\nmeans within a row followed by the same letter are not significant different ( t - test , p > 0 . 05 ) .\nrelative mortality rate ( per day ) for the inunature stages of p . casei at five constant temperatures\nsurvival rate ( l x ) and age - specific fecundity rate ( m x ) of p . casei at five constant temperatures .\nadult longevity , preoviposition period , fecundity , and oviposition rate of p . casei at five different temperatures\ndifferences in the flies ' temperature responses are further evidenced by their intrinsic rates of natural increase ( r m ; table 4 ) . based on the calculated r m values , the highest reproductive potential of p . casei was recorded at 32\u00b0c ( 0 . 1216 ) , and good performances were observed also at 25 and 28\u00b0c ( 0 . 0862 and 0 . 0955 , respectively ) . data on r m values at 15 and 19\u00b0c indicate a slow but considerable capacity to increase ( 0 . 0222 and 0 . 0278 , respectively ) , reflecting a certain difficulty of this fly to develop at low temperatures . the other parameters calculated show similar decreases with temperature . it is notable that the highest net reproductive rate ( r 0 ) was recorded at 25\u00b0c , reflecting essentially the better equilibrium between longevity and fecundity of females at this temperature . the lowest values were estimated at 15 and 19\u00b0c ( 4 . 50 and 4 . 13 , respectively ) . consistent with the pattern of longevity gross reproductive time , \u03c3m x was highest at 15\u00b0c ( 121 . 9 ) and lowest at 32\u00b0c ( 61 . 1 ) . the mean generation time ( t ) , doubling time ( d ) , and finite rate of increase ( \u03bb ) were lowest at 32\u00b0c ( 18 . 2 , 5 . 7 , and 1 . 13 , respectively ) . conversely , at 15\u00b0c , the fly showed the worst performance . the slight augment of \u03bb with increasing temperatures indicates , however , that , under most conditions , the populations are rather stable .\nr 0 , net reproductive rate ; r m , intrinsic rate of natural increase ; t , mean generation time ; t c , cohort generation time ; 1 , finite capacity for increase ; d , doubling time ; s mx , gross reproductive time .\ntemperature is a key factor for the development , survival , and reproduction of poikilothermic organisms ( andrewartha and birch , 1954 , sharpe and demichele 1977 ) . this study is a complete report of the life cycle of p . casei at different temperatures . a partial study on the effects of temperature on larvae of p . casei was conducted by belcari and antonelli ( 1992 ) , who recorded the development between 9 and 45\u00b0c . they reported 10 - 36\u00b0c as a useful range for embryonic development . the authors observed that the eggs developed in 1 . 2 , 1 , and 0 . 9 d at 25 , 28 , and 33\u00b0c , respectively , whereas this took a noticeably shorter time at 13 and 18\u00b0c ( 4 . 7 and 2 . 9 d , respectively ) . our data agree also with hegazi et al . ( 1978 ) ( 1 . 02 d at 28\u00b0c ) and differ from those reported by costa et al . ( 1986 ) , who recorded 2 d at 27\u00b0c .\nalthough slightly higher , the percentage of mortality on pupae recorded by belcari and antonelli ( 1992 ) was similar to the results obtained in this study . on the contrary , the times recorded by busvine ( 1980 ) and smart ( 1935 ) at 25\u00b0c ( 8 . 3 d ) were noticeably higher . hegazi et al . ( 1978 ) at 27\u00b0c found 6 . 4 and 7 . 3 d , depending on the food offered .\nfew data are available on longevity and survivorship of adults of p . casei . hegazi et al . ( 1978 ) reported a very short lifespan at 27\u00b0c compared with our results . depending on the protein contained in the food offered , females lived on average only 5 . 4 and 4 . 6 d and males lived 4 . 3 and 3 . 5 d . in this study , reduced longevity of both females and males at 32\u00b0c emphasizes the adverse effects of high temperatures on longevity and also on fecundity , considering that the best performance was observed at 25\u00b0c . at 15\u00b0c , even though females lived longer , they were less fecund . the fecundity curves indicate that the ovipositional peak was reached at the beginning of the reproductive cycle , confirming the hypothesis of sharpe and demichele ( 1977 ) , who associated this behavior with the increase in metabolic rate .\nthe biological data obtained in this study indicate that this species is well adapted to a wide range of thermic regimens , and this characteristic , together with its good reproductive potential at various conditions , can lead to a strong capacity to colonize different environments . when storage conditions are favorable to rapid development of flies , detection at an early stage can prevent serious levels of damage . data obtained through laboratory conditions could be useful for predicting the biotic potential under specific field conditions . moreover , further research on the role of quality of food on the developmental rate and fecundity of p . casei is needed .\nthe findings of this study could provide useful data for forensic entomology . for example , if a population reaches a stable age - stage distribution and the mortality factors are only the physiological ones , a p . casei population at 32\u00b0c can multiply 9 . 118 times in an average of 18 . 178 d , with an exponential rate of 0 . 236 / d . in a case reported by benecke ( 1998 ) , the presence of p . casei in a decayed human body was informative to date the death . nishida ( 1984 ) studied the growth rate of chrysomya megacephala ( f . ) ( diptera : calliphoridae ) at different temperatures and found that the data can be used successfully to estimate the postmortem interval .\nbecause of the importance of p . casei as a food storage pest and in medical and forensic entomology , more attention should be addressed to the ecology of the fly .\nthe authors thank l . zappal\u00e0 , k . johnson , and two anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of the manuscript and help in improving the english language .\nhouseflies and blowflies . insect and hygiene . the biology and control of insect pests of medical and domestic importance\nricerche entomatiche e microbiologiche . agrobiotecnologie nei processi di valorizzazione dei prodotti e sottoprodotti agricoli\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license urltoken which permits non - commercial reuse , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nthis study has been supported by projects 00848 / cv / 01 of the fundaci\u00f3n s\u00e9neca of the comunidad aut\u00f3noma de la regi\u00f3n de murcia and cgl2005 - 04668 / bos of ministerio de educaci\u00f3n y ciencia of the spanish government .\namendt j , campobasso cp , gaudry e , reiter c , leblanc hn , hall mjr ( 2007 ) best practice in forensic entomology\u2014standards and guidelines . int j legal med 121 : 90\u2013104\narnaldos mi , romera e , garc\u00eda md , luna a ( 2001 ) an initial study on the succession of sarcosaprophagous diptera ( insecta ) on carrion in the southeastern iberian peninsula . int j legal med 114 : 156\u2013162\nbyrd jh , castner jl ( 2010 ) insects of forensic importance . in : byrd jh , castner jl ( eds ) forensic entomology . the utility of arthropods in legal investigations . crc , boca raton , pp 39\u2013126\nmcalpine para espa\u00f1a en arag\u00f3n ( diptera : piophilidae ) . bol soc entomol aragonesa 50 : 366\ncogan bh ( 1973 ) cyclorrhapha of minor medical importance . in : smith kgv ( ed ) insect and other arthropods of medical importance . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) , london , pp 279\u2013287\ncourtney gw , sinclair bj , meier r ( 2000 ) morphology and terminology of diptera larvae . in : papp l , darvas b ( eds ) contribution to a manual of paleartic diptera : general and applied dipterology ( vol 1 ) . science herald , budapest , pp 85\u2013161\n( robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ) ( diptera : sarcophagidae ) \u2014an important species in forensic entomology . ann zool 59 ( 4 ) : 465\u2013493\nerzin\u00e7lioglu yz ( 1989 ) the value of chorionic structure and size in the diagnosis of blowfly eggs . med vet entomol 3 : 281\u2013285\ngonz\u00e1lez medina a , archilla pe\u00f1a f , jim\u00e9nez r\u00edos g ( 2011 ) las miasis como entidad de inter\u00e9s en medicina del trabajo . med seguridad trab ( internet ) 57 ( 225 ) : 331\u2013338\nkitching rl ( 1976 ) on the prothoracic spiracles of the first instar larvae of calyptrate cyclorrhapha ( diptera ) . j aust entomol soc 15 : 233\n( diptera : calliphoridae ) , a fly species of forensic importance . parasitol res 111 : 965\u20131975\nliu d , greenberg b ( 1989 ) immature stages of some flies of forensic importance . ann entomol soc am 82 : 80\u201393\nmart\u00edn - vega d ( 2011 ) skipping clues : forensic importance of the family piophilidae . for sci int 212 : 1\u20135\nfrom south africa ( diptera : piophilidae ) . ann nat mus 23 ( 2 ) : 455\u2013459\nmendo\u00e7a pm , santos - mallet jr , mello rp , gomes l , carvalho - queiroz mm ( 2008 ) identification of fly eggs using scanning electron microscopy for forensic investigations . micronesian 39 : 802\u2013807\nlinn\u00e9 ) 1 . an account of the bionomics and the structure of dipterous larvae occurring in human foods with particular reference to those which have been recorded as accidental parasites of man . the ohio naturalist , the biological club of the ohio state university vol . xiv no . 7\nniederegger s , spie\u00df r ( 2012 ) cuticular muscle attachment sites as a tool for species determination in blowfly larvae . parasitol res 110 : 1903\u20131909\nniederegger s , wartenberg n , spie\u00df r , mall g ( 2011 ) simple clearing technique as species determination tool in blowfly larvae . for sci int 206 : e96\u2013e98\nprado e castro c , garc\u00eda md ( 2010 ) additions to the piophilidae ( diptera ) fauna from portugal , with new records . graellsia 66 ( 1 ) : 101\u2013105\n( diptera : piophilidae ) : first records on human corpses . for sci int 214 : 23\u201326\nsimmons p ( 1927 ) the cheese skipper as a pest in cured meat . united states department of agriculture , department bulletin no . 1453 . washington , dc\nsmith kgv ( 1986 ) a manual of forensic entomology . cornell university press , new york\n( diptera : piophilidae ) , a fly species of forensic importance . j med entomol 38 ( 5 ) : 756\u2013759\n( wiedemann ) ( diptera : calliphoridae ) for use in forensic entomology applications . parasitol res 103 : 877\u2013887\n( diptera : calliphoridae ) larvae for use in forensic entomology applications . parasitol res 106 : 641\u2013646\nsukontason k , bunchu n , chaiwong t , moophayak k , sukontason kl ( 2010b ) forensically important flesh fly species in thailand : morphology and developmental rate . parasitol res 106 : 1055\u20131064\nubero - pascal n , fortu\u00f1o jm , puig ma ( 2005 ) new application of air - drying techniques for studying ephemeroptera and plecoptera eggs by scanning electron microscopy . microsc res tech 68 : 264\u2013271\nrobineau - desvoidy , 1830 ( diptera , calliphoridae ) : a comparative study . for sci int 219 ( 1 ) : 228\u2013243\nvel\u00e1squez y , maga\u00f1a c , mart\u00ednez - s\u00e1nchez a , rojo s ( 2010 ) diptera of forensic importance in the iberian peninsula : larval identification key . med vet entomol 24 : 293\u2013308\nzumpt f ( 1963 ) the problem of intestinal myiasis in humans . s afr med j 37 : 305\u2013307\nzumpt f ( 1965 ) myasis in man and animals in the old world . butterworths , london"]}
{"id": 743, "summary": [{"text": "the bocaccio , sebastes paucispinis , is a northeast pacific species in the sebastidae ( rockfish ) family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "other names for this species include salmon grouper , grouper , tom cod ( juveniles ) , and slimy .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in greek , sebastes means \u201c magnificent , \u201d and paucispinis is latin for \u201c few spines \u201d . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "bocaccio rockfish", "paragraphs": ["information on the bocaccio rockfish is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe reported catch of bocaccio rockfish in the bc bottom trawl fishery by trawl management area is shown below .\nthe seasonal depth distribution of bocaccio rockfish catch in the bc bottom trawl fishery from 1996 to 2003 is shown below .\ndiet juvenile bocaccio feed on larvae , euphausiids , young rockfish , surf perch , mackerel and numerous small inshore fishes . adults feed on other rockfish , sablefish , anchovies , lanternfish and squid .\nthis is an adult bocaccio off photographed off southern california by remotely operated vehicle .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus )\ntitle =\narkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n- body dark gray dorsally , light ventrally ; gill rakers 33 - 36 ( 28 - 31 in bocaccio ) ; dorsal rays typically 15 - 17 ( 13 - 15 in bocaccio ) ; scales below lateral line 58 - 70 ( 72 - 90 in bocaccio ) .\nbocaccio also benefitted from several good year classes , when survival rates for young fish improved .\nstocks of bocaccio and the darkblotched rockfish have been rebuilt after years of conservation restrictions to protect populations knocked down by a combination of poor ocean conditions and overfishing .\nbocaccio is one of at least 35 species of rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) found in british columbia . adults can be olive - orange to brown in colour . when less than 25 centimetres in length , young bocaccio are light bronze with small brown spots on their sides . their colour darkens and their spots disappear as they grow . these fish can be distinguished from other rockfish by their long lower jaw . bocaccio is one of the largest rockfish species and can reach almost one metre in length . other common names for bocaccio include : rock salmon , salmon rockfish , pacific red snapper , pacific snapper , oregon red snapper , oregon snapper , and longjaw .\ncommercial groundfish fisheries are the largest known threat to bocaccio . like other rockfish species , bocaccio have swim bladders which cannot adjust to the sudden changes in pressure that occur when fishing gear brings them to the surface . bocaccio accidentally caught in fisheries die when they are brought up from depths greater than about 25 to 30 metres . other research suggests that bocaccio are also potentially threatened with habitat destruction caused by the long - term use of fishing gear on the ocean floor .\nnoaa fisheries and the council also developed rebuilding plans for lingcod , canary rockfish , cowcod , pacific ocean perch , widow rockfish , and yelloweye rockfish . the plans required sharp reductions in commercial and recreational groundfish fisheries , which included widespread fishing closures through the establishment of rockfish conservation areas off the west coast .\nseven of the 10 west coast groundfish species found to be overfished since about 2000 are now rebuilt , with noaa fisheries declaring bocaccio and darkblotched rockfish rebuilt ahead of schedule earlier this month .\ninterannual variation in pelagic juvenile rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) abundance\u2014going with the flow\nfor fishermen and seafood lovers , there is good news about two species of rockfish .\na management plan based on individual vessel quotas ( ivqs ) was introduced for the bc trawl fishery in 1997 . bocaccio catches are not limited by ivqs but are constrained by a 15 , 000 lb trip limit for all non - quota rockfish combined . the 2004 / 05 landed value of the bocaccio fishery is $ 230 , 000 .\nthe bocaccio , a rockfish that can grow up to 3 feet in length and live for a half century , was declared to be overfished in the 200 - mile federally managed zone back in 1999 . the smaller darkblotched rockfish , which can live for more than a century , got the designation in 2000 .\nbocaccio have a long lifespan , with a maximum age of at least 57 years and an average generation time is 20 years .\nrange bocaccio is found throughout the coastal waters of the eastern pacific ocean from the gulf of alaska south to baja california mexico .\ntiger rockfish ( sebastes nigrocinctus ) . photo by chad king of the sanctuary integrated monitoring program .\nstatus of bocaccio , sebastes paucispinis , in the conception , monterey and eureka inpfc areas for 2015 . portland , or : pacific fishery management council\nin 2004 , fisheries and oceans canada worked with the commercial fishing industry to develop a conservation program for bocaccio . this program required that all the profits earned from catching bocaccio be directed to programs that support recovery of the species , and began trawl surveys to improve knowledge of bocaccio and other pacific groundfish . it also implemented measures to manage fishery impacts such as setting a total allowable catch and specific fishery limits for bocaccio caught and through restricting the number of groundfish trawl licences . recovery of the species is also assisted through monitoring of groundfish fisheries which maintains accountability and monitoring for bycatch species .\nan evaluation of the effectiveness of rockfish conservation areas in british columbia , canada . the university of british columbia\nmitigation of impacts caused by bottom - contact fishing through management tools may also provide some support for bocaccio recovery . for example , fisheries act closures to protect sensitive benthic areas , marine protected areas , and rockfish conservation areas enable management of bottom - contact fishing to protect groundfish and marine habitat . it is unclear if these areas will benefit bocaccio recovery , but they may provide some protection for the species and its habitat .\n2001 . california department of fish and wildlife marine region gis lab . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinis ) . the process of creating this shapefile . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .\n\u201cby working together , we\u2019ve brought bocaccio and darkblotched rockfish back to where they will again be part of a sustainable west coast groundfish fishery\u201d said barry thom , regional administrator of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) fisheries west coast region , in a statement .\nwdfw . 2009 . draft puget sound rockfish conservation plan . washington department of fish and wildlife , olympia , wa .\nafter years of conservation efforts , populations of two long - lived species of west coast rockfish have rebounded from overharvesting .\npredators the main predators of juvenile bocaccio are seabirds including the least tern . the main predators of adults are marine mammals such as harbour seals and northern elephant seals .\nstanley , r . d . , starr , p . and n . olsen 2004 bocaccio update . dfo science advisory secretariat research document 2004 / 027 . 64 pp .\na severe decline in the commercial passenger fishing vessel rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) catch in the southern california bight , 1980\u20131996\nof the more than 70 species of rockfish living off the united states ' west coast , the bocaccio rockfish is one of the most endangered . while this 3 - foot fish reaches reproductive age sooner than many overfished species - - as early as four to five years - - its larvae have a very low survival rate . changes in ocean currents and temperature since the 1970s mean that large numbers of bocaccio larvae live to become juveniles only once every 20 years . in response to their dwindling numbers , the united states closed several fisheries along the west coast in 2002 . but even without trawling in these areas , scientists believe it could take 100 years for bocaccio populations to recover . with such significant challenges to recovery , the iucn has listed the species as critically endangered .\nthere are dozens of species of rockfish and other fish harvested in the west coast groundfish harvests managed through the pacific fishery management council and noaa fisheries . ten species were declared overharvested under federal definitions . with the latest two darkblotched and bocaccio , seven of these fish populations are now considered to be rebuilt .\ntable 1 . summary of the status of rockfish stocks in puget sound ( wdfw ) ( palsson et al . 2009 ) .\ncosewic . 2013 . cosewic assessment and status report on the bocaccio sebastes paucispinis in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . xi + 49 pp .\nthe rebuilding successes continued . in 2012 a new stock assessment found that widow rockfish was rebuilt , which allowed for additional harvest and helped increase the fleet\u2019s access to other healthy groundfish species . further assessments led to a declaration in 2015 that petrale sole and canary rockfish were rebuilt . that was particularly significant because limitations on canary rockfish also restricted access to other more abundant and healthy groundfish stocks .\nbocaccio are found in the northeastern pacific ocean , occurring from the gulf of alaska to central baja california in mexico . in canada , bocaccio are found mainly offshore although they have occasionally been found closer to inshore waters such as the strait of georgia , juan de fuca strait , and queen charlotte strait . bocaccio in canada have experienced a sharp decline over the last 60 years , and has declined by 28 % in the 10 - year period since it was first assessed by cosewic . the current population is estimated to be over 400 , 000 individuals .\nstout , h . a . , b . b . mccain , r . d . vetter , t . l . builder , w . h . lenarz , l . l . johnson , and r . d . methot . 2001 . status review of copper rockfish , quillback rockfish and brown rockfish in puget sound , washington . noaa technical memo , u . s . department of commerce .\nharvey , c . j . , k . gross , v . h . simon , and j . hastie . 2008 . trophic and fishery interactions between pacific hake and rockfish : effect on rockfish population rebuilding times . marine ecology progress series 365 : 165 - 176 .\nrockfish form a diverse assemblage of fish in puget sound and throughout their range . in puget sound , rockfish have abundances decreased substantially since quantitative monitoring began in the 1970s . these declines have resulted in the federal listing of three species under the endangered species act . because of their diversity in habitat use , ecology and life history , single - species approaches to rockfish management in puget sound are currently being considered .\ntable 2 . proposed species of interest , habitats and reason for their selections in the draft puget sound rockfish management plant ( wdfw ) .\nlife history aspects of 19 rockfish species ( scorpaenidae : sebastes ) from the southern california bight . noaa technical report national marine fisheries service 87\nrebuilding plans remain in place for the three remaining overfished species : cowcod , pacific ocean perch , and yelloweye rockfish . all three are on track with their plans , with cowcod estimated to be rebuilt by 2020 , pacific ocean perch by 2051 , and yelloweye rockfish by 2074 .\na new management plan has recently been proposed by wdfw which outlines several possible management options for rockfish in puget sound and is currently under review ( wdfw 2009 ) . one of the key components of this plan is the recommendation that quillback , copper , black , yelloweye , bocaccio , canary and puget sound rockfish be managed as individual species due to their importance to recreational fisheries , conservation concerns , or ecological importance ( wdfw 2009 ) ( table 2 ) . in addition to these proposed changes in management , there are currently 16 marine reserves throughout puget sound that include the rocky habitat thought to be beneficial for rockfish .\nalthough rockfish larvae are pelagic , there is genetic evidence for limited dispersal within puget sound for the quillback ( s . maliger ) and copper ( s . caurinus ) rockfish ( seeb 1998 ) as well as for differentiation from coastal populations of brown rockfish ( s . auriculatus ) ( buonaccorsi et al . 2002 ) . this degree of population structure is consistent with other genetic and otolith studies from coastal pacific rockfish populations ( cope 2004 , miller et al . 2005 , burford 2009 ) . because of these findings , populations of each species of rockfish in the northern and southern portions of puget sound are recognized by wdfw to be separate stocks ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 1 ) .\nbocaccio are more susceptible to overfishing because of the species\u2019 life history characteristics , such as late maturity and variable recruitment . as with most other rockfish , offspring survival is variable from year to year . it is dependent on density of adults and ideal environmental conditions . life history characteristics such as these reduce the species\u2019 ability to recover from decline .\nkrieger kj ( 1993 ) distribution and abundance of rockfish determined from a submersible and by bottom trawling . fish bull 91 ( 1 ) : 87\u201396 .\nthe study used calcofi data to examine larval numbers of 15 rockfish species inside and outside two large protected areas southwest of los angeles called cowcod conservation areas ( ccas ) , designated by noaa fisheries in 2001 at the recommendation of the pacific fishery management council . the ccas prohibit fishing deeper than 110 feet , since many adult rockfish species live at such depths . therefore , the 4 , 300 - square - mile areas protect numerous species of rockfish in addition to cowcod .\nscientists found that larvae of most of the rockfish species historically targeted by fishing increased throughout southern california waters , but especially within the protected conservation areas . species that were not historically fished increased at about the same rate both inside and outside the protected areas , indicating that rockfish spawning was high within the protected areas .\ngreen km , starr rm ( 2011 ) movements of small adult black rockfish : implications for the design of mpas . mar ecol prog ser 436 : 219\u2013230 .\ndescription : bocaccio have an elongate body type and are laterally compressed . they have a head that is pointed , a large mouth , and a lower jaw with a knob on the end ( symphyseal knob ) that greatly protrudes beyond the upper jaw . underwater , adult color varies from shades of pink to pink - brown , grey or red that extends down over the belly . after capture the colors are brighter , usually reddish brown . young fish are generally light bronze with speckling over the sides and back . as bocaccio age , their color generally becomes darker and the speckling fades . this is a large rockfish species .\nfigure 1 . map of puget sound showing north sound and south sound designations relevant to rockfish management ( reprinted from palsson et al . 2009 with permission from . )\nwilliams gd , levin ps , palsson wa ( 2010 ) rockfish in puget sound : an ecological history of exploitation . mar policy 34 ( 5 ) : 1010\u20131020 .\nthe research published in royal society open science shows that protecting important ocean habitat promotes the long - term recovery of rockfish such as cowcod and bocaccio that have long been a staple of west coast fishermen . favorable ocean conditions also played a role , according to the study by scientists from noaa fisheries ' southwest fisheries science center ( swfsc ) , university of san diego , and the university of massachusetts amherst .\nberkeley , s . a . 2006 . pacific rockfish management : are we circling the wagons around the wrong paradigm ? bulletin of marine science 78 : 655 - 667 .\nboccaccio larvae and young - of - the - year ( age 0 fish ) live in the upper layers of the ocean for several months . they then settle to bottom habitats in nearshore areas where they form schools . as juveniles mature into adults ( around 7 years ) , they move offshore to greater depths . adult bocaccio are usually found above rocky bottoms between 60 to 340 metres deep . recent science has found that adult bocaccio may also prefer coral and sponge reefs as habitat .\nusing the abundances and trends from all available fishery - independent data , palsson et al . ( 2009 ) classified each rockfish species as healthy , precautionary , vulnerable or depleted . these status categories are based on those used by the american fisheries society ( musick 1999 ) . for the two rockfish species for which demographic data were most available ( quillback and copper rockfish ) , designations were made based on current spawners per recruit ( spr ) relative to 1970s spr ( proxy for an unfished population ) and 1999 spr ( palsson et al . 2009 ) .\nresearchers examined trends from 1998 to 2013 in eight species that were historically fished and seven that were not . the same period brought largely cool ocean conditions , which support increased rockfish reproduction .\nlongevity and mortality bocaccio are difficult to age and thus the maximum age of bocaccio is unknown but radiometric dating of the ear bones has suggested a maximum of 50 years . little is known about the mortality of younger ages . estimates of the natural mortality rate vary between 14 - 22 % per year . this implies that it would take between 12 \u2013 20 years for 95 % of fish of the same age to die of natural causes . age - at - maturity and maximum age imply a generation time of about 10 years .\nboth cowcod and bocaccio are overfished stocks that are being rebuilt under the federal west coast groundfish fishery management plan that is administered by the pacific fishery management council . in fact , the cowcod conservation areas where no fishing can occur deeper than 20 fathoms ( ~ 37 meters ) , was created to help recover cowcod populations , which are found from about 70 - 350 meters in depth , primarily in the southern california bight . bocaccio are found coast - wide , from british columbia into mexico , from 20 - 250 meters in depth .\nparker sj , berkeley sa , golden jt , gunderson dr , heifetz j , hixon ma , et al . ( 2000 ) management of pacific rockfish . fisheries 25 ( 3 ) : 22\u201330 .\nalthough this was the first study to examine rockfish dynamics in association with the ccas , short - term studies also suggest that the ccas benefit rockfish populations . a larval survey in 2005 using the same techniques as the current work but with finer - scale sampling showed that species richness and the abundance of targeted rockfishes was higher within than outside of the ccas [ 26 ] . similarly , submersible surveys in 2012 encountered cowcod with greater frequency within than outside of the ccas [ 25 ] . in addition , abundances of recently hatched , but not older , larval bocaccio were concentrated around the relatively shallow banks within the eastern cca [ 24 ] . although we did not detect an interaction between year and cca for bocaccio , abundances were higher within than outside of paired cca stations in all but two years . these studies and ours indicate that the ccas were positioned in locations that are well suited to protect and facilitate the recovery of many rockfishes in southern california .\ncope , j . m . 2004 . population genetics and phylogeography of the blue rockfish ( sebastes mystinus ) from washington to california . canadian journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 61 : 332 - 342 .\nmitamura h , uchida k , miyamoto y , arai n , kakihara t , yokota t , et al . ( 2009 ) preliminary study on homing , site fidelity , and diel movement of black rockfish\nthis video shows a large school of cowcod and bocaccio rockfish found at 89 meters . the footage was taken using a remotely operated vehicle ( rov ) at forty - three fathom bank in the cowcod conservation area off of san diego , ca , by scientists at the southwest fisheries science center . the red dots in the video are produced by two parallel lasers attached to the rov . the lasers are exactly 10 cm apart , and the scientists use them to help estimate the size of fish underwater .\nboth bocaccio and darkblotched give live birth to their young , rather than lay eggs . year to year , there are huge swings in the number of young that survive to become part of the fishery . and , researchers initially underestimated the extent to which populations could rebound from low levels , according to hastie .\nlucero , y . 2009 . a multivariate stock - recruitment function for cohorts with sympatric subclasses : application to maternal effects in rockfish ( genus sebastes ) . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 66 : 557 - 564 .\nhannah rw , rankin ps ( 2011 ) site fidelity and movement of eight species of pacific rockfish at a high - relief rocky reef on the oregon coast . n am j fish manage 31 ( 3 ) : 483\u2013494 .\nwest coast rockfish species in deep collapse only 20 years ago have multiplied rapidly in large marine protected areas off southern california , likely seeding surrounding waters with enough offspring to offer promise of renewed fishing , a new study has found .\ngary greene h , o\u2019connell vm and brylinsky ck ( 2011 ) tectonic and glacial related seafloor geomorphology as possible demersal shelf rockfish habitat surrogates\u2014examples along the alaskan convergent transform plate boundary . cont shelf res 31 ( 2 ) : s39\u2013s53 .\nthree years ago , for example , was a great year for survival rates of young darkblotched rockfish . \u201cthe current model says 2013 was twice as big as anything we have seen in the past 30 years , \u201d hastie said .\ncaught commercially off the outer washington coast with otter - trawls , longline , and jig handline gear . rarely caught by recreational harvesters off the outer washington coast . the puget sound and georgia basin populations of bocaccio are listed as endangered under the endangered species act and recreational retention in all puget sound waters is prohibited . see : urltoken\npopulation trends the abundance of bocaccio in bc waters is unknown . there is little directed research because of its lack of commercial importance . the population as a whole is present in all coastal waters along the edge of the continental shelf . the abundance in the outer north coast is unknown but it appears to be stable in the central coast .\nburford , m . o . 2009 . demographic history , geographical distribution and reproductive isolation of distinct lineages of blue rockfish ( sebastes mystinus ) , a marine fish with a high dispersal potential . journal of evolutionary biology 22 : 1471 - 1486 .\nreynolds bf , powers sp , bishop ma ( 2010 ) application of acoustic telemetry to assess residency and movements of rockfish and lingcod at created and natural habitats in prince william sound . plos one 5 ( 8 ) : e12130 . pmid : 20730090\nhabitat and distribution in bc , bocaccio are mainly caught along the outer pacific coast near the edge of the continental shelf , with largest catches from the northwest end of vancouver island and queen charlotte sound . they are sometimes reported from mainland inlets as well as the strait of georgia . the depth of catch is slightly shallower during summer than winter , with median depth of catch in the trawl fishery of 110 m in summer to 180 m in winter . two tagging studies conducted off the coast of california suggest that bocaccio move more during the first few years of life , and become more sedentary as they age . the amount of movement appears to drop off after they reach a length of 47 cm .\nthe us national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) conducts triennial surveys and operated 7 times in canadian waters between 1980 - 2001 . these surveys led to conclusions that bocaccio biomass has declined in the vancouver inpfc region although there have been some problems using this biomass index to determine trends in abundance . another index is derived from the wcvi shrimp trawl survey that has been carried out every year since 1973 and has recorded rockfish catches since 1975 . this survey represents the longest series of biomass estimates for bocaccio in canadian waters and has shown that there was relatively low biomass in the 1970s , increasing in the mid 1980s and declining by the late 1980s , a trend that has continued to the present . again , like the nmfs survey estimates , these estimates have low precision . however , there does appear overall to be some evidence of a decline over the last two decades in southern offshore waters , and there is strong evidence for a similar decline in us waters further south .\n2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult black rockfish ( sebastes melanops ) . the process of creating this shapefile includ . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .\n2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the most common distribution for adult brown rockfish ( sebastes auriculatus ) . the process of creating this shapefil . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .\n2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult calico rockfish ( sebastes dalli ) . the process of creating this shapefile included . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .\nfishery in bc , bocaccio are commonly caught along with several other groundfish species including pacific ocean perch , yellowtail rockfish and canary rockfish . in recent years , their occurrence appeared to be relatively predictable in both time and space . current commercial catches are low , as are the sport and first nations catches . they currently make up less than 1 % of the commercial trawl landings , but there is a small amount of targeting for boccacio . commercial trawl catch is almost zero in the strait of georgia . there is a small hook - and - line catch as well as discarding in the commercial hook - and - line fisheries for halibut , zn and schedule ii . the population s in bc are contiguous with those in washington state ; therefore it is possible that catches in the us may impact the bc population s . at this time however , this is unlikely to be an issue as us landings are very low due to restrictive trip limits .\nthe results on the water column use indicate that s . schlegelii are mainly found at an average depth of 20 . 90 m ( ranging from 16 m to 31 m ) . s . schlegelii is a demersal rockfish and remained closer to the bottom for a large portion of the tracking period in our study ( table 4 ) . in another study , the black rockfish sebastes melanops also remained close to the bottom ; the proposed explanation for this behavior was that it enabled fish to avoid the water turbulence from wave action and storm activity [ 41 ] .\nboth commercial and recreational catches of rockfishes have substantially declined since the mid 1980s and 1990s in both the north and south puget sound ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 2 ) . bottom trawl survey data also show declines in the harvested species of rockfishes ; the two species that have increased over time ( redstripe rockfish , s . proriger and puget sound rockfish , s . emphaeus ) are smaller - bodied fish that are not harvested ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 3 ) . the estimated spr ratios for copper and quillback rockfish in the north and south sound have also declined dramatically from 1970s to 1999 in both the north and south sounds ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 4 ) . this metric is important because it reflects the effect of fishing pressure on the reproductive capacity of a harvested population .\nboccacio are caught at depths between 60 - 340 m during bottom trawling while midwater trawl catches tend to occur over bottom depths of 60 - 200 m . incidental catches in midwater trawling occur when yellowtail ( sebastes flavidus ) and widow rockfish ( s . entomelas ) are targeted in the fishery .\ncitation : zhang y , xu q , al\u00f3s j , liu h , xu q , yang h ( 2015 ) short - term fidelity , habitat use and vertical movement behavior of the black rockfish sebastes schlegelii as determined by acoustic telemetry . plos one 10 ( 8 ) : e0134381 . urltoken\nbuonaccorsi , v . p . , c . a . kimbrell , e . a . lynn , and r . d . vetter . 2002 . population structure of copper rockfish ( sebastes caurinus ) reflects postglacial colonization and contemporary patterns of larval dispersal . canadian journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 59 : 1375 .\nrange / habitat : bocaccio are found from stepovak bay , alaska peninsula , to punta blanca , baja california . this species was once common on steep walls in portions of puget sound , now they are very rare . they have been found at water depths ranging from 12 to 478 m ( 40 - 1 , 578 ft ) , but tend to be most abundant from 50 to 250 m ( 165 - 825 ft ) in depth .\nmiller , j . a . , m . a . banks , d . gomez - uchida , and a . l . shanks . 2005 . a comparison of population structure in black rockfish ( sebastes melanops ) as determined with otolith microchemistry and microsatellite dna . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 62 : 2189 - 2198 .\nour work strongly indicates that the ccas have been effective in facilitating the recovery of multiple targeted rockfish species and supports the effectiveness of establishing and regularly monitoring long - term mpas . given that augmenting larval output is the primary mechanism by which mpas can benefit fisheries , this study provides an example of how larval monitoring can be used to assess mpa efficacy .\nhabitat enhancement via the deployment of ars has been a widely used management and conservation tool worldwide [ 86 , 87 ] . there is strong evidence that the implementation of ars increases the local abundance of fishes by various mechanisms , creating a mating / spawning area , increasing fish growth and survival of juveniles , and attracting fish from outside the area [ 88 \u2013 90 ] . ar restoration has been shown to mitigate rockfish population loss in many studies [ 91 \u2013 93 ] and , in general , rockfish habitat utilization is closely linked to habitat complexity [ 81 ] . in fact , rockfish exhibit a strong affinity for rugged geomorphological features [ 38 , 94 , 95 ] and the heterogeneous and structured habitat of rocky substrates [ 39 , 96 , 97 ] . reynolds et al . [ 81 ] demonstrated the potential of ars to provide quality habitat for s . caurinus along the alaskan convergent transform plate boundary . the results of our study agree with these previous findings for other species , and we suggest that ars create quality habitat and serve as attractants for s . schlegelii .\nthis is the first research we know of to demonstrate that marine protected areas are producing high abundances of fish larvae that can seed surrounding areas ,\nthompson said .\nthat was an important part of the vision for these areas when they were established , and it ' s rewarding that management actions are contributing to the recovery of rockfish in southern california .\nfrom 1999 to 2002 , scientific stock surveys documented declining numbers of west coast groundfish , and the council and noaa fisheries took action by declaring them overfished and reducing commercial harvests . while the reductions represented sharp blows to coastal economies , fishing communities and the fishing industry recognized the importance of maintaining sustainable groundfish stocks for the long term . bocaccio , for example , was declared overfished in 1999 , but strong reproduction and recruitment combined with the fishing cutbacks helped rebuild the species five years ahead of the original target of 2022 .\nmany aspects of the ecology and biology of rockfish germane to their management in puget sound are not well understood . for example , ecological interactions such as predation may play important roles in determining the success of management strategies ( e . g . , beaudreau and essington 2007 , harvey et al . 2008 ) , while demographic parameters such as age structure of populations ( berkeley et al . 2004 , berkeley 2006 , lucero 2009 ) or variability in the factors that drive recruitment rates are also likely to be quite important in driving the potential for rockfish recovery . furthermore , while targeted exploitation of rockfishes in puget sound has diminished in recent years , the influence of continued threats such as pollution , altered food webs , incidental catch in recreational fisheries are not known .\nthe larvae of several species of rockfish that were once heavily fished increased in number within protected areas over the past decade ,\nsaid andrew thompson , a research scientist at the swfsc in la jolla , calif .\nthe larvae have the potential to drift outside the protected region . that ' s good for fisheries because it can build populations beyond the protected waters too .\nwe processed 6717 larvae and identified 39 rockfish species throughout the time - series ( electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) . two non - targeted species , squarespot and shortbelly , were especially common , comprising over 50 % of the combined larvae ( table 1 ) . the next most abundant non - targeted species were pygmy , halfbanded , stripetail , swordspine and whitespeckled ( table 1 ) . the most abundant targeted species were bocaccio , blue , bank , speckled , olive , widow , chilipepper and copper ( table 1 ) . conversely , some species were extremely rare . for example , we detected only one individual ( not adjusting for shf ) for greenspotted ( s . chlorostictus ) , greenblotched ( s . rosenblatti ) and flag ( s . rubrivinctus ) , two individuals for calico ( s . dalli ) and yelloweye ( s . ruberrimus ) , and three for mexican ( s . macdonaldi ) ( electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) .\nwe would have never known this if not for the trove of data we get from those ships out on the water regularly looking at everything from temperature to , in this case , numbers of larval rockfish ,\nsaid kristen koch , acting director of the swfsc .\nwe ' ve discovered this conservation success story thanks to long - term monitoring that gives us new insight into how the ocean works and changes .\nwe found that larval abundances of the majority of targeted rockfishes increased throughout southern california between 1998 and 2013 . the rates of increase , however , were much higher within than outside of the ccas for most of the targeted but none of the untargeted species ( figure 5 ; electronic supplementary material , table s4 ) . this indicates that the presence of the ccas is facilitating the recovery of rockfish species that were historically targeted by fishers .\nsix of the eight ( excluding cowcod which were quite rare ) most abundant targeted species ( copper , widow , blue , speckled , bocaccio and olive ) showed significant increases in their mean abundances across the entire region over time ( figure 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s2 ) . interestingly , although cowcod abundances were below the threshold for formal analysis , this species did significantly increase during the study ( figure 2 ) . four of the seven ( squarespot , whitespeckled and pygmy ) most abundant non - targeted species significantly or nearly significantly ( stripetail ) increased during the study ( figure 3 ; electronic supplementary material , table s2 ) .\nin addition to management actions that allowed more individuals to reach maturity , environmental conditions probably contributed to the proliferation of rockfish larvae . rockfish spawning output is affected by the environment as female reproduction is reduced when food is scarce and adult energy reserves are low [ 19 ] . low spawning years typically occur during el ni\u00f1os when water temperature is high and primary productivity is low [ 51 , 52 ] . our logistic regression models support the idea that reproduction is higher when the water is cool as the presence of most species correlated negatively with temperature . further , we found that the water was cooler than the 30 - year average in most years between 1998 and 2013 , and it has been speculated that 1999 marked the beginning of an oceanographic shift from warm conditions that characterized the region between 1977 and 1998 [ 53 ] . therefore , environmental conditions appeared to have been generally conducive for high larval production and recruitment throughout much of the study .\nparker , s . j . , s . a . berkeley , j . t . golden , d . r . gunderson , j . heifetz , m . a . hixon , r . larson , b . m . leaman , m . s . love , j . a . musick , v . m . o ' connell , s . ralston , h . j . weeks , and m . m . yoklavich . 2000 . management of pacific rockfish . fisheries 25 : 22 - 30 .\na common feature of the spatial and temporal behavior of rockfishes of the genus sebastes is that their behaviors differ between day and night [ 83 , 84 ] . this divergent behavioral pattern suggests that rockfish activity is closely related to ambient light intensity and that sunset and sunrise determine changes in behavioral state [ 38 ] . however , this pattern is not consistent among sebastes species ; some species are more active during the day , others during the night , and some exhibit no diel behavioral patterns . for example , the rosethorn rockfish sebastes helvomaculatus exhibits a clear diurnal activity pattern ( active during the day and inactive at night ) [ 85 ] . similarly , s . mystinus is more active during the day than at night , as indicated by a steep decrease in detection rates at dusk and resuming to the high level at dawn [ 38 ] . by contrast , s . inermis remains buried in rock crevices during the day but ranges between the surface and very deep depths at night [ 42 ] . in the present study , s . schlegelii was more frequently detected during the day than night , which is interpreted as a day active behavior [ 70 ] .\nthe probability of presence of six of the eight most abundant targeted species ( copper , widow , blue , speckled , bocaccio and olive ) correlated negatively with temperature ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 a ) . two of the seven most abundant non - targeted species ( whitespeckled and pygmy ) also had negative relationships with temperature ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 b ) . there were also significant positive relationships with chlorophyll a for copper , squarespot , shortbelly , whitespeckled and halfbanded ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) . trend direction with salinity and oxygen were inconsistent as the presence of chilipepper decreased but swordspine increased with salinity ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) . similarly , trends were positive with oxygen for blue but negative for shortbelly and halfbanded ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) .\nreproduction bocaccio bear live young and produce between 20 , 000 and 230 , 000 eggs . fecundity tends to increase with increasing size of a female . copulation occurs early in the fall and larval release occurs over the winter . the larvae are 4 - 5 mm in length at parturition and metamorphose into pelagic juvenile s at 19 - 40 mm over a period of several months . the growth of juvenile s is rapid at around 0 . 56 - 0 . 97 mm per day . they can reach 24 cm in length by the end of the first year . the juvenile s settle into littoral and demersal habitat from late spring throughout the summer . young - of - the - year live near the surface for a few months and then settle in nearshore areas where they form schools over bottom depths of 30 - 120 m . adults may be semi - pelagic and are found over a variety of bottom types between bottom depths of 60 - 300 m .\nadults found over rocky reefs , but also common on open bottoms to about 320 m ( ref . 2850 ) . juveniles are pelagic and settle in near shore nursery areas , then move to deeper habitats ( ref . 36715 ) . young form schools ( ref . 2850 ) . feed mainly on fishes , including other rockfishes ( ref . 2850 ) . ovoviviparous , with planktonic larvae ( ref . 36715 , 6885 , 34817 ) . validated age by radiometry is 37 yrs ( ref . 75794 ) . a famous sport fish throughout its range ( ref . 2850 ) . flesh is of excellent quality when kept chilled ( ref . 27436 ) . sold with other rockfish species ( ref . 27436 ) .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 - 15 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 10 ; vertebrae : 26 . a large rockfish with weak head spines - nasal and parietal spines usually absent , preocular , supraocular , postocular , tympanic , coronal and nuchal spines absent ( ref . 27437 ) . lower jaw long , thickened , with no real symphyseal knob and projects past upper jaw ; maxillary extends to behind the eye ; parietal ridges parallel ( ref . 27437 ) . caudal slightly indented ( ref . 6885 ) . olive orange to burnt orange or brown in color ( ref . 27437 ) . branchiostegal rays : 7 ( ref . 36715 ) .\nin response to the decline in populations of rockfishes in southern california , ( particularly cowcod , which was formally declared overfished in 1999 [ 22 ] ) , the pacific fishery management council established two cowcod conservation areas ( ccas ) in 2001 . the ccas comprise a western and eastern area in the scb ( encompassing 10 878 km 2 and 260 km 2 , respectively ; figure 1 ) where cowcod were historically caught at high rates [ 22 ] . bottom - fishing deeper than 36 m is prohibited within the ccas as larger , targeted rockfishes typically reside below this depth . these areas are several times larger than most marine mpas that have been comprehensively studied thus far ( but see [ 23 ] ) and are the largest rockfish conservation areas in the world .\none difficulty in evaluating mpa effects has been a lack of robust sampling designs [ 15 , 16 ] . mpa impacts may be masked or misinterpreted if , for example , samples are collected only within mpa bounds without outside control locations . furthermore , inside and outside locations should be paired such that habitat conditions are similar inside and outside of mpas [ 5 ] . an ideal set - up will monitor both before and after mpa establishment to determine if sample ( e . g . fish abundances ) trajectories diverge inside and outside following placement of mpas [ 15 ] . finally , data should be collected on species that are and are not targeted by fishing to assess if mpas are affecting population dynamics of protected species [ 17 ] . we use a before - - after , control - impact paired series design [ 18 ] to quantify mpa effects on larval abundances of 15 rockfish species that were and were not historically targeted by fishing .\nrelatively large rockfish conservation areas ( rcas ) have also been established along the western us coast , as well as further north in canadian waters with the goal of facilitating recovery of overfished stocks . us rcas north of southern california appear to be benefitting rockfishes in addition to other demersal species as both bottom trawl [ 58 ] and hook and line surveys [ 59 ] detected significant increases in abundances since the beginning of the millennium . however , studies in canada obtained mixed results . whereas surveys in the strait of georgia indicated that these rcas positively impacted rockfishes [ 60 ] , a more comprehensive study suggested that canadian rcas have not facilitated recovery of demersal fish populations [ 61 ] . lack of compliance was a potential explanation for the canadian mpa ineffectiveness as there was no difference in fishing activity before and after establishment in most of these rcas [ 62 ] . indeed , a recent global survey found that many mpas were inadequately managed and these performed almost three times worse than equitably governed mpas [ 63 ] . it is likely that differences in management efficacy explain performance variation between the us and canadian rcas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbaja california ( mx ) to kodiak , alaska ( us ) 20 - 500m .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndig into habitat month and learn how healthy habitat depends on the power of partnerships .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies of concern are those species about which we have some concerns regarding status and threats , but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the endangered species act ( esa ) . we wish to draw proactive attention and conservation action to these species .\nspecies of concern\nstatus does not carry any procedural or substantive protections under the esa .\nfact sheets for each species are provided on the links below . note : species of concern can also be\ncandidate species\n.\natlantic - cape breton , nova scotia , to st . john ' s river , fl ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , aug 2013 , 78 fr 48943 )\nindo - pacific - red sea and east africa to the line islands and samoa ; north to yaeyama , south to the great barrier reef and new caledonia ; paulau , caroline , mariana in micronesia ; in u . s . it occurs in guam , american samoa , cnmi and the pacific remote island areas ( wake islands ) . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , nov 2012 , 77 fr 66799 ) .\nindo - pacific - red sea to the tuamotus , north to the ryukyus , east to wake islands , south to new caledonia , throughout micronesia ; includes u . s . territories of guam and american samoa ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , sept 2014 , 79 fr 57875 )\npacific - sitka island , alaska to baja california , mexico . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , dec 2014 , 79 fr 77998 ) .\n* nmfs reviewed the status of this species as a result of a petition to list it under the endangered species act . while esa listing was determined to not be warranted , nmfs retained this species on the species of concern list .\nthe following species were removed from species of concern list because they were either listed under the endangered species act ( esa ) or concerned about their status were removed because of new information and completion of a species of concern status report .\nthe proactive species conservation grant program supports voluntary conservation efforts designed to conserve marine and anadromous species before listing under the endangered species act ( esa ) becomes necessary . through this grant program , nmfs will provide federal assistance , in the form of grants or cooperative agreements , to support conservation efforts for species it has identified as species of concern ( soc ) .\na list of previously funded projects can be found in the proactive species conservation grants archive .\ninformation on other grant opportunities offered by office of protected resources is also available .\nbody color : olive - brown dorsally becoming pink to red ventrally ; specimens less than 10 inches ( 25 cm ) w / small brown spots on sides .\n- anus midway between pelvic - fin base and anal - fin origin ; maxilla extends to midorbit ; head spine count differs ; maximum length 32 cm .\n- maxilla extends to midorbit , symphyseal knob present ; body red w / whitish belly ; head spine count differs .\nthis species is under consideration for listing as endangered under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available on the species at risk public registry . additionally , fisheries protection and pollution prevention provisions of the fisheries act provide protection to this species ."]}
{"id": 752, "summary": [{"text": "paragnorima fuscescens is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1893 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india , nepal , china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , vietnam , thailand and burma .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 40 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dull brown suffused with fuscous and with traces of numerous waved dark lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a pale speck below the median nervure near the base and an indistinct dark spot on the discocellulars , as well as a pale patch at the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale fuscous with an indistinct paler band just beyond the middle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "paragnorima fuscescens", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for paragnorima definition . you find here paragnorima meaning , synonyms of paragnorima and images for paragnorima copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\npalimpsestis brunnea leech , 1900 syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )\nhaplothyatira unipunctata dubitatrix bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word paragnorima . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word paragnorima and , of course , paragnorima synonyms and on the right images related to the word paragnorima .\nparagnorima fuscescens is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by hampson in 1893 . it is found in india , nepal , china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , vietnam , thailand and burma .\nfigures 73 \u2013 79 . genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan . 82 \u2013 85 . male ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 77 , 78 , 79 . female , ventral view . 73 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , holotype ; 74 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype ; 75 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 76 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] ; 77 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 ; 78 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 79 . isopsestis meyi l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 .\nfigures 32 \u2013 42 . adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 32 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype , male ; 33 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , male ; 34 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] , male ; 35 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 , female ; 36 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) , female ; 37 . isopsestis meyi l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 38 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) , female ; 39 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 40 . parapsestis . . .\nfigures 32 \u2013 42 . adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 32 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype , male ; 33 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , male ; 34 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] , male ; 35 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 , female ; 36 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) , female ; 37 . isopsestis meyi l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 38 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) , female ; 39 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 40 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , paratype , female ; 41 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , paratype , female ; 42 . betapsestis brevis ( leech , 1900 ) , female .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzhuang , hailing , yago , masaya , owada , mamoru & wang , min , 2017 , taxonomic review of the moth family thyatiridae ( lepidoptera ) from yunnan province , china , zootaxa 4306 ( 4 ) , pp . 451 - 477 : 463\n, [ 1893 ] , the fauna of british india , moths 1 : 182 ( tl : naga hills , india , [ bmnh ] ) .\n, transactions of the entomological society of london 1900 : 18 ( tl : pu - tsu - fong , china [ bmnh ] ) .\n, in oberth\u00fcr , \u00e9tudes de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9rologie compar\u00e9e 18 ( 2 ) : 115 , pl . 488 , fig . 4010 ( tl : lachin lachoong , sikkim , india [ bmnh ] ) .\n, arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 34a : 13 , pl . 2 , fig . 25 ( tl : kambaiti , burma [ = myanmar ] [ nrs\nmaterial examined . 1 male , 27 . vii . 2013 , alt . 2 , 340 m , midu , yunnan , leg . hailing zhuang , slide no . scau - thy048 .\ndistribution . china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , india , nepal , myanmar , vietnam , thailand .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article zhuang , hailing , yago , masaya , owada , mamoru , wang , min ( 2017 ) : taxonomic review of the moth family thyatiridae ( lepidoptera ) from yunnan province , china . zootaxa 4306 ( 4 ) : 451 - 477 , doi : urltoken\nfigures 85 \u2013 93 . adults and genitalia of toxoides sichuanensis zhuang , owada & wang , 2014 . 85 , 86 . male , upperside , hubei ; 87 . ditto , hunan ; 88 . female , upperside , yunnan ; 89 , 90 . male genitalia , hubei ; 91 . ditto , hunan ; 92 . female genitalia , hunan ; 93 . ditto , yunnan . 87 , 91 , 92 . after jiang et al . ( 2015 ) .\nfigures 80 \u2013 84 . female genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan , ventral view . 80 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) ; 81 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 82 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , paratype ; 83 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , paratype ; 84 . betapsestis brevis ( leech , 1900 ) .\nfigures 63 \u2013 72 . male genitalia of thyatiridae ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 63 . psidopala opalescens ( alph\u00e9raky , 1897 ) ; 64 . psidopala ornata ( leech , 1900 ) ; 65 . habrosyne dentata werny , 1966 ; 66 . habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912 ; 67 . habrosyne indica indica moore , 1867 ; 68 . habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ] ; 69 . hiroshia albinigra l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay & ronkay , 2001 ; 70 . parapsestis argenteopicta nepalina l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 71 . parapsestis lichenea splendida l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , . . .\nfigures 53 \u2013 62 . male genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 53 . tethea ( tethea ) punctorenalia ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 54 . tethea ( tethea ) subampliata ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 55 . toxoides sichuanensis zhuang , owada & wang , 2014 ; 56 . euparyphasma albibasis guankaiyuni l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 57 . euparyphasma obscura ( sick , 1941 ) ; 58 . neotogaria hoenei ( sick , 1941 ) ; 59 . horipsestis aenea minor ( sick , 1941 ) ; 60 . horipsestis kisvaczak l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 61 . horipsestis minutus . . .\nfigures 43 \u2013 52 . male genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 43 . thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966 ; 44 . horithyatira decorata decorata ( moore , 1881 ) ; 45 . gaurena florens walker , 1865 ; 46 . gaurena gemella leech , 1900 ; 47 . gaurena pretiosa werny , 1966 ; 48 . macrothyatira arizana diminuta ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 49 . macrothyatira subaureata ( sick , 1941 ) ; 50 . tethea ( saronaga ) consimilis aurisigna ( bryk , 1943 ) ; 51 . tethea ( tethea ) fusca werny , 1966 ; 52 . tethea ( saronaga ) oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 ) .\nfigures 15 \u2013 31 . male adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 15 . euparyphasma obscura ( sick , 1941 ) ; 16 . neotogaria hoenei ( sick , 1941 ) ; 17 . horipsestis aenea minor ( sick , 1941 ) ; 18 . horipsestis kisvaczak l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 19 . horipsestis minutus ( forbes , 1936 ) ; 20 . isopsestis poculiformis zhuang , owada & wang , 2015 ; 21 . psidopala opalescens ( alph\u00e9raky , 1897 ) ; 22 . psidopala ornata ( leech , 1900 ) ; 23 . habrosyne dentata werny , 1966 ; 24 . habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912 ; 25 . habrosyne indica indica moore , . . .\nfigures 1 \u2013 14 . male adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 1 . thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966 ; 2 . horithyatira decorata decorata ( moore , 1881 ) ; 3 . gaurena florens walker , 1865 ; 4 . gaurena gemella leech , 1900 ; 5 . gaurena pretiosa werny , 1966 ; 6 . macrothyatira arizana diminuta ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 7 . macrothyatira subaureata ( sick , 1941 ) ; 8 . tethea ( saronaga ) consimilis aurisigna ( bryk , 1943 ) ; 9 . tethea ( tethea ) fusca werny , 1966 ; 10 . tethea ( saronaga ) oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 11 . tethea ( tethea ) punctorenalia ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; . . .\ndie zahlreichen expeditionen ungarischer forscherteams , die ende des 20 . jahrhunderts in die himalayaregion zu allen jahreszeiten unternommen wurden brachten aus den bisher kaum erforschten wintermonaten neben noctuidae und geometridae auch eine unerwartete f\u00fclle von material der familie thyatiridae . diese familie hat neben noctuidae und geometridae als einzige weitere heterocera - familie einen schwerpunkt des erscheinens zu dieser jahreszeit , wodurch das interesse der noctuidae - spezialisten l . und g . ronkay sowie des geometridae - spezialisten g . m . l\u00e1szl\u00f3 geweckt wurde , dieses material , das gem\u00e4\u00df getroffener vereinbarungen geschlossen ans museum witt gelangte , auch zu bearbeiten . die dort bereits vorhandenen materialeing\u00e4nge aus angrenzenden regionen zeigten sehr schnell da\u00df eine ersch\u00f6pfende bearbeitung nur im rahmen einer gesamtrevision der familie mit typenstudium durchgef\u00fchrt werden konnte , also einem vorhaben das genau den forschungszielen von thomas witt entsprach . nach etwa 10 - j\u00e4hriger bearbeitungszeit erscheint nun 2007 in der buchreihe esperiana ( band 13 ) diese revision mit dem titel \u201ethe thyatiridae of eurasia including the sundaland and new guinea ( lepidoptera ) \u201d aus der feder des autorenteams gyula m . l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , g\u00e1bor ronkay , l\u00e1szl\u00f3 ronkay und thomas witt . grundlage und dokumentation dieser bearbeitung bildet die sammlung im museum witt , deren bedeutung am besten im vorwort / preface zu dieser revision geschildert wird .\nthe present work is a result of an almost ten - years long study of the authors having rather different former interest in the lepidopterology . only one of us had previous experience on the taxonomy and systematics of the wide sense \u201ebombycoid\u201d families since the three hungarian authors worked with different geometridae and noctuidae groups . but the \u201efalse owlet moths\u201d display a great number of noctuoid features which make this very fascinating lepidopteran family even more interesting for the noctuid workers .\nthe final impetus was given during the intensive studies of the \u201ewinter moth fauna\u201d of the himalayan region : to our great surprise , it was found that the macrolepidoptera fauna of the cold aspects has not been restricted to the \u201eordinary\u201d noctuidae and geometridae but a diverse thyatiridae assemblage is present in practically all winter aspects . moreover , it is proved that thyatiridae is the only large heterocera group which shares this long and still rather poorly explored period with the noctuidae and geometridae in the wide sense himalayan region . the best marker of the richness of this fauna is the fact that the hnhm budapest has become the second largest european thyatiridae collection in the mirror of the species numbers within six years !\noriginally we thought to deal with the winter genera and species and the first discoveries were published in separate papers but the need of the full revision of the family became obvious even in the early period of the studies . we had to face unsolved problems not only in the treatment of the highly specialised and partly newly discovered himalayan - sino - pacific groups but even in such well - known , partly european genera like habrosyne and thyatira ( and horithyatira , macrothyatira , gaurena etc . ) . it should be stated that the lack of the proper investigations of an amazingly large portion of the type specimens led to several mistakes in the former and the rather recent monographic works as well .\nthe elaboration of the monograph was unexpectedly lengthy , mostly due to the detailed examination and documentation of the type material and , the continuous discoveries of new species . a propitious moment in this long process that the technical conditions of the digital photography became increasingly better during this period , therefore the quality of our colour images and microscopic photographs could also be remarkably improved and we are able to provide impressive illustrations about these really beautiful animals . it is our pleasure to present this book to all lepidopterists , hoping that the readers will read and use it with joy and success .\ngyula m . l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , g\u00e1bor ronkay , l\u00e1szl\u00f3 ronkay and thomas j . witt\nlaszlo , gy . m . , g . ronkay , l . ronkay and t . witt\nesperiana buchreihe zur entomologie 13 : 1 - 683 , 42 farbtafeln . schwanfeld , 18 . juli 2007 , isbn 3 - 938249 - 06 - 4 .\nrevised status , stat . rev . , status nova , stat . n . , bona species , bona sp . raised to species\nmicrothyatira werny , 1966 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]\ntogaria matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]\nasphalia nigrofascicula graeser , 1888 , syn . n . of neoploca arctipennis ( butler , 1878 )\ncymatophora intermedia houlbert , 1921 , syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )\ncymotrix decora gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona brunnea bethune - baker , 1908\ncymotrix submarginalis gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona concinna warren , 1915\ngaurena trimacula gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona marmorata warren , 1915\nhorithyatira assamensis werny , 1966 , syn . n . of horithyatira diehli werny , 1966\nmimopsestis determinata bryk , 1943 syn . n . of parapsestis pseudomaculata ( houlbert , 1921 )\npsidopala ebba bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )\npsidopala pseudoornata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )\nspilobasis curvata sick , 1941 syn . n . of neotogaria flammifera ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntogaria suzukiana matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota tancrei ( graeser , 1888 )\nachlya flavicornis finmarchica sch\u00f6yen , 1881 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nachlya flavicornis meridionalis wolfsberger , 1968 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nachlya longipennis inokoi inoue , 1982 syn . n . of achlya tateyamai inoue , 1982\nepipsestis perornata sicki yoshimoto , 1988 syn . n of epipsestis nigropunctata nigropunctata ( sick , 1941 )\ngaurena albifasciata likiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena margaritha werny , 1966\ngaurena albifasciata nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena albifasciata gaede , 1930\ngaurena argentisparsa eberti werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena argentisparsa hampson , 1896\ngaurena aurofasciata bryki werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena aurofasciata hampson , [ 1893 ]\ngaurena florens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865\ngaurena florens oliva werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865\ngaurena florens yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865\ngaurena florescens albomaculata werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865\ngaurena florescens burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865\ngaurena gemella flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865\nhabrosyne albipuncta szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne albipuncta angulifera ( gaede , 1930 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta chinensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta nigricans werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta pallescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne aurorina moellendorfi ( fixsen , 1887 ) syn . n . of habrosyne aurorina aurorina ( butler , 1881 )\nhabrosyne conscripta nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912\nhabrosyne dieckmanni urupina bryk , 1941 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )\nhabrosyne dieckmanni roseola matsumura , 1909 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )\nhabrosyne fraterna chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne fraterna japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica aurata werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica grisea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica malaisei bryk , 1943 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne petrographa ( sic ! ) tapaischana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pterographa ( poujade , 1887 )\nhabrosyne pyritoides ochracea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pyritoides derasoides ( butler , 1878 )\nmacrothyatira fasciata shansiensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 )\npalimpsestis duplaris kamschadalis sheljuzhko , 1926 syn . n . of ochropacha duplaris ( linnaeus , 1767 )\npalimpsestis fluctosa isshikii matsumura , 1921 , syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1803 ] )\npsidopala ornata yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )\npsidopala pseudoornata indecorata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )\npsidopala tenuis falkneri werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala tenuis ( hampson , 1896 )\nstenopsestis alternata bryki yoshimoto , 1993 syn . n . of stenopsestis alternata ( moore , 1881 )\ntethea akanensis koreibia bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )\ntethea albicosta birmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicosta ( moore , 1867 )\ntethea albicostata contrastata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )\ntethea albicostata japonibia werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )\ntethea albicostata koreonaga bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )\ntethea albicostata montana werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )\ntethea ampliata griseofasciata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ampliata shansiensis werny , 1966\ntethea ampliata var . askoldensis ( houlbert , 1921 ) syn . n . of tethea ampliata ampliata ( butler , 1878 )\ntethea angustata staudinger , 1885 syn . n . of tethea octogesima octogesima ( butler , 1878 )\ntethea consimilis birohoensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea consimilis flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea consimilis hoenei werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea consimilis szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis commifera ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea oberthueri chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri fukienensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri monticola bryk , 1943 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri occidentalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntethea octogesima var . caucasica krulikowsky , 1901 , syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )\ntethea ocularis caucasica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )\ntethea ocularis kosswigi werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )\ntethea ocularis orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis osthelderi ( bytinski - salz & brandt , 1937 )\ntethea ocularis tsinlingensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis amurensis ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea or nigrescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea or or ( [ denis & schifferm\u00fcller ] , 1775 )\ntetheella fluctuosa isshikii ( matsumura , 1921 ) syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1803 ] )\nthyatira batis japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nthyatira batis mandschurica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nthyatira hedemanni elbursina werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira hedemanni christoph , 1885\nthyatira rubrescens assamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens kwangtungensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens tienmushana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens vietnamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\n. this doi represents all versions , and will always resolve to the latest one ."]}
{"id": 770, "summary": [{"text": "cudonigera houstonana , the juniper budworm moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california , kansas , mississippi , new hampshire , new jersey , new mexico , north carolina , oklahoma , tennessee and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have a mottled tan and brown colour pattern on their wings , resembling dead foliage of the host plant .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from april to november .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there are up to two generations per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the foliage of juniperus ashei .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they construct silken tubes .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "pupation occurs in the larval shelter .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the species overwinters in the larval stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "cudonigera houstonana", "paragraphs": ["choristoneura houstonana ( grote , 1873 ) was formerly in the genus cudonigera , zootaxa . 3729 ( 1 ) : 25 .\npowell , j . a . & n . s . obraztsov . 1977 . cudonigera : a new genus for moths formerly assigned to choristoneura houstonana ( tortricidae ) . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 31 ( 2 ) : 119 - 123 .\nty - jour ti - cudonigera : a new genus for moths formerly assigned to choristoneura houstonana ( tortricidae ) t2 - journal of the lepidopterists ' society . vl - 31 ur - urltoken pb - lepidopterists ' society , cy - [ new haven , conn . ] : py - 1977 sp - 119 ep - 123 sn - 0024 - 0966 er -\nheinrichs , e . a . 1971 . external morphology of larvae of choristoneura houstonana ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist 103 ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 .\nheinrichs , e . a . & h . e . thompson . 1968 . the biology of choristoneura houstonana ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , a pest of juniperus species . canadian entomologist 100 ( 7 ) : 750 - 763 .\n@ article { bhlpart145284 , title = { cudonigera : a new genus for moths formerly assigned to choristoneura houstonana ( tortricidae ) } , journal = { journal of the lepidopterists ' society . } , volume = { 31 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ new haven , conn . ] : lepidopterists ' society , 1959 - } , author = { } , year = { 1977 } , pages = { 119 - - 123 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > cudonigera : a new genus for moths formerly assigned to choristoneura houstonana ( tortricidae ) < / title > < / titleinfo > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 31 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > journal of the lepidopterists & # 39 ; society . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ new haven , conn . ] : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > lepidopterists & # 39 ; society , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 31 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 119 < / start > < end > 123 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1977 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ndombroskie , j . j . & f . a . h . sperling , 2013 . phylogeny of the tribe archipini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : tortricinae ) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures . zootaxa , 3729 ( 1 ) : 1 - 62 .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 19 . 13f ; p . 151 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult - checkered with raised patches of pale rust and rose lavender scales . hindwing white .\nduring the spring and early summer of 2002 , an unusual outbreak of the juniper budworm was documented across the following central texas counties : travis , hayes , comal , and blanco .\nashe juniper ( juniperus ashei ) is apparently the only food in central texas for the juniper budworm . texas county range map of j . ashei per usda .\nthe larva of juniper budworm goes through 8 - 11 instars , or caterpillar stages , as it grows . then it changes to a pupa from which the adult moth emerges . life history studies on this insect were done in kansas where one generation per year was reported . however , records of adult moths in the texas a & m ; university insect collection indicate there are probably two generations per year in texas ( labeled specimens showed moths were collected in june and october ) .\nas the larvae feed in the juniper foliage , they construct silken tubes and pupation occurs in the shelter where the larvae fed . adult moths appear shortly after pupation occurs . in kansas , larvae overwinter in the infested juniper trees , pupate in late june and july , and emerge as adult moths in july . in texas , however , the overwintering stage is not known , but it is probably the egg stage or as very young larvae .\nthe adult moths are about 1 / 4 - inch long and are similar to the color of dead ashe juniper foliage . they have a mottled tan and brown color pattern on their wings . they are active mostly at night and are attracted to lights . they generally remain at rest on the host plant during the day and only fly when disturbed . unless they fly , they are difficult to detect . ( texas forest service )\nit is closely related and similar in appearance to the spruce budworm ( choristoneura fumiferana ) , a major defoliating insect pest of true firs in the eastern and western forests of the united states and canada .\ndombroskie , j . j . & f . a . h . sperling . 2013 . phylogeny of the tribe archipini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : tortricinae ) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures . zootaxa 3729 ( 1 ) : 1 - 62 . ( pdf )\ngrote , a . r . , 1873 . i . description of new north american moths .\npowell , j . a . 1980 . nomenclature of nearctic conifer - feeding choristoneura ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) : historical review and present status . usda forest service general technical report pnw - 100 . usda forest service 18pp .\npowell , j . a . 1995 . biosystematic studies of conifer - feeding choristoneura ( lepidoptera tortricidae ) in the western united states . university of california press , berkeley . 275 pp .\nquinn , m . a . 2000 . abundance and distribution of potential arthropod prey species in a typical golden - cheeked warbler habitat . unpublished thesis . texas a & m ; university , college station . ix + 182 pp .\ni . description of new north american moths . augustus radcliffe grote . 1873 . bulletin of the buffalo society of natural sciences 1 : 1 - 16 .\nnorth - american torticidae thomas , lord walsingham . 1879 . illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . 4 .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .\nabundance and distribution of potential arthropod prey species in a typical golden - cheeked warbler habitat . quinn , m . a . 2000 . unpublished thesis . texas a & m ; university , college station . ix + 182 pp .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 777, "summary": [{"text": "arachnogyaritus celestini is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the type species of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by gouverneur and vitali in 2016 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is known from laos . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "arachnogyaritus celestini", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\n166 . 31 kb from laos , mt . phu pane . size : 6 mm\nthank you xavier ! ! one of your species ! ! i doubted between this and elegantogyaritus wakaharai .\nurltoken is a brazilian scientific electronic library ( iheringia , revista brasileira de entomologia , zoologia . . . )\nto sign my photos of flat - faced longhorned beetles . of course , it is possible for any site to create a link towards any page of urltoken or for any publication to cite a resource without express authorization . for any question about rights of reproduction and use , contact me ! how to quote this website ?\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nlongicornia malayana ; or , a descriptive catalogue of the species of the three longicorn families lamiid\u00e6 , cerambycid\u00e6and prionid\u00e6 , collected by mr . a . r . wallace in the malay archipelago .\nbase des \u00e9lytres avec une s\u00e9rie de tubercules ( sri lanka ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ceylania n . gen . - base des \u00e9lytres avec une \u00e9pine discale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\ndan heffern , houston ( usa ) pour nous avoir transmis ses clich\u00e9s photographiques d ' holotypes de gyaritini .\nbreuning ( s . ) , 1956 . \u2013 die ostasien - cerambyciden im museum a . koenig , bonn . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge , 7 ( 1 - 3 ) : 229 - 236 .\n1872 . \u2013 histoire naturelle des insectes genera des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res ou expos\u00e9 m\u00e9thodique et critique de tous les genres propos\u00e9s jusqu ' ici dans cet ordre d ' insectes . famille lxviii . longicornes . ( suite ) . sous - famille iii\nlacordaire ( t . ) , 1872 . \u2013 histoire naturelle des insectes . genera des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res ou expos\u00e9 m\u00e9thodique et critique de tous les genres propos\u00e9s jusqu ' ici dans cet ordre d ' insectes . famille lxviii . longicornes . ( suite ) . sous - famille iii . lamiides . librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , 9 ( 2 ) : 411 - 930 .\npart iii . the transactions of the entomological society of london , ( 2 ) 4 ( 6 ) : 236\u2013266 .\nwallace in the malay archipelago . ( part i ) . the transactions of the entomological society of london , 3 ( 3 ) 1 : 1 - 96 .\nthough very popular among entomologists , cerambycids are not very common as fossils . the description of extinct taxa implies a knowledge of the group at a worldwide level since tribes and genera c\u2026\n[ more ]\ninventory of the collections , description of the history of this collections , description of the donations and biography of the donators , description of the major samples . . . and publications of dat\u2026\n[ more ]\nthree new species of cerambycinae from laos , comusia atricornis n . sp . , demonax vitalii n . sp . and perissus octopunctatus n . sp . are described .\nnemophas thomson , 1864 , iothocera thomson , 1864 and dolichoprosopus ritsema , 1881 are compared and revised with emphasis on the genital morphology . nemophas is recognised as older synonym of iothocera n . syn . consequently , apriona tomentosa bouquet , 1859 is transferred to the genus nemophas as follows : nemophas tomentosus ( bouquet , 1859 ) n . comb . dolichoprosopus incensus pascoe , 1866 and . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncompl\u00e9ments \u00e0 la r\u00e9vision de la tribu des gyaritini breuning , 1956 et description d\u2019un nouveau genre . . .\nle genre retilla lacordaire , 1872 est transf\u00e9r\u00e9 dans la tribu des desmiphorini thomson , 1860 . protogyaritus griseofasciatus n . gen . , n . sp . est d\u00e9crit du nord - est laos ( houa phan ) . ce nouveau taxon est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par les yeux r\u00e9niformes , le pronotum avec des tubercules discaux tr\u00e8s r\u00e9duits , les \u00e9lytres parall\u00e8les et les ailes membraneuses normalement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es , caract\u00e8res qui le . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntwo new laotian species , sinomimovelleda chemini n . sp . and aconodes guerardi n . sp . are described . aconodes breuningi n . nom . is proposed for aconodes submontanus breuning , 1975 nec breuning , 1949 ( secondary homonymy ) . deux nouvelles esp\u00e8ces du laos , sinomimovelleda chemini n . sp . et aconodes guerardi n . sp . sont d\u00e9crites . aconodes breuningi n . nom . est propos\u00e9 pour aconodes submontanus . . . [ show full abstract ]\nworkers of the leptogenys chalybaea species group are swarm raiders that primarily prey on large millipedes . the ants attack and immobilize these relatively large prey and can then form chains of workers to drag their newly acquired trove of nutrients back to the nest ( peeters & de greef 2015 ) . the leptogenys chalybaea species pages includes a youtube video of this behavior that has been viewed more than 7 million times !\nthe big and the small . a discothyrea sexarticulata worker placed on dinoponera australis . photo by guilherme ide ( mzusp ) .\nmyrmoteras worker from danum valley , sabah , malaysia . the trigger hair , used to release the mandibles from their open to closed position when prey is encountered , can be seen between the mandibles . photo by steve shattuck .\na formica comata worker defending her nest , ready to bite and spray the invader with formic acid ( ch 2 o 2 ) . photo by gary alpert .\na stigmatomma minutum worker from kerala , india ( photo by kalesh sadasivan ) . stigmatomma has received considerable attention lately , with a phylogeny of the subfamily amblyoponinae ( ward & fisher , 2016 ) transfering a number of species from stigmatomma to the newly revived genus fulakora and the malagasy species being revised ( esteves & fisher , 2016 ) .\nit turns out some early ants were absolutely amazing . perrichot , wang & engel ( 2016 ) report on a 99 - million - year - old ant from myanmar amber that had a bulbous horn bursting from the top of its head and elongate trap jaw mandibles with \u201ctrigger\u201d hairs . clearly there were some highly specialized ants even at this early stage of their history .\nfrom missouri ( approximately 38 . 7n 90 . 2w ) are well advanced in developing their sexual brood for the coming summer . being opportunistic nesters , this colony was found in a curled leaf among lawn grass .\nit ' s not an ant , but it would really like to be . a cerambycid beetle , from laos , pretending to be a polyrhachis to avoid its predators .\n, photographed using an electron microscope . one of the reasons ants are so successful is because of their great morphological diversity . this diversity also extends to their life history and ecology . these two species differ so greatly that they would likely not even recognise each other when they meet in northern queensland , australia , where they both occur . they would pass by without a second thought and certainly wouldn ' t realise that they are cousins !\n, the latest addition to the ant family . containing two newly described species from the\na lego pinned insect manipulator ! this shows that lego ' s can be important in serious research , and that some scientists are still kids at heart . it also shows what happens when you think outside the box . see dupont s , price b , blagoderov v ( 2015 ) for full details .\nqueen , major worker and minor worker . workers are polymorphic in size and this is associated with differences in ovariole numbers . queens are not much larger than the major workers , but have disproportionately more ovarioles and a 10 - fold higher egg - laying rate .\ncorrie moreau has a video discussing a few of her current research projects . she says\nwe are all just walking rainforests ! humans and ants ( and almost all of life ) are ecosystems in themselves . always great fun to share my research with the brain scoop ! \ufeff\nwell worth a look .\nthis odontoponera worker found an earthworm while foraging on the rainforest floor in borneo . she spent several minutes attempting to capture it but to no avail . in the end she retreated for easier prey , the earthworm having defended itself by smearing the ant with sticky mucus that was too much for her to handle . photo by : steve shattuck during a recent ant course .\npolyrhachis is known from over 750 species which occur from africa east through india and into australia . they are especially abundant and incredibly diverse in the rainforests of southeast asia , where this species and over 100 others are found . they forage singly or in groups on low vegetation and the ground during the day , making them easy to find and observe . they are also very patient , sitting quietly while they have their portraits taken . the subgenus polyrhachis , to which this species belongs , is readily recognised by the elongate spines on the dorsum of the petiole ( the left - most pair in this photo taken in borneo during a recent ant course ) . these really are exceptional ants . photo by : steve shattuck .\ndavid general and perry buenavente recently published a paper describing a new species of romblonella , romblonella coryae , from the philippines . this is only the ninth known species of this small , asian genus . photo by : dave general\nthis wide - spread introduced species has a new name . previously known as monomorium destructor , ward et al . ( 2015 ) recognised that this species and its close relatives were not related to other monomorium species , but belonged to the genus trichomyrmex . this resulted in a name change to trichomyrmex destructor . photo by : april nobile / antweb\na member of the newly resurrected genus syllophopsis . photo by : april nobile / antweb\nthis page was last modified on 23 may 2015 , at 17 : 05 .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nmy machine specs are : xeon e5 - 2687 3 . 10 ghz ( 2 processors ) 64 gb ram nvidia quadro 6000 softwares used : zbrush , maya , arnold renderer , nuke by ramteen ahmadi\nphylogeny of the coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae john f . l awrence\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 780, "summary": [{"text": "causeyella youngsteadtorum , youngsteadt 's cave millipede , is a ghostly white millipede , first collected in 1976 by norman and jean youngsteadt , but not recognized as a new species until 2003 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it has been found in seven caves in boone and searcy counties in arkansas . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "causeyella youngsteadtorum", "paragraphs": ["figures 27\u201329 . sems of causeyella youngsteadtorum . 27 , gonopods , ventral view . 28 , gonopod fimbriate branch . 29 , gonopod tips , oblique lateral view . scale lines as labelled .\nthe milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . shear , w . a . 2003 . zootaxa .\nfigures 27\u201329 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea )\nfigures 27\u201329 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) | zenodo\narkansas is home to nineteen species of endemic millipedes ; however , some of these species need to be re - described and may contain synonyms ( same species with multiple scientific names ) . they include abacion wilhelminae ( shelley , mcallister , and hollis ) , boraria profuga ( causey ) , causeyella causeyae ( shear ) , causeyella youngsteadtorum ( shear ) , cleidogona arkansana ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus compressus ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus newtonius ( chamberlain ) , eurymerodesmus polkensis ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus pulaski ( causey ) , nannaria davidcauseyi ( causey ) , nannaria depalmai ( causey ) , okliulus beveli ( causey ) , petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) , tiganogona glebosa ( causey ) , tiganogona ladymani ( causey ) , tiganogona moesta ( causey ) , tiganogona steuartae ( causey ) , and trigenotyla parca ( causey ) .\nabacion wilhelminae is endemic to rich mountain in polk county . boraria profuga is found within the ouachita mountains uplift and is probably endemic to that physiographic region . causeyella causeyae is a cave - dwelling millipede that is eyeless and unpigmented ; it occurs within the ozark mountains of arkansas . causeyella youngsteadtorum is also endemic to the ozarks of arkansas , occurring in newton , boone , and searcy counties . cleidogona arkansana is known only from the type locality in dallas county . eurymerodesmus compressus is known from union county . eurymerodesmus newtonius occurs in benton , newton , and washington counties . eurymerodesmus polkensis occurs in montgomery , polk , and scott counties . eurymerodesmus pulaski is known from saline and pulaski counties . nannaria davidcauseyi is known from newton county , and nannaria depalmai is known from carroll county . okliulus beveli is known only from union county . petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) produces a defensive secretion that smells like camphor . tiganogona glebosa occurs in washington county , tiganogona ladymani occurs in clay county , tiganogona moesta occurs in carroll and washington counties , and tiganogona steuartae occurs only in sebastian county . trigenotyla parca occurs primarily in caves and is known from carroll county .\ndue to their affinity for dark , moist habitats , millipedes are often found within cave systems or mines . these can include rare species that are found only within caves ( troglobites ) and more common surface species . some rare millipedes found in caves include the genus causeyella , which is found only within cave systems in the ozarks , and tingupa pallida , known from caves in randolph and sharp counties . another common cave millipede is cambala minor , which is not a true troglobite but does have a lightly colored body and is eyeless .\nthe nature conservancy ' s mission is to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends , and for more than 35 years , we ' ve been working in arkansas to do just that . learn more about a few of the places you are helping us protect across arkansas .\nthe nature conservancy recently purchased 1 , 425 forested acres on a mountain near mt . judea along big creek .\narkansas county road after unpaved road best management practices are implemented . \u00a9 ethan inlander / the nature conservancy\nwant to see a stream restoration up close ? then check out our new video about work being done on the kings river .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 the nature conservancy . terms of use | privacy policy ( updated may 2018 ) | charitable solicitation disclosures\nthe nature conservancy is a nonprofit , tax - exempt charitable organization ( tax identification number 53 - 0242652 ) under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . donations are tax - deductible as allowed by law .\n* by providing your mobile phone number , you agree that the nature conservancy may contact you by mobile phone call and text message regarding the conservancy ' s programs , events and membership , subject to our mobile service provider ' s terms of use and mobile service provider ' s privacy policy .\nlearn about the places you love and find out how you can help by signing up for nature enews .\nwe ' ll be in touch soon with more nature conservancy news , updates , and exciting stories .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe following 41 pages are in this category , out of 41 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthere have been around 7 , 000 species of millipedes ( sometimes spelled millipeds ) described scientifically , with a projected estimate of possibly 80 , 000 total species occurring around the globe . around 900 species have been described from the united states and canada . however , the family parajulidae , the largest group from north america , has not been studied thoroughly , suggesting that numerous more species exist in north america . arkansas has a diverse array of millipede species . some of them are fairly common , while others are rare .\nmillipedes\u2014their name meaning \u201cthousand feet\u201d\u2014make up a group of invertebrates ( lacking a backbone ) in the phylum arthropoda . within the arthropoda phylum , millipedes belong in the subphylum myriapoda , which includes four classes : chilopoda ( centipedes ) , diplopoda ( millipedes ) , paurapoda ( paurapods ) , and sumphyla ( symphylans ) . of the four classes , most people are familiar with the centipedes and the millipedes .\nthe class diplopoda has three unique characteristics : aflagellate spermatozoa , the presence of four or more apical sensory cones on each antenna , and the diplosegment condition . millipedes can be found as they move slowly through dark , moist habits , such as under logs , beneath stones , and within leaf litter . when disturbed , they commonly roll up into a ball to protect their legs and head from predators . they are herbivores , mainly eating dead plant material .\nmillipedes have two main body types : a primarily cylindrical body form , such as in the family parajulidae , or the dorsoventrally flattened body types , such as in the family eurymerodesmidae . a millipede\u2019s head consists of a clump of simple eyes on each side and a pair of antennae , mandibles , and maxillae . a millipede\u2019s body has between twenty - five and 100 segments with either a single or double row of feet on each segment , giving the illusion of a thousand feet ( although millipedes only have up to 750 legs ) . the seventh segment appendages are often specialized into copulatory organs called gonopods . many species of millipedes can be identified only by using morphological characteristics when viewing the male copulatory structures . millipedes breathe through structures called spiracles . each abdominal segment contains two spiracles , which open into air chambers connected to tracheal tubes . after millipedes mate , females lay eggs and guard them . hatchlings hatch from eggs and have only a few pairs of legs . each time they molt ( shed their exoskeleton ) , they gain more segments and legs .\na very common species of millipede in arkansas is pseudopolydesmus pinetorum ( bollman ) . this species has a flattened body and is a brownish color . other common millipedes include the families parajulidae and eurymerodesmidae . a few genera of millipedes within arkansas are rather colorful , with yellow and orange markings on the body segments , such as in apheloria , auturus , and eurymerodesmus . one species occurring within arkansas , narceus americanus , is a very large millipede with a brownish body with orange and green markings along the periphery of the segments . brachycebe lecontei is a millipede that has a pink body .\npublished collections of millipedes date back to the late 1800s . in 1888 , charles h . bollman published the \u201cpreliminary checklist of the myriapoda of arkansas , with descriptions of new species\u201d in entomologica americana . dr . nell bevel causey , who held a faculty position at the university of arkansas ( ua ) in fayetteville ( washington county ) , authored numerous species and genera , many of which are endemic to arkansas . much of the knowledge of millipede species occurring in arkansas can be contributed to this early work . other diplopodologists who have contributed to the knowledge of millipedes are william a . shear and richard l . hoffman . as recent research conducted in arkansas by rowland m . shelley and chris t . mcallister has increased the known species and distributional limits within the state , there is not a current comprehensive species list for arkansas .\nsome millipede species in arkansas , such as euryurus leachii ( koch ) , are typically more commonly found on the eastern side of the mississippi river but do occur within the state . yet , others , such as abacion texense ( loomis ) , are more commonly found in the central portion of the united states but do occur east of the mississippi river .\nof potential concern to cave ecosystems is the exotic and invasive greenhouse millipede oxidus gricilus , which can be quite common in some cave systems . this species , however , is not limited to cave environments , and the potential harm this exotic millipede might bring to native fauna is not known at this time . native environments , especially cave systems , can be very fragile and susceptible to threats from exotic species of wildlife .\nmillipedes , especially arkansas\u2019s species , are essentially harmless to humans , as they lack structures to bite , pinch , or sting . however , when handled , millipedes often emit defensive secretions . these secretions are generally harmless , but some people can develop skin and eye problems after contact . millipedes that emit defensive secretions often exhibit aposematic coloration ( colors warning about defensive secretions ) .\nin general , millipedes can be found wherever the habitat is moist . they play an integral ecological role , as they are important in nutrient recycling of plant material . they fragment this plant material ( detritus ) , increasing microbial breakdown and soil nutrient cycling . they are more commonly seen in the spring and fall months of the year when the temperatures are not too hot or too cold and there is ample moisture in the ground . during certain times of the year ( such as in the fall months when temperatures and moisture levels align ) , large numbers of millipedes can be seen moving about . although arkansas is home to some rare and even endemic millipedes , many species are easily encountered just by flipping logs , rocks , or other debris .\nfor additional information : hopkin , s . p . , and h . j . read . the biology of millipedes . oxford , uk : oxford university press , 1992 .\nmcallister , c . t . , c . s . harris , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . i . new distributional and state records for seven counties of the west gulf coastal plain of arkansas . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 91\u201394 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\nmcallister , c . t . , and h . w . robison . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . v . new distribution records for select taxa in arkansas , oklahoma , and texas . \u201d southwestern naturalist 56 , no . 3 ( 2011 ) : 422\u2013426 .\nmcallister , c . t . , h . w . robison , m . b . connior , and l . c . thompson . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . vi . new geographic distributional records from select counties of arkansas . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 67 ( 2013 ) : 87\u201393 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\nmcallister , c . t . , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . ii . distributional records for some species of western and central arkansas and eastern and southeastern oklahoma . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 95\u201398 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . iii . additional records from arkansas . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 57 ( 2003 ) : 115\u2013121 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\nrobison , h . , c . mcallister , c . carlton , and g . tucker . \u201cthe arkansas endemic biota : an update with additions and deletions . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 62 ( 2008 ) : 84\u201396 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\n\u00a92018 the central arkansas library system - all rights reserved - web services by aristotle web design ."]}
{"id": 787, "summary": [{"text": "anarsia crassipalpella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by legrand in 1966 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on the seychelles ( aldabra ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "anarsia crassipalpella", "paragraphs": ["anarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78\nanarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096\nanarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343\nanarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo\nanarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214\nanarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69\nanarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32\nanarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275\nanarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java\nanarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland\nanarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163\nanarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nanarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124\nanarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib\nanarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai\nanarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia luticostella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra\nanarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas\nanarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore\nanarsia retamella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa\nanarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nanarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nanarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton\nanarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa\nanarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters\nanarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate\nanarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nanarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nanarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\nanarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun\nanarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nanarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk\nanarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nanarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14\nanarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon\nanarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nanarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nanarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nanarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden\nanarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14\nanarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt\nanarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nanarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku\nanarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan\nanarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek\nanarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty\nanarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan\nanarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .\nanarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas\nanarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta\nanarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nanarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nanarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder\nanarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nanarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m\nanarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon\nanarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan\nanarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nanarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon\nanarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest\nanarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nanarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea\nanarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nanarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\nanarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan\nanarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nanarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nanarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan\nanarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz\nanarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nanarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50\u00b044 ' n 93\u00b008 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m\nanarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo\nanarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m\nanarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia\nanarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkenya , rift valley , lake baringo , 1000 m , 01 . v . 2003 , leg . d . j . l . agassiz .\nbengtsson b . a . 2014 . the afrotropical scythrididae . - esperiana memoir 7 : 1\u2013361 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nlarva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279\nananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50\nananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\nananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nchelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran\nananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\njapan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan\nananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83\nnothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane\nananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nromania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude\nananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nguiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79\nlarva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia\nlarva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nnothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4\nlarva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495\nlarva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147\ns . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]\ngelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon\nlarva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]\nananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nlarva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353\nseu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon\nananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nwalsingham thomas de grey & hampson g . f . 1896 . on moths collected at aden and in somaliland . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1896 ( 1 ) : 257\u2013283 , pl . 10 .\nwalsingham thomas de grey 1891a . african micro - lepidoptera . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1891 ( 1 ) : 63\u2013132 , pls . 3\u20137 .\njanse a . j . t . 1963 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - \u2014 6 ( 3 ) : 241\u2013284 , pls . 130\u2013138 .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2013336 .\nmeyrick e . 1920a . voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911\u20131912 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ii . microlepidoptera . - \u2014 : 35\u2013120 .\nmeyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49\u2013148 .\njanse a . j . t . 1960 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - \u2014 6 ( 2 ) : 145\u2013240 , pls . 33\u2013129 .\nclarke j . f . g . 1955 . catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) , described by edward meyrick . vol . 2 . stenomidae , xylorictidae , copromorphidae . - \u2014 2 : 1\u2013531 ; pls . 1\u2013263 .\nlegrand h . 1966 . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res des \u00eeles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1\u2013210 , pls . 1\u201316 .\nagassiz d . j . l . & bidzilya o . v . 2016 . gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) bred from acacia in kenya with description of eight new species . - annals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 : 116\u2013145 .\nstrand e . 1913g . katalog der \u00e4thiopischen tineina . - archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 79 ( a ) ( 2 ) : 38\u2013115 .\nmeyrick e . 1911c . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 1 ) : 63\u201383 .\nbradley j . d . 1969 . two new species of lepidoptera reared from galls on guiera senegalensis in northern nigeria . - bulletin of entomological research 59 ( 1968 ) : 77\u201380 .\nrebel h . 1907a . lepidopteren aus s\u00fcdarabien und von der insel sokotra . - denkschriften der \u00f6sterreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , wien 71 ( 2 ) : 31\u2013130 , pl . 1 .\nviette p . 1968g . descriptions de nouvelles esp\u00e8ces de microl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de madagascar et de l ' \u00eele marion . - bulletin mensuel de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 linn\u00e9enne de lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 83\u201391 .\njanse a . j . t . 1949a . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - \u2014 5 ( 1 ) : 1\u201360 , pls . 1\u201332 .\nmeyrick e . 1926a . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 23 ( 2 ) : 325\u2013351 .\nmeyrick e . 1918a . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 6 ( 2 ) : 7\u201359 .\nviette p . 1957d . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides ) . \u2013 in : la faune entomologique de l ' ile de la r\u00e9union . i . - m\u00e9moires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar ( e ) 8 : 137\u2013226 , pls 1\u20134 ."]}
{"id": 788, "summary": [{"text": "synaptula lamperti is a species of sea cucumber in the family synaptidae in the phylum echinodermata , found on coral reefs in the indo-pacific region .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the echinoderms are marine invertebrates and include the sea urchins , starfish and sea cucumbers .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are radially symmetric and have a water vascular system that operates by hydrostatic pressure , enabling them to move around by use of many suckers known as tube feet .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "sea cucumbers are usually leathery , gherkin-shaped animals with a cluster of short tentacles at one end .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they live on the sea bottom . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "synaptula lamperti", "paragraphs": ["fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : synaptula lamperti ( sea cucumber ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsynaptula lamperti heding 1928\npage .\nthis worm - like creature is actually a sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) .\nenchanted world of lyra - lampert\u2019s sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) . . . .\nhave a fact about synaptula lamperti ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for synaptula lamperti ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nnick hope added the english common name\nlampert ' s sea cucumber\nto\nsynaptula lamperti heding 1928\n.\ngiant barrel sponge , xestospongia testudinaria . the surface is covered with lampert ' s holothurians or sea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti\nsoft coral ( dendronephthya klunzingeri ) on sponge covered with synaptid sea cucumbers ( synaptula lamperti ) . papua new guinea .\nlampert\u00b4s sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) on sponge , night dive , long beach dive site , manado , sulawesi , indonesia .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : synaptula lamperi ( sea cucumber ) on plakortis sp . ( chicken liver sponge ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsynaptula lamperti heding 1928\npage .\nsynaptula lamperti is not the primary subject of the video clip ; the primary subject is xestospongia testudinaria ( barrel sponge ) . coral sea , duration 17 seconds\nsea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti on sponge , komodo archipelago islands , komodo national park , indonesia , pacific ocean date : 23 . 07 . 08 ref : zb777 _ 11\nthe striking dark - striped white body of synaptula lamperti makes an attractive picture against the colored background of the sponges on which they are exclusively found . ( photo by robert fenner )\nclose - up of the pinnate feeding tentacles of synaptula lamperti . like most of the apodid cucumbers , one of the attractions of these animals for aquarists is that these feather - like feeding tentacles are in almost constant motion . ( photo by robert fenner )\ncitation :\nlampert ' s sea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 3 / 20 / 2014 3 : 15 : 15 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nfrick , j . e . 1998 . evidence of matrotrophy in the viviparous holothuroid echinoderm synaptula hydriformis . invertebrate biology 117 : 169 - 179 .\ncaption : lambert ' s worm sea cucumbers ( synaptula lamperti , white ) on a giant barrel sponge ( xestospongia testudinaria ) . this small white sea cucumber lives in groups . it is always found in association with a host sponge . it feeds by sifting organic matter from the surface of the sponge . this appears to do the sponges no harm . photographed in komodo , indonesia .\nalso known as synapta lamperti , tripang , synaptid sea cucumber , sponge synaptid , worm sea cucumber , sea worm , wormfish , sponge sea cucumber , medusa worm cucumber , pygmy snake sea cucumber , toothpaste holothurian , banded white sea cucumber .\nresearch synaptula lamperti \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nalthough most of the synaptid cucumbers occur in relatively low density around coral reefs , synaptula species can be quite dense on some sponges . this makes them easy to collect , but they are not suitable for the reef aquarium . ( photo by robert fenner )\nit is reported that , for the first time , prochloron cells were found associated with an animal other than a colonial ascidian - namely , a synaptid holothurian , snaptula lamperti . this occurance brings into question the supposedly obligate nature of the association of this problematic algae with didemnids and their allies .\n( of synaptula membrana heding , 1928 ) heding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]\n( of synaptula purpurea heding , 1928 ) heding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]\nalthough attractive to look at , you should resist any urge to purchase a species of synaptula because most feed by mopping tiny particles of organic detritus and secretions from the surface of living sponges . without the correct sponge species on which to live , they are doomed to a slow death by starvation in your aquarium . ( photo by robert fenner )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall - in - all , however , despite how fascinating these animals are , unless you are confident of the identification of the animal , can provide suitable conditions for the animal to feed , and are willing to live with the potential drawbacks of keeping one of these animals in an aquarium , they are not really recommended for keeping in any aquarium .\nwas recently asked to provide some more information about medusa worms in one of the forums , and while searching the web to provide some links , i realized that there is very little information out there about the biology and aquarium care of these fascinating animals . so , i decided that i would take this opportunity to write a column about one of my favorite critters to try to provide some information about these interesting animals .\nbohadaschia spp . live on open sandy rubble zones where it feeds on organic detritus and benthic microalgae mopped from the sediments by it ' s palmate feeding tentacles . it rarely buries itself in the sand , but occasionally collects tiny stones and pieces of algae to camouflage itself . ( photo by julian sprung )\nthe distinctive bright ocelli ( false eye spots ) covering the body of this bohadaschia spp . may serve as warning coloration to predators that these cucumbers are capable of expelling sticky defensive threads together highly toxic chemicals to protect themselves . these defensive threads , known as cuverian tubules are extruded in response to extreme stress , and although this cucumber is quite attractive , it is also one of the most toxic species that could quickly wipe out an entire aquarium if stressed . ( photo : julian sprung )\nthe primary problem with getting any of these animals , however , is that you cannot identify them by yourself , and will therefore have no idea of which species you are buying . that leaves you with no option but to trust your supplier about its care and requirements . that is easier for some people than others , and depending on how reliable and knowledgeable your supplier is you may be able to obtain a generalist detritivore that will thrive in a well - established reef aquarium . if , however , you simply purchase an animal at random , there are more specific feeders than generalists in this group . therefore , you have a fair to excellent chance that you will get a species that is a highly specific feeder , and for which you may have no way to provide food . for this reason i generally recommend that people avoid buying one of these animals unless they can first determine what they feed upon .\nthis is an important distinction , because even if you are fortunate enough to get a generalist feeder , unless you have a well established tank with plenty of fine organic detritus upon which the animal can feed , it is likely to starve to death . these animals are certainly poorly suited to non - reef aquaria or even traditional berlin - style reef tanks that are maintained with a bare or only slightly covered bottom , and from which detritus is regularly removed . like most marine invertebrates , these animals are capable of going for long periods of time without food . many marine invertebrates can withstand several months or more of starvation , during which time they slowly shrink while digesting their internal organs . depending on the species in question , its initial condition when brought into captivity , and how often it manages to locate a suitable food source within the aquarium , many marine invertebrate species could take more than a year before they succumb to starvation .\ntheir\nhalf - filled baggie\nlook is deceptive , however , because the animals are the fastest and most active of the sea cucumbers , and are capable of rapidly crawling around the aquarium , or quickly withdrawing into a crevice when disturbed . the standard feeding behavior of reef - dwelling synaptids is to anchor about 1 / 3 of the body into some secure hole , and then extend the anterior 2 / 3 of the body to feed ( they can do the water balloon trick with only part of their body if they want to ) . if something disturbs the animal , it can rapidly contract a set of muscles that run the length of the body to pull itself back into that hidey - hole and avoid being eaten . the problem , however , is that those anchor ossicles may be laying across some of your other invertebrates ( such as a coral , for example ) , and when the cucumber retracts , it simply tugs those ossicles free of whatever it was previously anchored upon - - this can dislodge and / or cause damage to the soft tissue of whatever the cuke was lying on at the time . obviously this is a potential concern to aquarists who want their corals and rock - work to remain in place and undamaged . . .\nall - in - all , however , despite how fascinating these animals are , unless you are confident of the identification of the animal , can provide suitable conditions for the animal to feed , and are willing to live with the potential drawbacks of keeping one of these animals in an aquarium , they are not really recommended for keeping in any aquarium . if you have a well - established reef tank , and you take adequate precautions to protect any pump intakes and / or overflow drains , and can locate one of the generalist detritivores that are suitable for the aquarium , i think that these animals make a fantastic addition to a reef tank , because they are both active and fascinating to watch .\nbrusca , r . c . , and g . j . brucsa . 1990 . invertebrates . sinauer associates , inc , sunderland , mass .\nchao , s . - m . , c . - p . chen , and p . s . alexander . 1995 . reproductive cycles of tropical sea cucumbers ( echinodermata : holothurioidea ) in southern taiwan . marine biology 122 : 289 - 295 .\ncunningham , p . , and p . goetz . 1996 . venomous & toxic marine life of the world . pisces books , houston , tx .\ndelbeek , j . c . , and j . sprung . 1994 . the reef aquarium , vol . 1 . ricordea publishing , coconut grove , fl .\nfenner , b . 2000 . gad - zooks cukes ! sea cucumbers : not a pretty picture . wetwebmedia . urltoken\nfrey , d . g . 1951 . the use of sea cucumbers in poisoning fishes . copeia : 175 - 176 .\nhammond , l . s . 1982a . analysis of grain - size selection by deposit - feeding holothurians and echinoids ( echinodermata ) from a shallow reef lagoon , discovery bay , jamaica . marine ecology progress series 8 : 25 - 36 .\nhammond , l . s . 1982b . patterns of feeding and activity in deposit - feeding holothurians and echinoids ( echinodermata ) from a shallow back - reef lagoon , discovery bay , jamaica . bulletin of marine science 32 : 549 - 571 .\nhammond , l . s . , and c . r . wilkinson . 1989 . exploitation of sponge exudates by coral reef holothuroids . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 94 : 1 - 10 .\nhendler , g . , j . e . miller , d . l . pawson , and m . k . porter . 1995 . sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean . smithsonian institution press , washington dc .\nkuznetsova , t . a . , n . i . kalinovskaya , a . i . kalinovskii , and g . b . elyakov .\nstructure of synaptogenin b , the artifact aglycone of the glycosides of the sea cucumber synapta maculata . khimiya prirodnykh soedinenii 5 : 667 - 670 .\nmart\u00ednez , m . a . 1989 . holothuroideos ( echinodermata , holothuroidea ) de la region nororiental de venezuela y algunas dependencias federales . boletin insitutto oceanografico universidad de oriente cumana 28 : 105 - 112 .\nmichael , s . undated online article . sea cucumbers . aquarium fish magazine ht urltoken\npawson , d . l . 1986 . phylum echinodermata . pp . 522 - 541 in w . sterrer , ed . marine fauna and flora of bermuda : a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms . john wiley & sons , new york , ny .\nponomarenko , l . p . , a . i . kalinovsky , o . p . moiseenko , and v . a . stonik . 2001 . free sterols from the holothurians synapta maculata , cladolabes bifurcatus and cucumaria sp . comparative biochemistry and physiology part b : biochemistry & molecular biology 128b : 53 - 62 .\nruppert , e . e . , and r . d . barnes . 1994 . invertebrate zoology . saunders college publishing , harcourt brace jovanovich publishers , orlando , fl .\nruppert , e . e . , and r . fox . 1988 . seashore animals of the southeast : a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast . university of south carolina press , columbia , sc .\nsmith , g . n . , jr . 1971a . regeneration in the sea cucumber leptosynapta . i . the process of regeneration . journal of experimental zoology 177 : 319 - 330 .\nsmith , g . n . , jr . 1971b . regeneration in the sea cucumber leptosynapta . ii . the regenerative capacity . journal of experimental zoology 177 : 331 - 342 .\nsprung , j . 2001 . invertebrates : a quick reference guide . sea challengers , danville , ca .\ntoonen , r . 2002 . aquarium science : the captive breeding of tropical reef species for the aquarium trade , with specific attention to long - term planktotrophic larvae . tropical fish hobbyist # 557 : 66 - 72 .\nwilkens , p . ( translated by k . wood & d . hagner ) 1998 . death in a colorful package . aquarium frontiers online may : urltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .\nsea cucumbers , class holothuroidea : with body shapes ranging from spherical to long and worm - like , bizarre rings of tentacles circling a non - descript head - end , these slow - moving , drab to brightly colored and marked invertebrates are well - known at least by sight , by most aquarists .\nunfortunately they have a dark side . like many other spiny - skinned animals , sea cucumbers should only be tried in captivity with knowledge , trepidation and utmost vigil . the reasons for my cautioning are offered here , as well as notes on general selection and care for the still curious .\nsea cucumbers make up the class holothuroidea of the\nspiny - skinned - animal\nphylum echinodermata . other living classes comprise the familiar sea urchins , sand dollars , sea - and brittle stars and the crinoids , aka sea lilies and feather stars . holothuroids are the odd - class out in being secondarily non - radial appearing ; often looking like strange ornamental sausages , some translucent , others opaque and warty . cucumber - like !\nthere are some 900 described species , almost exclusively marine , distributed worldwide . sea cucumbers are a\ncomponent of the deep sea fauna . most are black , brown or olive in color , but many brilliant colored and patterned species are encountered . they range in size to barely over an inch ( @ 3 cm . ) end to end to over a meter in length .\ngenus actinopyga :\ntoothed sea cucumbers\n, named for the series of five teeth ringing their anus .\nactinopygia agassizii , the five - toothed sea cucumber . have five square teeth surrounding the anus . short , knobby podia on back , sides . brown to yellow on top , lighter colored sides . bahamas pic .\nactinopygia lecanora bronn 1860 , white - rumped sea cucumber . indo - west pacific . here in s . leyte 2013\nactinopyga mauritiana ( quoy & gaimard 1833 ) , the white - spotted sea cucumber , loli ( hawaiian ) . frequently found in surgy , seaward , shallow water settings , holding on firmly to the rocky substrate with their tube feet . to twelve inches . hawai ' i pic .\nastichopus multifidus , the furry sea cucumber . white to brown and white bodied numerous pointed podia , circled in white . to 16 inches in length . cozumel 2016\nbigger pix : the images in this table are linked to large ( desktop size ) copies . click on\nframed\nimages to go to the larger size .\nbohadschia argus jager 1833 , the ocellated sea cucumber . western indian ocean ; madagascar , seychelles to sri lanka . pacific ocean ; malay archipelago to south pacific islands . needs large quarters than captivity allows . to two feet in length . one in moorea , french polynesia , in fiji and n . sulawesi .\neuapta sp . family synaptidae . five rows of bulbous bumps on cylindrical translucent body . here on a sponge in mabul , malaysia\nheding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]\nkatja schulz added an association between\nvideo\nand\nxestospongia testudinaria ( lamarck , 1815 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nrowe , f . w . e . in rowe , f . w . e . & gates , j . 1995 ,\nechinodermata\n, ed . wells , a . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 33 , csiro australia , melbourne\nheding , s . g . 1928 ,\nsynaptidae\n, videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening i kj\u00f8benhavn , vol . 85 , pp . 105 - 323 figs 1 - 69 pls 2 - 3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d6d36ad4 - 20ea - 48d2 - ba82 - c7c2e9cf35b1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dc725ce0 - d808 - 4f1b - b104 - 0ae9b4d6c821\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 352328\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nrange : western pacific ocean : indonesia , papua new guinea , philippines , and micronesia .\nnatural environment : inhabits expose inner and outer slopes and feeds on diatoms and substances removed from sponges , and is seen between the depths of 3 - 65 feet ( 1 - 20 m ) .\nsticky to the touch and feeds on detritus and organic matter , which is sifted from the substrate .\neven though they do not contain any harmful toxins , they usually perish within a few months in most captive situations , as they cannot get a sufficient amount of food .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nyour browser or your browser ' s settings are not supported . to get the best experience possible , please download a compatible browser . if you know your browser is up to date , you should check to ensure that javascript is enabled .\nin its prochloron res . 8 p ( see n84 - 20113 10 - 51 )\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nkristin holds a master of science degree in aquatic tropical ecology attained at the university of bremen in germany . her main interests focus on the evaluation of coral reef ecosystems health and impact assessment for developing concepts and methodologies for the sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical aquatic ecosystems . in her master\u2019s thesis she investigated the distribution and expansion rate of corallimorpharians within the zanzibar channel in collaboration with the leibniz center for tropical marine ecology and the institute of marine sciences in tanzania . her recent work focused on modeling coral coverage within the gbr based on cyclone events and coral reef imagery annotation and assessment at the university of queensland within the catlin seaview survey project . within the global reef expedition 2014 kristin will support the benthic coral reef group in assessing coral reef health and detrimental impacts on corals within indo pacific reefs .\nthis \u2018halgerda batangas\u2019 nudibranch ( sea slug ) almost looks more like a sponge than a sea slug .\nresearcher renee carlton hard at work studying the effect of ocean acidification on corals .\nhere is one animal that we often find on our dives called the blue sea star ( linckia laevigata ) .\nthe khaled bin sultan living oceans foundation is dedicated to the conservation and restoration of living oceans and pledges to champion their preservation through research , education and a commitment to science without borders . \u00ae\nlicence fees : a licence fee will be charged for any media ( low or high resolution ) used in your project .\nyour web - browser is very outdated , and as such , this website may not display properly . please consider upgrading to a modern , faster and more secure browser . click here to do so .\nsmall , white , worm - like ( sort of why they\u2019re sometimes called medusa worm ) , and utterly cute .\n\u00a9 2012\u20132018 enchanted world of lyra .\n1000 suns\ntheme v1 . 93 . 0 by sujay . powered by tumblr .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 798, "summary": [{"text": "phyllodesmium is a genus of predatory sea slugs , aeolid nudibranchs , marine gastropod molluscs in the family facelinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these nudibranchs occur in the tropical indo-pacific ocean and warm temperate waters of japan , tasmania and south africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the nudibranchs in this genus often show extraordinary mimicry , each species very closely resembling its prey species , which are octocorals , a kind of soft coral .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some of the species are also unusual in that they are able to utilize zooxanthellae from their prey , in a symbiotic relationship that provides them with extra nutrition from photosynthesis , hence they are commonly called \" solar-powered \" sea slugs ( also see the sacoglossa ) . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "phyllodesmium", "paragraphs": ["information on phyllodesmium spp . from : delisse m . ortiz , october 7 , 1999\nthis species is very similar in appearance to phyllodesmium hyalinum , another species found in association with the soft coral xenia . see phyllodesmium hyalinum , for distinguishing features of the two species .\nphyllodesmium poindimiei , from bare island , sydney from : n . missenden , september 19 , 2005\nfigure 11 : effect of phyllodesmium metabolites in different concentrations on predation by canthigaster soland . . .\nphyllodesmium poindimiei ? from sydney from : p . zylstra & h . rothenfluh , june 18 , 2000\nfigure 12 : phylogenetic tree of octocorals relevant as putative food sources for phyllodesmium spp . phylogram . . .\nphyllodesmium poindimiei is a species of sea slug , an aolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family facelinidae .\nphyllodesmium briareum is a species of sea slug , an aolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family facelinidae .\nphyllodesmium opalescens is a species of small sea slug , an aolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family facelinidae .\nupper : phyllodesmium crypticum angourie , northern new south wales , australia . october 1979 . length 5cm . photo : bill rudman . lower : section through a tentacle of the soft coral xenia showing the pouches of symbiotic zooxanthellae ( stained red ) . xenia is the preferred food of phyllodesmium crypticum . photo : bill rudman .\nthe coral nudibranch , phyllodesmium horridum , is a species of sea slug , specifically an aeolid nudibranch . it is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family facelinidae .\nrudman , w . b . , 2001 ( august 9 ) phyllodesmium horridum ( macnae , 1954 ) . [ in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney .\nthe aeolid nudibranch genus phyllodesmium ( mollusca : gastropoda ) is reviewed , three new species are described and further information on the biology , anatomy and distribution on the eight previously known species is reported . the genus ennoia bergh , 1896 is considered a synonym of phyllodesmium and the type species ennoia briareus redescribed . the genus phyllodesmium is unique amongst the aeolids in feeding on octocoral cnidarians . this has led to the evolution of nudibranch - zooxanthellae symbioses , zooanthellae being obtained from the octocoral prey . the adaptations developed throughout the genus are described and possible relationships between the species proposed .\nmore information : moore , elizabeth and terrence gosliner . 2014 . additions to the genus phyllodesmium , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . the veliger 51 : 237 - 251 .\nas its name suggests , phyllodesmium crypticum is a very cryptic species , well - camouflaged amongst the colonies of the soft - coral xenia in which it lives and on which it feeds . this is another of the many species of aeolid which store zooxanthellae from their food , presumably obtaining nourishment when they photosynthesise . the large sacs of zooxanthellae found in the tentacles of xenia are clearly the source of phyllodesmium ' s zooxanthellae .\nrudman w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies 57 : 167 - 203\nbaba , k . ( 1991 ) taxonomical study on some species of the genus phyllodesmium from cape muroto - misaki , shikoku and okinawa province , southern japan ( nudibranchia : facelinidae ) . venus , 50 , 109\u2013123 .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia , aeolidacea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , 167\u2013203 .\nrudman w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies 57 : 167 - 203 .\ndear ingo , sorry it has taken me a while to post this message . it is indeed a spectacular xenia mimic , perhaps not quite as good as phyllodesmium sp . 11 , but almost . best wishes , bill rudman\nmoore e . & gosliner t . ( 2014 ) . additions to the genus phyllodesmium , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . the veliger . 51 ( 4 ) : 237 - 251 . [ details ]\nphyllodesmium briareum , like other species of phyllodesmium , feeds on soft corals and is very well camouflaged when crawling over or nestled between the polyps of the doft coral it is feeding on . it is reported to feed on a number of species of briareid soft coral including solenopodium stelleri and briareum stecheri ( sensu macfadyen , 1936 ) . it is also reported from pachyclavularia violacea a mat forming soft coral with purplish trunks and greenish brown polyps ( see rie nakano ' s message below ) .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\nrudman w . b . ( 1991 ) .\nfurther studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidacea )\n. journal of molluscan studies 57 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013203 . abstract .\nburghardt i . & goslinert . m . 2006 . phyllodesmium rudmani ( mollusca : nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) , a new solar powered species from the indo - west pacific with data on its symbiosis with zooxanthellae . zootaxa 1308 : 31 - 47 [ details ]\ngraceful\nsolar - powered\nphyllodesmium sp . nudibranch in the surge . raja ampat . these are very difficult to spot if they are not moving . it is hard to imagine how they make any forward progress . i love to watch them try !\nortiz , d . m . & gosliner , t . m . ( 2003 ) a new species of phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( mollusca , nudibranchia ) from the tropical indo - pacific . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 54 , 161\u2013168 .\nreference : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 ( 2 ) : 167 - 203 .\navila , c . , ballesteros , m . , slattery , m . & paul , v . j . ( 1998 ) phyllodesmium guamensis ( nudibranchia , aeolidoidea ) , a new species from guam ( micronesia ) . journal of molluscan studies , 64 , 147\u2013160 .\nburghardt , i . and w\u00e4gele , h . ( 2004 ) a new solar powered species of the genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( mollusca : nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) from indonesia with analysis of its photosynthetic activity and notes on biology . zootaxa , 596 : 1 - 18 .\nmoore e . & gosliner t . ( 2014 ) . additions to the genus phyllodesmium , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . the veliger . 51 ( 4 ) : 237 - 251 . page ( s ) : 238 - 242 [ details ]\n( of ennoia bergh , 1896 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\n( of myrrhine bergh , 1905 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\nphyllodesmium jakobsenae is another species of phyllodesmium which lives in , feeds on , and mimics the soft coral xenia by the shape and colour of its cerata . it is solar - powered , retaining some of the soft corals zooxanthellae which continue to photosynthesise in the ceratal digestive gland cells . probably the most characteristic external feature of this species is the shape of the cerata , which have a basal cylindrical , stalk - like , region which becomes broader and flatter toward the tip . in this upper region there is a central pale vein - like region flanked on each side by a broad brown flattened blade . on the upper , sunlit , side of the blade are spherical structures in which the zooxanthellae are ' farmed ' . of the phyllodesmium which farm photosynthesising zooxanthellae , this is the only one we know that has no branching of the digestive gland in the body wall . it is reported to grow to 30 mm in length .\ndear bill , i would like to provide the forum some pictures and info about the new phyllodesmium species that heike w\u00e4gele and i described last year . phyllodesmium jakobsenae is a\nsolar - powered\nspecies and is very cryptic . it lives in xenia soft corals and its cerata mimic the polyps of xenia . p . jakobsenae feeds on the soft coral and retains some of the corals ' zooxanthellae photosynthetic active inside their digestive glandular cells ( for further details see our publication ) . we only found them close to bunaken island / sulawesi , but i ' ve heard that some people also found them in the philippines , so it might have a wider distribution .\nburghardt i . , schr\u00f6dl m . & w\u00e4gele h . 2008 . three new solar powered species of the genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( mollusca : nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) from the tropical indopacific with analysis of their photosynthetic activity and notes on biology . journal of molluscan studies , 74 ( 3 ) : 277 - 292 [ details ]\nthis is one of the species of phyllodesmium that does not harbour zooxanthellae in its tissues . the colour of the digestive glands ducts in the cerata is a deep pink in specimens i have observed . it has been found feeding on the telestacean soft coral carijoa . note the branching in the digestive gland ducts , a common feature in species of the genus .\ndefense strategy using sequestered soft coral metabolites has been discussed for the members of the genus phyllodesmium , however , there are only few studies supporting this hypothesis . besides our earlier study [ 12 ] reporting a feeding deterrent activity of 4 - oxochatancin ( 16 ) , only a study by slattery et al . [ 15 ] could show an antifeedant effect of a secondary metabolite sequestered by phyllodesmium . in the latter study , acetoxypukalide , which was sequestered by p . guamensis from its prey corals sinularia spp . , successfully deterred the omnivorous pufferfish canthigaster solandri under laboratory conditions at 0 . 5 % of dry mass in artificial food . the concentration chosen was at least an order of magnitude lower , than found in the body tissues of p . guamensis .\nas you will see from the bernard picton ' s photo on the right , p . briareum is one of the species of phyllodesmium which has a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthella . the rows of brown specks in the photo are one - celled plants [ zooxanthellae ] which are nurtured in specialised ducts of the aeolid ' s digestive gland , where they continue to grow , reproduce and photosynthesise , providing nutrients for the aeolid .\nin our former study in 2014 , relying on uplc - hrms data only , we assumed that isosarcophines 8 and 9 and sarcophytonin b ( 6 ) could be present in the p . longicirrum extract . in the current investigation we were able to isolate these metabolites and demonstrate the informative value of the preliminary uplc\u2013hrms analysis . further investigations on alcyonacean and / or phyllodesmium chemistry may thus lead to the isolation and full characterization of the putative biscembranoids .\nreferences : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1981 ) the anatomy and biology of alcyonarian feeding aeolid opisthobranch molluscs and their development of symbiosis with zooxanthellae . zoological journal of the linnean society , 72 : 219 - 262 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 ( 2 ) : 167 - 203 .\nwagner d . , kahng s . e . & toonen r . j . ( 2009 ) .\nobservations on the life history and feeding ecology of a specialized nudibranch predator ( phyllodesmium poindimiei ) , with implications for biocontrol of an invasive octocoral ( carijoa riisei ) in hawaii\n. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 372 ( 1 - 2 ) : 64 - 74 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jembe . 2009 . 02 . 007 . pdf .\nfish may represent the main , however not the only potential predation threat to slugs . the omnivorous echinodermata , crustacea and cephalopoda could also consider phyllodesmium as possible prey . whether the compounds , proven defensive against fish predation in this study function as deterrents towards other organisms , has yet to be shown . even if the furanocembranoids represent the protection against omnivorous fish , it is possible that some of the numerous secondary metabolites found in this study could be useful against a wider range of predators .\nfigure 11 : effect of phyllodesmium metabolites in different concentrations on predation by canthigaster solandri ( n = 8\u201340 , depending on availability ) . experiments were repeated twice with compounds 10\u201312 in all tested concentrations , twice with 16 at 1 % and 2 % and three times at 0 . 5 % . mean values with sd are displayed . significance of deterrence was shown with fisher\u00b4s exact test ( p < 0 . 05 for 10 , 12 and 16 , calculated for each trial separately ) . control pellets were 100 % eaten for each trial .\nonly few chemical investigations were undertaken on phyllodesmium species [ 10 - 15 ] , describing mostly terpenoid secondary metabolites . indirect evidence suggests that these compounds are sequestered from the respective octocorallian prey organisms . in rare cases , the ecological function of some of these metabolites as deterrent agents was demonstrated , e . g . , acetoxypukalide from p . guamensis [ 15 ] and 4 - oxochatancin ( 16 ) in p . longicirrum [ 12 ] were shown to cause a significant feeding deterrence under laboratory conditions at concentration levels below natural abundance in the sea slug bodies .\nin summary , chemical investigation of a single large p . longicirrum specimen resulted in isolation of 19 secondary metabolites of terpenoid origin . taking the metabolites detected by uplc\u2013hrms analysis also into account , p . longicirrum demonstrates an unprecedented level of secondary metabolite diversity . the herein studied p . longicirrum sequesters its secondary metabolites most probably from the chemistry - rich s . glaucum species complex , in contrary to a previously reported investigated p . longicirrum . the defensive role of the major diterpenoid constituents ( 10 , 12 and 16 ) as feeding deterrent agents against tropical omnivorous fish c . solandri was shown in laboratory assays , providing further strong evidence for the use of chemical protection strategy within the scarcely investigated aeolidoidean genus phyllodesmium .\nreferences : \u2022 coll , j . c . , bowden , b . f . , tapiolas , d . m . , willis , r . h . , djura , p . . streamer , m . & trott , l . ( 1985 ) studies of australian soft corals - xxxv . the terpenoid chemistry of soft corals and its implications . tetrahedron , 41 ( 6 ) : 1085 - 1092 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1981 ) the anatomy and biology of alcyonarian feeding aeolid opisthobranch molluscs and their development of symbiosis with zooxanthellae . zoological journal of the linnean society , 72 : 219 - 262 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 ( 2 ) : 167 - 203 .\nfigure 12 : phylogenetic tree of octocorals relevant as putative food sources for phyllodesmium spp . phylogram of sarcophyton and lobophytum , based on a consensus phylogram of mcfadden et al . [ 54 ] . only the sarcophyton clade with species investigated with regard to secondary metabolites are given in detail . the two other clades from the original phylogram are only indicated ; lobophytum and the mixed clade consisting of sarcophyton and lobophytum species . numbers indicate the number of specimens that represent the respective branch . note that the single specimen of s . cherbonnieri groups with 4 specimens of s . glaucum . s . glaucum is not monophyletic , but is represented with several independent clades . the dots at the terminal branches of s . glaucum in the tree indicate that secondary metabolites are described from this species , but it is not known , from which clade . species in bold indicate that secondary metabolites were described .\nphyllodesmium longicirrum is the largest aeolidoidean species known to date , and extremely rich in terpenoid chemistry . herein we report the isolation of a total of 19 secondary metabolites from a single specimen of this species , i . e . , steroids 1\u20134 , cembranoid diterpenes 5\u201313 , complex biscembranoids 14 and 15 , and the chatancin - type diterpenes 16\u201319 . these compounds resemble those from soft corals of the genus sarcophyton , of which to date , however , only s . trocheliophorum is described as a food source for p . longicirrum . fish feeding deterrent activity was determined using the tropical puffer fish canthigaster solandri , and showed activity for ( 2 s ) - isosarcophytoxide ( 10 ) , cembranoid bisepoxide 12 and 4 - oxochatancin ( 16 ) . determining the metabolome of p . longicirrum and its bioactivity , makes it evident that this seemingly vulnerable soft bodied animal is well protected from fish by its chemical arsenal .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupper : the sacoglossan placida cf . dendritica showing the green network of ducts which contain the green chloroplasts from its algal food . lower : the aeolid nudibranch pteraeolidia ianthina which\nfarms\ncolonies of brown single - celled algae ( zooxanthellae ) in its body . photos : bill rudman .\nfor further information : \u2022 zooxanthellae symbiosis references . \u2022 zooxanthellae - what are they ? \u2022 zooxanthellae - in cnidarians \u2022 zooxanthellae - in nudibranchs \u2022 chloroplast symbiosis references . \u2022 aspects of coral feeding \u2022 chloroplast symbiosis research \u2022 sacoglossan feeding \u2022 feeding on palythoa\nrudman , w . b . , 1998 ( october 11 ) solar - powered sea slugs .\n' solar - powered ' sea slugs from : caroline r . cripe , september 4 , 2001\nthe solar - powered ' ruffled sea slug ' from : molly e . hagan , december 5 , 1999\nnudibranchs in symbiosis with zooxanthellae from : j . e . austin , november 9 , 1998\nyour\nsolar - powered\nsea slugs . from : amanda lindsey , october 11 , 1998\nzooxanthellae in nudibranchs from : j . e . austin , october 11 , 1998\nehrenberg c . g . ( 1828 - 1831 ) . in : f . g . hemprich & c . g . ehrenberg , symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per africam borealem et asiam occidentalem , novae aut illustrate redierunt . decas i mollusca . berlin . vol . 1 ( plates ) [ 1828 ] , vol . 2 ( text , 126 pp . ) [ 1831 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : folio h [ page 3 ] [ details ]\n( of ennoia bergh , 1896 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1896 ) . eolidiens d ' amboine . revue suisse de zoologie . 4 ( 2 ) : 385 - 394 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 392 [ details ]\n( of myrrhine bergh , 1905 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1905 ) . die opisthobranchiata der siboga - expedition . siboga - expeditie . 50 : 1 - 248 , pls 1 - 20 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 226 [ details ]\nit seems javascript is either disabled or not supported by your browser . to view this site , enable javascript by changing your browser options and try again .\nexplore an aquarium , planetarium , and natural history museum\u2014all under one living roof .\nthe academy\u2019s institute for biodiversity science and sustainability is at the forefront of efforts to understand two of the most important topics of our time : the nature and future of life on earth .\nbased in san francisco , the institute for biodiversity science and sustainability is home to more than 100 research scientists and nearly 46 million scientific specimens from around the world\u201438 , 000 of which are alive and on display in the academy\u2019s steinhart aquarium . the institute also leverages the expertise and efforts of the academy ' s aquarium biologists and more than 100 international research and field associates and 450 distinguished fellows .\nthrough expeditions around the globe , captive breeding programs , and investigations in the lab , the institute\u2019s scientists strive to understand the evolution and interconnectedness of life . through these same efforts , as well as through partnerships , community outreach , and public engagement initiatives , the institute aims to guide critical conservation decisions and address the challenge of sustainability .\nwith nearly 46 million scientific specimens from around the world , the academy\u2019s research collections provide one of the best records of life on earth , both now and in the past . this vast library of life\u2014available to scientists around the world , both in person and online\u2014helps us track the spread of disease , predict the impact of climate change , and much more .\ndespite intensive efforts to document life on earth , scientists estimate that more than 90 percent of the species on our planet have yet to be discovered . academy scientists are racing to discover new species and determine their place on the tree of life\u2014with the ultimate goal of protecting them before they disappear .\nto provide the best conservation recommendations , we must understand not only what lives where , but also how species reproduce , interact with one another and respond to threats . to address this need , academy scientists map species distributions , analyze reproductive strategies , study food web and other ecosystem interactions , and more .\ndetailed knowledge about the evolution , distribution , and interconnectedness of life on earth allows academy scientists to make thoughtful conservation recommendations and participate in critical discussions about sustainability challenges . through partnerships with governments and conservation organizations , community outreach , captive breeding programs , and public engagement initiatives , academy scientists are helping to shape a sustainable future for our planet .\naccess our online collections or set up an in - person visit . anthropology botany entomology herpetology ichthyology invertebrate zoology & geology ornithology & mammalogy\na governing group of approximately 450 distinguished scientists , academy fellows have made notable contributions to one or more of the natural sciences and help further the reach of our research and education initiatives through individual and collaborative efforts with academy researchers . nominated by their colleagues and selected by the board of trustees , academy fellows remain members of the fellowship for life .\nfor more than 160 years , academy scientists have been working to discover and document biodiversity around the world\u2014from the tops of the highest mountains to the depths of the oceans .\nacademy scientists study an unusual adaptation in a number of new guinea bird species : toxic skin and feathers .\nscientists use advanced rebreather technology for deep dives into unexplored areas of the ocean .\nour scientists study the rich diversity of marine invertebrates , including corals , mollusks , urchins , and more .\nwe believe discovery is just the first step in our work\u2014sharing our findings with community leaders , governments , and science enthusiasts of all ages is a critical part of our mission .\nresearchers , using the academy ' s collections , have discovered when avian pox arrived on the galapagos islands .\ntake a virtual expedition with us to investigate the amazing diversity of life on this planet .\npeter roopnarine discusses his work with fossils and his adventure with a six - foot squid .\nby working with partners and the general public , developing captive breeding programs , and training the next generation of scientists , we are tackling some of today\u2019s biggest sustainability challenges .\nacademy researchers are among the first to study\u2014and breed in captivity\u2014tiny , fascinating pygmy seahorses .\nscience - based solutions for a better future\u2014now on exhibit at the academy and at planetvision . com .\nlearn more about the academy ' s citizen science program , and join an upcoming bioblitz or biodiversity survey .\nsnapshot cal coast is a citizen science effort across california to document our coastal biodiversity .\nthe california academy of sciences is a renowned scientific and educational institution dedicated to exploring , explaining , and sustaining life on earth . based in san francisco\u2019s golden gate park , it is home to a world - class aquarium , planetarium , and natural history museum\u2014all under one living roof .\nstay curious\u2014every thursday at nightlife . sign up for event updates and exciting announcements .\nsign up for the academy\u2019s monthly newsletter and get a promo code for 10 % off at our online retail store .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nupper : southern end of sek island , madang , march 1987 . [ 20mm long preserved - wam391 - 87 ] . photo : f . e . wells , lower : closeup of animals showing the development of ducts in the body wall and cerata to nurture zooxanthellae , which can be seen as lines of brown specks . animal 25mm long alive , tambuli beach , mactan is , cebu , 20m , march 1983 , on solenopodium stelleri ( fam : briareidae ) philippines , march 1983 . photo : b . e . picton\nthe name briareus was apparently given to it by bergh because of its association with the soft coral briareum .\nknown from tropical eastern australia , but possibly more widely spread in the western pacific .\nreference : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1981 ) the anatomy and biology of alcyonarian - feeding aeolid opisthobranch molluscs and their development of symbiosis with zooxanthellae . zoological journal of the linnean society 72 : 219 - 262 .\nhow it made the top 10 : for this sea slug , the top 10 competition was more than a beauty contest . it is a \u201cmissing link\u201d between sea slugs that feed on hydroids and those specializing on corals . gastropods do not get more photogenic than sea slugs whose graceful lines and vivid coloration make them beauties of the deep . this new species , which photographs in shades of blue , red and gold , also contributed to a better understanding of the origin of an unusual symbiosis in other species of the genus . related sea slugs have multi - branched guts in which algae called zooanthellae live . these algae have a primary symbiotic relationship with the corals on which the sea slugs feed . once sequestered in the gut , the photosynthetic algae produce nutrients of benefit to the host . the newly identified species is an inch long , more or less ( 17 - 28 mm ) , and resides in the japanese islands .\netymology : the name refers to the spiny appearance of papillae on the surface of the rhinophores or paired smelling organs at front end of body .\nesf is committed to the accessibilty of all online materials . if you have any issues , contact web @ urltoken for a prompt solution .\nburn , r . f . ( 2006 ) . a checklist and bibliography of the opisthobranchia ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of victoria and the bass strait area , south - eastern australia . museum victoria science reports . 10 : 1\u201342 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )\nright : animal ( 10cm long ) crawling over porites colony . indonesia . lower left : ceras showing the white ducts of the digestive gland radiating out to the brown\ngardens\nof symbiotic zooxanthellae . photo : bill rudman . lower right : section through the a ceras showing the ducts leading to the zooxanthellae\ngardens\nat the surface of the ceras . ( zooxanthellae stained red . ) photo : bill rudman .\nbunaken island , north sulawesi , indonesia . intertidal . length : up to 30 mm . 12 july 2003 . intertifal coral reef with patches of sea grass . lower photo showing animal nestling in xenia colony . photographer : michael schr\u00f6dl\nla perouse , sydney , new south wales , australia , august 1979 . photo : john fields .\nthis article is part of the thematic series\nlipids : fatty acids and derivatives , polyketides and isoprenoids\n.\nmarine gastropods , of which approximately 150 . 000 are known , mostly are protected by a shell . however , shell reduction or even loss is common within several marine heterobranchia clades , which were united under the name opisthobranchia in former times [ 1 ] . to compensate this lack of physical protection , alternative defensive strategies , such as the production of calcareous needles or acidic sulfates , and sequestration or de novo synthesis of toxic metabolites emerged within the opisthobranch taxa [ 2 - 5 ] . adaptations and mimicry , which help to hide in habitats is frequent in marine gastropods , as obvious from very diverse and spectacular phenotypes [ 1 , 6 ] .\nherein we report on the secondary metabolome of a single specimen of p . longicirrum , including the structure elucidation of the new metabolites 1 , 5 , 9 , 14 and 15 , and show the fish feeding deterrent activity of the major metabolites 10 and 12 .\nfrom the ethanolic extract of p . longicirrum the ethyl acetate - soluble organic compounds were analyzed . a first fractionation was achieved by vacuum liquid chromatography ( vlc ) on reversed - phase material yielding 11 fractions . 1 h nmr analysis of these indicated the presence of chemically diverse secondary metabolites in the major fractions 3\u20138 , whereas the hydrophilic fractions 1 and 2 merely contained sugars and the lipophilic ones , i . e . , 9\u201311 simple lipids .\ndetailed uplc\u2013hrms investigation was thus performed with the vlc fractions 3\u20138 . the resulting uplc chromatograms ( supporting information file 1 , figures s47\u201352 ) were extremely complex and gave an impression on the multi - faceted metabolome of this animal . the majority ( except 4 and 17 ) of the subsequently isolated and characterized secondary metabolites ( 1 \u2013 19 , figure 1 ) could be assigned to the detected m / z values ( supporting information file 1 , table s7a ) , e . g . , prominent ms data were associated with the presence of metabolites with a molecular weight of 362 da , relating to 4 - oxochatancin ( 16 ) or 1 - oxo - 9 - hydroisochatancin ( 18 ) . peaks with retention times around 14 min in the chromatograms of vlc 5 and 6 contained a metabolite showing an m / z of 319 . 23 ( m + h ) and 341 . 21 ( m + na ) , which indicated the presence of bisepoxide 12 , having a molecular weight of 318 . 45 da . a mass charge ratio of 475 . 39 ( m + h \u2212 h 2 o ) and 493 . 39 ( m + h ) , found for the peak with a retention time of 14 . 7 min of the uplc - chromatogram of vlc fraction 7 , is characteristic for the secosteroid 1 or the polyhydroxylated steroid 4 , both with a molecular weight of 492 da .\nmore importantly , uplc\u2013hrms investigations produced also some peaks with m / z values that cannot be linked to isolated compounds 1 \u2013 19 . thus , in vlc fraction 7 and 8 an m / z value of 287 . 24 ( m + h ) indicates most probably the presence of the instable sarcophytonin a with a molecular weight of 286 . 23 da [ 16 ] . vlc fractions 7 and 8 also contain m / z values characteristic for steroid constituents of sarcophyton soft corals that could not be isolated in the current study , e . g . , m / z 397 . 35 ( m + h ) suggests the presence of a steroid compound reported by kobayashi et al . from sarcophyton glaucum [ 17 ] with a molecular mass of 396 da as outlined in table s7b ( supporting information file 1 ) . detailed analysis of the uplc\u2013hrms data also revealed the presence of m / z 711 . 39 ( m + h ) and 669 . 44 ( m + h ) in vlc fractions 6 and 7 . these values would fit to not yet reported biscembranoids , containing compound 5 as a possible biogenetic precursor , with a suggested molecular mass of 710 and 668 da ( see supporting information file 1 , table s7b ) .\nnotable is the occurrence of numerous peaks containing m / z values attributable to isomers of the isolated metabolites . besides the isosarcophines 8 and 9 with a molecular weight of 316 da , m / z values 317 . 21 ( m + h ) were also detected in the chromatograms of the fractions vlc 6 and 7 in different chromatographic peaks ( t r : 12 . 0 , 12 . 7 , 14 . 0 , 15 . 9 min ) indicating the presence of further possible cembranoid isomers as shown in table s7a ( supporting information file 1 ) . the m / z values ( m + h , 739 . 44 ) attributable to the isobisglaucumlides b ( 14 ) and c ( 15 ) are also found at four different retention times of the uplc chromatograms , suggesting the presence of the further isomeric metabolites . these findings highlight the amazingly complex and diverse metabolome of p . longicirrum .\nregarding the reported secondary metabolites of p . longicirrum 20\u201322 , figure 2 by coll et al . [ 13 ] , only compound 22 with a molecular weight of 304 da resulting in an m / z of 305 . 25 ( m + h ) may be present in vlc 8 ( see supporting information file 1 , figure s7b ) . however , there are about 20 further cembranoids described from sarcophyton spp . with a molecular weight of 304 da , making this assessment very tentative . it can , however be stated that the p . longicirrum specimen investigated in this study either belongs to a different chemotype or has different food preference than the one investigated by coll and co - workers [ 13 ] .\nfigure 2 : structures of secondary metabolites from p . longicirrum as described by coll et al . in 1985 [ 13 ] .\nfigure 2 : structures of secondary metabolites from p . longicirrum as described by coll et al . in 1985 [ 13 ] .\ndetailed chemical investigation of p . longicirrum including structure elucidation of the new metabolites 1 , 5 , 9 , 14 , 15 and stereochemical assignment of 12\nrepeated fractionation of vlc fractions 5\u20138 resulted in the isolation of a range of secondary metabolites , i . e . , four steroids 1\u20134 , nine cembranoid diterpenes 5\u201313 and two biscembranoids 14 and 15 , as well as four polycyclic diterpenes of the chatancin type 16\u201319 [ 12 ] . compounds 1 and 5 are new chemical structures . the same applies to the biscembranoids 14 and 15 , which however show close resemblance to bisglaucumlides b and c [ 18 ] , but differ in their stereochemistry from the latter . since no studies regarding the stereochemical features of the cembranoid bisepoxide 12 were published to date , we propose here its relative configuration . figure 1 summarizes all metabolites found during this investigation . it is noteworthy , that the previously reported cembranoid diterpenes ( see figure 2 , compounds 20\u201322 ) from p . longicirrum by coll et al . [ 13 ] were not isolated from the complex secondary metabolome of the investigated specimen , although the uplc\u2013hrms data ( see above ) suggest that cembranoid alcohol 22 may be present .\ncompound 1 was isolated as amorphous white solid . the specific optical rotation was measured in chloroform ( c 0 . 1 ) , giving [ \u03b1 ] d 20 \u221221 . 0 . the molecular formula c 30 h 52 o 5 was established by a hrms measurement , which yielded m / z 515 . 3694 [ m + na ] for the molecular ion . the ring double bond equivalent ( rde ) was calculated to be five . the ir spectrum revealed the presence of hydroxy groups ( broad band at 3360 cm \u22121 ) and a keto function ( sharp band at 1697 cm \u22121 ) .\nthe planar structure of 1 was established by extensive nmr experiments ( 1 h , 13 c nmr , cosy , dept , hsqc and hmbc ( see supporting information file 1 , table s1 ) . the 13 c nmr spectrum showed 30 resonances attributable to 7 methyl , 9 methylene and 8 methine groups . a 13 c nmr resonance at 218 . 4 ppm confirmed the keto group ( c - 9 ) , whereas a primary alcohol moiety was evident from a 13 c nmr resonance at \u03b4 c 59 . 1 ( c - 11 ) . further oxygenated carbons , i . e . , c - 3 , c - 5 and c - 6 gave rise to 13 c nmr resonances at \u03b4 c 68 . 0 , 80 . 7 and 75 . 7 , respectively . proton carbon assignments were done according to correlations obtained in a hsqc experiment . the absence of 13 c nmr resonances for sp 2 hybridized carbons for c = c bonds , together with a rde of five indicated the presence of several rings in 1 , likely of steroid origin . the latter is supported by characteristically shielded 1 h nmr resonances at \u03b4 h 0 . 54 and \u03b4 h \u22120 . 05 ( both dd , h 2 - 30 ) as well as a multiplet at \u03b4 h 0 . 32 ( h - 22 ) for a cyclopropyl group , as typically found in gorgosterols [ 19 , 20 ] .\na 1 h , 1 h cosy experiment led to partial structures which could be combined using hmbc correlations . spin system a included h 2 - 1 to h 2 - 4 , whereas h - 6 through to h - 30 formed spin system b ( see figure 3 ) . the connection of partial structures a and b was established from hmbc correlations , i . e . , from the resonances of h - 4 to c - 5 and c - 6 , as well as h - 6 to c - 5 . the position of the c - 9 ketone function was established due to hmbc correlations from resonances of h 2 - 7 and h - 8 to c - 9 . the decaline system was finally confirmed by the heteronuclear long range correlations of the resonances from h 3 - 19 . of the five degrees of unsaturation one is ascribed to a keto function , another one to the cyclopropane ring in the side chain , and two further ones to the decaline ring , thus requiring a further ring in 1 . considering this , a secosterol backbone was likely . also , the 13 c nmr resonance of the oxygenated methylene at \u03b4 c 59 . 1 ( c - 11 ) is characteristic for marine - derived secosterols [ 21 ] . the 1 h - 1 h spin system c only including h 2 - 11 and h 2 - 12 was connected to the partial structure b via long range correlations from h 3 - 18 to c - 12 , c - 13 , c - 14 and c - 17 . this also established the still required ring d . finally , the complete gorgosterol side chain could be elucidated by connection of the 1 h , 1 h spin system d with b using hmbc correlations from h 3 - 28 to c - 23 and from h 3 - 29 to c - 22 , c - 23 , c - 24 and c - 30 ( see figure 3 ) .\nfigure 3 : significant 1 h , 1 h cosy correlations as found in compound 1 .\nthe nmr data ( supporting information file 1 , table s1 ) of compound 1 resembled most closely those of epoxy - secosterols isolated from the gorgonian pseudopterogorgia americana [ 22 ] and from the soft coral pachyclavularia violacea ( now briareum violaceum [ 23 ] ) by anta et al . ( [ 24 ] , figure 4 ) . however , the 13 c nmr chemical shifts of c - 5 and c - 6 in compound 1 ( \u03b4 c 80 . 7 and \u03b4 c 75 . 7 , respectively ) differ from shifts for the equivalent carbons in epoxy - secogorgosterol reported by naz et al . ( \u03b4 c 61 . 0 and \u03b4 c 60 . 4 , respectively ; [ 22 ] ) and from those of the epoxy - secosterol reported by anta et al . ( \u03b4 c 65 . 5 and \u03b4 c 58 . 1 , respectively ; [ 24 ] ) . the downfield shift , observed for these carbons in 1 , results from the cleavage of the epoxide ring , and 13 c values around \u03b4 c 70\u201380 as observed for 1 are characteristic for hydroxylated carbons .\nfigure 4 : secosterols [ 22 , 24 ] related to 3\u03b2 , 5\u03b1 , 6\u03b2 - trihydroxy - 9 - oxo - 9 , 11 - secogorgostan - 11 - ol ( 1 ) from p . longicirrum .\nthe relative stereochemistry of the secogorgosterol 1 was established by analysis of 1 h , 1 h coupling constants , noesy data , and comparison of nmr spectral data with those of similar compounds [ 22 , 24 ] . an equatorial orientation of the oh - group at c - 3 was evident , since h - 3 displayed 1 h , 1 h coupling constants to the vicinal axial h - 2\u03b2 and h - 4\u03b2 of 12 hz and to the equatorial h - 2\u03b1 and h - 4\u03b1 of 6 hz . noe correlations of h - 3 to h - 1\u03b1 , h - 2\u03b1 and h - 4\u03b1 indicate thus an \u03b1 - orientation of axial h - 3 and a \u03b2 - orientation of the equatorial hydroxy group at c - 3 . the identical 13 c nmr shift of c - 3 ( \u03b4 c 68 . 0 ) with the reported value [ 24 ] supports this orientation .\n1 h nmr measurements in pyridine - d 5 led to a further downfield shift of the deshielded h - 3 resonance to \u03b4 h 4 . 81 ( compared with \u03b4 h 4 . 00 in meoh - d 4 ) . this shift is explained by a 1 , 3 axial\u2013axial interaction with the 5\u03b1 hydroxy group [ 25 , 26 ] , demonstrating the \u03b1 - orientation of the substituent at the bridge head carbon c - 5 . noes between the resonances for h - 2\u03b2 as well as h - 1\u03b2 to h 3 - 19 showed the latter to be \u03b2 - orientated , and thus the trans configuration of the decaline system . the 1 h nmr signal at \u03b4 h 3 . 66 for h - 6 exhibited noe correlation with h - 4\u03b1 ( \u03b4 h 1 . 70 , m ) indicating \u03b2 - orientation of the equatorial oh - group at c - 6 . contrary to the reported epoxy - secosteroid by naz et al . [ 22 ] , no noe was observed between the resonances of h - 6 and \u03b2 - oriented h 3 - 19 confirming the \u03b2 - orientation of the hydroxy group at c - 6 ( see figure 5 ) .\nfigure 5 : conformational structure of 1 ( key noesy correlations are indicated with blue arrows ; coupling constants crucial for the determination of the orientation of the 3 - oh group are shown ) .\nfigure 5 : conformational structure of 1 ( key noesy correlations are indicated with blue arrows ; coupling cons . . .\nnoe correlations between h 3 - 19 and h - 8 , as well as between h - 8 and h 3 - 18 showed the \u03b2 - orientation of the methyl groups ch 3 - 18 , ch 3 - 19 and of the proton at c - 8 , which is in accordance with reported stereochemistry for the related metabolites of this compound - class [ 21 , 22 ] . free rotation along the bond between c - 8 and c - 14 is unlikely because of the bulky substituents on ring d . noe correlations were observed between \u03b1 - oriented h - 14 and h - 17 demonstrating \u03b2 - orientation of the gorgosterol side chain . 13 c nmr shifts for the carbons of the side chain ( c - 20 to c - 30 : \u03b4 c 36 . 3 , 21 . 4 , 33 . 3 , 26 . 9 , 52 . 2 , 33 . 4 , 22 . 7 , 21 . 9 , 15 . 8 , 14 . 7 , 22 . 2 ) were almost identical with those reported by naz et al . ( c - 20 to c - 30 : \u03b4 c 34 . 9 , 20 . 8 , 31 . 9 , 25 . 9 , 50 . 5 , 31 . 4 , 22 . 3 , 21 . 5 , 15 . 2 , 14 . 2 , 21 . 2 ) [ 22 ] . the relative stereochemistry of the gorgosterol side chain was thus suggested to be the same . for the compound 1 we propose the name 3\u03b2 , 5\u03b1 , 6\u03b2 - trihydroxy - 9 - oxo - 9 , 11 - secogorgostan - 11 - ol .\nchemical structures of the polyhydroxylated steroids 2 \u2013 4 were established by comparison of the nmr and ms data obtained in our laboratory ( supporting information file 1 , figures s6\u201311 ) with the reported values [ 27 , 28 ] .\ncompound 5 was isolated as colorless oil ( 1 . 5 mg ) . the specific optical rotation was measured in chloroform ( c 0 . 09 ) , and yielded [ \u03b1 ] d 20 + 3 . 5 . the molecular formula of compound 5 was deduced by hrms\u2013esi ( m + na 355 . 2244 da ) to be c 21 h 32 o 3 . ring double bond equivalents ( rde ) were calculated to be six . the ir spectrum of compound 5 showed absorptions for carbonyl bonds at 1700 cm \u22121 and 1679 cm \u22121 , indicating the presence of ketone and / or ester functions .\nextensive nmr measurements ( 1 h , 13 c nmr , cosy , dept , hsqc and hmbc , see supporting information file 1 , table s2 ) revealed the presence of a methoxy group ( \u03b4 h 3 . 71 3h , \u03b4 c 52 . 1 ) , an ester carbonyl ( \u03b4 c 170 . 0 , c - 18 ) and a keto group ( \u03b4 c 211 . 3 , c - 2 ) . the 13 c nmr spectrum of compound 5 contained a total of 21 resonances attributable to 5 methyl , 6 methylene , 5 methine and 5 quaternary carbons as indicated by a dept 135 experiment . six characteristic shifts in the 13 c nmr spectrum at \u03b4 c 130 . 5 ( c - 4 ) and 142 . 8 ( c - 5 ) , 121 . 6 ( c - 7 ) and 136 . 9 ( c - 8 ) , 127 . 0 ( c - 11 ) and 135 . 4 ( c - 12 ) pointed towards three carbon\u2013carbon double bonds . together with two carbonyls ( at c - 2 and c - 18 ) one rde accountable to a ring remained , and suggested a cembrane - class diterpene .\nthe proton resonances could be unambiguously assigned to those of directly attached carbons by a hsqc measurement , and afterwards the fragments of the molecule were elucidated using a cosy experiment . thus , the cosy data showed correlations of the resonances h 3 - 16 , h 3 - 17 and h - 1 to h - 15 , forming an isopropyl moiety . together with cosy correlations from h - 1 over h 2 - 14 to h 2 - 13 spin system a was established . two further smaller fragments were established via cosy correlations from h - 5 to h - 7 ( b ) , and from h - 9 to h - 11 ( c ) . these subunits could be assigned to a 14 - membered cembrane skeleton according to couplings detected in the hmbc experiment . key heteronuclear long range correlations for assembling the complete structure were from h 3 - 20 to c - 11 , c - 12 and c - 13 connecting fragments a and c . the fragments b and c were then connected according to hmbc cross peaks of the methyl group resonance h 3 - 19 with quaternary c - 8 and with c - 7 and c - 9 ( see figure 6 ) .\nfigure 6 : structure of cembranoid 5 . 1 h , 1 h spin systems ( a , b and c ) are indicated in bold , arrows show key hmbc correlations .\nfigure 6 : structure of cembranoid 5 . 1 h , 1 h spin systems ( a , b and c ) are indicated in bold , arrows show key h . . .\nthe absence of a further 1 h , 1 h spin system required heteronuclear long range correlations for the elucidation of the remaining structural features and the closure of the cembrane ring . methylene group ch 2 - 3 exhibited hmbc correlations with resonances of the keto at c - 2 , sp 2 quaternary carbon c - 4 and tertiary carbon c - 5 and with the ester carbonyl c - 18 . due to the deshielded nature and large 1 h - coupling constant ( signals of both protons appear as doublets , j = 17 . 7 hz at \u03b4 h 3 . 49 and 3 . 64 ) of the 1 h nmr resonance of the h 2 - 3 , the position of the methylene group between keto carbonyl c - 2 and the quaternary sp 2 carbon c - 4 was very likely . the methyl ester moiety could be localized at c - 4 due to long range correlation of the - och 3 resonance with ester carbonyl c - 18 and quaternary c - 4 . a hmbc cross peak between the resonances of h - 1 and c - 2 established the 14 - membered cembranoid ring .\nthe e - geometries at olefinic double bonds \u03b4 7 , 8 and \u03b4 11 , 12 were easily deduced from the 13 c nmr upfield shifts of the methyl group resonances ch 3 - 19 ( \u03b4 c 16 . 0 ) and ch 3 - 20 ( \u03b4 c 15 . 2 ) . the deshielded resonance of h - 5 ( \u03b4 h 7 . 08 ) indicated e - geometry of the olefinic double bond \u03b4 4 , 5 [ 29 ] .\nfigure 7 : compound 5 and the most closely related cembranoids from soft corals .\nknown compounds 6\u20138 , 10 , 11 and 13 were unambiguously identified comparing the obtained 1 h and 13 c nmr spectral data with the literature reports [ 31 - 36 ] .\nrepeated hplc separation of vlc fraction 7 firstly led to two metabolites , which could not be structurally analyzed due to their instability . it was noted however , that two stable degradation products resulted and could be isolated , i . e . , compounds 8 and 9 . the planar structure of 8 and 9 was established as that of isosarcophine by 1d and 2d nmr data ( 1 h , 13 c , cosy , hsqc and hmbc ) . specific optical rotation measurements in chloroform ( c 0 . 1 each substance ) yielded [ \u03b1 ] d 20 values of + 92 . 0 for 8 and \u221238 . 0 for 9 . due to the close similarity of the 1 h and 13 c nmr data ( supporting information file 1 , table s3 ) compounds 8 and 9 were supposed to be stereoisomers . nmr spectral data of compound 8 were identical with those of ( + ) - isosarcophine ( [ \u03b1 ] d 20 + 235 . 3 ) reported by kusumi et al . [ 32 ] , so 8 is established as ( + ) - isosarcophine . the configuration at c - 2 for 8 and 9 was established with the help of cd experiments ( supporting information file 1 , figures s22 and s27 ) . according to kobayashi et al . [ 31 ] ( s ) configuration at c - 2 in furanocembranoids causes a negative cotton effect at 246 nm like we obtained for compound 8 , which is thus ( 2 s ) - isosarcophine . the cd spectrum of 9 was the inverse of 8 and displayed a positive cotton effect at 246 nm demonstrating that 8 and 9 are diastereomers . thus , compound 9 is 2 r - isosarcophine ."]}
{"id": 802, "summary": [{"text": "peripsocus subfasciatus is a species of psocoptera from peripsocidae family that can be found in great britain and ireland .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species are either black or brown coloured . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "peripsocus subfasciatus", "paragraphs": ["barklice are a convenient group to study because there are relatively few species and these are generally not too difficult to identify . identification keys ( in english ) for most , but not all , species are available in new ( 1974 ) . comprehensive keys for all species ( in french ) are in lienhard ( 1998 ) . since barklice are little studied by entomologists there is plenty of scope for making further discoveries . if nothing else it would be valuable to find out how widespread peripsocus milleri is in the area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsummary : has been found on branches of deciduous and coniferous / evergreen trees / bushes ( no records from trunks ) .\ndeciduous branches : beech , bird cherry , elder , hawthorn , lime , oak and sycamore .\nconifer / evergreen branches : broom , ivy , larch , laurel , pine , sitka spruce and yew .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nno cubital loop ( a u - shaped vein on the top - middle of the forewing ) narrows down the families . smokey gray wings = > perispocus\nthe gray triangles at the wing tips ( distal forewing ) don ' t have a clear rectangle at their center .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nduring a stay in the brandwood area of birmingham from 6 - 8 august 2004 i carried out some work to determine which barklice species occur in the area .\nthe psocoptera is a small order of insects of which about 100 species have been recorded in britain . barklice is the common name for the psocid species that have been recorded out - of - doors ( c . 60 species ) . although little studied by entomologists , barklice are very common and virtually every bush and tree will be home to some species . shaking tree branches over a beating tray and brushing the insects off tree trunks are the best ways of finding most species .\ni spent the majority of the short time i had available in brandwood end cemetery and surrounding streets . a few records were made along the worcester and birmingham canal and in king\u2019s norton park .\nthe following table summarises the sampling areas where each of the 18 species recorded were found .\non 8 august 2004 a single female of this species was found on the trunk of a mature oak tree in jasmin croft ( sp073796 ) , a few metres from brandwood end cemetery . the identification of the specimen was confirmed by charles lienhard of the geneva natural history museum . this species\u2019 inclusion on the british list is due to two specimens being discovered in the hold of a ship in liverpool in 1953 ( new , 1974 ) . this is consequently the first known outdoor record in britain .\nthe detailed records of the findings including species names , location , 6 - figure grid references , species numbers , sampling details and dates have been given to simon wood of the worcestershire biological record centre .\nalexander , k . n . a . ( 2002 ) epicaecilius pilipennis ( lienhard ) ( psocoptera ) new to england from west sussex . entomologist\u2019s record . 114 : 181 .\nlienhard , c . ( 1998 ) psocopt\u00e8res euro - m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens in faune de france . 83 : 1 - 517 .\nnew , t . r . ( 1974 ) handbooks for the identification of british insects : psocoptera . 1 ( 7 ) : 1 - 102 .\nsaville , b . ( 1999 ) the barklice ( insecta : psocoptera ) of the lothians ( scotland ) . glasgow naturalist . 23 ( 4 ) : 50 - 54 .\nsaville , b . ( 2004 ) cumbrian barklice ( psocoptera ) . the carlisle naturalist 12 ( 1 ) : 17 - 20 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nall identifications on this page have been made as accurately as possible . corrections ? please contact me . . .\nseperated into two distinct sub - orders . those you find on walls or trees , or even leaf - litter , are likely to be\n' link below each article to return here to choose another species , or continue scrolling up and down for others .\nalmost certain id by bob saville , though as he suggests an underside shot would confirm , though apparently wing veins help .\n- a good find ! i actually found four all on the same day . id by bob saville who runs the uk ' s recording scheme . my images represet this species on the site ' s gallery .\nloensia sp . can be little difficult to id . wing veins help , but in some cases the density of the pattern obscures it .\nsummary : has been found on a wide range of deciduous trees / bushes ( branches and trunks ) , conifer / evergreen branches and heather .\ndeciduous branches : apple , beech , birch , blackthorn , elder , elm , hawthorn , oak , rowan , sallows and sea buckthorn .\nconifer / evergreen branches : broom , cedar , chinese juniper , cypress family , larch , pines , privet , spruces and yew .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30de\u30c9\u30c1\u30e3\u30bf\u30c6\u79d1\nto\nperipsocidae\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n[ cite : 370489 ] a remarkably helpful source , with species accounts ( status , distribution maps , phenology , habitat data ) ; interactive key for rapid identification of adults ; excellent gallery of live photos ; and more . . . strangely , the names of those who put together and run this fine online resource are nowhere to be found : (\njohnson k . p . , smith v . s . ( 2013 ) psocodea species file online . version 5 . 0\n[ cite : 1286620 ] link all of the nomenclatural , bibliographic , and specimen data accumulated in missouri botanical garden ' s ( mbg ) electronic databases during the past 30 years are publicly available here . this system has nearly 1 . 3 million scientific names and over 4 . 4 million specimen records . great resource for plant distribution beyond us & canada ."]}
{"id": 803, "summary": [{"text": "the bamenda apalis ( apalis bamendae ) is a species of bird in the cisticolidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to cameroon .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and dry savanna .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "bamenda apalis", "paragraphs": ["apalis du bamenda : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nryan , p . ( 2018 ) . bamenda apalis ( apalis bamendae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsw & c cameroon ( bamenda highlands s of 6\u00b0 n , adamawa plateau ) and se nigeria ( ngel nyaki forest reserve # r ) ; probably also extreme w central african republic ( yade hills ) .\n12 - 13 cm small grey , white and pale rufous forest warbler . upperparts greyish with darker wings and tail . underparts pale rufous on face and throat with remainder greyish , slightly paler than upperparts . similar spp . the only dark grey apalis within its range to have rufous on throat . differs from buff - throated apalis by being darker and lacking any white in tail . however , their ranges do not overlap . voice fast and tuneless ` chwee pipi chwee pipi ' and more rapid and rattling variation . hints most reliable place in recent times is the forests surrounding the bali safari lodge in the bamenda highlands , cameroon .\n12 cm . a dark grey apalis with chestnut throat and fairly short , dark tail . has frons and face washed chestnut , dark grey crown and upperparts washed olive - brown ; upperwing . . .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : apalis bamendae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon or rare ( urban et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is unlikely to be declining at the present time since it is able to adapt well to degraded habitats including plantations and farmland ( bobo et al . in prep . ) .\nthe species is found from 750 - 2 , 050 m ( bobo et al . 2001 ) , where its preferred habitat is gallery forest , typically narrow belts of 10 - 15 m high trees . it is also found in secondary growth and isolated trees near forest , riverine thickets and forest relicts in farmland ( urban et al . 1997 ) , and in degraded habitat , including farmland dominated by eucalyptus , avocado and mango trees with maize cultivated beneath ( bobo et al . 2001 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nalthough this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhas sometimes been considered conspecific with a . sharpii and a . goslingi . apparently closely related to a . rufogularis ; the two have largely non - overlapping ranges , replacing each other within 1\u20132 km . monotypic .\nmale song a series of notes starting with deeper , descending note , \u201cchew chit chit chit chit\u2026\u201d , . . .\nconfined to gallery forest in savanna woodland on adamawa plateau ; occupies wider range of habitats . . .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in cameroon mountains eba . total range covers no more than c . 80 , 000 km\u00b2 . locally common throughout its range . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nto date , sampling insufficiently dense # r # r to provide a genetic perspective on many long - standing issues of specific and subspecific taxonomy . many relationships postulated here remain to be tested by molecular data , and further examples of polyphyly may emerge once more extensive sampling has been possible # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\nin english scientific usage , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\nen fran\u00e7ais , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage ."]}
{"id": 806, "summary": [{"text": "madrepora oculata , also called zigzag coral , is a scleractinia ( stony coral ) that is found worldwide outside of the polar regions , growing in deep water at depths of 80 \u2013 1500 meters .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it was first described by linnaeus in 1758 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is one of only 12 species of coral that are found worldwide , including in subantarctic oceans .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in some areas , such as in the mediterranean sea and the north-east atlantic ocean , it dominates communities of coral . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "madrepora oculata", "paragraphs": ["? madrepora vitiae squires and keyes , 1967 , p . 22 , pi . 1 , figs . 4 - 8 .\namphihelia oculata ; milne edwards and haime , 1857 , p . 119 . \u2014von marenzeller , 1904a , p . 308 , pi . 14 , figs . 1 , lb .\ndistribution . according to zibrowius ( 1974a , p . 776 ) , distribution of m . oculata worldwide outside of polar seas . three of above - mentioned records extend the southernmost distribution of m . oculata to subantarctic waters : hjort seamount , a seamount in the subantarctic south pacific , and a seamount in the drake passage ( map 2 ) . worldwide depth range : 80 - 1500 m ; subantarctic records : 549 - 833 m .\ncairns , 1982 p . 15 , plate 3 , figs . 4 - 6 .\n( of madrepora kauaiensis vaughan , 1907 ) cairns , s . d . , 1984 . new records of ahermatypic corals ( scleractinia ) from the hawaiian and line islands . occasional papers of the bishop musem , 25 ( 10 ) : 1 - 30 . [ details ]\n( of madrepora kauaiensis vaughan , 1907 ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmadrepora oculata linnaeus , 1758 , p . 798 . \u2014von marenzeller , 1904b , p . 79 . \u2014eguchi , 1968 , p . c - 29 , pi . c - 8 , figs . 1 - 9 . \u2014zibrowius , 1974a , pp . 762 - 766 , pi . 2 , figs . 2 - 5 ; 1980 , pp . 36 - 40 , pi . 13 , figs . a - p . \u2014cairns , 1979 , pp . 39 - 42 , pi . 3 , fig . 2 , pi . 4 , fig . 5 , pi . 5 , figs . 1 - 3 .\n( of madrepora kauaiensis vaughan , 1907 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora alcocki faustino , 1927 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntypes . the types of m . oculata are lost . typelocality : off sicily and tyrrhenian sea , mediterranean . syntypes of l . candida are deposited at the british museum ( 1880 . 11 . 25 . 95 ) . type - locality : off sombrero island , lesser antilles ; 823 m . the holotype of m . vitiae is deposited at the new zealand oceanographic institute ( 17 ) . typelocality : off cape farewell , new zealand ; 230 - 251 m .\n( of madrepora candida ( moseley , 1881 ) ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora vitiae squires & keyes , 1967 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora venusta milne edwards & haime , 1850 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\ncairns , s . d . , hoeksema , b . w . , and j . van der land , 2001 . scleractinia , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 109 - 110 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1984 . new records of ahermatypic corals ( scleractinia ) from the hawaiian and line islands . occasional papers of the bishop musem , 25 ( 10 ) : 1 - 30 . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , and keller , n . b . , 1993 . new taxa and distributional records of azooxanthellate scleractinia from the tropical south - west indian ocean , with comments on their zoogeography and ecology . ann . s . afr . mus . 103 ( 5 ) : 213 - 292 , 13 pls . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333\u2013347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1998 . azooxanthellate scleractinia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) of western australia . rec . of west . austr . mus . 18 ( 4 ) : 361 - 417 , 9 pls . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncairns , s . d . , 2004 . azooxanthellate scleractinia of australia . rec . australian mus . , 56 ( 3 ) : 259 - 329 , 12 pls . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ( 1999 ) . cnidaria anthozoa : deep - water azooxanthellate scleractinia from vanuatu , and wallis and futuna islands . in : crosnier , a . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 20 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 180 : 31 - 167 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1995 . the marine fauna of new zealand : scleractinia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) . n . z . oceanographic mem , 103 : 210 pp . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1991 . a revision of the ahermatypic scleractinia of the gal\u00e1pagos and cocos islands . smith . cont . zool . 504 : 32 pp . , 12 pls . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ; zibrowius , h . ( 1997 ) . cnidaria anthozoa : azooxanthellate scleractinia from the philippine and indonesian regions . in : crosnier , a . et al . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 16 . campagne franco - indon\u00e9sienne karubar . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 172 : 27 - 244 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nzibrowius , h . ( 1980 ) . les scl\u00e9ractiniaires de la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et de l ' atlantique nord - oriental . m\u00e9moires de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique , monaco , 11 . mus\u00e9e oc\u00e9anographique de monaco : monaco . 3 volumes , including bibliography and taxonomic index pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1982 . antarctic and subantarctic scleractinia . antarctic research series 34 : 1 - 74 . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1979 . the deep - water scleractinia of the caribbean and adjacent waters . stud . fauna curacao , 57 ( 180 ) : 341 pp . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1994 . scleractinia of the temperate north pacific . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 557 : 150 pp . , 42 plates , 3 figs . [ details ]\nroberts , j . m . , a . wheeler , a . freiwald , and s . d . cairns , 2009 . cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . 334 pp . [ details ]\n( of cyathohelia formosa alcock , 1898 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyathohelia formosa alcock , 1898 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lophohelia investigatoris alcock , 1898 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lophohelia tenuis moseley , 1881 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\namphihelia ramea ; duncan , 1873 , p . 326 , pi . 44 , figs . 1 - 3 , pi . 45 , figs . 4 - 6 , pi . 46 , figs . 1 - 19 .\nlophohelia candida moseley , 1881 , pp . 179 , 180 , pi . 9 , figs . 6 - 13 .\ndescription . colony bushy or flabellate , formed by extratentacular budding . end branches having sympodial arrangement of corallites , measuring between 2 . 3 and 4 . 0 mm in diameter ; diameter of attached base up to 2 cm . calices round , 2 . 4 - 3 . 8 mm in diameter , exsert on end branches , recessed or flush with coenosteum toward base . coenosteum smooth , extremely finely granulated ; costae and coenosteal striae rare . septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles . sl equal to or larger than s2 ; s3 much smaller , sometimes rudimentary . inner edges of septa straight , sometimes thickened near columella . septal faces covered by granules , sometimes twice as high as septal thickness . fossa variable in depth , usually dependent on age of corallite , older corallites having shallower fossae . columella variable , usually papillose , sometimes absent .\nmaterial . eltanin sta . 254 , usnm 47500 ; sta . 1346 , usnm 47499 ; sta . 1403 , usnm . 47501 ; sta . 1416 , usnm 47665 ; sta . 1422 , usnm 47497 ; sta . 1814 , usnm 47502 ; sta . 1816 , usnm 47498 ; sta . 1818 , usnm 47504 . nzoi sta . c - 642 , usnm 47514 ; sta . d - 6 , usnm 47503 . specimens listed by cairns ( 1979 ) , usnm ; topotypic specimens of m . vitiae from nzoi sta . b - 314 , type lot , usnm 47515 . syntypes of l . candida .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nlinnaeus , 1758 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 135209 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\ncairns , s . d . , hoeksema , b . w . , and j . van der land , 2001 . scleractinia , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 109 - 110 ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ( 1999 ) . cnidaria anthozoa : deep - water azooxanthellate scleractinia from vanuatu , and wallis and futuna islands . in : crosnier , a . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 20 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 180 : 31 - 167 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ] available for editors\ncairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\ncairns , s . d . ; zibrowius , h . ( 1997 ) . cnidaria anthozoa : azooxanthellate scleractinia from the philippine and indonesian regions . in : crosnier , a . et al . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 16 . campagne franco - indon\u00e9sienne karubar . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 172 : 27 - 244 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nzibrowius , h . ( 1980 ) . les scl\u00e9ractiniaires de la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et de l ' atlantique nord - oriental . m\u00e9moires de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique , monaco , 11 . mus\u00e9e oc\u00e9anographique de monaco : monaco . 3 volumes , including bibliography and taxonomic index pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nnagornov , konstantin o . ; kozhinov , anton n . ; tsybin , yury o .\nms ) at the cyclotron frequency instead of the reduced cyclotron frequency has been experimentally demonstrated using narrow aperture detection electrode ( nadel ) icr cells . here , based on the results of simion simulations , we provide the initial mechanistic insights into the cyclotron frequency regime generation in\npotential as realized in nadel icr cells . during ion detection , ions of the same m / z move in phase for cyclotron ion motion but out of phase for magnetron ( drift ) ion motion destroying signals at the fundamental and high order harmonics that comprise reduced cyclotron frequency components . after an initial magnetron motion period , ion clouds distribute into a novel type of structures - ion slabs , elliptical cylinders , or star - like structures . these structures rotate at the larmor ( half - cyclotron ) frequency on a plane orthogonal to the magnetic field , inducing signals at the true cyclotron frequency on each of the narrow aperture detection electrodes . to eliminate the reduced cyclotron frequency peak upon dipolar ion detection , a number of slabs or elliptical cylinders organizing a star - like configuration are formed . in a nadel icr cell with quadrupolar ion detection , a single slab or an elliptical cylinder is sufficient to minimize the intensity of the reduced cyclotron frequency components , particularly the second harmonic . [ figure not available : see fulltext .\nlaboratory simulations have been carried out to model chemical reactions that possibly take place in the stratosphere of saturn ' s moon , titan . the aerosol products of these reactions ( tholin samples ) have been systematically analyzed by mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization ( esi ) and laser desorption ( ld ) . a wide variety of ions with a general formula c ( x ) h ( y ) n ( z ) detected by ultrahigh resolution and accurate mass measurements in a fourier transform / ion cyclotron resonance (\n) cell reflect the complexity of these polymeric products , both in chemical compositions and isomeric distributions . as a common feature , however , tandem mass spectral ( ms / ms ) data and h / d exchange products in the solution phase support the presence of amino and nitrile functionalities in these ( highly unsaturated )\ntholin\ncompounds . the present work demonstrates that esi - ms coupled with\nis a suitable and\nintact\nmethod to analyze tholin components formed under anaerobic conditions ; only species with c ( x ) h ( y ) n ( z ) are detected for freshly prepared and harvested samples . however , when intentionally exposed to water , oxygen - containing compounds are unambiguously detected .\nmass spectrometry on short - lived radionuclides . owed to the ability of revealing all nucleonic interactions , mass measurements far off the line of { beta } - stability are expected to bring new insight to the current knowledge of nuclear properties and serve to test the predictive power of mass models and formulas . in nuclear astrophysics , atomic masses are fundamental parameters for the understanding of the synthesis of nuclei in the stellar environments . this thesis presents ten mass values of radionuclides around a = 90 interspersed in the predicted rp - process pathway . six of them have been experimentally determined for the first time . the measurements have been carried out at the\nmass spectrometer shiptrap using the destructive time - of - flight ion - cyclotron - resonance ( tof - icr ) detection technique . given the limited performance of the tof - icr detection when trying to investigate heavy / superheavy species with small production cross sections ( { sigma } < 1 { mu } b ) , a new detection system is found to be necessary . thus , the second part of this thesis deals with the commissioning of a cryogenic double -\nion will provide the required information to determine its mass . first off - line tests of a new detector system based on a channeltron with an attached conversion dynode , of a cryogenic pumping barrier , to guarantee ultra - high vacuum conditions during mass determination , and of the detection electronics for the required single - ion sensitivity are reported . ( orig . )\nare derived as eigenstates of the appropriate annihilation operators . they are compared with those obtained through the displacement operator method .\ncoherent states are derived as eigenstates of the appropriate annihilation operators . these states are compared with those obtained through the displacement operator . the associated wavefunctions and mean values for some relevant operators in these states are also evaluated . it turns out that the\nbecause of the increasing importance of heavy and unconventional crude oil as an energy source , there is a growing need for petroleomics : the pursuit of more complete and detailed knowledge of the chemical compositions of crude oil . crude oil has an extremely complex nature ; hence , techniques with ultra - high resolving capabilities , such as fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (\nms has been successfully applied to the study of heavy and unconventional crude oils such as bitumen and shale oil . however , the analysis of crude oil with\nms is not trivial , and it has pushed analysis to the limits of instrumental and methodological capabilities . for example , high - resolution mass spectra of crude oils may contain over 100 , 000 peaks that require interpretation . to visualize large data sets more effectively , data processing methods such as kendrick mass defect analysis and statistical analyses have been developed . the successful application of\nms instrumentation and data processing methods . this review offers an introduction to the basic principles ,\nms instrumentation development , ionization techniques , and data interpretation methods for petroleomics and is intended for readers having no prior experience in this field of study . \u00e2\u00a9 2014 wiley periodicals , inc .\nand related experimental techniques . it serves both as a primer for those entering the field , and as a quick reference for those working in it . the book is motivated by the observation that often a vast number of different resources have to be explored to gain a good overview of\nprinciples . this is especially true for students who experience additional difficulty due to the different styles of presentation and notation . this volume provides a broad introductory overview in unified notation .\nplasma , including the effect of the finite length and end curvature of the plasma column . a new cylindrical pic code , called kandinsky , has been implemented by using a new interpolation scheme . the principal idea is to calculate the volume of each cell from a particle volume , in the same manner as it is done for the cell charge . with this new method , the density is conserved along streamlines and artificial sources of compressibility are avoided . the code has been validated with a reference eulerian fluid code . we compare the dynamics of three different models : a model with compression effects , the standard euler model and a geophysical fluid dynamics model . the results of our investigation prove that\nringle , r . ; bollen , g . ; schury , p . ; sun , t . [ national superconducting cyclotron laboratory , east lansing , mi ( united states ) ; michigan state university , department of physics and astronomy , east lansing , mi ( united states ) ; lawton , d . ; schwarz , s . [ national superconducting cyclotron laboratory , east lansing , mi ( united states )\nmass measurements of rare isotopes , delivered by the coupled cyclotron facility ( ccf ) of the nscl . the lebit\nsystem has been optimized for high - accuracy mass measurements of very short - lived isotopes . ( orig . )\nmass spectrometer shiptrap at gsi darmstadt allows accurate mass measurements of radionuclides , produced in fusion - evaporation reactions and separated by the velocity filter ship from the primary beam . recently , the masses of the three nobelium isotopes 252 - 254 no were determined . these are the first direct mass measurements of transuranium elements , which provide new anchor points in this region . the heavy nuclides were produced in cold - fusion reactions by irradiating a pbs target with a 48 ca beam , resulting in production rates of the nuclei of interest of about one atom per second . in combination with data from decay spectroscopy our results are used to perform a new atomic - mass evaluation in this region .\nat 4 k , open the way toward the production and study of cold antihydrogen . we have begun experimentally investigating the possibility to recombine cold positrons and antiprotons within nested\nelectrons . electrons , protons and ions are counted by ejecting them to a cold channel plate and by nondestructive radiofrequency techniques . the effect of the space charge of one\nthe synthetic cannabinoids ( scs ) represent the most recent advent of the new psychotropic substances ( nps ) and has become popularly known to mitigate the effects of the \u00ee\u0094 ( 9 ) - thc . the scs are dissolved in organic solvents and sprayed in a dry herbal blend . however , little information is reported on active ingredients of scs as well as the excipients or diluents added to the herbal blend . in this work , the direct infusion electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry technique ( esi -\nms ) was applied to explore the chemical composition of nine samples of herbal extract blends , where a total of 11 scs ( ur - 144 , jwh - 073 , xlr - 11 , jwh - 250 , jwh - 122 , am - 2201 , akb48 , jwh - 210 , jwh - 081 , mam - 2201 and 5f - akb48 ) were identified in the positive ionization mode , esi ( + ) , and other 44 chemical species ( saturated and unsaturated fatty acids , sugars , flavonoids , etc . ) were detected in the negative ionization mode , esi ( - ) . additionally , cid experiments were performed , and fragmentation pathways were proposed to identify the connectivity of scs . thus , the direct infusion esi -\nms technique is a powerful tool in forensic chemistry that enables the rapid and unequivocal way for the determination of molecular formula , the degree of unsaturation ( dbe - double bond equivalent ) and exact mass ( < 1ppm ) of a total of 55 chemical species without the prior separation step . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2016 elsevier ireland ltd . all rights reserved .\ndissolved organic nitrogen is an often overlooked but potentially significant bioavailable component of dissolved organic matter . studies of bulk don turnover have been reported , but the compositions of the reactive and refractory components of don are largely unknown . here we show the unique ability of atmospheric pressure photoionization ( appi ) coupled to ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry to identify the reactive and refractory components of don . figure 1 is an isolated 0 . 30 m / z window from an ultrahigh resolution appi\nmass spectrum of don in surface waters draining an agricultural area in south florida . using this optimized , negative - ion appi strategy we have been able to identify the reactive and refractory components of don in these nitrogen - rich waters . similar results were observed with samples from soil porewaters in sedge - dominated fens and sphagnum - dominated bogs within the glacial lake agassiz peatlands ( glap ) of northern minnesota . surprisingly , microbes appear to initially use similar enzymatic pathways to degrade don and doc , often with little release of nitrogen . figure 1 . isolated 0 . 30 m / z window at nominal mass 432 from negative - ion appi\nmass spectrum of dom from waters draining an agricultural area in south florida . peaks marked contain nitrogen .\nporobi\u00e4\u0087 , t . ; beck , m . ; breitenfeldt , m . ; couratin , c . ; finlay , p . ; knecht , a . ; fabian , x . ; friedag , p . ; fl\u00e3\u00a9chard , x . ; li\u00e3\u00a9nard , e . ; ban , g . ; z\u00e3\u00a1kouck\u00e3\u00bd , d . ; soti , g . ; van gorp , s . ; weinheimer , ch . ; wursten , e . ; severijns , n .\nof the witch retardation spectrometer - based setup at isolde / cern were performed . experimental ion cyclotron resonances were compared with ab initio coulomb simulations and found to be in agreement . as an important systematic effect of the witch experiment , the magnetron eigenfrequency of the ion cloud was studied under increasing space - charge conditions . finally , the helium buffer gas pressure in the\nms ) allows data - independent fragmentation of all ions in a sample and correlation of fragment ions to their precursors through the modulation of precursor ion cyclotron radii prior to fragmentation . previous results show that implementation of 2d\nms with infrared multi - photon dissociation ( irmpd ) and electron capture dissociation ( ecd ) has turned this method into a useful analytical tool . in this work , irmpd tandem mass spectrometry of calmodulin ( cam ) has been performed both in one - dimensional and two - dimensional\nms is used to achieve extensive inter - residue bond cleavage and assignment for cam , using its unique features for fragment identification in a less time - and sample - consuming experiment than doing the same thing using sequential ms / ms experiments . graphical abstract \u00e1 \u009f .\n. the demonstrated interaction of electrons and protons at very low relative velocities , where recombination is predicted to be most rapid , indicates that this may be a route towards the study of low temperature recombination . the production of cold antihydrogen is of particular interest , and electron cooling of highly stripped ions may also be possible . copyright 1996 the american physical society\nfacility designed to combine several novel technologies to decelerate , charge breed , cool , bunch and purify the reaction products and perform high - accuracy nuclear and atomic mass measurements . it is now in the commissioning phase , achieving a mass - resolving power of about 10 5 in the purification\nszerypo , j . ; kolhinen , v . s . ; gartzke , e . ; habs , d . ; neumayr , j . ; schuermann , c . ; sewtz , m . ; thirolf , p . g . [ university of munich ( lmu ) and maier - leibnitz - laboratory ( mll ) , faculty of physics , garching ( germany ) ; bussmann , m . ; schramm , u . [ university of munich ( lmu ) and maier - leibnitz - laboratory ( mll ) , faculty of physics , garching ( germany ) ; forschungszentrum dresden - rossendorf , dresden ( germany )\nfacility designed to combine several novel technologies to decelerate , charge breed , cool , bunch and purify the reaction products and perform high - accuracy nuclear and atomic mass measurements . it is now in the commissioning phase , achieving a mass - resolving power of about 10 { sup 5 } in the purification\nporobic , t . ; beck , m . ; breitenfeldt , m . ; couratin , c . ; finlay , p . ; knecht , a . ; fabian , x . ; friedag , p . ; flechard , x . ; lienard , e . ; ban , g . ; z\u00e3\u00a1kouck\u00e3\u00bd , dalibor ; soti , g . ; van gorp , s . ; weinheimer , c . ; wursten , e . ; severijns , n .\n* buffer gas cooling * ion cyclotron resonance subject riv : bg - nuclear , atomic and molecular physics , colliders impact factor : 1 . 200 , year : 2015\n) that will focus on measurements with long - lived radioactive isotopes . chip -\nin a 12 t magnetic field . ions will be produced by external ion sources , including a laser ablation source , and transported to the capture\nat low energies enabling ions of a given m / q ratio to be selected via their time - of - flight . in the capture\nhas been installed and successfully commissioned at the maier - leibnitz laboratory in garching . this\nsystem has been designed to isobarically purify low energy ion beams and perform highly accurate mass measurements . an electrostatic quadrupole deflector has been designed and installed at the injection line of the\nsystem enabling a simultaneous use of an online ion beam with reference ions from an offline ion source . alternatively two offline sources can be used concurrently e . g . an { alpha } recoil sources providing heavy radioactive species ( e . g { sup 240 } u ) together with reference mass ions ( which in the future will be e . g . a carbon cluster ion source ) . the bender has been designed for beam energies up to 1 kev with q / a ratios 1 / 1 - 1 / 250 . this presentation shows the technical design and the operating parameters of the quadrupole beam bender and its implementation at the mlltrap system .\n) mass spectrometry analysis of eight snow samples from moscow city allowed us to identify more than 2000 various elemental compositions corresponding to regional air pollutants . the hierarchical cluster analysis ( hca ) of the data showed good concordance of three main groups of samples with the main wind directions . the north - west group ( a1 ) is represented by several homologous chos series of aliphatic organic aerosols . they may form as a result of enhanced photochemical reactions including oxidation of hydrocarbons with sulfonations due to higher amount of so2 emissions in the atmosphere in this region . group a2 , corresponding to the south - east part of moscow , contains large amount of oxidized hydrocarbons of different sources that may form during oxidation in atmosphere . these hydrocarbons appear correlated to emissions from traffic , neighboring oil refinery , and power plants . another family of compounds specific for this region involves chno substances formed during oxidation processes including nox and no3 radical since emissions of nox are higher in this part of the city . group a3 is rich in cho type of compounds with high h / c and low o / c ratios , which is characteristic of oxidized hydrocarbon - like organic aerosol . chno types of compounds in a3 group are probably nitro derivatives of condensed hydrocarbons such as pah . this non - targeted profiling revealed site specific distribution of pollutants and gives a chance to develop new strategies in air quality control and further studies of moscow environment . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2016 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .\njarvis , jacqueline m . ; billing , justin m . ; corilo , yuri e . ; schmidt , andrew j . ; hallen , richard t . ; schaub , tanner m .\nms ) is utilized for direct comparison of the chemical composition of biocrudes generated from the hydrothermal liquefaction of 100 % pine , 100 % algae , 75 : 25 pine : algae , and 50 : 50 pine : algae feedstocks . this analysis reveals that the of the 72 : 25 and 50 : 50 pine : algal htl biocrudes is essentially a composite of the two parent feeds ( i . e . , pine and algae ) with a lower relative abundance of ox species and a higher relative abundance of nitrogen - containing species than the pine htl biocrude . alternatively , the biocrude blends have a lower relative abundance of nitrogen - containing species where n > 2 than the algal htl biocrude . the 75 : 25 pine : algal htl biocrude has more elemental formulae in common with the pine htl biocrude than the 50 : 50 blend ; however , both blends have more elemental formulae in common with the algal htl biocrude . interestingly , > 20 % of the elemental formulae assigned to monoisotopic peaks within the 75 : 25 and 50 : 50 biocrude blends are species not present in either the pine or algal htl biocrudes . the highest relative abundance of these new species belong to the n2o4 - 6 classes , which correspond to heteroatom classes with a moderate number of nitrogen atoms and higher number of oxygen atoms per molecules than the species within the pure algal htl biocrude . compositionally , the novel species have the same structural motif but are of higher dbe and carbon numbers than the species within the algal htl biocrude . these original species are most likely generated from reactions between molecules from both feeds , which results in compounds wotj higher oxygen content than typically seen in the algal htl biocrude but also higher nitrogen contents than observed in the pine htl biocrude .\nsmith , donald f . ; schulz , carl ; konijnenburg , marco ; kilic , mehmet ; heeren , ronald m .\n) mass spectrometry imaging enables the spatial mapping and identification of biomolecules from complex surfaces . the need for long time - domain transients , and thus large raw file sizes , results in a large amount of raw data ( \u00e2\u0080\u009cbig data\u00e2\u0080\u009d ) that must be processed efficiently and rapidly . this can be compounded by largearea imaging and / or high spatial resolution imaging . for\n, data processing and data reduction must not compromise the high mass resolution afforded by the mass spectrometer . the continuous mode \u00e2\u0080\u009cmosaic datacube\u00e2\u0080\u009d approach allows high mass resolution visualization ( 0 . 001 da ) of mass spectrometry imaging data , but requires additional processing as compared to featurebased processing . we describe the use of distributed computing for processing of\nms imaging datasets with generation of continuous mode mosaic datacubes for high mass resolution visualization . an eight - fold improvement in processing time is demonstrated using a dutch nationally available cloud service .\nfull text available highly - ionized atoms with special properties have been proposed for interesting applications , including potential candidates for a new generation of optical atomic clocks at the one part in 1019 level of precision , quantum information processing and tests of fundamental theory . the proposed atomic systems are largely unexplored . recent developments at nist are described , including the isolation of highly - ionized atoms at low energy in unitary\nfor the precise measurement of radiative decay lifetimes ( demonstrated with a forbidden transition in kr17 + , as well as for studying electron capture processes .\nitteera , janvin ; singh , kumud ; teotia , vikas ; ukarde , priti ; malhotra , sanjay ; taly , y . k . ; joshi , manoj ; rao , pushpa\n) facility is being developed at barc for spectroscopy studies . this requires the design of an iron core electromagnet capable of generating high magnetic fields ( \u00e2\u0088\u00bc1 . 7t ) at the centre of an 88 mm long air gap . this electromagnet provides the requisite dipole magnetic field which when superimposed on the electrostatic quadrupoles ensures a stable\nzone ) . various pole shoe profiles were studied and modelled , fem simulation of the same were conducted to compute the magnetic field intensity and field uniformity . owing to the large air gap and requirement of high field intensity in the gfr , the exciting coils need to handle high current densities , which require water cooled systems . double pan - cake coil design is selected for powering the magnet . electrical , thermal and hydraulic designs of the coils are completed and a prototype double pancake coil was fabricated and tested for verifying the electrical and thermal parameter . the spatial field homogeneity is achieved by shimming the pole tip . temporal stability of magnet requires a highly stable power supply for exciting the coils and its stability class is derived from fem simulations . this paper discusses the electromagnetic design and development of the\nms ) is unsurpassed in its ability to characterize complex mixtures at the level of elemental composition assignment . only\nmass spectrometry can routinely achieve the required minimum resolving power necessary to elucidate molecular - level characterization of crude oil . conversely , the spectral complexity of petroleum facilitates identification of systematic errors in the accumulation , transfer , excitation , and detection\nsystem has been installed and commissioned at the maier - leibnitz - laboratory ( mll ) in garching . this\nsystem has been designed to isobarically purify low - energy ion beams and perform highly accurate mass measurements . technical details of the device and the first results of the commissioning measurements will be presented . the mass resolving power achieved in the first\nfor 85 rb ions is r = 139 ( 2 ) x10 3 , while a relative mass uncertainty of \u00ee\u00b4m / m = 2 . 9x10 - 8 was reached with the second\n( no analysis of systematic uncertainties included ) when using 87 rb as a reference ion for 85 rb .\nkolhinen , v . s . [ fakultaet fuer physik , lmu muenchen and maier - leibnitz laboratory , am coulombwall 1 , 85748 garching ( germany ) ] , e - mail : veli . kolhinen @ physik . uni - muenchen . de ; bussmann , m . [ fakultaet fuer physik , lmu muenchen and maier - leibnitz laboratory , am coulombwall 1 , 85748 garching ( germany ) ; forschungszentrum dresden - rossendorf , 01314 dresden ( germany ) ; gartzke , e . ; habs , d . ; neumayr , j . b . ; schuermann , c . ; szerypo , j . ; thirolf , p . g . [ fakultaet fuer physik , lmu muenchen and maier - leibnitz laboratory , am coulombwall 1 , 85748 garching ( germany )\nfor { sup 85 } rb ions is r = 139 ( 2 ) x10 { sup 3 } , while a relative mass uncertainty of { delta } m / m = 2 . 9x10 { sup - 8 } was reached with the second\n( no analysis of systematic uncertainties included ) when using { sup 87 } rb as a reference ion for { sup 85 } rb .\nsystem used by base . the experiment receives antiprotons from cern ' s ad ; negative hydrogen ions are formed during injection into the apparatus . the set - up works with only a pair of particles at a time , while a cloud of a few hundred others are held in the reservoir\n, while the negative hydyrogen ion is in held by the downstream park electrode . when the antiproton has been measured , it is moved to the upstream park electrode and the hydrogen ion is brought in to the measurement\n. this is repeated thousands of times , enabling a high - precision comparison of the charge - to - mass ratios of the two particles .\nthere is an increasing interest in the comprehensive study of heavy fuel oil ( hfo ) due to its growing use in furnaces , boilers , marines , and recently in gas turbines . in this work , the thermal combustion characteristics and chemical composition of hfo were investigated using a range of techniques . thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) was conducted to study the nonisothermal hfo combustion behavior . chemical characterization of hfo was accomplished using various standard methods in addition to direct infusion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry ( apci - fticr ms ) , high resolution 1h nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) , 13c nmr , and two - dimensional heteronuclear multiple bond correlation ( hmbc ) spectroscopy . by analyzing thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry ( tg / dtg ) results , three different reaction regions were identified in the combustion of hfo with air , specifically , low temperature oxidation region ( lto ) , fuel deposition ( fd ) , and high temperature oxidation ( hto ) region . at the high end of the lto region , a mass transfer resistance ( skin effect ) was evident . kinetic analysis in lto and hto regions was conducted using two different kinetic models to calculate the apparent activation energy . in both models , hto activation energies are higher than those for lto . the\nms technique resolved thousands of aromatic and sulfur containing compounds in the hfo sample and provided compositional details for individual molecules of three major class species . the major classes of compounds included species with one sulfur atom ( s1 ) , with two sulfur atoms ( s2 ) , and purely hydrocarbons ( hc ) . the dbe ( double bond equivalent ) abundance plots established for s1 and hc provided additional information on their distributions in the hfo sample . the 1h nmr and 13c nmr results revealed that nearly 59 % of the 1h nuclei were distributed as paraffinic ch2 and 5 % were in aromatic groups . nearly 21 % of 13c nuclei were\nas a high purity source of low - charge - state ions is studied . for the configuration considered , a relatively dense ion plasma is confined by a three - dimensional electric potential well . the three - dimensional well is produced by the electric field generated by both the\nelectron plasma . the ion and electron plasmas are each considered to have maxwellian velocity distributions . however , it is shown that the electron plasma must have a temperature that is higher than that of the ion plasma when the ions have low charge states . the work reported includes a self - consistent prediction of a possible plasma equilibrium\n- ms ) , equipped with an esi source and a 7 t supra - conducting magnet ( ltq - ft ultra , thermofisher scientific ) . this technique is the key technique for complex natural systems attributed by their outstanding mass resolution ( used 400 . 000 at m / z 400 da ) and mass accuracy ( \u00e2\u0089\u00a4 1ppm ) by simultaneously providing molecular level details of thousands of compounds and was successful applied for the investigations of natural organic matter ( nom ) different sources like marine and surface water , soil , sediment , bog and crude oil\nordonez , c . a . ; dolliver , d . d . ; chang yongbin ; correa , j . r .\nand a magnetic well . the work reported consists of a review , an extension , and applications of the relevant knowledge base . a nested\nproduces a magnetic field , which provides plasma confinement perpendicular to the magnetic field , and an electric field associated with a nested - well potential profile . the nested - well potential profile provides plasma confinement parallel to the magnetic field for oppositely signed plasma species that can have overlapping confinement regions . a configuration is considered in which the electric field is applied in two regions of uniform magnetic field that reside on opposite sides of a magnetic well region . the electric field confines overlapping positron and antiproton plasmas , which thread the magnetic well region . the magnetic well region would serve to\na fraction of any antihydrogen atoms that are formed . two different methods are considered for achieving overlap of positron and antiproton plasmas . for each , a set of conditions is predicted for achieving antihydrogen recombination and\n, much of the information presented is also relevant to the prospect of merging other pairs of oppositely signed plasmas ( e . g . , electron and positron plasmas )\nneutral antimatter in the form of antihydrogen for scientific study . one method that is being developed for\nserves to mix positrons and antiprotons so as to produce low energy antihydrogen atoms . mixing is achieved when the confinement volumes of the two species overlap one another . in the work presented here , a theoretical understanding of the mixing process is developed by analyzing a mixing scheme that was recently reported [ g . gabrielse et al . , phys . rev . lett . 100 , 113001 ( 2008 ) ] . the results indicate that positron space charge or collisions among antiprotons may substantially reduce the fraction of antiprotons that have an energy suitable for antihydrogen\nhas been observed and identified using a recent theoretical model . the detection of these modes is accomplished using electronic techniques which could apply to any ion species . the modes are observed in the low - density , low - rotation limit of the cloud where the cloud approaches a two - dimensional charged disk . we observe both axially symmetric and asymmetric drumhead modes . the shape , rotation frequency , and density of the cloud are found in a real - time nondestructive manner by measuring the frequency of these modes . in addition , it is found that radio - frequency sideband cooling compresses the cloud , increasing its density . the ability to measure and control the density of a\nhas gained increasing importance after the installation of several new on - line facilities at accelerator labs . these setups combine unique production possibilities for rare isotopes with elaborate ion - capture and manipulation techniques . since the final commissioning of the jyfltrap setup at the igisol facility in jyvaeskylae , the masses of more than 200 short - lived nuclides have been measured . their knowledge applies to studies on nuclear structure , the modeling of nucleosynthesis processes , tests of the conserved vector current ( cvc ) hypothesis and the unitarity of the ckm matrix , and furthermore , can help to assist in ongoing searches of neutrinoless double - beta decays . this presentation focuses on recent highlights studied at jyfltrap .\nthis work is the completion of the installation of the witch set - up and the first tests and commissioning of it . the first goal of the witch experiment is to improve the present limit on a scalar interaction in nuclear $ \\ \\ beta $ - decay by determining the $ \\ \\ beta $ - neutrino angular correlation parameter $ a $ via a precise measurement of the shape of the energy spectrum of the recoil ions . the development of the witch set - up and its installation at isolde ( cern ) were recently completed . the principle of witch is based on a combination of a\n. extensive computer simulations show that for a reasonable measurement time a precision on the $ a $ - parameter of 0 . 5 % can be achieved . this corresponds to an upper limit for the scalar interaction constant cs / cv < 9 % at 95 % c . l . designing and constructing a set - up as large and complex as the witch set - up takes time , several y . . .\nelectrospray ionization ( esi ) of uranyl nitrate solutions generates a wide variety of positively and negatively charged ions , including complex adducts of uranyl ions with methoxy , hydroxy , and nitrate ligands . in the positive ion mode , ions detected by fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (\ntime . positive ions correspond to oligomeric uranyl nitrate species that can be characterized as having a general formula of [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( n ) ( a ) ( m ) ( ch ( 3 ) oh ) ( s ) ] ( + ) or [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( n ) ( o ) ( a ) ( m ) ( ch ( 3 ) oh ) ( s ) ] ( + ) with n = 1 - 4 , m = 1 - 7 , s = 0 or 1 , and a = oh , no ( 3 ) , ch ( 3 ) o or a combination of these , although the formation of no ( 3 ) - containing species is preferred . in the negative ion mode , complexes of the form [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( no ( 3 ) ) ( m ) ] ( - ) ( m = 1 - 3 ) are detected , although the formation of the oxo - containing ions [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( o ) ( n ) ( no ( 3 ) ) ( m ) ] ( - ) ( n = 1 - 2 , m = 1 - 2 ) and the hydroxy - containing ions [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( oh ) ( n ) ( no ( 3 ) ) ( m ) ] ( - ) ( n = 1 - 2 , m = 0 - 1 ) are also observed . the extent of coordinative unsaturation of both positive and negative ions can be determined by ligand association / exchange and h / d exchange experiments using d ( 2 ) o and cd ( 3 ) od as neutral reaction partners in the gas - phase . positive ions are of varying stability and reactivity and may fragment extensively upon collision with d ( 2 ) o , cd ( 3 ) od and n ( 2 ) in sustained off - resonance irradiation / collision - induced dissociation ( sori - cid ) experiments . electron - transfer reactions , presumably occurring during electrospray ionization but also in sori - cid , can result in reduction of u ( vi ) to u ( v ) and perhaps even u ( iv ) .\nthe success of many measurements in analytical mass spectrometry as well as in precision mass determinations for atomic and nuclear physics is handicapped when the ion sources deliver ` ` contaminations ' ' , i . e . , unwanted ions of masses similar to those of the ions of interest . in particular , in ion -\ndevices , large amounts of contaminant ions result in significant systematic errors - if the measurements are possible at all . we present a solution for such cases : the ions from a quasi - continuous source are bunched in a linear radio - frequency - quadrupole ion\nfor a stacking of mass - selected ion bunches . proof - of - principle demonstrations have been performed with the isoltrap setup at isolde / cern , both with cs - 133 ( + ) ions from an off - line ion source and by applicati . . .\nkr\u00e3\u00a1sn\u00e3\u00bd , luk\u00e3\u00a1\u00e5\u00a1 ; hoffmann , f . ; ernst , g . ; trede , d . ; alexandrov , t . ; havl\u00e3\u00ad\u00e4\u008dek , vladim\u00e3\u00adr ; guntinas - lichius , o . ; von eggeling , f . ; crecelius , a . c .\nsubject riv : ce - biochemistry impact factor : 3 . 031 , year : 2015\nfull text available abstract reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc interfaced to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry ( ms / ms is commonly used for the identification of peptides from proteolytically cleaved proteins embedded in a polyacrylamide gel matrix as well as for metabolomics screening . hplc separations are time consuming ( 30 - 60 min average , costly ( columns and mobile phase reagents , and carry the risk of column carry over between samples . the use of a chip - based nano - esi platform ( advion nanomate based on replaceable nano - tips for sample introduction eliminates sample cross - contamination , provides unchanging sample matrix , and enhances spray stability with attendant increases in reproducibility . recent papers have established direct infusion nano - esi - ms / ms utilizing the nanomate for protein identification of gel spots based on full range ms scans with data dependent ms / ms . in a full range scan , discontinuous ion suppression due to sample matrix can impair identification of putative mass features of interest in both the proteomic and metabolomic workflows . in the current study , an extension of an established direct inject nano - esi - ms / ms method is described that utilizes the mass filtering capability of an ion -"]}
{"id": 807, "summary": [{"text": "dendropoma corallinaceus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family vermetidae , the worm snails or worm shells .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a colonial species and forms aggregations on the lower shore near low-water mark .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is native to south africa . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "dendropoma corallinaceum", "paragraphs": ["vermetidae \u00bb dendropoma corallinaceum , id : 135477 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nspecies dendropoma annulatus auct . accepted as dendropoma corrodens ( d ' orbigny , 1841 ) ( misidentification )\nspecies dendropoma gregaria [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma gregarium hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies dendropoma psarocephala [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma psarocephalum hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies dendropoma rhyssoconcha [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma rhyssoconchum hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies dendropoma krypta [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma kryptum s . m . gardner , 1989 accepted as cupolaconcha krypta ( s . m . gardner , 1989 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies dendropoma meroclista [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma meroclistum hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 accepted as cupolaconcha meroclista ( hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nreproductive biology of vermetus sp . and dendropoma corrodens ( orbigny , 1842 ) : two vermetid gastropods from the southern caribbean\nspecies dendropoma kryptum s . m . gardner , 1989 accepted as cupolaconcha krypta ( s . m . gardner , 1989 )\nspecies dendropoma maximum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) accepted as ceraesignum maximum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )\npercentage of females of dendropoma maximum in each size class that contained egg capsules . data were pooled over sites and months ( n = 18\u201348 in each size class ) .\ndendropoma maximum larva with velar lobes extended ( a ) and showing the protoconch with what may be yolk stores visible ( b ) . scale bars = 0 . 5 mm .\nspecies dendropoma meroclistum hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 accepted as cupolaconcha meroclista ( hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ) ( original combination )\ncalvo m . , templado j . & penchaszadeh p . e . ( 1998 ) . reproductive biology of the gregarious mediterranean vermetid gastropod dendropoma petraeum . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 78 : 525 - 549 [ details ]\nnicole e . phillips , jeffrey s . shima ; reproduction of the vermetid gastropod dendropoma maximum ( sowerby , 1825 ) in moorea , french polynesia , journal of molluscan studies , volume 76 , issue 2 , 1 may 2010 , pages 133\u2013137 , urltoken\nphillips , nicole e . and shima , jeffrey s . 2010 . reproduction of the vermetid gastropod dendropoma maximum ( sowerby , 1825 ) in moorea , french polynesia . journal of molluscan studies , vol . 76 , issue . 2 , p . 133 .\nusvyatsov , sima and galil , bella s . 2011 . comparison of reproductive characteristics among populations of dendropoma petraeum - complex ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) , an endemic mediterranean reef - building vermetid . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , p . 1 .\nmiloslavich , patricia klein , eduardo and penchaszadeh , pablo 2010 . gametogenic cycle of the tropical vermetids eualetes tulipa and dendropoma corrodens ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 90 , issue . 03 , p . 509 .\nla marca , emanuela claudia catania , valentina quatrini , paola milazzo , marco and chemello , renato 2018 . settlement performance of the mediterranean reef - builders dendropoma cristatum ( biondi 1859 ) in response to natural bacterial films . marine environmental research , vol . 137 , issue . , p . 149 .\ncalvo , marta alda , fernando oliverio , marco templado , jos\u00e9 and machordom , annie 2015 . surviving the messinian salinity crisis ? divergence patterns in the genus dendropoma ( gastropoda : vermetidae ) in the mediterranean sea . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 91 , issue . , p . 17 .\nvizzini , salvatrice colombo , francesca costa , valentina and mazzola , antonio 2012 . contribution of planktonic and benthic food sources to the diet of the reef - forming vermetid gastropod dendropoma petraeum in the western mediterranean . estuarine , coastal and shelf science , vol . 96 , issue . , p . 262 .\ncalvo , marta templado , jos\u00e9 oliverio , marco and machordom , annie 2009 . hidden mediterranean biodiversity : molecular evidence for a cryptic species complex within the reef building vermetid gastropod dendropoma petraeum ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . biological journal of the linnean society , vol . 96 , issue . 4 , p . 898 .\nspotorno - oliveira , paula figueiredo , marcia a . o . and t\u00e2mega , frederico t . s . 2015 . coralline algae enhance the settlement of the vermetid gastropod dendropoma irregulare ( d ' orbigny , 1842 ) in the southwestern atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 471 , issue . , p . 137 .\nstrong relationships between ( a ) body length and ( b ) shell aperture diameter and body weight of dendropoma maximum . note the log scales of the axes . data were pooled across sexes and sites and , for a only , months . data in b were only collected in april . for a n = 337 , for b n = 110 .\ngolding , r . e . ; bieler , r . ; rawlings , t . a . ; collins 2014 , t . m . ( 2014 ) . deconstructing dendropoma : a systematic revision of a world - wide worm - snail group with descriptions of new genera ( caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . malacologia . 57 ( 1 ) : 1 - 97 . page ( s ) : 17 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nindividual dendropoma maximum were haphazardly collected from seven sites within the lagoon on the northeast shore of moorea , french polynesia ( 149\u00b050\u2032w , 17\u00b030\u2032s ) . several vermetid species , including d . maximum , are common within this lagoon ( n . e . p . , j . s . s . & c . w . osenberg , unpubl . ) . surveyed sites ranged from c . 1 . 5 to 2 . 5 m in depth . sampling occurred in april and september 2008 ( n = 6\u201328 individuals per site in april , n = 27\u201349 in september ) . dendropoma maximum were collected from different patch reefs across each site , and sampling targeted a representative range of sizes within each site . however , the largest individuals at a site were rarely collected because they were often embedded deep within the middle of a head of the large coral porites sp . or were otherwise inaccessible .\na positive linear relationship between body weight of female dendropoma maximum and the number of egg capsules she was brooding ( n = 84 ) ( a ) , capsule size for mid - to late - stage embryos ( n = 35 ) ( b ) and number of embryos per capsule ( n = 44 ) ( c ) ; whereas capsule size had a positive relationship with number of embryos per capsule ( n = 41 ) ( d ) .\n( of veristoa iredale , 1937 ) golding , r . e . ; bieler , r . ; rawlings , t . a . ; collins 2014 , t . m . ( 2014 ) . deconstructing dendropoma : a systematic revision of a world - wide worm - snail group with descriptions of new genera ( caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . malacologia . 57 ( 1 ) : 1 - 97 . page ( s ) : 17 , 42 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthere was a strong linear relationship between log length and log body weight of dendropoma maximum ( y = 2 . 3698 x \u2212 3 . 6506 , r 2 = 0 . 89 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 1 a ) . there was no difference between males and females ( effect of sex : f ( 1 , 333 ) = 0 . 0195 , p = 0 . 889 ) and the relationship with length did not vary with sex ( interaction between sex and log length : f ( 1 , 333 ) = 0 . 008 , p = 0 . 930 ) . log shell aperture diameter predicted 75 % of variation in log body weight ( y = 2 . 9802 x \u2212 2 . 9199 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 1 b ) . this relationship was not dependent on sex ( effect of sex : f ( 1 , 106 ) = 0 . 001 , p = 0 . 973 ; interaction of between sex and log shell diameter : f ( 1 , 106 ) = 0 . 285 , p = 0 . 594 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nsouth africa . jeffrey ' s bay , cape . washed ashore during rough seas . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . 1980 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nhere we report a study of d . maximum in moorea , french polynesia , where it is common and abundant ( augustin , richard & salvat 1999 ; j . s . s . & c . w . osenberg , unpubl . ) . our aims are ( 1 ) to derive relationships among morphological traits ( length , weight and shell aperture diameter ) ; ( 2 ) to investigate brooding and fecundity ( numbers of egg capsules and embryos per capsule ) ; and ( 3 ) to determine if females release planktonic larvae or crawl - away juveniles .\nwe examined how sex and log body length influenced the dependent variable log body weight of d . maximum using ancova . because we were most interested in overall morphological relationships and how these varied among sexes , we pooled data across sites and sample dates for these analyses . we conducted a similar ancova using log shell aperture diameter as the covariate and sex as a fixed factor ; these data were only collected in april so we pooled across sites .\nusing a generalized linear model , we conducted a logistic regression with binomial errors , and a logit link function to examine the frequency of brooding as a function of female weight , a continuous variable . we examined the fit of the logistic curve to the data using graphical tests ( crawley , 2007 ) , and found this model to be a good fit to the data .\nwe used regression analyses to examine the relationship between female body weight and number of capsules per female , number of embryos per capsule and capsule size , as well as between capsule size and number of embryos per capsule .\nthe sex ratio became increasingly dominated by females with increasing body size . only 34 % of small animals ( < 2 g body weight ) were female , but 63 % of medium - sized animals ( 2\u20134 g ) were female , and 75 % of the large animals sampled ( > 4 g ) . in addition , no males were found over 7 . 1 g in body weight , but we sampled 11 females with body weights 7 . 1\u201317 . 9 g .\nbrooding frequency was dependent on female body weight ( p = 0 . 0004 ) . the minimum size for brooding was c . 1 g . approximately 40 % of small females ( 1\u20132 g ) were likely to be brooding , whereas 60\u201380 % of medium to large females ( > 2 g ) were likely to be brooding ( fig . 2 ) .\nthe number of capsules per female ranged from 1 to 58 . female body weight was the only significant factor in a model examining number of capsules per female ( f ( 1 , 77 ) = 10 . 43 , p = 0 . 002 ) . neither month nor the interaction in the model was significant ( p > 0 . 29 in both cases ) . although bigger females tended to have more egg capsules , the relationship was relatively weak ( y = 1 . 4092 x + 10 . 345 , r 2 = 0 . 10 , p = 0 . 004 ; fig . 3 a ) .\nsimilar to those described by hughes & lewis ( 1974 ) , capsules were ovoid and attached to the inner wall of the tube by a short stalk ( mean stalk length = 0 . 486 mm , sd = 0 . 154 mm , n = 10 ) in multiple rows . it was common for females to brood egg capsules at different stages of development simultaneously , and capsule size varied with stage of development ( f ( 2 , 324 ) = 34 . 798 , p < 0 . 0001 , n = 327 ) . capsules with embryos at earliest stages of development ( mean length = 3 . 05 mm , sd = 0 . 60 mm , n = 244 ) were smaller than those with mid - ( mean length = 3 . 93 mm , sd = 1 . 40 mm , n = 40 ) to late - stage larvae ( mean length = 4 . 08 mm , sd = 1 . 57 mm , n = 43 ) ( tukey hsd , p < 0 . 0001 ) . capsules appeared to swell over time and take up fluid . for capsules with mid - to late - stage veligers , there were significant , positive , linear relationships between female size and capsule size ( y = 0 . 4854 x + 2 . 5113 , r 2 = 0 . 47 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 3 b ) and number of embryos per capsule ( y = 36 . 819 x + 115 . 06 , r 2 = 0 . 49 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 3 c ) . additionally , larger capsules housed larger numbers of embryos ( y = 59 . 275 x \u2212 9 . 1007 , r 2 = 0 . 69 ; fig . 3 d ) . overall , the number of embryos per capsule ranged from 73 to 571 .\na maximum of 58 capsules was found in a single d . maximum female . this is a much greater number than for other species in this genus , in which a maximum of 15 capsules per female has been reported ( miloslavich & penchaszadeh , 1992 : table 3 ) . the exception is d . petraeum from spain , where females brooded a large number of capsules ( up to 86 , with a mean of 25 ) , but in that case each capsule only contained a single embryo ( calvo et al . , 1998 ) . in the red sea hughes & lewis ( 1974 ) were able to extract a single female d . maximum ( opercular diameter 15 . 5 mm ) with 11 egg capsules . these capsules were on average 6 mm long ( sample size of 3 ) and contained roughly 335 embryos per capsule . these values for capsule size , number and numbers of embryos per capsule are consistent with our results for similar sized , relatively large , females ( equivalent weight of c . 7 g ) .\nthe reproductive biology of the california vermetid gastropods serpulorbis squamigeros ( carpenter , 1857 ) and petaloconchus monteryensis dall , 1919 .\nreproductive cycle and maternal effects on offspring size and number in the neogastropod buccinum undatum ( l . )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\n152 , 260 species and infraspecific names are in the database , 20 , 704 images , 58 , 813 bibliographic items , 390 , 023 distributional records .\nplease note that there have been many changes within algaebase - there will be a number of links that may have changed .\nsite \u00a9 1996 - 2018 m . d . guiry . all rights reserved .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nabbot rt ( 1974 ) american seashells . van nostrand reinhold company , new york , pp 99\u2013100\nallendorf fw , luikart g ( 2007 ) conservation and the genetics of populations . blackwell , usa\nazzopardi l , schembri pj ( 1997 ) vermetid crusts from the maltese islands ( central mediterranean ) . mar life 7 : 7\u201316\nbieler r ( 1989 ) marine \u201cwormsnails\u201d : a phylogenetic approach . 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scale physical oceanography . ecology 84 : 2989\u20132998\n, a new pliocene subspecies of vermetid gastropods lacking its defining generic character , with comments on vermetid systematics in general . j paleontol 68 : 1025\u20131036\ngrantham ba , eckert gl , shanks al ( 2003 ) dispersal potential of marine invertebrates in diverse habitat . ecol appl 13 : s108\u2013s116\ngrosberg rk , cunningham cw ( 2001 ) genetic structure in the sea : from populations to communities . in : bertness md , gaines s , hay me ( eds ) marine community ecology . sinauer associates , sunderland , pp 61\u201384\nhaase m , misof b , wirth t , baminger h , baur b ( 2003 ) mitochondrial differentiation in a polymorphic land snail : evidence for pleistocene survival within the boundaries of permafrost . j evol biol 16 : 415\u2013428\nhadfield mg ( 1989 ) latitudinal effects on juvenile size and fecundity in petaloconchus ( gastropoda ) . bull mar sci 45 ( 2 ) : 369\u2013375\nhadfield mg , iaea dk ( 1989 ) velum of encapsulated veligers of petaloconchus ( gastropoda ) , and the problem of re - evolution of planktotrophic larvae . bull mar sci 45 : 377\u2013386\nhadfield mg , kay ea , gillete mu , lloyd mc ( 1972 ) the vermetidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of the hawaiian islands . mar biol 12 : 81\u201398\nand its relevance to the systematic position of the vermetidae . j moll stud 54 : 295\u2013308\nhuelsenbeck jp ( 2000 ) mrbayes : bayesian inference of phylogeny . university of rochester , department of biology , rochester\nhuelsenbeck jp , ronquist f ( 2001 ) mrbayes : bayesian inference of phylogeny . bioinformatics 17 : 754\u2013755\nhughes rn ( 1983 ) the vermetid gastropod of hong kong . in : morton je ( ed ) proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china , hong kong , pp 127\u2013138\nhughes rn ( 1993 ) the vermetid gastropods of rottnest island , western australia . in : wells fe , walker di , kirkman h , lethbridge r ( eds ) the marine flora and fauna of rottnest island , western australia , vol 1 . western australia museum , perth , pp 193\u2013205\nhulbert sh ( 1984 ) pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments . ecol monogr 54 : 187\u2013211\n, an indo - pacific vetigastropod with limited dispersal capacity . mol ecology 16 : 289\u2013304\njablonski d , lutz rl ( 1983 ) larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates : paleo - biological implications . biol rev 58 : 21\u201389\njones b , hunter ig ( 1995 ) vermetid buildups from grand cayman , british west indies . j coast res 11 ( 4 ) : 973\u2013983\nkeen am ( 1961 ) a proposed reclassification of the gastropod family vermetidae . bull brit mus ( nat hist zool ) 7 : 183\u2013214 pls . 54\u201355\nlockwood jl , hoopes mf , marchetti mp ( 2008 ) invasion ecology . blackwell publishing , usa\nlosada f , mart\u00edn a , feragotto w , alamo c ( 1988 ) interacciones biol\u00f3gicas en el canal de toma de la planta termoel\u00e9ctrica del centro punta mor\u00f3n , venezuela . ecotropicos 1 : 55\u201370\nlydeard c , holznagel we , glaubrecht m , ponder wf ( 2002 ) molecular phylogeny of a circum - global , diverse gastropod superfamily ( cerithioidea : mollusca : caenogastropoda ) : pushing the deepest phylogenetic limits of mitochondrial lsu rdna sequences . mol phylogenet evol 22 : 399\u2013406\nmachordom a , araujo r , erpenbeck d , ramos ma ( 2003 ) phylogeography and conservation genetics of endangered european margaritiferidae ( bivalvia : unionidae ) . biol j linn soc 78 : 235\u2013252\nmiller kj , ayre dj ( 2008 ) population structure is not a simple function of reproductive mode and larval type : insights from tropical corals . j anim ecol 77 : 713\u2013724\n, dos especies pertenecientes a la familia vermetidae . bachelor dissertation , sim\u00f3n bol\u00edvar university\nmiloslavich pa ( 1996 ) nurse egg feeding prosobranchs : a comparative biochemical and electrophoretic analysis of eggs and hatchlings . am malacol bull 13 : 37\u201346\nmiloslavich pa ( 2002 ) balance de prote\u00ednas en los embriones de caenogaster\u00f3podos durante su desarrollo intracapsular . v congreso latinoamericano de malacolog\u00eda , sao paulo , brazil , p 28\n( orbigny , 1842 ) : two vermetid gastropods from the southern caribbean . veliger 35 : 78\u201388\nreeve , 1859 ( caenogastropoda ) from morrocoy and la restinga lagoon , venezuela . naut 117 : 121\u2013134\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . j mar biol ass uk ( in press )\nmolnar jl , gamboa rl , revenga c , spalding md ( 2008 ) assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity . front ecol environ 6 : 485\u2013492\nmorton je ( 1965 ) form and function in the evolution of the vermetidae . bull brit mus ( nat hist ) 11 : 585\u2013630\n( prosobranchia , vermetidae ) . sci rep tokyo kyoiku daigaku ( sec . b ) 14 ( 208 ) : 69\u201378\nolsson aa , harbison a ( 1953 ) pliocene mollusca of southern florida , with special reference to those from north saint petersburg . mon acad nat sci phil 8 : vii + 459 , 65 pls\nolsson aa , mcginty tl ( 1958 ) recent marine mullusks from the caribbean coast of panama with the description of some new genera and species . bull am paleont 39 ( 327 )\npalumbi sr ( 1995 ) using genetics as an indirect estimator of larval dispersal . in : mcedward l ( ed ) ecology of marine invertebrate larvae . crc press , new york , pp 369\u2013387\npalumbi sr ( 1996a ) nucleic acids ii : the polymerase chain reaction . in : molecular systematics . hillis dm , moritz c , mable bk ( eds ) sinauer associates , sunderland , pp 205\u2013248\npalumbi sr ( 1996b ) macrospatial genetic structure and speciation in marine taxa with high dispersal abilities . in : ferraris jd , palumbi sr ( eds ) molecular zoology : advances , strategies and protocols . wiley - liss john wiley & sons , inc , usa , pp 101\u2013117\nponder wf , lindberg dr ( 1997 ) towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs : an analysis using morphological characters . zool j linn soc 9 : 83\u2013265\nposada d , crandall ka ( 1998 ) modeltest : testing the model of dna substitution . bioinf 1 : 817\u2013818\nr development core team ( 2008 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing vienna , austria , isbn 3 - 90005107 - 0 .\nradwin ge ( 1969 ) a recent molluscan fauna from the caribbean coast of southeastern panam\u00e1 . trans san diego soc nat hist 15 ( 14 ) : 229\u2013236\nrawlings ta , collins tm , bieler r ( 2001 ) major mitochondrial gene rearrangement among closely related species . mol biol evol 18 : 1604\u20131609\nrosenberg g ( 2005 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . www database ( version 4 . 1 . 0 ) . available via dialog .\nroughgarden j ( 1996 ) theory of population genetics and evolutionary ecology : an introduction . prentice hall , usa\nschiaparelli s ( 1995 ) contribution to the knowledge of vermetidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the ligurian sea . boll malacolog 31 : 267\u2013276\nschiaparelli s , cattaneo - vietti r ( 1999 ) functional morphology of vermetid feeding - tubes . lethaia 32 : 41\u201346\nschiaparelli s , m\u00e9tivier b ( 2000 ) on the identity of \u201cvermetus\u201d roussaei vaillant , 1871 ( mollusca , caenogastropoda , vermetidae ) , with the description of a new species . zoosyst 22 ( 4 ) : 677\u2013687\nschiaparelli s , guidetti p , cattaneo - vietti r ( 2003 ) can mineralogical features affect the distribution patterns of sessile gastropods ? the vermetidae case in the mediterranean sea . j mar biol assoc uk 83 : 1267\u20131268\nschiaparelli s , albertelli g , cattaneo - vietti r ( 2006 ) phenotypic plasticity of vermetidae suspension feeding : a potential bias in their use as biological sea - level indicators . mar ecol 27 : 44\u201353\nstatsoft inc ( 2003 ) statistica ( data analysis software system ) . version 6 .\nstrathmann r ( 1974 ) the spread of sibling larvae of sedentary marine invertebrates . am nat 108 : 29\u201344\nstrathmann mf , strathmann rr ( 2006 ) a vermetid with complex intracapsular cannibalism of nurse eggs and sibling larvae and a high potential for invasion . pac sci 60 : 97\u2013108\nswofford dl ( 2003 ) paup * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 beta 10 . sinauer associates , massachusetts\ntello j ( 1975 ) cat\u00e1logo de la fauna venezolana . viii . mollusca , arte , caracas\nunderwood aj , chapman mg , richards sa , sage mb ( 1997 ) gmav5 for windows . institute of marine ecology , university of sydney , sydney\nwarmke gl , abbot rt ( 1961 ) caribbean seashells . livingston , col narberth\nwarmke gc , abbot rt ( 1962 ) caribbean seashells : a guide to the marine mollusks of puerto rico and other west indian islands , bermuda and the lower florida keys . livingston , wynnewood , p 346\nweir bs ( 1996 ) intraspecific differentiation . in : hillis dm , moritz c , mable bk ( eds ) molecular systematics . sinauer associates inc . publishers , usa , pp 385\u2013406\nnomenclature genus name placed on the official list in opinion 1425 ( i . c . z . n . 1987 )\nnomenclature genus name placed on the official list in opinion 1425 ( i . c . z . n . 1987 ) [ details ]\n( of veristoa iredale , 1937 ) iredale t . ( 1937 ) . mollusca . in : whitley , g . p . ( ed ) . middleton and elizabeth reefs , south pacific ocean . australian zoologist . 8 ( 4 ) : 232 - 261 , pls 15 - 17 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 254 [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\niczn . ( 1987 ) . opinion 1425 . suppressed : spiroglyphus daudin , 1800 and stoa de serres , mollusca , gastropoda ) and specific names published in combination with them . bulletin of zoological nomenclature . 44 ( 1 ) : 57 - 58 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkeen m . ( 1961 ) . a proposed reclassification of the gastropod family vermetidae . bulletin of the british museum , natural history ( zoology ) , 7 ( 3 ) : 183 - 213 , pls . 54 - 55 . [ february ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 189 [ details ]\n( of veristoa iredale , 1937 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 21 [ details ]\n( of siphonium gray , 1850 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1923 ) . liste pr\u00e9liminaire des mollusques marins de madagascar et description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles . j . conchyliol . 68 : 21 - 74 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of siphonium gray , 1850 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 18 [ details ]\n( of siphonium gray , 1850 ) keen , a . m . ( 1980 ) . siphonium , an over - used name in mollusca . the festivus , 12 ( 10 ) : 125\u2013126 . [ details ]\n( of bivonia gray , 1842 ) bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of bivonia gray , 1842 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 [ details ]\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nbreves , andr\u00e9 sz\u00e9chy , maria teresa m . de lavrado , helena p . and junqueira , andrea o . r . 2017 . abundance of the reef - building petaloconchus varians ( gastropoda : vermetidae ) on intertidal rocky shores at ilha grande bay , southeastern brazil . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias , vol . 89 , issue . 2 , p . 907 .\nmilazzo , marco fine , maoz la marca , emanuela claudia alessi , cinzia and chemello , renato 2017 . marine animal forests . p . 345 .\ncribb , thomas h . crespo - picazo , jose l . cutmore , scott c . stacy , brian a . chapman , phoebe a . and garc\u00eda - p\u00e1rraga , daniel 2017 . elucidation of the first definitively identified life cycle for a marine turtle blood fluke ( trematoda : spirorchiidae ) enables informed control . international journal for parasitology , vol . 47 , issue . 1 , p . 61 .\nmilazzo , marco fine , maoz la marca , emanuela claudia alessi , cinzia and chemello , renato 2016 . marine animal forests . p . 1 .\nfine , maoz tsadok , rami meron , dalit cohen , stephanie and milazzo , marco 2016 . environmental sensitivity ofneogoniolithon brassica - floridaassociated with vermetid reefs in the mediterranean sea . ices journal of marine science : journal du conseil , p . fsw167 .\nfranzitta , g . capruzzi , e . la marca , e . c . milazzo , m . and chemello , r . 2016 . recruitment patterns in an intertidal species with low dispersal ability : the reef - buildingdendropoma cristatum ( biondi , 1859 ) ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . italian journal of zoology , vol . 83 , issue . 3 , p . 400 .\nmilazzo , marco rodolfo - metalpa , riccardo chan , vera bin san fine , maoz alessi , cinzia thiyagarajan , vengatesen hall - spencer , jason m . and chemello , renato 2015 . ocean acidification impairs vermetid reef recruitment . scientific reports , vol . 4 , issue . 1 ,\ngolding , rosemary e . bieler , r\u00fcdiger rawlings , timothy a . and collins , timothy m . 2014 . deconstructingdendropoma : a systematic revision of a world - wide worm - snail group , with descriptions of new genera ( caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . malacologia , vol . 57 , issue . 1 , p . 1 .\ncolombo , francesca costa , valentina dubois , stanislas f . gianguzza , paola mazzola , antonio and vizzini , salvatrice 2013 . trophic structure of vermetid reef community : high trophic diversity at small spatial scales . journal of sea research , vol . 77 , issue . , p . 93 .\ngalil , bella s . 2013 . going going gone : the loss of a reef building gastropod ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) in the southeast mediterranean sea . zoology in the middle east , vol . 59 , issue . 2 , p . 179 .\ndi franco , antonio graziano , mariagrazia franzitta , giulio felline , serena chemello , renato and milazzo , marco 2011 . do small marinas drive habitat specific impacts ? a case study from mediterranean sea . marine pollution bulletin , vol . 62 , issue . 5 , p . 926 .\nstrong , ellen e . colgan , donald j . healy , john m . lydeard , charles ponder , winston f . and glaubrecht , matthias 2011 . phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily cerithioidea using morphology and molecules . zoological journal of the linnean society , vol . 162 , issue . 1 , p . 43 .\nmuseo nacional de ciencias naturales ( csic ) , jos\u00e9 guti\u00e9rrez abascal 2 , 28006 madrid , spain .\n( mollusca : gastropoda ) has been studied in the south - eastern coast of spain . it apparently is a gonochorisric species with the sex ratio biased toward females ( 71 % ) . a broad peak of more intense reproductive activity occurs in spring months and an inactive reproductive period during winter . the gonad of the males develops about two months before those of females , and storage of sperm by females has been observed . internal fertilization takes place after the capture of pelagic spermatophores .\nthe egg capsules lie free within the female mantle cavity , and females brood up to 86 capsules simultaneously ( the highest number reported for any vermetid gastropod ) . the size of the capsules is somewhat variable and increases slightly from those containing first stages of development ( mean = 678\u00d7579 \u03bcm ) to those containing late stages ( mean = 996\u00d7693 \u03bcm ) . each egg capsule usually contains a single large egg or embryo , but sometimes two ( 8 . 2 % of the capsules ) or rarely three ( 0 . 24 % ) . production of egg capsules by females seems to be continuous throughout the reproductive period ( from march to october ) .\nthe unsegmented eggs measure from 440 to 507 \u03bcm in diameter ( mean = 482 ) and are the largest reported for any vermetid gastropod . nurse eggs are not present , and therefore most of the intracapsular nutrition comes from the internal yolk of the embryo .\ndevelopment is lecithotrophic without a pelagic larval phase . the late intracapsular veliger stage metamorphoses within the capsule and hatching occurs at a crawling juvenile stage .\n. vermerid gastropods from s\u00e3o miguel , azores : comparative anatomy , systematic position and biogeographic affiliation .\n. the ecology and reproductive biology of some hawaiian vermetid gastropods . phd thesis ,\nm\u00e9moire sur l ' anatomie et l ' embryog\u00e9nie des vermets ( vermetus triqueter et v . semisurrectus phil . )\n. contribution a l ' \u00e9tude des mollusqus opisthobranches de la c\u00f4te proven\u00e7ale . phd thesis ,\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 808, "summary": [{"text": "momphidae ( mompha moths ) is a family of moths with some 115 described species .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these tend to be rather small moths with a wingspan of up to 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the wings are held folded over the body at rest .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the larvae are concealed feeders , either as leaf miners or within seeds or stems . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "momphidae", "paragraphs": ["( 1937 ) placed it in momphidae . later the genus was transferred to oecophoridae ( riedl\n( lepidoptera ) collected on the maltese islands is provided . sixteen species are recorded ( 1 momphidae ,\nfrom california ( 8 ; lepidoptera : momphidae ( 9 ; . journal of the new york entomological society 100 : 203\u2013208 .\nworms ( 2018 ) . momphidae herrich schaffer , 1857 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 989030 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nriedl , t . 1969 . mat\u00e9riaux pour la connaissance des momphidae pal\u00e9arctiques ( 8 ; lepidoptera ( 9 ; . part ix . revue des momphidae europ\u00e9enes et compris quelques esp\u00e9ces d ( 7 ; afrique du nord et du proche - orient . polski pismo entomologica 39 : 635\u2013919 .\nheppner j . b . ( 2004 ) mompha moths ( 8 ; lepidoptera : momphidae ( 9 ; . in : encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht\ni am working on the momphidae from south and central america . the fauna on this family is very rich over there , but need to be revised .\nluz fa , gon\u00e7alves gl , moreira grp , becker vo ( 2014 ) three new cecidogenous species of palaeomystella fletcher ( lepidoptera , momphidae ) from the brazilian atlantic rain forest . zookeys 433 : 97\u2013127 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 433 . 7379\nriedl , t . , and a . popescu - gorj . 1974 . catalogue of the momphidae ( 8 ; lepidoptera - gelechioidea ( 9 ; from the collections of the natural history museum \u201cgrigore antipa\u201d of bucharest . travaux du mus\u00e9um d ( 7 ; histoire naturelle \u201cgrigore antipa\u201d 14 : 273\u2013298 .\nan annotated list of momphidae , batrachedridae , stathmopodidae and cosmopterigidae ( lepidoptera ) collected on the maltese islands is provided . sixteen species are recorded ( 1 momphidae , 1 batrachedridae , 1 stathmopodidae , 13 cosmopterigidae ) , one of them is new to the maltese islands and europe : bifascioides leucomelanellus ( rebel , 1917 ) and three of them are new to the maltese islands : mompha subbistrigella ( haworth , 1828 ) , anatrachyntis badia ( hodges , 1962 ) , and ascalenia echidnias ( meyrick , 1891 ) . mompha subbistrigella ( haworth , 1828 ) and eteobalea serratella ( treitschke , 1833 ) are mentioned as new for sardinia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly considered a subfamily of coleophoridae ; treated as a full family by heikkil\u00e4 et al . ( 2013 )\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l . 2013 . morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics 1 - 27 . ( abstract )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe momphid moths are small to very small in size , with a wingspan of 0 . 8 - 1 . 6 cm . they are very similar in appearance to blastobasid moths and elachistid moths . little is known about many of these species . in species for which life histories are known , momphid caterpillars feed in buds and seed capsules of evening - primroses and related plants . alternatively , blastobasid larva feed on dead leaves or fallen nuts , and elachistid larvae mine leaves of grasses and sedges .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 22 : 39 : 08 page render time : 0 . 3740s total w / procache : 0 . 4193s\nhuebner , ( 8 ; lepidoptera : lavernidae ( 9 ; . entomologists ( 7 ; gazette 2 : 173\u2013182 , pl . 5 .\nmonarch butterfly , danaus plexippus l . ( 8 ; lepidoptera : danaidae ( 9 ;\nthe larva of mompha terminella ( fig . 1 ) makes a full - depth blotch mine in the leaf of enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) . active mines can be found from early june through late july ; this may indicate two generations per year . the larva leaves the mine to pupate , which it does in a cocoon of white silk . the coloration of the adult ( orange and black with metallic markings ) is seen in several additional species of nearctic mompha , but the species with this coloration do not form a monophyletic group . mompha terminella also occurs in europe .\nfigure 1 . mompha terminella . left , adult ; right , larva in leaf mine on enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) .\nmompha luciferella ( fig . 2 ) has not been reared . in central illinois , adults have been collected at light in early july , in deciduous forest near large populations of enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) , which likely is the larval foodplant of m . luciferella . if so , then mature larvae most probably would be found by searching c . lutetiana during the second week of june .\nmompha circumscriptella ( fig . 3 ) is one of several eastern - nearctic mompha species that feed on evening primroses , oenothera spp . ( onagraceae ) . the larva of m . circumscriptella is a borer in the fruit of its host , with pupation occurring inside the fruit . the infested fruit does not show any externally - visible evidence to indicate the presence of the m . circumscriptella larva , and the best strategy for rearing is simply to collect and cage entire clusters of fruits .\nconsiderable variation in size of the adult moth and in ground color of the forewing can occur in m . circumscriptella , depending upon the particular species of oenothera from which the moth is reared ( see photo caption ) . genital morphology of all of these different entities is identical , so that , on basis of morphology , all appear to represent a single species , with the observed variation being non - genetic and determined by the larval foodplant . molecular studies might be warranted here , to shed more light on the exact relationships of these moths .\nfigure 3 . mompha circumscriptella . moths reared from two different species of evening primrose , oenothera ( onagraceae ) . left , small , cinnamon - brown form reared from o . laciniata , which has a relatively small , narrow fruit ; right , large , chocolate - brown form reared from o . biennis , which has a relatively large , massive fruit .\nthe larva of mompha murtfeldtella ( fig . 4 ) also feeds on the reproductive tissue of evening primroses , oenothera spp . the adult is somewhat similar to that of m . circumscriptella , but the white patch on the posterior margin of the basal half of the forewing is much less extensive in m . murtfeldtella than in that species , and the forewing ground color , which consists of a rather mottled amalgam of grayish brown , rust , and white , with small dashes of black , is less uniform than in m . circumscriptella .\nmompha brevivittella ( fig . 5 ) is another species that feeds as a larva in the capsule of evening primroses , oenothera spp . , most frequently o . biennis .\nfigure 5 . mompha brevivittella . adult , reared from seed capsule of evening primrose , oenothera biennis ( onagraceae ) .\nmompha eloisella ( fig . 6 ) is a stem borer in evening primroses , oenothera spp . , including o . biennis . it also has been reared from stem - boring larvae in an alien plant , purple loosestrife , lythrum salicaria ( lythraceae ) . pupation takes place inside the stem . the adult is easily recognized by its distinctive coloring and pattern . remarkable size variation is seen in the adult of this moth , but genital morphology argues that only one species is represented .\nfigure 7 . mompha stellella . top : adult , reared from flower - boring larva on evening primrose , oenothera biennis ( onagraceae ) ; bottom : left , o . biennis showing a normal , uninfested flower ( on left - hand side of stem ) and a flower infested by the larva of m . stellella ( on right - hand side of stem ) ; right , mature larva of m . stellella , exposed by opening the infested flower that is shown in the left - hand panel .\nfigure 8 . mompha rufocristatella . top : adult , reared from gall on flower stem of biennial gaura , gaura biennis ( onagraceae ) ; unspread individual , right - lateral aspect , showing the raised tufts of reddish scales on the forewing ; center left : spread adult ; bottom left : gall ( rotated 90 degrees from\nupright\norientation seen in right - hand panel ) , dissected to reveal cocoon of m . rufocristatella , the head ( right - hand in this photo ) end of which is seen to be continuous with the emergence window prepared by the larva ; right : gall induced by larva of m . rufocristatella on flower stem of g . biennis , with emergence window visible as a round whitish spot near the apex of the gall .\nthere are found in illinois several small\nblack and white\nmompha species ( fig . 9 ) . hodges ( 1992 ) reported that at least 12 such species exist in the usa ; most of them remain undescribed . one of these species was reared by annette braun in ohio , from blue waxweed , cuphea viscosissima ( lythraceae ) . this perhaps is not surprising , as an association with cuphea spp . has been reported for mompha in the neotropical region as well ( graham 1995 ) .\nfigure 9 . mompha spp . of the\nblack and white\ncolor group . adults , collected at light .\nfigure 10 . mompha argentimaculella . adult , collected at light in northern indiana . specimen courtesy of james vargo .\nthe larva of mompha passerella ( fig . 11 ) ( = m . nuptialis ) feeds in the seed capsule of helianthemum and lechea spp . ( cistaceae ) . an externally - similar species , m . bottimeri , likewise feeds in capsules of helianthemum , but m . bottimeri is consistently slightly larger than m . passerella , and the two species are very different on genital morphology .\nmompha capella ( fig . 12 ) likewise feeds as a larva in the seed capsule of helianthemum and lechea spp . ( cistaceae ) ; mature larvae occur in late june and early july , with adults emerging during the latter month . in the eastern usa , there are a number of additional , undescribed mompha species that are externally similar to m . capella . those that have been reared also feed on helianthemum spp .\nfigure 12 . mompha capella . adult , reared from seed capsule of helianthemum canadense ( cistaceae ) . specimen courtesy of dr . george balogh , who reared the moth in michigan .\nfigure 13 . mompha cephalonthiella . adult , reared from leaf mine on cephalanthus occidentalis ( rubiaceae ) .\nuntil the work of harrison revealed extensive differences in genital morphology of reared moths of both genders . until then , most series of\n, as it is by far the more common of the two species within the state . this moth was formally described and named by\n. it is named for dr . james solomon , who first noted the shoot - boring habit of the initial generation of the year .\nfigure 14 . mompha solomoni . adult , reared from leaf mine on cephalanthus occidentalis ( rubiaceae ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmaintenance on this system will make it temporarily unavailable for short periods of time between 8 : 00 and 10 : 00 am edt this saturday , 06 june .\nthe u . s . national entomological collection ( usnm ) traces its origins in part to the acquisition of the u . s . department of agriculture collection of 138 , 000 specimens donated in 1885 . these specimens became the foundation of one of the world\u2019s largest and most important accessible entomological collections , with over 33 million specimens taken care of by the combined staff of three government agencies : the smithsonian institution ; the systematic entomology laboratory ( agricultural research service , united states department of agriculture ) ; and the walter reed biosystematics unit ( walter reed army institute of research ) .\napproximately 450 , 000 records are currently available in this online catalog , including genetic samples , and the primary type , specimen , and species inventories . also available are the illustration archive records that include images and data about published scientific illustrations .\nwe recommend using search by field ( scientific name or precise locality ) for best results , but you can also search by keywords . you may also restrict your search to genetic samples , primary type specimens , species inventory , specimen inventory , records with images , records with geo - referenced localities , or illustrations .\nsearch results are sorted by taxonomic group and limited to 5 , 000 records . if you need to retrieve a larger record set , please contact the department of entomology\u2019s collection information manager . you can also customize the sort and fields to be seen in the results .\nsee the help tab to learn more about searching and then exploring your returned results ( sorting , exporting , etc . ) .\nuse the by field search to find specimen data that match values in specific database fields . enter a value or choose one from the dropdown lists . use the illustration archive , types , specimen and species inventory searches to narrow the results to those specific catalogs .\nsome lists are linked , so for example , choosing a country narrows the choices for province / state / territory , and district / county . dropdown choices also narrow as you type , for example , typing coen in the family field might narrow the choice to coenagrionidae .\ncheck only records with images if you want to restrict the search to records with multimedia content .\nyou can force an exact search by surrounding your search text in double - quotes . exact means exact , the search is case - sensitive and must match the value of the entire field . an exact search will also take much longer to complete .\nyou will receive a warning when you enter invalid information in the text fields . for example , catalog numbers are composed strictly of letters and numbers ; other characters raise a warning .\nenter your keywords separated by spaces and click search . records that match your search terms will be returned .\nyou can join terms with or to match any , e . g . chihuahua or sonora\nyou can include the terms image ( s ) or type ( s ) to find records that have images or that are type specimens .\nto search for catalog numbers , replace spaces with dashes , e . g . instead of abc 12345 , use abc - 12345 . do not include any other terms .\nnote that searching for common ( vernacular ) names may not yield the expected results . associating common names with specimen records is a work in progress .\nthe results of your searches can be displayed in grid ( a sortable , customizable table ) or gallery view ( best for reviewing images ) . use the switch button to cycle between these views .\nyou can choose whether to display 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , or 100 records at a time .\nyou can choose the columns to display from any column ' s dropdown menu ( mouse into a column header and click the dropdown icon ) . under columns , click the name to display or hide the field ( you do not need to click the checkbox specifically ) .\nyou can drag a column header to change its order of appearance in the grid .\nyou can also drag the edge of a column to make it wider or narrower .\nsee exporting results for information on downloading results to , for example , excel .\nopen the full collection record by clicking the expansion button ( ) in grid view , or anywhere within the image frame in gallery view . inverse expansion buttons ( ) indicate records with multimedia ( typically , images ) .\nin the record window , metadata for the multimedia content is available when you mouseover the thumbnail .\nsort results in grid view by clicking the column header ( or by choosing sort from the column ' s dropdown menu ) .\nsort on multiple columns by consecutively sorting columns in reverse order . for example , to view results sorted by country and province / state , first sort by province / state and then sort again by country .\nexport all or selected results by clicking the export results as csv button in the bottom toolbar in grid or gallery view .\nselect individual records for export by checking the export selection box ( along the left edge of the grid view grid ) .\nresults are exported as comma - separated - values , one record per line , which can be saved to disk or opened directly with applications such as microsoft excel .\nquery results are limited to 5000 records . avoid very general queries that return very large numbers of records , e . g . searching for hymenoptera .\nyou can choose which columns to display in the grid view of your search results . move your pointer to any column header and click on the dropdown arrow . scroll to columns and then check or uncheck column names to show or hide those columns in the grid .\na general query , searching on any combination of : name ( qn ) , order ( or ) , family ( fm ) , type status ( ts ) , collector ( cr ) , catalog ( ct ) , genetic sample ( gs ) , or with images only ( io ) , e . g . :\nto open the collections search to a specific search tab , e . g .\nit is best to use only letters , numbers , pluses ( + ) , dashes ( - ) , and commas in your querystrings , and to avoid other characters .\nplease use the feedback page to report problems you find with the data , or with using these search pages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthe family contains only the genus mompha of which more than 100 species have been described . most species occur in north america . no representatives are known from asia , the orient , and australia ( scoble 1992 : 248 ) . identification : bradley 1951 , gozm\u00e1ny 1958 , koster 2002c , koster & sinev 2003 , opheim 1971 , riedl 1969 , 1984 , wakely 1945 , zagulyaev & sinev 1990a . nomenclature according to fauna europaea . species in belgium : 16 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfernando a . luz , 1 gislene l . gon\u00e7alves , 2 , 3 gilson r . p . moreira , 4 and vitor o . becker 5\n1 ppg ecologia , departamento de ecologia , instituto de bioci\u00eancias , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gon\u00e7alves 9500 , porto alegre , rs , 91501 - 970 , brazil\n2 ppg biologia animal , departamento de zoologia , instituto de bioci\u00eancias , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gon\u00e7alves , 9500 , porto alegre , rs 91501 - 970 , brazil\n4 departamento de zoologia , instituto de bioci\u00eancias , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gon\u00e7alves 9500 , porto alegre , rs , 91501 - 970 , brazil\n5 reserva serra bonita , p . o . box 001 , camacan , ba 45880 - 970 , brazil\ncorresponding author : gilson r . p . moreira ( rb . sgrfu @ arierom . noslig )\ncopyright fernando a . luz , gislene l . gon\u00e7alves , gilson r . p . moreira , vitor o . becker\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nin the course of an ongoing survey on the diversity of microlepidopterans in the atlantic rain forest , brazil , three momphid species associated with galls induced on three different species of tibouchina were found recently : one morphotype in bahia and two others in rio grande do sul . a comparison between their inducers and type material not only revealed the generic affinity of these microlepidopterans with palaeomystella , but also indicated that they have diagnosable , stable , distinctive characters . therefore , three new species are proposed here ; their last larval instar , pupal and adult stages are described and illustrated , and their life history , including a general description of their galls , is characterized . a preliminary phylogenetic inference based on mitochondrial dna sequences , including additional members of the genus , is also presented .\n) solution and mounted on slides with either glycerin jelly or canada balsam . observations were made with the aid of a leica\u00ae m125 stereomicroscope . structures selected to be drawn were previously photographed with an attached sony\u00ae cyber - shot dsc - h10 digital camera . then , vectorized line drawings were made with the software corelphotopaint\u00ae x4 , using the corresponding digitalized images as a guide . at least five specimens were used for the descriptions of each life stage . measurements were made with an attached ocular micrometer ; values are presented as mean \u00b1 standard deviation unless noted otherwise .\nspecimens used in scanning electron microscope ( sem ) analyses were dehydrated in a bal - tec\u00ae cpd030 critical - point dryer , mounted with double - sided tape on metal stubs , and coated with gold in a bal - tec\u00ae scd050 sputter coater . they were examined and photographed in a jeol\u00ae jsm5800 scanning electron microscope at centro de microscopia eletr\u00f4nica ( cme ) of ufrgs .\n. pcr products were treated with exonuclease i and fastap\u2122 thermosensitive alkaline phosphatase ( thermo scientific ) , sequenced using the bigdye\u00ae chemistry , and analyzed on an abi3730xl dna analyzer ( applied biosystems inc . ) at macrogen ( seoul , republic of korea ) . sequences were aligned and visually inspected using the algorithm clustal x in mega 5 (\n) running in full mode with no manual adjustment . all data generated in this study were deposited in genbank under the accession numbers\nof brazil\n( mombr001 - 14 to 014 - 14 ) . a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed in order to test the proposed hypothesis of monophyletic status for the three members of\nand with other species were also investigated . the single currently recognized and named taxon (\nsp . 2 ) were used in order to cover the widest possible diversity of the genus . accordingly , variants that match exactly the previously sequenced region in a representative taxon of the sister group of\nspecimens used in this study to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the new species of paleomystella , based on cytochrome oxidase subunit i sequences .\ndzup coll . padre jesus s . moure , departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 , curitiba , paran\u00e1 .\nlmci laborat\u00f3rio de morfologia e comportamento de insetos , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rio grande do sul .\nmctp museu de ci\u00eancias e tecnologia da pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rio grande do sul .\nvob coll . vitor o . becker , reserva serra bonita , camacan , bahia .\nspread right wings ( left column ) , head and thorax in detail ( right column ) of pinned palaeomystella species , dorsal view : a\u2013b palaeomystella fernandesi c\u2013d palaeomystella rosaemariae e\u2013f palaeomystella tavaresi . scale bars = 2 , 0 . 5 , 2 , 0 . 5 , 2 and 0 . 5 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella fernandesi adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral e ventral spines of the valva upper section in detail ( rectangular area shown in b ) , mesolateral view f male genitalia , lateral view g aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illutrated ) j female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 200 , 100 , 50 , 200 , 200 , 200 and 250\u00b5m ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella fernandesi last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 \u00b5m , 1 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella fernandesi pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .\nscanning electron micrographs of palaeomystella species pupal cremaster , in dorsal view ( left column ) , apical process in detail ( central column ) and lateral view ( right column ) : a\u2013b palaeomystella fernandesi c\u2013d palaeomystella rosaemariae ; e\u2013f palaeomystella tavaresi . scale bars = 100 , 20 , 200 , 100 , 20 , 200 , 100 , 20 , 200 \u00b5m , respectively .\ngalls induced by palaeomystella species : a\u2013c palaeomystella fernandesi d \u2013 f palaeomystella rosaemariae g \u2013 i palaeomystella tavaresi a on tibouchina sellowiana , general view b operculum made by last - instar larva on gall surface before pupation ; c pupal cocoon in a dissected gall ( arrow indicates the operculum shown in b ) d on tibouchina asperior , general view e exit hole made by last larval instar on gall surface f pupal cocoon constructed between two leaves , uncovered by pulling them apart ( direction indicated by arrows ) g on tibouchina fissinervia , general view h longitudinally dissected gall , showing gall chamber ( arrow indicates position of exit orifice on cocoon ) i internal chamber in detail , showing the exit orifice on cocoon ( asterisk ) . scale bars = 10 , 2 , 4 , 10 , 5 , 4 , 10 , 10 , 2 mm , respectively .\nalthough showing congeneric affinity , palaeomystella fernandesi has morphological features that in conjunction distinguish it from all known palaeomystella species , as follows : 1 ) male genitalia with upper section of valve narrowing distally , forming a single process that bends medially ; 2 ) pupa with cremaster short and apically rounded , with four pairs of setae ; 3 ) galls of fusiform type , external surface without conspicuous ornament , bearing a few longitudinal carinae , induced on stem of tibouchina sellowiana apical branches .\n) . sexes similar in size and color ; forewing length 4 . 68 to 6 . 11 mm ( n = 7 ) .\n) : frons and vertex creamy white ; labial palpus mostly dark brown , basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; antennae dark brown ; proboscis yellowish brown .\n: tegula and mesonotum whitish creamy white with pale - brown scales ; legs dark brown . forewing (\n) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 5 . 1 ; dorsally covered mostly by dark - brown scales ; with three interconnected white areas that form a longitudinal s - like band ; one proximal , rounded , in the anal area , made of pale - creamy white scales , followed by a short stripe aligned in the cubital area , made of creamy white scales , and a third , also rounded and faint , in the cell , made of pale - creamy white scales ; a tenuous , u - shaped band of pale - gray scales following the contours of the tornus ; three raised tufts of pale - gray scales , located posteriorly to cubitus , in anal area , in line with mid - cell , and near tornal area respectively ; fringes dark brown ; ventrally mostly covered by dark - brown scales ; retinaculum subcostal ; discal cell closed , ~ 0 . 8\u00d7 length of forewing , ending near 1 / 5 of wing margin ; sc ending ca . middle of anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r\nstalked ca . 1 / 2 distance from the cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with well - developed 1a + 2a extending more than 1 / 2 posterior margin . hindwing (\n) : strongly lanceolate , with nine veins ; l / w index ~ 7 . 2 , ~ 0 . 8 forewing in length ; scales dark brown on both sides ; fringes dark brown ; frenulum a single acanthus in male , with two distally directed acanthi in female ; sc + r\nending ca . 1 / 2 anterior margin ; rs ending ca . 1 / 5 anterior margin ; m 3 - branched , m\n) anteriorly expanded medially into a short lobe , associated with a subtriangular sternite .\n) . papillae anales connected dorsally , narrowed distally , setose ; anterior apophyses with arms slightly curved , similar in length to posterior apophyses ; sterigma divided into a bandlike tergum and a distally bilobed sternum , shallowly and widely emarginate medially ; ostium bursae small , wider than long ; ductus bursae membranous , shorter than corpus bursae ; ductus seminalis inserted distally ; corpus bursae an elongate sac , with no sclerotizations on inner wall .\nholotype \u2642 brazil : centro de pesquisas e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da natureza pr\u00f3 - mata ( cpcn pr\u00f3 - mata ; 29\u00b029 ' 16\ns , 50\u00b010 ' 60\nw ; 925 m ) , s\u00e3o francisco de paula , rs , brazil . dry preserved pinned adults , reared from galls induced on tibouchina sellowiana ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , lmci 210 - 56 , 7\u20139 . iii . 2013 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and l . t . pereira , donated to dzup ( 29 . 409 ) . paratypes : same data , 26 . iii . 2012 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and p . pollo ; 2\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 161 and 162 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 410 and 29 . 411 ) ; 1\u2642 ( lmci 174 - 157 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 51 ) and 1\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 158 ) , donated to mctp ( 36 . 225 and 36 . 226 , respectively ) .\nwith the same collection data , deposited in lmci . adults , dried and pinned : 2\u2642 ( lmci 174 - 159 and 210 - 49 ) , 1\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 160 ) , 1\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 163 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 52 ) . adults , fixed in kahle - dietrich\u2019s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 1\u2642 ( lmci 174 - 165 ) , 3\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 164 , 166 and 167 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : genitalia , 3\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 29 , 47 and 48 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 28 ) ; wings , 2 \u2642 ( grpm 50 - 45 and 50 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 46 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 49 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich\u2019s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 8 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 174 - 52 ) ; 7 pupae ( lmci 174 - 168 , 169 and 223 ; and 210 - 16 ) ; 10 galls ( lmci 174 - 47 to 49 , 174 - 217 to 222 , and 210 - 15 ) . in tissue collection , 9 larvae ( lmci 174 - 50 and 56 ) fixed and preserved in 100 % etoh , at - 20\u00b0c .\n) , 3 . 51 to 7 . 01 mm ( n = 6 ) . cecidogenous , endophyllous , semiprognathous , and tissue - feeder . body with setae well developed .\n) : brown , with two paler mid - dorsal areas ; smooth , with shallow ridges ; labrum shallowly notched ; frons higher than wide , extending ca . 3 / 4 epicranial notch ; six stemmata arranged in c - shape . chaetotaxy (\n) : a - group trisetose ; l - group unisetose ; p - group bisetose ; md trisetose ; c - group bisetose ; f - group unisetose ; af - group bisetose ; s - group trisetose ; ss - group trisetose . a1 , a3 , p1 and s2 about equal in length , longest setae on head ; c1 , c2 , f1 , a2 , af2 , l1 intermediate in length ; af1 shorter ; md1\u20133 very reduced and aligned with each other . antenna two - segmented . mandibles broad with four teeth , and one seta on outer surface ; labium broad , with two - segmented palpus and spinneret parallel - sided ; maxilla prominent .\n) : prothoracic shield light brown , divided longitudinally by indistinctly marked , unpigmented area ; anal fig brown . thoracic legs slightly pigmented . prolegs on a3\u2013a6 and a10 of equal size ; crochets in a circle , uniserial and uniordinal . thorax chaetotaxy : t1 with d - group bisetose , both located on the dorsal shield , d1 shorter than d2 ; xd - group bisetose , setae similar in length and both on the dorsal shield ; sd bisetose , laterally on the dorsal shield ; l - group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 ; sv - group bisetose , posteroventral to l2 , sv1 slightly longer than sv2 ; v - group unisetose . t2 and t3 with d - and sd - groups bisetose , median - transversely aligned ; d2 and sd1 similar in length , and longer than d1 and sd2 respectively ; l trisetose , l3 posterior to l1\u2013l2 , similar in length to l1 ; sv unisetose ; v unisetose . abdomen chaetotaxy : d - group bisetose ; a1\u20139 with d2 slightly longer than d1 , and a10 with d1 longer than d2 ; sd - group bisetose , a1\u20137 with sd1 slightly longer than sd2 and a10 with sd2 longer than sd1 , sd2 absent in a9 ; a1\u20138 with l - group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 , l2 absent in a9 ; a1\u20138 with sv - group bisetose , sv1 slightly shorter than sv2 , sv1 absent in a9 ; v - group unisetose .\n) , 4 . 42 to 6 . 11 mm long ( n = 5 ) . body elongate - oval in dorsal and ventral views , widest and dorsally raised in mesothoracic region . integument weakly melanized , mostly smooth , with a few scattered microsetae dorsally . frontoclypeal suture not evident . labrum u - shaped . labial palpi long ; antennae arched anteriorly and separate , approximate and parallel posteriorly to distal margins of maxillae , surpassing apical margin of forewings ; maxillae extending distally between sclerites of mid - legs ; femora of midleg not fused distally ; femora of foreleg extending beyond widest part of labial palpi . cremaster (\n) short and apically rounded , with four pairs of setae ; one latero - basally , another latero - dorsally and two latero - distally .\nknown only from the type locality , in the dense umbrophilous forest ( = brazilian atlantic rain forest sensu stricto ) portions of the cpcn pr\u00f3 - mata , s\u00e3o francisco de paula , rs , brazil .\ntibouchina sellowiana ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) . a small tree ( 3 to 6 m ) , endemic to the coastal montane forests of southern brazil , ranging from minas gerais to rio grande do sul , usually flowering in april\u2013may ( souza 1986 , guimar\u00e3es 2014 ) .\nat the type locality , during spring ( october ) and summer ( february ) . they are prosoplasmatic histioid ( k\u00fcster , in\n) ; without conspicuous projections , bearing a few longitudinal carinae on surface and changing gradually from green to violet as ages ; fleshy , without uniformly defined internal chamber ; unilocular , unilarval . most of them house a specialized kleptoparasitic gelechiid moth , whose complex natural history is described in detail elsewhere (\n) . those that are free from the kleptoparasite fall to the ground in late larval ontogeny and larva complete development on the ground . pupation occurs inside the gall , within a cylindrical , longitudinally arranged cocoon made of woven white silk (\nnamed in honor of prof . dr . geraldo wilson fernandes , departamento de biologia geral , instituto de ci\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas , universidade federal de minas gerais , for his great contributions to the development of cecidology in the neotropics .\npalaeomystella rosaemariae adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral ; e aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) f male genitalia , lateral view g signum , internal view h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illustrated ) j female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 200 and 250 \u00b5m ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella rosaemariae last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 \u00b5m , 1 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella rosaemariae pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .\n) . sexes similar , forewing length 4 . 81 to 5 . 59 mm ( n = 5 ) .\n) : frons pale brown ; vertex and labial palpus and antenna with pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown ; labial palpus with basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; proboscis yellowish brown .\n: tegula and mesonotum with pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown , posterior scales having more pale brown ; fore and midlegs dark brown ; hindlegs pale brown , tibia and tarsus with intermixed dark - brown scales . forewing (\n) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 4 . 5 ; dorsally covered by pale - brown scales intermixed with scattered , pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown , and with longitudinally aligned groups of brown scales ; a narrow , ill - defined , dark - brown streak bisecting the wing longitudinally from base to tornus ; 3 raised scale tufts located posterior to cubitus , including 1 wider tuft in anal area , 1 in line with midcell , and 1 near tornal area ; fringes pale brown , interspersed with a few pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown ; tornal area with two bands of pale - brown scales tipped with blackish brown ; ventrally , mostly uniformly covered with dark - brown scales ; retinaculum subcostal ; discal cell closed , ~ 2 / 3 length of forewing ; ending near 1 / 5 of wing margin ; sc ending ca . middle of anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r\nstalked ca . 1 / 4 distance from the cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with 1a + 2a that is well developed , extending more than half length of posterior margin . hindwing (\n) strongly lanceolate , with 9 veins ; l / w index ~ 6 . 4 , ~ 0 . 8 forewing in length ; scales pale brown on both sides ; fringes pale brown ; frenulum with a single acanthus in male , and with two acanthi in female , proximal acanthus anteriorly divergent , and distal acanthus parallel to wing anterior margin ; sc + r\nending at ca . 1 / 2 anterior margin ; rs ending at ca . 1 / 5 anterior margin ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched , with cua\nstalked to m3 ; cup weakly sclerotized , ending at 1 / 3 posterior margin ; 1a + 2a well developed , ending near basis of posterior margin .\n) anteriorly expanded medially into a slender , sharply pointed lobe , associated with a subtrapezoidal sternite .\n) covered with several long setae , divided near 1 / 3 from base , with flat , broad sacculus tapering distad , and long , spatulate costa , rounded distally and gradually constricted toward base .\nholotype \u2642 : brazil : private farm belonging to antonio malta , coxilha das lombas , 30\u00b002 ' 13\ns , 50\u00b036 ' 30\nw , 17 m , santo ant\u00f4nio da patrulha , rs , brazil . dry preserved pinned adults , reared from galls induced on tibouchina asperior ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , lmci 211 , 12 . iii . 2013 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and s . bordignon , ( lmci 211 - 12 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 412 ) . paratypes : same data , 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 ( lmci 211 - 14 and 06 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 43 and 44 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 413 and 29 . 414 , respectively ) .\ndry preserved pinned adults , with the same collection data , deposited in lmci under the following accession numbers : 2\u2642 ( lmci 211 - 07 and 10 ) ; 1\u2640 ( lmci 211 - 11 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : genitalia , 2\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 38 and 39 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 40 ) ; wings , 1\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 36 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 37 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 41 and 42 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich\u2019s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 6 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 211 - 17 to 22 ) ; 3 pupae ( lmci 211 - 5 , 9 and 26 ) ; 6 mature , intact galls ( lmci 211 - 25 ) . in tissue collection , 6 larvae ( lmci 211 - 8 ) , fixed and preserved in 100 % ethanol , at - 20\u00b0c .\n) , 4 . 94 to 9 . 88 mm long ( n = 5 ) . cecidogenous , endophyllous except prior to pupation , semiprognathous and tissue - feeder . body subcylindrical , creamy white , changing to red when mature prior to exit the gall ; with setae well developed .\n) : pale brown , interspersed with two pairs of darker mid - dorsal areas ; smooth , with shallow ridges ; labrum shallowly notched ; frons higher than wide , extending ca . 3 / 4 epicranial notch ; six stemmata arranged in c - shaped configuration . chaetotaxy (\n) : a - group trisetose ; l - group unisetose ; p group bisetose ; md trisetose ; c group bisetose ; f group unisetose ; af group bisetose ; s group trisetose ; ss group trisetose . a1 , a3 , p1 and s2 about equal in length , longest setae on head ; c1 , c2 , f1 , a2 , af2 , l1 intermediate in length ; af1 absent ; md1\u20133 very reduced and aligned with each other . antenna two - segmented . mandibles broad with four teeth , and one seta on the outer surface ; labium broad , with two - segmented palpus , the distal segment minute ; spinneret parallel - sided ; maxilla prominent .\n) : prothoracic shield and anal fig slightly marked by irregularly shaped , small light - brown blots . thoracic legs also scarcely pigmented . prolegs on a3 - a6 and a10 of equal size ; crochets in a semicircle , uniserial and uniordinal . thorax chaetotaxy : t1 with d group bisetose , both located on dorsal shield , d1 shorter than d2 ; xd group bisetose , similar in length and both on the dorsal shield ; sd bisetose , laterally on the dorsal shield ; l group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 ; sv group bisetose , posteroventral to l2 , sv1 slightly longer than sv2 ; v group unisetose . t2 and t3 with d and sd groups bisetose , median - transversely aligned ; d2 and sd1 similar in length , and longer than d1 and sd2 respectively ; l trisetose , l3 posteriorly , similar in length to l1 ; sv unisetose ; v unisetose . abdomen chaetotaxy : d group bisetose ; a1\u20139 with d2 slightly longer than d1 , and a10 with d1 longer than d2 ; sd group bisetose , a1\u20137 with sd1 slightly longer than sd2 and a10 with sd2 longer than sd1 , sd2 absent in a9 ; a1\u20138 with l group trisetose , l1 longer than l2 , l1 and l2 absent in a9 ; a1\u20138 with sv group trisetose , sv3 absent in a7\u20139 ; v group unisetose .\n) , 5 . 59 to 6 . 76 mm long ( n = 3 ) , elongate in dorsal and ventral views , slightly wider in thoracic region . integument light amber - colored , mostly smooth , with a few scattered microsetae dorsally . frontoclypeal suture not evident . labrum u - shaped . labial palpi long ; antennae arched anteriorly and separate , approximate and parallel posteriorly to distal margins of maxillae , reaching apical margin of forewings ; maxillae extending distally between sclerites of midlegs ; femora of midleg not fused distally ; femora of foreleg extending beyond widest part of labial palpi . cremaster (\n) long , tubular , dorsally directed , bearing latero - apically a pair of distally conspicuous , anteriorly curved spines .\npalaeomystella rosaemariae is known only from the type locality , the fragments of lowland dense umbrophilous atlantic forest of coxilha das lombas , santo ant\u00f4nio da patrulha , rs , brazil .\ntibouchina asperior ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , a shrub ( 0 . 5 to 1 . 0 m ) , in humid grassland areas , endemic to santa catarina and rio grande do sul ( souza 1986 , guimar\u00e3es 2014 ) . at coxilha das lombas , where the southernmost portions of lowland dense umbrophilous atlantic forest occurs , these shrubs are common along the borders of forest fragments located in poorly drained , swampy areas , associated with the formation of lagoons and also influenced by sand dunes .\nare located at distal axillary buds of the host . at the type locality , they occur in low numbers per plant . galls are prosoplasmatic histioid ( k\u00fcster , in\n) ; small , delicate , globoid ( 5 . 2 to 7 . 28 mm long ; n = 7 ) , green to reddish , covered with several short spine - like projections (\n) . unilocular , unilarval , pupates away from the gall . little is known about the life history of this species . in laboratory , mature last instar larva invariably made a lateral orifice by chewing the gall wall (\n) and moved directly to the bottom of the plastic pot . there , they promptly began to construct a cocoon by tying together small pieces of dried leaves with silk , where the pupation occurred (\n) . the adult emerged through a slit made at the terminal end of the cocoon . specimens that pupated in the laboratory during the summer emerged as adults in the following autumn ( may ) .\nnamed in honor of prof . dr . rosy mary dos santos isaias , an anatomist of the departamento de bot\u00e2nica , instituto de ci\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas , universidade federal de minas gerais , for her great contributions to the development of cecidology in the neotropics .\npalaeomystella tavaresi adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral ; e aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) f male genitalia , lateral view g signum , internal view h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illustrated ) h female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 250 , 50 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 200 and 250 \u00b5m ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella tavaresi last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 \u00b5m , 1 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella tavaresi pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .\nwalshia sp . lima 1945 : 303\u2013305 , figs 180 , 183 , 184 , misidentification .\n) . sexes similar , forewing length 7 . 02 to 9 . 23 mm ( n = 8 ) .\n) ; labial palpus pale brown , basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; antennae brown ; proboscis yellowish brown .\n) with brown scales tipped with dark brown , posterior scales paler brown ; fore and midlegs dark brown ; hindlegs pale brown , tibia and tarsus with intermixed dark - brown scales . forewings (\n) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 4 . 4 ; dorsally covered with brown scales , intermixed with dark - brown scales tipped with black , and pale - brown scales ; a narrow , ill - defined , dark - brown streak bisects the wing longitudinally from base to a brown , subapical , crescentic marking , edged distally with dark - gray scales ; 3 raised scale tufts located posterior to cubitus , in anal area , in line with midcell , and near tornal area , respectively ; fringes pale brown ; ventral side most uniformly covered with dark - brown scales ; discal cell closed , ~ 0 . 7\u00d7 length of forewing ; ending near 1 / 5 wing margin ; sc ending ca . 1 / 3 anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r\nstalked ca . 1 / 2 distance from cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with 1a + 2a that is well developed , extending more than half length of posterior margin . hindwing (\n) : strongly lanceolate , with 9 veins ; l / w index ~ 5 . 4 , ~ 0 . 84 forewing in length ; scales light brown on both sides ; fringes pale brown ; frenulum a single acanthus on male , with two parallel - sided acanthi in female . sc + r\nstalked near rs ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weakly sclerotized , ending at 1 / 2 posterior margin ; 1a + 2a well developed , ending near basis of posterior margin .\n( not illustrated ) : scales pale brown intermixed with gray scales , with transverse irregular rows of spiniform setae on terga 2\u20137 in both sexes . eighth sternum (\n) expanded anteromedially into a stout , rounded lobe , associated with a subtrapezoidal sternite .\n) covered by several long setae , divided near 1 / 3 from the basis , with sacculus spatulate , tapering distad , and costa long , palmate , gradually constricted basad .\nholotype \u2642 : brazil : reserva serra bonita , 15\u00b023 ' 30\ns , 39\u00b033 ' 57\nw , 832 m , camacan , ba , brazil . adults preserved dried and pinned , reared from galls induced on tibouchina fissinervia ( schrank & mart . ex dc . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) by g . r . p . moreira , 15\u201321 . x . 2013 , lmci 230 - 05 , donated to dzup ( 29 . 415 ) . paratypes : same data , 17\u201323 . ii . 2013 , lmci 209 ; 1\u2642 ( lmci 209 - 31 ) , 1\u2640 ( lmci 230 - 20 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 416 and 29 . 417 , respectively ) ; 1\u2642 ( lmci 230 - 06 ) , 2\u2640 ( lmci 230 - 09 and 22 ) donated to vob .\nadults dried and pinned , collected in light traps at the type locality , deposited in vob : 1\u2642 ( vob 144730 ) , - . viii . 2009 , by f . l . santos ; 1\u2642 ( vob 146783 , with genitalia mounted on slide ) , - . ix . 2010 , by v . o . becker . additional specimens , with the same collection data as the type material , deposited in lmci : adults dried and pinned , 6\u2642 ( lmci 230 - 07 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 21 ; lmci 230 - 08 , with genitalia in glycerin grpm 50 - 57 ) and 6\u2640 ( lmci 230 - 10 , 11 , 12 , 18 and 19 ; lmci 230 - 23 , with genitalia in glycerin grpm 50 - 58 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : adults , 1\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 54 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 55 ) ; wings , 1\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 53 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 56 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich\u2019s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 5 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 209 - 13 and 14 , and 230 - 2 ) ; 6 pupae ( lmci 209 - 7 , 11 , 18 , and 230 - 1 ) ; 12 dissected galls ( lmci 209 - 21 and 22 , 230 - 3 and 4 ) . in tissue collection , 6 larvae ( lmci 209 - 06 ) fixed and preserved in 100 % etoh , at - 20\u00b0c ."]}
{"id": 811, "summary": [{"text": "harpa doris , common name the rose harp , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family harpidae , the harp snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "harpa doris", "paragraphs": ["species harpa striata lamarck , 1816 accepted as harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860\ntitle : harpa doris location : s tome e principe , sao tome and principe description : harpa sea snail [ harpa doris ] on a blue background . lives on te african west coats and is usually burried in sand keywords : stamp , shell , 1 . 50 db , blue , 1981 , wolfgang hartwig , lito nacional , porto , portugal , harpa doris\nspecies harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1816 accepted as harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860 ( invalid : junior homonym of harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1801 )\nspecies harpa multicostata g . b . sowerby i , 1822 accepted as harpa costata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nmessage please keep me informed when a similar specimen ( harpa - doris giant ! - [ senegal ] ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) is available .\nharpa doris approaching her berth at praia , cape verde april 09 2015 . former name : launched as vadero trym built by selay gemi - tuzla , turkey 2009 .\nharpa rosea lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nharpa doris robusta ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) live taken , fine + + + , slightly smoothed terminal ridge ; splendid ! - extra heavy specimen close to the wrs ; 82 . 5 mm ; cape verde islands , s\u00e3o nicolau , carri\u00e7al ; scuba diving at 12 - 14m . ; november 2012 . [ har101 ]\n( of harpa robusta r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]\n( of harpa robusta r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of harpa rosea lamarck , 1816 ) rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of harpa rosea lamarck , 1816 ) gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of harpa rosea lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . b . p . a . de monet de ( 1798 - 1816 ) . encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . tableau encyclop\u00e9die et m\u00e9thodique de trois r\u00e8gnes de la nature . vers , coquilles , mollusques et polypiers , livraison 64 , part 21 : pls . 287 - 390 ( 28 april 1798 ) ; livr . 84 , part 23 : 1 - 16 ( = liste des objects repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans les planches de cette livraison ) , pls . 391 - 488 ( 14 december 1816 ) . \u2013 paris ( v . agasse ) . page ( s ) : vol . 3 , pl . 404 , fig . 2 [ details ]\nrol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]\nrehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 612 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\n( 1973 ) . rehder presented 11 species of living harps . there have been many new taxa proposed since 1973 . all but one are now generally accepted as forms of one or the other of the 11 species addressed by rehder . only\nrehder , 1993 is mostly accepted as a valid addition to his 1973 list . whether or not all 11 of the taxa addressed by rehder ( plus\n) are truly separate species or if the many localized forms given species / subspecies names actually represent separate species will have to await a comprehensive dna analysis .\n( two or one blotch ) to be able to accept his argument . i would also note that the characters described for\n( \u201cbody whorl \u2026 more broadly ovate and rounded , \u201d \u201cribs tend to be narrower and more distant\u201d ) . my own opinion is that\nspecies addressed by rehder and the\naccepted\nspecies addressed 31 and 42 years later .\n. indo - pacific mollusca , volume 3 , no . 16 . delaware museum of natural history .\nare quite variable within populations and across geographic range . so variable that they occur readily across taxa , especially those that share common geographic distributions and influences , and most often cannot be relied upon to distinguish between species when confronted with a particular specimen . in my presentations i have limited the features discussed to those that should be relied upon to distinguish among taxa . i have presented the protoconchs for all , but did not find this feature to be helpful ( too variable , too often missing or incomplete , and too similar ) in distinguishing among taxa , except in a few cases (\n) . i did not find color to be helpful for taxa that are otherwise close and from the same locales . i did not find reliance on \u201cblotching\u201d to be more than partially helpful without linkage to other confirming features . i have addressed the distribution of parietal glazing and found it to be quite helpful and distinctive for many taxa ( especially when linked to other features ) , but not decidedly so for the most problematic taxa (\n) . i do not present a general description of each taxa , which is available many places elsewhere ( see rehder 1973 ) . rather , for some i present some background information and then start my descriptions with the parietal glazing and follow with those features that i found can best be used to distinguish among taxa .\nthe following table presents the features i found best allow identifying and distinguishing the 12 taxa . the green cells describe key features that should be identified first ( and in some taxa , alone or linked to other \u201cgreens , \u201d are sufficient to identify a taxon ) . the pink cells describe features very helpful in narrowing the possibilities for otherwise similar taxa . the yellow cells describe features that i found very consistently separate taxa within the geographic range of\n. i apologize for the tiny text in the table , but i wanted to get it all on one page .\n, and from a dozen to several dozen for the others , limited examination of shells displayed at shell shows by exhibitors and dealers , some images from the web ( usually too poor to be helpful ) , and images in literature ( also usually also too poor to be helpful ) . obviously , my sample is limited in terms of actual material for close examination , and my conclusions should be tempered accordingly . i would be happy to hear from those with specimens in any of these taxa that question or confirm my observations (\n) . however , i would also hope that you can provide good quality photos or would be willing to loan the specimens for a photo session . i will continue to add to these presentations with comments or more photos / material contributed by other fans of\n. three terms ( subsutural plateau , shoulder and t ) should be understood . normally , \u201cshoulder\u201d refers to the area from the suture to an inflection point ( a pronounced downward angle ) or , when absent , the periphery . all\n, the shoulder would normally be the area from suture to the inflection point ( where spines are located ) . i have defined the area from the suture to the inflection point as the subsutural plateau . and , when i refer to the shoulder , i am referring narrowly to the spiral line representing the inflection where the subsutural plateau turns downward ( and is where the rib spines normally occur ) . i have observed that all mature\nhas three . as a matter of shorthand i may use t1 , t2 , t3 or t4 to refer to the teleoconch whorls . so ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nthis shop requires javascript to run correctly . please activate javascript in your browser .\nget a one - time position report , book satellite tracking for 14 days for this vessel , or upgrade to our unlimited sat plans to see all ships by satellite .\nshare your knowledge with the community . information will be published after a short review .\nthe history of former names is compiled automatically from ais signals and gives insight into vessel owner changes , charter name changes and reflaggings .\nthe report will be sent to your email address within 12 hours after your payment has been completed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis photo has been shown 314 times since it was added to the site .\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : f . e . eames . 1952 . a contribution to the study of the eocene in western pakistan and western india : c . the description of the scaphopoda and gastropoda from standard sections in the rakhi nala and zindar pir areas of the western punjab and in the kohat district . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b 236 : 1 - 168\ntype specimen : bmnh g . 68305 , a shell . its type locality is fossil bed f . 2556 , zinda pir , which is in a lutetian marine shale in the domanda formation of pakistan .\n( of harpalis link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]\npoppe g . t . , brulet t . & dance s . p . ( 1999 ) . the family harpidae . conchological iconography . conchbooks , hackenheim . 69pp . [ details ]\n( of harpalis link , 1807 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of harpalis link , 1807 ) rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 237 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\nsearch = country = / angola = africa / angola / dsc _ 9272 . jpg\ntitle : puma location : argentina description : cougar or puma [ puma concolor ] in a tree , printed in an orangeish color . with\ns . oficial\nprinte over it . keywords : stamp , mammal , cat , correos , 50 c , puma\ntitle : llama location : argentina description : llama [ lama glama ] out in the desert . s pficial printed ofer the stamp keywords : stamp , mammal , llama , 20 c , s oficial , lama glama , correos\ntitle : neon tetra location : brazil description : neon tetra [ paracheirodon innesi ] in green underwater vegitation keywords : stamp , fish , 1 . 00 , 1976 , raul pereira , casa da mondeda do brasil , hyphessobrycon innesi , paracheirodon innesi\ntitle : manduba location : brazil description : manduba [ ageneiosus inermis ] just over a sandy bottom keywords : stamp , fish , 1 . 00 , 1976 , raul pereira , casa da mondeda do brasil , palmito , ageneiosus sp , ageneiosus inermis\ntitle : reina del choco location : columbia description : reina del choco [ cattleya dowiana var . aurea ] all in oragne keywords : stamp , plant , flower , orchid , cattleya dowiana aurea , cattleya dowiana var . aurea , 1874 , 1949 , upu , 5 , centavos , waterlow and sons limited\ntitle : lawyer ' s wigs location : guyana description : lawyer ' s wigs [ coprinus comatus ] growing in the grass keywords : stamp , mushroom , 1990 , macro , $ 2 . 55 , coprinus comatus\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010"]}
{"id": 812, "summary": [{"text": "haloclavidae is a family of sea anemones .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "members of the family are found worldwide and many live largely buried in soft substrates with only their oral disc and tentacles protruding . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "haloclavidae", "paragraphs": ["tree of life web project . 2000 . haloclavidae . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .\n, p 29 ) of the family haloclavidae requires slight modifications to accommodate the new taxon within this family ( see above ) .\ncruises ant xv / 3 and ant xix / 3 . the new genus shares several features with some genera of the families haloclavidae ( verrill\n) have remarked , the distinctness of the families haloclavidae and halcampoididae is not clearly established . most ( if not all ) characters given by carlgren (\nmetapeachia schlenzae sp . nov . ( cnidaria : actiniaria : haloclavidae ) a new burrowing sea anemone from brazil , with a discussion of the genus metapeachia .\nthe ' antenna balloon anemone ' found in the seto inland sea : new genus and species of sea anemone , antennapeachia setouchi ( cnidaria , actinaria , haloclavidae ) .\nmetapeachia schlenzae sp . nov . ( cnidaria : actiniaria : haloclavidae ) a new burrowing sea anemone from brazil , with a discussion of the genus metapea . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n, pp 21 , 26 , 29 ) , distinguishing characters between the families haloclavidae and halcampoididae are reduced to the differential length between inner and outer tentacles and the possible absence of the siphonoglyph in the halcampoididae .\n) . we therefore prefer not to use this category in the present work . we tentatively place the genus within the family haloclavidae . finally , the relationships of this new genus with the most similar haloclavid genera are discussed .\ndaly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria . haloclavidae verrill , 1899 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 100671 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nmesacmaea is the only genus of the haloclavidae ( including stephanthus gen . nov . ) in which the column is divisible into different regions ; moreover , it is clearly remarkable within the family due to the presence , although weak , of a diffuse sphincter . mesacmaea also has a very regular arrangement of the tentacles but is quite atypical in having seven tentacles in the inner cycle . the retractor musculature is strong and restricted in mesacmaea but is diffuse in stephanthus gen . nov .\nvan der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nusually elongated , sometimes relatively short and stout , usually differentiated into regions . aboral end rounded , without a\n. mesenteries not differentiated into macrocnemes and microcnemes , at least six pairs being perfect ; imperfect ones , if present , being long and bearing retractor muscles . a single siphonoglyph is present , usually well - defined and sometimes more or less separated from the\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nthe unexplored portions of the world ' s oceans are so vast that the descriptive stage of their faunas is far from being completed . although during recent years research into antarctic biodiversity has been intensified , the anthozoan fauna is not well known , our present knowledge being estimated to encompass no more than 50 % ( winston\n) . thus , efforts to increase our knowledge of the benthic fauna in this area are necessary not only to complete our knowledge of the anthozoan fauna but also to go further in our understanding of the processes involved in the origins of the extant antarctic fauna .\nthe material studied was collected on the polarstern cruises ant xv / 3 ( easiz - ii ) and ant xix / 3 ( andeep - i ) , sponsored by the alfred - wegener - institut f\u00fcr polar - und meeresforschung , bremerhaven , during the austral summers of 1998 to the eastern weddell sea and antarctic peninsula ( easiz - ii ) and 2002 to the scotia arc ( andeep - i ) .\nsea anemones were relaxed on board using menthol crystals and subsequently fixed in 10 % formalin in seawater . fragments of the holotype and the larger paratype were dehydrated in buthanol ( johansen\n) , and embedded in paraffin . histological sections 7\u20138 \u03bcm thick were stained with ram\u00f3n and cajal ' s triple stain ( gabe\ncnidae measurements were taken from preserved material in squash preparations at 1 , 000\u00d7 magnification with nomarski differential interference contrast optics . frequencies given are subjective impressions based on squash preparations .\nthe material studied in this article has been deposited in the zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum in hamburg ( zmh ) , in the university natural history museum in kansas ( kunhm ) and in the zoology section of the faculty of biology at the university of seville in spain ( sz ) .\n) , the characters and their variants referring to this genus have been suppressed .\nthe genus is named after professor t . a . stephenson in recognition of his major contributions to our knowledge in sea anemone systematics , and anthus ( anthos - anthus : flower in figurative sense in greek ) being a common suffix in sea anemone generic names . gender masculine .\nholotype : zmh ( c11680 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xv / 3 , stn . 48 / 336 , antarctic peninsula , 61\u00b026 . 8\u2032s 58\u00b006 . 2\u2032w , 1 , 047\u20131 , 227 m depth , 19 march 1998 , agassiz trawl . paratypes : kunhm ( 001610 ) , one specimen ; zmh ( c11681 ) , one specimen , both materials with the same sampling data as the holotype .\nadditional material : sz ( ant - 1282 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 103 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61\u00b044 . 9\u2032s 58\u00b001 . 4\u2032w , 256\u2013296 m depth , 13 february 2002 , bottom trawl ; sz ( ant - 1281 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 106 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61\u00b038 . 2\u2032s 57\u00b032 . 7\u2032w , 424\u2013427 m depth , 14 february 2002 , bottom trawl ; sz ( ant - 1609 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 107 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61\u00b051 . 2\u2032s 57\u00b017 . 6\u2032w , 256\u2013277 m depth , 14 february 2002 , bottom trawl .\n) : body ovoid to more or less spherical , to 40 mm diameter and 56 mm height in preserved and contracted specimens . aboral end rounded , physa - like . body without regional differentiation but with a parapet and a deep fosse ( fig .\na ) . about 20 longitudinal folds on inner distal border of parapet . scapus soft and fibrous , corrugated in preserved and contracted specimen , forming deep irregular transversal furrows with numerous small longitudinal furrows . larger specimens with pale spots slightly restricted to proximal part of scapus ; no foreign particles adhered to them ( fig .\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . a holotype ( zmh c11680 ) in lateral view . b , c paratype ( zmh c11681 ) , lateral and aboral view , respectively ; note the rounded aboral end . d paratype ( kunhm 001610 ) , lateral view . scale bar 20 mm\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . a preserved specimen , longitudinal section of the distal part of the column and oral disc . b , c detail of the proximal part of the body wall showing the superficial spots . d cross section at stomodaeum level of whole animal ; note the basal enlargement of the single siphonoglyph . abbreviations : fo fosse , mo mouth , od oral disc , rm retractor musculature , te tentacles . scale bars 5 mm\noral disc slightly broader in diameter than proximal end in retracted specimens . tentacles can be only partially retracted , being only middle covered by the parapet in all preserved specimens . tentacles longitudinally furrowed , longer than diameter of the oral disc in preserved specimens . inner tentacles more or less equal in length ( to 27 mm in preserved specimens ) to outer ones , to 24 in number , arranged in three cycles ( 6 + 6 + 12 ) . oral end of siphonoglyph distinguishable at border of the mouth , but does not form a conchula .\n) : equal number of mesenteries distally and proximally . mesenteries hexamerously arranged in two cycles : first cycle perfect and fertile ; second cycle imperfect and fertile ( fig .\nd ) . two pairs of fertile directives , only one connected with the single , strong and well - developed siphonoglyph , with a basal enlargement ( figs .\na ) . mesogloea and gastrodermis of siphonoglyph slightly wider than mesogloea and gastrodermis of the stomodaeum . gastrodermis of siphonoglyph not vacuolated . retractor musculature diffuse at stomodaeum level ( fig .\na ) and attached near to the base of tentacles where it becomes slightly restricted ( fig .\nb ) . parietobasilar musculature strong , well developed . gametogenic tissues well developed in specimens collected in february and march ; gonochoric ; developing spermatic vesicles and oocytes ( to 0 . 25 mm and to 1 . 8 mm in diameter in preserved specimens , respectively ) .\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . a histological cross section at stomodaeum level ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . b detail retractor musculature at most distal level ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . c longitudinal histological section of the distal part of the column and oral disc ( paratype kunhm 001610 ) . abbreviations : * endocoel between mesenteries of the first cycle , * * endocoel between mesenteries of the second cycle , e . g . basal enlargement of the siphonoglyph , fo fosse , ms mesenteries , rm retractor musculature , te tentacles . scale bars : a 5 mm , b 3 mm , c 5 mm\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . longitudinal sections through the body wall of the holotype ( zmh c11680 ) . a detail of the body wall . b , c detail of the proximal part of the body wall showing the superficial spots , which are poorly histologically differentiated . abbreviations : ep epidermis , ga gastrodermis , me mesogloea , ss superficial spots . scale bars 0 . 5 mm\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . ( holotype zhm c11680 ) . a detail of cross section showing a second cycle mesentery ; note the distinct parietobasilar musculature , the diffuse retractor musculature and the developing spermatic vesicles . b cross section through a tentacle showing the ectodermal longitudinal musculature ; note the subepidermical nerve plexus . c longitudinal section through the proximal part of the mesenteries showing the absence of basilar musculature . abbreviations : ep epidermis , ga gastrodermis , me , mesogloea , np , nerve plexus , pb , parietobasilar musculature , rm , retractor musculature , sv , spermatic vesicles . scale bars : a 1 mm ; b , c 0 . 5 mm\nsphincter muscle absent . tentacles and oral disc with ectodermal longitudinal musculature . no histologically differentiated regions along tentacles . endodermal circular musculature well developed at mid - column . column wall of similar thickness entire length , corrugated nature probably due to contraction of the specimens ( fig .\na ) . superficial spots in proximal part of column poorly differentiated in histological sections ( fig .\nb , c ) . epidermis 0 . 1\u20130 . 4 mm thick and fibrous ; mesogloea 0 . 25\u20131 . 5 mm thick , and gastrodermis 0 . 09\u20130 . 33 mm thick .\n) : spirocysts , basitrichs and microbasic b - mastigophores . a survey of the cnidae is presented in table\nsize ranges of the cnidae of stephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov .\nstephanthus antarcticus sp . nov . is known only from the south shetland islands , off the antarctic peninsula , inhabiting muddy bottom , depth 256\u20131 , 227 m .\n, pp 26 , 29 ) , for both families , have a high range of variability , often overlapping between one another , due to the existence of numerous exceptions to the rule , with the text containing terms such as\nrarely\n,\nusually\n,\nsometimes\n,\nexcept in . . .\n.\nwith regard to the use of the differential length between inner and outer tentacles as a distinctive character at familial level , we think that this should be restricted as a generic feature in these two families . according to stephenson (\n, p 514 ) ,\nthe form of the tentacles in a preserved specimen will depend chiefly on the circumstances of the animal ' s death\n. it is true that in some species their entameric or ectameric nature can be easily established . however , in\ngen . nov . some of the inner tentacles are longer than the outer ones , some are shorter and others are of about equal length . thus , the relative length between the inner and the outer tentacles is not so helpful in this case .\nfurthermore , the new genus shows a distinctive character , a deep fosse and parapet . the supposed presence of a fosse and a parapet has been attributed to the genera\nthe presence of a distinct fosse and parapet is also present in the family andresiidae . however , members of this family are characterised by a well defined , circumscribed , endodermal sphincter , two siphonoglyphs and 24 pairs of perfect mesenteries .\nthe systematic position of the family andresiidae is another instance of the lack of phylogeny patterns in carlgren ' s system and some of its categories ( which carlgren himself recognised ) and the necessary wholesale revision of the higher categories in the actiniarian taxonomy . according to stephenson (\n) does not resemble a typical athenarian , except in the absence of basilar musculature and in a burrowing mode of life . stephenson (\n) show distinct acrospheres at the apex of the tentacles . the imperfect mesenteries and no clear difference between the length of the outer and the inner tentacles distinguish\n, in which all the mesenteries are perfect and the inner tentacles are shorter than the outer ones .\nstephanthus gen . nov . has imperfect mesenteries , whereas in metapeachia , mesacmaea and harenactis , all mesenteries are perfect .\nmetapeachia is easily distinguishable from the other haloclavid genera ( including stephanthus gen . nov . ) by the presence of a siphonoglyph completely separated from the other parts of the actinopharynx . the presence of a distal conchula is another distinctive generic character of metapeachia ( shared only with peachia ) . furthermore metapeachia has only eight pairs of mesenteries ( all perfect and fertile ) and 16 tentacles , while stephanthus gen . nov . has 12 pairs of mesenteries ( only six of them perfect ) and 24 tentacles arranged in three regular cycles .\nin harenactis the retractor musculature of the oldest mesenteries is reniform , but it is diffuse in stephanthus gen . nov . harenactis also has vertical rows of cinclides in the column , stephanthus gen . nov . has no cinclides .\nfinally , peachia shares with stephanthus gen . nov . a second cycle of imperfect mesenteries , but peachia is easily distinguishable from stephanthus gen . nov . by having a distinct conchula . also peachia usually has only 12 tentacles , its aboral end is perforated by numerous apertures , and its second cycle of mesenteries is formed by only four pairs of imperfect and sterile mesenteries . in contrast , stephanthus gen . nov . has no conchula , 24 tentacles , an imperforate aboral end , and a distinct fosse and parapet , and its second cycle of mesenteries is formed by six regularly arranged pairs of imperfect and fertile mesenteries .\nto a new family , oractiidae . because of that , and the addition of\nb ) column divisible into regions . arrangement of tentacles regular but atypical with 7 in the inner cycle . a weak , diffuse sphincter\nc ) siphonoglyph with a conchula , rarely completely separated from the actinopharynx . second cycle formed by only 4 pairs of imperfect and sterile mesenteries ( 2 ventral and 2 ventrolateral pairs )\ncc ) conchula absent . second cycle formed by 6 pairs of imperfect and fertile mesenteries . well developed parapet and fosse present\nsp . nov . is the absence in its cnidom of microbasic p - mastigophores . this absence is atypical ; indeed , the microbasic p - mastigophore is one of the commoner nematocysts in the actiniaria , usually present in the filaments and in the actinopharynx ( carlgren\n) . another notable feature is the long basitrichs ( basitrichs 2 , see fig .\n) in the tentacles . the range of the basitrichs 2 in the proximal part of the tentacles is wider than that in the distal part of the tentacles , the longest basitrichs being more abundant in the distal part . moreover , the length range of the basitrichs 2 is even more restricted in the stomodaeum than in the tentacles .\nspecial thanks are addressed to dr . josep - maria gili ( instituto de ciencias del mar , barcelona ) and prof . wolf arntz ( alfred - wegener - institut , bremerhaven ) , who made possible our participation in the antarctic cruises where the present material was collected .\nandres a ( 1881 ) prodromus neapolitanae actinarium faunae addito generalis actiniarum bibliographiae catalogo . mitt zool stat neaple ii , leipzig\nandres a ( 1883 ) le attinie . atti r accad lincei mem 14 ( 3 ) : 211\u2013673\nappell\u00f6f a ( 1896 ) die actiniengattungen fenja , aegir , und halcampoides , dan . afh aarsberetning udgivnet bergens mus 11 : 3\u201316\narntz we , gallardo va ( 1994 ) antarctic benthos : present position and future prospects . in : hempel g ( ed ) antarctic science : global concerns . springer , berlin heidelberg new york , pp 243\u2013277\narntz we , brey t , gallardo av ( 1994 ) antarctic zoobenthos . oceanogr mar biol annu rev 32 : 241\u2013304\nbayer fm ( 1981 ) status of knowledge of octocorals of world sea . in : seminarios de biologia marina , s\u00e2o paulo . academia brasileira ci\u00eancias , rio de janeiro , pp 3\u2013102\ncarlgren o ( 1899 ) \u00fcber abschn\u00fcrbare tentakel bei den actiniarien . zool anz 578 ( 22 ) : 39\u201344\ncarlgren o ( 1921 ) actiniaria . i . dan ingolf - exp 5 ( 9 ) : 1\u2013241\ncarlgren o ( 1940 ) a contribution to the knowledge of the structure and distribution of the cnidae in anthozoa . lunds univ arsskr 36 : 1\u201362\ncarlgren o ( 1943 ) east - asiatic corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kongl svenska vetenskapsakad handl ( ser 3 ) 20 ( 6 ) : 1\u201343\ncarlgren o ( 1949 ) a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kongl svenska vetenskapsakad handl ( ser 4 ) 1 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013121\ndunn d ( 1983 ) some antarctic and sub - antarctic sea anemones ( coelenterata : ptychodactiaria and actiniaria ) . ( biology of the antarctic seas xiv , antarctic research series 39 ) agu , washington , d . c . , pp 1\u201367\n, a new genus and species of the class zoophyta ; with observations on the family actiniadae . trans linn soc lond 21 : 267\u2013276\nfautin d ( 1984 ) more antarctic and sub - antarctic sea anemones ( coelenterata : corallimorpharia and actiniaria ) . ( biology of the antarctic seas xiv , antarctic research series 41 ) agu , washington , d . c . , pp 1\u201342\nfautin d ( 1988 ) importance of nematocysts to actinian taxonomy . in : hessinger da , lenhoff hm ( eds ) the biology of nematocysts . academic press , san diego , pp 487\u2013500\nhand c ( 1966 ) on the evolution of the actiniaria . in rees wj ( ed ) the cnidaria and their evolution . academic press , london , pp 135\u201346\nkwietniewski cr ( 1897 ) ein beitrag zur anatomie und systematik der actiniarien . universit\u00e4t jena , germany\n, new genus and species of subergorgiidae ( cnidaria , octocorallia ) from off the antarctic peninsula . polar biol 24 : 122\u2013126\nmanuel rl ( 1988 ) british anthozoa . in : kermack dm , barnes rsk ( eds ) synopses of the british fauna ( new series no18 , revised ) . brill / backhuys , leiden\n\u00f6stman c ( 2000 ) a guideline to nematocyst nomenclature and classification , and some note on the systematic value of nematocysts . sci mar 64 [ suppl 1 ] : 31\u201346\nriemann - z\u00fcrneck k ( 1979 ) two disc - shaped deep sea anthozoa from the gulf of biscay , with a survey of adaptation types in the actiniaria . zoomorphologie 93 : 227\u2013243\ncarlgren , 1934 ( cnidaria : actiniaria : kadosactidae nov . fam . ) . senckenbergiana marit 21 ( 5 / 6 ) : 191\u2013204\nsp . nov . , an arctic deep - sea anemone with peculiar invaginations of its oral disc ( cnidaria : actiniaria ) . polar biol 23 : 604\u2013608\n( actiniaria , halcampoididae ) from the eastern weddell sea and antarctic peninsula . sci mar 66 : 43\u201352\nschmidt h ( 1972 ) prodromus zu einer monographie der mediterranen aktinien . zoologica 422 ( 121 ) : 120\nschmidt h ( 1974 ) on evolution in the anthozoa . in : international coral reef symposium 1 , great barrier reef committee , brisbane , pp 533\u201360\nshick jm ( 1991 ) a functional biology of sea anemones . in : calow p ( ed ) functional biology series . chapman and hall , london\nstephenson ta ( 1920 ) on the classification of actiniaria . i . qj microsc sci 64 ( 256 ) : 425\u2013574\nstephenson ta ( 1922 ) on the classification of actiniaria . iii . qj microsc sci 66 : 247\u2013319\ntorrey hb ( 1902 ) papers from the harriman alaska expedition . xxx . anemones , with discussion of variation in\nverrill ae ( 1899 ) art . vi . descriptions of imperfectly known and new actinians , with critical notes on other species . ii . am j sci 7 ( 4 ) : 41\u201350\nwatling l , thurston mh ( 1989 ) antarctica as an evolutionary incubator : evidence from the cladistic biogeography of the amphipod family iphimediidae . in : crame ja ( ed ) origins and evolution of the antarctic biota . ( special publication 47 ) geological society , london , pp 297\u2013313\nwilliams gc ( 1999 ) index pennatulacea : annotated bibliography and indexes of the sea pens ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) of the world 1469\u20131999 . proc calif acad sci 51 ( 2 ) : 19\u2013103\nwinston je ( 1992 ) systematics and marine conservation . in : eldredge n ( ed ) ecology and the biodiversity crisis . columbia university press , new york , pp 144\u2013168\nby using this website , you agree to our terms and conditions , privacy statement and cookies policy . manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarlgren , o . 1949 . a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakadamiens handlingar , series 4 , volume 1 , number 1 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs license - version 2 . 0 .\nthe information provided on this page is based on oscar carlgren ' s 1949 catalog .\nplease note that carlgren ' s text contains a number of errors , and much of the information is now out of date . an update of the catalog is currently under preparation in daphne fautin ' s laboratory , and the results of this work will be incorporated in future versions of this page .\nkeyboarding of carlgren ' s catalog was done as part of a project to create an electronic database of the sea anemones of the world , funded by nsf grant deb9521819 , awarded to daphne g . fautin . this grant is in the program partnerships to enhance expertise in taxonomy ( peet ) . susanne hauswaldt , katherine pearson , and april wakefield - pagels contributed to the keyboarding effort .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartamento de zoologia , instituto de bioci\u00eancias , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , rua do mat\u00e3o , trav . 14 , 101 , cidade universit\u00e1ria , 05508 - 090 , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil current address : department of invertebrate zoology , american museum of natural history , central park west at 79th street , 10024 , new york , ny , usa . ; email : lgusmao @ amnh . org .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe ' antenna balloon anemone ' found in the seto inland sea : new genus and species of sea anemone , antennapeachia setouchi ( cnidaria , actinaria , hal . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n1 department of biological sciences , the university of tokyo , bunkyo - ku , tokyo 113 - 0033 , japan .\n2 coastal branch of natural history museum and institute , chiba , kastuura - shi , chiba 299 - 5242 , japan .\n3 department of zoology , national museum of nature and science , tsukuba - shi , ibaraki 305 - 0005 , japan .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nplease note : entries in the above species list are the original binomina of species according to carlgren ' s 1949 catalog . nomenclatorial inconsistencies need to be resolved in a future revision of this genus ( see below ) .\ncollection and donation of this specimen by dr . r . dekker ( nioz , texel , netherlands ) is gratefully acknowledged .\nrodr\u00edguez , e . & l\u00f3pez - gonz\u00e1lez , p . j . helgol mar res ( 2003 ) 57 : 54 . urltoken\nwhat type of species is peachia chilensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the peachia chilensis species belongs to .\nhow to identify peachia chilensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species peachia chilensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species peachia chilensis are marked in green .\nwhere is peachia chilensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species peachia chilensis can be found .\nwhich photographers have photos of peachia chilensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species peachia chilensis .\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\npermission by prof . c . hand to take this picture in the bodega marine lab , university of california is gratefully acknowledged .\nfrance . collection and donation of this specimen by dr . r . dekker ( nioz , texel , netherlands ) is gratefully acknowledged .\ntree of life web project . 2000 . athenaria . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .\ncopyright ( c ) zeuter development corporation , 1996 - 2002 . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 819, "summary": [{"text": "deroplatys truncata is a species of praying mantis in the genus deroplatys in the order mantodea .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "this \" dead leaf mantis \" species is native to southeast asia . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "deroplatys truncata", "paragraphs": ["triangle dead - leaf mantis which originally comes from southern asia . we are offering l3 nymphs for sale of d . truncata\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , m\u00fcnster .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthis video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .\nthe mantis comes to us when we need peace , quiet and calm in our lives .\na suitable terrarium for this species would be 30cm x 30 x 30 , if space is limited yo a suitable terrarium for this species would be 30cm x 30 x 30 , if space is limited u can use a smaller terrarium with no problem , but this size allows the mantis to freely move about .\nthis mantis can be kept at between 15 and 21 degrees centigrade comfortably and does not need a drop in temperature at night . they live in the cooler malaysian highlands so don ' t like to be too hot\nspray or mist the cage every other day dependent on the type of cage . if it is a netted cage you will need to spray daily\nmantis will gorge themselves if they can and they can eat themselves to obesity . feed a large mantis like this 4 to 5 large crickets weekly .\nwhen adult , allow your mantids 8 to 14 days after their final molt before pairing with each other .\nthe female , when mated will likely lay an oothecae between 7 and 20 days later .\nwe are always eager to help . contact us either by email or live help by clicking bottom right\nlive help\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u00a9 copyright bugzuk . all rights reserved . 2013 . website designed and maintained by right web design\npress j to jump to the feed . press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\ndon ' t ! mantids are awesome and spend their entire life eating things that annoy us .\nthey don ' t bite us , they don ' t sting us , and they aren ' t interested in your food . i understand being apprehensive towards insects but these dudes are 100 % in align with your beliefs .\nseriously , unless you ' re cricket sized you have nothing to fear from mantids .\nit might jump into my face and make me scream like a little girl and fall over and hit my head on the corner of something th a en die . thats not how i wanna go . don ' t kill em though e : whoops\ni watched a mantis kill crickets in a terrarium and it scarred me for life . mantids are killing machines !\nthere is also a species of praying mantis that looks like a common household tv controller . : /\ninsects . can ' t live with them . loathe killing them . lose , lose .\ni remember a couple years ago i lifted up a leaf from the ground and it had legs . it didn ' t move and was probably dead , but i stomped on it until it was a part of the ground . now i feel bad knowing it was harmless : )\nthe cool thing is they don ' t even know . millions of years of evolution has them resembling leaves more and more every generation and theyre none the wiser\non the contrary , they are very aware . when a bird swoops down to nab one of these guys , im sure they piss themselves . but wait ! the bird didnt eat one ? but how ?\noh . . . i must look like one of these leaves beside me .\nthey have been using this camouflage more and more . thus , they are alive today .\nat first i thought timmy had imaginary friends when he said the leaves are his friends . now i know he just has creepy leaf bugs for friends .\nwhat if they ' re actually leaves pretending to be praying mantis ' that look like leaves .\nin my childhood in sw ontario , we used to hunt stick - insects in a backyard willow - tree . we ' d catch them by hand , put them in my friend ' s terrarium , release them after a few days . . . . they were such alien creatures , so weird - looking , but totally harmless .\ni mean . . . . . it ' s just a mantis , it ' s not like it ' s a poisonous spider that will fuck your day .\nthis is awesome for camouflage in the trees . . . but if it ' s fall and they are on the ground those guys are definitely getting crunched by me . they look like perfect crunchy leaves\nliving in nor cal , i just recently , and i am old , stumbled upon seeing one for the first time . the one i picked up played opossum , when i touched it a shocking feel of legs springing out and to life .\nthe ones that look like bugs and stand out get eaten . the ones that don ' t stand out due to camoflauge survive to breed and pass on those genetic traits which exaggerate over generations .\nadding to what the other guy said : mantises are carnivores . the ones that are hardest to see have the best chance of catching prey and being a healthy , not starving bug .\nhow are they not trying to eat each other ? most mantids are cannibals .\ngreat camoflage . another reason why pesticides are bad for pollen distribution and general insect life .\ni feel bad now , i like stepping on leaves because of the crunch . i hope i didn ' t get one of these guys on accident .\nmy first thought was\nwhat if you jumped into a pile of leaves ?\nyou wouldn ' t know the difference between leaf and bug .\nyeah , it is weird when you think about it . but i guess with enough time it happens that the cards fell that way and they ended up looking like leaves .\nyou ' re definitely not alone in that assumption , but that ' s a lot of faith in random chance and coincidence .\nfeel free to post your own pictures , but please read the rules first ( see below ) , and note that we are not a catch - all for general images ( of screenshots , comics , etc . )\nno screenshots , no pictures with added / superimposed digital elements . this includes image macros , comics , infographics , maps , ms paint type scribbles , and most diagrams . text ( e . g . a url ) serving to credit the original author is exempt . blurring or boxing out of personal information ( e . g . faces , license plates , phone numbers ) is also exempt . screenshots includes both actual screencaptures , any image that contains gui elements , as well as photos of screens .\nno personal information / no missing - persons requests . do not witch hunt .\nsubmissions must link directly to a specific image file or to a website with minimal ads . we do not allow blog hosting of images (\nblogspam\n) , but links to albums on image hosting websites are okay . ads in album titles or descriptions are not allowed .\nno animated images , no youtube links . this applies to all file types . animated images in comments are fine .\nwe enforce a standard of common decency and civility here . please be respectful to others . personal attacks , bigotry , fighting words , otherwise inappropriate behavior or content , comments that insult or demean a specific user or group of users will be removed . regular or egregious violations will result in a ban .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nwould you like to participate in the advancement of natural science and scientific culture ? get people interested in environmental issues ? become a member of the space for life foundation and take part in its activities .\nfour times a year , you can receive our naturally curious newsletter by e - mail . teachers , keep up with the latest news of our museums with our school newsletter .\ntheir extensive live and naturalized collections , their educational capacities and their scientific research all contribute to the unique character of our museums .\nto hide from its enemies , this mantis camouflages itself in dead leaves . if necessary , it intimidates them by drawiing itself up on its hind legs and doing an aggressive dance , during which it displays the spots on its wings . this voracious insect uses the small spines on its legs to grasp its prey .\ndiscover the universe of insects : learn to recognize species and learn about their lifestyles .\nthe biod\u00f4me is closed for major renovations . see you when it reopens in summer 2019 ! \u00bb"]}
{"id": 821, "summary": [{"text": "apistogramma nijsseni is a species of cichlid fish , endemic to highly restricted local black water habitats in the quebrada carahuayte , a small stream in the ucayali river drainage , southern peru .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the male reaches a maximum length of 8 cm ( 3 in ) , the female remaining somewhat smaller .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "apistogramma brooding females assume a bright yellow and black aposematic coloring : in a. nijsseni , unusually , a healthy , unstressed female retains this coloring .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species is popular aquarium fish amongst dwarf cichlid hobbyists , though it does not often appear in the general pet fish market .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species is named after the dutch ichthyologist han nijssen", "topic": 25}], "title": "apistogramma nijsseni", "paragraphs": ["robert hole , jr marked\nfile : apistogramma nijsseni ( m ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\napistogramma nijsseni kullander , 1979\npage .\nrobert hole , jr marked\nfile : apistogramma nijsseni ( f ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\napistogramma nijsseni kullander , 1979\npage .\na male of apistogramma nijsseni , in the aquarium of max gallad\u00e9 , usa . photo by max gallad\u00e9 .\na female of apistogramma nijsseni , in the aquarium of max gallad\u00e9 , usa . photo by max gallad\u00e9 .\napistogramma nijsseni , generalised colour pattern of females in the type series . note large dark blotches , not present in the male . drawing s . o . kullander .\ngallad\u00e9 , max . ( march 19 , 2006 ) .\nspawning apistogramma nijsseni\n. cichlid room companion . retrieved on july 09 , 2018 , from : urltoken\nnijsseni , for han nijssen , ichthyologist , curator of fishes in the zo\u00f6logisch museum , university of amsterdam .\nthe top image is not a male a . nijsseni . it is not even a member of the nijsseni - group of apistos . the one in the back of the female image is what males should look like .\napistogramma nijsseni kullander , 1979 . revue suisse zool . 86 , p . 938 , fig . 1 ( per\u00fa ( loreto ) , r . ucayali system , jenaro herrera , r . copal ,\nmarigots des tupacs\n) .\napistogramma nijsseni , nrm 18078 , adult male , 32 . 6 mm sl , just collected from the wild near jenaro herrera , c . 15 km on road jenaro herrera - colonia angamos . 1 september 1981 ( sok 043 ) . photo \u00a9 s . o . kullander .\nkullander , s . o . 1979 . description of a new species of apistogramma from peru . revue suisse de zoologie , 86 : 937 - 945 . kullander , s . o . 1986 . cichlid fishes of the amazon river drainage of peru . swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , 431pp . de rham , p . & s . o . kullander . 1983 . apistogramma nijsseni kullander un nouveau cichlid\u00e9 nain pour l ' aquarium . revue fran\u00e7aise d ' aquariologie , 9 : 97 - 104 .\ni waited til the end of the quarantine and took a trio of apistogramma norberti , the a . nijsseni male , and a a . cacatuoides male home . i scattered the fish throughout our tanks . the a . nijsseni male went into our ~ 280 lt ( 75 g ) that already housed two pairs of apistos . note : this tank was specifically set up for apistos only . densely planted with hiding places , driftwood , clay saucers throughout the tank , a few dither fish like nannobryconun ifasciatus , corydoras pigmaeus / hasborus , some common tetras and your necessary algae eating crew .\none morning , to our surprise , the second female was guarding tiny little fry around her corner of the tank as well , which was completely unexpected . our male didn ' t help her at all with rearing her babys , and she was completely alone guarding her young ones . we really fell in love with our apistogramma nijsseni trio and this species will always be kept in one of our tanks .\ncaptive - raised fish are the recommended choice for the community aquarium . wild examples are best maintained alone or with small \u2018dither\u2019 fishes such as nannostomus spp . , and ideally should not be mixed with other apistogramma .\ndid we mention that our male lost his aggressive behavior almost completely towards other apistogramma in the tank since the introduction of the females ? except for when they get too close to his kids ; watch out he packs quite a punch .\nacarichthyini \u2013 acarichthys and guianacara . crenicaratini \u2013 biotoecus , crenicara , dicrossus and mazarunia . geophagini \u2013 geophagus , mikrogeophagus , \u2018 geophagus \u2018 brasiliensis group , \u2018 geophagus \u2018 steindachneri group , gymnogeophagus , satanoperca , biotodoma , apistogramma , apistogrammoides and taeniacara .\nonly once in a while , the male left the female and her fry and scooted over to the other female which took up quarters in the left corner of the tank . those visits only lasted a few seconds . this was new male apisto behavior to us . all the other apistogramma species that we bred went by the same routine of males guarding outer perimeters of the spawning area , and the females guarding their fry . the a . nijsseni pair even teamed up on intruders . we used to keep a trio of larger cory cats in that tank but the cory ' s quickly found out that most baby brine shrimp was fed in the nijsseni ' s breeding territory . we saw mom and pop many times attacking the cory cats side by side when they got to close to the young ones .\nmy wife and i were looking for a pair of a . nijsseni for a long time and couldn ' t find them anywhere . we once kept a very small female , but she didn ' t last long , and we were unable to find a mate for her . 2001 fish odyssey usually quarantines new arrivals for at least a week before selling them . that gave me enough time to go back and check the fish out after they had settled in for a while , and to get my first pick . unfortunately , only a lonely adult male a . nijsseni survived the trip , but he looked very healthy . the a . norberti looked pretty good , too . the a . cacatuoides turned out to be males only .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is a small colorful fish with a bit thicker and bulkier body than other members of the apistogramma genus . the males are the larger sex , growing to 3\n( 7 . 5 cm ) in length , while females only reach about 1 . 75\n( 4 . 5 cm ) . they can live about 2 - 5 years .\n\u2013 a weakly - supported sister group relationship between acarichthys and guianacara . \u2013 a well - supported \u201c satanoperca clade \u201d comprising satanoperca , apistogramma , apistogrammoides and taeniacara . \u2013 a \u201cbig clade \u201d with geophagus , mikrogeophagus , \u2018 geophagus \u2018 brasiliensis group , \u2018 geophagus \u2018 steindachneri group , gymnogeophagus , biotodoma , crenicara and dicrossus . \u2013 a \u201ccrenicarine clade \u201d with biotoecus and crenicichla .\nthe genus apistogramma is among the most speciose of south american cichlid genera with around 70 species valid at present but many more awaiting description . in addition many species exist in two or more geographical colour forms which may or may not turn out to be distinct in the future . hobbyists tend to label these with collection data if available in order to avoid mixing them and the potential of hybridisation .\nmember species have also been organised into a series of species lineages , complexes and groups by authors in order to better separate them . such lists have been augmented by fish that have appeared in the aquarium trade and are in a state of near - constant flux . for example the a . nijsseni group is contained within the a . trifasciata sublineage of the larger a . trifasciata lineage alongside a . arua plus the a . brevis , a . cacatuoides , a . atahualpa and a . trifasciata groups .\nthe a . nijsseni was quite aggressive towards everything that moved and took over the whole tank real fast . we thought it would be easy to find some females for him . boy , were we wrong . we couldn ' t find any females locally or per mail - order for weeks . we were ready to give up on him and move him to one of our lonely heart ' s club tanks ( most of our single specimens go into those tanks until we find a partner or new home for them . )\nit all began a few months ago ( 2000 ) with one of my weekly lunch break trips to our local fish store :\n2001 , a fish odyssey\nin timonium , md . mike and the owner kurt had just started unpacking a shipment of new arrivals when i got there . mike told me he had ordered some mixed apistos for the store ( ah , for himself and me ) and they were all in that shipment . mixed apistos in this case means you never know what you are going to get , and they are all wild caught . this time , it looked like we got lucky . after peeking in some of the bags i managed to identify some apistogramma norbertis , a . cacatuoides ( note : i thought at first that these were a . cacatuoides , but i found out much later that they were in fact a . juruensis ) and two pairs of a . nijsseni . these fish were caught in sidestreams of the lower rio ucajali , peru ( see linke & staeck ' s book south american cichlids 1 - dwarf cichlids for more info on the localities . )\nhe started to be a real nuisance for all our other apistos , that lived happily together before he arrived . then in august of last year , julio melgar announced on his website that he collected a . nijsseni on his annual trip to peru . we just had to wait to the end of his quarantine period before we could order some of them . he was kind enough to sell us two females instead of a pair . we hated to do that to him , but we were in need of females and we didn ' t need another trouble maker in our large tank .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid tends to be a bit thicker and bulkier in the body than most other dwarf , or apistogramma , cichlids . still they are very small cichlids , with the males reaching less than 3 ' ( 7 . 5 cm ) in length and the females only about 1 . 75\n( 4 . 5 cm ) . with a pair of these attractive cichlids you also get that cool cichlid personality , only in a small package . watching them share the raising of their fry is quite a sight and their small size makes them more manageable than many of the other cichlid species .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is a community fish that can be kept with non - cichlids . fish that are not large and aggressive and swim primarily close to the surface will make the best tank mates . they can also be kept with other apistogramma dwarf cichlids and will be peaceful if the male has females to tend to , though solitary males have a tendency to become aggressive . they are best kept in harem situations with one male leading a pack of 3 or 4 females . more than one male may be kept in a single aquarium as long as the aquarium is large and the males are each apportioned their own group of females .\napistogramma nijsseni is a moderately deep - bodied species with pronounced sexual dichromatism . males reach 39 . 2 mm , and females 30 . 7 mm sl in the wild . males may reach 52 mm sl in aquaria , however . both sexes have short dorsal - fin lappets and clearly rounded caudal fin . there is no evidence of a lateral band at any size , but roundish lateral and caudal spots are well evident . in females the suborbital stripe , lateral spot , and caudal spot are greatly expanded ; the suborbital stripe may cover all of the cheek and gill - cover . living males are blue on the sides . lateral and caudal spots show only faintly . dorsal and caudal fins have bright red margins . living females are yellowish with deep black suborbital stripe , lateral spot and caudal spot . cephalic lateralis pores as in a . cacatuoides , with 3 infraorbital and 5 dentary pores . anteroventral half of cheek naked . simple ( anteriorly ) and bicuspid ( posteriorly ) lower pharyngeal teeth . counts : d . xv . 7 - 8 , xvi . 6 - 7 , xvii . 6 , usually xvi . 7 ; a . iii . 6 - 7 , usually iii . 7 ; e1 row scales 22 ( rarely 23 ) ; cheek scale series 2 - 4 ; gill - rakers 1 - 2 ( de rham & kullander , 1983 ; kullander , 1986 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe original description ( kullander , 1979 ) was based on females only , showing characteristic black blotches on the sides of the head , midbody and caudal fin base . males were first reported by de rham & kullander ( 1983 ) .\nmhng 1595 . 82 . adult female , 30 . 7 mm sl . per\u00fa ( loreto ) , r . ucayali system , jenaro herrera , r . copal ,\nmarigots des tupacs\n. 18 october 1977 . p . de rham .\nrestricted to the quebrada carahuayte , a left bank tributary of the ucayali river in peru . it is known only from small streams ( quebraditas ) along the road from jenaro herrera towards colonia angamos , starting at the km 13 mark and extending to the quebrada carahuayte . lifemapper map\nthe natural habitats were described and discussed at length by de rham & kullander ( 1983 ) . the species occurs in small , shaded streams with clear , tea - brown water . recorded water data are : ph 5 . 0 - 5 . 6 , hardness less than 1 \u00b0dgh , temperatures 24 . 5 - 27 . 5 \u00b0c , conductivity 3 - 14 \u03bcs . oxygen readings gave 0 2 saturation 39 % ( after rain ) in one site , 79 . 5 % in another site . associated species occasionally included the congeneric species a . agassizii or a . eunotus\nknown only from tributaries of the r\u00edo ucayali in loreto region , northern peru including the r\u00edo carahuayte and r\u00edo yavar\u00ed .\ninhabits slow - moving blackwater streams , creeks and tributaries , as well as smaller rivers . the water these contain is typically stained dark brown with humic acids and other chemicals released by decaying organic material . this results in a negligible dissolved mineral content , and the ph can drop as low as 4 . 0 or 5 . 0 . the dense rainforest canopy above means that very little light penetrates the water surface , and the substrate is normally littered with fallen tree branches and a deep layer of rotting leaves .\nprovided adequate cover and structure is available this species is unfussy with regards to d\u00e9cor with ceramic flowerpots , lengths of plastic piping and other artificial materials all useful additions . a more natural - looking arrangement might consist of a soft , sandy substrate with wood roots and branches placed such a way that plenty of shady spots and caves are formed .\nthe addition of dried leaf litter ( beech , oak or ketapang almond leaves are all suitable ) would further emphasise the natural feel and with it bring the growth of beneficial microbe colonies as decomposition occurs . these can provide a valuable secondary food source for fry , whilst most populations will appreciate the tannins and other chemicals released by the decaying leaves . leaves can be left in the tank to break down fully or removed and replaced every few weeks . if maintaining a blackwater population a net bag filled with aquarium - safe peat can also be added to the filter or suspended over the edge of the tank .\nfairly dim lighting is recommended and plant species from genera such as microsorum , taxiphyllum , cryptocoryne and anubias are best since they will grow under such conditions . a few patches of floating vegetation to diffuse the light even further may also prove effective . filtration , or at least water flow , should not be very strong and very large water changes are best avoided with 10 - 15 % weekly adequate provided the tank is lightly - stocked .\nprimarily carnivorous and apparently feeds mostly on benthic invertebrates in nature . in the aquarium live and frozen foods such as artemia , daphnia and chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) should be offered regularly although most specimens will also learn to accept dried alternatives with pelleted products generally preferred to flake .\nsubstrate spawner which normally lays its eggs in crevices or cavities among the d\u00e9cor . the female is responsible for post - spawning care of eggs and fry and in smaller aquaria the male may need to be removed as she may become hyper - aggressive .\nthis species is assigned the code a180 under the datz system and has been available under a handful of trade names including \u2018panda dwarf cichlid\u2019 and \u2018nijssen\u2019s dwarf cichlid\u2019 .\nlater molecular studies by farias et al . ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) resulted in the additions of crenicichla and teleocichla to the geophaginae , a result supported by l\u00f3pez - fern\u00e1ndez et al . ( 2005 ) who conducted the most detailed molecular analysis of the grouping to date including 16 of the 18 genera and 30 species . however their conclusions regarding interrelationships between genera did vary somewhat from previous hypotheses and can be summarised by the following loosely - defined groups :\nno representatives of teleocichla or mazarunia were included in the study but the former is well - established as sister to crenicichla while the latter has grouped closely with dicrossus and crenicara in earlier works . the other main conclusions of the paper are confirmation that geophaginae is a monophyletic group exhibiting strong signs of having undergone rapid adaptive radiation ( diversification of a species or single ancestral type into several forms that are each adaptively specialised to a specific environmental niche ) .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nfish information for african cichlids - lake malawi , lake tanganyika , lake victoria , west african cichlids , and dwarf cichlids including cichlid care , cichlid breeding , and fish diseases .\nfish information and habitats for dwarf cichlid aquariums , includes types of cichlids like the ram cichlids , kribensis and more .\nfish information on habitats and keeping african cichlid tanks for lake victoria cichlids , mbipi rock - dwelling cichlids , east and west african cichlids , and african dwarf cichlids .\nfish information and habitats for large cichlid aquariums , types of cichlids like the parrot cichlid , firemouth cichlid , green terror , oscar , texas cichlid and more .\nfish information on the lake malawi cichlids known as the\nhaps\n, haplochromis group habitats and cichlids tanks for free - swimming types of cichlids , including the utaka .\nfish information on peacock cichlids , aulonocara types of cichlids from lake malawi , their habitats and keeping african cichlids tanks .\nfish information for south american cichlids , central american cichlids , and dwarf cichlids including cichlid care , cichlid breeding , and fish diseases for south american cichlid aquariums .\nfish information on the types of cichlids from lake tanganyika , tropheus cichlids , frontosa , goby cichlids , shelldwellers and more , habitats and cichlids tanks for tanganyika cichlids .\nlake malawi cichlids known as zebra cichlids . fish information on the mbuna cichlids , habitats , and cichlids tanks for these rock - dwelling types of cichlids .\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\n( named after the female ' s presentation of black blotches ) is one of the newer arrivals to the fish keeping hobby and as a scientifically recognized species . also known as nijssen ' s dwarf cichlid , these fish were only described as recently as 1979 by kullander and have quickly become a welcome and popular addition to many community tanks !\none notable feature of this fish is how differently colored and patterned the males are compared to the females . this is notable mostly because it is only the females of this species who sport the eponymous ' panda bear ' patterning , while the males display a broad array of colors . in addition , these cichlids are known for being excellent parents and one of the easier species of cichlids to breed . these interesting features coupled with their small size and peaceful nature make them a great choice for an advanced aquarist looking to keep a smaller community tank .\nthese fish can be kept in a community tank with non - cichlids and even with smaller fish . the best tankmates for the panda dwarf will be peaceful fish around the same size , or slightly smaller , who tend to stick to swimming towards the top of the tank . this will include many types of hatchetfish , neon tetras , zebra danios , and many others . provide a substrate of small dark gravel along with rocks and pots to create plenty of caves , one for each female ' s territory . they do enjoy densely planted aquariums and floating plants will help to diffuse the lighting . make areas for them to\ndefend\nby having natural divisions in the aquascaping .\nthis colorful dwarf is moderate to difficult to care for since water changes must be performed frequently . it does well in acidic water , needs the nitrate levels low , and the ph level must be kept within the correct parameters . a wild panda dwarf cichlid is more sensitive than a tank bred specimen and breeding wild caught specimens with captive bred helps to keep the lines healthier and the fish more hardy . if water quality is ignored , as with all cichlids , disease and death can occur . just a little dedication will reap pleasurable results from this little fish .\nnice short video showcasing a large group of both male and female panda dwarfs . they seem to be eating something on the bottom of the tank and are grouped up , giving the viewer many opportunities to compare the two sexes and see many up close views of both .\nwas described by kullander in 1979 . they are found in the amazon river basin in south america . they are only known from northern peru in the carahuayte and yavar\u00ed river drainage areas that are tributaries to the ucayali river . this species is not listed on the iucn red list . other common names they are known by are nijssen ' s dwarf cichlid and dwarf panda cichlid .\nthey live among vegetation in creeks , tributaries , backwaters and smaller rivers where they apparently feed mostly on benthic invertebrates . these black - water habitats are created by fallen tree branches and leaf litter under a forest canopy that allows little direct sunlight . these cichlids are polygamous and form harems of a dominant male and multiple females .\nthe male sports an array of colors . the basic coloration is a blue through the center area and near the dorsal fin . along the back are several black\nbackground\nblotches that extend from the head to the tail fin , with one dot right in the middle of the caudal area . they have a silvery blue sheen in between the blotches that extends down below the midline of the body in some areas . the belly is yellow as is the anal fin and most of the tail fin . the tail fin presents a progression of colors beginning with yellow , turning to a blue , then black , and ending with a red edging of the fin .\nthe females are mostly yellow with several black blotches on the body that give them the\npanda\nname . one black blotch is under her eye and extends to the lower end of the gill covering . another is in the middle front and a third at the caudal fin area in the middle , but leeching into the tail fin . the dorsal fin has a black blotch on the first several rays and the pelvic fin has black as well . her tail fin is a drab yellow / gray color with the edge trimmed in an orange / yellow color .\nall cichlids , along with some saltwater fish such as wrasses and parrotfish , share a common trait of a a well - developed pharyngeal set of teeth located in the throat , along with their regular teeth . cichlids have spiny rays in the back parts of the anal , dorsal , pectoral , and pelvic fins to help discourage predators . the front part of these fins are soft and perfect for precise positions and effortless movements in the water as opposed to fast swimming .\ncichlids have one nostril on each side while other fish have 2 sets . to sense\nsmells\nin the water , they suck water in and expel the water right back out after being\nsampled\nfor a short or longer time , depending on how much the cichlid needs to\nsmell\nthe water . this feature is shared by saltwater damselfish and cichlids are thought to be closely related .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is not a beginner fish and should should only be kept by experienced aquarists who are well versed in the issues of water chemistry . these fish are very susceptible to sudden changes as well as improper levels in the ph , hardness , and temperature of the water , they are frequent victims to disease and death brought on by changes in these water parameters . thus , it is best for their keeper be experienced in maintaining stability when performing water changes and in understanding how different aspects of the water chemistry will interact with each other . also , panda dwarf cichlids tend to be picky and uncompromising eaters . they may require spending substantial amounts of time and money simply figuring out how and when to feed them .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is a carnivore that can be fed newly hatched baby brine , frozen brine shrimp , crustaceans , insects , insect larvae , and some may eat flakes and pelleted foods . feed 2 to 5 small pinches of food a day in smaller amounts rather than a large quantity once a day . this will keep the water quality higher over a longer time . all fish benefit from vitamins and supplements added to their foods .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid needs a strict maintenance schedule to ensure survival and optimum health . water changes should be performed once a week and should only replace about 10 - 15 % of the water as large water changes are not good for this fish . before changing the water make sure to clear all viewing panes of algae and the substrate thoroughly once the algae has settled upon it . be sure to remove as much of the old organic and decomposing matter from the substrate as you can during this process .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid needs to be housed in at least a 20 gallon tank . they will only feel safe when provided with plenty of hiding places and areas where they are not visible to tank observers . this can be acheived in a number of ways , including forming caves out of rock , flowerpots , plastic tubing , and sunken driftwood , as well as keeping some floating plants for them to swim among . the substrate should be made up of a soft sand / gravel mix with hand fulls of dried leaves to give a natural feel . the leaves will help provide a comforting\nblack - water\nfeel to the tank by releasing a tea - stained coloration and will also help provide a breeding ground for beneficial microbiobial colonies . be sure to remove and replace these leaves every few days . alternatively , you can add a bag of aquarium safe peat to the filter to help simulate the\nblack - water\nenvironment without the mess of the leaves , but also without the benefit of the microbes . this peat should be removed and replace about once a week .\nthe filtration should be efficient but not powerful enough to create more than a moderate amount of water movement . the panda prefers moderate lighting preferably diffused by floating plants . plants like taxiphyllum , anubias and microsorum will grow best in that environment . patches of plants make for great areas of shade and hiding places for this little cichlid .\nsouth american cichlids tend to be less aggressive than their african cousins , but it is recommended to only keep them with other fish in a large aquarium . some acceptable tank mates are ; characin species like the cardinal tetras and the three - line pencilfish , otocinclus catfish and corydoras like the julii cory , glowlight rasbora ( hengel ' s ) , dwarf gourami , kuhli loach , and dwarf ( neon ) rainbowfish . do not keep coryadoras catfish with breeding pairs , since they will eat the fry .\nmales are larger and have more of a blue sheen to their body , with some reds and a yellow belly . the smaller females are yellow with black blotches .\nthe panda dwarf cichlids are cave spawners . they appreciate upturned flowerpots , fake\ncoconut caves ,\nbogwood , and broad leafed plants for cover and as spawning sites . they require breeding conditions of a ph of 6 . 0 to 6 . 5 , a water hardness of 5 - 8 dh , and a temperature of 79\u00b0 to 84\u00b0 f ( 26\u00b0 - 29\u00b0 c ) with frequent water changes .\nthey should be kept in a harem of one male to at least 3 females . the female will approach the male , curve her body , and display to catch his attention . when he sees her , he will then\ndance\nby flashing his fins . the female will lay oval eggs on the roof surface of her cave . the male will fertilize them and then promptly leave the cave to patrol on the outside .\nthe female and male will care for the eggs which will hatch in for 3 to 4 days , depending on water temperature . the fry are free swimming a few days after hatching . both parents will guard the fry together and watch over them carefully . after a month the female will chase them out of her territory . the male will continue to watch them for one more week and then they are on their own . if there are several females , the male may fertilize another female ' s eggs and let her care for them on her own . this depends also on the males personality , as to which batch of fry he will tend to . note : do not keep the fry in the same aquarium with corydoras as they tend to eat live fry during the night .\nthe fry can be fed liquid foods and rotifers once they are free swimming and then fed artemia anuplii or live freshly hatched baby brine shrimp after about a week or two . the fry should be fed around 3 times a day . sexing the fry is pretty easy since males have the red in their tail fin and the females are yellow .\nif you are interested in obtaining more of one sex than the other , a system that works for the cockatoo cichlid may work for the panda dwarf cichlid as well . it has been stated that for the cockatoo cichlid if the water temperature is low ( 68\u00b0 f or 20\u00b0 c ) most of the fry will be females , while with higher temperatures ( 86\u00b0 f or 30\u00b0 c ) the fry will mostly be male . ph also plays a role in the sex of the fry , but to a much lesser extent . these conditions must also be kept constant for the first 3 weeks to be effective . see more about cichlid breeding in : breeding freshwater fish : cichlids .\nthe panda dwarf cichlids are susceptible to typical fish ailments , especially if water is stale and of poor quality and oxygenation . be aware of the following diseases that are found in the amazon ( per fishbase . org ) : parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) including white spot disease known as ich ( ichthyobodo infection ) , costia disease , flatworms ( metacercaria infection ) , cestoda infestation ( tapeworms ) , metacercaria infection ( flatworms ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , bacterial diseases , and turbidity of the skin ( freshwater fish ) . one common problem is ich . it can be treated with the elevation of the tank temperature to 86\u00b0 f ( 30\u00b0 c ) for 3 days .\nas with most fish the nijssen ' s dwarf cichlids are prone to skin flukes and other parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , fungal infections , and bacterial infections . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nanything that is added to the tank can introduce harmful bacteria or chemicals to the system . thus , it is recommended that whenever you add anything to the tank , you should take steps to first either quarantine or clean the new addition .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is often available online and is moderately expensive , with a pair being more . they are a rare find in fish stores , but can usually be special ordered if you are willing to wait .\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 2 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1993\njorg vierke , dwarf cichlids , t . f . h publications , inc . , 1979\nglen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005\nrichard f . stratton , the guide to owning cichlids , t . f . h . publications , inc . , 2002\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nthe males are larger and have greyish blue coloured body with red edged tail . the females are smaller with yellow body with black spots and red edged tail .\npanda dwarf cichlids are cave breeders that are best bred in a ph of 5 . 5 , at higher ph ' s eggs are unlikely to hatch and there will be a low survival rate . it is said that warmer temperatures over 26\u00b0c ( 78 . 8\u00b0f ) will give more males than females . they make excellent parents towards their eggs and fry .\nthese dwarf cichlids are best kept in either a male / female pair or one male with several females . more than one male may fight over territory . they are generally peaceful towards other tank mates , although very small fish and other species fry are likely to be eaten . do not keep with very boisterous fish nor with fin - nippers .\nand / or rocks with many hiding places . dark sand or gravel could be used as substrate . leaf litter is advisable . dim lighting and / or floating plants (\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 01 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as data deficient because it is known only from the type locality and there are no data on population size and trends .\nthis species is endemic to peru , where its type locality is the copal river , in jenaro herrera , ucayali river system , loreto ( kullander 1979 ) . the elevation is 130 m .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for this species . it is not present in protected areas . research is needed to better determine its distribution and population size and trends and the threats that may be affecting it .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the\ncomment form . this profile was written by rookiefishkeepers active contributors to the site .\na peaceful dwarf cichlid that prefers planted tanks with some driftwood . water quality is paramount as this species requires very good filtration and quality environment . not an\neasy\nfish to keep .\nsouth america : amazon river basin , in the carahuayte river drainage , a tributary to the ucayali river .\nmales are larger with blue coloration on their flanks and a red - tipped caudal fin . females have a more panda - like color scheme , showing yellow as the base color with large blotches of black in a ' camouflage ' style pattern . females have a lighter red - tipped caudal .\nthis is one of the more difficult to keep of the apistos . they have very demanding water qualities that must be met , otherwise the fish will not fair well . prefers a tank with lots of plants and bogwood . rock formations will provide extra cover and may serve as a spawning site for mature fish . this species does not fare well in dirty water , so frequent water changes and good filtration are necessary for survival ! more peaceful than the larger components of their cichlidae family , but may exhibit cichlid - like aggression when breeding .\nomnivorous . will likely take dry foods , in which case a good quality cichlid pellet should be fed as staple . feed live or frozen foods regularly , too . variety is vital , as is dietary balance - vegetable foods should be fed occasionally too ( vegetable or spirulina flakes , or small pieces of cucumber ) .\ncave spawner , soft , acidic water is vital for breeding the panda dwarf cichlid . keep one male with a harem of females ( a trio is ideal in smaller tanks ) . females will hold their own small territories , whilst male ' s territory is the entire tank ( or at least 24\nif more than one male is kept in a larger tank ) . female will guard fry whilst male defends his larger territory .\nprivacy policy | contact badman ' s tropical fish copyright \u00a9 all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is forbidden without written permission .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin black - water creeks among vegetation ( ref . 42573 ) . female guards eggs in nest ; male and female guard larvae ( ref . 42573 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\njulio sent us two beautiful juvenile females in september . they were added to the tank and we were anxious to see how our male would react . we hoped that the presence of females would help calm his aggression towards the other fish .\nthe females settled in nicely and eagerly ate the offerings of live baby brine shrimp and various frozen foods . the male didn ' t even noticed them at first and went strictly about his business of harassing everybody .\nthen , one morning we noticed that our male changed his body color from a muddy brown tone to a light brown bluish with a bronze belly . the bigger of the two females also showed signs of breeding coloration : a bright yellow body color with intense dark black markings . she was swimming around the male , bit him once or twice in the flank , bending her body in a u - shape and turned her belly towards him . this behavior didn ' t last very long til both disappeared in the thick plant cover in the middle of the tank .\nthe pair totally disappeared for days , which the other inhabitants didn ' t mind at all . the only sightings of them was during feedings . they darted out of the plants for a quick bite , and went straight back . we knew something was going on , but we didn ' t expect too much from this since it would have been the females first spawn .\nthen , one sunday morning i heard my wife yell\ni see babies , come look .\ni ran downstairs to the tank and she pointed to a little peephole in the plants . yeeha , there were at least twenty fry swimming around the male and female . our first successful spawn of a . nijssenni .\nwe quickly squirted some live baby brine shrimp into the area and watched the fry bellies become bright orange , while mom and pop kept a watchful eye on them . the amazing thing , was that the male stayed with the female and her fry the whole time and she didn ' t made any attempts of chasing him away .\nunfortunately , those cats liked to munch on the fry too , and were traded in for pencil fish . we learned that lesson the hard way . a month later another amazing thing happened , the female chased all the fry out of her territory and the male ( ! ) started to take care of the fry . he kept them together in the front of the tank and would not let anybody near them . any fry that swam back to the female was chased away by her . the males guarding behavior lasted only for a week , and then the juveniles were on their own . we were finally able to count our juveniles , there were 9 - males and 4 females that had survived the cory attacks . the male went back into the plants with the female , and it only took another week until we saw a new batch of fry being guarded by mom and pop again .\n: aquaclear 500 with sponge and peat filled filter bag . note : i no longer use chemical filtration in any of my tanks . water changes do the trick for me : 25 % biweekly for my community tank . 50 % biweekly for my breeding and growout tanks . i use aged and peat filtered md tapwater . emperor 400 w . 0 . 5l siporax , sponge and two bio wheels .\nco2 injection : 10 lbs co2 bottle with dupla regulator , needle valve , timer , controlled solenoid valve . monster marine atomizer j 30 ( the highest quality we ' ve seen in co2 diffusers )"]}
{"id": 838, "summary": [{"text": "the tacarcuna wood quail ( odontophorus dialeucos ) is a species of bird in the family odontophoridae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in colombia and panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tacarcuna wood quail", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for tacarcuna wood - quail ( odontophorus dialeucos ) yet .\n1994 ) . however , these threats are probably not yet factors within this species ' s altitudinal range . completion of the pan - american highway link through dari\u00e9n could lead to severe , long - term damage to forest on the tacarcuna ridge\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n24 cm . plump , brown - and - white forest partridge . brown upperparts vermiculated black . more buffy on hindneck . black crown and crest lightly spotted white . white supercilium , throat and chest with black band on lower throat . rest of underparts buff - brown mottled black .\nthe very small range of this species renders it susceptible to stochastic events and human activities , and hence the species qualifies as vulnerable .\nthe population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 individuals . this equates to 6 , 667 - 13 , 333 mature individuals , rounded here to 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : hunting and habitat loss and fragmentation are not yet major issues in this species ' s altitudinal range ; therefore it is suspected that the population is stable within its small range .\nmap remaining habitat and assess the extent and rate of encroaching habitat loss . when the security situation permits , conduct a complete population and distributional survey to assess its status . study the species ' s habitat preferences . assess the impact of completion of the pan - american highway . improve active protection of dari\u00e9n national park . protect occupied habitat in colombia .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : odontophorus dialeucos . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 238 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerican ornithologists ' union ' s\nlist of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area\n( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2005 . 05 . 23 , website ( version 23 - may - 05 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 839, "summary": [{"text": "the pincushion ray or thorny freshwater stingray ( dasyatis ukpam ) is a little-known species of stingray in the family dasyatidae , found in the rivers and lakes of west and middle africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "a heavy-bodied ray measuring up to 1.2 m ( 4 ft ) across , this species can be distinguished by its rounded pectoral fin disk , reduced or absent stinging tail spine , and \u2014 in adults \u2014 numerous stout thorns covering its back and tail .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "in lieu of a long tail spine as in other stingrays , the pincushion ray employs these thorny denticles in defense .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "seldom encountered since it was originally described , this species has been assessed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pincushion ray", "paragraphs": ["distortion correction , e . g . for pincushion distortion correction , s - correction\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\npincushion ray\n.\na warm day , a mass of blooming pincushion daisy exudes a pleasant aroma . the pompom\ndistortion correction , e . g . for pincushion distortion correction , s - correction using active elements\na principal object of the invention is to provide a novel top / bottom pincushion correction circuit .\nautomated and accurate assessment of the distribution , magnitude , and direction of pincushion distortion in angiographic images .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - pincushion ray facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\ngamma - ray photon interacts and deposits energy . when a gamma - ray interacts in a material , there are two principal possible interactions as depicted in\nthe pincushion ray or thorny freshwater stingray ( dasyatis ukpam ) is a little - known species of stingray in the family dasyatidae , found in the rivers and lakes of west africa .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , pincushion ray or thorny freshwater stingray urogymnus ukpam ( smith , 1863 ) . pp . 353 - 354 , tab . 8 . 101 .\nnotes on a movement of young banded stilts . ray garstone and brian jefferies .\nthis invention relates to a beam deflector for use with a cathode ray tube .\n) that typical gamma - ray interactions generate a large number of charge carriers .\nmeng lj . an intensified emccd camera for low energy gamma ray imaging applications .\npincushion distortion as used herein refers to the inward bowing of a rectangular display on the fluorescent screen of the cathode ray tube including such distortion of the horizontal trace lines due to nonuniform vertical deflection .\nmehta d , chand b , singh s , garg m , singh n , cheema t , trehan p . x - ray and gamma - ray intensity measurements in\nanother object of the present invention is to provide an improved cathode ray tube apparatus having two electron beam deflection systems in which pincushion distortion is eliminated from the beam displays in a simple and inexpensive manner .\nanger ho . use of a gamma - ray pinhole camera for in vivo studies .\nautomated and accurate assessment of the distribution , magnitude , and direction of pincushion distortion in angiographic images . - pubmed - ncbi\npincushion millipedes ( diplopoda : polyxenida ) : their aggregations and identity in western australia . by l . e . koch .\nit is a further object of this invention to more efficiently deflect an electron beam while , simultaneously , overcoming pincushion distortion .\nwith the above - described arrangement , separate controls control the three characteristics of the pincushion correction signals applied to multiplier 66 , that is , the amplitude , phase and tilt of the ramp and separate pincushion correction signals are available for independent top and bottom correction . since the controls are not interactive , fast and accurate correction of top and bottom pincushion raster distortion are possible .\nnotes on nesting of gull - billed terns ( gelochelidon nilotica ) . by ray garstone .\nluke pn , eissler ee . performance of cdznte coplanar - grid gamma - ray detectors .\nfacts summary : the pincushion ray ( urogymnus ukpam ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nfishes\nand found in the following area ( s ) : gabon , nigeria , republic of congo .\npetals on pincushion daisy are small and inconspicuous , but what the blooms lack in body , they make up for in fragrance .\nanother object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for independently correcting a raster for top and bottom pincushion distortion .\nmarshall f - h , coltman jw , hunter lp . the photomultiplier x - ray detector .\nwith modern . compact , cathode ray tubes having large deflection angles , a problem of pincushion distortion has been encountered in attempts to accurately display information on the cathode ray tube . this problem has been substantialy lessened by the addition of capacitance in the deflection winding circuit to alter the substantially linear ramp of current into an s shape .\npincushion distortion continues to be a potential problem for the accurate assessment of arterial and catheter dimensions from x - ray angiograms . the authors investigate whether the distortion of state - of - the - art intensifiers is yet small enough to be neglected , and whether the rotation / angulation of the x - ray system plays a significant role .\nsaid deflection winding being positioned in spaced relation to said cathode ray tube for deflecting said electron beam .\nshows the flood histogram of one lyso crystal array of the module . all 64 crystals are clearly identifiable . a pincushion effect is evident from the figure , which is due to nonlinearity caused by the resistive sheet in the psapd . a correction method for this pincushion effect has been proposed in\na further object of the invention is to provide an improved cathode ray tube having two pairs of vertical deflection plates in which an auxiliary deflection plate is employed between the two pairs of plates forwardly of their output ends in order to correct pincushion distortion .\ngiven the aforementioned facts , we ignore insignificant sources of distortion and assume that the uneven gantry sag between the frontal x - ray system and the lateral x - ray system is the only reason accounting for the isocenter offset . by this assumption , we define the imaging geometry as one x - ray system in fixed position with a shift equal to the amount of the isocenter offset in the other x - ray system . figure\naugustine fl . multiplexed readout electronics for imaging spectroscopy of high - energy x - ray and gamma photons .\nbarrett hh , eskin jd , barber hb . charge transport in arrays of semiconductor gamma - ray detectors .\nbell ro , entine g , serreze hb . time - dependent polarization of cdte gamma - ray detectors .\npatt be , beyerle ag , dolin rc , ortale c . developments in mercuric iodide gamma ray imaging .\nas shown in fig . 5a , a rectangular display produced by the upper electron beam passing through vertical deflection plates 30 may be formed with pincushion distortion 94 in its top edge as well as pincushion distortion 96 in its bottom edge due to the nonuniform vertical deflection of the electron beam at the outer extremities of the horizontal sweep . by properly adjusting the voltage on the wallband electrode 88 with variable resistor 92 , the pincushion distortion on the upper edge 94 of such display may be corrected to a straight line 94 ' as shown in fig . 5b . in a single beam cathode ray tube this would also correct the pincushion distortion 96 at the bottom of the display . however in a cathode ray tube having two separate deflection systems as shown on fig . 1 , the wallband electrode pincushion correction does not compensate for the pincushion distortion 96 at the bottom of the display formed by such upper beam . thus as shown in fig . 5b , the pincushion distortion 96 still exists in the bottom edge of the display and there is also some slight distortion 98 in the centerline of the display . the auxiliary deflection plate 44 corrects the pincushion distortions 96 and 98 and results in a final display in which the bottom edge 96 ' and the centerline 98 ' are both straight horizontal lines so that such display is entirely free of pincushion distortion as shown in fig . 5c . it should be noted that the vertical deflection systems are so designed that each deflects its electron beam over the full vertical height of the screen . therefore a similar display to figs . 5a , 5b and 5c is produced by the lower beam except that the pincushion distortion 96 and 98 corrected by the auxiliary deflection plate in this case is reversed and produced on the upper half of the trace while the pincushion distortion 94 corrected by the wallband is on the bottom of the trace .\na further object of the invention is to provide an improved top / bottom pincushion correction circuit that enables rapid and accurate raster correction on the crt .\ncathode - ray oscilloscopes ; oscilloscopes using other screens than crt ' s , e . g . lcd ' s\n2 . the electromagnetic deflection system of claim 1 , further comprising : a cathode ray tube for generating said electron beam ; said deflection winding being positioned in spaced relation to said cathode ray tube for deflecting said electron beam .\ndespite all of the above mentioned solutions in the field of gamma - ray detection as discussed above , there is a strong need for increasing the read - out frequency of the measured scintillations in order to be able to use similar techniques in dr and ct and other applications with rapid arrival of x - ray or gamma - ray photons . advances in systems are therefore strongly desired requiring high - speed and highly - sensitive x - ray detectors .\n] . due to the absence of pincushion distortion in modern x - ray image intensifiers , each projection point should intersect with its corresponding epipolar line , when no system distortion is present . however , due to the presence of the isocenter offset , the projection of reference point\nswitch means for selectively activating said adjustment means for independently controlling pincushion correction of the top and bottom portions of said raster with said two correction signals , respectively .\nthe rusty - tailed flyeater , a new species from queensland . by ray garstone and r . e . johnstone .\nfurenlid lr , clarkson e , marks dg , barrett hh . spatial pileup considerations for pixellated gamma - ray detectors .\nthe distortion is highly dependent upon the actual spatial position of the image intensifier , and correcting for pincushion distortion may therefore introduce larger errors than leaving the measurements uncorrected .\nyellow pincushion . chaenactis glabriuscula dc . var . tenuifolia ( nutt . ) hall ; c . tenuifolia nutt . \u2022 ma . wool waste , roadsides , fields .\narrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the ray or beam , e . g . electron - optical arrangement\nwhen pincushion distortion occurs in cathode ray tubes having large deflection angles , the amplitude of the sinusoidal current flowing in the deflection winding is adjusted and coordinated with the trace portion of the current waveform so that the current waveform flowing in the deflection winding during the trace period is substantially s shaped .\nmagnetic deflection is normally used in cathode ray tubes such as television picture tubes or the like having an electric gun provided to emit electrons toward a fluorescent screen . it is the common practice to deflect an electron beam in a cathode ray tube by a deflection yoke provided around the neck portion of the cathode ray tube . the deflection yoke has a coil portion wound to have a uniform thickness so as to produce a uniform magnetic field deflecting the electron beam in the cathode ray tube . the uniform magnetic field provides a good beam - focusing performance ; however , it tends to cause picture distortion at and near the edges of the screen of the cathode ray tube . in order to correct the picture distortion , the deflection yoke has another coil portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness so as to produce a pincushion magnetic field for deflecting the electron beam in the cathode ray tube . however , the pincushion magnetic field tends to degrade the beam - focusing performance . therefore , the conventional beam deflector cannot correct the picture distortion to a sufficient degree without the significant sacrifice of the beam - focusing performance .\nstill another object of the present invention is to provide an improved cathode ray tube apparatus of the type described above in which the auxiliary deflection plate is connected to a control circuit which produces a correction signal in response to the horizontal sweep signal of such tube in order to automatically correct for pincushion distortion .\nin cathode ray tubes having a single electron beam , it is conventional to correct pincushion distortion by varying the voltage on a wallband electrode coated on the inner surface of the tube envelope and positioned between the output ends of the vertical deflection plates and the fluorescent screen . however in cathode ray tubes having two beams and associated deflection systems , conventional correction of pincushion distortion isnot effective with respect to the bottom portion of the upper beam trace or the top portion of the lower beam trace . this lack of effectiveness is due to the orientation of the two beams as they pass through the field formed by the wallband electrode .\nszeles c , soldner sa , vydrin s , graves j , bale ds . cdznte semiconductor detectors for spectroscopic x - ray imaging .\nbackground of invention the subject matter of the present invention relates generally to electron beam tubes having two beams and associated deflection systems , and in particular to cathode ray tubes having two deflection systems in which an auxiliary deflection plate is positioned between the two pairs of vertical deflection plates at their outputs in order to correct pincushion distortion .\npebble pincushion is a common component of desert vegetation communities in washes and other gravelly and rocky soils . around las vegas , look for this species in washes at lake mead and death valley .\nhunter w , barrett hh , furenlid lr . calibration method for ml estimation of 3d interaction position in a thick gamma - ray detector .\nshah ks , farrell r , grazioso r , harmon es , karplus e . position - sensitive avalanche photodiodes for gamma - ray imaging .\nflowers : flowers in heads at the tip of flower stalks ; white , disk flowers only ( no ray flowers ) ; blooms during spring .\nmeng lj , tan jw , spartiotis k , schulman t . preliminary evaluation of a novel energy - resolved photon - counting gamma ray detector .\ncompagno , l . j . v . 1988 . the birth of a manta ray ? underwater 1988 ( 2nd quarter ) : 19 , ill .\nyellow pincushion is a native of chaparral and woodlands of the peninsular ranges of baja california , mexico . surprisingly , it is known in new england from collections in massachusetts , where it is unlikely to persist .\nhe z , li w , knoll gf , wehe dk , berry j , stahle cm . 3 - d position sensitive cdznte gamma - ray spectrometers .\nschmid gj , beckedahl da , kammeraad je , blair jj , vetter k , kuhn a . gamma - ray compton camera imaging with a segmented hpge .\nthe location and degree of distortion from x - ray images of a centimeter grid , which is positioned against the input screen of the image intensifier , are assessed automatically using image processing techniques . a value for the maximum amount of change in the distortion vector field is derived that allows the estimation of the maximum relative error associated with a diameter measurement uncorrected for pincushion distortion .\nswitch means for selectively activating both said first and said third adjustment means , and both said second and said fourth adjustment means , respectively , for independently controlling pincushion correction of the top and bottom portions of said raster .\nfiorini c , longoni a , perotti f . new detectors for [ gamma ] - ray spectroscopy and imaging , based on scintillators coupled to silicon drift detectors .\nthere is provided , in accordance with the invention , a beam deflector for deflecting an electron beam in a cathode ray tube having a screen and a neck portion positioned in rear of the screen . the beam deflector comprises a deflection coil provided around the neck portion of the cathode ray tube for producing a deflecting magnetic field . the deflection coil has a front end close to the screen , a first portion wound except for the front end to produce a uniform magnetic field and a second portion wound at the front end to produce a pincushion magnetic field .\nblank - unblank means for allowing said electron beam to reach the face of said cathode ray tube during a substantially s shaped portion of the waveform of said sinusoidal current and inhibiting the electron beam from reaching the face of said cathode ray tube during another portion . of the waveform of said sinusoidal current flowing in said deflection winding .\nbaciak je , he z , devito rp . electron trapping variations in single - crystal pixelated hgi < sub > 2 < / sub > gamma - ray spectrometers .\nbarrett hh , hunter wcj , miller bw , moore sk , chen y , furenlid lr . maximum - likelihood methods for processing signals from gamma - ray detectors .\nnagarkar vv , gupta tk , miller sr , klugerman y , squillante mr , entine g . structured csi ( tl ) scintillators for x - ray imaging applications .\nmoreover , background x - ray scintillation detectors respond to the total amount of light collected on each pixel during a exposure time which may be very long , around 0 . 1 s . this causes several problems . first , there is a randomness , called swank noise , due to the variable amount of light , arising in large part from the random x - ray energy . second , there is a loss of spatial resolution because the light from one x - ray photon can spread to multiple pixels . third , x - ray photons of different energy are attenuated differently as they pass through the patient ' s body , leading to image defects in ct referred to as beam - hardening artifacts . therefore , with the background art it is not possible to take advantage of the information provided by the x - ray photons for optimal diagnosis .\nthese and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon reading the following description in conjunction with the drawing , the single figure of which is a combined block and schematic diagram of the pincushion correction circuit of the invention .\nas is well - known in the television art , the raster or deflection pattern produced on a spherical face of a cathode ray tube ( crt ) suffers pincushion distortion as the center of deflection of the electron beam deviates from the center of curvature of the screen . with non - spherically faced crt ' s , the effect of pincushion distortion is more pronounced . trapezoidal and other types of distortion are also introduced if the yoke ( deflection winding structure ) is not accurately positioned on the neck of the crt . compounding the problem , is the multi - gun shadow mask type of crt which requires that the plural beams from the electron guns converge at the phosphor target for color purity . the distortion correction circuits of the prior art add appropriate currents to the deflection yokes for straightening the top / bottom , and left and right sides of the scanned raster . as will be apparent to those skilled in the art , the yoke structure itself may be designed to compensate for a portion of the pincushion error . it is common to incorporate a combination of mechanical correction in the yoke with electrical pincushion correction circuitry .\na cathode ray tube having two electron beams and associated deflection systems is described in which an auxiliary deflection plate is employed between two pairs of vertical deflection plates at their outputs to correct pincushion distortion . a correction signal is produced by a control circuit and applied to the auxiliary deflection plate in response to a ramp voltage input corresponding to the horizontal sweep signal . the correction signal is a positive going peak shaped voltage so that the auxiliary deflection plate tends to vertically deflect the beams away from such plate at both the start and end of the horizontal sweep signal to correct pincushion distortion while not deflecting such beam appreciatively at the center of such sweep signal .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , porcupine ray urogymnus asperrimus ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) . pp . 352 - 353 , tab . 8 . 100 .\n) . however , the intrinsic resolution can be improved significantly when operating in a \u201cphoton - counting\u201d mode in which each frame is processed to identify signal clusters arising from individual gamma - ray / x - ray interactions and to estimate the centroids of these clusters . this approach has been demonstrated to yield intrinsic spatial resolutions down to ~ 50 \u03bcm fwhm (\ngeneral : pebble pincushion ( chaenactis carphoclinia ) is an annual forb with with highly dissected basal leaves and several flowering stalks . there may be several white flowers on each stalk . flowers are\nsunflower - type without petals\n( rayless ) .\n, photoelectric absorption and compton scatter . in photoelectric absorption , the gamma - ray photon excites a core electron of one of the atomic constituents of the detector material with the gamma - ray energy dividing between the binding energy of the core electron before excitation and its kinetic energy as it propagates after excitation . the gamma - ray energy lost to the binding energy is left in the form of an empty core hole that relaxes and contributes to the signal via the emission ( and reabsorption ) of a secondary x - ray , a cascade of auger electrons , excitation of vibrations , or combinations thereof . in compton scatter , the gamma - ray interacts with a loosely bound electron and deflects from its original path , in the process conveying some of its energy and momentum to the electron . both the compton - scattered photon and resulting electron continue to propagate and undergo further interactions in the converter material .\nif the energy of the gamma - ray photon is above 1 . 1 mev , which is rare for spect , a third interaction becomes possible , namely the conversion of the photon into an electron and positron in a process known as pair production . within the 30 kev \u2013 250 kev energy range of most spect studies , the energy deposition generally occurs in a cascade with zero , one , or two compton scatters followed by one terminal photoelectric absorption . however , there are a number of mechanisms by which less than the total gamma - ray energy can be deposited in the converter . among the most common are compton - escape , where either the scattered gamma ray or the compton electron leaves the converter material , or escape of the secondary x - ray following photoelectric absorption . these losses are more likely to occur when the gamma - ray interacts close to one of the faces of the detector material .\nit is apparent from the foregoing that the beam deflector of the invention includes a deflection coil 25 which produces a deflecting magnetic field to deflect the electron beam in the cathode ray tube . the deflection coil has a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness substantially over the full length of the deflection coil so as to produce a uniform magnetic field when energized and a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness only at the front end of the deflection coil so as to produce a pincushion magnetic field . thus , the electron beam emitted from the electron gun toward the screen is subject first to the influence of the uniform magnetic field produced by the first portion of the deflection coil and then to the influence of the pincushion magnetic field produced by the second portion of the deflection coil . under the influence of the uniform magnetic field , the electron beam is deflected without any shape deformation . the pincushion magnetic field is effective to correct the picture distortion caused by the influence of the uniform magnetic field . the pincushion magnetic field tends to deform the shape of the electron beam . the degree to which the electron beam is deformed is dependent on the distance of the screen from the position at which the electron beam is subject to the influence of the pincushion magnetic field . since the second portion is positioned only at the front end of the deflection coil , that is , at a position as close to the screen of the cathode ray tube as possible , the deflection coil of the invention is effective to correct the picture distortion to a sufficient extent and maintain the beam - focusing performance without significant in focusing sacrifice .\na ) schematic representation of the compton - scatter interaction in which a gamma - ray photon transfers part of its energy to an a outer - shell electron ( e \u03b3 > e \u03b3 \u2019 ) . b ) schematic representation of a photoelectric interaction in which a gamma ray transfers all of its energy to the binding energy and residual kinetic energy of a core electron .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , ribbontailed stingray , bluespotted ribbontail or fantail ray taeniura lymma ( forsskael , 1775 ) . p . 352 , tab . 8 . 99 .\nmiller bw , barrett hh , furenlid lr , barber hb , hunter rj . recent advances in bazookaspect : real - time data processing and the development of a gamma - ray microscope .\nzentai g , schieber m , partain l , pavlyuchkova r , proano c . large area mercuric iodide and lead iodide x - ray detectors for medical and non - destructive industrial imaging .\nfig . 4 shows a diagram representing the steps of a method to calculate or estimate positions and the energy of an x - ray interaction according to another aspect of the present invention .\nthe horizontal deflection coil 13 has a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness on the cylindrical rear portion , as shown in fig . 7 . this first portion will produce a uniform magnetic field in the cathode ray tube , as shown in fig . 9 . although such a uniform magnetic field is effective to provide a good beam - focusing performance , it will cause picture distortion on and near the edge of the screen of the cathode ray tube . in order to correct the picture distortion , the horizontal deflection coil 13 has a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness on the diverging front portion , as shown in fig . 8 . this second portion will produce a pincushion magnetic field in the cathode ray tube , as shown in fig . 10 . however , the pincushion magnetic field will produce forces to deform the electron beam into a squeezed shape so as to degrade the beam - focusing performance . for this reason , the prior art deflection yoke cannot correct the picture distortion to a sufficient degree without the significant sacrifice of the beam - focusing performance .\nthis invention is related to application ser . no . 001 , 060 , filed 1 / 6 / 87 ( d5585 ) , entitled error signal cancellation for top / bottom pincushion correction circuit , in the name of kirk oliver and assigned to zenith electronics corporation .\nrobins cr , ray gc , and j douglas . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes . the peterson field guide series . houghton mifflin co . , boston . 354 p .\nan individual x - ray or gamma - ray interacting within the scintillator gives rise to many optical photons emitted isotropically , resulting in signals in multiple pixels . despite this signal spread , ccd - and cmos - based detector systems can offer excellent intrinsic spatial resolution ( ~ 250 \u03bcm ) even in integrating mode where the projection image is formed by simply summing the signals from individual frames (\nshah ks , glodo j , klugerman m , moses ww , derenzo se , weber mj . labr < sub > 3 < / sub > : ce scintillators for gamma - ray spectroscopy .\nglobal energy spectrum for both arrays used in the analysis . the asymmetry in the photopeak is due to x - ray escape . a gaussian was fit to the right side of the photopeak .\n1 . a beam deflector for deflecting an electron beam in a cathode ray tube having a screen , a neck portion positioned at a rear of said screen , and a divergent , transition portion between said neck portion and said screen , said beam deflector comprising a deflection coil provided around said neck portion and said transition portion of said cathode ray tube for producing a deflecting magnetic field , said deflection coil having a first portion of uniform thickness wound on said neck portion and on said transition portion to produce a uniform magnetic field and a second portion of non - uniform thickness wound at front end of said deflection coil close to said screen to produce a pincushion magnetic field .\nbutler aph , anderson ng , tipples r , cook n , watts r , meyer j , bell aj , melzer tr , butler ph . bio - medical x - ray imaging with spectroscopic pixel detectors .\n3 . a beam deflector for deflecting an electron beam in a cathode ray tube having a screen , a neck portion positioned behind said screen , and a divergent transition portion between said neck portion and said screen , said beam deflector comprising a deflection yoke mounted around said neck portion and said transition portion of said cathode ray tube , said deflection yoke including a bobbin having a deflection coil wound thereon for producing a deflecting magnetic field in said neck portion and said transition portion , said bobbin having a front end close to said screen and a front flange formed at said front end of said bobbin , said deflection coil having a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness on said bobbin at said neck portion and said transition portion of said cathode ray tube to produce a uniform magnetic field and a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness on said front flange close to said screen so as to produce a pincushion magnetic field .\nunited states patent hawes 1 june 13 , 1972 [ 54 ] cathode ray tube having 3 , 416 , 731 12 / 1968 matzen . . 315 / 13 c0 auxiliary deflection plate to 3 , 023 , 336 2 / 1962 frenkel . . 315 / 276 1 ) correct pincushion distortion foreign patents or appllcatlqns [ 72 ] lnventor : james d . l - lawes , portland , greg . 1 023 887 3 / 1966 great britain [ 73 ] assignee : tektronix , lnc . , beaverton , oreg .\nhannah enjoyed being in the field early on in her career , conducting research on hermit , horseshoe and blue crabs , pincushion sea stars , abalone , invasive mussels , and shyshark parasites . she gained experience collecting data at sea , monitoring the health of marine resources with noaa\u2019s spring bottom trawl survey .\nbiplane cineradiography is a potentially powerful tool for precise measurement of intracardiac dimensions . the most systematic approach to these measurements is the creation of a three - dimensional coordinate system within the x - ray field . using this system , interpoint distances , such as between radiopaque clips or coronary artery bifurcations , can be calculated by use of the pythagoras theorem . alternatively , calibration factors can be calculated in order to determine the absolute dimensions of a structure , such as a ventricle or coronary artery . however , cineradiography has two problems that have precluded widespread use of the system . these problems are pincushion distortion and variable image magnification . in this paper , methodology to quantitate and compensate for these variables is presented . the method uses radiopaque beads permanently mounted in the x - ray field . the position of the bead images on the x - ray film determine the compensation factors . using this system , measurements are made with a standard deviation of approximately 1 % of the true value .\n) . these detectors consist of needle - like crystals that are grown together . the small size of the individual crystals ( down to ~ 10 \u03bcm ) can provide good intrinsic spatial resolution , as they provide a natural means of channeling the scintillation light , but the thickness of such arrays has been limited ( \u22643 mm ) , such that to date they have found use primarily in low - energy gamma - ray and x - ray applications .\nother critical factors characterizing scintillator performance are proportionality and the timing characteristics of the scintillation light output . in principle , the mean number of scintillation photons should be strictly proportional to the energy of the absorbed gamma ray , and deviation from this ideal relationship is termed non - proportionality . recent advances in understanding this phenomenon focus on variations in the local exciton density , as caused by a material - specific secondary ionization pattern as a function of primary electron energy , and thereby a varying probability of exciton - exciton annihilation ( cherepy et al . , 2009 ; payne et al . , 2009 ) . a consequence is that an event in which an incident gamma ray undergoes a photoelectric interaction immediately will result in a different amount of light than one in which the gamma ray first undergoes a compton scattering and then a photoelectric interaction of the secondary photon , even if the total gamma ray energy deposited is the same .\ncarini ga , wei c , de geronimo g , gaskin ja , keister jw , zheng l , ramsey bd , rehak p , siddons dp . performance of a thin - window silicon drift detector x - ray fluorescence spectrometer .\nas shown in f ig . 7 the input ramp voltage 70 varies linearly from + 2 . 5 volts to 2 . 5 volts maximum negative peak value while the peaked correction signal 72 changes from a starting voltage of + 70 volts up a positive slope to a positive peak voltage of + 120 volts at the center of the ramp voltage 70 and then returns down a negative slope to + 70 volts . as a result , maximum pincushion correction deflection of the beam away from the auxiliary deflection plate takes place at most negative correction voltage adjacent the opposite ends of the horizontal sweep whereas the minimum or zero correction deflection takes place at the center of such sweep . this is proper because as shown in fig . 58 , maximum pincushion distortion occurs at the opposite ends of the horizontal sweep while the minimum pincushion distortion occurs in the center of the horizontal sweep as shown by the downward bowing of the bottom edge 96 of the trace . it should be noted that the auxiliary deflection plate correction of the present invention is self compensating in that the amount of deflection correction due to the repelling of the electron beam is inversely proportional to the distance of the beam from the auxiliary deflection plate . thus there is very little if any deflection correction when the beam is away from the auxiliary deflection electrode which corresponds to the top of the upper beam trace and the bottom of the lower beam trace . this is desirable since the conventional pincushion correction effected by the wallband coating compensates for pincushion distortion at the top of the upper beam trace and at the bottom of the lower beam trace as stated previously .\n4 . a cathode ray tube display system comprising : a voltage supply means having positive and negative terminals ; a pair of switching means each of said switcing means having at least two terminals , one of said terminals of each of said switching means being connected to one of said terminals of said voltage supply means ; a resonant tank circuit including a deflection winding , said resonant tank circuit being connected between another terminal of said switching means and the other terminal of said voltage supply means , said resonant tank circuit providing a steady state sinusoidal current flow through said deflection winding when said resonant tank circuit is energized by periodically closing and opening said switching means ; said deflection winding being positioned relative to said cathode ray tube for deflecting an electron beam generated in said cathode ray tube when said sinusoidal current is flowing in said deflection winding ; blank - unblank means for allowing said electron beam to reach the face of said cathode ray tube during a substantially s shaped portion of the waveform of said sinusoidal current and inhibiting the electron beam from reaching the face of said cathode ray tube during another portion of the waveform of said sinusoidal current flowing in said deflection winding .\na deflection yoke for a cathode ray tube is provided with two separated winding portions , a first portion provided around the neck portion and the tapered portion from the neck to the screen of the cathode ray tube has a uniform and circular winding distribution and a second portion close to the screen of the picture tube has a non - uniform winding distribution and is elongated in the x - axis direction to provide a pin cushion magnetic field without adversely affecting the focus .\nan x - ray detection device including a scintillator configured to convert gamma rays or x - rays into optical radiation , an optical image intensifier configured to intensify the optical radiation to generate intensified optical radiation , an optical coupling system configured to guide the intensified optical radiation , and a solid state detector configured to detect the intensified optical radiation to generate an interaction image representing an x - ray energy emission and to perform photon counting based on data of the interaction image .\njanssen jp , koning g , de koning pjh , tuinenburg jc , reiber jhc ( 2002 ) a novel approach for the detection of pathlines in x - ray angiograms : the wave propagation algorithm . int j cardiovasc imaging 18 : 317\u2013324\nburger a , chattopadhyay k , chen h , ma x , ndap jo , schieber m , schlesinger te , yao hw , erickson j , james rb . defects in czt crystals and their relationship to gamma - ray detector performance .\nin practice all estimation schemes based on linear combinations of signals exhibit bias , i . e . errors in the event positioning , that can be seen as clustering of events preferentially under the footprints of the individual pmts with fewer events in the regions between the pmts . these spatial distortions , which have a characteristic pincushion shape visible in\npani r , bennati p , betti m , cinti mn , pellegrini r , mattioli m , cencelli v orsolini , navarria f , bollini d , moschini g , garibaldi f , de notaristefani f . lanthanum scintillation crystals for gamma ray imaging .\nin addition , the detector 100 can be used for spect imaging , where radioactive isotopes are used and are introduced to a patient , that can label a biologically active molecule . these biologically active molecules can be in form of a tumor that can be exposed to gamma - ray radiation . the resulting tomographic images can display in three dimensions the distribution of this molecule within the patient ' s body . in each radioactive decay , a single gamma - ray photon can be produced , that will traverse the scintillator 120 and will be emitted therefrom as optical radiation . an advantage of apparatus 100 used with gamma - ray radiation is to substantially increase the detector area , and can thereby provide a much larger field of view or higher spatial resolution .\non the latest episode of \u201cfreakshow\u201d murrugan the human pincushion decides to try a new , dangerous feat that could have ended up killing himself . on march 8 huffington post reported that not only did murrugan succeed at his dangerous accomplishment , but he also shocked doctors that told him it would be nearly impossible to move his organs to accomplish the trick .\nin another aspect of the invention , the beam deflector comprises a deflection yoke mounted around the neck portion of the cathode ray tube . the deflection yoke has a front end close to the screen and includes horizontal and vertical deflection coils . at least one of said horizontal and vertical deflection coils has a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness substantially over the full length of the deflection yoke so as to produce a uniform deflecting magnetic field in the neck portion and a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness at the front end so as to produce a pincushion deflecting magnetic field .\npangaud p , basolo s , boudet n , berar j - f , chantepie b , delpierre p , dinkespiler b , hustache s , menouni m , morel c . xpad3 : a new photon counting chip for x - ray ct - scanner .\nin order to assess the x - ray escape energy , a double gaussian was fit to the spectrum ( not shown in the figure ) using the roofit ( verkerke and kirkby 2003 ) package . when forcing both gaussians to have the same width , an x - ray escape energy of 457 . 9 \u00b1 0 . 2 kev and 455 . 8 \u00b1 0 . 3 kev was obtained for the left and right spectrum , respectively . when the width of both gaussians were allowed to be different , 456 . 0 \u00b1 0 . 8 kev and 459 . 7 \u00b1 0 . 6 was obtained . according to mehta et al ( 1987 ) , the k\u03b1 1 x - ray ( corresponding to l 3 \u2192 k transitions ) is at 56 kev for lu , and has a relative probability of about 50 % , and the k\u03b1 2 x - ray at 55 kev ( l 2 \u2192 k ) , has a probability of about 29 % . the k\u03b2 1 , 3 and k\u03b2 2 ( m \u2192 k ) at 63 kev and 65 kev , respectively , have probabilities of about 16 % and 4 % . therefore , we expect a dominant x - ray escape peak at around 454 kev , in good agreement with the fit results .\noperation of multiplier 66 in developing the bow tie pincushion correction signal is conventional . the vertical rate ramp applied to the modulator input of multiplier 66 goes through a zero transition at q , corresponding to the center of the crt raster . the carrier input of multiplier 66 is supplied with a horizontal rate ramp with horizontal rate pulses ( of either polarity ) and variable amplitude . the input signals are multiplied to develop the bow tie top / bottom pincushion correction signal . since flip - flop 26 selectively couples separate correction signals , via cmos switches 40 , to the carrier input of multiplier 66 , the two halves of the bow tie correction signal may be independently controlled and thus permitting independent top / bottom correction .\na novel 3d qca system based on x - ray angiograms has been achieved by introducing a highly reproducible vessel centerline reconstruction . the validation study by using wire phantoms showed a high degree of accuracy and precision on the assessments of segment length and optimal viewing angle .\nalexander , r . l . 1995 . evidence of a counter - current heat exchanger in the ray , mobula tarapacana ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii : batoidea : myliobatiformes ) . journal of zoology london , 237 , 377 - 384 , pl . 1 - 3 .\n2 . a beam deflector for deflecting an electron beam in a cathode ray tube having a screen , a neck portion positioned at a rear of said screen , and a divergent transition portion between said neck portion and said screen , said beam deflector comprising a deflection yoke mounted around said neck portion and said transition portion of said cathode ray tube , said deflection yoke having a front end close to said screen , said deflection yoke including horizontal and vertical deflection coils , at least one of said horizontal and vertical deflection coils having a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness substantially over a full length of said deflection yoke so as to produce a uniform deflecting magnetic field in said neck portion and said transition portion and a second portion would to have a non - uniform thickness at said front end of said deflection yoke close to said screen so as to produce a pincushion deflecting magnetic field .\na capacitor and a deflection winding form a parallel resonant tank circuit for providing a steady state sinusoidal current flow in the deflection winding . when used for deflection of the electron beam of a cathode ray tube , a substantially linear portion of the waveform of the sinusoidal current flowing in the deflection winding may be used to move the electron beam from left to right across the screen during the ' ' ' ' trace ' ' ' ' interval . the remainder of the waveform of the sinusoidal current may be used for ' ' ' ' retrace . ' ' ' ' since the tank circuit requires only periodic energization to sustain steady state sinusoidal current flow , current consumption is held to a minimum . an s portion of the waveform of the sinusoidal current may be used during the trace interval to correct for the pincushion distortion that would otherwise occur when cathode ray tubes having large deflection angles are used .\nconventional biplane angiographic equipment consists of a frontal x - ray system and a lateral x - ray system , with a common coordinate system . in theory , the frontal projection axis ( central beam ) intersects with the lateral projection axis into the so - called isocenter , and the whole x - ray system rotates around the isocenter . however , due to the system distortion caused by the gravity and mechanical influence , the isocenter could hardly be observed as a stable point [ 2 ] . therefore , we define two isocenters , a frontal isocenter and a lateral isocenter , to explicitly model the biplane angiogram under that specific acquisition . when no system distortion is present , these two isocenters will coincide with each other . otherwise , an isocenter offset is expected and this offset should be eliminated before the reconstruction of vascular centerlines .\nthe principal ccd / cmos spect camera geometries employing columnar scintillators and capable of photon counting : a ) direct lens - coupled ( or fiber - optics - taper - coupled ) emccd system ; b ) demagnifying tube and fiber - optic - coupled emccd ; and c ) image - intensified and lens - coupled conventional ccd or cmos camera . d ) a single frame from an emccd showing a primary gamma - ray interaction along with a reabsorbed secondary x - ray ( courtesy of b . w . miller , univ . of arizona ) .\nthe striped burrfish , chilomycterus schoepfii , a member of the family diodontidae , is striking in its appearance . the body is light tan to yellow - brown above and white to yellowish and sometimes blackish below , and is covered with fixed and erect spines that give the animal a pincushion appearance as well as the name burrfish . dark , wavy and roughly parallel lines cover the sides of the body . most specimens also have large dark spots above and behind the pectoral fins and at the base of the dorsal fin . ray counts are as follows : dorsal = 12 ; anal = 10 ( hoese and moore 1977 , robbins et al . 1986 ) .\nin still another aspect of the invention , the beam deflector comprises a deflection yoke mounted around the neck portion of the cathode ray tube . the deflection yoke includes a bobbin having a deflection coil wound thereon for producing a deflecting magnetic field in the neck portion . the bobbin has a front end close to the screen and a front flange formed at the front end of the bobbin . the deflection coil has a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness on the bobbin except for the front flange so as to produce a uniform magnetic field and a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness on the front flange so as to produce a pincushion magnetic field .\nperfumeballs or rayless gaillardia is a slender , upright , clumped perennial , to 24 in . tall , often forming dense stands . fragrant , solitary flowers are terminal on leafless stalks . rays are few , yellow to orange or red , very short , and soon falling off . reddish - brown disk flowers are numerous , forming a rounded , pincushion - like head . leaves are all basal .\nthe circuits of the prior art develop pincushion correction signals that generate parabolic yoke currents , with controllable phase , amplitude and tilt characteristics , for affecting both the top and the bottom of the raster in substantially the same way . these circuits have been generally satisfactory for use with less stringent television displays , but require excessive setup time ( including careful yoke positioning adjustments ) to meet the more exacting standards for crt raster displays in monitors . further , the problem is exacerbated with color tubes of the flat tension mask variety which have a flat faceplate and an in - line gun structure and wherein yoke construction and positioning may be compromised to enhance beam convergence throughout the raster . it would be extremely beneficial to provide pincushion circuitry having independent control effects at the top and the bottom of the raster ."]}
{"id": 859, "summary": [{"text": "acleris lipsiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in great britain , spain , france , belgium , the netherlands , germany , denmark , austria , switzerland , italy , the czech republic , slovakia , hungary , poland , greece , norway , sweden , finland , the baltic region and russia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta and washington .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of high moors and mountainous areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17-24 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from august to october and , after hibernation , to april .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium vitis-idaea , myrica gale , malus sylvestris , betula and pyrus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they feed from within spun shoots or leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "larvae can be found from june to july .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "pupation takes places at the feeding place or on the ground . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "acleris lipsiana", "paragraphs": ["[ acleris lipsiana , syn . : acalla eutaeniana , peronea costimaculana , p . griseana , tortrix sudoriana ]\nthis partial quote is from wikipedia and is used on bold systems :\nacleris lipsiana . . . . . . it is also found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta and washington . . . . . . . the wingspan is 17 - 24 mm . adults are on wing from august to october and , after hibernation , to april . the larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium vitis - idaea . . . . . .\ni have a large amount of vaccinium ovatum , a very similar plant to vaccinium myrtillus , in my yard .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n. pupation takes places in the feeding place or on the ground . the adult hibernates .\nthe adults fly from late august till may . the moths occasionally come to light .\nbelgium , antwerpen , brecht , 15 april 2004 . ( photo \u00a9 gaston sallaets )\na local species in the british isles , occurring on high moors and mountains in the north of england and scotland .\nit is an autumn - flying species , generally on the wing between august and october , after which it will overwinter to appear again in the spring .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 14 : 01 : 38 page render time : 0 . 2270s total w / procache : 0 . 2755s\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nspecific epithet possibly from the latin name ( lipsia ) for leipzig ( city in saxony , germany ) .\nsystematisches verzeichni\u00df der schmetterlinge der wienergegend . michael denis & ignaz schifferm\u00fcller . 1775 . augustin bernardi , wien . pp . 323 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : rare ( proposed as a future red data book species ) on moorland and mountains in parts of scotland and northern england . not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date . wingspan 17 - 24 mm . the common form of this species , f . sudoriana , which lacks the whitish yellow discocellular scale - tufts , closely resembles f . purpurana of a . rufana , but may be distinguished by the comparatively broader forewing and less prominent apex , and the more uniform pruinose coloration [ bradley ] . larva feeds on bog - myrtle , bilberry , bog bilberry and cowberry , living within a spun or rolled leaf .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nnot currently available on this website . for photographs of larvae , pupae and adults see : - urltoken"]}
{"id": 862, "summary": [{"text": "cerithiopsis pulvis is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from european waters , including the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by issel , in 1869 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "cerithiopsis pulvis", "paragraphs": ["( of cerithium pulvis issel , 1869 ) issel , a . ( 1869 ) . malacologia del mar rosso . ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche . biblioteca malacologica , pisa . xi + 387 pp . , pls 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 150 [ details ]\nnomenclature the generic name nanopsis cecalupo & robba , 2010 is invalid because preoccupied by nanopsis freytag , 1974 [ an insect of order homoptera ] . anyway the taxonomic validity of the genus has been questioned ( oliver et al . , 2012 : 66 ) so that this and other species of cerithiopsidae which have been assigned to nanopsis are here accepted under cerithiopsis . [ details ]\n( of nanopsis pulvis ( issel , 1869 ) ) cecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnomenclature the generic name nanopsis cecalupo & robba , 2010 is invalid because preoccupied by nanopsis freytag , 1974 [ an insect of . . .\ncecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe following experts registered themselves as having knowledge about this species or its family .\nthis website was developed with support from the european commission under the sixth framework programme through the daisie project - contract number : sspi - ct - 2003 - 511202 .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453\n( issel , 1869 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 863, "summary": [{"text": "trichomycterus is a genus of pencil catfish , the largest genus of the family trichomycteridae with over 160 species currently described .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this genus is native to freshwater habitats in central and south america .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "these fish are generally small , usually about 5 to 15 cm ( 2 \u2013 6 in ) sl , although the largest , t. rivulatus , can reach more than twice this size .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "species differ from one another primarily in body proportions , fin ray counts , and colouration .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "despite their relatively small size , some , such as t. punctulatus , support fisheries and are important in the local cuisine . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "trichomycterus", "paragraphs": ["de novo assembly and analysis of the chilean pencil catfish trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome . - pubmed - ncbi\ntype locality of trichomycterus ytororo ; tabay waterfalls , tabay stream , jard\u00edn am\u00e9rica , misiones , argentina .\ncomparative characters among the species assigned to the trichomycterus stawiarski group and its possible sister taxon t . perkos .\nmorphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus balios . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .\nmorphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus diatropoporos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .\nmorphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus poikilos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .\nmorphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus brachykechenos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .\na new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from south brazil and redescription of t . iheringi ( eigenmann )\na new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from south brazil and redescription of t . iheringi ( eigenmann )\neukaryotic orthologous groups ( kog ) characterization of trichomycterus areolatus transcripts . putative transcript functions were assessed and transcriptome completeness was evaluated using kog analysis . the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome and mrna nucleotide entries from ncbi of cyprinus carpio , salmo salar , and danio rerio were assigned kog terms . the three transcriptomes have similar distributions , supporting the completeness of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome .\ntrichomycterus sp . 2 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .\ntrichomycterus sp . 1 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .\ntrichomycterus sp . 3 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .\nabout bullockia gen . nov . , trichomycterus mendozensis n . sp . and revision of the family trichomycteridae ( pisces , siluriformes )\nseven new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from southeastern brazil and redescription of t . brasiliensis\nthis study revealed an astonishing undescribed diversity of trichomycterus in a relatively small region with four undescribed species , along with one species recently described in 2011 . we expect that the revision of other understudied basins in southern brazil will reveal new and undescribed species of trichomycterus .\na new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from south brazil and redescription of t . iheringi ( eigenmann ) | wosiacki | zootaxa\ntrichomycterus maracaya , a new catfish from the upper r\u00edo paran\u00e1 , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , with notes on the t . brasiliensis species\u2013complex\nin the present study the trichomycterus in the laguna dos patos system are reviewed through an extensive analysis of large collections of specimens . four new species are recognized in addition to t . tropeiro . comments on distributions and an identification key are given for the species of trichomycterus from the laguna dos patos system .\nparatypes of trichomycterus poikilos ( ufrgs 14992 , 40 . 5 - 92 . 5 mm sl ) with ontogenetic variation in coloration . specimens represented in scale .\n1 . pelvic fins absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus tropeiro\ntrichomycterus ytororo , holotype , ci\u2013fml 7240 , 94 . 2 mm sl ; argentina , misiones province , jard\u00edn am\u00e9rica , tabay stream , paran\u00e1 river basin .\ntrichomycterus anhanga , a new species of miniature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil\nsix troglobitic species are in the genus trichomycterus : t . chaberti , t . itacarambiensis , t . santanderensis , t . spelaeus and t . uisae .\ntrichomycterus brachykechenos , holotype , mcn 18929 , 61 . 1 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of cara\u00e1 , rio do sinos .\ntrichomycterus diatropoporos , holotype , mcp 46947 , 58 . 8 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of nova prata , rio da prata at passo do despraiado .\nautopalatine of trichomycterus brachykechenos , paratype , ufrgs 16245 , 41 . 9 mm sl , dorsal view . arrow indicates the concavity of mesial margin . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .\ntrichomycterus balios , holotype , ufrgs 16229 , 82 . 0 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of s\u00e3o francisco de paula , rio santa cruz , rio ca\u00ed basin .\no g\u00eanero trichomycterus \u00e9 revisado no sistema da laguna dos patos e cinco esp\u00e9cies s\u00e3o reconhecidas . trichomycterus tropeiro ferrer & malabarba tem distribui\u00e7\u00e3o restrita , ocorrendo somente na por\u00e7\u00e3o mais superior do rio das antas . trichomycterus balios , sp . n . , distribui - se na por\u00e7\u00e3o superior das bacias dos rios das antas e ca\u00ed . trichomycterus diatropoporos , sp . n . , \u00e9 end\u00eamica da bacia do rio da prata , tribut\u00e1rio do rio das antas . trichomycterus poikilos , sp . n . , \u00e9 amplamente distribu\u00edda nos cursos superiores da bacia do rio jacu\u00ed e tribut\u00e1rios dos rios taquari - antas . trichomycterus brachykechenos , sp . n . , \u00e9 end\u00eamica do curso superior do rio dos sinos . as esp\u00e9cies novas distinguem - se de grande parte de seus cong\u00eaneres pelo baixo n\u00famero de raios na nadadeira peitoral ( i + 5 - 6 ) e o primeiro raio da nadadeira peitoral n\u00e3o prolongado como filamento , exceto de t . davisi , t . mboycy , t . naipi , t . papilliferus , t . payaya , t . perkos , t . plumbeus e t . tropeiro , distinguindo - se destas por outros caracteres . a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o do g\u00eanero no sistema da laguna dos patos \u00e9 discutida e uma chave taxon\u00f4mica \u00e9 fornecida\ncastellanos - morales , c . a . 2007 . trichomycterus santanderensis : a new species of troglomorphic catfish ( siluriformes , trichomycteridae ) from colombia . zootaxa , 1541 : 49 - 55 . [ links ]\nrepresentative photo of organism - trichomycterus areolatus organism photos of unspecified sex taken from two different locations in chile , the maule river ( top ) and pangue river ( bottom ) . trichomycterus areolatus displays intimate contact with both sediment and the water column . morphology and behavior is typical of fish who dwell in fast - moving streams . photos were provided by courtesy of pablo reyes , fundaci\u00f3n ictiol\u00f3gica ( chile ) .\ngeographic distribution . the review of a large number of lots of the trichomycteridae collected in practically all portions of laguna dos patos system revealed that trichomycterus is restricted to the northern portion of that basin along the middle and upper stretches of the rio jacu\u00ed and middle and upper stretches of its large tributaries , the rio do sinos , rio ca\u00ed , rio taquari - antas , and rio pardo ( fig . 8 ) . the few lots of trichomycterus listed in fish collections as having originated in the southern portion of the laguna dos patos system proved to be ituglanis , a genus which has an external morphology very similar to trichomycterus .\narratia , g . 1998 . silvinichthys , a new genus of trichomycterid catfishes from the argentinian andes , with redescription of trichomycterus nigricans . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 9 : 347 - 370 . [ links ]\nspecies of trichomycterus inhabit a diversity of habitats throughout south and central america from costa rica in the north to patagonia in the south and from lowland atlantic rainforest in the east to andean streams in the west . a number of species of trichomycterus are known from various mid - to high - elevation localities in western argentina ; in these upland regions the species of trichomycterus are among the few , or sometimes only , fishes occupying water bodies at middle to higher elevations . about 60 nominal species are endemic to the river basins draining the andes and hills of the guianan shield and about 30 species are endemic to river basins draining the brazilian shield .\nthe species of the genus trichomycterus inhabiting the laguna dos patos system are reviewed and five species are recognized . trichomycterus tropeiro ferrer & malabarba has a restricted range and is endemic to the uppermost portion of the rio das antas . trichomycterus balios , n . sp . , is distributed in the upper portion of the rio das antas and rio ca\u00ed basins . trichomycterus diatropoporos , n . sp . , is endemic to the rio da prata basin , a tributary of the rio das antas . trichomycterus poikilos , n . sp . , is widely distributed in the upper portion of the rio jacu\u00ed basin and tributaries of the rio taquari - antas . trichomycterus brachykechenos , n . sp . , is endemic to the upper portion of the rio dos sinos . the new species are distinguishable from most congeners , except for t . davisi , t . mboycy , t . naipi , t . payaya , t . papilliferus , t . perkos , t . plumbeus , and t . tropeiro by the lower number of pectoral - fin rays ( i + 5 - 6 ) and by the first pectoral - fin ray not prolonged as a filament . other characters distinguish the new taxa from these eight species . the distribution of the genus in the laguna dos patos system is discussed and a taxonomic key is provided .\nardila rodr\u00edguez , c . a . 2008 . trichomycterus cachiraensis ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , nueva especie del r\u00edo cachira , cuencia del r\u00edo magdalena , colombia . dahlia , 10 : 33 - 41 . [ links ]\ncastellanos - morales , c . a . 2010 . trichomycterus sketi : a new species of subterranean catfish ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the andean cordillera of colombia . biota colombiana 11 : 33 - 41 . [ links ]\ncosta , w . j . e . m . ( 1992 ) description de huit nouvelles espe\u0300ces du genre trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , du bre\u0301sil oriental . revue franc\u0327aise d ' aquariologie et herpe\u0301tologie , 18 , 101\u2013110 .\nfern\u00e1ndez , l . & vari , r . p . ( 2000 ) new species of trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) lacking a pelvic fin and girdle from the andes of argentina , copeia , 4 , 990\u2013996 .\nferrer , j . & malabarba , l . r . ( 2011 ) a new trichomycterus lacking pelvic fins and pelvic girdle with a very restricted range in southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 2912 , 59\u201367 .\ntrichomycterus poikilos , holotype , ufrgs 16239 , 63 . 3 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of j\u00falio de castilhos , arroio passo dos buracos or tipiaia on road br - 158 , upper rio jacu\u00ed basin .\ngarcia - melo lj , villa - navarro fa , donascimiento c . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the upper r\u00edo magdalena basin , colombia . zootaxa . 2016 . 4117 ( 2 ) , 226 . pmid : 27395171\ntrichomycterus brachykechenos is apparently endemic to the upper course of the rio do sinos . one sample tentatively identified as t . poikilos was found in other stretch of the upper basin of the rio dos sinos , but not syntopic with t . brachykechenos .\ntrichomycterus ytororo is so far known only from its type locality , the tabay waterfalls in the tabay stream ( fig 5 ) , a tributary of the left bank of the paran\u00e1 river , province of misiones , northeast of argentina ( fig 4 ) .\ncosta , w . j . e . m . 1992 . description de huit nouvelles esp\u00e8ces du genre trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , du br\u00e9sil oriental . revue fran\u00e7aise d ' aquariologie et herp\u00e9tologie , 18 : 101 - 110 . [ links ]\nferrer , j . & l . r . malabarba . 2011 . a new trichomycterus lacking pelvic fins and pelvic girdle with a very restricted range in southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 2912 : 59 - 67 . [ links ]\nde pinna , m . c . c . 1992b . trichomycterus castroi , a new species of trichomycterid catfish from the rio igua\u00e7u of southeastern brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 3 : 89 - 95 . [ links ]\na new species of the genus trichomycterus is described from the rio uruguai drainage , rio grande do sol state , brazil , with a single paratype from the rio paranapanema basin , s\u00e3o paulo state . both rivers are tributaries within the rio paran\u00e1 watershed .\nthe non - monophyletic nature of the group and the long and complicated taxonomic history has placed trichomycterus the most formidable problem in the systematics of the tricomycteridae [ 3 ] . many species of trichomycterus have uninformative descriptions and are associated to old type material , limiting the applicability of the name only to the types [ 24 ] . currently , the genus contains over 170 species [ 6 ] , however , its known diversity remains increasing along the recent years . even with these obstacles , species groups within trichomycterus were defined based on morphological characteristics [ 11 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] , some of them constantly redefined and re - diagnosed , such as the trichomycterus brasiliensis species complex [ 14 , 32 , 33 ] , which , to date , its monophyly could not be consistently assessed [ 34 ] . besides , these characters and all species included on these groups were not placed into a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis , therefore with the possibility of representing artificial groups due to possible parallelisms .\nbarbosa , m . a . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2003a ) trichomycterus potschi ( siluriformes : loricarioidei ) : a new trichomycterid catfish from coastal streams of southeastern brazil . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 14 , 281\u2013287 .\ngeographic distribution of species of trichomycterus in the laguna dos patos system . some symbols represent more than one collection locality . stars represent type localities . trichomycterus balios ( green symbols ) , t . brachykechenos ( red symbols ) , t . diatropoporos ( brown symbols ) , t . poikilos ( yellow symbols ) , trichomycterus cf . poikilos ( yellow lozenge ) and t . tropeiro ( blue symbols ) , abbreviations : 1 , rio dos sinos ; 2 , rio ca\u00ed ; 3 , rio das antas ; 3 ' , rio taquari - antas ; 4 , rio da prata ; 5 , rio carreiro ; 6 , rio guapor\u00e9 ; 7 , rio forqueta ; 8 , rio pardo ; 9 , rio jacu\u00ed ; 10 , laguna dos patos ; and 11 , rio mampituba basin .\nfern\u00e1ndez , l . & r . q . chuquihuaman\u00ed . 2007 . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the andean cordillera of peru , with comments on relationships within the genus . zootaxa , 1545 : 49 - 57 . [ links ]\nfern\u00e1ndez , l . & k . osinaga . ( 2006 ) a new trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from aguarague national park of the bolivian preandean region , with comments on relationships within of the genus . environmental biology of fishes , 75 , 385\u2013393 . urltoken\ntrichomycterus cachiraensis possess the posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small round opening restricted to the parieto - supraoccipital - condition identical to that reported for ituglanis ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ) - and the anterior cranial fontanel variable ( ardila rodr\u00edguez , 2008 : fig . 4 ) . trichomycterus sketi has three openings with triangle shape : the anterior cranial fontanel between frontals , and the posterior cranial fontanel divided in one orifice between frontals and the other in the parieto - supraoccipital ( castellanos - morales , 2010 : fig . 3 ) .\nlima , s . m . q . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2004 ) trichomycterus giganteus ( siluriformes : loricarioidea : trichomycteridae ) : a new catfish from the rio guandu basin , southeastern brazil . zootaxa , 761 , 1\u20136 .\ncomparative material examined . nematogenyidae : nematogenys inermis ; 1 ( c & s ) ufrgs 3955 . trichomycteridae . copionodontinae : copionodon pecten , 6 ( c & s ) mzusp 42462 . trichogeninae : trichogenes longipinnis , 3 ( c & s ) mzusp 63478 . trichomycterinae : eremophilus mutisii , 1 ( c & s ) mzusp 35409 - 1 ( c & s ) amnh 56092 ; e . candidus ( paratypes ) , 5 ( 2 c & s ) mzusp 11762 ; trichomycterus n . sp . a , 7 ( c & s ) mzusp 25022 ; trichomycterus n . sp . b , 2 mzusp uncat . ; trichomycterus naipi mpeg 6699 ( holotype ) ; ( paratypes ) , 2 mzusp 38788 - trichomycterus papilliferus mpeg 6692 ( holotype ) ; trichomycterus mboycy ( holotype ) mpeg 6695 ; trichomycterus taroba mpeg 6689 ( holotype ) ; trichomycterus plumbeus mpeg 6686 ( holotype ) ; t . nigricans , 1 ( c & s ) mcp 10649 ; t . castroi , 1 ( c & s ) mhnci 7881 - 1 mhnci 7643 ; t . iheringi , 8 ( 1c & s ) mhnci 7916 ; t . davisi , 2 ( c & s ) mcp 10646 - 34 mzusp 38783 ; t . brasiliensis , 15 ( 2c & s ) mzusp uncat . ; t . mimonha , 4 mzusp 34344 - 5 mcp 18021 ; t . stawiarski , 44 ( 3c & s ) mzusp uncat . ; t . rivulatus , 6 ( 1c & s ) rom 403409 ; bullockia maldonadoi , 1 ( c & s ) mzusp 36958 ; hatcheria macraei , 2 ( c & s ) mzusp 35687 ; scleronema minutum , 13 ( c & s ) mcp 11169 ; s . operculatum , 1 ( c & s ) mcp 9315 ; ituglanis sp . , 13 ( 5 c & s ) mnrj 11489 ; ituglanis proops , 7 mzusp 36502 - 2 muzsp 46902 - 2 mzusp 39027 .\n3 . maxillary barbel extending beyond posterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes , usually reaching or extending beyond posterior margin of the pectoral - fin insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus brachykechenos\nbarbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2003 . trichomycterus potschi ( siluriformes : loricarioidei ) a new trichomycterid catfish from coastal streams of southeastern brazil . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 14 : 281 - 287 . [ links ]\nwosiacki , w . b . & j . c . garavello . 2004 . five new species of trichomycterus from the rio igua\u00e7u ( paran\u00e1 basin ) , southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 15 : 1 - 16 . [ links ]\nwosiacki , w . b . & de pinna , m . c . c . ( 2008 ) trichomycterus igobi , a new catfish species from the rio igua\u00e7u drainage : the largest head in trichomycteridae ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 6 , 17\u201323 . urltoken\nalencar , a . r . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2006 . trichomycterus pauciradiatus , a new catfish species from the upper rio paran\u00e1 basin , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 1269 : 43 - 49 . [ links ]\nwosiacki , w . b . & m . c . c . de pinna . 2008 . trichomycterus igobi , a new catfish species from the rio igua\u00e7u drainage : the largest head in trichomycteridae ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 6 : 17 - 23 . [ links ]\ndatovo , a . , carvalho , m . & ferrer , j . ( 2012 ) a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 3327 , 33\u201344 .\ngarcia - melo , l . j . , villa - navarro , f . a . & donascimiento , c . ( 2016 ) a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the upper r\u00edo magdalena basin , colombia . zootaxa , 4117 ( 2 ) , 226\u201340 . urltoken\ncitation : ter\u00e1n ge , ferrer j , benitez m , alonso f , aguilera g , mirande jm ( 2017 ) living in the waterfalls : a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from tabay stream , misiones , argentina . plos one 12 ( 6 ) : e0179594 . urltoken\nlima , s . m . q . , h . lazzarotto & w . j . e . m . costa . 2008 . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from lagoa feia drainage , southeastern brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 6 : 315 - 322 . [ links ]\nthis genus is defined by the lack of specializations found in other trichomycterids and is certainly polyphyletic . although known to contain many species , trichomycterus is poorly known with many of the known species based on brief descriptions . many species have been described recently and many more are waiting to be described .\nseveral species of trichomycterus have the deeper skin layer ( = inner skin layer ) usually composed of larger blotches and spots , formed by densely grouped chromatophores ( bockmann & sazima , 2004 ) . among the species from laguna dos patos system , trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . tropeiro share this pattern of the inner skin layer . both t . balios and t . tropeiro possess black circular blotches variable in size on the dorsal and lateral surface of body over a lighter background , while t . diatropoporos has black blotches variable in size and shape coalescent dorsally on a lighter background .\nbockmann , f . a . & i . sazima . 2004 . trichomycterus maracaya , a new catfish from the upper rio paran\u00e1 , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , with notes on the t . brasiliensis species - complex . neotropical ichthyology , 2 : 61 - 74 . [ links ]\nbarbosa , m . a . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2010 ) seven news species of catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) : from southeastern brazil and re - description of t . brasiliensis . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 , 97\u2013122 .\ndatovo , a . , m . carvalho & j . ferrer . 2012 . a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 3327 : 33 - 44 . [ links ]\nbarbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2010 . seven new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from southeastern brazil and redescription of t . brasiliensis . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 : 97 - 122 . [ links ]\npelvic girdle of trichomycterus diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl , dorsal view . abbreviations : bs , basipterygium ; ep , external process ; ip , internal process ; mp , medial process ; pr , pelvic - fin rays ; ps , pelvic splint . scale bar = 1 mm .\nin this paper , we present a new species assignable to the genus trichomycterus which is markedly distinct from all other forms so far described . a number of conspicuous morphological characteristics set it apart from all others species as yet known in the genus . for instance , its very large head distinguishes it at once from all other species so far known in trichomycterus , and in fact from all other trichomycterid . other characters of external and internal morphology also unambiguously support its specific distinctiveness . the new form is the tenth species of trichomycterus described from the rio igua\u00e7u , a drainage that contains an impressive radiation of the genus , which only recently received attention from fish systematics ( wosiacki & garavello , 2004 ; wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) . character evidence indicates that the new species is closely related to t . stawiarski and to a second new species , t . sp . c ( wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) , also from the rio igua\u00e7u .\n4 ' . lateral surface of body mottled or with stripes , i + 5 pectoral - fin rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus poikilos\ncolor pattern . trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos shares the two distinct layers of pigmentation in the skin of large specimens as reported for t . castroi by de pinna ( 1992b ) , t . brasiliensis , t . iheringi , t . maracaya , t . mimonha , t . potschi , and undescribed species of the t . brasiliensis complex by bockmann & sazima ( 2004 ) , and t . crassicaudatus , t . diabolus , t . giganteus , t . igobi , t . perkos , t . stawiarski , and t . tropeiro by datovo et al . ( 2012 ) . among the species from laguna dos patos system , only trichomycterus brachykechenos lacks the two distinct layers . the distribution of these patterns across trichomycterus species , however , is mostly unknown because it is missing in most species descriptions or because it is difficult to recognize the two skin layers in specimens preserved for a long period of time ( datovo et al . , 2012 ) .\narratia , g . , a . chang , s . menu - marque & g . rojas . 1978 . about bullockia gen . nov . , trichomycterus mendozensis n . sp . and revision of the family trichomycteridae ( pisces , siluriformes ) . studies on neotropical fauna and environment , 13 : 157 - 194 . [ links ]\nthe cranial fontanel of trichomycterus megantoni is illustrated and described as\nreduced between frontals and supraoccipital\n( fern\u00e1ndez & chuquihuaman\u00ed , 2007 : fig . 3 ) , a shape very similar to t . brachykechenos , which is absent or restricted to a very small opening anteriorly and elongate and restricted to the parieto - supraoccipital posteriorly ( fig . 2d ) . fern\u00e1ndez & chuquihuaman\u00ed ( 2007 ) stated that the peculiar cranial fontanel of trichomycterus megantoni is probably an autopomorphy , but cannot be ascertained as unique in trichomycterinae because some species are rare or do not have their anatomy examined . indeed , the discovery of t . brachykechenos confirms that the condition is not unique in the subfamily trichomycterinae .\ndutra , g . m . , wosiacki , w . b . & de pinna , m . c . c . ( 2012 ) trichomycterus anhanga , a new species of miniature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 10 , 225\u2013231 . urltoken\nthere is little doubt that closest relatives of t . igobi are to be found among other taxa now included in trichomycterus . the new species shares all synapomorphies for the clade including all trichomycterids except copionodontinae and trichogeninae , while lacking those that support the distal group composed of glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , tridentinae , stegophilinae and vandelliinae ( de pinna , 1998 ) . taxa that fit neither of those clades are currently allocated in the trichomycterinae , demonstrably non - monophyletic ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ; wosiacki , 2002 ) . within that subfamily , t . igobi lacks the known synapomorphies for each of bullockia , eremophilus , hacheria , rhizosomichthys , and scleronema ( arratia , 1990 ) , ituglanis ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ) , and silvinichthys ( arratia , 1998 ; fern\u00e1ndez & de pinna , 2005 ) . that leaves the genus trichomycterus as a default alternative for the inclusion of the new species . that genus is currently undiagnosable by synapomorphies and is the one that includes the majority of trichomycterine species . despite that , we consider that the inclusion of the new species in trichomycterus is the most reasonable course of action . we would not defend a new genus for t . igobi unless srictly required by phylogenetic criteria , which is not presently the case . inclusion in trichomycterus is further strengthened by evidence indicating that t . igobi is related to a subgroup of species currently allocated in that genus .\n4 . lateral surface of body with blotches , i + 6 pectoral - fin rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus diatropoporos\ndutra , g . m . , w . b . wosiacki & m . c . c . de pinna . 2012 . trichomycterus anhanga , a new species of minature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 10 : 225 - 231 . [ links ]\ntrichomycteridae is a monophyletic group comprising seven monophyletic subfamilies ( copionodontinae , glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , stegophilinae , trichogeninae , tridentinae , and vandelliinae ) and the recognized non\u2013monophyletic subfamily trichomycterinae as presently conceived [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] . among the eight genera of trichomycterinae , bullockia arratia , chang , menu - marque & rojas , eremophilus humboldt , hatcheria eigenmann , and rhizosomichthys miles , are monotypic based on autapomorphies ; scleronema eigenmann is a monophyletic group including three psamophyly species ; ituglanis costa & bockmann and silvinichthys arratia were proposed to allocate species previously included in trichomycterus valenciennes ; and lastly , trichomycterus lacks any diagnostic character being demonstrably non - monophyletic assemblage of species [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] .\na new species assigned to the genus trichomycterus from the area of the waterfalls of tabay stream , paran\u00e1 river basin , misiones , argentina , is described . trichomycterus ytororo sp . nov . is distinguished from all other species in the genus by the presence of 31\u201335 dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays and the combination of some external characters such as : coloration , number of pectoral\u2013fin rays and pores of the laterosensory canals . the new taxon belongs to a presumably monophyletic group of species composed of t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski based on the presence of 24 or more thickly ossified and rigid procurrent caudal - fin rays with a slender distal tip extending along the tips of at least ten neural spines .\nfor further information see the paper : datovo , a . , m . carvalho , and j . ferrer . 2012 . a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa 3327 : 33 - 44 , of which the abstract is available here .\ntranscript coverage of two model organisms . coverage of salmo salar and danio rerio predicted proteins by trichomycterus areolatus predicted proteins . predicted polypeptide sequences produced in this study were blasted against publically available non - redundant salmo salar proteins ( count = 112 , 089 ) and danio rerio proteins ( count = 81 , 931 ) . the length of the local alignment region reported by the blastp algorithm was subsequently divided by the length of the query sequence . compilation of these results indicated that a vast majority of trichomycterus areolatus predicted protein sequences exhibited greater than 90 % coverage of both danio rerio ( 64 . 7 % ) and salmo salar ( 68 . 9 % ) protein sequences , suggesting that the assembly produced a high degree of full - length transcripts .\nduring recent samplings in northeastern argentina we collected specimens of a remarkable new species of trichomycterus from waterfalls in the paran\u00e1 river basin , which are described herein as a new species . the new taxon exhibits conspicuous characters that indicate a close relationship with t . crassicaudatus wosiacki & de pinna , t . igobi wosiacki & de pinna , and t . stawiarski ( miranda ribeiro ) .\nbarbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2008 . description of a new species of catfish from the upper rio para\u00edba do sul basin , south - eastern brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) and re - description of trichomycterus itatiayae . aqua , international journal of ichthyology , 14 : 175 - 186 . [ links ]\nkyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes ( kegg ) transcriptomic analysis . kegg analysis was performed to functionally describe transcript functions and evaluate transcriptome completeness . to serve as comparisons mrna sequences for danio rerio , salmo salar , and cyprinus carpio were retrieved from ncbi and characterized into kegg pathways . the percent distribution shows a similar proportion among compared species indicating a complete transcriptome for trichomycterus areolatus .\nthe analysis of comparative material from adjacent drainages to the north and northeast of laguna dos patos system ( rio uruguay , rio tramanda\u00ed , and rio mampituba basins ) allow us to propose that three among the four new species are endemic to the laguna dos patos system , excepting t . balios , which occurs also in the headwaters of rio mampituba . however , their degree of endemism is variable . trichomycterus balios is distributed in the upper courses of rio das antas , rio ca\u00ed , and rio mampituba basins ; t . poikilos is widely distributed in the upper courses of the rio jacu\u00ed basin and tributaries of the rio the taquari - antas ; t . brachykechenos and t . diatropoporos are known only from few localities in the rio dos sinos and the rio da prata basin respectively . trichomycterus tropeiro is also endemic to the laguna dos patos drainage and has a very restricted range , occurring only in headwaters of rio das antas ( ferrer & malabarba , 2011 ) . endemism and restricted ranges seem typical among species of trichomycterus , which is the dominant genus in the compilation of species with restricted - ranges in nogueira et al . ( 2010 ) , with 45 species .\nright lower jaw of ( a ) trichomycterus diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl in lateral view and ( b ) t . poikilos , paratype , mcp 22699 , 79 . 0 mm sl , in medial view . abbreviations : ar , anguloarticular ; cp , coronoid process ; de , dentary ; mc , meckel ' s cartilage . scale bar = 1 mm .\nnevertheless , the several differences between the two species ( see diagnosis ) lead us to believe that they are not closely related and that this reduction is homoplastic among the two species . it reinforces the assumption of fern\u00e1ndez & chuquihuaman\u00ed ( 2007 ) that cranial fontanel reduction must be interpreted as homoplastic among trichomycterus species , ituglanis , glanapterygines and stegophilines , according to the current understanding of the trichomycterid phylogeny .\n2 . lateral surface of body with circular black blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus balios\ndiagnosis . trichomycterus igobi is distinguishable from all other species currently in trichomycterus by its large head ( 23 . 8 - 26 . 8 % sl ) , which is proportionally the largest head in any trichomycteridae . other diagnostic features that distinguish the new species from most or all of its congeners include an almost entirely cartilaginous second hypobranchial ( with only vestigial ossification ) ; a mesially expanded palatine ossification ; a narrow cleithrum , falciform in shape ; and the lack of a proximal posterior concavity on the third ceratobranchial . the rigid spine - like morphology of individual procurrent rays of the caudal fin , the extension of the dorsal caudal - fin procurrent ray series ( extending for ten neural spine tips ) , and the presence of ten or eleven branchiostegal rays each distinguish t . igobi from all congeners except t . stawiarski and t . sp . c ( see discussion ) . other characters shared with various other species of trichomycterus yet useful for identification include a dorsal fin located on a concavity on dorsal profile of trunk ; the short caudal peduncle ( 15 . 4 - 19 . 7 % sl ) ; and the first anal - fin ray base posterior to the vertical through the base of the last dorsal - fin ray .\numa nova esp\u00e9cie de trichomycterus \u00e9 descrita para a bacia do rio igua\u00e7u , sul do brasil . trichomycterus igobi , nova esp\u00e9cie , \u00e9 facilmente distinguida das outras esp\u00e9cies atualmente no g\u00eanero por sua cabe\u00e7a extremamente grande ( 23 . 8 - 26 . 8 % sl ) , que \u00e9 proporcionalmente a maior em trichomycterinae e talvez em trichomycteridae . esta caracter\u00edstica , em combina\u00e7\u00e3o com o corpo relativamente alto , resulta em um aspecto geral atacarracado que \u00e9 o mais extremo no g\u00eanero trichomycterus . outras caracter\u00edsticas que distinguem a nova esp\u00e9cie da maioria ou todas as outras esp\u00e9cies do g\u00eanero incluem o curto ped\u00fanculo caudal ( 15 . 4 - 19 . 7 % sl ) ; segundo hipo - branquial quase inteiramente cartilaginoso ( somente com ossifica\u00e7\u00e3o vestigial ) ; palatino expandido medialmente ; cleitro estreito , de formato falciforme ; e aus\u00eancia de uma concavidade posterior no terceiro ceratobranquial . a nova esp\u00e9cie parece formar um grupo monofil\u00e9tico com t . stawiarski e outra esp\u00e9cie n\u00e3o descrita ( t . sp . c ) , tamb\u00e9m end\u00eamicas do rio igua\u00e7u . como potenciais sinapomorfias , as tr\u00eas esp\u00e9cies compartilham uma morfologia r\u00edgida dos raios procurrentes caudais , que s\u00e3o semelhantes a espinhos ; \u00e1rea estendida de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de raios procurrentes caudais dorsais ; e raios branquiost\u00e9gios numerosos ( 10 ou 11 ) .\na new species of trichomycterid catfish , trichomycterus pascuali , is described from paranapanema basin and is distinguished from all congeners by the possession of five pectoral - fin rays and the absence of pelvic fin , girdle , and muscles . additional features further differentiate the new species from the other congeners lacking pelvic fins , t . candidus , t . catamarcensis , and t . tropeiro . the identification of t . pascuali is additionally corroborated by genetic divergence based on dna - barcode analysis . osteological and myological data unequivocally support the inclusion of the new species in the trichomycterinae and molecular analyses justify its allocation to the genus trichomycterus rather than eremophilus , a trichomycterine taxon traditionally diagnosed by the lack of pelvic fins . our genetic analysis further indicates that pelvic fins were independently lost in e . mutisii , t . candidus , and t . pascuali .\nthe monophyly of trichomycterinae was proposed by arratia ( 1990 ) based on four putative synapomorphies , but these were demonstrated invalid by datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) , even with the exclusion of trichomycterus hasemani ( eigenmann , 1914 ) , and t . johnsoni ( fowler , 1932 ) . these two species , along with t . anhanga , are more closely related to other subfamilies of trichomycteridae ( de pinna , 1989 ; wosiacki , 2002 ; dutra et al . , 2012 ) . the new species , however , lack the diagnostic features of the subfamilies tridentinae , stegophilinae , vandelliinae , sarcoglanidinae , and glanapteryginae ( so - called tsvsg clade by costa & bockmann , 1993 ; de pinna , 1998 , datovo & bockmann , 2010 ) and the trichomycterine genera bullockia , eremophilus , hatcheria , rhizosomichthys , scleronema , and silvinichthys ( cf . eigenmann , 1918 ; arratia et al . , 1978 ; arratia , 1990 , 1998 ; wosiacki , 2002 ) . the new species also lack the three synapomorphies proposed by costa & bockmann ( 1993 ) for the genus ituglanis - except trichomycterus brachykechenos ( discussed below ) - which leads us to include them in the non - monophyletic genus trichomycterus ( de pinna , 1989 , 1998 ; datovo & bockmann , 2010 ) .\nbockmann & sazima ( 2004 ) cited for t . brasiliensis species complex the superficial skin layer ( = outer skin layer ) formed by chromatophores gradually denser and organized in well - defined patches in progressively larger specimens , sometimes covering so intensely that hides the deeper skin layer ( bockmann & sazima , 2004 : fig . 11b ) . this superficial pigmentation in the largest specimens is distinct from that observed in trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos , which is composed by small spots and similar to the\nfreckled\npattern reported to trichomycterus perkos in datovo et al . ( 2012 ) , as well as for t . brasiliensis , t . castroi , t . crassicaudatus , t . diabolus , t . giganteus , t . igobi , t . maracaya , t . mimonha , t . stawiarski , and t . tropeiro .\ntrichomycterus areolatus is an endemic species of pencil catfish that inhabits the riffles and rapids of many freshwater ecosystems of chile . despite its unique adaptation to chile ' s high gradient watersheds and therefore potential application in the investigation of ecosystem integrity and environmental contamination , relatively little is known regarding the molecular biology of this environmental sentinel . here , we detail the assembly of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome , a molecular resource for the study of this organism and its molecular response to the environment . rna - seq reads were obtained by next - generation sequencing with an illumina\u00ae platform and processed using prinseq . the transcriptome assembly was performed using trinity assembler . transcriptome validation was performed by functional characterization with kog , kegg , and go analyses . additionally , differential expression analysis highlights sex - specific expression patterns , and a list of endocrine and oxidative stress related transcripts are included .\ndespite the broad distribution of the genus , most species have limited distributions and usually are restricted to only one river . wide - ranging species are most likely complexes of species that are difficult to differentiate , such as the t . brasiliensis species - complex . trichomycterus gorgona , from a small stream on gorgona island located west of the pacific coast of colombia , is the first known trichomycterid to be endemic to an offshore island .\nda silva , c . c . f . , s . l . s . f . da matta , a . w . s . hilsdorf , f . langeani & a . p . marceniuk . 2010 . color pattern variation in trichomycterus iheringi ( eigenmann , 1917 ) ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from rio itatinga and rio claro , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 49 - 56 . [ links ]\nthe tabay stream basin through 192 km from its headwaters at campo viera to its mouth on the paran\u00e1 river , at jard\u00edn am\u00e9rica ( fig 4 ) . the stream bed is mainly composed of basaltic bedrock , in which sections with waterfalls and pools alternates all along its run . at the type locality ( tabay waterfall ; fig 5 ) , the stream is surrounded by remnants of the paranaense riparian forest , with its left margin degraded due to a camping site . this waterfall consists of three consecutive falls , the main one is 10m high and 20\u201350m wide , which drains into a narrow gorge . all specimens of trichomycterus ytororo were captured above the waterfalls at shallow areas ( about 1 meter depth or less ) or in rapids witha predominantly rocky bottom and strong current . trichomycterus davisi was the single congener recorded at the type locality , which was not collected syntopically with t . ytororo .\ndespite the high number of described species within trichomycterus , ferrer & malabarba ( 2011 ) highlighted the lack of taxonomic studies of this genus in the laguna dos patos and uruguay basins in southern brazil . notwithstanding the common occurrence of the genus in these basins , t . tropeiro ferrer & malabarba , 2011 endemic to the headwaters of rio das antas in laguna dos patos system is so far the only member of the genus recognized for that drainage .\ntrichomycterus crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t stawiarski are endemic to the iguaz\u00fa ( or igua\u00e7u , in brazil ) river basin , a left bank tributary of the paran\u00e1 river , while t . ytororo inhabits a downstream section of the same basin ( fig 5 ) . curiously , all these species are known from few collecting sites or only from their type localities ( as t . ytororo ) , possibly indicating some ecological constraints in their distributions .\ndorsal view of urohyal of ( a ) trichomycterus balios , paratype , ufrgs 6831 , 81 . 7 mm sl ; ( b ) t . diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl ; ( c ) t . poikilos , paratype , mcp 22699 , 79 . 0 mm sl ; and ( d ) t . brachykechenos , paratype , ufrgs 16245 , 41 . 9 mm sl . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .\neven so , the aforementioned presumably derived character states shared by the species herein proposed as belonging to the trichomycterus stawiarski group ( table 1 ) suggest their close relationship and the reduced number of branchiostegal rays in t . ytororo could be interpreted as a homoplastic feature . however , a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus is still needed to assess if those character states are more parsimoniously attributed to common ancestry or parallelisms and to test the monophyly of this putative clade .\ngene ontology ( go ) analysis of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome . go functional analysis was performed on assigned proteins in order to evaluate transcript function and the overall completeness of the isolated transcriptome . go terms were given for each of the t . areolatus predicted proteins as well as the proteomes of salmo salar , cyprinus carpio , and danio rerio ( retrieved from ncbi ) . the distribution of protein functions closely match one another , suggesting the assembled transcriptome is complete .\nmorphological data for species are based on literature , personal observations and photographs from image database of the all catfishes species inventory ( morris et al . , 2006 ) , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle urltoken and california academy of sciences urltoken trichomycterus santaeritae ( eigenmann , 1918 ) and the species from t . hasemani group were not included in comparisons due to their reported relationship with non - trichomycterine taxa ( de pinna , 1989 ; dutra et al . , 2012 ) .\nthe new species proposed herein is allocated in the genus trichomycterus ( subfamily trichomycterinae ) due to the presence of all the synapomorphies for the clade that includes all the trichomycterids excepting the copionodontinae and trichogeninae and lacks those derived characters that support the clade comprising the subfamilies glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , stegophilinae , tridentinae , and vandelliinae [ 3 ] . the presence of the levator internus 4 muscle originating from the neurocranial floor and the dorsal face of the posttemporo - supracleithrum , a synapomorphy for trichomycterinae latu sensu [ 13 ] , in the new taxon also supports its inclusion in the subfamily . among the trichomycterinae , the new taxon also lacks the diagnostic characters of bullockia , eremophilus , hatcheria , ituglanis , rhizosomichthys , scleronema , and silvinichthys [ 3 , 4 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] . in view of these facts , the inclusion of the new species in the genus trichomycterus is the most plausible action for the moment .\nbesides both t . balios and t . poikilos occur in the rio taquari - antas drainage , they also show disjoint distributions . trichomycterus balios occurs to the east , in the rio da prata , a tributary in the right margin of the rio das antas , and tributaries of the rio das antas above the mouth of the rio da prata in both right and left margins . trichomycterus poikilos occurs to the west in the rio carreiro , rio guapor\u00e9 and rio forqueta , all right margin tributaries of the rio taquari - antas , below the rio da prata , but is also widely distributed in the upper tributaries of the rio jacu\u00ed basin that are geographically close to the rio taquari - antas tributaries ( fig . 8 ) . the occurrence of t . poikilos in close proximity in the upper portions of the tributaries of two sub - drainages ( rio taquari - antas and upper rio jacu\u00ed ) may indicate headwater capture events among these small tributaries .\ntrichomycterus ytororo is distinguishable from all congeners by the presence of 31\u201335 dorsal caudal procurrent rays ( fig 3 ; vs . 29 or less ) . in addition , trichomycterus ytororo exhibits two characters shared only by three congeners ( table 1 ; t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski ) : the procurrent caudal - fin rays thickly ossified and rigid with a slender distal tip and the dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending along the tips of 10\u201313 neural spines ( fig 3 ; vs . procurrent caudal - fin rays thin and flexible with the dorsal ones extending for less than eight neural spines tips ) . trichomycterus ytororo can be further distinguished from t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski by the number of branchiostegal rays ( 9 vs . 10\u201311 ) . trichomycterus ytororo can be further distinguished from t . igobi by the smaller head length ( 19 . 7\u201322 . 5 % vs . 23 . 8\u201326 . 8 % of sl ) , longest caudal peduncle ( 20 . 3\u201323 . 4 % vs . 15 . 4\u201319 . 7 % of sl ) and 4\u20137 pores in the trunk canal of the laterosensory system ( vs . two pores ) ; from t . crassicaudatus by the caudal - fin distal margin rounded in adults ( vs . forked ) , higher number of vertebrae ( 37\u201338 vs . 35\u201336 ) , lower number of ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays ( 13 vs . 17\u201318 ) , and the dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over the tips of 13 neural spines ( vs . dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over the tips of 12 neural spines ) ; and from t . stawiarski by the lower number of ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays ( 13 vs . 17 ) , the higher number of pectoral - fin rays ( i , 7 vs . i , 6 ) , and lower number of vertebrae ( 37\u201338 vs . 39 ) .\ncosta & bockmann ( 1993 ) suggest that ituglanis and scleronema are closely related to tsvsg clade based in two synapomorphies ( reduction of the interopercular patch of odontodes and urohyal thin and elongate ) , and de pinna ( 1998 ) reinforced the monophyly of this clade based on shared three or fewer abdominal vertebrae by its members . however , datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) listed a unique derived character shared by at least five genera of the subfamily trichomycterinae ( bullockia , hatcheria , ituglanis , scleronema and trichomycterus ) , the posterior portion of the levator internus 4 originating from the dorsal face of the posttemporo - supracleithrum , and contested the utility of the characters that corroborated the monophyly of the clade scleronema + ituglanis + tsvsg ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ; de pinna , 1998 ) . according to datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) , the reduction of the interopercular patch of odontodes and the thinness and elongation of urohyal lateral processes is present in many other trichomycterines ( e . g . , trichomycterus stawiarski and silvinichthys bortayro fern\u00e1ndez & de pinna , 2005 ) and seem to be developed to varying degrees with a continuum of intermediate states between the more extreme conditions . trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos present the urohyal with lateral processes with wide bases and decreasing in width distally with rounded tips , but t . brachykechenos possesses the lateral processes of urohyal thin and elongate with pointed tips ( fig . 5 ) , corroborating the statements of datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) .\nin the trichomycterus species the cranial fontanel is normally divided in two openings separated by epiphyseal bar : the anterior fontanel which is a small rounded opening situated between frontals , and the posterior fontanel which is long and narrow extending from posterior portion of frontals to parieto - supraoccipital . a reduced cranial fontanel is present in at least other three species of the genus : t . cachiraensis ardila rodr\u00edguez , 2008 , t . sketi castellanos - morales , 2011 from colombia , and t . megantoni from peru .\necological data . specimens of trichomycterus igobi were collected in the same general locality as t . sp . c in the rio jord\u00e3o , and presumably occupy the same kind of fast water , rocky - substrate environment reported for that species ( cf . wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) . the details of its microhabitat , however , are as yet unknown . the stomach of the cleared and stained specimen contained larvae of diptera ( simulidae ) , ephemeroptera , and trichoptera , indicating benthic feeding habits .\nupper caudal plates of trichomycterus balios , lateral view , anterior to left . ( a ) = paratype , mcp 41292 , 64 . 7 mm sl ; ( b ) paratype , mcp 41292 , 72 . 3 mm sl . abbreviations : hu3 , hypural 3 ; hu4 + hu5 , complex plate formed by co - ossification of hypurals 4 and 5 ; hu3 + hu4 + hu5 , complex plate formed by co - ossification of hypurals 3 , 4 and 5 . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm ."]}
{"id": 865, "summary": [{"text": "mango mealybug ( drosicha mangiferae ) , is a pest of mango crops in asia .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the nymphs and females suck plant sap from inflorescences , tender leaves , shoots and fruit peduncles .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "as a result , the infested inflorescences dry up , affects the fruit set , causing fruit drop .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "these bugs also exude honey dew over the mango tree leaves , on which sooty mold fungus develops reducing the photosynthetic efficiency of the tree .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is a polyphagous pest and is found on over 60 other plant species", "topic": 12}], "title": "mango mealybug", "paragraphs": ["the mango mealybug . first instars were less often encountered and were seldom parasitized . first\ndue to environmental pollution considerations , chemical control of mango mealybug , may be undertaken judiciously with care .\ninfested mango trees having indigenous predators declined from 42 . 3 % to 20 . 9 % . average mealybug\nin this episode of annadata , viewers will get to know about the measures to control mealybug in mango crop .\ninsects suck the sap of infested plants . mealybug infestations , together with sooty mold , seriously\nmango mealybug , an exotic pest of mango , was first observed in benin in 1986 . in a biological control programme , natural enemies were successfully released in the following years . the present study is the first attempt to measure the impact of the biological control of mango mealybug over a large area , through a survey of mango producers . most producers attributed the observed improvement of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nables , the duration of the parasitoid\u2019s presence proved to be a major factor . it influenced mealybug\nhussain si , saleem ma and freed s ( 2012 ) .\ntoxicity of some intsecticides to control mango mealybug , drosicha mangiferae , a serious pest of mango in pakistan\n. pakistan journal of zoology 44 ( 2 ) : 353\u2013359 .\nmealybug was assessed at 72 % . from the first survey year to the third , the percentage of infested\nganta , r . allomasso , and i . okon . 1990 . biological control of the cassava mealybug ,\nbokonon - ganta a , de groote h , neuenschwander p ( 2002 ) socio - economic impact of biological control of mango mealybug in benin . agric ecosyst environ 93 : 367\u2013378\nafrica was insignificant ( butani , 1975 ; laroussihle , 1980 ) . in 1986 , however , a mealybug\u2013later de -\n341 _ 37 epiphytic survival of xanthomonas campestris pv . mangiferaeindicae on mango buds .\nbanda , a . chalabesa , t . bird , and t . haug . 1994 . biological control of the cassava mealybug ,\noriental region to west africa and causing damage to mango , citrus and other trees .\n341 _ 39 pectic zymogram analysis for characterizing genetic diversity of the mango anthracnose pathogen .\n341 _ 54 effect of ethephon on mango ( mangifera indica l . ) fruit quality\nveys across different ecological zones of benin . the overall yield loss due to infestations by mango\n341 _ 16 physiology of saline stress in one mango ( mangifera indica l . ) rootstock\n341 _ 20 chemical pruning and induction of panicles in mango ( mangifera indica l . )\n341 _ 31 effect of bottom heat temperatures on rooting of mango cuttings of different cultivars .\nmango mealybug , an exotic pest of mango , was first observed in benin in 1986 . in a biological control programme , natural enemies were successfully released in the following years . the present study is the first attempt to measure the impact of the biological control of mango mealybug over a large area , through a survey of mango producers . most producers attributed the observed improvement of mango production to the success of biological control . based on production estimates by producers , the negative impact of the pest on plant production and the positive impact of the introduced natural enemy were demonstrated . interviewed mango producers gained on average us $ 328 per year by the biological control programme . extrapolated to all producers of benin , a yearly gain of us $ 50 million in mango production can be estimated . the present value of accrued benefits is estimated at us $ 531 million over a period of 20 years . the total cost of the biological control of mango mealybug is estimated at us $ 3 . 66 million , which includes initial costs in other african countries and the introduction of the natural enemy from india , resulting in a benefit\u2013cost ratio of 145 : 1 for benefits in benin alone .\nmango mealy bugs . ( photo by dr . sandeep singh , pau , ludhiana via nbaii )\nneuenschwander , 1995 ) to fruit production . each mango farmer gained on average $ 328 per year\nof energy and nutrients . mango is also a valuable ornamental shade tree and contributes to the protec -\ntion of soil against erosion . until recently , damage to mango trees by insect pests and diseases in\nagounk\u00e9 , d . and fischer , h . u . ( 1993 ) . biological control of the mango mealybug ( rastrococcus invadens ) in togo . acta hortic . 341 , 441 - 451 doi : 10 . 17660 / actahortic . 1993 . 341 . 49 urltoken\n341 _ 23 influence of paclobutrazol on growth and leaf nutrient content of mango ( cv . blanco ) .\n341 _ 26 comparison of manual and ethephon - induced deblossoming of mango cv . keitt in the canary islands\n341 _ 27 vegetative growth analysis of mango ' manila ' trees grafted onto several interstock / rootstock combinations .\n341 _ 32 mulching and irrigation effects on growth , cropping and fruit quality of the mango cv . sensation\nmango mealybug is one of the most important insect pests of mango . the mealybug feeds on the tree , and produces droppings which make the leaves black and sticky . this lowers the strength of the tree , and its production of mangoes . during heavy attack , a whole part of the tree looks blackish in colour . this insect pest lowers the yield and quality of the mango and can go from one tree to another , if the trees are touching . young mealybugs are brown in colour . females are about half the size of your small nail , do not have wings and are covered with white wax . male adults are brick red , winged and smaller than the wingless female .\ncultivation for over 6000 years ( hill , 1952 ) . today , mango is a fruit of great importance throughout\n341 _ 12 mango ( mangifera indica l . ) introduction and evaluation in florida and its impact on the world industry\n341 _ 21 control of vegetative growth and inductive of regular and early cropping in ' alphonso ' mango with paclobutrazol .\nkarar h , sayyed ah , arif mj , ashfaq m and aslam m ( 2010 ) .\nintegration of cultural and mechanical practices fro management of the mango mealybug drosicha mangiferae\n. phytoparasitica 38 ( 3 ) : 223\u2013229 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12600 - 010 - 0094 - 8 .\ndensities declined steadily from 9 . 7 females per sampling unit in 1989 , with 3 . 2 % of all mango trees\nnymphs to crawl up the stem of mango trees , by wrapping plastic sheets innovatively around the tree stem , ahead of attack .\nmango trees declined from 31 . 0 % in 1989 to 17 . 5 % . during the same period , the mean percentage of\ntwo specific endophagous parasitoids gyranusoidea tebygi and anagyrus mangicola , of indian origin , were mass\u2010reared at the international institute of tropical agriculture in cotonou and released against the mango mealybug rastrococcus invadens , in collaboration with national biological control programmes . g . tebygi was released in the following countries : benin , gabon , ghana , nigeria , sierra . . . [ show full abstract ]\n341 _ 25 effect of growth regulator and media on in vitro shoot tip culture of different cultivars of mango ( mangifera indica l . ) rootstocks\nin 1986 , it was described as rastrococcus invadens williams ( hemiptera : pseudoccocidae ) from india , where several cryptic species of rastrococcus infest mango , a native of this sub - . . .\nyoung insects and adult females suck the sap from twigs , leaves , flowers and fruit from january to june . a single female mealybug will go from the tree to the soil and will lay many eggs in the soil , about as deep as your little finger under the tree canopy near the trunk during july to august . they hatch during december and january and then go to feed on the weeds . they can travel up the mango tree either via the trunk or using branches touching the ground .\nwilliams dj ( 1986 ) rastrococcus invadens sp . n . ( homoptera pseudococcidae ) introduced from the oriental region to west africa and causing damage to mango , citrus , and other trees . bullet entomol res 76 : 695\u2013699\nthis is one of many insects that came to the attention of science only after it had been inadvertently transported and established on a new continent , where it became an important pest . to date , most field data concerning this species are therefore from west africa . in the 1980s , mealybug infestations suddenly devastated mango , but also many ornamental and shade trees , around lom\u00e9 , togo , and cotonou , b\u00e9nin . from there , this new plague rapidly spread along the coast , west to ghana and c\u00f4te d\u2019 ivoire and east to nigeria . at the turn of the millennium , it had invaded most of west and central africa ( from senegal to r . d . congo ) . in benin , for instance , it was observed most often in and around large cities , being less abundant in commercial orchards and even less so on local mango varieties in farmers\u2019 fields .\nmealy bugs are sucking insects , soft bodied , oval shape and cottony in appearance . mealy bugs are found on leaves , stems , roots and fruits which are covered like whitish powder . this condition is very difficult to eradicate the mealy bugs . the mango mealy bugs suck a large amount of sap from all parts of the tree . recently in pakistan the mango fruit in punjab districts like multan , bahawalpur , muzzaffargarh , rahim yar khan is being seriously infested with mango mealy bugs . mealy bugs are found in moist warm climate and also act as a vector for several plant diseases . they attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer used for protection while they suck the plant juices . some species of mealy bug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in the quantities of 50 - 100 ; other species are born directly from the female .\nhas a total lifecycle of 78\u2013135 days . between april and may , purple - colored eggs are laid in egg - sacs comprising mass of wax threads , in the loose soil around ( within 2\u20133 m radius ) the infested mango trees . eggs hatch in december\u2013january and nymphs start ascending the trees to succulent shoots and base of fruiting parts . nymphs go through stages of 1st instar ( 45\u201371 days ) , 2nd instar ( 18\u201338 days ) and 3rd instar ( 15\u201326 days ) . female and male appearance starts during march\u2013april . males are winged and short - lived after mating , and do not cause damage to the trees .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nactive during spring and monsoon season i . e . feb - april & june \u2013august .\ncause damage by sucking cell sap & by egg laying in the inflorescence and young leaves by injecting ovipositor .\nboth nymphs and adult damage the plant , but nymphs are more harmful due to voracious feeding .\nspraying with confidor 200 sl @ 30 - 50 ml / 100 lit . of water\nmale - - winged while female - - wingless , flattened body with white powder .\nlay eggs in clusters in fruit skin with its sharp ovipositor at the start of ripening .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nput slippery , 1 foot wide bands of polyethylene around the trunk , 3 feet above the ground . apply grease or any other sticky material on the band for better control of insects\ncheck 100 leaves on 5 different trees in an acre . if mealybugs are found on 5 of the 100 leaves checked , chemical control should be applied : spray only the affected tree using pressure sprayers with carbosulfan and imidacloprid at the recommended dose\nnote : imidacloprid can have non - target effects . use protective clothing , goggles , mask and gumboots during the pesticide spray . do not eat and smoke during the spray . wash hands , eyes and exposed parts of the body after the spray .\nwhen using a pesticide , always wear protective clothing and follow the instructions on the product label , such as dosage , timing of application , and pre - harvest interval .\njuvenile mealy bugs can crawl from an infected plant to non - infected plant . the other mode of transfer is the small \u2018crawlers\u2019 are transferred by wind , rains , birds , ants , clothing and vehicles and settled on new plants . the wax which sticks to each egg also facilitates passive transport by equipments , animals or people . the female mealy bug is unable to fly and not active . in fact , humans are great friends helping in transport of mealy bug . as the infested plant back the colonies of mealy bugs migrate from shoot tips to twigs , branches and finally down the trunk . ants attracted by the honeydew , have been seen carrying mealy bugs from plant to plant .\nheavy clustering of mealy bugs can be seen under leaf surface giving the appearance of thick mat with waxy secretion .\nthey excrete copious amount of honeydew that attracts ants and help in development of black sooty mould which inhibits the plants ability to manufacture food .\nnymphs and adults suck the plant sap and reduce the vigour of the plant which also causes the withering and yellowing of the leaves .\nfruit may drop prematurely on crop plants . heavy infestation can cause defoliation and even death of the plant .\nthey infest the plant during flowering season and if the control measures are not taken timely , the crop may be destroyed completely .\nexcessive and continuous draining of plant sap causes wilting and finally drying of infested tissue .\npolythene ( 400 gauges ) bands of 25 cm width fastened around the tree trunk have been found affective barrier to stop the ascent of nymphs to the tree . the band should be fastened well in advance before hatching of eggs , i . e . around november - december . all crop residues in previously infested fields should be removed and burnt . fields borders should be free from weeds and debris that may support mealy bugs between planting . apply sticky bands like \u2018track - trap\u2019 on main stem to prevent crawlers of mealy bugs reaching the bunch .\nmonochillus sexmaculatus , rodolia fumida and suminius renardi are important predators in controlling the nymphs . the entomogenous fungus beauveria bassiana is found to be an effective bioagent in controlling the nymphs of the mealy bug . foliar spray of verticillium lecanii or beauveria bassiana 5g / ml per liter of water is effective during high humid months in reducing the population of mealy bugs .\napplication of 250 g per tree of methyl parathion dust 2 percent or aldrin dust 10 percent in the soil around the trunk kills the newly hatched nymphs which come in contact with the chemical . spraying of 0 . 05 percent monocrotophos or 0 . 2 percent carbaryl or 0 . 05 percent methyl parathion have been found useful in controlling early instar nymphs of the mealy bug .\nthe ipm schedule of mealy bug is very important and useful if timely operations are done . flooding of orchards with water in the month of october kills the eggs . ploughing the orchards in the month of november exposes the eggs to sun\u2019s heat . in the middle of december , 400 gauges alkathene sheet of 25 cm width may be fastened to the tree trunk besides raking the soil around the tree trunk and mixing of 2 percent methyl parathion dust . the dust may also be sprinkled below the alkathene band on the tree . the congregated nymphs below the band may be killed by any of the suggested insecticides . the above ipm schedule holds promise to control the mealy bug but spraying of neem product and the spores of the fungus beauveria bassiana will further ensure the reduction of the pest population .\nthis post is published by agrihunt staff member . if you believe it should have your name please contact md @ urltoken\nkhan : this is an excellent article . i liked it . i think , instead of keeping chicks for . . .\nrehematull baloch : sir kindly tell mn the students of molecular biology are eligible for this inter . . .\nsyed mustafa sabir : assalam o alaikum , i am writing from peshawar and i want to grow mushrooms of di . . .\nshahnawaz mumtaz : salam sir , this is good information for beginner , thanks you very much for share . . .\nsubscribe to our newsletter so we can keep you updated with latest news and information .\nwe are using cookies to give you the best experience on our site . by continuing to use our website without changing the settings , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . more info\nhow to grow a pineapple plant on your first try . works every time !\nprotect your orchids from mealy bug , spider mites , slugs , snails . . . etc . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nanterior ostioles absent ; cerarii with more than 5 truncate setae ; cerarii on anterior thorax and head separate ; without long dorsal setae adjacent to anal ring ; quinquelocular pores present on venter ; large - sized quinqueloculars present n marginal band on venter , about 1 pore wide ; multilocular pores restricted to abdomen , absent from lateral areas ; antennae 9 - segmented ; denticle on claw .\nupdated on 10 / 21 / 2011 9 : 42 : 51 am available online : padil - http : / / www . padil . gov . au .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe tropics ( laroussihle , 1980 ) . it is sold at local markets in africa and constitutes an important source\naffect plant growth , flowering , and fruiting of attacked trees . chemical and mechanical ( i . e . , trim -\ndecisionmakers in towns became concerned . as chemical and mechanical control , together with local\nthe origin of the pest was considered to achieve a long - term control .\nchanical and chemical measures were adopted to control the pest , but appeared ineffective . it was then\nremained the only important host ( bokonon - ganta and neuenschwander , 1995 ) . similar observa -\nby narasimham and chacko ( 1988 ) , but also on third instars . in this study , sex ratios were highly\nbugs than in smaller ones , and were always larger than males from the same host instar .\ninstars were , however , preferred for host feeding . handling time per host decreased with increasing\nthem , did not oviposit into them . the sex ratio of emerging parasitoids , expressed as proportion of\ndecreasing host size , from young adult females to first instars . female wasps emerging from any size\nof host were always larger than the corresponding males . male size increased with that of the host ,\ninto hosts , unparasitized , or previously parasitized by the other species . this suggests that neither\nspecies discriminates against each other . the total number of parasitoids of either species emerging\nferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) ( herren and neuenschwander , 1991 ) . the later - attacking\nhaving densities above 100 mealybugs , to 6 . 4 in 1991 , with 1 . 3 % of all trees having densities above 100\n( table 1 ) ( bokonon - ganta and neuenschwander , 1995 ) . similar multiple regression analyses have\nthrough this biological control program . including operational costs , the present value of iita\u2019s in -\nvolvement was estimated at $ u . s . 1 . 75 million . other organizations provided additional support ( gtz ,\nfao , cab international , and the benin plant protection service ) . the total depreciated cost of bio -\nto $ u . s . 3 . 66 million . compared with the benefit of $ u . s . 531 million , the benefit - cost ratio was\nport . the contribution of profs . j . j . m . van alphen and m . w . sabelis to some of the findings in this\nagounk\u00e9 , d . , u . agricola , and h . a . bokonon - ganta . 1988 .\n( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , a serious pest of fruit trees and other plants in west africa .\nagricola , u . , d . agounk\u00e9 , h . u . fischer , and d . moore . 1989 . the control of\nbaumg\u00e4rtner , j . , u . regev , n . rahalivavololona , b . graf , p . zahner and v . delucchi . 1990 . rice\nboavida , c . , p . neuenschwander , and f . schulthess . 1992 . spatial distribution of\nwilliams , populations . ( data obtained in b\u00e9nin , from 1989 to 1991 ) .\nboavida , c . , p . neuenschwander , and h . r . herren . 1995 . experimental assessment of the impact\nboavida , c . , m . ahounou , m . vos , p . neuenschwander , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1995 . host stage\nbokonon - ganta , a . h . and p . neuenschwander . 1995 . the impact of the biological control agent\nbokonon - ganta , a . h . , h . de groote , and p . neuenschwander . 2002 .\nbokonon - ganta , a . h . , p . neuenschwander , j . j . m . van alphen , and m . vos . 1995 . host stage\nbokonon - ganta , a . h . , j . j . m . van alphen , and p . neuenschwander . 1996 . competition between\nbutani dhamo , k . 1975 . parasites et maladies du manguier en inde .\nadjakloe , k . k . antwi , and i . olaleye . 1994 . stem and ear borers of maize in ghana , plant\ngutierrez , a . p . , p . neuenschwander , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1993 . factors affecting biological\nherren , h . r . and p . , neuenschwander . 1991 . biological control of cassava pests in africa .\nmatokot , l . , g . reyd , p . malonga , and b . le ru . 1992 . dynamique des populations de\nwaijnberg , e . , j . k . scott , and p . c . quimby ( eds ) .\nneuenschwander , p . , r . borowka , g . phiri , h . hammans , s . nyirenda , e . h . kapeya , and a .\nneuenschwander , p . , c . boavida , a . h . bokonon - ganta , a . gado , and h . r . herren . 1994 . estab -\npijls , j . w . a . m . , k . d . hofker , m . j . van staalduinen , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1990 . interspecific\nestablishment and spread of gyranusoidea tebygi noyes and anagyrus mangicola noyes ( hymenoptera : enc . . .\nwilliams ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , a serious exotic pest of fruit trees and other plants in west africa . bull entomol res 78 : 695\u2013702\nneuenschwander p ( 1996 ) evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in tropical africa . entomophaga 41 : 405\u2013424\nwilliams ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) in africa . biol control sci technol 4 : 61\u201369\nwilliams ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . in : capinera j . l . ( eds ) encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n341 _ 30 production efficiency of compact ' manila ' mangos grafted onto different interstock - rootstock combinations .\n341 _ 59 impact of current u . s . pesticide issues on availability of pesticides for tropical fruits"]}
{"id": 869, "summary": [{"text": "hypolycaena condamini , the senegal hairstreak , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal and guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of guinea savanna . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "hypolycaena condamini", "paragraphs": ["hypolycaena is a butterfly genus in the family lycaenidae . hypolycaena species are found in the australasian ecozone , the indomalaya ecozone and the afrotropic ecozone .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\na widespread paleotropical genus , ranging from west africa to australia . there is some question ( e . g . , parsons 1999 ) regarding the monophyly of this genus : there are species groups with significant morphological and behavioral differences .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\ncorbet , a . s . , pendlebury , h . m . & eliot , j . n . 1992 the butterflies of the malay peninsula . kuala lumpur : malayan nature society .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\nparsons , m . 1999 the butterflies of papua new guinea : their systematics and biology . san diego : academic press .\nvane - wright , r . i . & de jong , r . 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen 343 , 1 - 267 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 871, "summary": [{"text": "alasea is a genus of moths in the choreutidae family , containing only one species , alasea corniculata , which is known from costa rica .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 4.5 \u2013 5.2 mm for males and 5.2 \u2013 5.7 mm for females . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "alasea", "paragraphs": ["alasea is an professional mermaid , model , actress , artist , vocalist and cosplayer .\nalasea is located in seattle , washington . this organization primarily operates in the museums and art galleries business / industry within the museums , art galleries and botanical and zoological gardens sector . this organization has been operating for approximately 4 years . alasea is estimated to generate $ 47 , 581 in annual revenues , and employs approximately 1 people at this single location .\nhi ! i am alasea , i am a professional mermaid with blue mermaid designs . i also do arts & crafts , singing , modeling , acting , and voice over work .\nalasea corniculata was described by rota in 2008 ( see reference to original description below ) from specimens collected in costa rica . the holotype is held by inbio . this is a small moth with forewing length of about 5 mm . it has dark forewings with iridescent specks of scales and a yellow - orange hindwing .\nthe kingdom of vetulia quickly emerged from the 7th century b . c . as the undisputed military power in a ' vassortiv\u0113a . eventually growing immensely wealthy from sea and overland trade with the hevl\u0101tian tribes beyond the kutzgr\u014dd mountains , the vetulians began to set their sights on securing control of their borderlands . targeting what would become the modern province of varia and the italorian peninsula , in 574 b . c . a succession of expansionist vetulian kings made use of military alliances with the hevl\u0101tian tribes to crush a series of barbarian confederations occupying the eastern lowlands along the kutzgr\u014dd . with the fall of the last bel ' akian confederation stronghold , alasea , in 536 b . c . , vetulian expansion began to secure the benefit of agricultural independence to the growing empire ( immeasurably furthered by the 510 b . c . conquest of the fertile western plains of modern athenia ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists \u00ae , operated by tgn services , llc , a subsidiary of ancestry .\nto get better results , add more information such as last name , birth info , death info or location \u2014even a guess will help . edit your search or learn more .\ni somehow ended up with a copy of an ebook and can ' t find my original book ( i ' m almost 80 % sure it ' s still in storage with a few hundred other books ) , so i ' m rereading the series . i have no map though . no problem right ? i ' ll just go to the author ' s site and find the map there . urltoken the map is so degraded it ' s pretty much unreadable . does anyone know of another copy of the map so i don ' t have to brave my storage unit to try and find the books ? thanks !\nhi lori . i found my copy of wit ' ch star if you add me to you permissions list for private message , i ' ll shoot you a scan of the map .\nyou sir , are a truly good person . thank you so much for this !\nlet me just see if i can dig up my paperback . i ' ve no idea where they get up and walk off to my books !\nflagging a post will send it to the goodreads customer care team for review . we take abuse seriously in our discussion boards . only flag comments that clearly need our attention . as a general rule we do not censor any content on the site . the only content we will consider removing is spam , slanderous attacks on other members , or extremely offensive content ( eg . pornography , pro - nazi , child abuse , etc ) . we will not remove any content for bad language alone , or being critical of a particular book .\nwelcome back . just a moment while we sign you in to your goodreads account .\n11 , 877 white 3 , 792 hispanic 4 , 800 black 4 , 036 asian 659 native american 1 , 007 hawaiian 2 , 326 other 51 . 4 % white 16 . 4 % hispanic 20 . 8 % black 17 . 5 % asian 2 . 9 % native american 4 . 4 % hawaiian 10 . 1 % other\nthis location is in king county and the seattle - tacoma - bellevue , wa metropolitan area .\nthis information is available to paying subscribers . click to learn about our subscription plans .\ni authorize buzzfile to release my contact and other pertinent information to the necessary parties should this removal be contested .\nyou are only permitted to claim ownership and remove one company profile . you have previously claimed ownership and removed the profile for :\nthis user will no longer be able to comment on your page and send you messages .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nbecause it is pending further input from participants , or it is a work - in - progress by one author .\nnote : to contribute to this article , you may need to seek help from the author ( s ) of this page .\nthe holy pontifical union of astavia ( latin : sancta pontificia \u016bnio astaviae - astavian high latin : sv\u0113ti papinsko s\u00e1vek ast\u00e1viz ) ( commonly reffered to as astavia , the pontifical union , astavian union , and the h . p . u . ) is a unitary theocratic republic comprised of its main territorial holdings on the efian continent , in addition to various overseas possessions . primarily situated on efia proper , the pontifical union also wields administrative control of the papal states of akkasti and livonia in southern ardas and northern euraso respectively , as well as a military outpost administered by a papal prelaturate on the st . arak islands . bordered to the north by the arctic ocean , and in the east and west by the sassani and halcyon oceans respectively , astavia shares only two land borders with the mid - efian states of auraliae and petruvia . comprised of a land area of 9 , 257 , 161 km2 ( 3 , 574 , 209 sq mi ) , astavia is the largest nation on the efian continent , and in undria by landmass . with 112 . 3 million inhabitants , astavia is also undria\u2019s most populous nation , and is the only country that shares a geographic border with both the arctic and sassani oceans .\nastavia is home to one of the world\u2019s oldest civilizations . first settled by nomadic tribes 9 , 000 years before the founding of the ancient city of vetulia , the plains of northern efia eventually became home to numerous diverse polities by the end of the 9th century bc . with the settled population primarily centralized in the lowlands , various powerful kingdoms emerged in the 7th and 8th centuries bc - particularly the kingdom of vetulia , which dominated overland trade routes throughout varangia , as well as river trade along the vestria river . eventually conquering most of the southern polities and securing a political union with the powerful tribal kingdom of hevlatia in 428 bc , the var\u0101ngik dominion soon extended its control over the northern mountains through a series of military campaigns , forming one of the largest ancient empires in undria ' s history .\nlong considered a nation of great geostrategic importance because of its domination over the mineral rich mountain ranges of northern efia , as well as its prominent position on veltari strait and the bay of tytherion , astavia ranks as one of the largest regional trading powers on efia , and has consistently been a leading economic force in undria since industrializing in the 19th century . the country boasts significant reserves of both rare earth minerals and natural gas , as well as a burgeoning industrialized sector focused intensely on arms manufacturing and research . it is also a major diplomatic player , wielding considerable influence over international security issues and energy policy in undria . vaticaina , the country\u2019s capital and 4th largest city , is a leading center of economic and cultural exchange in undria . the seat of the holy see , as well as astavia\u2019s primary governing institutions , vaticania also boasts one of the lowest overall urban crime rates in the world , despite dealing with a rising population living beneath the national poverty line .\nthe country is a founding member of the undrian regional council , formed in 1943 following the conclusion of the krumaarian succession crisis , and is a leading signatory of the avignon mutual assistance pact . astavia\u2019s longstanding cultural legacy has been further reinforced by the designation of twelve global heritage sites by the urc within its borders . its unique political system , based on the 1884 constitution that introduced significant administrative restructurings of the previous papal state , blends elements of a parliamentary republic with a church - centered theocracy dominated by the country ' s clergy , wherein the supreme pontiff , the head of the ancient catholic church , wields ultimate influence over government activity . var\u0101ngiks , the ethnic descendents of the ancient var\u0101ngik dominion , constitute a vast majority of the nation\u2019s ethnic makeup , although a small multitude of ethnic and linguistic groups also exist . most astavians identify themselves as practicing catholics in communion with the national church , and high latin ( a northern - efian based blending of var\u0101ngik latin and hevlatian ) is the official national language .\n( reffering to the fertile plains north of the vassar river in modern aegia ) . the vassaskri were one of several migrant tribes who traveled beyond the vassar and settled along the vestria river . the term ' s association with the region of vassaskri settlement eventually gained it the alternative meaning of\n( hence it ' s feminine form ) . the vassaskri were one of several tribes that eventually coalesced into the vetulian kingdom over the 7th century bc , and their development of a written language helped form the basis of a common tongue used by the vetulian royal court . by the 5th century bc , the earliest form of vassaskri - based proto - latin language was widely present in the expanding kingdom , and had become adopted as the chief administrative language for state recordkeeping . the term\ngaston d ' ildaro ' s 15th century painting of the assandrian prince , paranus superbus ( center ) , presiding over a rik ' kai council following the collapse of the duonomi bloodline .\nin 624 b . c . , the last vassaskrian king , galerion possoli died - leaving behind no direct heir to assume the throne . possoli ' s 12 year old nephew , klio seemed the next reasonable successor , but was quickly challenged by his older sister , alemia . married to the assandrian royal heir , julianos superbus , alemia ' s claim was strengthened not only by the loyalty of her father ' s troops , but also the threat of an assandrian intervention . seizing power in a relatively bloodless palace coup , alemia ascended to the vassaskrian throne the same year - swiftly conducting an alteration of the kingdom ' s laws on primogeniture succession to exclude consideration of gender . by the beginning of the 6th century b . c . , both the vassaskri and assandri lived under the rule of a unified royal dynasty , based in the old assandrian capital of vetulia .\nthe duonomi , charged originally with protecting the frontier along the vassar river , encountered disaster in 614 b . c . when the steppe army of ok ' loka the cruel smashed their defenses at solsid . crossing the river , ok ' loka ' s army rapidly advanced to the duonomi capital of foggia , laying waste to the countryside and routing local militias organized to halt their advance . eventually capturing foggia following a short siege , ok ' loka ' s army subjected the city to a horrific sacking and brutally massacred most of the duonomi royal family . an assandrian army under the command of crown prince paranus superbus gathered strength and moved south to prevent the loss of any more duonomi lands to the steppe invasion - soundly defeating ok ' loka ' s main force at the battle of zaria in 612 b . c . the assandrians quickly crushed the rapidly dissipating steppe raiders , and regained control of the vassar river plains . exploiting the substantially weakened position of the duonomi family , the assandrians assumed military control of the region - subjecting the duonomi to the status of a protectorate state .\nin 428 b . c . the vetulian king , dominian akrasti , married helena superba , daughter of hevl\u0101tian king othorogorus . with othorogorus\u2019 death in 406 b . c . , dominian ascended to the hevl\u0101tian throne . the unification of the hevl\u0101tian and vetulian kingdoms under the control of dominion in 406 b . c . is considered the end of the monarchal period , and the beginning of the var\u0101ngik dominion by most modern historians ( although the degree of cultural assimilation between the two kingdoms leaves some room for debate as to the exact year both states considered themselves one and the same empire ) .\nover the next century , the sons of primarch dominian carried on their father\u2019s wars of imperial expansion . in addition to presiding over transkyrior kh\u016bzian for 10 years before ascending to the primarch ' s throne , general tarquinias akrasti issued numerous reforms for the dominion\u2019s army . standing armies of professional soldiers were established , military standards for training and equipment were made universal , lines of communication improved , the chain of command was streamlined , and strict codes of conduct were introduced . professional troops quickly became the backbone of the dominion\u2019s military power on the continent . during primarch tarquinias\u2019 rule , the dominion expanded across the s\u016btgorod mountains towards the northern coastline of the continent . the primarch ' s brother antonais colonized the island of edia in 389 b . c . , and antonias ' son justinarius consolidated the dominion\u2019s control over the far western provinces by pacifying the native dulcedi and botissi tribes . by 320 b . c . most of the northern half of the efian continent had been brought under the control of the dominion .\nin 317 b . c . however , king acenatrix of the gutulian confederation ( at the time , a powerful tribal alliance based in what is modern - day etruscia province ) rallied his people to arms after proconsul julius maxentius ( who had been who had been appointed governor or hevl\u0101tia ) ordered the destruction of the gutullian border city , averni , in response to repeated gutullian raids on dominion trading caravans .\nthe gutulian onslaught into dominion territory was unexpected , successfully beating back the inexperienced garrison forces occupying the border cities of northern hevl\u0101tia . in 316 b . c . general rutullius maximus was given command of four\n( armies ) and traveled north to deal with the barbarian threat . when the dominion reinforcements arrived , the gutullian forces soon found they could not defeat organized armies in open combat - experiencing a decisive defeat at the battle of nos essa . for the next 6 years , the gutullian confederation bled rutullius\u2019 stratiae in small skirmishes in the freezing highlands of the continant\u2019s northern coast . in 309 b . c . , rutullius\u2019 prized , yet severely weakened iii stratia was crushed by a massed gutullian attack at the battle of gliara pass . general rutullius , struck down by an arrow himself during the battle , was relieved of his command .\ngeneral tiberius romulus akrasti , the grandson of primarch justinarius akrasti , was then given command of the disheartened dominion force . bolstering the other three stratiae with the survivors of the iii stratia , tiberius set out to starve the gutullians into submission . the arid highlands that the gutullians called home had little land suitable for farming . while the dominion\u2019s navy ( which held uncontested control of the seas ) denied oversea trade to the gutullians , tiberius\u2019 stratiae laid waste to every farm and city they came upon . within two years , tiberius\u2019 armies had pushed the gutullians back to their capital brundisium . starved of food , suffering from disease , and broken in spirit , the people of the city rebelled against king acenatrix , and surrendered the city to the dominion . with the fall of brundisium and the capture of the gutullian leadership , the confederation quickly collapsed . over the next three and a half centuries the emperors of the var\u0101ngik dominion held unconditional control over the northern half of the efian continent .\nthe year 0 a . d . marks the moment the first catholic missionaries set foot on the dominion\u2019s soil . sent by the ailing church in other countries , the missionaries spread far and wide throughout the dominion . the appeal of universal salvation that the missionaries preached took hold over the dominion\u2019s masses ( most of whom had little in the way of \u201cparadise\u201d awaiting them in the next life under the teachings of the polytheistic state religion ) . priests in the cities of the dominion were elevated to bishops , and gained public favor in numerous provinces . as the christian population grew , a church hierarchy began to develop within the dominion . in 12 a . d . , pope gregory i , recognizing the potential for the creation of a christian empire , moved his papal court to the dominion city of avignon .\nwith the permission of the dominion ' s government , pope gregory began preaching in avignon , and from there coordinated the larger missionary effort . for the most part , the state religion of the dominion had been a polytheistic blend of local religious beliefs and the old vetulian gods - reflecting the empire ' s tendency to incorporate various faiths into the rational of the state religion rather than force conversion . thus the dominion government ' s initial attitudes towards the growing christian population were , more often than not , benevolent .\nthe city of virakia ' s statue of primarch severus is a popular pilgrimage site and national monument .\nprimarch austark ii , hoping to cull the growing power of the church and return the dominion to its adherence to the pagan vetulian pantheon , began a persecution of the christians and other religious groups in 60 a . d . - claiming they had tried to set fire to parts of the capital vetulia to destabilize the dominion\u2019s government in the aftermath of the temurid crisis . outrage ensued throughout much of the newly christianized portions of the empire . chaos reigned in several provinces as provincial governors either chose to send troops to put down rebellions staged by their countrymen , or keep their severely depleted forces in the safety of their barracks .\nseverus ' bond with liara however would be tragically severed through a series of events that eventually culminated in the severan rebellion . in what they had hoped would be a move to protect their family , severus and liara ' s eldest daughter amyra was wed to the primarch ' s nephew , tyrannius austark - at the time , a senator and former military tribune residing in vetulia . as civil strife began to mount in resistance to austark ' s religious pogroms , the primarch began to use close family members of provincial governors trapped in the capital as leverage to ensure their loyalty . when severus ' wife liara and her entourage were refused free movement out of the city after visiting her daughter in the spring of 63 a . d . , severus unsuccessfully pleaded with the primarch to let her return to athenia .\ndepicts severus ( shown left in gold ) decimating the pagan forces of primarch austark ii .\nan 11th century depiction of the\ndonation of severus ,\nwhich adorns the walls of the sinistrian chapel within the apostolic palace .\nupon his deathbed in 76 a . d . , primarch severus , ordered in a letter bearing the seal of the imperial household that custodianship for the dominion be turned over to the church - angering the remnants of the imperial nobility , and signaling the end of the dominion ' s line of primarchs from the aristocratic class . following the deaths of his wife and daughter in the severan rebellion , a grieving severus vowed never to marry again , and committed himself to faithful chastity in memory and honor of the woman he loved totally . much to the distaste of the imperial nobility , not only did severus fail to produce offspring to succeed him , he also openly abandoned his faith in the imperial pantheon - receiving the sacrament of baptism into the church in a ceremony conducted by pope gregory ii in 74 a . d .\nlong before his death , severus ' imperial administration came to rely heavily on educated clerics , produced by an ever expanding system of church schools - progressively forcing the empire ' s secular nobility to the margins of power . laws were passed elevating catholicism to the imperial faith , though severus himself never outlawed the ancient pagan pantheon . by the year of severus ' death , historians estimate roughly seven out of ten offices in the dominion ' s civil administration were held by ordained members of the catholic clergy , while 8 stratiae out of a standing force of 13 were led by specially appointed cardinal - tribunes .\ndeclining immigration rates prompted the government to enact several reforms in 2008 to simplify access to astavian citizenship . following the 2008\nimmigration reform act ,\ncatholics abroad seeking to obtain astavian citizenship may claim a temporary citizenship status , and upon completion of a three year period of law - abiding residence , can be granted full citizenship . an amendment to the act , attached by the astavunitis wing in the npc , stipulated however that this offer of full citizenship was contingent on whether the immigrant renounces allegiance to all other foreign powers , and forfeits all other citizenships .\nthe astavian government , formed by 1884 constitution , is officially a unitary theocratic republic - composed of an intricate collection of governing bodies , divided conventionally into institutions that exercise executive , legislative , and judicial powers . separated into civilian and ecclesiastically - administered sectors , ultimate\ncustodianship\nof the nation rests in the person of the supreme pontiff , who is empowered to oversee the country ' s national interests , while the day - to - day management of the country ' s legislative work and civil administration are entrusted to an elected legislature and various civilian institutions . though governing power has historically been highly centralized in some form of national government for much of astavia ' s history , since 1940 various powers have been granted gradually to provincial councils to govern on local matters , while county and municipal councils have been extensively involved in local governance and the maintenance of public order since the early 1880s .\nunder the charter promulgated during the 1884 great constitutional reform , the pope is the pontifical union ' s ex officio head of state and commander - in - chief of the armed forces . in addition to his primary role as bishop of the diocese of vaticaina , the supreme pontiff serves as the primate of varangia ( an honorary title reserved for the pope ) , and the head of the holy see ( and thus , the astavian catholic church ) . as a general term , the holy see represents not only the temporal power of the pope , but also his spiritual and pastoral authority over ecclesiastical and civil matters . the supreme pontiff serves a life term following his election by the college of cardinals during conclave , and may not be removed from office after his ascension to the papacy ( though voluntary resignation is legally permitted ) . the pontiff wields broad administrative powers , including the right to issue papal bulls that carry the full force and effect of national law ( when so stipulated ) , and the power to declare war and offer peace . despite this official concentration of authority , astavian pontiffs have largely delegated most powers to legislative procedure and civilian oversight . pope\n, born gregory o ' hare , was elected on the 19th of may , 2014 . prior to his election , cardinal o ' hare served as the\n, and has since become a polarizing figure in undria . pope julius ' vigorous focus on serving the poor and marginalized portions of astavian society was seen as the primary initial focal point of his pontificate until international events largely overshadowed most of his domestic work . the\nkicked up an international firestorm in mid 2014 , which saw a major falling out between the pontifical union and its southern neighbor , the federal republic of auraliae . among more positive circles , pope julius is regarded as a champion of christian self - determination and a protector of catholic communities around the region . less enamored observers have frequently characterized his military exploits in belmia as that of a\nhapless warmonger ,\ndriven by a misguided\ncrusading mentality , and a dangerous sense of\ncatholic supremacism\n.\nconsisting of 12 cardinals is charged with the review of all legislative proposals passed by the npc . the esc may only veto legislation by unanimous agreement , though it is empowered to attach\nmandatory amendments\nto proposed legislation . such amendments , carrying the support of two thirds of the cardinals on the committee , function as editorial prerequisites for a bill ' s enactment . the amended bill , if not challenged by the national people ' s congress over a period of ten days , becomes law . if the npc challenges the amended bill , it may move to the floor for debate again , followed by a\nnullification\nvote . a four - fifths vote may override an esc amended bill , rendering it\n( a dead law ) . at any time , the npc and esc may appeal to the supreme pontiff to strike down or approve the law . the esc is also responsible for vetting and approving candidates for political office appointments , and national elections . citizens wishing to run as a candidate for one of the nationally recognized parties must be reviewed by the committee , and successfully petition the support of three cardinals ( and not opposed by more than four ) . committee members ( who serve septennial terms ) are exclusively appointed by the church , with six directly appointed by the supreme pontiff , and six elected from within the college of cardinals .\nwithin the church itself , a vast bureaucracy works in coordination with civilian government branches to facilitate effective governance . the curia of vaticaina is comprised of ten congregations , thirteen councils , four secretariats , three tribunals , and one prefecture . among the most active of the major curial institutions are the congregation for the evangelization of the peoples , which oversees the catholic church ' s various missionary activities across undria ( and within the astavian nation itself ) , and the congregation of divine mercy , which functions as the nation ' s primary social aid provider . most astavian social welfare , job training , food stamp , and public assistance programs fall under the administration of the congregation of divine mercy ( typically working with funds provided by the apostolic camera ) , although standards of national healthcare fall under the jurisdiction of the national health council .\nrests with the supreme pontiff , who selects a candidate from a list of four . two names are submitted by the chairman of the esc , and two more by the consul ( both the chairman and consul may concur on candidates , and stipulate such in the submitted list ) . in turn , the excelsus advocatus directly appoints the 7 justices of the supreme judicial council and the chief public prosecutor . courts in astavia are largely divided along secular and religious lines . for the most part , the secular courts of the nation bear the brunt of the civil cases and criminal prosecutions that make their way through astavia ' s judicial system on a yearly basis . at the local level , 112\nadminister justice for both criminal and civil cases . decisions made at the district level may be appealed to one of 17\n, which have appellate jurisdiction over specific regions across the country . at the highest civil level , the 7 - judge panel of the\n, exercises total authority to reconcile discrepancies ( constitutional or otherwise ) between decisions made by circuit courts .\nthree established tribunals exercise various forms of judicial power within astavia ' s catholic church . normal judicial appeals on sacramental matters ( such as marriage annulment ) , may work their way up through local church courts to the vetulian rota . some civil cases , if agreed upon by both parties , may also be taken to the vetulian rota provided both parties are practicing catholics in good standing with the church . the high signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court of the astavian see , wielding jurisdiction over decisions made by the vetulian rota , as well as the administrative decisions of church prelates . additionally , it oversees and regulates the legal framework that innervates the curia ' s administration . the apostolic suprema council ( colloquially referred to as the cloistered council ) deals primarily with matters of conscience and morality . officially , the suprema is the judicial wing of the office of the holy inquisition , which generally falls under the broad categorization of a curial institution , though its administration and operation is largely kept separate from the curia itself .\nastavian catholics may also elect ( so long as both the plaintiff and defendant assent ) to have civil cases brought before an ecclesiastical court , officially convened by a bishop , but typically administered by a designated local prelate . decisions by ecclesiastical courts may be appealed to one of 13 canon courts ( one for each province , and one for overseas territories ) , which are each overseen by three appointed canon judges . these courts fall under the supreme jurisdiction of the high signatura , the decisions of which ( since they are carried out on direct papal approval ) , cannot be appealed . while ecclesiastical courts are not empowered to hear criminal cases under normal circumstances , the apostolic suprema council of the ohi wields loose powers to conduct trials and carry out sentencing for certain categories of offenses , including crimes endangering national security , treason , and heresy . like the high signature , the suprema ' s decisions are final and cannot be appealed - rendering it ultimately answerable only to the supreme pontiff . the curate ' s court of review , a sub - court of the ohi , handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics and citizens closely associated with the church . the ohi ' s jurisdictional claim to legitimately investigate , detain , prosecute , and punish clerics and other church officials has been the subject of considerable criticism between catholic nations in undria , particularly in cases where the alleged offending party has been a foreign national who sought refuge in his or her home country .\npaf su - 27s flying a patrol run near the astavian - auralian border during the belmian independence crisis .\n. in a 2009 administrative audit , the military reported 377 , 000 personnel on active duty , as well as roughly 267 , 000 trained reservists in the home guard . the\n, a separate regime security force answering directly to the pope , is estimated to number around 187 , 000 troops , divided amongst 13 infantry divisions , 3 armored divisions , various independent / specialized brigades , and several classified special operations units . the pontifical union also possesses a paramilitary volunteer militia , operating under the direction of the\n, of whose 4 . 7 million civilian members , 158 , 000 are uniformed active duty personnel dispersed throughout the country . in wartime however , papal decree may place the order under the overall command of the apostolic guard .\nthe pontifical union also boasts a vast and fully indigenous arms industry , producing most of its own military equipment , and exporting considerable amounts of hardware to regional allies and organizations . the international arms overwatch committee of the undrian regional council estimated that small arms produced by the pontifical union accounted for at least 31 . 7 % of all traded firearms in 2013 . the same 2013 report concluded that other astavian military hardware accounted for roughly 29 . 2 % of the undrian arms economy .\nthis page was last modified on 20 january 2018 , at 15 : 51 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . we tested the best partition model based on protocols intro - duced by rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , using bayes factor ( kass & raftery , 1995 ; fan et al . , 2011 ; xie et al . , 2011 ) , partitioning the data first by gene ( the traditional approach , summing up to nine partitions ) and then using tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . for this , we used tiger v 1 . 02 ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) to calculate the relative rates of evolution of each site in the combined dataset . . . .\n. . . lanfear et al . , 2012 ) which has been shown to improve various aspects of phylogenetic inference ( e . g . see poux et al . , 2008 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ; leavitt et al . , 2013 ) . partitioned analyses were carried out using partitionfinder 2 . 0 . 0 ( pf ; lanfear et al . , 2012 ) with the raxml option to determine optimal partitioning schemes and best - fit models of substitution for both aa and nt data . . . .\n. . . for ml analyses , we used the gtr model of substitution with gamma model of rate heterogeneity ( gtr + g ) and different partition schemes , either gene - based or based on rates of evolution calculated by the program tree independent generation of evolutionary rates ( tiger ) ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . in gene - based partitions each gene was considered as a separate partition , while in tiger - based partitions , the characters were binned together based on their rate of evolution regardless of gene origin ( used as a partitioning strategy in rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . tiger partitions for the dataset were derived from the program tiger v1 . 02 that calculates relative rates of evolution of each site in an alignment ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . these markers have repeatedly been proven useful in resolving evolutionary relationships of different families of lepidoptera ( e . g . sihvonen et al . 2011 , rota & wahlberg 2012 , r\u00f6nk\u00e4 et al . 2016 , \u00f5unap et al . 2016 , zenker et al . 2016 ) . pcr was performed in a total volume of 20 \u03bcl , with the reaction mixture containing 1x bd advantage 2 pcr buffer , 1u bd advantage 2 polymerase mix ( bd biosciences , san jose , usa ) , 0 . 2 mm dntp ( thermo scientific , pittsburgh , usa ) , 5 pmol of primers and 20 - 80 ng of purified genomic dna . . . .\n. . . these markers have repeatedly been used in reconstructing phylogenies of different families of lepidoptera ( e . g . wahlberg & wheat , 2008 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) , including geometridae ( e . g . yamamoto & sota , 2007 ; wahlberg et al . , 2010 ; sihvonen et al . , 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . second , dividing nucleotide data into partitions according to their actual rate of evolution instead of some predefined criteria ( e . g . genes or codon positions ) has been shown to improve the results of phylogenetic analysis ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . third , sampling taxa at least pairwise for evolutionarily distant lineages ( tribes in the current case ) helps to reduce the negative effects of ' long - branch attraction ' and thereby improve the result of the phylogenetic analysis ( swofford et al . , 1996 ; bergsten , 2005 ; hedtke et al . , 2006 ) . . . .\n. . . in contrast , datasets on the order of tens of genes have been highly useful for resolving relationships at the intrafamilial level , as has been repeatedly shown for e . g . lepidopteran families ( wahlberg et al . 2009wahlberg et al . , 2014 kaila et al . 2011 ; kawahara et al . 2011 ; sihvonen et al . 2011 ; zahiri et al . 2011 zahiri et al . , 2012 zwick et al . 2011 ; regier et al . 2012a regier et al . , 2012b rota and wahlberg 2012 ; sohn et al . 2013 ) . thus , datasets generated with pcr - based methods have been and continue to be very insightful . . . .\n. . . like ov , tiger has been applied to selectively delete putatively fast evolving characters from genomic datasets ( e . g . , morgan et al . , 2014 ; xi et al . , 2014 ; katz and grant , 2015 ) . but unlike ov , tiger has also been used to partition characters into rate categories for parametric analyses ( e . g . , rota and wahlberg , 2012 ; heikkil\u00e4 et al . , 2014 ; nakov et al . , 2014 ) . typically character removal is performed by excluding one or more of the ten rate categories that tiger delimited , with different numbers of characters assigned to each category ( e . g . , greene et al . , 2014 ; morgan et al . , 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . this group is an excellent study system for investigating this phenomenon because they have wingspans of about 10\u201315 mm and they are globally distributed ( table 1 ) . moreover , a robust eight - locus phylogeny of metalmark moths has already been published ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . we significantly improved the existing data set that included 38 species from 13 genera representing mainly the neotropical , nearctic , oriental and palaearctic regions by adding another genus and over 60 species , many of which are from africa and australasia . . . .\n. . . we have undersampled brenthia from the oriental region and possibly from the aftrotropics , and if the unsampled species from one or both of these regions form a sister group to the remaining brenthia in the phylogeny , a different area of origin and ranges for some of the other nodes would be estimated as the most likely ( sampling details in appendix s1 ) . sequences partly came from published studies ( rota , 2011 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ; rota & miller , 2013 ) and from the barcode of life data systems ( bold ) for the dna - barcode fragment , but were largely obtained de novo for this study . genbank accession numbers and sequence length for each fragment / species can be found in appendix s2 . . . .\n. . . the phylogenetic hypothesis for the family is robust and is essentially the same as in rota ( 2011 ) , rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , and rota & miller ( 2013 ) ( see appendix s2 ) . out of the 103 nodes in the tree , 68 were strongly supported by both mrbayes and raxml analyses ; another nine nodes received moderate to strong support in both analyses ; 14 nodes had weak , moderate or strong support by at least one of the methods ; and only 12 nodes had no support in either of the analyses . . . .\n. . . brandley et al . ( 2005 ) investigated the effect of nine alternative ad hoc partitioning strategies on model fit , topology and node support in bayesian framework and found variation in inferred tree topologies at weakly supported nodes . other studies have noted that partitioning scheme choice affects node support ( ward et al . 2010 ; rota and wahlberg 2012 ; powell et al . 2013 ) , tree topology ( strugnell et al . 2005 ; leavitt et al . 2013 ; tao et al . 2013 ) , and branch - lengths ( poux et al . 2008 ; ho and lanfear 2010 ) . occasionally the choice of partitioning scheme has little or no effect on tree characteristics at all ( cameron et al . 2012 ) . . . .\n. . . although these studies demonstrate that partitioning can have important effects on phylogenetic inference , it is difficult to draw any general conclusions from them . the partitioning schemes compared within each study were selected on an ad hoc basis with very different approaches ; some studies compared a small set of very similar partitioning schemes ( e . g . , cameron et al . 2012 ) , and others compared extensive sets of very different partitioning schemes ( e . g . , rota and wahlberg 2012 ; leavitt et al . 2013 ) . furthermore , previous studies used a variety of different phylogenetic methods , software implementations , and tree inference methods . . . .\n. . . using the program tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) , all of the sites in the alignment were sorted into 80 bins based on their relative evolutionary rate , with invariable sites being sorted into bin 1 , and the fastest - evolving sites into bin 80 . the bins were then combined into partitions as described by rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , resulting in eight partitions ( partition 1 contained the slowest - evolving sites and partition 8 the fastest - evolving sites ) . in some of the analyses , as described later , the fastest partitions were excluded . . . .\n. . . the tree shown infig . 5 is the result of the analysis of the dataset ( full _ ex78 ) from which the fastest - evolving sites were excluded using the program tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) , partitioned using a previously described procedure ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) , and analyzed with mrbayes v . 3 . 2 ( ronquist et al . , 2012 ) . the topology is identical to that recently presented in regier et al . ( 2013 ) , except that in the latter , the eriocraniidae appear as sister group to all other glossata . . . .\n. . . but the influence of increasing the number of partitions on phylogeny was minimal , since most relationships found with nine and 22 partitions were the same , except for the resolution within vespa ( figs . 4c and 5 ) . similar issues with convergence and mixing related to a priori partitioning were reported by rota and wahlberg ( 2012 ) in their phylogenetic study of metalmark moths . . . .\nwe aim to understand better the phylogenetic relationships of the geometridae in the neotropical region . we already have sequenced ca . 150 genera but we still seek certain taxa for our work . i work\u2026\n[ more ]\nmolecular phylogeny , systematics and the evolution of caterpillar - ant interactions in metalmark butterflies .\nthe parasitoid wasp family ichneumonidae has been considered as an exception to the latitudinal diversity gradient . however , based on long - term and large - scale primary data , we have shown that the \u2026\n[ more ]\nnote on taxonomic history , thoraco - abdominal articulation , and current placement of millieriidae ( in . . .\nimmature stages of metalmark moths from the genus brenthia clemens ( choreutidae ) : morphology and lif . . .\nin this paper the immature stages of brenthia monolychna meyrick ( choreutidae : brenthiinae ) , as well as their ultrastructure , are described and figured . this is the first description of a new world brenthiine , in addition , notes on life history for four new world species of brenthia clemens are provided , including mention of their host plants and parasitoids . host plant utilization of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndata partitioning in bayesian analysis : molecular phylogenetics of metalmark moths ( lepidoptera : cho . . .\nin this study a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of metalmark moths ( lepidoptera : choreutidae ) focused on resolving the higher - level phylogeny of this group is presented . through the analysis of this dataset , i explore different data - partitioning strategies in bayesian phylogenetic inference , and find that a partitioning strategy can have a large influence on the results of phylogenetic . . . [ show full abstract ]\nphylogeny of the dagger moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : acronictinae : acronicta ) and the evolution of . . .\nhighly variable larvae in the genus acronicta prompted a . r . grote to proclaim\nthere would seem to be no genus which offers a more interesting field to the biologist for exploration\n( grote , 1895 ) . along with related genera in the subfamily acronictinae , acronicta underwent a whirlwind of taxonomic revision in its infancy , rife with synonyms and rivalries between lepidopterists . controversies . . . [ show full abstract ]\nicanheartheoceancallingme : i love the tails he makes , his use of colours is amazing . | mermaids and mythology < 3 photography and videos | pinterest | mermaid , \u2026"]}
{"id": 876, "summary": [{"text": "scotinomys is a genus of rodent , the singing mice , in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "together with baiomys , it forms the tribe baiomyini .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it contains the following species : alston 's brown mouse ( scotinomys teguina ) chiriqui brown mouse ( scotinomys xerampelinus ) they are found in mountainous areas in central america , at altitudes of 1000 m to at least 3500 m .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "as their common name indicates , they are notable for their acoustic communication .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are insectivorous .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the two species show substantial divergence in behaviour and reproduction , with s. xerampelinus generally dominant over s. teguina where the species occur together . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "scotinomys", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nguatemalanruskohiiru\nto\nscotinomys teguina ( alston , 1877 )\n.\nreproduction , growth and development in two contiguously allopatric rodent species , genus scotinomys . misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . mich\ncitation : campbell p , pasch b , warren al , phelps sm ( 2014 ) vocal ontogeny in neotropical singing mice ( scotinomys ) . plos one 9 ( 12 ) : e113628 . urltoken\nneotropical singing mice ( scotinomys ) are diurnal , insectivorous rodents that inhabit the cloud - cloaked mountains of middle america . males commonly emit elaborate vocalizations to attract mates & repel rivals . please visit urltoken for more information on current research\ndimitri v . blondel , jorge pino , steven m . phelps ; space use and social structure of long - tailed singing mice ( scotinomys xerampelinus ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 90 , issue 3 , 2 june 2009 , pages 715\u2013723 , urltoken\ncomparisons of mean home - range sizes of scotinomys xerampelinus across seasons for a , c ) 85 % minimum convex polygon and b , d ) 100 % minimum convex polygon . data shown are means \u00b1 1 se . all comparisons are not statistically significant ( p > 0 . 05 ) .\nhome ranges for individual scotinomys xerampelinus located ( captured or fixed via telemetry ) on the study grid \u22654 times for ( a ) 2003 , 85 % mcp home ranges , ( b ) 2003 , 100 % mcp home ranges , ( c ) 2004 , 85 % mcp home ranges , and ( d ) 2004 , 100 % mcp home ranges . home ranges are calculated using the arithmetic mean method . home ranges for males ( solid lines ) and females ( dashed lines ) are shown ; 10 - m scale lines are indicated .\nhere , we characterize the vocal development of two sister species of neotropical mice in which vocal communication plays a major role in adult social behavior . commonly referred to as singing mice , scotinomys teguina and s . xerampelinus are small ( 10\u201315 g ) diurnal , insectivorous muroid rodents . both species are restricted to cool , montane habitats in middle america ; s . teguina ranges from southern m\u00e9xico to panam\u00e1 at 1000\u20132930 m , whereas s . xerampelinus occurs only in costa rica and panam\u00e1 where it replaces s . teguina at altitudes between 2200 and 2900 m [ 31 ] .\ncomparison of expected versus observed areas of home - range overlap of scotinomys xerampelinus . analyses are based on 85 % minimum convex polygons calculated with the arithmetic mean method . comparisons of expected and observed values were according to batzli and henttonen ( 1993 ) . obs . overlap = observed home - range overlap on the study grid . exp . overlap = expected area of home - range overlap based on random placement of home ranges on the study grid . means are given \u00b1 1 se . \u2642\u2642 = males overlapped by males ; \u2642\u2640 = males overlapped by females ; \u2640\u2640 = females overlapped by females ; \u2640\u2642 = females overlapped by males .\nmean \u00b1 1 se expected ( random ) and observed areas of home - range overlap of scotinomys xerampelinus . analyses are based on 85 % minimum convex polygons ; data from 2003 and 2004 were pooled . observed = observed average area of home - range overlap on the study grid . expected = average area of home - range overlap predicted from random placement of home ranges on the study grid . an asterisk ( * ) indicates p < 0 . 05 , wilcoxon sign rank comparisons of observed and expected areas of overlap . n = 10 males and 10 females . \u2642\u2642 = males overlapped by males ; \u2642\u2640 = males overlapped by females ; \u2640\u2640 = females overlapped by females ; \u2640\u2642 = females overlapped by males .\nduring the 1st field season , both livetrapping ( \u201ctrapping localities\u201d ) and radiotracking ( \u201cfixes\u201d ) data were used to characterize individual home ranges . these data were collected over a period of 18 days , from 19 august to 5 september 2003 . because of technical problems , including receiver failure , we were unable to collect telemetry data during the 2nd field season , which continued over a period of 35 days , from 24 may to 27 june 2004 . thus , only livetrapping data were used for the 2nd field season . this difference in data sets should not have affected our statistical comparisons of home - range attributes , because our method of overlap analysis generated both expected and observed values from the same data set ( 2003 : livetrapping and radiotelemetry ; 2004 : livetrapping only ) . although our data collection was limited to may , june , august , and september , the mountainous regions of western panama have consistently wet weather throughout the year and scotinomys reproduces aseasonally ( hooper and carleton 1976 ) , suggesting that space use by members of the study population should not vary greatly over the course of the year .\nstudy population attributes . \u2014in 2003 , 24 adults ( 9 males and 15 females , sex ratio = 0 . 6 : 1 ) were trapped on the study grid . in 2004 , 20 adults ( 9 males and 11 females , sex ratio = 0 . 8 : 1 ) were trapped on the study grid . the density of residents ( i . e . , animals captured \u22654 times on the study grid ) in 2003 , when vegetation was overgrown , was 62 mice / ha ; in 2004 , when vegetation was grazed , density was 28 mice / ha . females were found to be pregnant or lactating or both from june to september 2003 and may to august 2004 ; this represents the entire study period as well as some pre - and poststudy trapping of animals on the site . this finding is consistent with the data of hooper and carleton ' s ( 1976 ) indicating that reproduction by scotinomys is aseasonal . the ratio of scrotal males to perforate , pregnant , or lactating females was 9 to 13 ( 0 . 7 : 1 ) in 2003 and 8 to 10 ( 0 . 8 : 1 ) in 2004 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbaiomyini . until diagnosed by thomas , species associated here had been affiliated with akodon ( e . g . , bangs , 1902 ) and later the genus with akodontines ( vorontsov , 1959 ) . common ancestry with baiomys inferred on the basis of shared morphological traits ( carleton , 1980 ; carleton et al . , 1975 ; hooper , 1960 ; hooper and musser , 1964 b ) and phylogenetic evaluation of mitochondrial and nuclear genes ( d\u2019el\u00eda , 2003 ; engel et al . , 1998 ) , a relationship weakened by karyological banding data ( rogers and heske , 1984 ) . also see comments under baiomys . revised by hooper ( 1972 ) ; for other aspects of biology and systematics , see carleton et al . ( 1975 ) , hooper and carleton ( 1976 ) , and rogers and heske ( 1984 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\neditor : brenton g . cooper , texas christian university , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 campbell et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : the research was funded by grants from the national science foundation to smp ( ios 0548404 , career 0845455 ) . pc was supported by a national institutes of health nrsa fellowship from the national institute on deafness and other communication disorders ( f32 dc008269 ) . bp was supported by a national science foundation ddig ( 0909769 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\noffspring - to - parent signaling is among the most fundamental forms of communication [ 1 ] . for nocturnal mammals with altricial young ( e . g . , rodents , bats ) , acoustic signals produced by neonates ( isolation calls ) are integral to maternal localization and retrieval [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , and can promote maternal behaviors such as grooming and nursing . thus , across distantly related mammalian orders , both the intended receiver and the function of isolation calls seem to be conserved , and are unique to the period of maternal dependence . while vocal communication remains important to the adult social behavior of many species , the receivers and functions of acoustic signals are diverse and context - dependent , ranging from alarm calling , territorial advertisement and mate attraction , to courtship songs that encode individual identity [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . the functional disconnect between neonate and adult vocal behavior raises several interesting questions . for example , are the acoustic properties of isolation calls unique or are elements retained as the animal matures and the social context and function of vocal behavior changes ? conversely , what is the developmental time course of adult vocal communication ? are adult vocalizations produced de novo post - weaning or can the trajectory of vocal development be traced back to isolation calls ?\nbreeding pairs were housed in polycarbonate cages bedded with wood chips . the mice were provided with sphagnum moss and a pvc tunnel for nesting ; water and food ( kitten chow , seeds , dried beans and peanuts ) were given ad lib . pups were housed with both parents until weaning and litter sizes were not manipulated . a total of 30 s . teguina from 27 litters were recorded for this study ; 16 of these were the offspring of wild - caught parents , captured in cartago , costa rica , and 14 were the progeny of either first generation or wild - caught individuals from boquete , panam\u00e1 . s . xerampelinus ( n = 15 pups , 9 litters ) were the offspring of first , second or third generation lab - reared individuals , derived from mice captured in parque internacional la amistad , panam\u00e1 . all mice were housed in the same room . all animal protocols were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at university of florida ( no . e436 ) .\nmice were recorded between 9 : 00 am and 6 : 00 pm in a room acoustically isolated from the rest of the colony . the recording chamber was a polycarbonate cage bedded with clean wood chips inside a 42\u00d742\u00d739 cm opaque plexiglas cube lined with anechoic foam . one side of the cube was left open to allow behavioral observations and a microphone was fitted through a small opening in the ceiling , 25 cm above the cage floor . calls were sampled at a rate of 195 khz , 16 bits with an aco pacific microphone and tucker - davis hardware . file sizes were set to 15 s . fifteen seconds is > 2\u00d7 the average duration of adult advertisement songs [ 29 ] , and reliably captured pup calling bouts in preliminary recording trials .\nspecies , sex ( f / m ) and population means ( sd ) for litter size and developmental landmarks in singing mice .\nwe use \u201cisolation call\u201d to refer to any vocalization produced by a pre - weaning pup that does not comprise the rapidly articulated series of fm sweeps characteristic of the adult advertisement song . we delineated the end of the isolation calling period for each individual as the last day on which an isolation call was produced . we define a note as a continuous sound , and a calling bout as a series of three or more notes occurring with an inter - note interval of less than 2 s . notes were classified manually according to quantitative differences in duration , bandwidth , number of changes in direction of frequency ( 0 , 1 or \u22672 ) , and the presence / absence of nonlinear elements ( e . g . , deterministic chaos and bifurcations ; [ 37 ] ) .\nall measurements were made in raven pro 1 . 3 ( bioacoustics research program 2008 ) . we analyzed a maximum of three files / individual / day and took the average of all variables . when more than three files were available we used the first three good quality files ( i . e . , high signal : noise ) from that recording session . in each 15 s file we measured overall maximum , minimum and dominant frequency , and bandwidth . when harmonics were present , maximum and minimum frequency were always measured from the fundamental frequency ( i . e . , the lowest frequency in the harmonic series ) . we manually counted the total number of notes in each file , the number of notes in the first calling bout , and the number of notes of each type . in addition , note duration , bandwidth , and maximum , minimum and dominant frequency were measured for each of three notes in the first calling bout in the file . to avoid bias in note choice we measured bout duration , divided by three , and took measurements from notes that fell in the middle of each third ( i . e . , for a 6 s bout we measured the notes closest to 1 . 5 , 3 . 5 and 5 . 5 s ) . internote interval was measured from end of each focal note to the beginning of the next note in the file .\nprinciple components analysis ( pca ) was used to visualize the distribution of age - and species - specific vocal parameters in acoustic space . because the same mice were recorded at multiple ages , call data for a given individual were statistically non - independent . we controlled for non - independence in several ways . to test for age - specific differences within and between species , we binned recordings into age classes ( postnatal days 1\u20133 , 4\u20136 , 7\u20139 , 10\u201312 , 13\u201315 , 30 + ) , and analyzed vocalizations from a single recording session for each individual within each age class . for the three - day age classes , we retained data for all individuals that were recorded in the middle of each age range ( e . g . , day 2 for days 1\u20133 ) , and otherwise picked one representative day / individual / age class at random . adult songs were analyzed from a single recording session / individual ( mean age , sd : 40 . 2 , 6 . 1 days ) .\nrepeated measures analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to test the effect of age on vocal development over time . in this case , only individuals that were represented in each age class were included in the analysis . to test for correlations between body mass and frequency measures from birth to maturity , we randomly assigned each individual to a focal age , such that total age range was maximized and each individual was used only once in the analysis .\nwe used the coefficient of variation ( defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean ) to describe change in vocal stereotypy across age classes . within each age class we took the average of the coefficient of variation for seven descriptors of frequency and timing ( maximum , minimum and dominant frequency , number of notes / bout , bout duration , note duration for a randomly selected note in the middle third of a bout , and internote interval to the next note ) from three different call files recorded from the same individual during a maximum time interval of three days ( birth to 15 days ) or 5 days ( > 30 days ) . in most cases , we were able to use calls captured during the same recording session . we used one - way anovas to test for species and sex differences in the coefficient of variation within each age class . the \u03b1 value for all statistical analyses was set to 0 . 05 , with correction for multiple testing as appropriate .\nin most individuals of both species , vocal behavior was developmentally disjunct with a non - vocal period separating the last recorded isolation call and the first production of the adult advertisement song ( table 1 ) . of the 30 s . teguina pups recorded in this study , 27 produced isolation calls when removed from the nest . the three pups that never called were males derived from the boquete population and were all from single pup litters . all 23 s . teguina that were recorded from birth to maturity produced adult songs , including the three males that did not call at earlier stages . of the 15 s . xerampelinus pups used in the study , one female from a single pup litter did not produce isolation calls . of the 11 individuals ( 5 females , 6 males ) recorded to maturity , three females and one male were never observed singing as adults .\nunexpectedly , the largest differences in the duration of isolation calling and the timing of first adult song production were within s . teguina . on average , pups derived from the cartago population stopped producing isolation calls almost a week later than those from boquete ( mean , sd : 13 . 0 , 2 . 3 days vs . 7 . 5 , 1 . 7 days ; f 1 , 23 35 . 5 , p < 0 . 0001 ) and produced their first adult song over a week later than boquete mice ( 35 . 5 , 6 . 2 days vs . 26 . 7 , 9 . 7 days ; f 1 , 21 6 . 7 , p = 0 . 02 ) , whereas the duration of the non - vocal period did not differ between populations ( 22 . 1 , 6 . 5 days vs . 21 . 5 , 9 . 0 days ; f 1 , 18 0 . 03 , p = 0 . 9 ) ( table 1 ) . we asked whether these population differences in vocal development might be a secondary consequence of different rates of growth and development , or an artifact of social or sex - specific biases in our sample .\nboquete litter sizes were smaller ( f 1 , 26 21 . 6 , p < 0 . 0001 ) and boquete pups ' eyes opened earlier ( f 1 , 39 167 . 0 , p < 0 . 0001 ) ( table 1 ) . therefore , between - population differences in vocal behavior could be explained by overall slower development in cartago mice due to proportionally less maternal resource allocation / pup . however , there was no effect of population on body mass for any age class ( all p \u22670 . 2 ) . likewise , the end of isolation calling was three days prior to when boquete pups opened their eyes , whereas these events were approximately coincident in cartago pups ( table 1 ) . we also considered that there might be an effect of litter size on motivation to vocalize ; pups in this study that did not vocalize had no siblings and a similar relationship between small litter size and low isolation call production was reported in microtus [ 22 ] . we could not test this hypothesis statistically since only one cartago single - pup litter was included in the study . however , this female produced isolation calls , albeit for a period less than the population mean ( 8 vs . 13 . 0 days ) . finally , the boquete sample was strongly female - biased for all pup age classes . therefore , if female s . teguina stop producing isolation calls earlier and start producing adult song later than males , population effects on vocal behavior might be an artifact of sex differences . within the cartago sample , however , there was no sex difference in the duration of the isolation calling period or age at first adult song production ( both p > 0 . 1 ) .\nthese results , together with population differentiation in acoustic properties of vocalizations ( [ 29 ] ; described below ) , suggest that this bimodal pattern of vocal behavior within s . teguina reflects population differences in nature , which persist across several generations of lab - rearing in a common environment . to avoid confounding intraspecific variation with interspecific divergence , we carried out between - species analyses both with and without the boquete samples . we report results for the full dataset unless exclusion of boquete mice changed significance .\nthere was no difference between s . xerampelinus and s . teguina in the duration of the isolation calling period ( f 1 , 37 2 . 4 , p = 0 . 1 ) , the duration of the non - vocal period ( f 1 , 25 0 . 9 , p = 0 . 4 ) , or the age at which the first adult song was recorded ( f 1 , 28 0 . 4 , p = 0 . 6 ) ( table 1 ) . with the boquete samples excluded , however , the isolation calling period was significantly longer in s . teguina ( f 1 , 30 9 . 4 , p = 0 . 005 ) .\nadult s . teguina sing longer songs and are typically more vocal than adult s . xerampelinus , and males of both species sing longer songs and sing more often than females [ 32 ] , [ 35 ] . therefore , we asked whether species and sex differences in vocal production are established at earlier stages . s . teguina pups that produced isolation calls did so on a significantly higher proportion of days than s . xerampelinus pups ( f 1 , 36 12 . 0 , p = 0 . 001 ) ( table 1 ) . there was no species difference in bout length for any pup age class ( all p \u22670 . 3 ) , but 1\u20133 day old s . teguina pups from cartago tended to produce more notes / 15 s than age - matched s . xerampelinus ( f 1 , 22 4 . 0 , p = 0 . 06 ) .\nwithin s . xerampelinus , there was no sex difference in pup vocal production ( proportion of days with isolation calls , bout length , note rate , all p \u22670 . 1 ) , but male pups stopped producing isolation calls significantly later than females ( f 1 , 13 13 . 9 , p = 0 . 003 ; table 1 ) . the small sample size for adult s . xerampelinus females that sang precluded tests for sex differences in the duration of the non - vocal period , or the first production of adult song . while there was no effect of sex on the proportion of days that s . teguina pups produced isolation calls , 4\u20136 and 7\u20139 day old s . teguina males produced more notes / 15 s ( f 1 , 18 4 . 5 , p = 0 . 05 and f 1 , 18 5 . 6 , p = 0 . 004 , respectively ) and produced longer bouts ( f 1 , 18 4 . 4 , p = 0 . 051 and f 1 , 18 8 . 9 , p = 0 . 008 , respectively ) .\nwe identified six distinct note types . representative spectrograms of isolation calling bouts are shown in figure 2 ; the five most common note types are shown in figure 3 .\nnotes a - e are indicated to the right of the first note of that type in each spectrogram .\nchange in the proportional abundances of common notes types during vocal development in singing mice .\nrepresentative examples of notes a\u2013e ( dominant frequency only ; see fig . 2 for harmonics ) are shown on the x - axis . black ( s . teguina ) and white ( s . xerampelinus ) bars are species means for notes in each age class . error bars are + 1 se . sample sizes by age class are 20 ( 1\u20133 and 30 + days ) , 19 ( 4\u20136 and 7\u20139 days ) and 13 ( 10\u201312 days ) for s . teguina , and 9 ( 1\u20133 days ) , 11 ( 4\u20136 days ) , 7 ( 7\u20139 days ) , 4 ( 10\u201312 days ) and 8 ( 30 + days ) for s . xerampelinus . species differences in the proportional abundances of note types within age class were tested with one - way anova , * p < 0 . 05 , * * p < 0 . 01 .\na . long fm downward sweep with harmonics and \u226710 khz bandwidth . note a is the main component of the adult advertisement song of both species .\nb . short fm downward sweep with < 10 khz bandwidth and no harmonics .\nc . notes with nonlinear components , typically an fm downward sweep combined with one or more complex elements , all with multiple harmonics and deterministic chaos .\nd . complex fm warble with harmonics and two or more directional changes in frequency \u22672 khz .\ne . complex fm with harmonics and one directional change in frequency \u22672 khz .\nwe used pca to visualize age , species and population differences in frequency and timing . variables and loadings for the first two components are provided in table s2 , mean scores are plotted in figure 4 , species means for selected variables are in table s1 . all measures of frequency loaded strongly on the first axis , which accounted for 34 . 5 % of the total variance . this axis provided strong separation between s . teguina and s . xerampelinus , and between younger pup age classes within species , with positive scores for higher frequencies . there was a clear reduction in frequency with age in both species , with the largest change over time in s . xerampelinus , and a striking convergence in 10\u201312 day old pups of both species . this axis also provided minor separation between age - matched boquete - and cartago - derived s . teguina , with higher frequencies in boquete pups , but lower frequencies in boquete adults . the second axis ( 19 . 6 % total variance ) defined differences in bandwidth and note duration with positive scores reflecting larger bandwidth and longer notes . s . xerampelinus age classes were largely indistinguishable along this axis , whereas there was strong separation between boquete and cartago s . teguina , with cartago pups falling closer to age - matched s . xerampelinus than to boquete conspecifics . strikingly , while bandwidth and note duration in cartago mice increased from 4\u20136 day old pups to adults , boquete mice exhibited the opposite pattern , with a sharp decrease between 7\u20139 day old pups and adults . the third axis ( 8 . 2 % total variance , data not shown ) described among individual differences in timing and did not provide separation between species , populations or age classes .\nplot of mean scores from the first ( pc1 ) and second ( pc2 ) principle components axes for age classes in s . xerampelinus ( white ) , and in s . teguina split by population ( cartago , black ; boquete , gray ) . age classes are indicated next to each point . pc1 explains 35 % of the total variance with higher scores corresponding to higher frequency . pc2 explains 20 % of the total variance with higher scores corresponding to larger bandwidth and longer notes . error bars are + / \u22121 se .\nblack ( s . teguina ) and white ( s . xerampelinus ) circles are species means for maximum ( max , dashes ) , dominant ( dom , dots ) , and minimum ( min , dots and dashes ) frequency in each age class . error bars are + / \u22121 se . sample size for s . teguina in the 13\u201315 day age class is 9 ; no calls were recorded for s . xerampelinus in this age class . see figure 3 caption for all other sample sizes .\ninterspecific differences in frequency across vocal development were generally larger than population differences within s . teguina . with boquete mice excluded , s . xerampelinus pup dominant and maximum frequencies were marginally higher at days 4\u20136 ( p = 0 . 03 ) and 7\u20139 ( p = 0 . 02 ) , respectively , but overall patterns were unchanged .\nthere were several marginal age - specific differences between s . teguina males and females ( table s3 ) , but these were not consistent either within or across age groups . this general lack of sex differences in spectral measures of pup isolation calls is consistent with the sexually monomorphic spectral features of adult song in both species . however , we cannot exclude the possibility of detecting sex differences with larger sample sizes , particularly for s . xerampelinus .\nin both species , there was a significant negative relationship between body mass and all whole call frequency measures ( fig . s1 ) . in s . teguina ( n = 24 ) , the effect of body mass on dominant frequency was marginal ( f 1 , 23 4 . 7 , p = 0 . 04 ) , but highly significant for minimum frequency ( f 1 , 23 37 . 1 , p < 0 . 0001 ) and maximum frequency ( f 1 , 23 16 . 3 , p = 0 . 0006 ) . similarly , in s . xerampelinus ( n = 13 ) , the negative effect of body mass was weaker for dominant frequency ( f 1 , 12 6 . 3 , p = 0 . 03 ) than for minimum or maximum frequency ( f 1 , 12 15 . 5 , p = 0 . 002 and f 1 , 12 16 . 0 , p = 0 . 002 , respectively ) .\nthe advertisement songs of adult singing mice are highly stereotyped . therefore , we were interested in whether stereotypy increases with age as pups acquire greater motor control , or whether stereotypy is a unique feature of the adult song . for each age class , we used the coefficient of variation ( cv ) to summarize the within - individual repeatability of seven descriptors of frequency and timing . species means for each age class are shown in figure 6 . because the composition of pup vocal repertoires was heterogeneous relative to that of adults , our analysis was biased toward detecting lower stereotypy ( higher cv ) in pups vs . adults . nonetheless , if increase in stereotypy were an important component of pup vocal development , we would expect to observe a reduction in intra - individual variation across pup age classes .\nblack ( s . teguina ) and white ( s . xerampelinus ) cicles are species means for the coefficient of variation in each age class . error bars are + / \u22121 se . sample sizes by age class are 15 ( 1\u20133 days ) , 16 ( 4\u20136 days ) , 14 ( 7\u20139 days ) , 11 ( 10\u201312 days ) , 6 ( 13\u201315 days ) and 18 ( 30 + days ) for s . teguina , and 7 ( 1\u20133 days ) , 8 ( 4\u20136 days ) , 5 ( 7\u20139 days ) and 6 ( 30 + days ) for s . xerampelinus . there were insufficient data for s . xerampelinus in the 10\u201312 age class and no calls were recorded for the 13\u201315 age class .\ncontrary to this expectation , intra - individual variation increased from birth to the end of the isolation calling period in both species . however , the reduction in stereotypy with age was minor in s . teguina but pronounced in s . xerampelinus . the stereotypical properties of the adult song , evidenced by low cv , were present from the first song recorded in young adult mice ( fig . 6 , 30 + days ) . in the subset of individuals for which we had a second series of adult songs , captured at least 10 days after the first songs we recorded , there was no evidence for an increase in stereotypy with age ( n = 7 , paired t - test , p = 0 . 3 ) . there were no species differences in adult vocal stereotypy .\nthere was no effect of sex on stereotypy for any age class in either species . there was , however a species difference in age - matched pups , with higher repeatability in s . teguina . this difference was significant for age classes 1\u20133 ( f 1 , 21 8 . 01 , p = 0 . 01 ) and 7\u20139 ( f 1 , 18 22 . 01 , p = 0 . 0002 ) .\nthe survival of altricial neonates that are displaced from their nest depends on rapid maternal retrieval . therefore , selection should favor isolation calls that are localizable and readily detected by adult females . in general , frequency modulated sounds are easier to localize than constant frequency sounds : directional changes in frequency enhance detectability [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] , and nonlinearities ( e . g . , noise or biphonation ) are thought to prevent receiver habituation [ 37 ] , [ 40 ] . in keeping with these signal design rules , most singing mouse pup vocalizations are frequency modulated and , while the unidirectional fm sweep is the most common note type in both pup isolation calls and adult advertisement song , the vocal repertoire of pups includes notes with multiple directional changes in frequency and notes with nonlinear elements , which are rare or absent in adult songs .\nsinging mice are unusual among muroid rodents in that long distance acoustic communication is an important modulator of adult social interactions . this motivated our focus on the ontogeny of the spectral and stereotypic properties of the adult advertisement song . however , like many species of social mammals , including other rodents , adult singing mice vocalize during close - range interactions [ 32 ] . interestingly , complex fm warbles that resemble an elaborated version of notes d and e in young pups are the most common note type produced by adult s . teguina in close - range social interactions ( warren , campbell , pasch and phelps unpublished data ) . this suggests that the distinct vocal repertoires used by adults in long - distance vs . close - range communication arise from the same source during early development . similar patterns of vocal development , in which the heterogeneous repertoire of dependent young is modified and used in discrete contexts by adults , are reported in shrews , echolocating bats , and lab mice [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] .\nfemale s . teguina produced their first advertisement song ( 34 . 3\u00b18 . 2 d ) coincident with the onset of sexual receptivity indicated by vulval opening ( 33 . 8 d ; range 28\u201339 d ; [ 31 ] ) . this pattern suggests that steroid hormones associated with the estrous cycle activate female vocalizations . androgen manipulations indicate that dht , which cannot be aromatized to estrogen , is sufficient to activate male s . teguina vocalizations , suggesting that estrogens are not necessary for song production . interestingly , the minority of males who continued to sing following castration were those castrates with the highest levels of circulating testosterone , indicating that extra - gonadal androgens may influence song output [ 33 ] . periovulatory androgen release from the adrenals is associated with female sexual behavior in several mammalian species [ 43 ] , and may activate female vocal behavior [ 44 ] .\nfrom an ultimate perspective , the non - vocal period corresponds to the span of time when pups of both species become ambulatory , are weaned , and initiate dispersal [ 31 ] . initially , silence reflects emancipation from immobility and the ability to actively suckle by day 12 [ 31 ] . subsequent silence in subadults likely facilitates competitor avoidance as individuals disperse in search of unoccupied habitat . because adult vocalizations advertise signaler presence to potential rivals , remaining silent reduces the probability of escalation of costly antagonistic encounters [ 35 ] . indeed , immigrant s . teguina males ( who were smaller and younger ) counter - sang less in response to playback of a conspecific male song compared to larger and older residents ( pasch and phelps , unpublished data ) . together , the data suggest that the emergence of adult vocalizations represents a compromise between proximate mechanisms that promote advertisement of the onset of sexual maturity , and selection that suppresses advertisement until the social environment is opportune .\nthe capacity for vocal learning is rare in non - human mammals . traditionally , rodents are classified as vocal non - learners , and recent studies using approaches such as deafening and cross - fostering indicate that the courtship songs of adult male lab mice require no auditory input for normal development and are invariant relative to the vocal environment in which animals are reared [ 45 ] , [ 46 ] , [ 47 ] . however , patterns of forebrain activation associated with lab mouse courtship song production , pitch convergence in songs of co - housed males from vocally distinct strains , and song degradation following deafening , suggest that the basic neural substrates and the capacity for vocal imitation ( plasticity ) may be present in some rodents ( [ 48 ] ; see also ref . 12 ) . arriaga and jarvis [ 49 ] proposed that these conflicting results could be reconciled if vocal learning is treated as a continuum , placing taxa like mice with a modest capacity for vocal plasticity at one end of the spectrum , and taxa like humans and song birds with the capacity to learn and subsequently modify complex vocal output at the other .\ntaken together , these observations suggest that singing mouse advertisement songs do not require extensive learning . testing this hypothesis awaits manipulation of early acoustic environments or auditory function . finally , given the evidence for pitch convergence in the close - range courtship songs of adult male lab mice [ 48 ] , it will be of particular interest to determine whether the close - range vocal repertoires of adult singing mice are similarly sensitive to auditory feedback .\nthe results of this study demonstrate that vocal development in sister species of singing mice follows the same basic trajectory as that described in other mammalian orders ( i . e . , chiroptera and soricomorpha ; [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] ) , and in laboratory mice [ 12 ] . while the acoustic structure , mechanistic basis , and social context of singing mouse vocalizations all undergo major shifts in the transition from isolation calls to adult advertisement songs , the basic elements of adult song are present from birth . likewise , spectral components of isolation calls that are rare or absent in adult long distance signals are common in adult close - range interactions . this suggests that the acoustic signals of need produced by altricial mammalian neonates provide the raw material for diverse forms of adult vocal behavior and communication .\nthe relationship between body mass and maximum ( black triangles ) , dominant ( open diamonds ) , and minimum ( gray squares ) frequency in a ) s . teguina , and b ) s . xerampelinus .\nage - 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( 2010 ) geographic variation in the songs of neotropical singing mice : testing the relative importance of drift and local adaptation . evolution 64 : 1955\u20131972 .\nmiller jr , engstrom md ( 2007 ) vocal stereotypy and singing behavior in baiomyine mice . journal of mammalogy 88 : 1447\u20131465 .\npasch b , george as , hamlin hj , guillette lj jr , phelps sm ( 2011 ) androgens modulate song effort and aggression in neotropical singing mice . hormones and behavior 59 : 90\u201397 .\npasch b , george as , campbell p , phelps sm ( 2011 ) androgen - dependent male vocal performance influences female preference in neotropical singing mice . animal behaviour 82 : 177\u2013183 .\npasch b , bolker bm , phelps sm ( 2013 ) interspecific dominance via vocal interactions mediates altitudinal zonation in neotropical singing mice . american naturalist 182 : e161\u2013173 .\nfitch wt , neubauer j , herzel h ( 2002 ) calls out of chaos : the adaptive significance of nonlinear phenomena in mammalian vocal production . animal behavior 63 : 407\u2013418 .\nbradbury jw , vehrencamp sl ( 1998 ) principles of animal communication . sunderland : sinauer associates , inc . 882 p .\nbrudzynski sm ( 2005 ) principles of rat communication : quantitative parameters of ultrasonic calls in rats . behavior genetics 25 : 85\u201392 .\nblumstein dt , r\u00e9capet c ( 2009 ) the sound of arousal : the addition of novel non - linearities increases responsiveness in marmot alarm calls . ethology 115 : 1074\u20131081 .\nbadyaev av , ghalambor ck ( 2001 ) evolution of life histories along elevational gradients : trade - off between parental care and fecundity . ecology 82 : 2948\u20132960 .\nsnell - rood ec , badyaev av ( 2008 ) ecological gradient of sexual selection : elevation and song elaboration in finches . oecologia 157 : 545\u2013551 .\nsen a , prizant h , light a , biswas a , hayes e , et al . ( 2014 ) androgens regulate ovarian follicular development by increasing follicle stimulating hormone receptor and\nexpression . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 111 : 3008\u20133013 .\nkikusui t , nakanishi k , nakagawa r , nagasawa m , mogi k , et al . ( 2011 ) cross fostering experiments suggest that mice songs are innate . plos one 6 : e17721 .\nhammerschmidt k , reisinger e , westekemper k , ehrenreich l , strenzke n , et al . ( 2012 ) mice do not require auditory input for the normal development of their ultrasonic vocalizations . bmc neuroscience 13 : 40 .\nmahrt ej , perkel dj , tong l , rubel ew , portfors cv ( 2013 ) engineered deafness reveals that mouse courtship vocalizations do not require auditory experience . journal of neuroscience 33 : 5573\u20135583 .\narriaga g , zhou ep , jarvis ed ( 2012 ) of mice , birds , and men : the mouse ultrasonic song system has some features similar to humans and song - learning birds . plos one 7 : e46610 .\narriaga g , jarvis ed ( 2012 ) mouse vocal communication system : are ultrasounds learned or innate ? brain and language 124 : 96\u2013116 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\neagle rescue 101 . . . . the basics . . . . thumbs and all . . . \u00e1guila de rescate 101 / sauvetage aigle 101\nfrontal view , showing head and feet , july 15 , 2010 . n ordonez - garza\ndistribution : intermediate elevations of middle america from e oaxaca , m\u00e9xico , to w panam\u00e1 .\nthis species occurs in intermediate elevations from eastern oaxaca , mxico to western panam ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it occurs from 900 to 2 , 900 m ( reid 1997 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : level of differentiation and status of populations north ( teguina ) and south ( irazu ) of the nicaraguan depression merit reconsideration . hooper ( 1972 ) recognized four subspecies\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe spatial distribution of individuals may be strongly influenced by social processes and thus patterns of space use are often used to infer the mating and social systems of a population ( gaulin and fitzgerald 1988 ; shier and randall 2004 ; steinmann et al . 2005 ) . in particular , sex - specific differences in home - range use can yield insights into the mating system and can improve understanding of the behavior of little - studied species ( reviewed in clutton - brock 1989 , 1991 ; gaulin and fitzgerald 1988 ; heske and ostfeld 1990 ; ostfeld 1985 ; reichard 2003 ; schradin and pillay 2005 ; shier and randall 2004 ; steinmann et al . 2005 ) . for example , in polygynous mating systems , home ranges of males tend to overlap less than those of females , and a given female typically overlaps with only 1 male . in contrast , in promiscuous mating systems , home - range use by males and females is expected to be more equitable , with each individual ' s home range overlapping those of several members of the opposite sex . finally , socially monogamous systems should be characterized by exclusive ( nonoverlapping ) home ranges , each of which is shared by a male\u2013female pair ( clutton - brock 1989 ; ophir et al . 2008 ; ostfeld 1985 ; shier and randall 2004 ) ."]}
{"id": 889, "summary": [{"text": "acanthopleura is a genus of chitons in the family chitonidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in this genus the girdle is spiny or spiky .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it has eight described species at present . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "acanthopleura", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - acanthopleura brevispinosa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1840 )\nacanthopleura spiniger ( sowerby , 1840 ) ( the nominal species is a synonym of acanthopleura gemmata ; the sw indian ocean records refer to a . brevispinosa ; red sea records to a . vaillantii ( see kaas et al . 2006 ) )\nferreira , a . j . 1986 ,\na revision of the genus acanthopleura guilding , 1829 ( mollusca : polyplacophora )\n, veliger , vol . 28 , pp . 221 - 279\n( the nominal species is a synonym of acanthopleura gemmata ; the sw indian ocean records refer to a . brevispinosa ; red sea records to a . vaillantii ( see kaas et al . 2006 ) )\n( of acanthopleura haddoni winckworth , 1927 ) strack h . l . ( 1993 ) the polyplacophora of the red sea . journal of the malacological society of australia 14 : 1 - 40 . [ 30 october 1993 ] [ details ]\n( of acanthopleura spiniger ( sowerby , 1840 ) ) leloup , e . ( 1981 ) . chitons de tulear , reunion , maurice et tahiti . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . ( biologie ) 53 ( 3 ) : 1 - 46 . [ details ]\n( of acanthopleura haddoni winckworth , 1927 ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nlyons , w . g . and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . polyplacophora ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 569\u2013578 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\ndescription distinctive , large species with dimpled plate margins and a dark girdle of conspicuous spicules , up to 7 cm . habitat : . . .\ndescription distinctive , large species with dimpled plate margins and a dark girdle of conspicuous spicules , up to 7 cm . habitat : littoral fringe rock surfaces . distribution : western indian ocean ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\ntaylor , j . d . ( 1971 ) . intertidal zonation at aldabra atoll . phil . trns . roy . soc . lond . b . 260 , 173 - 213 [ details ]\nkaas p . ( 1996 ) . chitons ( mollusca : polyplacophora ) from the seychelles with description of a new species . zoologische mededelingen . 70 ( 25 ) : 367 - 375 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chiton brevispinosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1840 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nleloup , e . ( 1981 ) . chitons de tulear , reunion , maurice et tahiti . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . ( biologie ) 53 ( 3 ) : 1 - 46 . [ details ]\n( of chiton gemmatus blainville , 1825 ) blainville h . m . d . de ( 1825 ) . oscabrion , chiton , pp . 519 - 555 , in : dictionnaire des sciences naturelles ( f . cuvier , ed . ) , vol . 36 . levrault , strasbourg & paris , & le normant , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 544 [ details ]\ndescription similar to a . brevispinosa but with shorter spicules and a brown girdle with lighter bands . habitat : upper littoral rocks . . .\ndescription similar to a . brevispinosa but with shorter spicules and a brown girdle with lighter bands . habitat : upper littoral rocks and cliffs . distribution : indo - pacific ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\nrichmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; meric , e . ; verlaque , m . ; galli , p . ; boudouresque , c . ; giangrande , a . ; cinar , m . ; bilecenoglu , m . ( 2008 ) . additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the mediterranean with special emphasis on foraminifera and parasites . mediterranean marine science . 9 ( 1 ) : 119 - 165 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nstrack h . l . ( 1993 ) the polyplacophora of the red sea . journal of the malacological society of australia 14 : 1 - 40 . [ 30 october 1993 ] [ details ]\nthis page was last edited on 7 january 2018 , at 23 : 19 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\nhumann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ngmelin , j . f . [ 1791 ] . caroli a linn\u00e9 , systema naturae . tom . i . pars vi . - pp . 3021 - 3910 . lipsiae . ( beer ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbesides starfish , the intertidal zones of marine parks are inhabited with various kinds of marine life . chiton is one of the odd ones which may draw your attention .\nhave you ever wondered how the chiton may generate such a strong adhesion force to the rock surface ? in fact , when it is about to attach onto a surface , its feet clamp down tightly against the substratum while the inner margin is raised . the vacuum area created enables the chiton to grip the substratum with great tenacity . it takes a great deal of effort to dislodge the chiton and it may cause injury to the chiton .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nashby , e . 1928 ,\nnotes on a collection of chitons ( polyplacophora ) from the capricorn group , queensland\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 52 , pp . 167 - 173 pl . 12\nsmith , e . a . 1884 ,\nmollusca . pp . 34 - 116 , 487 - 508 , 657 - 659 , pls 4 - 7\n, report on the zoological collections made in the indo - pacific ocean during the voyage of the h . m . s . ' alert ' 1881 - 2 , british museum trustees , printed by taylor & francis , london\nrochebrune , a . t . de 1882 ,\ndiagnoses d ' esp\u00e8ces nouvelles de la famille des chitonidae ( premier suppl\u00e9ment )\n, bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomathique de paris , ser . 7 , vol . 6 , pp . 190 - 197\nsowerby , g . b . ii 1840 ,\ndescriptions of some new chitons\n, magazine of natural history , ser . ns , vol . 4 , no . suppl . , pp . 287 - 294 pl . 16\nleloup , e . 1937 ,\ndiagnoses de six nouvelles esp\u00e8ces d ' amphineures polyplacophores de la region indo - pacifique\n, bulletin du mus\u00e9e royal d ' histoire naturelle du belgique , vol . 13 , no . 38 , pp . 1 - 3\nblainville , h . m . d de 1825 ,\noscabrelle . oscabrion\nbergenhayn , j . r . m . 1933 ,\ndie loricaten von prof . dr . sixten bocks expedition nach japan und den bonin - inseln 1914\n, kongliga svenska vetenskaps - academiens nya handlingar , stockholm , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 58 pls 1 - 3\nang , e . z . 1967 ,\nloricates of the philippines\n, natural and applied science bulletin , university of the philippines , vol . 20 , pp . 383 - 464 pls 1 - 21\nadams , a . 1855 ,\ndescriptions of two new genera and several new species of mollusca , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq .\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1855 , no . 23 , pp . 119 - 124\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d0e08d25 - a843 - 4eb2 - be86 - 45bea52e4e62\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : be175671 - 98cc - 4264 - 9b71 - 1501b3396dce\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 390525\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 ."]}
{"id": 895, "summary": [{"text": "the kerguelen tern ( sterna virgata ) is a tern of the southern hemisphere .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this seabird mainly breeds colonially in the kerguelen islands , as its common name implies .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "however , smaller colonies are also found in the prince edward islands ( i.e. prince edward and marion ) and crozet islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the total number of individuals is from 3,500 \u2013 6,500 birds , although there is no recent data from the main colony at kerguelen .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "these birds do not inhabit kerguelen proper , instead nesting on islets free of feral cats .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "during bad weather , they are known to abandon their colonies .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "kerguelen terns are among the least-ranging of all typical terns .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they generally do not reach far into the seas near their breeding grounds .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "these birds eat fish and marine invertebrates , especially those found in beds of the seaweed macrocystis spp .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they sometimes also hunt insects on land and catch fish from rivers on kerguelen .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "there are two subspecies : s. v. mercuri ( voisin , 1971 ) \u2013 crozet and prince edward islands s. v. virgata ( cabanis , 1875 ) \u2013 kerguelen island", "topic": 5}], "title": "kerguelen tern", "paragraphs": ["is sister to elegant tern , not sandwich tern of europe ( efe et al . 2009 , collinson et al 2017 ) ;\naspects of the breeding and feeding of kerguelen and antarctic terns at the kerguelen islands by p . m . sagar\nthe kerguelen tern is sedentary and remains all year round in vicinity of the breeding islands . the flight is fast and graceful .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the kerguelen tern utters high - pitched screams . while foraging , it produces churrs and squeaks .\nintroduction : the kerguelen tern occurs only on four islands in the indian ocean , and has very restricted range . this species is one of the rarest terns in the world . very similar to the antarctic tern ( s . vittata ) , which is present in the same range , the kerguelen tern has darker plumage and the species can be differentiated in the field by the greyish underwing ( white in s . vittata ) . the kerguelen tern defends aggressively it nest , including eggs and / or chicks , against larger seabirds and even humans .\ncabanis , 1875 \u2013 kerguelen is ( reported breeding on heard i erroneous ) .\nthe introduction of salmonid fish into rivers on kerguelen has provided a new source of food .\nkerguelen tern and antarctic tern are probably competing on their breeding islands , and coexistence of these closely related species has involved a parallel reduction of clutch size and the displacement of the laying period . competition for the limited food resources is reduced and allows both species to feed the chicks . ( weimerskirch & stahl \u2013 1988 )\nprotection / threats / status : the kerguelen tern has reduced range and small population . the main threat probably comes from hard weather conditions and strong winds that reduce the food sources and the breeding success . predation by skuas still occurs on the islands , but exotic predators have been eradicated from the islands , except a large population of feral cats on kerguelen . the global population is estimated at 3 , 500 / 6 , 500 individuals , equivalent to 2 , 300 / 4 , 300 mature individuals . this population appears to be stable . but currently , the kerguelen tern is classified as near threatened\nthe kerguelen tern is colonial nester and breeds two months before the antarctic tern . the colonies include up to 30 pairs , but some of them breed solitary . the nests are widely scattered , about 35 - 38 metres apart . the displays are similar to that of s . vittata , and include aerial displays and courtship feeding by male to female . they are generally monogamous .\nsubspecies and range : the kerguelen tern has two subspecies . s . v . mercuri occurs on prince edward and marion islands , and on crozet islands . this race has more restricted grey area on forehead in non - breeder birds , and some subtle differences on the bare parts . s . v . virgata ( described above ) is found on kerguelen islands .\nhabitat : the kerguelen tern is not exclusively marine , and also frequents inland freshwaters . it can be found near ponds , marshes and beaches of all islands . it breeds on flat ground with sparse vegetation on rocky or volcanic islands , on cliff tops , near rivers and sometimes close to beach . the non - breeding birds feed in the vicinity of the islands .\nthe kerguelen tern adult has smoky - grey upperparts , including the uppertail - coverts , whereas the rump is white . the tail is greyish with grey outer streamers . the underparts are smoky - grey too , but the undertail - coverts are mostly white . the underwing is grey with narrow , black trailing edge on the primaries . on the head , forehead , crown and nape are black . cheeks and moustachial area are white and contrast strongly with the black above , and the grey of chin and throat below . the bill is deep red . the eyes are dark brown . legs and webbed feet are bright orange ( crozet ) and dull red ( kerguelen ) .\ngochfeld , m . , burger , j . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . kerguelen tern ( sterna virgata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n31 cm . very dark , small tern . adult overall very dark grey with black cap and narrow white cheek stripe separating black cap from grey neck . non breeding adult has grizzled forehead and paler underparts . immature heavily barred buff on mantle and has all brown cap .\nbehaviour in the wild : the kerguelen tern feeds on both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates , according to the season . at sea , it feeds on fish , crustaceans and molluscs caught by plunge - diving and contact - dipping . they forage in flocks of up to 20 birds on inshore waters or by walking on kelp . on land , it feeds on earthworms , insects and spiders found in the vegetation , taken both on the ground and in flight . flocks may contain up to 50 individuals . they can be aggressive towards each other while feeding , displacing another by flying towards it while churring .\n1988 , thibault and guyst 1993 ) . the south african population is listed in the regional red data book as critically endangered [ taylor and wanless 2015 ] , due to the apparent loss of the prince edward island population . there are no recent counts from the main breeding area on kerguelen ( v . bretagnolle\nthe non - breeding adult has dull reddish bill ( crozet ) or black ( kerguelen ) . the forehead becomes white by february while the bird is moulting during the incubation . the juvenile is finely vermiculated grey , brown and buff , with broad pale and dark bars . it is similar to the juvenile s . vittata .\n2009 ] and no breeding observed in 2011 [ taylor and wanless , 2015 ] ) , crozet islands ( french southern territories ) ( 150 - 200 pairs over 1980 - 1982 ) and kerguelen islands ( also french southern territories ) ( 1 , 000 - 2 , 000 pairs during 1982 - 1985 ) . the total population is estimated at 3 , 500 - 6 , 500 individuals ( jouventin\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nfrom which it differs by being darker , smaller with shirt wings and tail and with much shorter , weaker and spikey shaped bill .\nanderson , o . , butchart , s . , moreno , r . , o ' brien , a . , shutes , s . , stattersfield , a . , taylor , j . , van der merwe , n .\nthis species is listed as near threatened owing to its small population . it is not thought to be undergoing a decline at present , but any indication of a decline would result in the species being reclassified as threatened .\n1999 ) and thus population trends are unknown , but it is assumed that the species is not undergoing any significant decline .\nthe total population has been estimated at 3 , 500 - 6 , 500 individuals , roughly equivalent to 2 , 300 - 4 , 300 mature individuals .\nthe population is suspected to be stable in the absence of any significant threats .\n. egg - laying commences in mid - october , and continues until january , with a peak in breeding from early november to mid - december . one or two eggs are laid . the incubation period is 24 days , followed by a fledging period of 31 - 39 days and then 20 days of dependence ( del hoyo\ninhabits predator - free islets around the main island and therefore predation is not considered a major threat ( t . micol\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nand terns are embedded among the gulls in a monophyletic clade ; separation of the families rynchopidae and sternidae would render the gull family laridae paraphyletic relative to these other two groups ( baker et al . 2008 )\nred sea , indian ocean east through the pacific to hawaiian is . and easter i .\nclipperton i . ( off w mexico ) and cocos i . ( off w costa rica )\nmarcus ( japan ) and n marshall is . ( micronesia ) to nw hawaiian is .\nhenderson , easter , and sala y g\u00f3mez is . ( west of chile )\nmay be a basal noddy ( baker et al . 2007 , \u00f6deen et al . 2010 , cibois et al . 2016 ) ; so\nwhite noddy\nif confirmed ? see yeung et al . 2009 re taxonomy of pacific ocean subspecies\nseychelles and mascarene is . to the central pacific ( except ranges of next two ssp . )\neu , af : iberian pen . through the middle east to pakistan and india ; mauritania , senegal and gambia\nn and ne australia , new caledonia , loyalty is . ( sw pacific )\nred - billed gull originally split by schodde et al . 1983 , sibley & monroe 1990 , burger & gochfeld 1996 , and given et al . 2005 , but now lumped by h & m4 , hbw alive , gill et al . 2010 .\nby some ( h & m4 , hbw / bli ) based on pons et al . 2005 poorly resolved phylogeny\ngenetically distinct short - billed gull previously split from common / mew gull ( aou sibley 1996 , zink et al 1995 , olsen & larsson 2003 , bna ) . bna makes the point that zink\u2019s paper only looked at mtdna differences between\nis needed to round out the picture and because some have proposed ( e . g . s & m , 1990 ) that the species break might be between\n) has long been a controversial taxon . critical review favors treatment as subspecies of iceland gull\n( sangster et al . 2005 ) ; recognized by bou , but not by aou\nas ssp following collinson et al . 2008 , y\u00e9sou ( dutch birding 24 : 271 - 298 , 2002 )\n( sangster et al . 2005 , aou 2007 ) ; recognized by bou , aou . this species retains the english name yellow - legged gull of the former , unsplit species . .\nas subspecies following collinson , j . m . , parkin , d . t . , knox , a . g . , sangster , g . , and l . svensson . 2008 . species boundaries in the herring and lesser black - backed gull complex . british birds 101 ( 7 ) : 340 - 363 .\ne china to w , n and e australia , ryukyu and tuamotu is .\nw and n australia and new guinea through lord howe , norfolk and kermadec is and the s pacific to easter i .\nbonin is . ( japan ) to the hawaiian is . south to kiritimati ( line is . )\nsa : coastal peru and se brazil to tierra del fuego , falkland is .\nstewart , snares , auckland , bounty , antipodes , campbell and macquarie is .\n( aou 2000 , bou / sangster et al . , 2004 , chu et al . 2009 )\nfrans josef land ( russia ) to st . lawrence i . ( alaska )\nna , ma : channel is . ( california , usa ) and islands off w baja california ( mexico )\nscripps ' s murrelet is split from guadalupe [ xantus ' s ] murrelet ( sibley and monroe 1993 , nettleship 1996 , birt et al . 2012 , nacc 2011 - 14 - c )\nsandgrouse ( pterocliformes ) are sister to the malagasy mesites ( hackett et al . 2008 , jarvis et al . 2014 , prum et al . 2015 ) .\nsympatric with s . vittata , but different phenology and feeding niche . race mercuri separated principally on basis of more restricted grey area on forehead ( non - breeders ) and bare - part differences , but distinctions subtle ; species often treated as monotypic . two subspecies recognized .\n33 cm ; wingspan 71 cm . forehead to nape black ; upperparts , including uppertail - coverts , smoky grey , with contrasting white rump ; outer tail streamers grey , tail greyish ; . . .\ncalls include a harsh\nchittick\nand a long drawn out\nkeeeaaar\n.\nrocky , volcanic islands . breeds on sparsely vegetated flat ground , either cliff tops or river flats . . .\nfish , crustaceans , molluscs , earthworms , insects and spiders . diet changes seasonally from mainly crustaceans in sept , fish in nov , insects . . .\nvirtually unstudied . returns to colony in sept , and begins laying mid - oct , continuing until jan ; peak breeding early nov to mid - dec , 2 . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened , and previously , vulnerable . the global population has been estimated at 3 , 500\u20136 , 500 individuals . . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsometimes treated as including one or more of the genera onychoprion , sternula , gelochelidon , hydroprogne , chlidonias and thalasseus .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : sterna virgata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ncurrent time at palmer station , antarctica : current temperature : cold . damn cold .\nall content is subject to copyright . contact us to advertise on this site . | privacy policy\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 135 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nreproduction of this species : the laying occurs between mid - october and january , with peak in early november to mid - december . the nest is placed on the ground , often on slopes above the beach or near the high tide line , occasionally well inland . it is a scrape made with stones and twigs , and lined with plant material such as moss and grass .\nthe female lays 1 - 2 eggs and both adults incubate during 24 days . the chicks are brooded for five days . then , they leave the nest but they hide in vegetation and rocks near the nest . they fledge 31 - 39 days after hatching , but they still depend on adults for food for about 3 weeks .\na complete guide to antarctic wildlife by hadoram shirihai and illustrated by brett jarrett - edited by guy m . kirwan - alul . a press oy , finland - isbn 9519894705\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers"]}
{"id": 907, "summary": [{"text": "chersadaula ochrogastra is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1923 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 mm for males and 16 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light-brownish , irregularly tinged with rosy-pink , and sprinkled with grey-whitish and dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey , but lighter towards the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "larvae have been found under stones . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "chersadaula ochrogastra", "paragraphs": ["monotypic and endemic . the \u2642 genitalia show affinity with the chloradelpha group of borkhausenia , the chief difference being that in c . ochrogastra meyr . the harpes are clothed outwardly with long hair - scales .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhead loosely haired ; ocelli posterior ; tongue developed . antennae \u00be , in \u2642 evenly ciliated , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi rather long , recurved , second joint thickened with appressed scales , terminal joint about half second , slender , acute . maxillary palpi very short , filiform . posterior tibiae rough - scaled above . forewings 1 b furcate , 2 and 3 stalked from angle , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from middle ; in \u2640 half - aborted , pointed . hindwings in \u2642 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia \u00be ; 3 and 4 connate , 5\u20137 nearly parallel ; in \u2640 half - aborted , very short , lanceolate .\n\u2640 16 mm . abdomen yellow - ochreous , grey on sides and praeanal segment , anal segment whitish . forewings broad - lanceolate , apex strongly and narrowly produced , pointed ; colour and markings nearly as in \u2642 , but basal third more whitish , angularly prominent in disc , a stronger blackish mark between second discal and tornus . hindwings rather broad - lanceolate , less than half length of forewings and about half as broad : cilia grey - whitish .\nbreaker bay , wellington ; bred in november from larvae found under stones on the coast in september ; two examples . the female must be incapable of flight\u2014probably an adaptation to a shelterless and windy coast .\n\u2642 26 mm . head and thorax grey suffused with white except shoulders . palpi white , second joint sprinkled with blackish , and with a black subapical\nring , terminal joint with black median band . abdomen grey , segmental margins whitish , anal tuft ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , posteriorly rather dilated , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , termen nearly straight , oblique ; grey suffusedly irrorated with white , tinged here and there with ochreous ; a small grey basal patch , edge sprinkled with blackish , acutely angulated on fold ; small blackish spots on costa at \u2153 and \u2157 ; stigmata blackish , plical beneath first discal , second discal represented by a small transverse spot from which a blackish streak runs nearly to first , a blackish dot between and above first and second discal ; an obscure angulated subterminal shade of whitish suffusion ; a marginal series of small blackish - grey spots round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia whitish with two grey shades . hindwings grey ; cilia as in forewings .\nben lomond , lake wakatipu , in forest at 2 , 000 ft . , january ; one example .\n\u2642 19 mm . head and thorax rosy - fuscous . palpi light rosy partially suffused with fuscous . abdomen pale - greyish tinged laterally with rosy , anal tuft whitish - ochreous . forewings elongate , moderate , costa moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen slightly rounded , somewhat oblique ; 2\u20134 approximated , 7 to apex ; rosy - lilac - brownish , costal edge ferruginous ; stigmata small , indistinct , dark fuscous , plical beneath first discal ; an obtusely angulated subterminal series of indistinct short interneural dark - fuscous dashes : cilia rosy mixed with light grey . hindwings light grey ; cilia light rosy .\ntakapuna , auckland , january ; one example . next to liochroa , which , however , has ochreous - whitish hindwings .\n[ read before the nelson philosophical society , 30th june , 1926 ; received by editor , 2nd july , 1926 ; issued separately , 10th august , 1927 . ]\nfamily oecophoridae is numerically a very important one among new zealand micro - lepidoptera , its members comprising about one - third of the whole of the tineoidea . this predominence is chiefly due to the large genus\nwhich , in turn , accounts for nearly forty per cent . of the oecophoridae . other fairly large genera are\n( 19 species ) , which has several representatives in australia . the remaining forms are divided among about twenty genera and constitute either small endemic groups or are outliers of genera more common elsewhere . at least two species ,\nstt . , are semi - domestic in habits and have undoubtedly been accidentally introduced by man .\nthe male genitalia of the family have been dealt with , in part , in previous publications . these are as follows : \u2014\n\u201clist of new zealand species of borkhausenia ( oecophoridae : lepidoptera ) , including new species . \u201d trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 56 , p . 399 . this article figures the male genitalia of 47 species of the genus .\n\u201cnew zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . \u201d trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 56 , p . 387 . gives figures of the male genitaia of borkhausenia affinis philp . , b . terrena philp . , euchersadaula tristis philp . , e . lathriopa ( meyr . ) , leptocroca scholaea ( meyr . ) , l . asphaltis ( meyr . ) , l . variabilis philp . , l . vacua philp . and barea ambigua philp .\n\u201cthe genitalia of the genus gymnobathra . \u201d trans . n . z . inst . vol . 57 , p . 716 . figures the male genitalia of all species except g . philadelpha meyr . , g . thetodes meyr . and g . sarcoxantha meyr .\n\u201cnew zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . \u201d trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 57 , p . 703 . figures the male genitalia of borkhausenia marcida philp . and b . paula philp .\na general description of the male genitalia in each genus follows , with keys to the species in the larger groups . these keys , with\nthe figures , will probably be found sufficient for species determination without detailed descriptions . from want of material the genera aochleta ( one species ) and philobota ( two species ) have had to be omitted .\nonly a single straggler , s . orthophanes meyr . , is found in new zealand . the male genitalia are of fairly normal oecophorid type , the chief modification being the long narrow basally - projecting process ( saccus ) of the vinculum . the uncus is of moderate length and is opposed by a normal gnathos , the apical projection of which is directed caudally . the harpes are irregularly oblong and divided into a cucullus and sacculus , the latter being the more strongly chitinised and having its apex overlapping the former .\nthe world - wide house - frequenting species , s . lacteella schiff . is the only form found in new zealand . the tegumen , with its uncus and gnathos , resembles that of the preceding species . the harpes are of simple leaf - like type , with the ventral margin forming apically a free curved lobe . it is doubtful if such a lobe , which occurs frequently among the oecophoridae , can be regarded as the homologue of the sacculus , a part which rather seems to be the result of an apical splitting of the harpe . as in the preceding species , the vinculum is produced in a cephalic direction , but is here very broad and scoop - like . the juxta consists of two long tapering lobes springing from the basal plate . the unusual development of the vinculum and juxta is probably related to the corresponding development of the aedeagus , which is both stout and long , reaching almost from the base of the vinculum to the apex of the harpe .\nmontotypic and endemic . the genitalia resemble those of some species of gymnobathra ; barea dinocosma meyr . and b . ambigua philp . also exhibit the same type . the uncus is apically dilated and bears some spiny areas near its abruptly truncate apex .\nthe genus is characterised by the feeble development of the tegumen and uncus , the anal tube frequently projecting beyond the apex of the latter . the gnathos is absent . the harpes , in a few instances , are divided into sacculus and cucullus , but in outline do not depart much from the oecophorid type . on the inner side near the base is a process which takes a variety of forms in the different species . it is probably a development of the editum , which in borkhausenia and other related genera consists only of a slight fold\n( lettering : a , male genitalia , lateral view ; b , harpe\u2014inner view ; c , aedeagus\u2014in some instances the juxta is included ; d , juxta , ventral view ; e , vinculum ; f , uncus , in some instances showing the gnathos also ; g , tegumen , dorsal view ; h , transtilla ; i , apex of gnathos . )\nclothed with a few short hairs . the juxta invariably mainly consists of a pair of processes , which may range from a blunt protuberance , as in i . epiphanes meyr . to a long and irregular cone , as in i . peroneanella walk . the aedeagus , in most instances , has an elaborate armature of spines , which may be short or long , single or arranged in rows or groups . in view of the specialisation of the other parts the absence of the gnathos and the weakness of the uncus may be considered to be also the result of specialisation .\nthe male genitalia of i . acmonias philp . differ little , if at all , from those of i . picarella walk . and the former species may be only a large race of the latter . i have not found , however , any intermediate\nmeyr . i , seventh segment , showing pouch containing brush of long hair - scales ; j , dorsal view of paired pouches on seventh segment ; k , a pouch everted , forming a finger - like process carrying a brush of radiating hairs .\nindividuals and it is advisable , for the present , to recognise the two species . of i . manubriata meyr . , i . planetella huds . and i . copiosella walk . i have not been able to obtain material for dissection .\nthe single new zealand representative ( l . vagata meyr . ) of this genus is remarkable for the reduction of the tegumen , which is very small in comparison with the normal sized harpes . the gnathos is present , but is very weakly chitinised . a \u22a5 - shaped transtilla connects the upper basal angles of the harpes , an organ not usually present in the family . a structure on the seventh tergite probably has relation to the genitalia . it is a paired organ , situated caudally on the dorso - lateral region , and is in the form of a pouch filled with long hair - scales . this pouch can be everted , when it becomes a truncate finger - like process with the long hairs standing out in all directions , though most numerous round the apex . the eighth segment is largely membranous , there being only a narrow chitinised strip in a median position on the sternite .\nthis genus closely approaches borkhausenia in genitalia characters . the gnathos is strongly developed , the uncus finger - like from a lateral view and the harpes with both cucullus and sacculus , or cucullus only . the aedeagus is a simple tubular organ , enclosing a slender spine - like penis and supported beneath by a small shield - shaped or rounded concave juxta .\nsix of the eighteen species have not been available for dissection and t . phaeoptila meyr . proves , on examination , to belong to izatha .\nonly one species , e . chloratma meyr . , of this small australian genus is known from new zealand . the genitalia of the male approach those of trachypepla .\nthe male genitalia in atomotricha display , in some cases , very striking specific differences . in others , however , the differences are not of sufficient importance to warrant specific distinction . it is possible that a . versuta meyr . , a . chloronota meyr . and a . sordida butl . may be only forms of one widely spread species ; they cannot be separated by definite genitalia characters . a . exsomnis , meyr . , though nearer than any of the other species examined to this group , is at once distinguished by the broad uncus and altogether differently shaped gnathos . so far there is no departure from the more simple oecophorid types , but the remaining two forms , which are all i have been able to examine , are extremely specialised . in a . isogama meyr . the uncus is divided into two elongate paddle - shaped blades , from near the base of each of which a long process projects above the gnathos . the gnathos is strongly developed and the front of the ring is curved prominently upward . the harpes are much narrowed apically where they are cleft into two portions . a . ommatias meyr . is somewhat of the same type , but the uncus is divided into two depressed rounded flat oblique plates , the lateral arms being\nsmaller and nearer the gnathos than in a . isogama ; the frontal process of the gnathos is also much shorter . the apical fissure of the harpes in a . isogama is here represented by a wide indentation .\nthere being considerable doubt as to the validity of several of the species , no key is at present attempted .\nof the three new zealand species of this genus , two , b . dinocosma meyr . and b . ambigua philp . , have genitalia of the gymnobathra type ; the remaining species , b . confusella walk . , approaches more nearly to some forms of borkhausenia . the harpes , however , exhibit a character not found in the latter genus , the ventral fold being free at its apex and developing into a pointed process . there is also a somewhat similar process beyond , arising from the dorsal area and projecting slightly over the ventral margin .\nthe single new zealand species , e . zophoessa meyr . , of this extensive genus shows the normal characters of the family , with the exception that a fairly well - developed a - shaped transtilla is present .\nthis australian genus has one representative , o . austrina meyr . in new zealand . the uncus and gnathos are of normal type , but the harpes exhibit some unusual features . the ventral margin is very strongly chitinised and the fold within , in addition to a free apical lobe , has a pointed process at about \u2153 from base . the aedeagus is dilated at its apex and obliquely truncate ; basally it passes imperceptibly into the ductus ejaculatorius .\nthe only new zealand representative of this large australian genus is p . acroxantha meyr . , a comparatively recent addition to our lepidopterous fauna . the male genitalia of this species do not differ greatly from those of gymnobathra as far as the vinculum , tegumen and harpes go , but the rounded gnathos and peculiar juxta are distinctive .\na monotypic and endemic genus . the uncus has almost disappeared and consists only of a rounded prominence behind the base of the gnathos . the gnathos itself is highly specialised , the frontal plate taking the form of a scoop - like expansion , outwardly thickly covered with backwardly directed short spines . the harpes are broad , apically truncate , and with a small thumb - like projection beyond the middle of the ventral margin . the aedeagus is rather short and stout .\na small endemic genus containing three species . the uncus and gnathos are of the same type as those of the preceding genus , but the harpes are more normal in shape . reference to the figures will show the very distinctive characters of the aedeagus and juxta . no difficulty will be found in separating p . profunda meyr . and p . carnifex butl . , but a male of p . clarkei philp . has not been available for dissection .\nthe single new zealand species , c . bifasciella walk . , of this south american genus is characterised by the peculiar bifid and laterally expanded uncus . the gnathos is rather weak with the frontal plate upcurved ; the harpes are of simple leaf - like type .\nthe outstanding feature of the male genitalia of the two new zealand species of this genus is the complete absence of the uncus , the long anal tube being protected by a tuft of hair springing from the dorsal surface of the tegumen . the gnathos is very highly specialised . from near the apex of each lateral arm arises a racket - shaped organ of the same nature as the single structure of proteodes . the harpes are simple in type and the cephalic margin of the vinculum is deeply and widely excised .\nof the six new zealand species of cryptolechia two have not been available for examination . of the remaining four , three , c . apocrypta meyr . , c . compsotypa meyr . and c . liochroa meyr . form a related group , but the fourth , c . semnodes meyr . differs very considerably . the group just referred to is characterised by the absence of the gnathos , the development of processes on the inner surface of the harpes , the reduction of the vinculum to a narrow band and the strongly curved aedeagus . in c . liochroa the curving of the aedeagus is carried so far that the base and apex almost meet .\nin c . semnodes the harpes are simple , but the gnathos is present ; it consists of a pair of thin lateral arms and a broad flat frontal plate covered with minute spines .\nmonotypic and endemic . the genitalia of l . leucocentra meyr . approach nearer to the type of barea dinocosma meyr . than to any of the new zealand representative of the oecophoridae .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about cherson\u0113sos ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cherson\u0113sos ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about chersiphron ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for chersiphron ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about cherskiy ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cherskiy ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 912, "summary": [{"text": "turbinaria patula , commonly known as disc coral , is a species of colonial stony coral in the family dendrophylliidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is native to the indo-pacific region , being found in the eastern indian ocean , northern australia , the south china sea and the western pacific ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is an uncommon species and the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has rated it as a \" vulnerable \" species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "turbinaria patula", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is turbinaria patula ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the turbinaria patula species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of turbinaria patula species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species turbinaria patula .\nhow to identify turbinaria patula marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species turbinaria patula . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species turbinaria patula are marked in green .\nturbinaria patula . great barrier reef , australia . showing colony overgrowing t . mesenterina .\ninformation on turbinaria patula is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nwhere is turbinaria patula found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species turbinaria patula can be found .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria patula )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria patula )\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria patula )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nturbinaria patula . great barrier reef , australia . colony with polyps extended . . mary stafford - smith .\nturbinaria patula . norfolk island , coral sea . a large colony where the characters of the species are well developed . charlie veron .\nwhich taxonomic groups does the genus turbinaria belong to and what are the different turbinaria species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus turbinaria belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .\nwhich are the most common photographed turbinaria species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\n( of turbinaria robusta bernard , 1896 ) bernard h ( 1896 ) . the genus turbinaria , the genus astraeopora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 2 : 1 - 106 , pls . 1 - 33 . [ details ]\na new patch coral area has been recorded first time during a recent survey by suganthi devadason marine research insti - tute ( sdmri ) reef research team ( rrt ) in the northern region of palk bay near thamodharanpattinam fishing village which is about 70 km away from pamban . among the four species recorded in the patch coral area , turbinaria patula is a new record for the palk bay and has been listed as vulnerable in iucn red list . the current findings provide an insight in to more new coral patches and probably new species in palk bay which are to be explored yet .\n( of turbinaria cupula ehrenberg , 1834 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]\n( of turbinaria fungiformis michelin , 1841 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]\n( of turbinaria bankae giebel , 1861 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]\n( of gemmipora patula dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]\n( of gemmipora patula dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]\n( of turbinaria cupula ehrenberg , 1834 ) ehrenberg , c . g . ( 1834 ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur physiologischen kenntniss der corallenthiere im allgemeinen , und besonders des rothen meeres , nebst einem versuche zur physiologischen systematik derselben . abhandlungen der k\u00f6niglichen akademie der wissenschaften , berlin . 1 : 225 - 380 . , available online at urltoken ; : int = 00000243 [ details ]\n( of turbinaria robusta bernard , 1896 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]\ndana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\ncairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]\nveron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]\nveron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nin the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the central indo - pacific , tropical and sub - tropical australia , south china sea , and the oceanic west pacific .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nit is found on inshore reefs and shallow rocky foreshores of subtropical locations . they form plates of over 1 m in diameter . this species is found from 7 - 20 m .\nall corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species\u2019 range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncolonies are usually irregularly folded , unifacial , upright fronds with long tubular corallites strongly inclined towards the colony margins . corallites have elliptical openings , and average 5 millimetres diameter .\ntaxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) . additional identification guide : veron ( 1986 ) .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ncharlie ( j . e . n ) veron j . veron @ urltoken urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif this is your first visit , welcome to reef frontiers . we have left open the door for you to browse around and check out the site , but we would realy love you to register with us and join in our community , its all free and we have the largest database on the internet to help you be successful . once you have completed your registration please come on in and introduce your self in our introduction forum . before you can post : click the register link above to proceed . to start viewing messages , select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below .\nhello , i have a pagoda cup coral . it appears to be doing well since i bought it 4 mo . ago . i have it under 260 total watts . in moderate crosswise flow . i spot feed it once a week and add a\nreef stew\n( abundant with life ~ phytoplankton , brine shrimp , rotifers , copepods , nannochloropsis , tetraselmis , and isochyrsisto ) to my tank bi - weekly . it has what looks like white excrement coming from it ' s tissue . it appears in tiny white pin size dots , kinda looks like cotton . i have seen it before , but it went away . this time there is more of it . what ' s going on ? ~ tia\npagoda regularly will let off a slime coat to clean themselves . just have good flow on it to blow it off .\nyou know me , im jiddy from rapid city . thats in s . dakota , no its a state , by mn . the one with mt . rushmore ! hidden content\nwell , once again the\nstuff\nis gone . i ' m positive it ' ll show back up , i ' m just trying to figure this coral out\ni have one as well , and haven ' t ever seen what you describe . sorry i am not more helpful . i have pretty good alternating flow directed across at mine from my seaswirl , so it may be that i don ' t see it because it gets blown away . my experience with this coral is that it needs more flow and more direct feeding than i originally thought . in fact i sold the mother colony to les because it was struggling in my tank . the piece i kept was in a higher location , with more flow and easier to reach with the turkey baster , and it is super super happy now .\nthanks guys ! i ' m setting up a 115 in the next month for the inhabitants of my 55 . i am going with a closed loop powered by a super squirt and iwaki . flow is definately in the fore front of the whole project . bc , how often do you direct feed ? what are signs of this coral in stress ? other than the pin point cotton like things there is tons of new tissue and polyp growth on my pagoda .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 3 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\ndepth range based on 87 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 33 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 1 - 28 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 21 . 407 - 26 . 803 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 088 - 0 . 923 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 975 - 35 . 635 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 573 - 5 . 058 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 081 - 0 . 201 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 900 - 3 . 672 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 1 - 28 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 21 . 407 - 26 . 803 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 088 - 0 . 923 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 975 - 35 . 635 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 573 - 5 . 058 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 081 - 0 . 201 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 900 - 3 . 672 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nthis species is uncommon except in subtropical localities . there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future . the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years . see the supplementary materialfor further details on population decline and generation length estimates .\nall corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nyou can now access full text articles from research journals published by csir - niscair ! full text facility is provided for all eighteen research journals viz . alis , bvaap , ijbb , ijbt , ijca , ijcb , ijct , ijeb , ijems , ijftr , ijms , ijnpr , ijpap , ijrsp , ijtk , jipr , jsir & jst . nopr also hosts three popular science magazines viz . science reporter ( sr ) , vigyan pragati ( vp ) & science ki duniya ( skd ) and a natural products repository ( nparr ) .\nmathews , g . raj , k . diraviya rajesh , s . kumar , p . dinesh edward , j . k . patterson\nitems in nopr are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nwhether mature individuals of a species are colonial , solitary or either colonial or solitary ( both ) .\nthe typical local abundance of species when found on the great barrier reef , australia . data were extracted from textual descriptions in veron ( 1996 ) by diaz and madin ( 2011 ) .\nscleractinian corals collected during 1998 from dampier archipelago , western australia jane k . griffith\nnote : id to be confirmed for corals collected during da3 / 99 expedition .\nozcam ( online zoo - log - i - cal col - lec - tions of aus - tralian muse - ums ) pro - vides access to an online data - base of records aggre - gated from fau - nal col - lec - tions data - bases in aus - tralian museums .\nsupplied as\nslack - smith , s . m . & marsh , l . m .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : acd34fd5 - 6371 - 41a4 - 96ae - 8d9b4047ad28\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 05a85c13 - 2d93 - 4190 - 949a - 08760ced9628\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4647863b - 760d - 4b59 - aaa1 - 502c8cdf8d3c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3dc64238 - 278c - 40c6 - b5c9 - 5172f31f1dcb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46772087 - 1328 - 4a98 - 9769 - 423f28f75fec\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0710191f - ca8e - 4dc5 - b601 - 105da15d9adb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6726a12e - 6e01 - 4f65 - a977 - 9d4e947f4ab4\nslack - smith , s . m . & marsh , l . m .\nclick the\nconfirm\nbutton to verify that this record is correct and that the listed\nvalidation issues\nare incorrect / invalid . please provide a short comment supporting your verification .\ngo directly to a species factsheet by expanding a genus name and clicking on a species .\nalternatively use the dropdown lists from quick select above to select one or multiple species and click apply . if you are logged into the site the group can be saved and will be available for subsequent selection from the saved species list dropdown menu above .\nfrequent modifications are being made to data and content and users are advised not to include website data in publications until version 1 . 00 is released . registered users will receive updates about timing of releases . to become a registered user , and to use various features of the website not available to casual visitors , please login ( see right hand side top banner ) .\nthe authors welcome constructive comments and details of errors or omissions via the feedback form ( see the bottom banner of all pages ) .\nwhile in beta phase , the website will be taken offline periodically for modifications . wherever possible , warning will be given in advance via this notification popup .\nselect ecoregions and / or taxa from the quick select tool or expand view to explore the relationships between species and their spatial distribution . apply your selections and a variety of statistics relating to your search will appear here . ecoregions can also be selected directly from the map . investigate the map tools ( above right ) to activate other functions and layers ."]}
{"id": 914, "summary": [{"text": "cloonlara ( 28 april 1974 \u2013 august 1981 ) was an american-bred , irish-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "although she never contested a group one race as a two-year-old , cloonlara was regarded as the best juvenile filly to race in europe in 1976 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she won all three of her races that year by wide margins , culminating in a six length win over colts in the national stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she missed the rest of the season through injury and failed to reproduce her best form in 1977 , when she became increasingly temperamental .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "cloonlara made a highly-promising start to her breeding career before dying at the age of seven in 1981 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "cloonlara ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["top 10 stables & horse riding near cloonlara , cloonlara , co . clare - yelp\nmembers of the irish army fill place sandbags on seafield road , cloonlara co . clare , yesterday photo : tony gavin\ncouncil workers place sandbags outside of a house on seafield road , cloonlara co . clare , yesterday photo : tony gavin\n, regarded as the best british filly of her generation , was withdrawn on the eve of the race . hide tracked cloonlara before sending mrs mcardy into the lead two furlongs from the finish . mrs mcardy established a decisive advantage and was never seriously challenged in the closing stages , winning by two lengths from freeze the secret , with sanedtki narrowly beating cloonlara for third .\ni would highly recommend irish sport equine to anyone looking for a new horse .\nthe horse goddess by morgan llywelyn , a novel of epona , has received good reviews .\naughinish in county clare and county donegal comes from the irish each inis , which means ' horse island . ' these places were probably named after favourite horse pastures . irish place names .\njanet b ; soft polar fleece model horse protective covers in a stunning cream and brown horse design - - - a fun and easy way to protect your model horses while storing or traveling .\nmore irish names derived from\nhorse\n< urltoken horsenames . html > updated july 7 , 2013\nthe horse was highly important in the celtic world and was frequently an attribute of deities such as the celtic , welsh and irish war gods , and especially of the gaulish epona , the divine horse , introduced into britain and later adopted by the romans .\nfrom the entry on horse in the encyclopaedia of the celts .\nwexford horse transport and gillies transport deliver our horses to the uk every week or 10 days depending on sales .\nmarch\u0097 ( mahrx ) is from the welsh march ,\nhorse .\nname of king mark in the welsh version of the tristan saga , in which he is known as march ap meirchion ( horse , son of horses ) . the horse was a symbol of kingship in celtic culture . mark . see celtic male names of wales .\ncloonlara ( usa ) b . m , 1974 { 8 - c } dp = 4 - 19 - 13 - 6 - 6 ( 48 ) di = 1 . 59 cd = 0 . 19 - 6 starts , 3 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 13 , 519\nfrom epona , the horse goddess , came the tribal name of the epidii in ireland and scotland . in ireland , the horse goddess was also known as macha . in 297 a . d . , ptolemy identified the epidii ( horse people ) in western scotland . the epidii and the peninsula of epidium were identified on ptolemy ' s map .\ninitially i was interested in another horse , but i rang gerty , described what i wanted and she recommended jasper .\nsport . horse racing . newmarket spring meeting . pic : 4th may 1984 . vincent o ' brien , irish race horse trainer , one of the great trainers , who won 3 grand nationals at aintree and 5 english derbys at epsom .\nwe offer an after sales service , where we will exchange the horse within 14 days , if you are not satisfied .\nfrom the ancient legends of the dark ages many irish and scottish kings are called eochaid and , like the name of the epidii , it is a name which is connected to the word ' horse ' . it derives probably from a phrase which means a ' descendant of the horse ' ie eoch - aidh\u2014in scottish gaelic the word eachdraidh means history , this may also derive from each [ a form of eoch ] tro ( a ) idh - since each means horse and tro through then the aidh ( or idh ) may mean some form of genealogical connection eg a reference to origins . when applied to an individual eochaid probably indicates that the subject was from the family of the ' horse ' \u0097in genealogical terms , a descendant of the horse . therefore the ceremony that giraldus witnessed was probably symbolic of a king ' s ' rebirth ' from the horse , representing the right of the king to rule as a descendant of the horse goddess . other names of early kings also include eochy ( ' horse ' ) and eachdach ( ' of the people of the horse ' ) which would confirm that the ancient celtic kings would have to have been viewed as descendants of the horse goddess , in order to be given their rule . this reference to the horse must surely indicate that the tribe of the epidi ( the ' family of the horse ' perhaps ) mentioned by ptolemy is indeed the first evidence that irish / scots settlement can be dated to a period before the end of the 2nd century ad .\nat his westlow hall stud near york . she was arguably the best horse sired by tribal chief , a sprinter who won the\nlarach [ lawragh ] signifies a mare , and it is found pretty often forming a part of names . cloonlara , the mare ' s meadow , is the name of a village in clare , and half a dozen townlands in connaught and munster ; gortnalaragh , the field of the mares .\n( volume 1 , pages 474\u00965 ) .\nleamanach in county clare ) comes from l\u00e9im an eich , ' leap of the horse . ' see : equestrian irish place names .\nbaudelaire and brighthelmstone . two weeks later , mrs mcardy , ridden by eddie hide , started at odds of 16 / 1 for the 165th running of the 1000 guineas over the rowley mile course at newmarket . cloonlara , the leading two - year - old filly of 1976 , started 6 / 4 favourite , with the other leading contenders appearing to be freeze the secret ,\nin 1976 , the independent timeform organisation gave mrs mcardy a rating of 103 , twenty - seven pounds below their top - rated two - year - old filly cloonlara . in the free handicap , a rating of the best two - year - olds to race in britain in 1976 , the filly was assigned a weight of 105 pounds , 28 pounds below the top colt\nat this stage , one naturally enquires who or what were those chieronaces or gaelic ' horselords ' ? were they professional horse - breeders , horse - tamers , horse - breakers , roughriders ; or horse - thieves , whom the ancient irish , in their grand eloquence , glorified with the name of ' horse - lords ' ? or were they gaelic mounted knights , equites or caballeros ? de blacam has pointed out that names of this character were common in old irish , and that the relation of the great gaelic lords with the ' horse - taming acheans ' of homer , the fair - haired race of celtic invaders from the head of the adriatic : the ' master - race ' of greece who conquered the pelagians or old greeks , as the gaels did the danaan , cruitime and muscraighe in ireland , is manifest in the stress that is laid on horse mastership and the like in early irish names . . . .\nthe name\no ' hiffernan\n.\nkelpies are mythical creatures that originated in scotland . one of three forms they can take , known as eochaidh , is part man and part horse .\nmargh ( mahr ) is the cornish word for\nhorse\n, and the name of the king of cornwall in the tale of tristan and isolde .\neochaid . in the ancient origins of the scots , part i , 5 . 6 scotic settlement and the horse\ngoddess ,\ndavid f . dale writes :\nphilip came into irish as pilib or filib , but in some places ( in ulster ) it was is greek : phil - ippos ,\nhorse - lover .\nthe goddess epona , whose name , meaning ' divine horse ' or ' horse goddess , ' epitomizes the religious dimension of this relationship , was a pan - celtic deity , and her cult was adopted by the roman cavalry and spread throughout much of europe , even to rome itself . she has insular analogues in the welsh rhiannon and in the irish \u00e9da\u00edn echraidhe ( echraidhe , ' horse riding ' ) and macha , who outran the fastest steeds .\nencyclopaedia britannica , celtic religion , zoomorphic deities .\n1 . vincent once said in an interview that you can\u2019t train a horse to stay . you can teach them to settle but pedigree dictates whether they stay or not .\naughrim\u2014each druim\u2014the hill side of the horse .\nthe history and topography of the county of clare by james frost\u2014appendix vii , county of clare : irish local names explained .\ntimeform , yorkshire , 1977 . hard cover . condition : very good . green mock leather covers with bright gilt titles to front and spine . 988 pp . horse racing .\ni bought my boy from gerty a year ago and haven ' t looked back ! he is my dream horse a one in a million ! i ' m from london so never came to see him i had only seen the pictures and video of him but knew he was worth taking the chance for as i would never had brought a horse with out viewing it ! but he was worth the risk all day long and i would only come to gerty for another horse as i compleatly trust her to find the perfect one . we compete every weekend and always coming home with red ribbons . i cannot thank gerty enough for reassuring me and giving me the best horse i could of ever wished for !\nabelson , edward ; tyrrel , john ( 1993 ) . the breedon book of horse racing records . breedon books publishing . isbn 978 - 1 - 873626 - 15 - 3 .\np . s . i wonder if many of these horse named families are descended from the epidii tribe who anciently flourished on the west coast of scotland in the region later called dal riada .\nmick only rode him once but it was group 1 win in the 1993 aral pokal . ironically the second horse george augustus was trained by his subsequent employer john oxx and the third home shrewd idea was trained by one of his first bosses michael kauntze . i doubt if anyone present that day realised that they were viewing a horse destined to become the greatest sire germany has produced .\ni have complete faith in gerty tynan and wish her ongoing success . i would not look anywhere else for a horse . gerty listens to what you are looking for , takes note of your abilities and provides the right horse to suit the jockey . i am nearly 60 and know when to trust someone and give them respect and this is what i give gerty and my thanks .\neachl\u00e9im ( aghleam ) from the gaelic each ( horse ) and l\u00e9im ( jump ) , folklore has it that a horse leapt from the western end of the townland to the east , and the land between was thus named . ten miles south west of belmullet , close to the unspoilt beaches of mullagh rua and elly , this vibrant gaeltacht area is steeped in tradition and culture .\ngot my connie from gerty 3 weeks ago ; never thought i would buy a horse this way . i found gerty and the transport people ( eric ghillie ) super - professional and made the whole process easy and seamless . i am over the moon with the horse who is exactly as described . wish i had discovered gerty years ago ; could have saved myself a lot of money / heartache and broken bones ( ! ) buying the wrong horse ( s ) . would definitely recommend / definitely be back if i am looking to buy again ( though my new boy has a home for life ) .\ncapall , the other word for a horse , is the same as gr . kaballes , lat . caballus , and rus . kobyla . it is pretty common in the end of names in the form of capple , or with the article , - nagappul or - nagapple , as in gortnagappul in cork and kerry , the field of the horses ; pollacappul and poulacappul , the hole of the horse .\nmy guess on maceachern is a slightly anglicized version of mac eachain , a scottish patronymic name from the gaelic given name eachan , which means ' each horse . '\nthe etymology of last names .\nlike many others i never thought that i ' d buy a horse unseen . a friend showed me gertys website , i took what felt like a gamble at the time , and the rest is history !\nthis townland [ aughrim ] derives from irish eachdhroin , a compound of each ' horse ' and droim ' ridge ' , with reference to the topographical feature now know as aughrim hill . it may be translated ' horse - shaped ridge ' or , as seems more likely , ' ridge of the horses ' . the - dh - is omitted in modern irish orthography and it is now silent .\n( page 20 ) .\nthere has been some speculation that because macha is connected to horses , that she is instead a solar deity . to get a grasp of this we must start with an rather pan - celtic overview . a good source for this is the book the horse in celtic culture , which is edited by sioned davies and nerys ann jones . the section titled ' the symbolic horse in pagan europe ' . in this section it tells of two expressions of the horse . the first is feminine and has the horse firmly footed on the ground . this would be typical to epona , macha and others . the other expression is what this source refers to as the ' celestial warrior ' , and who is masculine . artifacts demonstrating this are found all across celtic and ex - celtic lands . coming back again to gaelic sources , it was common for the horse to act as icons for deities . ( 13 ) the old irish word for horse is ' ech ' , which is also the stem from which we get eochaidh . eochaidh is a proper name attached to none other than daghdha ( 14 ) . nor is he alone , because many other deities also have names attached to them showing that their icons were horses . another example being lugh himself . perhaps we can see in ancient welsh law that the besides their gender , the differences between the horse deities was their colors ( 15 ) . this may even be intimated by the defining of color in regards to irish mounts , including the grey macha who pulled the chariot of conchobar .\nmacha by clannada na gadelica academia gadelica .\nmcgough and mcgeough are derived from the gaelic name mac eochaidh or mag eochadha . the stem of that name is thought to be eoch or each , irish words for\nhorse .\nthe different forms of eochaidh and eochadha , and many surnames with origins closer to the origins of mcgough , are discussed in my page : origin of the surname mcgough . this page collects additional material on irish words for\nhorse ,\nand names derived from them .\nduring my genealogical research , i found that mclysaght said that there was an irish derivation for the name\u2014it was a shortened version of o ' heachdhubhain\u2014descended from the dark or black horse . i later found that each dhub was a black horse ridden by the mythical dullaghan , sort of a grim reaper and that many early families identified with various legends having to do with horses . this raised my hopes that my steed ancestors were really irish and not beneficiaries of the plantation .\njeanne rudmann grunert ; black cat marketing , a dvision of equinart , provides selling , marketing and customer service outsourcing for model horse artists . we can sell your already cast resins or provide you with the marketing support to grow your business .\neachan . g . eachann , mg . eachuinn , eachduinn , gen . ( 1467 ms . ) . the irish is eachdonn ( year 1092 ) , from prehistoric eqo - donno - s , ' horse lord ' like eachthighearna ( maceachern ) , with different termination . the phonetics are against macvurich ' s spelling eachdhuin which is for each - duine , ' horse - man , ' as explanation ( macbain ) .\nquoted on the clan maclean genealogy data base .\nbefore the name of aghnamullen was bestowed upon the civil parish in county monaghan , the area was called the eoghanach , which was anglicised as the owenagh . see mcgough origins in ireland\u0097 random ramblings , rumblings , and ruminations under the eoghanach or owenagh . eoghanach is a word based on\neoch ,\na horse . in his book the origin and history of irish names of places ( 6th edition 1891 ) , p . w . joyce gives the traditional interpretation of aghnamullen as\nfield of the mills .\nin a separate part of his book , however , joyce provides us a discussion of irish place names based on horse that gives some support to considering whether the augh in aughnamullen might possibly have come from horse :\nthe origin of the name of lemnagh , a townland in county antrim , is\nl\u00e9im an eich ,\nhorse leap .\nplace - names in the exhibition from county antrim on the website of the ulster place - names society .\nthe irish female first name eachna ( ak - na ) is from the old irish ech \u0097\nhorse .\nearly legend has a connacht princess named eachna who was one of the loveliest and cleverest women in the world . echna .\nepona . depictions of mounted women or charioteers are found on iron age coins and may also represent horse - related goddesses , in addition , representation of women and horses as linked continues in the vernacular traditions in the stories of rhiannon and macha . epona , whose name is derived from the celtic word for horse , is the goddess of horses and horse breeding . as mares were often used as working animals on farms , some writers have speculated that epona has aspects of fertility of the land and the domestic cult . her worship became very widespread - - there are over 300 representations and inscriptions found bearing her name . she was adopted by cavalry soldiers throughout the roman world , perhaps because she was a deity who offered protection both for the soldier and the horse ! she was the only celtic deity whose festival was celebrated in rome itself , on december 18 .\nwhat we don ' t know about the ancient celts by rowan fairgrove , where there is much more about celtic horses and epona .\nher sire , sir ivor was an american - bred colt who was trained in europe and won the derby and the washington d c international in 1968 before standing as a breeding stallion in kentucky . sir ivor ' s other major winners included ivanjica , cloonlara and bates motel . [ 3 ] lady capulet ' s dam cap and bells was a successful racehorse and broodmare . her other foals included drone , an undefeated racehorse and successful breeding stallion , and sir wimborne , winner of the national stakes and royal lodge stakes . she was descended from the influential british broodmare mistrella ( foaled 1907 ) whose descendants have included the oaks winners beam and light brocade . [ 4 ]\neachmarcach was used as a name for a horse . mac eachmharcaigh , the origin of the surname cafferty ,\ntranslates to ' son of eachmharcach ' , the irish for ' horse - rider ' . the name once exclusive to ulster can now occasionally be found in mayo . it is believed the name originated in donegal where the family is traced to being a branch of the o ' ' donnells .\nsurnames & heraldry\u2014 mac cafferty surname group . see the section on cafferty , mccaffrey , cafferky above .\nthe use of the horse and the wagon or war chariot , for example , are seen as typical manifestations both of\nceltic\nculture and of indo - europeanism , evinced by the ubiquity of related vocabulary in the recorded languages . . .\nsome irish place names are based on another gaelic work for horse , capall . for example , the origin of the name of drummanagapple , a townland in fermanagh , is\ndromainn na gcapall ,\nor\nlittle ridge of the horses .\nplace names in the exhibition from county fermanagh on the website of the ulster place - names society . i have made no effort to collect place names based on capall , but for a few more examples , see the section below on other gaelic words for horse .\naughrim ( galway and wicklow ) eachroim , ' horse ridge ' the galway aughrim was the scene of the battle of 12 july 1691 , which [ lost ] the jacobite war and was a turning point in irish history .\ntowns of the sash .\nthe origin of the name of donaghanie , a townland in county tyrone , is\ndomhnach an eich .\nchurch of the horse .\nsee place - names in the exhibition from county tyrone on the website of the ulster place - names society .\nbeing fairly new to this . i was recommended irish sport equine by a friend . i watched a video we call gerty who was very helpful and i decided to purchase the horse . he arrived and i decided he wasn\u2019t a good match for me after an agreed trial period . gerty was very helpful and he was returned . after a number of discussions , gerty was true to her word and found me the perfect match \u201cbig tom a 17hh , 9yrs handsome irish sport horse \u201d . i am delighted with him .\nsioned davies and nerys ann jones are editors of the horse in celtic culture : medieval welsh perspectives . cardiff : university of wales press , 1997 . [ i . festschriften , proceedings , and collected essays ; xiv . folklore , mythology , and popular culture , wales ] . at pages 43 to 63 is an article by patricia kelly :\nthe earliest words for ' horse ' in the celtic languages .\npatricia kelly has also published the word - field ' horse ' in irish . a study in the semantics and etymology of the irish lexicon . innsbrucker beitr\u00e4ge zur sprachwissenschaft , 1984 . [ vi . a . irish language ] . see also fragments of irish medieval treatises on horses by brian \u00f3 cu\u00edv , celtica 17 ( 1985 ) , 113 - 122 . [ vi . b . irish literature ; xii . a . history , ireland ] . see also : sayers , william . conventional descriptions of the horse in the ulster cycle . \u00e9tudes celtiques 30 ( 1994 ) , 233 - 249 . [ vi . b . irish literature ] .\naughrim , a village on the main galway - dublin road near ballinasloe ; the name means ' the horse ' s back ' , from the shape of one of the low ridges that are a feature of the local landscape .\nireland midwest online\u2014county galway\u2014aughrim .\nepona # 628 : queen of horses and fruitfulness . epona in celtic inscriptions from gaul , and rhiannon in welsh legend . she is the goddess of horses ( the name ' epona ' derives from the celtic word for ' horse ' ) , and therefore of great power in a horse - based culture such as that of the celts . in romano - celtic images she is associated with corn , fruits and serpents , and as mare - goddess she would have been concerned with forces of fertility and nourishment .\nencyclopaedia of the celts .\nwe bought a horse this week and have already had so much fun on him . i was looking for something forward going but safe , arthur has totally proven to be so ! we hunted this weekend and jumped dykes and rails ! would definitely recommend gerty to anyone looking .\nthe name [ cafferty ] is of ancient irish origin . it stems from the gaelic maceachmharcaigh or maceacmarcais , each , meaning a steed or horse , and marcach , meaning a rider . maccafferty means son of the horse rider . it is a surname of co . donegal and co . derry . the name is also found in co . mayo , but often under the anglicized form of maccaffry . the local pronunciation is sometimes o ceararcais . the family is probably a branch of the o ' dohertys , among whom eacmarcac was a personal name .\nthe name of eremon ( irish kings # 1 ) , the first milesian king of ireland , has been interpreted as meaning\nof the horses .\nthe river liffey was supposedly named after eremon ' s horse . some sources also use\neochaidh\nto describe this king .\nmarcan - ( mor - kawn ) . old irish = marc\nhorse\n+ dim . - an . marcan mac cennetig was the brother of high king brian boru and abbot of killaloe . saint marcan of clonenagh ' s feast day\u2014october 21 . from : traditional irish names .\ngerty was brought up on a farm with horses , cattle and sheep . her dad was a horse breeder and so she understood the skills involved in producing young horses and matching them to clients from a young age . gerty has been involved with irish sport horses all her life .\nhardback . pub . portway press . first . 1977 . isbn 0900599227 , 1977 . hardcover . condition : very good . dust jacket condition : very good . 1st edition . another brilliant annual from timeform for the 1976 flat season . french trained youth was timeform ' s best three - year - old . american owned j . o . tobin trained by noel murless was the best two - year - old colt . irish trained cloonlara was the best stayer . the french won the derby with m zilber trained empery ridden by lester piggott . henry cecil was top trainer and peter walwyn was runner - up . pat eddery was champion jockey with willie carson and brian taylor the runners - up . dust wrapper - very good . book - very good .\nthe horse . we have several irish words for a horse , the most common of which are each and capall . each [ agh ] is found in several families of languages ; the old irish form is ech ; and it is the same word as the sansc . acva , gr . hippos ( eol . ikkos ) , lat . equus , and old saxon ehu . each is very often found in the beginning of names , contrary to the usual irish order , and in this case it generally takes the modern form of augh . at a . d . 598 , the four masters mention aughris head in the north of sligo , west of sligo bay , as the scene of a battle , and they call it each - ros , the ros or peninsula of horses ; there is another place of the same name , west of ballymote , same county ; and a little promontory north - west from clifden in galway is called aughrus , which is the same name . aughinish and aughnish are the names of several places in different parts of the country , and are anglicized from each - inis ( four mast . ) , horse island . they must have been so called because they were favourite horse pastures , like ' the squince , ' and horse island , near glandore , ' which produces a wonderful sort of herbage that recovers and fattens diseased horses to admiration . ' ( smith , hist . or cork , i . 271 ) .\nsee also the sacred celtic horse . a worthwhile site , with no direct discussion of ireland , is celtic phalerae & fittings : the art of the horseman . this is part of a great website on celtic art & cultures on the website of the university of north carolina at chapel hill .\ngodswalk was a\nstrong , compact\ngrey horse with a white star bred in maryland by glade valley farms and peter fuller . he was one of the best horses sired by fuller ' s horse dancer ' s image who won the 1968 kentucky derby but was disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone were discovered in a post - race urinalysis . as a breeding stallion , he stood in europe and japan , siring several other good winners including the multiple group one winner lianga and the july cup winner saritamer . godswalk ' s dam kate ' s intent was a successful racehorse in canada .\nif you look at the map above , there is a tribe named the epidii in the western isles of scotland . this tribe as been a bit enigmatic because the name has never appeared on any maps or referred to in any writings after ptolomy\u2019s survey during the flavian era . the name epidii has as its root epos , meaning horse . as it stands it appears to be in the brythonic language . i\u2019ve always thought that it was strange that the men of kintyre and the western isles would be known as horsemen , considering that this is unlikely to be good horse country . . . .\nin the end of names it commonly forms the postfix - agh ; as in russagh in westmeath , which the four masters write ros - each , the wood of horses ; bellananagh in cavan , bel - atha - na - neach , the ford - mouth of the horses ; cloonagh and clonagh , horse meadow . sometime it is the genitive singular , as in kinneigh near iniskeen in cork , ceann - ech ( four mast . ) , the head or hill of the horse ; the same name as kineigh in kerry , kineagh near kilcullen in kildare , and kinnea in cavan and donegal .\nagh or augh are forms of each , a gaelic word for horse . in irish place names , the gaelic each ( horse ) has often become augh . a look at the\nindex locurum\nto o ' donovan ' s annotated version of the annals of the four masters gives some examples : eachros , the\nheadland or promontory of the horses ,\nnow aughris , a townland in the north of the parish of templeboy , barony of tireragh , county of sligo . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 598 ) . eachdhruim is now aughrim , a village in county galway . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 737 . ) eacharadh - lobrain became augher in the barony of deece , barony of meath . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 1163 . ) the place name aughrim in ulster came from the ancient name eachroim and means horse - ridge .\nii was looking for a good looking gelding but importantly a horse with a kind nature . roger is everything you have said and much more . i had lost my confidence and roger has accepted all by bad nervous errors until i felt got myself back on track . thank you gerty . . tracey hall\ncolter . an english male given name , meaning horse herdsman , a variant of colt : young horse ; frisky . baby names starting with the letter c . according to woulfe , the irish surnames colter and coulter are derived from \u00f3 coltar\u00e1in , who were seated in down ( parish of ballycolter ) . see irish ancestors and coulter , \u00f3 coltar\u00e1in , \u00f3 coltair .\nsee ancient uladh\u2014kingdom of ulster ( part of ireland ' s history in maps ) for a reference to\no ' coltarain ( coleton , coulter ? ? , chief of dal cuirb , in the barony of castlereagh ; o ' hart )\ngodswalk was a\nstrong , compact\n[ 2 ] grey horse with a white star bred in maryland by glade valley farms and peter fuller . he was one of the best horses sired by fuller ' s horse dancer ' s image who won the 1968 kentucky derby but was disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone were discovered in a post - race urinalysis . [ 3 ] as a breeding stallion , he stood in europe and japan , siring several other good winners including the multiple group one winner lianga and the july cup winner saritamer . godswalk ' s dam kate ' s intent was a successful racehorse in canada .\nwe live in switzerland and bought two horses from gerty - unseen ! both mares are exactly like she described them on her webpage . two so cool and lovely mares ! rosie is now 10 months with us and she ' s making us happy every day ! although she ' s only five years old even my 9 year old daughter can hack out with her easily . she is safe but also fun and very forward going . fanta just arrived a few weeks before but she ' s one of the easiest and coolest horse in our stable already . we will and would buy a horse from gerty again anytime !\nbut the mention above of the inclusion of c\u00fa or con , eoch or each , b\u00f3 and collach in personal names brings me to another trend . after the arrival of the fir bolg we start to get names such as eochaidh , which is one of those names with eoch ( horse ) in it .\nthanks so much for your interesting pages about names from each , auch , caball , etc . because my own surname is english for horse , i always assumed that at some point in history our irish ancestors actually went from england or scotland . my gggrandfather married mary collins at st . colmans rc church in\nsearching long and hard for the ' perfect ' horse , which in my head was a 16 . 3hh dutch warmblood . i became so disappointed that every horse i tried was not as described and i then came across gerty ' s site on horsequest . after a whole night of watching all the unedited videos of the current horses for sale , i phoned gerty first thing in the morning . after a long chat she thought sweetie would match me really well and also happened to be the cheapest ! much to my husbands delight ! i was a bit worried about buying without trying and spent hours online searching for anything negative about irish sport equine and couldn ' t find one negative comment ! that confirmed in my head that i would take a gamble and orla ( as we later named her ) arrived and has been ' as described ' since arriving in the uk 6 months ago . after a 6 year break from riding , she ' s brought on my confidence and we ' ve been on many fun rides , on holiday , and explored most of somerset together . couldn ' t have bought a better horse . i then recommend ise to my friend who went on to buy a lovely boy who again has been completely sane and lots of fun . thank you gerty for finding my forever horse .\nregarding my surname ; i ' m descended from the macleod ' s of raasay and lewis , often called the siol torcall in gaelic ( seed of torcall ) . much less known however , is the name siol na laire or larach , meaning the seed of the mare . furthermore , the old people used to say that if you dreamt of a horse ( more specifically a grey or white mare ) you were sure to meet a macleod \u2014 the horse was their totem , just as the cat was for the chatten confederation of clans . this association was often mocked by rival clans and the macleods were said to eat nothing buts oats ( largely true at one time ) . once , a mischievous lot in skye cut off the head , tail and legs of a dead horse and set it afloat on a boat to raasay , where , when found , it was consumed by the locals who thought it a cow , the nickname laire mairt or cow mare was long after given to raasay folk .\neach uisge ( ech - ooshkya ) or aughisky ( agh - iski ) . this , the highland water - horse , is perhaps the fiercest and most dangerous of all water - horses , although the cabyll ushtey runs it close . it differs from the kelpie in haunting the sea and lochs , while the kelpie belongs to running water . it seems also to transform itself more readily . its most usual form is that of a sleek and handsome horse , which almost offers itself to be ridden , but if anyone is so rash as to mount it , he is carried at headlong speed into the lake and devoured .\n( encyclopedia of the celts . )\nthere was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1976 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the british free handicap , durtal was allotted a weight of 120 pounds , making her the best filly of the season , thirteen pounds behind the top colt j o tobin . the independent timeform organisation gave her a rating of 120 , ten pounds behind the irish - trained filly cloonlara . in . their annual racehorses of 1976 timeform described her as\nsure to figure prominently in the classics , especially the oaks\n. [ 3 ] in the following year , durtal was given a rating of 121 by timeform , twelve pounds below their top three - year - old filly dunfermline . in the official international classification , durtal was rated eight pounds behind the leading three - year - old fillies dunfermline and madelia . [ 5 ]\nthe tribal name [ mceachain ] is still represented in the ancient territory of dalaraidhe by the place named ivahagh , in county down , the gaelic name of which is uibb eachach , pronounced ivahagh , but now contracted to ivagh . there are many more places in this area that contain the gaelic tribal word or name each which is record in english as augh . however , each case where the word is used in a place name must be judged on its own merits as to meaning , for it would not be quite correct to imply that the word each has the same significance in all instances for it is governed by its prefix or suffix . eachain in itself is in reality a tribal designation , which is derived from the middle gaelic name eachuinn and anciently eqo - donno - s , meaning the horse lord , or more properly translated , the lord or chief of the horse tribe ; the horse , in gaelic each , being the totem of their tribe .\nthe mccaughans of scotland and ireland by john alexander mccaughan of ballyverdagh .\ni have recently 1 week ago , had the pleasure of receiving our new horse / pony tasty mel who is now called henry . i would recommend whole heartedly that anyone intending on buying a pony / horse buy one from gerty . he was vetted in ireland which i organised and delivered 2 weeks later . she took him for me to get vetted . i had never met him only in videos and pictures . he is amazing and has coped well with all aspects his travelling , his new home the different noises and language and accent . he is now being schooled and excercised daily and has been out on our busy manchester roads . he has been clipped with no bother and gerty was honest to tell me he doesn ' t like the farrier and his feet being messed with . he is getting used to this slowly and has done amazingly well . we are so pleased with our purchase and would recommend gerty without a doubt . she kept in contact throughout the process and was their to answer all my worries . we now own a fantastic pony / horse . thanks so much james\nif you had told me a few months ago that i would buy a horse off the internet without even trying him i would have said you were mad ! ! however , after watching the video of sam so many times , i decided to call gerty . we had a long chat and she assured me he was everything i was looking for ( something gentle , quiet and kind ) . gerty also told me to speak to one of her other clients , which i did and that really put my mind at rest . so i bought sam , and i absolutely love him , he is everything i wanted in a horse . i would definitely recommend irish sport equine , gerty made the whole purchase and transport process so easy .\neochaidh ( horseman ) : consists of the torso & arms of a man , and the head & legs of a horse . this is the strongest of the forms , but also the most unnerving . it is almost always black in appearance , standing upright . when in combat , they attack using their great strength , attacking with claw , hoof , and teeth .\nit is not surprising , therefore , that there are so many names with ' horse ' in them\u0097eochaidh is one of the earliest recorded , and it literally means horseman . it is pronounced yok - ey\u0097guess where jockey comes from ?\nirish and celtic names explained , an essay on the swim - two - birds website \u00a9 hugh o ' connor , australia , 1998 .\nechluath is listed in irish names by kate monk ( now removed from the internet ) as an old irish byname meaning\nfast - horse .\n( in her surname section , under mc she lists mcgeogh and mcgeough , but not mcgough . under g , she lists gough , goffe , goff , and mcgough , and says they all stem from o ' cuaghain . )\nthe celts were a people who originated in central europe from indo - european stock and became a distinct people in the iron age . they are distinct from their predecessor peoples , archaeologically named the urnfield cultures , principally in their use of iron , their art style , the role of the horse in their lives , and the social stratification of their society . . . .\nreading your excellent page on irish horse names immediately lit up little light bulbs in my head . the first to do with an old rhyme i knew as a boy growing up in ireland , the second to do with my surname macleod . the rhyme was used to select someone for various tasks / games etc , as in the rhyme eeny meeny miney mo , it went something like this :\neach druim is the name by which aughrim in galway is located on maps of ireland in the middle ages :\naughrim , county galway , name on map : each dhruim . source : irish authorities . modern irish name : eachro . type : celtic religious foundation , also manor or village . meaning :\neachra ` horse ' droim ` ridge ' .\nmapping ireland in the middle ages .\n7 . sir ivor ( 1965 sir gaylord - attica by mr . trouble ) . a brilliant winner of a top class guineas , he followed up by displaying an electrifying turn of foot in the derby . he was campaigned relentlessly turning out 13 times over two seasons and like others he maintained his form throughout . however it was testament to vincent\u2019s skill that he maintained his form throughout . in sir ivor\u2019s case he managed to follow on a second place behind vaguely noble in the arc with wins in the champion stakes and arc . he became primarily renowned as a sire of fillies leaving the likes of arc winner ivanjica , lady capulet ( who vincent trained to win a classic on her debut and is dam of el prado ) and godetia and cloonlara ( both trained by vincent ) . of his colts the best was bates motel . he makes the list by virtue of the moderate runner sir tristram who has had a huge influence on australian / new zealand breeding and his daughters who have given us such stallions as el prado , green desert , alzao , and bluebird .\nstrachan ( scots ) : habitation name from a place in the parish of banchory , near kincardine , which is first recorded in 1153 in the form strateyhan , and perhaps gets its name from gael . srath valley + eachain , gen . case of eachan for ( dim . of each horse ; cf . keogh ) . vars : strahan ; straughan ( northumb . ) ; strain ( n ireland ) .\nthe horse who seemed to have everything , brilliant speed and enough stamina to finish second in a good derby . mick rode him to win group 1\u2019s at 2 ( national stakes ) , 3 ( a soft eclipse ) and 4 ( the lockinge ) . his performance in the lockinge had timeform struggling to find a better performance in recent decades urltoken . hawk wing would have won a 2000 guineas if mick kinane had ridden him but he was suspended at the time and regardless he might have chosen to ride johannesburg in the kentucky derby that same day . in a prelude of things to come as far as ballydoyle were concerned jamie spencer took over and got the horse beaten whilst in a further portent johnny murtagh did a fine job on rock of gibraltar . a terrible stallion ( like most sons of woodman ) and now banished to korea .\nmalachi comes from maol eachai , the bald horseman . my mother was born fox , which was englished from sionnach , and is believed to originate only as late as in the 12th century ; but the family name could actually come from earlier celtic days - as seaneach , meaning old horse . . .\nirish and celtic names explained , an essay on the swim - two - birds website \u00a9 hugh o ' connor , australia , 1998 .\nepos :\nthe label q - celtic stems from the differences between this early celtic tongue and the latter formed p - celtic . the differences between the two celtic branches are simple in theoretical form . take for example the word ekvos in indo - european , meaning horse . in q - celtic this was rendered as equos while in p - celtic it became epos , the q sound being replaced with a p sound .\nthe six celtic languages .\nstrawn is a variation of the scottish place name strachan , derived from the place so - named in the parish of banchory , near kincardine , which was first recorded as strateyhan in 1153 . it is comprised of the gaelic elements srath = valley + each = foal , where ' each ' is a diminutive form of the gaelic ' eachain ' = horse .\nresearch notes on the strawn surname under the heading\norigins of the strawn surname .\nmuch controversy has centred round the origin and meaning of the name ' ifearnan '\n, and at present there are several irreconcilable theories in the matter . the first , the oldest , and that most generally held , is that ' ifearnan ' is a later irish pronunciation and phonetic spelling of the old gaelic ' eichthighearnan ' ( pronounced ' eachcheernan ' ) which , in its turn , is ' eichthighearn ' , with honorific suffix ( suffix of endearment ) ' an ' added . now ' eichthighern '\n( eachcheern ) is ordinarily anglicised ' ahearn ' , a name which is still very common in cork and other parts of southern ireland , and if this theory is correct ' heffernan ' is simply an honorific form of ' ahearn ' , the anglicised form of ' eichthighern ' , meaning , literally , ' horse - lord ' ( ' eich ' , a horse , ' thighearna ' , lord ) . . . .\nbetween 1150 and 1200 , a group of mhigh eothachs or mag eochys ( mcgoughs / mcgeoughs ) moved from the territory of the mughdhorna area in what is now county monaghan to an area on the south slopes of the mountains of mourne . see where the mountains of mourne sweep down to the sea\u0097 ballymageogh and slievemageogh in county down in this website . they gave their name to the townland of ballymageogh . apparently they brought their horses with them . on the eastern edge of the narrow waist of the hour - glass - shape townland of ballymageogh is aughrim hill , which means the ridge of the horse or horse - ridge . aughrim hill is in the townland of aughrim in county down . the name of the hill and the townland are discussed together in place - names of northern ireland , volume three , county down iii , the mournes , by michael b . o mainnin and published by the department of celtic , queens university belfast :\nas a two - year - old , godswalk was campaigned exclusively over the minimum distance of five furlongs . after finishing third on his racecourse debut he recorded impressive wins in minor events at the curragh and phoenix park . at the curragh in may he won the marble hill stakes , taking the lead at half way and accelerating away from the field in the closing stages to beat digitalis by five lengths , with piney ridge in third . in june , godswalk was sent to england and moved up in class to contest the norfolk stakes at royal ascot . ridden by derrmot hogan he started the 8 / 13 favourite against four opponents . he took the lead two furlongs from the finish and won by four lengths from the italian colt alpherat , with hogan sitting motionless in the closing stages . godswalk started favourite for the phoenix stakes , but proved no match for the filly cloonlara and was beaten into second place by a margin of six lengths . the colt was scheduled to return to england for the cornwallis stakes at ascot in october but the meeting was abandoned owing to the exceptionally wet , heavy ground . a week later , godswalk ended his season in the waterford testimonial stakes at the curragh and won easily by four lengths at odds of 1 / 3 ."]}
{"id": 919, "summary": [{"text": "grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch 1855 ) ; family phylloxeridae , within the order hemiptera , bugs ) ; originally described in france as phylloxera vastatrix ; equated to the previously described daktulosphaira vitifoliae , phylloxera vitifoliae ; commonly just called phylloxera ( / f\u026a\u02c8l\u0252ks\u0259r\u0259 / ; from greek \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd , leaf , and \u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd , dry ) is a pest of commercial grapevines worldwide , originally native to eastern north america .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "these almost microscopic , pale yellow sap-sucking insects , related to aphids , feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines ( depending on the phylloxera genetic strain ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "on vitis vinifera l. , the resulting deformations on roots ( \" nodosities \" and \" tuberosities \" ) and secondary fungal infections can girdle roots , gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "nymphs also form protective galls on the undersides of grapevine leaves of some vitis species and overwinter under the bark or on the vine roots ; these leaf galls are typically only found on the leaves of american vines .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "american vine species ( such as vitis labrusca ) have evolved to have several natural defenses against phylloxera .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the roots of the american vines exude a sticky sap that repels the nymph form when it tries to feed from the vine by clogging its mouth .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "if the nymph is successful in creating a feeding wound on the root , american vines respond by forming a protective layer of tissue to cover the wound and protect it from secondary bacterial or fungal infections .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "currently there is no cure for phylloxera and unlike other grape diseases such as powdery or downy mildew , there is no chemical control or response .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the only successful means of controlling phylloxera has been the grafting of phylloxera-resistant american rootstock ( usually hybrid varieties created from the vitis berlandieri , vitis riparia and vitis rupestris species ) to more susceptible european vinifera vines . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phylloxera", "paragraphs": ["phylloxera risk zone ( prz ) have an undetermined phylloxera status because they have not yet been surveyed .\nthe whole community can help prevent the spread of phylloxera by being aware of phylloxera management zones and what they mean .\nthe phenolic complex of vine roots infested by phylloxera as a factor in resistance .\nfig . 2 . phylloxera galls on the underside of grape leaves are quite conspicuous .\nwhen travelling by road , observe highway signage ( photo right ) and do not move any phylloxera host materials into the phylloxera exclusion zone ( pez ) without appropriate certification .\nlater stages of infestation with an aggressive strain of phylloxera showing weakened and dying vines .\ninteraction between vitis vinifera and grape phylloxera : changes in root tissue during nodosity formation .\nwhen visiting vineyards in a phylloxera infested zone ( piz ) observe signage regarding movement around the vineyard ( photo below ) and do not remove any phylloxera host materials from the property .\n\u00e9tude de la distribution et des causes de la resistance au phylloxera radicole chez les vitac\u00e9es .\nphylloxera feeding on grape vine roots . joachim schmid , cc by 3 . 0 de .\nan 1882 map of the spread of phylloxera throughout france . maurice girard , public domain .\nphylloxera adults , crawlers and eggs on a match head . adults are about 1mm in length .\nbiology and management of grape phylloxera . annu . rev . entomol . 46 : 387 - 412\nlucky ghislain de montgolfier , head of bollinger , in a vineyard that survived the phylloxera blight .\neffects of infestation by grape phylloxera on sugars , free amino acids , and starch of grapevine roots .\nphylloxera exclusion zone ( pez ) are areas which are declared to be free of the pest . pezs are used to improve biosecurity and market access for the industry and must be protected from the introduction of phylloxera .\nphylloxera infested zone ( piz ) are areas in which phylloxera has been detected . they are established to prevent the spread of the pest from the area . a number of pizs exist in victoria and new south wales .\nfig . 3 . phylloxera galls on the rootlets of ' concord ' and other american cultivars are not uncommon .\nfew chemicals are registered for control of foliar grape phylloxera . thiodan ( endosulfan ) is the standard for commercial growers , but no compounds are registered for homeowner use against grape phylloxera . ( endosulfan does burn some cultivars . )\n( pdf ) biology and management of grape phylloxera . annu . rev . entomol . 46 : 387 - 412\nthe work with fungal isolates suggest that strongly resistant rootstocks are not immune to damage . although strongly resistant rootstocks have not failed to grape phylloxera , our work suggests they are subject to failure if a virulent fungal isolate and an aggressive phylloxera biotype were to co - exist . our compost work demonstrates that addition of organic matter to soils will not prevent phylloxera damage . our work with the plant hormones gives us insights into the way phylloxera form feeding sites .\nphylloxera has continued to spread , infesting the majority of all grape growing areas of the world . california even the wine districts of argentina and chile , once thought to be phylloxera - free are beginning to show signs of infestation .\na number of natural enemies feed on grape phylloxera , but none are commercially available for use in biological control programs .\nlittle information on biological control of grape phylloxera is available ; environmental and root conditions are more important than natural enemies .\nfeeding by phylloxera can damage a susceptible grapevine ' s root system to such an extent that the plant may die .\n. . . grape phylloxera can also be found in geographically isolated locations in the southwestern united states . the classic life cycle of phylloxera is comprised of cyclic parthenogenesis with temporal polyphenism [ 2 , 4 ] . the mode of phylloxera reproduction in its native range is postulated to be sexual , based on the observations of different sexual forms of phylloxera in an earlier study ; however the efficacy of meiotically produced eggs is in question [ 2 , 5 ] . . . .\noccasionally , winged phylloxera are seen in v . vinifera vineyards , but they are believed to be sterile under california conditions .\ncomments : multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . soil moisture is important for effectiveness ; follow label instructions carefully .\nwed 16 may 1894 - the bendigo independent ( vic . : 1891 - 1918 ) page 2 - the phylloxera plague .\n\u2022 conclusions nodosities on v . vinifera potentially function as nutrient reservoirs , and defence responses to phylloxera attack were not detected .\nfurther evidence of phylloxera biotypes : variations in the tolerance of mature grapevine roots related to the geographical origin of the insect .\n. . . grape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ( hemiptera : phylloxeridae ) , is a serious pest of grapevines ( vitis spp . ) worldwide ( granett et al . 2001 ) . a native of eastern north america , grape phylloxera feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines , depending on the phylloxera genetic strain ( powell et al . 2013 ) . . . .\nthis study set out to investigate changes in primary root tissue following infestation by phylloxera and formation of phylloxera\u2010induced galls , or \u2018nodosities\u2019 . these nodosities are nutrient reservoirs from which grape phylloxera , obligate biotrophs of grapevines , are able to obtain all their nutritional requirements . the feeding site of phylloxera within nodosities was confirmed by observation of stylet tracks in parenchyma cells in the outer region of the root cortex . most aphids feed directly from phloem , but there are a number of aphid groups ( e . g . adelgids ) that feed from parenchyma ( reviewed by pollard , 1973 ) . phylloxera appears to fall into this category of feeders .\nthe bendigo independent ( vic . : 1891 - 1918 ) , wed 16 may 1894 , page 2 - the phylloxera plague .\n\u2022 background and aims the interaction between the gall\u2010forming grapevine parasite , phylloxera , and the susceptible grapevine species vitis vinifera was investigated .\nphylloxera , a tiny aphid , kills vines by attacking their roots . the only effective remedy is to graft grapevines onto resistant rootstock . the devastating effect of phylloxera was recently felt in california when the common rootstock axr - 1 was found to be vulnerable to a new strain of phylloxera , biotype b . as a result , there was widespread vineyard replanting in california during the 1990s .\nbut phylloxera ' s arrival should not surprise central otago grapegrowers . as philip gregan , executive officer of the wine institute of new zealand , commented ,\nas far as grapegrowers are concerned there are only three certainties : death , taxes and phylloxera .\nthis is best achieved by removing unviable , infested vineyards , replanting on rootstocks resistant to phylloxera , or preventing the spread of the pest .\na vineyard in chile - free of phylloxera , vines growing on original roots . mariano mantel , cc by - nc 2 . 0 .\na few areas managed to stay free of phylloxera ; the aphid cannot survive in very sandy soils , so the great plains of hungary , colares in portugal were immune from attack . chile , surrounded by the andes and pacific ocean has remained free of phylloxera and many other plant diseases .\ncomments : apply to soil . multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . soil moisture is important for effectiveness ; follow label instructions carefully .\n1 ) phylloxera population growth is influenced by vine phenology . we infested field vitis vinifera c . thompson seedless roots in sequential months from may - sept . and determined populations one month after each infestation . population was higher on excised roots than attached roots . three timings of harvest did not influence phylloxera populations disproving the hypothesis that harvest influences population growth . 2 ) we surveyed organic and conventionally managed vineyards over two years : phylloxera populations in conventionally managed vineyards correlated with root necrosis , a measure of damage . organic vineyards had variable phylloxera populations but root fungal necrosis was low . we need to investigate the mechanisms of this root protection . 3 ) field tests with an experimental systemic insecticide showed that root populations were decreased by drench treatments . we will replicate this work and use this tool to begin to determine what populations cause economic injury . 4 ) greenhouse tests with jasmonic acid treatment of grape vines demonstrated decreased phylloxera fecundity . 5 ) we completed a test of koch ' s postulates to demonstrate that fusarium caused root necrosis at phylloxera feeding wounds . rootstocks resistant to phylloxera also have resistance to fusarium . 6 ) rootstocks resistant to grape phylloxera include a component of antixenosis . 7 ) population dynamics of phylloxera in leaf galls of resistant cultivars was studied in hungary . populations appeared to spread from epicenters .\ndownie , d . and granett , j . 1998 . a life cycle variation in grape phylloxera daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) . southwestern entomol .\nalso boasts a half - hectare vineyard of sangiovese , with vines dating back to the mid - 1800s , which inexplicably never succumbed to phylloxera .\nfor those trying to follow along , let me briefly explain that most grapevines in the world today are grafted onto phylloxera - resistant rootstock . phylloxera is a root - sapping aphid that can be devastating to vineyards . it ' s attracted to certain grapevines ( vitis vinifera , the species of most wine grapes ) , but not other rootstocks . grafting is the method of transplanting a young vinifera vine onto a phylloxera - resistant rootstock .\nphylloxera also ravaged vineyards across europe , as either american vines , or newly - infected french vines , traveled east and south , as far as croatia and greece . australia and new zealand were eventually affected , too , though western australia and tasmania remain phylloxera free ( partially due to restrictions on the trade of grape vines ) . chile remains the sole major wine producer that has completely evaded phylloxera , perhaps because it is surrounded by mountains .\nin the hot central valley , phylloxera damage may be reduced by good water management , fertilization , and other cultural practices that help limit plant stress .\nby the time the new phylloxera ' s ruse was up , it had spread across california , decimating vineyards and requiring their reconstitution on newer phylloxera - resistant rootstocks . every vineyard had to replace every single one of its rootstocks . the cost to california ' s economy ? about $ 1 billion .\nvignoles is a french hybrid that originated in the aftermath of the great european phylloxera epidemic of the late 1800\u2019s . grafted from french grape strains from the vinus vinifera family onto american phylloxera - resistant root - stock vignoles became an early favorite of american growers and really flourishes in the missouri river valley .\ngrape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) originated on north american native vitis species . phylloxera ' s feeding and damage to wild american vitis is distinct from its feeding and damage to v . vinifera ( l . ) . its feeding on leaves of the american vitis is common and stunts cane growth , but feeding on the leaves of v . vinifera is rare . phylloxera feed on roots less than one year old of . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngranett , j . and kocsis , l . 2000 . populations of grape phylloxera gallicoles on rootstock foliage in hungary . vitis 39 : 37 - 41 .\nstarch accumulation , in the form of amyloplasts , was evident in the cortex of pas / tbo stained vwl\u20101\u2010induced nodosities adjacent to phylloxera feeding sites ( fig .\neventually , methodical experimentation in southern france produced both types of genetic cures for phylloxera . hybrids and grafted vines soon achieved a true la r\u00e9constitution , and the rest is history ; and france ' s early experience with phylloxera provided many of the solutions that would later be used in other wine - making countries .\nphylloxera vastatrix ( aka daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) is a yellow - colored species of root louse indigenous to the mississippi river valley . phylloxera feeds on vine roots and leaves , causing them to rot and the plant to die , driving the pests in search of new live hosts and spreading inexorably through entire vineyards and regions .\nto escape the threat of phylloxera , wines have been produced since 1979 on the sandy beaches of provence\u2019s bouches - du - rh\u00f4ne , which extends from the gard coast to the waterfront village of saintes maries de la mer . the sand , sun and wind in this area has been a major deterrent to phylloxera .\nthe phylloxera louse has a complex life - cycle of up to eighteen stages . many attempts have been made to interrupt this life cycle to eradicate phylloxera , but the louse has proven to be extremely adaptable , as no one stage of the life cycle is solely dependent upon another for the propagation of the species .\nkellow av . 2000 . a study of the interaction between susceptible and resistant grapevines and phylloxera . phd thesis , the university of adelaide , adelaide , australia .\nphylloxera is a nearly microscopic root louse or aphid , that primarily attacks the roots of vitis vinifera grapevines , in much the same way an aphid attacks a tomato plant & apos ; s stems and leaves , by puncturing the vessels and sucking out the plant & apos ; s sap . once infested with the phylloxera louse , the grapevine & apos ; s root system can become severely impaired , making it difficult for the plant to absorb the needed water and nutrients to sustain a vine . the final phylloxera outcome depends somewhat on \u200b the type of soil structure that the vine is growing in . have clay soil and the vine is likely toast ; sandy soil and the vine stands a chance of surviving the phylloxera invasion , because of decent drainage and an unwelcoming environment for the phylloxera bug to thrive .\nthe insects were the same , even if their predilections differed between species of vine . and the absence of phylloxera on dead roots could be explained by the insects ' feeding strategies . phylloxera used a long mouth appendage to suck sap from vine roots , exposing the roots to a toxin that would prevent the roots ' wounds from healing , eventually killing them . by the time the roots were dead , phylloxera had moved on to healthier roots . and the insects left no calling card .\ngrape vines gain and pests suffer when tobacco and sagebrush grow in the same neighborhood . for example , chinese experiments show that when tobacco roots intermingle with grape roots , vineyards soils are progressively cleansed of the dreaded soil - dwelling phylloxera aphid ; the same phylloxera aphid that almost completely destroyed french grape growing in the 1800s , before resistant rootstocks were discovered . in recent decades , the phylloxera aphid has evolved new forms that destroy formerly - resistant rootstocks . but on the positive side , the phylloxera plague in nineteenth century french vineyards was a major catalyst for innovations such as the development of modern scientific agriculture and modern methods for fumigating or disinfesting sick soils .\nsouth australia owes this extraordinary vine heritage to its isolated location and some enlightened governance . whereas most of the world suffered the ravages of phylloxera , the vine eating louse , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , south australia protected its lucrative wine industry through strict quarantine laws . it remains phylloxera free to this day .\nphylloxera crawlers can be spread on vineyard equipment . therefore , when mechanical operations are performed , equipment should not be moved from an infested block to a noninfested block .\nabstract because the grape season in now passing away , it must not be supposed that the phylloxera is passing away along with it . unfortunately it is there , and\nfeeding by root phylloxera on european grapevines , vitis vinifera l . , is potentially devastating and nearly destroyed the french wine industry in the late 1800 ' s . the epidemic was eventually brought under control by grafting v . vinifera scions onto resistant american , vitis labruscana bailey , rootstocks . a major resistance breeding program conducted in europe against grape phylloxera resulted in grape cultivars commonly referred to as french - american hybrids . french - american hybrids are important in eastern north america for wine production , but they are particularly susceptible to foliar grape phylloxera . widespread planting of french - american hybrids in eastern north america has resulted in a heightened awareness of foliar phylloxera . foliar phylloxera reduce net photosynthesis of grape leaves . leaf galling by grape phylloxera causes distortion , necrosis , and premature defoliation of french - american vines . premature defoliation may delay ripening , reduce crop quality , and predispose vines to winter injury . grapevines heavily infested with foliar phylloxera may contribute to root infestations . research indicates that high population densities of foliar phylloxera can result in a reduction in yield and quality of the crop . populations must reach very high densities before yield is affected , and in most years yield will probably not be affected . it is not known , however , what impact infestations by the insect year after year have on the overall health and vigor of the vine .\nphylloxera , small , sap - eating , greenish insect of the genus phylloxera , closely related to the aphid . phylloxeras feed on leaves and roots , and many species produce galls on deciduous trees . their life cycle is complex ; one species is known to pass through 21 different stages . most notorious of the group is the grape phylloxera , phylloxera vitifoliae , native to e north america . the species has winged and wingless generations , the former causing galls on grape leaves and the latter feeding on the roots , causing nodules and eventually killing the vine . the grape phylloxera came close to destroying the wine industry of france after its accidental introduction in about 1860 ; grafting of susceptible european vines onto resistant north american root stock saved the european vineyards . phylloxeras are classified in the phylum arthropoda , class insecta , order homoptera , family phylloxeridae .\nspain\u2019s elite ribera del duero producer vega sicilia recently released pintia , from bodegas pintia in toro , from ungrafted tinta de toro ( tempanillo ) vines . most of the vineyards here survived phylloxera thanks to a predominantly sandy soil \u2013 a natural obstacle to the parasite . \u2018we consider the wines produced with grapes from such pre - phylloxera vines as\nresistant rootstocks are the only completely effective means for phylloxera control in the most severely affected areas . a pesticide treatment will not eradicate phylloxera populations ; the chemical cannot easily penetrate the heavy soils that this pest prefers . also , effectiveness of a treatment is difficult to evaluate because although many phylloxera may be killed , populations may rebound rapidly and resume feeding on the vines . because it may take years of insecticide treatments to reverse severe damage , treatments to prevent damage may be a better strategy than curative treatments .\nwhen university of california , davis professor austin goheen dug up a vine at the disease - stricken vineyard in 1982 , it bore the classic signs of phylloxera infestation . but all grape vines in california were being grown on presumably phylloxera - resistant rootstocks , developed a century earlier to prevent just this sort of problem . [ pictured at left :\nthe phylloxera , a true gourmet , finds out the best vineyards and attaches itself to the best wines .\npunch , september 1890 , edward sambourne , public domain . ]\nprogress 01 / 01 / 93 to 12 / 30 / 93 outputs grape phylloxera : biotype b was confirmed in two additional counties , sacramentoand mendocino . we continued studying the weak strains discovered last year and collected additional ones . no rootstock allow these strains to outbreak , though they survive in immature roots . we continue providing phylloxera eggs to ma walker ( viticulture and enology ) for pcr ( dna ) analyses of biotypes and strains . we have collaborated with nasa / ames , mondavi winery and chico state to determine whether remote sensing can detect phylloxera before visual vine symptoms are seen . initial analyses suggest that leaf reflectances may presage phylloxera damage and very low populations may cause a systemic physiological plant change . a greenhouse experiment tested whether fungal infections cause the root damage associated with phylloxera populations : exclusion of fungi from phylloxera feeding sites prevents some damage associated with phylloxera . field trials of the soil insecticide enzone continued with e weber ( napa co . ) and unocal . vine damage is slowed but not to a great extent . lab screening of other chemical and biological agents against phylloxera produced no candidates for further testing . lab trials with electric shock have been negative . tests with heat and microwaves have given baseline data on lethal dosages . anagrus and grape leafhopper : field tests have been completed on the effect of prune refuges on efficiency of the parasite for controlling leafhopper populations . impacts ( n / a ) publications\ncomments : multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . to protect honey bees , apply only during late evening , night , or early morning when bees are not present .\nknowledge of the biology of phylloxera and phylloxera damage allows us to think about new ways to control this insect . we are testing the influence of soil management practices but have not excluded chemicals ( insecticides , fungicides and inducers of plant resistance ) . these alternatives will provide back - up tools to prevent massive vineyard losses that occur when resistant rootstocks fail .\noutside north america , the effects of phylloxera were entirely unknown until 1863 , when species of native american grapevines were taken to botanical gardens in horticulture - crazed victorian england . unlike their american cousins , the euopean vinifera vines had not evolved any resistance or protection , so the stow - away phylloxera began a 30 - year rampage through the vineyards of europe .\naptly named phylloxera vastatrix or \u2018the devastator\u2019 by 19th - century french scientists , the pest was unknowingly imported into europe from america with live vines during the height of botanical imports from the new world . destroying nearly 2 . 5 million ha ( hectares ) in france alone , phylloxera raged throughout europe from the 1860s until the 1930s before being brought under control .\nprogress 01 / 01 / 84 to 12 / 30 / 84 outputs phylloxera : a strain of phylloxera ( b biotype ) was collected from napa valley and was able to survive and grow well on the resistant rootstock , ganzin i . this strain was demonstrated through life - table experiments to be different from other strains of phylloxera ( a biotype ) . the b biotype was also considerably more active on the highly resistant rootstock st . george in laboratory tests . a small field trial was established to determine activity of the b biotype on other rootstocks in the field . insecticide tests were conducted with carbofuran in the field and laboratory . in the field , carbofuran at registered rates somewhat inhibited the spread of phylloxera but did not kill existing populations . in the laboratory , bioassays were conducted to establish baseline susceptibilities with eggs and nymphs with 8 clone colonies from salinas valley . these tests will be of value should resistance to carbofuran develop . in addition , life - table experiments demonstrated that carbofuran had no effect on phylloxera fecundity at sublethal treatment concentrations . sticky panels were placed in salinas valley vineyards in june , august and october and demonstrated that first instar phylloxera appear in the windstream . it is not known whether windblown phylloxera are viable . impacts ( n / a ) publications\ngrape phylloxera : 1 ) we infested roots of mature vitis vinifera c . carignane monthly from may - sept . , and determined population after one month . infested roots were left physiologically attached to the vines and buried in place in petri dishes . controls were similarly treated excised roots . from may - aug . , the phylloxera on attached roots decreased in development and reproduction . after harvest , populations recovered . in contrast , the excised roots had stable population growth . results suggest that phylloxera compete with vine sinks for nutrients . 2 ) histology of parenchyma tissues of excised roots suggests that phylloxera activity decreases starch reserves over time , with the reserves being depleted at the feeding site first , then depleted at distances from the feeding . 3 ) studies comparing phylloxera - infested organically managed vineyards with conventionally managed vineyards found that fungal root infection ( the cause of damage ) was not correlated with phylloxera populations in the former but was in the latter . results suggest that soil components in the former suppress the damage . 4 ) with m . a . walker , we studied the dna variability of phylloxera on a transect from arizona to missouri and in a single site in new york . within - site variability was low at all sites but there were large differences between sites . these data , along with differences seen with the sexual aspect of the life cycle ( present in leaves in arizona but not elsewhere ) open the question of distinct grape phylloxera species .\nat the end of the 19th century , the phylloxera plague started to seriously damage the alsatian vineyard . joseph cattin , having studied successfully , dedicated his time fighting against this plague .\ngrape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) is a soft bodied insect that destroys vines by feeding on roots and leaves . in australia , more than 70 percent of commercial wine . . .\nfrance , though central to the story of phylloxera and the upending of traditional viticulture , was not the sole victim to the wine blight . phylloxera was found in vineyards near the city of sonoma , california in 1874 . american vintners , just like the french , dithered in a state of denial for decades , resulting in phylloxera ' s spread throughout the state by 1900 . eventually , california ' s wine industry adopted the well - honed tactics of the french to stave off the bugs , often using vinifera grafts on top of american rootstocks .\nthe discovery of phylloxera in central otago has alarmed grape growers in this new zealand region , which was believed to be free of the destructive vine louse . central otago pinot noir has recently become a hot item in export markets such as the united states , and consumers can expect shortages of these wines as vineyard owners scramble to replant with phylloxera - resistant vines .\ncommon sense of course suggests that that the vine\u2019s root should influence its fruit , but i am even more persuaded by the experience of my own tastings of wines vinified from vines never affected by phylloxera and cultivated on their own roots . most recently , at a dinner with some friends i tasted cogno\u2019s pre - phylloxera barbera , and an extraordinary experience it was .\nthese restrictions impose extra costs on the grower in addition to the loss of production caused by the pest . so it is crucial to the industry that the impacts of phylloxera are minimised .\n. . . secondary damage can also be a consequence of soil - borne pathogens entering phylloxera feeding sites and causing root necrosis , although this association of secondary damage is variable ( granett 2000 , powell et al . 2013 ) . the first visible signs of a phylloxera infestation in vineyards are usually yellowing of vines and stunted canopy growth due to reduced root function ( granett et al . 2001b ) . phylloxera is not usually diagnosed until several years after its introduction into a vineyard and when populations have built up over time causing significant root damage . . . .\nthe close proximity to the ground and the wild profusion of vines actually facilitated phylloxera\u2019s feasting frenzy in champagne , where the traditional layering technique once prevailed . virtually all its vines were annihilated .\naccording to augustin , the fruit from these three surviving plots is noticeably different : \u2018our pre - phylloxera grapes are riper , rounder and more concentrated than the grafted pinot noir grapes . \u2019\nalthough we never did find out with 100 % certainty that this was phylloxera . we showed it to a couple different professional ag people who deal with this sort of stuff and got a couple different answers . one person said yes , this definitely was phylloxera , one person said no , it wasn ' t , but couldn ' t give an answer to what it was , and one person told us that it was probably not the grape phylloxera , but another , very similar species of pest that does the same thing , but to cannabis instead of grapes .\nsevere phylloxera - caused vine damage is prevented by rootstocks . since we don ' t know how rootstocks work and have limited knowledge of the grapevine - insect interaction , we can not trouble shoot problems . this research provides a basic understanding of the nature of phylloxera damage and the plant - insect - soil microbiology interactions . this knowledge will help maintain trouble - free rootstock use .\nprogress 01 / 01 / 83 to 12 / 30 / 83 outputs phylloxera : the phylloxera work falls into 2 areas , phylloxera biology and chemical control of phylloxera . in the biology area , phylloxera population response to temperature was studied in the laboratory and complementary work was initiated in the field . in the laboratory lifetable experiments indicated that populations would grow between about 65 f and 90 f . temperatures at depths in vineyards indicate that in davis and napa there is probably a vertical movement of populations to attain these temperatures between may and october . trenches in a napa vineyard dug at different seasons so far confirm the laboratory findings . this work is continuing . work on the resistant - rootstock bioassay has been completed in the laboratory and will not be confirmed in the field . several laboratory experiments are underway with chemicals . in particular egg hatch , 1st instar establishment , and immature / adult mortality bioassays inresponse to the chemicals oxamyl and carbofuran have been conducted . confirmatory work is being done or has been done in the greenhouse and field . these experiments should indicate whether chemicals are a possible option in phylloxera management . impacts ( n / a ) publications\nsevere phylloxera - caused vine damage is prevented by rootstocks . since we do not know how rootstocks work and have limited knowledge of the grapevine - insect interaction , we can not trouble - shoot problems . the goal of this research is to understand the nature of phylloxera damage and the plant - insect - soil microbiology interactions . this knowledge will help maintain trouble - free rootstock use .\nomer , a . d . , granett , j . , downie , d . a . and walker , m . a . 1997 . population dynamics of grape phylloxera in california vineyards .\nfor the study of nodosity development , nodosities with isolate vwl\u20101 were sorted into four categories according to the developmental stages ( instars ) of the phylloxera present . stages two and four ( fig .\nin 1870 , c . v . riley , an esteemed entomologist from missouri , read planchon ' s descriptions and realized that these insects were , in fact , american phylloxera . but the phylloxera riley knew preferred to live on the leaves of american grape vines . planchon ' s suspects had been found only on european vinifera \u2013 and they had been found on the plants ' roots .\nvery good , tom , and very enlightening . i just purchased some pre - phylloxera cogno barbera d\u2019alba , available at zachy\u2019s . i\u2019ll give you a report on it when i taste one .\nomer , a . d . and granett , j . 2000 . relationship between grape phylloxera and fungal infection in grape vine roots . journal of plant diseases & protection 107 : 285 - 294 .\ngranett , j . , omer , a . d . , pessereau , p . and walker , m . a . 1998 . fungal infections of grapevine roots in phylloxera - infested vineyards . vitis\nphylloxera\u2010induced nodosities developed immediately behind the root tip , in or near the zone of elongation . examples representative of vwl\u20101\u2010induced nodosities , stages two and four , including transverse sections , are shown in fig .\nplanchon would eventually connect his observations with riley ' s when it was discovered that , in france , the phylloxera preferred the leaves of imported american vines , and the roots of local french vines .\nit took modern scientists at uc davis seven years before they determined that an evolved\nbiotype\nof phylloxera had overcome the resistance of axr # 1 , the particular rootstock that was prevalent in california . and in fact , this american rootstock had been rejected by the french during la r\u00e9constitution for its mediocre phylloxera resistance , but was nevertheless used by california growers for their vine grafts for decades .\nthe vines of bordeaux were ravaged by the phylloxera outbreak from 1865 , a decade after the famous classification of great wines in 1855 , and had to be replanted with imported grafts on remaining stems .\ngrapevine phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) is an insect that establishes populations on the root system of grapevines , causing the formation of galls on european grapevine vitis vinifera l . and ultimately resulting in plant death . as populations increase on the root system and vine health declines the chemical composition of the foliage , in the form of pigments , changes with the resulting leaf chlorosis often being the initial visual indication of phylloxera infestation . once chlorotic leaves are obvious , the infestation is already well established , and has generally spread to a broader area within the vineyard . being able to detect pre - visual phylloxera - specific chemical changes as an indicator of infestation would be a significant step in the direction of early phylloxera detection , and may aid in the containment of new infestations and minimise the potential for spread . a field trial was conducted in a newly detected phylloxera - infested vineyard in the yarra valley region of victoria , australia in 2007 . duplicate leaf samples were collected from phylloxera - infested and uninfested v . vinifera l . ' cabernet sauvignon ' and analysed using high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) for a variety of photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments . pigments quantified included neoxanthin , chlorophyll a + b , \u00df - carotene , violaxanthin ( v ) , antheraxanthin ( a ) and zeaxanthin ( z ) . statistical analysis of the results indicated changes in the ratios and the concentration of some leaf pigments appeared to be correlated with the relative abundance of phylloxera populations on the root system . in particular the proportion of the pool of xanthophyll photoprotective forms ( az / vaz ) increased exponentially as the abundance of emerging phylloxera increased . with further investigation photosynthetic pigment fingerprinting may prove to be useful for either a stand alone or an integrated ( linked to spectral analysis ) rapid , non - invasive , phylloxera detection system\nwhy should the mosel be different from anywhere else in the world ?\nasks loosen .\nour best wines come from old vines planted in the top vineyard sites that give small crops .\nhe is lucky to have inherited nearly 25 acres of riesling vines up to 100 years old , all ungrafted . ( since the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century , nearly all european vines have been grafted on phylloxera - resistant american rootstocks . but in the mosel , the slate rock that covers the slopes weathers to a sharp , sandy material in which the destructive phylloxera lice cannot live . )\nby 1865 , phylloxera had spread to vines in the rh\u00f4ne valley . over the next three decades , it inhabited and devastated nearly 70 % of the vineyards of europe . many methods were attempted to eradicate phylloxera : flooding , where possible , and injecting the soil with carbon bisulfide , had some success in checking the louse , but were costly and the pests came back as soon as the treatments stopped .\nthe bollinger champagne firm has two walled pre - phylloxera vineyards , which it uses in its rare vieilles vignes francaises . the 2000 vintage sold for 600 euro ( $ 751 . 76 ) a bottle .\nas well as being one of the rarest , most expensive champagnes available , vieilles vignes fran\u00e7aises is also an oenological phenomenon . for no obvious reason , three tiny parcels of ungrafted pinot noir escaped phylloxera .\n. . . temperature was found to influence the survivability of crawlers ( nymphs ) and asexual eggs [ 11 ] . across its native range , phylloxera feed on young leaves and root tips of american grape species [ 4 , 12 , 13 ] . the large number of genetically diverse american grape species and the highly variable environments they occupy plays an important role in the genetic diversity of phylloxera . . . .\nthe science was stacking up in favor of phylloxera being the cause of the blight . meanwhile , inadequate strategies were being devised to address the blight . some vintners discovered that flooding their vineyards could rid their vines of phylloxera , albeit at a high and unsustainable cost ; others managed to set up vineyards on mediterranean beaches , but the resulting wines were bland , and entire vineyards washed away during unusually high tides .\nthe vines are believed to be at least 190 years old and are among very few to have survived the phylloxera disease which devastated european vineyards in the late 19th century . it is thought they were saved by the sandiness of the soil in which they are planted , which kept the sap - sucking phylloxera louse at bay . they include some 20 different grape types , seven of which are unknown anywhere else .\nseverity of infestation will differ with the vigor of the grapevine as well as with soil texture and drainage . leaf - galling forms of phylloxera that are common in eastern states are extremely rare in california vineyards .\nomer , a . d . , granett , j . , shebelut , c . w . 1999 . effect of attack intensity on host utilization in grape phylloxera . crop protection 18 : 341 - 347 .\nphylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) isolate vwl\u20101 was collected from own\u2010rooted v . vinifera . \u2018cabernet sauvignon\u2019 vines at brown brother\u2019s whitlands vineyard in the king valley , victoria , then maintained on excised roots of v . vinifera using methods described by granett et al . ( 1985 ) . sru\u20101 phylloxera were collected from leaf galls on \u2018schwarzmann\u2019 ( v . riparia \u00d7 v . rupestris ) vines at campbell\u2019s vineyard , rutherglen , victoria , and applied directly to experimental ( v . vinifera ) grapevines . these two strains of phylloxera were selected as they were readily available and had both been genetically characterized ( corrie et al . , 1997 ) .\ntransverse sections through a stage four ( mature ) sru\u20101\u2010induced nodosity in gma illustrate how the stylet penetrated through the cortical cells and terminated in a single cell , from which the phylloxera was presumably feeding ( fig .\nfast - forward another hundred years and the regional roles are reversed . during the 1980s , california & apos ; s vines were under attack from the mighty phylloxera louse . knowing the rootstock solution was the only viable option , producers braced themselves for the exorbitant costs of replanting with phylloxera resistant rootstock . with over a billion dollars invested in new plantings , california producers effectively hit the reset button and planted with intention . grape varietals were now planted in climate zones and soils that were conducive to their specific growing requirements . the silver lining ? better wine , lower consumer costs , and ongoing research all due to that pesky phylloxera .\ninitial infestations of grape phylloxera appear as a few weakened vines . these insects are difficult to detect in an apparently healthy vineyard . therefore , monitor vines at harvest in an area of the vineyard that has consistently displayed weaker growth , especially vines at the edges of the weak areas . grape phylloxera are more readily identified on vines growing in poor soils because their impact is greater on these vines than on vigorously growing vines .\nnew technologies offer the potential to obtain more detailed knowledge of the interaction between phylloxera and the grapevine . the present study investigates the interaction between a susceptible grapevine , v . vinifera \u2018shiraz\u2019 , and two isolates of phylloxera , vwl\u20101 and sru\u20101 ( corrie et al . , 1997 ) . these isolates are genetically distinct , but the interaction of both with v . vinifera may be considered \u2018compatible\u2019 ( i . e . phylloxera are able to form galls and reproduce on the grapevine roots ; kellow et al . , 2002 ) . microscopic and biochemical methods were selected to investigate the role of nodosities as nutrient sinks , and the defence response , if any , of v . vinifera roots to phylloxera attack . northern blot hybridization , using a range of cdna probes , was used for preliminary screening of gene expression patterns in uninfested roots compared with nodosities .\nphylloxera is again rearing its ugly head . most recently , it has been found in the american states of california and oregon , where years of grafting vines had somehow weakened them , allowing the pest to thrive .\nt . l . roush . 2006 . genetic analysis of galling responses in vitis vinifera x v . rupestris hybrids to grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) phd thesis , univ . of calif . davis , 90pp .\nkocsis , l . , granett , j . , and walker , m . a . 2002 . performance of hungarian phylloxera strains on vitis riparia rootstocks . journal of applied entomology . 126 : 567 - 571 .\ndownie , d . , and granett , j . 2000 . genetic divergence in geographically isolated populations of native grape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) . southwestern entomologist 25 ( 4 ) : 255 - 263 .\ndownie , d . a . and granett , j . 1999 . distribution , abundance , and short term persistence of grape phylloxera in two regions of the native range . environmental entomology 28 : 1004 - 1013 .\n\u2022 methods phylloxera and grapevines were cocultivated using both potted and micropropagated grapevines . development of nodosities on primary roots was studied by microscopy and histochemistry , and nodosities were analysed for biochemical changes and changes in gene expression .\nluckily , planchon refused to back down . he published his descriptions of the insects , suspecting that they might be related to an american species called phylloxera . to silence his critics , however , he needed confirmation .\nwe have no scientific reason that i know for why we don ' t have phylloxera ,\nmr . de montgolfier said .\nwe might not be able to produce a single bottle next year .\nour dolcetto boschi di berri is made from the fruit of vines that are immune to phylloxera , the pest that nearly destroyed european viticulture . it is an \u201cancient\u201d wine that survived a major turning point in history .\nprogress 01 / 01 / 90 to 12 / 30 / 90 outputs biotype b , the new grape phylloxera , is devastating the rootstock axr # 1 in many parts of napa and sonoma counties . survey and assays to determine the california distribution of the normal phylloxera ( biotype a ) and the new one were completed . biotype b remains limited to napa and sonoma ; biotype a is in all other california viticultural regions where phylloxera are found . phylloxera from oregon appear similar to biotype a . an analysis of the survey data indicates that there are only two biotypes in the viticultural regions and that these have low variability . assays with a series of other root cultivars indicates that within - and between - biotype variation is very low except with regard to the former on the wild grape species v . californica and the latter on axr # 1 and the wild grape . these results suggest a single lineage for all biotype b ' s in the state , that biotype b arose from a biotype a population and that biotype b is a host race . the group studying phylloxera are considering the field recommendations that arise from these interpretations . we have tested enzone , an experimental insecticide . although it is of high toxicity to grape phylloxera , field trials with furrow irrigation applications give insufficient control . we are exploring various aspects of grape phylloxera biology and interaction with hosts . i am becoming involved in cooperative grape leafhopper research looking at the efficacy and optimization of prune trees as an overwintering site for parasites . impacts ( n / a ) publications\ngrape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) , is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide . this tiny insect forms galls on leaves and roots of grapevines . it is believed that this insect originated in the eastern united states , where damage is now most prevalent on leaves of french - american hybrid grapevines . high populations of foliar phylloxera can result in premature defoliation , reduced shoot growth , and reduced yield and quality of the crop .\nkocsis , l . , granett , j . , and walker , m . a . 2002 . performance of hungarian phylloxera strains in bioassays of vitis riparia and rootstocks . georgikon for agriculture 13 : 1 - 15 .\nyou may feel you know just about enough regarding phylloxera to get by on . bug eats vines , vines are grafted on to american rootstock , vines recover . some mystery lingers as to whether pre - phylloxera wine tasted any different , but on the whole this is a theoretical debate - and anyway , you drink wolf blass ' s excellent cabernet - shiraz on offer at a fiver a bottle from majestic , so who really cares ?\nperhaps as close as a nineteenth century french grape grower came was bernardin casanova of corsica , france , who in 1881 patented a liquid mixture of grape distillates , corsican tobacco , spurge , laurel , grain straw , burnt cork and soap that was rubbed and poured on the base of grapevines to kill phylloxera . in california , which has native plants that are every bit as insecticidal as nicotine from tobacco , the only anti - phylloxera interplanting seems to have been new resistant rootstocks to eventually take the place of the old . in essence , a concession of failure and a starting over with new rootstock ( and pulling out the old phylloxera - infested vines ) .\nmost wine lovers also know that all european vines now grow grafted onto largely phylloxera - resistant american root stocks . that , however , is wrong : most european vines are so grafted , but not all . the spread of phylloxera through europe was gradual and uneven , and pockets of phylloxera - free vines have survived in a number of areas , notably italy and portugal . the intermittently authoritative oxford companion to wine mentions hungary ( the plain ) , listel on the french mediterranean coast , only one region of portugal , and italy not at all \u2013 that last an omission all too common in british writings on wine , and one of its most serious flaws .\nm . a . fossen . 2006 . biological constraints affecting root damage on grapevines infested with grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) [ hemiptera : phylloxeridae ] phd thesis , univ of calif . davis , 64 pp .\nm . a . fossen . 2002 . resistance of grapevine rootstocks to root - pathogenic fungi vectored by grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) . ms thesis . plant protection and pest management , university of california , davis .\nlike mr . casanova in nineteenth century france , the modern chinese researchers started out with a watery solution containing tobacco ; but in a bit more scientific fashion with controlled tests of the tobacco solution on young greenhouse - grown grape vines . \u201cthe results showed that aqueous extracts of tobacco had certain alleviating effects on phylloxera infection , \u201d according to a 2014 abstract from the journal acta entomologica sinica . \u201cboth the aqueous extracts of tobacco at the concentration of 20 mg / ml and 50 mg / ml had an inhibition to phylloxera infection , \u201d with a 50 % reduction in phylloxera infection within 3 weeks ( along with a reduction of fungal invaders that kill injured grape roots ) .\neventually , it was established that the parasite had been accidentally imported from an american vine delivered to a wine merchant in roquemaure in 1862 . the solution , reached after decades of debate , was finally found to be the grafting of phylloxera - resistant american rootstock on to local vines . what could have been as dry as the dust into which the phylloxera turned the vines is rendered readable by campbell ' s keen eye for character and diverting detail .\ngrape phylloxera is the most economically destructive and geographically widespread pest species of commercial grapevines , on which it is an obligate biotroph of vitis species , occurring in almost all viticultural regions around the world ( powell , 2012 ) .\na statement from the gers government prefect ' s office said the sarragachies vineyard represented a\nremarkable example of biodiversity and genetic heritage . . . as well as ancestral cultivation methods that died out with the phylloxera crisis\n."]}
{"id": 923, "summary": [{"text": "the crevalle jack , caranx hippos ( also known as the common jack , black-tailed trevally , couvalli jack , black cavalli , jack crevale and yellow cavalli ) is a common species of large marine fish classified within the jack family , carangidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the crevalle jack is distributed across the tropical and temperate waters of the atlantic ocean , ranging from nova scotia , canada to uruguay in the west atlantic and portugal to angola in the east atlantic , including the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is distinguishable from similar species by its deep body , fin colouration and a host of more detailed anatomical features , including fin ray and lateral line scale counts .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is one of the largest fish in the genus caranx , growing to a maximum known length of 124 cm and a weight of 32 kg , although is rare at lengths greater than 60 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the crevalle jack inhabits both inshore and offshore waters to depths of around 350 m , predominantly over reefs , bays , lagoons and occasionally estuaries .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "young fish dispersed north by currents in the eastern atlantic are known to migrate back to more tropical waters before the onset of winter ; however , if the fish fail to migrate , mass mortalities occur as the temperature falls below the species ' tolerance limits .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the crevalle jack is a powerful , predatory fish , with extensive studies showing the species consumes a variety of small fish , with invertebrates such as prawns , shrimps , crabs , molluscs and cephalopods also of minor importance .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "dietary shifts with both age , location and season have been demonstrated , which led some researchers to postulate the species is indiscriminant in its feeding habits .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the crevalle jack reaches maturity at 55 cm in males and 66 cm in females , with spawning taking place year round , although peaks in activity have been documented in several sites .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the larval and juvenile growth has been extensively studied , with the oldest known individual 17 years of age .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the crevalle jack is an important species to commercial fisheries throughout its range , with annual catches ranging between 1000 and 30 000 tonnes over its entire range .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is taken by a variety of netting methods , including purse nets , seines and gill nets , as well as hook-and-line methods .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the crevalle jack is also a revered gamefish , taken both by lures and bait .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species is considered of good to poor quality table fare , and is sold fresh , frozen , or preserved , or as fishmeal or oil at market .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the crevalle jack is closely related to both the pacific crevalle jack and the longfin crevalle jack , the latter of which has been extensively confused with the true crevalle jack until recently . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "crevalle jack", "paragraphs": ["raw cubes of jack crevalle are ready to be marinated with a variety of ingredients for chef chris sherrill\u2019s jack crevalle prime rib with horseradish white bbq sauce .\nthe crevalle jack will often grunt or croak when it is caught by fishermen .\nthe crevalle jack has edible flesh , but is not considered very desirable for food .\nraw cubes of marinated jack crevalle are prepared for kabobs , skewered on rosemary sprigs .\nthis article is a species account for crevalle jack ( caranx hippos ) in florida .\naveraging 3 to 5 pounds in weight and 1 to 21\u20442 feet in length , the crevalle jack can regularly weigh as much as 10 pounds ; the paci\ufb01c crevalle jack is usually smaller . the all - tackle world record for the crevalle jack is a 58 - pound angolan \ufb01sh and for the paci\ufb01c crevalle jack is a 39 - pound costa rican \ufb01sh .\nreproductive behavior of the bigeye crevalle jack caranx sexfasciatus : . . . | download scientific diagram\nthe florida fishing record for the crevalle jack is 23 . 1 kg ( 51 lbs ) .\nknown as the horse - eye jack or horse - eye crevalle in reference to the large eyes of the species . other lesser used names include big - eye jack and false jack .\nwe cut the jack crevalle loins into 1 . 5 - inch - by - 1 . 5 inch cubes .\nthe crevalle jack is capable of producing croaking sounds by grinding its teeth together while releasing gas from its air bladder .\n, inhabits the pyloric junction or the entire length of the intestine . copepods are also common parasites to the crevalle jack including\nchef ' s corner : who says jack crevalle is inedible ? chef chris sherrill took a load of thought - inedible jack crevalle from the recent flora - bama fishing rodeo and whipped up some tasty kabobs . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\ncommon jack , crevally , toro , trevally , horse crevalle ; spanish : cavallo , chumbo , cocinero , jurel com\u00fan .\ntry this recipe for smoked jack crevalle on your next jack crevalle and let us know what you think . my fishing buddies tried this and could not believe it was jack crevalle . check out our amazon store here : urltoken become a patreon urltoken learn how to smoke small fish here : urltoken see us on facebook here : urltoken basic smoked fish recipe is here : urltoken\nthroughout its lifetime , the crevalle jack lives from the shoreline to open waters in the gulf of mexico - - moving in and out annually .\nchef chris sherrill took a load of thought - inedible jack crevalle from the recent flora - bama fishing rodeo and whipped up some tasty kabobs .\nthe horse - eye jack , caranx latus , is a gamefish and minor commercial fish in the family carangidae . it is also known as the big - eye jack , and is similar in appearance to the crevalle jack , although the head of the horse - eye jack is not as blunt . the horse - eye jack is known to feed on smaller fish and on many invertebrates , such as shrimp and crab .\npredators the crevalle jack is prey for many surface feeding carnivores , such as finfish including the striped marlin ( tetrapturus audax ) , and sea birds .\nthe crevalle jack , caranx hippos . illustration by diana rome peebles 1998 . courtesy of florida fish and wildlife conservation commission , division of marine fisheries .\n\u2026game fish , such as the crevalle jack ( c . hippos ) of warm atlantic waters and the yellow jack ( c . bartholomaei ) , which frequents warm atlantic waters and is noted for its golden - yellow sides and fins .\nto plate , stack the jack crevalle kabobs on your favorite platter or plate . drizzle your horseradish bbq sauce along the kabobs and leave dollops on the plate .\nhoff jg . 1971 . mass mortality of the crevalle jack , caranx hippos ( linnaeus ) on the atlantic coast of massachusetts . chesapeake science 12 : 49 .\nthe crevalle jack is a diurnal predator . adults prey upon on a variety of fish , shrimp and invertebrates . juveniles feed mainly on small fish and crustaceans .\nparasites parasites of the yellow jack include the copepods caligus chorinemi and caligus robustus .\nfood habits the crevalle jack is a diurnal predator . adults prey upon on a variety of fish , shrimp and invertebrates . juveniles feed mainly on small fish and crustaceans .\nshipp and i both identify jack crevalle as extremely bloody , due to their powerful swimming habits . but you know what else is deemed red and somewhat bloody ? beef !\nthe crevalle jack is a prey item for various surface - feeding carnivores , such as finfish ( i . e . striped marlin , tetrapturus audax ) and sea birds .\nthe adult horse - eye jack commonly swims with others in a school , either as one species or mixed with crevalle jack . sometimes it also swims as a pair with a member of a very different species , such as halichoeres radiatus , a type of wrasse .\nas noted , we treated the jack crevalle just like beef . the outcome ?\nabsolutely mind - numbing and incredible ,\naccording to gary finch of the famed gary finch outdoors .\nafter forssk\u00e5l\u2019s initial description and naming , the species was independently renamed three times as caranx lessonii , caranx ekala and carangus hippoides , all of which are now considered invalid junior synonyms . [ 6 ] the latter of these names once again highlighted the similarity with the crevalle jack , with the epithet hippoides essentially meaning \u2018like carangus hippos\u2019 , [ 7 ] which was the crevalle jack\u2019s latin name at that point in time . despite the resemblance with the crevalle jack , the two species have never been phylogenetically compared , either morphologically or genetically , to determine their relationship .\nsaloman ch , sp naughton . 1984 . food of crevalle jack ( caranx hippos ) from florida , louisiana , and texas . noaa technical memorandum nmfs - sefc - 134 . 34pp .\nthe crevalle jack is a relevantly unimportant commercial fish species . never the less , they are fished commercially throughout the year in southwest florida , and in the spring , fall , and summer in the gulf of mexico . crevalle jacks are an important sport fish , and are exploited throughout their range . they are the most common large jack caught off the west coast of florida .\nthis later revision in classification saw the species moved to the genus caranx , where it has remained . [ 4 ] even after its initial description , the giant trevally ( and the bigeye trevally ) were often confused with the atlantic crevalle jack , caranx hippos , due to their superficial similarity , which led to some authors claiming the crevalle jack had a circumtropical distribution . [ 5 ]\nwiggers r . 2005 . crevalle jack . in : comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy . south carolina department of natural resources , columbia , sc . available : urltoken . accessed : september , 2009 .\nthere is a prominent black spot on the gill cover and another at the base of each pectoral \ufb01n . the soft dorsal and anal \ufb01ns are almost identical in size . the two species are distinguished externally from each other only by the presence of a larger maximum number of scutes , up to 42 on the paci\ufb01c crevalle jack , as opposed to 26 to 35 on the crevalle jack .\nthe bluethroat pikeblenny is among the many prey items of the yellow jack . photo \u00a9 suzan meldonian\nthis work was done on a medium - sized ( about 20 pounds ) , extremely fresh jack .\ndentition the crevalle jack has three paired patches of small villiform teeth located dorsally . these teeth are larger than the premaxillary teeth . ventrally , the jack crevalle has a single pair of triangular patches of smaller teeth . these teeth , in combination with the air bladder , are responsible for the croaking noise it makes when it is caught . the fish rasp their upper and lower teeth together , this combined with air bladder resonance , are the factors contributing to the sound .\nthe closely related horse - eye jack ( caranx latus ) is frequently seen schooling over reefs . photo courtesy noaa\nalthough the crevalle jack is a relevantly unimportant commercial fish , it is fished commercially throughout the year in southwest florida , and in the spring , fall , and summer in the gulf of mexico . it is an important sport fish , and is exploited throughout its range . it is the most common large jack caught off the west coast of florida .\nfigure 7 . reproductive behavior of the bigeye crevalle jack caranx sexfasciatus : ( a ) pairs of jacks leaving a spawning aggregation , showing both normal and dark phase ; ( b ) a pair of c . sexfasciatus swimming prior to spawning .\nyep , i said it ; jack crevalle , deemed inedible by most locals . even the crabs in the crab traps turn their nose up at it . i ' ll admit , between a dare and pure curiosity , i had my doubts .\nin another mixing bowl , add the ranch dressing , worcestershire sauce , garlic , scallions , lemon juice , pepper , salt blend and rosemary , and mix together . add the jack crevalle cubes and let marinate for a minimum of one hour .\nadult horse - eye jack are typically dark blue to silvery - blue above , becoming silvery white to golden below .\nhorse - eye jack ( caranx latus ) other names : bigeye jack , ojo gordo range : all florida , especially south florida\u2013but more common in the bahamas and caribbean . habitat : more of an openwater species than the crevalle , it is found over the reefs and near the beaches ; also in channels and harbors . description : similar in body shape to the crevalle , but the head is not quite so blunt . the color is also different , being usually silvery on the sides and below ; dark gray or blackish above . the fins are blackish as opposed to the yellow tinge of the crevalle . hard scutes forward of tail . as the name indicates , the eyes are very large . size : commonly caught in similar sizes to the crevalle , but does not grow so large , topping out at 20 pounds or so . world and florida records 24 pounds , 8 ounces . food value : poor by most tastes , and has been implicated in ciguatera poisoning ( see introduction ) . game qualities : like the crevalle , a tough brawler . tackle and baits : see jack crevalle . fishing systems : casting ; drifting ; trolling .\nthe crevalle jack ' s range consists mainly of the coastal areas of the western atlantic ocean from novia scotia to uruguay . they also often are found throughout the gulf of mexico , especially along the coast of texas and the west coast of florida .\nover a hot grill , place your jack crevalle kabobs over hot and high heat to get the grill marks and char going . drizzle the kabobs with the butter as they sear . flames will likely occur and will char the the rosemary , but this adds a great flavor . we cooked the kabobs to medium . a little pink is perfect , as the jack can dry out .\nmy opinion ? it was very similar to ribeye , or even filet mignon \u2014 very flavorful , very meaty and quite wonderful . i will continue to pursue jack crevalle , and will make more efforts to cook this sustainable and available fish every chance i get .\nsimilar species : blue runner , c . crysos ( lack black spot at base of pectoral fins ) ; other jack species .\ncaranx itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family carangidae , a group of percoid fishes in the order perciformes .\nalthough the crevalle jack is a relevantly unimportant commercial fish , it is fished commercially throughout the year in southwest florida , and in the spring , fall , and summer in the gulf of mexico . it is an important sport fish , and is exploited throughout its range .\nthis is the only jack with a black spot on pectoral fins and a scaleless chest with small patch of scales by pelvic fins .\njack crevalle is a beast when it comes to hook and line catch . in his\nguide to fishes of the gulf of mexico ,\ndr . bob shipp describes them best as\npacks of wolves foraging for bait fish , marauding menhaden and bringing stark fear to their prey .\ni saw several hundred pounds of jack crevalle hit the scales this weekend , and i was promised them all \u2014 i even had one angler pay me to take them ! so research and development was easy , finding a\nventuresome palate\noutside of mine proved to be the biggest challenge .\nthe horse - eye jack has a body form similar to other large jacks found throughout its range , with a moderately compressed elongate and deep body .\nmcbride rs , ka mckown . 2000 . consequences of dispersal of subtropically spawned crevalle jacks , caranx hippos , to temperate estuaries . fish bull 98 : 528 - 538 .\ncrevalle jack juveniles : a . 15 . 3 mm , b . 20 . 4 mm , c . 32 . 6 mm , d . 80 . 5 mm ( standard lengths ) . images courtesy berry ( 1959 ) in development of fishes of the mid - atlantic bight , u . s . fish and wildlife service\nthe crevalle jack has a body depth of about three times its fork length . it has large eyes . the chest is scaleless except for a small patch of scales in front of the pelvic fins . this patch is apparent by the time the fish reaches a fork length of 0 . 98 inches ( 2 . 5 cm ) . the crevalle jack is the only jack in the western atlantic ocean with this patch of scales . there is an oval black spot on the pectoral fins ; this appears at about 4 . 72 inches ( 12 . 0 cm ) . between the seventh and the eighth spines of the adult there is an overgrowth of skin . the two most distinguishable features of this fish are the patch of scales between the pelvic fins and the oval , black spot on the pectoral fins .\nthe spawning season of the crevalle jack is early march to early september . spawning occurs offshore in the southeastern atlantic coast and in the gulf stream , including any associated currents . the crevalle jack has been found to spawn in both tropical and subtropical environments . the eggs of the crevalle jack are between . 03 - . 04 inches ( 0 . 7 - 0 . 9 mm ) in diameter and the newly hatched larvae are between 0 . 06 - 0 . 07 inches ( 1 . 6 - 1 . 8 mm ) in length . the larva use estuaries as nurseries . in juveniles the small patch scales on the chest form at 0 . 98 inches ( 25 mm ) . the pigmentation of the first dorsal fin decreases above 1 . 2 inches ( 30 mm ) , pigment appears on the second dorsal fin at 1 . 2 inches ( 30 mm ) , and the pelvic fin is unpigmented above 0 . 8 inches ( 20 mm ) . the pectoral spot develops at about 4 . 7 inches ( 120 mm ) .\nin the western atlantic , crevalle jacks occur from nova scotia south throughout the northern gulf of mexico . in the eastern paci\ufb01c , they occur from san diego , california , to peru .\nthe maximum size of a crevalle jack is 39 . 8 inches ( 101 cm ) and 55 . 1 pounds ( 25 kg ) , however they are common to 23 . 6 inches ( 60 cm ) . after the juvenile reaches a size of 1 . 97 inches ( 5 . 0 cm ) , its growth rate increases . females are typically larger than males .\nspawning occurs offshore from march through september . young \ufb01sh occur in moderate to large fast - moving schools , and crevalle jacks occasionally school with horse - eye jacks , although larger \ufb01sh are often solitary .\nthe rodeo gave me a plethora of these fish species . while lionfish was the only invasive to hit the scales , many fish species that are underutilized got some great attention . gafftopsail catfish and stingray are my favorites . sheephead and puppydrum are beginning to gain exceptional reputation for table fare , but i think the most exciting moment for me was working with and making edible jack crevalle .\nthe crevalle jack is found in oceanic , estuarine or riverine environments . this is influenced by the life stage of the fish . they primarily are found along the continental shelf , but occur in waters as deep as 327 feet ( 100 m ) . fish found in these deep waters are usually larger individuals . larval and juvenile jack crevalles are found in upstream currents and are common in shallow brackish waters . adults , on the other hand , usually occupy upstream currents , reefs , offshore areas or shallow inshore areas . jack crevalles live in a variety of temperatures and salinities . adults usually inhabit areas with temperatures between 64 - 92 . 5\u00b0f ( 18 - 33 . 6\u00bac ) of water and larvae are found in areas with temperatures between 69 - 84 . 9\u00b0f ( 20 . 4 - 29 . 4\u00bac ) of water . crevalle jacks have been found in fresh water to salt water environments , depending on life stage . larvae have been collected in areas with salinities between 35 . 2 - 36 . 7 parts per thousand ( ppt ) . adults have been found in freshwater habitats as well as those with a salinity of 43 . 8 ppt . they are most commonly found at salinity above 30 ppt . the crevalle jack is a pelagic fish . both adults and juveniles are usually found in schools . however , larger individuals may be found swimming the waters alone .\n( linnaeus , 1766 ) ; carangidae family ; also called common jack , toro , cavally , cavalla , horse crevalle occurs in the western atlantic ocean from nova scotia , canada , to uruguay , including the gulf of mexico and occasionally in the west indies . in the eastern atlantic it is found from portugal to angola , including the western mediterranean . the crevalle jack is the common jack of in shore oceanic waters . the species apparently can tolerate a wide range of salinities and occurs around off shore reefs , in coastal waters , harbors and protected bays , over highly saline shallow flats , in brackish waters at river mouths , and has even been known to travel up coastal rivers . there is a rounded black spot at the lower base of the pectoral fin of the crevalle jack that is found in no other jacks in the area . there is also a distinct , vertically elongate black spot on the operculum . enlarged scales or scutes , numbering about 30 , extend in a line to the base of the tail fin . the similar horse - eye jack has no pectoral fin spot and 26 - 35 scutes . a voracious predator , it feeds primarily on smaller fishes , which it often chases onto beaches or against seawalls . in open water , jacks will herd bait fish into a tight mass , then rush in from all sides . the crevalle jack also feeds on shrimp and other invertebrates and on garbage dumped from boats . this superb light tackle species can be taken by spinning , fly fishing , trolling , or surfcasting . lures should be retrieved at a fast pace without pausing or stopping as jacks tend to lose interest in anything that doesn ' t act normally . most jacks are not highly valued as food , though they are edible . the small fish taste best ; larger specimens can be dark and tasteless . bleeding the fish may improve the taste . jacks are among the many species of tropical fishes , which have been implicated in ciguatera poisonings\n, black cavalla , blacktailed trevally , caballi , cabalo , common jack , couvalli jack , crevelle jack , green jack , horse crevalle , horse mackerel , horse - eye jack , kingfish , trevally , and yellow cavalli . other names are carngue cravalle ( french ) , jurel comun ( spanish ) , bolchoi caranske ( russian ) , caballa ( spanish ) , camard ( french ) , carango cavallo ( italian ) , carangue crevalle ( french ) , carangue macoque ( french ) , cavalla ( spanish ) , cavalli ( french ) , charo - largo ( portuguese ) , chumbo ( spanish ) , coa ( portuguese ) , cocinero ( spanish ) , corcovado ( creole ) , couvalli ( french ) , cowreh ( krio ) , crevalle toro ( french ) , crevalle ( french ) , enforcado ( creole ) , enxareu ( portuguese ) , enxareu - macoa ( portuguese ) , grande carangue ( french ) , hevospiikkimakrilli ( finnish ) , hiraaji ( japanese ) , jejerukan ( malay ) , jiguagua ( spanish ) , jurel ( spanish ) , jurel caballo ( spanish ) , jurel cola amarilla ( spanish ) , jurel comun ( spanish ) , kanxant ( palicur ) , karang ( french ) , karanks atlantycki ( polish ) , kawre kanki ( susu ) , kokalli ( greek ) , macoa ( portuguese ) , munaguroaji ( japanese ) , paeya ( galibi ) , peixe - prussiano ( portuguese ) , prussiano ( portuguese ) , saaka ( wolof ) , sargentillo ( spanish ) , taggmakrill ( swedish ) , toro ( spanish ) , trnobokar ( serbian ) , uma - aji ( japanese ) , xareu ( portuguese ) , xareu - cavalao ( portuguese ) , xareu - macoa ( portuguese ) , and xareu - olho - de - boi ( portuguese ) .\nsize , age , and growth the maximum size of a crevalle jack is 39 . 8 inches ( 101 cm ) and 55 . 1 pounds ( 25 kg ) , however they are common to 23 . 6 inches ( 60 cm ) . after the juvenile reaches a size of 1 . 97 inches ( 5 . 0 cm ) , its growth rate increases . females are typically larger than males .\npredators predators of the yellow jack include larger fishes , marine mammals , and birds including the brown noddy ( anous stolidus ) and sooty tern ( sterna fuscata ) which may feed on juveniles .\nthe yellow jack was originally described as caranx bartholomaei by the famous french taxonomist georges cuvier in 1833 . the holotype was collected from st . batholomew island in the west indies from which the species name is derived . this name was later changed to the currently valid carangoides bartholomaei cuvier 1833 . this species is in the family caragidae which includes jacks , pompanos , jack mackerels , and scads .\nbest angling for these strong fighters is from may to august with almost any bait or lure . once hooked , the common jack is tenacious with hard drives toward the bottom and frequent straightening of hooks .\ncrevalle jacks are pugnacious - looking fish which live up to those looks . a dark spot on the gill cover and steeply convex forehead separate this species from other jackfish . strong bony scutes on the tail are common to all jacks .\nsmith - vaniz wf , ke carpenter . 2007 . review of the crevalle jacks , caranx hippos complex ( teleostei : carangidae ) , with a description of a new species from west africa . fish bull 105 : 207 - 233 .\nberry fh . 1959 . young jack crevalles ( caranx species ) off the southeastern atlantic coast of the united states . u . s . fish wildl . serv fish . bull . 152 : 417 - 535 .\nfor protection in open water , vulnerable young crevalle jacks use a behavior called\npiloting\nin which they stay within inches of a larger fish . if no large fish are around , they will shadow buoys , boats , or swimmers .\nenglish language common names are yellow jack , coolihoo , crevalle , green jack , jackfish , and yellowjack . other common names include carangue gras ( french ) , carangue grasse ( french ) , carangue jaune ( french ) , bok ' abou ( papiamento ) , garajuba ( portuguese ) , xarelete - azul ( portuguese ) , xar\u00e9u ( portuguese ) , xerelete - amarelo ( portuguese ) , at\u00fan ( spanish ) , cibi amarillo ( spanish ) , coginoa ( spanish ) , cojinoa amarilla ( spanish ) , cojinoa tumana ( spanish ) , cojinua amarilla ( spanish ) , guaymen ( spanish ) , guaymen amarillo ( spanish ) , jurelete ( spanish ) , and veiyu ( wayuu ) .\ngame qualities : few fish can out - pull a crevalle of equal size . the fight is unspectacular but dogged , the usual pattern being a long first run . jacks use their flat sides to good advantage when waging a tug - o - war .\nwe removed the top loin of the jack . we removed the skin and every bit of bloodline . for those that don ' t know , the bloodline is a very dark area of most fish species , and is very strong .\nthe yellow jack has not been evaluated by the world conservation union ( iucn ) . the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nfeeding habits determine many aspects of living organisms , where it lives , the time of day that it is active , energy flow , biomass consumed and intra - and interspecific interactions , it which provides information to make predictions about the effects of fisheries on predator - prey relationships . accurate predictions require a thorough understanding of predator diets and prey selection . in this study , specimens of the crevalle jack caranx caninus were obtained between october 2012 and october 2014 in the se gulf of california , mexico , in order to determine its feeding habits and prey selection . a total of 238 specimens were obtained , of which 94 ( 39 . 5 % ) had stomachs containing food and 144 ( 60 . 5 % ) had empty stomachs . a total of 10 prey items were identified , corresponding to seven families that included fishes , crustaceans and cephalopods . according to the index of relative importance ( iri ) the most important prey were anchoa spp . ( iri = 91 . 2 % ) , engraulis mordax ( iri = 1 . 8 % ) , and fish from the clupeidae family ( iri = 1 . 0 % ) . the crevalle jack\u2019s diet did not change with the season ( warm or cold ) . the crevalle jack was considered a tertiary predator ( trophic level = 4 . 3 ) that tends to feed on a reduced number of prey , characterizing it as a specialist and selective predator of engraulid fishes ( levin\u2019s index , bi = 0 . 08 ; e = 0 . 6 ) .\nschools of crevalle jacks have been observed to corner and / or corral smaller baitfish . once contained , the jacks will feed on the baitfish with great voraciousness . their surface feeding commotion may be seen from a great distance - often appearing as boiling or churning surface waters .\nyou are of course saying sure , the last thing the cat dragged in would have tasted good if it was gussied up like that . that jack sure did , even by vollen\u2019s standards , but that was not the half of the experiment .\nyellow jack ( caranx bartholomaei ) other names : bar jack , cibi amarillo range : common in southern florida , the bahamas and the caribbean . habitat : inshore flats and channels ; coral reefs . description : more streamlined in appearance than the crevalle , and more colorful . hard scutes forward of tail . color is bluish above , yellowish on sides . small yellow jacks have fins and tails of bright yellow , giving them the appearance of yellowtail snapper when seen from above the surface . size : averages 1 - 6 pounds ; not uncommon at 12 - 15 pounds ; grows to about 20 pounds . world record 19 pounds , 7 ounces . food value : excellent . red meat along the centerline is easily trimmed away , leaving white , flavorful fillets . game qualities : like other jacks , a rugged and persevering fighter . tackle and baits : spinning , baitcasting and light saltwater outfits , will give good sport . small live fish , particularly ballyhoo and pilchards are the best natural baits . biggest bar jack have been caught on topwater plugs over channels and shallow reefs , and on deep jigs in up to about 120 feet of water . on the flats , the bigger bar jack are moody but smaller ones eagerly hit live shrimp . bonefish jigs and other small lures . fishing systems : casting ; drifting ; still fishing ; trolling .\nconsidered a minor commercial species throughout its range , the yellow jack is taken by seines , trawls , and hook and line . recreational fishers also take this species with bait and lures while trolling without specifically targeting the yellow jack . the flesh is considered fair to good for human consumption and is marketed fresh and salted . however it is classified as a high risk species due to its implication in ciguatera poisoning in humans . in fact , it was the first species outside the indo - west pacific to be a confirmed ciguatera carrier .\nberry , f . h . 1959a . young jack crevalles ( caranx species ) off the southeastern atlantic coast of the united states . fishery bull . fish wildl . serv . u . s . , ( 152 ) : pp . 417 - 535 , 98 fig .\nbehavior : crevalle jacks are usually found in fast - moving schools , though adults may be solitary or move in pairs . they hunt in schools by cornering smaller fish at the surface or against a seawall . they can tolerate different levels of salt water . they create splashes that can be seen from great distances .\nso there you go\u2014saut\u00e9ed , chargrilled or fried crunchy , there doesn\u2019t seem to be a way to mess up a jack , save one . back in my brief tenure as a snook guide , i had a repeat customer who was a light - tackle bluefish fanatic from long island .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . and k . e . carpenter , 2007 . review of the crevalle jacks , caranx hippos complex ( teleostei : carangidae ) , with a description of a new species from west africa . fish . bull . 105 ( 2 ) : 207 - 233 . ( ref . 58464 )\nthe yellow jack is found in the western atlantic ocean from massachusetts to bermuda and south through the gulf of mexico and the caribbean including the west indies and on to s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . in the eastern central atlantic , this species has been documented at st . paul ' s rocks .\nthe crevalle jack has a body depth of about three times its fork length . it has large eyes . the chest is scaleless except for a small patch of scales in front of the pelvic fins . this patch is apparent by the time the fish reaches a fork length of 0 . 98 inches ( 2 . 5 cm ) . the crevalle jack is the only jack in the western atlantic ocean with this patch of scales . there is an oval black spot on the pectoral fins ; this appears at about 4 . 72 inches ( 12 . 0 cm ) . between the seventh and the eighth spines of the adult there is an overgrowth of skin . the two most distinguishable features of this fish are the patch of scales between the pelvic fins and the oval , black spot on the pectoral fins . the crevalle jack is greenish - bluish or bluish - black above and silvery white to yellowish or golden below . this serves to blend in with the water from a predator searching from above , and to blend with the sunlight from a predator hunting from below . there is an oval , black spot on the pectoral fins . juveniles have 5 dark bars on their bodies . these black bars are present until the fish reaches a size of 6 . 46 inches ( 16 . 4 cm ) . there is an area of dark pigment above the peduncle that appears at 1 . 18 in . ( 3 . 0 cm ) and is very dark once the fish reaches a size greater that 3 . 94 inches ( 10 . 0 cm ) in length . the juvenile has pigment spots on the anal spines and membranes , which disappear by the time its size reaches 1 . 38 inches ( 3 . 5 cm ) . the pelvic fin remains unpigmented after 0 . 79 inches ( 20 mm ) and at about 1 . 18 inches ( 3 . 0 cm ) the pigment of the caudal fins develops . the coloration of the juvenile holds between 0 . 79 - 1 . 57 inches ( 2 . 0 - 4 . 0 cm ) and fades between 1 . 57 - 1 . 97 inches ( 4 . 0 - 5 . 0 cm ) .\nvoracious predators , they feed on shrimp , other invertebrates , and smaller \ufb01sh . crevalle jacks will often corner a school of bait\ufb01sh at the surface and feed in a commotion that can be seen for great distances , or they will chase their prey onto beaches and against seawalls . fish of both species often grunt or croak when they are caught .\nstart your favorite charcoal fire or gas grill . as the grill gets going , the preparation is easy : simply skewer the chunks of jack on the rosemary sticks . feel free to load them with onions or peppers for the full kabob experience , but for our preparation , we kept it all about the meat .\ncaranx ignobilis is most commonly referred to as the \u2018giant trevally\u2019 ( or \u2018giant kingfish\u2019 ) due to its large maximum size , with this often abbreviated to simply \u2018gt\u2019 by many anglers . [ 8 ] other names occasionally used include \u2018lowly trevally\u2019 , \u2018barrier trevally\u2019 , \u2018yellowfin jack\u2019 ( not to be confused with hemicaranx leucurus ) , forssk\u00e5l\u2019s indo - pacific jack fish and goyan fish . [ 4 ] in hawaii , the species is almost exclusively referred to as \u2018ulua\u2019 , often in conjunction with the prefixes \u2018black\u2019 , \u2018white\u2019 , or \u2018giant\u2019 . [ 9 ] due to its wide distribution there are many other names for the species in different languages also . [ 4 ]\nso , if you are inclined to ignore the following revelations and rely on the advice of others , do yourself the favor of clarifying one simple point . ask anyone who disparages the flavor of crevalle if they ever have eaten it . likely they are just passing on a rumor started by some fish lover long ago , so he could have all the jacks for himself .\nreproduction : crevalle jacks are known to spawn in both tropical and subtropical environments . females release eggs and males release sperm directly into the water . the sperm fertilizes any eggs it encounters ; this is known as broadcast spawning . fertilized eggs are planktonic , meaning that they float freely until hatching . young are often found in estuaries and move farther offshore to the open sea as they get older .\ncoloration the crevalle jack is greenish - bluish or bluish - black above and silvery white to yellowish or golden below . this serves to blend in with the water from a predator searching from above , and to blend with the sunlight from a predator hunting from below . there is an oval , black spot on the pectoral fins . juveniles have 5 dark bars on their bodies . these black bars are present until the fish reaches a size of 6 . 46 inches ( 16 . 4 cm ) . there is an area of dark pigment above the peduncle that appears at 1 . 18 in . ( 3 . 0 cm ) and is very dark once the fish reaches a size greater that 3 . 94 inches ( 10 . 0 cm ) in length .\nso it was that i showed up at vollen\u2019s back door with a half - dozen fillets of crevalle on ice . the sultry august day before , the 2 - to 3 - pound fish had been buzzing about in punta gorda isles canals . they were bled when caught , filleted and skinned within a couple of hours of being iced , but otherwise had not been given special treatment of any kind .\nblue runner ( caranx crysos ) other names : hardtail jack , runner , blue jack range : all florida , the bahamas and the caribbean . habitat : not choosy ; inshore to deep sea . description : similar in shape to the crevalle , but with a more gently rounded head . color ranges from steel blue to light green with white underparts . hard scutes forward of tail . size : schooling blue runners are about the same size , averaging under a pound and often under a half - pound . fish weighing 1 - 2 pounds aren ' t unusual , and individuals up to 4 pounds or so are sometimes taken offshore . world record 11 pounds , 2 ounces ; florida record 7 pounds . food value : pretty good , but seldom eaten . game qualities : blue runners fight so well for their size that guides often have trouble tearing their customers away , after stopping to catch some runners on spinning tackle for use as offshore bait . tackle and baits : light spinning and fly tackle with live shrimp , cut pieces of fish or small artificial jigs and flies . fishing systems : casting ; drifting ; still fishing ; trolling .\nrainbow runner ( elagatis bipinnulata ) other names : spanish jack , rainbow jack range : not a staple species off florida , but often encountered by offshore anglers of both coasts , particularly dolphin fishermen . more common in bahama waters , particularly around the cay sal bank ; also widespread through the caribbean . habitat : deep ocean waters . description : un - jack streamlined shape with slender , pointed head . no hard scutes forward of tail . brilliantly colored , with blue and yellow full - length stripes on a blue background . size : varies from a couple of pounds to 15 or 20 pounds , with individuals of roughly the same size forming large schools . world record 37 pounds , 9 ounces ; florida record 17 pounds . food value : excellent . game qualities : a spirited fighter on light tackle . makes faster runs than other jacks , and sometimes jumps , too . tackle and baits : spinning , baitcasting and light ocean rigs . small live fish and small rigged baits , such as ballyhoo and strips . difficult to take by casting , but can be coaxed . fishing systems : casting ; trolling .\nthere have been some reports of ciguatera poisoning associated with this jack . ciguatera poisoning occurs when humans eat a fish that has eaten a toxin that is produced by the dinoflagellate , gambierdiscus toxicus , and it is digested by the fish . this poisoning , although it is usually self - limiting , can affect humans in many ways . it has gastrointestinal , neurological , and cardiovascular symptoms .\nfor my test of crevalle i enlisted the help of fort myers chef vollen loucks . vollen loucks is not an army - trained 94 - b - 20 - type cook , as i was , but a guy whose pinot noir sauce could transform tongue of combat boot into haute cuisine . besides which , vollen will be the first to tell you he is not a real seafood lover , although that did not stop salmon from being his restaurant\u2019s biggest seller .\nmanter & prince ( 1953 ) described l . fijiensis from two specimens from \u201cyellow jack\u201d [ 15 ] ; the identification of the host fish is vague , as often with manter ' s work ( other cases : [ 46 ] , [ 47 ] ) , and almost useless ( many carangids are partly yellow ) . only one monogenean specimen , the holotype of l . fijiensis , is kept in the usnpc collections ( figure 1 ) .\ntheoutdoorlodge . com is happy to partner with the leading fishing forum online , bigfishtackle . com . to find out answers to all your\njack fishing\nquestions please drop by the fishing forums at urltoken ( http : / / www . urltoken / forum / ) . with over 100 , 000 members their fishing forum can answer just about any fishing question you may have . friendly , helpful and informative anglers really make you feel like part of their online fishing community !\nresiding on offshore reefs and in the sandy shallows of caribbean islands as well as in open waters over the continental shelf , this jack is rare observed in shallow waters near the american continent . it lives at depths ranging from 0 - 164 feet ( 0 - 50 m ) . juveniles of this species are often found nearshore in seagrass beds or associated with jellyfish or floating sargassum weed . typically it is a solitary species but may at times been seen in small groups .\nhabitat : the crevalle may show up at any time in virtually all florida waters , from the deep reefs to well up coastal rivers . usually runs in schools\u2014and the smaller the individual fish , the larger the school . the biggest jacks often cruise in pairs and are usually found in or near major inlets and around offshore wrecks and reefs of both coasts , but may come into deep bays and canals where they chase mullet and often herd the prey against seawalls . the palm beaches and key west are particularly well - known areas for trophy crevalles .\noh sure , you say , you\u2019ve long heard of eating amberjack . but we\u2019re not talking ajs , or any of their first cousins , or any fancy jacks like rainbow runners or bar or even yellow jacks . we\u2019re talking plain old everyday crevalle jacks , and we recommend you don\u2019t skip to the next story unless you already know how good jacks are to eat . after all , were a quarter - million bahamians wrong about conch fritters ? throughout the bahamas and the caribbean , jacks of all kinds are esteemed for their rich flavor and firm flesh .\nwith the crunchy jacks he provided two dressings\u2014a homemade r\u00e9moulade and a mango mayonnaise\u2014either of which was to die for if your arteries were not up to the task . fortunately , i was too stuffed to do more than taste the combinations , both of which were splendid , as by that time we expected . what was unexpected was how unbelievably good the remaining seven pieces of fried jack were after i doggy - bagged them and ate them cold , one by one , straight out of my refrigerator over the following two days .\nvarious fish specimens were identified ( from photographs ) by ronald fricke , jack randall , michel kulbicki , samuel igl\u00e9sias and bernard s\u00e9ret . eric bureau , student in training , collected some specimens . david gibson ( bmnh ) helped with linguistic discussions , and in the acquisition of rare literature and comments about species in worms . patricia pilitt ( usnpc ) provided photomicrographs of the holotype of l . fijiensis , and takashi iwaki ( mpm ) kindly took photographs of additional museum specimens . patricia pilitt ( usnpc ) and eileen harris ( bmnh ) are thanked for arranging specimen loans .\na large fish , the yellow jack grows to a maximum reported length of just under 40 inches ( 100 cm ) total length ( tl ) although this species typically reaches 20 inches ( 50 . 0 cm ) tl . the maximum reported weight is 14 . 0 kg . yellow jacks reach sexual maturity at 12 inches ( 30 cm ) in length for males and 13 inches ( 32 cm ) in length for females in the waters off cuba . in contrast , off the coast of jamaica , males reach sexual maturity at 9 inches ( 23 cm ) in length .\nthe next fillet was simply tossed on a 90 , 000 - b . t . u . grill that etched dark brown crisscrosses into each side , while leaving clear juice in the center . there was no stopping vollen and his sauces , one of which was pur\u00e9e of prickly pears he had plucked from a cactus patch outside his back door . the artfully drizzled sauce was as vibrant to taste as it was brilliant to behold , but it served as it should have\u2014a mere complement to the delicious flavor of the grilled jack , which we agreed was even better than that saut\u00e9ed .\nthe horse - eye jack is commonly found in the subtropical atlantic ocean from bermuda and the northern gulf of mexico and south to rio de janeiro . in the eastern atlantic , it is found from st . paul ' s rocks to ascension island and , rarely , the in the gulf of guinea . it is a pelagic fish . it can be found on reefs and offshore oil rigs . the juvenile can be found closer to shore along sandy and muddy bottoms . the species may venture into brackish waters and can live in river mouths , but it is typically found in saltwater up to 140 m in depth .\nour species is the first referred to lethacotyle with a precise host identification . we have examined a number of other carangids from several genera off new caledonia [ 47 ] , [ 49 ] \u2013 [ 53 ] and found l . vera n . sp . only on c . papuensis , suggesting that species of lethacotyle are specific to caranx species . it is likely that the \u201cyellow jack\u201d of manter & prince ( 1953 ) [ 15 ] and the carangid of ramalingam [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , both identified with suboptimal precision , were species of caranx , but , as explained above , not necessarily conspecific .\nscientific synonyms and common names caranx hippos linnaeus , 1766 synonyms : scomber hippos linnaeus , 1766 , syst . nat . , ed . xii : 494 ( ' habitat in carolina ' ) . scomber carangus bloch , 1787 , naturg . ausl . fische , 7 : 69 , pl . 340 ( west indies ) . caranx erythrurus lacep\u00e8de , 1798 - 1803 , 1801 , hist . nat . poiss . , 3 : 58 & 68 ( ' caroline et tahiti ' ) . caranx carangus : cuvier , in cuv . val . , 1828 - 1849 , 1833 , 9 : 91 ( ' br\u00e9sil , cayenne , martinique , gor\u00e9e ' ) barnard , 1926 - 1927 , 1927 : 545 . caranx crysos ( nec mitchill ) : baird , 1855 : 336 gill , 1863 : 434 . carangus hippos : gill , 1863g : 433 . caranx caninus g\u00fcnther , 1869 , trans . zool . soc . lond . , 6 ( 7 ) : 432 . caranx hippos hippos : nichols , 1920b : 45 ( atlantic coast of united states ) . caranx hippos tropicus : nichols , 1920b : 45 ( brazil , congo ) . caranx hippos caninus : nichols , 1937a : 58 ( gulf of california , galapagos ) . caranx hippos : nichols , 1939 : 6 lozano rey , 1952 : 615 , fig . 27 tortonese , 1952b : 302 , fig . 11 - 13 poll , 1954 : 131 , fig . 37 , pl . 4 ( fig . 11 & 3 ) albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 673 tortonese , 1955a : 185 berry , 1959a : 503 , fig . 81 - 85 tortonese , 1961a : 357 bini , 1967 - 1972 , 1968 , 5 : 57 , col . fig . rodriguez , 1972 : passim . common names : alla [ es ] caballa [ es ] crevalle jack [ en ] grande carangue [ fr ] jurel commun [ es ] kingfish [ en ] yellow jack [ en ]\npilotfish ( naucrates ductor ) range : all florida , the bahamas and caribbean . habitat : offshore waters . name comes from accompanying sharks and other large animals seemingly as pilots . description : slender shape with tapering head . body marked by wide , dark bands . fins also banded . size : usually a foot or so ; grows to 2 feet . food value : good , if fish is large enough . game qualities : good on light tackle ; gives the fight of a typical small jack . tackle and baits : readily takes small jigs and streamer flies . only very light outfits provide much sport . fishing systems : offshore drifting .\nthe yellow jack has a moderately deep , compressed elongate body which is typical of the genus carangoides . the head is slightly curved from the snout to the nape ; the eyes have well - developed adipose eyelids . the upper jaw does not reach the anterior margin of the eye . the dorsal fin is divided into two parts with the first containing 7 spines and the second with 1 spine followed by 25 - 28 soft rays . the anal fin is similar to the second dorsal fin in that the lobes are slightly pronounced ; the pectoral fin is falcate and longer than the head . the caudal fin is forked and the caudal peduncle has bilateral paired keels present .\nseriola rivoliana is mostly pelagic and epibenthic in oceanic waters ; it is rarely found inshore . it feeds primarily on fishes . in the azores , this species feeds on fishes including chub mackerel scomber japonicus , blue jack mackerel , european pilchard sardina pilchardus , snipefish macroramphosus scolopax , and the bogue boops boops ( barreiros et al . 2003 ) . this species typically reaches a maximum size to 80 cm ( fl ) , it is common from about 55 cm ( fl ) ( smith - vaniz 2002 ) . there is an international game fish association ( igfa ) record of 119 cm ( tl ) from golfito , costa rica ( igfa 2013 ) . this species has been reported to form spawning aggregations in gladden spit , belize ( heyman 2001 ) .\nflorida pompano ( trachinotus carolinus ) other names : pompano , carolina pompano range : all florida coasts . habitat : florida anglers on both coasts catch most of their pompano from the surf , or from ocean piers ; however , many are caught outside the beaches and also from bays , mostly in or near channels that run through flats . description : silvery overall with yellow on underside . dorsal fin dark ; other fins yellow . head gently rounded . no scutes forward of tail . pompano are often confused with small permit of similar size , but permit usually show a black blotch under the pectoral fin , and their bodies are deeper . size : averages 1 pound ; fairly common at 2 pounds and can grow to 8 pounds . world and florida records 8 pounds , 1 ounce . food value : reputed to be the best . game qualities : tops . will outrace and outpull a jack crevalle of equivalent size . tackle and baits : if fishing the surf or piers , use the lightest surf spinning tackle that will get your bait where you want it . in other situations , spinning or light baitcasting tackle with 6 - 8 pound - test line gives maximum sport . by far the best natural bait is a live sand flea ( sand crab ) , but pompano also will bite live shrimp or fiddler crabs and with varying dependability dead sand fleas , dead shrimp , clams and cut squid . pompano are ready strikers of artificial jigs , the florida favorite being quarter - ounce or half - ounce models with short nylon skirts . fly fishermen catch pompano with bonefish - type flies that sink well those with epoxy heads or lead eyes . fishing systems : casting ; drifting ; still fishing ."]}
{"id": 930, "summary": [{"text": "taenia asiatica , commonly known as asian taenia or asian tapeworm , is a parasitic tapeworm of humans and pigs .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is one of the three species of taenia infecting humans and causes taeniasis .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "discovered only in 1980s from taiwan and other east asian countries as an unusual species , it is so notoriously similar to taenia saginata , the beef tapeworm , that it was for a time regarded as a slightly different strain .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "but anomaly arose as the tapeworm is not of cattle origin , but of pigs .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "morphological details also showed significant variations , such as presence of rostellar hooks , shorter body , and less number of body segments .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the scientific name designated was then asian t. saginata .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "but the taxonomic consensus turns out to be that it is a unique species .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was in 1993 that two korean parasitologists , keeseon s. eom and han jong rim , provided the biological bases for classifying it into a separate species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the use of mitochondrial genome sequence and molecular phylogeny in the late 2000s established the taxonomic status .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "t. asiatica causes intestinal taenisis in humans and cysticercosis in pigs .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "there is a suspicion that it may also cause cysticercosis in human .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "like other taenids , humans are the definitive hosts , but in contrast , pigs , wild boars , as well as cattle can serve as intermediate hosts .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "moreover , scid mice and mongolian gerbil can be experimentally infected .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the life cycle is basically similar to those of other taenids .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "humans contract the infection by eating raw or undercooked meat \u2013 a practice common in east and southeast asia \u2013 which are contaminated with the infective larva called cysticercus .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "cysticercus develops into adult tapeworm in human intestine , from where it releases embryonated eggs along faeces into the external environment .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "pigs acquire the eggs from vegetation .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the eggs enter the digestive tract , which they penetrate to migrate to other body organs .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "unlike other taenia they preferentially settle in the liver , where they form cysticerci .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "asian taeniasis is documented in nine countries in asia , including taiwan , south korea , indonesia , the philippines , thailand , south-central china , vietnam , japan and nepal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the rate of a prevalence is estimated to be up to 21 % and resulting in annual economic losses of about us$ 40,000,000 in these regions .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "praziquantel is the drug of choice for treating the infection .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "as the latest addition to human taeniasis , misidentified for over two centuries , still complete lack of systematic diagnosis , and no control programmes , it is regarded as the most neglected human taenid . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "taenia asiatica", "paragraphs": ["developmental stages of taenia spp . ( taenia solium , taenia saginata , taenia asiatica ) and associated diseases .\ngeographical origin of the 6 taenia saginata and 13 taenia asiatica samples analyzed a .\nthree tapeworm species cause taeniasis in humans , taenia solium , taenia saginata and taenia asiatica . only t . solium causes major health problems .\ntaeniasis is an intestinal infection caused by 3 species of tapeworm : taenia solium ( pork tapeworm ) , taenia saginata ( beef tapeworm ) and taenia asiatica .\ntaenia solium , taenia saginata , taenia asiatica , their hybrids and other helminthic infections occurring in a neglected tropical diseases ' highly endemic area in lao pdr .\nleo shapiro added text to\ngeneral ecology\non\ntaenia asiatica\n.\nleo shapiro added text to\nlife cycle\non\ntaenia asiatica\n.\nthe life cycle of taenia asiatica is complex . eggs or gravid . . .\nmorphological description of taenia saginata asiatica ( cyclophyllidea : taeniidae ) from man in asia .\nlights and shadows of the taenia asiatica life cycle and pathogenicity . - pubmed - ncbi\nno one has contributed data records for taenia asiatica yet . learn how to contribute .\nebscohost | 92947864 | lights and shadows of the taenia asiatica life cycle and pathogenicity .\ntaenia asiatica and taenia saginata : genetic divergence estimated from their mitochondrial genomes . jeon hk , et al . exp parasitol 2006 may\nmorphologic and genetic identification of taenia tapeworms in tanzania and dna genotyping of taenia solium .\n[ first discovery of taenia saginata asiatica infection in yunnan province ] . - pubmed - ncbi\ntaenia saginata asiatica : epidemiology , infection , immunological and molecular studies . - pubmed - ncbi\nthree species of the taenia genus are intestinal parasites of humans , taenia solium , taenia saginata and taenia asiatica . however , only two of them , t . solium and t . saginata , have been considered for centuries , t . asiatica remained undiscovered until recently . [ 1 ]\nthe cestode taenia asiatica ( asian tapeworm ) ( along with t . saginata [ beef . . .\n[ survey of the number of eggs in taenia asiatica gravid proglottids in dali prefecture of yunnan province ] .\nmorphological description of taenia saginata asiatica ( cyclophyllidea : taeniidae ) from man in asia . - pubmed - ncbi\ncomplete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of taenia saginata : comparison with t . solium and t . asiatica .\nleo shapiro set\nlife cycle of taenia spp .\nas an exemplar on\ntaenia saginata\n.\nthe cestodes taenia saginata ( beef tapeworm ) , t . solium ( pork tapeworm ) and t . asiatica ( asian tapeworm ) . taenia solium can also cause cysticercosis .\ntaenia is an important pathogenic tapeworm genus including some important parasites such as taenia solium , taenia saginata and taenia asiatica , etc . members of the genus are responsible for taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans and other livestocks . till now , more than 100 species were recorded . taenia is morphologically characterized by a ribbon - like body composed of a series of segments called proglottids ; hence the name taenia .\nmolecular analyses reveal two geographic and genetic lineages for tapeworms , taenia solium and taenia saginata , from ecuador using mitochondrial dna .\n[ survey of the number of eggs in taenia asiatica gravid proglottids in dali prefecture of yunnan province ] . - pubmed - ncbi\na taenia asiatica patient , mr . chen chin - fu , with 24 strobilae that were purged from him after using atabrine .\n10 . jeon hk , eom ks . taenia asiatica and taenia saginata : genetic divergence estimated from their mitochondrial genomes . exp parasitol 2006 ; 113 : 58 - 61 . pmid : 16546174 .\na volunteer , dr . chung wc , trying to infect himself with taenia asiatica by eating raw wild boar liver that contained cysticerci .\n13 . eom ks , rim hj . epidemiological understanding of taenia tapeworm infections with special reference to taenia asiatica in korea . korean j parasitol 2001 ; 39 : 267 - 283 . pmid : 11775327 .\n19 . eom ks , rim hj . epidemiological understanding of taenia tapeworm infections with special reference to taenia asiatica in korea . korean j parasitol 2001 ; 39 : 267 - 283 . pmid : 11775327 .\ncomplete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of taenia saginata : comparison with t . solium and t . asiatica . | ghl - scientific and technical literature\nsince the 1990s , various researchers have developed and applied molecular methods for distinguishing t . asiatica from other taenia spp . , and , subsequently , for studying the relationship of t . asiatica with other taenia spp . , in particular t . saginata , and for examining the genetic variability within t . asiatica . the availability of the complete mitochondrial genome of t . asiatica [ 27 ] , and the access to published sequences through genbank , has greatly contributed to the understanding of the genetic diversity of t . asiatica .\nspecies that can affect animals and humans include tapeworms in the taenia genus . different types of taenia are associated with different types of meat . taenia saginata is the beef tapeworm ; taenia solium is the pork tapeworm ; and taenia asiatica is the asian pork tapeworm . dipylidium caninum mainly infects dogs and cats , while echinocococcus granulosus , which infects people and livestock , is rare in the united states . taenia species are longer than dipylidium species ; they can grow up to 1 yard ( nearly a meter ) in length .\ntaenia saginata and t . solium are worldwide in distribution . taenia solium is more prevalent in poorer communities where humans live in close contact with pigs and eat undercooked pork . taenia asiatica is limited to asia and is seen mostly in the republic of korea , china , taiwan , indonesia , and thailand .\nnon - protease homologues in the t . asiatica and t . saginata genomes .\nnot only taenia solium and taenia saginata , but also taenia asiatica infects humans . the last species is not included in the evaluation of the specificity of the immunodiagnostic techniques for taeniasis / cysticercosis . there is currently no specific immunodiagnostic method for t . asiatica available . therefore , due to the fact that molecular techniques ( the only tool to distinguish the 3 taenia species ) are normally not employed in routine diagnostic methods , the 2 questions concerning t . asiatica ( its definite geographic distribution and its ability to cause human cysticercosis ) , remain open , turning t . asiatica into the most neglected agent of human taeniasis - cysticercosis .\nbefore exposing the lights and shadows of t . asiatica , it would be worthwhile to briefly summarize some historical and phylogenetic remarks on the three human taenia species .\ncomplete sequence and structure of the mitochondrial genome of the human tapeworm , taenia asiatica ( platyhelminthes ; cestoda ) . jeon hk , et al . parasitology 2005 jun\nhumans are definitive hosts of two well - known species of the taenia genus , taenia solium ( the pig tapeworm ) and taenia saginata ( the cattle tapeworm ) . in the 1990s , a third species , taenia asiatica , was discovered , sharing features with the other two since the adult morphology is similar to that of t . saginata , but its life cycle is like that of t . solium\u2026\ncoenurosis ( taenia multiceps , t . serialis , or t . brauni infection )\nharrison ljs , delgado j , parkhouse rme . differential diagnosis of taenia sagianta and\ntaeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species taenia saginata ( beef tapeworm ) , taenia solium ( pork tapeworm ) , and taenia asiatica ( asian tapeworm ) . humans can become infected with these tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked beef ( t . saginata ) or pork ( t . solium and t . asiatica ) . people with taeniasis typically have mild gastrointestinal symptoms or may be asymptomatic .\nthe number of eggs in different gravid proglottids of t . asiatica is evidently different .\nwith the advent of molecular techniques , it became clear that the asian taenia is genetically much more related to t . saginata than it is to t . solium [ 13 - 17 ] . this led the earlier protagonists to declare the asian taenia as a strain or subspecies of t . saginata , designated taenia saginata taiwanensis , or , in line with its geographical distribution , taenia saginata asiatica [ 18 ] .\n5 . eom ks , rim hj . morphologic descriptions of taenia asiatica sp . n . korean j parasitol 1993 ; 31 : 1 - 6 . pmid : 8512894 .\n18 . eom ks , rim hj . morphologic descriptions of taenia asiatica sp . n . korean j parasitol 1993 ; 31 : 1 - 6 . pmid : 8512894 .\nit was determined to examine whether rats injected with non - viable oncospheres of asian taenia or taenia saginata became resistant to challenge infection with eggs of taenia taeniaeformis , since ( a ) metacestodes of asian taenia and t . taeniaeformis develop in the liver of pigs and rats , respectively , and ( b ) asian taenia and t . saginata have human origins . rats injected intravenously or . . . [ show full abstract ]\neom ks , rim hj . epidemiological understanding of taenia tapeworm infections with special reference to\ntaenia infections . institute for international cooperation in animal biologics . 2005 ( . pdf )\nevidence on the epidemiology and genetic diversity of t . asiatica was obtained through a systematic search of national and international peer - reviewed literature . given the relatively limited number of papers on t . asiatica , a general search phrase was used consisting of the different synonyms of t . asiatica , i . e . , taenia saginata asiatica , asian taenia and taiwan taenia . manuscript titles were retrieved through searching pubmed , asia journals online ( asiajol ) , african journals online ( ajol ) , latin american journals online ( lamjol ) , who global health library , and indmed . the searches were performed on 20 september 2013 .\ngo enrichment analysis of heterozygous genes in the t . asiatica and t . saginata genomes .\ntaeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species taenia saginata ( beef tapeworm ) , taenia solium ( pork tapeworm ) , and taenia asiatica ( asian tapeworm ) . humans can become infected with these tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked beef ( t . saginata ) or pork ( t . solium and t . asiatica ) . people with taeniasis may not know they have a tapeworm infection because symptoms are usually mild or nonexistent .\nthe cestode taenia asiatica , also known as asian taenia or asian tapeworm , is a parasite of humans and pigs that is thought to be restricted to asia . humans contract infection by eating eating raw or undercooked meat and this causes intestinal taeniasis which is usually asymptomatic .\nin the early 1990s , a group of korean parasitologists , led by dr keeseon eom , performed various experimental infections using korean specimens of the asian taenia . their observation that the cysts of the asian taenia preferably develop in viscera of pigs , made them propose the name cysticercus viscerotropica [ 11 ] . in 1993 , they described the morphology of the asian taenia , and declared it as a new species , designated taenia asiatica [ 12 ] .\n2 . flisser a , craig ps , ito a . in palmer sr , soulsby l , torgerson pr , brown dwg eds , cysticercosis and taeniosis : taenia solium , taenia saginata and taenia asiatica . oxford textbook of zoonoses , biology , clinical practice and public health control . 2011 , oxford , uk . oxford university press . pp 627 - 644 .\ncomplexities in using sentinel pigs to study taenia solium transmission dynamics under field conditi . . .\nidentification of species and genetic variation in taenia isolates from human and swine of north india .\n30 . eom ks , jeon hk , rim hj . geographical distribution of taenia asiatica and related species . korean j parasitol 2009 ; 47 : s115 - s124 . pmid : 19885327 .\n29 . rim hj , joo kh , park hs . anthelmintic effect of albendazole against taenia saginata and taenia solium infections . j korean soc chemother 1989 ; 7 : 29 - 39 .\nt _ asiatica _ south _ korea _ v1 _ 0 _ 4 , gca _ 000951535 . 1\ncross - sections of taenia spp . stained with hematoxylin and eosin ( h & e ) .\ncross protection against taenia taeniaeformis in rats vaccinated with non - viable oncospheres of asia . . .\nof the 32 recognized species of taenia , only taenia solium and taenia saginata are medically important . however , recent epidemiologic studies in southeast asia have identified a third taenia species in humans , known as t asiatica . [ 1 , 2 ] cysticercosis is the development of extraintestinal encysted larval forms of t solium in various organs ( see cysticercosis ) . the cns is involved in 60 - 90 % of cases ; this condition is termed neurocysticercosis ( ncc ) . for more information , see neurocysticercosis .\n. . . human taeniasis is acquired by eating uncooked or poorly cooked pork or beef infected with the larval form of the human taeniid tapeworms , taenia solium , or taenia asiatica ( from pigs ) , or taenia saginata ( from bovids ) ( schantz et al . , 1993 ; fan and chung , 1998 ) . the adult tapeworms grow ( 2\u20138 m ) in the human small intestine , with spontaneous elimination of proglottids from the anus especially for t . saginata or t . asiatica carriers . . . .\nin the 1980s fan came up with the idea that the species found in several asian countries ( taiwan , korea , indonesia ) could be a new one . [ 16 ] this taenia was known as taiwan taenia or the asian taenia until , in 1993 , when eom and rim proposed to definitely consider it a new species , namely t . asiatica . [ 1 ] lately , and due to its molecular similarities to t . saginata , fan et al . proposed considering this asian taenia as a subspecies of t . saginata , i . e . , t . saginata asiatica , [ 17 ] leading to contrary opinions on its systematic status until t . asiatica was finally considered a valid species . [ 18 ]\nthe in - paralog pairs showing differential evolution rates in the t . asiatica and t . saginata genomes .\npotential nuclear molecular markers to differentiate t . saginata ( tsa ) and t . asiatica ( tas ) .\ntaenia saginata taeniasis produces only mild abdominal symptoms . the most striking feature consists of the passage ( active and passive ) of proglottids . occasionally , appendicitis or cholangitis can result from migrating proglottids . taenia solium taeniasis is less frequently symptomatic than taenia saginata taeniasis . the main symptom is often the passage ( passive ) of proglottids . the most important feature of taenia solium taeniasis is the risk of development of cysticercosis .\ntaenia infection has been recognized since biblical times . a detailed history on human taenia is described by grove , [ 5 ] cox , [ 6 ] or wadia and singh , [ 7 ] among others .\n20 . fan pc , chung wc , lin cy , wu cc . pig as a favorable animal for taenia saginata asiatica infection . kaohsiung j med sci 2006 ; 22 : 1 - 13 . pmid : 16570562 .\n20 . chung wc , lin cy , fan pc . ectopic locations of taenia saginata asiatica in the abdominal cavity of domestic pig and monkey . j parasitol 1996 ; 82 : 1032 - 1034 . pmid : 8973419 .\nfigure a : taenia saginata adult worm . the adult in this image is approximately 4 meters in length .\nwillms k . morphology and biochemistry of the pork tapeworm , taenia solium . curr top med chem . 2008\nepidemiology of taenia solium in nepal : is it influenced by the social characteristics of the popula . . .\nan adult taenia scolium , the pork tapeworm . humans become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat .\namong taeniid tapeworms infecting humans through pork or beef , taenia solium linnaeus 1758 and taenia saginata goeze 1782 have already been known . based on the morphologic characteristics of adult and metacestodes of asian taenia saginata , the third kind of human taeniid tapeworm known to distribute in asian countries , a new species name of taenia asiatica is proposed . in addition to the known biology in their intermediate hosts , t . asiatica was different morphologically from taenia saginata goeze 1782 in having the unarmed rostellum on the scolex of adult , the large number of ' uterine twigs ' and the existence of ' posterior protuberance ' . these structures in the gravid proglottids were used as taxonomic keys in taeniid tapeworms for the first time . t . asiatica metacestode ( cysticercus viscerotropica ) was different morphologically from t . saginata metacestode ( cysticercus bovis ) in having wartlike formations on the external surface of the bladder wall .\n9 . jeon hk , eom ks . complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of taenia saginata : comparison with t . solium and t . asiatica . parasitol int 2007 ; 56 : 243 - 246 . pmid : 17499016 .\ntaenia asiatica is a recently described species known to cause intestinal teniasis in humans and cysticercosis in animals . this species has close morphological resemblance to taenia saginata and has a life cycle resembling taenia solium , hence has been posing diagnostic dilemma and had been the reason for its comparatively late discovery . recent diagnostic tools such as serological and molecular techniques have thrown light on its exact prevalence in the endemic countries . hence introduction of utilization of these techniques in addition to the routine morphological analysis would be helpful in diagnosis of t . asiatica infections and early implementation of preventive measures .\ntaenia asiatica is a recently described species known to cause intestinal teniasis in humans and cysticercosis in animals . this species has close morphological resemblance to taenia saginata and has a life cycle resembling taenia solium , hence has been posing diagnostic dilemma and had been the reason for its comparatively late discovery . recent diagnostic tools such as serological and molecular techniques have thrown light on its exact prevalence in the endemic countries . hence introduction of utilization of these techniques in addition to the routine morphological analysis would be helpful in diagnosis of t . asiatica infections and early implementation of preventive measures .\ngo enrichment analysis of the genes containing peak - 2 introns in the t . asiatica and t . saginata genomes .\nthe taeenid tapeworms known to cause zoonotic infections in humans are taenia solium , taenia saginata and taenia asiatica . the first two species are well known agents causing cysticercosis and intestinal taeniasis respectively . [ 1 ] t . asiatica was discovered when epidemiological inconsistency was observed between the species ratio of tapeworms and the eating habits of hosts in south korea . [ 2 ] t . asiatica has equivocal features of t . saginata but recent deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ) studies , molecular and epidemiologic characteristics had made the taxonomic conversion of t . saginata subsp . asiatica to the current separate species t . asiatica . t . asiatica has been identified to parasitise human intestinal lumen in eight asian countries i . e . china , korea , indonesia , philippines , taiwan , thailand , vietnam and japan , with the prevalence being as high as 21 % causing significant economic burden . [ 3 ] this unique species exhibits a morphology resembling t . saginata and life cycle resembling t . solium infection , pigs being the main intermediate host . [ 4 ] although t . asiatica is well - known to cause intestinal teniasis , less is known about its role in causation of cysticercosis in humans .\nbowles j , mcmanus dp . genetic characterization of the asian taenia , a newly described taeniid cestode of humans .\n9 . huang sw . studies on taenia species prevalent among the aborigines in wulai district taiwan . part ii . on the species of taenia . bull inst zool ( acad sin ) 1967 ; 6 : 29 - 34 .\ntaenia genome project including the genome assembly and transcriptome analysis of several taenia species was first lanched in beijing institute of genomics , cas and lanzhou veterinary research institute , caas since 2010 . taenia have relative large and complex genome . this comprehensive website is designed to help the pathogen researchers for a better use of genome information and transcriptome comparison .\ntaenia asiatica differs from taenia saginata and t . solium in 4 aspects [ 2 ] ; 1 ) the scolex has 2 rows of rudimentary hooklets , which is considered as a wart - like formation . 2 ) the number of the lateral branches of the uterus is different and allows identifying if the proglottids belong to t . solium ( 7 - 11 branches ) , t . saginata ( 14 - 32 branches ) , or t . asiatica ( 12 - 26 branches ) . 3 ) t . asiatica cysticerci in pigs are not found in muscles , they can be recovered from the liver , omentum , serosa , and lung . 4 ) t . asiatica does not cause ncc in humans .\nhowever , this purely molecular view was soon contrasted to an epidemiological and public health perspective . galan - puchades and mas - coma opened the debate , and made the case for t . asiatica as a separate species [ 19 ] . the debate continued , with different phylogenetic studies considering the asian taenia either as t . saginata asiatica [ 20 , 21 ] or t . asiatica [ 22 - 27 ] , depending on the research group involved . the identification of t . saginata / t . asiatica hybrids in china and thailand [ 28 - 30 ] , may reopen this debate , as reproductive isolation has historically been an important criterion for considering t . asiatica and t . saginata as distinct biological entities [ 24 ] . although the current literature seems to favor t . asiatica at the species level , it is clear that the taxonomy of the asian taenia remains as complex and controversial as it was two decades ago [ 31 ] .\nt . asiatica is still present in taiwan today but in only some aborigines who live in the mountainous areas . however , the cases are getting rarer with the improvement of rural medical health services . taenia asiatica has always been there and has come a long way for its recognition . we just need to train our eyes to see in different dimension .\n4 . fan pc , lin cy , chen cc , chung wc . morphological description of taenia saginata asiatica ( cyclophyllidea : taeniidae ) from man in asia . j helminthol 1995 ; 69 : 299 - 303 . pmid : 8583124 .\n17 . fan pc , lin cy , chen cc , chung wc . morphological description of taenia saginata asiatica ( cyclophyllidea : taeniidae ) from man in asia . j helminthol 1995 ; 69 : 299 - 303 . pmid : 8583124 .\n1 . do humans act as intermediate hosts of t . asiatica as they do in the case of t . solium ?\nboth taenia and d . latum infections can be prevented by adequate cooking or freezing of beef , pork , or fish\nspecies of taenia were among the earliest recognized helminths in humans , with written records of their occurrence extending into antiquity .\nt . asiatica as a separate species was discovered relatively recently . it had been mistaken for taenia saginata goeze ( 1782 ) for more than 200 years and later was classified as subspecies of t . saginata . however , extensive epidemiological , molecular , comparative morphology and phylogenetic analyses have indicated the independent and specific status of t . asiatica ( eom & rim 1993 ) .\n11 . jeon hk , chai jy , kong y , waikagul j , insisienhmay b , rim hj , eom ks . differential diagnosis of taenia asiatica using multiplex pcr . exp parasitol 2009 ; 121 : 151 - 156 . pmid : 19017531 .\n23 . chang sl , ooi hk , nonaka n , kamiya m , oku y . development of taenia asiatica cysticerci to infective stage and adult stage in mongolian gerbils . j helminthol 2006 ; 80 : 219 - 223 . pmid : 16923263 .\nhence , in absence of a specific immunological test for t . asiatica , only the post - mortem molecular analysis of the extracted cysticerci can be used to assess the species causing pig cysticercosis . as a consequence , t . asiatica may be misdiagnosed as t . solium not only in humans but also in pigs . therefore , any pig cysticercosis around the world diagnosed only by immunological methods could be produced also by t . asiatica , so we propose that it should be named t . solium / asiatica cysticercosis .\nthe cestode taenia asiatica ( asian tapeworm ) ( along with t . saginata [ beef tapeworm ] and t . solium [ pork tapeworm ] ) causes intestinal taeniasis in infected humans . taenia asiatica is limited to asia and is seen mostly in the republic of korea , china , taiwan , indonesia , and thailand . genetic studies by eom et al . ( 2009 ) indicated that t . asiatica occurs in japan , the philippines , and vietnam as well ( t . saginata and t . solium have a worldwide distribution ) . ( centers for disease control parasites and health website ) genetically , t . asiatica is far more similar to t . saginata ( to which it is also morphologically very similar ) than it is to t . solium ( jeon et al . 2007 ; eom et al . 2009 ) . taenia asiatica shares its intermediate host association ( i . e . , pigs ) with t . solium , not with its closer relative t . saginata ( which use cattle as the intermediate host ) . thus , it appears that the divergence of t . asiatica and t . sagitata was associated with a host shift .\nthere are three species of taenids that use humans as definitive hosts : taenia solium , t . saginata , an t . asiatica . in addition , taenia solium can also use humans as intermediate hosts causing cysticercosis . this ability makes this parasite especially important . other species of taenids circulate in wild animals and infect humans only occasionally causing cysticercoses / coenuroses as well as taenoses .\nto investigate the aetiology , species and epidemiological factors of taenia infection in a pilot area of lanping county , yunnan province .\ngarcia hh et al . diagnosis , treatment and control of taenia solium cysticercosis . curr opin infect dis . 2003 oct .\ntaenia solium , t . saginata , and t . asiatica are 3 zoonotic tapeworms which induce human infections through pigs and cattle as intermediate hosts . among them , t . asiatica is the last known species found in asian countries where rural people eat undercooked visceral organs of pigs , i . e . , the liver , omentum , serosa , and lung [ 1 - 4 ] .\namong coproantigen - detection methods ( only genus specific ) , a coproantigen elisa for t . solium was tested with t . asiatica but did not cross - react [ 19 ] . therefore , this is the only 100 % specific immunological method currently available to identify t . solium carriers , but not t . asiatica carriers . even a positive result for t . solium in this elisa would not exclude t . asiatica since dual human infection with t . solium and t . asiatica has been reported in thailand [ 10 ] .\nlife cycles of the 3 human taenia tapeworms ( this figure has been modified from fig . 1 . 2 of flisser et al . , biology of taenia solium , t . saginata , and t . asiatica . in murrell kd ed , who / fao / oie guidelines for the surveillance , prevention , and control of taeniosis / cysticercosis . 2005 , pp 1 - 9 ) .\nohnishi k , sakamoto n , kobayashi k , iwabuchi s , nakamura - uchiyama f . therapeutic effect of praziquantel against taeniasis asiatica .\nt . asiatica is limited to asia and is seen mostly in the republic of korea , china , taiwan , indonesia and thailand .\n6 . zarlenga ds , george m . taenia crassiceps : cloning and mapping of mitochondrial dna and its application to the phenetic analysis of a new species of taenia from southeast asia . exp parasitol 1995 ; 81 : 604 - 607 . pmid : 8543003 .\ngarc\u00eda hh at al . taenia solium cysticercosis . lancet . 2003 aug 16 ; 362 ( 9383 ) : 547 - 56 .\nstudies on the diversification times of the different taenia species indicate that t . asiatica fully diverged from a common t . saginata / asiatica ancestor in the late pleistocene , ~ 40 , 000 years ago . this diversification might have co - occurred with the arrival of homo sapiens in asia , and the introduction of new wild boar populations and / or new breeding and husbandry practices in this region [ 63 , 95 ] . again , these results indicate a closer relatedness of t . asiatica with t . saginata than with t . solium .\n8 . jeon hk , lee kh , kim kh , hwang uw , eom ks . complete sequence and structure of mitochondrial genome of the human tapeworm , taenia asiatica ( platyhelminthes ; cestoda ) . parasitology 2005 ; 130 : 717 - 726 . pmid : 15977909 .\ngeographical information of taenia asiatica is reviewed together with that of t . solium and t . saginata . current distribution of t . asiatica was found to be mostly from asian countries : the republic of korea , china , taiwan , indonesia , and thailand . molecular genotypic techniques have found out more countries with t . asiatica from japan , the philippines , and vietnam . specimens used in this paper were collected from around the world and mostly during international collaboration projects of korean foundations for parasite control activities ( 1995 - 2009 ) in developing countries .\n31 . flisser a . in farthing mjg , keusch gt , walekin d eds , taenia solium , taenia saginata and hymenolepis nana . enteric infections . 2 : intestinal helminths . 1995 , london , uk . chapman and hall medical . pp 173 - 189 .\nfurther experimental studies on t . saginata - like tapeworms from south korea , indonesia , thailand , and the philippines showed similar results , leading the authors to rename their taiwan taenia into asian taenia , denoting its more diverse geographical distribution [ 7 - 10 ] .\nt . asiatica is generally neglected in the global elimination context of human taeniasis - cysticercosis . we assume that t . asiatica remains ignored mainly for 2 reasons ; first , its supposedly non - cosmopolitan character , being restricted to asian countries , and second , its close molecular similarities to t . saginata , suggesting that t . asiatica probably does not cause human cysticercosis since t . saginata eggs do not infect humans .\nfigure c : iodine - stained wet mount of a taenia sp . egg . image courtesy of the oregon state public health laboratory .\nfigure d : iodine - stained wet mount of a taenia sp . egg . image courtesy of the oregon state public health laboratory .\neom ks . what is asian taenia ? parasitol int . 2006 ; 55 suppl : s137 - 41 . epub 2006 jan 4 .\navila g et al . laboratory animal models for human taenia solium . parasitol int . 2006 ; 55 suppl : s99 - s103 .\ntaenia solium tapeworm infections can lead to cysticercosis , which is a disease that can cause seizures , so it is important seek treatment .\nonly 2 types of taeniases ( t . saginata and t . solium ) were recognized morphologically in korea up to 1992 until t . asiatica being newly described in 1993 as the third type . the prevalence of taeniasis in korea was considered to be caused only by infection with t . saginata or t . solium until eom and rim revised the identification of the korean taenia tapeworms to establish a new species , t . asiatica [ 1 ] . in order to understand distribution of human taenia tapeworms in korea , 68 taenia specimens were analyzed by morphology and nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cox1 gene and its2 region . the distribution ratio of t . solium : t . asiatica : t . saginata was 3 : 51 : 14 ( or approximately 1 : 18 : 5 ) from 9 provinces in korea between 1935 and 2005 [ 37 ] .\nt . asiatica has been misdiagnosed as t . saginata for more than 200 years in asia [ 16 ] and the same might currently occur in the rest of the world , since the morphology of t . asiatica ' s gravid proglottids is practically indistinguishable from that of t . saginata .\nthe remainder of this systematic review will provide an update of our current understanding of the transmission , risk factors , geographical distribution and genetic diversity of t . asiatica . for a review on the history , taxonomy and morphology of t . asiatica , we refer to eom [ 32 ] .\ndue to ( i ) the alomst impossibility to distinguish the morphology of t . asiatica and t . saginata gravid proglottids , ( ii ) current immunodiagnostic techniques that can not identify t . asiatica ( adult / cysticerci ) carriers ( humans or pigs ) , and ( iii ) the fact that molecular techniques ( the only tool to distinguish the 3 taenia species ) are normally not employed in routine diagnostic methods , the 2 questions concerning t . asiatica ( its definite geographical distribution and its ability to cause human cysticercosis ) remain open , turning t . asiatica into the most neglected agent of human taeniasis - cysticercosis . these knowledge gaps should first be assessed before strategies of global taeniasis - cysticercosis elimination are implemented , since t . asiatica is not only a potential candidate to produce human cysticercosis but , as well , a modulating factor in the epidemiology of t . solium .\nwillingham al 3rd , engels d . control of taenia solium cysticercosis / taeniosis . adv parasitol . 2006 ; 61 : 509 - 66 .\nt . asiatica is a recently identified zoonotic human parasite causing intestinal taeniosis , which closely resembles t . saginata . although slight differences in morphology isslight differences in morphology are noted between the species , they cannot be used solely for the diagnosis and differentiation of species . hence , supplementation of serological and more promising molecular methods in addition to morphological study would help in differentiation of the species accurately . t . asiatica has been identified only from few regions of the world and introduction of diagnostic protocols in countries endemic to taenia can reveal the true prevalence of t . asiatica world - wide .\n19 . leon wu . taeniasis asiatica in the philippines . taeniasis / cysticercosis and echinococcosis international symposium and the 3rd congress of fap 2005 . 82 .\nleon wu . taeniasis asiatica in the philippines . taeniasis / cysticercosis and echinococcosis international symposium and the 3rd congress of fap 2005 ; p . 82 .\n( a ) homologous genes shared between t . asiatica and other tapeworms ( that is , t . saginata , t . solium , e . multicularis and h . microstoma ) . ( b ) gene block linkages between t . asiatica and t . saginata . the collinear gene blocks determined by mcscan between genome scaffolds ( > 1 mb ) represent 7 , 212 and 7 , 201 genes for t . asiatica and t . saginata , respectively .\nt . asiatica tapeworms range in size from 4 - 8 m , produce 700 proglottids / worm and may produce 80 , 000 eggs per proglottid .\njeon hk , chai jy , kong y , waikagul j , insisiengmay b , rim hj , eom ks : differential diagnosis of taenia asiatica using multiplex pcr . exp parasitol . 2009 , 121 : 151 - 156 . 10 . 1016 / j . exppara . 2008 . 10 . 014 .\n. . . human taeniasis results from intestinal infection with parasitic tapeworms of the genus taenia . the most common are taenia saginata and taenia solium , but another species , taenia saginata asiatica , has been relatively recently described ( fan , 1988 ; fan and chung , 1998 ; zarlenga , 1991 ) . whereas the first two species have a worldwide distribution , t . saginata asiatica has been reported primarily in taiwan , korea , thailand , indonesia , china , malaysia , and the philippines ( fan et al . , 1990 ; eom and rim , 1993 ; bowles and mcmanus , 1994 ; fan et al . , 1995 ; simanjuntak et al . , 1997 ; fan and chung , 1998 ; eom and rim , 2001 ; eom et al . , 2002 ) , with sporadic cases in other countries such as spain ( velez and camacho , 1997 ) . . . .\ntaenia asiatica has made a remarkable journey through the scientific literature of the past 50 years , starting with the paradoxical observation of high prevalences of t . saginata - like tapeworms in non - beef consuming populations , to the full description of its mitochondrial genome . experimental studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s have made it clear that the life cycle of t . asiatica is comparable to that of t . saginata , except for pigs being the preferential intermediate host and liver the preferential location of the cysts . whether or not t . asiatica can cause human cysticercosis , as is the case for taenia solium , remains unclear . given the specific conditions needed to complete its life cycle , in particular the consumption of raw or poorly cooked pig liver , the transmission of t . asiatica shows an important ethno - geographical association . so far , t . asiatica has been identified in taiwan , south korea , indonesia , the philippines , thailand , south - central china , vietnam , japan and nepal . especially this last observation indicates that its distribution is not restricted to south - east - asia , as was thought so far . indeed , the molecular tools developed over the last 20 years have made it increasingly possible to differentiate t . asiatica from other taeniids . such tools also indicated that t . asiatica is related more closely to t . saginata than to t . solium , feeding the debate on its taxonomic status as a separate species versus a subspecies of t . saginata . furthermore , the genetic diversity within t . asiatica appears to be very minimal , indicating that this parasite may be on the verge of extinction . however , recent studies have identified potential hybrids between t . asiatica and t . saginata , reopening the debate on the genetic diversity of t . asiatica and its status as a separate species .\ntaenia asiatica has made a remarkable journey through the scientific literature of the past 50 years , starting with the paradoxical observation of high prevalences of t . saginata - like tapeworms in non - beef consuming populations , to the full description of its mitochondrial genome . experimental studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s have made it clear that the life cycle of t . asiatica is comparable to that of t . saginata , except for pigs being the preferential intermediate host and liver the preferential location of the cysts . whether or not t . asiatica can cause human cysticercosis , as is the case for taenia solium , remains unclear . given the specific conditions needed to complete its life cycle , in particular the consumption of raw or poorly cooked pig liver , the transmission of t . asiatica shows an important ethno - geographical association . so far , t . asiatica has been identified in taiwan , south korea , indonesia , the philippines , thailand , south - central china , vietnam , japan and nepal . especially this last observation indicates that its distribution is not restricted to south - east - asia , as was thought so far . indeed , the molecular tools developed over the last 20 years have made it increasingly possible to differentiate t . asiatica from other taeniids . such tools also indicated that t . asiatica is related more closely to t . saginata than to t . solium , feeding the debate on its taxonomic status as a separate species versus a subspecies of t . saginata . furthermore , the genetic diversity within t . asiatica appears to be very minimal , indicating that this parasite may be on the verge of extinction . however , recent studies have identified potential hybrids between t . asiatica and t . saginata , reopening the debate on the genetic diversity of t . asiatica and its status as a separate species .\nan overview of the epidemiological , biological , and clinical studies of taenia and taeniasis in taiwan for the past century is presented . the phenomenal observations that led to the discovery of taenia asiatica as a new species , which differ from taenia solium and taenia saginata , are described . parasitological surveys of the aborigines in taiwan revealed a high prevalence of taeniasis , which might be due to the culture of eating raw liver of hunted wild boars . chemotherapeutic deworming trials involving many patients with taeniasis were discussed . praziquantel was found to be very effective , but sometimes complete worms could not be recovered from the feces after treatment , probably due to the dissolution of the proglottids . atabrine , despite some side effects , can still be used , in properly controlled dosages , as the drug of choice for human t . asiatica infection if we need to recover the expelled worms for morphological examinations . research results on the infection of t . asiatica eggs from taiwan aborigines in experimental animals were also noted . since the pig serve as the natural intermediate host of t . asiatica and the predilection site is the liver , a differential comparison of other parasitic pathogens that might cause apparently similar lesions is also presented .\nan overview of the epidemiological , biological , and clinical studies of taenia and taeniasis in taiwan for the past century is presented . the phenomenal observations that led to the discovery of taenia asiatica as a new species , which differ from taenia solium and taenia saginata , are described . parasitological surveys of the aborigines in taiwan revealed a high prevalence of taeniasis , which might be due to the culture of eating raw liver of hunted wild boars . chemotherapeutic deworming trials involving many patients with taeniasis were discussed . praziquantel was found to be very effective , but sometimes complete worms could not be recovered from the feces after treatment , probably due to the dissolution of the proglottids . atabrine , despite some side effects , can still be used , in properly controlled dosages , as the drug of choice for human t . asiatica infection if we need to recover the expelled worms for morphological examinations . research results on the infection of t . asiatica eggs from taiwan aborigines in experimental animals were also noted . since the pig serve as the natural intermediate host of t . asiatica and the predilection site is the liver , a differential comparison of other parasitic pathogens that might cause apparently similar lesions is also presented .\nfigure e : unstained taenia sp . egg , teased from a proglottid of an adult . four hooks can easily be seen in this image .\nhoberg ep . phylogeny of taenia : species definitions and origins of human parasites . parasitol int . 2006 ; 55 suppl : s23 - 30 .\nt . asiatica cysticerci show a clear liver tropism in pigs which indicates that t . asiatica may mainly cause hepatic cysticercosis in humans [ 27 ] . currently , there is no specific immunological method for t . asiatica cysticercosis , and , as already mentioned , t . asiatica cross - reacts even in the most specific serological test for t . solium cysticercosis . therefore , the application of serological approaches only can certainly not demonstrate whether t . asiatica is or is not involved in human cysticercosis cases . we have already suggested the use of liver ultrasonography to investigate the possible presence of cysticerci in patients harbouring t . saginata - like adults [ 28 ] . just as in pigs , only the molecular analysis of the extracted cysticerci could assess the species causing human cysticercosis .\nphylogenetic resolution for human taenia indicates independent origins for t . solium and t . asiatica + t . saginata . hence , although discovered only 20 years ago , it is estimated that the divergence of t . saginata and t . asiatica took place 0 . 78 - 1 . 71 mybp in africa or eurasia . [ 18 ] the biotic expansion from africa into eurasia may have resulted in isolation and later divergence of t . asiatica in asia . a total of eight extant boar species have been identified in south - east asia . this diversity of potential intermediate hosts in this area may have influenced the switch of intermediate host for t . asiatica from herbivore to swine . therefore , the association of t . asiatica with swine may have been established in asia following divergence of host populations that later expanded into europe , being consistent with a dominant distribution of this species in asian countries . [ 18 , 19 ]\n22 . chang sl , nonaka n , kamiya m , kanai y , ooi hk , chung wc , oku y . development of taenia saginata asiatica metacestodes in scid mice and its infectivity in human and alternative definitive hosts . parasitol res 2005 ; 96 : 95 - 101 . pmid : 15812671 .\ntaenia saginata , the beef tapeworm , and taenia solium , the pork tapeworm , are the most common tapeworms affecting humans . infection follows consumption of undercooked beef or pork containing cysts . t . saginata cysts may occur in other domestic bovines and a closely related asian species has been shown to infect pigs , ungulates and monkeys . t . solium cysts also occur in dogs and cats . a third species of human taenia , t . asiatica , which is also transmitted in pigs , has recently been described in asia where prevalence rates of up to 20 % have been documented among indonesian villagers .\nthe limited amount of genetic variation within t . asiatica has also been observed for other genes . indeed , sequence divergences of 0 . 1 to 2 . 1 % were found in t . asiatica hdp2 fragments [ 69 ] , while no divergence was found in the 18 kda gene sequence [ 91 ] .\nhuman taeniases had been not uncommon in the republic of korea ( = korea ) until the 1980s . the prevalence decreased and a national survey in 2004 revealed no taenia egg positive cases . however , a subsequent national survey in 2012 showed 0 . 04 % ( 10 cases ) prevalence of taenia spp . eggs suggesting its resurgence in korea . we recently encountered 4 cases of taenia saginata infection who had . . . [ show full abstract ]\nt . asiatica used to be called\ntaiwan taenia\n. two of our collection demonstrated this tapeworm also with analysis of cox1 sequencing ( table 1 ) [ 11 ] . taiwanese dr . p . c . fan made orchid island ( lanyu island ) very well known among cestodologists and parasitologists while he was pioneering the research works on taiwan taenia , as one of the endemic areas of the tapeworm as well as the mainland taiwan . this small island is a land of the yami tribe who moved from south - east asia via the philippines 2 hundred years ago . the natural intermediate host of t . asiatica was also confirmed in lanyu native pigs for the first time . yeh et al . [ 22 ] described that\nfood - borne parasitic zoonosis such as infections with angiostrongylus cantonensis , clonorchis sinensis , and t . saginata asiatica ( taenia asiatica ) are not rare , but the former is seasonal and the latter 2 are ethnically and geographically associated\n. t . saginata and t . solium are also prevalent in taiwan by consuming undercooked beef or pork .\nthe journey of taenia asiatica , as documented by scientific literature , started in taiwan in the late 1960s . several authors reported on the paradox of observing a high prevalence of taenia saginata - like tapeworms in the native aboriginal population living in mountainous areas of taiwan , while these populations restrained from beef consumption ( reviewed by [ 1 , 2 ] ) , and meat inspection for bovine cysticercosis had been negative for some time [ 3 ] . dr ping - chin fan , a taiwanese parasitologist , conducted various studies on this taiwan taenia in the late 1980s and early 1990s ( reviewed by [ 1 , 4 - 6 ] ) . through observational and experimental studies , he and his team observed the morphology and researched the epidemiology of the taiwan taenia , which diverged from that of t . saginata . this led fan to raise the possibility of the taiwan taenia being a new species [ 4 ] .\nunless multiplex pcr [ 20 ] or pcr - rflp [ 8 ] are used , any t . saginata - like gravid proglottids expelled by humans around the world could indeed be t . saginata or t . asiatica [ 10 ] , thus we propose that it should be named t . saginata / asiatica taeniasis .\nmayta h , talley a , gilman rh , jim\u00e9nez j , verastegui m , ruiz m , garcia hh , gonzalez ae : differentiating taenia solium and taenia saginata infections by simple hematoxylin - eosin staining and pcr - restriction enzyme analysis . j clin microbiol . 2000 , 38 : 133 - 137 .\nan adult taenia saginata , the beef tapeworm . the ruler at the bottom is about 11 . 5 centimeters ( 4 . 5 inches ) long .\nregarding taeniases in other asian countries , intestinal parasite control among primary school children have been performed in cambodia by korea association of health promotion and national center for parasitology , entomology , and malaria control since 2006 . taenia tapeworm eggs were collected from 21 taenia tapeworm carriers in koh kong inhabitants [ 23 ] . the taenia eggs were isolated from the stools and placed in dna sequencing and multiplex pcr for differentiated diagnosis . all of the 21 taenia specimens from koh kong in cambodia were identified as t . saginata ( n = 19 ) and t . solium ( n = 2 ) by cox1 sequencing and multiplex pcr ."]}
{"id": 932, "summary": [{"text": "bermuda land snails , scientific name poecilozonites , are an endemic genus of pulmonate land snail in the family gastrodontidae ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "scientists believe that poecilozonites colonised the mid-atlantic island of bermuda at least 300,000 years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "poecilozonites makes up 95 % of bermuda 's terrestrial fossils .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "only one other large pulmonate , succinea , has been found as a fossil . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "bermuda land snail", "paragraphs": ["for decades conservationists believed bermuda\u0092s endemic land snail , poecilozonites bermudensis , was extinct .\nquensen jf , iii , woodruff ds . associations between shell morphology and land crab predation in the land snail\nwada s , chiba s . the dual protection of a micro land snail against a micro predatory snail .\nan evolutionary microcosm : pleistocene and recent history of the land snail p . ( poecilozonites ) in bermuda\nmore information about the bermuda land snail project is available from london zoo\u2019s website at www . zsl . org .\nand an extraordinary sequence of events helped conservationists find what could be the last colony of bermuda\u0092s endemic land snail , poecilozonites bermudensis .\ngoodfriend ga . variation in land - snail shell form and size and its causes : a review .\nmoreno - rueda g . disruptive selection by predation offsets stabilizing selection on shell morphology in the land snail\nthe last recorded sighting of this endemic land snail was made in the early 1970s by stephen j gould .\nhoso m . cost of autotomy drives ontogenetic switching of anti - predator mechanisms under developmental constraints in a land snail .\nliew t - s , vermeulen jj , marzuki me , schilthuizen m . a cybertaxonomic revision of the micro land snail genus\nratios ) of land snail shells has been used for estimation of paleotemperatures . some potential uses of land snail shells for paleoenvironmental reconstruction include the study of stable isotopes of h and n , periodic growth lines , and deposits of pedogenic carbonates on the shells .\n* \u201cs\u201d , snail survived after experiment ; \u201cp\u201d , snail was preyed by atopos slug in the experiment .\nthe poecilozonites family contains at least four species of snail , all of which are endemic to bermuda .\nwednesday , april 25 : the bermuda land snail was teetering on the brink of extinction when a colony of 56 of the tiny creatures was sent to the zoological society of london in february 2004 .\nhoso m , hori m . divergent shell shape as an antipredator adaptation in tropical land snails .\nfringing reefs . where platforms are continuous with the shore , separated from land by shallow water .\na snail which conservationists thought was extinct has been found living in an alley in bermuda , it ' s been reported .\npoecilozonites bermudensis is a slightly larger snail than the species above , reaching about the size of a bermuda 5 cent coin .\ndrew pettit , director of conservation services said : \u201ca survey completed in 2012 could not find any wild population of this endemic snail in bermuda .\nfossil land snail shells constitute a valuable source of paleoenvironmental information for the quaternary . they can be dated by a variety of methods , including radiocarbon , amino acid racemization and epimerization , and perhaps also\n) . here , we argue that this iterative gigantism was the result of selection pressure from vertebrate predators that colonized and evolved during glacial periods when the land area of bermuda was at its maximum .\nbarrier reefs . further offshore , separated from land by wide , deep ( more than 10 meters or 30 feet ) water .\nmr lines is one of just a handful of residents who knows what this species of snail looks like because he has been involved in conservation studies in the past looking for the snail .\nthis critically endangered endemic species of bermudian land snail was almost eradicated from its mainland range due to several accidentally introduced predatory flat worm species and the predatory rosy wolf snail . zsl was asked by bermuda\u2019s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) to establish a secure breeding population of this species and to clarify that species life history and associated care requirements as part of the government\u2019s recovery programme for this species .\npoecilozonites circumfirmatus . an indigenous snail long thought extinct until re - discovered living in july 2002 by local college student alex lines , a bermuda aquarium museum and zoo intern . in the 1970s , harvard paleontology professor stephen jay gould found one and wrote\nan evolutionary microcosm : pleistocene and recent history of the land snail poecilozonites in bermuda . at one time years ago , they could be picked up by the bucketful to be ground up and burnt for lime and mortar . nowadays ,\nin 2014 the smithsonian institution declared this species of fish was endemic to bermuda .\nlondon zoo began a bermudian land snail programme in 2004 , to help protect what was thought to be the last remaining species , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , from extinction . the poecilozonites family was once so common in bermuda that they were burned for limestone , according to the bermuda sun . in 1951 , another of the island ' s native species , the bermuda petrel , was rediscovered . until then it was thought the seabird , also known as the cahow , had become extinct in the 1600s .\nthe adaptive significance of shell anti - predation traits is better known for marine snails than for land snails ( goodfriend , 1986 ; vermeij , 1993 ) . this does not mean that land snails are less likely to be preyed upon in terrestrial ecosystems as compared to the marine ecosystems . in fact , the terrestrial ecosystem is a hostile environment to land snails , who face a taxonomically wide range of predators ( barker , 2004 and reference therein ) . the fact that molluscs have diversified to become the second largest phylum on land after the arthropods ( bieler , 1992 ; brusca & brusca , 2003 ) , suggests that land snails have evolved successful adaptations to deal with predation , and the evolution of shell morphology is likely to have played an important part .\ndr outerbridge said : \u0093we have a canadian snail expert who is coming to bermuda in the new year to help us look at the potential sites where the poecilozonites bermudensis could be translocated .\nzsl london zoo maintains the only ex situ population of this species outside of bermuda .\n, domestic and wild ( once domesticated but let free by persons leaving bermuda ) .\ndr . lane said bermuda waters offer types of seaweed not found in the caribbean .\nin late 2013 the smithsonian in washington dc declared this species was endemic to bermuda .\nthe land snail shell is a single piece of coiled exoskeleton that consists of several layers of calcium carbonate . its basic ontogeny follows a straightforward accretionary growth . shell material is secreted by the mantle , which is located around the shell aperture , and is added to the existing aperture margin . despite this general shell ontogeny that produces the basic coiled shell of all land snails , there is a great diversity of shell forms .\nfurthermore , it was discovered that the population of another smaller endemic snail , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , was rapidly declining .\na first line of defence of the plectostoma snail against the atopos slug predation is the snail\u2019s resting behaviour . when the snail is resting or disturbed , it withdraws its soft body into the shell and adheres its shell aperture firmly to the substrate . we found that the attachment of the plectostoma shell aperture to the substrate may not be strong enough to resist manipulation by atopos . the slug could remove the snail from the resting position and then approach the shell aperture . hence , the resting behaviour of the snail is not an effective anti - predation trait against shell - apertural entry .\n) , predators may evolve new adaptations for processing shells to circumvent the responses of their prey , but on bermuda the cycle of escalation was broken by habitat loss and extinction of predators during interglacials owing to loss of land area and prime habitat . the major interglacial inundations of mis 11 , 9 , 5 and 1 are all associated with extinction events on bermuda (\nand esr . the vast majority of paleoenvironmental studies based on land snail shells have examined the faunal composition of fossil assemblages , from which a variety of paleoenvironmental characteristics such as biome , temperature , and moisture conditions have been reconstructed . still , there are a number of problems involved in using this approach and these are discussed . shell morphology has occasionally been used to reconstruct such factors as rainfall and temperature . stable isotope studies on quaternary land snails include : analysis of\nplatform margin reefs . found in really deep water surrounding the outer edge of the bermuda platform .\ndr . lane is a professor of biology at the university of rhode island and has been to bermuda many times . dr . schneider has been coming to bermuda since the 1970 ' s .\ngolden coral . stenopus scutellatus . rare in bermuda waters but seen by chris flook in 2003 .\nand steps are now being taken to protect the habitat and re - establish the uniquely bermudian small snail on the island .\nin the early 1600s , uninhabited bermuda once had its own turtles but they were eaten after 1609 by colonists . today , the shallow reefs and seagrass meadows of the bermuda platform provide foraging grounds for immature hawksbill ( eretmochelys imbricata ) and green turtles ( chelonia mydas ) . the bermuda turtle project ( btp ) continues today as a joint effort between the bermuda zoological society , the bermuda aquarium museum and zoo and the caribbean conservation corporation . the project\u2019s mission is to further the understanding of the biology of highly migratory , endangered marine turtles in order to promote their conservation both in bermuda and worldwide .\nplans are now afoot to begin bringing poecilozonites circumfirmatus back to bermuda to start the population up again .\nasian gecko ( hemidactylus frenatus ) . accidentally introduced to bermuda in 2011 or thereabouts in cargo imports .\nlast updated : july 9 , 2018 multi - national \u00a9 2018 by bermuda online . all rights reserved\nliew t - s , kok acm , schilthuizen m , urdy s . on growth and form of a heteromorphic terrestrial snail :\ndewitt tj , sih a , hucko ja . trait compensation and cospecialization in a freshwater snail : size , shape and antipredator behaviour .\na survey conducted in 1988 by two us scientists in bermuda could find no living trace of poecilozonites bermudensis .\nafforded a certain amount of protection under bermuda ' s protection of birds act 1975 . overall , only 23 birds breed in bermuda , but there are over 200 different types of migrant birds that visit every year .\nnews article on the re - discovery of p . bermudensis : ' extinct ' snail is found in city alleyway . royal gazette oct 2014\n' tales from the snail trail . . . slip sliding away ' by robbie smith in envirotalk volume 78 ( 3 ) fall 2010 .\nmr lines told the royal gazette : \u0093i was in the alleyway poking around and moving some flower pots when i noticed these snail shells .\n\u0093this is a unique genus of snail , found nowhere else in the world , and for years we have thought it has been extinct .\nas a result a lifeboat project was arranged and the much smaller snail was sent to london zoo where it has been saved from extinction .\nit is the surviving member of bermuda\u2019s only endemic animal genus . two related endemic species , p . bermudensis and p . reinianus are considered to have become extinct in the 20th century . a landmark survey of the island\u2019s snails , by drs . rudiger bieler and john slapcinsky in 1998 , revealed very sparse numbers of bermuda ' s endemic snail island - wide .\nmediterranean or turkish gecko ( hemidactylus turcicus ) . accidentally introduced to bermuda in 2011 or thereabouts in cargo imports .\nto sum up , plectostoma anti - predation traits might mainly act to delay the predator , which increases the time and energy requirement for atopos to complete predation . the resistance exhibited by the snail in response to shell - drilling by the slug cannot ensure the survival of the preyed snail . our results are in accordance with the general view that snail shells usually cannot resist drilling by their predators ( vermeij , 1982 ) .\n) than in those morphs . no representative fauna from mis 10 is yet known so we do not know if larger land birds colonized and evolved during that period , but a very different predator , the tortoise\nyellow crowned night herons ( nyctanassa violacea ) , once brought in to keep down the land crab population , were re - established from 46 birds imported from florida in the 1970s . they are now native .\n\u0093but because my son had been so heavily involved with efforts to find this snail i had a good idea of what i was looking at . \u0094\nconsidered a highly prized food in the caribbean , in stew pots , but not eaten in bermuda . it is fortunate that one of its foods in the caribbean , the poisonous fruit of the manchineel tree , does not grow in bermuda .\nonce a lot more numerous than now . until the 1950s , bermuda had bermuda cedar trees galore , which cicadas loved . the sound of the cicada love song , amorous adult males to females , was for many years in bermuda the loudest and most wonderful insect song at night . bermudians referred to cicadas fondly as\nhummers .\nsome species of cicadas then known in bermuda registered over 100 decibels when singing . sadly , when most of the bermuda cedar trees were killed of by a blight in the 1950s , the cicadas that made the nights so uniquely magical and romantic in sound also largely disappeared .\nnewly discovered ( 2008 ) botryocladia flookii seaweed , a type of seaweed that had never before been studied or catalogued , was named after chris flook , the collector of specimens and the bermuda lionfish project coordinator for the bermuda aquarium museum and zoo .\nwell , it turned out that the government felt these snails were too common and may affect crops , so several predatory species of snails were introduced to the island , as well as an edible species . within just 2 decades , the bermuda land snail was nearly wiped out , and the new species dominated . currently , it is believed that three species of snails have gone completely extinct , and only one remains , poecilozontes circumfirmatus , which is now an endangered species , and may also be extinct soon .\nthe genus poecilozonites contains at least 4 species of snails , all of which are endemic to bermuda . two of them , poecilozonites nelsoni and poecilozonites reinianus are extinct . the two surviving species are poecilozonites circumfirmatus and poecilozonites bermudensis , which are rare in bermuda .\npartners : government of bermuda\u2019s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) and the bermudian aquarium , museum and zoo ( bamz ) .\nsnakes . absolutely illegal . conservationists have warned of the disastrous consequences snakes could have on bermuda\u2019s wildlife after a species of kingsnake was captured in july 2016 in sandys . the latest snake capture is believed to be the third in four years and comes after a black racer was picked up on the tucker\u2019s point golf club in 2013 was likely brought in accidentally in a visitor\u2019s golf bag . bermuda\u2019s wildlife has been innocent of snake predation . the consequences would be like having a lionfish on land .\nthere are many types of sea fish , all similar to what are found off florida and in the caribbean , but none are indigenous to bermuda . there are also blackish pond fish , killifish ( see below ) , several of which are unique to bermuda .\nzsl has successfully bred , clarified the life history and developed husbandry guidelines for this species and following liaison with the bermuda\u2019s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) , 200 snails were returned to bermuda , to establish an ex situ population at the bermuda aquarium zoo and aquarium as a prelude to field releases . we are collaborating with bdcs on the revision of the species recovery programme for this species .\ntemperature , humidity and rainfall patterns would have fluctuated to some degree between glacial and interglacial periods , but the effects of most of those variables on shell evolution in land snails are often ambiguous ( goodfriend 1986 ) . we rejected gould ' s ( 1969 ) hypothesis that reduced availability of calcium carbonate during glacial periods was a limiting factor in snail evolution on bermuda based on several different lines of evidence ( olson & hearty 2007 ) . therefore , we consider that predation was the factor most likely to have been selecting for gigantism in poecilozonites .\nmarch 9 . for decades , bermuda has been the site of a fierce \u2014 if tiny \u2014 war between rival species of ant .\nonly in all the islands of bermuda , the islands of the bahamas including harbour island and at least five places in scotland is the sand pink , but not because of the warm water corals . it is untrue to say that bermuda ' s beaches have coarser sand . in fact , the sand in bermuda is exceptionally fine . bermuda ' s coral reefs , from where the forams come , are in better condition than many bahamas reefs . many caribbean reefs have the disease known as ybd . by comparison , there has been only one recorded case of ybd in bermuda recently . local coral diseases are mostly bbd , less infected , the majority of them brain corals .\nlike in marine predator - snail interactions , where predators tend to drill a hole at less - ornamented positions of the prey shell ( kelley & hansen , 2003 ) we may expect atopos to drill its holes preferentially between shell ribs , rather than through them . conversely , if snail shell ribs are adaptive traits in the context of the slug\u2019s shell - drilling behaviour , we would expect the snail shell to have evolved more densely - placed , thicker , and more protruded ribs to defend themselves against shell drilling predators .\nhe added : \u0093it\u0092s certainly lucky because i\u0092m probably one of only five people in bermuda that would have known what they were looking at .\n\u0093he came down here as a deckhand on a ship originally and was fascinated by the evolution that had happened to these snails in bermuda .\none particularly interesting live shell is the atlantic trumpet triton found in local waters . a bermuda 40c stamp was issued to note it in philately\n\u0093dr gould put it down to the introduction of predatorial snails that were deliberately brought to bermuda to control the edible garden snail \u0097 another introduction that was proving a pest . one of the sad sides to this story is that dr gould is not alive now to hear that this animal still remains in the wild .\nmanipulation of carcasses of modern birds with analogues in the fossil record of bermuda to show potential swallowing ability of shells of poecilozonites . ( a ) clapper rail rallus longirostris with shell of poecilozonites zonatus ( zona ) nearly at the point of ingestion . ( b ) black duck anas rubripes ditto . ( c ) whooping crane grus americana , a species larger than the extinct endemic crane of bermuda , with shell of poecilozonites nelsoni ( nel4 ) . the very large size of the snail would not have permitted intact ingestion by any bird known from the quaternary of bermuda . scale bar , 2 cm .\ninterestingly enough , i have recently discovered that land snails were also a favorite topic of my great great grandfather , olof p . nylander . olof was swedish immigrant , who became a well known naturalist in northern maine , and later founded the nylander museum in caribou , maine , which is still in existence today . in fact , he also studied and had a group of land snails named after him \u2014 the vertigo nylanderis . new species are still discovered all the time , and old species once thought extinct can sometimes pop up where you least expect it . it is thought that one extinct group of bermuda land snails may have been recently found , though it\u2019s not verified yet . so , be sure to get out there and look on the ground , in the plants , and keep exploring \u2013 there is a possibility you can make another big find , or have a species named after you too .\nthey fly over the sea but return to bermuda to begin courtship activities in late october . they mate for life and produce only one egg each year . the female lays a single white egg in january and in early march a chick covered in dense grey down emerges . young chicks leave bermuda in late may or early june and spend their first eight years of life on the open ocean before returning as adults to breed . like most petrels , cahows are nocturnal and land only to breed . they nest in a soil burrow the bird excavates .\nand his son , alex , was heavily involved in helping to save a very similar but smaller snail , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , from extinction through a lifeboat project with the london zoo .\nschilthuizen m , van til a , salverda m , liew t - s , james ss , elahan bb , vermeulen jj . microgeographic evolution of snail shell shape and predator behavior .\nargopecten gibbus . the atlantic calico scallop is a species of medium - sized edible saltwater clam , specifically a scallop , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family pectinidae . sometimes known as zigzag scallops , featured on a recent 45 cent bermuda stamp , once reared in harrington sound , in a bermuda government project . they have been a protected species since 1978 in bermuda but are eaten readily in other places such as florida where they are common .\nintroduced in the 1950s . an invasive which feeds on the fruits of the hugely invasive indian laurel tree and spreads even more invasive seeds throughout bermuda .\n) . in this situation , the slug uses shell - drilling to make a new opening directly on the part of the shell whorls where the snail is hiding ( e . g . ,\nspecies recovery plans have been developed for several of bermuda ' s protected species . these plans outline the actions necessary to recovery and protect a specific listed species .\nbulletin of marine science . bermuda natural history museum . the issue prior to july 14 , 2000 had an inventory by dr . wolfgang sterrer on the number of species ( at least 8 , 299 ) of flora and fauna then in bermuda , of which 4 , 597 are marine and 3 , 702 are terrestrial .\nthis species was almost eradicated from its mainland range due to several accidentally introduced predatory flat worm species and the predatory rosy wolf snail . zsl was asked by bermuda\u2019s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) to establish a secure breeding population of this species and to clarify that species life history and associated care requirements as part of the government\u2019s recovery programme for this species .\nanagenetic procession of snails ( subgenus poecilozonites ) and their predators on bermuda during the mid to late quaternary stratigraphic order . green on the left shows relative percentage of exposed land area of the bermuda platform , with known vertebrate predators being associated with glacial lowstand periods . the central column shows the morphotypes of poecilozonites associated with glacial and interglacial cycles ( after hearty & olson in press ) . the right column identifies mis events and various sea - level cycles during the quaternary . gigantism is expressed in glacial - age snails when vertebrate predators are present . the predators became extinct through reduction in habitat with interglacial flooding of the platform .\nbut when he returned to bermuda in the early 1990s their numbers appeared to have taken a dramatic plunge , to the point that he could no longer find one .\ncardisoma guanhumi . an illusive and rare species in bermuda . the female can be nearly a foot long in width . one this size was caught in october 2001 .\nodontomachus insularis . an indigenous ant long thought extinct until re - discovered living in july 2002 by local college student alex lines , a bermuda aquarium museum and zoo intern .\nits habitat in bermuda ( where it has been seen in the mangrove swamp area of hungry bay , paget , is somewhat different to that of say , northern florida .\n) , is known from the same basal mis 9 sediments as call . the only period when such a tortoise could have colonized and evolved on bermuda was during mis 10 (\nnot to be confused with scallops , these were once reared in harrington sound , in a bermuda government project . a protected species since 1978 . they are under the sand .\nonce , particularly when bermuda cedar trees were common ( until the 1950s ) , there were other spiders including very small black and white ones with a hard shell . the silk spider\npresent in bermuda . ( aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus - including those potentially liable to catch west nile virus ) and which caused outbreaks of dengue fever in bermuda in the 1940s . but roofs are not sprayed for fear of what the spray or fogging could do to harm drinking water and roof catchments . instead , other parts of the home and gardens are .\ncopyright \u00a9 2005 - 2018 bermuda sun ltd . all rights reserved . for more information see our terms of service . software copyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 1up ! software , all rights reserved\nbermuda is a sanctuary for whales - humpback , blue , northern - and dolphins in its 200 mile exclusive economic zone under the fisheries ( protected species ) order of the fisheries act .\nthe largest and most complete collection of bermuda shells to be found anywhere in the world was donated in october 2001 to the natural history museum at the bermuda aquarium , museum and zoo . they were collected by retired banker jack lightbourn and his late colleague and friend arthur guest since 1965 . there are about 7 , 700 species in all in the collection , with several endemic .\nthree species have been recorded in bermuda , hippocampus reidi ; hippocampus erectus ; and hippocampus zosterae . not endemic , now endangered or vulnerable , on the world conservation red list of threatened animals .\nwithout knowing it beforehand , with the kiskadees bermuda allowed in a veritable bird gang of terrorists . those 200 original yellow - breasted kiskadees have become the prolific and noisy mafioso of bermuda ' s bird lands , trees , shrubs and telephone wires - and a major threat to the lives , feeding and nesting habits of bermuda ' s beautiful bluebirds and other birds as well as to soft - skinned local fruit , crabs , fish and other choice edibles . also , they were the major reason for the extinction of the endemic cicada ( known locally as singers ) by the late 1990s .\npunctuated equilibrium is a theory that says animals evolve rapidly in new environments . it\u2019s similar to the work of charles darwin ( and of course 1800\u2032s british paleontologist mary anning , who did not receive much credit for her work , described in thl\u2019s the furious case of the fraudulent fossil - link below ) , which states that animals will adapt to new conditions , based on random mutations . however , stephen jay gould believed that it could occur in much faster spurts , in geologically speaking , very short periods of time . there were periods in time , when there were large numbers of species evolving , and they were generally times after something catastrophic or significant happened . that\u2019s why you can find 15 species of bermuda land snail fossils in a relatively short geological timeframe of only a few hundred thousand years .\nhe noted that no original research had been done on the subject in more than 50 years which is why he and dr . schneider are working on cataloguing bermuda ' s various types of seaweed .\nthe bermuda cicada ( tibicen bermudiana ) , a big , black , noisy , buzzing beetle called a singer because of its distinctive buzzing - almost completely disappeared , first after the blight of cedar trees in the 1940s and 1950s and also because the kiskadee flycatcher ( see below ) fancied cicadas as food . the cicada is featured on a 1990 bermuda collector ' s coin . there are cicadas elsewhere .\narca zebra . bermuda ' s turkey - wing shaped mussels . these attractive brown and white striped shells get their name because they are shaped somewhat like a turkey wing . they are the most abundant bivalve in bermuda\u2019s waters , and are most commonly sourced in harrington sound . these animals are found along the east coast of the united states from north carolina to florida , through the caribbean and as far south as venezuela . turkey - wing mussels grow slowly to a maximum size of approximately 80 mm , and are thought to reach 10 years old ! they are the principal ingredients in a traditional bermuda mussel pie .\nthe lifeboat project was a last - ditch effort to save the species that was being driven to extinction by the introduction of the predatory snail , euglandina rosea , and argentine ants . the conservation effort to save the snails has proved to be a success .\nback when dr . gould was a young student in the late 1950\u2032s , he was a deckhand for the woods hole oceanographic institute , based in massachusetts , which ended up taking him on a research trip to bermuda . he had already done some studies on gastropods ( snails and related creatures ) , and noticed various living and fossilized snails while he was there . it turned out at that time there was a single very abundant species of snail , poecilozontes bermudensis , which could be found all over the island ( there were also other species too , including p . nelsoni and p . renianus ) . this snail was so ubiquitous , that the they were sometimes collected and burned just for their lime ( cac03 ) .\ntwo species , eleutherodactylus johnstonei and eleutherodactylus gossei ( first is shown in 1979 bermuda postage stamp graphic here ) sing loudly at night . they are one of the most characteristic night sounds of bermuda between april and november . they are not indigenous - both were introduced accidentally sometime prior to 1880 , most likely on orchids imported from the lesser antilles . they can be found elsewhere in temperate and sub - tropical regions .\nwhen a plectostoma snail withdraws into its shell , part of the lower shell whorls are left vacant . we named this vacant part the \u2018predatory path\u2019 , located between shell aperture and soft - body withdrawal terminal point ( i . e . , between the endpoint of the shell whorls and the withdrawn snail\u2019s operculum ) . in shell - apertural entry predation events , the predator\u2019s feeding apparatus would need to pass through the predatory path to reach the snail that is withdrawn deeply into the shell . hence , success of a predation event would depend on the interplay between the morphometrics of both the prey\u2019s predatory path and the predator\u2019s feeding apparatus . in this section , we quantified these morphometrics . because both prey and predator traits vary throughout their growth , we assessed variability of these morphometrics at several different growth stages .\nmany of the shell traits of land snails ( e . g . , whorl number and size , shell periphery form , umbilicus , shell coiling direction , aperture shape and size , and shell shape , thickness and size ) are adaptive responses to abiotic ecological factors ; by contrast , very few traits , viz . aperture shape and size , shell size , and shell wall thickness , are known to offer a selective advantage when faced with predation ( goodfriend , 1986 ) . since goodfriend \u2019s ( 1986 ) review , few additional studies have shown the adaptive significance of land snail shell traits under predation pressure , namely , aperture form ( gittenberger , 1996 ; quensen & woodruff , 1997 ; konumu & chiba , 2007 ; hoso & hori , 2008 ; hoso , 2012 ; wada & chiba , 2013 ) ; shell form ( quensen & woodruff , 1997 ; schilthuizen et al . , 2006 ; moreno - rueda , 2009 ; olson & hearty , 2010 ) ; shell ribs ( quensen & woodruff , 1997 ) ; and shell coiling direction ( hoso et al . , 2010 ) .\nbeautiful but potentially deadly poisonous fish . it found its way to bermuda from the pacific in 2001 and was reported in a local newspaper on december 28 , 2001 when one was caught off a local beach . it is about 12 inches long and was introduced to the atlantic . there have since been many sightings on bermuda beaches . there are lots of different species . if you get one in your swim suit , you will be stung badly .\n) . although we did not experimentally test the anti - predation role of shell thickness , we suggest that a thicker shell may not fully protect the snail from shell - drilling by the slug , because we find drill holes on the shells regardless of their shell thickness . nevertheless ,\nwe thank wolfgang sterrer and lisa green , bermuda aquarium , museum and zoo ( bamz ) for supporting our research and david b . wingate and frederick v . grady for assistance in the field . r\u00fcdiger bieler , joachim gerber , gustav paulay , gary rosenberg and geraat vermeij commented on various drafts . brian k . schmidt assisted with graphics preparation . louise roth suggested useful references . this is contribution no . 141 of the bermuda biodiversity project of the bamz .\n, scientists have recorded conflict between two invasive ant species \u2014 the african big - headed ant and the argentine ant \u2014 for more than 60 years as they battle for dominance in bermuda . while the african big - headed ant (\nbermuda ' s new protected species act 2003 became law on 1st march 2004 . endemic animals are shown below by name and description . except for birds , no prior legislation existed . the new act called for a proactive approach to the protection of local species threatened with extinction , and their habitats . protected species include 27 plants , birds , animals and marine organisms , plus 21 cave organisms , as threatened and ' listed ' according to international criteria . recovery plans for the other species include the bermuda cedar , palmetto and yellowwood , plus fern and flowering plant species . wildlife includes the cahow , longtail , white - eyed vireo , skink , turtles , whales , a species of snail , the tiny cave shrimp and other crustaceans . the bermuda protected species act 2003 allows for the listing of threatened species and recovery plans for active intervention , in order to enhance population levels . the protected species recovery plan project is funded by the uk overseas territory environmental programme ( otep ) .\nin sea fish , wahoo and yellowfin tuna are two of the most important species . they are also an important component of the offshore recreational fishery . traditionally caught during their spring and fall\nruns\n, these species pass by bermuda during annual migrations that take them throughout the central atlantic , although small individuals may remain in the area through the summer . it is thought that the bermuda seamount is an important feeding stop for these species during their long migratory journeys .\n, specimens deposited in bor 5656 ) . then , in the field , we disturbed each snail with forceps so that the animal withdrew into the shell . immediately after that , the snail was killed with and preserved in 70 % ethanol . after arriving in the laboratory , we photographed each specimen to record the withdrawal position of the animal in its translucent shell . then , we obtained 3d models ( ply format ) of these shells , based on the x - ray microtomography ( \u00b5ct ) technique as described in test 1 ( b ) , using ct analyser 1 . 12 ( \u00a9skyscan ) .\nattack by shell - apertural entry ( i . e . , predatory path distance > proboscis length & whorl radius of curvature < proboscis diameter ) . the insets show the simulation of interaction between slug proboscis and snail predatory path at three growth stages , namely , a , f and l ( see\nthe species of bermudian land snail , known as poecilozonites bermudensis , hadn ' t been seen on the island for more than 40 years . but now a colony of the creatures has been found flourishing in a\ndamp and overgrown alleyway\nin the capital city , hamilton , by a local resident , the royal gazette website reports .\nfor it to be found in hamilton is unbelievable . it ' s the last place you would imagine that a small colony of rare snails would be discovered ,\nsays dr mark outerbridge of the government ' s conservation service . it ' s thought that by choosing a concrete home , the snails were protected from the predators that wiped out the rest of their population , dr outerbridge says .\nafter the snail has been captured , the slug would attempt to reach the soft body by inserting its proboscis into the prey shell via the shell aperture ( e . g . , heude , 1882\u20131890 ; kurozumi , 1985 ; wu et al . , 2006 ; tan & chan , 2009 ) . the slug is more likely to succeed by shell - apertural entry when the prey is not yet fully - grown ( test 2c ) . all other things being equal , when using the shell - apertural entry strategy , the slug would prefer to attack immature prey over prey with a fully - grown shell ( test 2a ) . if the slug can reach the deeply - withdrawn body of the snail ( lying immediately behind the operculum ) it would be able to consume it entirely ( test 2a ) . the slug may take more than three hours to attack and consume a juvenile snail by shell - apertural entry ( test 2a ) .\nare correlated with drastic changes in island area and environmental conditions caused by eustatic sea - level changes during the pleistocene . during glacial periods , sea levels fall below the level of the bermuda platform creating a large island with an area of > 650 km\nit is worth noting that lampyridae beetle larvae also use shell - apertural entry to attack plectostoma snails . hence , the anti - predation properties of the snail tuba against atopos attack might similarly defend against the lampyrid larvae . in addition to the increased predatory path as anti - predation property , it is possible that the twisted vacant tuba whorls also help obstruct the insertion of the feeding apparatus of the slug and beetle larva if these are not flexible enough to pass through the twists of the tuba . in short , this second line of defence posed by the snail tuba could force predators to use an alternative , more costly , predatory strategy .\nvery important to the marine ecosystem . they link mangrove communities to coral reefs . the four species in bermuda are thalassia testudinum ( turtle grass ) ; syringodium ( manatee grass ) ; halodule wrightii ( shoal grass , common ) and halophila decipiens ( rare ) .\nthey usually stay beyond - not inside - the reefs but bermuda ' s history records several deaths by swimmers in the 1900s . unlike in britain , they are not protected . when caught locally , their liver often becomes shark oil in home - made barometers .\nmegachile spp . extremely rare in bermuda , known to inhabit nonsuch island . a native of the western usa . in bermuda , most are approximately the size of the common honeybee , although they are somewhat darker with light bands on the abdomen . they also have different habits . leafcutter bees are not aggressive and sting only when handled . their sting is very mild , much less painful than that of honeybees or yellow jacket wasps . leafcutter bees are solitary bees , meaning that they don ' t produce colonies as do social insects .\nvireo griseus bermudianus . known to bermudians as chick of the village in imitation of its cheery song which is sung throughout the year . an endemic sub - species characterized by shorter wings and duller plumage compared to its american first cousin . an insect - eating bird of the forest canopy , it was originally associated with bermuda\u2019s once - large , long - gone cedar and palmetto forest . the almost total destruction of the bermuda cedar tree in the 1940s and 1950s by accidentally introduced insect pests nearly caused its extinction , but it has recovered .\npredator\u2013prey interactions are among the main ecological interactions that shape the diversity of biological form . in many cases , the evolution of the mollusc shell form is presumably driven by predation . however , the adaptive significance of several uncommon , yet striking , shell traits of land snails are still poorly known . these include the distorted coiled \u201ctuba\u201d and the protruded radial ribs that can be found in micro - landsnails of the genus plectostoma . here , we experimentally tested whether these shell traits may act as defensive adaptations against predators . we characterised and quantified the possible anti - predation behaviour and shell traits of plectostoma snails both in terms of their properties and efficiencies in defending against the atopos slug predatory strategies , namely , shell - apertural entry and shell - drilling . the results showed that atopos slugs would first attack the snail by shell - apertural entry , and , should this fail , shift to the energetically more costly shell - drilling strategy . we found that the shell tuba of plectostoma snails is an effective defensive trait against shell - apertural entry attack . none of the snail traits , such as resting behaviour , shell thickness , shell tuba shape , shell rib density and intensity can fully protect the snail from the slug\u2019s shell - drilling attack . however , these traits could increase the predation costs to the slug . further analysis on the shell traits revealed that the lack of effectiveness in these anti - predation shell traits may be caused by a functional trade - off between shell traits under selection of two different predatory strategies .\na recently discovered fossil land tortoise ( testudines : testudinidae ) is described from the pleistocene of bermuda . its morphology is sufficiently well preserved to allow assignment to the extinct north american genus hesperotestudo . however , several features of this tortoise are unique and it is named hesperotestudo bermudae sp . nov . a review of the phylogenetic relationships of the better known genera of the testudinidae suggests that the affinities of hesperotestudo lie with other north american tortoises ( gopherus ) and not with geochelone or other testudinines ; thus , hesperotestudo is reassigned to the xerobatinae . this is at least the fifth documentation of a testudinid dispersing over open ocean to an oceanic island ( the first for hesperotestudo ) and it corroborates the hypothesis that members of this family are well suited to over - water dispersal .\nthere , it usually includes glass worts ( salicornia sp . ) , salt meadow hay ( spartina alterniflora ) , sweet bay , ( magnolia virginiana ) , youpon ( ilex vomitoria ) , fiddler crabs ( uca sp ) , and an occasional raccoon ( not present in bermuda ) .\nwhen a plectostoma snail is resting or is disturbed , it withdraws its soft body into the shell and adheres its shell aperture to the substrate . thus , when the snail is in this position , its aperture is not accessible to the slug , and for the slug to access the shell aperture , it would need to remove the shell from the substrate . in this test , the ability of the slug to manipulate the adherent prey shell was inferred by examining the drill hole location of the specimens used in test 1 ( b ) . we predict that the sector of the shell facing the substrate is less susceptible to drilling by the slug if it is unable remove the adherent prey shell from the substrate .\nbermuda rock lizard ( skink ) . eumeces longirostris . it is bermuda ' s only endemic , non - flying , non - swimming terrestrial vertebrate . it was described as unique to bermuda in 1860 by p . h . pope , the smithsonian herpetologist . its fossil bones , dating back 300 , 000 years or more , have been found in local limestone caves . now quite rare in most parishes , largely restricted to pockets of coast and isolated islands . an adult can grow up to seven inches long . sometimes referred to as the somerset or warwick lizard . it is a protected endangered species . it is quite different to those imported from the caribbean . people from scotland who are familiar with the national dish called cullen skink can rest assured that they are not eating a rock lizard or any other kind of skink of the type mentioned above or below .\nsialia sialis . native . once very common , it nested in hollows of cedar trees , on coastal cliffs and even under eaves of houses . as a cavity nester , it became especially vulnerable to nest site competition from the english house sparrow . with the bermuda cedar spoilage in the 1950s and its repercussions , the population declined by more than 80 % . an artificial wooden nest book program was introduced which has had limited success , but still a firm favorite among many bermudians and other residents . loves concrete bird baths with lots of water and can splash around in them for ages . this bermuda postage stamp honors them .\nbermuda does not have alligators , badgers , buffalo , chipmunks , crocodiles , deer , ferrets , giraffes , hedgehogs , lions , moles , mongooses , moose , raccoons , skunks , snakes , squirrels , stoats , tigers , weasels or zebras . a recent attempt to bring in skunks for domestic purposes was defeated .\n) . however , the operculum that had withdrawn together with the soft body into the shell remains intact and has been moved to the outside of the shell ( test 2a ) . we did not observe how the slug extracts the soft body from the shell , but we suppose the slug may secrete digestive fluid to dissolve the snail\u2019s tissues and then ingesting this with its proboscis , like other rathouisiidae (\nhere , we attempt to reconstruct the predatory strategies of one of the predators , the atopos slug , against the plectostoma snail and try to empirically unravel any anti - predation function of the unusual plectostoma shell traits through a series of experiments , and direct and indirect observations ( hereafter known as \u201ctests\u201d ) . we examined the effectiveness of several plectostoma shell traits , namely , ( 1 ) ribs on shell surface ; ( 2 ) shell whorl thickness ; ( 3 ) shell tuba ; and ( 4 ) snail resting behaviour . these three shell traits and one behavioural trait were selected because these are known in other snail taxa for having antipredation properties against shell - apertural entry and shell - drilling behaviour by other predators ( see overview in goodfriend , 1986 ; vermeij , 1993 ) . we examined the effectiveness of the first three shell traits of plectostoma against atopos slug shell - drilling ( test 1 ) ; and the effectiveness of the last two traits of plectostoma against atopos slug shell - apertural entry ( test 2 ) . additionally , we investigate possible constraints in the development of anti - predation shell traits . finally , we discuss the results of this study in the context of predator\u2013prey interactions and shell - trait evolution in general .\npterodroma cahow . a native , it was once prolific but consumed with gusto by early colonists . it was considered extinct until quite recently . it is rare and protected . it is believed to have been in bermuda for 300 , 000 years . heard only during the winter months , the cahow earned its christmas bird name from mariners who became involuntary early temporary colonists after their ships going elsewhere were damaged on the reefs . it is said that they were so frightened by the nocturnal cries of this once abundant bird that they referred to bermuda as the isles of devils . when the first settlers arrived in 1609 and 1612 , it is believed there were half a million cahows ."]}
{"id": 933, "summary": [{"text": "coralloconchus is a genus of cornulitid tubeworms with small , slender , irregularly curved conical tubes with slowly increasing diameter .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "tubes have thin walls and a smooth lumen .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "tube wall has a lamellar microstructure .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "tubes are devoid of septa and vesicles in the adult part and are not spirally coiled . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "coralloconchus", "paragraphs": ["coralloconchus is a genus of cornulitid tubeworms with small , slender , irregularlycurved conical tubes with slowly increasing diameter .\ntwo endosymbionts , chaetosalpinx sibiriensis and coralloconchus bragensis , occur in silurian tabulate corals of podolia . the endosymbiotic worms responsible for c . sibiriensis bioclaustrations in tabulates are found only in certain species : paleofavosites cf . collatatus , heliolites sp . a , heliolites sp . b , heliolites sp . c , favosites gothlandicus , favosites sp . a . one to six c . . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . the hitherto earliest known cornulitid endobiotic symbionts are found in hirnantian tabulates of north america ( dixon , 2010 ) . prior to this work the earliest known endobiotic cornulitids from baltica were silurian ( sheinwoodian ) cornulites stromatoporoides from estonia ( vinn and wilson , 2010 ) and coralloconchus bragensis from the ludlow of podolia ( ukraine ) ( vinn and m\u00f5tus , 2008 ) . cornulitids are a group of problematic palaeozoic tubicolous fossils known from the middle ordovician to late carboniferous . . . .\n. . . as a result of this interaction , a cavity is produced within the host skeleton in which the endosymbiont lives ( tapanila 2005 ) . three species of endosymbiotic worms , chaetosalpinx ferganensis sokolov , 1948 , chaetosalpinx sibiriensis sokolov , 1948 ( = camptosalpinx estonicus klaamann , 1958 ) , and coralloconchus bragensis vinn & m\u00f5tus , 2008 , are known in the silurian tabulate corals of baltica ( tapanila 2005 ; vinn & m\u00f5tus 2008 ) . chaetosalpinx sibiriensis has hitherto been reported from parafavosites germana ( wenlock , ne russia , sokolov 1948 ) and paleofavosites balticus ( llandovery , estonia , klaamann 1958 ) . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . richards ( 1974 ) studied the evolution of cornulitid ecology and distinguished four adaptive types among cornulitids : solitary commensal , gregarious commensal , unattached , and parasitic forms . endosymbiotic cornulitids were later discovered in tabulate corals and stromatoporoids from the silurian of podolia ( vinn and m\u00f5tus , 2008 ) . cornulitids were probably filter - feeding animals , and their paleoecology is relatively well studied ( fisher , 1962 ; hoare and steller , 1967 ; schumann , 1967 ; morris and rollins , 1971 ; richards , 1974 ; kesling and chilman , 1975 ; sparks et al . , 1980 ; morris and felton , 1993 ; holland et al . , 2001 ; morris and felton , 2003 ) . . . .\n. . . secondarily free - living forms occurred among problematic tubeworms ( e . g . , cornulites [ 37 ] , probably also tentaculitids [ 28 ] ) and among calcareous polychaetes ( e . g . , ditrupa [ 38 ] ; rotularia , glomerula [ 39 ] ) . endosymbiotic forms evolved among problematic tube - worms [ 28 ] , e . g . , in silurian cornulitids [ 40 ] , devonian trypanoporids [ 41 ] , and jurassic to recent polychaete ser - pulids [ 30 ] . reef - forming gregarious forms occurred among prob - lematic tubeworms [ 40 ] , e . g . , in the ordovician tymbochoos , devonian to carboniferous microconchids [ 42 ] , upper triassic to recent polychaete serpulids [ 5 ] , and oligocene to recent polychaete cirratulids [ 25 ] . . . .\n. . . if the coral endobiont streptindytes is a derived anticalyptraea , it is possible that predation pressure may have led their evolution from encrusting life style to more protected endobiotic one . similarly , in cornulitids predation pressure may have led to evolution of defensive morphologies and an endobiotic life style ( vinn & m\u00f5tus , 2008 ; vinn , , 2010 ; vinn & wilson , 2010a ) . there are just few palaeoecological studies on the skeletal benthos from the pridoli of saaremaa . . . .\n. . . the group has the best fossil record among all annelids . the earliest undisputable records of serpulids belong to the middle triassic , while earlier palaeozoic records of the serpulids belong to various groups of problematic tubeworms ( burchette & riding , 1977 ; weedon , 1994 ; vinn & mutvei , 2005 , 2009 vinn , 2006 vinn , , 2010 vinn & isakar , 2007 ; vinn & m\u00f5tus , 2008 ) . the tubes of serpulids have a relatively simple external macromorphology . . . .\n. . . 3 ) selective endosymbionts ( ordovician to carboniferous ) ( fig . 5 ) . cornulitids in tabulate corals and stromatoporoids ( hirnantian to ludlow ) ( vinn and m\u00f5tus , 2008 , vinn and wilson , in press , dixon , 2010 ) . trypanoporids ( torquaysalpinx ) in corals and calcareous sponges ( givetian to eifelian , devonian ) ( tapanila , 2005 ) . . . .\n. . . fig . 3b ) . strategy in the evolution of encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms ( vinn and m\u00f5tus , 2008 ; vinn , 2009 ; vinn and mutvei , 2009 ) . earliest selective endosymbionts probably evolved from a not distorting symbiotic solitary encrusters via additional specialization . . . .\nperform interdisciplinary research to examine impacts of ocean acidification on biomineralization of the biofouling tubeworm .\na diverse early endobiotic coral symbiont assemblage has been detected within heliolitid tabulate corals of katian age from northwestern estonia . this assemblage indicates that the earliest endobiotic coral symbiont communities were not restricted to north america . the symbiotic endobiont assemblage comprises abundant cornulites aff . celatus and rare conchicolites hosholmensis and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmicroscopic evidence of serpulid affinities of the problematic fossil tube \u2018serpula\u2019 etalensis from . . .\nvinn , o . , jager , m . & kirsimae , k . 2008 : microscopic evidence of serpulid affinities of the problematic fossil tube ` serpula ' etalensis from the lower jurassic of germany . lethaia , vol . 41 , pp . 417 - 421 tube structure , ultrastructure and mineralogy support serpulid affinities of the problematic worm fossil ` serpula ' etalensis from the lower jurassic of germany . the original tube mineralogy of . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntwo new microconchid ( tentaculita boucek , 1964 ) genera from the early palaeozoic of baltoscandia and . . .\ntwo new genera of microconchids ( palaeoconchus n . gen . and annuliconchus n . gen . ) are introduced from the ordovician and silurian of baltoscandia and silurian of england . the new genera represent the earliest record of microconchids . spirorbis tenuis sowerby from the wenlock of england is assigned to palueoconchus n . gen . , and palaeoconchus . minor n . sp . is described from the upper ordovician . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntentaculitoid affinities of the tubeworm - like fossil tymbochoos sinclairi ( okulitch , 1937 ) from the . . .\ntymbochoos sinclairi ( okulitch , 1937 ) has a laminar tube structure and pseudopuncta similar to the tentaculitoids . this suggests that tymbochoos belongs to the tentaculitoidea boucek , 1964 . ( c ) 2006 elsevier masson sas . all rights reserved .\nif not indicated otherwise , content of the these pages may be used , reused and distributed for non - commercial purposes taken that original author and source are properly cited .\nquestions and comments about the database and website : olle hints , institute of geology at tallinn university of technology , olle . hints @ urltoken\ntrypanoporida is an extinct order of encrusting animals from the tentaculita class , which were common in the devonian oceans ( weedon , 1991 ) .\nchonioconarida is an extinct subclass of free living animals from the tentaculita class , which were common in the silurian and devonian oceans .\nanticalyptraea is a fossil genus of encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms from the silurian to devonian of europe and north america ( vinn , 2010 ) .\ndacryoconarida is an extinct subclass of free living animals from the tentaculita class , which were common in the devonian oceans ( fisher , 1962 ) ."]}
{"id": 937, "summary": [{"text": "chamaesphecia maurusia is a moth of the sesiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in spain and portugal and in sicily , as well as in algeria and morocco .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on marrubium species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chamaesphecia maurusia", "paragraphs": ["chamaesphecia maurusia p\u00fcngeler , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 2 : 412 ; tl : algeria , teniet - el - had\nchamaesphecia spuler , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 311 ; ts : sphinx empiformis esper\nchamaesphecia anthrax le cerf , 1920 ; in oberth\u00fcr , etud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 17 : 528\nchamaesphecia festai turati , 1925 ; boll . mus . zool . torino 39 ( 7 ) : 5\nchamaesphecia crassicornis bartel , 1912 ; gross - schmett . erde 2 : 409 ; tl : kazakhstan , uralsk\nchamaesphecia anatolica schwingenschuss , 1938 ; ent . rdsch . 55 : 175 ; tl : turkey , konya , aksehir\nchamaesphecia micra le cerf , 1916 ; \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 11 : 15 ; tl : algeria , lamb\u00e8se\nchamaesphecia stelidiformis f . amygdaloidis schleppnik , 1933 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 18 : 24 ; tl : austria , hochkar mts .\nchamaesphecia thracica lastuvka , 1983 ; acta univ . agric . ( brno ) 31 ( 1 / 2 ) : 207 ; tl : bulgaria , micurin\nchamaesphecia guenter herrmann & hofmann , 1997 ; [ bsw4 ] , 267 ; tl : morocco , middle atlas , tizi - n - iar , ca . 1600m\nchamaesphecia palustris kautz , 1927 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 77 : 2 ; tl : austria , bruck a . d . leitha , wilfleinsdorf\nchamaesphecia hungarica ; gorbunov , 1991 , atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 141 ( note ) , pl . xxii , f . 15 ; de freina , 1997 , [ bsw4 ] , 218\nbartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : zur kenntnis einiger arten von chamaesphecia spuler , 1910 in marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 2 ) , 85 - 93 .\nchamaesphecia rondouana le cerf , 1922 ; in oberth\u00fcr , \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 19 ( 2 ) : 32 , pl . 540 , f . 4535 - 4536 ; tl : g\u00e8dre ; gavarnie , hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es\nchamaesphecia anthrax ; le cerf , 1922 , \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 19 ( 1 ) : 131 , ( 2 ) pl . 540 , f . 4541 ; de freina , 1997 , [ bsw4 ] , 234\nbartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : chamaesphecia cilicia sp . nov . aus dem taurus gebirge , t\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 2 ) , 89 - 91 .\nniculescu , e . v . ( 1960 ) : contributions morphologiques \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) pal\u00e9arctiques . i ) chamaesphecia minianiformis frr . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de mulhouse 1 , 1 - 5 .\nchamaesphecia kistenjovi gorbunov , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 137 , f . 23 - 27 , pl . xxii , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : georgia , borzhomi , 41\u00b055 ' n , 43\u00b018 ' n\nchamaesphecia ophimontana gorbunov , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 140 , pl . xxii , f . 16 ; tl : transcaucasus , nakhichevan , daralagez mt . range , ~ 3km n buzgov , 39\u00b032 ' n , 45\u00b024 ' e\nchamaesphecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nchamaesphecia guriensis ; bartel , 1912 , gross - schmett . erde 2 : 407 , pl . 52 c ; dalla torre & strand , 1925 , lepidopterorum catalogus 31 : 94 ; heppner & duckworth , 1981 , smiths . contr . zool . 314 : 36 ; gorbunov , 1986 , trudy vsesojuznogo entomologiceskogo obscestva 67 : 8 ; lastuvka , 1989 , acta univ . agric . ( brno ) 37 : f . 27 ; gorbunov , 1991 , atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 135 , f . 19 - 22 , pl . xxii , f . 9 - 12\np\u00fchringer , f . & kallies , a . ( 2004 ) : provisional checklist of the sesiidae of the world ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der entomologischen arbeitsgemeinschaft salzkammergut 4 , 1 - 85 ; updated by f . p\u00fchringer .\n, a - 4817 st . konrad , austria ; \u00a9 dr . axel kallies , the walter and eliza hall institute , 1g royal parade , parkville , victoria 3050 , australia )\neuthrenini fischer 2006b : 219 [ afrokona fischer 2006 ] ; unavailable ( art . 29 . 1 iczn )\n( felder & felder 1874 : 9 , pl . 82 ) , trochilina 14\n( boisduval in guerin - meneville [ 1832 ] : pl . 84 : fig . 3 ) ,\n( esper 1800 : 29 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1287 iczn )\n( linnaeus 1758 : 493 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1288 iczn )\n( snellen 1900 : 34 ) , sesia ; junior primary homonym of sesia thysbe f . uniformis grote & robinson 1868\n[ as trichocerata myrmosaeformis var . lucida ( lederer 1853 ) , nomen nudum ]\ntaxa originally described as sesia spp . ( never assigned to sesiidae , but available for homonymy )\n( cramer [ 1776 ] : 95 , 152 ( index ) , pl . 61 , fig . c ) ,\nagassiz , j . l . r . ( [ 1847 ] ) : nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis . \u2013 nomenclator zoologicus 2 ( 12 ) ( 1846 ) , 393 pp . ( 319 )\nalpheraky , s . n . ( 1882 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ii\u00e8me partie . heterocera . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 17 , 15 - 103 , pls 1 - 3 . ( 18 - 22 , pl . 1 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1933 ) : die lepidopteren pal\u00e4stinas . eine zoogeographisch - \u00f6kologisch - faunistische studie . \u2013 zoogeographica 2 , 1 - 146 . ( 25 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1935 ) : neue pal\u00e4stinensische lepidopteren . \u2013 mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin 20 , 271 - 319 . ( 277 - 278 )\narita , y . ( 1989 ) : two new and an unrecorded clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 microlepidoptera of thailand 2 , 9 - 14 .\n( moore ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 43 ( 3 ) , 221 - 224 .\ndehne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 2 ) , 449 - 462 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from yakushima island , japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 44 ( 2 ) , 77 - 80 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995a ) : sesiidae of nepal . in haruta , t . ( ed . ) : moths of nepal . \u2013 tinea 14 ( suppl . 2 ) , 194 - 206 , pls 108 + 128 .\nhampson , [ 1893 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 2 ) , 103 - 111 .\ntypes ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) kept in the hope entomological collections , oxford university , uk . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 4 ) , 185 - 205 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995d ) : a revision of the genus heterosphecia le cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , osminiini ) . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 131 - 141 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 47 ( 3 ) , 157 - 173 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . , ( 1996b ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . i . the genus\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] in the oriental and australian regions . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 2 ( 2 ) , 137 - 187 .\nclearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from kyushu , japan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 48 ( 1 ) , 33 - 38 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998a ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . iii . the genus\nle cerf , 1916 in the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 49 ( 1 ) , 19 - 29 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998b ) : a revision of embrik strand ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 chinese journal of entomology 18 ( 3 ) , 141 - 165 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000a ) : on the tribe melittiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 tinea 16 ( 4 ) , 252 - 291 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000b ) : notes on the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from vietnam , with descriptions of new taxa . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 1 ) , 49 - 74 .\nle cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , osminiini ) of vietnam and adjacent countries . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 3 ) , 205 - 214 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2001 ) : sesiidae of taiwan . i . the tribes tinthiini , similipepsini , paraglosseciini , pennisetiini , paranthrenini and cissuvorini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 7 ( 2 ) , 131 - 188 .\nhampson ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 53 ( 4 ) , 241 - 244 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2002b ) : sesiidae of taiwan . ii . the tribes osminiini , melittiini and sesiini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 8 ( 2 ) , 199 - 241 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003a ) : new taxa of wasp - waisted clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , similipepsini ) from vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 1 ) , 11 - 19 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003b ) : in arita , y . , gorbunov , o . g . & mohamed , m . : on the knowledge of the clearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the maliau basin , sabah , borneo . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 2 ) , 131 - 142 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from north vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 52 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\narita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2003 ) : a new species of the genus trilochana moore , 1879 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from sulawesi . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 4 ) , 229 - 232 . arita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2005 ) : see kallies , a . & arita , y . ( 2005 ) .\narita , y . & kimura , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . , kallies , a . , hsu , y . - f . , liang , j . - y . , lai , b . - c . , yang , m . - m . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : polymorphism of nokona pilamicola ( strand , [ 1916 ] ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in taiwan .\narita , y . , kimura , m . & owada , m . ( 2009 ) : two new species of the clearwing moth ( sesiidae ) from okinawa - jima , the ryukyus . \u2013\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 60 ( 3 ) , 189 - 192 .\narita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : vicariance in the macroscelesia japona species - group ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in the ryukyus , japan . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 4 ) , 184 - 198 . arita , y . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\nkallies & arita , 1998 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) from south - east asia , with list of literature on oriental sesiidae published since 1988 . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 3 ) , 116 - 120 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 57 ( 1 ) , 61 - 66 .\narita , y . & tosevski , i . ( 1992 ) : in tosevski , i . & arita , y . : a new species of the clearwing moth genus\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the ryukyus . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 3 ) , 619 - 623 .\n( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 tinea 12 ( suppl . ) , 158 - 167 .\narita , y . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994a ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : a new\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , clearwing borer on pecan from nanjing , china . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 61 - 64 .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994b ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : description of a new\nclearwing moth injuring poplar street trees in lhasa , tibet ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 193 - 199 .\nassmann , a . ( 1845 ) : schw\u00e4rmer oder d\u00e4mmerungsschmetterlinge ( sphinges ) . \u2013 abbildung und beschreibung der schmetterlinge schlesiens 2 , 48 pp , 26 pls . ( 17 - 26 , 45 - 47 , pls 5 - 7 , 24 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1879 ) : lepidoptera damarensia . f\u00f6rteckning pa fj\u00e4rilar insamlade i damaralandet af g . de vylder aren 1873 och 1874 jemte beskrifning \u00f6fver f\u00f6rut ok\u00e4nda arter . \u2013 \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps - akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar 36 ( 7 ) , 39 - 69 . ( 47 - 48 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1905 ) : lieutnant a . schultzes sammlung von lepidopteren aus west - afrika . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 2 ( 12 ) , 1 - 47 , 5 pls . ( 43 - 46 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1909 ) : lepidoptera , rhopalocera und heterocera ( pars i ) von madagaskar , den comoren und den inseln ostafrikas . in voeltzkow , a . : reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 , [ 309 ] - 348 , 19 pls . ( 342 , pl . 19 )\nbakowski , m . , bartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : a review of the similipepsini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : tinthiini ) . \u2013 annales zoologici 58 ( 4 ) , 785 - 797 .\nbarnes , w . & benjamin , f . h . ( 1925 ) : change of a preoccupied name ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 27 ( 1 ) , 14 .\nbarnes , w . & lindsey , a . w . ( 1922 ) : descriptions of two new species of aegeriidae ( lep . ) . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 18 ( 4 ) , 122 - 123 .\nbarnes , w . & mcdunnough , j . h . ( 1918 ) : notes and new species . \u2013 contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4 ( 2 ) , 61 - 208 . ( 178 )\nbartel , m . ( 1902 ) : die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . zweiter band : nachtfalter . i . abteilung , 239 - 384 . \u2013 leipzig .\n- art aus der schweiz . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift ( guben ) 19 , 190 - 191 .\nbartel , m . ( 1912 ) : 24 . familie : aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 2 , 375 - 416 , pls 51 - 52 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2003 ) : beitrag zur glasfl\u00fcglerfauna von nepal ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 145 , 149 - 151 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2004 ) : die sesienfauna zyperns - eine kommentierte \u00fcbersicht ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 2 ) , 80 - 86 .\nbettag , 1997 aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 5 ) , 211 - 215 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : redescription and systematic position of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus grypopalpia hampson , 1919 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 5 ) , 221 - 224 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : a review of the paranthrenini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 6 ) , 265 - 280 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2009 ) : melittosesia , a new genus of clearwing moths with a review of the sesiini boisduval , 1828 in madagascar ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 119 ( 1 ) , 9 - 16 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : taxonomic revision of the clearwing moth genus crinipus hampson , 1896 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2618 , 36 - 46 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2012 ) : revision of types of several species of bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from northern africa and southwestern europe ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) , 125 - 133 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2013 ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) with description of new species .\nbartsch , d . ( 2015 ) : new taxa of southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016a ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016b ) : melittia fiebigi spec . nov . and afromelittia caerulea spec . nov . , two new melittiini from southern africa ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nannals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 , 109 - 115 .\nbartsch , d . & berg , j . ( 2012 ) : new species and review of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus camaegeria strand , 1914 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : synanthedonini ) . \u2013 zootaxa 3181 , 28 - 46 .\nspec . nov . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 29 - 40 .\nbartsch , d . , bettag , e . , bl\u00e4sius , r . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2006 ) : zur kenntnis von pyropteron doryliforme ( ochsenheimer , 1808 ) , pyropteron biedermanni le cerf , 1925 und pyropteron ceriaeforme ( lucas , 1849 ) stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 1 ) , 3 - 10 .\nbartsch , d . & p\u00fchringer , f . ( 2005 ) : die glasfl\u00fcgler kretas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 3 ) , 131 - 139 .\nsp . nov . aus der s\u00fcdt\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 3 ) , 78 - 80 .\n, zwei neue glasfl\u00fcgler arten aus afghanistan ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 120 ( 6 ) , 243 - 248 .\nbecker , v . o . ( 1984 ) : 29 . gelechiidae . \u2013 in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 1 . micropterigoidea - immoidea 1 , 1 - 112 . ( 44 - 53 )\nbehrens , j . ( 1889 ) : in french , g . h . : some texas , arizona and california moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 21 ( 9 ) , 161 - 163 . ( 163 )\nbellier de la chavignerie , j . b . e . ( 1860 ) : observations sur la faune entomologique de la sicile . \u2013 annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie ) 8 ( 3 ) , 667 - 713 , pl . 12 . ( 681 - 684 )\nbertaccini , e . & fiumi , g . ( 2002 ) : bombici e sfingi d ' italia ( lepidoptera sesioidea ) 4 , 181 pp , 8 pls . ( 32 - 181 , pls 1 - 8 )\nsp . n . , ein neuer glasfl\u00fcgler aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 23 - 27 .\nbettag , e & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1998 ) : eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 26 ( 2 ) , 71 - 75 .\nbettag , e . & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1999 ) : \u00fcber den status von dipsosphecia megillaeformis var . tunetana ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 27 ( 3 ) , 93 - 101 .\n- art aus s\u00fcdspanien . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de synanthedon du sud de l ' espagne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 revue de l ' association roussillonnaise d ' entomologie 11 ( 1 ) , 4 - 16 .\nbeutelspacher , b . c . r . ( 1983 ) : redefinicion taxonomica de montezumia cardinalis dampf ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 ciencia forestal 8 ( 43 ) , 24 - 32 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1893 ) : notes on some north american moths , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 , 19 - 26 . ( 22 - 26 )\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894a ) : studies of some species of north american aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 87 - 98 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894b ) : on north american moths , with the description of a new species of triprocris . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 365 - 368 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1896 ) : critical review of the sesiidae found in america , north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 8 , 111 - 148 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1897 ) : notes on north american sesiidae , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 9 , 213 - 216 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1898 ) : three new species of sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 6 ( 4 ) , 240 - 241 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899a ) : new african sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 , 170 - 172 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899b ) : descriptions of and notes on some north american lepidoptera . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 ( 4 ) , 254 - 256 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900a ) : synopsis of the species of melittia of america , north of mexico , with description of a new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 149 - 151 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900b ) : on some species of north american lepidoptera . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 157 - 160 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900d ) : two new sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 8 , 254 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1901 ) : monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . \u2013 memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) , 217 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\n. \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 10 ( 2 ) , 126 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1909 ) : descriptions of three new sesiidae . \u2013 entomological news 20 , 82 - 84 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1916 ) : description of a new sesiid . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 48 ( 11 ) , 372 .\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1828 ) : europaeorum lepidopterorum index methodicus 1 , 103 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 29 - 31 )\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1829 - 1844 ) : dixi\u00e8me ordre : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . in gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9n\u00e9ville , f . e . : iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apres nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , vol . 2 and 3 , 576 pp , 104 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . 84 , [ 1832 ] ;\n( 1870 [ 1867 ] ) : lepidoptera eversmanniana . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 4 , 6 .\nbrethes , j . ( 1920 ) : insectos \u00fatiles y daninos de rio grande do sul y de la plata . \u2013 anales de la sociedad rural argentina 54 , 281 - 290 , 307 - 308 . ( 284 )\n( sesiidae ) , from florida . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 39 ( 4 ) , 262 - 265 .\nedwards ( lepidoptera aegeriidae ) . \u2013 notas del museo de la plata 6 ( 48 ) , 157 - 163 , pls i - ii .\nbryk , f . ( 1947 ) : neue ostasiatische aegeriiden ( lep . ) . \u2013 opuscula entomologica 12 , 96 - 109 .\nbryk , f . ( 1953 ) : lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 5 ( 1 - 3 ) , 1 - 268 . ( 262 - 266 )\nburmeister , h . ( 1878 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . \u2013 description physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine , d ' apres des observations personelles et \u00e9trang\u00e8res 5 ( 1 ) , vi + 526 pp , 24 pls . ( 359 - 362 )\nbusck , a . ( 1909 ) : notes on the family aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) , with a synoptic table of the north american genera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 3 ) , 115 - 118 .\nbusck , a . ( 1910 ) : list of trinidad microlepidoptera , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 bulletin of the department of agriculture 9 , 241 - 245 . ( 242 - 243 )\nbusck , a . ( 1913a ) : new microlepidoptera from british guiana . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 1 , 88 - 92 .\nbusck , a . ( 1913b ) : two microlepidoptera injurious to chestnut . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 15 ( 3 ) , 102 - 104 .\nbusck , a . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of new microlepidoptera of forest trees . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 16 ( 4 ) , 143 - 150 , pls vii - viii . ( 143 - 144 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915a ) : descriptions of new north american microlepidoptera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 17 ( 2 ) , 79 - 94 . ( 80 - 81 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915b ) : new genera and species of microlepidoptera from panama . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2043 ) ( 1914 ) , 1 - 67 . ( 61 )\nbusck , a . ( 1920 ) : descriptions of new central american microlepidoptera . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 8 ( 4 - 6 ) , 83 - 95 . ( 83 )\nbusck , a . ( 1929 ) : a new aegeriid on cowpea from brazil ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 31 ( 7 ) , 134 - 137 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1874 ) : notes on the aegeriidae , with descriptions of new genera and species . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fourth series ) 14 , 407 - 411 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1876 ) : descriptions of lepidoptera from the collection of lieut . howland roberts . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 308 - 310 . ( 309 , pl . xxii )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1878 ) : illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum 2 , 62 pp , pls 21 - 40 - london . ( 59 - 61 , pl . 40 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1881 ) : descriptions of new genera and species of heterocerous lepidoptera from japan . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from duke - of - york island and new britain . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fifth series ) 10 , 36 - 43 , 149 - 160 , 226 - 238 . ( 237 - 238 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1883 ) : heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds , esq . part iv . \u2013 pyrales and micros . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\n, n . g . in pryer , h . j . s . : on two remarkable cases of mimicry from elopura , british north borneo . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1896 ) : on a collection of butterflies obtained by mr . richard crawshay in nyasa - land , between the months of january and april 1895 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 108 - 136 . ( 134 , pl . vi )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1902 ) : on two collections of lepidoptera made by sir harry johnston , k . c . b . , in the uganda protectorate during the year 1900 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1 ) , 44 - 51 . ( 50 , pl . 1 )\nbytinski - salz , h . ( [ 1937 ] ) : secondo contributo alla conoscenza della lepidotterofauna della sardegna . \u2013 memorie della societa entomologica italiana 15 ( 2 ) ( 1936 ) , 194 - 212 . ( 198 )\ncl . \u2013 deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris 2 ( 1889 ) , 268 - 269 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973a ) : 236 . aegeriidae . ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 reichenbachia ( zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologische taxonomie ) 14 ( 15 ) , 109 - 124 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973b ) : zur systematik und morphologie der typen der sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in der r . p\u00fcngeler - sammlung des zoologischen museums zu berlin . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 63 , 134 - 171 .\nclarke , j . f . g . ( 1962 ) : neotropical microlepidoptera . ii . a new genus and species of clear - wing moth injurious to fig in colombia ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 113 , 383 - 388 .\nclemens , b . ( 1860 ) : contributions to american lepidopterology . \u2013 no . 3 . \u2013 proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 , 4 - 15 . ( 14 - 15 )\nclerck , c . a . ( 1759 - [ 1764 ] ) : icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . syst . nat . allegatis 1 , 21 pp , 55 pls . \u2013 stockholm . { 1759 : pls 1 - 16 ; 1764 : pls 17 - 55 } ( pl . 9 , 1759 )\ncloss , a . ( 1916 ) : einige neue sphingidenformen ( lep . ) . \u2013 entomologische mitteilungen 5 ( 5 / 8 ) , 199 - 200 . ( 200 )\ncloss , a . g . ( 1920 ) : [ contribution ] . in : berliner entomologen - bund : sitzung am 20 . m\u00e4rz 1919 . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 14 , 13 .\n, spec . nov . ( lep . het . , sphingidae ) . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 16 ( 14 ) , 118 .\ncockayne , e . a . ( 1955 ) : aberrations of british lepidoptera . \u2013 entomologist ' s gazette 6 , 3 - 6 , pl . 1 . ( 3 )\ncockerell , t . d . a . ( 1908 ) : new sesiid moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 40 ( 9 ) , 329 - 331 .\ncosta , o . g . ( 1832 - 1836 ) : fauna del regno di napoli . . . a . lepidotteri 1 , 20 - 21 .\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 1 , 155 pp , 96 pls . \u2013 amsterdam . { 1775 : issues 1 - 7 , 1776 : issue 8 } ( 83 , pl . 52 , 1775 )\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 2 , 151 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 amsterdam . ( 73 , 80 , 151 ( index ) , pls 142 , 146 , 1777 )\ncyrillus , d . ( 1787 ) : entomologiae neapolitanae specimen primum , 8 p . , 12 pls . \u2013 neapoli . ( pl . 4 )\ndalla torre , k . w . & strand , e . ( 1925 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 lepidopterorum catalogus 31 , 202 pp .\ndalman , j . w . ( 1816 ) : f\u00f6rs\u00f6k till systematisk uppst\u00e4llning af sveriges fj\u00e4rilar . \u2013 kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 37 , 48 - 101 , 129 , 199 - 225 .\ndampf , a . ( 1930 ) : dos plagas de los bosques de mexico nuevas para la ciencia . \u2013 mexico forestal 8 ( 8 ) , 179 - 181 .\nde freina , j . j . : see freina , j . j . de\n[ denis , m . & schifferm\u00fcller , i . ] ( 1775 ) : ank\u00fcndung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend [ sic ] , 323 pp . \u2013 wien . ( 30 , 44 , 305 - 306 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( 1954 ) : microlepidoptera of new guinea . results of the third archibold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv . \u2013 verhandelingen / koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen , afdeeling natuurkunde . reeks 2 50 ( 1 ) ( 1952 - 1955 ) , 1 - 191 . ( 180 - 190 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( [ 1968 ] ) : microlepidoptera of the philippine islands . \u2013 united states national museum bulletin 257 ( 1967 ) , 1 - 484 . ( 218 - 235 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1795 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states , the periods of their transformations , their food , oeconomy & c . , together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope 4 , 96 + 6 pp , pls 109 - 144 . ( 21 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1797 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states . . . 6 , 86 + 6 pp , pls 181 - 216 . ( 35 , pl . 195 )\ndruce , h . ( 1881 - 1900 ) : lepidoptera - heterocera . \u2013 in godman , f . d . & salvin , o . ( eds . ) : biologia 39 / 1 , 490 pp ; 40 / 2 , 622 pp ; 41 / 3 , pls 1 - 101 . \u2013 london . { vol . 39 / 1 : 1 - 24 ( 1881 ) , 25 - 32 ( 1883 ) , 33 - 112 ( 1884 ) ; vol . 2 : 273 - 336 ( 1896 ) , 337 - 440 ( 1897 ) , 441 - 536 ( 1898 ) , 537 - 592 ( 1899 ) , 593 - 622 ( 1900 ) } ( 39 / 1 : 28 - 34 , 1883 - 1884 ; 40 / 2 : 321 - 326 , 1896 ; 41 / 3 : pls 5 , 68 - 69 )\ndruce , h . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of aegeriidae and sphingidae . \u2013 the entomologist ' s monthly magazine 19 , 15 - 18 . ( 15 )\ndruce , h . ( 1889 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 4 , 77 - 94 . ( 78 - 82 )\ndruce , h . ( 1892 ) : description of a new genus and some new species of heterocera from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 9 , 275 - 279 . ( 275 - 276 )\ndruce , h . ( 1893 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from central and south america . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 280 - 311 , [ pls xix - xxi ] . ( 280 )\ndruce , h . ( 1898 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 1 , 207 - 215 . ( 207 )\ndruce , h . ( 1899 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 4 , 200 - 205 . ( 201 - 205 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910a ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 5 , 393 - 402 . ( 401 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910b ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from east and west africa and tropical south america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 6 , 168 - 183 ( 180 - 181 ) .\ndruce , h . ( 1911 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical south america , and two new species of geometridae from west africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 7 , 287 - 294 . ( 292 )\ndrury , d . ( 1773 ) : illustrations of natural history , wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects , according to their different genera . . . 2 , 9 + 90 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 49 )\ndrury , d . ( 1782 ) : illustrations of natural history . . . exotic insects . . . 3 , 15 + 76 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 3 , pl . 2 ) .\nduckworth , w . d . ( 1969 ) : a new species of aegeriidae from venezuela predaceous on scale insects ( lepidoptera : yponomeutoidea ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 71 ( 4 ) , 487 - 490 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973a ) : the type - material of north american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 148 , 1 - 34 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973b ) : new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 75 ( 2 ) , 150 - 159 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1974 ) : clearwing moths of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 180 , 1 - 45 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1976 ) : a new species of clearwing moth ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from northern mexico and southeastern arizona . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 78 ( 3 ) , 304 - 308 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977a ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( sesiidae ) from eastern north america clarified by sex pheromones . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 31 ( 3 ) , 191 - 196 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977b ) : a new species of clearwing moth from southcentral texas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the pan - pacific entomologist 53 ( 3 ) , 175 - 178 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977c ) : a classification of the sesiidae of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera , sesioidea ) . \u2013 occasional papers in entomology 26 , 1 - 54 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1978 ) : the type - material of central and south american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 261 , 1 - 28 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1983 ) : revision of the clearwing moth genus osminia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 361 , 1 - 15 .\ndumont , c . ( 1922 ) : diagnoses de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux du nord de l ' afrique . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 15 ) , 215 - 220 . ( 215 - 217 )\nduponchel , p . a . j . ( 1835 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 supplement a l ' histoire naturelle 2 , 197 pp , 12 pls . ( 108 , 112 - 116 , 129 , 167 , pl . 9 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of two new tineina ( lep . ) from the lagos district . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1915 ) : microlepidoptera ( pterophorina and tineina ) collected by the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea . \u2013 lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea 2 ( 15 ) , 149 - 168 . ( 166 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1919 ) : three new genera of tineina resembling aegeriadae [ sic ] . \u2013 novitates zoologicae 26 ( 1 ) , 120 - 122 .\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1924 ) : in : examples of the mimicry of hymenoptera by other insects . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of london ( 1923 - 1924 ) , lxxv - lxxvi .\ndyar , h . g . ( [ 1903 ] ) : a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 52 ( 1902 ) , 1 - 723 . ( 364 - 371 )\ndyar , h . g . ( 1904 ) : additions to the list of north american lepidoptera , no . 2 . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 6 ( 2 ) , 103 - 119 . ( 106 )\neda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) : a new long - legged clearwing moth species of the genus teinotarsina felder & felder , 1874 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from guangdong , china . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 3 ) , 128 - 130 . eda , k . & arita , y . ( 2015 ) : see eda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) .\nedwards , h . ( 1880 ) : descriptions of some new forms of aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 8 ) , 71 - 72 .\nedwards , h . ( 1881 ) : new genera and species of the family aegeridae . \u2013 papilio 1 ( 10 ) , 179 - 208 , pl . 4 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882a ) : notes on n . american aegeridae , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 4 ) , 52 - 57 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882b ) : further notes and descriptions of north american aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 6 ) , 96 - 99 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882c ) : descriptions of new species of n . am . heterocera . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 8 ) , 123 - 130 . ( 123 - 124 )\nedwards , h . ( 1883 ) : new species of aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 3 ( 7 - 10 ) , 155 - 157 .\nedwards , h . ( 1885 ) : new species of californian moths . \u2013 entomologica americana 1 ( 3 ) , 49 - 50 . ( 49 )\nedwards , h . ( 1887 ) : descriptions of new species of north american heterocera , with notes . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 19 ( 8 ) , 145 - 147 .\nedwards , h . ( 1888 ) : catalogue of species of the higher families of the north american heterocera , described since grote ' s\nnew check list\n( 1872 ) , with those omitted from that publication . \u2013 entomologica americana 3 ( 12 ) , 221 - 232 . ( 223 - 224 )\nedwards , h . ( 1891 ) : [ contribution ] . in lugger , o . : two new lepidopterous borers . \u2013 psyche 6 , 108 - 109 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1986 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the subfamily tinthiinae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 4 , 315 - 378 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1987 ) : three new western hemisphere clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomography 5 , 531 - 540 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1989 ) : western hemisphere clear wing moths of the subfamily paranthreninae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 6 , 159 - 212 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1992 ) : clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) , 135 - 150 .\neichlin , t . d . ( [ 1993 ] ) : a new texas clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) ( 1992 ) , 265 - 268 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995a ) : a new panamanian clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 1 ) , 39 - 42 .\na new north american clearwing moth and notes on a rare species ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) , 114 - 118 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995c ) : 65 . sesiidae . in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 2 . hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea 3 , 17 - 18 , 109 - 113 . eichlin , t . d . ( 1998 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 holarctic lepidoptera 5 ( 1 ) , 23 - 33 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2002 ) : in eichlin , t . d . & kinnee , s . a . : brazilian sesiidae in the collection of the universit\u00e4t des saarlandes , saarbr\u00fccken , germany ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 zootaxa 108 , 1 - 15 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003a ) : carmenta munroei , a new clearwing moth from costa rica ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 42 - 43 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003b ) : carmenta guayaba , a new clearwing moth from peru ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 44 - 45 .\neichlin , t . d . , delgado , o . s . , strathie , l . w . , zachariades , c . & clavijo , j . ( 2009 ) : carmenta chromolaenae eichlin , a new species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) for the biological control of chromolaena odorata ( l . ) king & robinson ( asteraceae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2288 , 42 - 50 .\neichlin , t . d . & duckworth , w . d . ( 1988 ) : the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 5 . 1 . sesioidea , sesiidae , 176 pp . \u2013 washington .\n. \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 37 ( 3 ) ( 1983 ) , 193 - 206 .\nclearwing moth from michigan ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 42 ( 3 ) , 231 - 235 .\nemich von em\u00f6ke , g . ( 1872 ) : descriptions de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de transcaucasie . \u2013 revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e , series 2 , 23 ( 2 ) ( 1871 - 1872 ) , 63 - 64 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925a ) : studies in north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . i . descriptions and corrections of species from long island , new york . ii . descriptions of two new western species . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 2 ) , 61 - 69 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925b ) : studies of north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . iii .\nroot borers of america north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 4 ) , 153 - 158 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1946 ) : the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 190 , iv + 222 pp .\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : cheshuyekriliya ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 travels in turkestan ( fedtchenko ) 2 ( 5 ) , 128 pp . ( 26 - 27 , pl . 5 ) [ in russian ]\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : lepidopteren von turkestan . \u2013 stettiner entomologische zeitung 35 ( 10 - 12 ) , 386 - 417 . ( 393 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1778 - 1786 ) : die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 , 234 pp , pls 1 - 36 . \u2013 erlangen . { title page : 1779 ; 1778 : pls 1 - 6 ; 1779 : 1 - 80 , pls 7 - 18 ; 1780 : 81 - 196 , pls 19 - 25 ; 1782 : 197 - 212 , pls 26 - 31 ; 1783 : 213 - 228 , pls 32 - 35 ; 1786 : 229 - 234 , pl . 36 } ( 122 , 131 - 135 , 205 - 217 , 230 - 232 , 234 , pls 14 - 15 , 23 , 29 - 32 , 36 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1789 - [ 1804 ] ) : fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge . \u2013 die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 ( suppl . ) , 52 pp , pls 37 - 47 . \u2013 erlangen . { [ 1789 ] : 5 - 12 , pls [ 38 - 40 ] ; 1800 : 21 - 40 , pls 42 - 46 ; [ 1803 - 1804 ] : 41 - 52 , pl . 47 } ( 5 , 9 , 25 , 29 - 30 , 44 - 47 , pls 37 - 38 , 42 , 44 , 47 )\neversmann , e . ( 1844 ) : fauna lepidoperologica volgo - uralensis exhibens lepidopterorum species quas per viginti quinque annos in provinciis volgam fluvium inter et montes uralenses sitis observavit et descripsit , 633 pp . \u2013 casan . ( 100 - 105 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1775 ) : systema entomologiae , sistens insectorum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus , 30 + 832 pp . \u2013 flensburg u . leipzig . ( 547 - 549 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1787 ) : mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis , observationibus , descriptionibus , emendationibus 2 , 382 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 98 - 101 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1793 ) : entomologica systematica emendata et aucta : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus 3 ( 1 ) , 4 + 487 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 379 - 385 , 404 )\n[ fabricius , j . c . ] ( 1807 ) : in illiger , j . c . : die neueste gattungs - eintheilung der schmetterlinge aus den linn\u00e9ischen gattungen\n. \u2013 magazin f\u00fcr insektenkunde ( illiger ) 6 , 277 - 295 . ( 288 , 294 )\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1883 ) : caccia di lepidotteri rari . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 2 ( 11 ) , 249 - 250 .\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1890 ) : contribuzione alla fauna lepidotterologica della sicilia . descrizione di alcune nuove specie . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 10 ( 2 - 3 ) , 25 - 31 , pl i .\nfawcett , j . m . ( 1916 ) : notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911 - 13 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 2 ) , 707 - 737 . ( 736 - 737 , pl . i )\nfelder , c . ( 1861 ) : lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a dre . c . felder , ii heterocera . \u2013 sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , abt . 1 , 43 ( i ) , 25 - 44 .\nfelder , r . ( 1874 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 4 ) , 10 pp , pls 75 - 107 . ( 2 - 9 , pls 75 , 82 )\nfelder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . ( 1875 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 5 ) , 20 pp , pls 108 - 140 . ( 9 )\nfilipjev , n . ( 1931 ) : lepidoptera . \u2013 trudy pamirskoj expedicii 1928 ( abhandlungen der pamir - expedition 1928 ) 8 , 143 - 174 . ( 161 - 163 )\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 5 ) , 141 - 143 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 139 - 141 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus sumatra ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 2 ) , 91 - 93 .\nsp . n . , a new clearwing moth species from the cameron highlands in west malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 27 ( 1 / 2 ) , 53 - 54 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006b ) : a new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 1 / 2 ) , 219 - 224 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006c ) : corrigendum zur publikation\na new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region\nin atalanta 37 . band , heft 1 / 2 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 3 / 4 ) , 328 .\n, h . ( 2007 ) : eine neue gattung mit einer neuen art , rubukona svetlanae gen . et spec . nov . , in der tribus paranthrenin\n, 1964 aus der afrotropischen region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 atalanta 38 ( 3 / 4 ) , 361 - 364 .\nfischer , h . ( 2011 ) : adixoa pyromacula sp . n . , eine neue sesiide aus thailand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 207 - 209 . fitzsimons , v . , codd , l . e . , janse , a . j . t . , munro , h . k . , pringle , j . a . & vari , l . ( 1958 ) : a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa . volume i \u2013 zoology 1 ( 1 ) , 147 pp .\nfixsen , c . ( 1887 ) : lepidoptera aus korea . \u2013 in romanoff , n . m . ( ed . ) : m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 3 , 233 - 356 , pl . 15 . ( 323 - 324 )\nist ein femininum , kein neutrum ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 17 ( 2 ) , 190 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1929 ) : a list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera . \u2013 memoirs of the department of agriculture in india , entomological series 11 , 1 - 244 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1940 ) : new generic names for microlepidoptera . \u2013 the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 52 ( 1 ) , 17 - 19 . ( 18 )\nfletcher , d . s . ( 1982 ) : in fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . : the generic names of moths of the world . volume 4 . bombycoidea , castnioidea , cossoidea , mimallonoidea . sesioidea , sphingoidea , zygaenoidea . \u2013 british museum ( natural history ) publication no . 848 , 192 pp . \u2013 london .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 1983 ) : 4 . beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges - fauna kleinasiens . neue kenntnisse \u00fcber artenspektrum , systematik und nomenklatur sowie beschreibung neuer taxa . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 72 ( 1982 ) , 57 - 127 . ( 72 - 76 )\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2007 ) : eine neue art der gattung melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 aus dem dhofar , s\u00fcdoman ( sesiidae : sesiinae : melittiini ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 30 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2008 ) : beschreibung von cabomina gen . n . , cabomina monicae sp . n . und cabomina dracomontana sp . n . aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 29 ( 3 ) , 163 - 169 .\n( 2011a ) : vier neue sesiiden und eine unbestimmte homogyna - art aus dem s\u00fcdlichen afrika ( lepidoptera , sesiidae : osminiini , sesiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 211 - 218 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011b ) : noctusphecia puchneri gen . et sp . n . , eine neue gattung und nachtaktive glasfl\u00fcglerart aus tansania ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 48 - 50 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011c ) : neue arten der gattung thyranthrene hampson , 1919 aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 51 - 56 .\n( 2013 ) : synanthedon angolana sp . n . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus angola ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae , synanthedonini ) . - nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 34 ( 3 ) , 125 - 126 .\nfreina , j . j . de & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2000 ) : beitrag zur sesiidae - fauna israels und pal\u00e4stinas ( insecta , lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 90 , 75 - 84 .\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1836 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 2 , 162 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 140 - 142 , pl . 182 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1842 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 4 , 167 pp , pls 289 - 384 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 129 - 131 , pl . 362 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1843 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 5 , 166 pp , pls 385 - 480 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 35 - 36 , pl . 404 )\nfriedlander , t . p . ( 1986 ) : a new squash borer from mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 ( 4 ) ( 1985 ) , 277 - 288 .\nnov . spec . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 2 ( 5 ) , 33 .\ngaede , m . ( 1929 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 14 , 515 - 538 , pl . 77 .\ngaede , m . ( 1933 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , suppl . 2 , 229 - 240 , pl . 16 .\ngarrevoet , t . , bartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2013 ) : on the knowledge of bembecia rushana gorbunov , 1992 and some related species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . - nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) , 95 - 108 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2011 ) : bembecia lingenhoelei , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 39 ( 2 ) , 73 - 79 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2016 ) : on the status of bembecia zebo \u0161patenka & gorbunov , 1992 ; bembecia pamira \u0161patenka , 1992 ; bembecia kreuzbergi \u0161patenka & bartsch , 2010 and bembecia martensi gorbunov , 1994 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\ngarrevoet , t . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : bembecia bartschi , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 157 - 161 .\ngarrevoet , t . , garrevoet , w . & \u00f6zbek , h . ( 2007 ) : data on the geographic distribution of sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in turkey . \u2013 linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 39 ( 2 ) , 929 - 953 .\ngeoffroy , e . l . ( 1785 ) : [ contribution ] . in fourcroy , a . f . : entomologia parisiensis ; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur . . . cui addita sunt nomina trivialia & fere trecentae novae species 2 , 544 pp . ( 252 )\ngermadius , p . ( 1874 ) : a new aegerian maple borer . \u2013 the american naturalist 8 , 57 - 58 .\nghiliani , v . ( 1852 ) : materiali per servire alla compilazione della fauna entomologica italiana ossia elenco delle specie di lepidotteri riconosciuti esistenti negli stati sardi . \u2013 memorie della reale accademia della scienze di torino ( serie 2 ) 14 , 20 , 85 , 131 - 247 . ( 216 )\ngiacomelli , e . ( 1911 ) : lepid\u00f3pteros riojanos nuevos \u00f3 poco conocidos . \u2013 anales de la sociedad cientifica argentina 72 , 19 - 40 . ( 29 - 30 )\ngmelin , j . f . ( 1790 ) : caroli a linn\u00e9 systema naturae . per regna tria naturae secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis 1 ( 5 ) ( ed . 13 ) . \u2013 leipzig . ( 2388 - 2390 )\ngodart , m . j . - b . ( 1822 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 histoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ou papillons de france 3 . ( 6 , 74 - 121 , pl . xxi )\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from azerbaijan . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 65 ( 6 ) , 938 - 940 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 3 ) , 12 - 18 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 2 ) , 14 - 20 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988a ) : a new contribution to the knowledge of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 in medvedev , l . n . & striganova , b . r . ( eds ) : fauna i ekologiya nasekomykh vetnama [ the fauna and ecology of insects of vietnam ] , 192 - 198 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988b ) : a new species and genus of the clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the subfamily tinthiinae from the primorsky kray ( far east ) . \u2013 biologiyeckie nauki 7 , 45 - 47 . [ in russian with english summary ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1989 ) : two new species of lepidoptera ( sesiidae ) from the kopet - dag . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 68 ( 10 ) , 141 - 145 . [ in russian with english summary ]\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from the caucasus , usssr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 20 ( 1 / 4 ) ( 1989 ) , 119 - 123 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1991a ) : six new species of the clearwing moths from the caucasus , ussr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) , 125 - 143 , 378 - 379 .\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from middle asia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 23 ( 1 / 2 ) , 249 - 253 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1992b ) : revision of the types of the sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) , preserved in the collection of the zoological museum of kiev state university . \u2013 entomologitscheskoje obozrenie 71 ( 1 ) , 121 - 133 . [ in russian ] ( english translation in entomological review )\ncapuse , 1973 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from central asia . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 27 - 32 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1994b ) : new and little - known clearwing moths from central asia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 157 - 168 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] from the european part of russia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) ( 1995 ) , 563 - 566 , 622 - 623 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1994d ) : in gorbunov , o . , buda , v . , mozuraitis , r . & miatleuski , j . : a new species of clearwing moth from the far east of russia and its sex attractant ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 25 ( 1 / 2 ) , 307 - 311 , 442 - 443 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1995 ) : review of the clearwing moth fauna ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of turkmenistan , central asia . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 93 - 115 .\nspuler ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from central asia . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 93 - 114 .\nspuler ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from turkey . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 117 - 123 .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from tadzhikistan and turkmenistan . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 125 - 134 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 2001d ) : a new genus of tinthiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the western palaearctic . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 137 - 143 ."]}
{"id": 950, "summary": [{"text": "euxoa nomas is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in iran and turkestan , as well as alaska and canada .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "between 1987 and 2010 , the populations of this species were considered to be two separate subspecies , euxoa nomas nomas in asia and euxoa nomas incognita in north america . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "euxoa nomas", "paragraphs": ["euxoa ( orosagrotis ) nomas nomas ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 149 ( note )\nagrotis nomas erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : cocandesi region , near karakasuk and isfairam\neuxoa nomas is found in the high coast range of western british columbia in our region and in the mountains of the far northern province near atlin . it likely occurs elsewhere in the mountains of the northern part of the province .\nadults are diurnal and probably visit flowers during the day . a mating pair of e . nomas was found on a gravel road through rocky tundra in the early evening at gott peak , british columbia . this species has not been collected at light .\neuxoa ( euxoa ) setonia ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 76 : #\neuxoa ( euxoa ) cartagensis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )\neuxoa ( euxoa ) comosa ontario ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97 , 100\neuxoa ( euxoa ) auripennis arizonensis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 126 , 127\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis acornis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 139 , 140\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis alko ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 139 , 141\neuxoa ( euxoa ) sibirica ; [ ne3 ] , 41 , f . 7 - 8\neuxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria currens ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 ( note )\neuxoa ( euxoa ) tritici ; [ ne3 ] , 58 , f . 32 - 34\neuxoa ( euxoa ) deserta ab . obscura ; [ ne3 ] , 64 , f . 35\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta rondoui ; [ ne1 ] , 27 , pl . 1 , f . 20\neuxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis riphaea ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 22\neuxoa ( euxoa ) powelli powelli ; [ ne1 ] , 60 , pl . 6 , f . 18\neuxoa ( euxoa ) montivaga ; [ ne12 ] , 147 , pl . 9 , f . 6 - 10\neuxoa ( euxoa ) nigrofusca ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 21 - 25\neuxoa ( euxoa ) dsheiron ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 40 - 44\neuxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria wirima ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 , 111 ; [ ne2 ] , 190\neuxoa ( euxoa ) glabella balcanica ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 32 - 35\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta vitta ; [ ne1 ] , 27 , pl . 1 , f . 17 - 19\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta hercegovinensis ; [ ne1 ] : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 22\neuxoa ( euxoa ) tritici reisseri ; [ ne1 ] : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 15 - 16\neuxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis cortii ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aquilina falleri ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 29 - 32\neuxoa ( euxoa ) hastifera pomazensis ; [ ne1 ] : 45 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora olympica ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 41 - 42\neuxoa ( euxoa ) recussa tetrastigma ; [ ne1 ] : 63 , pl . 6 , f . 24 - 25\neuxoa ( euxoa ) heringi malickyi varga , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 , 57 ; tl : greece , grete\neuxoa ( orosagrotis ) foeda ( = euxoa sabuletorum ) ; [ ne1 ] : pl . 6 , f . 34\neuxoa ( euxoa ) obelisca obelisca ; [ ne1 ] , 30 ; [ ne3 ] , 52 , f . 15 - 17\neuxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 24\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora simulatrix ; [ ne1 ] : 55 , pl . 5 , f . 29 , 33 - 34\neuxoa ( euxoa ) glabella balcanica fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 48 ; tl : evro , kavisos , 100m\neuxoa ( euxoa ) ochrogaster islandica ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 112 ; [ ne1 ] , 25 ; [ ne3 ] , 43\neuxoa ( euxoa ) distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - 23 , 26 , 36\neuxoa ( euxoa ) hastifera hastifera ; [ ne1 ] , 44 , pl . 3 , f . 12 - 14 , 17 - 18\neuxoa ( euxoa ) temera ; [ ne1 ] , 43 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 11 ; [ ne3 ] , 40\neuxoa ( euxoa ) birivia ; [ ne1 ] : 58 , pl . 6 , f . 9 - 13 ; [ ne3 ] , 46\neuxoa ( euxoa ) wagneri ; [ ne1 ] : 53 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ ne3 ] , 46\neuxoa ( euxoa ) basigramma ; [ ne1 ] , 42 , pl . 2 , f . 33 - 36 ; [ ne3 ] , 62\neuxoa ( euxoa ) mustelina ; [ ne1 ] : 61 , pl . 6 , f . 19 - 21 ; [ ne3 ] , 62\neuxoa ( euxoa ) fallax ; [ ne1 ] : 59 , pl . 5 , f . 18 - 19 ; [ ne3 ] , 63\neuxoa ( euxoa ) triaena ; [ ne1 ] , 53 : pl . 5 , f . 12 - 17 ; [ ne3 ] , 64\neuxoa ( euxoa ) zernyi ; [ ne1 ] : 49 , pl . 4 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ ne3 ] , 65\neuxoa ( euxoa ) glabella glabella ; [ ne3 ] , 48 ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 32 - 35\neuxoa ( euxoa ) distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 24 - 25 , 27 - 35 , 37\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 13 - 27 , f . 33 - 37\neuxoa ( euxoa ) powelli persubtilis ; [ ne1 ] : 60 , pl . 6 , f . 16 - 17 ; [ ne3 ] , 64\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora decora ; [ ne1 ] : 55 , pl . 5 , f . 30 - 32 ; [ ne3 ] , 66\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora macedonica ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 39 - 40 ; [ ne3 ] , 66\neuxoa ( euxoa ) recussa recussa ; [ ne1 ] : 63 , pl . 6 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ ne3 ] , 67\neuxoa ( euxoa ) ochrogaster rossica ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 112 ; [ ne1 ] , 25 ; [ ne3 ] , 43 , f . 9\neuxoa cabara swinhoe , 1918 ; 66 ; tl : w . sumatra , padang\neuxoa ( euxoa ) canariensis mauretanica ; [ ne3 ] , 47 ( note ) ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 75 - 78\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora splendida ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 35 - 38 ; [ ne2 ] : 191 ( corrigenda )\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) scortea ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) sorella ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) vallus luteosita ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 48 , 49\neuxoa glabella ; [ ne1 ] , pl . 4 , f . 38 - 40\neuxoa ( orosagrotis ) fauna ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )\nthe moths of america north of mexico . noctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , euxoa\neuxoa ( euxoa ) phantoma ; [ ne3 ] , 44 , f . 10 - 12 ; [ ne12 ] , 146 , pl . 8 , f . 88 - 92\neuxoa ( euxoa ) eruta ; [ ne3 ] , 55 , f . 24 - 31 ; [ ne12 ] , 148 , pl . 9 , f . 11 - 15\neuxoa ( euxoa ) foeda ; [ ne3 ] , 69 , f . 36 - 39 ; [ ne12 ] , 150 , pl . 9 , f . 46 - 50\neuxoa ( euxoa ) sabuletorum ; [ ne3 ] , 72 , f . 40 - 42 ; [ ne12 ] , 150 , pl . 9 , f . 41 - 45\neuxoa ( euxoa ) montivaga fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 52 , f . 18 - 23 ; tl : greece , drama , mt . phalakron , 1700m\neuxoa dallolmoi berio , 1972 ; 177 , f . 19 ; tl : tanzania , ikonda\neuxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 ; [ ne1 ] , 26 , pl . 5 , f . 3 - 11 ; [ ne3 ] , 45\neuxoa ( euxoa ) baja lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 86 , pl . 4 , f . 16 ; tl : long beach , california\nlongivesica ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 37\n= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 3\n= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 4\n= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 5\n= euxoa distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 26\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta burmanni fibiger , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 15 - 16 ; tl : austria , n . tirol , fliess\n= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 6\n= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 5\n= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 9\n= euxoa segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . 2 , f . 21\n= euxoa segnilis cortii ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 25\neuxoa ( euxoa ) nigricans ; [ ne1 ] , 41 , pl . 2 , f . 28 - 32 ; [ ne2 ] , 191 ( corrigenda ) ; [ ne3 ] , 60\neuxoa ( euxoa ) pallidimacula lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 77 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; tl : eureka , utah\npresence en auvergne d ' euxoa distinguenda led . et description d ' une sous - esp\u00e9ce nouvella\neuxoa ( euxoa ) hardwicki lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 26 - 27 ; tl : walla walla , washington\neuxoa ( euxoa ) mojave lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 77 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : apple valley , california\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta elmquisti fibiger & moberg , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 23 - 25 ; tl : sweden , gotland , muskmyr , sundre\n= euxoa crypta ; [ ne1 ] , 37 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 14\neuxoa ( euxoa ) pareruta fibiger , gyulai , zilli , yela & ronkay , 2010 ; noct . eur . 12 : 147 , pl . 10 , f . 30 - 35 ; tl : greece\neuxoa ( euxoa ) mendelis ; [ ne1 ] : 50 , pl . 4 , f . 5 - 12 , 28 ; [ ne2 ] : 191 ( corrigenda ) ; [ ne3 ] , 65\n= euxoa comosa ontario ; [ nacl ] , # 10780d ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97\neuxoa clausa mcdunnough , 1923 ; can . ent . 55 : 163 ; tl : alberta , lethbridge\neuxoa dodi mcdunnough , 1923 ; can . ent . 55 : 163 ; tl : alberta , lethbridge\neuxoa kotzschi draudt , 1937 ; 268 , pl . 24 i ; tl : badachshan , sebak valley\neuxoa lugubris brandt , 1941 ; 839 , f . 5 ; tl : iran , kouh i taftan\neuxoa praestigiosa brandt , 1941 ; 838 , f . 2 ; tl : iran , kouh i taftan\neuxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) rasilis corti , 1932 ; 42 , pl . 5 e ; tl : aksu\neuxoa xanthosemata hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 110 ; tl : russia , caucasus\n= euxoa segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora hackeri fibiger & moberg , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 57 , pl . 5 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : greece , drama , mt . phalakron above volas\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 23 - 24\neuxoa spumata mcdunnough , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 : 192 ; tl : montana , three forks\neuxoa castanea lafontaine , 1981 ; 19 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : british columbia , golden\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis yukonensis lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 139 , 141 , pl . 7 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : yukon 2km n carcross\neuxoa heinrichi laporte , 1979 ; 106 , f . 2 ; tl : tanzania , usambara berge , malindi\neuxoa waltharii corti , 1931 ; 25 , pl . 3 e ; tl : turkestan , naryn ; kuldja\neuxoa ( euxoa ) tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 38 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 12 , pl . 16 . f . 1 - 4 #\neuxoa ( euxoa ) subandera lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 94 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; tl : la tuna canyon , los angeles co . , california\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) penelope ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 59 - 63\neuxoa altens mcdunnough , 1946 ; can . ent . 78 : 30 ; tl : oregon , mt . hood\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 21 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 17 ( form )\n= euxoa rufula basiflava ; [ nacl ] , # 10750a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 68 , 69\n= euxoa comosa lutulenta ; [ nacl ] , # 10780a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97 , 99\n= euxoa comosa lutulenta ; [ nacl ] , # 10780a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 98 , 99\neuxoa lillooet mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 195 ; tl : british columbia , seton lake\neuxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) determinata corti , 1932 ; 41 , pl . 5 d ; tl : tien - shan\neuxoa filipjevi kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 193 , pl . 25 , f . 49 ; tl : altai , shelseinska\neuxoa goetria kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 166 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : semipalatinsk gouv .\neuxoa monotona kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 171 , pl . 16 , f . 30 ; tl : semiretschje , naryn\neuxoa scurrilis draudt , 1937 ; 268 , pl . 26 d ; tl : persia , elburz , kendevan pass\neuxoa uncarpa kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 188 , pl . 26 , f . 40 ; tl : caucasus , kurusch\neuxoa urbanoides kozhanchikov , 1937 ; 560 , pl . 12 , f . 7 ; tl : pamir , chorog\neuxoa ( euxoa ) christophi ; [ ne1 ] : 49 , pl . 3 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ ne3 ] , 51 ; [ ne12 ] , 147 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 4\neuxoa ( euxoa ) coconino lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 92 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : kaibab national forest , coconino plateau , coconino co . , arizona\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) lidia lidia ; [ ne1 ] , 22 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 5\neuxoa macleani mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 195 ; tl : british columbia , mt . mclean\neuxoa levisi hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 278 ( emend . )\neuxoa ( euxoa ) mobergi fibiger , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 197 , pl . 4 , f . 3 ; tl : turkey , nevsehir , 38\u00b041 ' n 34\u00b054 ' e , ' g\u00f6reme - tal ' , 1200m\neuxoa dacota hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 244 ( emend . )\neuxoa tronellus smith , 1903 ; can . ent . 35 ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : utah , stockton\neuxoa murdoci hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 247 ( emend . )\neuxoa perolivalis var . manitobana mcdunnough , 1925 ; can . ent . 57 : 242 ; tl : manitoba , miniota\neuxoa vilsoni hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 204 ( emend . )\nagrotis ( euxoa ) acronycta rebel , 1907 ; 55 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; tl : sokotra\neuxoa rubrior pinker , 1980 ; 66 , pl . 1 , f . a2 ; tl : asia minor , g\u00fcr\u00fcn\neuxoa ( euxoa ) diaphora ; [ ne1 ] , 40 , pl . 1 , f . 37 , 40 , pl . 2 , f . 27 , pl . 5 , f . 27 - 28 ; [ ne3 ] , 59\n= euxoa distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 22 - 23 ( form )\n= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 24 - 25 ( form )\n= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 35 ( form )\n= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 27 - 28 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 18 , 27 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 26 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 35 , 37 ( form )\neuxoa dsheiron brandt , 1938 ; ent . rdsch . 55 : 499 , f . 81 ; tl : iran , keredj\nagrotis ( euxoa ) beatissima rebel , 1913 ; 59 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : canary islands , tenerife\neuxoa dodolaense laporte , 1984 ; 20 , pl . 5 , f . 60 ; tl : ethiopia , route to dodola\neuxoa fraudulenta corti , 1928 ; 320 , pl . 9 , f . 6 ; tl : tibet , kuku - noor\neuxoa hyperythra boursin , 1964 ; 9 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : nepal , naurgaon , manangbhot\neuxoa plumbescens kozhanchikov , 1937 ; 543 , pl . 11 , f . 15 ; tl : pamir , wachan ; ljangar\neuxoa sayvana ronkay , varga & hreblay , 1998 ; acta zool . hung . 44 ( 3 ) : ( ? )\neuxoa vinirufa draudt , 1936 ; 460 , pl . 5 , f . a5 ; tl : anatolia , ak - sehir\neuxoa waliarum rougeot & laporte , 1983 ; 227 , f . 7 , 8 ; tl : ethiopia , semyen , sankabar\neuxoa zugmayeri boursin , 1948 ; 98 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : west tibet , near ladak\neuxoa biformata smith , 1910 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 36 : 261 ; tl : california , sierra nevada\neuxoa obelisca var . corsicola corti , 1928 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 112 ; tl : corsia , evisa\neuxoa simulata mcdunnough , 1946 ; can . ent . 78 : 28 ; tl : california , plumas co . , nelson creek\neuxoa xasta barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 7 ) : 249 ; tl : texas , kerrville\neuxoa inscripta lafontaine , 1981 ; quaestiones entomologicae , 17 : 38 , f . 53 - 54 ; tl : colorado , craig\norosagrotis ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 155 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 147 ; [ ne3 ] , 73\neuxoa achyricola corti , 1931 ; 32 ; tl : pl . 4 d ;\nnorthern syria\n, marash [ turkey ]\neuxoa ? sublata corti , 1931 ; 31 , pl . 4 c ; tl : altyn - tag ; alexander mts ; aksu\neine neue euxoa hb . aus spanien . ( beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der\nnoctuidae - trifinae\n, xcviii / 98 . )\neine neue form von euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) drewseni stgr . ( beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der\nnoctuidae - trifinae\n101 . )\neuxoa condita lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 163 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : quebec , forestville\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 33 - 34 , 36 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 20 , 22 ( form )\nagrotis ( euxoa ) ligula bang - haas , 1910 ; 35 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : juldus region\neuxoa triumregium varga , 1979 ; 4 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : afghanistan , band - i - amir\neuxoa intermontana lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 157 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : california , lee vining\neuxoa ( euxoa ) franclemonti lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 72 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi eese flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\neuxoa ( euxoa ) absona lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 73 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : angel creek , 7000 ' , e humboldt mts , ssw of wells , elko co . , nevada\neuxoa birena berio , 1962 ; ann . mus . nat . giacomo doria 73 : 203 ; tl : lulua - kapanga [ zaire ]\neuxoa hendersoni pinhey , 1986 ; 9 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : rhodesia , 30mil s west henderson\neuxoa nomima dognin , 1916 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 11 : 10 ; tl : volcan irazu , 2500m , costa rica\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) nevadensis ; [ ne1 ] , 65 , pl . 6 , f . 14 - 15 ; [ ne3 ] , 38\n484x722 ( ~ 79kb ) russia , moscow area , 8 . 8 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov euxoa nigricans det . jaakko kullberg\neuxoa inyoca benjamin , 1936 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 34 : 199 ; tl : california , inyo co .\neuxoa ( orosagrotis ) tristis ; [ ne1 ] : 69 , pl . 6 , f . 37 - 39 ; [ ne3 ] , 73\neuxoa aberrans mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 231 , f . 2 \u2642 gen ; tl : montana , jefferson co .\neuxoa cymograpta hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 109 ; tl : br . e . africa , eb urru [ kenya ]\neuxoa eremorealis varga , 1975 ; 1 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : afghanistan , dasht - i - nawar , hokak\neuxoa vitta rondoui boursin , 1935 ; cat . l\u00e9p . france & belgique , 1 : 718 ; tl : france , hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9s , h\u00e9as\neuxoa zernyi boursin , 1944 ; revue fr . ent . 10 : 159 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : orenburg\neuxoa rockburnei hardwick , 1973 ; can . ent . 105 : 497 , f . 8 , 14 \u2642 gen . ; tl : california , truckee\neuxoa melura mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 231 , f . 1 ( m . gen ) ; tl : utah , eureka\neuxoa vertenteni hulstaert , 1923 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 11 : 189 ; tl : okaba [ new guinea ]\ndrei f\u00fcr die europ\u00e4ische fauna neue noctuidenarten aus griechenland und spanien , sowie eine neue unterart von euxoa inclusa corti , 1931 ( lep . : noctuidae )\neuxoa sinelinea hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 824 , f . 13 - 14 , 6 - 10 ; tl : labrador , goose bay\npleonectopoda ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 40 ; [ ne1 ] , 64 ; [ ne3 ] , 38\neuxoa hilaris derrae hacker , 1985 ; neue ent . nachr . 14 : ( 21 - 31 ) ; tl : greece , drama , phalakron oros , chionotrypa\nnoctua ( euxoa ) obelisca ; [ ne1 ] : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 33 ; [ ne2 ] : 190 ( note )\neuxoa scholastica mcdunnough , 1920 ; can . ent . 52 ( 6 ) : 161 , f . 3 \u2642 gen . ; tl : quebec , meach lake\neuxoa scotogrammoides mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 233 , f . 3 ( m . gen ) ; tl : montana , jefferson co .\neuxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) difficillima draudt , 1937 ; 243 , pl . 26 h ; tl : elburz mtns , kendevan pass ; tacht i suleiman [ iran ]\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) adumbrata ; [ ne3 ] , 35 , f . 4 ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 64 - 73\neuxoa nevadensis corti , 1928 ; ent . mitt . 17 ( 1 ) : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : spain , sierra nevada\neuxoa austrina hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 270 , f . 4 ; tl : california , los angeles co . , san gabriel mts .\neuxoa guadalupensis lafontaine & byers , 1982 ; can . ent . 114 : 581 , f . 27 - 28 ; tl : texas , guadalupe mtns , bear canyon\nchorizagrotis ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 28 ; [ ne1 ] , 22 ; [ ne3 ] , 30 , 34\neuxoa chimoensis hardwick , 1966 ; can . ent . 98 : 766 , f . 12 , 6 - 8 ( gen ) ; tl : quebec , ft . chimo\neuxoa unica mcdunnough , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 : 192 , pl . 13 , f . 1 ( m . gen ) ; tl : saskatchewan , saskatoon\neuxoa albiorbis hampson , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 368 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury [ zimbabwe ]\neuxoa amorpha boursin , 1964 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . staatssamml . munchen 8 : 10 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : nepal , naurgaon , manangbhot\neuxoa polytela boursin , 1940 ; 304 , pl . 10 , f . 1 , 3 ; tl : w . kan - sou , liang - tschou , richthofen mts\neuxoa pronycta hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 324 , pl . 67 , f . 14 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury\neuxoa flavogrisea corti , 1932 ; gross - schmett . erde ( suppl . 3 ) : 37 , pl . 4 k ; tl : kara - murun ; choton ; aksu\neuxoa ( agrotis ) canariensis rebel , 1902 ; ann . k . k . natur . hist hofmus . wien , 17 ( notizen ) : 59 ; tl : canary islands\neuxoa pimensis barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 18 : 150 ; tl : arizona , pima co . , babaquivera mts .\neuxoa occidentalis lafontaine & byers , 1982 ; can . ent . 114 : 587 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : oregon , 28 mi w of baker , sumpter\neuxoa nyctina hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 336 , pl . 67 , f . 29 ; tl : kumaon , ralam valley\neuxoa xanthiodes hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 315 , pl . 67 , f . 7 ; tl : kashmir , barra larcha\neuxoa nigrata matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 121 , pl . 11 , f . 1 \u2642 ; tl : sakhalin\neuxoa shasta lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 163 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : mt . shasta , mcbride springs , siskiyou co . , california\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) penelope fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 36 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : greece , paraskevei near konitsa , ioannina , 750m\neuxoa lecerfi zerny , 1934 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 19 ( fortsetzung ) : 44 , pl . 6 , f . 22 - 23 ; tl : morocco , tachdirt\neuxoa auripennis lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 412 , f . 5 , 10 \u2642 gen . , 12 \u2640 gen . ; tl : british columbia , cranbrook\neuxoa wirima hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 674 , f . 15 - 18 , 6 - 10 \u2640\u2642 gen ; tl : canada , northwest territories , fort smith\neuxoa cincta barnes & benjamin , 1924 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 5 ( 3 ) : 108 ; tl : arizona , cochise co . , paradise\neuxoa vernalis lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 1276 , f . 3 - 4 , f . 8 \u2642 gen . ; tl : arizona , cocolino co . , fort valley\neuxoa cryptica hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 268 , f . 1 , 5 - 6 \u2642 gen ; tl : california , 20 mi . w of bishop , mosquito flat\n700x443 ( ~ 57kb ) larva finland : n : espoo , tapiola 667 : 37 , 3 . 9 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 markku savela euxoa sp . / tritici group ? det . kimmo silvonen\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) vallus bivittata lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 50 ; tl : 7 mi wsw lee vining , california\neuxoa ustulata lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 10 , f . 3 - 4 , 6 ( m . gen ) , 8 ( f . gen ) ; tl : california , cedarville\neuxoa aurantiaca lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 1236 , f . 3 - 4 , 12 \u2642 gen , 17 \u2640 gen ; tl : wyoming , 4 mi . s . of alcova\neuxoa macrodentata hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 1223 , f . 8 - 9 , f . 1 - 5 ( m . f . gen ) ; tl : yukon territory , whitehorse\neuxoa juliae hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 272 , f . 2 , 9 - 10 ( \u2642 gen ) ; tl : california , 7 mi . wsw of lee vining , tioga pass\neuxoa lucida barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 1 ( 5 ) : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : utah , eureka\neuxoa luctuosa lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 746 , f . 7 , 8 , 14 \u2642 gen . , 18 \u2640 gen . ; tl : colorado , 17mi w . of pagosa springs\neuxoa melana lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 1329 , f . 5 - 6 , 8 \u2642 gen . , 10 \u2640 gen . ; tl : texas , 6 mi . e . of canadian\neuxoa serotina lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 665 , f . 5 - 6 , 9 \u2642 gen . , 12 \u2640 gen . ; tl : texas , san patricio co . , welder wildlife refuge\neuxoa oberfoelli hardwick , 1973 ; can . ent . 105 : 75 , f . 1 - 4 , f . 6 \u2642 gen . , 7 \u2640 gen . ; tl : montana , 17 mi . se fort peck\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) churchillensis alpina lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 52 - 53 ; tl : pennsylvania mtn . , park co . , colorado\neuxoa axiliodes hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 308 , pl . 66 , f . 31 ; tl : br . e . africa , athi - ya - mawe [ kenya ]\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) hyperborea lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 46 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : gubik gas field , chandler river , 1 mi s colville river , alaska\neuxoa maderensis lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 665 , f . 3 - 4 , 8 \u2642 gen . , 11 \u2640 gen ; tl : arizona , santa cruz co . , santa rita mts . , madera canyon\neuxoa arizonensis lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 416 , f . 6 , 11 ( m . gen ) , 13 ( f . gen ) ; tl : arizona , apache co . , white mts . , greer\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) leuschneri lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 52 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : barton flats , san bernardino mts , sna bernardino co . , california , 6300\neuxoa cinnabarina barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : pl . 15 , f . 1 ; tl : california , monachee meadows , s . diego co . , nellie\neuxoa piniae buckett & bauer , 1964 ; can . ent . 96 : 967 , f . 1 - 2 , 4 - 5 ( m . gen ) , 8 ( f . gen ) ; tl : california , plumas co . , johnsville\neuxoa cana lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 1236 , f . 5 - 6 , 13 ( m . gen ) , 18 ( f . gen ) ; tl : oregon , sumpter co . , 28 mi . w . baker\neuxoa antica lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 651 , f . 2 , 4 ( m . gen ) , 6 ( f . gen ) ; tl : new mexico , colfax co . , sangre de cristo mts . , cimarron canyon\neuxoa is a very large genus with many similar species , many of which are also quite variable . the genus is defined by a saccular extension of the valves in males and sclerotized plates on the dorsal and ventral ductus bursae in females . the genus was revised by lafontaine ( 1987 ) in the moths of north america series and is divided into eight subgenera based on structural characters . these moths are amongst the most difficult to identify . even though the forewing color and strength of various markings can vary significantly in some of the species , the shape of the lines and spots and the color of the hindwings ( often different in the sexes ) are more constant . the habitat and flight period are also important in helping to narrow the possibilities .\nheteroeuxoa lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 12 , 34 ; ts : mamestra septentrionalis walker\n1100x786 ( ~ 128kb ) usa : colorado , clear creek co . , summit lake , mt . evans , 23 . 7 . 2012 ( 39\u00b035 ' 52\nn 105\u00b038 ' 23\nw ) , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1200x1852 ( ~ 258kb ) usa : 2 . 5 mi ne of roggen on cr # 386 on sand hills , weld co . , co , 26 . 7 . 2012 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n900x1213 ( ~ 124kb ) usa : washington , chelan co . , lepsoc 2010 moth night at eagle creek , 9 . 7 . 2010 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nthe exact identification of these species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\npalaeoeuxoa lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 12 , 31 ; ts : agrotis mimallonis grote\nfrom ( e . washington - w . montana , colorado ) - to ( california , arizona , n . new mexico ) . see [ maps ]\nnew york , nova scotia - s . canada , alberta , rocky mountains , wyoming , south dakota , new mexico\nphalaena ( noctua ) lidia stoll , [ 1782 ] ; in cramer , uitl . kapellen 4 ( 32 - 32 ) : 222 , pl . 396 , f . d ; tl : british guiana , berbice [ error ]\n500x522 ( ~ 43kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 22 - 28 . 8 . 1976 , f 29 - 4 . 9 . 1976 , markku savela leg .\n500x281 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , f 12 - 18 . 8 . 1995 , markku savela leg .\nseu , ceu - se . siberia , turkey , pamirs , japan . see [ maps ]\nrhyacia mansour le cerf , 1933 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 38 : 216 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas , zarf\nfrom ( alberta , saskatchewan ) - colorado , texas , mexico , michigan , missouri . see [ maps ]\nmexico , texas , oklahoma , colorado , s . nevada , s . california , florida . see [ maps ]\nagrotis terrealis grote , 1883 ; trans . kansas acad . sci . 8 : 47 ; tl : las vegas , new mexico\nbritish columbia - colorado , arizona , washington - california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . british columbia - s . manitoba ) - to ( new mexico , arizona ) , washington , oregon , california . see [ maps ]\nlongivesica hardwick , 1970 ; mem . ent . soc . canada 67 : 44 ; ts : agrotis divergens walker\nnewfoundland , s . canada , s . alberta - arizona , virginia , massachusetts , missouri , california , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nnew york , michigan , nova scotia - ontario - british columbia - alaska , rocky mountains , colorado , arizona , new mexico , california . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - california , s . nevada , montana , utah , w . colorado . see [ maps ]\ncarneades edictalis smith , 1893 ; ent . news , 4 ( 3 ) : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : colorado\ncrassivesica hardwick , 1970 ; mem . ent . soc . canada 67 : 156 ; ts : agrotis bochus morrison\nfrom ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - to ( california , arizona , new mexico ) . see [ maps ]\nagrotis bochus morrison , 1874 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 163 ; tl : nebraska\npleonectopoda grote , 1873 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 1 : 136 ; ts : pleonectopoda lewisi grote\nagrotis haverkampfi standfuss , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 : 359 ; tl : corsica\nturkey , bulgaria , turkmenia , caucasus , armenia , turkey , lebanon , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]\ns . greenland , labrador , northwest territories , yukon , alberta . see [ maps ]\nagrotiphila churchillensis mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 105 ; tl : manitoba , ft . churchill\nnewfoundland , labrador , n . quebec , northwest territories , new hampshire , new england . see [ maps ]\nquebec , maine , newfoundland , ontario , s . yukon , alberta , rocky mountains , colorado , oregon . see [ maps ]\nnewfoundland , nova scotia - massachusetts , s . onterio - s . alberta , montana , wyoming , utah , california , missouri , new york , colorado . see [ maps ]\nontario - alberta , illinois , nebraska , colorado , arizona , washington . see [ maps ]\ncarneades vallus smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 430 ; tl : british columbia\ncarneades luteosita smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 433 ; tl : colorado , hall valley\nagrotis trifasciata smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 460 ; tl : oregon , mt . hood\ncascades ( s . british columbia - california ) , idaho , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]\nn . minnesota , manitoba - british columbia - california , alberta - arizona , nova scotia , quebec , maine . see [ maps ]\ns . canada , massachusetts , washington , idaho - to ( new mexico , arizona ) . see [ maps ]\nmanitoba , saskatchewan , alberta , w . montana , wyoming , colorado . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - colorado , utah , nevada , california , washington , wyoming , oregon . see [ maps ]\nparagrotis dyar , [ 1903 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 140 ( repl . carneades grote , 1883 ) ; ts : carneades moerens grote\nceu , seu , naf , caucasus , armenia , c . asia , turkey , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]\nw . siberia - amur , kurile is . , sakhalin , mongolia , w . china , tibet , afghanistan , nepal , india , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\nnoctua ochrogaster guen\u00e9e , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 327 ; tl : north america\nagrotis islandica staudinger , 1857 ; stettin ent . ztg 18 ( 7 - 9 ) : 232 ; tl : iceland , iyjofj\u00f6dr , fredrickgafa [ ? ] and greenland\n: pamir , chorog ; pamir - darja ; agatsh kurgan at kudara ; semirtsche , naryn ; s . siberia , barnaul\nfrom ( s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - to ( colorado , utah , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]\nagrotis nostra smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 55 ; tl : california , sierra nevada\nagrotis phantoma kozhanchikov , 1928 ; ent . mitt . 17 ( 3 ) : 201 ; tl : siberia , minussinsk\nphalaena cursoria hufnagel , 1766 ; berlin . magazin . 3 ( 4 ) : 416 ; tl : berlin region\n500x517 ( ~ 40kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 14 - 20 . 8 . 1982 , f 6 - 11 . 8 . 1994 , markku savela leg .\n500x572 ( ~ 39kb ) finland : n : helsinki , m 9 . 8 . 1972 , ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , f 7 - 13 . 8 . 1982 , markku savela leg .\nlarva on ( mostly roots of ) elymus arenarius , rumex sp . , atriplex littoralis , minuartia pebloides , cakile maritima , lathyrus maritimus [ sprk ] , asparagus [ ne1 ]\nf . nigrovittata ( hanel , 1920 ) ; int . ent . zs . 13 : 185 ; tl : germany\nceu , caucasus , armenia , c . asia , ili , issyk - kul , turkey , iran . see [ maps ]\nsweu , libya , tunisia , algeria , morocco , jordan , sicily . see [ maps ]\nsteppes of ( s . russia ) , w . turkestan , s . ferghana , altai , sarepta . see [ maps ]\neu - c . asia , n . africa , middle east . see [ maps ]\n500x461 ( ~ 34kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 22 - 28 . 8 . 1976 , f 19 - 25 . 8 . 1978 , markku savela leg .\neu , turkey , siberia , c . asia - altai . see [ maps ]\nnoctua eruta h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 136 , f . 623 ; tl : europe\n500x513 ( ~ 38kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 23 - 30 . 7 . 1982 , f 31 - 6 . 8 . 1982 , markku savela leg .\n500x508 ( ~ 37kb ) finland : ab : suomusj\u00e4rvi , 669 : 31 , m 25 - 28 . 7 . 1996 , f 1 - 7 . 9 . 1996 , markku savela leg .\ngreat confusion of how names should be distributed between e . tritici ( previosly e . crypta ) , and e . nigrofusca ( previously e . tritici ) , change due type specimen tritici being same ascrypta ! see [ ne12 ] , 149 .\nthe photos are placed here , but i have no sure way of knowing which of the\ntritici\ngroup species is really shown here .\nagrotis segnilis duponchel , 1837 ; in godart , hist . nat . l\u00e9pid . fr . ( suppl . ) 3 : 649 ; tl : balkan mts .\n502x666 ( ~ 96kb ) russia , moscow area , 2 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9\n500x518 ( ~ 38kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 12 - 18 . 8 . 1995 , f 19 - 25 . 8 . 1995 , markku savela leg .\nlarva on gramineae , allium fistulosum , polygonum aviculare , brassica napus v . napobrassica\nseu , tunisia , algeria , turkey , syria , iraq , iran , armenia , w . turkestan , ferghana , issyk - kul . see [ maps ]\nbang - haas , 1922 ; 36 , pl . 11 , f . 18 - 19 ;\nturkey , iran , armenia , turkmenia , issyk - kul , ili , saisan , altai , w . siberia . see [ maps ]\nsarepta , kasakhstan , turkmenia , uzbekistan , kirghizia , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nturkmenia , w . siberia , armenia , turkey , iran . see [ maps ]\nn . africa , iraq , yemen , arabia , turkmenistan , afghanistan , pakistan , . . .\nsteppes of ( s . russia , n . kazakhstan ) . see [ maps ]\nseu , ceu , morocco , algeria , caucasus , armenia , issyk - kul , turkey , iran , iraq . see [ maps ]\n? agrotis decora olympica toulechkoff , 1951 ; izv . zool . inst . sof . 1 : 327\neu , turkey , w . siberia , altai , ala tau , issyk - kul , alexander mts . , ili , amurland . see [ maps ]\nnoctua recussa h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 138 , f . 630 ; tl : europe [ alpes - maritimes ]\n500x575 ( ~ 42kb ) finland : om : perho , j\u00e4nk\u00e4 , 7020 : 376 , m 3 . 8 . 1971 , f 8 . 8 . 1971 , markku savela leg .\narmenia , turkey , lebanon , syria , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]\nhadena acuminifera eversmann , 1854 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 27 ( 3 ) : 188 ; tl : kirghizia , southern steppe\nse . ukraine , s . russia ( steppe ) , turkey , iran , iraq , transcaucasia , caucasus , c . asia . see [ maps ]\nagrotis ? anarmodia staudinger , 1897 ; dt . ent . z . iris 10 : 170 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : syria ; haifa\nagrotis bostoniensis grote , 1874 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 1874 : 203 ; tl : massachusetts , newtonville\nfrom ( s . manitoba , wisconsin ) - s . alberta - california , texas , colorado , arizona , mexico . see [ maps ]\nw . montana - washington - arizona , california , colorado . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - california , n . michigan . see [ maps ]\ntexas , new mexico , mexico , guatemala , . . . . see [ maps ]\nagrotis rufula smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 461 ; tl : new mexico\nw . ontario - british columbia , montana , utah , new mexico , california , oregon , washington . see [ maps ]\nagrotis annulipes smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 48 ; tl : oregon\nquebec , ontario , e . north dakota , pennsylvania , n . illinois , e . nebraska , kentucky , north carolina . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia , s . alberta - utah , nevada , california , washington . see [ maps ]\ns . montana - wyoming - colorado - new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - oregon , california , montana - utah , colorado . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - to ( new mexico , utah , california ) , nevada . see [ maps ]\nagrotis pluralis grote , 1878 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 4 : 174 ; tl : nevada\noregon , washington , utah , new mexico , nevada . see [ maps ]\nbritish columbia , alberta , washington , idaho , arizona , new mexico , south dakota , wyoming . see [ maps ]\nnorth carolina , quebec - ontario - alberta - british columbia - alaska , minnesota , s . alberta - new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\nnewfoundland , s . canada , british columbia alaska , new england , rocky mountains , new mexico , arizona , utah , kentucky . see [ maps ]\nagrotis campestris grote , 1875 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 27 : 423 ; tl : orillia , ontario\ncolorado , utah , new mexico , arizona , mexico . see [ maps ]\ns . washington - w . colorado , arizona , california , nevada , montana , s . alberta . see [ maps ]\nagrotis silens grote , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 4 ) : 67 ; tl : nevada\ncolorado , s . california , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]\ns . michigan - w . montana , tennessee , n . arkansas , texas . see [ maps ]\nwashington , utah , w . new mexico , s . california . see [ maps ]\ncascases ( s . british columbia - california ) , montana , utah , colorado . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( w . montana , wyoming ) - nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nfeltia stygialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 1 ( 5 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : arizona , santa catalina mts .\ncolorado - california , new mexico , arizona , south dakota , se . montana . see [ maps ]\ncarneades stigmatalis smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 425 ; tl : colorado , glenwood springs\ns . saskatschewan , s . albertal , north dakota , montana . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia , s . saskatchewan - colorado , washington , oregon , california , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nmassachusetts , north carolina , kansas , nova scotia , s . canada , alberta , british columbia , yukon , alaska , new york , colorado , california , south dakota , new mexico , arizona , washington . see [ maps ]\nth rep . nox . and other ins . state of n . y : 237 ;\ns . saskatchewan - s . british columbia - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\nagrotis plagigera morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 163 ; tl : colorado\ncalifornia , colorado , manitoba , alberta , saskatchewan , utah , south dakota , . . . . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - new mexico , california , arizona , e . montana , ne . wyoming . see [ maps ]\ns . nevada , utah , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . british columbia - s . saskatchwan ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california , w . kansas . see [ maps ]\nagrotis comosa morrison , 1876 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 18 : 238 ; tl : colorado\nw . montana , n . utah , california , arizona , colado . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia , washington , oregon , california . see [ maps ]\nprince edward i . - s . manitoba , montana , wyoming , n . kansas , w . north carolina , new york . see [ maps ]\nagrotis velleripennis grote , 1874 ; 6th ann . rep . peabody acad . sci . 1873 : 25 ; tl : new york\nfrom ( s . british columbia - s . saskatchewan ) - california , south dakota , utah , nevada . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - colorado , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . british columbia , ne . wyoming ) - to ( new mexico , arizona , california ) . see [ maps ]\nagrotis satiens smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 45 ; tl : nw british columbia\nagrotis violaris grote & robinson , 1868 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 353 , pl . 7 , f . 59 ; tl : atlantic district\nfrom ( alberta , s . yukon ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( manitoba , british columbia ) - to ( colorado , kansas , california , new mexico , arizona ) , s . canada , quebec , n . pennsylvania . see [ maps ]\ne . south dakota , e . north dakota , s . saskatchewan , montana , kansas , new mexico , nebraska . see [ maps ]\nbritish columbia - e . washington - utah - new mexico , w . south dakota . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( saskatchewan , alberta ) - to ( north dakota , south dakota , colorado ) , new mexico , arizona , nevada , oregon . see [ maps ]\nagrotis basalis grote , 1879 ; north amer . ent . 1 ( 5 ) : 38 ; tl : colorado\nagrotis costata grote , 1876 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 3 : 80 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : vancouver island\nbritish columbia - manitoba , n . idaho , rocky mountains , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]\ncarneades foeminalis smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 454 ; tl : colorado , garfield co .\nse . saskatchewan - south dakota , alaska , idaho , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\nnova scotia - british columbia , s . yukon , massachusetts , new york , michigan , south dakota , colorado , new mexico , arizona , utah . see [ maps ]\nnova scotia - virginia , massachusetts , ontario - s . saskatchewan , montan , w . wyoming , missouri . see [ maps ]\nagrotis redimicula morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 165 ; tl : massachusetts\nyukon , from ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , montana , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\noregon - california , colorado , idaho , s . montana , utah , nevada . see [ maps ]\nagrotis agema strecker , 1899 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 2 : 5 ; tl : colorado\ns . saskatchewan - s . british columbia , south dakota , montana , new mexico , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nagrotis oblongistigma smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 454 ; tl : montana\ns . washington - califorina , wyoming , colorado , new mexico , north dakota , s . alberta . see [ maps ]\ns . saskatchewan , s . alberta , south dakota , wyoming , utah . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( new mexico , texas , arizona , nevada ) . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( saskatchewan , s . british columbia ) - to ( south dakota , colorado , arizona , n . baja california , mexico ) , oregon . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( colorado , oregon ) , arizona , nevada . see [ maps ]\ncascades ( washington - california ) , n . baja california . see [ maps ]\nagrotis latro barnes & benjamin , 1926 ; can . ent . 58 : 305 ; tl : california , truckee\nfrom ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - to ( colorado , utah , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( south dakota , new mexico , arizona ) . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . manitoba - s . british columbia ) - to ( south dakota , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]\nagrotis infracta morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 18 : 115 ; tl : colorado\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , utah , nevada , montana , california . see [ maps ]\nagrotis quadridentata grote & robinson , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 4 : 491 , pl . 3 , f . 2 - 3 ; tl : colorado territory\nrocky mountains , e . british columbia , w . montana , colorado , wyoming , e . nevada , arizona\ncascades , s . british columbia , w . idaho , e . nevada , california\ns . montana - colorado , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( texas , new mexico , arizona ) , south dakota , michigan . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . manitoba - s . british columbia ) - nebraska , idaho , south dakota , colorado , oregon , new mexico , . see [ maps ]\nnewfoundland - northwest territories , alberta , south carolina , n . missouri , kansas , colorado . see [ maps ]\ncharaeas ? detersa walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 9 : 212 ; tl : nova scotia\nfrom ( saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , california , new mexico , utah , texas . see [ maps ]\noregon - california , nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nagrotis recula harvey , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : oregon\nagrotis aequalis harvey , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 36 ; tl : california\nkansas , colorado , new mexico , arizona , n . texas . see [ maps ]\ncarneades conjuncta smith , 1890 ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 38 : 221 ; tl : new mexico , las vegas\noregon , utah , colorado , idaho , california , montana , w . north dakota . see [ maps ]\ns . northwest territories , s . yukon , se . alaska , manitoba , montana , colorado , utah , california . see [ maps ]\nsw . saskatchewan , washington , montana , colorado , utah , nevada , arizona , texas , california . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia , w . north dakota , montana , colorado , new mexico , nevada , arizona . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - to ( nevada , utah , new mexico , arizona , california ) . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( texas , new mexico , utah ) , s . british columbia - to ( nevada , arizona ) . see [ maps ]\ncarneades cinereopallidus smith , 1903 ; can . ent . 35 ( 1 ) : 10 ; tl : utah , stockton\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan - s . alberta ) - to ( new mexico , mexico ) , s . british columbia - to ( utah , nevada ) , colorado . see [ maps ]\ncolorado , w . texas , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]\nturkmenia , c . asia , w . siberia , mongolia , china . see [ maps ]\nagrotiphila incognita smith , 1894 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 21 : 52 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : british columbia , laggan\nfrom ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - montana , washington , s . manitoba , n . michigan . see [ maps ]\ns . northwest territories , s . yukon , alberta , saskatchewan , s . british columbia - colorado , washington , utah . see [ maps ]\nrhizagrotis perolivalis smith , 1905 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 13 : 194 ; tl : alberta , calgary\nmaine , newfoundland - british columbia , montana , south dakota . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( nebraska , colorado ) , idaho , nevada , montana . see [ maps ]\nnorthwest territories - north dakota , colorado , utah , washington , montana . see [ maps ]\nagrotis flavicollis smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 456 ; tl : montana\nyukon , s . northwest territories - british columbia , north dakota , montana , colorado , utah , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]"]}
{"id": 951, "summary": [{"text": "scydosella is a genus of beetles that consists of only one species scydosella musawasensis .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the species is regarded as the smallest free-living insect , as well as the smallest beetle .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are among featherwing beetle , named because of their feather-like spiny wings .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it was first discovered in nicaragua , and described in 1999 by wesley eugene hall of the university of nebraska state museum .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the initial discovery consisted of very few specimens , and exact measurements were not conclusive .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "because of their tiny size , they were difficult to observe under microscope after preservation .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the generally accepted size was 0.300 mm in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "on 8 february 2015 , alexey polilov of the lomonosov moscow state university collected 85 specimens in chicaque national park , colombia .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "they were discovered on a layer of fungus on which they feed .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "from these specimens exact measurements could be made , and was found that the smallest individual is only 0.325 mm long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the largest individual is 0.352 mm long , and the average length of all the specimens is 0.338 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the body is elongated and oval in shape , yellowish-brown in colour , and its antennae are split into 10 segments . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "scydosella", "paragraphs": ["this tiny insect , scientifically known as scydosella musawasensis , is the only species in the featherwing beetle genus scydosella .\naccording to a new study published online this week in the journal zookeys , the smallest examined representative of scydosella musawasensis has a length of 0 . 325 mm .\nhabitus and diagnostic characters of scydosella musawasensis , sem : a dorsal view b lateral view c ventral view d antenna c mouthparts f pygidial tooth g mesosternal process .\n\u201cthe record of scydosella musawasensis in colombia considerably broadens the known range of this genus and species , known previously only from one site in nicaragua , \u201d dr polilov wrote .\n\u201cthis record also broadens the known range of fungi colonized by scydosella musawasensis , which was known previously only from rigidoporus lineatus . i have collected it on steccherinum sp . \u201d\nthe smallest known beetle scydosella musawasensis hall is recorded for the second time . precise measurements of its body size are given , and it is shown that the smallest examined representative of this species has a length of 325 \u00b5m .\nthis trend towards fusion into fewer , separate parts affects many organ systems . microinsects like scydosella lack the crops and gizzards present in larger insects , and may also lose the muscles that typically line the esophagus and intestines . the circulatory system in microinsects is basically reduced to nothing more than a simple heart and a short aorta , with scydosella losing those organs entirely . those microinsects with wings suffer from weakly developed veins , which poses a huge problem for flight performance .\nthe world ' s smallest beetle and tiniest non - parasitoid insect , called scydosella musawasensis , is morphologically characterised by its elongated oval body , yellowish - brown colouration and antennae split into 10 segments . it is also the only representative of this featherwing beetle genus .\nthe record of scydosella musawasensis in colombia considerably broadens the known range of this genus and species , known previously only from one site in nicaragua ( hall 1999 ) , where the type series was collected : musawas , waspuc river , nicaragua , 14 october 1955 . this record also broadens the known range of fungi colonized by scydosella musawasensis , which was known previously only from rigidoporus lineatus ( meripilaceae , given as polyporus zonalis in the original description ) ( hall 1999 ) ; i have collected it on steccherinum sp . ( meruliaceae ) .\npolilov aa ( 2015 ) how small is the smallest ? new record and remeasuring of scydosella musawasensis hall , 1999 ( coleoptera , ptiliidae ) , the smallest known free - living insect . zookeys 526 : 61\u201364 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 526 . 6531\nmore information : alexey polilov . how small is the smallest ? new record and remeasuring of scydosella musawasensis hall , 1999 ( coleoptera , ptiliidae ) , the smallest known free - living insect , zookeys ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 526 . 6531\npolilov aa . 2015 . how small is the smallest ? new record and remeasuring of scydosella musawasensis hall , 1999 ( coleoptera , ptiliidae ) , the smallest known free - living insect . zookeys 526 : 61 - 64 ; doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 526 . 6531\n\u201cmeasuring of ten specimens of scydosella musawasensis has shown that the smallest of them has a length of 0 . 325 mm , the largest has a length of 0 . 352 mm , and the average length is 0 . 338 mm . the body width is 0 . 098 to 0 . 104 mm , \u201d dr polilov wrote in the zookeys paper .\nnow that we\u2019ve covered why insects have to be small , the next reasonable question is what keeps them from shrinking even smaller than scydosella ? the problem is that multicellular organisms must make a lot of sacrifices to fit all those structures and organs into such a tiny body . miniaturization in metazoans is actually polilov\u2019s main research interest , and he discussed the unique effects of shrinking on structure and physiology in a paper published earlier this year .\nentomologists have declared scydosella musawasensis to be the world\u2019s smallest free - living insect . s . musawasensis , a featherwing beetle , can be as small as 0 . 325 millimeters ( as tiny as certain unicellular organisms ) . alexey polilov of lomonosov moscow state university collected 85 of the beetles from colombia , and his measurements of the tiny specimens confirm their ranking as the world\u2019s tiniest free - living insects . in order to even measure such a tiny organism , polilov had to use a scanning electron microscope with specialized software .\nadults of scydosella musawasensis hall , 1999 were collected in chicaque national park , colombia , 10 km west of bogot\u00e1 , on 8 february 2015 ( coordinates 4 . 619 , - 74 . 312 ) , 2200 m above sea level , on the fungus steccherinum sp . ( meruliaceae ) , 85 specimens . the material was fixed in faa ( formaldehyde\u2014alcohol\u2014acetic acid ) and preserved in 70 % ethanol . it was subsequently examined under a jeol jsm - 6380 scanning electron microscope ( sem ) after drying of the specimens at the critical point ( hitachi hcp - 2 ) and sputter coating with gold ( giko jsm - 6380 ) . the measurements were made using the program meazure ( c thing software ) from digital micrographs obtained under sem .\nthe smallest known beetle \u2013 and the smallest non - parasitoid insect \u2013 has a body length of 0 . 325 mm , according to entomologist dr alexey polilov of lomonosov university .\nit\u2019s morphologically characterised by its elongated oval body , yellowish - brown coloration and antennae split into ten segments .\n\u201cnot able to precisely measure its size because of the preserved nicaraguan specimens being embedded in preparations for microscopy studies , i used new individuals , collected in chicaque national park , colombia in early 2015 , \u201d dr polilov explained .\nthe measurements were made using specialized software from digital micrographs obtained under a scanning electron microscope .\n\u201cthus , the smallest beetle and smallest known non - parasitoid insect has a body length of 0 . 325 mm . \u201d\nthe size of the smallest known parasitoid insect , male dicopomorpha echmepterygis ( a parasitic wasp in the family mymaridae ) , is 0 . 139 mm .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe long - lasting search and debate around the size and identity of the world ' s smallest free - living insect seems to have now been ended with the precise measurement and second record of the featherwing beetle species .\ndescribed back in 1999 based on only several specimens found in nicaragua , as many as 85 individuals of the minute beetle species have recently been retrieved from colombia and thoroughly examined . the smallest of them measured the astounding 0 . 325 mm . the finding made by dr . alexey polilov , lomonosov moscow state university moscow , is available in the open access journal zookeys .\nnot able to precisely measure its size because of the preserved specimens being embedded in preparations for microscopy studies , dr . polilov used new individuals , collected in chicaque national park , colombia in early 2015 . to conclude the length of the smallest one as 325 \u00b5m ( 0 . 325 mm ) the scientist used a specialised software and digital micrographs .\n, which also proved that the range of its distribution is actually much wider . thereafter , so are the localities of the fungi that the insect feeds on .\na team of japanese scientists found and described a new species of scarab beetle from cambodia . the beetle was named termitotrox venus , after venus - the roman goddess of beauty and love . the study was published in the open - access . . .\nminuscule snails defy current knowledge and scientific terminology about terrestrial\nmicrosnails\n. while examining soil samples collected from the base of limestone rocks in guangxi province , southern china , scientists barna . . .\nrecent research from a team led by dr jonathan cox shows how certain beetles use their antennae to locate potential mates . this is the first time scientists have studied molecule capture by the antennae of beetles .\nin 1832 charles darwin disembarked from hms beagle in bahia blanca , argentina where he travelled by land to buenos aires . in bahia blanca , darwin collected several fossils of large mammals along with many other living organisms , . . .\na newly - discovered species of tree - killing bark beetle , dendroctonus mesoamericanus armend\u00e1riz - toledano and sullivan , has been described in a paper published online in the annals of the entomological society of america by . . .\ndr david livingstone ' s only known beetle specimens have been discovered at the museum - 150 years after he brought them back from africa .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nfairyfly wasps rank smaller than the featherwing beetle me thinks at 0 . 15 mm . check wikipedia entry for fairyfly .\nthe article specified\nfree living\n, so perhaps that is to rule out the parasitic fairyflies .\nyeh ewh that could bee . wonder what free - living means in this case . either way . . . . what a teeny tiny eentsy insect . . . . smaller than a paramecium ; holy cow .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nhas shown that the smallest of them has a length of 325 \u00b5m , the largest has a length of 352 \u00b5m , and the average length is 338 \u00b5m ( fig .\n) . the body width ( maximum width of both elytra at rest ) is 98 to 104 \u00b5m ( \u043c = 99 \u00b5m , n = 10 ) . thus , the smallest beetle and the smallest known free - living insect has a body length of 325 \u00b5m .\n) , yellowish - brown , surface generally glabrous , punctation sparse . antennae 10 - segmented ( fig .\n) . pronotum widest at middle . procoxal pockets absent , prothoracic glands absent . mesosternal process evenly narrowing anteriad , with obtuse apex , not extending onto metasternum ( fig .\n) . mesosternal lines ending near process ; metasternal lines complete . elytral venter with stridulatory file . femoral line ending in 2 setae . pygidial tooth acute ( fig .\nthis study has been supported by the russian science foundation ( project no . 14 - 14 - 00208 ) .\ndybas hs . ( 1990 ) chapter 36 . insecta : coleopteraptiliidae in : dindal dl . ( ed . )\na new genus and species of fairyfly , tinkerbella nana ( hymenoptera , mymaridae ) , with comments on its sister genus kikiki , and discussion on small size limits in arthropods .\na new species of dicopomorpha ( hymenoptera : mymaridae ) with diminutive , apterous males .\nmorphological and taxonomical novelties in the world\u2019s smallest beetles , and the first old world records of nanosellini .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nwhy are insects in general so small ? evolution favors small insects for two reasons . the first is their unique respiratory systems ; insects use tubes called trachea that must extend throughout their bodies to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide . the larger the insect , the more space these trachea have to take up to satisfy their increased oxygen demand .\nthe second constraint on giant insects comes from their chitinous exoskeletons . while this tough outer shell grants insects protection and structure , it also keeps them from growing too large . molting and growing an entirely new coat is an incredibly exhaustive process . as the insect grows larger , it also needs a thicker exoskeleton that would eventually become too heavy to support .\nthe principle of organs scaling down as the body shrinks is called \u201callometry . \u201d microinsects achieve their tiny size through allometry as well as simplifying or entirely eliminating structures . for example , their chitinous exoskeleton constrains their morphology at both ends of the size spectrum . in exchange for smaller size , microinsects give up the thicker protection enjoyed by larger insects . the exoskeleton also becomes less complex and articulate , and the fusion of elements and segments makes the insect less flexible than its larger relatives .\nperhaps the most dramatic consequences of miniaturization occur in the nervous system . when forced to fit into such a tiny volume , neurons are reduced in both size and number and must pack together more tightly . the result ? greater noise and interference with the transmission of signals between cells . this also creates an exceptionally dense demand for energy , while leaving less room in each nerve cell for mitochondria , the intracellular structures that provide that energy . microinsects try to get around these handicaps by expanding and contorting their nerves to fit every nook and cranny , but this comes at the expense of other organ systems .\nof course , the reproductive system gets top priority . while everything else dwindles , gonads must remain disproportionately large to maintain their function . in particular , females devote a significant portion of their body size to producing a large enough egg for viable offspring . some species of microinsects even produce sperm that are longer than the male\u2019s entire body .\nbased on these observations , the miniaturization of insects is likely limited by the space required for the most crucial structures in the nervous and reproductive systems . while smaller size certainly gives these insects great advantages in conserving energy and avoiding predators , it also comes with a host of complications . like many things in life , it looks like moderation is key .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 961, "summary": [{"text": "cosmopterix lienigiella is a moth of the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from fennoscandia to spain , the alps and greece and from ireland to ukraine .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also present in eastern russia and japan .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is the type species of the cosmopterix genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from september to april .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on phragmites australis .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine starts as a gallery , but soon widens to a broad blotch , entirely or partly running upwards , in the end half as wide as the leaf .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "most frass is concentrated in the first section .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "pupation takes place in a cocoon in the top section of the mine . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "cosmopterix lienigiella", "paragraphs": ["cosmopterix lienigiella ( fen cosmet ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmost habitats where foodplant grows , preference for large reed beds in fresh and brackish water .\nrecorded in 15 ( 22 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nspecies , which all have variations of blackish , bright orange and silver metallic markings , this species is rather more reserved in coloration , whilst having similar patterning .\nit occurs in southern and south - east england , inhabiting reedbeds , and moths are on the wing between late may and october .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 02 : 44 : 39 page render time : 0 . 2045s total w / procache : 0 . 2525s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nleaf - miner : makes an elongate mine with frass heaped at the start and then dispersed thoughout . it does not make a silken shelter and so may be seen in the mine ( british leafminers ) .\nat first a gallery , but soon widened to a broad blotch , entirely or partly running upwards , in the end half as wide as the leaf . the mine is widened without consideration for the length veins , making the mine less sharply delineated than in c . scribaiella . most frass in the first section , but higher up still some scattered frass visible . unlike c . scribaiella the larva does not spin a shelter for retreat in the mine ; this makes the larva easily visible in the unopened mine . cocoon in the top section of the mine . the pupa lies head - upwards , just below an opening that has been prepared as an exit for the later moth ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nadult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths by alan drewitt . the species is included in urltoken .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland : britain including cambridgeshire , dorset , east kent , east norfolk , east suffolk , huntingdonshire , isle of wight , north essex , north hampshire , north somerset , south devon , south essex , south hampshire and west norfolk ( nbn atlas ) .\nfound in large reed beds in fresh and brackish water . found in southern england and norfolk and suffolk ( british leafminers ) .\nalso recorded in the republic of ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) . see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , greek mainland , hungary , latvia , lithuania , norwegian mainland , poland , spanish mainland , sweden , switzerland and the netherlands ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nws : 10 - 13 ; may - oct ; common reed ( phragmites australis ) ; local in se . england from dorset to norfolk\n\u00a71 snettisham , norfolk ; 12 / 06 / 2014 ; male ; fw 6 . 1mm \u00a72 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 10 / 07 / 2015 ; male ; fw 6 . 1mm ; to light all images \u00a9 chris lewis\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\na rare species in belgium , only known from the provinces of oost - vlaanderen and antwerpen .\nthe adults fly in june and july . they fly around the foodplant at dusk and later come to light .\nbelgium , antwerpen , viersel , 20 june 2005 . ( photo \u00a9 maarten jacobs )"]}
{"id": 964, "summary": [{"text": "the ring-necked dove ( streptopelia capicola ) , also known as the cape turtle dove or half-collared dove , is a widespread and often abundant dove species in east and southern africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a mostly sedentary bird , found in a catholic variety of open habitats .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "within range , its penetrating and rhythmic , three-syllabled crooning is a familiar sound at any time of the year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "its name is derived from the semi-collar of black feathers on the lower nape , a feature shared with a number of streptopelia species .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "like all doves they depend on surface water .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they congregate in large flocks at waterholes in dry regions to drink and bathe . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "ring - necked dove", "paragraphs": ["ring - necked dove personality , food & care | pet birds by lafeber co .\nin a more elaborate study , swedish scientists studied wild ring - necked pheasants .\nand the introduced species : chukar , gray partridge , ring - necked pheasant , green pheasant , kalij pheasant , chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , eurasian collared dove , ring - necked dove , lace - necked dove , zebra dove , spotted dove , rock dove , japanese quail , gray francolin , black francolin , erckel\u2019s francolin .\nthese general facts about pigeons are certainly interesting , but not specific to the ring - necked dove . the most interesting thing i know about ring - necked doves in particular , is that in some areas of uganda\nthe five golden rings in the song refer not to jewelry , but to ring - necked pheasants .\nthis species is very similar to the damara ring - necked dove , streptopelia capicola , but can be distinguished by its red orbital ring , which is clearly visible in the photograph above .\nso , hope that ' s something interesting about ring - necked doves . baglafecht weavers are next . . .\nhonolulu zoo , 2002 .\nring - necked or barbary dove\n( on - line ) . accessed july 30 , 2002 at urltoken .\nthe ringneck dove is only found in captivity , but is believed to be a descendant of the african ring dove .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwhat do ring - necked doves love to eat ?\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nlike the canada goose and ring - necked parakeet , it is an alien invader , albeit one of a much earlier vintage .\n2 . there are several species of african doves that look very similar to the collared dove , including the ring - necked , red - eyed and african mourning doves .\nring - necked doves ( streptopelia risoria ) are domesticated birds that originally hail from arid and grassy areas in africa . many ring - necked doves reside in captive settings , where they often feed on diets centered around pellets . they ' re also commonly referred to as barbary doves .\nthis is rocky a ring necked dove at the willowbrook wildlife center . it ' s been a while since i last visited willowbrook and it seems that rocky is welcoming me back .\ndove fanciers around the world commonly keep the\nringneck dove\n. the\nring neck dove\nwas first described in 1758 . it is also known as the barbary dove , java or sacred white dove ( white color phase ) and laughing dove . in the circle of dove / pigeon fanciers when the term\nring neck\nis used , most know which specie is being referred to .\nwhen you first bring a ring - necked dove into your life , make sure not to transition him into any new food abruptly . speak to the breeder from which you acquired the dove and begin by feeding the same meals that are familiar to your new pet . when you introduce new sustenance to your ring - necked dove , go about it in a slow and measured manner . ring - necked doves often thrive on diets that are based on either pellets or seeds . speak to an avian veterinarian regarding selecting pellets or seeds that are designed specifically for dove consumption . never feed your dove any foods that are tailored to other types of birds .\nring - necked doves are about 12 inches in length and are a soft fawn color with a distinctive black ring around the back of the neck . the feet are pinkish - red , and the beak and eye are brown .\nthis is an african mourning dove , streptopelia decipiens , a widespread and common species in arid and semi - arid regions of southern africa . this species is very similar to the damara ring - necked dove , streptopelia capicola , but can be distinguished by its red orbital ring , which is clearly visible in the photograph above .\nthe ring - necked dove is great for someone who wants a bird but has fussy neighbors who won\u2019t accept a parrot screeching all day . ring - necked doves sound similar to pigeons in their cooing , and though they are not loud , they can be persistent . some people find the noise soothing , while others will be annoyed at their cooing diligence \u2014 they rarely cease .\nthe ring - necked dove is widespread and common throughout its large range in sub - saharan africa and there are no immediate threats to the species . it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list .\nafrican mourning dove , streptopelia decipiens , also known as the mourning collared - dove , mourning dove , angola collared - dove , and simply as the collared dove , photographed at tarangire national park , tanzania , africa .\ni had a shetland pony named dapple , an english setter named freckles , a siamese cat named d . c . and at one time , up to 25 ring - necked doves .\nother synonyms afrikaans : gewone tortelduif catalan : t\u00f3rtora del cap czech : hrdlicka damarsk\u00e1 , hrdli\u010dka damarsk\u00e1 danish : savanneskoggerdue german : gurrtaube , kapturteltaube english : cape collared - dove , cape ring dove , cape turtle dove , cape turtle - dove , damara dove , dark - eyed rink dove , ring necked dove , ring - necked dove , ring - necked turtle - dove english ( kenya ) : ring - necked dove english ( south africa ) : cape turtle - dove spanish : t\u00f3rtola de el cabo spanish ( spain ) : t\u00f3rtola del cabo estonian : savanni - turteltuvi finnish : arotunturikyyhky , aroturturikyyhky french : tourterelle du cap , tourterelle vineuse hungarian : fokf\u00f6ldi gerle italian : tortora dal collare del capo , tortora del capo japanese : afurikajuzukakebato japanese : \u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u30b8\u30e5\u30ba\u30ab\u30b1\u30d0\u30c8 kwangali : haikonda latin : columbam vinaceam var . capicolam [ sic ] , streptopelia capicola , streptopelia capicola capicola lithuanian : kapinis purplelis dutch : kaapse tortel norwegian : savannedue sotho , northern : leaba kgorwana polish : synogarlica popielata portuguese : rola do cabo , rola do cabo . , rola - do - cabo , rola - do - cabo . russian : \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 slovak : hrdli\u010dka hrk\u00fatav\u00e1 shona : njiva siswant : lituba sotho , southern : leebana - khoroana swedish : kapturturduva swahili : hua koge , tetere tswana : leeba tsonga : tuva xhosa : ihobe chinese : \u73af\u9888\u6591\u9e20 chinese ( traditional ) : \u74b0\u9838\u6591\u9ce9 zulu : ihophe\na large dove , larger and heftier than a mourning dove but smaller than a rock pigeon .\nthe white dove , sacred white dove , or java dove are a white mutation of the ringneck dove . like the other ringnecks , they are only known to exist as a domesticated bird .\nas with most pets , occasional treats can sometimes be good for ring - necked doves . ring - necked doves adore eating some foods that are made for people . it ' s crucial to only give people foods once in a while , in moderation , however . if you put the food in a spoon , it should usually be an appropriate amount . get your vet ' s approval before feeding your dove any treats made for people . some of their loved\npeople treats\nare steamed rice , sweet potatoes , sliced veggies such as carrots , cottage cheese and hard - boiled eggs . not all of these things are instant successes with ring - necked doves , but the birds usually rapidly develop tastes for them . outside of people food , ring - necked doves also often are fond of munching on mealworms .\nwhat country has no native dove species ? all countries and continents have dove species except the antarctic .\nthis species is named for the faint hint of red on its belly that has got to be one of the most obscure field marks ever used to name a bird i also have same complaint about the ring - necked duck , whose neck - ring is only visible to those with x - ray vision .\nthis dove is especially tame and well - liked by aviculturalists . this dove does not adversely affect humans .\nde kort , s . r . , den hartog , p . m . & ten cate , c . ( 2002b ) . vocal signals , isolation and hybridization in the vinaceous dove ( streptopelia vinacea ) and the ring - necked dove ( s - capicola ) . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 51 , 378 - 385 .\nlike the ring - necked members of the karen tribe when trotted out for tourists , the women must know their appearance will invite as much horror as fascination , but their sacrifice helps save others from a similar fate .\nseveral on this list\u2014green pheasant , kalij pheasant , chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , lace - necked dove , zebra dove , japanese quail , gray francolin , black francolin , erckel\u2019s francolin\u2014might be met with a huh ? from wingshooters .\nde kort , s . r . , den hartog , p . m . & ten cate , c . ( 2002a ) . diverge or merge ? the effect of sympatric occurrence on the territorial vocalizations of the vinaceous dove streptopelia vinacea and the ring - necked dove s . capicola . journal of avian biology 33 , 150 - 158 .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\neven konrad lorenz was appalled when , hoping to breed a cross between a turtledove and a ring - necked dove , he put these two symbols of peace together in a spacious cage , only to find two days later that the female had flayed the male within an inch of his life .\nthere can be no confusion between the two species , s decaocto and s . semitorquata , they are totally different looking from each other ( specie comparison ) . size is also quite different , with the half - collared / red - eyed dove being the largest of all the\nring - necked species\n. the s . decaocto also has a unique voice and calls ;\nspikes\non the underside of the tail ; these two facets are not found in any other ring - necked dove species . click the link for a pic of tail spikes unique to s . decaocto .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwhat do ring - necked doves love to eat ?\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / ringnecked - doves - love - eat - 11063 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nin the days of pigeon / dove expert c . o . whitman ( 1832 - 1910 ) the\nblond ring neck\nand\nwhite ring neck\nwere thought to be two different species / races of dove . they were even given separate latin names ; the\nblond\nwas streptopelia risoria and the\nwhite\nwas streptopelia alba .\nwhen you think of the term ' dove ' you think of the white dove . the white dove has been one of the most universal symbols of love and peace throughout history !\nthese doves are also known as barbary doves , java doves , or eurasian collard - doves to some , although these , like the name\nringed turtle - dove\nare misnomers ( goodwin 1983 ) . some aviculturalists simply refer to these doves as ring - necked doves ( honolulu zoo 2002 ) .\nmillburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . what do ring - necked doves love to eat ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / ringnecked - doves - love - eat - 11063 . html\nthe collared dove is small , slim dove with quite a long tail - it is much smaller than a wood pigeon .\nthe ring - necked dove is the most commonly kept companion bird of the dove family , and can be found easily due to their prolific breeding . in fact , you might have a hard time keeping them from breeding . because they are so hardy , they make a good choice for someone who doesn\u2019t have the time to devote to a more attention - demanding bird .\nmiller , w . j . ; miller , l . s . 1958 . synopsis of behaviour traits of the ring neck dove . animal behaviour 6 : 3 - 8 . urltoken\nthe white dove , sacred white dove , or java dove is the most historically described dove from noah through today . we often see it used today as an emblem in peace negotiations . we also commonly see it used in weddings to symbolize love .\n8 ) shutt , george j . , dove talk , 1993 , pp . 18 ( available through the american dove association )\ndecaocto ) and ring - necked dove s ( s . capicola ) . these slim - bodied , fast - flying gamebirds are found throughout the temperate and tropical old world . the ringed turtledove , or ringdove , is a domestic variant of s . turtur that now has feral new world populations in california and florida ; it is sometimes given species\u2026\nwhat\u0092s the difference between a dove and a pigeon ? the term \u0093dove\u0094 and \u0093pigeon\u0094 are one and the same and are used interchangeably . the word pigeon usually denotes a larger bird and dove a smaller bird .\nwhat is a mule dove ? a mule dove is the offspring of parents from different species . these doves are sterile ( mules ) .\nwhat are turtle doves ? turtle doves belong to a large group of doves so designated by a ring or collar around the neck . most turtle doves belong to the family streptopelia ( not all ) . the common domestic ringnecked or barbary dove belongs to the turtle dove family .\n( 6 ) lockhard , bob , ringneck dove colors , 1999 , second edition , pp . 22 , ( available through the american dove association )\nthe ring - necked dove or cape turtle dove ( streptopelia capicola ) is a common and widespread species of dove in sub - saharan africa . colors are dull brown to grey , with the upperparts darker than the rest of the body . underparts are paler and turns whitish on the belly . it is similar to many related species with half - collars on the neck , but can be distinguished from other species from its tell - tale call often heard early in the morning in many african reserves as a repeated \u201c kuk - coorrrr - uk \u201c , often interpreted to sound like \u201cwork harder\u201d or \u201chow\u2019s father\u201d . shares much of its range with the larger red - eyed dove ( streptopelia semitorquata ) , and can be separated by the size difference , as well as having a lighter coloration and no red eye . the ring - necked dove grows to lengths around 25\u201326 . 5 cm ( 9 . 8\u201310 . 4 in ) and weighs 92\u2013188 g ( 3 . 2\u20136 . 6 oz ) .\nin the 1800 ' s & early 1900 ' s the ringneck dove and the white dove were considered to be two different species / races of dove due to the difference in their coloration . they were labeled the\nblond ringneck\n) and it ' s actually this distinctive song that is the easiest way to identify the species from among a number of confusingly similar species . the ring - necked dove is a medium sized , grey dove . it has a black collar around the back of its neck and is a paler grey white below , with pale edges to its tail . unfortunately , that description is would cover just about any of the close relatives of this species , and ( as well as listening to the calls ) you need to look rather closer to identify the species correctly . firstly , look at the eye : if it is dark and not obviously surrounded by bare skin , you ' re probably looking at a ring - necked dove . white ( not grey ) edges to the tail and a generally pale grey would confirm the identity in eastern and southern africa . if the eye is pale yellowish , with a red ring around it and there ' s a warmer brownish wash to the back and neck that contrasts with a grey head , you ' re probably looking at an african mourning dove (\nthe ring - necked pheasant was introduced into north america ( california ) from asia in 1857 and quickly became a popular game bird . the ring - necked pheasant is resident on most mid - latitude agricultural lands from british columbia and california to new jersey and nova scotia . also introduced into hawaii and every continent except antarctica . pheasants practice\nharem - defense polygyny\nwhere one male keeps other males away from a small group of females during the breeding season . across the native range , about 34 races of the species are recognized . the green pheasant race is sometimes considered a different species . multiple introductions of different races have been made in north america .\nthe much larger population of ring - necked parakeets \u2013 a familiar sight in south - west london and found as far north as the clyde \u2013 is harder to control , since it is so well - established , though the gb non - native species secretariat a sort of biological border patrol advocates limiting its numbers and is investigating chemical sterilisation .\nwhat\u0092s a dove hybrid ? hybrids are young of parents from two different species ( i . e . a ringneck dove ( streptopelia risoria ) and a european turtle dove ( streptopelia turtur ) ; they are different species , but belong to the same genus .\nalso known as the barbary or laughing dove , ringneck doves can usually be identified by the distinctive black ring around the neck . paloma , sharon audubon centers resident ringneck dove , is an albino and therefore has no coloring . until the 1950 ' s only two colors of ringneck doves were available in the united states , a blond or fawn color and white . today the ringneck dove comes in over 40 color variations .\nstrong , r . m . ( 1912 ) . results of hybridizing ring - doves , including sex - linked inheritance . biological bulletin 23 , 293 - 320 .\ngibbs , barnes , and cox , in their book pigeons and doves of the world ( 2001 ) ( 3 ) , did not describe the barbary dove . they only included the african collared dove and in their description made no reference to the domesticated dove .\nwhile dietary staples and once - in - a - while snacks are often wonderful for ring - necked doves , it ' s vital to never forget one of the most crucial things their bodies need , and that ' s water . fresh and clean water is a requirement for pet doves of all varieties , 24 hours a day , seven days a week .\nhybrid pigeon . father : collared doves x laughing dove cock . mother : racing pigeon hen\nwhat is the smallest dove ? the pygmy ground dove ( columbina minuta ) is the smallest . this diminutive dove is greyish brown , with upper parts that are gray with steel - blue marks . the tail is short and rounded . the hen is plain gray - olive , with whitish under parts . this tiny dove is fairly common in mexico and south america .\nring - necked doves are ready to breed by 12 months of age or earlier , and lay two eggs per clutch . they make great parents , and are a good choice for beginning breeders who want some quick success in the hobby . these birds are good for children , provided the children understand the sensitive nature of birds , and are gentle and calm around the animal .\nhaving this interest in the different wild ring - necked species for over 25 years , combined with these points and many more i have observed of the differences between the two species ( decaocto & risoria ) leads me to believe the specie s . rosegriesea as the bird bred to the common ringneck in the 1950 ' s and 1960 ' s . it was the specie imported .\nthe question was if she was a pure white eurasian collared dove or a hybrid from the mating of a ringneck dove and the eurasian collared dove . i am guessing that someone who was breeding white ringnecks for wedding releases took in some ecds and ended up with some white ecds .\ncan catching doves injure them ? yes , be careful netting doves ; many doves are severely injured or killed by the ring or handle of the net , or die of stress .\nringneck dove nest box ( 2 . 5 x 4 . 0 x 6 . 0 inches )\nball , g . f . ; silver , r . 1983 . timing of incubation bouts by ring doves ( streptopelia risoria ) . journal of comparative psychology 97 : 213 - 225 .\nare there clubs or organizations for doves ? the american dove association caters to domestic ringneck dove and diamond dove breeders and fanciers . foreign ( exotic ) doves are also gaining popularity and are a focus of this organization . the american dove association provides six doveline newsletters a year , a membership and breeders directory which lists species and colors kept by members , provides networking of members around the world , and sponsors a national young bird show each year . the canadian dove association\u0092s membership is also open to united states dove fanciers . it caters to mostly foreign doves , as well as domestics .\nthe hybrid zone between vinaceous dove ( streptopelia vinacea ) and ring - necked dove ( s . capicola ) in uganda has received particular attention ( den hartog , den boer - visser & ten cate , 2010 ) . the majority of research on these species looked at the vocal characteristics of both species and their hybrids ( de kort , den hartog & ten cate , 2002a ) and reactions to heterospecific and conspecific calls ( de kort , den hartog & ten cate , 2002b ; den hartog , de kort & ten cate , 2007 ; den hartog , slabbekoorn & ten cate , 2008 ) .\nthe\nringneck\nwas only known in the fawn and white colors up until the introduction of the african collared dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea ) . once the african collared dove ' s wild coloration was introduced into the\ndomestic ringneck\nmany new color mutations began to appear . there are 40 plus known color mutations or patterns in the ringneck dove which are now know or accepted by the dove associations .\n20 . the collared dove is an eastern european species that was unknown in britain 60 years ago .\nit should be noted that the ringneck dove is often confused with the eurasian collared dove which has taken up residence throughout florida since the 1980 ' s . however this dove is usually larger than the ringneck , has a different call , and has dark primary flight feathers , while the ringneck usually has light primaries . to further confuse the issue , members of feral ringneck populations have often mated with the european collared dove\ndoves are gentle birds , and will not bite or attack the way some parrot species will . ring - necked doves can be easily hand - tamed , though most owners do not interact with them in this way . these birds love to be in pairs , and will breed easily . they aren\u2019t picky about their nesting site , and will even have young in the feeding bowl or on the bottom of an aviary .\nfairly large dove with pale underparts , gray undertail coverts , and broad white band at tip of tail .\nthe white dove is a color mutation of the african collared dove / barbareydove that has been around for perhaps a thousand years . they have been bred in cages since biblical times . the albino ringneck dove was imported from japan in 1967 . these birds are pure white and are reported to be without neck rings . see the photo of the bird below . however if one adjust the brightness and contrast settings on a photograph we found that the normally invisible neck ring can be made to appear . see the second photo below .\nring - necked doves are found in many habitats and will only shy away from dense forests and desert sand dune habitats without water . it is commonly found in open woodlands , grasslands and savannah , and is often found in farmlands , parks , and gardens in suburban and urban areas . the diet consists predominantly of seeds , with fruits , berries and invertebrates eaten on occasion . much of its foraging is done on the ground .\ni believe the\nring neck\nis the long domesticated form , some 2000 - 3000 years , of the african collared dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea * ) . the original ancestor is unknown . most books and articles , which deal with wild dove / pigeon species , give the\nringneck\nspecific status under the name\nrisoria\nin the genus\nstreptopelia\n. thus it is listed as : streptopelia risoria .\nadult african collared doves ' coloration of the upper parts is a pale grayish fawn with blue gray along the wing edge . there is a black neck ring extending half way around the neck on the back of the neck . chin , belly , and under wing are whitish in color . the orbital skin a narrow white ring , and the iris dark red . the bill is black and the feet are red .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . ring - necked dove ( streptopelia capicola ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nderek goodwin provided separate descriptions for the barbary dove and the african collared dove in his book pigeons and doves of the world ( 4 ) . for the barbary dove he used the scientific name streptopelia risoria ; and for the african collared dove he used the commonly accepted name of streptopelia rosegrisea . he explained that it had been customary to give the barbary dove a separate species name even though taxonomists considered this incorrect . he justified the use of this name because this species had been subject to so many observations and experiments throughout the world in the past .\nthis dove is a domesticated form of streptopelia roseogrisea found in aviaries . therefore , conservation status is not applicable .\nthe spotted dove is common around human habitation and can easily be seen in parks , gardens and agricultural areas .\nwhy are doves banded ? banding tells the year the dove was hatched . bands are excellent for record keeping .\nbarbary dove . adult male displaying . kerikeri , northland , september 2013 . image \u00a9 les feasey by les feasey\nwill dove species interbreed ? no , unless forced to by isolating them . cross - species breeding is exceedingly rare .\nringneck doves have two common calls , the gentle cooing ( similar to the mourning dove ) and a distinctive \u201claughing . \u201d\nthis dove may be found in aviaries and has been bred in captivity for many years ( harper 1986 ) . in fact , this dove is considered to be exceptionally tame ( goodwin 1983 ) . they are also commonly used in scientific research .\nwhy are some dove species so active ? some species are just more hyper . bleeding hearts are always on the move .\ndoves , unlike parrots , need grit in their diet because they eat their seeds whole . provide several types of grit , as well as a calcium supplement , especially during breeding . though it is tempting to breed these birds year - round , doing so will leave the birds in an exhausted and weakened state . most aviculturists advise resting them for a few months after every two or three clutches . when well cared - for , ring - necked doves can live for more than 10 years .\nthere is another , closely related dove that has been introduced to australia - the laughing dove , s . senegalensis , found in the south - western corner of western australia . it is slightly smaller , measuring around 25 cm - 27 cm . the laughing dove also lacks the black and white collar , instead having a black and copper - brown patch on the base of the throat .\nthe barbary dove is the domesticated form of the african collared dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea ) , a native of the sahel , ethiopia and the arabian peninsula . it has been domesticated for many hundreds of years , something that is reflected in its confiding and gentle nature . because of its long dependence on people , it seems less able than other dove species to survive for long in the wild .\nthe barbary dove is usually somewhat larger and has a longer tail than the african collared dove . this may have resulted as some cross breeding with the eurasian collared dove , streptopelia decaocto ( 4 ) . the coloration is a warm , creamy buff shading to near white on the chin , belly , and under tail coverts . there is a black , white edged collar on the back of the neck\npire , j . 2000 .\nthe dove page\n( on - line ) . accessed july 30 , 2002 at urltoken .\nexcerpt : british birds , number 5 , vol . xlvi , may 1953 ; james fisher - author . collared turtle dove in europe\nthe ring - necked doves that live out in the wild consume a wide array of foods . some of the things that these doves feed on include insects , snails , grains , green vegetation , berries and seeds . they ' re often even considered to be nuisances by people due to their penchants for dining on cereal crops . when they live in cities alongside humans , they often enthusiastically look for findings in trash , as well . since these birds are domesticated , free roaming specimens usually are those that somehow made their way out of aviaries .\nseveral on this list\u2014green pheasant , kalij pheasant , chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , lace - necked dove , zebra dove , japanese quail , gray francolin , black francolin , erckel\u2019s francolin\u2014might be met with a huh ? from wingshooters . all these species can be found on the parker ranch in hawaii . it took me two trips to get them all . these aren\u2019t pen - raised released birds . all have been established for many years , and are totally wild . days spent on the vast ranch are more than excellent , and certainly worth the substantial expense involved to shoot there .\nyoung doves that are scalped or killed wander into the territory of another dove . shrubbery provides hiding places for young doves from more aggressive adults .\nsmall aviary a small aviary is usually only suitable for the smallest of doves . most of the larger dove species will not do well at all in small aviaries except for the domesticated ringneck dove . a small flight could measure something like : width : 3\u2019 length : 4\u2019 height : 6\u2019\nbrown reports the length of the barbary dove is between 300 and 310 mm . and the weight is between 150 and 200 grams . ( 1 )\npersonal thoughts from the author ( j pire ) on the acceptance of which species was imported into the us and bred to the domestic ringneck dove .\nthe ring - necked dove is often found alone or in pairs . it is sometimes found in larger flocks around roosts , and in areas with abundant food and water . it is a monogamous and territorial breeder , and egg - laying season is year - round . nests are often made in the fork of a tree with dense vegetation cover . the nest is made out of twigs , grass , roots and sometimes pine needles . sometimes similar nests made by other bird species are used . one to two ( rarely four ) eggs are laid and incubated for 13 - 16 days by both parents . after chicks are hatched they are fed by both parents and will leave the nest after 16 - 17 days . they reach independence after another 12 days .\nfairly large dove with small head and long , square - tipped tail . upperparts mostly sandy brown with a black crescent on the back of the neck .\nfairly large dove with small head and thin , dark bill . head and underparts are pale , almost frosty brown . black collar on back of neck .\n( 7 ) modler , art , ringneck doves , their care and enjoyment , pp . 8 , no date ( available through the american dove association )\nis a valid taxonomic name . however , many ornithologists do not subscribe to species status for this dove ( e . g . , goodwin 1983 ) .\n7 . unlike the closely related wood pigeon , the collared dove isn\u2019t regarded as an agricultural pest , though it can be a nuisance in the garden .\nthe colonisation of britain by the collared dove is a remarkable story - no collared doves bred in britain before 1955 - and so no conservation measures are necessary .\nfrost , p . g . h . 2013 . barbary dove . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nwhat are some of the most common signs that a dove is ill ? appearing fluffed up or droopy , having watery green droppings are some common signs of illness . upon seeing a dove that looks and acts sick , isolate it and put it under a heat source ( 40 watt bulb ) . heat is vital for a sick dove . if it is not eating , feed it hand - feeding formula ( exact pretty bird , etc . ) , and take it to an avian veterinarian .\nangie nicol of illinois sent me the photo above of her pet ringneck , eve . she purchased this dove more than 28 years ago in a dime store in vienna , il . the last anniversary of the dove ' s purchase was on december 16 , 2005 angie told me that she thought the bird was a year old when she obtained her which would make her around 28 years old as of december 2005 . i have lost contact with angie so i do not know if this dove is still living\ngibbs , barnes , and cox report the african collared dove has an overall length ranges from 260 to 270 mm . and weight ranges from 150 to 160 grams . ( 3 )\ndove and pigeon care has bird information for pet pigeons and types of doves . bird care covers bird cages , bird seed , and bird health care for pigeon breeds and pet doves\nlike the ringneck dove they are quite hardy . if they are kept outdoors and are accustomed to cold weather , they can take below freezing temperatures for a short period of time .\n21 . the spread of this dove across europe is well documented . they first bred in hungary in 1932 , austria in 1938 , germany in 1943 and the netherlands in 1947 .\n( 9 ) smith , p . william ( 1987 ) .\nthe eurasian collared - dove arrives in the americas\n. american birds 41 ( 5 ) , 1370 - 1379 .\nthe collared dove feeds mainly on cereal grain and small seeds on the ground , but will also eat berries in the autumn and , more rarely , caterpillars and aphids in the spring .\nmy personal experience is only related to two birds , a single male ringneck dove i purchased for my niece in the fall of 1990 from a hub cap dealer and a young white albino ringneck dove given to me by a bird rehabilitator in 2006 . thus this page is based upon the experience i have had with these two birds and information from the few books i have listed as references .\nthis is the oldest dove we have precise records of on this web site . he almost lived a full 30 years but this past summer he had a stroke and finally passed away on october 5th\nwhat species of doves are suited for the novice ? dove species that are especially recommended for the novice are common ringneck or barbary doves ( streptopelia risoria ) and diamond doves ( geopelia cuneata ) .\nwhat causes a seemingly healthy dove to suddenly die ? unless you have the bird posted , it\u0092s anyone\u0092s guess . sudden heart failure , becoming frightened and hitting the wall could be some possible reasons .\nsince there are so many dove species available it is often hard to resist keeping and enjoying all of them . one of the biggest mistakes a beginning dove fancier makes is putting too many birds in a single aviary . the amount of room needed per pair of doves depends totally on the kind of dove you plan to keep . most doves require a large aviary and all doves prefer a large aviary . there are only a few species which will thrive in small cages . below are examples of a modular aviary design that can be built with any desired dimensions ( see sizes mentioned below ) .\nupdate : june 2007 : our white dove turned out not to be a ringneck dove after all . after we had her a year we discovered that she was actually an eurasian collared dove . this was determine by her call and occasional scream . i was not familiar with the ecd ' s call although i have heard the call around town and in other locations . i thought the birds i was looking at were ringnecks . but many people had been writing in about the ecds and dr . wilmer j . milier , the ringnck dove expert , told me about the call and scream and also told me i could identify the ecd by dark spikes on the underside of the outer feathers . since this bird was white it has only the faintest dark spikes on the underside of the outer tail feathers .\n< prev 1 . table of contents 2 . dove care basics 3 . history of doves 4 . nutrition for doves 5 . breeding doves 6 . recipies and care sheet 7 . egg experiment next >\nthe 2004\u20132005 audubon christmas bird count showed dramatic evidence of the eurasian collared - dove\u2019s explosive expansion across the continent in a quarter century . the species was listed in 32 states and 4 canadian provinces ( british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , and ontario ) . small numbers present in some areas may have escaped or been released from captivity by dove breeders , but most birds are thought to represent genuinely wild colonizers .\n( 5 ) gos , michael w . ,\nringneck dove ,\ndoves . neptune city , nj : t . f . h . publications , inc . , 1989 , pp . 76 - 80\na medium - sized creamy grey - brown dove with a black half - collar on the back of the neck bordered with white above . the bill is grey - black , eyes red and legs crimson .\n( 4b ) goodwin , derek ,\nafrican collared dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea )\npigeons and doves of the world , london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) , 1967 , pp . 131 - 132\nsimilar species : spotted dove is larger , darker grey - brown above , pink - brown below , with a white - spotted black patch on the sides and back of the neck rather than a black half - collar .\n( 4a ) goodwin , derek ,\nbarbary dove ( streptopelia\nrisoria\n)\npigeons and doves of the world , london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) , 1967 , pp . 129 - 130\nthe monotonous , loud cooing song of the collared dove sounds like\ncoo - coo - coo\n, but is perhaps best remembered as either\nu - nit - ed\nor\ni don ' t know\n.\nin the domestic world of doves and pigeons , the term\ndomestic pigeon\nis given to all of the many genetically selected breeds of birds which descend from the rock dove . these are actually related to the common pigeons you see in your city picking up bread crumbs and pebbles . this web site does not address these birds but there is a section on the dove links page that lists a number of sites to visit regarding such\ndomestic pigeons .\nringed turtle - doves are slightly larger than african collared doves ( goodwin 1983 ) . their length is approximately 305 mm ( honolulu zoo 2002 ) . their tail is shorter than that for the african collared dove ( goodwin 1983 ) .\nboth the male and female will incubate the clutch . in captivity , female doves kept together will share incubation duties of a clutch of eggs . however , one female will adopt the hatchlings and feed them regurgitated\ndove milk .\ncan i keep foreign doves in a bird cage ? no , foreign doves are wild creatures , and a bird cage is too small to make the dove feel safe and secure . wild , foreign doves should be kept in spacious aviaries .\n( 1 ) brown , danny ,\nbarbary dove streptopelia\nrisoria\n, a guide to pigeons , doves & quail , their management , care & breeding , south tweeds heads , australia : australian birdkeeper 1995 , pp . 122 - 125\nthe plumage of this elegant dove is mostly a pale brown - grey but the breast is a pinkish buff colour . adults can be distinguished from juveniles by the narrow black and white band round the back of the neck ( which juveniles lack ) .\nhow can i save abandoned foreign dove babies ? hand - feeding formulas are available from pet shops , feed stores , etc . small feeding syringes are available from veterinarians . young doves should be placed in a box with a light bulb for heat .\nshould i bathe my doves ? doves bathe naturally in the rain or enjoy a fine mist of water from a hose . most doves , unlike pigeons , will not bathe in a water - filled container . some ground - dove species enjoy dust baths .\nringed turtle - doves make a nest of sticks arranged in a somewhat haphazard pattern . both the male and female will incubate the clutch of two white eggs . in captivity , female doves kept together will share incubation duties of a clutch of eggs . however , one female will adopt the hatchlings and feed them regurgitated\ndove milk .\nringed turtle - doves will also care for other species of doves . females have been used to rear mourning dove , zenaida macroura , chicks ( pappas , personal observation ) .\n( 3 ) gibbs , david ; barnes , eustace ; cox , john ,\nafrican collared dove , streptopelia roseogrisea\npigeons and doves , a guide to pigeons and doves of the world , london : yale university press 2001 , pp . 260 - 261\ndoves are susceptible to red mites , which hide during the day and come out at night to feed on the bird\u2019s blood , and doves housed outdoors are susceptible to roundworms , tapeworms and other worm species . canker , a respiratory disease that shows as a swelling in the dove\u2019s throat and a cheesy looking growth around the mouth , can be fatal if not treated . those who keep pigeons should wash their hands after handling , feeding or cleaning the dove\u2019s housing because doves can transfer chlamydia and salmonella ( bacterial infections ) to people .\nwhat are ground doves ? species included under the ground dove heading are by nature terrestrial , in that , they spend most of each day running about on the ground . this is not a scientific grouping . ground doves are fascinating to watch on the aviary floor .\npage contents origins of the ringneck dove common names scientific names size description distribution and habitat nesting about white doves care of ringneck doves cages perches seed . water , and grit containers feed nest boxes and nesting material emergency care and feeding of abandoned babies personality taming ringneck doves longevity\nthough it is very popular to use white doves for what are called ' wedding releases ' , it is actually white homing pigeons that are used . white homing pigeons are very strong flyers , have a well developed homing instinct , and will return to their dovecote . the white dove is not the same bird as the white homing pigeon . though they are both white , the white dove is a smaller bird . it does not fly straight for long distances but rather flutters about , and it does not have a highly developed homing instinct .\nwhite doves are very popular and an excellent bird for a beginner they are actually a white variety of the ringneck dove though a bit more expensive , and they have all the good points of the ringneck doves . they are very easy to care for and have a very sweet gentle nature . they will do well in either a cage or in an aviary and can be kept as a single bird or as a pair . once a white dove is comfortable with its home and its family , it can be handled by adults and children alike .\nfor those who are interested in seeing a list of the different color variations click on the link ( left side menu ) to the dove page prepared by wade oliver and go to the ringneck species . mr . oliver has a complete illustrated display of the known color variations .\n( 10 ) vriends , matthew m . , phd . ,\nbarbary dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea var . risoria ) ,\ndoves , a complete pet owner ' s manual . happauge , ny : barrons educational series , inc . , 1994 , pp . 65 - 87\nthe spotted dove is native to eastern asia . it was introduced into australia in the mid - 1800s and early 1900s and quickly became established . it is now a common sight throughout eastern australia , and around the major towns and cities in southern and south - western australia .\nwhat is the largest dove ? victoria crowned pigeons ( goura vistoria ) are the giants of the dove world . distinguished by a large , striking crest , this is an absolutely imposing bird ! over 2 1 / 2 feet long , it is the size of a hen turkey . it is bluish gray , with a broad grayish - white apical band , and a black band that runs from the lores to the postocular region . wing coverts are a dark chestnut , with bright red eyes . this elegant pigeon inhabits northwest new guinea and the wester islands .\nthe natural range of the african collared dove is in the savannah lands south of the sahara desert in africa from senegal and mauritania in the west across the continent to sudan and ethiopia in the east . they are also located along the red sea coast in arabia and in yemen .\ni have a beautiful cali white that we inherited from an elderly lady we cared for . we gave it a treat of pancake and now it is obsessed with pancakes ! is this ok ? it still eats its diet of dove food . thanks ! its over twenty years old !\nsharon o ' connell of chicago , illinois was given her white ringneck dove by friends while she was a senior at southern illinois university at carbondale . her friends owned the dove ' s parents . sharon named her ringneck opal . sharon thought he was a female but in time his bow coos dispelled that idea . the baby hatched out on november 25 , 1983 making him 27 years old on thanksgiving day 2010 . the photo below was taken at opal ' s 27th birthday party . sharon says she has feed him 1 / 3 canary seed and 2 / 3 finch seed all his life .\neurasian collared - doves have plump bodies , small heads , and long tails . they\u2019re larger than mourning doves but slimmer and longer - tailed than a rock pigeon . the wings are broad and slightly rounded . the broad tail is squared off at the tip , rather than pointed like a mourning dove\u2019s .\nhistory : paloma is not a wild dove , but the type of dove used in magic shows and commonly kept as pets . this type of dove has been bred for so long and kept in captivity , it is practically a domesticated animal . paloma was most likely released at some type of event , such as a wedding or funeral , and , unfortunately , ringneck doves do not have a well developed homing instinct . as a result , she could not find her way home , did not know what to eat or where to find food and was not afraid of potential predators because she was hand - raised . she was brought to sharon audubon ' s wildlife rehabilitation clinic with major bruising on both wings , missing tail feathers , and a scalped head . she has fully recovered from her injuries and now resides in an aviary in the exhibit room . you can often hear her sweet , gentle\nlaugh\nwhen you visit the center .\nthe spotted dove was first introduced to melbourne in the 1860s and there have been several subsequent releases to other australian cities . it readily consumes bird seed and bread , as well as feeding on the seeds of weeds . the species has not spread far from urban areas , probably because of a lack of suitable food .\nmany people ask me about methods they might use to tame ringneck doves . as a result i have written a short article in the methods that i have used in the past . while this article is about taming a variety of dove species , it should be useful for those who have recently acquired ringnecks . link to taming doves\nmany people write with questions about how long ringneck doves will live . while the usual life span of a ringneck dove is around 15 years or so , i have heard that some people ' s pet ringnecks have lived into their mid thirties . here is an accounting of four ringnecks that i know of that have lived more than 20 years ."]}
{"id": 971, "summary": [{"text": "the siberian crane ( leucogeranus leucogeranus ) , also known as the siberian white crane or the snow crane , is a bird of the family gruidae , the cranes .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "they are distinctive among the cranes , adults are nearly all snowy white , except for their black primary feathers that are visible in flight and with two breeding populations in the arctic tundra of western and eastern russia .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the eastern populations migrate during winter to china while the western population winters in iran and formerly , in india and nepal .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "among the cranes , they make the longest distance migrations .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "their populations , particularly those in the western range , have declined drastically in the 20th century due to hunting along their migration routes and habitat degradation .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the world population was estimated in 2010 at about 3,200 birds , mostly belonging to the eastern population with about 95 % of them wintering in the poyang lake basin in china , a habitat that may be altered by the three gorges dam .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in western siberia there are only around ten of these cranes in the wild . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "siberian crane", "paragraphs": ["international crane foundation ( icf ) . 2007 . siberian crane . retrieved july 28 , 2007 .\nkashentseva , tatiana . 2008 . siberian crane propagation in oka crane breeding center in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 11 ( in russian and english ) .\nthe crane to live the longest was a siberian crane with the name wolf . it lived for 83 years .\nkashentseva , tatiana . 2008 . siberian crane propagation in oka crane breeding center , russia , in 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 23 ( in russian and english ) .\nenglish : great white crane , siberian white crane , asiatic white crane ; french : grue de sib\u00e9rie ; german : schneekranich ; spanish : grulla siberiana .\nthe oldest documented crane in the world was a siberian crane named wolf , who died at the age of 83 at the international crane center in wisconsin .\nbelyalova , l . , and s . fundikchiev . 2007 . siberian crane sighting in samarkand region , uzbekistan . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 6\nfazeli , azin . 2007 . siberian crane national stamp published in iran . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 14 ( in russian and english ) .\ntseveenmydag , n . 2007 . siberian crane records in mongolia in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 4 ( in russian and english ) .\ntseveenmydag , n . 2008 . siberian crane records in mongolia in 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 10 ( in russian and english ) .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 1989 . migratory behavior of the siberian crane in iran . \u2013 the palearctic crane workshop .\nmarkin , yuri . 2008 . the siberian crane banding in yakutia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 16 - 17 ( in russian and english ) .\nthe range , status and winter ecology of the siberian crane ( gus leucogenanus ) .\nshilina , a . p . 2001 . siberian crane 2001 . siberian crane release in armizon , south of the western siberia . crane working group of eurasia newsletter 3 : 30 ( in russian and english . )\nburnham , james , and li fengshan . 2009 . the siberian crane capture in china . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 22 ( in russian and english )\nhornskov , jesper . 2008 . sighting of the siberian crane near beijing , china . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 12 ( in russian and english ) .\nparmasto , e . 1989 . palearctic crane workshop . \u2013 palearctic crane workshop .\nfor many years a single siberian crane has returned to its wintering grounds in . . .\nrusanov , german . 2002 . siberian crane wintering and spring migration . western population . russia . siberian crane flyway news . no 2 : 5 ( in russian and english ) .\nshilina , anastasia . 2008 . sightings of the siberian crane in west siberia in 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 10 ( in russian and english ) .\nsome breeding observations on the siberian white crane grus leucogeranus in the kolyma lowlands . bird conserv\nthe siberian crane makes more musical sounds than other cranes , mostly flute - like calls .\nprentice , crawford . 2007 . siberian crane wetland project steering committee meeting , bangkok , thailand . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 19 ( in russian and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . 2001 . siberian crane 2001 . siberian crane release in astrakhan reserve , south of the european part of russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 3 : 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nsebastian , sunny . 1993 . the crane saga \u2013 experiments with siberian visitors . \u2013 conservation .\nvardhan , harsh . 2002a . siberian crane wintering and spring migration . central population . india . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 2 : 5 - 6 ( in russian and english ) .\nvladimirtseva , m . 2008 . the siberian crane fall migration in okhotsky perevoz , yakutia , russia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 13 . ( in russian and english ) .\nburnham , james , andjeb barzen . 2007 . siberian crane wetland project : regional programme report . internatioanl crane foundation . baraboo , 42 p .\nlandfried , s . e . 1984 . saving the siberian crane . \u2013lawrencetoday : 4 - 9 .\nosipov , igor . 2007 . spring migration of the siberian crane in northeast yakutia , russia , in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 7 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , sadegh . 2007 . siberian crane release on the wintering grounds in iran in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 11 - 12 ( in russian and english ) .\nleo shapiro selected\nsiberian crane\nto show in overview on\ngrus leucogeranus pallas 1773\n.\nkruskal - wallis test of the effects of development stage and habitat type on siberian crane activity time .\nthus , the eastern population of the siberian crane is not specialized for foraging in the taiga wetlands .\nmian , afsar . 1989 . crane migration through western baluchistan . \u2013 asia crane congress .\nshilina , anastasia . 2007 . sightings of the siberian crane in west siberia , russia , during fall migration 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 5 ( in russian and english ) .\npanchenko , v . g . 1996 . international studbook : siberian crane . oka biosphere state nature reserve .\nrusanov , german . 2007 . sighting of the siberian crane in astrakhannature reserve , russia , in the fall of 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 7 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , sadegh , and yuri markin . 2002 . siberian crane wintering and spring migration . western population . iran . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 2 : 4 ( in russian and english ) .\nsemenov a . , and e . kolodeznykh . 2008 . siberian crane sightings in the lena river lowland in yakutia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 9 . ( in russian and english ) .\nstrelnikova , olga . 2008 . sightings of the siberian crane in khanty - mansi autonomous region , west siberia , russia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 11 ( in russian and english ) .\nsummary of the collected time budget data ( mean ) of siberian crane in different habitats by development stages .\nthe oldest documented crane was a siberian crane named wolf , who died at the age of 83 . wolf is in the guinness book of world records .\nmoore , sara gavney . 2009 . siberian crane migration study . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 13 : 1 ( in chinese and english ) .\nupon confirmation of the fact of the nesting of siberian cranes in the delta of the ob river , 7 eggs of the wild siberian crane were taken and transferred from that area into the oka breeding center from 1981 to 1996 . in total , the \u201csiberian crane\u201d project used 43 siberian crane eggs and 36 eurasian crane eggs from nature . forty siberian crane eggs were transported from icf \u2013 they were laid by the first yakutian birds which started breeding in the usa . most of the birds raised from those eggs were released back into nature .\ninternational crane foundation . 2002 . siberian crane news updates . hang - glider assisted migration takes off . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 16 : 16 - 17 .\nensure healthy populations of siberian crane populations in the amur - heilong basin of russia and china . we are :\nrecording contain 5 chirp calls of 30 - days - old human - raised siberian crane chick ( male ) .\nrecording contain 4 chirp calls of 164 - days - old human - raised siberian crane chick ( female ) .\nrecording contain 5 chirp calls of 37 - days - old human - raised siberian crane chick ( female ) .\nrecording contain 4 chirp calls of 145 - days - old human - raised siberian crane chick ( male ) .\nanonymous . 1993 . siberian crane reintroduction attempt unsuccessful . \u2013 oriental bird club bulletin . no 17 : 12 .\nsprouts were the primary forage for siberian crane at salt lick stopovers because they were readily extracted from the substratum .\nqian fawen . 2003 . wintering siberian crane counted atpoyanglakein 2003 . \u2013 crane working group ofeurasianewsletter . no 6 : 6 - 7 ( in russian and english ) .\nstishov , mikhail , and iinga bysykatova . 2008 . monitoring of the siberian crane breeding sites in kytalyk , yakutia , russia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 4 - 6 ( in russian and english ) .\nanonymous . 1976 . siberian crane season . \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 3 ( 1 ) : 1 .\ndavis , malcolm . 1969 . siberian crane longevity . \u2013 auk . vol . 86 ( 2 ) : 347 .\njiang hongxing , and qian fawen . 2007 . summary of the meeting on monitoring the migration of the siberian crane in chinain 2006 / 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 21 ( in russian and english ) .\nresearch on optimal nesting sites of the eastern population of siberian crane in the tundra ( the indigirka river basin ) .\ndense siberian crane and elk footprints , while fragments of green sprouts were observed on the exposed peat and peat mud .\ndegtyaryev , andrey , and maria vladimirtseva . 2007 . crane art in yakutsk . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 15 ( in russian and english ) .\nli fengshan . 2003 . siberian crane gef project . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 7 ( 1 ) : 6 - 7 ( in chinese and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . a . 2002 . success of siberian crane breeding in captivity . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century : abstracts of international crane workshop . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 19 - 20 .\nof the 15 species of cranes , only the sandhill crane ( grus canadensis ) , brolga crane ( grus rubicunda ) , demoiselle crane ( anthropoides virgo ) , eurasia crane or common crane ( grus grus ) , and gray crowned crane ( balearica regulorum ) are not listed as vulnerable , endangered , or critically endangered .\nharris , james . 2009 . safe flyways for the siberian crane . a flyway approach conserves some of asia\u2019s most beautiful wetands and waterbirds . international crane foundation . 99 p .\nliu z , chen b ( 1991 ) the wintering ecology of the siberian crane . proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop . beijing : china forestry press . pp . 109\u2013112 .\nmarkin , yuri , and sergei sleptsov . 2008 . survey of the siberian crane breeding area in kytalyk , yakutia , russia , in 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 8 - 9 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , sadegh , and azin fazeli . 2008 . the siberian crane wintering in iran in winter 2007 / 2008 and 2008 / 2009 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 14 - 15 ( in russian and english ) .\nvinogradov , v . v . 1982 . siberian white crane . \u2013 boolket . astrakhan . p . 1 - 6 .\nshilina , a . p . 2003 . release of isolation reared siberian crane chicks at common crane staging areas . \u2013 acten - proceedings 4th european crane workshop 2000 . ed . alain salvi . fenetrange - france . p . 250 .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 1991 . the siberian crane in iran . \u2013 proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . p . 341 - 347 .\nmarkin , yu . m . , and a . a . kashin . 2001 . siberian crane . release of siberian cranes in astrakhannature reserve . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 3 : 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nprentice , crawford , and milhail stishov . 2007 . avisit to the siberian crane staging areas in the aldan and maya river valleys of southern yakutiain 2006 . siberian crane flyway news . no 8 : 17 - 18 ( in russian and english ) .\ndevarshi , dhirendra . 2002 . siberian crane . central flyway . india . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 3 : 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . a . , and r . belterman . 2001 . international studbook : siberian crane grus leucogeranus . russia : oka crane breeding center . p . 1 - 37\nmoermond t . 2007 . sixth meeting of range states to siberian crane mou . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter 10 : 106 - 108 ( in russian and english ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - siberian crane\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - siberian crane\ntitle =\narkive video - siberian crane\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nosipova , m . a . 1996 . the siberian crane in the eastern part of the range . \u2013 third european crane workshop : european crane working group at \u201cprojekt kranichschutz deutschland\u201d . straslund : wwf / / nabu . p . 42 .\ngoroshko , oleg . 2007 . sightings of siberian cranes on the daurian steppe , russia , in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 5 ( in russian and english ) .\nhykle , douglas . 1993 . bonn convention actions for the siberian crane . \u2013 iwrb news . vol . 10 : 13 .\nkumar , p . 1994a . vanishing visitors : the great white siberian crane . \u2013 frontline . p . 63 - 74 .\nmarkin , yuri , svetlana bobkova , pavel rozhkov , vladimir drobyshevsky , and yuri zatsepin . 2005 . siberian crane reintroduction at belozersky wildlife refuge in 2004 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 6 : 5 - 6 ( in russian and english ) .\nsince its first epic flight for warmer climes , the male siberian crane has clocked up enough miles to circumnavigate the earth twice .\nlanovenko , e . 2002 . siberian crane spring migration 2002 . central flyway . uzbekistan . crane working group of eurasianewsletter , 4 - 5 : 27 ( in russian and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . , a . kovshar , and a . shilina . 2001 . a record of a common crane pair with siberian crane chick . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . no 2 : 32 ( in russian and english ) .\ntian xiuhua , and zhao guangying . 1997 . preliminary study on hematological indices of the hooded crane , red - crowned crane and siberian crane . \u2013 journal of bird world . vol . 23 : 38 - 41 . ( in chinese ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , sadegh , azin fazeli , and kirill postelnykh . 2008 . release of the siberian crane on the wintering grounds in iran in autumn of 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 23 - 24 ( in russian and english ) .\npokrovskaya , i . 2007 . the first finding of the siberian crane breeding site in west siberia . crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 10 : 84 ( in russian and english ) .\nvuasalo - tavakoli , e . 2002 . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 29 ( in russian and english ) .\nanonymous . 1980 . wwf supports siberian crane at icf . \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 6 ( 2 ) : 4 .\narchibald , george w . 1993b . the siberian crane : a status report . \u2013 cms bulletin no . 4 ( unpaginated ) .\nlandfried , s . e . 1982 . pakistan : new siberian crane data . \u2013 iucn bulletin . july / august / september .\nsackl , peter . 2003 . siberian white crane . \u2013 british birds . vol . 96 ( 9 ) : 449 - 453 .\nsinha , vivek . 2000 . unusual behaviour of a siberian crane . \u2013 hornbill ( july - september ) : 28 - 29 .\nsudilovskaya , a . m . 1948 . siberian crane and its distribution . \u2013 nature protection . no 13 ( in russian ) .\nwill the three gorges dam affect the underwater light climate of vallisneria spiralis l . and food habitat of siberian crane in poyang lake ?\ngree , n . gist , lacy i . moffett , and g . d . wilder . 1926 . atentative list of chinese birds . part 1 . bulletin no . 1 of the peking society of natural history . p . 1 - 370 . ( distribution of eurasian crane , red - crowned crane , hooded crane , black - necked crane , white - naped crane , siberian crane and demoiselle crane in china , see pp . 62 - 64 ) ( in english and chinese ) .\nhorwich , robert h . 1992 . isolated - rearing of siberian crane chicks in the international crane foundation . \u2013 proceedings , 1988 north american crane workshop , 22 - 24 february 1988 . eds : don a . wood . p . 244 - 248 .\nbragin , e . a . 2001 . siberian crane - 2001 . kazakhstan . observations of the siberian cranes ( grus leucogeranus pall . ) at naurzum in 2001 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 3 : 27 - 28 ( in russian and english ) .\nbelterman , r . 2005 . siberian crane propagation in western europein 2004 and 2005 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 9 : 69 - 70 ( in russian and english ) .\nbragin , e . a . siberian crane records in kazakhstan from 2007 to 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 50 - 51 ( in russian and english ) .\nrozenfeld , s . b . a siberian crane sighting in azerbaijan in january 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 74 ( in russian and english ) .\nshevchenko , e . p . 2011 . siberian crane record in chaunskaya gulf , chukotka . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 53 . ( in russian and english ) .\ntseveenmyadag , n . 2011 . siberian crane records in mongolia from 2007 to 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 53 - 55 ( in russian and english ) .\nzou changlin . 2009 . migration status of siberian crane in momoge nr in spring 2009 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 13 ( 1 ) : 3 ( in chinese and english ) .\nthe united nations environment program ( unep ) and the international crane foundation conducted the unep / gef siberian crane wetland project from 2003 to 2009 to protect and manage a network of sites across asia .\nsiberian cranes are the only crane species with serrated edges on their beaks . the serrations make gripping slippery prey , such as fish and frogs , much easier . siberian cranes also eat roots , berries and seeds .\nenglish : japanese crane , manchurian crane ; french : grue du japon ; german : mandschurenkranich ; spanish : grulla manch\u00fc .\ndong lingli . 2003 . siberian white crane studbook ( grus leucogeranus ) 2002 . beijing , china : beijing zoological gardens . 34 pp .\nfreeman , scott . 1984 . chinaestablishes refuge for siberian crane . \u2013 the icf bugle . vol . 10 ( 1 ) : 1 .\nfutehally , z . 1992 . the siberian crane . \u2013 newsletter for birdwatchers . vol . 32 ( 9 & 10 ) : 2 .\nunep , and cms , ed . 1996 . siberian crane memorandum of understanding . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 5 , 6 : 5 .\nunep , and cms , ed . 2001 . siberian crane wetlands gef meeting . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 13 . p . 18 .\ndavidson , neil . a possible hybrid common crane ( gg ) x siberian white crane ( gl ) inturkey . \u2013 bulletin ornithological society , middle east . vol . 15 ( 1 ) : 3 .\nkashentseva , t . , and r . belterman . 2007 . the international siberian crane studbook . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 10 : 51 - 53 ( in russian and english ) .\nqian fawen . 2004 . the 2nd guilding committee meeting of \u201csiberian crane gef project\u201d was held inbeijing . china crane news . vol . 8 ( 1 ) : 39 ( in chinese and english ) .\ntseveenmydag , n . 2005 . summer sightings of the siberian crane in mongolia in 2004 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 9 : 22 - 23 ( in russian and english ) .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 2011 . siberian crane wintering in iran in 2010 / 11 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 11 : 74 - 75 ( in russian and english ) .\nzhou jingying . 2003 . spring migration of siberian crane at tumuji national nature reserve , 2003 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 7 ( 2 ) : 9 ( in chinese and english ) .\nthe international crane foundation ( icf ) is a cms partner organization that provides the technical coordination of the mou through the position of the siberian crane flyway coordinator , which is co - funded by cms .\nshaw tsen - hwang . 1936 . the birds of hopei province . \u2013 zoologia sinica . series b . the vertebrates of china . vol . 15 . fan memorial institute of biology , peiping ( peking ) china . p . 1 - 974 . ( description and distribution of common crane , hooded crane , red - crowned crane , white - naped crane , siberian crane and demoiselle crane in china \u2013 see pp . 319 - 328 . ) .\nbysykatova i . p . , m . v . vladimirtseva , and s . m . sleptsov . 2010 . spring migrations of the siberian crane in yakutia . \u2013 siberian ecological journal . novosibirsk ( in russian ) .\nsmirenski , sergei . 2008 . the sightings of siberian cranes in muraviovka park , amur region , during spring migration 2008 . siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 12 - 13 ( in russian and english ) .\nthese crane species occur as two distinct populations , arctic east siberian ( between the yana and the alazeya rivers in yakutia ) group and west siberian ( the river basins of the ob , konda and sossva ) group .\nliu zhiyong , and chen bin . 1991 . the wintering ecology of the siberian crane . \u2013 proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . ( chapter 3 ) : 109 - 112 .\nenglish : little brown crane , canadian crane ; french : grue du canada ; german : kanadakranich ; spanish : grulla canadiense .\ntokarskaya , olga n . , et al . 1996 . analysis of relatedness and genetic diversity in the siberian crane by dna fingerprinting . \u2013 3rd european crane workshop : european crane working group at \u201cproject kranichschutz deutschland\u201d . stralsund : wwf / / nabu . p . 52 .\nwu zhigang , han xiaodong , and wang li . 1987 . observations of migratory siberian crane at momoge nature reserve . \u2013 proceedings 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . p . 135 - 138 .\narchibald , george w . 1996 . conservation of siberian cranes inwest asia . \u2013 3rd european crane workshop : european crane working group at \u201cprojekt kranichschutz deutschland\u201d . stralsund : wwf / nabu . p . 19 .\ngoroshko , o . s . 2002 . siberian crane . eastern flyway . russia . dauria . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 3 : 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nilyashenko , e . i . 2003 . siberian crane migration according to ptt data . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no . 6 : 14 - 15 ( in russian and english ) .\nsmirenski , s . 2007 . sighting of the siberian crane in amur region in 2006 . - crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no . 10 : 38 ( in russian and english ) .\nwang hui . 2007 . sighting of the siberian crane in yancheng nnr , china , in 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia . moscow . no 10 : 44 ( in russian and english ) .\nyang zhaofeng ( translator ) . 1999 . research information of central population of siberian crane . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 3 ( 2 ) : 22 - 23 ( in chinese and english ) .\nyang zhaofeng ( translator ) . 2002 . results of the 4th meeting of siberian crane range states . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 6 ( 1 ) : 41 ( in chinese and english ) .\nnagendran , meenakshi . 1995 . crane conservation efforts : siberian , sandhill and whooping cranes , with emphasis on the siberian crane . \u2013 the proceedings of the fourth annual international crane symposium : \u201cpeople , water and wildlife : human population impacts on cranes\u201d . ed . tim wohlgenant . boulder , colorado : national audubon society . p . 11 - 15 .\nbhatnagar , r . 1980 . acase of tumour in siberian crane . \u2013 newsletter for birdwatchers . vol . 20 ( 4 ) : 16 .\nbrar , arvinder s . 1994 . land of the siberian crane . \u2013 sanctuary . vol . 14 ( 4 ) : 14 - 21 .\nsauey , ronald t . 1981 . saving the siberian crane . an international effort . \u2013 span , 22 ( 5 ) : 21 - 25\nvorobjev , k . a . 1965 . siberian crane in yakutia . \u2013 nature . no 4 : 88 - 90 ( in russian ) .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the siberian crane utters more musical sounds than the other cranes , usually flute - like calls .\n) . siberian cranes were observed foraging in the shallow water during the whole winter , and we did not find a single crane on grasslands .\nproceedings of the project completion workshop of the unep / gef siberian crane wetland project , 14 - 15 october , 2009 , harbin , china .\none of these was reportedly a regular stopover location for several hundred siberian cranes .\nin the early 1970s , there were fewer than 10 siberian cranes in captivity worldwide . they had never reproduced in captivity . adopting a different approach , captive populations of siberian cranes were established from eggs collected from wild siberian cranes in eastern siberia through collaboration between the international crane foundation ( icf ) in the usa and oka state nature reserve in russia . the first captive breeding was achieved at icf in 1981 with the birth of siberian crane , \u00abdushenka\u00bb .\ngermogenov , nikolai , sergei sleptsov , inga bysykatova , and maria vladimirtseva . 2007 . russian - chinese joint field work on research of the siberian crane eastern population in momoge nnr , china . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 8 - 9 ( in russian and english ) .\nnaumov , p . p . 1979 . siberian crane in kirenga . \u2013 migration and ecology of birds in siberia . yakutsk : yakutian branch of siberian division , ussracademyof sciences . p . 97 . ( in russian ) . .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - siberian crane ( leucogeranus leucogeranus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - siberian crane ( leucogeranus leucogeranus )\ntitle =\narkive species - siberian crane ( leucogeranus leucogeranus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbragin , e . a . 2007 . the siberian crane sightings in kazakhstanduring migrations 2006 and 2007 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 10 : 26 - 28 ( in russian and english ) .\nparilov , m . 2007 . the siberian crane sighting in ganukan wildlife refuge in 2007 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 10 : 38 - 39 ( in russian and english ) .\nprentice , crawford . 2003 . unep / gef siberian crane wetlands project meeting in moscowand tehran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 6 : 33 - 34 ( in russian and english ) .\nsu liying . 2011 . some stopover records for the siberian crane in 2010 and 2011 in china . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 60 - 62 ( in russian and english ) .\narchibald , george w . 1981c . a siberian crane chick ! \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 7 ( 3 ) : 1 , 3 .\nlandfried , s . e . 1983 . saving the siberian crane : another step . \u2013 wwf - pakistan newsletter . vol . 2 ( 1 )\nmaguire , kelly . 1999 . project sterkh : summary of siberian crane reintroduction program 1983 - 1998 . \u2013 conservation measures for the siberian crane : cms technical series publication no . 1 . eds . unep / cms . bonn , germany : unep / cms secretariat . p . 153 - 173 .\nscheiffer , h . 1985 . to siberian crane protection . \u2013 unsere jagd . vol . 35 ( 2 ) : 62 ( in german ) .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated these siberian crane species and has listed them as\ncritically endangered\n.\nthe historic breeding area of the siberian crane extended from the ural mountains south to the ishim and tobol rivers , and east to the kolyma region .\npotapov e ( 1992 ) some breeding observations on the siberian white crane grus leucogeranus in the kolyma lowlands . bird conserv . internatn 2 : 149\u2013156 .\nelk activity led to areas of peat exposure in bogs where the availability of edible grass rhizomes and readily extractable sprouts were increased for the siberian crane .\nsoviet working group for crane research . 1995 . siberian crane project : a five - year plan . - crane research and protection in europe . a . proceedings of the palaearctic crane workshop in tallinn , estonia , 1989 . ed . hartwig prange . halle - wittenberg : martin - luther - universitaat / / lufthansa . p . 305 - 307 .\nandronov , v . a . 2002 . siberian crane . eastern flyway . russia . jewish autonomous region . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 3 : 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nilyashenko , e . ( author - compiler ) . 2010 . atlas for the siberian crane and other waterbirds in western / central asia . international crane foundation , baraboo , usa , 130 p . ( russian version )\nlanovenko , e . 2004 . geography and phenology of siberian crane sightings in uzbekistan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 7 - 8 : 66 - 68 ( in russian and english ) .\nmajin , ch . 2004 . brief information on the fall migration of the siberian crane . azerbaijan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 7 - 8 : 61 , 63 ( in russian and english ) .\nqian fawen . 2005 . report on monitoring the migration of siberian crane inchina , 2004 - 2005 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 9 ( 2 ) : 24 - 25 ( in chinese and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2003 . siberian crane spring migration 2003 . western flyway . russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 6 : 12 - 13 ( in russian and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2011 . sighting of the siberian crane in astrakhannature reserve in the fall of 2007 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 52 ( in russian and english ) .\nmaksudov , g . , and t . kashentseva . 2002 . sperm storage and sperm competition in artificially inseminated siberian cranes . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century . abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 20 - 21 .\nsorokin , a . g . , a . p . shilina , yu . m . markin . 2002 . ten years of siberian crane introduction in west siberia : results and perspectives . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century , abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol . 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 38 - 39 .\nsiberian cranes sometimes cause root damage to crops as they feed on roots and shoots .\nsiberian cranes migrate to the arctic tundra to breed in late april and early may .\nthis is exemplified by data obtained on the fat reserves of three migrating siberian cranes .\nthe siberian crane flyway coordination enhances communication among the large network of scientists , governmental agencies , biologists , private organizations , and citizens involved with siberian crane conservation . since 2002 , dr . george archibald has traveled yearly to afghanistan and pakistan to augment awareness programs that contribute to safer migrations for siberian cranes . he also works with the united arab emirates to support migration corridor conservation in western asia .\narchibald , george w . 1981a . last call for the siberian crane . \u2013 natural history . vol . 90 ( 3 ) : 58 - 61 .\narchibald , george w . 1983 . siberian crane eggs fly east . \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 9 ( 3 ) : 1 , 3 .\nharrap , s . 1987 . comments on historical records of the siberian white crane in turkey . \u2013 ocme bull . no 19 : 18 - 19 .\nlandfried , s . e . 1982 . siberian crane stamp soon a reality . \u2013 the icf bugle . vol . 8 ( 4 ) : 4 .\nmirande , claire m . 2003 . my life with siberian crane . \u2013 the icf bugle . vol . 29 ( 3 ) : 6 - 7 .\nshiirevdamba , ts . , ed . 1997 . siberian crane . \u2013 mongolian red book . ulaanbaatar . p . 115 ( in mongolian and russian ) .\nsinha , v . r . 1991 . arequiem for the siberian crane . \u2013 sanctuary asia . vol . xi ( 1 ) : 26 - 35 .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 1989 . conservation policy for siberian cranes in iran . \u2013 asia crane congress . typescript . p . 1 - 7 .\nbragin , e . a . 2003 . the siberian crane spring migration 2003 . western flyway . kazakhstan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 6 : 12 - 13 ( in russian and english ) .\nlanovenko , e . 2005 . winter ecology of the eurasian cranein uzbekistan : existing conditions for the siberian crane reintroduction . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 9 : 52 - 54 ( in russian and english ) .\nliu yunzheng , and jia daojing . 2004 . observation on the feeding behavior of wintering siberian crane inpoyanglake . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 8 ( 1 ) : 7 - 8 ( in chinese and english ) .\nmarkin , yuri , and sadegh sadeghi zadegan . 2007 . the siberian crane release in iranin winter 2006 / 2007 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 10 : 54 ( in russian and english ) .\nqian fawen , and simba chan . 2007 . sighting of a banded siberian crane in yellow river delta , china . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia . moscow . no 10 : 61 ( in russian and english ) .\ntseveenmyadag , n . 2002 . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . eastern flyway . mongolia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 29 - 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nvardhan , harsh . 2002b . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . central flyway . india . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 29 - 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nvladimirtseva , m . v . 2011 . the siberian crane fall migration in okhotsky perevoz , yakutia , in 2008 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 58 . ( in russian and english ) .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 2003 . siberian crane spring migration 2003 . western flyway . iran . crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 6 : 12 , 13 . ( in russian and english ) .\nzhang enquan , and zhang jing . 2005 . siberian crane propagation at beijing zoo , china , in 2005 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 71 ( in russian and english ) .\nashtiani , mohammad ali . 1987 . siberian crane as a wintering bird iniran . \u2013 proceedings of the 1983 international crane workshop , bharatpur , india . eds . george w . archibald and r . f . pasquier . baraboo , wisconsin : international crane foundation . p . 135 - 137 .\nenglish : blue - necked crane , royal crane ; french : grue royale ; german : s\u00fcdafrikanischer kronenkranich ; spanish : grulla coronada cuelligr\u00eds .\nscience expeditions sponsored by the all - russia research institute for nature protection and preserves in 1977 - 1978 collected 12 eggs of siberian crane of the eastern population and sent them to the international crane foundation . in 1979 17 more eggs were transported from yakutia to the ocbc and the bird park walsrode in germany . such was the beginning of the first population of siberian crane in captivity .\nwu jiandong . 2002 . study on the behavior of siberian cranes in wintering period . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century , abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol . 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 69 , 29 - 30 ( in chinese and english ) .\nrustamov , a . k . 1999 . white crane , or siberian crane . \u2013 red data book of turkmenistan . vol . 1 . invertebrate and vertebrate animals . ashgabat , turkmenistan , 256 - 257 ( in russian ) .\nsleptsov , s . 2007 . siberian crane breeding in kytalyk resource reserve , yakutia , russia , in 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow , 10 : 16 - 17 ( in russian and english ) .\nstrelnikova , o . g . 2011 . siberian crane sightings in khanty - mansi autonomous region in 2008 and 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 47 - 49 ( in russian and english ) .\narchibald , george w . 1994 . the fading call of the siberian crane . \u2013 national geographic . vol . 185 ( 5 ) : 125 - 136 .\nkashkarov , d . yu . 1988 . siberian crane . \u2013 red data book of the uzbekskaya ssr . p . 92 - 93 ( in russian ) .\nlandfried , s . e . 1981 . first rare siberian crane hatches in captivity . \u2013 wwf news . vol . 13 . july / aug : 3 .\nmirande , claire m . 2003 . siberian crane wetlands project : on the staging ground and ready to fly . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 18 : 16 .\ntarunin , m . 1928 . on siberian crane in tobolsk region . \u2013 \u201cural\u2019skiy okhotnik\u201d ( ural hunter ) . vol . 5 ( 3 ) : 5 .\nxu jie , and jiang zingzing . 1985 . endangered species \u2013 siberian crane . \u2013 chinese wildlife . vol . 3 : 30 - 40 ( in chinese )\nthe main breeding grounds cover 82 , 000 km2 in the yakutia region of northeastern siberia , south of the east siberian sea between the yana and kolyma rivers . kytalyk republic resource reserve is a site of breeding grounds with the highest siberian crane densities .\nbragin , e . a . 2002 . endangered species - 2001 . the siberian crane - 2001 . western flyway . kazakhstan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 3 : 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nbragin , e . a . 2002 . the siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . kazakhstan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 26 , 27 - 28 ( in russian and english ) .\nchan , simba . 2002 . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . eastern flyway . hong - kong . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 28 , 30 ( in russian and english ) .\ngoroshko , o . a . 2011 . siberian crane sightings in dauria ( transbaikalia ) from 2007 to 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 56 - 57 ( in russian and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . a . , and r . belterman . 2002 . siberian crane in captivity . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 52 - 53 ( in russian and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2002 . siberian crane spring migration 2002 . western flyway . russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 25 , 26 ( in russian and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2002 . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . western flyway . russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 26 - 28 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan s . 2005 . the siberian crane wintering in iran in 2004 / 2005 and 2005 / 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 50 - 51 ( in russian and english ) .\nsun xiaowei , zhen haishen , yu baijiang . 2002 . migration trend of siberian crane at momoge in spring 2002 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 18 ( in chinese and english ) .\ntseveenmyadag , n . 2001 . endangered species - 2001 . siberian crane - 2001 . eastern flyway . mongolia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 3 : 29 , 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 2002 . siberian crane spring migration 2002 . western flyway . iran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 25 , 26 ( in russian and english ) .\nyang yan . 2007 . record number of the siberian crane in liaoning province , china , in autumn 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 10 : 41 - 42 ( in russian and english ) .\nzhou haixiang . 2006 . the finding and protection of siberian crane and other waterfowls in key migratory sites in liaoning . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 10 ( 1 ) : 32 - 34 ( in chinese and english ) .\nanonymous . 1996 . sos for siberian cranes . \u2013 hornbill . no 3 : 27 .\nadequate forage for siberian cranes in the marshes included the roots of hydrophilic sedges and horsetails .\nkashentseva , t . a . 2007 . crane propagation at oka crane breeding center in 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 10 : 45 - 48 ( in russian and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . a . 2011 . crane propagation in oka crane breeding center in 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 82 - 86 ( in russian and english ) .\naccording to the iucn red list , the total population size of the siberian crane is 3 , 500 - 4 , 000 individuals . siberian cranes\u2019 numbers are decreasing today and they are classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the list of threatened species .\nthe following habitats are found across the siberian crane distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\ndessauer hc , gee gf , rogers js ( 1992 ) allozyme evidence for crane systematics and polymorphisms within populations of sandhill , sarus , siberian , and whooping cranes .\nanonymous . 1975 . the siberian crane icf\u2019s target species for 1975 - 76 . \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 , 3 .\nbabenko , v . g . 2000 . siberian crane . \u2013 birds of lower priamuriye . moscow : \u201cprometei\u201d publishing house . p . 204 ( in russian ) .\ndey , s . c . 1993 . siberian crane \u2013 status report and indian situation . indian forester . vol . 119 ( 10 ) : 783 - 792 .\nmalik , d . 1991a . the siberian crane in the littlerann of kutch . \u2013 newsletter for birdwatchers . vol . 31 ( 1 / 2 ) : 13 .\nmoriguchi , kazuaki . 1978 . arecord of the siberian white crane grus leucogeranus found in hokkaido , japan . \u2013 tori . vol . 27 : 37 - 38 .\nrogacheva , e . v . 1980 . siberian crane . \u2013 animals of krasnoyarsk territory . krasnoyarsk : krasnoyarsk book publishers . p . 90 ( in russian ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2007 . siberian crane ( grus leucogeranus ) . \u2013 astrakhan encyclopaedia . astrakhan . p . 377 - 378 ( in russian ) .\nsharma , v . d . , and s . sharma . 1991 . the vanishing siberian crane . \u2013 indian forester . vol . 117 : 850 - 855 .\nvinogradov , v . v . 1977 . protect the siberian crane . \u2013 \u201cokhota i okhotnichiye khozyaistvo\u201d ( hunting and hunting economy ) . no . 7 : 5 .\nthe siberian crane mou was the first one to be developed under the auspices of cms . it was concluded on 1 july 1993 and revised on 1 january 1999 .\nbragin , e . a . 2002 . the siberian crane spring migration 2002 . western flyway . kazakhstan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 25 , 26 ( in russian and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . , and r . belterman . 2011 . the fifth issue of the international siberian crane studbook . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 89 - 92 ( in russian and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . m . , sleptsov , s . m . the siberian crane banding in yakutia in 2008 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 106 - 107 ( in russian and english ) .\nmirande , claire . 2007 . safeguarding a chain of important wetlands \u2013 the midterm review for our siberian crane wetland project . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 11 ( 1 ) : 21 - 22 ( in chinese and english ) .\nprentice , crawford . 2007 . the unep / gef siberian crane wetlands project \u2013 status at the end of phase 1 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 10 : 63 - 66 ( in russian and english ) .\nqian fawen , and jiang hongxing . 2006 . summery of monitoring the migration of siberian crane in chinain 2005 - 2006 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 10 ( 1 ) : 35 - 36 ( in chinese and english ) .\nthough it is easy to distinguish this species of crane from others , it is really difficult to distinguish a male from a female siberian crane . both are of almost the same size and have similar features ; it is just that the female crane is a little smaller in size and has a little shorter beak .\nchan , simba . 2004 . brief information on the fall migration of the siberian crane . eastern flyway . japan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 62 , 64 ( in russian and english ) .\nilyashenko , v . yu . 2005 . on the history of discovery and origination of name \u201csterkh\u201d ( siberian crane ) . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no . 9 : 122 - 125 ( in russian and english ) .\nliu yunzheng , and jia daojing . 2000 . report on the distribution of siberian crane at poyang lake in november , 1999 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 4 ( 2 ) : 4 - 5 ( in chinese and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . , and s . sadeghi zadegan . 2004 . siberian crane reintroduction in islamic republic of iran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 7 - 8 : 36 - 37 ( in russian and english ) .\nsorokin , a . g . 2003 . the siberian crane in the european part of russia . historical and recent data . \u2013 acten - proceedings 4th european crane workshop 2000 . ed . alain salvi . fenetrange - france . p . 249 .\nvladimirtseva , m . , and s . sleptsov . 2005 . observation on nest building activity of the siberian crane . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 29 - 31 . ( in russian and english ) .\nbirdlife international . 2003 .\nsiberian crane\n( on - line ) . red data book : threatened birds of asia . accessed october 31 , 2005 at urltoken .\ndey , s . c . 1994 . siberian crane : status report and indian situation . \u2013 environ magazine . vol . 11 ( 1 ) : 57 - 61 .\nmaranko , m . 1989 . wintering behaviour of the siberian crane in keoladeo national park , bharatpur during 1988 - 89 . m . phil . thesis , bharathidasan university .\nmercier , mary . 2007 . siberian crane range states meet to protect the \u201clily of birds\u201d . \u2013 the icf bugle . vol . 33 ( 3 ) : 4 .\nostapenko , m . m . 1987 . gruiformes . siberian crane . \u2013 the birds of uzbekistan . tashkent : \u201cfan\u201d publ . house . p . 274 - 275 .\nsludski , a . a . 1959 . siberian crane distribution and biology . \u2013 ornithology . moscow . vol . 2 : 159 - 162 . ( in russian ) .\nunep , and cms , ed . 2001 . results of the fourth meeting of the siberian crane range states . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 14 : 8 - 9 .\nushakov , v . e . 1925 . about siberian white crane and owls . \u2013 \u201cural\u2019skiy okhotnik\u201d ( ural hunter ) . vol . 2 ( 3 ) : 39 .\nsimple procedures aimed at exposing peat formation in bogs along the siberian crane migration routes might facilitate the passage for weaker cranes ( in the worst - case conservation scenario ) .\nthe last remaining western siberian crane has returned to its winter home in iran for the seventh consecutive year - having clocked up an incredible 78 , 000km in the process .\nkashentseva , t . a . 2005 . crane propagation at oka crane breeding center in 2004 and 2005 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 60 - 64 ( in russian and english ) .\nwu zhigang , han xiaodong , and wang li . 1987 . observations of the siberian white crane ( grus leucogeranus ) migrating to the momoge nature reserve . \u2013 abstracts 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . p . 38 ( in chinese abstracts ) .\nthese siberian cranes were frightened off three times by motorboats passing at 15 to 20 min intervals .\nconsequently , siberian cranes did not encounter their habitual foraging conditions while migrating across the taiga zone .\nmarkin , yu . m . , and s . sadeghi zadegan . 2003 . siberian crane wintering in iranin 2002 / 03 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 6 : 4 - 6 ( in russian and english ) .\nwang qishan , and james t . harris , eds . 2002 . crane research : status and direction for the 21st century , abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol 6 ( supplement ) . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 1 - 80 .\nthe siberian crane can be found in a number of locations including : arctic , asia , china , russia . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nbragin , e . a . 2002 . red data book . the siberian crane . \u2013 kazakhstan ornithological newsletter . almaty : \u201ctethys\u201d . p . 73 ( in russian ) .\nroschevsky , yu . k . 1973 . on breeding of siberian crane in priyanskaya tundra . \u2013 animals of volgariver basin . p . 34 - 38 ( in russian ) .\nbog areas that were difficult for humans to access tended to retain a high local density of elk , which had very important effects on the foraging conditions for the siberian crane .\nli jinlu , and feng kemin . 1991 . overwintering of red - crowned and siberian cranes in china . \u2013 proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . p . 191 .\nmarkin , yu . , a . ermakov , and yu . zatsepin . 2004 . siberian crane reintroduction in kunovatriver basinin 2003 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 7 - 8 : 33 - 36 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , s . 2004 . brief information on the fall migration of the siberian crane . the western flyway . i . r . iran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 7 - 8 : 63 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , s . and a . fazeli . 2011 . the siberian crane wintering in iran in 2007 / 2008 and 2008 / 2009 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 72 - 73 ( in russian and english ) .\nchan , simba . 2005 . data on crane sightings . japan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia , 9 : 49 ( in russian and english ) .\nnesterenko , o . n . 2002 . use of genetic methods for sexing cranes captive breeding programs . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century . abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 43\nnagendran , meenakshi , and robert h . horwich . 1992 . isolation - rearing of siberian crane chicks at the international crane foundation . \u2013 proceedings , 1988 north american crane workshop : nongame wildlife program technical report . don a . wood . [ tallahassee , florida ] : floridagame and fresh water fish commission . p . 245 - 248 .\njiang hongxing , and qian fawen . 2007 . summary of the meeting on monitoring the migration of the siberian crane in chinain 2006 / 2007 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 11 ( 1 ) : 21 - 23 ( in chinese and english ) .\nmarkin , yuri , and sadegh sadeghi zadegan . 2004 . search for alternative siberian crane wintering grounds in i . r . iran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 7 - 8 : 68 - 69 ( in russian and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . , g . rusanov , and a . kashin . 2005 . siberian crane reintroduction in astrakhan nature reserve in 2004 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 76 - 79 ( in russian and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2004 . brief information on the fall migration of the siberian crane . the western flyway . russia . \u2013 newsletter of the crane working group of eurasia . moscow . vol . 7 - 8 : 63 ( in russian ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , s . , and g . archibald . 2005 . the siberian crane reintroduction in fereydoon kenar , iran , in 2005 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 80 - 81 ( in russian and english ) .\nvladimirtseva , m . , and e . ilyashenko e . 2007 . the siberian crane migration in indigirka river valley , yakutia , russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 10 : 29 - 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nche guicui , and ben yahua . 2000 . cure of fracture of a siberian crane . \u2013heilongjiang animal science and veterinary medicine . vol . 1 : 27 ( in chinese ) .\nfriedman , judy . 1992 . operation siberian crane : the story behind the international effort to save an amazing bird . new york : dillon press . p . 1 - 96 .\ngermogenov , n . i . ( ed . ) . 1999 . siberian crane ecology and migration . research report . yakutsk . p . 1 - 25 ( in russian ) .\nkasparek , max . 1987 . historical records of the siberian white crane in turkey . \u2013 bull . ornithol . soc . middle east . vol . 18 : 4 - 6 .\nlanovenko , eugenia . 2003 . summering and autumn migration 2003 . central population . uzbekistan . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 5 : 10 ( in russian and english ) ."]}
{"id": 973, "summary": [{"text": "lamprologus signatus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it prefers deep waters over muddy substrates .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species is a shell dweller .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 5.5 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "lamprologus signatus", "paragraphs": ["a little research ( actually a lot of it ) led me to consider various species . i wanted something with a little color but also with some distinctive markings . i considered some ' lamprologus ' brevis , but had heard that they weren ' t always active or even visible . i settled on a species that is not very common in the hobby , lamprologus signatus . it took me a while to track them down but i was finally able to obtain a group of 6 juveniles .\njust one more tank . . .\nl . multifasciatus , n . signatus , n . similis , l . gold occelatus\nlamprologus signatus has a more elongated body shape compared to other shell dwellers . another difference is that the male and female have their own distinct patter / coloration . most other species of shelldwellers , with a few exceptions , share the same color patterns in both males and females . usually the only difference between the sexes is size .\ni was always told that you appreciate things more when they cost you something , when you\u0092ve got something personally invested in them . i\u0092ve usually found this to be true . my lamprologus signatus have made themselves a definite exception to the rule . they\u0092ve got the big shelldweller personality with uncommon good looks to boot , making themselves one of my favorites , and i didn\u0092t pay a dime for them !\ni\u0092ve very much enjoyed having these guys and continue to watch their interactions with fascination . i\u0092m content just to watch them glide about and show off their rainbow colors . lamprologus signatus has proven itself to me to be a very interesting and slightly more unique member of a personable little group of fish . even though they didn\u0092t cost me anything , i hold them as a valued part of my collection .\nafter not having a lake tanganyika shelldweller for some time , i got an itch for them again . something about how they change their environment by digging and / or burying their shells makes them extremely amusing and addictive . for such little fish , they pack a ton of personality . the question was which shell dweller to choose ? in the past i had kept ' lamprologus ' multifasciatus and ' lamprologus ' ocellatus\ngold\n. i decided i wanted to try something different for a newly vacant 29gal tank .\nhello all ! i am setting up a 60\nr . half with stacked rock for calvus ; half open with shells ; cyp leptosoma swimming above . how compatible are signatus with this setup ? . . . . . 1m / 3f ' s ? . . . . . . i have 12 shells . . . . . too many ? . . . . space shells out evenly - - or in groups of 3 - 4 ? . . . . . . will signatus defend poorly or too violently against the calvus ? . . . .\nhey mr . limpit , my signatus are still very young and they are alone in a 10 gallon right now so i am not sure how aggressive / defensive they would be with other fish . i think you can group the shells how every you want . i have 6 shells for the two of them and they are kind of spread out . it shouldn ' t matter too much because in nature the signatus species actually prefers digging out under rocks but in captivity they use shells if they are available . i have a central rock structure that has a few carved caves and then some slate rock . hope this helps somewhat .\nsince i became interested in the shelldwelling cichlids of the african rift lake , tanganyika , i\u0092ve had the opportunity to try out the majority of the species . they all display pretty similar behavioral patterns and many have a very similar appearance as well . they are interesting and charming little fish , but once you\u0092ve kept one , you\u0092ve pretty much kept them all . not so with l . signatus .\n* * help * * my signatus pair have pretty much stopped eating in the past week . has anybody else struck this problem and what are you feeding them ? i have tried flake ( which they pick at ) , crumbles ( nls and redsea - they mouth then spit these out ) , frozen brine / mysis / bloodworm ( not much interest at all , mouth then spit out the ones they do attack ) , live mosquito larvae ( just attack out of territorial aggression then spit out ) . i dont have access to other live foods . any help appreciated . cheers steve\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\nendemic to lake tanganyika where it is restricted to the central shores of the lake .\nthe habitat is reported to be deep water on soft , mud substrates . feeds on small shrimp . the maximum size of collected specimens was 53 mm at which size the fish were mature . nothing else is known of this species other than it belongs to the shell - dweller group .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nendemic to lake tanganyika . it occurs around the central part of the lake on the zambian side , around the capes of kabwe ngosye and nundo .\nit inhabits fairly deep water around the shoreline in areas with a soft substrate , where the empty shells of snails collect .\n18\u2033 x 12\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 45cm x 30cm x 30cm ) \u2013 40 litres for a pair or trio . a larger tank is required for a colony .\nthe aquarium should have large open areas of sandy substrate to which should be added a good number of empty snail shells ( see breeding section below ) . more shells should be provided than there are individual fish . the substrate should be at least 2\u2033 deep as this species likes to dig . the water must be hard and alkaline .\nlive and frozen varieties should form the bulk of the diet , although dried foods are usually accepted .\na territorial species that will defend its shell and the small territory around it vigorously . it can be combined with species that inhabit other areas of the aquarium . good tankmate choices include rockdwellers such as neolamprologus brichardi or smaller species of julidochromis and open water species such as cyprichromis sp . only one male should be kept unless the aquarium is large as males are very aggressive towards conspecifics .\nmales grow larger than females and have distinct vertical barring on the flanks , which is lacking in females .\npossible . shell brooder . it may breed in a community situation but if you want to raise a full brood of these a species tank is best . set up the aquarium as suggested above . provide plenty of snail shells as the females will lay their eggs in these . escargot shells are a good choice and can be obtained from most decent delicatessens . each female will require 4 - 5 shells . water should be hard and alkaline with a ph of around 8 . 0 - 8 . 5 and a temperature of 77 - 80\u00b0f .\nthe species is most easily bred in a harem situation within which spawning pairs will form weak bonds until their broods are large enough to fend for themselves . the bond is not monogamous and both fish may go on to spawn with other individuals . it\u2019s best to keep several females with a single male for breeding purposes . condition the fish well on a good diet of live and frozen foods .\nthe females will attempt to catch the attention of the male by displaying at the entrance of their chosen shells . when the male is sufficiently interested , the female swims into the shell where she deposits her eggs . she then leaves the shell and the male enters , where he fertilises the eggs .\nboth parents assist in broodcare , and they will regularly move the entire brood between different shells . the fry are big enough to accept brine shrimp nauplii or microworm once they become free swimming . it is probably better to remove them to a separate rearing tank at this stage to ensure the best survival rate , although the parents do not usually harm them .\nas they grew , i became disappointed with the make - up of the group . a group of 4 males and 2 females is not ideal for pairing . fortunately each of the females picked out a male of their own and the two extra males were removed . the tank was set up with a sand substrate and divided into 3 separate areas by 2 pieces of holey rock . each of the three areas had an abundant amount of shells . the pairs took up residence on opposite sides of the tank , leaving the middle area as a no - man ' s land . i hoped that as their fry got larger , they would migrate to the\nundeveloped\nsection of the tank .\nsetting up a new african cichlid tank ( decorating )\ntank talk 9 / 10 / 13 pres . by kgtropicals\nahh ! its great to see another shellie fan on ace ! yes i remember you , how are the callipterus coming along ? i ' m picking my sigs up from anthony today , will let you know how they go . pm sent .\nthanks jac . i may select either brevis or occies , since the shells will be on the opposite end of the tank vs the rock structure .\nany updates on these fish , i ' m so excited . someone locally is selling only a pair and hopefully i can get my hands on them . are they as easy as multies ? dumb question but . . . i ' m just sooooo excited ! hopefully i can get them\nhey miles44 , no they haven ' t spawned yet . i hope they spawn for me soon . cross my fingers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 985, "summary": [{"text": "scincella is a genus of lizards in the skink family , scincidae , commonly referred to as ground skinks .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the exact number of species in the genus is unclear , as taxonomic reclassification is ongoing , and sources vary widely .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "scincella species primarily range throughout the temperate regions of the world and are typically small , fossorial lizards , which consume a wide variety of arthropods . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "scincella", "paragraphs": ["leiolopisma caudaequinae smith 1951 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 158 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 greer 1974 : 32 scincella silvicola caudaequinae \u2014 liner 1994 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 shea & greer 2002 : 156 scincella syvicola caudaequinae \u2014 lazcano villarreal & dixon 2002 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 garcia - v\u00e1zquez & feria - ortiz 2006 scincella silvicola caudaequinae \u2014 garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez et al . 2010 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 linkem et al . 2011 scincella silvicola caudaequinae \u2014 lazcano et al . 2017\ndana campbell marked\nimage of scincella lateralis\nas hidden on the\nscincella lateralis\npage .\nleiolopisma forbesorum taylor 1937 leiolopisma gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 smith 1951 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 159 scincella forbesora \u2014 greer 1974 : 33 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 liner 1994 scincella forbesorum \u2014 shea & greer 2002 : 156 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez et al . 2010 scincella forbesora \u2014 linkem et al . 2011\nscincella kikaapoa garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez , canseco - m\u00e1rquez & nieto - montes de oca 2010 scincella kikaapoa \u2014 linkem et al . 2011 scincella kikaapoda \u2014 wilson et al . 2013 ( in error ) scincella kikaapoa \u2014 johnson et al . 2017\ndana campbell marked\nimage of scincella lateralis\nas untrusted on the\nscincella lateralis\npage . reasons to untrust : misidentified\ndana campbell added text to\nbrief summary\non\nscincella lateralis say 1823\n.\nthe ground skink ( scincella lateralis ) , also called little brown skink and . . .\ndana campbell selected\nbrief summary\nto show in overview on\nscincella lateralis say 1823\n.\nmocoa cherriei cope 1893 : 339 lygosoma assatum var . brevis werner 1903 lygosoma assatum cherriei \u2014 stuart 1940 : 13 lygosoma cherriei cherriei \u2014 smith 1941 : 181 leiolopisma cherriei cherriei \u2014 smith 1946 scincella cherriei cherriei \u2014 mittleman 1950 : 20 scincella cherriei cherriei \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 157 lygosoma cherriei cherriei \u2014 mertens 1952 : 57 leiolopisma cherriei \u2014 peters & donoso - barros 1970 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 greer 1974 : 34 scincella cherriei \u2014 scott 1976 : 45 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 liner 1994 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 k\u00f6hler 2000 : 93 scincella cherriei \u2014 honda et al . 2003 scincella cherriei \u2014 garcia - v\u00e1zquez & feria - ortiz 2006 sphenomorphus cherriei cherriei \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella cherriei \u2014 linkem , diesmos & brown 2011 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 k\u00f6hler 2013 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 mata - silva et al . 2015 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 johnson et al . 2015 scincella cherriei ixbaac ( stuart 1940 ) lygosoma assatum ixbaac stuart 1940 : 8 leiolopisma cherriei ixbaac \u2014 smith 1946 : 111 scincella cherriei ixbaac \u2014 mittleman 1950 : 20 scincella cherriei ixbaac \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 158 sphenomorphus cherriei ixbaac \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella cherriei stuarti ( smith 1941 ) leiolopisma cherriei \u2014 smith 1939 : 191 lygosoma cherriei stuarti smith 1941 : 81 leiolopisma cherriei stuarti \u2014 smith 1946 : 111 scincella cherriei stuarti \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 158 scincella stuarti \u2014 garcia - v\u00e1zquez & feria - ortiz 2006 sphenomorphus cherriei stuarti \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008\ncomparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico\nscincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) ( sauria : scincidae ) , male , 41 mm svl , symbiotype asumz 32463 collected 5 august 2012 .\ndana campbell marked\nhabitat\nas hidden on the\nscincella lateralis ( say in james , 1823 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nauth , d . l . et al . 1999 . geographic distribution : scincella gemmingeri gemmingeri . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 234 - get paper here\ncomparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico | castiglia | acta herpetologica\ngoldberg , stephen r . 2013 . notes on reproduction of the skink scincella melanosticta ( squamata : scincidae ) from thailand . hamadryad 36 ( 2 ) : 180 - 182\nground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 182 ) 3 ( sauria : scincidae ) , adult male , 43 mm svl , symbiotype asumz 32297 collected 13 april 2012 .\natkinson ct , ayala sc . isospora manchacensis n . sp . , an intranuclear coccidian from the louisiana ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) ( lacertilia : scincidae ) .\nsynonymy after smith & taylor 1950 . leiolopisma gemmingeri forbesorum is considered as valid species . oligosoma gemmingeri cope 1864 has been synonymized with scincus lateralis say 1823 by g\u00fcnther 1885 . see also scincella lateralis .\nouboter p e 1986 . a revision of the genus scincella ( reptilia : sauria : scincidae ) of asia , with some notes on its evolution . zoologische verhandelingen ( 229 ) : 1 - 66 - get paper here\nsynonymy mostly after ouboter ( 1986 ) . shea & greer 2002 list scincella rupicola as valid species . the species livoromica bacboensis was described based on a specimen collected by darevsky in 1986 ( zisp 20006 ) in vietnam , bac can province , village dong - luong ( = type locality ) and listed before as scincella melanosticta ( darevsky et al . , 1986 ) [ v . bobrov , pers . comm . 9 . 9 . 04 ]\nmcallister ct , bursey cr , connior mb , durden la , robison hw . helminth and arthropod parasites of the ground skink , scincella lateralis ( sauria : scincidae ) , from arkansas and oklahoma , u . s . a .\nluna - reyes , r . , u . o . garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez and a . a . mendoza - hern\u00e1ndez . 2007 . scincella gemmingeri . geographic distribution . [ first record for chiapas . ] herpetological review 38 ( 3 ) : 353\ngarc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez , canseco - m\u00e1rquez & nieto - montes de oca , 2010 . a new species of scincella ( squamata : scincidae ) from the cuatro ci\u00e9negas basin , coahuila , mexico . copeia 2010 ( 3 ) : 373 - 381 - get paper here\neremchenko , v . k 2003 . generic and specific redefinition and redescription of the north - vietnam skink ( scincella melanosticta ( boulenger , 1887 ) . izvestiya vuzov ( = proceedings of universitities and institutes ) , bishkek , ( 1 - 2 ) : 20 - 28\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scincella macrotis ( steindachner , 1867 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nvaldenegro - brito , a . e . , d . garc\u00eda - morales , j . c . s\u00e1nchez - garc\u00eda and u . o . garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez 2016 . geographic distribution : scincella cherriei ( brown forest skink ) . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 424 - 425 .\ngarc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez , u . o . and a . a . mendoza - hern\u00e1ndez . 2007 . scincella gemmingeri . geographic distribution . [ first record for the municipality of caderayta de montes , quer\u00e9taro and second record for the state . ] herpetological review 38 ( 2 ) : 219 - 220\nthe ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) is a small brownish lizard that ranges from southern new jersey , south to the florida keys , and westward to eastern kansas , and westcentral texas , usa ; isolated geographic distribution records are from central illinois , northeastern missouri , usa , and coahuila , mexico ( conant & collins , 1998 ) . scincella lateralis occurs statewide in arkansas , usa ( trauth et al . , 2004 ) . this skink is commonly found in leaf litter on the forest floor but can also be found in trash piles and dumps where it searches for arthropods .\nneang , thy ; somaly chan , nikolay a . poyarkov , jr . . 2018 . a new species of smooth skink ( squamata : scincidae : scincella ) from cambodia . zoological research , doi : 10 . 24272 / j . issn . 2095 - 8137 . 2018 . 008 - get paper here\ncastiglia , riccardo , alexandra maria ramos bezerra , oscar flores - villela , flavia annesi , antonio mu\u00f1oz and ekaterina gornung . 2013 . comparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico . acta herpetologica 8 ( 1 ) : 69 - 73\na new species of scincella , previously confused with s . laterals , is described from the cuatro cienegas basin , coahuila , mexico . the new species differs from all congeners in north and middle america by possessing two dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side ( vs . dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side absent in the other species )\nthe ground skink ( scincella lateralis ) , also called little brown skink and brown bark skink , is a small , diurnal ( active by day ) lizard common in a broad diversity of habitats across the southeastern united states . this species ranges from southern new jersey south to the florida keys and west to eastern kansas and central texas . small isolated populations are also found in illinois , northeastern missouri , and in coahuila , mexico .\nthe previous use of a specific or subspecific name in combination with the same generic name has relation only to the original designation of a species or subspecies described as new , not to combinations of names resulting from the reference of species or subspecies to some other genus than the one to which it was originally referred\n. the species was transferred to several genera ( tiliqua , lygosoma , mocoa , oligosoma , leiolopisma before mittleman ( 1950 . herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 20 ) placed in it scincella .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada , draft ( 2004 )\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nflores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ntype locality : mexico , coahuila , 4 km se cuatro ci\u00e9negas , poza el mojarral , 26\u00b055\u201911 . 9\u2019\u2019n , 100\u00b006\u201953 . 2\u2019\u2019w , 739 m elevation .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : mzfc 17667 , adult male , 6 july 2005 , a . contreras . paratypes . \u2014all ( n 5 14 ) from mexico , coahuila , cuatro cie \u0301negas basin : mzfc 17668 , same locality as the holotype ; mzfc 17664\u201317666 , 13 km s cuatro cie \u0301negas , poza azul ; mzfc 2012 , ku 47088\u201347089 , 12 . 5 km se cuatro cie \u0301negas , poza churince ; uimnh 43231\u201343236 , 48328 , 9 . 17 km se cuatro cie \u0301negas .\nthe new species differs from all congeners in north and middle america by possessing two dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side ( vs . dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side absent in the other species ) ; from all congeners in north and middle america , except s . lateralis , by having three or more pairs of nuchal scales ( vs . fewer than three pairs of nuchals in the other species ) and the first nuchal in contact with the tertiary temporal row ( vs . first nuchal usually in contact with the upper secondary temporal in the other species ) ; and from s . lateralis by having longer limbs ( limbs overlapping by 1\u201315 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 30\u20130 . 42 , x = 0 . 36 ; vs . limbs separated by 2\u201323 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 24\u20130 . 37 , x = 0 . 30 , in s . lateralis ) and usually more scales around midbody ( 28\u201330 , x = 29 . 0 , n = 15 ; vs . 24\u201329 , x = 26 . 4 , n = 28 , in s . lateralis ) . similar species : s . lateralis .\netymology . \u2014the specific name kikaapoa is an indeclinable word from the language of the kikapue , the native people that inhabits the center of coahuila , that means \u2018\u2018those who walk on the land . \u2019\u2019\njohnson , j . d . , l . d . wilson , v . mata - silva , e . garci\u0301a - padilla , and d . l . desantis . 2017 . the endemic herpetofauna of mexico : organisms of global significance in severe peril . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 3 ) : 544\u2013620\nlinkem , charles w . ; arvin c . diesmos , rafe m . brown 2011 . molecular systematics of the philippine forest skinks ( squamata : scincidae : sphenomorphus ) : testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships . zoological journal of the linnean society 163 : 1217\u20131243\nwilson , larry david ; vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson 2013 . a conservation reassessment of the reptiles of mexico based on the evs measure . amphibian & reptile conservation 7 ( 1 ) : 1\u201347 - get paper here\ntype locality : salto cola de caballo , 25 miles south of monterrey , nuevo le\u00f3n .\nholotype : uimnh 10131 = univ . illinois mus . nat . hist . , paratypes : usnm ( from 10 miles west of naranjo , san luis potosi )\ndistribution : not listed for san luis potos\u00ed by lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ; not listed for nuevo le\u00f3n by lemos - espinal et al . 2016 ( who consider caudaequinae as a subspecies of s . silvicola , lemos - espinal , pers . comm . 5 june 2016 ) .\ngarcia - v\u00e1zquez , u . & feria - ortiz , m . 2006 . skinks of mexico . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 74 - 79 - get paper here\ngarcia - v\u00e1zquez , u . & feria - ortiz , m . 2006 . scincidos de m\u00e9xico . reptilia ( spain ) ( 62 ) : 78 - 83\ngreer , a . e . 1974 . the generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus leiolopisma and its relatives . australian journal of zoology 31 : 1 - 67 . - get paper here\nlazcano villarreal , david & dixon , j . r . 2002 . lista preliminar de la herpetofauna del estado de nuevo le\u00f3n . urltoken - get paper here\nlazcano , d . , r . quirino - olvera , m . nev\u00e1rez de los reyes and j . banda - leal 2017 . notes on mexican herpetofauna 29 : association of herpetofauna with sotols and beargrasses in the state of nuevo le\u00f3n , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 52 : 17 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1951 . a new species of leiolopisma ( reptilia : sauria ) from mexico . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 3 ) : 195 - 200 - get paper here\nsmith , h . m . & taylor , e . h . 1950 . an annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of mexico exclusive of the snakes . bull . us natl . mus . 199 : 1 - 253 - get paper here\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nbocourt , m . e . 1873 . in : a . dum\u00e9ril , m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard , ( 1870 - 1909 ) , etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv ; in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' am\u00e9rique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' am\u00e9rique ce imprimerie imp\u00e9riale , paris , livr . 2 - 15 , pp . 33 - 860 . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) iii . lacertidae , gerrhosauridae , scincidae , anelytropsidae , dibamidae , chamaeleontidae . london : 575pp . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1888 . on the affinity of the north - american lizard fauna . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 : 107 - 109 - get paper here\nbrattstrom , baynard h . ; adis , nelly b . 1952 . notes on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 8 : 59 - 60 - get paper here\ncalzada - arciniega , rafael alejandro ; ernesto recuero , mirna grisel garcia - castillo , gabriela parra - olea 2017 . new records and an updated list of herpetofauna from cerro piedra larga , an isolated mountain massif in oaxaca , mexico herpetology notes 10 : 651 - 658 - get paper here\ncamarillo , r . j . l . 1995 . distribution records for some amphibians and reptiles from mexico . bull . maryland herp . soc . 31 ( 4 ) : 195 - 197 - get paper here\ncanseco - marquez , l . ; gutierrez - mayen , g . & salazar - arenas , j . 2000 . new records and range extensions for amphibians and reptiles from puebla , m\u00e9xico . herpetological review 31 ( 4 ) : 259 - 263 - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncope , e . d . 1864 . contributions to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 16 : 166 - 181 . - get paper here\nfern\u00e1ndez - badillo , leonardo , david r . aguill\u00f3n - guti\u00e9rrez , sharon yedid valdez - renter\u00eda , juan alfonso hern\u00e1ndez - melo , cristian ra\u00f9l olvera olvera , francisco javier callejas - jim\u00e9nez , melisa hern\u00e1ndez - ramos , jos\u00e9 carlos iturbe - morgado , ferdinand torres - 2016 . first records for amphibians and reptiles from the municipality of atotonilco el grande , hidalgo , m\u00e9xico . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 91 - 93\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkr\u00f6ten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nsmith , h . m . 1949 . miscellaneous notes on mexican lizards . j . washington acad . sci . 39 : 34 - 43 .\ntaylor , edward h . 1937 . two new lizards of the genus leiolopisma from mexico , with comments on another mexican species . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 5 - 11 - get paper here\nwerning , h . 2017 . der gro\u00dfe treck \u2013 teil 5 . don\u2019t mess with texas . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 22 ( 128 ) : 68 - 79 - get paper here\nwoolrich - pi\u00f1a , g . a . , e . garc\u00eda - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791\u2013884\ncherriei : tabasco and n chiapas on atlantic slopes , costa rica on pacific slopes , eastward to panama . type locality : palmar , costa rica .\nixbaac : peninsula of yucat\u00e1n , southward as far as campeche and n pet\u00e9n , guatemala . type locality : chichen itz\u00e1 , yucat\u00e1n .\nstuarti : c veracruz , in foothills , southward to the isthmus of tehuantepec ; oaxaca . type locality : potrero viejo , veracruz .\nholotype : amnh 9531 ( collected by george k . cherrie ) holotype : ummz 80820 ( ixbaac ) holotype : usnm 115174 ( stuarti ) holotype : zsm 824 / 0 ( lost ) , adult ? [ brevis ]\nsynonymy , subspecies , and distribution mainly after smith & taylor 1950 , peters & donoso - barros ( 1986 ) . not listed for el salvador by k\u00f6hler ( 2000 ) . relative abundance in honduras : common\nalvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . 3rd ed . m\u00e9xico : tuxtla guti\u00e9rrez , 248 pp .\n\u00e1lvarez del toro , m . , & smith , h . m . 1956 . notulae herpetologicae chiapasiae . i . herpetologica 12 : 3 - 17 - get paper here\narias , erick ; federico bola\u00f1os 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncooper jr . , w . e . 2005 . duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable . herpetologica 61 ( 4 ) : 363 - 372 - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1893 . second addition to the knowledge of the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica . proc . amer . philos . soc . 31 : 333 - 347 - get paper here\nduellman , w . e . 1963 . amphibians and reptiles of the rainforest of southern el peten , guatemala . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 205 - 49 . - get paper here\nespinal , mario ; jos\u00e9 mario sol\u00eds , carlos o\u2019reilly , and rony valle 2014 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from the department of choluteca , honduras . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 298 - get paper here\ngonz\u00e1lez - s\u00e1nchez , v . h . , j . d . johnson , e . garc\u00eda - padilla , v . mata - silva , d . l . desantis and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of the mexican yucatan peninsula : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 2 ) : 264\u2013380 - get paper here\nhonda , m . ; ota , h . ; kohler , g . ; ineich , i . ; chirio , l . ; chen , s . - l . ; hikida , t . 2003 . phylogeny of the lizard subfamily lygosominae ( reptilia : scincidae ) , with special reference to the origin of the new world taxa . genes and genetic systems 78 ( 1 ) : 71 - 80 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , gunther , joseph vargas , johannes j . k\u00f6hler and milan vesel\u00b4y . 2013 . noteworthy distributional records of amphibians and reptiles from costa rica . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 280 - 283\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .\nmccranie , j . & casta\u00f1eda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .\nmittleman , m . b . 1950 . the generic status of scincus lateralis say , 1823 . herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 24 - get paper here\nmyers , c w . donnelly m a . 1991 . the lizard genus sphenomorphus ( scincidae ) in panama with description of a new species . american museum novitates ( 3027 ) : 1 - 12 . - get paper here\nnicholson , kirsten e . , james r . mccranie and gunther k\u00f6hler 2000 . herpetofaunal expedition to parque nacional patuca : a newly established park in honduras . herpetological bulletin ( 72 ) : 26 - 31 . - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nscott , n . j . 1976 . the abundance and diversity of the herpetofaunas of tropical forest litter . biotropica 8 ( 1 ) : 41 - 58\nsmith , hobart m . 1939 . mexican herpetological novelties . proc . biol . soc . washington 52 : 187 - 196 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1941 . a new race of lygosoma from mexico . proc . biol . soc . washington 54 : 181 - 182 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1946 . notes on central american leiolopisma . herpetologica 3 : 110 - 111 - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1940 . notes on the lampropholis group of middle american lygosoma ( scincidae ) with descriptions of two new forms . occ . pap . mus . zool . univ . michigan 421 : 1 - 16\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here\ntownsend , j . h . , l . d . wilson , m . medina - flores , e . aguilar - urbina , b . k . atkinson et al . 2012 . a premontane hotspot for herpetological endemism on the windward side of refugio de vida silvestre tex\u00edguat , honduras . salamandra 48 ( 2 ) : 92 - 114 - get paper here\nurbina - cardona , j . nicol\u00e1s ; mario olivares - p\u00e9rez , v\u00edctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture\u2013edge\u2013interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61\u201375\nwilson , l . d . & mccranie , j . r . 2003 . the herpetofauna of the cloud forests of honduras . amphibian & reptile conservation 3 ( 1 ) : 34 - 48 - get paper here\nwilson , l . d . & mccranie , j . r . 1994 . comments on the occurrence of a salamander and three lizard species in honduras . amphibia - reptilia 15 : 416 - 421 - get paper here\ntype locality : la placita , hidalgo , 8 miles south of jacala , elevation 7 , 000 feet .\nshea , glenn m . and allen e . greer 2002 . from sphenomorphus to lipinia : generic reassignment of two poorly known new guinea skinks . journal of herpetology 36 ( 2 ) : 148 - 156 - get paper here\ntype locality : plapoo , 6 miles w . of mt . mooleyit , myanmar ( = burma ) , n . tenasserim .\nsyntype : msng 27853 holotype + paratypes : usnm 72282 - 84 [ kohtaoensis ] holotype : bmnh 1946 . 8 . 16 . 77 [ rupicola ] bacboensis : zisp 20006 . 1 ( holotype ) , zisp 20006 . 2\u201320006 . 4 ( paratypes ) .\nbobrov v . v . , semenov d . v . 2008 . lizards of vietnam [ in russian ] . moscow , 236 pp .\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . an account of the reptiles and batrachians obtained in tenasserim by m . l . fea , of the genova civic museum . ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova , 2 . ser . 5 : 474 - 486 - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here\nchan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here\ncochran , d . m . 1927 . new reptiles and batrachians collected by dr . hugh m . smith in siam . proc . biol . soc . washington 40 : 179 - 192 . - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; thy neang , thou chav , perry l . wood , jr . , jamie r . oaks , jeremy holden , jesse l . grismer , thomas r . szutz and timothy m . youmans 2008 . additional amphibians and reptiles from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary in northwestern cardamom mountains , cambodia , with comments on their taxonomy and the discovery of three new species . raffles bulletin of zoology 56 ( 1 ) : 161 - 175 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . et al . 2007 . the herpetofauna of the phnom aural wildlife sanctuary and checklist of the herpetofauna of the cardamom mountains , cambodia . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 216 \u2013 241\ngrismer , l . l . , neang , t . , chav , t . & grismer , j . l . 2008 . checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the cardamom region of southwestern cambodia . cambodian journal of natural history 2008 ( 1 ) : 12\u201328 - get paper here\nhartmann , timo ; flora ihlow , sarah edwards , sovath sothanin , markus handschuh and wolfgang b\u00f6hme 2013 . a preliminary annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the kulen promtep wildlife sanctuary in northern cambodia . asian herpetological research 4 ( 1 ) : 36\u201355 - get paper here\nmanthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here\nnabhitabhata , j . , t . chan - ard and y . chuaynkern 2000 . checklist of amphibians and reptiles in thailand . office of environmental policy and planning , bankok . 152pp .\nnguyen , truong quang ; andreas schmitz , tao thien nguyen , nikolai l . orlov , wolfgang b\u00f6hme , and thomas ziegler 2011 . review of the genus sphenomorphus fitzinger , 1843 ( squamata : sauria : scincidae ) in vietnam , with description of a new species from northern vietnam and southern china and the first record of sphenomorphus mimicus taylor , 1962 from vietnam . journal of herpetology 45 ( 2 ) : 145 - 154 . - get paper here\nsang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .\nsmith , m . a . 1916 . description of three new lizards and a new snake from siam . j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 ( 1 ) : 44 - 47 . - get paper here\nsmith , m . a . 1935 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptiles and amphibia , vol . ii . sauria . taylor and francis , london , 440 pp .\nstuart , b . l . & emmett , d . a . 2006 . a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the cardamom mountains , southwestern cambodia . fieldiana zool . n . s . ( 109 ) : 1 - 27 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1963 . the lizards of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 44 : 687 - 1077 . - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . & elbel , robert e . 1958 . contribution to the herpetology of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( 13 ) : 1033 - 1189 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\ndescription : 3 - 5 . 5 in ( 7 . 5 - 14 . 5 cm ) . ground skinks are small , slender lizards with long tails and short legs . they range from golden brown to almost black in coloration but are most often coppery brown with a darker stripe running along each side of the body . the belly is white or yellowish .\nrange and habitat : ground skinks range throughout georgia and south carolina and are abundant in all but the wettest habitats . they prefer areas with loose soil and abundant leaf litter and are often found beneath logs , boards , and other cover objects .\nhabits : unlike many other lizards in our region , ground skinks virtually never climb . rather than running on their tiny legs , ground skinks use their slender bodies to wriggle or\nswim\nthrough leaf litter or loose soil , often disappearing in a flash as soon as they are discovered . like other lizards , ground skinks will break off their tail to confuse a potential predator .\nprey : ground skinks prey on tiny insects , spiders , and other invertebrates .\nreproduction : female ground skinks lay clutches of several eggs in moist soil or rotten logs during the summer . it is suspected that ground skinks may lay several clutches per season .\nabundance : ground skinks are abundant in most habitats , particularly open woodlands with abundant leaf litter .\nlike most skinks , ground skinks have short legs relative to their body length . they have a smooth dorsal surface that varies in color from gold to brown and a pair of dark brown stripes down their back . their cryptic coloration often blends into the environment around them , making them difficult to see . their underside is creamy to yellowish white . ground skinks are one of the smallest reptiles in north america . including the tail , adults measure 7 . 5 - 14 . 5 cm ( 3 - 3 . 5 inches ) .\nshy critters , ground skinks are ground dwellers found under the cover of grass , leaves , rocks , and logs . they inhabit the floor of many types of forests , hunting insects , spiders , worms and other invertebrate prey in rotting wood , detritus , and leaf litter . ground skinks also can be found in disturbed areas , such as in gardens of urban areas , especially in warm southern states where they are active year round . further north , ground skinks hibernate underground during the coldest months .\nas small , easy prey , ground skinks have numerous predators including snakes , other species of lizards , many types of birds , wolf spiders , cats , shrews , skunks , and armadillos . while ground skinks might swim to escape a predator , they do not climb . their first response to disturbance is to seek shelter . another defense strategy for these lizards is their ability to release their tail . after falling off , the tail thrashes conspicuously , distracting the predator long enough to allow the skink to escape . in comparison to other lizard species ( e . g . anolis carolinensis , which often lives alongside the ground skink ) , the tail released from s . lateralis thrashes faster , and appears to improve the lizard\u2019s escape rate .\nground skinks are vectors for a number of trematodes , cestodes , nematodes , and a tick species . the tick is a the main lyme disease agent , suggesting that more study of ground skink parasites may be epidemically important .\n( becker and paulissen 2012 ; franklin 2016 ; hammerson 2007 ; mcallister et al . 2014a ; mcallister et al . 2014b ; missouri department of conservation 2016 ; smith 1997 ; wikipedia 2015 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis is a species complex that is currently under revision ( l . canseco pers . comm . ) .\njustification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , common , adaptable and does not appear to be declining fast enough to be listed in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from disjunct localities in coastal veracruz and neighbouring states in mexico . it occurs from 200 to 2 , 000 m asl .\nit occurs in tropical evergreen forest , oak forest , cloud forest and rainforest , as well as secondary and degraded forest . it also occurs in pasturelands .\nits range includes at least two protected areas . no direct conservation measures are needed for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the large and probably relatively stable extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size . no major threats are known .\nthe large range of this united states species extends from new jersey to southern florida , west to kansas , texas , and north to southern illinois , southern indiana , and southern ohio , and south to the gulf coast ( brooks 1975 , conant and collins 1991 ) . it is not currently known to occur with certainty in mexico .\nthis species is represented by thousands of occurrences or subpopulations . the total adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100 , 000 and probably exceeds 1 , 000 , 000 . this is a very common lizard in many areas . the extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are large and probably relatively stable .\nthis species occurs in a wide variety of habitats ; generally it occurs in areas with ground cover ( grass , leaf litter , forest floor debris , rocks , etc . ) , including dry upland woodlands as well as stream and pond edges ( bartlett and bartlett 1999 ) ; often it can be found under ground surface cover . it goes underground in cold weather and may seek cover in water when pursued . eggs are laid in moist humus , logs , rotting vegetation , or under rocks ( ashton and ashton 1985 , minton 1972 ) .\nthis lizard occurs in many parks and other protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nhas been assessed as near threatened . although this species has a wide distribution in southern china and northern viet nam it occurs in small isolated populations in less than ten localities , and is threatened by ongoing habitat degradation due to shifting agriculture , infrastructure and development . further information is needed on population numbers , distribution , and ecology .\nthis species is found in southern china and northern viet nam , and is known from only five localities .\npopulations are small ( with only a few specimens ) , and isolated in both china and viet nam .\nthis species inhabits high altitude grassland and secondary forest , up to 1 , 520 m a . s . l . in viet nam and up to 13 , 000 ft in china ( schmidt 1927 , walters 2008 , nguyen et al . 2010b ) .\nthis species is at risk from habitat degradation and loss due to : shifting agriculture , infrastructure , and development .\nthis species has been found in pia oac nature reserve , cao bang province in viet nam . further research into population numbers , distribution , and ecology are needed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfrom all congeners in north and middle america , except s . laterals , by having three or more pairs of nuchal scales ( vs . fewer than three pairs of nuchals in the other species ) and the first nuchal in contact with the tertiary temporal row ( vs . first nuchal usually in contact with the upper secondary temporal in the other species )\nand from s . laterals by having longer limbs ( limbs overlapping by 1 - 15 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 30 - 0 . 42 , ( x ) over bar = 0 . 36\nvs . limbs separated by 2 - 23 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 24 - 0 . 37 , ( x ) over bar = 0 . 30 , in s . laterals ) and usually more scales around midbody ( 28 - 30 , ( x ) over bar = 29 . 0 , n = 15\nvs . 24 - 29 , ( x ) over bar = 26 . 4 , n = 28 , in s . laterals ) . the new species is geographically closest , and morphologically most similar , to s . lateralis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nriccardo castiglia , alexandra m . r . bezerra , oscar flores - villela , flavia annesi , antonio mu\u00f1oz , ekaterina gornung\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license ( cc - by - 4 . 0 )\nvia cittadella , 7 - 50144 firenze tel . ( 0039 ) 055 2757700 fax ( 0039 ) 055 2757712 e - mail : info @ urltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nchris t . mcallister , r . scott seville , matthew b . connior , stanley e . trauth , and henry w . robison\nscience and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc\nscience and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc ;\na great deal of information is available on the natural history and ecology of this common skink ( brooks , 1975 ) as well as its helminth parasites ( see mcallister et al . , 2014a ) ; however , less is known about its coccidian parasites . atkinson and ayala ( 1987 ) provided a description of an isosporan from s . lateralis in louisiana , and telford ( 1997 ) and telford and bursey ( 2003 ) described an eimerian and isosporan from florida specimens , respectively . however , nothing , to our knowledge , has been published on coccidia of s . lateralis from arkansas . here , we describe a new species of choleoeimeria and isospora from ground skinks of the state .\ntwo ( 3 % ) and 11 ( 15 % ) s . lateralis was found to be passing o\u00f6cysts of two new species of coccidia , which are described below .\npoison spring battlefield historic monument off st . hwy 76 , ouachita county , arkansas , usa ( 33 . 63759\u00b0n , 92 . 987573\u00b0w ) .\n2 of 75 ( 3 % ) overall ; 2 of 6 ( 33 % ) ouachita county .\nexogenous . all o\u00f6cysts were passed in feces unsporulated or partially sporulated and fully sporulated within 5 days at c . 23\u00b0c .\nunknown . o\u00f6cysts were passed in faeces and host tissues were not collected or preserved for histological sectioning .\nthe specific epithet is given for ouachita county , arkansas , usa ( from \u2013ensis ) where the host was collected . the county was formed on 29 november 1842 , and named for the ouachita river .\nnomarski interference - contrast photomicrographs of sporulated o\u00f6cysts of choleoeimeria ouachitensis n . sp . and isospora koberi n . sp . 1 o\u00f6cyst of c . ouachitensis showing polar granule ( pg ) and sporozoite ( sz ) ; 2 o\u00f6cyst of c . ouachitensis showing sporocyst residuum ( sr ) in sporozoite and collapsed sporocyst wall at suture ( su ) ; 3 o\u00f6cyst of isospora koberi showing stieda body ( sb ) and substieda body ( ssb ) ; 4 o\u00f6cyst of isospora koberi showing bi - layered oocyst wall ( ow ) . scale bars 15 \u03bcm .\ncomposite line drawings of o\u00f6cysts of 5 choleoeimeria ouachitensis n . sp . ; 6 isospora koberi n . sp .\no\u00f6cyst ( n = 20 ) colourless , smooth , ellipsoidal to cylindroidal ; 27 . 2 \u00d7 15 . 6 ( 26\u201328 \u00d7 15\u201317 ) , length / width ( l / w ) ratio 1 . 7 ( 1 . 6\u20131 . 8 ) . wall bi\u2013layered , c . 1 . 0 , inner c . 0 . 4 , outer c . 0 . 6 . micropyle absent , oocyst residuum absent , 1 - 2 polar granule ( s ) present .\nsporocysts ( n = 20 ) four , colourless , smooth , ovoidal , 8 . 9 \u00d7 6 . 8 ( 8\u201310 \u00d7 6\u20138 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 3 ( 1 . 2\u20131 . 5 ) ; wall single - layered c . 0 . 5 with two valves joined by longitudinal sutures . stieda body , sub - stieda body , and para - stieda body absent ; sporocyst residuum consists of dispersed granules between sporozoite .\nsporozoites two , banana\u2013shaped , pointed at 1 end , c . 10\u201313 long in situ ; with single ellipsoidal posterior refractile body and spheroidal anterior refractile body , with nucleus slightly posterior to midpoint .\ncholeoeimeria ouachitensis is most similar to two other coccidians described from north american skinks as follows : choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) egregia telford , 1997 from the peninsula mole skink , plestiodon egregius onocrepis ( cope , 1871 ) from florida possesses wider o\u00f6cysts ( 17 \u03bcm ) and larger sporocysts ( 10 \u00d7 8 \u03bcm ) without a polar granule ( telford , 1997 ) ; choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) scincellae telford , 1997 described from s . lateralis from florida possesses larger o\u00f6cysts ( 30 \u00d7 16 \u03bcm ) and sporocysts ( 11 \u00d7 8 \u03bcm ) without a polar granule ( telford , 1997 ) . in addition , the only eimerian previously described from arkansas skinks ( pleistiodon fasciatus ) is choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) fasciatus upton , mcallister , and trauth , 1991 ( upton et al . , 1991 ) . however , o\u00f6cysts of c . fasciatus are considerably larger ( 34 . 9 \u00d7 16 . 2 \u03bcm vs . 27 . 2 \u00d7 15 . 6 \u03bcm ) than the new species .\nmull , marion county , arkansas , usa ( 36\u00b004\u201920 . 1\u201dn , 92\u00b035\u201959 . 6\u201dw ) .\n10 s . lateralis ; 1 female , 35 mm svl , collected 5 october 2012 from 3 km n of calion , calhoun county ( 33\u00b022\u201937 . 1\u201dn , 92\u00b030\u201923 . 7\u201dw ) ; 1 male , 33 mm svl , collected 11 january 2013 from harrell , calhoun county ( 33\u00b030\u201936 . 4\u201dn , 92\u00b030\u201955 . 5\u201dw ) and 1 male , 47 mm svl collected 3 august 2012 from mull , marion county ( 36\u00b004\u201920 . 1\u201dn , 92\u00b035\u201959 . 6\u201dw ) ; 1 male , 44 mm svl , collected 26 october 2012 from 6 . 5 km se of bluff city at holeman cemetery , ouachita county ( 33\u00b040\u201910 . 9\u201dn , 93\u00b005\u201946 . 4\u201dw ) ; 5 males , 30 , 32 , 39 , 43 , 46 mm svl and 1 female 27 mm svl collected september 2012 - january 2013 from grady bell road , el dorado , union county ( 33\u00b012\u201948 . 7\u201dn , 92\u00b035\u20199 . 5\u201dw ) .\n11 of 75 ( 15 % ) s . lateralis overall ; 2 of 5 ( 20 % ) calhoun county ; 2 of 2 ( 100 % ) marion county ; 1 of 6 ( 17 % ) ouachita county ; 6 of 29 ( 21 % ) union county .\nexogenous . all oocysts were passed in faeces unsporulated or partially sporulated and fully sporulated within 5 days at c . 23\u00b0c .\nunknown . o\u00f6cysts were passed in feces and host tissues were not collected or preserved for histological sectioning .\nthe specific epithet is given in honor of christian albert kober ( 1901\u20131968 ) , who accompanied his maternal grandson ( ctm ) on many memorable occasions in the field and who first taught him to appreciate the fauna of arkansas .\no\u00f6cyst ( n = 20 ) colourless , smooth , ovoidal ; 25 . 1 \u00d7 20 . 5 ( 20\u201326 \u00d7 19\u201321 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 2 ( 1 . 1\u2013 1 . 2 ) . wall bilayered , c . 1 . 2 , outer c . 0 . 7 , inner c . 0 . 5 ; micropyle absent , o\u00f6cyst residuum absent ; single polar granule present ( rarely ) .\nsporocysts ( n = 20 ) two , colourless , smooth , ovoidal , 11 . 4 \u00d7 8 . 6 ( 10\u201312 \u00d7 8\u20139 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 3 ( 1 . 2\u20131 . 4 ) ; wall single - layered wall c . 0 . 4 . prominent nipple\u2013like stieda body present , sub - stieda body present and para - stieda body absent ; sporocyst residuum consists of condensed granules dispersed between sporozoite .\nsporozoites ( not measured ) four , sausage\u2013shaped ; with single with spheroidal anterior refractile body and single posterior refractile body with nucleus slightly posterior to midpoint .\nare larger ( 26 . 5 \u00d7 24 . 3 \u03bcm and 14 . 9 \u00d7 10 . 4 \u03bcm ) than the new species . given these differences when compared to three other described isosporans from north american skinks , we feel confident that we are describing a new species .\n) . of the 13 species of north american skinks , coccidians have now been reported from five ( 38 % ) species .\n\u2020 originally described as eimeria spp . ( see modr\u00fd and jirk\u016f , 2006 , for taxonomic changes of new combinations ) .\n\u2021 an undescribed eimerian reported from gall bladder epithelium and most likely a choleoeimeria sp .\nmcallister et al . ( 1994 ) previously examined a sample of 26 s . lateralis from arkansas , oklahoma , and texas and did not find any to be passing coccidia . in addition , their survey included 20 other non - infected skinks , including two southern coal skinks , plestiodon anthracinus pluvialis ( cope , 1880 ) from arkansas , and two great plains skinks , plestiodon obsoletus baird & girard , 1852 , eight southern prairie skinks , plestiodon septentrionalis obtusirostris ( bocourt , 1879 ) and eight four - lined skinks , plestiodon tetragrammus baird , 1859 from texas . in addition , none of the 20 s . lateralis we examined in the present survey from oklahoma was found to be passing coccidia . it appears that prevalence of coccidia among north american skinks is low and finding infected hosts outside of species already reported herein ( particularly those which range into the more arid western us states ) may be challenging .\nwe thank patricia a . pilitt ( usnpc ) for her expert curatorial assistance . the arkansas game & fish commission issued scientific collecting permits to ctm and mbc . this study was funded , in part , by grants from the national center for research resources ( p20rr016474 ) and the national institute of general medical sciences ( p20gm103432 ) from the national institutes of health to rss . the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the national institutes of health .\nscience and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc .\ndepartment of zoology and physiology university of wyoming casper , wyoming 82601 , usa .\nhealth and natural sciences south arkansas community college el dorado , arkansas 71730 , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences arkansas state university state university , arkansas 72467 , usa .\n3rd ed . ( expanded ) . houghton mifflin ; boston : 1998 . p . 616 .\njirk\u016f m , modr\u00fd d , \u0161lapeta jr , koudela b , lukes j . the phylogeny of goussia and choleoeimeria ( apicomplexa : eimeriorina ) and the evolution of excystation structures in coccidian .\nmcallister ct , duszynski dw , fisher rn , austin cc . a new species of eimeria schneider , 1875 ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the solomon ground skink , sphenomorphus solomonis ( sauria : scincidae ) from papua new guinea ."]}
{"id": 986, "summary": [{"text": "bicyclus lamani is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in gabon , northern angola and the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of open grassy woodland at altitudes between 700 and 1,500 meters . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bicyclus lamani", "paragraphs": ["bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79\nbicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101\nbicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902\nbicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788\nbicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104\nbicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071\nbicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791\nbicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908\nbicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783\nbicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068\nbicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164\nbicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440\nbicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442\nbicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103\nbicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445\nbicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447\nbicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108\nbicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796\nbicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073\nbicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076\n= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )\nbicyclus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae . the species are found in the afrotropical ecozone .\nbicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629\nbicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166\nbicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85\nbicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja\nbicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]\ndicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson\nw . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]\nhewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550\nephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099\nmycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256\ns . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando p\u00f3o ( mac\u00edas nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]\nidiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast\nkenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]\nmesogena mesogenina gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 \u00b2 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509\nmycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon\nc . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8\nsenegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]\ngambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis tolosa pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria\nburundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po\nzululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]\nrhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )\ne . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34\nmycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32\nmycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228\nmycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes\nw . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake\nbrunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97\nw . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii\nmycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po\nsmithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906\nmycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon\ne . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2\nmycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast\nmycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28\nmycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar\nmycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348\nghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4\nzaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]\nburundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )\nmycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi\nrhodesia , mo\u00e7ambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]\nkenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .\nanynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603\nmycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara\nsw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]\nn . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]\nsenegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]\nw . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia\nmycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile\nmycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia\nfunebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50\nguinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni\nmycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe\nnigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar\nguinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m\nmycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde\nmycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons\nmycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake\nmycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110\nmycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo\nmycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari\nmycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nic\u00e9ville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo\nmycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa\nmycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8\nmycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon\nmycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo\nmycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen\nmycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun\nmycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nverzeichniss einer von dem herren mission\u00e4ren e . laman und w . sj\u00f6holm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung\nzoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1\nresults from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot\ndescription d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au lib\u00e9ria , 1948 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndescriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\na list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\na list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnotes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\ninsekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff\ndie insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\ndescriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa\na list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,\nneue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopaloc\u00e8res )\nweymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - 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prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 987, "summary": [{"text": "a planarian is one of many flatworms of the turbellaria class .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is also the common name for a member of the genus planaria within the family planariidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "sometimes it also refers to the genus dugesia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "planaria are common to many parts of the world , living in both saltwater and freshwater ponds and rivers .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "some species are terrestrial and are found under logs , in or on the soil , and on plants in humid areas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "planaria exhibit an extraordinary ability to regenerate lost body parts .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "for example , a planarian split lengthwise or crosswise will regenerate into two separate individuals .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some planarian species have two eye-spots ( also known as ocelli ) that can detect the intensity of light , while others have several eye-spots .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the eye-spots act as photoreceptors and are used to move away from light sources .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "planaria have three germ layers ( ectoderm , mesoderm , and endoderm ) , and are acoelomate ( they have a very solid body with no body cavity ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they have a single-opening digestive tract ; in tricladida planarians this consists of one anterior branch and two posterior branches .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "planarians move by beating cilia on the ventral dermis , allowing them to glide along on a film of mucus .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "some also may move by undulations of the whole body by the contractions of muscles built into the body membrane .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "triclads play an important role in watercourse ecosystems and are often very important as bio-indicators .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the most frequently used planarian in high school and first-year college laboratories is the brownish girardia tigrina .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "other common species used are the blackish planaria maculata and girardia dorotocephala .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "recently , however , the species schmidtea mediterranea has emerged as the species of choice for modern molecular biological and genomic research due to its diploid chromosomes and the existence of both asexual and sexual strains .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "recent genetic screens utilizing double-stranded rna technology have uncovered 240 genes that affect regeneration in s. mediterranea .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "many of these genes have orthologs in the human genome . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "planarian", "paragraphs": ["the maintenance and regeneration of the planarian excretory system are regulated by egfr signaling .\nstructure of the planarian central nervous system ( cns ) revealed by neuronal cell markers .\n[ regulation of asexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia tigrina ] . - pubmed - ncbi\nexistence of two sexual races in the planarian species switching between asexual and sexual reproduction .\nmead , r . and christman , j . , proportion regulation in the planarian ,\nthat ' s exactly what happened with earlier attempts to sequence the planarian and axolotl genomes .\nbelow are summarized the function and structure of the brain of a planarian , dugesia japonica .\nplanarian regeneration : achievements and future directions after 20 years of research . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe maintenance and regeneration of the planarian excretory system are regulated by egfr signaling . - pubmed - ncbi\nstructure of the planarian central nervous system ( cns ) revealed by neuronal cell markers . - pubmed - ncbi\nexistence of two sexual races in the planarian species switching between asexual and sexual reproduction . - pubmed - ncbi\n- positive neurons ( magenta ) in the planarian brain ( a , b ) . a is a horizontal view of planarian whole brain . b shows the dorsal region at high magnification . white arrowheads indicate the colocalization of\nhori , i . and kishida , y . , a fine structural study of regeneration after fission in the planarian\nhori , i . and kishida , y . , further observation on the early regeneration after fission in the planarian\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing process .\nthe planarian will swim in a shallow petri dish by undulating its body across the surface of the dish . most will stay close to the bottom or the edge of the dish . if given a choice , the planarian will actively seek an area of the dish that is dark or has some kind of cover . the eyespots can in fact , detect changes in light in the planarian ' s environment . if you shine a flashlight on the planarian , it will attempt to move out of the light .\nfor the planarian , the researchers were able to identify roughly 1 , 000 likely genes that are probably specific to these organisms .\nis the name of one genus , but the name planarian is used to designate any member of the family planariidae and related families .\nin the planarian ( an aquatic , ciliated flatworm ) , on the other hand , the kinetic response affects only the rate at which the planarian changes its direction . because planaria tend to stay in or return to darker areas , an increase in light intensity causes an increase in their turning\u2026\nwhat made you want to look up planarian ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nnicolas c , abramson c , levin m . analysis of behavior in the planarian model in : raffa r , rawls s . , eds .\nexpression patterns of xenopus fgf receptor - like 1 / nou - darake in early xenopus development resemble those of planarian nou - darake and xenopus fgf8 .\n- positive region may work as a signal processing center of the brain . the domain structure of the planarian brain is summarized in fig . 2 .\ntazaki , a . , gaudieri , s . , ikeo , k . , gojobori , t . , watanabe , k . , agata k ( 1999 ) neural network in planarian revealed by an antibody against planarian synaptotagmin homologue : biochem . biophys . res . cmmun . , 260 , 426 - 432\ncebri\u00e0 f . ( 2008 ) organization of the nervous system in the model planarian schmidtea mediterranea : an immunocytochemical study : neurosci . res . , in press\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing p . . . - pubmed - ncbi\na mini - documentary discussing the remarkable regenerative capabilities of the planarian , and how hhmi researcher alejandro s\u00e1nchez alvarado uses them to study the biology of stem cells .\nsheiman , i . m . , kreshchenko , n . d . , sedel\u2019nikov , z . v . , and groznyi , a . v . , morphogenesis in planarian\nexpression patterns of xenopus fgf receptor - like 1 / nou - darake in early xenopus development resemble those of planarian nou - darake and xenopus fgf8 . \u2014 physiology , anatomy and genetics\nduring sexual reproduction , planarians mate with each other and then\u2014since planarians are hermaphrodites\u2014each planarian lays a cocoon , a small circular egg sac , tethered to a fixed surface in the environment .\nagata k . and umesono y . ( 2008 ) brain regeneration from pluripotent stem cells in planarian : phil . trans . r . soc . b . , 363 , 2071 - 2078\nplanarian regeneration was one of the first models in which the gradient concept was developed . morphological studies based on the analysis of the regeneration rates of planarian fragments from different body regions , the generation of heteromorphoses , and experiments of tissue transplantation led t . h . morgan ( 1901 ) and c . m child ( 1911 ) to postulate different kinds of gradients responsible for the regenerative process in these highly plastic animals . however , after a century of research , the role of morphogens in planarian regeneration has yet to be demonstrated . this may change soon , as the sequencing of the planarian genome and the possibility of performing gene functional analysis by rna interference ( rnai ) have led to the isolation of elements of the bone morphogenetic protein ( bmp ) , wnt , and fibroblast growth factor ( fgf ) pathways that control patterning and axial polarity during planarian regeneration and homeostasis . here , we discuss whether the actions of these molecules could be based on morphogenetic gradients .\nokamoto , k . , takeuchi , k . , agata , k . ( 2005 ) neural projections in planarian brain revealed by fluorescent dye tracing : zoolog . sci . , 22 , 535 - 546\nnewmark , p . a . , and a . s\u00e0nchez alvarado . 2002 . not your father ' s planarian : a classic model enters the era of functional genomics . nature reviews 3 : 210\u201319 .\nthompson received his degree and went to louisiana state university to work with rats , while mcconnell , upon his arrival at michigan , stuck with worms . he knew that by cutting a planarian across the middle into head and tail sections , each part would regenerate its missing half . but , he wondered , if you conditioned a planarian , which half of the bisected beast would retain the conditioned response ? working with two students in the newly formed planarian research group , mcconnell found , to his astonishment and delight , that the regenerated tails showed as much retention \u2014 and in some cases more \u2014 than the regenerated heads .\nthere is a large variety of freshwater planarian species . different species and even different strains within a species reproduce in different ways . some planarians reproduce sexually , others asexually , and some are capable of both .\nwe have established the first uk laboratory to utilize the planarian model system . the group remains , to our knowledge , the only group in the uk dedicated to exploiting planarians for biomedical and evolutionary studies . our research programme leverages the planarian model system to study basic questions in relation to regeneration and stem cell biology . furthermore , i believe we can use planarians to study the molecular mechanisms related to both aging and cancer\nin this primer article , we review the state - of - the - art of planarian research , focusing on stem cells , neural regeneration and reestablishment of polarity , and discuss how the knowledge gained from planarian research might be translated to higher organisms . we aim to bring the attention of the broader scientific community to these amazingly plastic animals as a promising model organism for the rapidly progressing fields of regenerative medicine and bioengineering .\nin his book , the first brain , dr . on\u00e9 r . pag\u00e1n , a neurobiology and pharmacology specialist from west chester university , discusses how the planarian has played a key role in biological , neuropharmacological , and zoological research ( and how it has made appearances in a few unexpected places in popular culture ) . ultimately , he shows us why the planarian truly is one of the most extraordinary and influential organisms in scientific research today .\nreader terri shofner then alerted us to ho ' s video of the odd - looking creature , which experts say is likely an unknown species of the genus bipalium , known by the common names hammerhead worm and broadhead planarian .\nkobayashi c . , saito y . , ogawa k . and agata k . ( 2007 ) wnt signaling is required for antero - posterior patterning of the planarian brain : dev . biol . , 306 , 714 - 724\nthey are also unique among invertebrates in that they display addiction - like behaviors to many drugs that are abused by humans . because of these distinct traits , the planarian is often used as an animal model in neurological research .\ncebri\u00e0 f . , guo t . , jopek j . and newmark p . a . ( 2007b ) regeneration and maintenance of the planarian midline is regulated by a slit orthologue dev . biol . , 307 , 394 - 406\nsarnat , h . b . , netsky , m . g . ( 1985 ) the brain of the planarian as the ancestor of the human brain : can . j . neurol . sci . , 12 , 196 - 302\na mini - documentary discussing the remarkable regenerative capabilities of the planarian , and how hhmi researcher alejandro s\u00e1nchez alvarado uses them to study the biology of stem cells . to download this film or to find related materials , go to urltoken\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' planarian . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\ncebri\u00e0 f . and newmark p . a . ( 2005 ) planarian homologs of netrin and netrin receptor are required for proper regeneration of the central nervous system and the maintenance of nervous system architecture : development , 132 , 3691 - 3703\nkoinuma , s . , umesono , y . , watanabe , k . , agata , k . ( 2003 ) the expression of planarian brain factor homologs , djfoxg and djfoxd : gene expr . patterns , 3 , 21 - 27\nclassical morphological studies revealed that planarian neurons more closely resemble the neurons of vertebrates than those of higher invertebrates ( sarnat and netsky , 1985 ) . planarian neurons have a large egg - shaped nucleus , scattered agglomerated chromatin and large nuclear bodies . synaptic vesicles are observed in the neuropile . the synaptic structure observed in the brain and peripheral ganglia is basically similar to the chemo - synapse of vertebrates . in both synaptic structures , thickened pre - and post - synaptic membranes and accumulation of clear vesicles in the pre - synaptic region are observed ( oosaki et al . , 1965 ) . extensive molecular studies showed that the planarian brain is composed of functionally diverse neurons which express homologs of specific genes seen in mammalian neurons .\numesono , y . , watanabe , k . , agata , k . ( 1999 ) distinct structural domains in the planarian brain defined by the expression of evolutionarily conserved homeobox genes : dev . genes . evol , 209 , 31 - 39\nthe functional conservation of signal transduction pathways \u2013 exemplified by the roles of wnt / \u03b2 - catenin and bmp pathways in axis polarity in both planarians and vertebrates \u2013 offers the opportunity to study mammalian development and disease using planarian regeneration as a model .\numesono , y . , watanabe , k . , agata , k . ( 1997 ) a planarian orthopedia homolog is specifically expressed in the branch region of both the mature and regenerating brain : dev . growth differ . , 39 , 723 - 727\nbefore arriving at a graduate program next fall , i will have the chance to continue research in planarian regeneration under the supervision of prof . robert major . specifically , i am investigating the interactions of the highly conserved wnt signaling pathway and a protein implicated in aging , sir2 , in order to explore the molecular interface between injury and a regenerative response . the planarian is an interesting organism in that developmental and regenerative processes largely overlap , and , to me , this perfectly mirrors and encapsulates my broader research interests .\n( dugesia japonica pro - hormone convertase 2 ) rna probe as a pan - neural marker . anterior is up and posterior is down . the white region in the center of the body is a pharynx . ( b ) a model of the planarian brain .\nwhen planarian flatworms are cut in half , each piece grows back the end that is missing . cells in essentially identical regions of the body where the cut was made form blastemas , which , in one case gives rise to a head and in the other becomes a\u2026\ncut a planarian in half and you get two planarians . these non - parasitic flatworms live in water or moist environments on land . there are thousands of species , ranging in size from less than a millimetre to the 60 - centimetre predatory flatworm bipalium kewense . planarians regenerate their tissues by cell proliferation and by remodelling existing tissues with undifferentiated stem cells called neoblasts that are distributed throughout the animal ' s body . pieces from almost any part of a planarian called stenostomum , for example , can develop into completely new worms . this makes them an excellent model organism to study regeneration in the lab . the freshwater planarian dugesia , pictured here , has been experimentally split with a scalpel from the head to the pharynx , resulting in a two - headed animal . ( image : tom adams / getty )\nhwang j . s . , kobayashi c . , agata k . , ikeo k . and gojobori t . ( 2004 ) detection of apoptosis during planarian regeneration by the expression of apoptosis - related genes and tunel assay : gene . , 333 , 15 - 25\nagata , k . , soejima , y . , kato k . , kobayashi c . , umesono y . , watanabe k ( 1998 ) structure of the planarian central nervous system ( cns ) revealed by neuronal cell markers : zoolog . sci . , 15 , 433 - 440\nnakazawa m . , cebri\u00e0 f . , mineta k . , ikeo k . , agata k . , gojobori t . ( 2003 ) search for the evolutionary origin of a brain : planarian brain characterized by microarray : mol . biol . evol . , 20 , 784 - 791\nplanarian adult stem cells ( pascs ) , historically referred to as neoblasts , are small ( 5\u201310 \u03bcm diameter ) undifferentiated cells that localize in the parenchyma , a loose tissue that lies beneath the muscle layers and surrounds the organs . although definitive proof of their pluripotency has not yet been provided , planarian neoblasts are regarded as adult pluripotent stem cells ( reviewed in shibata et al . , 2010 ) and are responsible for the remarkable regeneration ability shown by these animals ( sal\u00f3 and bagu\u00f1\u00e0 , 1984 ; rossi et al . , 2008 ) ( fig . 2a ) .\nneurons in the planarian brain more closely resemble those of vertebrates than those of advanced invertebrates , exhibiting typical vertebrate features of multipolar shape , dendritic spines with synaptic boutons , a single axon , expression of vertebrate - like neural proteins , and relatively slow spontaneously generated electrical activity . 74 therefore , the planarian is not only the first animal to possess a brain , but may be the ancestor of the vertebrate brain . 61 , 75 some of the most interesting and controversial data on the persistence of memories in regeneration thus came from studies of this model . 76 , 77\nthe ability of organisms to regenerate missing body parts is one of the great mysteries of biology . planarians are freshwater flatworms that have been a classic regeneration model for more than a century . the regenerative abilities of planarians astound : following decapitation , a new head can be regenerated in under a week , and an entire animal can be regenerated from a body fragment approximately 1 / 300th the size of the original animal . regeneration involves formation of a tissue outgrowth at wound sites ( a blastema ) . planarian regeneration requires a population of adult pluripotent stem cells , enabling in vivo study of how stem cells can be regulated to replace aged , damaged , and missing tissues . because greater than 50 percent of examined planarian genes have counterparts throughout the animal kingdom , including in humans , genetic study of planarian regeneration stands to broadly increase our understanding of stem cell and regenerative biology .\ninoue t . , kumamoto h . , okamoto k . , umesono y . , sakai m . , s\u00e1nchez a . a . and agata k . ( 2004 ) morphological and functional recovery of the planarian photosensing system during head regeneration : zoolog . sci . , 21 , 275 - 283\nplanarians are fascinating animals best known for their ability to regenerate from even very small pieces of their bodies . a common classroom lab involves cutting planarians into an anterior and a posterior half and watching them regenerate . what some people don ' t realize is that splitting in half\u2014voluntarily ! \u2014is also a planarian reproductive strategy . devising experiments to learn more about this reproductive strategy is a great hands - on inquiry opportunity for students . have students design and set up experiments to determine what conditions prompt planarians to reproduce in this manner . first have them do background research on planarian care and reproduction .\nnishimura k . , kitamura y . , umesono y . , takeuchi k . , takata k . , taniguchi t . , agata k . ( 2008 ) identification of glutamic acid decarboxylase gene and distribution of gabaergic nervous system in the planarian dugesia japonica : neuroscience , 153 , 1103 - 1114 .\nplanarians are free - living platyhelminthes that can regenerate any part of the body , including the central nervous system ( cns ) . in addition to dugesia japonica and girardia tigrina , schmidtea mediterranea is one of the most commonly used species in planarian research . this freshwater planarian is small in size ( 0 . 1\u20132 cm ) , has a diploid genome of about 800 mb distributed on four chromosomes , which accounts for about 30 , 000 predicted genes ( cantarel et al . , 2008 ) , and can reproduce sexually as well as asexually by fission . the regenerative abilities of planarians depend on a large population of somatic stem cells ( reviewed in handberg - thorsager et al . , 2008 ) . this feature , which , among bilaterians , is unique to planarian flatworms , means that planarians can serve as an in vivo petri dish for the study and manipulation of stem cells in their natural environment .\nmolecular analyses of the mechanisms by which neural networks may exchange information with surrounding tissues ( as would be required for the regenerating planarian brain to be imprinted with information by the remaining body fragment ) . such studies could test non - neural bioelectrical signaling 178 , 189 and cytoskeletal computation 190 , 191 ;\nsince different reproduction processes in plants , as described above , do not require passage through an embryonic step ( that defines which individual is the \u2018parent\u2019 and which is the \u2018child\u2019 ) , the relationship between the two resulting individuals is somewhat ambiguous , and bears many similarities to the relationship between two regenerated planarian fragments .\ncebri\u00e0 , f . , nakazawa , m . , mineta , k . , ikeo , k . , gojobori , t . , agata , k . ( 2002b ) dissecting planarian central nervous system regeneration by the expression of neural - specific genes : dev . growth differ . , 44 , 135 - 146\nnishimura k . , kitamura y . , inoue t . , umesono y . , yoshimoto k . , taniguchi t . , agata k . ( 2007b ) identification and distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase ( tph ) - positive neurons in the planarian dugesia japonica : neurosci . res . , 59 , 101 - 106\nthe maintenance of organs and their regeneration in case of injury are crucial to the survival of all animals . high rates of tissue turnover and nearly unlimited regenerative capabilities make planarian flatworms an ideal system with which to investigate these important processes , yet little is known about the cell biology and anatomy of their organs . here we focus on the planarian excretory system , which consists of internal protonephridial tubules . we find that these assemble into complex branching patterns with a stereotyped succession of cell types along their length . organ regeneration is likely to originate from a precursor structure arising in the blastema , which undergoes extensive branching morphogenesis . in an rnai screen of signaling molecules , we identified an egf receptor ( smed - egfr - 5 ) as a crucial regulator of branching morphogenesis and maintenance . overall , our characterization of the planarian protonephridial system establishes a new paradigm for regenerative organogenesis and provides a platform for exploring its functional and evolutionary homologies with vertebrate excretory systems .\nasami , m . , nakatsuka , t . , hayashi , t . , kou , k . , kagawa , h . , agata , k . ( 2002 ) cultivation and characterization of planarian neuronal cells isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting ( facs ) : zoolog . sci . , 19 , 1257 - 1265\nthe source of new cells : adult pluripotent stem cells promote regeneration a cellular explanation for planarian regeneration has been sought since the late 1800s , when a population of proliferative cells ( neoblasts ) was identified . a key unanswered question has been whether planarian regeneration is explained by a cell type displaying pluripotency ( capacity to produce all cell types of the soma ) at the single - cell level or by the collective action of multiple dividing cell types that each has limited and different potential . to address this question , we developed single - cell assays and determined that certain individual cells from the neoblast population could divide to clonally generate many similar dividing cells and displayed broad differentiation potential . these cells could restore regenerative capacity to lethally irradiated hosts lacking all other cell division . we named such cells\nclonogenic neoblasts\n( cneoblasts ) . these experiments indicated that pluripotent stem cells persist in planarian adulthood , providing a cellular basis for the remarkable regenerative abilities of planarians .\nthe answer came in march 1960 when fellow worm runner jay boyd best wrote mcconnell about the cannibalistic tendencies of a particular planarian species . mcconnell and the prg ran pilot studies in april and obtained positive results . each of the next four replications \u2014 each run blind to guard against experimenter bias \u2014 also produced promising results .\nthe body size of planarians along the anterior - posterior axis ranges from 3 to 20 millimeters . the planarian cns is composed of a brain in the head region and a pair of ventral nerve cords ( vncs ) that extend the length of the body ( fig . 1a ) ( agata et al . , 1998 ; tazaki et al . , 1999 ) . the brain consists of two lobes , forming an inverted u - shaped structure , and nine branches on the outer side of each lobe that project to the surface of the head region , forming sensory organs ( fig . 1b ) ( okamoto et al . , 2005 ) . a pair of eyes is located on the dorsal side of the brain . the size and number of brain neurons vary depending on the size of the planarian\u2019s body . the minimum size of the brain ( in a planarian with body size about 0 . 7mm ) consists of about 8 , 000 neurons ( okamoto et al . , unpublished ) .\nogawa k . , ishihara s . , saito y . , mineta k . , nakazawa m . , ikeo k . , gojobori t . , watanabe k . and agata k ( 2002 ) induction of a noggin - like gene by ectopic dv interaction during planarian regeneration : dev . biol . , 250 , 59 - 70\nspecies capable of regenerating lost body parts occur throughout the animal kingdom , yet close relatives are often regeneration incompetent 1 , 2 . why in the face of \u2018survival of the fittest\u2019 some animals regenerate but others do not remains a fascinating question 3 . planarian flatworms are well known and studied for their ability to regenerate from minute tissue pieces , yet species with limited regeneration abilities have been described even amongst planarians 4 . here we report the characterization of the regeneration defect in the planarian dendrocoelum lacteum and its successful rescue . tissue fragments cut from the posterior half of the body of this species are unable to regenerate a head and ultimately die 5 . we find that this defect originates during the early stages of head specification , which require inhibition of canonical wnt signalling in other planarian species 6 , 7 , 8 . notably , rna interference ( rnai ) - mediated knockdown of dlac - \u03b2 - catenin - 1 , the wnt signal transducer , restored the regeneration of fully functional heads on tail pieces , rescuing d . lacteum \u2019s regeneration defect . our results demonstrate the utility of comparative studies towards the reactivation of regenerative abilities in regeneration - deficient animals . furthermore , the availability of d . lacteum as a regeneration - impaired planarian model species provides a first step towards elucidating the evolutionary mechanisms that ultimately determine why some animals regenerate and others do not .\nfreshwater planarians are an emerging model in which to study regeneration at the molecular level . these animals can regenerate a complete central nervous system ( cns ) in only a few days . in recent years , hundreds of genes expressed in the nervous system have been identified in two popular planarian species used by several laboratories : dugesia japonica and schmidtea mediterranea . functional analyses of some of those neural genes have allowed the process of cns regeneration to begin to be elucidated in those animals . however , additional work is required to characterize the different neuronal populations . thus , the identification or generation of antibodies that act as markers for specific neuronal cell types would be extremely useful not only in obtaining a more detailed characterization of the planarian nervous system but also for the analysis of phenotypes obtained by rna interference . here , i have used five different antibodies to describe different neuronal populations in the freshwater planarian s . mediterranea . this study represents a first step in characterizing the organization of the nervous system of this species at the cellular level .\ncebri\u00e0 , f . , kudome , t . , nakazawa , m . , mineta , k . , ikeo , k . , gojobori , t . , agata k . ( 2002a ) the expression of neural - specific genes reveals the structural and molecular complexity of the planarian central nervous system : mech . dev . , 116 , 199 - 204\nnishimura k . , kitamura y . , inoue t . , umesono y . , sano s . , yoshimoto k . , inden m . , takata k . , taniguchi t . , shimohama s . , agata k . ( 2007a ) reconstruction of dopaminergic neural network and locomotion function in planarian regenerates : dev neurobiol . , 67 , 1059 - 1078\nthe planarian brain contains gaba ( \u03b3 - aminobutyric acid ) synthetic neurons ( gabaergic neurons ) . gad ( glutatamic acid decarbocylase ) is the rate - limiting enzyme for gaba biosynthesis , and converts glutamic acid into gaba . recently , the planarian gad gene ( djgad ) was isolated ( nishimura et al . , 2008 ) , and it was found that in the head region , djgad - expressing cells are distributed in a dotted pattern in the brain . some of them are aligned in an inverted u - shape , while others are distributed in the medial part of the brain . the distribution pattern of djgad - immunopositive cells is very similar to that of djgad - mrna stained by in situ hybridization ( fig . 5b ) .\nmore than 100 years ago , early workers realized that planarians offer an excellent system for regeneration studies . another unique aspect of planarians is that they occupy an interesting phylogenetic position with respect to the nervous system in that they possess an evolutionarily primitive brain structure and can regenerate a functional brain from almost any tiny body fragment . recent molecular studies have revisited planarian regeneration and revealed key information about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying brain regeneration in planarians . one of our great advances was identification of a gene , nou - darake , which directs the formation of a proper extrinsic environment for pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into brain cells in the planarian dugesia japonica . our recent findings have provided mechanistic insights into stem cell biology and also evolutionary biology .\nany of various small , chiefly freshwater flatworms of the class turbellaria , having soft , broad , ciliated bodies shaped like a leaf . planarians have a mouth on their lower side that is often closer to the tail than the head , and a three - branched digestive cavity . if a planarian is cut into several pieces , each piece can grow into a whole new organism .\nto investigate the complexity of neural cells in planarians , a new method was developed for gene profiling of single neurons obtained using cell sorting . in this method , brain neurons are collected as single cells using facs ( asami et al . , 2002 ) . after the collection of single neurons , rna is extracted , and cdna is synthesized and amplified by pcr . each cdna sample is then used as a template for semi - quantitative pcr analysis using specific primers . the results of such analyses were overlaid on a 3d planarian brain model and a 3d model based on the single - cell pcr database of the expression of about 1 , 000 genes in the planarian brain was created on a scale of about 1 to 10 and is available on the web ( urltoken ) .\nplanarian flatworms are an exception among bilaterians in that they possess a large pool of adult stem cells that enables them to promptly regenerate any part of their body , including the brain . although known for two centuries for their remarkable regenerative capabilities , planarians have only recently emerged as an attractive model for studying regeneration and stem cell biology . this revival is due in part to the availability of a sequenced genome and the development of new technologies , such as rna interference and next - generation sequencing , which facilitate studies of planarian regeneration at the molecular level . here , we highlight why planarians are an exciting tool in the study of regeneration and its underlying stem cell biology in vivo , and discuss the potential promises and current limitations of this model organism for stem cell research and regenerative medicine .\nplanarians are considered to be among the most primitive animals which developed the central nervous system ( cns ) . to understand the origin and evolution of the cns , we have isolated a neural marker gene from a planarian , dugesia japonica , and analyzed the structure of the planarian cns by in situ hybridization . the planarian cns is located on the ventral side of the body , and composed of a mass of cephalic ganglions in the head region and a pair of ventral nerve cords ( vnc ) . cephalic ganglions cluster independently from vnc , are more dorsal than vnc , and form an inverted u - shaped brain - like structure with nine branches on each outer side . two eyes are located on the dorsal side of the 3 ( rd ) branch and visual axons form optic chiasma on the dorsal - inside region of the inverted u - shaped brain . the 6 ( th ) - 9 ( th ) branches cluster more closely and form auricles on the surface which may function as the sensory organ of taste . we found that the gross structure of the planarian cns along the anterior - posterior ( a - p ) axis is strikingly similar to the distribution pattern of the\nprimary\nneurons of vertebrate embryos which differentiate at the neural plate stage to provide a fundamental nervous system , although the vertebrate cns is located on the dorsal side . these data suggest that the basic plan for the cns development along the a - p axis might have been acquired at an early stage of evolution before conversion of the location of the cns from the ventral to the dorsal side .\nafter nearly a year of mcconnell\u2019s wrangling with referees , the paper appeared in the journal of comparative and physiological psychology . in his next experiments , mcconnell and the prg showed that each regenerated part of trained worms cut in several pieces retained the initial training and , more important , a planarian that , after several regenerations , contained none of the structure of the originally trained animal also retained the memory .\nnext , they tried grinding up trained worms and injecting them into na\u00efve recipients , but that didn\u2019t work , either . the hypodermic needles were too big \u2014 getting one inside a flatworm was like trying to impale a prune with a javelin \u2014 and if , by chance , the needle was positioned well enough to inject the planarian - puree , it either oozed out or caused the worm to explode .\nuncovering the mechanisms that control size , growth , and division rates of systems reproducing through binary division means understanding basic principles of their life cycle . recent work has focused on how division rates are regulated in bacteria and yeast , but this question has not yet been addressed in more complex , multicellular organisms . we have acquired a unique large - scale data set on the growth and asexual reproduction of two freshwater planarian species , dugesia japonica and dugesia tigrina , which reproduce by transverse fission and succeeding regeneration of head and tail pieces into new planarians . we show that generation - dependent memory effects in planarian reproduction need to be taken into account to accurately capture the experimental data . to achieve this , we developed a new additive model that mixes multiple size control strategies based on planarian size , growth , and time between divisions . our model quantifies the proportions of each strategy in the mixed dynamics , revealing the ability of the two planarian species to utilize different strategies in a coordinated manner for size control . additionally , we found that head and tail offspring of both species employ different mechanisms to monitor and trigger their reproduction cycles . thus , we find a diversity of strategies not only between species but also between heads and tails within species . our additive model provides two advantages over existing 2d models that fit a multivariable splitting rate function to the data for size control : firstly , it can be fit to relatively small data sets and can thus be applied to systems where available data is limited . secondly , it enables new biological insights because it explicitly shows the contributions of different size control strategies for each offspring type .\nplanarian eyes are composed of two cell types : pigment cells and visual neurons ( photoreceptor cells ) . the pigment cells are arranged into a crescent - shaped eyecup , while the visual neurons are located outside of the eyecup . studies using a monoclonal antibody specific to planarian photoreceptors ( called vc - 1 ) showed that dendrites from the visual neurons are distributed inside of the pigment eyecup to form a rhabdomeric structure containing opsins , and that the axons of the visual neurons project to the medial region of the main lobes ( agata et al . , 1998 ; sakai et al . , 2000 ) . they form an optic chiasma in the dorso - medial region of the brain . each lateral branch neuron ( chemosensory neuron ) projects onto the lateral region of the brain ( inoue et al . , 2007 ) .\nwe recently tested the ability of gap junctional communication in somatic cell networks to implement somatic memory in planaria ( reviewed in durant et al . , 2016 ) by transiently reducing gap junctional connectivity among cells . this can be accomplished by rnai targeting 3 distinct innexin proteins ( oviedo et al . , 2010 ) , which resulted in a bipolar two - headed planarian ; posterior wounds of middle fragments grew heads instead of tails . the same result can be achieved by a transient ( 2 - day ) inhibition of gap junction communication using a blocker such as octanol ( nogi and levin , 2005 ) . the benefit of this approach is that unlike rnai , which persists in tissues for long periods of time , octanol leaves planarian tissues within 24 h ( as shown by hplc ) ( oviedo et al . , 2010 ) .\nall planarians used in the present study were dugesia japonica ichikawa & kawakatsu 1964 . after examining three planarian species : dugesia japonica , dugesia dorotocephala and schmidtea mediterranea , we found dugesia japonica to be the most suitable for this project . it has remarkable regenerating capabilities , high tolerance for training and dissection procedures , and is very active . before experiments , planarian colonies were stored in rectangular plastic containers , filled with poland springs natural spring water ( oviedo et al . , 2008a ) . dugesia japonica has a high tendency to undergo spontaneously fission . in order to prevent spontaneous fission and allow worms to reach a suitable size for the experiment ( 1\u20131 . 5 cm ) , containers were stored in an incubator at 10\u00b0c in continuous darkness ( morita and best , 1984 ) and fed once or twice a week with organic beef liver .\ntakano , t . , pulvers , j . n . , inoue , t . , tarui , h . , sakamoto , h . , agata , k . , umesono , y . ( 2007 ) regeneration - dependent conditional gene knockdown ( readyknock ) in planarian : demonstration of requirement for djsnap - 25 expression in the brain for negative phototactic behavior : dev . growth differ . , 49 , 383 - 394\nthe planarian does not have gills or lungs , it obtains its oxygen by simple diffusion over its flat body . the dugesia cannot survive outside of the water , so biologists studying it must make sure that the specimen has plenty of water that is aerated . the dugesia does have an excretory system to remove wastes . tiny cells , called flame cells , line the lateral edge of the organism and function to remove waste .\nplanarian brain regeneration . the cns of the planarian d . japonica , visualized by whole - mount in situ hybridization against a pan - neural marker ( a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ) ( cebri\u00e0 et al . , 2002c ) in intact ( a ) and regenerating ( b ) animals . planarians were decapitated ( dashed line in a ) and allowed to regenerate for the indicated time points ( as indicated in b ) . note that de novo brain regeneration is complete after less than 7 days . dashed line in b corresponds to the original amputation site marked in a . scale bar : 0 . 5 mm . panel a is adapted from mineta et al . ( mineta et al . , 2003 ) , \u00a92003 national academy of sciences , usa ; and panels b ( 1\u20133 days ) are adapted from cebri\u00e0 et al . ( cebri\u00e0 et al . , 2002c ) .\nstudents may find both sexual and asexual forms of reproduction intriguing ; however , studying the asexual form of reproduction is easier . the laying of egg sacs by planarians has been observed to typically , but not always , be a seasonal phenomenon that occurs during the spring . the relative unpredictability of the egg sac laying , and the fragility of the worms during this phase , make studies of planarian sexual reproduction difficult for students in a classroom setting .\nthe provocative idea , which demands additional study , that certain memories in planaria survive decapitation , presents a useful opportunity for debate . we present a few hypothetical scenarios , not mutually exclusive , that will allow us to ask whether upon fission a planarian that is derived from the head fragment can consider the regenerated fragment that arises from its cut - off tail fragment as \u2018my twin\u2019 , \u2018my sibling\u2019 , \u2018my child\u2019 or \u2018myself\u2019 ( fig . 1 ) .\nmolecular studies showed that the brain is composed of structurally distinct and functionally diverse domains , which have been defined by morphological observations using a variety of molecular markers . in the first study on the organization of the planarian brain , a homolog of the homeobox - containing gene orthopedia ( otp ) from planaria , djotp , was isolated . djotp is specifically expressed in the branch structures of the brain ( umesono et al . , 1997 ) . in a subsequent study , two otd / otx - related homeobox genes , djotxa and djotxb , were isolated from the planarian dugesia japonica . within the cns , expression of both these genes appear to be restricted to the brain . djotxa is expressed in the medial region of the brain and in visual cells . djotxb is expressed in the major region of the brain ( called the sponge region or main lobes ) just lateral to the djotxa - positive domain , but not in the more lateral branch structures , where djotp is expressed . these expression data for djotxa , djotxb and djotp suggest a molecular basis for subdivision of the mature planarian brain into at least four regions : a djotxa - positive region , a djotxb - positive region , a djotp - positive region ( branch regions ) , and a region lateral to the branches and negative for djotp ( fig . 2 ) ( umesono et al . , 1999 ) .\ntherefore , are all clones created equal , or could epigenetic information survive splitting ? the answer depends on the capacity of asymmetric fission to maintain long - term variability \u2013 the ability of each cloning product ( each \u2018individual\u2019 ) to hold memories acquired by their ancestral body ( or the relevant part thereof ) in its lifetime . a few different mechanisms , which are not mutually exclusive , and could operate in tandem , could in theory establish asymmetry following planarian fission .\nneurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases , as well as stroke , infection and injury , require therapies that aim to replace lost , damaged or inoperative tissues . regenerative medicine is therefore a major focus of medical research . whereas regeneration in humans is limited , several vertebrates , such as salamanders and fish , can regenerate amputated body parts with high efficiency ( reviewed in stoick - cooper et al . , 2007 ) . the master of regeneration is , however , the planarian flatworm .\nfor many , these results were hard to swallow . that mcconnell first reported these results in the worm runners digest , a journal / magazine he edited that published a mixture of straight science and spoof , did not help his case . of more importance , the planarian work was not easily replicable . the beasts were difficult to train , and various experimenters \u2014 most notably a team working under the patronage of nobel laureate mac calvin at berkeley \u2014 reported their failure to do so .\none possible locus for the cellular basis of memory are the planarian neoblasts ( stem cells 114 ) , which could be modified through epigenetic changes induced by learning . 22 , 115 , 116 when the new brain develops , neoblasts could potentially imprint the cns through self - organization mechanisms . 117 - 119 a second possibility is that non - coding rnas implement inheritance . 99 , 100 regardless of the molecular mechanisms required for this process , a complete answer to this question will also require an understanding of the mapping of cognitive content to specific molecular states ( encoding and decoding of learned information within rna , protein , cell networks , or some other mechanism ) . it is clear that modern techniques and recent findings show great potential for the planarian as an animal model in learning and memory research . investigating this unique animal , which displays complex behavior and can regenerate its entire brain in only a few days , may provide answers to the enigma of acquisition , storage , and retrieval of memories .\nin certain planarian species that are able to switch between asexual and sexual reproduction , determining whether a sexual has the ability to switch to the asexual state is problematic , which renders the definition of sexuals controversial . we experimentally show the existence of two sexual races , acquired and innate , in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . acquired sexuals used in this study were experimentally switched from asexuals . inbreeding of acquired sexuals produced both innate sexuals and asexuals , but inbreeding of innate sexuals produced innate sexuals only and no asexuals . acquired sexuals , but not innate sexuals , were forced to become asexuals by ablation and regeneration ( asexual induction ) . this suggests that acquired sexuals somehow retain asexual potential , while innate sexuals do not . we also found that acquired sexuals have the potential to develop hyperplastic and supernumerary ovaries , while innate sexuals do not . in this regard , acquired sexuals were more prolific than innate sexuals . the differences between acquired and innate sexuals will provide a structure for examining the mechanism underlying asexual and sexual reproduction in planarians .\nop : many people are sadly unaware of the true extent of earth\u2019s biodiversity . one can spend a lifetime just learning about a certain type of organism , and even a lifetime is not enough . that\u2019s why education is essential , if only to make people aware of what is \u201cout there . \u201d i got into planarian research by an indirect route , namely by using them as animal models in pharmacology . as i learnt more about planarians , i became more interested in them in general ; the rest is history .\nplanaria are free - living flatworms that live in quiet ponds or bodies of water . in some areas you can even catch a few planarian by attaching a piece of liver to a fish hook and a sinker and dropping it into the water . wait a few minutes and pull the liver out and you may find tiny little black worms feasting on the meat . like all flatworms , planaria belong to the kingdom animalia , and the phylum platyhelminthes . this phylum also contains parasitic flatworms , like the tapeworm and the liver fluke .\nthe dugesia does have a simple nervous system that includes a ganglia located in its anterior region to serve as a brain . as such , the dugesia exhibits the trait of cephalization , where the majority of its sense organs are located in the anterior region . it has a triangular head with two prominent eyespots . upon closer inspection of the eyes , you can see that they have a curious cross - eyed expression to them . the presence of the two eyes and lateral horns on the head indicate that the planarian has bilateral symmetry .\ndisruption of the dorsoventral axis after bmp pathway silencing . ( a ) 21 - d - old regenerating head pieces after smed - smad1 rnai . white arrowheads mark the ectopic dorsoventral margin that delimits , which seems to be a second planarian differentiated on the dorsal side like a siamese twin . yellow arrows point to the original eyes . red arrows point to ectopic eyes . ( b ) 21 - d - old regenerating trunk piece after smed - bmp rnai . white arrowheads mark the duplicated body margin . bars , 0 . 5 mm .\nwe thank punita koustubhan for general laboratory assistance ; junji morokuma and wendy beane for advice and help with the planarian model system ; douglas blackiston and robert cook for many helpful discussions about behavioral paradigms ; durwood marshall , dany s . adams and laura vandenberg for assistance with statistics ; douglas blackiston , michael romero and philip starks for comments on early versions of the manuscript ; and ethan golden for fabrication of the rough - textured petri dishes . this work is dedicated to paul van oye and james v . mcconnell , two pioneers of learning and memory in planarians .\nthe flat - worm or planarian is a very simple invertebrate , nevertheless , in 1955 thompson and mcconnell showed that planaria could be classically conditioned to avoid light by pairing a light cs with an electric shock us . it becomes clear just how simple an animal a planarian is when you discover that if one is cut in half while alive the two halves regenerate into two complete flatworms - the tail - half grows a new head and the head - half a new tail ! mcconnell ' s initial discovery about memory in flatworms was that once a flatworm had been conditioned to avoid light if you cut it in half and allow the halves to regenerate both of the resulting worms show evidence of knowing the light - shock association . mcconnell interpreted this as evidence that memory in flatworms was not localised in the head but was , rather distributed throughout the animal . in 1962 mcconnell performed an experiment which appeared to be even more dramatic demonstration of this . after training some planaria he ground them up an fed them to other planaria . these animals were quicker at learning the light - shock association than controls who were fed ground - up untrained worms .\nother studies showed more complex subdivision structures in the main lobes ( cebri\u00e0 2002b ) , but these small subdomains are not well characterized . among these studies , the finding on the expression of one planarian brain factor homolog , djfoxd , should be mentioned ( koinuma et al . , 2003 ) . the expression of djfoxd is highly restricted to the mid - apex of the head , between the two lobes of the brain , where brain neurons are not present . the djfoxd - expression domain clearly separates the right and left lobes ( saito et al . , 2003 ) ."]}
{"id": 988, "summary": [{"text": "synodontis woleuensis is a species of upside-down catfish native to equatorial guinea and gabon .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was first described in 2008 by american zoologists john p. friel and john p. sullivan .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the original holotypes were collected in the woleu-ntem province , gabon .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the specific name \" woleuensis \" is derived from the woleu river , where the specimens were originally collected . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "synodontis woleuensis", "paragraphs": ["fuente : wikipedia . paginas : 26 . capitulos : synodontis njassae , synodontis multipunctata , synodontis nigriventris , synodontis eupterus , synodontis nigromaculata , synodontis membranaceus , synodontis resupinatus , synodontis nebulosus , synodontis woosnami , synodontis nigrita , synodontis dorsomaculatus , synodontis leopardina , synodontis flavitaeniatus , synodontis petricola , synodontis filamentosa , synodontis clarias , synodontis afrofischeri , synodontis macrops , synodontis macrostigma , synodontis obesus , synodontis angelica , synodontis khartoumensis , synodontis ruandae , synodontis thamalakanensis , synodontis violacea , synodontis vanderwaali , synodontis fuelleborni , synodontis rufigiensis , synodontis zambezensis , synodontis victoriae , synodontis multimaculatus , synodontis ocellifer , synodontis camelopardalis , synodontis waterloti , synodontis schall , synodontis ricardoae , synodontis rukwaensis , synodontis bastiani , synodontis schoutedeni , synodontis steindachneri , synodontis ornatipinnis , synodontis annectens , synodontis longirostris , synodontis matthesi , synodontis macrophthalmus , synodontis batesii , synodontis manni , synodontis albolineata , synodontis longispinis , synodontis tanganyicae , synodontis acanthomias , synodontis acanthoperca , synodontis macrostoma , synodontis ansorgii , synodontis dhonti , synodontis punctifer , synodontis pardalis , synodontis robbianus , synodontis polystigma , synodontis centralis , synodontis polli , synodontis arnoulti , synodontis robertsi , synodontis gobroni , synodontis greshoffi , synodontis velifer , synodontis brichardi , synodontis unicolor , synodontis lufirae , synodontis pleurops , synodontis budgetti , synodontis ouemeensis , synodontis nummifer , synodontis tessmanni , synodontis pulcher , synodontis woleuensis , synodontis katangae , synodontis koensis , synodontis iturii , synodontis alberti , synodontis depauwi , synodontis dekimpei , synodontis polyodon , synodontis soloni , synodontis laessoei , synodontis thysi , synodontis kogonensis , synodontis cou . . .\nthe following term was not found in genome : synodontis woleuensis [ orgn ] .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2014 ) .\nsynodontis woleuensis\nin fishbase . may 2014 version .\nsynodontis woleuensis , a new species of mochokid catfish , is described from the woleu / mbini / uoro and ntem basins of gabon and equatorial guinea .\nlateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . \u00a9\nsynodontis woleuensis has previously been misidentified in the literature and museum collections as s . batesii , a closely related species also known from the lower guinea ichthyofaunal region , as well as the congo basin .\nsynodontis woleuensis differs markedly in its pigmentation from the two other species of synodontis in west central africa that possess an anteriorly serrated dorsal spine : s . batesii boulenger 1907 and s . albolineata pellegrin 1924 . in these species , pigmentation on the ventral surface is as dark or darker than the sides and dorsal surface of the body , not lighter as in s . woleuensis . synodontis albolineata has a prominent white band overlaying the lateral line and head and flanks are characterized by irregular small dark brown spots and blotches over a lighter brown background . synodontis batesii in contrast has three broad , irregular dark brown bands along its flanks : the first below the dorsal fin , the second below the adipose fin and the third in advance of the caudal fin and elsewhere irregular dark brown blotches superimposed over a light brown background . synodontis batesii and s . albolineata have neither the spotted pattern of s . woleuensis , nor the depigmented curved band at the anterior margin of the caudal fin .\nfriel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 3\u009612 .\nfriel , j . p . and j . p . sullivan , 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 157 ( 1 ) : 3 - 12 . ( ref . 78430 )\ndistribution map for synodontis woleuensis with the type locality indicated by a star symbol . note two points within equatorial guinea are estimated from records with incomplete locality data ( i . e . , mrac 173144 from the kye\u0301 river , and uncataloged specimens cited by roman ( 1971 ) from the kye\u0301 and bolo rivers ) . from friel & sullivan 2008 .\nsynodontis woleuensis has a relatively restricted distribution , and is known only from the woleu river of gabon ( in equatorial guinea called the mbini or uoro river on modern maps , or the benito river on older maps ) and the ky\u00e9 ( kie ) river , a tributary of the ntem river , that runs along the border between equatorial guinea and gabon .\ndiagnosis . \u2014 synodontis woleuensis can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of well developed serrations on the anterior margin of the dorsal spine and a distinctive pigmentation pattern . its unique pigmentation is characterized by : 1 ) a variable pattern and number of light , cream colored spots\u2014irregular in size and shape , but always smaller than the orbit diameter\u2014distributed over a largely uniform dark brown upper body and over a more lightly pigmented ventral surface , and 2 ) a narrow , depigmented , curved band along the entire anterior margin of the caudal fin . while the position and number of light spots on the body is variable , one spot always occurs on the dorsum at the origin of the adipose fin and another at the terminus of this fin . synodontis woleuensis differs markedly in its pigmentation from the two other species of synodontis in west central africa that possess an anteriorly serrated dorsal spine : s . batesii boulenger 1907 and s . albolineata pellegrin 1924 . in these species , pigmentation on the ventral surface is as dark or darker than the sides and dorsal surface of the body , not lighter as in s . woleuensis . synodontis albolineata has a prominent white band overlaying the lateral line and head and flanks are characterized by irregular small dark brown spots and blotches over a lighter brown background . synodontis batesii in contrast has three broad , irregular dark brown bands along its flanks : the first below the dorsal fin , the second below the adipose fin and the third in advance of the caudal fin and elsewhere irregular dark brown blotches superimposed over a light brown background . synodontis batesii and s . albolineata have neither the spotted pattern of s . woleuensis , nor the depigmented curved band at the anterior margin of the caudal fin .\nmusschoot , t . , and p . lal\u00e8y\u00e8 . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1303\u00961331 .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .\nfossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .\n6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a\u2013b ) \u2026 synodontis\nday , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548\u0096552 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193\u0096202 .\nsanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 89\u009699 .\nsynodontis woleuensis has a relatively restricted distribution , and is known only from the woleu river of gabon ( in equatorial guinea called the mbini or uoro river on modern maps , or the benito river on older maps ) and the ky ( kie ) river , a tributary of the ntem river , that runs along the border between equatorial guinea and gabon . the species has only recently been described ( 2008 ) and may be more widespread than currently known . father investigation is needed before a compete red list assessment can be made .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 85\u009697 .\njustification : synodontis woleuensis has a relatively restricted distribution , and is known only from the woleu river of gabon ( in equatorial guinea called the mbini or uoro river on modern maps , or the benito river on older maps ) and the ky\u00e9 ( kie ) river , a tributary of the ntem river , that runs along the border between equatorial guinea and gabon . the species has only recently been described ( 2008 ) and may be more widespread than currently known . father investigation is needed before a compete red list assessment can be made .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98\u0096113 .\nthirteen papers on the taxonomy and systematics of catfishes from africa , asia and south america , including descriptions of one new tribe , one new genus , and 13 new species , and phylogenetic studies of the families mochokidae and amblycipitidae . contents : new species : \u201csynodontis woleuensis\u201d ; \u201catopodontus adriaensi\u201d ; \u201cchrysichthys\u201d ; \u201cliobagrus\u201d ; geographic variation in \u201cparauchenoglanis ngamensis\u201d ; \u201cnanobagrus\u201d ; \u201cglyptothorax plectilis\u201d ; \u201cpimelodus pintado\u201d ; the venezuelan species of \u201cphenacorhamdia\u201d , with the description of two new species and a new tooth morphology for siluriforms ; \u201cgelanoglanis\u201d ; taxonomic revision of extant \u201cdoras\u201d lacepede , 1803 with descriptions of 3 new species .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99\u0096154 .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294\u0096300 .\nkoblm\u00fcller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 45\u009656 .\nde weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngouni\u00e9 and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121\u0096128 .\nnine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .\neven more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water\u2019s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . in honour of the german researcher dr . g . a . fischer , who collected the first species of fishes known to science from lake victoria and some other places within east africa .\nbeyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . the species is named for the collector of the holotype , dr . ben van der waal , in recognition of his donations of fish collections from northern nanibian rivers to the j . l . b . smith institute of icthyology and the albany museum .\ndorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . \u00a9\nlittle is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . it is very similar in colour pattern to the more commonly encountered synodontis nigriventris . the main differences being that s . contracta has a bigger head , broader mouth and far larger eye .\nthe mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as \u2018squeakers\u2019 and \u2018upside - down catfishes . \u2019 these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .\npigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a \u2018stick\u2019 by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .\nmany mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nthe specific name is in reference to the woleu river of gabon , the type locality for this new species ( ref . 78430 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 1 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 78430 ) ; 6 . 5 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 1 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 34 - 36 . this species has well - developed serrations on the anterior margin of the dorsal spine and a distinctive pigmentation pattern : a variable pattern and number of light , cream colored spots distributed over a largely uniform dark brown upper body and over a more lightly pigmented ventral surface , and a narrow , depigmented , curved band along the entireanterior margin of the caudal fin ( ref . 78430 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01380 ( 0 . 00613 - 0 . 03110 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\npan - africa freshwater assessment references . currently , full citations for references used in the pan - africa biodiversity assessments are unavailable on the red list web site . these will be added to the site in 2011 . we apologise for any inconvenience this causes .\niucn . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2010 . 3 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 2 september 2010 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .\nlateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . \u00a9\nvigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .\n1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2\n1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5\n2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e\u2013f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) \u2026 chiloglanis\n2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3\n3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) \u2026 atopodontus\n3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4\n4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae \u2026 atopochilus\n4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 euchilichthys\n5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c\u2013f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6\n5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7\n6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) \u2026 microsynodontis\n7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 acanthocliethron\n7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8\nchapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130\u0096135 .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1\u0096628 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 13\u009623 .\njubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .\nng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 1\u009613 .\notero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141\u0096169 .\nroberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151\u0096178 .\nsato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 58\u009659 .\nseegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . mus\u00e9e royal de l\u0092afrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1\u0096407 .\nseegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .\nstewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177\u0096230\nvigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73\u0096136 .\nwinemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 1043\u00961061 .\nwisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 45\u009670 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to john p . friel at and thomas r . vigliotta at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\n. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes . version 02 march 2009 ( under construction ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .\nferraris , carl j . , jr . , and m\u00e1rio c . c . de pinna . 1999 . higher - level names for catfishes ( actinopterygii : ostariophysi : siluriformes ) . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , vol . 51 , no . 1 . 1 - 17\nnelson , joseph s . 1994 . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600\nannales du musee royal de l ' afrique centrale serie 8 zoologie . 1 - 497 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nplusieurs esp\u00e8ces de la famille mochokidae sont import\u00e9es pour les aquariums , mais peu se reproduisent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement en captivit\u00e9 . de nouvelles et rares esp\u00e8ces de la famille mochokidae sont fr\u00e9quemment introduites sur le march\u00e9 .\ndistribution : l\u2019afrique . nageoire adipeuse g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement tr\u00e8s grande ; anale \u00e0 moins de 10 rayons ; les \u00e9pines des nageoires dorsale et pectorale sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement forte , trois paires de barbillons sensitifs tactiles , barbeaux nasales barbillons absents et le mandibulaire peut avoir de nombreuses branches , d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces poss\u00e8dent des l\u00e8vres et une partie de barbillons modifi\u00e9 dans une ventouse orale ( atopochilus , chiloglanis et euchilichthys ) , longueur maximale 72 cm .\n209 esp\u00e8ces dans la famille mochokidae . liste nominale des esp\u00e8ces appartenant \u00e0 la famille mochokidae\n177mm or 7\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nfirst lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .\nrarely grows to lengths greater than 15 cm sl . in the piti river specimens at two occasions were caught between dense vegetation near the river banks . this species has adapted to a wide variety of habitats and thrives equally as well in the hard , alkaline waters of lake victoria as in the soft , acidic waters of swamps .\nafrica : lake victoria , lake nabugabo , victoria nile , lake kyoga , kagera river , ihema lake , kingani river , malagarasi ( nile basin ) .\nhistorically ( until the 1960s ) this species was found throughout the lake victoria basin in a wide variety of habitats . today , due to predation by the nile perch , they are primarily restricted to heavily vegetated swamps and feeder rivers that nile perch can not enter , as well as thick strands of reeds or hippo grass on the lake ' s margins . in captivity they will thrive in set ups as diverse as a rock habitat for victorian haplochromids to a victorian papyrus swamp populated with ctenopoma and larger killie fishes .\na peaceful fish , but should not be kept with very small fishes which it may mistake for food .\nchapman , kaufman , and chapman ( 1994 ) why swim upside down ? a comparative study of two mochokid catfishes . copeia . 1994 ( 1 ) pp 130 - 135 . references that some of the s . afrofischeri used in their study were specimens obtained from a captive spawning in the lake victoria exhibit at the franklin park zoo in boston . no further details are given . is thought to spawn in the piti river or the rungwa drainage at the beginning of the rains in november / december .\nsitzungsber . ges . naturf . freunde berlin1888 - pp77 the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage , seegers pg . 236\n( 1 ) corybreed , ( 2 ) synodont _ fan , ( 3 ) photizo379 ( p : 2 ) . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\n60mm or 2 . 4\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nunknown , hard to tell differences in genital papillae in such a small species .\nlive foods , frozen foods , tablet , granulated and flake foods . the species is fond of snails and some vegetable matter should be included in the diet .\nwell planted tank would best suit this fish as it lives in this type of habitat in the wild over muddy substrate .\nmost small to medium sized community fishes . african tetras would be the most appropriate . this species is found in large shoals in the wild and should be kept in a group of at least 3 or 4 individuals preferably more .\nalthough not hatched , at least one aquarium spawning has been encountered . a small group produced one batch of thirty , large ( 3 . 0 mm diameter ) bright orange eggs , these were hidden away at the back of the tank .\nann . mus . civ . stor . nat . ` giacomo doria ' v . 53 - pp24 [ 20 ] - pl . 1\n( 1 ) synoguy ( k : 4 ) , ( 2 ) ak viking , ( 3 ) jools ( k : 6 ) , ( 4 ) synodont _ fan , ( 5 ) robdoran1 , ( 6 ) jeox , ( 7 ) richard b , ( 8 ) reginator ( k : 2 ) , ( 9 ) jippo ( k : 6 ) , ( 10 ) fuzzytigerbird , ( 11 ) matsp ( k : 9 ) , ( 12 ) corybreed ( k : 10 ) , ( 13 ) long barbels , ( 14 ) johanwre , ( 15 ) protopterus , ( 16 ) caninesrock , ( 17 ) catfishchaos , who also notes :\nvery secretive only coming out when food is added . remained hidden at lfs for at least 3 months before being discovered .\n. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\n156mm or 6 . 1\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\noccurs in the kwando river ( upper zambezi ) , okavango river and delta and the cunene river .\nskelton [ p . h . ] & white [ p . n . ] 1990 : 284 , figs . 5 ( a - b ) [ ichthyological exploration of freshwaters v . 1 ( no . 3 ) . skelton , p ( 2001 ) a guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa . struik , pg256 . seegers , ( 2008 ) the catfishes of africa pg . 503 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ndescription . \u2014small species with a maximum standard length < 70 mm . body compressed . predorsal profile gently convex ; postdorsal body sloping gently ventrally . preanal profile horizontal . anus and urogenital opening located slightly anterior to vertical though origin of adipose fin . skin on body smooth without any enlarged tubercles , lateral line complete and midlateral along entire side of body . head depressed and broad , obtusely pointed when viewed laterally with a slightly pointed margin when viewed dorsally . gill opening restricted to lateral aspect of head from level of the base of pectoral spine dorsally to level of the ventral margin of the eye . gill membranes broadly united to , and attached across the isthmus , supported by 6 branchiostegal rays . bony elements of skull roof with superficial , granular ornamentation . skin covering skull\nroof with a few small unculiferous tubercles . occipital - nuchal shield large , without prominent sutures , terminat - ing posteriorly with two rounded processes on each side of dorsal fin .\nbarbels in three pairs . maxillary barbel long , slend - er and unbranched , extending well beyond base of last pectoral - fin ray when intact . no basal membrane present on maxillary barbel . mandibular barbels originate immed - iately posterior to lower lip in a transverse row . lateral mandibular barbels long , reaching just beyond pectoral fin insertion , with 5 or 6 primary , unpaired , simple branches . medial mandibular barbels , somewhat less than 2 / 3rds the length of the lateral barbels , with 3 or 4 paired proximal branches with secondary ramifications , and 2 or 3 more distal , unpaired branches .\neyes relatively small , slightly ovoid ; horizontal diam - eter approximately half orbital interspace . orbit with a free margin . anterior nares slightly closer together than poste - rior nares . anterior nares tubular with a short raised rim . posterior nares with elevated flaps along anterior margin .\nmouth inferior and crescent shaped ; lips plicate . all teeth unicuspid . primary , secondary and tertiary premaxil - lary teeth discrete . primary teeth robust and conical , 25\u201340 . secondary teeth , shorter and conical , 22\u201350 . tertiary teeth slender and elongate , 40\u201365 . mandibular teeth 26\u201341 ; concentrated in a clump at jaw symphysis ; individual teeth\ndorsal fin located at anterior third of body . dorsal fin with spinelet , spine and 7 rays ; fin membrane not adnate with body . dorsal - fin spine long and straight ; with 14\u201319 well - developed serrations along proximal 2 / 3rd of anterior margin ; a few weakly developed serrations on distal 1 / 3rd of posterior margin . adipose fin well developed ; margin convex . caudal fin forked , count i , 7 , 8 , i . procurrent caudal - fin rays symmetrical and extend only slightly anterior to fin base . anal - fin base located ventral to adipose fin ; margin convex . anal - fin count usually iii , 8 . pelvic - fin origin slight - ly behind vertical from posterior end of dorsal fin base . pelvic - fin margins convex , tip of appressed fin just reaches anal - fin origin . pelvic - fin count i , 6 . pectoral - fin count i , 7 . pectoral fin with straight , stout spine bearing 19\u201327 large , distally directed serrations on anterior margin and 10\u201315 large , proximally directed serrations on posterior margin . cleithral process with a distinct lateral ridge , elongated and narrow with concave dorsal profile and terminating in a sharp point just beyond vertical from terminus of nuchal\nno apparent sexual dimorphism in shape or size of fins , body ornamentation , or tuberculation of skin . dimorphism in body size present : largest specimens in all samples examined are females .\nappear uniformly medium to dark brown with numerous , small , irregular , light spots . spots on flanks often bear raised neuromasts near their centers . all specimens with a light spot at both anterior and posterior margins of adipose fin . commonly specimens also bear a light spot at posterior margin of dorsal fin\n5 . 1 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 78430 ) ) ; 6 . 47 cm sl ( female )\nthis species has well - developed serrations on the anterior margin of the dorsal spine and a distinctive pigmentation pattern : a variable pattern and number of light , cream colored spots distributed over a largely uniform dark brown upper body and over a more lightly pigmented ventral surface , and a narrow , depigmented , curved band along the entireanterior margin of the caudal fin ( ref . 78430 ) .\nwhere it is known only from the woleu river , after which it was named , and the ky\u00e9 river .\nthis species grows to a length of 6 . 5 centimetres ( 2 . 6 in )\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\na lavishly and profusely illustrated treatise on the plant - life resources of spanish continental guinea and neighboring territories in central africa .\nunderstanding the impact of hunting on wildlife populations is crucial to achieving sustainability and requires knowledge of prey abundance responses to different levels of exploitation . while the abundance of primates has been shown to respond independently to hunting and habitat , habitat is rarely considered simultaneously when evaluating the impacts of hunting . furthermore , the importance of these two factors in determining the abundance of other species has not been well investigated . we evaluate the independent effects of hunting and habitat on the abundance of a diverse assemblage of species , using a series of predictions and data from a study in equatorial guinea .\nhabitat preference of the russet - eared guenon was analyzed on bioko island , republic of equatorial guinea . almost all the island is inhabited by this primate , that is able to live near human settlements . ecological plasticity and adaptability are shown to be the main characters of this guenon on bioko island .\nhabitat preference of the spot - nosed guenon and the crowned guenon was analysed on bioko island , republic of equatorial guinea .\na census was made of gorilla populations throughout the rio muni region in equatorial guinea between july 1989 and december 1990 . the aim of the census was to estimate the total numbers of this species in relation with its distribution on rio muni region . the estimated size of the gorilla population in rio muni stands between 1000 and 2000 individuals ."]}
{"id": 994, "summary": [{"text": "the eurasian eagle-owl ( bubo bubo ) is a species of eagle-owl that resides in much of eurasia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is also called the european eagle-owl and in europe , where it is the only member of its genus besides the snowy owl ( b. scandiacus ) , it is occasionally abbreviated to just eagle-owl .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is one of the largest species of owl , and females can grow to a total length of 75 cm ( 30 in ) , with a wingspan of 188 cm ( 6 ft 2 in ) , males being slightly smaller .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this bird has distinctive ear tufts , with upper parts that are mottled with darker blackish colouring and tawny .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the wings and tail are barred .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the underparts are a variably hued buff , streaked with darker colour .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the facial disc is poorly developed and the orange eyes are distinctive .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "besides being one of the largest living species of owl , it is also one of the most widely distributed .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the eurasian eagle-owl is found in many habitats but is mostly a bird of mountain regions , coniferous forests , steppes and other relatively remote places .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is a mostly nocturnal predator , hunting for a range of different prey species , predominantly small mammals but also birds of varying sizes , reptiles , amphibians , fish , large insects and other assorted invertebrates .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it typically breeds on cliff ledges , in gullies , among rocks or in other concealed locations .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the nest is a scrape in which averages of two eggs are laid at intervals .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "these hatch at different times .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the female incubates the eggs and broods the young , and the male provides food for her and when they hatch , for the nestlings as well .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "continuing parental care for the young is provided by both adults for about five months .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "there are at least a dozen subspecies of eurasian eagle-owl .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "with a total range in europe and asia of about 32 million square kilometres ( 12 million square miles ) and a total population estimated to be between 250 thousand and 2.5 million , the iucn lists the bird 's conservation status as being of \" least concern \" .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the vast majority of eagle-owls live in mainland europe , russia and central asia , and an estimated number of between 12 and 40 pairs are thought to reside in the united kingdom as of 2016 , a number which may be on the rise .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "tame eagle-owls have occasionally been used in pest control because of their size to deter large birds such as gulls from nesting . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "eurasian eagle - owl", "paragraphs": ["common eagle - owl , eurasian eagle owl , great eagle - owl , northern eagle - owl .\n(\nthe eurasian eagle owl\n, 2002 ; konig , et al . , 1999 ;\neurasian eagle owl\n, 2003 ; )\neurasian eagle owls have distinct individual vocalizations . every member of a eurasian eagle owl population can be reliably identified by voice alone .\neurasian eagle owl showing the location of the uropygial gland . photo \u00a9 ian berwick\n(\nthe eurasian eagle owl\n, 2002 ; konig , et al . , 1999 ; parry - jones , 1998 ;\neurasian eagle owl\n, 2003 )\nthe large eurasian eagle - owl can be found thriving across much of the old world .\nthe eurasian eagle owl is a very large , heavy owl with prominent ear - tufts , and powerful feathered talons .\neurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo ) is a species of bird in the strigidae family .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl is one of the largest owl species in the world , with a wingspan of nearly two metres .\nan eagle owl preys on small mammals and other owl species to feed its chick .\ndescription : eurasian eagle - owl is a large - sized owl , able to kill and carry preys of 200 to 2000 grams .\nbritain ' s hen harrier population is thought to be threatened by the presence of the eurasian eagle owl .\n(\nthe eurasian eagle owl\n, 2002 ; konig , et al . , 1999 ; parry - jones , 1998 ; penteriani , et al . , 2002 ;\neurasian eagle owl\n, 2003 ; )\nthe call of the eurasian eagle - owl is described as a deep , booming \u2018 ooo - hu \u2019 .\ncaptive eurasian eagle - owls have been known to live for up to 60 years .\nowl information . . . index of owl species . . . photos of various owl species for identification\nthe eurasian eagle - owl is found in europe , asia and even north africa ( links to corresponding continent pages ) .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl was successfully reintroduced in switzerland and germany in the 1980s and is now a fully protected species .\npredictive models of habitat preferences for the eurasian eagle owl bubo bubo : a multiscale approach . ecography 26 : 21 - 28\nthe eurasian eagle owl , or european eagle owl as it is more commonly known , is one of the largest of owl species . incorrectly , the eagle owl is frequently described as the largest of owls , however in terms of length , that particular honor belongs to the great grey and the blackiston ' s fish owl is arguably heavier .\nthe latest sighting details and map for eurasian eagle - owl are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nthey are known by a variety of names , including common great owls , northern eagle owls , desert eagle owls , great eagle owls or northern eagle owls .\nour pair of eurasian eagles owls , x and dumbledore , have taken up residence in eagle hall .\neagle owls resemble the great horned owl , but are much larger in size .\nbayle , p . and prior , r . , prey species of eagle owl\nphotographig studies of some less familiar birds . lxxxiv . eagle owl . british birds\neagle owl in the aral - caspian region , kazakhstan . raptors conservation , 16\nhorned owls : with two tufts of feathers on its head , presumably used for communication , the eurasian eagle owl looks much like its north american relative , the great horned owl .\nas an apex predator , the eurasian eagle owl has no natural predators . even the golden eagle , with whom the eagle owl shares both range and food preferences , is seldom in direct conflict with the owls , thanks to the birds hunting at different times of day ( the golden eagle in daytime , the eagle owl at night ) . a lifespan of 20 years in the wild isn ' t uncommon for eurasian eagle owls ; birds in zoological care have been known to live as long as 60 years .\nthe nesting of the eurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo ) in a man - made building . slovak raptor journal , 4 : 103 - 104\nthe eurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo ) diet in the orava region ( n slovakia ) . slovak raptor journal , 4 : 83 - 98\nthe peregrine fund . 2003 .\neurasian eagle owl\n( on - line ) . the peregrine fund . accessed march 21 , 2003 at urltoken .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - eurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - eurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo )\ntitle =\narkive species - eurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbrood - switching in eagle owl bubo bubo fledglings . ibis , 150 : 816 - 819\nthe eurasian eagle - owl preys on mammals up to the size of hares or young deer , and will also take large birds such as herons and buzzards .\neurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo ) nesting in a nest box on a very high voltage electricity pylon . slovak raptor journal , 4 : 99 - 101\neagle owls are considered to be the world ' s largest owl species ; they weigh about twice as much as the heaviest north american owl - the snowy owl , and weigh nine times as much as the common barn owl .\nthe eurasian eagle owl reaches sexual maturity at around one year , and can live up to 20 years in the wild , or up to 60 years in captivity .\nandreychev , a . v . , lapshin , a . s . , and kuznetsov , v . a . , the diet of the eurasian eagle - owl (\nindividual acoustic monitoring of the european eagle owl bubo bubo . ibis , 150 : 279 - 287\nthe eurasian eagle - owl is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\neurasian eagle owls are one of the biggest species of owl in the world . they are easily identified by their large stature , prominent ear tufts and bright orange eyes .\nthe following habitats are found across the eurasian eagle owl distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nshot eagle owl flying well again an owl which was shot with an air rifle in gloucestershire is said to be flying extremely well after being rescued .\nthree chicks , iranian eagle owl , bubo nikolskii , fluffy beige , looking in the same direction .\nvalkama , j . and saurola , p . , mortality factors and population trends of the eagle owl\nfirst record of cooperative nesting in the eagle owl bubo bubo . ardeola , 52 : 351 - 353\nthe decline of the interspecific agonistic displays in an adult female indian eagle owl bubo bengalens . . .\nthe turkmenian eagle owl is a sub species of the eurasian eagle owl . they are one of the largest species of owl in the world , and have a distinctive appearance with prominent \u2018ear tufts\u2019 on the tops of their heads which all members of the eagle owl family have . this sub species originated from turkmenistan , although they are now extinct in that range and are instead found throughout parts of russia , kazakhstan , and mongolia .\na : opinions differ on this question . general consensus points towards the eurasian eagle owl , which is the largest in weight and average length . some sources say it is the great grey owl , as some individuals can have quite a big overall length . it should be noted that much of the bulk of the great grey owl is due to its generous plumage . also worth a mention is the little known blakiston ' s fish owl which has unpublished average and maximum weights exceeding the eurasian eagle owl .\neurasian eagle owls are likely the largest species of owl in the world . great grey owls ( strix nebulosa ) are slightly longer in the body , and blakiston ' s fish owls ( bubo blakistoni ) weigh a little more , but only the eurasian eagle owl boasts a six - and - a - half - foot wingspan . its conspicuous ear tufts are reminiscent of north america ' s great horned owl ( bubo virginianus ) , but the eagle owl ' s orange eyes and great size make it distinctive .\nthere are no fewer than 13 subspecies of the eurasian , which is a member of the strigidae ( true owl ) family .\nthe turkmenian eagle owl is not a threatened species , but it is uncommon throughout its range , as is the eurasian eagle owl family as a whole . however this sub species originated in turkmenistan , where it is now locally extinct , instead thriving in other regions . numbers of eurasian eagle owls have declined over the 20 th century , and although more stable now , are not as high as they previously were .\nthe eurasian eagle owl ( bubo bubo ) is arguably the heaviest owl in the world ; followed by the equal - sized or slightly smaller blakiston ' s fish owl . the eagle owl is smaller than the golden eagle , but nearly twice the size of the snowy owl . its wingspan reaches up to 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) . its weight can go up to 10 lbs ( 4 . 5 kg ) ; compared to the common barn owl , which weighs about 1 . 1 lbs ( 0 . 5 kg ) .\nthe eurasian hunts by stealth , precision and highly advanced senses , not speed .\nfeather of an african eagle owl magnified by 150 times under a scanning electron microscope . image \u00a9 paolo taranto\ndistribution and number of the eagle owl in the altai - sayan region , russia . raptors conservation , 10\npossible first record of multiple brooding of the eagle owl bubo bubo . ardeola , 50 : 77 - 79\nin a study on the indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis in southern india , three morphologically distin . . .\neurasian eagle owl ( bubo bubo ) colonizing lowland floodplain forest in south moravia ( czech republic ) and cases of its breeding in wooden nestboxes . slovak raptor journal , 5 : 127 - 129\nthe eurasian eagle owls may live up to 21 years or more in the wild . the longest reported age in captivity is 60 years .\nyear hatched : 2011 type of owl : turkmenian eagle owl other info : bailey is a very large owl , that sits on the glove brilliantly although size and weight mean adults only . can give handlers attitude in aviary\ncomparative food habits of the eagle owl bubo bubo and the great horned owl bubo virginianus in six paleartic and neartic biomes . ornis scandinavica , 20 : 298 - 306\ndiet of the eagle owl bubo bubo , in syria . zoology in the middle east 33 : 21 - 26\nthe time budget and behavioural traits of young and adult indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis ( franklin , . . .\na family of the indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis was monitored at their nest site at nanmangalam r . . .\ncongratulations on hotd ! this was an awesome article on the eurasian eagle owl . it was very insightful and interesting . loved the images . thank you for sharing . ( voted up ) - rose\nsex allocation from an owl perspective : clucth order could determine brood sex to reduce sibling aggression in the eagle owl bubo bubo . ornis fennica , 87 : 135 - 143\ndevelopment of chicks and predispersal behaviour of young in the eagle owl bubo bubo . ibis , 147 : 155 - 168\nuse of farm chicken carcasses by the eagle owl bubo bubo . ardeola , 47 ( 1 ) : 101 - 103\nregnell s 1957 : berguv [ eagle owl ] . sveriges natur 48 : 79 - 90 . [ in swedish ]\ngender determination of eurasian eagle - owls ( bubo bubo ) by morphology . j . raptor res . , 38 ( 4 ) : 375 - 377\nthe eagle owl family contains some of the largest owls in the world , the turkmenian eagle owl is one of the larger members of this family , with some weighing up to 4 . 2kg , and measuring up to 75cm in length .\nalthough the eurasian eagle - owl has now recovered to some extent and is not currently considered globally threatened , illegal persecution still occurs , and the population remains below its former levels ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 13 ) . the eurasian eagle - owl is thought to be highly sensitive to disturbance , particularly during incubation , which may cause adults to abandon eggs and even small young ( 2 ) ( 22 ) .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl belongs to the family strigidae and the genus bubo . this bird is among the largest species of owls in the world , and can measure 30 inches in length with an impressive wing span of over six feet . the eurasian eagle - owl usually weighs somewhere between two - and - a - half and ten pounds , with the males being slightly smaller in size and stature than their female counterparts . physical characteristics specific to this species of owl include tufted\nears\nof feathers , orange eyes , dense bodies , and black beaks , as well as barred wings and tails . the feathers of this species are largely brown , streaks with black plumage . the areas on the bird\u2019s underbelly are lighter in tone , while the eurasian eagle - owl ' s throat is white . the facial disc on the eurasian eagle - owl is grey in color and concave - shaped .\neurasian eagle - owl is resident in most parts of the range , but juveniles may disperse after the nesting period . some movements are recorded in winter , according to the food resources or in harsh weather conditions .\ncentre for the conservation of specialized species . 2002 .\nthe eurasian eagle owl\n( on - line ) . the centre for the conservation of specialized species . accessed 3 / 21 / 03 at urltoken .\nbrightness variability in the white badge of the eagle owl bubo bubo . journal of avian biology , 37 : 110 - 116\nperch height and the hunting success of the indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis ( franklin ) ( aves : strigi . . .\nsome observations on the spread - winged agonistic displays of the indian eagle owl < i > bubo bengalensis < . . .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl is quite variable in appearance across its range , with a number of subspecies recognised , which differ in size , colouration , and the strength of the dark markings ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) . the juvenile eurasian eagle - owl can be recognised by its rudimentary ear - tufts , narrowly barred underparts , and buffy down on the head ( 2 ) .\nnorthern hawk owl photos by jorgen bjerrin . . . a series of northern hawk owl photos taken in denmark by jorgen bjerring\nconsequences of eagle owl nest - site habitat preference for breeding performance and territory stability . ornis fennica , 84 : 78 - 90\na comparative study of the diet of the indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis ( franklin , 1831 ) from two dis . . .\nat the time of writing , the eurasian is being monitored and attempts will be made , over a period of time , to establish whether the regions wildlife has been adversely affected by the presence of the owl . the eurasian is safe , for now .\nreproduction : breeding season varies with the range . the nest of the eurasian eagle - owl is often on sheltered cliff ledge or in crevice , in cave , on the ground on steep slope or in abandoned nest in tree .\nthe eurasian eagle owl can be found in a number of locations including : africa , asia , china , europe , himalayas , mediterranean , russia , united kingdom . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nin a classic british compromise the eagle owl officially remains an alien species but as a resident wild bird is protected from being killed .\ni was tracking a couple of mallrd with the parabol when the male eagle owl i had been waiting for began to call . .\n( eagle owl in russia , belarus , and ukraine ) , moscow : izd . mosk . gos . univ . , 1994 .\nmassive immigration balances high anthropogenic mortality in a stable eagle owl population : lesson for conservation . biological conservation , 143 : 1911 - 1918\nwhen these young eurasian eagle - owls reach 2 - 3 years of age , they will be able to find a mate , nest , and produce their own young .\nthose who are encouraged by the presence of the eurasian in the uk , argue that hen harriers and eagle owls coexist in parts of europe without threatening the others survival .\neurasian eagle owls typically breed from the end of february to the end of april . they are considered to be monogamous , but some cases of bigamy have been recorded .\nthe european eagle owl can be found across europe to russia and the pacific , through pakistan across to korea and china and across iran .\nspatial heterogeneity and structure of bird populations : a case example with the eagle owl . popul . ecol . , 46 : 185 - 192\nwhile matched in weight by snowy owls , in wingspan by verraux ' s eagle owls ( bubo lacteus ) & length by powerful owls ( ninox strenua ) , overall , the eurasian eagle owl is the world ' s largest owl . despite its size , they are generally a good - natured bird , preferring to shy away from contact with people , rather than chase them away .\neagle owls mostly eat rodents ( voles ) and lagomorphs ( rabbit and mountain hare , but will also take mustelids , foxes and occasionally fawns . in this country the eagle owl\u2019s main prey appears to be rabbits .\na : probably another school project question . you are best off starting in our owl physiology section . plenty of nice owl facts there .\na : because there is no such owl . the tawny frogmouth is a bird that is often confused with an owl . here is a link for more information about the so - called tawny frogmouth owl .\ni have lived by an eagle owl uk for 18months . a male ex captive . free for about 3 yrs we think in our area .\nstewart , j . r . the fossil and archaeological record of the eagle owl in britain . british birds 100 , 481\u2013486 ( 2007 ) .\ngeographic variation in clutch and brood size of the eagle owl bubo bubo in the western palearctic . journal of ornithology , 131 : 439 - 443\na preliminary report on the development of young indian eagle owl < i > bubo bengalensis < / i > ( franklin , 1 . . .\neurasian wild pig sus scrofa is a widely distributed terrestrial mammal . in india , wild pig occurs . . .\neurasian eagle owls are found throughout europe , scandinavia , russia , the middle east & asia , with some being found breeding as far south as the sahara in africa . currently , they are not found in the wild as far east as japan , or as far west as the british isles . some are found in the northern reaches of the indian subcontinent , & until recently , the indian eagle owl , living throughout the subcontinent , was considered to be a subspecies of the eurasian eagle owl ( bubo bubo bengalensis ) , but is now regarded as a separate species ( bubo bengalensis ) .\nobuch j & karaska d 2010 : the eurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo ) diet in the orava region ( n slovakia ) . slovak raptor journal 4 : 83 - 98 . doi : 10 . 2478 / v10262 - 012 - 0048 - 9 .\npattern of repeatability in the movement behaviour of a long - lived territorial species , the eagle owl . journal of zoology . print issn 0952 - 8369\ndiet and breeding success of eagle owl in southeastern spain : effect of rabbit haemorrhagic disease . j . raptor re . , 35 : 259 - 262\nfacts about turkmenian eagle owls the turkmenian eagle owl ( bubo bubo turcomanus ) is a large , member of the eurasian eagle owl species . with ear tuffs as usual but a paler cream and brown colour than the european eurasian ( see wally ) the turkmenian\u2019s range covers kazakhstan to west mongolia . in the wild they would populate rocky and mountainous regions as well as open forestry although occasionally found in semi desert regions . this species are large birds ranging from around 58cm to 72cm and weigh from 1 . 5kg up to 3 . 8kg approx . bailey we believe to be female due to the size and weight\nlittle detailed information is available on asian populations of this species ( 2 ) . conservation measures recommended for the eurasian eagle - owl include protecting its habitat from development and extensive logging , as well as action to prevent collisions with powerlines ( 19 ) ( 20 ) .\n( eagle owl in russia , belarus , and ukraine ) , moscow : izd . mosk . gos . univ . , 1994 , pp . 32\u201350 .\nthe diet of the desert eagle owl , bubo bubo ascalaphus , in the eastern desert of jordan . journal of arid environments , 44 : 369 - 372\nthe eurasian eagle - owl is a highly skilled flier , and one that skims through the air using long , quick glides and shallow wing beats . these highly territorial birds are fearsome and highly effective hunters . as a so called \u201ctop predator\u201d , the eurasian eagle - owl faces few , if any , threats from other predatory animals , as it sits upon the upper tier of the food chain . these birds are mostly active at night , preferring to sleep during the daylight hours . eurasian eagle - owls are also for their ability to make an array of vocal sounds , which are used for communicating such information to others as territorial claims and searching for a mate . these birds are sometimes tamed by humans and trained to control pest infestations .\nduring the first half of the 1900s , eurasian eagle - owl populations declined drastically . humans hunted and poisoned them and , as you can imagine , they had a hard time surviving . happily , local governments have begun to increase their protection of these owls , and some reintroduction programs have taken place . thanks to these efforts , the eurasian eagle - owl is recovering in europe although their numbers still haven ' t returned to what they were before the mid - 1900s . electrocution and collisions with cars continue to be a problem for this extraordinary raptor .\nverreaux ' s eagle - owl , milky eagle owl , giant eagle owl ( bubo lacteus ) dutch name : verreaux - oehoe , melkoehoe of melkwitte ooruil german name : milchuhu , blassuhu body length : 66 - 75cm wingspan : 2 m weight : 1600 - 3115g ring size : 20mm breeding age : after 4 years breeding season : march - september eggs : 1 or 2 eggs incubation time : \u00b138 days area in the wild : africa , locally rare and threatened .\nthe quality of chicks and breeding output do not differ between first and replacement clutches in the eagle owl bubo bubo . ornis fennica , 88 : 217 - 225\nbreeders and non territorial individuals of a long - lived species , the eagle owl bubo bubo : differences in space use and movement patterns . phd thesis , 2012\neffects of landscape spatial structure and composition on the settlement of the eagle owl bubo bubo in a mediterranean habitat . ardea 89 ( 2 ) : 331 - 340\nwith wings that can span up to six feet , the eurasian eagle owl is one of the largest owls in the world . its powerful yet silent wings enable this night hunter to stealthily swoop down and scoop up prey . they can even catch other birds in mid - air .\neurasian eagle - owl is territorial , but the closest territories may partially overlap without any problem . often pairs remain together for life . when the breeding season starts , the male suggests some nesting places to the female , while scraping for shallow depression and uttering clucking and staccato sounds .\nin terms of its diet , the eurasian eagle - owl typically feeds on an array of small animals , including such creatures as rabbits , rodents , birds , insects , fish , amphibians , and reptiles . these ever watchful and powerful birds prefer to hunt during the dark , nighttime hours , and search out their prey while resting on perches or flying at a low altitude . the eurasian eagle - owl is gifted with both acute eyesight and excellent hearing abilities , which combine to enable the bird to effectively find and catch its prey . its innate and perceptive sense of sound is attuned to pick up on even the slightest sound . this natural trait inadvertently serves to aid the eurasian eagle - owl in its never ending hunt for food by serving to reveal the precise location of any animal the bird deems to be fitting for its next meal .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl underwent a significant decline in europe during the 20th century , due mainly to human persecution ( 2 ) ( 13 ) ( 16 ) . pesticide use and poisoning from mercury seed - dressings have also been a problem , as have collisions with vehicles , barbed wire ( 2 ) and powerlines ( 18 ) ( 19 ) ( 20 ) . in addition , diseases such as myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease have decimated rabbit populations in some areas , with severe knock - on effects for the eurasian eagle - owl ( 2 ) ( 21 ) .\neurasian eagle - owls can be found throughout much of europe and asia , as well as some far northern parts of africa near the mediterranean coast . these birds make their homes in areas where food is most plentiful . they\u2019re suited to living in a wide variety of terrains , including forests , isolated farmlands , and landscapes featuring high cliffs upon which the birds can safely perch while hunting for the prey animals that wander on the grassy areas below . habitats for the eurasian eagle - owl can range from rocky mountainous areas to water - logged marshlands . eurasian eagle - owls can also be found in some of the world\u2019s most treacherous mountain ranges , including the asian himalayas , the alps of europe , and the tibetan plateau . the international union for the conservation of nature ' s most recent red list of threatened species , working in collaboration with birdlife international , classifies eurasian eagle - owls as a species of\nleast concern\n, considering their large populations and the massive geographical range of their diaspora . still , these birds face threats from human activities , such as hunting and accidents involving automobile traffic . many countries have implemented measures to protect and increase their respective eurasian eagle - owl populations .\na : go to our owl physiology page for a detailed classification of owls .\ncomb - like leading edge of barn owl flight feather . photo \u00a9 kay schultz\noccipital face of a ridgway ' s pygmy owl . photo \u00a9 alan van norman\nthe nests of eurasian eagle - owls are usually located on rocky ledges or in caves , as well as in cracks along mountainous cliffs . after the female lays her eggs , she spends the majority of her time incubating them , while her male partner is responsible for finding food . once they break free of their eggs , baby eurasian eagle - owls begin opening their eyes after a period of several days . they grow rapidly thereafter , and during that time it\u2019s important for both of parents to work hard to ensure that their young ones are sufficiently fed so that they can become healthy and strong . eurasian eagle - owls reach maturity at about two to three years of age . in the wild , eurasian eagle - owls can live for approximately 20 years , which becomes even longer when kept in captivity and looked after well .\nemmet re , mikkola h , mummery l & westerhof g 1972 : prey found in eagle owl\u2019s nest in central sweden . british birds 65 : 482 - 483 .\nin contrast , those who are concerned about the possible impacts of the eurasian on britain ' s wildlife , argue that there is no evidence that the eurasian is naturally occurring here , and the birds are thought to have been previously kept in captivity .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl has one of the largest ranges of any eagle - owl ( 6 ) , being found across much of europe , through the middle east , russia and asia , and as far east as china , korea and japan ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 11 ) ( 13 ) . although this species is generally absent from britain and ireland ( 11 ) , small numbers are now beginning to breed in britain ( 14 ) .\na giant gerbil doesn ' t stand much chance against turkmenistan ' s eagle owls .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl\u2019s \u2018facial disc\u2019 , the flat or concave arrangement of feathers on the face which is typical of owls , is greyish ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , and is less developed than in many other owl species ( 6 ) . the beak is black , and the legs and large , powerful toes are covered with buffy - white feathers ( 2 ) .\nin one particularly detailed study of eagle owl diet , partridges accounted for 8 . 4 % of items and pheasants for 2 % , with potential egg predators accounting for over 31 % of items . the most important egg predator , the hooded / carrion crow , features in eagle owl diets more than twice as often as in goshawk diets .\ngromov , i . m . and egorov , o . v . , information on the nutrition and economic significance of the eagle owl of eastern pamirs and kopet dag ,\nthe wings of an owl are finely serrated so that they can fly silently . this is to allow the owl to approach its prey silently without it hearing it first , and so that they owl itself can hear its prey over its own sounds .\na : the answers to these questions and more are in our owl physiology section .\ndistribution of leading - edge serrations on different wing feathers of all owl species investigated .\ncomb - like leading edge of great horned owl flight feather . photo \u00a9 kay schultz\nshepel\u2019 , a . i . , petrovskikh , a . i . , and fisher , s . v . , eagle owl in the kama region of perm oblast , in\nonly white - tailed eagles and golden eagles are known to kill eagle owls but badgers , pine martens and foxes might predate eagle owl nests . their populations may be limited by the availability of nest sites . there is some evidence from central europe to support this .\nthey were 50\u201360 days old [ 7 ] . also , a compilation of data on eagle\nferrer m ( 2001 ) the spanish imperial eagle . barcelona , spain : editorial lynx .\nthe distinctive call of the eurasian eagle - owl is a deep , booming \u2018 ooo - hu \u2019 ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , while other vocalisations include a quiet , guttural chuckling , and a bark - like scream given by the female ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 12 ) .\neurasian eagle - owls combine fast and powerful flights with shallow wing beats and long , fast glides . they also soar on updrafts , displaying a type of flight similar to that of soaring hawks like the red - tailed hawk .\nthe eurasian eagle owls ( bubo bubo ) are horned owls found in much of europe and asia , where they occur in the mountains and forests with cliffs and rocky areas . they are usually most active at dawn and dusk .\nobuch j & rybin sn 1993 : food of the eagle owl ( bubo bubo zaissanensis chachlov ) in southern kirghizia ( osh district ) . folia zoologica 42 : 19 - 31 .\nin britain , the eurasian eagle - owl has commonly been kept in captivity , but escapes and releases have occurred ( 25 ) . although it is difficult to prove with certainty , wild individuals are thought to have come from released birds rather than ones that have reached the country naturally from mainland europe ( 26 ) . there are fears that if the population of eurasian eagle - owls in britain grows then some native birds , including vulnerable birds of prey , could be at risk of increased predation by this species ( 25 ) ( 26 ) .\nat our world center for birds of prey in boise , idaho , we have a eurasian eagle - owl named wally that helps educate visitors about his species and owls in general . he is a big star in our fall flight shows and is on display year - round in our visitor center . he loves visitors !\nthe trust ' s view is that no one complains about the little owl , which is an introduction to britain , while the return of the white tailed eagle and the red kite is celebrated .\nwe suggest that the opposition to the eagle owl is perhaps down to its size and expertise as a predator rather than being based on scientific fact or logic .\nin 2010 an eagle owl was caught on film predating a hen harrier . other species of conservation concern they are known to predate include pine martens , capercaillie , and various raptors and owls\nsome eagle owls may specialise in killing raptors ; one pair in norway was reported to have killed 13 raptors and owls in one nesting season . in germany , where the eagle owl has recolonised there is clear evidence of substantive adverse effects on the breeding success of goshawks and buzzards .\n. . . obuch ( 2014 ) reported multiple lizard species ( agamidae and lacertidae ) in eagle owl pellets from iran . our finding that hedgehogs constituted a significant part of the eagle owl diet is shared with most studies on this owl ' s diet , both within the middle east ( shehab 2004 ) and elsewhere ( marchesi et al . 2002 ; de cupere et al . 2009 ) . our data show increasing dependence on black rats in the diet . . . .\naround september to november the young owls will leave the nest . the lifespan of the eurasian eagle owl varies considerably depending upon whether it is kept in captivity , or in the wild . in it ' s natural habitat life expectancy is around 20 years , in stark contrast to captive owls who can live for up to sixty years .\nkaryakin , i . v . , kovalenko , a . v . , levin , a . s . , and pazhenkov , a . s . , eagle owl in the aral\u2013caspian region ,\nit has been recommended that the potential impact of this large owl on native british wildlife be assessed ( 14 ) and that its behaviour , diet and population should be monitored ( 26 ) . the eurasian eagle - owl is listed under schedule 9 to the wildlife and countryside act 1981 with respect to england and wales , making it an offence to release this species into the wild or to allow it to escape ( 25 ) .\nconsidered to be one of the largest owls in the world , the eurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo ) is an impressive and majestic bird , with distinctive , prominent ear - tufts , a barrel - shaped body , and vivid orange eyes . the eurasian eagle - owl\u2019s plumage is buffy - brown and heavily mottled and streaked with black , with paler underparts and fine barring on the belly and flanks . the wings and tail are marked with dark bars . the throat is white ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) and is used in intraspecific communication , as a visual signal associated with vocal displays ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) .\nthere are numerous points in this article which i think are very questionable . to take just one point the world owl trust are said to have put forward \u201creliable sightings ( and photographic evidence ) of eagle owls resting on north sea oil platforms\u201d . i am not aware of any such records , nor do the north sea bird club have any . there is a video on youtube which claims to show an eagle owl on a north sea oil platform but which actually shows a long - eared owl .\nmortality : eurasian eagle owls may live more than 60 years in captivity . in the wild , about 20 years may be the maximum . they have no real natural enemies ; electrocution , collision with traffic , and shooting are the main causes of death .\nyoda the european eagle owl has been issued with a library card \u2013 but it is unclear how the bird might pay for any fines incurred in the future . photograph : university of bath / press association\nuntil recently , it was believed that the eagle owl was all but absent from the uk , and had not occurred here naturally since the last ice age more than 10 , 000 years ago . that is , until the european eagle was discovered in the forest of bowland wells , lancashire , northern england .\nthe great black - headed gull is one of the species to which the agreement on the conservation of african - eurasian migratory waterbirds ( aewa ) applies .\nusually most active at dawn and dusk ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , the eurasian eagle - owl has a powerful , fast flight , which is somewhat reminiscent of that of a buzzard ( buteo buteo ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 16 ) . hunting occurs from an open perch or in flight , and the owl may also search rock crevices for roosting birds , take both adult and young birds from nests , or even plunge into water to capture fish ( 2 ) ( 16 ) . the diet of the eurasian eagle - owl mainly consists of mammals , up to the size of adult hares or even young deer , as well as birds up to the size of herons and buzzards , and occasionally amphibians , reptiles , fish and insects ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 16 ) .\ndistinguishing nonhuman predation on birds : pattern of damage done by the white - tailed eagle haliaet . . .\ninvestigation into the predation of a pair of indian eagle owls on anurans disclosed the fact that . . .\n. . . rufinus ) , red kite ( milvus milvus ) , black kite ( m . migrans ) , eurasian eagle - owl ( bubo bubo ) , and tawny owls ( stix aluco ) are known to prey upon squirrels ( stroganova 1958 ; kolosov et al . 1965 ; heptner and sludskii 1992 ; de cupere et al . 2008 ) . . . .\neurasian eagle - owls are not picky eaters . they mainly eat small mammals such as voles , rats , and rabbits but also hunt woodpeckers , herons , and other birds , including other raptors . they also prey on amphibians , reptiles , fish , and insects .\nunlike other birds , owls ' eyes are set forward which greatly enhances depth perception , but doesn ' t allow the owl to rotate its eyes in order to change view . but just like other birds the eurasian needs a wide visual range in order to detect predators and prey . for this reason , owls including the eurasian have particularly flexible necks , which means they can literally rotate their heads 270 degrees either way .\nduring the last century the eurasian was very much in decline , due to human persecution , road traffic accidents , power lines , barbed wire , toxic mercury seed dressings and pesticide use . myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease have significantly reduced rabbit populations in some regions , which has also had detrimental effects on the eurasian population .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto eurasian eagle - owl utters deep and monotonous \u00ab oohu - oohu - oohu \u00bb repeated every 10 seconds as territorial call . the female\u2019s call is slightly higher - pitched and more raucous than male\u2019s . both mates perform duets during courtship displays . when alarmed and threatened , they may \u201cbark\u201d and grunt , and give harsh \u201cka ka kau\u201d .\nflight : during the breeding season , the eurasian eagle - owl rises into the sky at dusk and soars at good height . it has agile and silent flight in spite of its large size , comfortable on its large wings , with head and short tail well separated from the body . it often appears as a ghost while flying before the moon or in some light .\nalthough it possible for a trained eagle owl to kill a fox this would not be a normal prey . in the wild a less risky catch and more attractive and tasty meal would be a rabbit or rat .\npenteriani , v . , m . gallardo , p . roche . 2002 . landscape structure and food supply affect eagle owl ( bubo bubo ) density and breeding performance : a case of intra - population heterogeneity .\nmartinez , j . a . , martinez , j . e . , perez , e . , zuberogoitta , i . , and izquierdo , a . , possible first record of multiple brooding of the eagle owl\nleast some of the eagle owls currently inhabiting britain could have occurred naturally . the world owl trust also highlight a wealth of data that appears to suggest wild eagle owls have existed ( and still exist ) in the uk . among this ; perhaps the most persuasive argument put forth is the presence of b . bubo in the fossil record \u2013 something which suggests that the eagle owl did indeed inhabit the uk before eventually succumbing to extinction . in a 2007 study published in british birds , john stewart concluded , following a review of the archaeological records , that \u201ceagle owls form a natural part of britain\u2019s fauna\u201d . this paper is freely available online .\n. . . this could explain why we found no inter - annual variations in eurasian eagle owl survival . the survival of eurasian eagle owls in alpine and northern latitudes has previously been estimated from the recovery of owls marked as nestlings ( olsson 1997 ) and using a bayesian - integrated population model com - bining different data sets ( schaub et al . 2010 ) . in contrast to our results ( models including age were not well sup - ported ) , these studies pointed to a variation in survival that depended on age - class , and similar results have been found in other long - lived species ( e . g . . . .\neurasian eagle - owls are mostly nocturnal , or active at night . they spend their days roosting , or resting , in a safe perch . if they spend too much time on the ground , even these top predators may fall prey to opportunistic ground predators like foxes .\neurasian eagle - owls seem to do well in most types of habitat if there are available nesting spots and adequate prey . these large , beautiful owls have even been documented living in city parks . one owl showed up at the helsinki olympic stadium in finland . this potential fan spent time hanging out on the goal post , causing the game to be postponed for several minutes !\ndiet : the eurasian eagle - owl feeds on all moving animals , from beetles to fawns . the most part of its diet includes mammals such as voles , rats , mice , foxes and hares , but also birds of all species , crows , waterfowls , seabirds , and even other raptors\u2019 species . it also may consume snakes , lizards , amphibians , fishes and crustaceans .\nmalovichko , l . v . , gavrilov , a . i . , and fedosov , v . n . , features of distribution , nesting , and nutrition of the eagle owl in the steppe stavropol region , in\nwillgohs jf 1974 : the eagle owl bubo bubo ( l . ) in norway . part i . food ecology . sterna , norsk ornithologisk forening og stavanger museum . stavanger 13 ( 3 ) : 129 - 177 .\nowls are an order of birds of prey with about 200 species [ 8 ] . owl species vary in size over a huge range . the smallest owl is the pygmy owl ( glaucidium passerinum , weight : 42 g , length : 150\u2013190 mm [ 9 ] ) . the largest owl is the eagle owl ( bubo bubo , weight : up to 4200 g , length : 580\u2013710 mm [ 9 ] ( see wing in fig 2 , see also s1 table ) ) . we reasoned that this range should be large enough to see an effect of size . thus , our first hypothesis was that the size of an owl species might have an influence on the morphology of the serrations . moreover , the different owl species occupy a huge variety of ecological niches , and may live in deserts , woods as well as in the tundra . some of the owl species are strictly nocturnal , like the boreal owl ( aegolius funereus ) , while other owl species are more diurnal , like the little owl ( athene noctua ) . the more diurnal owls do not have such highly developed adaptations to hunting by listening as the nocturnal owls do [ 10 \u2013 12 ] . since a silent flight plays a less important role during hunting in diurnal owls , we further hypothesized that the development of serrations may depend on the activity pattern of an owl species with nocturnal owls have more developed serrations than diurnal owls .\nsilent flight gives owls the ability to capture prey by stealth , and also allows the owl to use its hearing to locate potential prey . this adaptation is not present on some owl species that hunt in the daytime .\nduring sleep the tufts are lowered which alters the shape of the head , this assists the eurasian to take up the shape and contours of the bark on nearby trees .\nyoda the european eagle owl visits the campus with his handler twice a week to unsettle the gulls there . the seven - year - old is employed as an environmentally friendly method to control the population and limit any adverse effects .\nmart\u00ednez , j . a . and zuberogoitia , i . ( 2001 ) the response of the eagle owl ( bubo bubo ) to an outbreak of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease . journal of ornithology , 142 : 204 - 211 .\nwhilst the outline about these predators is basically correct they do predate heavily on other owls . this has been found to be the case in many studies . our native owl population is not in a strong position especially the barn owl . whilst there are few in number at the moment the eagle owl could become a problem if they find other owls hunting at night an easy target . tawny , little owl & barn owls could be in trouble . often problems caused by reintroduction of species that no longer are part of our ecology are only found out too late .\nshort book review & synopsis : ' the barn owl : guardian of the countryside ' by jeff r . martin\nwith the exception of the barn owl , molting of wing feathers is from the inside out . barn owl wing feathers are replaced from the middle of the wing out ( in both directions ) . tail feathers also drop out a few at a time , except in some smaller owl species , who loose all the tail feathers at once .\npenteriani , v . , and delgado , m . m . ( 2009 ) the dusk chorus from an owl perspective : eagle owls vocalize when their white throat badge contrasts most . plos one , 4 ( 4 ) : e4960 .\nbetween one and five eggs are laid , and are incubated by the female for 34 to 36 days , during which time the male brings food to the nest . the young eurasian eagle - owls first leave the nest at around five weeks old , but cannot fly until about seven weeks , and remain dependent on the adults for a further three to four months ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 16 ) , not generally starting to disperse until they are approximately 170 days old ( 17 ) the eurasian eagle - owl reaches sexually maturity at 1 year ( 15 ) , and may live up to 21 years or more in the wild , or to an impressive 60 years in captivity ( 2 ) .\na : the best way to encourage your owl to stick around is to build it a house ! we have an owl artificial nest resource page to help you with this . i don ' t recommend trying to feed them .\nthe evidence at present shows that the eagle owl is posing a minimal threat to the bird community in general . this includes our game bird population as described in your article . obviously this could change if the owl were to be present in greater numbers ( although this increase appears unlikely in the foreseeable future ) . i say give this magnificent owl the opportunity to co - exist with us at present it may help with the control of other far more damaging predators .\nthis owl usually inhabits natural rocky areas with cliffs and ravines , as well as quarries and buildings , patches of woodland or scattered trees . it also occurs in open forest , taiga , wooded steppe , semi - desert , and farmland with suitable rocky areas ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 11 ) . the eurasian eagle - owl and can be found at elevations of up to about 2 , 000 metres in europe and 4 , 500 metres in central asia and the himalayas ( 2 ) ( 11 ) ."]}
{"id": 1003, "summary": [{"text": "chiloglanis batesii is a species of upside-down catfish found widely in western and central africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 4.7 centimetres ( 1.9 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "chiloglanis batesii", "paragraphs": ["chiloglanis batesii is a benthopelagic species . it is oviparous and has a distinct pairing during breeding ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .\n720l congo rapids tank . at this video you can found raiamas christyi , synodontis brichardi , synodontis pardalis , synodontis notata , chiloglanis cf . batesii , euchilichthys guentheri and steatocranus tinanti .\nchiloglanis : from the greek cheilos , meaning lip , and glanis , meaning catfish ; in reference to the oral morphology . named after the collector , g . l . bates .\nthis species is known from guinea to the democratic republic of congo . central africa : chiloglanis batesii is found throughout the congo basins ( in the lower and this species is known from upper congo river basins , and in the dja and the kasai river systems , central congo river basin ) , and almost every river basin in cameroon except the ndian and nyong rivers . this species is probably heterospecific and represents a species complex . records of c . batesii in the lower congo need confirmation . western africa : in western africa , this species is found in the basins of the niger , chad ( central african republic ) , and cross ( nigeria ) . it has also been recorded in guinea and mali .\n( of chiloglanis batesi boulenger , 1904 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central and western africa .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , cheilos = lip + greek , glanis = a fish that can eat the bait without touching the hook ; a cat fish ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : niger basin ( ref . 57223 , 81251 ) , oshun , osse , cross ( ref . 57223 ) , headwaters of the chad basin ( ref . 57223 , 81251 ) , and almost every river basin in cameroon except the ndian and nyong ; absent west of the niger ( ref . 81251 ) . probably absent from the congo basin where c . micropogon is found ( see ref . 87986 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 57223 )\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum total length 47 mm ( ref . 3202 ) .\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\npaugy , d . and t . r . roberts , 2003 . mochokidae . p . 195 - 268 in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux douce et saum\u00e2tres de l ' afrique de l ' ouest , tome 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , belgique , museum national d ' histoire naturalle , paris , france and institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france . 815 p . ( ref . 57223 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00259 - 0 . 01467 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nefulen and trib . of lobi r . , 15 - 20 mi . southwest of efulen , s . cameroon .\n40mm or 1 . 6\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nsecond largest catfish genus next to synodontis in africa . characterized by jaws and lips modified into a sucker or oral disc used for adhering to and feeding upon objects in fast flowing waters . generally fairly small at 100 mm sl or less . often caudal shape can show sexual dimorphism and is usually species specific . can be distinguished from south american suckermouth catfishes by lack of body armour plates . can be distinguised from other african suckermouth catfish ( of the genera euchilichthys and atopochilus ) by its circular suckermouth disc . this is more eliptical in the other two genera . sucker relatively large , mandibular teeth 6 + 6 or less . sexual dimorphism present : males with strongly forked caudal fins with extremely elongate upper lobe and enlarged anal fins .\nmales are easily distinguished from females by the elongate upper lobe of the caudal fin .\nfound throughout the niger and congo basins , in the headwaters of the chad basin and almost every river basin in cameroon except the ndian , nyong and ogoou\u00e9 .\nwill eat a wide variety of prepared and frozen foods . supplement with algae wafers .\npeaceful both with conspecifics and other fish , and therefore , suitable for the community tank .\nnot known in aquarium , although other species have been successfully bred in natural enclosures .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group ."]}
{"id": 1007, "summary": [{"text": "fundulopanchax is a genus of killifish living in near-coastal fresh water streams and lakes in western africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "all species were previously biologically classified as members of the genus aphyosemion , with the exception of fundulopanchax avichang , f. gresensi and f. kamdemi , which were all scientifically described after the major revision of the aphyosemion complex . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "fundulopanchax", "paragraphs": ["subgenus ( paraphyosemion ) : berkenkamp ( 2003 ) , describing the results of hybridization tests with the other species of the fundulopanchax mirabilis - group , ( fundulopanchax intermittens , fundulopanchax gresensi , fundulopanchax mirabilis and fundulopanchax traudeae ) , indicates that all crosses resulted in a viable f3 generations . these results suggest that , following a biological species concept , these taxa may be considered conspecific .\nall of the above are included in fundulopanchax here on sf at the moment .\nfundulopanchax moensis occurs in in brooks and small rainforest streams . it is a benthopelagic species .\nthe distribution of fundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) spoorenbergi is not known with precision . the species was imported together with fundulopanchax ndianus from the border area between nigeria ( towards osombo and mamf\u00e9 ) and cameroon ( romand 1992 ) .\njustification : the distribution of fundulopanchax spoorenbergi is not known with precision . the species was imported together with fundulopanchax ndianus from the border area between nigeria and cameroon . more information is needed on the species distribution before an assessment can be made .\nfundulopanchax : originally named as a subgenus by myers ( 1924 ) due to members appearing to represent an evolutionary link between the genera fundulus and panchax as they were understood at the time .\nfundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) amieti occurs in the swampy parts of brooks in the rainforest ( wildekamp et al . 1986 ) . it is usually found in shallows it is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . fundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) amieti is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 1 month incubation . this species is difficult to maintain in aquarium ( huber 1966 ) .\ncollier , g . e . , 2010 . the genus fundulopanchax : taxonomic history and molecular phylogeny . j . am . killifish ass . 43 ( 1 ) : 3 - 26 . ( ref . 87109 )\nfundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) spoorenbergi is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . it is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 5 months incubation . this species is difficult to maintain in aquarium ( huber 1996 ) .\nthe genus fundulopanchax has a somewhat confusing taxonomic history but as currently understood includes the former subgenera paraphyosemion , gularopanchax , and paludopanchax while some authors have considered the species a . marmoratum , a . oeseri and a . scheeli members of the subgenus pauciradius .\nfundulopanchax ( pauciradius ) marmoratus is found in swamps and the swampy parts of brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest ( wildekamp et al . 1986 ) . it is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . fundulopanchax ( pauciradius ) marmoratus is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 1 month incubation . this species is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( huber 1996 ) . it can be done semimanuell , the eggs do not need a dry period for hatching . this updates previous information from riehl and baensch 1991 .\nmalumbres , f . and r . castelo , 2001 . descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie del g\u00e9nero fundulopanchax myers , 1924 ( cyprinodontiformes , aplocheilidae ) , para la ictiofauna continental de guinea ecuatorial . graellsia 57 ( 2 ) : 175 - 180 . ( ref . 44365 )\nthe plant spawners lay their eggs on floating or submerged plant thickets . they include many genera , such as aphyosemion ( most ) , many fundulopanchax , aphanius , aplocheilus , epiplatys , pachypanchax , fundulus ( most ) and rivulus ( except for rivulus stellifer ) . in the aquarium there are several techniques that can be used to spawn these fish .\nthe type specimens ( eight in all ) were collected by clausen in 1963 at arum which is situated to the south west of jos plateau in the foothills . at first they were considered to be a new species & he named them aphyosemion ( fundulopanchax ) nigerianus clausen 1963 . he also collected many other forms from other areas of nigeria . scheel later conducted crossing experiments with material from eyoumojok & found them to be genetically related .\ngroup \u201cb\u201d includes killies whose eggs may also undergo a drying period , but this drying period is not a requirement for successful propagation ; full - term water incubation in also acceptable . many of the fundulopanchax species follow this pattern , e . g . fp . walkeri , fp . filamentosus , fp . sjoestedti and fp . fallax . for the most part , this second group has a slightly extended life span and , in some cases , matures at a slower rate than do the true annuals .\nin general , killies are kept in small aquaria , often as small as 2 . 5 gallons . for breeding , in particular , small tanks are preferred . besides allowing closer observation of the fish , small tanks allow the aquarist to separate pairs and trios of different species . most killie enthusiasts soon acquire several species , and we may as well mention here that , for the purposes of breeding , it is essential that different species , and even different strains , be kept strictly separate . closely related species can breed and produce hybrids , but serious killie keepers strive to maintain different species in the \u201cpure\u201d state . furthermore , hybrids may be infertile . obviously , tank size must match fish size and larger fish , like fundulopanchax sjoestedti ( the blue gularis ) require 5 or 10 gallon tanks . larger aquaria , for example 10 or 15 gallon , or even larger , are used also for raising young fish .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult male ; f . g . nigerianus subspecies , ' p82 ' collection .\ngardneri : named for \u2018mr . r . d . gard\u2019ner\u2019 , who collected the type specimens .\nnative to the cross river system in southeastern nigeria and western cameroon plus the benue river drainage in central nigeria .\nknown populations include akaram , akure , enugu , kluge , lafia , makurdi , nsukka , okwoga and udi mountain .\nthe type series consists of three specimens collected from \u2018head - waters of cross river , calabar\u2026okwoga 7\u00b0n , 7\u00b045\u2019e\u2019 which corresponds to the town okwoga in benue state , mideastern nigeria .\nof the nominal subspecies ( see \u2018notes\u2019 ) , f . g . lacustris is known only from lake ejagham and its tributary stream in western cameroon , f . g . mamfensis occurs in rainforest tributaries of the upper cross river in the mamfe lowlands of southwestern cameroon and f . g . nigerianus is distributed throughout southern , southwestern , central , northern and eastern nigeria including the niger and benue rivers plus minor coastal drainages of southeastern nigeria , and in the benue system it\u2019s also been recorded in western cameroon .\ncollections of wild fish are generally labelled with some form of code in order that they can be told apart , thus limiting the possibility of hybridisation .\nmost forms inhabit creeks , swamps , streams and pools in humid , forested , highland savannah and areas of rainforest .\nsome such habitats periodically dry out but in many cases this is not a regular , annual event and they may retain water year - round .\nthe set - up need not be too complicated but be sure to cover the aquarium well since this species is a prodigious jumper .\nprovide plenty of cover in the form of aquatic plants , wool mops , etc . , and if using filtration air - powered , sponge - type units are best as these will not harm eggs or fry .\nlighting is unimportant but can be used if you wish , and growth of filamentous algae should not be discouraged .\nprimarily a micropredator feeding on small aquatic crustaceans , worms , insect larvae and other zooplankton although algae and other plant material may also be taken .\nin the aquarium dried foods are accepted in most cases but regular meals of small live or frozen fare such as artemia , daphnia or bloodworm should also be offered .\nthis is a robust killi that can be kept with other fishes but is not suitable for the general community .\nmales can be aggressive towards one another but provided the aquarium contains sufficient refuges a group can normally be maintained together .\nideally stock 2 - 3 females per male in order that no individual is singled out for excessive attention from the male ( s ) .\nmales grow larger , are more brightly - coloured and develop more - extended fins than females .\nthe unpredictable nature of many of this species\u2019 natural habitats have resulted in it evolving what\u2019s often referred to as a \u2018switch\u2019 or \u2018semi - annual\u2019 breeding strategy whereby the eggs are able to withstand a period of drying but will also incubate and hatch when permanently submerged in water .\nif conditions are suitable most forms are not difficult to breed with eggs deposited among live plants , aquatic mosses , synthetic mops , etc . , while some breeders prefer to use a small tray of peat which is removed and dried post - spawning .\neggs are best removed on a daily basis as the adults will eat any they find .\nunder water they normally hatch within 14 - 21 days depending on temperature while 3 - 4 weeks tends to be the \u2018standard\u2019 period of drying .\nthe fry are free - swimming almost immediately and can be offered artemia nauplii , microworm and similar as first foods .\nthis species is also known as \u2018gardner\u2019s killi\u2019 and \u2018blue lyretail\u2019 and the commonly - available aquarium forms are perhaps among the best choices for those new to keeping killifishes being relatively hardy , colourful and easy to breed .\na number of ornamental strains have also been line - bred by aquarists including \u2018gold\u2019 and albino .\nwild populations exist in numerous colour forms of which three , f . g . lacustris , f . g . mamfensis and f . g . nigerianus , have been described as nominal subspecies .\nboulenger , g . a . , 1911 - annals and magazine of natural history ( series 8 ) v . 8 ( no . 44 ) : 260 - 268 descriptions of new african cyprinodont fishes .\nmyers , g . s . , 1924 - american museum novitates no . 116 : 1 - 9 a new poeciliid fish from the congo , with remarks on funduline genera .\nstiassny , m . l . j . , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds ) , 2007 - publications scientifiques du museum , mrac . vol . 2 : 1 - 603 the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa .\n\u201cmale f . g . gardneri are very aggressive towards one another and sufficient space must be provided if more than one is to be kept . \u2019\nif anything , \u201cmay be aggressive\u201d . i have several gardneri tanks ( different strains ) with multiple males and never saw aggression\u2026\nalbinos are mine , sure use them . i was not able to track reliably which locale the strain originates from .\nif i can get decent shots of the other strains i have ( latia , innidere ) i\u2019ll post them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\njustification : the mungo river basin location is threatened by sedimentation and pollution from banana plantations ( pers . comm . victor mamonekene , cyrille dening ) . the species is also threatened by the oil palm plantations in the region . part of the species distribution is situated in the korup national park . both the eoo and the aoo qualify for the endangered status . the species is known from maximum of five localities .\na lower guinea endemic , only known from the area northeast of mbonge , western cameroon . the present distribution is probably relict .\nthe mungo river basin location is threatened by sedimentation and pollution from banana plantations ( pers . comm . victor mamonekene , cyrille dening ) . the species is also threatened by the oil palm plantations in the region .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na lower guinea endemic , only known from the upper cross river basin , in the mo , me and man rivers , around the village of numba , western cameroon .\nnone known . taxonomic uncertainties need to be resolved , and more information on the species distribution is required .\njustification : the species is threatened by oil palm plantations . it is potentially threatened by the sunda gorge dam on the lower nyong river , the construction of which was started before the war and it is unknown if the construction will recommence ( pers . comm . , mamonekene , v . ) . the species is known from fewer than five localities . both the eoo and aoo qualify this species for the endangered category .\na lower guinea endemic , found in the mangombe and ngombe river systems , which are tributaries of the larger sanaga and dibamba river drainage basins , respectively . all known populations , except one , are from the area to the north of the sanaga river in southwestern cameroon .\nthe species is threatened by oil palm plantations . it is potentially threatened by the sunda gorge dam on the lower nyong river , the construction of which was started before the war and it is unknown if the construction will recommence ( pers . comm . , mamonekene , v . ) .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nafrica : niger delta in southern and southeastern nigeria and southwestern cameroon . reported from ghana ( ref . 11235 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31256 )\noccurs in temporary swamps , raphia - swamps and swampy parts of slow flowing brooks in the swampy coastal rainforest . 14 cm tl ( ref . 3788 ) . not a seasonal killifish . bottom spawner , 2 months incubation . is easy to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nhuber , j . h . , 1996 . killi - data 1996 . updated checklist of taxonomic names , collecting localities and bibliographic references of oviparous cyprinodont fishes ( atherinomorpha , pisces ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d ' ichtyologie , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , france , 399 p . ( ref . 27139 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01023 ( 0 . 00462 - 0 . 02264 ) , b = 2 . 84 ( 2 . 65 - 3 . 03 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nit is a form selected in my breeding over the past 3 years . m . dudzi\u0144ski\nvidenskabelige meddeleser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening 125 : p 197 - 201 , figures a - c .\nthis is a very complicated species of vastly varying colour forms even within a population . click population links ( where available ) below for more information / images ) .\nbecause this species has so many populations & these can vary even within a population so many photographs can be included i have split the populations up into there own pages . just a few photos are put on this page for comparisons . please follow links in blue .\nabakaliki - this population may be abakalbi . i did a search for this name but it could not be found . toyin ojo considered abakaliki to be the true name . this population has most probably not been in the uk . a line drawing was put into the bka newsletter no . 322 , july 1992 , page 14 but i am unable to insert it due to copyright problems .\nakkamkpa - fred wright collected here in the ' 70 ' s & was adamant that the village had 2 k ' s . the site has been adjusted accordingly . ruud wildekamp & ton cooymans collected from this area in january 1990 .\nbaissa in circulation in the usa 2002 . note red line to the rear of the dorsal fin which is still evident . photo courtesy of allen boatman .\nntc 07 / 2 - collected by thibault cavelier 2007 14 kms north of iwo on the road to oban . see dkg newsletter 42 ( 3 ) for photo .\nweh - adl 13 / 20 - already a corrupted spelling going around - wei is not correct .\narum , north of wamba & on the foothills south west of the jos plateau . the biotope was a swamp .\nthis species has a large distribution area covering the river niger delta in the south of nigeria northwards to the jos river plateau & on towards kano which appears to be the northern boundary . eastwards , distribution follows the river benue into the cameroon mountains where the misaj\u00e9 population is found .\nwith such a wide distribution area it ' s not surprising that this species is found in a variety of biotopes . they have been caught in mountain streams ( misaj\u00e9 ) , 200 foot wide rivers ( makurdi ) , seasonal flood plains ( lokoja ) & small roadside pockets of water .\nalso known to inhabit swampy parts of pools , brooks & small streams in secondary forested areas .\nfirst recorded collection of this species goes back to 1955 where h . s . clausen discovered them at akure , western nigeria . in 1957 fish from this population line were taken live to j . j . scheel in denmark by j . birket smith . in 1958 scheel distributed 60 eggs to other fish keepers as far away as new zealand & uruguay . originally he distributed these as aphyosemion calliurum . ulf hannerz caught 2 small males from wokocha river , near port harcourt , eastern niger delta . these were sent to scheel . h . s . clausen in 1962 collected live fish from owo east of akure . these were also sent to scheel .\nphoto showing ( modern ) aquarium bred fp . nigerianus showing spotted & marginal bands . photo courtesy of dick cox\nblack & white photos ( parts ) in ' naturalists guide to freshwater fish ' by j . j . hoedeman showing some of the earliest fish imported . certainly pre 1975 . two different varieties called yellow & blue .\na visiting german aquarist ( unnamed ) came to the uk on january 17th 1966 & brought with him a few sp . including eggs of the then known a . nigerianum . this was probably the first introduction to the uk . see bka killi - news no . 7 , march 1966 .\nan easy species to breed , laying eggs on top & bottom mops . they will also lay in peat . eggs are very tough & capable of withstanding fairly long periods of dry incubation . the lokoja population is well adapted to this capable of dry storage periods up to two months . other populations will take 4 - 6 weeks of dry incubation on damp peat . fry are large enough to take newly hatched brine shrimp on hatching .\nscheel found that eggs taking a long time to hatch ( resting fry ) did so ' depending on the type of water used for the eggs ' although he did not say what the types were . see bka newsletter no . 387 , december 1997 .\nthe west african killifish hails from the cross river drainage of nigeria and western cameroon streams . via violaine2 , france / wikipedia\nmany killifish hobbyists keep f . gardneri in small aquariums , sometimes keeping a pair in just a gallon of water . this might seem cruel at first glance , but it replicates the natural habitat pretty neatly . in the wild , they are found in water barely an inch deep , sometimes over a leaf - strewn bottom , other times in a weed - choked area , and even over mud . adaptation to this extreme environment has lead to another evolutionary \u201cleap\u201d ( please excuse the pun ) \u2014they are excellent jumpers . often in this extremely shallow environment , they need to move from one small water hole to another . they do this by jumping , flipping , and otherwise hopping from leaf to leaf and pool to pool .\nmy late friend , well - known aquarium fish international contributor al castro , used to tell the humorous story of his first experience with a pair of f . gardneri . he brought them home and put them in a gallon jar . he walked outside to call his wife in from the garden to come and see them . she asked him if he meant the fish that had followed him out . he turned around , and there on the ground was the male , flipping and flopping down the sidewalk . he went inside and found the female flipping her way across the floor . learn from al , and keep them tightly covered !\na setup for keeping f . gardneri can be as simple as a gallon jar or as elaborate as a well - decorated planted aquarium . they are ideally suited for the desktop aquariums with built - in filtration and lighting now becoming popular . these nano tanks , from 5 to 10 gallons in size , and with a variety of beautiful plants , would be an ideal home for a couple of pairs .\nwater changes are very important . keep the water as clean as possible , especially in a smaller aquarium , and doubly so if you have no filter in the aquarium . room temperature is fine , so no heater is necessary , unless the temperature drops into the low 60s fahrenheit . then a small heater set to the low 70s will be all that is needed . no filter is necessary , again as long as you change water frequently . water parameters are not that important , as f . gardneri comes from a wide range of habitats and is pretty adaptable . ideal conditions would be a ph just below neutral with low hardness . some killifish hobbyists add salt to the water ; others don\u2019t . i\u2019m one of the aquarists who doesn\u2019t , and i\u2019ve never had a problem with them .\nas i mentioned , many killifish hobbyists keep them as pairs or trios in small \u201ccritter tanks\u201d ( the kind with the tight - fitting lids ) . there is no filtration or lighting , though f . gardneri are not shy , as are many other killifish , and they love bright light . these killifish hobbyists do water changes two or three times a week , and feed live foods exclusively , so there is little pollution in the water . the idea here is breeding . for this , they use a couple of nylon yarn mops . i\u2019ll have more on this method of breeding in just a bit .\ni like to use a planted 10 - gallon aquarium . i prefer to use what killifish hobbyists call the \u201cpermanent method\u201d for keeping and breeding them . this means setting up a standard 10 - gallon aquarium with a nice grouping of plants at all levels of the aquarium , including floating plants . i use water sprite ( ceratopteris sp . ) . the adults live in this aquarium all the time . fry appear on occasion , and i remove them with a small cup to a separate rearing aquarium . this method is not as productive as using mops , but it is a lot easier .\nif you want maximum productivity , there are several things to do to increase egg production . first , separate the adults for a week or two . feed them heavily on live foods and meaty frozen foods , such as bloodworms and brine shrimp . give them a lot of water changes . this is known as conditioning the breeders . after about two weeks of conditioning , put the pair together in a breeding aquarium with a couple of nylon spawning mops lying on the bottom . the fish will start spawning within hours . by the next day , the mops should be full of eggs . the eggs can be easily seen in the mops as clear round \u201cbubbles . \u201d remove the mops to a separate small aquarium or plastic shoebox filled with water of similar parameters as the spawning aquarium . then add a couple more mops to the aquarium . give the pair another day or so , and then move them back to the main aquarium . the mops can be added to the same hatching container as the previous mops .\nsome breeders add a bit of salt and a drop of methylene blue to the hatch water , along with a slowly bubbling airstone . others add acriflavine instead of the methylene blue . still others add nothing special to the hatch water . the idea is to keep any fungus that develops on infertile eggs from infecting the fertile eggs . a variation on this is to use a small dish filled with a hatch mix ( water , methylene blue , salt ) . hand - pick individual eggs , and drop them one at a time into this hatch container . this is very labor intensive , but it gives the breeder good control , so they can quickly remove any eggs that go bad .\nwhatever method you choose , the eggs will hatch in about 14 days . upon hatching , the fry have used up their yolk sacs and are hungry . they will take newly hatched brine shrimp , vinegar eels , microworms or walter worms , and other small foods such as commercial fry foods . i gently remove each baby fish from the hatch container immediately after they hatch and move them to a plastic shoebox filled with clean water of the same parameters . i add a clump of java moss ( taxiphyllum sp . ) to the box and a couple of small ramshorn snails to help clean up uneaten food .\nthe fry grow quickly and in just about 7 or 8 weeks , the young males will begin to color up . if you reach this point , congratulations ! you\u2019ve had another successful adventure in fish breeding .\nthe author outlines the complex history and classification of this popular killifish , with a focus on optimal living conditions , breeding , and its widely variable populations .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 2 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44365 ) ; 2 . 5 cm tl ( female )\nlives in small temporary pools of the river ecucu drainage systems ( ref . 44365 ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00442 - 0 . 02595 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 71 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; non - migratory . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2059 )\nafrica : lower cross river system , southeastern nigeria . also known from the ndian river in southwest cameroon ( ref . 7372 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )\noccurs in brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest and forested savanna , mainly in waters on tertiary sedimentary soil ( ref . 3788 ) . not a seasonal killifish . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 12 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 23\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nafrica : bandama , como\u00e9 and bia river drainages in central , southern and eastern c\u00f4te d ' ivoire . the bia , tano , ankobra and oda river drainages in southwestern ghana .\noccurs in swamps , pools , brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest and forested savanna ( ref . 3788 ) . bottom spawner , 2 months incubation . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nteugels , g . g . , c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and k . traor\u00e9 , 1988 . \u00e9tat des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins c\u00f4tiers de c\u00f4te d ' ivoire et de l ' ouest du ghana . rev . hydrobiol . trop . 21 ( 3 ) : 221 - 237 . ( ref . 272 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : ? - 10 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 21\u00b0c - 23\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )\noccurs in swamps and swampy parts of shallow brooks in the coastal rainforest ( ref . 3788 ) . feeds on worms , crustaceans and insects ( ref . 7020 ) . bottom spawner , 1 . 5 month incubation . is very difficult to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 43 se ; based on food items .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nendangered b1ab ( ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : this species is endemic to niger delta of nigeria . it is restricted to temporary swamps and swampy parts of smaller brooks in the coastal rainforest between warri to port harcourt . the eoo is less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 , and the aoo is less than 500 km 2 . this area is not only highly polluted by oil exploration and vandalization of oil pipelines as a result of civil conflict ; it is an area of massive urban and industrial development in petrochemical and steel . the population size is not known but it may be being reduced at a very rapid rate as their habitat is presently been drained for urban development . in addition to habitat destruction , this species are also been collected for aquarium trade .\nthis species is a small semi - annual bottom spawning killifish that grows to 5 cm in sl . the eggs incubate in the substrate for 2 months and can withstand some degree of water restriction . it inhabits temporary swamps and swampy parts of small rivers and brooks in the coastal rainforest . it is non - migratory .\nthis is an aquarium trade species . eggs can be transported in damp moss - easy to maintain and breed .\nthis species is targeted for the aquarium trade . it is polluted by oil exploration and vandalization of oil pipelines as a result of civil conflict ; it is an area of massive urban and industrial development in petrochemical and steel .\nmajor threats are unknown as the location is not confirmed , although it has been harvested for the aquarium trade .\nnone known . more information is needed on the distribution and threats of this species .\nthis guide is intended to provide basic information for newcomers to keeping killifish . the information provided here was derived largely from the aka\u2019s beginners guide , by alan c . markis and roger w . langton . the latest edition of this booklet , edited by edd kray , is more complete than this online version and contains more photos . it is provided free to all new members of the aka . click on join aka at the top of the page to access an online application .\nit can be difficult for beginners to know exactly what fish to purchase because killifish are generally referred to ( especially amongst enthusiasts ) by their scientific names and some familiarity is needed to know what fish these names represent . as you read about the various species in publications like the journal of the american killifish association ( jaka ) and a variety of books that are available , you will develop a sense for the fish .\nwhen the time comes to choose your first killies , do so with care . needless to say , choose healthy fish , but be careful also to choose fish that are correctly identified . many species and strains of killifish look very similar and killies sold in pet stores are frequently misidentified . furthermore , many killifish are maintained as known locality strains . for example nothobranchius rachovii beira \u201991 , a very beautiful fish , represents a particular strain of this species identified by the locality and the year in which it was collected . it is strongly felt , in the killie hobby , that such strains not be crossed with others , even when they appear to be the same fish . such crossings can produce hybrids , which may be sterile , or at least are fish that nature never produced .\nthe remainder of this section will briefly discuss some of the genera of killifish , and some of the species found within them , with a particular emphasis on those that are suitable for beginners .\nthis is one of the most popular of the killifish genera among hobbyists , and it contains a large number of species that are maintained in the hobby . these species hail from west africa , many are beautiful and relatively easy to maintain and breed . most are spawned on floating mops ( see below ) .\none of the most commonly seen and a suitable beginner\u2019s fish , is aphyosemion australe , one the few killies that does have a common name , the lyretail . this species spawns in floating mops . it comes in three color strains . the chocolate is the natural form , while the gold and the orange were developed in aquarium populations . other species in this genus that are suitable for beginners are a . calliurum , a . ahli , and a . bivittatum . aphyosemions with the same species name are often identified as coming from specific populations or locations . different populations may or may not be genetically identical .\nthis genus contains several very colorful species that are suitable for beginners . these include the popular fp . gardneri , fp . filamentosus , and the emblem fish of the aka , fp . sjoestedti . many of the strains of fp . gardneri are relatively easy to maintain and breed as is fp . filamentosus . fp . sjoestedti is a little more challenging , although it can be hard to resist its charms . all of these species come in several strains . some fp . gardneri are top spawners , while fp . gardneri nigerianus and fp . gardneri garderni are switch ( top / bottom ) spawners . the other two species mentioned are bottom spawners .\nthere a several popular genera and species amongst the south american annuals . nematolebias whitei is an excellent beginner\u2019s fish , easily bred and cared for in the aquarium . it is a truly elegant fish and its spawning behavior is fascinating . perhaps its only disadvantage is that , like many other annuals , the beginner has to wait for some months between first spawning and first hatch .\nspecies in this genus are surface fish , feeding on insects that fall into the water . they prefer to lay their eggs at the top of floating mops or plants . they are hardy , many are of good size , and many are easily bred and maintained in aquaria . good examples , and good choices for beginners are e . sexfasciatus and e . fasciolatus . the genus also contains some challenging species . for example , the diminutive e . annulatus , although strikingly beautiful , would not be a good beginner\u2019s choice .\nthere are many other interesting genera , including the north american native killies , including the desert pupfish and the florida flagfish , jordenella floridae , the genera rivulus , rachovia , austrofundulus , and on and on . many of these are discussed elsewhere on this site .\nas discussed already , it is easy to hybridize some of the killies species . it is the policy of the american killifish association to discourage hybridization except for scientific and research purposes . the organization believes that the fishes should remain as they are in nature and that hobbyists should not intentionally change color patterns , form , or identity . every member of the aka is urged to maintain this policy .\neveryone is urged to maintain the highest standards in his fish keeping by maintaining optimum environmental standards for his or her fish and by only passing on fish to other hobbyists that meet the highest standards of good health and color .\ngood luck with your hobby and may you have many years of success and enjoyment with killies . if you are not yet a member of the aka , we look forward to having you join and meeting you .\nas will be discussed later in this document , fry are often hatched in smaller containers , such as plastic \u201cshoe boxes\u201d or other storage boxes . in a typical fishroom for killifish , therefore , you will usually see tanks and containers in a wide variety of sizes . how these are arranged is a matter of personal taste , but killie fishrooms often have racks of tanks with small breeding tanks on top and larger rearing tanks below . one advantage of a fishroom is that the whole room , rather than individual tanks , can be heated . the fishroom shown here is that of norbert dadaniak in germany . you can click on the image to see it at larger size . use the back button to return to this page .\nplanted tanks are pleasing to view , and plants help to utilize organic wastes produced by the fish and , to some degree , in oxygenating the water . however , many killie keepers avoid the use of plants in breeding tanks , and even in rearing tanks . plants can make the collection of eggs , described later , difficult . furthermore , bottom spawners may spawn in the gravel substrate , which is may be undesirable . on the other hand , one technique for spawning the \u201cplant spawners\u201d involves the use of a permanently planted tank and some breeders spawn bottom spawners over gravel . a common compromise is to use bare breeding tanks , and planted rearing tanks .\nwhat plants to use is a matter of choice for the aquarist but , because killies often do best in tanks with relatively low lighting levels , plants tolerant of low light conditions are best . these include the cryptocorynes , java moss , and java fern . if gravel is used as a substrate it usually should be of a type that will not harden the water . a quartz sand or fine gravel favored by aquatic plant enthusiasts is # 3 blasting sand , available at many hardware stores .\nmany killies , such as the aphyosemions , come from forest streams that are protected from direct sunlight , and prefer subdued lighting . in brightly lit aquaria , plants may provide some shading for killies that prefer low light conditions . many killies appear at their best when light falls from above and to the front of the tank . because of this , many killie enthusiasts illuminate their tanks , especially breeding tanks , by ceiling lights , with fixtures over only those tanks where more intense lighting is required .\nsmall aquaria , such as are often used for housing killies , are more easily polluted than large aquaria . the relatively small volume of water easily accumulates waste products , generating ammonia and nitrites , which are extremely toxic to fish . most killie keepers , at least in the united states , therefore utilize some form of aeration and filtration . air driven filters provide a home for aerobic nitrifying bacteria , which break down the harmful ammonia and nitrite to nitrate , a much less toxic end product .\nvarious types of filters can be used , but for small tanks the most popular are simple box filters , containing filter \u201cwool\u201d , or sponge filters . both provide a large surface area for bacteria to colonize and filter particulate matter from the water . sponge filters have the advantage of not entrapping fry , a potential problem with box filters . in larger aquaria where a substrate is being used , under - gravel filters may also be used .\nideal water temperatures vary depending on the species , but for most killifish the temperature should be in the range of 72 - 75 \u00b0f . conventional aquarium heaters may be used , but because serious killie keepers have several or many tanks , it is common for the whole room to be heated . another advantage of this approach is that tank covers do not have to accommodate heater cables . many killies are great jumpers and will exit the tank , and this life , through such small openings . the killie fancier , therefore , must ensure that tank covers are closely fitted .\nit is impossible to generalize about the water conditions required by killies . some , such as a . cameronense come from soft , acid waters , while others come from harder , alkaline waters , and others from brackish waters . some killies must have particular water conditions . others , such as nothobranchius species , can tolerate a range of water conditions . naturally , no fish should be subjected to sudden changes in ph and hardness .\nthe ph of water may be changed using weak acids , such as sodium biphosphate ( nah 2 po 4 ) or weak bases , such as sodium bicarbonate ( nahco 3 , or baking soda ) . it is easy to change ph excessively using these chemicals , and the ph change produced may not be stable . a better way to reduce ph is to filter the water through peat moss . the peat moss is best boiled and rinsed then placed in a box filter between layers of filter wool . after a day or two the water will be amber and somewhat more acid . to increase ph it is best to include some form of calcium carbonate in the tank , such as a lime sand or gravel . carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) released as a waste product by the fish dissolves in water to produce carbonic acid , which will react with calcium carbonate to produce soluble calcium bicarbonate . the latter provides buffering capacity , helping to stabilize the ph of the water in the aquarium .\na varied and balanced diet is a practical necessity to achieve any degree of success with killifish , particularly in breeding them . many killifish do really well only if supplied with livefood . others do well on frozen foods and some , on dry foods . at any rate , exclusive use of a single food should be avoided , as this practice is likely to lead to nutritional imbalances and deficiencies . you will find useful information on foods on other sites , such as the krib .\nthis food is a staple of many killie fishrooms . in some areas live adult brine shrimp can be purchased . these are a good nutritional source and are eagerly taken by most killies . as they live in strong salt water , they are less likely to carry parasites and bacteria harmful to freshwater fish . frozen brine shrimp are widely available and widely used . they are readily accepted by most fish but , as with any non - live food , care must be taken not to overfeed .\nthis little crustacean is one of the most widely used live foods . daphnia can be cultured artificially , at least in limited quantities , but most aquarists collect them from pools and ponds . a drawback to use of daphnia collected in this way is the danger of collecting other organisms potentially dangerous to aquarium fish . daphnia are said to act as a laxative for fish and , like other foods , daphnia should not be fed exclusively .\nthis is an excellent live food for killies , although available only seasonally . they may be collected from standing water and ponds , either by swiftly passing a net through the water near the surface , or by collecting the egg \u201crafts\u201d , which can be allowed to hatch in a container of water in the fishroom . many aquarists recommend culture of mosquito larvae by leaving out a container of water , which is allowed to become green with algae . the egg rafts or larvae are then collected under controlled conditions . care must be taken to avoid allowing the larvae to complete the life cycle and become mosquitoes . that is a good way to make yourself unpopular with the neighbors and should be avoided because of the mosquito borne west nile virus . as with the collection of other live foods , there is a risk of introducing fish enemies with the food .\ntubifex worms are small worms that live in filthy places , such as sewage run - offs and the like . they can be collected from such sites , or purchased from some stores . tubifex are an excellent food for killifish , but they carry the reputation of transmitting a variety of diseases . this risk may be reduced somewhat by holding the worms for a time in a shallow tray through which cold water runs . in this way evacuated matter and detritus from dead worms are washed away .\nblackworms are similar to , but distinct from , tubifex worms and are also an excellent food . they can be purchased , either from a store , or directly from companies that grow them for profit . some of these producers are associated with fish farming operations . others are dedicated purely to growing blackworms . those associated with fish farms may be more likely to transmit fish diseases . like tubifex , blackworms carry a reputation for transmitting diseases . however , some breeders swear by them . blackworms may be maintained for some time under running , cold water or refrigerated in dishes with enough water to barely cover them .\ntwo fruit fly ( drosophila ) mutants , vestigial wing and flightless , make excellent food for killies . by virtue of the mutations they bear , they cannot fly . they can crawl , though , so it is advisable to feed just enough that the fish will eat them immediately . these flies are usually cultured in some sort of bottle into which a fruit fly medium , with a sprinkle of dry yeast , has been placed . the bottle is plugged with a piece of plastic sponge , or some such thing , after the flies are added . after some days larvae will appear , which then pupate , and eventually adult flies will emerge , at which stage they can be fed to the fish . fruit fly medium can be cooked , but this is a time consuming and messy business . instant medium can be obtained from biological suppliers such as carolina biological , and is much easier to use . a starter culture of flies can be purchased from similar sources , or obtained from other hobbyists . starter cultures , again , are often listed in the f & el .\nbeef heart , trimmed of fibrous tissue and fat , can be frozen , then grated to produce \u201cworm - like\u201d pieces . many hobbyists use beef heart as the basis for a prepared food containing vegetable matter , vitamins and other additives . others prepare similar paste foods based on shrimp and fish . these are fed as small pieces or gratings . care must be taken to feed only as much as will be eaten immediately , as remnants of this type of food can quickly foul the water . here is a recipe for a ( non - beef heart based ) paste food . recipes can also be found on the krib ."]}
{"id": 1016, "summary": [{"text": "corydoras seussi is a south american catfish , family callichthyidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was named after german ichthyologist dr werner seuss .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it quite strongly resembles the corydoras gossei .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "however , it can be differentiated by its longer snout ; nonetheless , it is not a ' true ' longnose corydoras in the manner of , for example , corydoras septentrionalis .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the captive spawning of this catfish has not been documented . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "corydoras seussi", "paragraphs": ["orydoras seussi has been available to the hobbyist for a few years now , and shares a similar colour pattern with corydoras gossei , which has a rounded snout . before being described scientifically as corydoras seussi this magnificent catfish was referred to as c27 .\ncorydoras seussi belongs to the family callichthyidae from brazil ; namely the rio poranga a tributary of the upper rio negro and the mamore river basin .\nas with all the other corydoras that i have had the pleasure to keep over the years , corydoras seussi readily accepts a mixed and varied diet . i personally feed all of my corydoras on sinking pellets , good quality flake foods , granular foods , cultured whiteworm and frozen foods such as bloodworm to name but a few .\nthere are no reported cases of this species of corydoras breeding in the aquarium .\ncorydoras on fine sand instead of gravel . great for loaches and apistogrammas as well .\nalways use fine gravel or sand for the tank substrate to prevent the barbels on this fish being damaged . corydoras seussi should be kept in groups of at least 5 fish and add hiding places to the tank . always keep these fish with other peaceful species .\nno captive breeding information is available , but it can probably be bred in a similar fashion to many other corydoras species .\nthese catfish are very peaceful towards their own kind and indeed other species of corydoras . these catfish are ideally suited to being kept in a community aquarium environment with other non - aggressive species of fish such as tetras and dwarf cichlids . whilst corydoras seussi are not cheap to purchase , wherever possible i would recommend that you purchase a minimum of six specimens , as they are naturally found in the wild in large shoals .\nlike most corys , c . seussi is most easily sexed when viewed from above . females are noticeably rounder and broader - bodied than females , especially when full of eggs .\nvery similar in appearance to c . gossei , seussi can be distinguished by its less rounded snout . it may also be referred to by its c - number , c027 .\nwhilst this is a species of corydoras that i am fortunate to have kept in recent years i was unable to persuade the fish to breed . whilst there are documented records for spawning the similar coloured corydoras gossei , i am not personally aware of any successful accounts for spawning corydoras seussi to date . i would however , envisage that when breeding these catfish would adopt the typical corydoras \u201ct\u201d clinch when mating , which involves the female transferring sperm from the male to her eggs held in her ventral fins prior to them being laid carefully on a chosen surface . it is documented and observed that the female takes the sperm from the male into her mouth which is then passed out of her vent and on to the eggs which she holds in small numbers between her ventral fins .\ncorydoras are identified by their twin rows of armour plates along the flanks and by having fewer than 10 dorsal fin rays . they are most commonly confused with the other genera in the sub - family , namely brochis , scleromystax and aspidoras . shares a similar colour pattern with corydoras gossei , which has a rounded snout .\ncorydoras seussi prefer to be kept in water which has a ph in the range of 6 . 5 - 7 . 2 ( although it has been known for this species to tolerate a much wider range of ph 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ) , and hardness in the range of 2 . 0 - 25 . 0 dgh . this catfish is ideally suited to temperatures in the range of 22 - 26\u00bac .\nthese fish are armoured , not scaled , catfish . they have two rows of overlapping bony plates running down each side and large plates covering their head . indeed , the name corydoras is derived from the greek kory ( helmet ) and doras ( skin ) .\nthese fish are incredibly docile , very peaceful and are a wonderfully easy fish to own . however it is a remarkably little known fact that corydoras species have a very sharp barb just under each eye , one in the adipose fin , and a large one in the front of their dorsal fin .\nthe corydoras group of fish frequently gulps air . this is normal and is not a cause for concern . if too little room is available between the water surface and the hood ( < 2\n) the fish may hit the hood . they hold the air in their stomach and the thin lining dissipates the oxygen .\nvery peaceful and suitable for many community tanks . don\u2019t keep it with anything very large or aggressive . good tankmates include small characins , cyprinids , anabantoids , dwarf cichlids and other peaceful catfish . always try to maintain corydoras in groups as they\u2019re far more confident and active in the presence of conspecifics . a group of at least 6 individuals is suggested .\nwhat is also little known is that most species of corydoras have a poison gland in their barbs which causes fish which try to eat them to get stung . this causes the attacking fish to suffer a lot of pain rather like a jellyfish sting . needless to say this causes an annoying , but harmless , irritant to aquarists skin if they get stung also .\nsmall side stream of rio pacas - novos , side branch of rio mimor\u00e9 , near guajar - mirim , rond\u00f4ndia , brazil .\ncory = helmet , doras = skin . in this case it was incorrectly used to mean armour ( cuirasse ) instead of skin in allusion to the dual rows of plates that run along the flanks of this genus . this catfish was specifically named after ( dedicated to ) mr . werner seuss , a well known german aquarist and author .\n70mm or 2 . 8\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nthe males tend to be slightly smaller and more slender than the females . the dorsal and pectoral fins of the males tend to be more pointed than those of the females . sexing of these catfish is easier when being viewed from above .\nrio poranga a tributary of the upper rio negro and the mamore river basin .\nsuggested foods are high quality flake foods , sinking wafers , frozen blood worms , grindal worms , tubificid worms .\nsandy bottom with an open swimming space lined with bogwood and plants to retreat into .\n( 1 ) coryologist ( k : 12 ) , ( 2 ) coryman , ( 3 ) yan , ( 4 ) philtre , ( 5 ) angjo , ( 6 ) jollysue , ( 7 ) gem400 ( k : 4 ) , ( 8 ) corries , ( 9 ) reticulata , ( 10 ) bamboosticks ( k : 4 ) , who also notes :\nbig and confident fish .\n, ( 11 ) tony57 , ( 12 ) jpod , ( 13 ) mark roesner , ( 14 ) gossei ( k : 5 ) , ( 15 ) aspidoras ( k : 7 ) , ( 16 ) valb68 ( k : 8 ) , ( 17 ) lee meadows , ( 18 ) sean b , ( 19 ) kamas88 ( k : 5 ) , ( 20 ) charliem9 , ( 21 ) amli , ( 22 ) krawallo ( k : 27 ) , who also notes :\nhomemade photos follow\n, ( 23 ) per jensen , ( 24 ) matte s , ( 25 ) evojoey , ( 26 ) coolcorycats , ( 27 ) don kinyon ( k : 10 ) , ( 28 ) protopterus , ( 29 ) mexnotex . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n24\u2033 x 15\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 60cm x 37 . 5cm x 30cm ) \u2013 71 litres .\nuse a substrate of fine sand and provide shelter in the form of smooth rocks and chunks of bogwood . areas of thick planting are also appreciated , as is the provision of some floating cover . also provide some surface turbulence and flow , as it prefers well - oxygenated water . as with all corys , don\u2019t use undergravel filtration , and ensure the substrate is kept scrupulously clean , as these catfish are sensitive to poorly - maintained or dirty substrates and can lose their barbels if kept in poor conditions .\nwill accept most sinking dried foods , as well as small live and frozen varieties such as bloodworm , brine shrimp and chopped earthworm . feeding a varied diet will ensure the fish are in the best condition .\nset up the breeding tank ( 18\u2033 x 12\u2033 x 12\u2033 or similar is a good size ) , with either a bare bottom , sand or fine gravel substrate . use air - powered sponge or box - type filtration as fry won\u2019t be sucked into these and provide some clumps of vegetation such as java moss . a temperature of around 75\u00b0f and a ph of 7 should be fine . it\u2019s always better to have a higher ratio of males to females when breeding corys and 2 males per female is recommended . condition the group on a varied diet of live , frozen and dried foods . when the females are visibly full of eggs perform a large ( 50 - 70 % ) water change with cooler water , and increase oxygenation and flow in the tank . repeat this daily until the fish spawn .\nit\u2019s worth observing a couple of notes on general cory breeding at this point . many species are seasonal spawners , breeding during the wet season in their native countries . this occurs at the same time of year as the uk winter , so if summer breeding attempts are failing , it may be worth waiting until winter before trying again . also , some species can take several years to become sexually mature , so be patient . finally some species simply require different tactics , including timing of water changes , oxygenation levels etc . if you aren\u2019t having any luck , don\u2019t be afraid of trying different approaches .\nif the fish decide to spawn , they will usually lay their eggs on the tank glass , often in an area where water flow is quite high . spawning behaviour is characterised by an initial increase in activity and excitement , before males begin to actively pursue females . a receptive female will allow a male to caress her with his barbels , before the pair take up the classic \u201ct - position\u201d , in which the male grasps the females barbels between his pectoral fin and body . he then releases some sperm and it\u2019s thought that this passes through the mouth and gills of the female , being directed towards her pelvic fins . these she uses to form a \u2018basket\u2019 , into which she deposits a single egg ( although up to 4 may be released ) . once this is fertilised , she swims away to find a suitable place to deposit the egg , before the cycle is repeated . if you spawn the fish in a group situation , you will often see multiple males chasing a female as she goes to deposit an egg , in an effort to be the next chosen to fertilise eggs .\nthe adults will eat their spawn given the opportunity , so once spawning is complete you have 2 choices . either remove the adults and raise the brood in the same tank , or move the eggs and raise the fry elsewhere . if you decide to move the eggs , you\u2019ll find they\u2019re quite robust , and can usually be gently rolled up the glass with a finger . the new container should contain the same water as the spawning tank and be similarly well - oxygenated . wherever you decide to hatch the eggs , it\u2019s always best to add a few drops of methylene blue to the water to prevent fungussing . even then some eggs will probably fungus , and these should be removed as soon as they\u2019re spotted in order to prevent the fungus spreading .\nthe eggs hatch in 3 - 4 days and once the fry have used up their yolk sacs , they will accept microworm and brine shrimp nauplii as first foods . the fry seem to be less susceptible to disease when kept over a thin layer of sand , as opposed to in a bare - bottomed setup .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe last month of 2006 brings another factsheet from our resident\nguru\nchris ralph and a look at a relatively new cory which has only been in the hobby for the last 10 years , and is coincidental in that scotcat will be celebrating 10 years next month also , so i will hand you over to chris to guide you along .\ni would suggest a minimum size of 24\u201d x 15\u201d x 12\u201d for a shoal of these fascinating catfish . the preferred substrate for keeping these catfish should be good quality aquarium sand such as bd aquarium sand , or very smooth rounded gravel in order to prevent their barbels from being damaged . the aquarium should provide some shelter in the form of rocks , bogwood and aquatic plants . as with all other species of fish , water quality and general husbandry is very important , and i would recommend that the aquarist undertake a minimum of 25 % water change on a fortnightly basis .\nthe base colour of the body is tan overlapped by a much darker coloured pigment which is slate grey / blue . the dorsolateral scutes are much darker exhibiting the slate grey / blue colour than the ventrolateral scutes which are tan coloured . the head region is overlaid with an orange to almost gold colour , which in natural sunlight is truly magnificent . the head area around the barbels and eyes is also overlaid with light coloured spots . the first rays of the dorsal , pectoral and ventral fins are orange in colour interspersed with some slate grey / blue colouration . the soft rays of the pectoral and ventral fins are orange in colour , whilst the remaining fins ( dorsal , anal , adipose and caudal ) are light ( white ) coloured with slate grey to black coloured almost stripy markings . the caudal fin has 5 - 6 distinct vertical black bands / stripes . in bright sunlight there is a green sheen which can be seen over the top half of the body of this catfish .\ncory = helmet , doras = skin . this catfish was specifically named after ( dedicated to ) mr . werner seuss who is a well known german aquarist and author .\nchris ralph ; 19 / 04 / 05 first published in tropical fish magazine june 2005 .\ndorsolateral refers to the area above the lateral line and below the dorsal fin . ventrolateral refers to the area below the lateral line and above the ventral fins .\n70mm s . l . - 7cm , - 2\u00beins . ( standard length \u2013 this is the measurement of the fish from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal peduncle ) .\nif you found this page helpful you can help keep scotcat running by making a small donation , thanks .\ngreek , kory = helmet + greek , doras = skin ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 2 - 25 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 13371 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37395 )\nreis , r . e . , 2003 . callichthyidae ( armored catfishes ) . p . 291 - 309 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 37395 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01660 ( 0 . 00670 - 0 . 04111 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 73 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nusually when properly conditioned , the difference between the male and female corydora becomes quite evident . females have a larger underbelly , when viewed from the top will look a lot wider than a male . males are smaller in length than females also .\nvery peaceful community fish . will not intentionally bother tank inhabitants , however their bumbling about the tank may bother more delicate fish or other bottom dwellers . are best kept in groups of 5 - 6 or more .\n, these fish will eat most food which sinks to the bottom of the tank . sinking\n. vegetable - based foods offer little nutrition to them . they will also eat any dead , dying , or even injured fish , that sit on the substrate too long . they ' re very opportunistic !\nthese fish are most active at night , so feeding once before lights out is typically enough . though they can easily be persuaded to feed during the day . since they are slower eaters they should be allowed at least 30 minutes to consume their food .\nrequires a sand or small gravel substrate and prefers a planted tank . keeping a\n, as with other scaleless fish , adding salt to the tank will cause them harm .\nthis fish likes the company of its own kind . it is recommended to keep at least 2 , or better yet , several of the same species . the more you have , the more secure they are and the more you will see them .\nthey are known to ' blink ' their eyes to the amazement of onlookers . the cory has the ability to tilt its eye down to examine the nearby substrate .\ntypical corydora in shape . this corydora has a cream belly with dark iridescent flanks . the caudal fin has dark bars .\nthe fish uses these barbs to protect itself from being swallowed by a larger fish . therefore when using a net to catch these fish , be prepared for the cory to become caught up in the mesh of the net . also , ensure you don ' t try to catch this fish in your hand !\nthe cory has a sensitive sense of smell and its barbels allow it to taste food hidden in the substrate .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 16 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nunfortunately questions regarding fish , plants , diseases or tank setup will be ignored if submitted via the form below ! in order to ask such a question , please click this link ! the form below shall be used to ask about the website , functionality , issues or to give feedback . thanks a lot !\nwork properly ! please , consider enabling javascript in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .\nwork properly ! please , consider enabling cookies in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .\nusual size in fish tanks : 5 - 7 cm ( 1 . 97 - 2 . 76 inch )\nrecommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 5 - 24\u00b0n ( 89 . 29 - 428 . 57ppm )\nfeed seuss\u2019 corys with a quality flake or sinking pellets . algae wafers will be beneficial to these fish as are treats of brine shrimp and blood worms . always ensure these fish get there fair share of the food .\nsouth america ; seuss\u2019 corys are to be found in the waterways of brazil .\nwhen viewed from above , the female will be slightly larger with a plumper body shape .\nnetting a fish pond will keep cats and birds away and your fish will be safe .\nall comments must be submitted by registered members . please , click this link to login or register !\nplease , verify whether your login and password are valid . if you don ' t have an account here , register one free of charge , please .\nunfortunately this page doesn ' t allow discussion . please , find any other page that fits your area of interest as over 99 % of our pages allow discussion . the reason why no discussion is allowed here is this page is too general . thanks a lot for understanding ! 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{"id": 1022, "summary": [{"text": "hiemalora is a fossil of the ediacaran biota , reaching around 3 cm in diameter , which superficially resembles a sea anemone .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the genus has a sack-like body with faint radiating lines originally interpreted as tentacles , but discovery of a frond-like structure seemingly attached to some heimalora has added weight to a competing interpretation : that it represents the holdfast of a larger organism .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this interpretation would stand against its original classification in the medusoid cnidaria ; it would also consign a once-popular hypothesis placing hiemalora in the chondrophores , on the basis of its tentacle structure , to the dustbin .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "studies testing the feasibility of hypothesis investigated the possibilities that such fragile tentacles could be preserved , and concluded that it would be very improbable \u2014 especially as many hiemalora bearing beds also contain such fossils as cyclomedusa , but do not preserve the tentacles on these organisms .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "heimalora has been identified in a wide range of facies and locations globally . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "hiemalora", "paragraphs": ["hiemalora cf . stellaris fedonkin , 1984 , pl . 5 , fig . 5 .\nhiemalora pleiomorpha dzik , 2003 , p . 124 , fig . 10b ( only ) .\nhiemalora stellaris fedonkin , 1984 , p . 42 - 43 , pl . 5 , fig . 3 .\nhiemalora stellaris gureev , 1988 , p . 69 , pl . 13 , figs . 2 , 3 .\nhiemalora pleiomorphus runnegar and fedonkin , 1992 , p . 387 , fig . 7 . 7 . 5c .\nhiemalora aff . h . pleiomorphus narbonne , 1994 , p . 412 , fig . 3 . 1 .\nhiemalora stellaris sokolov , 1997 , p . 134 - 135 , pl . 18 , fig . 3 .\nhiemalora narbonne , dalrymple , and gehling , 2001 , p . 33 , 60 , 65 , 67 .\ntentaculate discs with possible affinities to hiemalora , o\u2019brien and king , 2004a , p . 209 - 210 , pl . 5b .\nhiemalora martin , grazhdankin , bowring , evans , fedonkin , and kirschvink , 2000 , p . 843 - 844 , fig . 4d .\n? hiemalora sp . farmer , vidal , moczydlowska , strauss , ahlberg , and siedlecka , 1992 , p . 189 , fig . 5a - b .\nhiemalora fedonkin , 1982 is based on cosmopolitan fossils of the late vendian ( ediacaran ) neoproterozoic sequences . there is no consensus on the nature and systematic position of these organisms . taphonomic and morphological observations of extensive collections of hiemalora pleiomorphus from khatyspyt formation ( arctic siberia ) indicate that this fossil is just a part of an unknown organism . most probably hiemalora represents a form with a thick - walled body , possessing a cone - like attachment bearing radial processes that resemble sponge root offshoots or algal rhizoids . originally these structures penetrated the soft sediment and served as anchors as well as a source of symbiotic nutrition . various imprints of hiemalora could represent different sections of conic - shaped bodies . probably , there were several organisms referred to as hiemalora that had a similar substrate attachment organ .\nhiemalora stellaris fedonkin in sokolov and ivanowskiy , 1990 , v . 1 , p . 90 - 91 , pl . 7 , figs . 1 , 6 .\nfigure 11 - reported world occurrences of hiemalora . 1 , sekwi brook ; 2 , avalon ; 3 , bonavista ; 4 , wales ; 5 , tanafjord ; 6 , white sea ; 7 , podolia ; 8 , olenek uplift ; 9 , ediacara ; 10 , questionable hiemalora in vindhyan supergroup . for references , see synonymy .\nhiemalora stellaris fedonkin in sokolov and ivanovskiy , 1985 , v . 1 , p . 84 , pl . 7 , figs . 1 , 6 , fig . 7a .\ndiscussion . - hiemalora has not previously been reported as having an attached frond . we here recognize a new genus that is distinct from hiemalora only by the presence of an attached stem and frondose superstructure . the situation is analogous to the practice of regarding aspidella and charniodiscus as separate taxa , depending on the basis of the presence or absence of an identifiable frond , as the genus of frond cannot be guessed from the preservation of only the holdfast ; both aspidella and hiemalora are viewed as form or organ taxa .\nthe one below it was thought to possibly be a member of the cnidaria by virtue of its tentacle - like structures . given that cyclomedsa is not found with preserved tentacles , hiemalora is now thought to be the anchor of some larger , as yet unknown creature .\nlastly , de ( 2003 ) reported on two questionable hiemalora specimens from the upper vindhyan bhander group northwest of satna , central india . the illustrated specimens are not distinct enough to have confidence in their attribution to this genus , and they are not included in the synonymy .\nall fossils come with a free certificate of authentication name : hiemalora stellaris age : mt . simon complex , lower uppe , cambrian location : marathon county , wisconsin , united states this specimen is sold loose . this fossil would make an ideal display piece . a rare collectible specimen .\nmaterial from the catalina area illustrated in this paper contributes new information on two aspects of the hiemalora enigma : function and original morphology . it bears on the long - standing question of whether the radiating structures are tentacles , roots , or traces . at least two specimens on the same bedding plane in the mistaken point formation at locality 5 , and another two in the fermeuse formation at localities 21 and 26 , show a tripartite arrangement ( fig . 12 ) : a disc with radial appendages that is indistinguishable from hiemalora , with an attached stalk , which in turn merges distally with an abraded , partially preserved frond . unfortunately , the detail of the fronds is insufficient to allow their attribution to any of the frondose forms known from newfoundland or elsewhere . these candelabra - like fossils with a hiemalora base are next described separately under primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n . gen . and sp .\nmartin et al . ( 2000 , fig . 4d ) illustrated a specimen of hiemalora from the white sea coast that very clearly portrays multiple branching , with one or more short branches diverging at angles of 300 - 60 [ degrees ] from the main strand . as already stated , the form was interpreted as a trace fossil .\nit should be noted that hiemalora individuals without fronds in the catalina area are , in places , closely associated with , and seem to intergrade with , identical discs that are relatively quite smooth and that bear only a few faint , or no , ray - like radial markings ( fig . 7 . 4 ) . these structures could be regarded as simple , atypical , unornamented aspidella .\nfarmer et al . ( 1992 , fig . 5a , 5b ) illustrated , along with other body fossils , some low epireliefs from the stappogiedde formation in finnmark , northern norway , and attributed them to hiemalora sp . , but provided no further description . the specimens have a poorly defined central disc ~ 1 cm across , surrounded by a dense fringe of somewhat ragged - looking , radial appendages .\nfigure 10 - morphometry data of retrodeformed specimens of hiemalora in catalina area . 1 , scatter plot of mean ray length ( d ) vs . disc diameter ( d ) , and selected ratios of d / d . 2 , scatter plot of number of rays vs . disc diameter . 3 , frequency histogram of d / d ratio ; compare with fig . 5 of serezhnikova ( 2005 ) .\ndiscussion . - the morphology of the basal disc with radiating processes coincides with that of hiemalora , and the two would be indistinguishable were it not for the presence of an attached stem and frond . the candelabra - like form with the radiating processes on the basal disc thus may have an important bearing on the interpretation of hiemalora insofar as the radiating appendages in the latter have been explained alternatively as tentacles and as rooting structures . the new bonavista material supports the case for the latter interpretation , if , indeed the two taxa represent different degrees of preservation of one type of organism . if so , one should look for evidence for the presence of an attached stem in specimens previously referred to hiemalora . on the other hand , the two taxa may be distinct despite the morphologic resemblance of the ray - bearing discs . the candelabra - like organisms were attached to the seafloor , and were felled in the same direction as nearby charnia and charniodiscus specimens . as with specimens of uiese latter frondose genera on the avalon peninsula , preservation quality is best for the basal disc and progressively deteriorates towards the distal portion , a taphonomic effect due to diachronous burial of an erect frondose organism ( laflamme et al . , 2004 , p . 829 ) .\nwe here provide an interim overview of 40 localities while more detailed studies are continuing . the fossils comprise more than a dozen taxa , most of which are also represented on the avalon peninsula . the most common and longest - ranging is aspidella terranovica . other long - ranging and widespread forms are bradgatia boynton and ford , 1995 , charnia ford , 1958 , charniodiscus ford , 1958 , hiemalora fedonkin , 1982 , and ivesheadia boynton and ford , 1996 , all of which ( excepting hiemalora ) are also characteristic of the charnwood forest area in england , from where , in fact , they were first described . fractofusus is rare in the mistaken point and fermeuse formations , but abundant at some levels in the trepassey formation , and unknown in the renews head formation and in the charnian of england . fossils not previously encountered are also described and assigned to four new species and genera .\nnarbonne ( 1994 , fig . 3 . 1 ) classified a solitary , fragmentary specimen from the sheepbed formation in nw canada as hiemalora aff . h . pleiomorpha . the specimen is relatively large , has somewhat more relief than typical h . pleiomorpha , has densely packed appendages , some fine striations of uncertain significance on one edge of the central disc , and is preserved in positive hyporelief in turbiditic siliciclastics . it was interpreted as a semiinfaunal polyp impression .\nfossils attributed to either species with different degrees of certainty are now known from the ediacaran in other parts of the world ( e . g . , ukraine , norway , nw and e canada , australia ; refer to synonymy ) ( fig . 11 ) . an early illustration of a disc with branching processes that has caused some workers to compare it to hiemalora is \u201cmedusina filamentus\u201d from the rawnsley quartzite ( sprigg , 1949 , p . 90 , pi . 30 , fig . 1 , text - fig . 7d ) . sprigg interpreted the form as a medusoid . the illustration of the holotype shows a partial narrow concentric rim surrounding the central disc and the field with the radial processes , at a distance of about 3vi times the radius of the central disc . this is unlike hiemalora . the specimen was subsequently ascribed to pseudorhizostomites sprigg , 1949 , to which it is connected by transitional forms , according to glaessner and wade ( 1966 , p . 605 ) .\npreservation of local detail in the frond of one specimen , more clearly seen in the latex mold than the specimen in outcrop , shows several oblique divisions spaced equally about 4 mm apart ( fig . 12 . 3 ) . the pattern is reminiscent of secondary branches in charnia and charniodiscus . the shape of the preserved frond portion of this specimen also resembles a stalked specimen of bradgatia from the trepassey formation , but which is without a clearly recognizable hiemalora - like base ( see fig . 19 . 4 under bradgatia ) .\nthe assemblage includes aspidella , blackbrookia , bradgatia , charnia , charniodiscus , fractofusus , hiemalora , and ivesheadia . these occur throughout the succession , with aspidella being the most common genus , followed by charnia and charniodiscus . four new taxa are described , with candelabra - like fossils with a hiemalora - like base referred to primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n . gen . and sp . , bush - like fossils to parviscopa bonavistensis n . gen . and sp . , ladder - like fossils to hadryniscala avalonica n . gen . and sp . , and string - like fossils with basal disc to hadrynichorde catalinensis n . gen . and sp . the remains also include dubiofossils . the stratigraphic ranges of some taxa on the bonavista peninsula are longer than previously reported from the avalon peninsula , with fractofusus spindles present in the trepassey formation , bradgatia , charnia , charniodiscus , and ivesheadia reaching as high as the fermeuse formation , and aspidella extending into the middle of the renews head formation . the spindles in the trepassey formation are comparable to those found mainly in the stratigraphically older briscal formation on the avalon peninsula .\nfigure 12 - outcrop views of primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n . gen . and sp . ( 1 - 4 ) and primocandelabrum sp . ( 5 ) . all photos retrodeformed ; bar scale divisions in cm . 1 , partial frond with well developed rays on basal disc . mistaken point formation , level f7 at locality 5 at 37 . 5 m e ( see fig . 3 . 2 ) . holotype nfm f - 484 . 2 , large partial specimen . fermeuse formation , locality 26 . lighting from right paratype nfm f - 485 . 3 , detail view of latex mold made from frond of specimen of primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n . gen . and sp . in part 2 , showing rhythmically spaced transverse markings , probably representing secondary branches . photo is printed as mirror image to show same orientation as in part 2 . paratype nfm f - 485 . 4 , abraded frond with faint hiemalora - like base . fermeuse formation , locality 21 . lighting from right paratype nfm f - 486 . 5 , partial frond with aspidella - like base . trepassey formation , locality 20 .\ndescription : this spectacular death assemblage predates the cambrian explosion by tens of millions of years . many early attempts at diversity were present during this time , both here and in the ediacara fauna of the flinders ranges of australia . many strange forms were present , some of which still do not have any parallels in modern times . these jellyfish - like examples are one that is relatively easy to attribute to descendants alive today . the incredible soft - bodied preservation is believed to be the result of impressions made in a microbial mat contained within the sand . there is debate about the true nature of both these examples . cyclomedusa was initially thought to be a pelagic jellyfish , but is now more likely a benthic organism much like a sea anemone .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n\u2013 gsl fellows : log in with your lyell username and password . 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marketing . we do not do any form of mailing list or marketing , and your email is only used for contacting you about your order .\nfor any physical goods purchased , your name , address , email and contact will be passed to royal mail , dpd , fedex , or other courier for the purpose of delivery or getting in touch regarding delivery related problems or tracking .\nfor orders , your name is displayed for 15 minutes on our office screen , so our team can be aware of priority orders and prepare for the order before they even print out . we can also see any failed or attempted orders , and may then contact customers to see if they need any help putting their order through .\nour online chat is provided by jivo . any details you enter are passed securely to us in an encrypted connection . a copy of your chat is stored on our email in case we need to refer back to it , or get in touch , but is deleted after 5 months .\nserver log files will record your ip address , date , time and pages used when browsing the site . this is an essential part of our website security , the data is only stored on our web server and only used if we need to investigate suspicious website activity .\nwe use google analytics for statistical purposes , this includes storing your ip address and tracking info on google\u2019s servers .\nabstract - newly found fossils in the conception and st . john\u2019s groups of the bonavista peninsula considerably extend the known geographic distribution of the ediacaran fossils in newfoundland . they occur in deepwater sediments and are preserved as epireliefs , forming census populations underneath volcanic ash layers throughout a more than 1 km thick turbiditic sequence . the exposed fossiliferous units comprise the mistaken point , trepassey , fermeuse , and renews head formations . the remains are tectonically deformed , with long axes of elliptical discs aligned parallel to cleavage strike ; shortening of originally circular bedding surface features is on the order of 30 - 50 % ( averaging ~ 35 % ) .\nthe distinctive and problematic ediacaran fossils of soft - bodied organisms constitute a prominent marker in the history of the proterozoic biosphere , and a substantial biologic enigma as well . there is no unanimity as to their affinities . early interpretations placed forms like those found in newfoundland in the kingdom animalia , principally in the phylum cnidaria ( e . g . , glaessner , 1959 , 1984 ; anderson , 1978 ; fedonkin , 1981 ) , others have presented different interpretations . included among these are attributions to a separate extinct kingdom , vendozoa ( seilacher , 1989 ; later vendobionta , seilacher , 1992 ) , xenophyophorean protists ( zhuravlev , 1993 , seilacher et al . , 2003 ) , lichens ( retallack , 1994 ) , photosynthetic \u201cmetacellular\u201d organisms ( mcmenamin , 1998 ) , colonies of prokaryota ( steiner and reitner , 2001 ) , and fungus - like organisms ( peterson et al . , 2003 ) . ediacaran fossils are now thought to be mostly metazoans . for a comprehensive recent review , see narbonne ( 2005 ) .\nthe assemblages in the different areas are characterized by disparate sedimentary environments and different preservation styles , as well as distinctive biotic compositions ( e . g . , narbonne , 1998 ; waggoner , 1999 ; grazhdankin , 2004 ) . ediacaran megafossils in northwestern canada , australia , and eastern europe occur typically as hyporeliefs in shallow water siliciclastics , whereas those in newfoundland , england , and finnmark are preserved as epireliefs in deepwater sediments , and those in namibia commonly are transported entities preserved as endoreliefs in storm - generated sandstone . some forms such as discs are cosmopolitan , whereas others of more complex morphology have more restricted distribution . for analyses of ediacaran assemblages , see the reviews by waggoner ( 1999 , 2003 ) and grazhdankin ( 2004 ) . the forms here described from the bonavista peninsula conform to what is known from the avalon peninsula - preserved on upper bedding surfaces in deep water turbiditic and shallowing - upward pro - deltaic sediments , below ashfall deposits .\nalthough the avalon assemblage has received a great deal of study in recent years ( gehling et al . , 2000 , narbonne et al . , 2001 , clapham and narbonne , 2002 ; clapham et al . , 2003 , 2004 ; narbonne and gehling , 2003 ; wood et al . , 2003 ; narbonne , 2004 , 2005 ; laflamme et al . , 2004 ; ichaso et al . , 2007 ; gehling and narbonne , 2007 ; laflamme et al . , 2007 ) , much sustained effort will be required to resolve major questions concerning the biological affinities of the elements of this biota . studies by narbonne and his associates are continuing to contribute substantially in this regard . narbonne et al . ( 2001 , p . 28 et seq . ) provide a useful summary of the history of research on the ediacaran biota in newfoundland .\nthe objectives of the present study are the description and illustration of new material from the bonavista peninsula , now the third area in newfoundland known to contain this remarkable assemblage ( o\u2019brien and king , 2004a , 2004b , 2005 ) , and , secondly , to relate these occurrences and their context to those on the avalon peninsula to the south . some of the new localities have yielded exceptionally well preserved specimens of several taxa that improve our knowledge on the distribution , environmental setting , morphology , taphonomy , and taxonomic affiliation of specific ediacaran taxa . one of the significant aspects of the ~ 570 ma avalon assemblage is that no unequivocal trace fossils have yet been recognized . although here interpreted as body fossils , two of the new taxa in the bonavista area ( parviscopa n . gen . and hadrynichorde n . gen . ) have some aspects in common with certain trace fossils normally found in rocks younger by 30 million years ; these are suitable candidates for further studies to confirm their affinities .\nthe bonavista peninsula of newfoundland lies within the appalachian avalon zone , a complex and well - preserved neoproterozoic to early paleozoic terrene that records the development of segments of a much larger precambian orogenic system accreted to the appalachians during paleozoic orogenesis ( cf . o\u2019brien et al . , 1996 ) . integral parts of this belt are ediacaran sedimentary rocks , which are spectacularly preserved along the deeply embayed coast of southeastern newfoundland\nthe murphy\u2019s cove member is dominated by medium - bedded , gray and green sandstones and gray , green , and red mudstones . variegated structureless and laminated mudstones are present at the top of the member and may correlate with the hibbs cove member , uppermost mistaken point formation , at its type locality on the avalon peninsula ( king , 1990 ) . fine - grained , white , gray to light brown tuff forms thin beds and laminae throughout the member and commonly preserve ediacaran fossils underneath .\nconception group strata in the core of the catalina dome pass conformably into fossiliferous marine mudrocks and interbedded sandstones of the st . john\u2019s group ( williams and king , 1979 ) , which consists of , in ascending stratigraphic order , the trepassey , fermeuse , and renews head formations . these sediments formed initially in a deep basinal slope environment , which , in response to a combination of sea - level changes and to seaward advances of a large prograding delta , shallowed over time and in two major cycles ( king , 1980 , 1990 ; o\u2019brien and king , 2005 ) .\nfigure 1 - geologic map of catalina area , with fossil localities ( after o\u2019brien and king , 2005 ) . locality 32 is outside map area , near maberly , 7 km nne of northeast corner of area , at 48 . 608 [ degrees ] n 53 . 009 [ degrees ] w . shg = signal hill group .\nlarge - scale slumps and disrupted beds are present throughout the trepassey formation , representing periodic rapid burial of the habitat that sustained the organisms in this deep - marine setting . the slumps are of the same composition as their respective members and indicate the presence of a slope on which original sediment deposits became unstable , either because of sediment load or seismic shock ; the mass movement was probably slight as the slumped material is near slump scars from which they were derived . the increasing influx up - section of laminated , fine - to medium - grained sand indicates high - energy downslope processes and may reflect shoaling of the basin or sea - level changes .\nfermeuse formation . - the black - shale - dominated fermeuse formation lies in sharp and conformable stratigraphic contact above the trepassey formation . the succession studied to date consists primarily of three principal , interbedded lithofacies . following the terminology of o\u2019brien et al . ( 2006 ) , the prominent facies ( a - f ) , seen in the lowermost part of the formation , is dark gray to black shale and mudstone with laminae , and thin to medium interbeds of gray siltstone , fine grained , brown - weathering gray sandstone , and minor tuff . impoverished current ripples and cross - lamination are locally present but are usually indistinct ; rhythmically alternating sand - mud graded units are common . a second , characteristically remobilized facies ( b - f ) consists of slumped folds of sandstone resedimented in a mud matrix that occur with debris flows . the latter consist of a mixture of sand , mud , and coarse angular to rounded cobble - size fragments of siltstone and sandstone . a third facies ( c - f ) , developed in the upper part of the succession , includes black shales with rare or widely spaced laminae or thin beds of silty sandstone . in general , the proportion of sand increases upwards through the formation . tuff beds are most common in the lower 300 m of the section and are associated with ediacaran fossils .\nthe remobilized facies ( b - f ) occurs throughout several hundred meters of stratigraphic section and contains repetitive and spectacularly preserved tabular units of synsedimentary folds and disrupted beds of sandstone , each unit commonly several meters thick , interbedded with black shale and silty sandstone . the slumped units are locally capped by sand - rich sedimentary breccias overlain by shale . thin beds of ash within the shales within facies a - f and b - f preserve a variety of ediacaran fossils at several stratigraphic levels .\nthe slumped and disrupted units are attributed to gravitational sliding of poorly consolidated beds of sand and mud on a sloping paleosurface during normal pelagic sedimentation . huge masses of mixed sand , mud , and coarse clastic debris were transported as debris and other mass flows into deeper parts of a submarine slope and basin . the presence of sharp bedding planes directly above truncated folds of sandstone and coarse breccias at the top of the disrupted unit indicate periods of erosion by intense bottom currents .\nfossil assemblage and localities . - in a 1978 reconnaissance mapping and paleontological investigation of eastern bonavista peninsula , one of the authors ( king ) noted that 1 ) the siliceous rocks of goodland point , catalina , resembled the mistaken point formation , 2 ) the mudstones of catalina were comparable with the trepassey formation , and 3 ) the shale sequence of melrose matched the fermeuse formation . at that time , only the shales were found to be fossiliferous , yielding very poorly preserved sphaeromorph acritarchs and nonseptate filamentous microfossils near port union ( hofmann et al . , 1979 ) . as a result of more recent work , ediacaran fossils were discovered in this area ( o\u2019brien and king , 2004a ) .\nthe main occurrence of the ediacaran biota on the bonavista peninsula is limited to the catalina dome ( fig . 1 ) . discoidal fossils have also been observed at english harbour , 20 km south of catalina , and at maberly , 10 km to the north . the exposed units belong to the conception and st . john\u2019s groups , with fossiliferous horizons in the mistaken point , trepassey , fermeuse , and renews head formations .\nthe general geographic and stratigraphic distributions of the fossiliferous localities were given by o\u2019brien and king ( 2004a ) , as was a summary of their morphologic diversity . the same authors have since provided a more detailed inventory of their occurrence ( o\u2019brien and king , 2005 ) , but the present paper is the first to more fully describe and illustrate the ediacaran fossils on the bonavista peninsula . figure 2 presents a graphic summary of the more than a dozen constituent elements of this assemblage .\nthe fossils are best observed on dip slopes of shoreline outcrops . the discovery site , also the one showing the greatest diversity of fossils in the new assemblage , is located in the murphy\u2019s cove member of the mistaken point formation ( locality 5 ) , and is illustrated in figure 3 . the fossils are protected under provincial legislation , but remain exposed to the elements ( wave and ice action , cliff collapse , algal and bacterial growth , human activity ) .\nlike the soft - bodied ediacaran fossils on the avalon peninsula , the impressions of the organisms are confined to turbiditic siliciclastics and are typically preserved on upper bedding surfaces of interturbidite mudstones , underneath thin water - laid tuffs ( narbonne et al . , 2001 , 2005 ) .\nfigure 2 - main components of ediacaran biota on the bonavista peninsula . basal portion of large charnia ford , 1958 is conjectural .\nall fossils show the effect of early paleozoic tectonic deformation and pervasive cleavage development related to the formation of the appalachian orogenic belt . originally circular features such as the aspidella organism were deformed into nne trending ellipses , in effect constituting built - in strain gauges that provide a quantitative measure of the amount of tectonic shortening , which is on the order of ~ 35 % on average in the study area , but can attain 50 % or slightly more locally . this allows for the retrodeformation of not only their images , but also those of associated frondose , bush - like , and other fossils , to reconstruct their morphologies and felling directions at the time of burial ( wood et al . , 2003 , fig . 5 ) . most of the illustrations in the plates of the present paper are retrodeformed images of the fossils .\nthe fossils were studied in situ during the summers of 2004 to 2006 , and photographed with digital cameras . selected important specimens were molded with low viscosity ( ~ 7000 cps ) black latex which then served to make casts using a dental stone compound , both of which aided the study in the laboratory . very few actual samples were collected to respect legislation regarding the preservation of the fossil sites . specimens and casts are deposited at the newfoundland museum ( nfm ) in st . john\u2019s , bearing consecutive numbers from nfm f - 457 to nfm f - 656 . catalogue numbers of illustrated material are cited in the captions of the respective figures .\nthe fossiliferous exposures extend stratigraphically from near the base of the mistaken point formation in the conception group to the middle of the renews head formation in the st . john\u2019s group ( fig . 4 ) , and thus the range is limited by lack of strata in the lower part of the stratigraphic section as compared to the much more completely exposed sequence on the avalon peninsula , where the section also includes the fossiliferous briscal and drook formations below the mistaken point formation . on the other hand , many of the taxa reach stratigraphic levels appreciably higher on the bonavista peninsula than on the avalon ( fig . 5 ) .\nthe frondose forms charnia and chamiodiscus show strong preferred alignment on individual bedding planes , which is attributed to downcurrent felling by bottom currents ( wood et al . , 2003 ) . an overall bimodal pattern emerges , with a main mode in a nne direction , and an opposing secondary mode ( fig . 6 ) ; the mean vector show a slight clockwise rotation in ascending the stratigraphic section . the preferred orientation and tripartite organization of basal holdfast disc , stem , and frond indicate that the organisms were erect sessile benthos anchored on the mud , rather than endobenthic ( seilacher , 1992 ) .\nvarious schemes have been devised to accommodate ediacaran fossils in a systematic way , but the goal of finding a suitable scheme acceptable to all who work with such remains is still elusive . the most comprehensive and elaborate attempt has been by fedonkin ( in sokolov and ivanovskiy , 1985 , and sokolov and iwanowski , 1990 ) , who arranged the taxa under two main headings , radialia and bilateria , with further groupings based on the underlying symmetry of the taxa . radialia encompass various classes of discoidal coelenterates , whereas the bilateria comprise various phyla of worm - and arthropod - like fossils , as well as the extinct phylum petalonamae of frondose forms , some of which , strictly speaking , are not bilateral ( e . g . , pteridinium giirich , 1933 ) . forms such as bradgatia , ivesheadia , fractofusus , and others do not readily fit into this scheme . another attempt to classify the ediacaran biota is that presented in runnegar and fedonkin ( 1992 , p . 373 ) .\ninasmuch as the systematic position and phylogeny of many of the forms still need to be worked out ( e . g . , see runnegar , 1995 for arguments generally still current ) , we here use an informal order of presentation that groups the genus - level taxa based on the following broad informal geometric categories and their postulated affinities ( table 1 ) ; one kind of dubiofossil is also described . the scheme has its drawbacks . for instance , the discoid forms have traditionally been classified as cnidarians . however , they may be holdfasts of fronds that were not preserved , and they thus could or should be classed as petalonamae .\nfigure 3 - discovery locality ( locality 5 ) in mistaken point formation . 1 , section , looking east . co - author a . king standing near origin of baseline ( 0 . 0 m ) on main fossiliferous layer ( f7 ) , which extends to white arrow at left . meter - stick near middle resting on layer f4 with numerous aspidella billings , 1872 specimens ( see fig . 7 . 5 ) . lighter layers are tuffaceous horizons . principal fossil levels indicated by f1 - f8 in drawn section at right . 2 , composite photo of main bedding surface f7 of eastern part of main ledge at locality 5 , showing location of specimens that provided latex molds . numbers represent distances in meters east of origin of baseline , and are cited in captions in relevant subsequent figures . meter scale at center graduated in decimeters . discoid forms , spriggia morphs o\u2019brien and king , 2004a , fig . 3 d , e ; pl . 3a , 3c partim .\ndescription . - centimetric elliptical discs on bedding surfaces , with several preservational morphotypes , including small concave epireliefs and larger flat discs , both with distinct narrow raised rim , and others with few to numerous concentric ridges and depressions of low to moderate relief . dimensions of 84 specimens ( long axes ) measured at various localities ranging from 0 . 48 to 12 . 5 cm ( mean 3 . 72 cm ) , with a positively skewed , polymodal pattern ( fig . 7 ) ; two main modes between 1 and 3 cm and 4 and 5 . 5 cm .\noccurrence . - mistaken point formation , localities 1 - 6 , 11 , 12 , 37 , 39 ; trepassey formation , localities 10 , 15 , 20 , 33 , 37 , 40 , 41 ; fermeuse formation , localities 16 - 19 , 21 - 30 , 38 ; renews head formation , locality 32 .\nfigure 4 - simplified stratigraphic section with approximate position of fossil localities . thicknesses are dip - based estimates . full circle indicates presence of taxon ; empty circle signifies uncertain identification . shg = signal hill group . basal portion of taxon 6 ( charnia grandisl ) is conjectural .\nfigure 5 - comparison of stratigraphic ranges of major ediacaran taxa in eastern newfoundland . thicknesses of formations are not to scale . note the higher ranges on the bonavista peninsula ( rectangles ) . inset map : a - mistaken point area on avalon peninsula ; b - catalina area on bonavista peninsula .\nstar - shaped forms , anderson and conway morris , 1982 , p . 7 - 8 , text - fig . 3 .\n? medusina filamentus [ filamentis ] sprigg , 1949 , p . 90 , pi . 13 , fig . 1 , text - fig . 7d .\npinegia stellaris fedonkin , 1980 , p . 9 , pl . 1 , figs . 3 - 5 .\npinegia stellaris fedonkin , 1981 , p . 61 , pl . 30 , figs . 1 - 3 .\npinegia cf . stellaris fedonkin , 1983 , p . 129 , 134 , pl . 29 , fig . 3 .\ndescription . - discs on upper bedding surfaces , 0 . 3 - 4 . 8 cm wide ( mean = 2 . 25 cm , n = 27 ) , outlined by a distinct narrow raised rim ~ 0 . 5 - 1 mm wide surrounding a mostly flat disc with or without concentric ring . attached to rim are numerous outwardly radiating , densely packed to moderately spaced narrow rays or appendages of variable length , generally of the order of the disc diameter or less , but in some specimens attaining double that ( maximum observed length 5 . 2 cm , with average maximum of 3 . 15 cm for 27 specimens ) . rays rectilinear to slightly sinuous , usually unbranched , but bifid and occasional trifid branching observed ; rays rarely crossing over one another ; 2 mm or less in width , slightly tapering distally to a point ( as if descending obliquely into the sediment ) or to a bulbous terminus ( fig . 9 . 1 ) . in figure 9 . 6 , small specimen sitting on ray of larger specimen . in specimens illustrated in figure 9 . 1 - 9 . 3 , and 9 . 6 , rays exhibiting shallow axial trough with curved semi - elliptical cross sections between narrow , levee - like lateral ridges ; possible fusion of two filaments . central disc bearing faint round outlines 3 - 5 mm across . measurements of more complete specimens given in figure 10 .\noccurrence . - mistaken point formation , localities 2 , 3 , 5 , 11 , 35 ; fermeuse formation , localities 16 - 18 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 29 ? , 38 .\ndiscussion . - inasmuch as the terms \u201ctentacles\u201d and \u201croots\u201d used in the literature for the slender radiating appendages convey quite different anatomical features and functions , depending on one\u2019s interpretation of the body , it seems more appropriate to use the more neutral descriptive labels \u201crays\u201d or \u201cappendages\u201d until meir function has been more convincingly demonstrated . while appendages in most specimens are unbranched , a few clearly exhibit branching .\nfigure 6 - circular histograms ( radius of wedge ) showing azimuths of frond alignments of charnia and chamiodiscus ford , 1958 specimens on bonavista peninsula by formation , using 30 [ degrees ] bins for retrodeformed data ; mean vector and 95 % confidence interval superimposed .\nfigure 8 - size distribution of aspidella specimens in bonavista area , based on long diameter of ellipse coincident with cleavage / bedding lineation . polymodal pattern reflects different size values for different stratigraphic levels and localities .\nspecimens of h . stellaris from siliciclastic rocks in the mogilev formation of the ukraine ( gureev , 1988 , pi . 13 , figs . 2 , 3 ) are comparable to specimens from the white sea area .\nrelatively well preserved specimens from wales ( gehling et al . , 2000 , p . 450 ; j . gehling photo , personal commun . , 2005 ) closely resemble specimens from locality 3 in the catalina area , particularly the processes with levee - like borders and the rounded outlines on the disc .\ngenus primocandelabrum new genus type species . - primocandelabrum hiemaloranum new genus and species ( by monotypy ) .\ndiagnosis . - tripartite , candelabrum - like fossils comprised of basal disc , stem , and variable and incompletely preserved bushlike frond of overall triangular shape , containing coarse , distally diverging branches .\netymology . - named for the candelabrum - like shape and its early appearance in the geologic record ; primus = l . first .\ndiagnosis . - as for genus ; basal disc with prominent external radiating processes .\ndescription . - tripartite epireliefs characterized by basal discoidal or globular structure attached to a distinct stem that develops distally into an incompletely preserved , bush - like or candelabra - like frond with a general , overall triangular shape . basal globular or discoidal structure outlined by a narrow raised marginal rim enclosing shallow depression with or without faint concentric markings ; numerous ( 8 - 30 ) narrow , straight to slightly sinuous or bent ray - like appendages radiating from disc rim . diameters of four discs observed 2 . 5 , 3 . 2 , 4 . 2 , and 7 . 8 cm , length of processes about equal to disc diameter . stem length ( distance between disc center and frond ) 3 . 7 , 5 . 3 , 6 . 0 , and 12 . 4 cm , similar to disc diameter , width uniform , respectively 0 . 5 , 1 . 6 , 0 . 8 , and 3 cm . fronds incomplete , proximal portion forming acute to approximately right angles , preserved length about double the stem length ( minima respectively 8 . 5 , 10 . 5 , 15 . 0 , and 23 . 5 cm ) , widths 4 . 7 , 7 . 0 , 7 . 2 , and 20 cm . frond with poorly defined , coarse , distally diverging ridges and intervening depressions ; two depressions in one specimen with faint transverse markings 3 mm wide ( fig . 12 . 3 ) .\ntypes . - holotype nfm f - 484 ; paratypes nfm f - 485 , nfm f - 486 .\noccurrence . - mistaken point formation at locality 5 , and trepassey formation at localities 21 and 26 .\ntype locality . - trinity bay north , locality 5 , at 37 . 5 m e ( see fig . 3 . 2 ) .\ntype horizon . - lower part of murphy\u2019s cove member of mistaken point formation .\n\u201cdusters\u201d , \u201cfeather dusters\u201d , \u201ctree fronds\u201d , narbonne , dalrymple , laflamme , gehling , and boyce , 2005 , p . 58 , 60 , 65 , 68 , figs . 6 . 3 , 6 . 5 , 6 . 6 , 7 . 3 , 7 . 6 .\ndescription . - tripartite epireliefs characterized by basal discoidal structure attached to a distinct stem that develops distally into an incompletely preserved , bush - like frond with coarse , distally diverging branching ridges and intervening irregular depressions . basal disc with or without faint concentric markings . fronds with overall inverted triangular shape apparently without distinct geometric pattern . diameters of four discs observed 2 . 0 , 2 . 2 , 3 . 1 , and 5 . 0 cm . respective stem length ( distance between disc center and frond ) 1 . 9 , 2 . 7 , 2 . 7 , and 5 . 5 cm , similar to disc diameter , stem width respectively 0 . 3 , 0 . 6 , 0 . 4 , and 1 . 0 cm . fronds incomplete , proximal portion forming acute to approximately right angles , preserved length respectively 2 . 4 , 4 . 8 , 12 . 3 , and 13 cm , widths approximately 4 . 0 , 5 . 8 , 10 , and 10 . 5 cm . one specimen with faint radial markings on basal disc .\noccurrence . - mistaken point formation , localities 5 , 6 ; trepassey formation , locality 20 : fermeuse formation , localities 21 , 26 , 29 ? . also present in the mistaken point formation on the avalon peninsula .\ndiscussion . - the dimensions and the shape of the bushy superstructure are very similar to those of specimens of p . hiemaloranum , but the ratio of frond width to frond length is slightly higher for primocandelabrum sp . than for p . hiemaloranum , and the basal discs lack the diagnostic radiating appendices . if originally present , the rays were not preserved , or the attachment disc is preserved at a higher level in the sediment , in which case the form may be a taphomorph of p . hiemaloranum . the fronds of most of these structures show no clear geometric patterns that would allow them to be referred to charnia , charniodiscus , or bifoliate rangeomorphs , and thus their affinities are undetermined .\nfronds with rayless discs occur in the mistaken point formation on the avalon peninsula , where they have been variably referred to as \u201cdusters\u201d , \u201cfeather dusters\u201d , and \u201ctree - fronds . \u201d these are presently under study at queen\u2019s university .\nthe catalina area has yielded fronds of several apparently intergrading morphologic varieties equipped with a short stem emanating from an attachment disc , all broadly attributable to charnia . the frond patterns range from ones with symmetrical , alternating , acutely diverging primary branches with regular transverse secondary partitions , to ones with a rhomboidal surface pattern , to ones with more asymmetrical and more irregular branches with few or no preserved secondary divisions and presence of rangeomorph elements , allowing for the differentiation of at least 3 morphotypes .\nthe appreciable morphologic diversity in the catalina area presents somewhat of a taxonomic dilemma , that is , whether one should assign the forms to different species , or whether the variability represents taphonomic factors or different orientations during burial . for our material , we rely on the regularity of the lobe pattern and transverse divisions , as well as the smaller acute angle at which lobes diverge from the main axis , to assign specimens to c . masoni , and mis includes those with rhomboidal patterns . we distinguish these from specimens with more irregular branching and with higher divergence angles , which we ascribe to charnia antecedens . bedding surfaces with numerous individuals of either species show strong preferred orientation , indicating felling from an erect , anchored living position in response to a passing current . a fourth species chacterized by decimetric length is attributed to c . grandis ?\nthe biological affinities of these fossils are uncertain . charnia has been variously interpreted as algal ( ford , 1958 ) , an octocoral of the extinct order rangeomorpha ( jenkins , 1985 ) , a pennatulacean cnidarian ( fedonkin , 1992 ; jenkins , 1992 , 1996 ; nedin and jenkins , 1998 ) , a vendobiont ( seilacher , 1989 , 1992 ) , or a fungus ( petersen et al . , 2003 ) . our new material includes fronds with distinct rangeomorph elements within the primary branches of charnia antecedens , placing them firmly within the rangeomorpha of the extinct phylum petalonamae pflug , 1972 . glaessner ( 1979 ) erected the family charniidae based on this genus . charnia masoni ford , 1958\ncharnia masoni ford , 1958 , p . 212 , pl . 13 , fig . 1 .\ncharnia masoni fedonkin , 1981 , p . 66 , pl . 3 , figs , 5 , 6 ; pl . 29 , fig . 1 .\ncharnia masoni fedonkin , 1985 , p . 110 , pl . 12 , fig . 4 ; pl . 13 , figs . 2 - 4 .\ncharnia masoni nedin and jenkins , 1998 , p . 315 , fig . 1 .\ncharnia masoni narbonne , dalrymple , and gehling , 2001 , p . 32 , pl . 1c ."]}
{"id": 1027, "summary": [{"text": "doryrhamphus is a genus of pipefishes , one of the two genera colloquially known as flagtail pipefishes and are popular in the aquarium trade .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the members of this genus are native to the indian and pacific oceans where they inhabit reef environments .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species in this genus have a maximum length of 14 centimetres ( 5.5 in ) or less , with d. janssi being the only species that surpasses 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "most species have a horizontal blue line along their body , and all have a whitish-edged tail that is marked contrastingly with black , red or yellow . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "doryrhamphus", "paragraphs": ["dianne j . bray & vanessa j . thompson , doryrhamphus negrosensis in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\ndoryrhamphus negrosensis herre 1934 , herre philipp . exped . : 28 , tide pool near dumaguete , oriental negros , philippines .\nmore to pipes than just pvc : the genus doryrhamphus , and other pipefish paracanthurus hepatus by henry c . schultz iii - urltoken\nthicker blue band running the length of the body than most doryrhamphus species . numerous , well - defined yellow spots on caudal fin .\nhome \u00bb doryrhamphus excisus ssp . excisus ( black - sided pipefish , bluestripe pipefish , fantail pipefish , pacific blue - stripe pipefish )\nherre described doryrhamphus negrosensis ( = doryrhamphus negrosensis negrosensis ) in 1934 from specimens collected at negros i . ( philippines ) in 1931 ( dawson 1981 ) . whitley described choeroichthys suillus malus ( = doryrhamphus negrosensis malus ) in 1954 from specimens collected at masthead i . ( qld ) in c . 1905 ( dawson 1981 ) . dawson ( 1981 , 1985 ) noted that there were two subspecies of doryrhamphus negrosensis , namely doryrhamphus negrosensis malus ( known from qld ) and doryrhamphus negrosensis negrosensis ( known from the w . pacific ocean southwards to png and vanuatu , and also occurring at rowley shoals in wa waters ) . d . negrosensis malus attains a standard length of 62 mm and d . negrosensis negrosensis attains a standard length of 47 mm ( dawson 1981 ) . kuiter ( 2000 ) noted that records from the e indian ocean and vanuatu need further investigation .\ndoryrhamphus aurolineatus is known from two specimens collected on one occasion from a depth of 11 m from masirah island , oman ( randall and earle 1994 ) .\ndoryrhamphus is from the greek , dory meaning lance and the greek , rhamphos for bill , beak . named negrosensis after the type locality , negros island .\nnarrow blue stripe running the length of the body when compared to most doryrhamphus species . stripe always outlined by black border . caudal fin with 3 distinct spots .\nto date there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for doryrhamphus janssi . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance for this species .\na pair of flagtail pipefish , doryrhamphus negrosensis , in indonesia - note the eggs on the abdomen of the male . source : silke baron / wikimedia commons . license : cc by attribution\ndoryrhamphus jannsi is the largest of the pipefish that is normally imported for the aquarium trade . seen here is a pair with a natural host client , a neopomacentrus anabatoides . photo courtesy of rudie h . kuiter .\na wonderful photograph of doryrhamphus melanopleura . the broad blue band without a dark border and larger , elongated caudal spot located at the posterior , make identification easy . photo courtesy of greg rothschild of mother nature ' s creations .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . doryrhamphus negrosensis in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 46 : 41 + 1000 .\ndunkerocampus , much like doryrhamphus , is one of the few genera of free - swimming pipefish . like all free - swimming pipefish , dunkerocampus males keep the eggs in a pouch under the trunk . this pouch does not close , and subsequently the eggs are not covered while the male carries them . previously known as acanthognathus , dunkerocampus has also been regarded as a subgenus of doryrhamphus , but today maintains generic status and maintains no less than eight species from the indo - west pacific .\ndoryrhamphus janssi is distributed from the andaman sea to the solomon islands and micronesia , north to taiwan , and south to queensland ( herald and randall 1972 ; dawson 1981 , 1985 ; kuiter 2000 ; shao et al . 2008 ; lim et al . 2011 ) .\ndunckerocampus dactyliophorus is a regular import for the hobby , but it is usually sold under the incorrect name doryrhamphus dactyliophorus . bottom photo : a fantastic photo of a male dunckerocampus dactyliophorus with a brood pouch filled with eggs . photos courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nmost of the doryrhamphus species are fairly similar , with only slight color differences of the caudal fin and geographical locations setting them apart . therefore , getting an exact identification on this genus is extremely difficult , if not impossible . following the chart below will give you your best chance at proper identification .\npipefishes generally feed on small living crustaceans that drift by or reside in the coral branches or algal mats ( gronell 1983 ) . many doryrhamphus species are known to be active cleaners , picking tiny parasitic crustaceans from other fishes , and adults work mostly in pairs ( gronell 1983 ; kuiter 2000 ) .\ndawson , c . e . , 1981 review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies . ichthyol . bull . j . l . b . smith inst . ichthyol . ( 44 ) : 27 p .\nthe final member of doryrhamphus is d . janssi , or commonly called janssi ' s or jan ' s pipefish . whereas most other doryrhamphus barely reach three inches in length , d . janssi will reach over five inches in total length . in the wild jan ' s is reported to be an exclusive cleaner for cheilodipterus ( cardinalfish ) and neopomacentrus ( damsel ) species ( michael , 1998 ) . it has perhaps the largest distribution of all pipefish , covering most of the west pacific from 3 to 120 feet of depth . like d . melanpleura , it spends much of its lifetime swimming upside - down .\ndawson , c . e . ( 1981 ) . review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies . ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology . 44 : jan - 27 .\ndawson , c . e . 1981 . review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies , ichthyol . bull . j . l . b . smith inst . 44 : 1 - 27 , figs . 1 - 17 .\ndoryrhamphus consists of 11 species , though the taxonomy is incredibly incomplete and lacking . many localized color forms are present , and most specimens are lumped together as a single species , a result of inconclusive research from preserved specimens . once further research is put forth , it is likely the number of species will rise ( kuiter , 2000 ) .\nthe two type specimens of doryrhamphus aurolineatus were found in a cave at 11 metres depths on rocky substrate ( randall and earle 1994 ) . aside from this no further habitat information is known for this species . in other species in the genus doryrhamphus , males brood the eggs semi - exposed beneath the tail , and broods range from about 80 - 150 eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . many of the species also feed by cleaning small parasites from other fish species . the genus is known for having a very brief or even non - existent juvenile pelagic phase , and is limited in its dispersal capabilities . as a result many species exhibit a small range size ( kuiter 2000 ) .\njustification : doryrhamphus aurolineatus is listed as data deficient based on a lack of information about population levels , life history , and threats . the species is known from two type specimens , no dedicated surveys for it have been undertaken , and little is known about its range or threats to its habitat . further research is needed in order to carry out a proper red list assessment for the species .\nmost members of the genus doryrhamphus have been noted as\ncleaner fish\n( see to clean or not to clean : gobiosoma species for more information on\ncleaner fish\n) . however , unlike typical\ncleaners ,\nthe pipefish do not setup highly visible\ncleaning stations .\ndoryrhamphus species are noted to clean the cryptic clients , those such as moray eels , groupers , and cardinalfish ( michael , 1998 ) . this makes up a small portion of their diet . the majority of their diet is comprised of the tiny crustaceans that swim near the substrate , though just about any larva that fits into their mouth is consumed . foods that are not able to fit into their fixed jaws are often\nde - gutted ,\nthat is , they suck the abdomen out of the food item , and let the skeleton go without further attention .\nmales of d . n . malus may be brooding at 43 mm standard length , while the brood pouch of males of d . n . negrosensis is developing at 22 mm standard length and are usually fully developed at 30 - 35 mm standard length ( dawson 1981 ) . male doryrhamphus brood eggs semi - exposed under the trunk , and sometimes have a thin skin covering over the sides of the brood ( kuiter 2000 ) . brood size for doryrhamphus pipefishes varies from 80 - 150 eggs , depending on age or species ( kuiter 2000 ) . as tiny juveniles can be found on reefs , it seems that the pelagic stage is either short or absent ( kuiter 2000 ) . kuiter ( 2000 ) noted that it was difficult to determine the sex for most doryrhamphinae species , especially when the male incubated a brood , but adults usually occur in pairs with one male and one female .\nthough the majority of pipefish that appear in our hobby are from the subfamily doryrhamphinae , with doryrhamphus and dunkerocampus accounting for the largest percentage of the subfamily within the hobby , a large percentage does show up from syngnathinae , or the subfamily commonly called pipefish . for the most part , this is a highly unorganized subfamily that is likely to be split into their separate taxon once additional research is put forth . for now , 42 genera are recognized , though only corythoichthys is likely to be found at your local fish store with any regularity .\njustification : doryrhamphus janssi is a marine coastal pipefish species that inhabits coral reefs and caves to depths of 35 m throughout much of the indo - west pacific . the species may be declining as a result of coral reef habitat degradation , and unknown numbers are taken for use in the aquarium trade and possibly for traditional medicines . further research on how these threats are affecting wild populations . they are however able to utilize other habitat types such as tidal pools , and coral declines are not occurring at high rates across the range . therefore this species is listed as least concern .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for doryrhamphus janssi , however its distribution may coincide with a number of marine protected areas , including australia ' s great barrier reef marine park . it is listed along with all other syngnathids as a protected species under australia ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1998 ) . it is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . further research is needed in order to determine how the threats listed above are affecting population size and trends in abundance . this species would likely benefit from international measures to mitigate anthropogenic climate change .\ndoryrhamphus janssi is threatened by coral reef habitat loss due to coastal development and pollution , destructive fishing practices such as dynamite fishing and trawling , and the effects of climate change including ocean acidification and rising sea surface temperatures ( bruno and selig 2007 , carpenter et al . 2008 , de ' ath et al . 2012 , normile 2016 ) . the species is also present in the aquarium trade , but levels of offtake from the wild are unknown , as is their status as a captive - bred species . it may also be caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries and subsequently traded for use in traditional medicines ( vincent et al . 2011 ) . further research is needed in order to determine how these threats are affecting wild populations of the species .\nthe care of corythoichthys is similar to that of any other pipefish . the main points of consideration would be the temperature that the particular species originated from , as well as the type of bottom cover it preferred . all corythoichthys are found along the substrate , unlike doryrhamphus and dunkerocampus species . some members prefer muck bottoms , while others prefer rock rubble and algae . the pipefish that prefer to swim along the substrate have a differently designed brood pouch than do their free - swimming cousins . this brood pouch is designed to enclose the eggs , and in these enclosed pouches the embryos are attached to highly vascularized placenta - like tissue , which seals the pouch folds from inside during incubation ( watanabe et al , 1999 ) . it would seem , therefore , that the embryos of the substrate dwelling pipefish are considerably more protected than those of the free - swimming pipefish . twenty - three species are currently described members of corythoichthys , with many more un - described members awaiting entrance .\nlastly , tank design is significant . this aspect isn ' t nearly as important as the three previously discussed requirements , but nonetheless , these minimal requirements should not be considered voluntary . an active , healthy sandbed should be required . if possible , sand from several different sources should be acquired to ensure as much diversity as possible . this sandbed will supply a large percentage of the naturally occurring foods for the pipefish . likewise , good quantities of porous live rock are desirable . as mentioned above , various colonies of algae are also prime locations of microfaunal colonization , and thus should be considered mandatory in the pipefish aquarium . caves and overhangs are a wise idea , both as a comfort factor for your pipefish , and for the viewing pleasure of the hobbyists . in most cases , you can design your rockwork to feature overhangs in prime locations for your viewing , and your doryrhamphus sp . will immediately take to this overhang . without these overhangs , the pipefish is likely to take up residence somewhere buried behind the rockwork , much to the disappointment of all intending on viewing these fish .\ndoryrhamphus species are free - swimming benthic fishes found in various reef habitats in coastal to outer reefs , and usually stay close to small caves or narrow crevices into which they retreat when threatened ( gronell 1983 ; kuiter 2000 ) . d . negrosensis malus has been recorded from a depth range of 0 - 6 m ( dawson 1981 ) in association with rubble reef ( kuiter 1992 ) , sheltered reef flats , under large pieces of coral rubble and lagoons in inner reefs and islands inside the great barrier reef ( kuiter 2000 ) . d . negrosensis negrosensis has been recorded from a depth range of 0 - 9 m ( dawson 1981 ) in association with sheltered rocky reefs and lagoons , usually in narrow crevices with long - spined urchins ( kuiter 2000 ) . specimens of d . negrosensis malus in aust . fish collections were collected in association with coral reefs , reef platforms , reef crests , gutters , live corals , dead corals , coral knolls , lagoons , bomboras , rocks , sand rubble , pools and sand in depths of 0 - 6 m , using ichthyocides . specimens of d . negrosensis negrosensis in aust . fish collections were collected in association with coral reefs , live corals , dead coral knolls , lagoons , coral rubble and sand in depths of 0 . 1 - 10 m , using ichthyocides ( australian fish collection records ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek , dory = lance + greek , rhamphos = bill , beak ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 35 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 19\u00b0n - 29\u00b0s\nwestern central pacific : gulf of thailand to the solomon islands , north to the philippines , south to queensland ; belau and truk in micronesia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 - 25 ; anal soft rays : 4 . superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous ; inferior trunk ridge ending on anal ring ; lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; body rings 16 ; tail rings 21 - 23 .\nfound in tide pools and reef crevices . also found in sheltered inner reefs , usually in caves with sponges and below large plate corals . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) . very active cleaner and has cleaning station that is visited by apogonids and damsels where adults work in pairs ( ref . 48635 ) . minimum depth from ref . 58018 . solitary or in pairs ( ref 90102 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 25 . 9 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 7 ( based on 2406 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 50 m ( ref . 30874 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s\nindo - pacific and eastern pacific : persian gulf and east africa to the west coast of the americas . it was noted by dawson ( ref . 5316 ) that there is a clinal increase in the number of total rings and dorsal rays for the 3 subspecies ( red sea , d . e . abbreviatus and eastern pacific d . e . paulus ; more study is needed ( ref . 86689 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 29 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 4 . superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous ; inferior trunk ridge ending on anal ring ; lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; body rings 17 - 19 ; tail rings 13 - 17 . also ref . 4281 .\nuncommon , cryptic species ( ref . 5227 ) , prefers crevices in rocks and corals and areas beneath ledges ( ref . 28023 ) . occurs in lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 45 m or more ( ref . 9710 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . often seen in pairs . uses its tubelike snout to ingest small crustaceans and plankton ( ref . 28023 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\nmonogamous mating is observed as both obligate and genetic ( ref . 52884 ) . male carries the eggs in a brood pouch ( ref . 205 ) .\ndawson , c . e . , 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 5316 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 , mean 27 . 7 ( based on 800 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00069 ( 0 . 00036 - 0 . 00134 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 44 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nherald , e . s . and randall , j . e . 1972 . five new indo - pacific pipefishes . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 39 ( 11 ) : 121 - 140 .\naustralia ; christmas island ; india ( andaman is . ) ; indonesia ; micronesia , federated states of ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; solomon islands ; taiwan , province of china ( taiwan , province of china ( main island ) ) ; thailand ; viet nam\nis found in tidal pools and sheltered inner reefs , usually in caves with sponges and below large coral plates .\nfeeds as an active parasite cleaner and has a cleaning station that is regularly visited by apogonids and damselfishes where adults work in pairs ( kuiter 2000 ) . they are ovoviviparous , and males carry eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the trunk ( dawson 1981 ) . species of\ntypically brood 80 - 150 eggs ( kuiter 2000 ) . males begin brooding at around 8 cm ( dawson 1985 ) .\nthis species is commercially harvested for the aquarium trade . they may also be caught as bycatch and / or targeted for use as curios and traditional medicines ( vincent et al . 2011 ) . the level of offtake is not known .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 23 july 2014 . available at : urltoken .\nthere are no population estimates available for this species , as it is only known from type specimens . no dedicated surveys for this species have been undertaken .\nthis species has not been documented in trade thus far . other species of pipefish are often harvested for the aquarium and traditional medicine trades ( vincent et al . 2011 ) .\nthere are no current data on the threats to the species or its habitat . further research is needed in this area .\nthere are no known conservation actions in place for this species . waters surrounding the type locality are not currently protected .\ndescription inhabits recesses of caves and crevices . occurs on lagoon and seaward reefs in the depth range of 0 to at least 45 m ( ref . . . .\ndescription inhabits recesses of caves and crevices . occurs on lagoon and seaward reefs in the depth range of 0 to at least 45 m ( ref . 1602 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfourmanoir , p . ( 1961 ) . liste complementaire des poissons du canal de mozambique . memoires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar serie f ( oceanographie ) 4 : 83 - 166 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of doryhamphus excises ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 90102 ) . temperate\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 23 ; anal soft rays : 4 . body orange yellow when fresh . trunk rings 20 , tail rings 15 . lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; superior trunk and tail ridges extending forward over 4 trunk rings . three serrated ridges dorsally on snout , the median ridge heavily serrated . body ridges illustrating single spine except anterior six of superior trunk ridge and 3 lateral trunk ridge which has double spines . no ventrolateral projection on the snout .\ninhabits small caves in sublittoral rocky reefs . reported from tide pools to depths of at least 25 m offshore , but mostly seen in shallow depths ( ref . 48635 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) . spawns from the end of may to september . an active cleaner that shares crevices with shrimps , large mud crabs and sometimes moray eels ( ref . 48635 ) . solitary or in pairs near sponges and diadema sea urchins ( ref 90102 ) .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )\n) : 20 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 1159 cells ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\noften times when hobbyists are considering a species - dedicated aquarium , the idea of a tank full of seahorses is the first species of choice . for those interested in the\ncommon\nanimals of the exotics , seahorses can be a fulfilling experience . they will certainly entertain your guests . however , there are those that prefer something less mainstream , an\nuncommon\nexotic , if you will . for those individuals i present the april ' fish tales ' on pipefish .\nmost likely a color variation of corythoichthys insularis , here a female poses for a snapshot . males will have three additional white bands near the trunk . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\npipefish are a small group of fish from within the family syngnathidae , meaning ' jaw fused . ' although the syngnathidae is commonly called the pipefish family , the most notable fish of this family are in the subfamily hippocampinae , the seahorses . in total , the pipefish family contains four subfamilies , 55 genera , and over 320 species ( kuiter , 2000 ) . at one point the animals in this family were thought to be insects ( rafinesque , 1810 ; michael , 1998 ) , but it is now clearly known these animals are actually fish , even if they are strange - looking fish .\nall syngnathids possess an elongated semi - flexible body with armored , bony plates . they do not possess scales . gill openings are usually reduced to a small round pore , and the head is generally long and tubular . the jaws are fused , resulting in a structure without a hinge to open and close . all fins are soft - rayed , with most species having one dorsal fin , and pectoral fins . some species may have caudal fins , while yet other species are entirely fin - less . ventral and second dorsal fins are absent in all syngnathids . another factoid worth mentioning about syngnathids is their reproductive habit : the males are the ones that become pregnant ! in all species the male carries the eggs during the incubation period . more on this shortly .\nthe subfamily doryrhamphinae , known commonly as flagtail pipefish , contains four genera and 22 species . unlike the vast majority of syngnathids , the subfamily doryrhamphinae swims above the substrate , and is never in contact with the substrate ( except for maroubra ) . likewise , it does not maintain a grip on sea grasses , gorgonians , or any other steadfast . this subfamily features an abnormally large ( for syngnathids ) caudal fin . these indo - west pacific specimens all carry the eggs of the young under the trunk of the male ( kuiter , 2000 ) .\ndunckerocampus pessuliferus is a regular import for the aquarium trade . it prefers calm water , and tends to be fairly outgoing and an active cleaner fish . photo courtesy of rudie h . kuiter .\ncorythoichthys polynotatus is usually only found in shallow waters . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\na strange color variant of trachyrhampus bicoarctatus . kuiter commented ( per comm ) that this color variant was unknown to him . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\na corythoichthys species , most likely c . ocellatus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nprobably corythoichthys schultzi . many color variaitons are possible within this species . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\npipefish , like all syngnathids , are secretive fish and are highly localized and restricted in their distribution . you are more likely to locate them in bays and lagoons then you would be on the fore - reef . depths range from 5m to 30m of depth in subtropical regions , usually associating with overhangs or crevices within the rockwork , which supply a place to retreat . this quick retreat is basically their only means of defense . their bony plates offer little protection against predators that are likely to swallow them whole . rarely will they leave the comfort and protection of their overhangs or crevices .\nanother photo of what appears to be corythoichthys sp . 3 . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\na corythoichthys species . most likely the corythoichthys that kuiter ( 2000 ) refers to as corythoichthys sp . 3 . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nduring feeding , the\nwhere\nseems to be unimportant for them , as pipefish will feed from the substrate , or they will also feed on passing - by foods in the water column . the\nwhen\nand\nhow often ,\nhowever , is extremely important . to begin with , they are diurnal . therefore , they will only eat during the day . second , due to the lack of a stomach , and a largely inefficient intestine , pipefish will continue to search for food the entire day .\nadults are always located in pairs , though these pairs are not necessarily maintained monogamous . the pair will greet each other every morning , just minutes prior to sunrise . this greeting consists of the beginning stages of the mating ritual ( gronell , 1984 ) . it is not known what purpose this morning greeting serves , but it has been speculated that it could increase spawning synchrony between the mates , keep the pair bound during non - reproductive periods , or even alert the pair to a missing mate ( michael , 1998 ) .\na pair of corythoichthys species , possibly c . haematopterus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nreproduction of pipefish is a long process , usually consisting of over two hours of a predictable mating ritual ( see below ) . once near completion , the female will deposit her eggs into the male ' s pouch . the number of eggs can vary from 30 - 1000 depending on the species and age of the animals participating ( kuiter , 2000 ) , though most species have egg counts numbering closer to 100 - 200 . the female will transfer all of the eggs in 4 - 7 seconds ( michael , 1998 ) . the fry are well developed at hatching , but have a short pelagic stage . due to the advanced adaptation to specific localized conditions within the species of the family syngnathidae , it is believed dispersal from the pelagic stage is minimal .\nthe male moves his brood pouch below the female\u2019s ovipositor ; she deposits the eggs .\nmost likely a color variation of corythoichthys insularis . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nthe unusual brooding habits of syngnathidae have brought upon another interesting sexually characteristic among pipefish : sex - role reversal . because the male syngnathids carry the eggs to full term , the males are now in the driver ' s seat when it comes to choosing which female to breed with . in other words , the females compete for the males . females are forced to compete with other females to garner the attention of the males . to help the male choose the healthiest female pipefish , females have a couple of ways of displaying health . first , the overall size of the female is important . berglund et al ( 1986a ) showed larger females produced more numerous and larger eggs which consequently gives way to larger and healthier fry ( ahnesjo , 1992a , b ) . secondly , females compete with each other by developing higher degrees of contrast in coloration , often called ornamentation . these colors are not directed towards the male , though the males obviously choose females based on the brighter colors . instead , the females flash the color ornaments towards competing females . brighter , more colorful females dance and copulate sooner , copulate more often , and transfer more eggs when compared to the more dully - colored specimens ( gasparini and teixeira , 1999 ) .\ndunckerocampus dactyliophorus can be found in small groups as juveniles . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nalthough pipefish have been described as monogamous in the past , this is simply not true . by definition , monogamous indicates an eternal life partner . instead , male pipefish form\npair - bonds\nwhich usually last at least one season . it is believed they can remember which female they were most impressed with , and thus continually mate with her . however , some pipefish , notably the females , move beyond this\npair - bond\n( vincent et al , 1994 ) . females are able to produce an endless supply of hydrated eggs thanks to an ovary unique to pipefish ( begovac and wallace , 1987 ; 1988 ) . therefore , the female is always ready to mate with additional males , should she be able to convince them into mating with her . in addition , females play absolutely no part in the brood care or raising of the fry ( berglund et al , 1986b ) once the eggs have been passed to the male , and thus can easily move from one male to the next .\nmost likely corythoichthys insularis , but it could easily be c . nigripectus or c . sp . 12 . the location of the where the photograph was taken would assist in correct identification . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nprovided the needs of the pipefish are met , these fish can live many years within the confines of a home aquarium . lifespan is currently considered 5 to 10 years in an aquarium . the correct water parameters , tank mates , food options , and tank design are all of importance , and can each lead to success or failure .\nstarting with water parameters , like any saltwater fish , the hobbyist should strive for tank conditions as near to natural saltwater conditions ( nsw ) as possible . unlike most other fish , the calcium level in the aquarium is important to pipefish . their bony exoskeleton depends on the calcium to maintain its strength . calcium levels from 350ppm and up should be sufficient . remembering most pipefish are subtropical , aquarium temperatures should range from 72 to 80 degrees fahrenheit .\nfellow tank mates are a paramount consideration in a pipefish tank , and often is the difference between success and failure . as a whole , pipefish will not pester any fish . they are , for the most part , oblivious to anything else in the tank that does not fit into their tiny mouths . this general rule can be extended from fish to corals , and mobile invertebrates . however , in that same regard , if it can fit into their mouth , it likely will be consumed . this would include all micro fauna in the aquarium , as well as fish and shrimp fry . despite the low - key personality of pipefish , their tank mates often pester them . all but the smallest , most peaceful fish should be eliminated from a pipefish aquarium . suitable tank mates would include most gobies , dragonettes , other seahorses , and shrimpfish . any fast - swimming fish is likely to agitate the pipefish and keep them in hiding . fish that are aggressive feeders are likely to do the same . any fish that tends to be\ncurious\nis likely to annoy the pipefish . this would include wrasses , blennies , and dwarf angels . naturally , predatory fish often times make a quick snack out of pipefish . large predatory mobile invertebrates such as certain starfish species , lobsters , and hermit crabs should be avoided , as well as any potentially strong - venom corals such as any lps corals and anemones .\nwill likely pester until death ensues , though some smaller members would be good choices .\nsome pipefish are known to\nclean\nmembers of this family , though it is best to avoid them sharing the same aquarium .\npipefish , you should research each fish individually before adding it to your aquarium . some of the fish mentioned are better left in the ocean , or for advanced aquarists .\nensuring the proper size food , and that enough of it reaches the pipefish is another major concern . thankfully , hobbyists are becoming more informed on this important detail , and as such many ill - prepared hobbyists have rightfully avoided this family . food items would include any of the naturally growing microfaunal animals found in our aquariums , including copepods , amphipods , and mysid shrimp . therefore , the hobbyist would be smart to encourage the natural growths of these animals . a dedicated refugium for a pipefish tank is a wise idea , or a large refugium can make a perfect pipefish aquarium itself . pipefish are regularly found searching algae beds for food in the wild . these algae beds encourage the colonization by microfauna , and therefore colonies of macro algae like various caulerpa species are important additions into any pipefish aquarium . when additional foods are required , the best substitutes are live foods . hatching brine shrimp , mosquito larvae , or even daphnia at home can prove to be a successful means of food supplementation , or a welcome treat for pipefish that normally do not need an additional food source . in many situations , pipefish are not willing to accept frozen / thawed prepared foods . in time some individuals may begin to accept prepared adult brine shrimp , mysis shrimp , or any number of commercially available foods . most specimens , however , will never accept prepared foods . be prepared to supply live foods for the lifespan of your pipefish should you consider obtaining these fish . most importantly , due to the lack of stomach and inefficient intestines , the hobbyist must be prepared to provide large amounts of these foods . if you are counting on the bulk of the pipefish diet to be supplied by yourself , consider that three feedings per day is the minimum necessary .\npossibly corythoichthys intestinalis , or even c . flavofasciatus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nrefugiums with thick algal growths are optimum breeding grounds for two of the pipefish ' s favorite foods . photos by henry schultz .\nspawning and rearing of pipefish in the home aquarium is entirely possible , provided the hobbyist wishes to give the extra effort . once the pair has successfully mated and the males begin to carry the eggs , hatching is merely days to weeks away . the hatch time varies depending on species , as well as water temperature , where a 1 degree celsius temperature change could mean an increase ( or theoretically decrease ) in the brooding period by as much as two days ( michael , 1998 ) . newly hatched pipefish are free - swimming and fully developed ; though a short pelagic stage does occur . color pigmentation usually takes place once the juveniles begin to settle to the substrate . rotifers are required as first - foods for the pipefish fry , and will be required until the fry are large enough to consume newly hatched brine shrimp .\ntwo large tail spots on the top and bottom , with a single small tail spot at the very end of the caudal fin .\ncaudal fin highly variable . usually with large dark spot in the center with minimal orange highlights and white border . usually swims upside - down .\nno distinguishing caudal fin marks , however , a white stripe is present on the topside of the snout .\ncaudal fin mostly orange with white trim . dark spot in center usually shaped like a \u2018c\u2019 .\ndunckerocampus dactyliophorus in the wild . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nseveral members of dunkerocampus have become regular imports for the marine fish hobby ; d . dactyliophorus is one of them . it is a west pacific native that spends a majority of its time in shallow water where it spends a large portion of the day\ncleaning\nmoray eels . they readily make the transition to home aquariums provided the above listed criteria are met . juveniles will stay in small groups , but adults are always found in pairs .\nthe other popular dunkerocampus that regularly shows up in the trade is the yellow banded pipefish , or d . pessuliferus . it is often confused with d . multiannulatus due to similar coloration . this species is most often located near deep mud flats and drop - offs searching for food or even a\nclient\nfish . it is not shy in the wild or in the home aquarium - possibly the most outgoing syngnathidae .\na corythoichthys species , possibly c . waitei , slinks across the algae covered rocks . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nmost of us will never be lucky enough to witness one these beauties outside the pages of books or internet websites . the majority of people that get to see these fish in person usually are located within a public aquarium . fewer still will have an opportunity to dive with these gems . almost no one will have the chance to attempt to maintain one in a home aquarium .\nnote the unique jaw structure of solenotomus species . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nalthough referred to commonly as ghost pipefish , these majestic animals are not from the family syngnathidae . they are close cousins , however , and are presently placed in the family solenostomidae , which has only one genus , solenostomus , and roughly six species ( see below ) . a few characteristics create the need for a family separate from syngnathidae . first , solenostomus species have ventral fins , a second dorsal fin , and all fins are well developed . another important difference is the male does not brood - care for the eggs , the female does . members of this family are well spread out geographically , most likely due to the extended pelagic stage ( when compared to syngnathidae ) . however , it appears they have a relatively short lifespan . should you come across one of these rarities of the hobby , you can be assured that care is similar to that of the members of the family syngnathidae .\na fantastic photo of solenostomus paradoxus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\ntwo distinctive color variants of solenostomus paegnius . photos courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nsolenostomus paradoxus , also called the ornate pipefish , is highly variable in coloration and is widespread throughout the tropical indo - west pacific . they enjoy brisk currents over open sand beds littered with gorgonians . at four inches in length , it is a moderately sized ghost pipefish .\nanother pair of solenostomus paradoxus on the left , with a solenostomus paegnius on the right . photos courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nsolenostomus cyanopterus , or the robust pipefish , can be located throughout the western pacific and also throughout the indian ocean . again , color is variable , but not necessarily the rainbow of colors as seen in s . paradoxus . this fish associates with sea grasses and algae in back bays and protected fringing reefs . like other members of solenostomus , the robust pipefish generally hangs vertically in the water column , with its face looking towards the substrate . as the name implies , this member is the largest ghost pipefish .\nsolenostomus paradoxus tries to blend with its surroundings . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\na halloween coloration from solenostomus paradoxus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nsolenostoma cyanopterus mimics the vegetation it is found inhabiting within . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\na dark color variant of the robust pipefish , solenostomus cyanopterus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nsolenostomus paegnius , or as some may call it , the rough - snout pipefish , is another widespread tropical indo - west pacific native . this species is closely related to s . cyanopterus , except the caudal peduncle is considerably shorter and , as the common name implies , has many hairy or bushy appendages growing from its snout . like all ghost pipefish , this member settles from the pelagic stage at nearly full adult size , and is a fully functional reproductive adult .\nabove : a pair of solenostomus paradoxus . the female , seen here on the right , is considerably larger than males . below : solenostomus paradoxus is nearly transparent during the post - pelagic stage , but eventually takes on a large assortment of colors including red , black , yellow , blue , orange , and various shades therein . photos courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nsometimes hobbyists begin searching for a new challenge , or a new family of fish featuring interesting behaviors . when the desire to take the hobby to the next level strikes , pipefish are there . undoubtedly , pipefish are among the more exotic fish that show into our local fish stores .\ncare of pipefish is rather simple . when researched and assembled correctly , a pipefish aquarium can be remarkably fulfilling with little additional effort from the hobbyist . much like the dragonette fish family , pipefish truly are a fish that do not need any additional labor on the part of the hobbyist to thrive . a well planned and thought out aquarium most often affords the pipefish with everything they need . when designed poorly , a pipefish aquarium can become a daily chore that quickly tires the fish keeper , or worse yet , leads to the untimely death of the pipefish .\nnext time you consider adding fish into a large refugium , or consider setting up a species designed aquarium , consider the choice of a pair of pipefish .\nan amazing color morph of solenostomus cyanopterus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nif you have any questions about this article , please visit my author forum on reef central .\nahnesjo , i . 1992a . consequences of male brood care ; weight and number of newborn in a sex - role reversed pipefish . funct . ecol . 6 : 274 - 281 .\nahnesjo , i . 1992b . fewer newborn result in superior juveniles in the paternally brooding syngnathus typhle . j . fish biol . 41b : 53 - 63 .\nbegovac , p . c . and wallace , r . a . , 1987 , ovary of the pipefish syngnathus scovelli . jour . morph . , 193 : 117 - 133 .\nbegovac , p . c . and wallace , r . a . , 1988 , stages of oocyte development in the pipefish syngnathus scovelli . jour . morph . 197 : 353 - 369 .\nberglund , a . , g . rosenqvist , and i . svensson . 1986a . reversed sex roles and parental energy investment in zygotes of two pipefish ( syngnathidae ) species . mar . ecol . ( progr . ser . ) 29 : 209 - 215 .\nberglund , a . , rosenqvist , g . , and svensson , i . 1986b . mate choice , fecundity and sexual dimorphism in two pipefish species ( synganthidae ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 19 : 301 - 307 .\nberglund , a . , rosenqvist , g . and bernet , p . 1997 . ornamentation predicts reproductive success in female pipefish . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 40 : 140 - 145 .\nberglund , a . 2000 . sex role reversal in a pipefish : female ornaments as amplifying handicaps . ann . zool . fennici 37 : 1 - 13 ."]}
{"id": 1032, "summary": [{"text": "hottentotta is a genus of scorpion belonging to the family buthidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is distributed widely across africa .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "species also occur in the middle east , the arabian peninsula , southeastern turkey , iraq , iran , afghanistan , pakistan , india , nepal , cape verde islands , slovenia ( rarely ) and sri lanka ( introduced ) . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "hottentotta", "paragraphs": ["development of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single - domain antibody .\nhottentotta hottentotta are parthenogenetic . that means that a female of this species can produce off springs without ever mating with a male . gestastion period every 3 - 4 months .\narachnoboards - here are some very neat scorpion photos featuring parabuthus leiosoma and hottentotta trilineatus .\ni also feed them 2x a week . hottentotta hottentotta are very aggressive scorpion . the venom level is a 3 - 3 . 5 out of 5 and able to take down bigger prey .\ntrancriptomic approach reveals the molecular diversity of hottentotta conspersus ( buthidae ) venom . - pubmed - ncbi\narachnoboards - here are some great photos documenting the development of a brood of hottentotta franzwerneri scorpions .\ndevelopment of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single - domain antibody . - pubmed - ncbi\narachnoboards - see photos of three species of hottentotta scorpion moms with broods of babies on their backs .\nfirst report on hottentotta tamulus ( scorpiones : buthidae ) from sri lanka , and its medical importanc . . .\na revision of the genus hottentotta birula , 1908 , with descriptions of four new species ( scorpiones : buthidae ) .\nhottentotta songi : teruel & rein , 2010 : 7 ; sun et al . , 2010 : 40\u201312 , figs 25\u201329 .\nadult female holotype of hottentotta flavidulus sp . n . : ( a ) carapace ; . . . | download scientific diagram\nkovarik ( 2007 ) has published a revision of the genus hottentotta . note that the medical important mesobuthus tamulus and two other asian mesobuthus have been transfered to hottentotta . kovarik ' s revision can be downloaded here ( browse down to issue 58 ) .\nxe\nhottentotta minox : scorpions , taxonomy\nare often found under the bark of acacia trees . the sting is painful .\na total of 373 scorpions including hottentotta rugiscutis , hottentotta tamulus , lychas tricarinatus and heterometrus swammerdami were collected , identified and maintained successfully , achieving a 97 % survival rate . hottentotta rugiscutis yielded 6 . 0 ml of venom by electrical stimulation . the ld 50 of h . rugiscutis venom was estimated to be 3 . 02 mg / kg of body weight in female swiss albino mice .\ni hadn ' t heard that on the hottentotta species until just a few minutes ago reading some stuff on wikipedia . . .\narachnoboards - check out these great photos of some hottentotta gentili scorpions , including a female with a big brood on her back .\nmap of karnataka showing the locations of different scorpion species . at the bottom : a hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) ; b hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ; c lychas tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) , d heterometrus swammerdami ( simon , 1872 )\narachnoboards - a member shares photos of a beautiful group of hottentotta franzwerneri scorpions that were collected in morocco and are now reproducing in captivity .\nhottentotta : fet and lowe , 2000 : 134\u2013135 ; kova\u0159\u00edk , 2007 : 2\u20133 , 8\u201310 . sun et al . , 2010 : 40 .\nextraction of venom by electrical stimulation method . setup for milking of venom from hottentotta rugiscutis by the electrical stimulation method using step - down transformer and restrainer\nphoto of parabuthus leiosoma ( left ) by jan ove rein ( c ) photo of hottentotta sp . ( right ) by jan ove rein ( c )\ni know soils and eco earth is a good substrate , but with the small size of h . h . and hiding all the time . i was wondering if i could have a pretty setup . i wanted to mix black and purple calcium carbonate sand for a pure sand substrate . is this ok for hottentotta hottentotta ?\nhottentotta and tityus are both\nhot\n; i ' m not sure which species in particular , but if you want a bark scorpion that ' s not as hot you could try centruroides vitattus or margaritatus . i ' m not sure what is a good replacement for hottentotta though . maybe scorpio maurus or some other desert species ? urltoken\nwell i didn ' t mean to spark any controversy . as far as blanket statements are concerned i am interested in tarantulas and scorpions because they are beautiful interesting animals to keep and observe but basically if it can kill me . . . even is the chance is only 1 in 100000 . . . i don ' t want it in my home . hence the reason for this thread . i will get the list of species that the guy was selling and edit this post again so maybe the advice can be more specific . i appreciate the time you guys are taking in giving the advice . the specific species being offered are : hottentotta eminii hottentotta franzwerneri gentili hottentotta polysticus hottentotta tamulus sindicus sincere thanks .\ni heard coconut fiber stuff is best for the little hottentotta juves . thats what i use and hes doing good . ( i mixed some exoterra black sand with it also ) for desert feel\nkova\u0159\u00edk , f . 2007 . a revision of the genus hottentotta birula , 1908 , with descriptions of four new species ( scorpiones , buthidae ) . euscorpius , no . 58 : 1 - 107 .\nfoden , w . & potter , l . 2005 . polygala hottentotta c . presl . national assessment : red list of south african plants version 2017 . 1 . accessed on 2018 / 07 / 09\na new species of hottentotta birula , 1908 from afghanistan , with a note on the generic position of mesobuthus songi louren\u00e7o , qi et zhu , 2005 ( scorpiones : buthidae ) . euscorpius 94 : 1\u22128 .\nall androctonus spp should be up there imo since they push out a ton of venom each sting . and no hottentotta spp has a venom rating of more than 4 , maybe 4 . 5 is pushing it .\nscorpions were successfully maintained for 18 months . herein we have also documented a simple , cost - effective method of venom extraction by electrical stimulation using a modified restrainer . furthermore , hottentotta rugiscutis was reported for the first time in karnataka .\nseveral species in this family are highly toxic , but fewer than 20 can be lethal to man . the most notorious species are found in the genus androctonus , centruroides , hottentotta , leiurus , parabuthus and tityus . see scorpions of medical importance page for further information .\nfour different scorpion species were collected , among which three species were maintained in the laboratory in containers that mimic their natural habitat . venom was extracted from hottentotta rugiscutis by electrical stimulation at 8 v for 18 months and ld 50 was estimated by the graphic method of miller and tainter .\ni ' ve scratched the hottentotta from my collection list lol thanks for all the advice and information . the fellow selling the scorpions is very well regarded and he told me they were not very dangerous . i will excercise more caution when dealing with him in the future . take care guys .\nthis species is incredibly easy if you follow my example , and i hope you enjoy them ! hottentotta caboverdensis can be kept the same ways . they love their moisture , but need it to evaporate quickly and not to have that high of humidity . jacksoni and junceus are the same way . it ' s tricky ! theyre truely a beautiful species , and i hope to have a large communal of adults in a year or more .\na scorpion species proved to be lethal to humans was recently recorded from jaffna peninsula ( 9\u00b040 ' 0 ' ' n 80\u00b00 ' 0 ' ' e , mean annual temperature 26 . 2\u00b0c ) , in the northern dry zone of sri lanka . this species is morphologically different from all other known scorpions in sri lanka . the species was identified as hottentotta tamulus ( scorpiones : buthidae ) , which is commonly found in maharashtra , india , . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . hottentotta tamulus stings observed in the jaffna peninsula were associated with clinical features of autonomic nervous system overactivity such as changes in pulse rate and blood pressure , sweating , diaphoresis and pulmonary oedema . myocardial injury with elevated cardiac biomarkers has not been reported in sri lanka , although it is a known complication after the ' red scorpion ' stings in india [ 1 , 2 ] . scorpion venom contains a mixture of several low molecular weight basic proteins , neurotoxins , . . .\nhowever , their size and color do not tell us much about their danger or the level of toxicity of the poison they produce . some believe that the large and black species are the most deadly , but curiously the small red or yellow are the ones that often cause the greatest health problems in humans . the indian red scorpion ( hottentotta tamulus ) , the arizona bark scorpion ( centruroides sculpturatus ) or the deathstalker ( leiurus quinquestriatus ) , are examples of scorpions that you should avoid .\nfigure 2 : adult female holotype of hottentotta flavidulus sp . n . : ( a ) carapace ; ( b ) tergites ; ( c ) left pedipalp , dorsal view ; ( d ) left movable finger , dorsal view ; ( e ) sternopectinal region ; ( f ) metasomal segments i\u2013ii , lateral view ; ( g ) metasomal segments iii\u2013iv , lateral view ; ( h ) metasomal segment v and telson , lateral view ; ( i ) metasomal segment v and telson , ventral view .\nin the world , the 7 genera found in xizang were recorded distributing to the south of xizang . modern species of genera chaerilus , euscorpiops and scorpiops are limited to tropical areas of south asia and southeast asia , although they reached considerable altitudes in kashmir , nepal , and tibet ( kova\u0159\u00edk , 2000a , 2000b ) . the distribution of the species of genera hottentotta , isometrus , heterometrus and the close related genera of tibetiomachus also suggest the scorpion fauna of xizang is close to south asia and southeast asia .\nand as telow pointed out for most scorpions it ' s only sick , infants or old people that dies ( mostly ) . . . therefor how\ndeadly\na scorpion is ( most casualties ) could easily be coupled with where in the world the scorpion is ( foreksample : do the native have bad health due to starvation , deceases or anything else and how is the medical care in the area where the scorpion comes from ? ) and i think that is why i read that hottentotta tamulus was\nas shown by an internal survey , hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) scorpions are prevalent , live alongside the human habitat in the chirathagundu village ( karnataka , india ) and are known to cause considerable public health problems due to envenomations compared to three other regions \u2013 namely hiriyuru , nandihalli and hindaskatte \u2013 where human activity is limited . as there is hardly any data on the lethality of h . rugiscutis venom , it is important to research these scorpions and to find out their effects on the local population .\n. . . in sri lanka 18 species of scorpion are known [ 14 ] , the commonly encountered species is the black scorpion ( heterometrus species ) ( figure 1 ) and none of these species caused fatal stings . however , in recent past , fatal envenom - ing of indian red scorpion ( hottentotta tamulus ) occurred in jaffna peninsula of sri lanka and believe that the species were moved to peninsula while transporting the goods for indian peacekeeping forces between 1987 and 1990 [ 7 , 9 ] . . . .\nscorpions are arthropods belonging to the class arachnida and order scorpiones . globally , 1988 species are known , among which 113 species from 25 genera belonging to six families have been recorded in india [ 1 ] . scorpions of the family buthidae are of prime importance due to the lethality of their venom to humans , especially to children in many tropical regions [ 2 ] . a buthidae family scorpion , hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) , is widely distributed throughout the deccan plateau of southern india [ 3 , 4 ] .\na study of 74 patients from allahabad , india , documents a mortality rate following scorpion stings of almost 10 % ( singhal et al . 2009 ) . unfortunately this study also fails to give details regarding morphological identification of the scorpions , but mesobuthus tamulus ( = hottentotta tamulus ) and palamneus swammerdami were held to be responsible for the serious cases . a dramatic increase in the incidence of stings was observed during the hot summer months . over 60 % of those stung were male , and almost 95 % of the patients came from rural areas , where it is common for people to work in sugar cane , coconut or banana plantations . these are the habitats of these scorpions .\ntoxicity of venom from hottentotta rugiscutis of chirathagundu region was studied by estimating the ld 50 value under in vivo conditions . five different doses covering the range of mortality from 0 to 100 % were tested . the test group mice were subcutaneously injected with one of five concentrations ( 2 . 60 , 2 . 80 , 3 . 02 , 3 . 26 , 3 . 52 mg / kg b . w . ) of venom dissolved in 0 . 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) . control group was injected with equivalent volume of pbs only . the animals were monitored for 24 hours and the ld 50 was calculated by the graphical method of miller and tainter [ 18 ] .\ni got stung by a 5i h . hottentotta a few months ago , but the experience is still as transparent in my mind as the day i got stung . it was the single most agonizing pain i ' ve ever felt in all of my life . nothing i ' ve experienced can compare to the searing hot pain , but i can best describe it as : take an iron skillet put it on a gas stove on high for 15 minutes , then take your middle finger and press down in the middle of the skillet and keep it there for 6 hours without your nerves ever dying . and as much as i wish i was exaggerating , that ' s the closest accurate description i can give that doesn ' t sound completely inconceivable .\nso ive got back up on the horse so to speak with a pair of hottentotta trilineatus on there way from tarantula canada ! although they are wild caught i have high hopes for a male female pair and will hopefully be bringing them into canada as captive bred . i know its unlikely to get 1 . 1 but if not ill order more : biggrin : . any ways i have constructed two rubbermaid enclosures measuring 9 inches long , 6 inches wide and 2 inches tall . is this sufficient for adults of this species as they rarely go over 2 inches ? any way i ' ll post some pics , tell me what you think ! the substrate is 50 % sand 50 % eco - earth and 10 % aquarium gravel ( washed in water ) .\nheterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo h ierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo omanensis habitat in united arab emirates . photo : gunther witt ( c )\nwow then i was kinda off there i guess huh ? hahaha on a healthy adult human it would not be as bad as thought i know that the deaths caused by any of these are because lack of proper medical procedure for this kind of thing or it is a younger person or older person or they have allergic reactions and realy the worst thing believe it or not in alot envenomations can be shock . like in the us its quite rare you would die from an envenomation because of the amount of medical procedures taken with something like that even when it comes to the venomous snakes theres more chance of you living than dieing if you are in medical care in the reigh amount of time bla bla bla haha hottentotta tamulus gangeticus i have had like this guy haha but i dont think they are realy that dangerous it would most defenitly cause alot of pain but on a healthy adult it would cause something like this pain at the sting site localized swelling tingling some muscle spasms and maybe a little brusing and tenderness to the gerenal sting area but if you had an allergic reaction or you were elderly or realy young or went into shcok that where i see the possablity of death with hotentotta tamulus but generly they are not that dangerous ( just my personal thoughts on them ) odontobuthus odonturus i always wondered about those haha now im gonna have to get some somehow and some odontobuthus doriae just to lad mice test the venom on yeah ok i feel like im rambling now hahaha\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n, this family is the largest of the scorpion families . this family is widespread around the world ( not found in antarctica and new zealand ) , and are found in tropical , subtropical and partly in temperate habitats .\nvolschenk , mattoni & prendini ( 2008 ) has synonymized the family microcharmidae lourenco , 1996 with buthidae . the two genera ( microcharmus and neoprotobuthus ) and 15 species are all transfered to buthidae . information about the old family microcharmidae .\nparaorthochirus has been synonymized with orthochirus by navidpour et al . , 2008 ) .\nthe members of this family are small and medium sized scorpions with a triangular sternum ( some genera have a more pentagonal sternum ) . in many genera ( e . g . , androctonus , apistobuthus , parabuthus , and other old world genera ) the cauda is usually strong and powerful and the pedipalps are often very slender whereas other genera have elongate appendages , especially the males ( e . g . , centruroides , lychas , isometrus and related genera ) . many species are yellow or brown ( or variations of these colors ) , but black forms are also present . some species have quite intricate and attractive patterns ( e . g . , lychas and isometrus ) and colours ( e . g . , centruroides and uroplectes ) . sizes range from about 20 mm ( like microtityus and microbuthus ) to over 120 mm ( as in androctonus , some centruroides , apistobuthus and others ) .\nan indentification key to the genus compsobuthus was published by kovarik ( 2012 ) [ free full text ] .\nunlike most other scorpion families , the buthidae are of both scientific and public interest due to their medical importance in many parts of the world . several species have also made their way into the hobby . many of these are safe to be kept by experienced collectors , but the most dangerous species should be avoided .\nspecies files : this list of genera and species is based on fet et al . ( 2000 ) . subfamilies and subspecies is not included in the list . i try to update the list as additions and changes are published . * denotes changes after fet et al . ( 2000 ) . i will be grateful for information about new development in the taxonomy of this family . for information about synonyms and bibliographies , see fet et al . ( 2000 )\nakentrobuthus lamoral , 1976 ( 2 ) a . atakora vignoli & prendini , 2008 * a . leleupi lamoral , 1976\nalayotityus armas , 1973 ( 8 ) a . delacruzi armas , 1973 * a . feti teruel , 2004 * a . granma armas , 1984 a . juraguaensis armas , 1973 a . lapidicola teruel , 2002 * a . nanus armas , 1973 a . pallidus teruel , 2002 * a . sierramaestrae armas , 1973\nandroctonus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 29 ) a . aeneas c . l . koch , 1839 * a . afghanus louren\u00e7o & qi , 2006 * a . aleksandrplotkini louren\u00e7o & qi , 2007 * a . amoreuxi ( audouin , 1826 ) a . australis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) a . baluchicus ( pocock , 1900 ) * a . barbouri ( werner , 1932 ) * a . bicolor ehrenberg , 1828 a . cholistanus kovarik & ahmed , 2013 * a . crassicauda ( olivier , 1807 ) a . dekeyseri louren\u00e7o , 2005 * a . donairei rossi , 2015 * a . eburneus ( pallary , 1928 ) * a . finitimus ( pocock , 1897 ) a . gonneti vachon , 1948 * a . hoggarensis ( pallary , 1929 ) a . liouvillei ( pallary , 1924 ) * a . maelfaiti louren\u00e7o , 2005 * a . mauritanicus ( pocock , 1902 ) a . maroccanus louren\u00e7o , ythier & leguin , 2009 * a . pallidus louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * a . robustus kovarik & ahmed , 2013 * a . santi louren\u00e7o , 2015 * a . sergenti vachon , 1948 a . simonettai rossi , 2015 * a . tenuissimus teruel , kovarik & turiel , 2013 * a . tigrai louren\u00e7o , rossi & sadine 2015 * a . togolensis louren\u00e7o , 2008 * a . tropeai rossi , 2015 *\nanomalobuthus kraepelin , 1900 ( 2 ) a . rickmersi kraepelin , 1900 a . talebii teruel , kovar\u00edk , navidpour & fet , 2014 *\napistobuthus finnegan , 1932 ( 2 ) a . pterygocercus finnegan , 1932 a . susanae louren\u00e7o , 1998\nbabycurus karsch , 1886 ( 22 ) b . ansorgei hirst , 1911 b . brignolii louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2017 * b . buettneri karsch , 1886 b . centrurimorphus karsch , 1886 * b . dunlopi kovarik , lowe , seiter , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2015 * b . exquisitus lowe , 2000 * b . gigas kraepelin , 1896 b . jacksoni ( pocock , 1890 ) b . kirki ( pocock , 1890 ) * b . melanicus kovarik , 2000 * b . multisubaculeatus kovarik , 2000 * b . ornatus werner , 1936 b . pictus pocock , 1896 * b . prudenti louren\u00e7o , 2013 * b . solegladi louren\u00e7o , 2005 * b . somalicus hirst , 1907 b . sofomarensis kovarik , lowe , seiter , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2015 * b . subpunctatus borelli , 1925 b . taramassoi borelli , 1919 * b . ugartei kovarik , 2000 * b . wituensis kraepelin , 1913 b . zambonellii borelli , 1902\nbirulatus vachon , 1974 ( 3 ) b . astartiae stathi & louren\u00e7o , 2003 * b . haasi vachon , 1974 b . israelensis louren\u00e7o , 2002 *\nbuthacus birula , 1908 ( 26 ) b . agarwali zambre & louren\u00e7o , 2010 * b . ahaggar louren\u00e7o , kourim & sadine , 2017 * b . arenicola ( simon , 1885 ) b . armasi louren\u00e7o , 2013 * b . birulai louren\u00e7o , 2006 * b . buettikeri hendrixson , 2006 * b . clevai louren\u00e7o , 2001 * b . elmenia louren\u00e7o & sadine , 2017 * b . foleyi vachon , 1948 b . frontalis werner , 1936 ( nomen dubium ) b . golovatchi louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * b . leptochelys ( ehrenberg , 1829 ) b . macrocentrus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) * b . maliensis louren\u00e7o & qi , 2007 * b . nigerianus louren\u00e7o & qi , 2006 * b . nigroaculeatus levy et al . , 1973 * b . occidentalis louren\u00e7o , 2000 * b . pakistanensis louren\u00e7o & qi , 2006 * b . samiae louren\u00e7o & sadine , 2015 * b . spinatus louren\u00e7o , bissati & sadine , 2016 * b . stockmanni kovraik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 * b . striffleri louren\u00e7o , 2004 * b . tadmorensis ( simon , 1892 ) * b . villiersi vachon , 1949 b . willamsi louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2009 * b . ziegleri louren\u00e7o , 2000 *\nbutheoloides hirst , 1925 ( 19 ) b . annieae louren\u00e7o , 1986 b . aymerichi louren\u00e7o , 2002 * b . charlotteae louren\u00e7o , 2000 * b . cimrmani kovarik , 2003 * b . granulatus louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * b . grosseri kovarik , 2016 * b . hirsti louren\u00e7o , 1996 b . littoralis louren\u00e7o , touloun & boumezzough , 2011 * b . maroccanus hirst , 1925 b . milloti vachon , 1948 b . monodi vachon , 1950 b . nuer kovarik , 2015 * b . occidentalis louren\u00e7o , slimani & berahou , 2003 * b . polisi louren\u00e7o , 1996 b . savanicola louren\u00e7o , 2013 * b . schwendingeri louren\u00e7o , 2002 * b . slimanii louren\u00e7o , 2010 * b . vanderberghi louren\u00e7o , 2015 * b . wilsoni louren\u00e7o , 1995\nbutheolus simon , 1882 ( 6 ) b . andersoni ( pocock , 1895 ) * b . gallagheri vachon , 1980 b . hallani louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2017 * b . harrisoni lowe , 2018 * b . thalassinus simon , 1882 b . villosus hendrixson , 2006 *\nbuthoscorpio werner , 1936 ( 5 ) b . chinnarensis aswathi , sureshan & louren\u00e7o , 2015 * b . indicus louren\u00e7o , 2012 * b . politus ( pocock , 1899 ) b . rayalensis javed , rao , mirza , sanap & tampal , 2010 * b . sarasinorum ( karsch , 1891 ) nb ! b . jinnahii amir , kamaluddin & jabbar , 2005 * and b . rahmatii amir , kamaluddin & jabbar , 2005 * was described in the non - valid genus stenochirus by the authors . i have placed them in buthoscorpio , which is the valid name for stenochirus , but formally this has to be done in a scientific journal before it is valid . javed et al . , 2010 have studied the descriptions of these two species and concluded that they do not belong to the genus buthoscorpio . this decsision was also supported by lourenco , 2012 . the two taxa are now buthidae incertae sedis and are not included in the total number species in buthidae .\ncentruroides marx , 1890 ( 91 ) c . alayoni armas , 1999 * c . altagraciae teruel , de armas & kovarik , 2015 * c . anchorellus armas , 1976 c . arctimanus ( armas , 1976 ) c . baergi hoffmann , 1932 * c . balsasensis ponce & francke , 2004 * c . bani armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 c . baracoae armas , 1976 * c . barbudensis ( pocock , 1898 ) c . bertholdii ( thorell , 1876 ) c . bicolor ( pocock , 1898 )\ncharmus karsch , 1879 ( 5 ) c . brignolii louren\u00e7o , 2000 * c . indicus hirst , 1915 c . laneus karsch , 1879 c . saradieli kovarik , loewe , ranawana , hoferek & jayarathne 2016 * c . sinhagadensis tikader & bastawade , 1983\nchaneke francke , teruel & santibanez - lopez , 2014 * ( 4 ) c . aliciae ( armas & frias , 1998 ) * c . baldazoi kovarik , teruel & lowe , 2016 * c . fogoso francke , teruel & santibanez - lopez , 2014 * c . hofereki kovarik , teruel & lowe , 2016 *\ncicileiurus teruel , 2007 * ( 1 ) c . monticola teruel , 2007 *\ncicileus vachon , 1948 ( 5 ) c . exilis ( pallary , 1928 ) c . cloudsleythompsoni louren\u00e7o , 1999 * c . hoggarensis louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2015 * c . latellai louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2015 * c . montanus louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2015 *\nfemtobuthus lowe , 2010 * ( 1 ) f . shutuae lowe , 2010 *\ngint kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2013 * ( 10 ) g . amoudensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . calviceps ( pocock , 1900 ) g . dabakalo kovarik & mazuch , 2015 * g . gaitako kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2013 * g . gubanensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . insolitus ( borelli , 1925 ) * ( nomen dubium ) g . maidensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . marialuisae rossi , 2015 * ( nomen dubium ) g . monicae rossi , 2015 * ( nomen dubium ) g . puntlandus kovarik & mazuch , 2015 *\ngrosphus simon , 1880 ( 31 ) g . ankarafantsika louren\u00e7o , 2003 * g . ankarana louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2003 * g . annulatus fage , 1929 g . bicolor louren\u00e7o , 2012 * g . bistriatus kraepelin , 1900 g . darainensis louren\u00e7o , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . eliseanneae louren\u00e7o & wilme , 2016 * g . feti louren\u00e7o , 1996 g . flavopiceus kraepelin , 1900 g . ganzhorni louren\u00e7o , wilme & waeber , 2016 * g . garciai louren\u00e7o , 2001 * g . goudoti louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2006 * g . grandidieri kraepelin , 1900 g . halleuxi louren\u00e7o , wilme , soarimalala & waeber , 2017 * g . hirtus kraepelin , 1900 g . intertidalis louren\u00e7o , 1999 * g . limbatus ( pocock , 1889 ) g . madagascariensis ( gervais , 1843 ) g . magalieae louren\u00e7o , 2014 * g . makay louren\u00e7o & wilme , 2015 * g . mandena louren\u00e7o , 2005 * g . mahafaliensis louren\u00e7o , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . mayottensis louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2009 * g . olgae louren\u00e7o , 2004 * g . polskyi louren\u00e7o , qi & goodman , 2007 * g . rakotoariveloi louren\u00e7o , wilme , soarimalala & waeber , 2017 * g . rossii louren\u00e7o , 2013 * g . sabineae louren\u00e7o & wilme , 2016 * g . simoni louren\u00e7o , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . voahangyae louren\u00e7o & wilme 2015 * g . waeberi louren\u00e7o & wilme , 2016 *\nhemibuthus pocock , 1900 ( 2 ) h . crassimanus ( pocock , 1897 ) h . umarii amir , kamaluddin & khan , 2004 *\nhemilychas hirst , 1911 ( 1 ) h . alexandrinus ( hirst , 1911 )\nheteroctenus pocock , 1893 * ( 9 ) h . abudi ( armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 ) * h . aridicola ( teruel et armas , 2012 ) * h . bonettii ( armas 1999 ) * h . garridoi ( armas , 1974 ) * h . gibarae ( teruel , 2006 ) * h . granulimanus ( teruel , 2006 ) * h . junceus ( herbst , 1800 ) * h . melloleitaoi ( teruel et armas , 2006 ) * h . princeps ( karsch , 1879 ) *\nischnotelson esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 ( 2 ) i . guanambiensis ( lenarducci , pinto - da - rocha & lucas , 2005 ) * i . peruassu esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *\nisometroides keyserling , 1885 ( 1 ) i . vescus ( karsch , 1880 )\nisometrus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 7 ) i . atherii amir & kamaluddin , 2008 * i . formosus pocock , 1894 i . isadensis tikander & bastawade , 1983 * i . liaqatii amir & kamaluddin , 2008 * i . maculatus ( degeer , 1778 ) i . thurstoni pocock , 1893 i . thwaitesi pocock , 1897\njaguajir esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 ( 3 ) j . agamemmon ( c . l . koch , 1839 ) * j . pintoi ( mello - leit\u00e3o , 1932 ) * j . rochae ( borelli , 1910 ) *\nkraepelinia vachon , 1974 ( 1 ) k . palpator ( birula , 1903 )\nlanzatus kovarik , 2001 * ( 2 ) l . somalicus kovarik , 2001 * l . somalilandus kovarik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 *\nleiurus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 12 ) l . abdullahbayrami yagmur , koc & kunt , 2009 * l . arabicus lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . brachycentrus ( ehrenberg , 1829 ) * l . haenggii lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . heberti lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . hebraeus ( birula , 1908 ) * l . hoggarensis louren\u00e7o , kourim & sadine , 2018 * l . jordanensis louren\u00e7o , modry & amr , 2002 * l . macroctenus lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . quinquestriatus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) l . savanicola louren\u00e7o , qi & cloudsley - thompson , 2006 * l . somalicus louren\u00e7o , & rossi , 2016 *\nlissothus vachon , 1948 ( 3 ) l . bernardi vachon , 1948 l . chaambi louren\u00e7o & sadine , 2014 * l . occidentalis vachon , 1950\nlychas c . l . koch , 1845 ( 43 ) l . aareyensis mirza & sanap , 2010 * l . aberlenci louren\u00e7o , 2013 * l . albimanus henderson , 1919 l . armasi kovar\u00edk , 2013 * l . armillatus ( gervais , 1841 ) * l . asper ( pocock , 1891 ) l . biharensis tikader & bastawade , 1983 l . braueri ( kraepelin , 1986 ) l . brehieri louren\u00e7o , 2017 * l . buchardi kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . burdoi ( simon , 1882 ) l . cernickai kovar\u00edk , 2013 * l . farkasi kovarik , 1997 l . flavimanus ( thorell , 1888 ) l . gravelyi henderson , 1913 l . hendersoni ( pocock , 1897 ) l . heurtaultae kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . hillyardi kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . hosei ( pocock , 1891 ) l . inexpectatus louren\u00e7o , 2011 * l . kaimana louren\u00e7o , 2011 * ( nomen dubium ) l . kamshetensis tikader & bastawade , 1983 l . kharpadi bastawade , 1986 l . krali kovar\u00edk , 1995 l . laevifrons pocock , 1897 l . louren\u00e7oi kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . marmoreus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) l . mjobergi kraepelin , 1916 l . mucronatus ( fabricius . 1798 ) l . nigristernis ( pocock , 1899 ) l . obsti kraepelin , 1913 l . perfidus ( keyserling , 1885 ) l . rackae kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . rugosus ( pocock , 1897 ) l . santoensis louren\u00e7o , 2009 * l . scaber ( pocock , 1893 ) l . scutilus c . l . koch , 1845 l . serratus ( pocock , 1891 ) l . shelfordi ( borelli , 1904 ) l . shoplandi ( oates , 1888 ) l . srilankensis lorenco , 1997 l . tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) l . variatus ( thorell , 1876 )\nmauritanobuthus qi & louren\u00e7o , 2007 * ( 1 ) m . geniezi qi & louren\u00e7o , 2007 *\nmesobuthus vachon , 1950 ( 25 ) m . agnetis ( werner , 1936 ) m . bolensis sun , zhu & louren\u00e7o , 2010 * m . brutus fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . caucasicus ( nordmann , 1840 ) m . cyprius gantenbein & kropf , 2000 * m . elenae fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . eupeus ( c . l . koch , 1839 ) m . extremus ( werner , 1936 ) m . fuscus ( birula , 1897 ) * m . gallianoi ythier , 2018 * m . gibbosus ( brulli , 1832 ) m . gorelovi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . intermedius ( birula , 1897 ) * m . karshius sun & sun , 2011 * m . kaznakovi ( birula , 1904 ) * m . kreuzbergi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . longichelus sun & zhu , 2010 * m . macmahoni ( pocock , 1900 ) m . martensii ( karsch , 1879 ) m . mischi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . nenilini fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . nigrocinctus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) * m . parthorum ( pocock , 1889 ) * m . phillipsi ( pocock , 1889 ) * m . vesiculatus ( pocock , 1899 )\nmesotityus gonzalez - sponga , 1981 ( 1 ) m . vondangeli gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 1981\nmicrobuthus kraepelin , 1898 ( 7 ) m . fagei vachon , 1949 m . flavorufus louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2007 * m . gardneri lowe , 2010 * m . kristensenorum lowe , 2010 * m . litoralis ( pavesi , 1885 ) m . maroccanus louren\u00e7o , 2002 * m . satyrus lowe , kovarik , stockmann & stahlavsky , 2018 *\nmicrocharmus louren\u00e7o , 1995 ( 38 ) m . bemaraha louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . cloudsleythompsoni louren\u00e7o , 1995 m . confluenciatus louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . duhemi louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . fisheri louren\u00e7o , 1998 m . hauseri louren\u00e7o , 1996 m . jussarae louren\u00e7o , 1996 * m . maculatus louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . madagascariensis louren\u00e7o , 1999 * m . pauliani ( louren\u00e7o , 2004 ) * m . sabineae louren\u00e7o , 1996 m . variegatus louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . violaceous louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 *\nmicrotityus kjellesvig - waering , 1966 ( 38 ) m . angelaerrosae gonz\u00e1les - sponga , 2001 * m . barahona armas & teruel , 2012 * m . biordi gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 1970 m . bivicentorum botero - trujillo , erazo - moreno & perez , 2009 * m . borincanus teruel , rivera & sanchez , 2014 * m . capayaensis gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 * m . consuelo armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 m . desuzeae gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 * m . difficilis teruel & armas , 2006 * m . dominicanensis santiago - blay , 1985 m . farleyi teruel , 2000 * m . flavescens teruel , 2001 * m . franckei botero - trujillo & noriega , 2008 * m . fundorai armas , 1974 m . guantanamo armas , 1984 m . iviei armas , 1999 * m . jaumei armas , 1974 m . joseantonioi gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 1981 m . kovariki teruel & infante , 2007 * m . lantiguai armas & marcano fondeur , 1992 m . litoralensis gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 * m . lourencoi armas & teruel , 2012 * m . minimus kovarik & teruel , 2014 * m . paucidentatus armas & marcano fondeur , 1992 m . prendini armas & teruel , 2012 * m . pusillus teruel & kovarik , 2012 * m . reini armas & teruel , 2012 * m . rickyi kjellesvig - waering , 1966 m . santosi teruel , rivera & sanchez , 2014 * m . sevciki gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 * m . solegladi armas & teruel , 2012 * m . starri louren\u00e7o & huber , 1999 * m . trinitensis armas , 1974 m . vanzolinii lorenco & eickstedt , 1983 m . vieques teruel , rivera & santos , 2015 * m . virginiae armas , 1999 * m . waeringi francke & sissom , 1980 m . yaracuyanus gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 *\nneobuthus hirst , 1911 ( 7 ) n . awashensis kovarik & lowe , 2012 * n . cloudsleythompsoni louren\u00e7o , 2001 * n . berberensis ( hirst , 1911 ) n . eritreaensis lowe & kovarik , 2016 * n . ferrugineus ( kraepelin , 1898 ) * n . kutcheri lowe & kovarik , 2016 * n . sudanensis louren\u00e7o , 2005 *\nneogrosphus louren\u00e7o , 1995 ( 3 ) n . andrafiabe louren\u00e7o , wilme & waeber 2015 * n . blanci louren\u00e7o , 1996 n . griveaudi ( vachon , 1969 )\nodontobuthus vachon , 1950 ( 6 ) o . bidentatus ( louren\u00e7o & pezier , 2002 ) * o . brevidigitus lowe , 2010 * o . doriae ( thorell , 1876 ) o . odonturus ( pocock , 1897 ) o . tavighiae navidpour , soleglad , fet & kovarik , 2013 * o . tirgari mirshamsi , azghadi , navidpour , aliabadian & kovarik , 2013 *\northochiroides kovar\u00edk , 1998 ( 3 ) o . insularis ( pocock , 1889 ) * o . socotrensis kovar\u00edk , 2004 * o . vachoni kovar\u00edk , 1998\northochirus karsch , 1891 ( 36 ) o . afar kovarik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 * o . afghanus kovarik , 2004 * o . aristidis ( simon , 1882 ) o . atarensis louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2011 * o . bastawadei zambre , mirza , sanap , upadhye & javed , 2011 * o . bicolor ( pocock , 1897 ) o . blandini ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1997 ) * o . cloudsleythompsoni louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2011 * o . danielleae ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1997 ) * o . erardi ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1997 ) * o . farzanpayi ( vachon & farzanpay , 1987 ) * o . feti kovarik , 2004 * o . flavescens ( pocock , 1897 ) o . fuscipes ( pocock , 1900 ) o . glabrifrons ( kraepelin , 1903 ) * o . gromovi kovarik , 2004 * o . gruberi kovarik & fet , 2006 * o . heratensis kovarik , 2004 * o . innesi simon , 1910 o . iranus kovarik , 2004 * o . iraqus kovarik , 2004 * o . jalalabadensis kovarik , 2004 * o . kaspareki ( louren\u00e7o & huber , 2000 ) * o . kinzelbachi ( louren\u00e7o & huber , 2000 ) * o . krishnai tikader & bastawade , 1983 o . maroccanus louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2011 * o . minor louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * o . monodi ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1997 ) * o . pallidus ( pocock , 1897 ) o . samrchelsis kovarik , 2004 * o . scrobiculosus ( grube , 1873 ) o . stockwelli ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1995 ) * o . tassili louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2011 * o . tibesti louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * o . varius kovarik , 2004 * o . zagrosensis kovarik , 2004 *\npantobuthus louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2009 * ( 1 ) p . complicatus louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2009 *\nparabuthus pocock , 1890 ( 33 ) p . abyssinicus ( pocock , 1901 ) * p . brevimanus ( thorell , 1876 ) p . calvus purcell , 1898 p . capensis ( ehrenberg , 1831 ) p . cimrmani kovarik , 2004 * p . distridor lamoral , 1980 p . eritreaensis kovarik , 2003 * p . glabrimanus prendini & esposito , 2010 * p . gracilis lamoral , 1979 p . granimanus pocock , 1895 p . granulatus ( ehrenberg , 1831 ) p . hamar kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2016 * p . heterurus pocock , 1899 p . hunteri pocock , 1895 p . kajibu kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2016 * p . kalaharicus lamoral , 1977 p . kraepelini werner , 1902 p . kuanyamarum monrad , 1937 p . laevifrons ( simon , 1888 ) p . liosoma ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) p . maximus werner , 1913 p . mossambicensis ( peters , 1861 ) p . muelleri prendini , 2000 * p . namibensis lamoral , 1979 p . nanus lamoral , 1979 p . pallidus pocock , 1895 p . planicauda ( pocock , 1889 ) p . raudus ( simon , 1888 ) p . schlechteri purcell , 1899 p . setiventer prendini & esposito , 2010 * p . stridulus hewitt , 1913 p . transvaalicus purcell , 1899 p . villosus ( peters , 1862 )\npectinibuthus fet in orlov & vasilyev , 1984 ( 1 ) p . birulai fet in orlov & vasilyev , 1984\nphysoctonus mello - leitao , 1934 * ( 3 ) p . amazonicus louren\u00e7o , 2017 * p . debilis ( c . l . koch , 1840 ) * p . striatus esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *\npicobuthus lowe , 2010 * ( 2 ) p . dundoni lowe , 2010 * p . wahibaensis lowe , 2010 *\npolisius fet , capes & sissom , 2001 * ( 1 ) p . persicus fet , capes & sissom , 2001 *\npseudolychas kraepelin , 1911 ( 3 ) p . ochraceus ( hirst , 1911 ) p . pegleri ( purcell , 1901 ) p . transvaalicus lawrence , 1961\npseudouroplectes louren\u00e7o , 1995 ( 5 ) p . betschi louren\u00e7o , 1995 p . lalyae louren\u00e7o & ythier , 2010 * p . maculatus louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2006 * p . pidgeoni louren\u00e7o & goodman , 1999 * p . tsingy louren\u00e7o , wilme & waeber , 2016 *\nrazianus farzanpay , 1987 ( 4 ) r . birulai tahir , navidpour & prendini , 2014 * r . farzanpayi tahir , navidpour & prendini , 2014 * r . xinjianganus lourenco , sun & zhu , 2010 * r . zarudnyi ( birula , 1903 )\nreddyanus vachon , 1972 * ( 27 ) r . acanthurus ( pocock , 1899 ) * r . assamensis ( oates , 1888 ) * r . basilicusi ( karsch , 1879 ) * r . besucheti ( vachon , 1982 ) * r . bilyi ( kovar\u00edk , 2003 ) * r . brachycentrus ( pocock , 1899 ) * r . ceylonensis kovarik , lowe , ranawana , hoferek , jayarathne & stahlavsky , 2016 * r . corbeti ( tikander & batawade , 1983 ) * r . deharvengi ( louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2010 ) * r . feti ( kovar\u00edk , 2013 ) * r . heimi ( vachon , 1976 ) * r . jayarathnei kovarik , 2016 * r . jendeki ( kovar\u00edk , 2013 ) * r . khammamensis ( kovar\u00edk , 2003 ) * r . krasenskyi ( kovar\u00edk , 1998 ) * r . kurkai ( kovar\u00edk , 1997 ) * r . loebli ( vachon , 1982 ) * r . melanodactylus ( l . koch , 1867 ) * r . navaiae ( kovar\u00edk , 1998 ) * r . neradi ( kovar\u00edk , 2013 ) * r . petrzelkai ( kovar\u00edk , 2003 ) * r . problematicus ( kovar\u00edk , 2003 ) * r . ranawanai kovarik , 2016 * r . rigidulus ( pocock , 1897 ) * r . tibetanus ( louren\u00e7o & zhu , 2008 ) * r . vittatus ( pocock , 1900 ) r . zideki ( kovar\u00edk , 1994 ) *\nrhopalurus thorell , 1876 ( 3 ) r . caribensis teruel & roncallo , 2008 * r . laticauda thorell , 1876 r . ochoai esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *\nsaharobuthus louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2009 * ( 1 ) s . elegans louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2009 *\nsassandiothus farzanpay , 1987 ( 2 ) s . gracilis ( birula , 1900 ) * s . zarudnyi ( birula , 1900 )\nthaicharmus kovar\u00edk , 1995 ( 4 ) t . guptai mirza , sanap & kunte , 2016 * t . indicus kovar\u00edk , 1995 t . lowei kovar\u00edk , soleglad & fet , 2007 * t . mahunkai kovar\u00edk , 1995\ntityobuthus pocock , 1893 ( 19 ) t . antsingy louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2004 * t . baroni ( pocock , 1890 ) t . betschi louren\u00e7o , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . chelbergorum louren\u00e7o , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . darainensis louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2002 * t . dastychi louren\u00e7o , 1997 t . griswoldi louren\u00e7o , 2000 * t . guillaumeti louren\u00e7o , 1995 t . ivohibe louren\u00e7o & goodman , 1999 * t . judsoni louren\u00e7o , 1996 t . lokobe louren\u00e7o , waeber & wilme , 2016 * t . manonae louren\u00e7o , 2000 * t . mccarteri louren\u00e7o , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . monodi louren\u00e7o , 2000 * t . pallidus louren\u00e7o , 2004 * t . parrilloi louren\u00e7o , 1996 t . petrae louren\u00e7o , 1996 t . pococki louren\u00e7o , 1995 t . rakotondravonyi louren\u00e7o , 2003 *\ntityopsis armas , 1974 ( 2 ) t . inaequalis ( armas , 1974 ) t . inexpectata ( moreno , 1940 )\nuroplectes peters , 1861 ( 34 ) u . ansiedippenaarae prendini , 2015 * u . carinatus ( pocock , 1890 ) u . chubbi hirst , 1911 u . emiliae ( werner , 1916 ) u . fischeri ( karsch , 1879 ) u . flavoviridis peters , 1861 u . formosus pocock , 1890 u . gracilior hewitt , 1914 u . insignis pocock , 1890 u . katangensis prendini , 2015 * u . lineatus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) u . longimanus werner , 1936 u . machadoi louren\u00e7o , 2000 * u . malawicus prendini , 2015 * u . marlothi purcell , 1901 u . ngangelarum monard , 1930 u . occidentalis simon , 1876 u . olivaceus pocock , 1896 u . otjimbinguensis ( karsch , 1879 ) u . pardalis werner , 1913 u . pardii kovarik , 2003 * u . pictus werner , 1913 u . pilosus ( thorell , 1876 ) u . planimanus ( karsch , 1879 ) u . schlechteri purcell , 1901 u . schubotzi kraepelin , 1929 u . silvestrii borelli , 1913 u . teretipes lawrence , 1966 u . triangulifer ( thorell , 1876 ) u . tumidimanus lamoral , 1979 u . variegatus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) u . vittatus ( thorell , 1876 ) u . xanthogrammus pocock , 1897 u . zambezicus prendini , 2015 *\nvachoniolus levy , amitai & shulov , 1973 ( 4 ) v . batinahensis lowe , 2010 * v . gallagheri lowe , 2010 * v . globimanus levy , amitai & shulov , 1973 v . iranus navidpour , kovarik , soleglad & fet , 2008 *\nvachonus tikader & bastawade , 1983 ( 4 ) v . asiyaae amir & kamaluddin , 2009 * [ nomina dubia ] v . inexpectatus louren\u00e7o , 2015 * v . iqbali amir & kamaluddin , 2009 * [ nomina dubia ] v . rajasthanicus tikader & bastawade , 1983\nxenobuthus lowe , 2018 * ( 3 ) x . anthracinus ( pocock , 1895 ) * x . arabicus ( louren\u00e7o & qi , 2006 ) * x . xanthus lowe , 2018 *\nzabius thorell , 1893 ( 3 ) z . birabeni mello - laeit\u00e3o , 1938 z . fuscus ( thorell , 1876 ) z . gaucho acosta , candido , buckup & brescovit , 2008 *\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\ni ' m going to quote figures straight from articles ( some require some calculations to give the same ld50 reference ) so draw your own conclusions . please read the section on ' other points to note ' to help you interpret the results . from this table alone , much can be learnt .\nthis list of scorpion ld50 is , by far , the longest i know on the net .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmanagement of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the indian red scorpion ( mesobuthus tamulus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmanagement of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the indian red scorpion ( mesobuthus tamulus ) .\nthe efficacy of nifedipine and prazosin in combination or alone in the management of cardiovascular manifestations caused to mesobuthus tamulus poisoning was investigated .\n62 patients who had been stung by a red scorpion were admitted from january to december 1990 : 18 with hypertension , 15 with supraventricular tachycardia , 11 with pulmonary oedema , and 18 with local pain at the site of sting but no systemic involvement . two patients with massive life - threatening pulmonary oedema were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .\nthe combination of nifedipine and prazosin was more successful in preventing myocardial damage in 16 patients with hypertension than was nifedipine alone in two other patients with hypertension . prazosin alone helped to alleviate the cardiovascular manifestations in eight patients with pulmonary oedema and 15 with supraventricular tachycardia . one patient with pulmonary oedema died and two recovered after they were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .\nnifedipine alone did not prevent myocardial damage unless the peripheral action of venom was blocked by prazosin .\nby continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies . find out more here\nobjective \u2014the efficacy of nifedipine and prazosin in combination or alone in the management of cardiovascular manifestations caused to mesobuthus tamulus poisoning was investigated .\nsubjects \u201462 patients who had been stung by a red scorpion were admitted from january to december 1990 : 18 with hypertension , 15 with supraventricular tachycardia , 11 with pulmonary oedema , and 18 with local pain at the site of sting but no systemic involvement . two patients with massive life - threatening pulmonary oedema were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .\nresults \u2014the combination of nifedipine and prazosin was more successful in preventing myocardial damage in 16 patients with hypertension than was nifedipine alone in two other patients with hypertension . prazosin alone helped to alleviate the cardiovascular manifestations in eight patients with pulmonary oedema and 15 with supraventricular tachycardia . one patient with pulmonary oedema died and two recovered after they were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .\nconclusion \u2014nifedipine alone did not prevent myocardial damage unless the peripheral action of venom was blocked by prazosin .\nif you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the copyright clearance center\u2019s rightslink service . you will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 bmj publishing group ltd & british cardiovascular society . all rights reserved .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use this site , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . learn more .\ni know there are tons of care sheets already here , but still there are couple or so inquiries on how i keep mine . a friend suggested to post it here .\ntemperature : average 29 - 32c at day and 27 - 28 at night .\nbasically i use coco husk or coco dust for substrate and misting 2x a week . remember not to mist directly at the scorpion .\ni started with one female and ended up with more then i can handle . so better think about taking of more 1 - 2 , cause when they start popping there ' s no stopping them : razz :\nto all people who have availed our free hh . this caresheet is all base from our own experience . this by far is the best in my own humble opinion .\nthats not even the whole collection of hh its only partial . < edit > hehehehe !\nto all people who have availed my free hh . this caresheet is all base from our own experience . this by far is the best in my own humble opinion . very very detailed ! the best ! this is very highly recommended ! kudos to you my friend ryan88 !\nwhat ever the sex of hh you get you ' ll end up getting slings .\ntheyre 2i so i hope its a female : / i heard theres rare cases of males . how many have you gotten ?\nout of 3 broods of 30 ' s we got 5 - 6pcs of male only . i asked my friend ryan88 to post some photos of hh mating . i think this is the only photo or record of hh mating . again we might not be sure if theres any record of hh mating but this could be the first one .\nthou both male and female produces slings . female gives more slings than males .\noriginally posted by vixvy out of 3 broods of 30 ' s we got 5 - 6pcs of male only . i asked my friend ryan88 to post some photos of hh mating .\nsorry bro , relayed you the wrong information . out of 30 females 5 - 6 males were produce from their brood .\nhere ' s a couple of photos taken while mating . this was taken 3 years back . it was by accident when i about to make a communal set up for adults .\nmating was succesful , however no brood was produce . still don ' t know why ? both are now deceased .\nso far i haven ' t use any hides for them from slings to adults , no problem so far . 78f ( that ' s 25 . 5c ) that seems to be too cold for them . their methabolism will go slower and will refuse to eat .\nso far no data yet . both never poduced any brood , the male died after 2 months and the female died 3 months after mating . probably from old age"]}
{"id": 1040, "summary": [{"text": "glyphipterix codonias is a species of sedge moths in the genus glyphipterix .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1909 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "glyphipterix codonias", "paragraphs": ["glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by h\u00fcbner in 1825 .\nglyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by h\u00fcbner in 1825 .\nlandcare research is the custodian of a number of nationally significant biological and resource collections and databases .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6d9bc114 - c981 - 4fec - be34 - fc9fcf67cd2f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a48701b9 - 4bc9 - 4538 - 869b - bf4298f2d589\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6906e5a2 - 25bf - 4840 - 8e1a - 6aeb0f2a6656\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 486817\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n1 . glyp 2 . glyph 3 . glyph bitmap distribution format 4 . glyph code 5 . glyph comic awards 6 . glyph comics awards 7 . glyph identifier 8 . glyph image 9 . glyph metrics 10 . glypha 11 . glyphe 12 . glyphea 13 . glypheidae 14 . glypheidea 15 . glypheoidea 16 . glypher 17 . glyphic 18 . glyphidocera alexandrae 19 . glyphidocera burpurae 20 . glyphidocera castanella 21 . glyphidocera cotis 22 . glyphidocera diciae 23 . glyphidocera fidem 24 . glyphidocera guaroa 25 . glyphidocera olivae\n76 . glyphographical 77 . glyphographs 78 . glyphography 79 . glypholecia 80 . glyphonycteris 81 . glyphopeltis 82 . glyphorynchus 83 . glyphosate 84 . glyphosate cas # 1071 - 83 - 6 85 . glyphosate cas # 1071 83 6 86 . glyphosate trimesium cas # 81591 - 81 - 3 87 . glyphosate trimesium cas # 81591 81 3 88 . glyphosates 89 . glyphosine 90 . glyphosine cas # 2439 - 99 - 8 91 . glyphosine cas # 2439 99 8 92 . glyphosphate 93 . glyphostoma 94 . glyphostoma gratula 95 . glyphostoma neglecta 96 . glyphostoma otohimeae 97 . glyphostoma rostrata 98 . glyphostylus 99 . glyphotes 100 . glyphoturris"]}
{"id": 1041, "summary": [{"text": "the rufous-tailed jacamar ( galbula ruficauda ) is a near-passerine bird which breeds in the tropical new world in southern mexico , central america and south america as far south as southern brazil and ecuador .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the jacamars are elegant brightly coloured birds with long bills and tails .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the rufous-tailed jacamar is typically 25 centimetres ( 10 in ) long with a 5 centimetres ( 2 in ) long black bill .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the subspecies g. r. brevirostris has , as its name implies , a shorter bill .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this bird is metallic green above , and the underparts are mainly orange , including the undertail , but there is a green breast band .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "sexes differ in that the male has a white throat , and the female a buff throat ; she also tends to have paler underparts .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the race g. r. pallens has a copper-coloured back in both sexes .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species is a resident breeder in a range of dry or moist woodlands and scrub .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the two to four rufous-spotted white eggs are laid in a burrow in a bank or termite mound .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "this insectivore hunts from a perch , sitting with its bill tilted up , then flying out to catch flying insects .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "one commonly preyed upon insect is the social wasp agelaia vicina .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "further , the bird distinguishes between edible and unpalatable butterflies mainly according to body shape .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the rufous-tailed jacamar 's call is a sharp pee-op , and the song a high thin peeo-pee-peeo-pee-pe-pe , ending in a trill . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "rufous - tailed jacamar", "paragraphs": ["protection / threats / status : rufous - tailed jacamar is common and widespread in its range . the major threats for this species are deforestation and habitat loss . rufous - tailed jacamar populations are not threatened at this moment .\na lateral view of a perched male ' rufous - and - green jacamar ' .\nthe commonest species is the rufous - tailed jacamar ( galbula ruficauda ) , 25 cm ( 10 inches ) long , found from southern mexico to argentina .\nthe rufous - tailed jacamar inhabits a range from central america to south america as far as brazil and northern argentina . the beauty of its shimmering green upperparts and rufous underparts cannot be overlooked . while the male\u2019s throat is white , the female\u2019s is rufous .\nrange : rufous - tailed jacamar is widespread on a large range , from southern mexico to northern argentina , including mexico , costa rica , ecuador , colombia , brazil , argentina , and trinidad and tobago .\nbehaviour : rufous - tailed jacamar feeds mainly on insects caught on the wing , by flycatching , aerial sallies or pursuit in the air . when the prey is caught , the bird beats it against a branch or other hard surface , in order to kill it , and to remove the more resistant parts of the body and the wings . then , the prey is swallowed whole . this behaviour is observed only for relatively large preys . rufous - tailed jacamar hunts from an exposed perch .\nhabitat : rufous - tailed jacamar frequents several kinds of habitats , such as shrubby forest edges , gallery forests , second - growth thickets , streams and rivers\u2019 banks , marshes and savannahs with scattered trees . it may be seen from lowlands up to 900 metres of elevation , rarely up to 1300 metres .\nflight : rufous - tailed jacamar has swift flight , fairly brief when pursuing preys . if the bird needs to fly long distances , for escaping a danger or between two feeding areas , it flies with bursts of rapid wing beats and glides . at this moment , the flight seems to be undulating .\nsome might say that the rufous - tailed jacamar ( galbula ruficacauda ) is reminiscent of a green - and - rufous kingfisher for its similar color patterns and heavy bill whereas others might see this bird and think of it as an oversized hummingbird . whatever side you fall on it\u2019s a species that you can\u2019t seem to get enough of and is hard to turn away from for its brilliant colors and sassy attitude .\ndescription : rufous - tailed jacamar is a brightly coloured bird . adult male has shining metallic coppery - green plumage on upperparts . on the wings , the primaries are blackish . the long , graduated tail shows two longer rectrices . the other tail feathers are cinnamon . on the underparts , chin and throat are white . breast shows a broad metallic coppery - green band . belly , vent and undertail are rufous - chestnut . underwing coverts are cinnamon and flight feathers are dark grey .\ndiet : rufous - tailed jacamar feeds mainly on insects caught by flycatching and sallies . the diet includes a wide variety of insects , even wasps . the bird perches 1 to 3 metres above the ground on relatively exposed perch . when the prey is caught , it beats it several times against the branch , in order to kill it and to remove the indigestible parts before swallowing .\nearlier this month at springhill , a high - pitched call of pee - pee - pee alerted us to the presence of a rufous - tailed jacamar nearby . turning out to be just in front of springhill\u2019s main house , employees and guests alike were delighted to spot trinidad and tobago\u2019s only representative of the galbulidae ( jacamar ) family . jacamars are neotropical birds which are similar to old world bee - eaters . they look like oversized hummingbirds and share a few characteristics with \u2018hummers\u2019 . they have iridescent feathers , long , thin bills and a fullness of energy .\nthere are 15 species of jacamar in tropical america which belong in their own family galbulidae situated between the puffbirds and toucans . all belong to the order piciformes along with woodpeckers and honeyguides . there are two species found here in costa rica , the great jacamar ( jacamerops aurea ) found on the caribbean slope and the rufous - tailed jacamar found at low elevations on both caribbean and pacific slopes . they are fairly common here on the osa peninsula mainly found along forest edges , streams and the open understory of tall second growth forests . it is also known to frequent cocoa plantations . we recently saw one perched along a road near one of our avian monitoring points on friends of the osa property in an area that we know as arbolito . it is not as abundant as some species and so it is a special moment to come across one .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto rufous - tailed jacamar\u2019s call is a sharp , thin \u201cpeeup\u201d repeated 3 to 10 times by both sexes . it also utters a rapid trill . song is a rapid phrase of several notes ending in trill \u201cpeeo - peeo - peea - pee - pee - pe - pe - pe - pe - pe - illllll\u201d . this prolonged song uttered by the male may vary , including melodious or buzzy parts , twittering , ascending trills and low \u201cpee - pee - pee\u201d .\nrufous - tailed jacamars breed , in trinidad , from february to june and in tobago , from february to august , where i might add , they are quite common . both sexes share nesting duties and interestingly , during courtship males remove the insects\u2019 wings to feed them to females . clutches of two to four white eggs with cinnamon spots , are laid .\nrufous - tailed jacamar nests in burrows excavated by both sexes . it is situated in sandy banks or termitary , and even in higher roots of fallen trees , from the ground up to three metres high . the burrow is usually straight , and the nest - chamber is sometimes partially visible . if there is any obstruction such as roots , the angle may deviate as sideway or downwards . the entrance is usually rectangular with vertical sides . the burrow is about 20 to 50 cm deep , with terminal cavity for the nest - chamber which is unlined .\nlocally called the \u2018king hummingbird\u2019 , the rufous - tailed jacamar is common in humid lowlands \u2013 on forest edges , in clearings and in secondary forest . it often perches a few metres above ground alongside a road , narrow stream or other type of clearing . there , it waits for prey , mostly flying insects , for which it hawks then thrashes against a branch in order to de - wing . these lively birds are regularly seen dust bathing on gravel roads . they measure 26 cm in length and usually nest in short tunnels on earth banks or even in termite nests .\nrufous - tailed jacamars dig long burrows ( 11 - 20\u201d ) in a bank , the root mass of an upturned tree or a termitary in which to put their nest . parents feed their 2 \u2013 4 young during a 3 week nestling period by regurgitating insect parts . by the time the nestlings are ready to fledge the nest can look like a tomb of glittery insect wings and chitinous body parts .\nit is highly sedentary , only performing some short dispersal , but it does not migrate . rufous - tailed jacamar is very active , often seen in pairs in shrubs , hunting for insects . during breeding season , the male performs regular courtship - feeding . it catches insects for its mate , offered without wings or hard parts . both mates perch close to each other while the male bobs its head upwards , downwards and sideways , and swings the tail up and down . at this moment , the male utters low notes and female gives trills . at other moment , always perched side to side , both mates fan their tails and bow together .\nvary slightly in the amounts of black on the chin and in the number of green central rectrices , but in general males are an iridescent coppery / golden green above with a white throat and cinnamon - rufous underparts . females are a slightly duller green and have a cinnamon - buff throat .\nfeed almost exclusively on flying insects , especially dragonflies , butterflies and moths . these birds forage from a perch on an exposed branch 1 to 3 meters from the ground , and sally out to catch insects on the wing . after the jacamar has caught an insect it beats it several times against a branch to stun it and remove the insect ' s wings before it swallows .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 500 , 000 - 4 , 999 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : despite this species tolerance of degraded and man - made habitats declines have been reported in panama and costa rica owing to hunting pressure , human interference and habitat loss ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncuvier 1816 ) is a beautiful inhabitant of forest edges and clearings of central and south america . it occurs in several disjunct populations : from eastern mexico south to western panama ; from eastern panama south to western ecuador , colombia and venezuela ; in guyana ; and from bolivia east to eastern brazil . the six recognized subspecies of\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , greg baker , carlos gussoni , david ascanio , lucas andrei campos - silva , keith blomerley , antonio silveira , max roth , alex garc\u00eda \u00b7 videoaves , thore noernberg , peter nash , keith and lynn youngs , jacob . wijpkema , cedric prys - roberts , pere sugranyes , richard garrigues , manakincarmelo , dani\u00eal jimenez , mauricio rueda , rigdon currie , yaiza arag\u00f3n , yo\u00ebl jimenez , eldert groenewoud , monicayhector , pedro h ramos , rodrigo y castro , sidnei sampaio , agustin carrasco .\nmargareta wieser , carlos gussoni , lars petersson , luis r figueroa , antonio silveira , lmarce , richardgreenhalgh031 , manakincarmelo , lsargentini , phillip edwards , steve garvie , sanjiv parasram , joe tobias , philgunson , stephen romany , josep del hoyo , kperezleon , jacqueserard , rolando chavez , lutz duerselen , ian barker , anselmo d affonseca , mikko pyh\u00e4l\u00e4 , miriam bauman , paul van giersbergen , r\u00f3ger rodr\u00edguez , netosevero , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , delareina , hal and kirsten snyder , mauricio rueda , orlando jarqu\u00edn g . , nigel lallsingh , eduardo freitez gassan , gustavo a . rodr\u00edguez , marco valentini , markus lilje , digitalbcon , sirroyalty , hector ceballos - lascurain , jacob . wijpkema , jos\u00e9 frade , luca boscain , nelsonlage , sam shaw , anderson rosado gomez , horacio luna , carlos ruiz . - guerra , marianhw , juanjaimemg , marin\u00eas eiterer , aisse gaertner , stu elsom , dani\u00eal jimenez , dubi shapiro , pedro h ramos , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , zanon , michaelp , andre zambolli , juan carlos mar\u00edn , kevin b agar , bj\u00f8rn kjellemyr , roger ahlman , samantha klein , erkki lehtovirta , holger teichmann , luis eduardo urue\u00f1a , ken havard , mattias hofstede , dusan m . brinkhuizen , sebastian duque , sam , tomas grim , joselito nardy ribeiro , daniel avenda\u00f1o , tadeusz stawarczyk , lindolfo souto , greg baker , josef widmer .\njosep del hoyo , joe klaiber , peter boesman , no\u00e9 eiterer , antonio silveira , dusan m . brinkhuizen .\nmale heard of forest edge of tropical dry forest . recording distance was 15 meters .\none individual seen and heard on forest edge of secondary vegetation at understory near a pasture . it was catching insects at fly . recording distance was 6 meters .\nheard on forest interior at understory of lowland rain forest . recording distance was 10 meters or more .\nprobably a male at understory into forest interior of dry forest . different individual from xc382459 .\na single individual perched and flying for catching cicadas on forest edge of dry forest . recording distance was 8 meters .\nrecorded in the edge of vereda at if ' s school farm , in the company of ruan henrique silveira martins .\ngrabaci\u00f3n hecha en el marco del proyecto\nestudio t\u00e9cnico y participativo de la biodiversidad aviar del municipio de ibagu\u00e9 \u2013 tolima , como estrategia para la consolidaci\u00f3n del ecoturismo de aves , la conservaci\u00f3n de sus h\u00e1bitats y el desarrollo de procesos de educaci\u00f3n ambiental\nuniversidad de ibagu\u00e9 - rednatur - colciencias .\nsinging while perched about 12 m from me . this was more than 2 km from my other recording of this species in this area ( xc402069 ) , so it is a different bird .\na pair , singing together . these three recordings were taken from about 1 - 1 / 2 hours of following these birds and attempting to get good recordings ; wind , some children , a photographer , and chickens caused me to not include many others .\noriginal recording . habitat riparian strip of forest along arroyo de coloso at ecoparque ecoloso .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthese colours fit right in with christmastime , so we presume that the bird\u2019s unusual appearance at asa wright was a fitting start to the holiday season .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 257 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nfemale resembles male , but she has cinnamon - buff chin and throat . she is slightly paler and duller than male .\njuvenile has shorter bill and tail than adults . the upperparts are duller , and the breast band is less regular and broader than in adults .\nhead is metallic green . the long , sharp black bill is about 4 to 5 cm length . eyes are dark brown with bare greyish eye - rings and lores . legs and feet are yellowish - brown .\nwe find six subspecies : g . r . melanogenia ; g . r . pallens ; g . r . brevirostris ; g . r . ruficauda ; g . r . rufoviridis ; g . r . heterogyna . they differ in varying amount of colours in plumage and bill size .\nfemale lays 2 to 4 white eggs . incubation lasts about 19 to 23 days , shared by both parents , and female mainly at night . calls and displays occur at each change of incubating bird . at hatching , the chicks are covered with long whitish down . they are fed by both adults with insects caught around the nest - site , within 50 metres from the burrow . young fledge about 20 to 26 days after hatching . adults and youngs roost at night in the burrow after fledging , and during about 8 weeks . this species produces one brood per season , but probably two .\nthey measure in at about 9 inches ( 23 cm ) long and weight approximately 27 g . those long bills are used for capturing insects . they perch on horizontal branches swaying their bill back and forth in search of flying insects . they are known to capture bees and beetles as well as large brilliantly colored butterflies such as morpho and swallowtails . their long beak allows them to grab hold of butterfly bodies while keeping flapping wings as well as bee stings at bay ."]}
{"id": 1046, "summary": [{"text": "archips nigricaudanus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( liaoning ) , korea , japan and russia ( ussuri , sakhalin , siberia ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 22 mm for males and 22 \u2013 23 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to june in china .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on diospyros , malus , morus , pyrus and quercus . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "archips nigricaudanus", "paragraphs": ["archips ( archips ) nigricaudanus ( walsingham , 1900 ) = archips nigricaudana walsingham 1900 .\narchips subrufanus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in china ( heilongjiang , jilin ) , korea , japan and russia ( primorye ) .\nthis study was carried out to clarify the fauna of the tribe archipini , which belongs to the family tortricidae in northeast china . in the present study , fifty - four species of the tribe were recognized and enumerated . based on the present study , two species , archips viola falkovitsh and choristoneura evanidana ( kennel ) , are reported for the first time from china . also five species , archips dichotomus falkovitsh , archips similis ( butler ) , argyrotaenia angustilineata ( walsingham ) , choristoneura longicellana ( walsingham ) , and gnorismoneura orientis ( filipjev ) , are newly recorded from northeast china . all available information , including host plant , distributional range , and biological information , are listed .\nfoundation item : this study was support by kosef ( korea science & engineering foundation ) with the program of \u201ckorea and china young scientist exchange program\u201d ( 2002\u20132003 ) .\nbiography : * byun bong - kyu ( 1963 - ) , male , ph . d . , researcher in korea national rrboretum , korea\n( clerk ) in korea [ j ] . korean j . appl . entomol . ,\nbyun , b . k . , bae , y . s . , park , k . t . 1998 . illustrated catalogue of tortricidae in korea ( lepidoptera ) [ r ] . insects of korea , vol . 2 , pp 317 .\nbyun , b . k . , k . t . park and b . y . lee . 1996 . five species of tortricinae new to korea [ j ] . korean j . entomol . ,\nfalkovitsh , m . i . 1965 . new eastern - asiatic species of leaf rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,\njaros j . , spitzer , k . , havelka , j . and park k . t . 1992 . synecological and biogeographical outlines of lepidoptera communities in north korea [ j ] . insects of koreana ,\nkawabe , a . 1982 . tortricidae and cochylidae [ c ] . in : h . inoue , s . sugi , h . kuroko , s . moriuti , a . kawabe ( eds ) moths of japan , vol . 1 : 62\u2013258 , vol . 2 : 158\u2013183 , pls . 14\u201331 , 227 , 279\u2013295 .\nkuznetsov , v . i . 1973 . leaf - rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) of the southern part of the soviet far east and their seasonal cycles [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,\nliu youqiao . 1983a . cochylidae and tortricidae [ c ] . in : animal research institute of chinese academy sciences ( ed ) iconographia heterocerorum sinicorum ( 1 ) beijing : science press , p 28\u201356 , pls . : 6\u20138 . ( in chinese )\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) [ j ] . zool . res . ,\nliu youqiao , bai jiuwei . 1977 . lepidoptera , tortricidae , part 1 [ c ] . in : economic insect fauna of china ( vol . 11 ) . beijing : science press : p 1\u201393 , 24 pls .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with description of two new species [ j ] . acta zool . sinica ,\nliu youqiao , li guangwu . 2002 . insecta , lepidoptera , tortricidae . [ c ] in : editorial committee of fauna sinica , chinese academy sciences ( ed ) fauna sinica ( vol . 27 ) . beijing : science press , pp . 463 , plates . 1\u2013136 , colour plates 1\u20132 .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . acta zool . cracov . ,\nyasuda , t . 1972 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . part i [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,\nyasuda , t . 1975 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . part ii [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,\nbong - kyu , b . , shan - chun , y . & cheng - de , l . journal of forestry research ( 2003 ) 14 : 93 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\ndownload ' korean pear ( pyrus pyrifolia ) from the republic of korea - fresh fruit / vegetables - import health standard ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .\nyour document ' korean pear ( pyrus pyrifolia ) from the republic of korea - fresh fruit / vegetables - import health standard ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .\nthe wingspan is about 11 mm . adults are on wing from july to mid - september .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 1058, "summary": [{"text": "the abyssal grenadier , coryphaenoides armatus , is an abyssal fish of the genus coryphaenoides , found in all the world 's oceans , at depths between 800 and 4,000 m. its adult length is 20 to 40 cm , although fishbase gives lengths up to 1 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the abyssal grenadier 's body is unique in that it contains two dorsal spines and about 124 dorsal soft rays , which are the flexible jointed rays supporting a fin nearest to the back in the spinal column .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it has no anal spines , but has 115 anal soft rays along its body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the head and eyes of this fish are very large , while the mouth is very small .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the color of the abyssal grenadier is brown apart from the abdomen , which is bluish . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "abyssal grenadier", "paragraphs": ["when they are brought up from the depths , gases in their bladders expand , popping the fish ' s stomachs and making their eyes bug out . no abyssal grenadier has ever been kept in captivity .\ndistinguishing between the abyssal macrourids coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus from in situ photography\ndistinguishing between the abyssal macrourids coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus from in situ photography - sciencedirect\nthe abyssal plains , covering more than half the earth ' s surface , are the world ' s largest habitat .\namazingly , while many fish species are suffering , the abyssal grenadier populations are booming ! they live so far down that they aren ' t affected by the fishing industry , and between 1989 and 2004 they doubled in number . scientists don ' t know much else about them though . their reproductive habits are unknown , and they have never been kept in captivity .\nmost experts agree that abyssal grenadiers are slow - growing animals , but estimates of their life spans vary from 6 to 60 years .\nthe scavenging fish communities at abyssal depths of the pacific ocean are dominated by two species of macrourids ; the rough abyssal grenadier coryphaenoides yaquinae iwamoto and stein , 1974 and the abyssal grenadier c . armatus ( hector , 1875 ) . these two species are morphologically very similar , and in the absence of physical specimens are notoriously difficult to distinguish from photographic data . in an era of increasing reliance on imaging technology in the deep sea , we provide an analysis of images of the two species from around the pacific rim with supplementary data from the atlantic and southern oceans . our results show that image - specific morphometric characters are inadequate to distinguish the two species . however , the way in which artificial illumination is reflected from the body is both sufficient , and consistently different to distinguish between the two species . the results are also corroborated by known geographic and bathymetric distributions . this analysis is intended to provide a reliable method of identification from deep - sea imaging systems in the absence of standard fishing techniques .\nthese fish live in the abyssal plains , flat expanses of the ocean floor at depths of 10 , 000 to 20 , 000 feet ( 3 , 000 to 6 , 000 meters ) . abyssal grenadiers , for example , have more than doubled in number between 1989 and 2004 , according to a new study .\ntoday ' s animal is one of those deep sea fish that we so uncommonly see alive . even though they live in all of the world ' s oceans , the abyssal grenadiers normally hang out between 1 , 000 and\neuropean regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) coryphaenoides armatus is a common species in the bathypelagic of the most ocean basins on the abyssal plain . it lives at depths too great to be of commercial interest , and there are no known major known threats . therefore , c . armatus is assessed as least concern .\nabyssal grenadiers have a very distinct look to them . they have large heads ( featuring large eyes ) but bodies that taper out into a tail that completely lacks a caudal fin , along with spined fins that run down both their dorsal and central sides . these fish are known to be very slow - growing , and live as long as 60 years .\nabyssal grenadier fish coryphaenoides yaquinae were coryphaenoides armatus and observed arriving at baits deployed within view of a free - fall video vehicle ( fvv ) camera on the sea floor at two stations in the north pacific , sta . f 32\u00b050\u2032n , 124\u00b0w , 4400 m deep in the vicinity of the california current and sta . cnp 31\u00b0n , 159\u00b0w , a 5900 m deep oligotrophic station . included within each bait deployment were one or two ingestible acoustic transmitters . a total of 23 fish at sta . f and 13 fish at sta . cnp ingested transmitters and were tracked using an acoustic tracking system ( atex ) . the number of fish within view of the camera increased to a mean maximum of 4 . 7 at 60 min at sta . f and 11 . 8 by 400 min at sta . cnp , a paradox in view of presumed lower fish population density at sta . cnp . fish that ingested transmitters moved away at radial velocities between 1 and 15 cm s \u22121 , reaching a mean radius of 233 m by 370 min at sta . f and 622 min at sta . cnp .\nthe estimated combined abundance of coryphaenoides armatus and c . yaquinae increased by 275 % ( from an annual average abundance of 7 . 5 ind / ha in 1989 to 28 . 1 ind / ha in 2004 ) via towed cameras between 1989 and 2004 at approximately 4100 m depth at station m ( bailey et al . 2006 ) . station m is located in the abyssal northeast pacific about 220 km west of point conception , california . the abundance was not reported by species , so it is unclear whether the increase is attributable to c . armatus . coryphaenoides armatus was the most abundant macrourid sampled by long - line in the mid - atlantic ridge ( fossen et al . 2008 ) .\nurltoken has more than 100 trusted sources , including encyclopedias , dictionaries , and thesauruses with facts , definitions , biographies , synonyms , pronunciation keys , word origins , and abbreviations .\nsocialized medicine publicly administered system of national health care . the term is used to describe programs that range from government operation of medical facilities to national health - insurance plans . in 1948 , great britain passed the national health service act that provided free physician and hospital services for all citizens .\nafghanistan , officially islamic republic of afghanistan , republic ( 2005 est . pop . 29 , 929 , 000 ) , 249 , 999 sq mi ( 647 , 497 sq km ) , s central asia . afghanistan is bordered by iran on the west , by pakistan on the east and south , and by turkmenistan , uzbekistan , and tajikistan on the north ; a narrow strip , the vakhan ( wakhan ) , extends in the northeast along pakistan to the xinjiang uygur autonomous region of china . the capital and largest city is kabul .\nglobal warming the gradual increase of the temperature of the earth ' s lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution . the temperature of the atmosphere near the earth ' s surface is warmed through a natural process called the greenhouse effect .\nimmigration entrance of a person ( an alien ) into a new country for the purpose of establishing permanent residence . motives for immigration , like those for migration generally , are often economic , although religious or political factors may be very important . high rates of immigration are frequently accompanied by militant , and sometimes violent , calls for immigration restriction or deportation by nationalist groups . see also naturalization .\nfrench revolution political upheaval of world importance in france that began in 1789 . origins of the revolution historians disagree in evaluating the factors that brought about the revolution . to some extent at least , it came not because france was backward , but because the country ' s economic and intellectual development was not matched by social and political change .\nunited nations ( un ) , international organization established immediately after world war ii . it replaced the league of nations . in 1945 , when the un was founded , there were 51 members ; 192 nations are now members of the organization ( see table entitled united nations members ) . organization and principles the charter of the united nations comprises a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles .\nfederal reserve system central banking system of the united states . established in 1913 , it began to operate in nov . , 1914 . its setup , although somewhat altered since its establishment , particularly by the banking act of 1935 , has remained substantially the same . structure the federal reserve act created 12 regional federal reserve banks , supervised by a federal reserve board . each reserve bank is the central bank for its district .\nfood adulteration act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient . the greek and roman classics contain allusions to wine makers and dealers who colored and flavored their wine .\ntiananmen square large public square in beijing , china , on the southern edge of the inner or tatar city . the square , named for its gate of heavenly peace ( tiananmen ) , contains the monument to the heroes of the revolution , the great hall of the people , the museum of history and revolution , and the chairman mao zedong memorial hall ( with mao ' s embalmed body ) . mao zedong proclaimed the founding of the people ' s republic in the square on oct . 1 , 1949 , an anniversary still observed there .\ngreek , koryphaina = dolphin fish + suffix oides = similar to ( ref . 45335 )\nfrom ' cyklos ' meaning circle and ' lepis ' meaning scale ( ref . 6885 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 282 - 5180 m ( ref . 50610 ) . deep - water ; 65\u00b0n - 61\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e ( ref . 1371 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 102 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 123 - 124 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 115 . the head is large ; the eyes also large . the snout is elongated , somewhat conical ; the mouth is small and inferior . the body tapers from behind the first dorsal fin . the light organ extends past midway between the anal origin and the ventral insertion . color is uniformly brownish , except for the abdomen which is bluish .\na deep - slope upper continental rise species , common in deep waters of most oceans ( ref . 1371 ) . bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young , switching to primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , and sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( ref . 1371 ) . sex ratio was 2 . 6 : 1 male to female ( n = 449 ) in the rockall tough , n . e . atlantic ( ref . 40742 ) .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )\n) : 1 . 9 - 5 . 1 , mean 3 . 3 ( based on 3307 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 52 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncoryphaenoides armatus is common to the deep waters of most oceans , between 2000 and 4700 m ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . in the northeastern atlantic , c . armatus is found from southern iceland and ireland to madeira and the canary islands . it is likely more widely distributed than what is known . it is found at depths ranging from 2000 to 4700 m .\niceland ; ireland ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; united kingdom ( great britain , northern ireland )\ncoryphaenoides armatus is a deep - slope , upper continental rise species found between 2000 and 4700 m . the diet of c . armatus changes ontogenetically , from benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young to mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . examination of the stomach contents of c . armatu s collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in hudson canyon provided evidence that a major portion of the diet comes from the deep mesopelagic and bathypelagic regions ( haedrich and henderson 1974 ) . the largest c . armatus collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in hudson canyon in 1973 was 102 cm total length ( haedrich and henderson 1974 ) . it has been suggested that c . armatus is semelparous , as few ripe females and no spent individuals have been collected ( stein and pearcy 1982 , drazen 2001 ) .\ncoryphaenoides armatus is large and taken in moderate numbers by oceanographic research vessels , but lives at depths too great to be of commercial potential ( cohen et al . 1990 ) .\ncoryphaenoides carapinus is not a commercially targeted species , however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries ( priede et al . 2010 )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n\u25ba in situ images of coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus were compared . \u25ba image - specific morphometric characters were inadequate to distinguish species . \u25ba reflection of artificial light off the body revealed interspecific differences . \u25ba reflection characteristics were sufficiently consistent to differentiate the species . \u25ba these data were corroborated by known bathymetric and geographic distributions .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nfish appear to be active foragers with no evidence for a \u201csit and wait\u201d foraging strategy . grenadiers generally remained near the sea floor as they dispersed . only one vertical movement to an altitude of\n25 m was recorded and this comprised less than 0 . 2 % of tracking time . the number of fish present at the bait was found to correspond to the following relationship :\nis the bait decay constant . in accordance with optimal foraging theory staying time ( \u03b2 ) is longer at sta . cnp .\na deep - slope upper continental rise species , common in deep waters of most oceans ( ref . 1371 ) . bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young , switching to primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , and sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( ref . 1371 ) . sex ratio was 2 . 6 : 1 male to female ( n = 449 ) in the rockall tough , n . e . atlantic ( ref . 40742 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalthough many fish populations are declining , a few species appear to be increasing their numbers , in particular those beyond the reach of fishing fleets .\nthe fish\u0097 also called rattails or deep - sea grenadiers\u0097grow to about 2 feet ( 60 centimeters ) long and are long - lived . but almost nothing is known about their reproductive habits .\ndavid bailey , a research fellow at the scripps institution of oceanography in la jolla , california , is the lead author of the new study . he sees two reasons for the species flourishing .\nfirst ,\nbailey said ,\nnatural climatic and oceanographic changes have increased food supply to the seafloor , triggering an increase in deep - sea fish abundances .\nsecond , the absence of direct fishing pressure on the deep - sea fish has allowed these changes .\nthe report appears in the march issue of the journal\nthe researchers used a camera sled\u0097a camera - equipped rig towed behind and below a ship\u0097to survey the depths .\nget our news delivered directly to your desktop\u0097free . how to use xml or rss\nlisten to your favorite national geographic news daily , anytime , anywhere from your mobile phone . no wires or syncing . download stitcher free today .\nthese fish are abundant in the dark depths of the oceans . as adults they can grow nearly a meter in length , though smaller sizes are more common . they feed on other fish , sea urchins , crustaceans , and cephalopods .\ntext and design by lauren robb . awesome inc . theme . theme images by airyelf . powered by blogger ."]}
{"id": 1067, "summary": [{"text": "agriphila attenuata is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by grote in 1880 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from coastal california , washington , wyoming , british columbia and alberta .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of grasslands .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 24 \u2013 26 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale cinereous with fuscous areas and a scattered dark scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late august to early september .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on grasses . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "agriphila attenuata", "paragraphs": ["for info and comparison photos please view the following links : agriphila attenuata at\nmpg\nand agriphila attenuata at\ne . h . strickland entomological museum\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 24 . 7m ; p . 182 . book review and ordering\non apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .\na larger crambid ( 24 - 26 mm wingspan ) with conspicuous , brushy , porrect labial palps and narrow forewings ( as the species name implies ) . the forewings are pale cinereous with fuscous areas and a scattering of dark scales . a poorly defined , whitish stripe extends from the base to the terminal line . it is crossed beyond the cell by an oblique dark line . the terminal space is narrow , light yellow - orange in color with seven dark dots . the space , subterminal and terminal lines parallel the termen except near the apex where they run obliquely into the costa . the fringes are whitish in color . the hindwings are pale fuscous , somewhat darker than the forewings . the genitalia have apparently not been illustrated . originally described as\na western north american species . described by grote ( 1880 ) from a specimen collected on vancouver island by henry edwards . in addition , fernald ( 1896 ) reported it from california and columbia ( sic ) . listed from many counties in the online california moth specimen database . clifford ferris ( pers . comm . ) has found it in albany co . , wyoming . a male genitalic preparation which ferris prepared matched that of alberta material . not reported for alberta by bowman ( 1951 ) and unknown in the province until now . in alberta , known mainly from areas along the battle , red deer , south saskatchewan and lost rivers . an interesting exception was a collection from a mixedwood area , 8 km nw of winfield .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from gary mcdonald . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact gary mcdonald mcduck [ at ] ucsc . edu . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )\n0000 0000 0311 2325 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from kipling will . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact kipling will kipwill @ urltoken .\n7777 7777 0410 0079 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 1078, "summary": [{"text": "pirania is a genus of sponge known from the middle cambrian burgess shale and the ordovician fezouata formation .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "198 specimens of pirania are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise 0.38 % of the community . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "pirania", "paragraphs": ["other deposits : pirania auraeum botting , 2007 from the lower ordovician of morocco ( botting , 2007 ) ; pirania llanfawrensis botting , 2004 from the upper ordovician of england ( botting , 2004 ) .\npirania is common in most burgess shale sites but comprises only 0 . 38 % of the walcott quarry community ( caron and jackson , 2008 ) .\npirania is considered a primitive demosponge ( rigby , 1986 ) . demosponges , the same group that are harvested as bath sponges , represent the largest class of sponges today .\npirania \u2013 from mount saint piran ( 2 , 649 m ) , situated in the bow river valley in banff national park , alberta . samuel allen named mount st . piran after the patron saint of cornwall in 1894 .\n3d animation of pirania muricata and other sponges ( choia ridleyi , diagoniella cyathiformis , eiffelia globosa , hazelia conferta , vauxia bellula , and wapkia elongata ) and chancelloria eros a sponge - like form covered of star - shaped spines .\npirania was first described by walcott ( 1920 ) . rigby ( 1986 ) redescribed this sponge and concluded that the skeleton is composed of hexagonally arranged canals , large pointed spicules and tufts of small spicules . this sponge was also reviewed by rigby and collins based on new material collected by the royal ontario museum ( 2004 ) .\npirania would have lived attached to the sea floor . particles of organic matter were extracted from the water as they passed through canals in the sponge\u2019s wall . the brachiopods nisusia and micromitra a range of other sponges and even juvenile chancelloriids are often found attached to the long spicules of this sponge , possibly to avoid higher turbidity levels near the seafloor .\npirania is a thick - walled cylindrical sponge that can have up to four branches . the skeleton of the sponge is composed of tufts of small spicules and has very distinctive long pointed spicules that emerge from the external wall . long canals perforate the wall of the sponge to allow water flow through it . branching occurs close to the base of the sponge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvan roy , peter ; orr , patrick j . ; botting , joseph p . ; muir , lucy a . ; vinther , jakob ; lefebvre , bertrand ; hariri , khadija el ; briggs , derek e . g .\naa ( department of geology and geophysics , yale university , po box 208109 , new haven , connecticut 06520 , usa ) , ab ( ucd school of geological sciences , university college dublin , belfield , dublin 4 , ireland ) , ac ( leeds museum discovery centre , carlisle road , leeds ls10 1lb , uk ) , ad ( 42 birkhouse lane , moldgreen , huddersfield hd5 8be , uk ) , ae ( department of geology and geophysics , yale university , po box 208109 , new haven , connecticut 06520 , usa ) , af ( umr cnrs 5125 peps , b\u00e2t . g\u00e9ode , universit\u00e9 lyon 1 , campus de la doua , 2 rue dubois , f - 69622 villeurbanne cedex , france ) , ag ( d\u00e9partement sciences de la terre , facult\u00e9 des sciences et techniques - gu\u00e9liz , universit\u00e9 cadi ayyad , avenue abdelkrim el khattabi bp 549 , 40000 marrakech , morocco ) , ah ( department of geology and geophysics , yale university , po box 208109 , new haven , connecticut 06520 , usa )\nnature , volume 465 , issue 7295 , pp . 215 - 218 ( 2010 ) . ( nature homepage )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmuricata \u2013 from the latin muricatus , \u201cpointed , or full of sharp points . \u201d the name refers to the large pointed spicules extending out from the wall of the sponge .\nlectotype \u2013 usnm 66495 ( erroneously referred as 66496 in rigby , 1986 ) , in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .\nmiddle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .\nthe walcott quarry on fossil ridge . the trilobite beds and tulip beds ( s7 ) on mount stephen and several smaller sites on mount field , mount stephen and mount odaray .\nbotting , j . p . 2004 . an exceptional caradoc sponge fauna from the llanfawr quarries , central wales and phylogenetic implications . journal of systematic paleontology , 2 : 31 - 63 .\nbotting , j . p . 2007 . ' cambrian ' demosponges in the ordovician of morocco : insights into the early evolutionary history of sponges . geobios , 40 : 737 - 748 .\ncaron , j . - b . and d . a . jackson . 2008 . paleoecology of the greater phyllopod bed community , burgess shale . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 258 : 222 - 256 .\nrigby , j . k . 1986 . sponges of the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) , british columbia . palaeontographica canadiana , 2 : 105 p .\nrigby , j . k . and d . collins . 2004 . sponges of the middle cambrian burgess shale and stephen formations , british columbia . royal ontario museum contributions in science ( 1 ) : 155 p .\nwalcott , c . d . 1920 . middle cambrian spongiae . cambrian geology and paleontology iv . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 67 ( 6 ) : 261 - 365 .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations , attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travelers .\nexcellent food , tasty and healthy . not very expensive . unfortunately closed now but they re - open soon .\ni have a mixed fillings about this place . we have tried that after our friends recommendation . frankly i do not understand why they were so passionate about this place . we ordered just fish & chips what was just fine . price too high for that quality . . .\nenormous meals , well prepared . prices are very good . i had fried salmon . very good polish meals . satisfied !\noverall a nice smaller sized restaurant in convenient location . tried some fried cod and salmon . the portion was large . didn ' t like the fries that came along with the fish .\npossibility to take fish and cheaps away - packed properly . i hope belgian fries will be available soon !\ntry sandacz fish here and you won ' t be disappointed ! the other choices may be dorsz ( cod fish ) or kargulena . you can sit outside or indoors . toilet is upstairs and you have to take the key from the bar .\nthe best fish and chips in town for sure , apart from the top hotels this is the place to go , simple but good fish n chips , good service two .\ngreat place , fantastic food , friendly service . i highly recommend the herring in sour cream and cod with spinach and cheese .\nate here with local friends that strongly recommended it for fresh seafood . located near the train station , the modest restaurant served some of the best fish i ' ve had in poland . exceeded my expectations and the reasonable price made it my top recommendation in kolobrzeg .\nwhen my family said to meet up at this restaurant i was quite surprised because of the appearance of the restaurant from the outside . however , when i entered , i was pleasantly surprised . the walls had a nice pattern and the tables were laid neatly . the . . .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more . claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 1080, "summary": [{"text": "glires ( latin gl\u012br\u0113s , dormice ) is a clade ( sometimes ranked as a grandorder ) consisting of rodents and lagomorphs ( rabbits , hares , and pikas ) .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the hypothesis that these form a monophyletic group has been long debated based on morphological evidence , although recent morphological studies strongly supports the monophyly of glires ( meng and wyss , 2001 ; meng et al. , 2003 ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in particular , the discovery of new fossil material of basal members of glires , particularly the genera mimotona , gomphos , heomys , matutinia , rhombomylus , and sinomylus , has helped to bridge the gap between more typical rodents and lagomorphs ( meng et al. , 2003 ; asher et al. , 2005 ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "data based on nuclear dna support glires as a sister of euarchonta to form euarchontoglires ( murphy et al. and madsen et al. 2001 ) , but some genetic data from both nuclear and mitochondrial dna have been less supportive ( arnason et al. 2002 ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "a study investigating retrotransposon presence/absence data unambiguously supports the glires hypothesis ( kriegs et al. 2007 ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "recent studies place scandentia as sister of the glires , invalidating euarchonta . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "glires", "paragraphs": ["the osteology of rhombomylus ( mammalia , glires ) : implications for phylogeny and evolution of glires . bulletin of the amnh ; no . 275\nvideo and audio broadcast and recording of the meeting of 6 . 12 . 2017 in hall of glires and multimedia\nproject management missions for the rehabilitation of the inn glires . the town - thorens - glieres . reference number : 16s0135\nwhat made you want to look up glires ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\namong the 59 quartets of species involving calibration points d 1 \u2013 d 7 , only 41 fitted the two - rates model for the concatenation of the three markers . among them , respectively , 1 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 17 , and 7 allowed to estimate the age of the split between sciuroidea and gliridae ( not shown ) , muridae and ctenohystrica ( not shown ) , rodent superfamilies , glires , laurasiatheria and euarchonta + glires , and placentals ( fig . 4 ) . our results , being based on ml estimates and several independent calibrating pairs of taxa , are congruent with paleontology about ages of rodent radiation and glires divergence . they support a rodent diversification at the transition between paleocene and eocene , 55 . 8 mya ( median of confidence intervals : 49 . 4\u201363 . 7 ; fig . 4 ) . paleontological studies place the rodent radiation at 55 mya at the paleocene - eocene boundary ( hartenberger 1998 ) . the split between rodents and lagomorphs is estimated to be 64 . 5 mya ( 57 . 3\u201373 . 3 ) , just at the cretaceous - tertiary boundary . these results indicate that rodents and lagomorphs diverged only at the beginning of the tertiary ( fig . 4 ) .\ndorothe\u0301e huchon , ole madsen , mark j . j . b . sibbald , kai ament , michael j . stanhope , franc\u0327ois catzeflis , wilfried w . de jong , emmanuel j . p . douzery ; rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of glires : evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes , molecular biology and evolution , volume 19 , issue 7 , 1 july 2002 , pages 1053\u20131065 , urltoken\nfig . 4 . \u2014maximum likelihood estimations ( black circles ) and their 95 % confidence intervals ( bars ) for the divergence times between the rodentia superfamilies , the orders lagomorpha and rodentia ( glires ) , the laurasiatheria and euarchonta - glires , and the placental orders . quartet dating results are presented in descending order , and the medians of the quartet distributions are represented by empty circles and bars , indicating the median of the 95 % confidence intervals : 55 . 8 myr ( 49 . 4\u201363 . 7 ) ; 64 . 5 myr ( 57 . 3\u201373 . 3 ) ; 83 . 2 myr ( 74 . 1\u201394 . 4 ) ; and 101 . 2 ( 88 . 5\u2013116 . 4 ) . the cretaceous - tertiary boundary ( k - t ) is indicated by a dashed line . the detail of species content and divergence date of each individual quartet is available upon request\ndivergence times were estimated using quartet dating ( rambaut and bromham 1998 ) , a method allowing each lineage to have a different rate of evolution , and implemented for nucleotide sequence analysis in the program qdate 1 . 1 . this ml method calculates the divergence date between two pairs of calibrating lineages , each one being represented by two species for which the time of divergence is known . four molecular datings were estimated : the first split within rodentia ( \u201cr\u201d in fig . 2 ) , the divergence between the two glires lineages ( \u201cg\u201d ) , the divergence between laurasiatheria and [ glires + euarchonta ] ( \u201cl / e + g\u201d ) , and the first split among placental mammals ( \u201cp\u201d ) . these molecular datings were derived from all combinations of , respectively ( 1 ) two time - calibrated pairs of rodents ( \u201c d 1 \u201c or \u201c d 2 \u201c vs . \u201c d 3 \u201c or \u201c d 4 \u201c ; fig . 2 ) , ( 2 ) one pair of rodents versus one pair of lagomorphs ( \u201c d 5 \u201c ) , ( 3 ) one pair of glires versus one pair of cetartiodactyls ( \u201c d 6 \u201c ) , and ( 4 ) one pair of paenungulates ( \u201c d 7 \u201c ) versus the remaining pairs of placentals . the seven pairs of calibrating taxa are detailed in table 1 .\nour dating results on glires agree with the hypothesis that mesozoic placental divergences only involved the first basal clades of the placental tree , whereas the diversification of extant lineages occurred after the k - t boundary ( hedges et al . 1996 ; alroy 1999 ; eizirik , murphy , and o ' brien 2001 ; madsen et al . 2001 ) . dating involving other placental clades are required to verify whether the pattern observed for rodents ( i . e . , a diversification only after the k - t boundary ) is valid for other placental orders too .\nmolecular dating indicates a late cretaceous divergence , 83 . 2 mya ( 74 . 1\u201394 . 4 ; fig . 4 ) , for the last common ancestor of glires and laurasiatheria ( represented here by cetartiodactyls ) . this date is congruent with paleontological studies : ungulates have been linked to the 85 mya zhelestids ( archibald 1996 ) , and glires have been strongly related to the zalambdalestids whose oldest fossil is estimated to be 90 mya ( archibald , averianov , and ekdale 2001 ) . this estimate also agrees with the quartet dating ( 63 . 5\u201395 . 3 myr ) of eizirik , murphy , and o ' brien ( 2001 ) using independent calibration points . first divergences within placentals seem to occur 101 . 2 mya ( 88 . 5\u2013116 . 4 ; fig . 4 ) , at the transition between early and late cretaceous , but there are huge variations between ages provided by different quartets . additional calibration points within laurasiatheria are likely to stabilize these estimates ( eizirik , murphy , and o ' brien 2001 ) . these molecular dates should also be confirmed in the future using other dating methods , such as for example the bayesian approach of thorne , kishino , and painter ( 1998 ) .\nrodentia is the largest order of placental mammals , with approximately 2 , 050 species divided into 28 families . it is also one of the most controversial with respect to its monophyly , relationships between families , and divergence dates . here , we have analyzed and compared the performance of three nuclear genes ( von willebrand factor , interphotoreceptor retinoid - binding protein , and alpha 2b adrenergic receptor ) for a large taxonomic sampling , covering the whole rodent and placental diversity . the phylogenetic results significantly support rodent monophyly , the association of rodentia with lagomorpha ( the glires clade ) , and a glires + euarchonta ( primates , dermoptera , and scandentia ) clade . the resolution of relationships among rodents is also greatly improved . the currently recognized families are divided here into seven well - defined clades ( anomaluromorpha , castoridae , ctenohystrica , geomyoidea , gliridae , myodonta , and sciuroidea ) that can be grouped into three major clades : ctenohystrica , gliridae + sciuroidea , and a mouse - related clade ( anomaluromorpha , castoridae + geomyoidea , and myodonta ) . molecular datings based on these three genes suggest that the rodent radiation took place at the transition between paleocene and eocene . the divergence between rodents and lagomorphs is placed just at the k - t boundary and the first splits among placentals in the late cretaceous . our results thus tend to reconcile molecular and morphological - paleontological insights .\nrhombomylus is a gliroid mammal endemic to several early eocene localities of central and eastern asia . it is best represented by a collection of numerous jaws and teeth , dozens of juvenile and adult skulls , and associated postcranial specimens from the early eocene yuhuangding formation at the dajian village , junxian county , hubei province , china . . . the core of the study consists of a taxonomic revision of the genus , a detailed description of the osteological morphology , extensive analyses on morphological characters , analyses on phylogeny , discussions on divergence time of the glires , and analyses on functional morphology of mastication and locomotion . in comparing all known specimens assigned to the genus , we recognize only a single species , rhombomylus turpanensis , for the genus and consider ' r . laianensis ' a junior synonym . . .\nwe analyze three nuclear genes that are not genetically linked and code for proteins that do not display any known biological interactions : the alpha 2b adrenergic receptor ( a2ab ) , the exon 1 of interphotoreceptor retinoid - binding protein ( irbp ) , and the exon 28 of von willebrand factor ( vwf ) . the choice of these nuclear markers was based on three considerations . first , all three sequences have successfully been used to reconstruct the phylogeny of eutherians at various taxonomic levels ( porter , goodman , and stanhope 1996 ; springer et al . 1997 a , 1997 b ; debry and sagel 2001 ; delsuc et al . 2001 ; madsen et al . 2001 ) . second , they display similar sizes and numbers of variable sites , which favors the comparison of their phylogenetic performance . third , nuclear genes have been suggested to perform better than mitochondrial ones ( springer et al . 2001 ) . the separate and combined phylogenetic analyses of a2ab , irbp , and vwf allow to ( 1 ) define new clades among rodents , ( 2 ) strongly confirm the monophyly of rodentia and glires , ( 3 ) evaluate the properties of independent markers for dating purposes , and ( 4 ) suggest a tertiary radiation of rodent families , a k - t split between rodents and lagomorphs , and a late cretaceous origin for placental orders .\nfig . 2 . \u2014maximum likelihood tree ( \u2212lnl = \u221226 , 567 . 53 ) reconstructed from first and second codon positions of combined a2ab , irbp , and vwf nucleotide sequences of 40 placentals and two marsupials . branch lengths were computed assuming a single ml model for the three combined genes . nucleotide substitutions were described by a hky model with parameter \u03ba = 1 . 78 and rate heterogeneity among sites described by an 8 - categories discrete gamma distribution with parameter \u03b1 = 0 . 39 . the branch leading to the marsupial outgroup has been shortened three times . ml bp derived after 100 replicates are given for each node . note that all nodes supported by more than 58 % of bootstrap in ml do have bayesian posterior probabilities ranging from 0 . 91 to 1 . 00 . the three major rodent clades are indicated : sciuroidea + gliridae ( s + g ) , the mouse - related clade ( m ) , and ctenohystrica ( c ) . black circles indicate the nodes that have been dated using the quartet dating method ( abbreviations : e , euarchonta ; g , glires ; l , laurasiatheria ; p , placentalia ; r , rodentia ; cf . fig . 4 ) , whereas the white circles indicate the calibration points that have been used ( i . e . , the time - calibrated pairs d 2 \u2013 d 7 ; cf . table 1 )\nfig . 3 . \u2014influence of gene and species choice on quartet dating results . the 11 independent quartets of species that are statistically compatible with a two - rates model for all three markers are represented . for each quartet , four dating estimates with their 95 % confidence intervals are given : white squares for a2ab , black triangles for irbp , white circles for vwf , and black diamonds for the combination . the following divergence dates were computed : mur - cte = divergence of muridae and ctenohystrica ( based on d 1 vs . d 2 comparisons : see fig . 2 ) ; rod = radiation of rodent superfamilies ( d 1 or d 2 vs . d 3 or d 4 ) ; gli = divergence of rodentia and lagomorpha ( d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , or d 4 vs . d 5 ) ; lau - eug = divergence of laurasiatheria and euarchonta + glires ( d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , d 4 , or d 5 vs . d 6 ) . note that the age of the placental radiation has not been estimated here because no quartet fitted a two - rate constrained model for each of the three genes . the dotted lines indicate boundaries between geological periods ( from bottom to top : early - late cretaceous , k - t boundary , paleocene - eocene , and eocene - oligocene ) . the detail of species content and divergence date of each individual quartet is available upon request\nbase composition homogeneity of all codon positions was evaluated at the 1 % level of chi - square tests for the five data sets , a2ab , irbp , vwf , irbp + vwf , and a2ab + irbp + vwf , by comparing the nucleotide composition of each sequence with the frequency distribution assumed in the ml model . these five data sets actually displayed a significant base compositional heterogeneity for 5 , 4 , 7 , 10 , and 13 species , respectively\u2014including 2 , 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 glires , respectively\u2014among the 42 mammals . a closer examination revealed that the base composition at third codon positions was responsible for this heterogeneity . for each codon position of the three genes , we computed the difference in gc content between the gc - richest sequence and the gc - poorest sequence . the difference in gc content ranges between 8 . 1 % and 16 . 9 % for the first codon position , 6 . 3 % and 10 . 3 % for the second codon position , and 24 . 7 % and 35 . 9 % for the third codon position , with vwf showing the most heterogeneous base composition . some sequences presented high ( e . g . , bradypus ) or low ( e . g . , mus , orycteropus , marsupialia ) gc content at third codon positions for the three genes . other sequences showed extreme gc values at third codon positions for one gene but presented average gc levels for the two other genes ( e . g . , geomyidae for vwf vs . a2ab and irbp ) . after exclusion of third codon positions , base composition became homogeneous for all placental taxa . because preliminary results indicated that ml reconstructions might be affected by the base composition heterogeneity at third codon positions , all subsequent ml nucleotide analyses were conducted on first + second codon positions only . no compositional heterogeneity was detected in the protein sequences .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\n1 department of biology , university of california , riverside , ca 92521 , usa .\n2 department of veterinary integrative biosciences , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 , usa .\n3 san diego zoo\u2019s institute for conservation research , escondido , ca 92027 , usa .\n4 ucd school of biology and environmental science , university college dublin , belfield , dublin 4 , ireland .\n5 faculdade de bioci\u00eancias , pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rs 90619\u2013900 , brazil .\n6 institut f\u00fcr integrative biologie , eidgen\u00f6ssiche technische hochschule zurich , 8092 zurich , switzerland .\n7 department of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa .\n8 division of natural science , pepperdine university , malibu , ca 90263 , usa .\n9 division of paleontology and sackler institute of comparative genomics , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\n10 richard glider graduate school , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\n11 department of computer science , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 , usa .\n12 department of botany and zoology , university of stellenbosch , matieland 7602 , south africa .\n15 department of biology , washington and lee university , lexington , virginia 24450 , usa .\nscience 28 oct 2011 : vol . 334 , issue 6055 , pp . 521 - 524 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1211028\ndepartment of biology , university of california , riverside , ca 92521 , usa .\ndepartment of veterinary integrative biosciences , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 , usa .\nsan diego zoo\u2019s institute for conservation research , escondido , ca 92027 , usa .\nucd school of biology and environmental science , university college dublin , belfield , dublin 4 , ireland .\nfaculdade de bioci\u00eancias , pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rs 90619\u2013900 , brazil .\ninstitut f\u00fcr integrative biologie , eidgen\u00f6ssiche technische hochschule zurich , 8092 zurich , switzerland .\ndepartment of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa .\ndivision of natural science , pepperdine university , malibu , ca 90263 , usa .\ndivision of paleontology and sackler institute of comparative genomics , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\nrichard glider graduate school , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\ndepartment of computer science , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 , usa .\ndepartment of botany and zoology , university of stellenbosch , matieland 7602 , south africa .\ndepartment of biology , washington and lee university , lexington , virginia 24450 , usa .\naaas login provides access to science for aaas members , and access to other journals in the science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions .\nas a service to the community , this article is available for free . existing users log in .\ndownload and print this article for your personal scholarly , research , and educational use .\nprevious analyses of relations , divergence times , and diversification patterns among extant mammalian families have relied on supertree methods and local molecular clocks . we constructed a molecular supermatrix for mammalian families and analyzed these data with likelihood - based methods and relaxed molecular clocks . phylogenetic analyses resulted in a robust phylogeny with better resolution than phylogenies from supertree methods . relaxed clock analyses support the long - fuse model of diversification and highlight the importance of including multiple fossil calibrations that are spread across the tree . molecular time trees and diversification analyses suggest important roles for the cretaceous terrestrial revolution and cretaceous - paleogene ( kpg ) mass extinction in opening up ecospace that promoted interordinal and intraordinal diversification , respectively . by contrast , diversification analyses provide no support for the hypothesis concerning the delayed rise of present - day mammals during the eocene period .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\nmolecular phylogenetic analysis , calibrated with fossils , resolves the time frame of the mammalian radiation .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nguide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts publisher : washington , dc : assoc . , 1992 - 1993 . isbn / issn : 0036 - 8075 oclc : 183350662\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nadd tags for\nguide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nlaboratoire de pal\u00e9ontologie , phylog\u00e9nie et pal\u00e9obiologie , cc064 , institut des sciences de l ' evolution umr 5554 / cnrs , universit\u00e9 montpellier ii ; place e . bataillon , 34 095 montpellier cedex 05 , france . douzery @ urltoken\nasher rj 1 , meng j , wible jr , mckenna mc , rougier gw , dashzeveg d , novacek mj .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde , humboldt universit\u00e4t , invalidenstrasse 43 , 10115 berlin , germany . robert . asher @ urltoken\nwe describe several fossils referable to gomphos elkema from deposits close to the paleocene - eocene boundary at tsagan khushu , mongolia . gomphos shares a suite of cranioskeletal characters with extant rabbits , hares , and pikas but retains a primitive dentition and jaw compared to its modern relatives . phylogenetic analysis supports the position of gomphos as a stem lagomorph and excludes cretaceous taxa from the crown radiation of placental mammals . our results support the hypothesis that rodents and lagomorphs radiated during the cenozoic and diverged from other placental mammals close to the cretaceous - tertiary boundary .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe timing of the origin of rodents is also controversial . fossil evidence indicates a radiation of the rodents 55 mya ( hartenberger 1998 ) , whereas molecular clocks based on a few rodent species tend to support a cretaceous origin and diversification of rodents , 89\u2013125 mya for the divergence of murids or hystricognaths ( janke , xu , and arnason 1997 ; kumar and hedges 1998 ; cao et al . 2000 ) . recent analyses , including a broader rodent sampling , but based on single sequences , suggest that the radiation of rodent families is older than the k - t limit ( 75 myr ) ( huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 2000 ; adkins et al . 2001 ) . one should note that all molecular datings for rodents are based on different genes , different sampling , and different methods . we compare here the dating performance of three genes using quartet dating , a method to estimate molecular ages of divergence that allows for rate heterogeneity between lineages ( rambaut and bromham 1998 ) .\ntwenty - two rodent taxa were selected to cover the current diversity of the order , with at least one representative per family or superfamily ( see supplementary material at mbe web site : urltoken ) . all 10 sciurognath lineages were sampled ( muridae , dipodidae , geomyidae , heteromyidae , gliridae , sciuridae , aplodontidae , castoridae , anomaluromorpha , ctenodactylidae ) as well as the eight lineages that represent the whole hystricognath diversity ( thryonomyidae , petromuridae , bathyergidae , hystricidae , chinchilloidea , octodontoidea , cavioidea , erethizontoidea ) ( huchon and douzery 2001 ) . the vwf exon 28 ( 1236 aligned positions ) , the 5\u2032 third of the irbp exon 1 ( 1227 positions ) , and the a2ab gene ( 1170 positions ) were newly determined for five ( tachyoryctes , dipodomys , thomomys , castor , and anomalurus ) , 21 ( all but mus ) , and 18 ( all but mus , rattus , and cavia ) rodent species , respectively . additionally , the two lagomorphs lepus and ochotona were sequenced for irbp and a2ab .\ndna extractions and pcr reactions were conducted as described before ( huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 1999 ) , with slight modifications : 1 m betaine was included in the pcr mixture ( henke et al . 1997 ) , and annealing was performed at 50\u00b0c . the pcr primers for amplifying the a2ab , irbp , and vwf sequences have been described in stanhope et al . ( 1992 ) , springer et al . ( 1997 b ) , and huchon , catzeflis , and douzery ( 1999 , 2000 ) , respectively . when the amount of amplified dna was insufficient for direct sequencing , smaller overlapping dna fragments were obtained by reamplification of the initial pcr product and then sequenced . additional sequencing primers were designed when required . all vwf sequences , the a2ab sequences of anomalurus , aplodontia , bathyergus , castor , chinchilla , dipodomys , echimys , glis , massoutiera , petromus , thomomys , trichys , and the irbp sequences of dinomys , lepus , macropus , pedetes , and tachyoryctes were obtained manually with [ \u03b1 33 p ] ddntp . the other irbp sequences were determined using dye - terminator cycle - sequencing reactions and an applied biosystems 373a automatic sequencer . despite several attempts , it was not possible to amplify the a2ab of pedetes .\npcr amplifications of a2ab from dipus , dryomys , erethizon , lepus , marmota , tachyoryctes , and thryonomys were as previously described ( springer et al . 1997b ) , except for dryomys and lepus where 1 m betaine and 1 . 3 % dmso were added to the reaction mixture . pcr products were cloned into the pgem - t easy vector ( promega ) , and sequences were determined using the big dye - terminator cycle - sequencing kit and an abi prism 3700 dna analyser ( applied biosystems ) . clones from at least two independent pcr amplifications were sequenced to detect ambiguity caused by the pcr reaction .\naccession numbers of the newly determined sequences ( aj427226\u2013aj427270 ) are given in the supplementary material , together with those for the other species used in this study .\na2ab , irbp , and vwf sequences of 40 placentals and two marsupials were manually aligned . only few gaps had to be introduced , which were coded as missing data . a glutamic acid repeat of variable length in the a2ab gene was excluded from subsequent analyses . five nucleotide data sets were analyzed : each gene separately , vwf and irbp combined ( to assess the position of pedetidae among rodents ) , and the three genes in concatenation . one protein data set comprising the concatenation of the a2ab , irbp , and vwf amino acid sequences was also analyzed .\nthe models of sequence evolution used were hky85 for nucleotides and jtt for amino acids . the hky85 model was favored , relative to more complex models ( i . e . , gtr ) , because of computation time limitations . however , additional bayesian analyses ( data not shown ) indicated that the use of either gtr or hky85 did not have an impact on the phylogenetic conclusions . rate heterogeneity among dna and protein sites was described by a discrete gamma distribution with eight categories ( \u03b3 8 ) .\nneighbor - joining ( nj ) analyses with weighted average ( wave ) maximum likelihood distances were performed with phylip 3 . 573 ( felsenstein 1995 ) and waveboot 1 . 2 ( krajewski et al . 1999 ) . in these analyses the nucleotide data matrix was partitioned as follows : each codon position in each of the three genes was allowed to have its own rate , base frequency , and transition - to - transversion ratio .\nmaximum parsimony ( mp ) and maximum likelihood trees were inferred using paup * ( swofford 1999 ) , version 4 , releases beta 4 and 8 ; and tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 ( strimmer and von haeseler 1996 ) . mp nucleotide sequence analyses were conducted with equal or differential weighting of character state changes . in the latter case , the six possible nucleotide substitutions were weighted at each codon position for each of the three genes , according to their consistency index , excluding uninformative characters ( hassanin , lecointre , and tillier 1998 ) .\nbefore running individual and combined heuristic ml paup * searches on nucleotide sequences , the program tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 was used to estimate the transition - transversion parameter ( \u03ba ) and the parameter ( \u03b1 ) of the gamma distribution of the hky + \u03b3 8 model . for amino acid sequences , ml reconstructions under the jtt + \u03b3 8 model were obtained using the quartet - puzzling method with tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 .\nbayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed with mrbayes 2 . 1 ( huelsenbeck and ronquist 2001 ) . the metropolis - coupled markov chain monte carlo sampling approach was used to calculate posterior probabilities . prior probabilities for all trees were equal , starting trees were random , tree sampling was done every 20 generations , and burn - in values were determined empirically from the likelihood values . to check for consistency of results , four markov chains were run simultaneously , twice for 200 , 000 and twice for 500 , 000 generations .\nfor nucleotide sequence analysis , third codon positions were excluded from ml and bayesian analyses because of their base compositional heterogeneity between taxa ( as evaluated by tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 and paup * ) , whereas they were kept in nj - wave\u2014where each codon position had its own rate\u2014and mp analyses .\nrobustness of the nodes of the phylogenetic trees was assessed by bootstrap ( felsenstein 1985 ) with paup * and reliability percentages ( rp ) with tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 . for nj - wave and mp analyses , 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates were computed . for ml analyses , computing time limitations forced us to estimate bootstrap percentages ( bp ) after only 100 replicates , with hky + \u03b3 8 parameters set to the values estimated for the best tree , with nj starting trees , and with 1 , 000 rearrangements of tbr branch swapping . rp were estimated after 10 , 000 puzzling steps .\nthe first step was to reconstruct alternative tree topologies . paup * heuristic searches under a single hky + \u03b3 8 model and incorporating a topological constraint were conducted in order to identify the highest - likelihood topology that satisfied a given hypothesis ( e . g . , the paraphyly of rodents ) . second , the alternative topologies previously identified were evaluated and compared relative to the best ml topology found for the nucleotide sequences . statistical comparisons were conducted with partitioned maximum likelihood on the nucleotide matrix and on the protein matrix of combined data . for the nucleotide sequences , to account for differences in evolutionary substitution processes between codon positions and between the three genetically independent nuclear markers , first and second codon positions were distinguished for a2ab , irbp , and vwf . this resulted in the definition of six partitions of sites . six independent hky + \u03b3 8 models were thus assumed for each of these six partitions . the topologies previously identified after paup * heuristic searches were evaluated and compared under the more complex 6 - partitions model with paml ( yang 1997 ) , version 3 . 0d . in the latter case , all ml parameters\u2014i . e . , 6 transition - transversion rate parameters , 6 \u03b1 parameters , and 6 \u00d7 81 branch parameters\u2014were reestimated by paml for each evaluated topology . partitioned log - likelihoods were then compared using the kishino and hasegawa ( 1989 ) test with the shimodaira and hasegawa ( 1999 ) correction .\nbecause of computation time limitations , a similar approach could not be applied for the protein sequences . a single partition was considered , and topology comparisons were done under a jtt + \u03b3 8 model assumed for the concatenated protein data set . the 81 branch parameters were reestimated by paml for each evaluated topology , and the kishino and hasegawa ( 1989 ) test with the shimodaira and hasegawa ( 1999 ) correction was performed .\nrate constancy was tested with likelihood ratio tests ( lrt ) ( felsenstein 1988 ) , and only quartets that fitted a two - rate constrained model ( i . e . , each dating pair of the quartet does have its own rate ) , relative to a free - rate model ( i . e . , each branch of the quartet has a different rate ) , were kept in the dating estimations . because rate heterogeneity between sites can affect estimation of divergence date ( rambaut and bromham 1998 ) , sequence evolution was described by the hky + \u03b3 8 model . quartet dating results were described by the median of the distribution of the quartet date estimates , and the associated lower and upper limits of the 95 % confidence interval were those of the median quartet .\nall tree - building methods either on nucleotide or on protein sequences ( nj - wave , standard and differentially weighted mp , ml , and bayesian approach ) provided the same overall phylogenies , with minor topological variations involving only weakly supported nodes . considering ml analysis on nucleotide sequences as best representing the results of the individual genes , only those results will be detailed here . for comparative purposes , quartet puzzling reliability percentage observed on protein sequences ( rp prot ) and bayesian posterior probabilities for nucleotides ( pp nuc ) and proteins ( pp prot ) are however indicated for the combined data set .\nthe trees reconstructed from first plus second codon positions of each of the three genes are given in figure 1 . all three trees suggest the monophyly of rodents and that of sciuroidea ( marmota + aplodontia ) , geomyoidea ( dipodomys + thomomys ) , hystricognathi ( bathyergus , thryonomys , petromus , trichys , cavia , chinchilla , echimys , and erethizon ) , and ctenohystrica ( massoutiera + hystricognaths ) . discrepancies between the trees always involve weakly supported nodes ( i . e . , not involving two conflicting nodes with bp ml > 50 ) , except for the position of dipodidae and the relationships among cetartiodactyla . according to a2ab and irbp , dipodidae are the sister clade of muridae ( bp ml = 67 and 74 , respectively ) , whereas vwf clusters dipodidae with geomyoidea ( bp ml = 65 ) . the grouping of dipodidae with geomyidae may be an artifact resulting from similar base compositions and rapid rates of evolution of their vwf sequences ( data not shown ) . within cetartiodactyla , a2ab and irbp place lama in the most basal position relative to other cetartiodactyls ( bp ml = 51 and 81 , respectively ) , whereas vwf clusters lama with sus ( bp ml = 66 ) .\nin spite of having similar lengths , the three nuclear genes do not contain the same phylogenetic signal . each gene strongly supports some nodes , but these nodes might be different from one gene to another , and none is able to solve the whole rodent phylogeny . for example , only a2ab provides high support for rodent monophyly ( bp ml = 83 ) , irbp for myodonta monophyly ( i . e . , muridae + dipodidae , bp ml = 74 ) , and vwf for ctenohystrica monophyly ( bp ml = 91 ) . the results also indicate that the resolving power of each gene is not restricted to a given taxonomic level . for example , a2ab , unlike vwf , is able to solve deep relationships like rodent monophyly as well as more recent relationships like sciuroidea ( bp ml = 98 ) but not intermediate clades like ctenohystrica ( bp ml = 41 ) , whereas vwf does so .\nwhen codon positions 1 and 2 of the combined a2ab + irbp + vwf genes were analyzed under a single hky + \u03b3 8 model , the log - likelihood of the best topology was lnl = \u221226 , 415 . 56 . assuming six independent hky + \u03b3 8 models for each of the six partitions yielded lnl = \u221225 , 988 . 88 and resulted in a significant increase of log - likelihood ( lrt statistics = 853 . 36 ; df = 430 ; p < 0 . 0001 ) . the ml parameters estimated for the six partitions are given in table 2 . all three genes exhibit similar base compositions , on first as well as on second codon positions . the slowest evolving partition is the second codon position of a2ab , followed by\u2014with increasing relative rate\u2014a2ab ( first codon position ) , irbp ( second ) , vwf ( second ) , irbp ( first ) , and vwf ( first ) . second codon positions are more heterogeneous than first positions in terms of substitution rates for the three markers , but they display a higher transition - transversion rate parameter for irbp and vwf .\nalthough the a2ab , irbp , and vwf trees do not show any major topological incongruences , crossed shimodaira - hasegawa tests indicate that each nucleotide data set rejects the highest - likelihood topology of the two other data sets ( table 3 ) . however , none of the three genes rejects the ml topology obtained from the combined data set . consequently , this a posteriori observation suggests that the three genes can be combined and that the combined data tree accordingly appears to be the \u201cbest provisional phylogenetic hypothesis\u201d ( adkins et al . 2001 ) . the combination of a2ab , irbp , and vwf leads to a topology that stabilizes the phylogenetic position of rodents among mammals and contributes to resolve most of the relationships between rodent families .\nphylogenetic analyses based on first plus second codon positions of the three concatenated nuclear genes all indicate the monophyly of rodents , its support being the highest under the weighted mp ( not shown ) and the maximum likelihood approaches ( bp ml = 95 : fig . 2 ; rp prot = 74 ) . maximum likelihood tests of various phylogenetic hypotheses indicate that the alternative to the monophyly of rodents is significantly less likely ( table 4 ) . the bayesian approach also provides a posterior probability of 1 . 00 for the monophyly of rodents for both nucleotide and protein sequences ( trees not shown ) . our results thus confirm statistically the monophyly of rodentia with an extended sampling of this order\u2014including all sciurognath families and hystricognath superfamilies\u2014and with representatives of all other placental orders . in fact , with the recent increase of available complete mitochondrial genomes , rodent monophyly is no longer statistically rejected either ( cao et al . 2000 ; mouchaty et al . 2001 ) . it thus appears that the paraphyly of rodents will be difficult to defend with the broader taxonomic sampling within the order and with the growing number of molecular markers supporting their monophyly .\nour results suggest the division of rodentia into three major infraordinal clades . the first one comprises squirrel - and dormouse - related animals : sciuroidea ( sciuridae [ squirrels ] + aplodontidae [ mountain beavers ] ) and gliridae ( dormice ) . the second clade contains mouse - related rodents : myodonta ( muridae [ mouse , rats ] + dipodidae [ jerboas ] ) , castoridae ( beavers ) , geomyoidea ( geomyidae [ pocket gophers ] + heteromyidae [ pocket mice ] ) , and anomaluromorpha ( anomaluridae [ scaly - tailed flying squirrels ] + pedetidae [ springhares ] ) . the third clade ( ctenohystrica sensu huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 2000 ) contains gundi and guinea pig\u2013related rodents : ctenodactylidae and hystricognathi . the interrelationships between these three clades are poorly resolved . none of the three bifurcating topologies connecting them involves significantly different log - likelihood ( 0 . 28 < p sh < 0 . 32 ) , and the results are sensitive to the method of reconstruction and the data set considered . ctenohystrica clusters with the mouse - related clade for ml and bayesian nucleotide analyses ( bp ml = 40 : fig . 2 ; pp nuc = 0 . 83 ) . however , bayesian protein analysis clusters ctenohystrica with the squirrel - and dormouse - related clade ( pp prot = 0 . 70 ) , and quartet puzzling protein analysis clusters the mouse - related clade with the squirrel - and dormouse - related clade ( rp prot = 42 ) .\nthe monophyly of sciuroidea ( sciuridae and aplodontidae ) has been supported by morphological ( e . g . , lavocat and parent 1985 ; meng 1990 ) and molecular data ( huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 1999 , 2000 ; adkins et al . 2001 ; debry and sagel 2001 ) . the increase in taxonomic sampling did not reduce the support for this clade ( bp ml = 100 ; rp prot = 85 ) . in agreement with debry and sagel ( 2001 ) , we observe that sciuroidea are characterized by a unique insertion of three amino acids in the irbp gene . the sister clade of sciuroidea appears to be the gliridae ( fig . 2 ) . the existence of this suprafamilial clade has been suggested by morphological ( e . g . , lavocat and parent 1985 ; meng 1990 ) and mitochondrial ( reyes et al . 2000 ) studies ; however , similar to other molecular studies ( e . g . , huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 1999 ; adkins et al . 2001 ; debry and sagel 2001 ; montgelard et al . 2002 b ) , the support here remains moderate to strong . it is noteworthy that the support is higher with protein sequences ( pp prot = 1 . 00 ; rp prot = 75 ; p sh < 0 . 05 ) than with nucleotide sequences ( pp nuc = 1 . 00 ; bp ml = 58 ; p sh < 0 . 15 ) .\nthe grouping of anomaluromorpha , castoridae , geomyoidea , and myodonta ( fig . 2 ) has never been suggested by morphological and paleontological observations . castoridae has usually been related to sciuridae because both families share the sciuromorph and sciurognath states ( brandt 1855 ; tullberg 1899 ) . however , some morphological studies could not confirm this relationship ( bugge 1985 ; lavocat and parent 1985 ; meng 1990 ) , and it has even been suggested that castoridae might be more closely related to muridae than to sciuridae ( meng 1990 ) . anomaluridae and pedetidae were considered as enigmatic families , possibly related to ctenodactylidae or hystricognathi ( e . g . , luckett and hartenberger 1985 ; jaeger 1988 ) . geomyoidea has , less ambiguously , been associated with the muridae ( e . g . , wahlert 1985 ; ryan 1989 ) .\nthe mouse - related clade is moderately to strongly supported ( pp nuc and pp prot = 1 . 00 ; bp ml = 65 : fig . 2 ; rp prot = 43 ) , and alternative hypotheses cannot be significantly rejected ( table 4 ) . such a molecular support and lack of morphological evidence might reflect that we are dealing with a phylogenetic artifact , but independent molecular studies identified the same node , although it was not explicitly noticed and discussed ( adkins et al . 2001 ; murphy et al . 2001 a ) . consequently , the naturalness of this new superfamilial arrangement must be seriously considered in future studies . another interesting aspect of this mouse - related clade is that it includes animals displaying different jaw patterns and having different geographical origins . myodonta has been suggested to have originated from asian hystricomorph rodents , anomaluromorpha might have originated from african hystricomorph rodents , and geomyidae and castoridae are sciuromorph rodents from north america ( e . g . , vianey - liaud 1985 ; hartenberger 1998 ) . this suggests a complicated biogeographical history and an ancient origin for this rodent clade . this group might have a paleocene or an early - eocene origin because muridae , dipodidae , anomaluridae , geomyoidea , and castoridae are rooted in\u2014or related to\u2014early - and middle - eocene families : cricetidae , zapodidae , zegdoumyidae , eomyidae , and eutypomyidae , respectively ( hartenberger 1998 ) .\nthe lack of resolution for the branching order of the three clades anomaluromorpha , castoridae + geomyidae , and myodonta is illustrated by the ml and bayesian analyses . anomalurus connects either with castor + geomyidae ( pp nuc = 0 . 56 and pp prot = 0 . 33 ; bp ml = 29 ; fig . 2 ) or with myodonta ( pp nuc = 0 . 40 and pp prot = 0 . 36 ; bp ml = 37 ) .\nthe grouping of ctenodactylidae and hystricognathi in a ctenohystrica clade has been strongly supported by the vwf gene ( huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 2000 ) and the ghr gene ( adkins et al . 2001 ) . our results confirm these observations ( pp nuc and pp prot = 1 . 00 ; bp ml = 100 ; rp prot = 93 ) , and breaking the monophyly of ctenohystrica is a significantly worse alternative ( p sh < 0 . 03 ; table 4 ) , as is the case for constraining ctenodactylidae to branch with other sciurognaths ( p sh < 0 . 03 ) . among hystricognathi , the relationships obtained agree with the conclusions of huchon and douzery ( 2001 ) . hystricognathi is divided into three clades : hystricidae , phiomorpha s . s . ( i . e . , bathyergidae , thryonomyidae , and petromuridae ) and caviomorpha ( i . e . , octodontoidea , cavioidea , erethizontoidea , and chinchilloidea ) . it is interesting to note that the increase of sequence length favors a basal position of hystricidae ( pp nuc and pp prot = 1 . 00 ; bp ml = 87 ; rp prot = 74 ) , but alternative hypotheses are not significantly less likely ( p sh < 0 . 14 ; table 4 ) .\nfollowing tullberg ( 1899 ) , rodents have been divided into two suborders\u2014sciurognathi and hystricognathi . according to our molecular data , hystricognathi remains a valid clade ( bp ml = 100 ; fig . 2 , rp prot = 93 ) , but the monophyly of sciurognathi is statistically rejected ( see earlier ; table 4 ) . an alternative classification divided rodents into myomorpha , sciuromorpha , and hystricomorpha ( brandt 1855 ) . the contents of these groups changed according to the authors , and we here follow the classification of mckenna and bell ( 1997 ) . constraining the monophyly of myomorpha , i . e . , clustering muridae + dipodidae with geomyoidea and gliridae , is significantly less likely than the best ml topology with our a2ab + irbp + vwf nucleotide and protein data ( p sh < 0 . 05 ; table 4 ) . the grouping of aplodontidae , sciuridae , and castoridae into sciuromorpha is marginally rejected ( p sh < 0 . 10 ) . hystricomorpha actually corresponds to hystricognaths and thus appears monophyletic . these results suggest that the current subordinal classification of rodents should be thoroughly revised .\nthe timing of the diversification of extant placental orders is heavily debated . according to paleontology , they diverged in the paleocene , 65\u201355 mya ( e . g . , alroy 1999 ) . molecules rather suggest that placentals were already diversified in the cretaceous ( review in bromham , phillips , and penny 1999 ) . however , various molecular studies give deviating datings . their estimations are generally based on few calibration points and use either distance ( e . g . , hedges et al . 1996 ; janke , xu , and arnason 1997 ; springer et al . 1997 b ; kumar and hedges 1998 ; waddell et al . 1999 ; review in bromham , phillips , and penny 1999 ) , or bayesian ( cao et al . 2000 ) , or ml ( eizirik , murphy , and o ' brien 2001 ) approaches .\naddress for correspondence and reprints : emmanuel j . p . douzery , laboratoire de pale\u0301ontologie , pale\u0301obiologie et phyloge\u0301nie - cc064 , institut des sciences de l ' evolution umr 5554 / cnrs , universite\u0301 montpellier ii , place e . bataillon , 34 095 montpellier cedex 05 , france . douzery @ urltoken\nfig . 1 . \u2014maximum likelihood trees and corresponding bp computed from first and second codon positions of each nuclear marker . the length of the branch leading to marsupials has been reduced three times . the following ml parameters of the hky + \u03b3 8 model maximize the log - likelihood for a2ab ( \u2212lnl = 6 , 858 . 67 ) : transition - transversion parameter \u03ba = 1 . 61 , \u03b1 = 0 . 33 , for irbp ( \u2212lnl = 8 , 824 . 71 ) : \u03ba = 2 . 11 , \u03b1 = 0 . 41 , and for vwf ( \u2212lnl = 10 , 399 . 48 ) : \u03ba = 1 . 58 , \u03b1 = 0 . 52 . nodes labeled with asterisks do not occur in the bootstrap consensus tree\nthis work would not have been possible without the essential contribution of all collectors who provided mammalian tissues now housed in the collection of montpellier : marina baskevich ( for dryomys ) , dona l . dittmann ( thomomys ; collection of genetic resources , louisiana state university museum of natural sciences ) , jean - marc duplantier ( lepus ) , chris g . faulkes ( bathyergus ) , piotr gambarian ( dipus ) , laurent granjon ( thryonomys , lepus ) , jean - claude gautun ( anomalurus ) , patrick gouat ( massoutiera ) , jack hayes and marilyn banta ( dipodomys ) , robert s . hoffmann ( marmota ) , reginald hoyt and john trupkiewicz ( petromus ; zoological society of philadelphia ) , john a . w . kirsh ( erethizon ) , vincent laudet ( chinchilla ) , conrad matthee ( pedetes ) , david nolta ( aplodontia ) , e . pele\u0301 and vitaly volobouev ( tachyoryctes ) , thierry petit ( macropus ; zoo de la palmyre , france ) , philippe perret ( cavia ) , rob stuebing ( trichys ) , and the zoo du lunaret in montpellier ( castor ) .\nwe wish to thank ron debry for sharing the dipodomys spectabilis vwf sequence , christophe douady for providing the ochotona irbp sequence , jean - louis hartenberger , jean - jacques jaeger , and laurent marivaux for useful paleontological discussions and comments , jacques demaille and denis pugne\u0300re ( institut de ge\u0301ne\u0301tique humaine de montpellier , cnrs upr 1142 ) for computing facilities , and emma teeling for bench advice with regard to the automatic sequencer .\nthis work was supported by acc - sv7 ( re\u0301seau national de biosyste\u0301matique ) , acc - sv3 ( re\u0301seau coordonne\u0301 par d . mouchiroud ) , european community tmr network \u201cmammalian phylogeny\u201d fmrx - ct98 - 0221 ( to m . s . , f . c . , and w . de j . ) , and the genopole re\u0301gion montpellier languedoc - roussillon and the action inter - epst bioinformatique 2000\u20132002 ( to e . d . ) . d . h . acknowledges the financial support of a lavoisier grant from the french ministry of foreign affairs . this is contribution number 2002 - 008 of the institut des sciences de l ' evolution de montpellier ( umr 5554 - cnrs ) ."]}
{"id": 1085, "summary": [{"text": "orthogoniinae is a subfamily of ground beetles ( family carabidae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "occasionally it was treated as a tribe orthogoniini of subfamily harpalinae , particularly when this was circumscribed loosely .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it contains the following genera : actenoncus chaudoir , 1871 amorphomerus sloane , 1923 anoncopeucus chaudoir , 1871 glyptus brulle , 1835 hexachaetus chaudoir , 1871 idiomorphus chaudoir , 1846 neoglyptus basilewsky , 1953 neoorthogonius tian & deuve , 2006 nepalorthogonius habu , 1979 orthogonius macleay , 1825 perochnoristhus basilewsky , 1973 rathymus dejean , 1831 strigia brulle , 1834", "topic": 26}], "title": "orthogoniinae", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for orthogoniinae definition . you find here orthogoniinae meaning , synonyms of orthogoniinae and images for orthogoniinae copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word orthogoniinae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word orthogoniinae and , of course , orthogoniinae synonyms and on the right images related to the word orthogoniinae .\nhow can i put and write and define orthogoniinae in a sentence and how is the word orthogoniinae used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528orthogoniinae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528orthogoniinae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528orthogoniinae\u9020\u53e5 , orthogoniinae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\northogoniinae is a subfamily of ground beetles ( family carabidae ) . occasionally it was treated as a tribe orthogoniini of subfamily harpalinae , particularly when this was circumscribed loosely .\namong these are the dryptinae , lebiinae ( including cyclosominae , mormolycinae , odacanthinae , perigoninae ) , licininae ( including chlaeniinae , oodinae ) , orthogoniinae , panagaeinae , platyninae , pseudomorphinae , pterostichinae ( including zabrinae ) .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 24 )\nrathymus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : * rathymus carbonarius dejean , 1831 * rathymus melanarius klug , 1853 * rathymus saganicola ( g . muller , 1941 )\nperochnoristhus penrithae is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus perochnoristhus .\nneoorthogonius orientalis is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus neoorthogonius .\nnepalorthogonius monilicornis is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus nepalorthogonius .\nactenoncus ater is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus actenoncus .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1091, "summary": [{"text": "bathynellacea is an order of crustaceans which live interstitially in groundwater .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "some species can tolerate low salt concentrations , and at least one african species is a thermophile , living in hot springs and tolerating temperatures up to 55 \u00b0c ( 131 \u00b0f ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "bathynellaceans are minute , blind , worm-like animals with short , weak legs , reaching a maximum size of 3.4 millimetres ( 0.13 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are found on every continent except antarctica , although they are missing from some islands , including fiji , new caledonia and the caribbean islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "there are two families , bathynellidae and parabathynellidae ; a third family , \" leptobathynellidae \" , is considered a synonym of parabathynellidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bathynellacea", "paragraphs": ["the order bathynellacea comprises two families , 60 genera , and about 200 species . the two families are bathynellidae and parabathynellidae .\nbathynellacea ( bathynellaceans ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nbathynellacea ( bathynellaceans ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nschminke , horst kurt .\nadaptation of bathynellacea ( crustacea , syncarida ) to life in the interstitial (\nzoea theory\n) .\ninternationale revue der gesamten hydrobiologie 66 ( 1981 ) : 575\u2013637 .\nmorimoto and miura , 1957 from south korea : with a redescription of a . coreana morimoto , 1970 ( crustacea , bathynellacea , parabathynellidae ) . journal of species research . 2016 ; 5 ( 1 ) : 49\u2013156 .\ncamacho , ana i .\nhistorical biogeography of iberobathynella ( crustacea , syncarida , bathynellacea ) , an aquatic subterranean genus of parabathynellids , endemic to the iberian peninsula .\nglobal ecology & biogeography 10 ( 2001 ) : 487\u2013501 .\nbathynellacea are found in the groundwater nearly all around the globe . they are absent in the antarctic and in the northern hemisphere in those areas that had been covered by ice during the last glaciation . recolonization has been observed at a few places but has not progressed very far beyond the old ice frontier . bathynellacea are not known from central america and are also absent from volcanic islands and several islands of continental origin ( e . g . , new caledonia , fiji , caribbean islands ) .\nnot much is known about the feeding and food of bathynellacea . plant debris ( detritus ) , nematodes , and turbellarian worms have been observed from the guts of various specimens . among parabathynellidae , in particular , there is great variation in types of mouthparts , indicating specialization on different types of food . most bathynellacea may be omnivorous , but many are certainly specialized , feeding on detritus , protozoans , and / or bacteria . one species has mouthparts with setae suited for scraping off material from sand grains .\nbathynellcea have no fossil record . their closest relatives are the anaspidacea in the southern hemisphere . both groups are confined to fresh water , but have had marine ancestors . this is evidenced by their fossil relatives , the palaeocaridacea , which , during the carboniferous and permian , inhabited the littoral of the then tropical seas in the northern hemisphere . transition into fresh water was achieved independently , first by the bathynellacea and later also by the anaspidacea . unlike the anaspidacea , the bathynellacea have disappeared almost completely from surface waters today .\nthere are two hypotheses to explain the distribution of bathynellacea . both agree on marine ancestors as the starting point of the adaptational process and on plate tectonics as a major factor . the first hypothesis maintains that the ancestors of bathynellacea invaded fresh surface waters and that from their larvae the bathynellacea arose to become inhabitants exclusively of the groundwater . subsequent spread in the groundwater itself led to today ' s worldwide occurrence . according to the second hypothesis , as a first step a marine ancestor became adapted to an interstitial life in littoral sands and in a second step had to switch to freshwater conditions as a result of marine shoreline regression . multiple such invasions of the groundwater caused by repeated sea - level changes at different geological times together with plate tectonics led to the currently observed worldwide distribution .\nto establish the transcriptomic database of bathynellacea , we performed rna - seq using the subterranean crustacean allobathynella bangokensis . after trimming and assembly , a total of 63 mb including 74 , 866 contigs of a . bangokensis was obtained by illumina sequencing ( table 1 ) . the lengths of the a . bangokensis contigs ranged from 200 to 26 , 238 bp , with an average length of 843 bp , and the n50 values of those contigs were 1 , 302 bp . to our knowledge , this is the first whole transcriptome study conducted in bathynellacea .\nbathynellacea are part of a complex groundwater biocoenosis made up of bacteria , protozoans , fungi , and metazoans ( animals ) . all of these organisms act together to decompose particles washed into the groundwater from outside . these particles would otherwise clog the spaces between the sand grains , preventing groundwater from circulating freely . bigger particles are broken up by bathynellacea , and after they are passed through the gut , they are further degraded by protozoans and bacteria . thus the interstitial spaces are kept open . humans benefit from this ecological service because it helps to keep drinking water clean .\nwhen compared with adults of related crustacea taxa , bathynellacea appear very different , but they share a remarkable similarity with the larvae of these other crustacea . in fact , bathynellacea have the appearance of larvae , indicating that they have had larval - like ancestors . there is good evidence that the postembryonic development of their surface - living ancestors passed through a series of several larval stages . in the course of adaptation to life in the groundwater , abbreviation of this development caused by precocious sexual maturity at an early stage of larval development marked the beginning of the evolution of subterranean bathynellacea . today they reach adulthood at a stage that corresponds to the last larval stage of their ancestor . a morphological consequence of this adaptational process was that their body became continually smaller and its structure increasingly simpler . as a result , they finally fitted into the small spaces between sand particles of the groundwater - bearing strata . ecologically they progressed from a benthic life through a colonization of coarse substrates with large interstitial spaces to an existence in ever smaller sediments with ever narrower spaces between the particles . the ancestral form of the bathynellacea had conquered a completely new habitat and marked the beginning of an impressive radiation leading to a worldwide colonization of the groundwater .\nbathynellacea are typical inhabitants of groundwater and can be collected in wells , in sandy banks of rivers and sandy shores of lakes , in caves , and in springs . one species is known from a hot spring in africa at a temperature of 131\u00b0f ( 55\u00b0c ) . bathynellacea are absent from surface waters . only two species are known from lake baikal , where they occur on sandy patches down to 4 , 725 - ft depth ( 1 , 440 - m ) , but not in the open water . a few species have been recorded from near the seashore and tolerate brackish water conditions . only one species is polyhaline .\nin bathynellacea the sexes are separate . mating behavior has never been observed . the eggs are shed freely and singly . the egg passes through a nauplius stage . after hatching , postembryonic development passes through two phases , a larval ( parazo\u00ebal ) phase with three stages , and a juvenile ( bathynellid ) phase with a variable number of stages .\ncitation : kim b - m , kang s , ahn d - h , kim j - h , ahn i , lee c - w , et al . ( 2017 ) first insights into the subterranean crustacean bathynellacea transcriptome : transcriptionally reduced opsin repertoire and evidence of conserved homeostasis regulatory mechanisms . plos one 12 ( 1 ) : e0170424 . urltoken\nbathynellacea are elegant , persistent crawlers and ungainly , short - winded swimmers . their crawling movements are a combination of swimming and walking . as an escape reaction or when caught in blind alleys of the interstitial labyrinth , they engage in a specialized turning maneuver that consists of placing the abdomen beneath the rest of the body , sliding it along the ventral side towards the head , and turning at the same time about the longitudinal axis to return to a ventral position .\nbathynellacea are small , aquatic crustaceans that occur in ground water and among sediments and sand . they have a worm - like ( vermiform ) body and , as an adaptation to their subterranean habitats , no eyes or pigmentation . the first pair of antennae ( antennules ) are uniramous ( unbranched ) and the head of some species may have a beak - like projection ( rostrum ) . the thorax and abdomen are differentiated with the eight - segmented thorax having 7 or 8 pairs of simple biramous ( branched ) legs . the six - segmented abdomen may or may not have one or two pairs of small limbs on the end of the body called uropods that are on either side of a central projection ( telson ) . they range in size from 0 . 5 to 3 . 5 mm .\nbathynellacea ( crustacea , syncarida , parabathynellidae ) are subterranean aquatic crustaceans that typically inhabit freshwater interstitial spaces ( e . g . , groundwater ) and are occasionally found in caves and even hot springs . in this study , we sequenced the whole transcriptome of allobathynella bangokensis using rna - seq . de novo sequence assembly produced 74 , 866 contigs including 28 , 934 blast hits . overall , the gene sequences were most similar to those of the waterflea daphnia pulex . in the a . bangokensis transcriptome , no opsin or related sequences were identified , and no contig aligned to the crustacean visual opsins and non - visual opsins ( i . e . arthropsins , peropsins , and melaopsins ) , suggesting potential regressive adaptation to the dark environment . however , a . bangokensis expressed conserved gene family sets , such as heat shock proteins and those related to key innate immunity pathways and antioxidant defense systems , at the transcriptional level , suggesting that this species has evolved adaptations involving molecular mechanisms of homeostasis . the transcriptomic information of a . bangokensis will be useful for investigating molecular adaptations and response mechanisms to subterranean environmental conditions .\nbathynellacea range in length between 0 . 02 in ( 0 . 5 mm ) and 0 . 14 in ( 3 . 5 mm ) . as an adaptation to their subterranean existence , they do not have eyes and lack body pigment . the body is divided into head , thorax , and abdomen . the head carries the antennae with chemo - and mechanosensory structures as well as the mouthparts . the mandibles , used for biting , are symmetrical in structure . the thorax has seven pairs of biramous walking legs . the eighth pair is reduced in both sexes and in the male is transformed into a characteristic copulatory organ . the abdomen carries one pair of appendages on the first and last somite ( pleotelson ) . there can also be a pair of appendages on the second abdominal somite . the pair on the last somite ( uropods ) does not form a tailfan together with the pleotelson , as is the case in several related groups of crustacea . the basal segment ( sympodite ) of the uropods carries a characteristic row of spines . bathynellidae can be identified by the second antennae being directed anteriorly , by the last abdominal somite ( pleotelson ) carrying two dorsal setae , by the rim of the upper lip ( labrum ) being smooth and not serrate , by the outer branches ( exopodites ) of all seven walking legs being one - segmented , by the first abdominal appendages ( pleopods ) being two - segmented , and by the sympodite of the uropods being relatively short .\nsince stygofauna have reduced or absent eyes and have enhanced non - optic sense organs without pigmentation [ 44 , 45 ] , the absence of pigments and eyes is observed in a . bangokensis . a total of 25 and 26 eye pigmentation genes that were retrieved from drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum respectively [ 46 ] , were also aligned to the entire transcripts of a . bangokensis , but there was no matched transcripts in a . bangokensis transcriptome . although mrna expression of putative opsin genes was not observed in the a . bangokensis transcriptome , it will be interesting to investigate the presence or absence of the opsin repertoire in the genome and the evolutionary development of alternative sensory organs in future studies . several previous examples showed the potential correlation between reduced or absent eyes and transcriptional expression of the opsin repertoire . no loss of gene function in opsin gene paralogs with a reduced level of gene expression was reported in the cave - adapted amphipod gammarus minus [ 36 ] . the authors suggested that loss of expression of opsin genes without loss of gene function is explained by the pleiotropic roles of opsin genes [ 36 ] . extensive transcriptomic analysis revealed that three independently evolved subterranean diving beetles lack transcripts of nearly all opsin photoreceptor genes , whereas the two surface beetles showed evidence of transcriptional expression of a full suite of insect visual and non - visual opsin genes [ 47 ] . thus , research on the absence or presence of putative opsin genes from the a . bangokensis genome will be useful to understand the regressive evolution of eye reduction in the bathynellacea lineage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmalacostracans are the most numerous and most successful of the four major classes of crustacea . their members constitute more than two - thirds of all living crustacean species . they exhibit the greatest range of size ( less than one millimetre , or 0 . 04 inch , to a limb spread of more than three metres , or 10 feet ) and the greatest diversity of body form . malacostracans are abundant in all permanent waters of the world : in the seas from the tropics to the poles and from the tidal zone to the abyss ; in surface and subterranean fresh waters of all continents except antarctica ( where they once existed ) ; and terrestrially on all continental landmasses and all tropical and temperate islands .\nthe success of malacostracans can be attributed primarily to their increased body size and to the evolution of more functional body regions and more sophisticated food - gathering appendages than possessed by their paleozoic ancestors ( 542 million to 251 million years ago ) . this evolutionary thrust has been marked by the development of ambulatory legs and specializations for benthic life and by the brooding of eggs and suppression of free - living larval development . especially significant has been a shift of food - gathering limbs from head to thorax and of swimming appendages and respiratory organs from head to thorax and finally to the abdomen . this rearward shift freed the antennae for the development of specialized organelles sensitive to odours , sounds , vibrations , and physical contact and added more appendages ( maxillipeds ) to the mouthpart field . such changes have enabled terrestrial malacostracans to utilize efficiently the new food resources that have accompanied the evolution and proliferation of vascular plants from the late paleozoic to the present .\nsome decapod crabs have leg spans of more than three metres , and others weigh more than 10 kilograms ( 22 pounds ) . some free - living members of the orders\nare lobster - sized ( 25\u201330 centimetres [ 0 . 8 to 1 inch ] ) ; most , however , are medium ( one to three centimetres ) in size . paleozoic and primitive\ntaxa seldom exceed 10 centimetres in body length , and the adult stages of some parasitic and subterranean groups are very small ( less than one millimetre ) .\n, thorax , and abdomen . in the adult the head consists of five segments , the thorax of eight , and the abdomen typically of six ( or rarely seven ) unfused segments . the head supports paired\neyes , two pairs of antennae , and three pairs of short , chewing mouthparts , each consisting of two branches . the eyes are usually pigmented and borne on movable stalks , but they are sessile on the sides of the head in isopods , amphipods , and members of some smaller groups . the first antennae (\nantennules ) usually have two branches ( three in the subclass hoplocarida ) . the outer branch of the\nsecond antennae ( antennal squame ) , which is usually flat and bladelike for elevation and swimming balance , has two segments in stomatopods and some mysids and one segment in syncarids and eucarids ; it may be small or lost entirely in amphipods , isopods , and other bottom - dwelling or subterranean taxa . the\nsecond maxillae are short , with variable numbers of inner biting plates ( endites ) and often with outer lobes ( epipodites ) , but the palps are short or lacking .\n, which in primitive forms is large and covers the thorax , leg bases , and gill chamber . it may be fused to the dorsum of the thorax , as in the euphausiids , decapods , and other members of the superorder eucarida , but it is variously reduced and fused only to the anterior thoracic segments in mysids or lost altogether in the isopods , amphipods , and syncarids .\nthoracic legs are typically biramous ( two - branched ) . one or more pairs are modified for feeding in some groups . in free - swimming species all legs are similar in shape , and both branches are slender . in bottom - dwelling species , however , the inner branch has become a stiff walking limb , and the slender multisegmented outer branch is variously reduced ( in hemicarideans ) or lost altogether ( in amphipods and isopods ) . in advanced , especially bottom - dwelling , malacostracans ( such as lobsters ) , one or more legs are pincerlike .\npereopods , or pleopods , which are primarily used in swimming . in the males of all eucaridans , hoplocarids , isopods , some hemicarids and syncarids , and rarely some amphipods , the anterior one or two pairs may be specially modified for sperm transfer . in males of most mysidaceans , the fourth and fifth pleopods ( and the first and second\nof some amphipods ) may be modified as claspers for holding the female during mating . the last abdominal segment ( of all but the leptostracans ) bears a pair of biramous uropods and a median plate , or telson . the uropods are usually setose and paddle - shaped in swimming taxa and form a broad tail fan with the telson for rapid propulsion . in benthic and subterranean species the uropods are often slender , elongate , and\nin function . the telson is bilobed in juvenile syncarids , larval eucaridans , some mysids , and most amphipods but platelike in all other malacostracans .\nthe class malacostraca contains more than 29 , 000 living species and represents about half of all known crustacean species . it is the single largest group not only of marine arthropods but also of all fully aquatic arthropod taxa . within the malacostraca ,\nis the largest order , with more than 10 , 000 described species , followed by the orders isopoda ( 10 , 000 species ) and amphipoda ( 6 , 200 species ) . the other major orders have fewer than 1 , 000 species each .\nmost malacostracans are marine . among the decapods , the ancient palinurans , their modern brachyuran ( 10 - legged crab ) derivatives , and the dendrobrachiate and stenopodid shrimps dominate in tropical and temperate marine shallows . the decapod caridean shrimps , astacidean lobsters and crayfish , and anomurans ( hermits and eight - legged crabs ) , however , dominate in cold - water and polar regions , in the deep sea , and in continental fresh waters . the amphipods and isopods are also abundant along cold - water marine shores and in the abyss and have widely penetrated fresh waters . they are also widespread in underground waters and terrestrial environments . stomatopods are largely confined to tropical marine shallows ; tanaids and cumaceans are found mainly in the colder deeps ; and mysids , though mainly marine , are also abundant in relicts of northern glacial lakes .\nmalacostracans are often predators and scavengers . they are important ecologically in ridding the sea bottom and seashores of decaying animal and plant matter and in serving as middle - level converters of organic food energy to animal protein in a form suitable for fish , sea birds , marine mammals , and ultimately humans . the decapods and euphausiids ( krill , order euphausiacea ) are the only malacostracan groups that have a major direct economic value to humans .\nthe malacostracan life cycle typically involves an egg stage ; a series of free - swimming , plankton - feeding larval stages ; a series of immature ( subadult ) growth stages ; and finally a sexually mature ( reproductive ) adult stage . hermaphroditic adults are present in a few isopods . in the primitive swarming type of reproduction the male seeks out the female in the open water , usually in synchrony with lunar periodicity , cycles of temperature , or food availability .\n( copulation ) is very brief , often completed in a few seconds and usually following the reproductive molt of the female , when her exoskeleton is still soft . the eggs are fertilized as they are extruded from the oviductal opening on the sternum of the sixth thoracic segment . in many species males do not feed , do not reproduce again , and do not live long after mating . fertilized eggs may be shed freely in the sea , where they hatch , usually into nauplius larvae . in marine groups that\nthe eggs by attaching them to the pleopods , the eggs hatch as late - stage larvae , which are often carnivorous ( e . g . , zoeae and phyllosoma larvae of decapods , antizoeae and pseudozoeae of stomatopods ) . these larvae eventually sink or swim to the bottom and pass through one or more stages prior to attaining the juvenile stage . where embryos develop within a thoracic\n, the larval stages are suppressed . the embryos typically hatch as immature forms of the adult ( e . g . , isopoda , juveniles of the orders\nand amphipoda ) , but parental brooding may be continued for a further few molts . in the deep sea and in fresh waters , whether embryos are laid freely ( superorder syncarida ) or brooded on pleopods ( decapods ) or in a thoracic pouch ( isopods and amphipods ) , they hatch as juveniles or immature adult forms .\nin the more advanced , especially bottom - dwelling , malacostracans or in those with specialized habits , mating usually takes place on or in the bottom . males may attend , guard , or carry the female for some time ( preamplexus ) prior to copulation ( amplexus ) , and mating may be prolonged for several hours ; the male usually continues to feed , molt , and mate further ( in isopods , creeping decapods , and benthic amphipods ) . where the female exoskeleton variously hardens prior to mating , the oviductal opening is often complex , and sperm transfer is assisted by correspondingly modified first and second pleopods of the male ( \u201cinternal\u201d fertilization of stomatopods , isopods , and the superorder eucarida ) . newly hatched late larvae or juveniles may be initially guarded or carried by the female ( in stomatopods and some amphipods and isopods ) .\nmalacostracans are primarily swimmers and secondarily walkers , clingers , and burrowers . swimming is accomplished primitively by coordinated , synchronous beating of the biramous head appendages in early larval stages and thoracic appendages in later larval stages and the adult stages of leptostracan shrimp , mysids , and syncardids and in\n, decapods , and other eucarid malacostracans . the swimming action characteristic of adult malacostracans is provided by abdominal pleopods . typically , each of the first five abdominal segments bears , on the ventral ( lower ) surface , a pair of pedunculate , biramous pleopods . in order to beat in unison , each pair is usually hooked together by spines on the inner margin of the peduncle ( retinacula ) or the inner ramus ( \u201cclothespin spines\u201d ) . the amphipods are unique in having only three pairs of pleopods , the last two pairs being modified as stiff , thrusting uropods . in primitive forms the pleopod rami are slender and segmented ( annulate ) , as in amphipods and procarididean decapods , all of which are primarily swimmers as adults ; however , in all the other malacostracan groups , most of which are crawlers and burrowers , the rami are broad , flaplike , and unsegmented . the pleopods are typically reduced , or even lost , in many burrowers . the swimming crabs use paddlelike fifth thoracic legs for propulsion . abrupt swimming propulsion is provided by the\ntail fan . in amphipods the tail fan ( consisting of three pairs of uropods and telson ) provides a sudden forward thrust . in eucaridans ( especially decapods ) the tail fan ( paired uropods and telson ) provides a characteristic \u201ctail - flip\u201d or sudden backward escape reaction .\nin most benthic malacostracans the hind five to seven pairs of thoracic legs have become essentially uniramous ( single - branched ) \u2014the inner branch is thickened and stiffened and adapted for walking or crawling . in amphipods the first four pairs are pointed forward and the last three backward , an adaptation for perching , clinging , climbing in \u201cinchworm\u201d fashion , or jumping .\nin burrowing malacostracans , especially decapods and stomatopods , the distal segments of some legs attain a pincerlike form that facilitates both digging and removal of the soft substratum . in many species of burrowing amphipods , the claws are reduced , but the adjacent segments are much broadened , strongly spined , and powerfully muscled . rapid leg movements , often aided by the fanning action of setose antennae and the hydraulic tunneling motion of powerful pleopods , enable these torpedo - shaped crustaceans to swim through loose sandy substrata , feeding as they go .\nmalacostracans consume virtually every available kind of organic matter , plant or animal , living or dead . the small - to medium - sized animals primarily consume detritus and plankton , and some parasitize other aquatic organisms . the larger - sized malacostracans are mainly carnivores and scavengers , preying on a wide range of small invertebrates and fishes or devouring the carcasses of whales , seals , fishes , and large invertebrates . burrowing and small groundwater malacostracans are filter feeders , consuming microorganisms and bacteria from the sediments . terrestrial isopods and amphipods consume forest leaf litter and algae at the tide lines .\nmalacostracans capture or obtain their food primarily by using their thoracic legs . in early free - swimming larvae and the adults of some filter - feeding or deposit - feeding amphipods , isopods , and hemicarideans and in large carnivorous palinuran decapods , food may be gathered ( occasionally killed ) by means of the antennae and other head appendages . in carnivorous , or raptorial , species one or more of the thoracic legs are enlarged , and the tips are pincerlike , allowing the animal to capture , kill , and initially shred its prey . in lobsters and crayfish the first walking leg ( fourth thoracic ) is fully cheliform ( pincerlike ) , and either the left or right claw is massive , with pavementlike teeth for crushing hard - shelled prey such as snails and clams . in \u201cspearer\u201d - type stomatopods the raptorial claw is toothed and spiny for stabbing soft - bodied prey . \u201csmashers\u201d have a swollen , hammerlike claw for crushing hard - bodied prey .\nmalacostracans ( except for leptostracans ) typically have one to three pairs of thoracic limbs modified as accessory mouthparts . these\n( or \u201cjaw legs\u201d ) pass food to the masticatory , or chewing , mouthparts of the head proper . the thoracic segment of the first pair of maxillipeds is usually fused to the head , forming a cephalon . in stomatopods the first five pairs are called maxillipeds , but only the first pair is functionally so and its body segment is not fused to the head . in amphipods the first two pairs of thoracic legs may also function as food - pushing limbs , but their segments are typically free . in decapods the first two or three pairs serve as maxillipeds , and their segments are fused within the cephalothorax .\nthe mouthparts generally reflect feeding habits . in flesh eaters and scavengers the mandibular incisors are typically large and the plates and palps of the maxillae and maxillipeds are armed with strong spines and cutting edges , whereas the molar is small or lacking . in those species that consume all organic material and in those that consume only plants , the molar is usually strong , with an inner grinding surface . in filter feeders the plates of the maxillules , the maxillae , or both may be enlarged and equipped with a large number of fine - filtering ( plumose ) setae . accessory ( baler ) plates , for directing feeding currents , are often well developed ( e . g . , in cumaceans and haustoriid amphipods ) .\nrelationships with other invertebrates , fishes , marine mammals , and reptiles . many decapods , especially porcellanid and xanthid crabs , live permanently in cavities among sponges , corals , and bryozoans . some amphipods live within the respiratory and feeding cavities of sponges , tunicates , and anemones . lafystiid and some lysianassid amphipods , as well as aegid , cymathoid , and immature gnathiid isopods , are external parasites of fish . cyamid amphipods occur on whales and some hyalid amphipods in the buccal cavities of marine turtles . epicaridean isopods are fully parasitic on other crustaceans , especially decapods . the body of the host may be much deformed and the body of the parasitic female very much transformed , quite unlike the small , symmetrically segmented , and otherwise normal male .\n, covering the body and limbs of malacostracans is divided into segments interconnected by strong , flexible membranes , allowing for articulation at the joints . the cuticle is usually soft and thin in small , wormlike , generally subterranean species , in parasitic species , or in the respiratory surfaces of free - living species . in large , heavy , mostly carnivorous species , the cuticle is highly mineralized or impregnated with calcium salts . such an exoskeleton provides considerable mechanical leverage and protection to the owner .\n. they shed the old cuticle , expand in size , and secrete a new cuticle that subsequently hardens . this process may require several days for completion ( in some hard - shelled bottom dwellers ) . the animals remain in sheltered locations until the new exoskeleton is hardened .\nthe malacostracan central nervous system consists , in primitive forms , of a ventral nerve cord and ganglia within each body segment . the supraesophageal ganglion innervates the eyes , antennules , and antennae , and the subesophageal ganglion innervates the mouthparts of the head region . in amphipods and anomuran decapods the ganglia of abdominal segments are variously fused . in brachyuran decapods the abdominal and thoracic ganglia are fused into a single central thoracic ganglionic centre .\nnearly all surface - dwelling members have pigmented eyes , but these are usually reduced or totally lost in underground and deep - sea species . crustacean eyes are\n( as in insects ) and may be composed of thousands of individual facets , or ommatidia . the compound eyes of most malacostracans and their advanced larval stages are located on a movable stalk . the overall image is formed by combining the images from many individual ommatidia . the compound eye is especially sensitive to movement and has a wide field of vision , often more than 180\u00b0 . this is an enormous advantage to large , predatory malacostracans .\nthe eyes of smaller , mainly benthic , nonpredatory malacostracans , such as amphipods , hemicarideans , and isopods , are located on small lobes or flat on the sides of the head . except in predatory or nocturnal amphipods , the eyes are small and consist of only a few facets . light that may strike a large patch of facets is concentrated on one ommatidium . such eyes provide poor visual acuity . compound eyes can discriminate colour , initiating changes within skin cells to match the colour of the substratum .\nolfactory hairs , or esthetascs , are used to locate food and recognize other crustaceans and their sexual states .\noccur generally over the external surfaces and appendages , especially of the antennae , food - gathering limbs , and mouthparts . tactile hairs are present in the statocysts ( organelles of balance ) located , for example , in the first peduncular segment of the antennules in amphipods and the superorder eucarida .\nsome decapods and amphipods are sensitive to pressure change . minute pit sensory organs of the general body surface are suspected receptors . many decapods and amphipods produce sound by striking ( percussion ) or rasping ( stridulating ) or by internal mechanisms . organs of\ninclude , in brachyurans , the chordotonal organs on the hinges of walking legs . highly specialized sound and vibration receptors include the antennal\ncalceoli of amphipods , the individual microstructure of which consists of receiving elements arranged serially and attached to the antennal segment by a slender stalk . in more - advanced groups the basal elements are expanded into a cuplike receptacle , and the stalk is distally expanded into a bulla , or resonator . in highly advanced predatory amphipods two types of calceoli are found : one type is used to detect mates ( found in males only ) , and the other is used to detect prey ( found in both sexes ) .\nconsists of a mouth ; an esophagus ; a two - chambered foregut ; a midgut with outpocketings called digestive glands , or hepatopancreas ; and a hindgut , or rectum . the large anterior foregut , or\ncardiac stomach , occupies much of the posterior aspect of the head and the anterior thoracic body cavity . a constriction separates it from the smaller , more ventral ,\npyloric stomach that lies in the posterior part of the thorax . lining the inside of the greatly folded and muscular stomach walls , especially the pyloric portion , are groups or rows of stiff bristles , teeth , and filtering setae known as the\n. the mill is strongly and complexly developed in large decapods , which ingest food quickly and in coarse chunks . the filtering setae are prominent in malacostracans that ingest fine materials or masticate their food thoroughly with the mouthparts . the macerated and partly digested food slowly works its way through the filtering system of the pyloric stomach into the ceca , or pouches , of the hepatopancreas . there enzyme production and the storage and absorption of food takes place . the digestive secretions depend on the species and diet and include cellulase and chitinase . in stomatopods the cardiac stomach is large enough to hold the remains of large prey ; it opens directly from the mouth without an intervening esophagus . the midgut , or main intestine , may either extend throughout the abdomen , as in lobsters , or be very short , as in crabs . fecal material is voided through the anus from the short rectum .\nnephridial glands , which are present in the body segments of the second antennae and the maxillae . the ducts open on the basal segments of those head appendages . antennal nephridial glands are present in the adult stages of eucaridans , mysidaceans , and amphipods and in the larval stages of stomatopods and hemicarideans . the antennal glands of amphipods are enlarged in freshwater forms but are small in terrestrial species . maxillary nephridial glands are typical of adult stomatopods , syncaridans , hemicaridans , and isopods . adult leptostracans have both types of glands . nephrocytes are present at the bases of thoracic legs and elsewhere in the body of mainly primitive groups . bathynellaceans have a unique uropodal gland . the sternal\nmost large malacostracans respire through gills , which develop as vascularized outgrowths of the first segment of the thoracic legs ( epipodal gills ) . the gills of decapods are in a branchial chamber beneath the carapace , and oxygenated water is funneled through them . the lining of the chamber itself may be soft and vascularized for respiration , as in mysids , thermosbaenaceans , hemicarideans , and peneid shrimps . land crabs have larger and more vascularized branchial chambers than do aquatic crabs . land crabs also possess specialized chambers for keeping the gills moist .\nthe epipodal gills in syncarids and euphausiids are unprotected , since a carapace is either lacking or does not cover the leg bases . in amphipods the gills are usually simple sacs or plates , which in the course of evolution have migrated to the inner side of the legs . the gills are fanned and oxygenated by the pleopods in the ventral tunnel formed by the coxal plates . in stomatopods and isopods gill - like outgrowths of the pleopods or invaginated pseudotracheae ( in terrestrial isopods ) are the main organs of respiration .\ngases diffuse across the respiratory surface . since the chitinous material of the body wall is relatively impermeable , special mechanisms have evolved to boost oxygen uptake . these include increased surface area ( dendritic , foliate , pleated , or \u201cdouble\u201d gills ) , rich vascularization of respiratory surfaces , ventilating mechanisms ( current - directing exopods and baler plates of the maxillae and maxillipeds ) , and presence in the blood of special respiratory pigments such as hemocyanin ( which contains copper ) .\nis enclosed in a pericardial sinus and is located dorsally , above the gut . it is elongate and tubular with several holes ( ostia ) for return flow in primitive forms ( orders leptostraca and stomatopoda and the superorder syncarida ) , but it is short and boxlike with one to two ostia and located in the thorax in advanced forms ( decapods ) . the blood , or hemolymph , is pumped to the head through an aorta and to the gills and locomotor appendages through lateral and ventral arteries . veins are lacking , and the blood returns to the heart via a series of sinuses .\n, which lies in the eyestalk or in an equivalent part of the head in which the eyes are sessile . this complex regulates maturation , dispersal of pigments in the eye and for\nchange , and some metabolic processes , including molting . the female\u2019s ovaries , the male\u2019s reproductive glands , the pericardial organs , and the maxillary y - organs of decapods also produce hormones that function in the molt and reproductive cycles .\nmalacostracans must compete for food , shelter , space , and mates . hermit crabs fight over shells to occupy , stomatopods and alpheid shrimps fight over shelters , and terrestrial crabs and tube - building amphipods contest burrows and domiciles . males of many species grow enlarged and embellished appendages at maturity for use in fighting and winning mates . fights to determine status range from highly ritualized displays to death struggles . in decapods the most aggressive fighters are aquatic species , which are well armed , meet infrequently , and compete only occasionally over patchy , ephemeral resources , including females . terrestrial species , which are more prone to injury , more social , and less limited by availability of resources , exhibit more complex , formalized interactions . male fiddler crabs attract females by waving the enlarged claw and sending sound signals . the signals establish the identity and intent of the sender . male ghost crabs build sand pyramids to attract females . numerous shrimps and some amphipods snap the movable finger of the enlarged claw against the hand as part of threat displays and courtship signals . many stomatopods have a colour - coded , species - specific eyespot on the claws , which is displayed during posturing . more aggressive species have brighter eyespots . stomatopods that fight with the same or closely related species reduce the force of their blows or engage in ritualized combat . relatively docile species are more aggressive when facing more bellicose neighbours . an elaborate set of courtship signals is needed by the male stomatopod to prevent the female from attacking him .\nmale fiddler crab ( uca perplexa ) waving an enlarged claw to attract females .\nclass malacostraca cambrian to present ; typically with compound eyes , stalked or sessile ; 8 thoracic and 6 abdominal segments , each potentially capable of bearing a pair of appendages ; about 22 , 000 species . subclass phyllocarida early cambrian to present . \u2020order archaeostraca\u2026\narthropod , any member of the phylum arthropoda , the largest phylum in the animal kingdom , which includes such familiar forms as lobsters , crabs , spiders , mites , insects , centipedes , and millipedes . about 84 percent of all known species of animals are members of this phylum . arthropods are represented in every habitat on earth\u2026\ninvertebrate , any animal that lacks a vertebral column , or backbone , in contrast to the cartilaginous or bony vertebrates . more than 90 percent of all living animal species are invertebrates . worldwide in distribution , they include animals as diverse as sea stars , sea urchins , earthworms , sponges , jellyfish , lobsters , crabs , insects , spiders , snails , \u2026\nlobster , any of numerous marine crustaceans ( phylum arthropoda , order decapoda ) constituting the families homaridae ( or nephropsidae ) , true lobsters ; palinuridae , spiny lobsters , or sea crayfish ; scyllaridae , slipper , spanish , or shovel lobsters ; and polychelidae , deep - sea lobsters . all are marine and benthic ( bottom - dwelling ) , and most are nocturnal . lobsters scavenge for dead animals but\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n. rostrum present or absent ; eyes absent ; eyes ocular scale absent ; eyes naupliar eyes absent .\n; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) biramous , or uniramous ; exopod multiarticulate . mandible uniramous ; palp present . maxillipeds , absent .\n. epimera absent . pleopods present or absent , 2 pairs or 1 pair ; reduced . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned ventrolaterally ; rami present , exopod without diaresis ; endopod without statocyst .\n. africa , madagascar , southwestern asia , japan , australia , new zealand , south america , united states , europe .\ncite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbathynellaceans are found on all continents except antarctica . they are not known to be from central america , from islands that are volcanic in origin , and from some other islands , such as new caledonia , fiji , and the caribbean islands .\nbathynellaceans are found mostly underground near freshwater habitats or in caves . they are sometimes collected on the surface in waters that are fed by underground water sources , such as wells , in sands along the shores of rivers and lakes , or in springs . at least one african species lives in hot springs and can tolerate temperatures up to 130\u00b0f ( 55\u00b0c ) . a few species can tolerate slightly salty water and are found near the seashore or in other brackish waters .\nbathynellaceans eat plant materials , worms , microscopic animals , and bacteria . some species may be specialists and feed on just one or two of these groups of organisms .\nphysical characteristics : males and females have a row of four spines at the base of the uropods . the spine closest to the front of the body is larger and distinctly separated from the others . the base of the seventh leg of the male has a clear , cone - shaped bump on the inside . geographic range : antrobathynella stammeri are widely distributed in europe , from ireland to romania . habitat : antrobathyn\u2026\nplease include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article . content on this website is from high - quality , licensed material originally published in print form . you can always be sure you ' re reading unbiased , factual , and accurate information .\nhighlight the text below , right - click , and select \u201ccopy\u201d . paste the link into your website , email , or any other html document .\nyour email address will be altered so spam harvesting bots can ' t read it easily . hide my email completely instead ?\nmost things can be themselves carried out on their own at home , if we , to help only the right tools and equipment us . lexia 3 bmw gt1this includes to do , their own estimate made could be wrong with the car before you even went of workshops . do you know in these days , what is wrong , everything what you need carmd automotive diagnostics - tools with which the work for you and your car , you must not be on a mechanic . - - cr5\nwe were able to provide you with some of the facts above but there is still plenty more to write about in subsequent articles .\nit can be a bit painful but you have to take it none the less . it builds a strong foundation for level 2 and level 3 where it becomes greatly evolved over level one . so a lot of basics and a lot of technical jargons that the students would have to remember but valuations concepts may not be very difficult .\n\u201cto me , fearless is not the absense of fear . it ' s not being completely unafraid . to me , fearless is having fears . fearless is having doubts . lots of them . to me , fearless is living in spite of those things that scare you to death . \u201d breeches\nwell i definitely liked reading it . this information provided by you is very constructive for correct planning . i like your work for providing . [ url = urltoken\nwell i definitely liked reading it . this information provided by you is very constructive for correct planning . i like your work for providing urltoken\nwell i definitely liked reading it . this information provided by you is very constructive for correct planning . i like your work for urltoken\nbrusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbathynellaceans occur worldwide with around 150 described species . however , they are not known from antarctica , central america , from islands that are volcanic in origin , and from some other islands , such as new caledonia , fiji , and the caribbean islands . there are two families , bathynellidae and parabathynellidae , both recorded from australia , with around 10 described species and many more undescribed . many species are known to have very limited distributions .\nalthough both male and female bathynellaceans are known , their mating behavior has never been observed . unlike most crustaceans that carry their eggs or young for at least some period of time , female bathynellaceans lay 1 or 2 large eggs in the surrounding sand or sediment . larval development is anamorphic , where the napulis ( larvae ) hatches with only working antennae and mouthparts and additional appendages are added with each molt to reach adulthood . the number of molts varies among species ."]}
{"id": 1095, "summary": [{"text": "apoctena persecta is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand , where it is found only on the south island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 \u2013 19 mm for both males and females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous whitish , sprinkled with light brownish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "in males the forewings are posteriorly tinged with light brownish between the veins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a distinct variety , named semicocta , which has whitish-ochreous forewings , on the costal half suffused with brownish ochreous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of this variety are also whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on coprosma species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "apoctena persecta", "paragraphs": ["apoctena taipana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae , endemic to new zealand .\nthe following form i had at first regarded as a new species , but now consider it probably only a variety of persecta , though so different in appearance as to deserve a varietal name ; the structure appears identical .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u2642 . 17 mm . head pale grey . palpi 2 , fulvous - ochreous , towards apex grey . antennal ciliations 1 . thorax grey , a small spot on shoulders and posterior crest fulvous - orange . abdomen light grey . forewings elongate , posteriorly dilated , costa gently arched , with moderate fold from base to \u2156 , apex obtuse - pointed , termen slightly sinuate , rather oblique ; deep fulvous - orange :\ncilia concolorous , tips grey - whitish . hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey .\nkaeo ( near whangaroa ) , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . singularly distinct .\nmr . philpott has sent me connecting varietal forms of this extraordinarily variable species , which have convinced me that tornota meyr . cannot be maintained as specifically distinct from it .\n\u2640 . 19 mm . forewings whitish - ochreous , on costal half suffused with brownish - ochreous ; outer edge of basal patch acutely angulated above middle , angle marked with blackish , with black dots above , before , and below it ; central fascia oblique , blackish and rather narrow on upper half , on lower half broader , brownish - ochreous , with several undefined black dots on its edges ; costal patch elongate , narrow , ochreous - brown mixed with dark grey ; a transverse mark of reddish - ochreous suffusion before termen towards middle , marked in middle with a small black spot , and above and beneath this with two or three minute black dots : cilia ochreous . hind - wings and cilia whitish .\nnear before termen : cilia dark purple - leaden , on termen mixed with brownish - ochreous and towards tips ochreous - whitish . hindwings dark fuscous , becoming blackish posteriorly ; cilia dark purplish - grey with blackish subbasal line , towards tips whitish on upper part of termen , and on a patch above apex .\nkaeo , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . an obscure species , probably allied to zatrophana .\nwellington , in november ( hudson ) ; one specimen . intermediate between amplexana and scoliastis .\n\u2642 . 14\u201315 mm . , \u2640 16\u201317 mm . head and thorax dark purple - fuscous . palpi in \u2642 under 2 , dark fuscous ; in \u2640 2 , whitish mixed with fuscous . antennal ciliations in \u2642 1\u00bd . abdomen dark fuscous . forewings in \u2642 elongate , rather dilated posteriorly , costa gently arched , with moderate fold from base to \u2154 , apex obtuse , termen somewhat sinuate , little oblique , in \u2640 more oblong , costa anteriorly moderately arched , then nearly straight ; dark fuscous , more or less wholly suffused with deep purple ; a patch of ochreous - whitish irroration extending along dorsum from \u00bc to \u00be , upper edge indented in middle ; in \u2642 a patch of deep - ferruginous suffusion sprinkled with yellowish on costa towards apex ; in \u2640 a semioval yellowwhitish blotch extending along costa from \u2156 to near apex ; termen slenderly suffused with deep ferruginous : cilia dark purplish - leaden , with blackish subbasal line , in \u2640 slightly mixed with whitish beneath apex . hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia in \u2642 grey with black subbasal line , in \u2640 lighter grey , tinged with whitish beneath apex , with dark - fuscous subbasal line becoming deep ferruginous round apex .\nkarori , in garden , in december ( hudson ) ; four specimens ( 2 \u2642 2 \u2640 ) . nearest achrosta ; the difference in the sexes is very remarkable .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nasthenoptycha is a little - studied genus of moths belonging to the large family tortricidae .\nepitymbia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nmeritastis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nmimeoclysia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\ncapnoptycha is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1100, "summary": [{"text": "ptereleotris zebra is a species of dartfish native to the indian ocean and the western pacific ocean .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "an inhabitant of reefs , it can be found in schools at depths of from 2 to 31 metres ( 6.6 to 101.7 ft ) though usually no deeper than 4 metres ( 13 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "ptereleotris zebra", "paragraphs": ["aquarium movies urltoken description of fish ( language\uff1ajapanese ) \u30bc\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30bc chinese zebra goby , zebra dartfish ( goby ) ptereleotris zebra \u30b9\u30ba\u30ad\u76ee\u30cf\u30bc\u4e9c\u76ee\u30af\u30ed\u30e6\u30ea\u30cf\u30bc\u79d1\u30af\u30ed\u30e6\u30ea\u30cf\u30bc\u5c5e \u677f\u6a4b\u533a\u7acb\u71b1\u5e2f\u74b0\u5883\u690d\u7269\u9928 itabashi botanical gardens aquarium copyright \u00a9 2014 - sasuke m tsujita all rights reserved .\nit\u2019s not when it\u2019s a shotsilk goby ! ptereleotris zebra must be one of the hobby\u2019s most under - rated little fish . also known as the chinese zebra goby , this is a kind of dartfish and so therefore a relative of \u2018true\u2019 gobies .\nthe orange - striped gudgeon ( ptereleotris grammica ) from the southern indo - pacific is a deeper water species which makes it more difficult to obtain than p . zebra , consequently commanding a correspondingly eye - wateringly price .\njustification : ptereleotris zebra is widely distributed and may be locally abundant in some areas . this is a popular species in the aquarium , but this is not considered to be a major threat on a global level . therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nptereleotris zebra is used in the aquarium trade and exported from the maldives . the free on board value of this species is $ 1 . 50 ( edwards and shepherd 1992 ) . liveaquaria . com ; us $ 15 . 99 per small individual from indonesia ; us $ 26 . 99 large individuals from the maldives .\nptereleotris zebra is a schooling fish common in tropical waters around the world , except the atlantic ocean . they are usually found in less than 20 feet of water , but have been recorded as deep as 90 feet . they are generally associated with reefs and in lots of current / surge . groups generally share the same burrow , and group sizes can very from a couple individuals to dozens . they feed on plankton and other small suspended foods . the largest p . zebra recorded was almost 5 inches long .\np . zebra might be a good bet for captive breeding efforts and a few species of true goby have been successfully bred and reared in the aquarium , and they share similarities in reproductive strategy .\n( of pogonoculius zebra fowler , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrandall , j . e . and d . f . hoese , 1985 . revision of the indo - pacific dartfishes , genus ptereleotris ( perciformes : gobioidei ) . indo - pac . fish . ( 7 ) : 36 p . ( ref . 528 )\nptereleotris zebra inhabits exposed seaward reefs in relatively shallow water over hard bottoms and areas subjected to strong currents . it forms aggregations ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . its depth range is 0 . 5 - 40 m ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2015 - 03 ) , but usually occurs between 2 - 4 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . its maximum recorded size is 11 . 4 cm total length ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\nptereleotris zebra ranges from the red sea and islands in the western indian ocean to the line and marquesas islands , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the southern great barrier reef , the mariana and marshall islands in micronesia , french polynesia ( moorea ) , palau , fiji , and samoa ( randall and hoese 1985 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . the depth range is 0 - 40 m ( myers 1991 , accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2015 - 03 ) .\np . zebra normally spend their first few days in an aquarium hiding , but soon emerge if conditions are right . they live normally in the reef\u2019s shallow water zone in quite turbulent conditions and will similarly thrive in vigorously - moving water .\naquascaping is , however , extremely important if the shotsilks are going to not only thrive , but also display well . p . zebra relies on natural hiding places and won\u2019t construct its own , so these will need to be provided . gnarled lived rock riddled with holes is ideal .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures for p . zebra . its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) . there are limits implemented by the maldivian government on the export of reef fishes for aquaria ( edwards and shepherd 1992 ) .\ngreek , pteron = wing , fin + the name of a nile fish , eleotris ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 31 m ( ref . 1602 ) , usually 2 - 4 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 30\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s\nindo - pacific : red sea and islands in the western indin ocean ( ref . 528 ) to the line and marquesas islands , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the southern great barrier reef ; mariana and marshall islands in micronesia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48637 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 27 - 29 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 25 - 28 ; vertebrae : 26 . yellowish to greenish gray in color ; lower half of eye to ventral of chin nearly enclosed by a broad blue - edged dark red to purple area ; opercle with 2 diagonal bright blue bands ; pectoral fin base with an orange - red bar broadly bordered with bright blue . chin barbel followed by a median longitudinal fold . fins yellowish ; 2nd dorsal a median longitudinal row of blue spots .\nthis schooling species inhabits exposed seaward reefs in relatively shallow water , over hard bottoms . usually many individuals occupy the same refuge . found to be subjected to strong currents , where in small to large aggregations ( ref . 48637 ) . feeds on zooplanktons ( ref . 89972 ) .\n) : 25 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 2 ( based on 2283 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 45 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nurltoken scott w . michael , marine fishes , 1st ed . ( t . f . h . publications inc , new jersey , 2001 ) . rudie h kuiter & helmut debelius , world atlas of marine fishes , 1st ed . ( ikan - unterwasserarchiv 2006 ) in house resources : adam mangino , eli fleishauer\nyou may not duplicate , copy , or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission . any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nthe shotsilk goby is a stunning dartfish but , as dave wolfenden explains , you may have to minimise any stress factors to appreciate it .\nthey\u2019re not only found around china but also around a large area of the indo - pacific , red sea and great barrier reef . they are found from around 2 - 30m / 6 . 6 - 98\u2019 and will reach a 10cm / 4\u201d , looking absolutely stunning .\narguably this is the most attractive of all the dartfish ; their slender body exhibiting bright , metallic green coloration , punctuated by vertical stripes of pink with blue facial markings .\nthe name \u2018dartfish\u2019 is pretty apt . their behaviour involves hovering above the reef\u2019s substrate in groups , exhibiting a \u2018nervous\u2019 demeanour and always ready to dart to the nearest crevice . these diurnal ( daytime - active ) fish also use such crevices to sleep in .\naquarium set - up needs to take this skittish behaviour into account . shotsilk gobies are definitely not suitable for aquaria which contain boisterous and / or predatory fishes . predators , such as triggers or lionfish , will find the timid dartfish just too tempting , whereas boisterous , territorial fishes intimidate them . this renders them out of sight , and presumably stressed , for potentially long periods .\nin extreme cases , shotsilks spend so much time hiding they are unable to obtain enough food to survive \u2014 and stress also appears to take its toll .\npotentially unsuitable tank mates include many damsel species , which can be pugnacious , numerous tangs , wrasses and butterflyfish . suitable companions should include more sedate groups and dragonets , jawfish and blennies display the more peaceful attitude which helps ensure shotsilks are confident enough to look their best .\nthese are totally invertebrate - friendly fish , but some invertebrates are predatory and the \u2018gobies\u2019 can make an easy target ! seemingly all dartfish also tend to jump if startled , so open - topped tanks can be risky .\nshotsilk gobies can , due to their size and habit of hovering around a fixed spot , be kept in reasonably compact aquaria , with around 100 l / 22 gal being suitable for a pair .\nthese fish will also appreciate caves and , to spoil them , offer a fine sand substrate as they may use this as a retreat as well as any rocks and caves .\nthey can be kept individually , but never seem to look as good as pairs or small groups . best introduce any pairs or small groups at the same time to reduce the possibility of territorial squabbling .\nlike most other goby - like fish , this is pretty hardy and disease is rarely an issue if maintained in a reasonably stress - free environment .\nthey are , however , sensitive to many medications and can react to copper treatments for cryptocaryon , for example . if possible use alternatives to those with formaldehyde , copper or malachite . copper would be a no - no for the invertebrate aquarium anyway !\nfeeding is rarely a challenge provided they aren\u2019t overly hassled by other tank mates . they are planktivores and spend most of their waking hours feeding \u2014 needing regular meals preferably twice a day . however , most adapt easily to a captive diet .\nthey should accept small frozen feeds such as mysis and cyclops , as well as flakes and small pellets . in an established reef set - up , they will forage to a certain extent on natural populations of copepods , amphipods and other planktonic beasties .\nshotsilk gobies are visually difficult to sex , but not impossible \u2013 there are no obvious differences in coloration but an intimate examination might allow a view of each fishes\u2019 genital papilla just in front of the anal fin area .\nthe papilla is a tube - like structure used to deposit eggs or sperm , and in mature males , tends to be more pointed , the female\u2019s papilla having a more rounded appearance ) .\nanother tactic is to keep a group of several individuals and hope that a pair , or pairs , will naturally form . courtship has been observed in the aquarium , and characterised by the male \u2018mouthing\u2019 the female and beating his pelvic fins before embarking on a parallel swimming behaviour with her .\nthe eggs are laid in a cave and the adults guard them . the resulting fry are incredibly small and very sensitive to environmental fluctuations , which makes them so challenging to rear . i suspect , however , that it\u2019s only a matter of time before some enterprising aquarist succeeds in culturing this species .\nthere\u2019s no reason why a single specimen shouldn\u2019t survive , but an individual won\u2019t behave as naturally , or as interestingly , as a pair or group . they are very much social fish in the wild , so best keep them at least as a pair .\nthere are actually two sub - species and p . grammica grammica is more sought after than p . grammica melanota due to its more colourful appearance . this species seems to fare best in a relatively dimly - lit aquarium and should ideally be kept in pairs . care is generally quite straightforward .\nanother species occasionally offered in the trade , and considerably less expensive than the orange - striped gudgeon , is the streamer gudgeon or blue hana goby ( p . hanae ) from the western indo - pacific . this is characterised by trailing caudal fin rays and \u2018worm - like\u2019 appearance . they can be kept individually and generally adapt to aquarium life well \u2014 but very prone to jumping out !\nin the wild they are often found living in burrows with alpheus pistol shrimps . unlike the mutualistic interactions many gobies have with shrimp partners , however , the dartfish doesn\u2019t really have a \u2018relationship\u2019 with the shrimp and behaves less like a lodger and more like a squatter !\n\u2018shot silk\u2019 is the name given to the shiny silk fabric which appears as different colours , depending on the angle it\u2019s viewed from . the shotsilk goby\u2019s common name is inspired by the fabric because of the fish\u2019s reflective , iridescent and metallic coloration !\nwatch out for ominous early signs when shotsilk gobies start to get aggressive . such interactions between conspecifics are initially characterised by a subtle signal \u2014 courtesy of the normally hidden chin barbel !\nthis article was first published in the october 2009 issue of practical fishkeeping magazine . it may not be reproduced without written permission .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\ndescription this schooling species inhabits exposed seaward reefs in relatively shallow water , over hard bottoms . usually many . . .\ndescription this schooling species inhabits exposed seaward reefs in relatively shallow water , over hard bottoms . usually many individuals occupy the same refuge . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 4 december 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 4 december 2014 ) .\namerican samoa ; australia ; british indian ocean territory ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; french polynesia ; india ; indonesia ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; myanmar ; nauru ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , us line is . ) ; yemen\nthere are 49 records in fishnet2 mostly with one to three , but some with 12 - 14 individuals per lot ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2015 - 03 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nif order under $ 350 shipping charge will be calculated base on the actual shipping weight . all livestock orders are shipped via next day air . if other shipping method is chosen we will modify the shipping method . live rock and sand are ship using 2nd day service . drygoods , aquarium supplies , and reptile supplies are ship using ground service unless specified . all livestock orders must be shipped overnight via ups or fedex priority overnight to reduce transit time . orders generally ship within 1 - 2 business shipping days . all livestock are shipped wednesday and will be deliver thursday morning . you will receive a confirmation email with your tracking number when your order has shipped .\nsaturday delivery must be made by special request by email or phone . saturday delivery is an extra $ 26 charge .\nin the interest of meeting your schedule , if 70 % of your order is in stock , it will be shipped . any missing items or substitutions will be marked on your order and your total will be adjusted accordingly . if you would prefer to be contacted if we are missing items , please let us know when placing your order in the comment field . however , this may delay your order . due to the nature of our products , we cannot backorder live animals .\nif your shipping address is different from your credit card billing address , please make sure your card issuer has listed this shipping address as an\nauthorized\naddress . we verify all addresses with visa , mastercard , discover and american express .\nups generally requires a signature for delivery . you or someone authorized by you , must be present to sign for a shipment if you choose to have it delivered to your home or office .\norders not held for pick up at the fedex / ups facility when temperatures are greater than 90 degrees or lower than 40 degrees .\norders placed during extreme weather will not be cover under our alive arrive guarenteed .\nif the weather delay a flight , or closes an airport , you live stock will be delayed . fedex has no control over the weather , nor does freshmarine . com .\nif your live stock is delay , damaged , or never delivered due to severe weather condition , fedex will not honor guarantees , and therefore neither can freshmarine . com .\nurltoken only ships within the continental u . s . excludes hawaii , alaska , and puerto rico\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1109, "summary": [{"text": "melipona scutellaris is a eusocial stingless bee species of the order hymenoptera and the genus melipona .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is considered to be the reared melipona species with the largest distribution in the north and northeast regions of brazil , with records from rio grande do norte down to bahia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its common name , uru\u00e7u , comes from the tupi \" eiru su \" , which in this indigenous language means \" big bee \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "their honey is highly desirable and the materials they create for nests have been proven to be a promising source of antibiofilm agents and to present selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "melipona scutellaris", "paragraphs": ["antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of stingless bee melipona scutellaris geopropolis . - pubmed - ncbi\nsexual dimorphism and phenotypic plasticity in the antennal lobe of a stingless bee , melipona scutellaris .\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication\nsexual dimorphism and phenotypic plasticity in the antennal lobe of a stingless bee , melipona scutellaris . - pubmed - ncbi\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication | apidologie\nthis study evaluated the gastroprotective activity of eegp from melipona scutellaris , as well as the possible action mechanisms involved .\nbest matched melipona scutellaris contigs from blastn analysis . the melipona contig id is the access number in genbank . only sequences that matched the insect sequence are shown .\ngeopropolis from melipona scutellaris decreases the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception by inhibiting the production of il - 1\u03b2 and tnf - \u03b1 .\na \u2013sem of melipona scutellaris larvae head . b \u2013immunohistochemistry of melipona scutellaris larvae ( head circled ) , negative control ( haematoxylin & eosin staining\u2013 4x ) . c\u2014zoomed mandibular region spotted in a . d \u2013mscuobp8 was detected by specific staining of larvae tegument in the mandibular region ( 40x ) , comparatively to c . sem\u2014scanning electron microscopy ; mscuobp8 \u2013 melipona scutellaris odorant binding protein .\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication | stefan jarau - urltoken\nthe sound field generated by tethered stingless bees ( melipona scutellaris ) : inferences on its potential as a recruitment mechanism inside the hive .\nthe aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of melipona scutellaris geopropolis ( stingless bee ) using different models of nociception .\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance | apidologie\ngeopropolis from melipona scutellaris decreases the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception by inhibiting the production of il - 1\u03b2 and tnf - \u03b1 . - pubmed - ncbi\na study of a brazilian species - melipona scutellaris - found that some male bees are the sons of workers , rather than the queen bee .\nthe sound field generated by tethered stingless bees ( melipona scutellaris ) : inferences on its potential as a recruitment mechanism inside the hive . - pubmed - ncbi\nm . g . da cunha , m . franchin , l . c . c . galv\u00e3o et al . , \u201capolar bioactive fraction of melipona scutellaris geopropolis on\ntranscript distribution of the best matches of the melipona scutellaris fat body cdna library . the best matches were listed based on the insect species without considering e - values .\nin this work , the ddrt - pcr technique was used to study differential gene expression profiles during post - embryonic development of melipona scutellaris . the differentially expressed cdna fragments detected were cloned , sequenced and analyzed by comparison using public databases . the results reported here are the first pieces of evidence of differential gene expression profiles in melipona scutellaris during its ontogenetic development .\nthis reproductive tug - of - war between workers and queens isn ' t unique to melipona scutellaris . a 2013 study on honeybees ( apis mellifera ) found evidence of a similar conflict .\nkey words : melipona , microsatellites , polygyny , queen number , social structure .\nkerr w . e . , rocha r . ( 1988 ) comunica\u00e7\u00e3o em melipona rufiventris e melipona compressipes , cienc . cult . 40 , 1200 - 1203 .\nthe study focused on melipona scutellaris a brazilian species of highly social stingless bees , found throughout the atlantic rainforest . colonies contain around 1 , 500 workers and are headed by one single - mated queen .\ncarvalho - zilse g and kerr we ( 2004 ) natural substitutions of queens and flight distance of males in tiuba ( melipona compressipes fasciculata smith , 1854 ) and uru\u00e7u ( melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 ) ( apidae , meliponini ) . acta amazon 34 : 649 - 652 . [ links ]\ntranscript distribution of melipona scutellaris fat body cdna library . protein functions were assigned based on homology with drosophila genes . ( a ) biological process . ( b ) molecular function . ( c ) cell component .\nalves da , imperatriz - fonseca vl , francoy tm et al ( 2009 ) the queen is dead\u2013long live the workers : intraspecific parasitism by workers in the stingless bee melipona scutellaris . mol ecol 18 : 4102\u20134111\noliveira mhcc , leal mca , almeida mg and coelho mp . 1986 . cria\u00e7\u00e3o e preserva\u00e7\u00e3o da abelha melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 , no nordeste brasileiro . cad omega 2 : 195 - 211 . [ links ]\nkerr we , jungnickel h , morgan ed . workers of the stingless bee melipona scutellaris are more similar to males than to queens in their cuticular compounds . apidologie . 2004 ; 35 ( 6 ) : 611\u20138 .\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication . apidologie 31 : 93 - 113\ntable s3 - monthly contribution of queens to progeny constitution in polygynous colonies of melipona bicolor .\ntherefore , in order to aggregate scientific value to the geopropolis , this study aims at evaluating the gastroprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis ( eegp ) from melipona scutellaris and at investigating the possible mechanisms of action .\ncortopassi - laurino m & montenegro - de - aquino h . 2000 . forrageamento na abelha uru\u0161u ( melipona scutellaris ) . in : anais do xii congresso brasileiro de apicultura , florian\u02c7polis . p . c - 022 .\nbiesmeijer , k . ( 1999 ) . the organization of foraging in melipona stingless bees . pegone summer : 11 - 12 [ 11 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , citation )\nalves rmo , carvalho cal and souza ba . 2005 . ninhos de melipona scutellaris l . em coqueiros na regi\u00e3o do litoral norte e metropolitana do estado da bahia . mensagem doce 83 : 10 - 13 . [ links ]\nmelipona quadrifasciata is a highly eusocial bee , making communication imperative for the survival of the colony .\nmanejo e manipula\u00e7\u00e3o artificial de col\u00f4nias de melipona quadrifasciata lep . ( apidae : meliponinae )\ntable s2 - inferred genotypes of queens and drones from monogynous and polygynous colonies of melipona bicolor .\nmelipona scutellaris is a stingless bee found in northeastern brazil . populations of this bee have decreased substantially as a consequence of human activity ( kerr et al . , 1996 ) and studies of this species are important for its maintenance .\nbee colonies are renowned for their high levels of cooperation , but a study of a brazilian species of highly social stingless bees , known as melipona scutellaris , found some male bees are the sons of workers , rather than the queen .\nkerr ; nielsen ( 1966 ) .\nevidences that genetically determined melipona queens can become workers\n.\njarau s , hrncir m , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie 31 : 81 - 91\nthe occurrence of m . scutellaris was recorded in 102 municipalities of bahia , from a total of 417 , corresponding to 24 . 5 % . the climate , elevation range and geographic coordinate data for the natural distribution of m . scutellaris in bahia are summarized in table i .\nnunes la , costa - pinto mff , carneiro pls , pereira dg and waldschmidt am . 2007 . diverg\u00eancia gen\u00e9tica em melipona scutellaris ( hymenoptera : meliponina ) com base em caracteres morfol\u00f3gicos . biosci j 23 : 1 - 9 . [ links ]\npierrot , l . m . & schlindwein , c . ( 2003 ) . variation in daily flight activity and foraging patterns of uru\u00e7u - melipona scutellaris latreille ( apidae , meliponini ) . rev . bras . zool . 20 ( 4 ) : 565 - 571 [ 569 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , flight activity , citation )\njarau , s . , hrncir , m . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2000 ) . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie 31 ( 1 ) : 81 - 91 [ 87 , 88 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , citation ; as melipona fasciata , flight range , citation )\nimperatriz - fonseca vl , cortopassi laurino m and koedam d . 2007 . a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica da abelha uru\u00e7u ( melipona scutellaris , latreille , 1881 ) , ( apidae - meliponinae ) . ( available at : < urltoken > [ links ] ) .\nkerr we . 1950 . genetic determination of castes in the genus melipona . genetics 35 : 143 - 152 .\nhrncir m . , jarau s . , zucchi r . , barth f . g . ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication , apidologie 31 , 93 - 113 [ edp sciences ] .\nhrncir , m . jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2000 ) . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication . apidologie 31 : 93 - 113 [ 94 , 106 , 109 , 110 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound pulse , scent beacon , citation )\nbehavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i . : melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz\nfor a better evaluation of the model using apis mellifera in toxicology studies with insecticides , the oral acute toxicity of the insecticide fipronil against the stingless bee melipona scutellaris was determined . the results showed that fipronil was highly toxic to m . scutellaris , with a calculated lc 50 ( 48 h ) value of 0 . 011 ng a . i . / \u03bcl of sucrose solution and an estimated oral ld 50 ( 48 h ) of 0 . 6 ng a . i . / bee . our results showed that m . scutellaris bee is more sensitive to fipronil than the model specie a . mellifera .\ncitation : carvalho wjd , fujimura pt , bonetti am , goulart lr , cloonan k , da silva nm , et al . ( 2017 ) characterization of antennal sensilla , larvae morphology and olfactory genes of melipona scutellaris stingless bee . plos one 12 ( 4 ) : e0174857 . urltoken\nschwarz hf . 1932 . the genus melipona . bull am mus nat hist 63 : 402 - 403 . [ links ]\nkerr we . evolution of the mechanism of caste determination in the genus melipona . evolution . 1950 ; 1 : 7\u201313 .\nthe organization of foraging in stingless bees of genus melipona : an individual - oriented approach [ ph . d . thesis ]\nmelipona quadrifasciata is commonly used in agriculture in south america , but wild bees are feeling the effects of deforestation and pesticides .\ndifferentiation of melipona quadrifasciata l . ( hymenoptera , apidae , meliponini ) subspecies using cytochrome b pcr - rflp patterns\njarau s . , hrncir m . , zucchi r . , barth f . g . ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bee , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance , apidologie 31 , 81 - 91 [ edp sciences ] .\ntable s1 - allelic frequencies and observed ( h o ) and expected ( h e ) heterozygosities in colonies of melipona bicolor .\nmartins scs ; albuquerque lmb ; matos jhg ; silva gc & pereira ajb . 1997 . atividade antibacteriana em m\u00e9is de abelhas africanizadas ( apis mellifica ) e nativas ( melipona scutellaris , m . subnitida e scaptotrigona bipunctata ) no estado do cear\u00e1 . higiene alimentar , v . 52 , p . 50 - 53\ntherefore , the aim of this study was to identify the differential expression of genes in pupae of white eyed workers , queens and intercastes of m . scutellaris by ddrt - pcr .\nmoure , j . s . ( 1971 ) . notas sobre algumas esp\u00e9cies duvidosas de melipona ( hymenoptera - apidae ) . arq . mus . nac . ( rio j . ) 54 : 193 - 201 [ 198 ] ( as melipona fasciata panamica , taxonomic note )\nnates - parra , g . ( 1995 ) . las abejas sin aguijon del genero melipona ( hymenoptera : meliponinae ) en colombia . bol . mus . ent . valle 3 ( 2 ) : 21 - 33 [ 24 ] ( as melipona fasciata panamica , list )\nalves da , imperatriz - fonseca vl , francoy tm , santos - filho ps , nogueira - neto p , billen j and wenseleers t ( 2009 ) the queen is dead - long live the workers : intraspecific parasitism by workers in the stinglees bee melipona scutellaris . mol ecol 18 : 4102 - 4111 . [ links ]\nkerr we . genetic determination of castes in the genus melipona . genetics . 1950 ; 35 ( 2 ) : 143\u201352 . pmid : 17247339\n. . . the results indicate a convergence between odour patterns in mixed - colony individuals . this may explain how intruders can stay in the invaded nest ( trigona pallens workers in trigona fulviventris nest and vice versa : caliari et al . , 2007 ; melipona rufiventris workers in a melipona scutellaris colony : pianaro et al . , 2007 ) . although stingless bees are the most diverse group of social bees , little is known about the nestmate recognition process . . . .\nstudies conducted in pernambuco showed the relationship between m . scutellaris and the humid forest whose conditions are ideal for the bees to build their nests ( lamartine 1962 , m . g . almeida , unpublished data ) . in bahia , alves et al . ( 2005 ) observed the nest building adaptation of m . scutellaris in coconut tree hollows located in the state ' s coastal region .\nnieh , j . c . ( 1998 ) . the food recruitment dance of the stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 133 - 145 [ 133 - 145 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , dance , sound )\nroubik , d . w . ( 1981 ) . a natural mixed colony of melipona ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . j . kansas entomol . soc . 54 ( 2 ) : 263 - 268 [ 263 - 268 ] ( as melipona fasciata , mixed colony , geographic record )\nwax constituents produced by worker bees and the chemistry of the nest batumen ( mixture of wax , mud , and floral materials ) in a melipona scutellaris colony changed when it was invaded by melipona rufiventris workers . gas chromatography / mass spectrometry analyses showed that after invasion , the m . scutellaris workers of the invaded colony produced waxes with higher relative abundance of triacontanyl acetate and decreased the amounts of n - alkanes and n - 9 - alkenes . on the other hand , waxes from m . rufiventris workers displayed few changes . the change in the composition of the m . scutellaris waxes chemically differentiates that species from the m . rufiventris invader workers . comparative analyses of batumens samples from pure and invaded colonies revealed greater amounts of terpenes and phenolic derivatives in the batumen from the invaded colony . this is the first report on the chemical characterization of batumens from stingless bees .\nwe have compared gene expression , using the differential display reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction ( ddrt - pcr ) technique , by means of mrna profile in melipona scutellaris during ontogenetic postembryonic development , in adult worker , and in both natural and juvenile hormone iii - induced adult queen . six , out of the nine ests described here , presented differentially expressed in the phases l1 or l2 , or even in both of them , suggesting that key mechanisms to the development of melipona scutellaris are regulated in these stages . the combination ht11g - ap05 revealed in l1 and l2 a product which matches to thioredoxin reductase protein domain in the clostridium sporogenes , an important protein during cellular oxidoreduction processes . this study represents the first molecular evidence of differential gene expression profiles toward a description of the genetic developmental traits in the genus melipona .\ndenise alves , dr tom wenseleers , and their co - authors carried out a genetic study of nearly 600 males from 45 colonies to discover the parentage of the worker population . their results showed that 22 . 89 % of melipona scutellaris males are sons of the workers rather than the queen , demonstrating an on - going conflict for reproduction .\nthe data obtained demonstrate a wide elevation distribution of m . scutellaris in the state , with occurrences from the sea level on the coast to the heights of chapada diamantina ( fig . 3 ) .\nnunes et al . ( 2007 ) used morphometric characters of the wings and observed the existence of phenotypic genetic variation in m . scutellaris populations at different elevations . molecular studies using the rapd technique conducted by m . f . f . costa pinto ( unpublished data ) with m . scutellaris specimens confirmed that , despite being visually different , the species found in the entire state of bahia is m . scutellaris , with the same number of chromosomes and similar genetic characteristics . however , there is the formation of distinct groups due to a lack of gene flow among all populations , thus creating genetic distances .\nstefan jarau , michael hrncir , ronaldo zucchi , friedrich barth . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie , springer verlag ( germany ) , 2000 , 31 ( 1 ) , pp . 81 - 91 . < 10 . 1051 / apido : 2000108 > .\nthe two stingless bee species melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata recruit nestmates to a rich foraging site . we tested this with feeders up to 140 m away from the hive . foragers of m . scutellaris communicated direction ( up to 140 m ) more accurately than distance ( up to 30 m ) whereas those of m . quadrifasciata communicated direction only up to 30 m and distance up to 40 m . our data indicate that in both species recruitment is divided into two temporal phases . whereas in an initial phase alarmed nestmates search for food at random , bees leaving the hive in the following phase are obviously provided with information about its specific location . as a consequence after 35 minutes ( m . scutellaris ) and 85 minutes ( m . quadrifasciata ) , respectively , significantly more newcomers arrive at the feeder than at an identical control feeder . the differences found in the recruitment success of m . scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata are discussed in regard to the different demands of their natural habitats .\nfigure 2 : daily frequency of returning melipona asilvai foragers during the 38 days of observations . ( a ) dry season and ( b ) rainy season .\ncamargo ca ( 1972 ) mating of the social bee melipona quadrifasciata under controlled conditions . j kansas entomol soc 45 : 520 - 523 . [ links ]\nkerr w . e . ( 1994 ) communication among melipona workers ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , j . insect behav . 7 , 123 - 128 .\nschwarz , h . f . ( 1932 ) . the genus melipona the type genus of the meliponidae or stingless bees . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 63 ( 4 ) : 231 - 460 [ 381 , 392 , 393 , 395 , 396 ] ( as melipona fasciata paraensis , partim : bees from panam\u00e1 , junior synonym melipona fasciata panamica : cockerell , 1919 , 1920 , lutz & cockerell , 1920 , synonymy , notes on type )\nnieh , j . c . ( 1998 ) . the role of a scent beacon in the communication of food location by the stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 47 - 58 [ 43 - 58 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent beacon , pheromone , recruitment )\nheard , t . a . ( 1999 ) . the role of stingless bees in crop pollination . annu . rev . entomol . 44 : 183 - 206 [ 186 , 197 ] ( as melipona panamica , flight range - citation ; as melipona fasciata , pollination : gustavia superba ( lecythidaceae ) , pollen , citation )\nthis study aimed at identifying the areas of natural occurrence of m . scutellaris l . ( apidae : meliponina ) in the state of bahia , brazil , providing background information for future conservation and management strategies for the species .\nsix of the nine ests described here were differentially expressed in the phases l1 or l2 , or even in both of them , suggesting that key mechanisms to the development of m . scutellaris could be regulated in these stages .\nnieh , j . c . , contrera , f . a . l . , rangel , j . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 2003 ) . effect of food location and quality on recruitment sounds and success in two stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 55 : 87 - 94 [ 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , sound pulses , food source distance , citation )\nnieh j . c . , contrera f . a . l . , rangel j . , imperatriz - fonseca v . l . ( 2003c ) effect of food location and quality on recruitment sounds and success in two stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 55 , 87 - 94 .\nthe possibility of contamination with human material during sample manipulation of m . scutellaris was discarded because the technique was rigorously followed and , beyond this , of the only two m . scutellaris ests , b03 and b04 , that had similarity with the groupun . 6210 and group1 . 45 , respectively , in the apis genome assembly version 2 . 0 , the b03 ( which matched human ) showed highly conserved among bees , with e - value = 1e - 22 . melipona sequences that didn ' t have conclusive matches with the ones deposited in databases were obtained in this study and they could represent genes not yet described .\nbiesmeijer , j . c . & ermers , m . c . w . ( 1999 ) . social foraging in stingless bees : how colonies of melipona fasciata choose among nectar sources . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 46 : 129 - 140 [ 138 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , pulse sound , citation )\nnascimento m , fernandes - salom\u00e3o t , martins g . estudos moleculares e morfol\u00f3gicos em abelhas do g\u00eanero melipona ( hymenoptera ) . entomobrasilis . 2013 ; 6 : 64\u20137 .\nfigure 1 : relationship between temperature ( a ) and humidity ( b ) and the number of returning melipona asilvai bees ( \u25cf dry season ; \u25a1 rainy season ) .\nnogueira , juliano ; et al . ( 2014 ) .\nconservation study of an endangered stingless bee ( melipona capixaba\u2014hymenoptera : apidae ) with restricted distribution in brazil\n.\nmoure , j . s . & j . m . f . camargo ( 1994 ) . melipona ( michmelia ) capixaba , uma nova esp\u00e9cie de meliponinae ( hymenoptera , apidae ) do sudeste do brasil . rev . bras . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 289 - 296 [ 295 ] ( as melipona panamica , taxonomic note )\ninterestingly , topical treatment of pre - defecating larvae of the diploid male ( 2n ) of m . scutellaris with jh iii induced development of queen phenotype , i . e . , queen - like males ( qlms ) . despite their queen - like phenotype , qlm antenna resembled male antennae in having 11 flagellomeres and lacking sensilla basiconica [ 18 ] . it may suggest that either development of sensilla basiconica is not under jh iii control or these sensilla are not relevant for jh iii reception [ 48 ] . undoubtedly , m . scutellaris workers are morphologically more similar to males than to queens . additionally , m . scutellaris workers and males share similar cuticular hydrocarbon composition . these similarities are also observed in m . quadrifasciata [ 49 , 50 ] . however , we found that workers of m . scutellaris are more similar to queens in terms of antennal sensilla composition and number of flagellomeres , as previously reported for m . quadrifasciata [ 18 ] .\ninoue , t . , roubik , d . w . & suka , t . ( 1999 ) . nestmate recognition in the stingless bee melipona panamica ( apidae , meliponini ) . insectes soc . 46 : 208 - 218 [ 208 - 218 ] ( as melipona panamica , nestmate recognition , worker oviposition , labor division , guard workers behavior )\naccording to a 2009 study published in molecular ecology , worker bees within the species melipona scutellaris , a stingless brazilian bee , will reproduce behind the queen ' s back . the study , which examined the lineage of 600 males across 45 colonies , found that nearly a quarter of the bees were sons of workers rather than the queen . rather than cooperating , the workers were instead in conflict with their queen .\nnieh , j . c . , ram\u00edrez , s . & nogueira - neto , p . ( 2003 ) . multi - source odor - marking of food by a stingless bee , melipona mandacaia . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 54 : 578 - 586 [ 579 , 585 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , anal droplet )\ndata on the preferred foraging times and identification of pollen collected by stingless bees has led to further insights into the bees\u2019 behavioral and ecological habits , thus enabling the analysis of the honey produced which in turn will facilitate quality control of this product . present study reveals the foraging times and food preferences of the stingless bee melipona scutellaris ( hymenoptera : apidae ) together with a physicochemical evaluation of the honey produced by this bee . m . scutellaris tended to be more active in the morning during the winter , visited a wide variety of plants in their search for food , and produced a good quality honey . in winter the bees showed generalist behavior foraging many different plants .\nvieira et al . ( 2006 ) have identified by ddrt - pcr technique the differential expression of genes in m . scutellaris after topical application of jh iii in larvae , demonstrating the efficacy of this technique to eval\u00faate transcriptional profiles in this species .\nflight distance data were taken from publications which used mark - recapture methods . roubik & aluja ( 1983 ) used a magnetic recapture method and through regression analysis concluded that the maximum flight distance for workers of cephalotrigona capitata was 1 , 650 m . in melipona marginata , maximum flight distance is 800 m . ( wille , 1983 ) . kerr ( 1987 ) recorded a flight distance of 2 , 000 m for melipona quadrifasciata ; 840 m for trigona spinipes ; 2 , 470 m for melipona compressipes ; and 540 m for plebeia droryana .\nmarcelo fidelis marques mendes ; et al . ( 2007 ) .\nintra - populational variability of melipona tquadrifasciata lepeletier , 1836 ( hymenoptera , meliponini ) using relative warp analysis\n.\njarau s , hrncir m , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2005 ) morphology and structure of the tarsal glands of the stingless bee melipona seminigra . naturwissenschaften 92 : 147 - 150\nnieh , j . c . & roubik , d . w . ( 1998 ) . potential mechanisms for the communication of height and distance by a stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 387 - 399 [ 387 - 399 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , recruitment , communication , distance , height , sound pulses )\nan est found in the fat body of m . scutellaris was similar to a putative farnesoic acid o - methyl - transferase ( famet ) . this putative enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of methylfarnesoate from farnesoic acid in the biosynthetic pathway of juvenile hormone in the corpora allata . vieira et al . ( 2008 ) found that famet of m . scutellaris ( msfamet ) has different expression levels in castes , suggesting that this enzyme may be associated with the metabolism of juvenile hormone in this stingless bee . these findings suggest either that this enzyme is ambiguous in melipona and can participate in other biochemical pathways or that it is not specific for juvenile hormone synthesis . although no ests encoding for enzymes that degrade juvenile hormone were detected in the m . scutellaris fat body , rt - pcr and qpcr detected mrnas for juvenile hormone esterase and juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase ( data not shown ) , which confirms the expression of these genes in this fat body .\naguilar , i , & brice\u00f1o , d . ( 2002 ) . sounds in melipona costaricensis ( apidae : meliponini ) : effect of sugar concentration and nectar source distance . apidologie 33 : 375 - 388 [ 376 , 378 , 382 , 384 , 385 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound , food source height , behavior , sugar concentration , citation )\naguilar , i . & sommeijer , m . ( 2001 ) . the deposition of anal excretions by melipona favosa foragers ( apidae : meliponinae ) : behavioral observations concerning the location of food sources . apidologie 32 : 37 - 48 [ 38 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent beacon , recruitment , anal excretion , citation )\nhrncir , m . , jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2004 ) . on the origin and properties of scent marks deposited at the food source by a stingless bee , melipona seminigra . apidologie 35 : 3 - 13 [ 4 , 10 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent marks , citation )\nthe geopropolis from melipona scutellaris bee species , popularly known as \u201curu\u00e7u\u201d and found in northeastern brazil , has been the focus of our research . studies have shown that geopropolis has antinociceptive and anti - inflammatory properties , besides antimicrobial activity against different types of bacteria . in addition , studies on the chemical profile of geopropolis revealed absence of flavonoid and phenolic acids commonly found in propolis from apis mellifera and presence of benzophenones [ 13 \u2013 16 ] .\nvan veen jw . cell provisioning and oviposition in melipona beecheii ( apidae , meliponinae ) , with a note on caste determination . apidologie . 2000 ; 31 ( 3 ) : 411\u20139 .\nrossini , as . 1989 . caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o das mudas ontogen\u00e9ticas e biometria dos corpora allata de melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides lep . ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de mestrado , ibcr - unesp .\nvelthuis hhw , de vries h and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2006 ) the polygyny of melipona bicolor : scramble competition among queens . apidologie 37 : 222 - 239 . [ links ]\nnieh j . c . ( 1998a ) the food recruitment dance of the stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 133 - 145 [ crossref ] .\nconsidering the elevation variation in localities with m . scutellaris records , three distinct groups of populations of the species can be separated in the state of bahia as proposed by m . f . f . costa pinto ( unpublished data ) ( table iii ) .\nsensilla basiconica were found in almost all female flagellomeres ( figs 1e , 1f and 2d ) , however these sensilla were not found in males of m . scutellaris ( table 1 ) , in agreement with what has been found with other tribe of bees , including meliponini [ 18 , 35 , 45 ] . in m . scutellaris , we found that sensilla basiconica was more numerous in workers than in queens ( table 2 ) , in contrast to what ravaiano and collaborators reported for m . quadrifasciata [ 18 ] . it has been reported that sensilla basiconica detect cuticular hydrocarbon in ants , thus allowing identification of individuals within the colony and food source recognition [ 34 ] . therefore , we assume that this class of sensilla plays a similar role in m . scutellaris .\nt\u00f3th , e . , queller , d . c . , dollin , a . & strassmann , j . e . ( 2004 ) . conflict over male parentage in stingless bees . insectes soc . 51 : 1 - 11 [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , partim [ citation of inoue et al . , 1999 ] , worker ovary development , male production , nest population , oviposition behavior , citation ; as melipona panamica , nest population , taxonomic note , citation ; as melipona rufiventris , note )\nramalho , m . , kleinert - giovannini , a . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 1990 ) . important bee plants for stingless bees ( melipona and trigonini ) and africanized honeybees ( apis mellifera ) in neotropical habitats : a review . apidologie 21 : 469 - 488 [ 473 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , habitat , citation )\nwe tested 18 primer combinations , an example of m . scutellaris expression profile obtained in a polyacrylamide gel is shown in figure 1 . we could verify differences of intensity in fragments during larval stages and also , bands exclusively found only in one of the samples .\nroubik d . w . , aluja m . ( 1983 ) flight ranges of melipona and trigona in tropical forest , j . kans . entomol . soc . 56 , 217 - 222 .\na abelha melipona scutellaris \u00e9 considerada a esp\u00e9cie criada de melipon\u00edneo com maior distribui\u00e7\u00e3o no norte e nordeste do brasil , com ocorr\u00eancia registradas desde o estado do grande do norte at\u00e9 o estado da bahia . considerando a import\u00e2ncia desta esp\u00e9cie na gera\u00e7\u00e3o de renda para agricultura familiar e na manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1reas com vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o natural , este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de col\u00f4nias naturais de m . scutellaris no estado da bahia . informa\u00e7\u00f5es de literatura , entrevistas com meliponicultores e expedi\u00e7\u00f5es foram realizadas para confirmar a ocorr\u00eancia natural da esp\u00e9cie . um total de 102 munic\u00edpios apresentou registro de m . scutellaris , cuja ocorr\u00eancia foi observada em \u00e1reas desde o n\u00edvel do mar at\u00e9 1 . 200 metros de altitude . a ocorr\u00eancia desta esp\u00e9cie no estado da bahia \u00e9 considerada como restrita a munic\u00edpios da \u00e1rea costeira e da chapada diamantina , onde existem matas \u00famidas . dados de coordenadas geogr\u00e1ficas , altitude , clima e vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o foram obtidos , possibilitando elaborar o mapa da \u00e1rea de ocorr\u00eancia , subsidiando pol\u00edticas de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e manejo da esp\u00e9cie .\nfor centuries these bees have been cultivated all over the country , especially in the north and northeast that are the birthplace of the first two domestic species : melipona compressipes fasciculata and melipona scutellaris ( kerr et al . , 1996 ) . the latter popularly known as\nuru\u00e7u\nof the northeast is one the best known species biologically , especially due to its peculiar mechanism of determination of castes , as a consequence of its genetic - feeding interaction , which is different from the pattern presented by other apidae . it is found from bahia to rio grande do norte , mainly in\nzona da mata\n( forest zone ) ( carvalho , 2001 ) .\nnesse estudo n\u00f3s usamos a t\u00e9cnica de differential display reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction ( ddrt - pcr ) para comparamos o perfil de mrna em melipona scutellaris durante o desenvolvimento ontogen\u00e9tico p\u00f3s - embrion\u00e1rio e em oper\u00e1rias adultas , rainha natural e induzida pelo horm\u00f4nio juvenil iii . fragmentos diferencialmente expressos foram detectados usando as seguintes combina\u00e7\u00f5es de primers : ht11g - ap05 ; ht11c - ap05 ; ht11g - opf12 ; ht11g - opa16 . dos 9 ests descrito nesse trabalho , 6 tiveram express\u00e3o diferencial nas fases de larva l1 e l2 , sugerindo serem mecanismos chave no regula\u00e7\u00e3o do desenvolvimento larval em melipona . a combina\u00e7\u00e3o ht11g - ap05 revelou em l1 e l2 um produto com similaridade \u00e0 prote\u00edna tioredoxina redutase de clostridium sporogenes , uma prote\u00edna importante durante os processos de oxidoredu\u00e7\u00e3o . esse estudo representa as primeiras evid\u00eancias moleculares do perfil de express\u00e3o durante o desenvolvimento ontogen\u00e9tico em abelhas do g\u00eanero melipona .\nin queenright colonies of stingless bees of the genus melipona , workers recognize , attack , and kill young virgin queens . for melipona scutellaris , we observed that virgin queens were executed when they were between 5 and 9 days old , while newly emerged queens were not attacked . the faster movements of old virgin in relation to newly emerged might be responsible for attacks . it has been also hypothesized that cuticular hydrocarbons are the source of the signal used by workers to recognize virgin queens . we investigated whether newly emerged , 8 days old virgin and physogastric queens of m . scutellaris have different cuticular hydrocarbon profiles . cuticular hydrocarbons of three ages were compared using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry . the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles varied by reproductive status and age . changes in the cuticular hydrocarbons in virgin queens during aging suggest that these compounds , together with change in movement , may play a role in the recognition of virgin queens by workers prior to regicide .\nnieh , j . c . & roubik , d . w . ( 1995 ) . a stingless bee ( melipona panamica ) indicates food location without using a scent trail . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 37 : 63 - 70 [ 63 - 70 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , nest population , geographic record , altitudinal record , sound , zigzag flight )\nroubik , d . w . & aluja , m . ( 1983 ) . flight ranges of melipona and trigona in tropical forest . j . kansas entomol . soc . 56 ( 2 ) : 217 - 222 [ 217 - 222 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , geographic record , nesting site : tree cavities , behavior , flight range , nest population , foraging activity )\nwilms w . , wiechers b . ( 1997 ) floral resource partitioning between native melipona bees and the introduced africanized honey bee in the brazilian atlantic rain forest , apidologie 28 , 339 - 355 .\ngeopropolis is a type of propolis containing resin , wax , and soil , collected by threatened stingless bee species native to tropical countries and used in folk medicine . however , studies concerning the biological activity and chemical composition of geopropolis are scarce . in this study , we evaluated the antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis ( eegp ) collected by melipona scutellaris and its bioactive fraction against important clinical microorganisms as well as their in vitro cytotoxicity and chemical profile .\n. . . like other stingless bees , the cycle of melipona colonies is perennial ( michener , 2000 ) . chc profiles have been studied in m . quadrifasciata ( abdalla et al . , 2003 ) , mixed colonies of m . rufiventris and m . scutellaris ( pianaro et al . , 2007 ) , m . scutellaris ( kerr et al . , 2004 ) , and m . marginata ( ferreira - caliman et al . , 2010 ) . reports on other stingless bees demonstrated differences in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles , and the ability of guard bees to discriminate nestmates and non - nestmates ( scaptotrigona bipunctata : jungnickel et al . , 2004 ; frieseomellitta varia : nunes et al . , 2008nunes et al . , , 2011 ) . . . .\nbego lr ( 1989 ) behavioral interactions among queens of the polygynic stingless bee melipona bicolor bicolor lepeletier ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . braz j med biol res 22 : 587 - 596 . [ links ]\njarau s , van veen j , aguilar i , ayasse m ( 2009 ) virgin queen execution in the stingless bee melipona beecheii : the sign stimulus for worker attacks . apidologie 40 : 496 - 507\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2003 ) a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) uses optic flow to estimate flight distances . j comp physiol a 189 : 761 - 768\nlima - verde l and freitas bm . 2002 . occurrence and biogeographic aspects of melipona quinquefasciata in ne - brazil ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . braz j biol 62 : 479 - 486 . [ links ]\nsakagami sf , oniki y ( 1963 ) behaviour studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz j fac sci hokkaido univ ser vi zool 15 : 300\u2013318\nvelthuis hhw , roeling a and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2001 ) repartition of reproduction among queens in the polygynous stingless bee melipona bicolor . proc exp appl entomol 12 : 45 - 49 . [ links ]\nchinh tx , grob gbj , meeuwsen fjaj and sommeijer mj ( 2003 ) patterns of male production in the stingless bee melipona favosa ( apidae , meliponinae ) . apidologie 34 : 161 - 170 . [ links ]\nbiesmeijer , j . c . , nieuwstadt , m . g . l . , luk\u00e1cs , s . & sommeijer , m . j . ( 1998 ) . the role of internal and external information in foraging decisions of melipona workers ( hymenoptera : meliponini ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 42 : 107 - 116 [ 114 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , artificial feeding , training experiments , recruitment , citation )\nbonetti am , kerr we , matusita sh . effects of juvenile hormones i , ii and iii , in single and fractionated dosage in melipona bees . rev bras biol . 1995 ; 55 : 113\u201320 . pmid : 8729273\nsakagami , shoichi ( 1965 ) .\nbehavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . \uff1a\u2174 . melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides lepeletier ( with 7 text - figures and 1 table )\n.\nwaldschmidt am , salom\u00e3o tmf , barros eg and campos lao ( 1997 ) extraction of genomic dna from melipona quadrifasciata ( hymenoptera , apidae , meliponinae ) . braz j genet 20 : 421 - 423 . [ links ]\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . ii . dependence on sugar concentration . j comp physiol a 190 : 549 - 560\nhrncir , m . , jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2004 ) . thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . i . no influence of visual flow . j . comp . physiol . a . sens . neural behav . physiol . 190 : 539 - 548 [ 547 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound , food source distance , citation )\nstrassmann , j . ( 2001 ) . the rarity of multiple mating by females in the social hymenoptera . insectes soc . 48 : 1 - 13 [ 7 ] ( as melipona panamica , mating frequency , citation )\nhoneybees are the most known type of bee . several species exist including ? honeybees live for ? years and have a queen . new queens are also born at specific times and can start a new colony on their own ( swarming ) , taking with them a part of the colony ' s members . stingless bees ( ie melipona beecheeii , . . . ) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] are quite similar to honeybees but differ in the structure of their hive . they also make a lot less honey ( generally > 1kg per year per hive ( and some even only a few cm\u00b3 of honey per year per hive ) , as opposed to 75kg per year per hive that honeybees produce ) . some species though still make fair amounts of honey , ie melipona scutellaris and melipona compressipes produce upto 8l of honey per year . it should also be taken into account that the honey is quite different ( called\nbush honey\n) .\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . i . no influence of visual flow . j comp physiol a 190 : 539 - 548\nwille , a . ( 1983 ) . biology of the stingless bees . ann . rev . entomol . 28 : 41 - 64 [ 51 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , mixed colony - citation )\ninoue t . , roubik d . w . , suka t . ( 1999 ) nestmate recognition in the stingless bee melipona panamica ( apidae , meliponini ) , insectes soc . 46 , 208 - 218 [ crossref ] .\nin conclusion , we have identified 1728 ests from the fat body of m . scutellaris . in silico analysis of these ests has provided new insights into the physiological roles of this tissue in phenomena such as innate immunity , cellular proliferation , resistance to insecticides and environmental stress , and caste differentiation in stingless bees .\na . o . fidalgo and a . m . p . kleinert , \u201cfloral preferences and climate influence in nectar and pollen foraging by melipona rufiventris lepeletier ( hymenoptera : meliponini ) in ubatuba , s\u00e3o paulo state , brazil , \u201d\nkoedam d , cepeda oi and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2007 ) egg laying and oophagy by reproductive workers in the polygynous stingless bee melipona bicolor ( hymenoptera , meliponini ) . apidologie 38 : 55 - 66 . [ links ]\nsommeijer mj , chinh tx and meeuwsen fjaj ( 1999 ) behavioral data on the production of males by workers in the stingless bee melipona favosa ( apidae , meliponinae ) . insectes soc 46 : 92 - 93 . [ links ]\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) on the origin and properties of scent marks deposited at the food source by a stingless bee , melipona seminigra friese 1903 . apidologie 35 : 3 - 13\nsmith , b . h . & roubik , d . w . ( 1983 ) . mandibular glands of stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) : chemical analysis of their contents and biological function in two species of melipona . j . chem . ecol . 9 ( 11 ) : 1465 - 1472 [ 971 - 978 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , communication , alarm , recruitment , mandibular gland secretion , chemical analysis , defense behavior )\nnieh j . c . ( 1998b ) the role of a scent beacon in the communication of food location in the stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 47 - 58 [ crossref ] .\nthe aim of this study was to carry out the first formal genetic test of whether or not intraspecific queen parasitism occurs in stingless bees , and whether queens could indeed succeed in entering unrelated hives to opportunistically rear their own brood . in order to do so , we carried out a long - term genetic study on the brazilian stingless bee , melipona scutellaris , and sampled female brood before and after queen replacement events to check whether newly established queens were either the daughter of the previous queen , or instead were unrelated queens that had flown in from elsewhere .\nroubik , d . w . & buchmann , s . l . ( 1984 ) . nectar selection by melipona and apis mellifera ( hymenoptera : apidae ) and the ecology of the nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest . oecologia ( berl . ) 61 : 1 - 10 [ 1 - 10 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , behavior , nectar foraging , sucrose concentration , imbibing rate , flower record : hybanthus prunifolius ( violaceae ) )\nbiesmeijer j . c . , ermers m . c . w . ( 1999 ) social foraging in stingless bees : how colonies of melipona fasciata choose among nectar sources , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 46 , 129 - 140 .\nthe species melipona scutellaris , locally known as\nuru\u00e7u do nordeste\nor\nuru\u00e7u verdadeira\n, was one of the first bee species domesticated by potiguara , kiriri , xucuru , patax\u00f3 , paiaku , tupicuruba and aymor\u00e9 indians . the portuguese colonizers , who enjoyed honey of this species , soon learned rearing techniques that led uru\u00e7u to become one of the most frequently reared species of stingless bees in the northeast and , consequently , the subject of hunting in order to extract honey ( kerr et al . 1996 , imperatriz - fonseca et al . 2007 ) .\nour results suggest that the risk of extinction is greater for smaller stingless bees . colonies of plebeia droryana would be effectively isolated if inter - fragment distances were greater than 600 m . on the other hand , larger species , such as melipona compressipes and melipona quadrifasciata , would be effectively isolated if forest fragments were greater than 2 km apart . however , larger species theoretically have a greater capacity to migrate between forest fragments , but would also depend upon larger areas to persist .\nthe limited variation in the number of queens in monogynous and polygynous colonies over a one year period agreed with the common view that queen replacement is rare in stingless bee colonies ( queen replacement was detected in only one of the 14 analyzed colonies here ) and that queens have long life spans . queens of melipona compressipes and m . scutellaris , for example , have a maximum longevity of 84 months ( 7 years ) ( carvalho - zilse and kerr , 2004 ) . this reduced turnover of queens could help to maintain the relatedness among nestmate workers stable over time .\nalonso wj , lucena t , fracasso cm , velthuis hhw and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 1998 ) do melipona bicolor ( apidae , meliponinae ) workers distinguish relatedness among different physogastric queens ? apidologie 29 : 503 - 512 . [ links ]\nboleli ic , paulino - sim\u00f5es zl and bitondi mmg ( 2000 ) regression of the lateral oviducts during larval - adult transformation of the reproductive system of melipona quadrifasciata and frieseomelitta varia . j morphol 243 : 141 - 151 . [ links ]\nkoedam d , velthuis hhw , dohmen mr and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2001 ) the behavior of laying workers and the morphology and viability of their eggs in melipona bicolor bicolor . physiol entomol 26 : 254 - 259 . [ links ]\naguilar i . , sommeijer m . ( 2001 ) the deposition of anal excretions by melipona favosa foragers ( apidae : meliponinae ) : behavioural observations concerning the location of food sources , apidologie 32 , 37 - 48 [ edp sciences ] .\nnieh j . c . , roubik d . w . ( 1995 ) a stingless bee ( melipona panamica ) indicates food location without using a scent trail , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 37 , 63 - 70 [ crossref ] .\nnieh , j . c . , contrera , f . a . l . , ram\u00edrez , s . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 2002 ) . variation in height communication : testing three - dimensional location communication in the stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor pp . 167 - 171 in gar\u00f3falo , c . a . et al . ( ed . ) v encontro sobre abelhas : anais . ribeir\u00e3o preto : faculdade de filosofia , ci\u00eancias e letras de ribeir\u00e3o preto , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , departamento de biologia xxv + 355 pp . [ 167 , 169 , 170 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , food sources distance , height , recruitment , behavior , sound pulse , citation )\nnieh j . c . , roubik d . w . ( 1998 ) potential mechanisms for the communication of height and distance by a stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 387 - 399 [ crossref ] .\nsakagami sf , oniki y . behavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i . : melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz . journal of the faculty of science hokkaido university . 1963 ; 15 ( 2 ) : 300\u201318 .\nthe ancient maya domesticated a separate species of stingless bee . the use of stingless bees is referred to as meliponiculture , named after bees of the tribe meliponini\u2014such as melipona quadrifasciata in brazil . this variation of bee keeping still occurs around the world today .\nhrncir m , schmidt vm , schorkopf dlp , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2006 ) vibrating the food receivers : a direct way of signal transmission in bees ( melipona seminigra ) . j comp physiol a 192 : 879 - 887\nroubik d . w . ( 1982b ) seasonality in colony food storage , brood production , and adult survivorship : studies of melipona in tropical forest ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , j . kans . entomol . soc . 55 , 789 - 800 .\nroubik d . w . , buchmann s . l . ( 1984 ) nectar selection by melipona and apis mellifera ( hymenoptera : apidae ) and the ecology of nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest , oecologia 61 , 1 - 10 .\nin colonies of melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 workers can be found with four ganglion nerve cells , a morphological characteristic of the queen . it is hypothesized that these workers , called intercastes , or phenocopies , are phenotypically - like workers , but genotypically identical to queens due to this specific trait . workers with the same number of ganglion as queens seem to be intercastes between queens and workers . our objective was to analyze the mrna pro files of workers , queens , and intercastes of m . scutellaris through ddrt - pcr . three hundred ( 300 ) pupae with white eyes were collected and externally identified according to the number of abdominal nerve ganglions : workers ( 5 ganglions ) , queens ( 4 ganglions ) and intercastes ( 4 ganglions ) . the analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts that were present only in workers , but absent in intercastes and queens , confirming the hypothesis , by demonstrating the environmental effect on the queen genotype that generated phenotype - like workers ."]}
{"id": 1116, "summary": [{"text": "vladykov 's lamprey ( eudontomyzon vladykovi ) is a species of lamprey in the petromyzontidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in austria , germany , the czech republic , bulgaria , romania , serbia , and montenegro . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "vladykov ' s lamprey", "paragraphs": ["the kern brook lamprey ( entosphenus hubbsi ) is a species of lamprey in the petromyzontidae family . it is endemic to the united states .\nthis lamprey is found on the east side of san joaquin valley , in lower merced , kaweah , kings , and san joaquin rivers in california .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlatin , petra = stone + greek , myzo = to suckle + greek , odous , odontos = teeth ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nholc\u00edk , j . 1986 . ( ed . ) the freshwater fishes of europe . 1 , part i . petromyzontiformes . aula , wiesbaden .\niucn . 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 5 october 2008 ) .\nkottelat , m . and freyhof , j . 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol , switzerland .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\nconservation status assesses every six years and for each biogeographical region the condition of habitats and species compared to the favourable status as described in the habitats directive . the map shows the 2007 - 2012 assessments as reported by eu member state . assessments are further detailed in the summary document available behind the link below .\n: the species is viable and maintaining itself on a long - term basis , its natural range is not reduced , and it has a sufficient large habitat .\n: the species is not as critical as being unfavourable - bad , but still requires significant conservation and restoration measure to make it viable in the long - term , or to enlarged its current range , or to improve the quality and availability of its habitat .\n: the species is either not maintaining itself on a long - term basis and is not viable , or its natural range as been or is being drastically reduced , or its habitat is largely insufficient ; the species requires major conservation and restoration measures .\n: the information available for the species is scarce and does not allow a proper assessment of its conservation status .\nannex ii : animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou selected eudontomyzon mariae vladykovi oliva & zanandrea , 1959 . this is a synonym for :\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3279535d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3279549d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 327958fe - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33747833 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\neurope : upper and middle danube drainage : sava , drava systems and west drava tributaries ; lower danube drainage . locally present in timis and olt systems . not recorded from tisza and cerna systems .\nthis species is questionably a junior synonym of eudontomyzon mariae ( berg , 1931 ) in renaud ( 2011 ; re . 89241 : 41 ) . please send references , or more studies are needed . considered a subspecies of eudontomyzon mariae by authors ( ref . 12283 ) .\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75df3c53 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\ngimenez dixon , m . 1996 . lampetra hubbsi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 3 august 2007 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 11 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nworld conservation monitoring centre 1996 . eudontomyzon vladykovi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 3 august 2007 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1117, "summary": [{"text": "afrixalus stuhlmanni sylvaticus is a subspecies of frog in the hyperoliidae family .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "its common name is forest banana frog or forest spiny reed frog .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in kenya and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , intermittent freshwater marshes , plantations , and heavily degraded former forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "afrixalus stuhlmanni sylvaticus", "paragraphs": ["iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016 . afrixalus sylvaticus . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t56080a84396971 . urltoken\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016 . afrixalus stuhlmanni . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t56079a3034596 . urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - forest banana frog ( afrixalus sylvaticus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - forest banana frog ( afrixalus sylvaticus )\ntitle =\narkive species - forest banana frog ( afrixalus sylvaticus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nafrixalus sylvaticus \u2014 channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 142 ; poynton , 2007\n2006\n, afr . j . herpetol . , 55 : 167 .\nschi\u00f8tz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 73\u201372 , provided a brief account and map ( as afrixalus brachycnemis ) , on pp . 75\u201376 ( as afrixalus sylvaticus ) , and on pp . 83 ( as afrixalus septentrionalis ) . channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 143 - 144 , provided an account . see account \\ by pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 446 - 447 ( as afrixalus stuhlmanni sylvaticus ) . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 282 .\nthere have been considerable doubts as to the validity of this species and it was considered to be a nomen dubium by pickersgill ( 1996 ) . however , we follow pickersgill ( 2000 , 2005 ) in considering it to be a valid form . pickersgill ( 2005 ) considers afrixalus sylvaticus to be a subspecies of a . stuhlmanni , but for the time being we retain them here as separate , though closely related , species that hybridise in areas where forest has been cleared . afrixalus brachycnemis and afrixalus septentrionalis have also been synonymized with a . stuhlmanni , but for the time being we will also retain them as separate ( m . menegon pers . comm . april 2015 ) .\nafrixalus sylvaticus schi\u00f8tz , 1974 , vidensk . medd . dansk naturhist . foren . , 137 : 17 . holotype : zmuc r073862 , by original designation . type locality :\nkwale , kenya\n. synonymy by pickersgill , 2005 , steenstrupia , 29 : 17 .\nafrixalus sylvestris \u2014 poynton , 2007\n2006\n, afr . j . herpetol . , 55 : 167 . incorrect subsequent spelling .\nconservation actions it occurs in the shimba hills national park . conservation needed the maintenance and protection of tracts of lowland coastal forest habitat is essential to ensure the persistence of this species . research needed further research is required on the species ' taxonomy , population status , and life history and ecology . ongoing monitoring would help to track the impact of habitat loss and degradation on the hybridization of the species with afrixalus stuhlmanni .\npickersgill ( 2000 , 2005 ) considers this form to be a subspecies of afrixalus stuhlmanni , with which it hybridizes as forests are cleared . we follow schi\u00f8tz ( 1999 , and pers . comm . ) in considering it to be a valid species . however , we follow pickersgill ( 2005 ) and k . howell ( pers . comm . ) in considering it to occur in the coastal areas of tanzania , as well as in the shimba hills in kenya .\nthere is continuing loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to the expansion of agriculture , wood extraction , and human settlements . although it can tolerate a degree of degraded forest and secondary growth , these habitats are also known to be suitable for a . stuhlmanni with which this species hybridizes , and this is probably the most serious threat to the species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) has been estimated as 16 , 959 km 2 , the ongoing threat of habitat loss and degradation means that the species ' is thought to occur in fewer than 10 threat - defined locations .\nthis species ranges from the shimba hills in southern coastal kenya , south through the east usambara foothills in north - eastern tanzania , as far south as the kazizumbwi forest in central coastal tanzania . there is an unconfirmed record from further north along the tana river in eastern kenya . while its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 16 , 959 km 2 , it occurs only very patchily within the mapped range due to limited suitable habitat .\nit is fairly abundant where it occurs . however , due to ongoing habitat loss its population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit is a species of lowland forest that can survive in secondary growth and plantations , but not in completely degraded habitats . it breeds in temporary pools and water - filled depressions in forest .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\narkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .\niucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and its presumed large population .\nthis species is traditionally known only from zanzibar island in tanzania . however , recent studies have shown that it occurs on the tanzanian mainland from amboni in the northeast , south to liwale in the southeast , and inland to the kilombero floodplain , as well as on zanzibar . it is generally found below 300m asl .\nit is a species of grassy pools and marshes in humid shrubland , mixed farmland and savannah . it breeds by larval development in marshes , shrub - dominated wetlands , and permanent pools .\noverall it is not highly threatened , and is an adaptable species , but certain populations are affected by urbanization and water pollution . it is hybridising widely with the forest species ,\nit probably occurs in several protected areas . more research is needed on its taxonomy , population status , natural history , threats and conservation actions .\nthis species ranges from the shimba hills in southern coastal kenya , south through the east usambara foothills in north - eastern tanzania , as far south as the kazizumbwi forest in central coastal tanzania . there is an unconfirmed record from further north along the tana river in eastern kenya . while its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 16 , 959 km\n, it occurs only very patchily within the mapped range due to limited suitable habitat .\nthere is continuing loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to the expansion of agriculture , wood extraction , and human settlements . although it can tolerate a degree of degraded forest and secondary growth , these habitats are also known to be suitable for\nwith which this species hybridizes , and this is probably the most serious threat to the species .\nthe maintenance and protection of tracts of lowland coastal forest habitat is essential to ensure the persistence of this species .\nfurther research is required on the species ' taxonomy , population status , and life history and ecology . ongoing monitoring would help to track the impact of habitat loss and degradation on the hybridization of the species with\n, the ongoing threat of habitat loss and degradation means that the species ' is thought to occur in fewer than 10 threat - defined locations .\n, with which it hybridizes as forests are cleared . we follow schi\u00f8tz ( 1999 , and pers . comm . ) in considering it to be a valid species . however , we follow pickersgill ( 2005 ) and k . howell ( pers . comm . ) in considering it to occur in the coastal areas of tanzania , as well as in the shimba hills in kenya .\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and its presumed large population .\nthere have been considerable doubts as to the validity of this species and it was considered to be a nomen dubium by pickersgill ( 1996 ) . however , we follow pickersgill ( 2000 , 2005 ) in considering it to be a valid form .\n, but for the time being we retain them here as separate , though closely related , species that hybridise in areas where forest has been cleared .\n, but for the time being we will also retain them as separate ( m . menegon pers . comm . april 2015 ) .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nforest banana frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 66 ) .\nforest spiny reed frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 142 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1122, "summary": [{"text": "eulima communis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eulima communis", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : eulima communis t . a . verkr\u00fczen , 1887 - id : 5350000072\neulima acerrima ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) ( taxon inquirendum )\neulima angulosa ( f . p . jousseaume in fisher - piette & nickl\u00e8s , 1946 )\neulima is a genus of small , ectoparasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family eulimidae . [ 1 ]\nbouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . eulima risso , 1826 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 13\nthe animal shows subulate tentacles , approaching at the base , . the eyes are large and nearly sessile . the foot is truncated in front . the foot of eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water . the mentum is bilobed . the opercular lobe is winged on each side . the branchial plume is single .\n[ 3 ]\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\npaetel f . ( 1887 ) . catalog der conchylien - sammlung von fr . paetel . vierte neuarbeitung . erste abtheilung : die cephalopoden , pteropoden und meeres - gastropoden . berlin , gebr\u00fcder paetel , . 639 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1984 ) a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies suppl . 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 43\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180\u2013213\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the tertiary period .\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the aperture is ovate and entire with the peristome incomplete behind . the outer lip is thick and even . [ 2 ]\nthe imperforate shell is subulate , many - whorled , polished , and porcellanous its spire is usually curved or twisted to one side , bearing on one side only , a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths . the apex is acute . the aperture is oval , entire , pointed above , rounded below . the lip is simple and a little thickened . the columellar margin is reflected . the operculum is corneous and pancispiral . its nucleus is near the inner lip .\nrisso a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe m\u00e9ridionale et particuli\u00e8rement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 + 1 carta [ 1826 ] . vol . 2 : vii + 482 + 8 pl . ( fiori ) [ novembre 1827 ] . vol . 3 : xvi + 480 + 14 pl . ( pesci ) [ settembre 1827 ] . vol . 4 : iv + 439 + 12 pl . ( molluschi ) [ novembre 1826 ] . vol . 5 : viii + 400 + 10 pl . ( altri invertebrati )\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name ."]}
{"id": 1131, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena tosta is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by leconte in 1862 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena tosta", "paragraphs": ["a mordellistena tosta in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 6 / 7 / 2015 ) . determined by v . belov / bugguide . photo by timothy reichard . ( mbp list )\nmoved from mordellistena tosta . id ' d from specimen , now a photo - voucher . thanks john . so this guy has a 2 - 3 - 2 ridge formula , with the upper tibial ridge extending across the surface . this final bit eliminates m . tosta . it keys then to liljeblad ' s couplet 36 . the closest two seem to be m . testacea blatchley and m . wickhami liljeblad .\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nthis looks to be another m . tosta , although the darkening at the base of pronotum is disturbing . let ' s move it there and at least we ' ll know what to compare it with .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 1 ( coleoptera , strepsiptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 1147, "summary": [{"text": "the caiques ( / ka\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0k / or / k\u0251\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0k / ) are species of parrots in the genus pionites .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are relatively small and stocky , with a short , square tail and very bright colors .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "their typical weight is 150 \u2013 170 grams .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they can live up to 40 years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they are endemic in the amazon basin in south america , with the black-headed north of the amazon river , and the white-bellied south .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are listed on appendix 2 of cites as a species of least concern .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "they generally prefer forested areas and subsist on fruit and seeds .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "caiques are generally canopy dwellers , spending most of their time in the tops of trees , foraging and playing .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "caique wing feathers produce a distinctive whirring sound in flight .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "they are highly vocal . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "caique", "paragraphs": ["\u2018typically , 12 to 20 rounds were needed to destroy a caique or schooner . \u2019\na caique is one of two species of small , brightly colored parrot of the genus pionites . the two species of caique are the white - bellied caique ( or white - bellied parrot ) and the black - headed caique ( or black - headed parrot ) . they originate from the area of the amazon rainforest of northern brazil and southern venezuela , and the guiana highlands .\ncaique .\nurltoken unabridged ( v 1 . 1 ) . random house , inc . 2008 .\n\u201cthe yellow - thighed caique is somewhat less common in u . s . aviculture than the black - headed caique due to the number of birds imported for breeding stock in the 1970s and 1980s , \u201d noted worth .\nas with most avian species , the personality traits of the caique differ with each individual bird . some exhibit the\nboth parrot species of caique have a variety of vocalizations that consist of screeches , shrieks and squawks . the black - headed caique\u2019s unique call is often described as a sort of \u201ctoot , \u201d which might be used to communicate with other caiques within the flock . talking isn\u2019t a caique\u2019s area of strength . their relatively quiet voices are often compared to conures and pionus parrots . they\u2019re more likely to mimic sounds than human speech . of course , it depends upon the individual caique\u2019s talent and the time each owner invests in training .\n\u2018we sent up our luggage and servants by a caique , a long , narrow , flat - bottomed boat , rowed by sculls . \u2019\nbecause of the caique\u2019s curious nature and tendency to play hard , a pet caique can might find itself in a dangerous situation . make sure your caique has plenty of bird - safe toys to play with and that you keep a close eye on your pet whenever it is out of the cage . caiques might be more susceptible to polyomavirus , which results in gastroenteritis and also affect the bird\u2019s heart , liver and kidney .\nthe caique is becoming ever more popular as a companion bird , but you may have to do your research to acquire one - most pet shops will not carry this species . you will more likely have to contact a breeder or find an all - bird shop to purchase your caique .\n\u201d helio gracie was so impressed with caique elias that he awarded him the tile of \u201cbest student\u201d at the original academia gracie in brazil . \u201d\naside from the caique\u2019s striking appearance , its personality is the primary reason for its rise in popularity . caique owners rave about this plucky , active , little comedian . most bird owners know that they will have to accept the good , the bad , and the \u201cugly\u201d part of bird ownership when they take on a feathered companion . the caique makes a wonderful pet , but it\u2019s not perfect . they can be stubborn and beaky , and very willful . but they are so cute , it\u2019s difficult to fault them . keep a very watchful eye on your caique if you have other birds in the house - they are known for bird - on - bird aggression , and care should be taken that the caique does not injure another pet bird .\ntwo species of caiques are commonly kept as pets : the black - headed caique ( pionites melanocephala ) and the white - bellied caique ( pionites leucogaster ) . the yellow - thighed caique , a subspecies of the white - bellied , is also kept as a pet , though it is less common in the pet trade . the black - headed and the white - bellied caique have a similar appearance , with a few obvious distinctions . they both are about 9 to 10 inches long , and their color composition is relatively simple , with \u201csections\u201d of the bird in green , orange , yellow , and white .\ncaiques are also occasionally known as the \u201cseven - color parrot\u201d because each caique\u2019s plumage includes black , green , yellow , orange , white and blue feathers .\n\u201d caique is one of the best jiu jitsu that we ever have formed in our family . if you are on the south bay la area this is the academy to go\u201d\nas with most parrots , males and females of either species of caique look exactly the same . the only ways to determine sex are surgical sexing and dna sexing . dna sexing is safer for the bird than surgical sexing . white - bellied caique white - bellied caiques are found south of the amazon from northern brazil to bolivia , peru , and ecuador .\ntoys are a staple of the caique\u2019s energy - diet . caiques are always \u201con the go\u201d and love to play with toys , especially toys that they can demolish . be sure to have a steady supply of new toys on hand to replace the old ones when they become ragged or are disassembled . you\u2019ll have to experiment with several types of toys to find your caique\u2019s favorites . fortunately , there are many types of toys on the market to choose from , but make sure that they are safe before you give them to your caique .\nblack headed caique the black - headed caique , pionites melanocephala , is also known as the black - capped parrot or pallid caique . it has a black crown , yellow to orange head , white belly , yellow leg feathers and underside of tail , green back and wings , bluish primaries , greyish bill , and black feet . it is found in northern south america north of the amazon in peru , colombia , venezuela , brazil , guyana , and possibly french guiana . there are two subspecies , with birds between them intermediate in color :\nmango and kiwi , the white - bellied caique parrot sisters , having some play time on the floor , wrestling on their backs , and having a fun time . . . so cute !\ncaiques reach maturity at two to three years of age , and can live past 20 years old if well cared for . although not for everyone , those with an endless amount of energy and willingness to provide constant fun for this on - the - go parrot , a caique might just be perfect . i can guarantee that you will never be bored with a caique in the house .\nthere are two parrot species of caique each with several subspecies . neither species can be sexed visually . the black - headed caique ( pionites melanocephala melanocephala ) originates in the guianas , brazil , columbia , venezuela , ecuador and peru . in the subspecies p . m . pallida , the throat , flanks and thighs are clear yellow and the band around the nape is pale orange - yellow .\nthe black - headed caique has , obviously , a black head and black beak , while the white - bellied has , you guessed it , a white belly ( so does the black - headed , incidentally ) , horn - colored beak , and a bright orange and yellow head . the caique is a stocky bird , surprisingly heavy for its size , as most new owners will point out .\n\u2018we enter a caique , where we take our seals in oriental fashion , and two rowers , dressed in grey - white , striped silk shirts and red fezzes , sped us up the bosporus . \u2019\ni know caique since we were teenagers . he always been one of the best students at my uncle helio gracie ' s academy . i have no doubt that you will be learning from one of the best !\nfor a truly mesmerizing experience get on board our traditional caique , exclusive for the distinguished guests of blue palace resort and spa . travel on the crystal clear waters around the mirabello gulf and unlock some of the most authentic surroundings .\nspend the evening sailing on the caique surrounded by the breathtaking natural beauty of the coast line of elounda and spinalonga island . set off from the hotel\u2019s own jetty with chilled champagne and the chef\u2019s treat of canap\u00e9s with local indigenous flavors for an intimate interlude .\ncarlos caique elias has been studying jiu jitsu with me and my family for many years . in brazil he became one of the best students we ever have . i fully recommend his school as one to learn the real , effective and traditional gracie jiu jitsu\nthough the caique is a medium - sized bid , it needs a large environment . this energetic bird will suffer greatly from being confined to a small cage . think about building a small aviary if you can , or at least provide your caique with the largest housing you can afford . make sure that the bar - spacing is appropriate for a bird of its size and that there\u2019s a grating on the bottom of the cage . this playful bird will discover the weaknesses in its cage in no time , so be sure that the cage is of quality construction , such as those made from stainless steel .\nwell known as the clown of companion birds , caiques are loved by bird fanciers for their outgoing nature and ability to make people laugh with their playful antics . the proper way to pronounce caique is \u201ckai - eke\u201d \u2014 don\u2019t ask for a \u201ccake\u201d at the bird shop , or they might point you to the nearest bakery !\nthe white - bellied caique , pionites leucogaster , has an orange - yellow head , a white belly , green wings and back , bluish primary feathers , a horn - colored beak , and pink or grey feet . there are several subtypes of the white - bellied caique , including the green thighed ( pionites leucogaster leucogaster ) , the yellow thighed ( p . l . xanthomeria ) , and the yellow tailed ( p . l . xanthrus ) . currently , the yellow thighed is the type most commonly kept as a pet in the united states . the green thighed is somewhat rare in captivity , and the yellow tailed has been documented in the wild but is very rare in captivity .\nout - of - the - cage time is very important for caiques , and they should have a playgym or cage playtop with lots of toys . most caiques appreciate stripping nontoxic branches with the leaves still attached , and they\u2019ll even bathe in these if the leaves are soaked . bathtime is a relished caique activity , and many prefer a leaf bath .\nif the african grey parrot is the intellectual of the bird community , and the macaw is the show - off , then the caique is the clown . caiques have been called clowns more often than barnum and bailey have had shows in three rings , and for good reason - the clown is a truly appropriate metaphor for this medium - sized mischief maker .\ncaiques can\u2019t compete in a noise contest with a cockatoo , but they are not quiet , by any means . their noise level is moderate , and will only bother your more \u201csensitive\u201d neighbors . they are not known for their talking ability , but can learn to whistle and cluck very well . a talented caique will talk , but its mimicking does not rival that of the better talking species .\nthe less common but increasingly available species is the white - bellied caique , whose habitat is south of the amazon , from northern brazil and spreading to parts of bolivia , ecuador and peru . the appearance of the white - bellied species is almost identical to the black - headed , with two striking exceptions : the beak of the white - bellied caique is horn colored , and the entire head is a bright yellow / orange , giving this species the appearance of wearing a hood . the abrupt color changes from one part of the body to another are so pronounced on both of these birds that they look as if they have been painted on ! the white - bellied species is slightly smaller in size measuring approximately eight inches in length , and again , this species is not sexually dimorphic .\nthe second parrot species , often called the white - bellied caique ( pionites leucogaster leucogaster ) , hails from brazil , bolivia , ecuador and peru . the name \u201cwhite - bellied\u201d might be a little misleading . \u201cas all caique species have white bellies , yellow - thighed is a bit more accurate common name , \u201d said breeder gail worth of aves international . the subspecies p . l . xanthurus possesses paler plumage with the thighs , sides of body and under tail - coverts as well as top and underside of the tail yellow . the lower back and upper tail - coverts are green interspersed with yellow . the thighs and sides of the subspecies p . l . xanthomeria are yellow . the topside of the tail is green , the underside blackish . the periophthalmic eye ring is gray and the beak horn - colored with a grayish base . the feet are dark gray .\nfor this reason , we highly recommend that you find an effective training program for your caique . whether he is new to your home or you\u2019ve had him for years , a training program will always come in handy . we personally recommend the bird tricks parrot training course by chet womach . you can see many of his videos for free to get an idea of how much he knows about birds and how he can help you train yours .\njuvenile white - bellied caique juvenile white bellies often have brownish or black feathers on the head and back of the neck , as well as yellow feathers on the white belly , as shown in the photo on the left . generally these off - colored feathers will be lost and replaced by orange or white feathers respectively . young birds will also have dark brown irises , which will change to a rust or orange color as the bird matures .\nwell - known behavior specialist sally blanchard shares her life and love with an adorable black - headed caique named spike . spike often accompanies sally to lectures , where she demonstrates his exuberance for this hopping activity by placing her hand on his back , grasping him around his middle and pretending to\nbounce\nhim up and down . much to the delight of spectators , spike will continue\nbouncing\nand bunny - hopping long after sally has released him !\na medium sized parrot from the amazon rainforest which comes in two species , white bellied and black headed . both look as if they are wearing outfits : yellow or orange pants , white shirt , green jacket and a orange or black hat . the caique is an attractive parrot who is surprisingly destructive for it\u2019s size and can be rather noisy . however they are extremely tame , highly social birds and can make excellent pets . they live for about 40 years .\nenjoy a delicious lunch , with a selection of homemade dishes , light snacks ; fresh bread and greek wine , all packed in a traditional picnic basket . you can choose to enjoy this picnic lunch on our traditional caique , sailing around the coastline of elounda and the island of spinalonga . this package includes two types of menu , customized to your needs . it is a great opportunity to enjoy an al fresco romantic meal for couples or the perfect opportunity for some family bonding !\nrarely do aviculturists find themselves in unanimous agreement . however , rarely have i met someone who didn\u2019t agree on the engaging and clownish personality of the caique parrot . these small ( 9 inches ) but sturdily - built south american parrots are highly desired pets due to their beautiful plumage and lively , inquisitive natures . caiques ( commonly pronounced \u201cky eek\u201d in the united states ) love to play and are often described as natural clowns with a sweet , somewhat mischievous nature . these high - energy parrots require an owner who appreciates and nurtures their unique personalities .\nnot only playful and energetic , caiques also excel intellectually . they enjoy exploring new objects , whether it is a new puzzle toy or surfing in a new acquaintance\u2019s hair . the best caique pets are well - socialized through frequent handling by many people . some caiques exhibit territorial behavior , especially around the cage . \u201ccaiques have an extra dose of self - confidence , but are intelligent enough to know when their bluff has been called , \u201d said nancy speed of mississippi pea patch aviaries . \u201cthey will gracefully worm their way out of any situation they cannot control . \u201d\nbecause of their acrobatic displays , caiques require extra large cages for their relatively small size . many breeders recommended a minimum cage size of 31\u20442 - feet high by 3 - feet deep by 4 - feet in length . choose one with safe bar spacing , no more than 3\u20444 or 7\u20448 an inch . lots of perches , wooden chew toys and a variety of frequently rotated toys will keep your caique satisfied and entertained . caiques seem to delight in the thrill of movement \u2013 hence the hopping and hanging from objects \u2013 so swings and other mobile toys , even the outstretched hand of a person , are favorites of these birds .\nmy pet bird review of kitty the caique parrot is finally here ! a video 3 years in the making and you guys have requested for it multiple times . i ' ll start by saying that choosing a pet bird is a daunting task because the choice you make is most likely going to be a life choice as most parrots will happily live past 25 and keep going . if you choose a caique , they have been known to live past 60 so there ' s a good chance your pet will outlive you by the time you get around to affording the purchase ( they are not cheap at all ) . caiques are playful little birds who don ' t know their own size , it ' s been a highly rewarding experience getting one : ) got questions for me about the bird ? join our facebook below ! facbook : urltoken flikr : urltoken sub to itsdankreviews : urltoken check out some of our other great videos below ! sony fe 35mm f2 . 8 za carl zeiss sonnar review : urltoken sony fe 55mm f1 . 8 za carl zeiss sonnar overview : urltoken sony a7 / a7r battery grip review vg - c1em : urltoken sony a7 / a7r review , alpha 7 : urltoken sony a7 / a7r metabones adapter review for canon and nikon to e - mount : urltoken\nset off from the hotel\u2019s own jetty aboard our quintessentially greek fishing boat and savor a selection of cretan wines and a platter of cheese locally sourced from dairy farms . the caique sails around the coast of elounda and around the isle of spinalonga , which sits right across from blue palace . spinalonga is a national heritage monument , non - inhabited islet , with a rich history that uniquely captures the history of crete itself . with impressive relics from the roman times , venetian occupation , ottoman turks and most recent history as a leper colony , spinalonga has been immortalized in the best - selling book of victoria hislop \u201cthe island\u201d . its view is truly breathtaking !\ncurrently the most commonly available species is the black - headed caique , originating north of the amazon and westward to parts of venezuela , ecuador and peru . these birds sport a deep , rich forest green color on their backs , wings and tail . the top and upper back of the head is a shiny jet black ; the nape and neck is a vivid yellow / orange , and the beak is black . there is a hint of dark green around the eyes , and the entire front of the belly and breast area is a soft cloudy white .\nsocks\nand the underside of the tail is burnt orange . this parrot measures approximately nine inches in length , and their sex is undeterminable by visualization .\npepper was a rescue bird , a black headed caique ( pionites melanocephalus ) who had a rough life before becoming part of our family about 8 years ago . he was stubborn , messy , loud\u2026 and i fell so in love with him . pepper bonded most closely with me , and for years i worked hard to train him and gain his trust . he also enjoyed my mother\u2019s company , respected but avoided my father , and constantly tried to attack my little brother . he tried to attack anyone who visited , even relatives who came over often ( like my grandparents ) . he was especially protective of me . anytime the front door opened , he had to march over to investigate . he often perched on the family room windowsill surveying the driveway , ready to warn us of any threat ( hawk , crow , airplane , etc ) .\nwe thank ana l . fonseca , marcelo amorim , marcelo fonseca , theo mota , luiza c . martins , lucas , eliane and caique for logistical support and help in the field work . we express our gratitude to the addiny family for kindly providing permission to do field work on its property , and also to j . p . lemos - filho and g . w . fernandes that gently loaned us equipments , s . dol\u00e9dec who gave statistical advice and f . de bello , b . h . p . rosado and f . f . carmo that provided insightful discussions . we are also thankful for the botanical specialists who gently helped with many identifications , especially n . f . o . mota and p . l . viana . finally , we thank the grants from the cnpq ( conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient\u00edfico e tecnol\u00f3gico , 163020 / 2013 - 2 , 482720 / 2012 ) , capes ( coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de aperfei\u00e7oamento de pessoal de n\u00edvel superior ) and fapemig ( funda\u00e7\u00e3o de amparo \u00e0 pesquisa de minas gerais ) . this study was in partial fulfillment of the master requirements of l . f . a . de paula in plant biology , who received a scholarship from cnpq . f . a . o . silveira receives a research productivity fellowship from cnpq .\njojo and abu are blackheaded caiques . jojo is 3 . 5 years old & female , while abu is 5 months and male . they love to wrestle together , and as you see , abu just lays on his back waiting for jojo to pounce . in this video jojo is more aggressive and runs in for the attack .\nhitherto considered conspecific with p . xanthomerius and p . leucogaster , but separated as a species distinct from former by characters given under that species , and from latter by its yellow vs green tail ( 3 ) , yellow vs green lower flanks and thighs ( 3 ) , and unknown - width hybrid zone ( at least 1 ) . monotypic .\nbrazil s of amazon from r pur\u00fas and r juru\u00e1 to r madeira catchment in amazonas .\n, with which this species was formerly considered to be conspecific , a medium - sized , chunky , short - tailed parrot , with apricot - orange cap , . . .\nno information , though basic details are unlikely to differ significantly from p . leucogaster .\nno data , though basic details of breeding biology are unlikely to differ significantly from p . leucogaster .\nvulnerable . cites ii . no population estimate . suspected to lose 17\u00b78\u201322\u00b72 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 24 years ) from 2002 , based on a . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . yellow - tailed parrot ( pionites xanthurus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nrecent molecular studies indicate that this genus and deroptyus are sister - taxa # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 10 . 7 - 13 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 24 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or trapping , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlike most websites we use cookies . if you\u2019re happy with that , just carry on as normal ( close this bar ) - otherwise click here to find out more .\nfor a while , it looked like they might actually be in recovery . but this year\u2019s census of the american subspecies , the rufa red knot , found that numbers have plummeted to an all - time low . the likely cause ? food shortages in delaware bay , a crucial feeding stopover site on their migration .\nclimate change and invasive species don\u2019t just impact birds \u2013 the latest update to the iucn red list of threatened species shows that they are a growing threat to australia\u2019s unique reptiles . however , the update also revealed good news for four south american amphibians assumed to be extinct .\nwe present the highlights of the latest issue of bird conservation international , our quarterly peer - reviewed journal promoting worldwide research and action for the conservation of birds and their habitats .\nwe\u2019ve selected crafts from across the world that will delight children and benefit birds . from ten - minute fruit kebabs to a summer spent birdhouse building , we\u2019ve got projects for every age and timespan : all you need to do is pick your skill level .\nhelp us to protect america ' s migratory birds on their epic journey across continents .\naround one in five of all the world\u2019s bird species migrate . and while every migration is an epic and often perilous feat of endurance , here\u2019s a selection of species that we feel go the extra mile .\nulcinj salina is a traditional salt pan whose shallow waters feed and support more than 250 bird species . however , recent proposals to build a large - scale tourism resort threaten to obliterate it .\njane alexander is an acclaimed actress , author and an impassioned birder who is also a member of birdlife\u2019s global advisory group . here , she talks to us about how acting got her into birding , and how the new generation gives her hope .\na new mode of farming is taking off in south america . the pampas is one the world\u2019s most important grassland biomes : but intensive farming is wearing it down . now , a scheme for sustainable , bird - friendly meat is getting prestigious recognition .\none in eight bird species is in danger of extinction \u2013 but what are the main factors driving their decline ? they might not be what you think . read about the five biggest threats to bird biodiversity , and what\u2019s being done to combat them .\nover the last 40 years , europe\u2019s skylarks have suffered a 50 % decline due to the intensification of agriculture . in sweden , this figure jumps to a staggering 75 % .\nwe interview katharine lowrie : part of a record - breaking couple who sailed the atlantic to begin an ultra - marathon through south america , all to raise money and awareness for wildlife and wild places .\nit\u2019s a first for burkina faso . . . a love story between environmental organization naturama ( birdlife - burkina faso ) and the private cement factory cimburkina . their common aim is to strengthen nature conservation and improve community livelihoods at the cement plant ' s operating sites .\nfollowing a tireless campaign by birdlife australia , which gained support from around the world , the australian government has decided to reject an application for phosphate mining on christmas island , a crucial wildlife haven in the indian ocean .\nwhile armed conflict in colombia may be over , an influx of illegal miners and loggers means our newest partner\u2019s collaborative approach to conservation has never been more important .\nwe are a global partnership of independent organisations working together as one for nature and people . read more about birdlife .\nwe create action through insight . through our expertise on birds we act for nature and people . through sharing local challenges we find lasting global solutions . read more about our programmes .\nwhen you get involved with birdlife you are helping us to go beyond today to impact the future . read about how you can support us .\nfrom the amazon to the zambezi , from the tundra to the tierra del fuego the birdlife partnership is active in more than 120 countries worldwide . read more about our regional work .\nas with most parrots , caiques thrive on a pelleted - base diet that is supplemented with fresh fruit and vegetables . nutri - berries are an especially good food for caiques because they offer fun foraging and balanced nutrition .\nthey are not great for first - time bird owners , but they will always keep you entertained . they enjoy playing on their backs , hopping around the house , and just being comical . they are mischevious , stubborn , and need clear boundaries or they may become nippy .\nthey aren\u2019t good talkers , but they like to learn tricks and most will be friendly with everyone in the family . they can be noisy , so they are best kept in a house . because of their strong personalities , it\u2019s best to make sure you get a hand - fed and properly socialized baby .\nif you live in a house and are prepared to care for a medium parrot with a strong personality ( and put up with some bites here or there ) , then you just might be the right owner for one of these energetic bundles of fun .\nthere are two species of these birds and the most notable difference is that the top of the black - headed\u2019s head is black while the white - bellied\u2019s is yellow .\nneed a more experienced bird owner because they can become nippy if not taught correct boundaries .\nmoderate\u2013they can be noisy at times , so they are more suited living in a house .\nhigh energy , big appetite , vocal , love to chew , like to roll around with toys , tendency to skip and hop around , like to learn tricks , good at mimicking sounds , can be noisy , get into mischief , can become nippy , active , comical , playful , can be very stubborn , fearless , intelligent , most will be friendly with everyone in the family , some may become one - person birds , like to bathe .\ngood\u2013some can learn to talk a limited amount ( with small voices ! ) , but all are good at learning tricks .\nthey should be handled daily in order to keep them socialized and from becoming nippy .\nvideo by redmelde these birds love to play and roll around on their backs with toys . this video shows just how much fun they can be .\nvideo by sakura69abc they are also known to hop and skip around . this is a cute video of one hopping .\nthese birds , like most medium - sized parrots , can be very nippy . you definitely need to know how to train him if you want him to be hand tamed and enjoy spending time with you and your friends / family . however , if you don\u2019t know how to train one , you may have difficulty even getting your bird out of his cage .\nbelow is one of chet\u2019s videos that covers the first step to stopping your parrot\u2019s biting . this technique is perfect for caiques . this video is a great example of how effective the training courses can be and how they are filled with a wealth of useful information for any bird owner . this video is only the first step in getting your bird hand tamed . we highly recommend checking out chet\u2019s curriculum for taming your bird even further .\nfor more information about chet\u2019s course , you can visit the bird tricks webpage here .\n& lt ; a urltoken ; amp ; marketplace = us & amp ; amp ; id = v20070822 % 2fus % 2fstaramersignl - 20 % 2f8010 % 2f0da2a940 - 800f - 43c2 - 8252 - 02441f9cefef & amp ; amp ; operation = noscript\u201d onclick = \u201dreturn fix . track ( this ) ; \u201d & gt ; urltoken widgets & lt ; / a & gt ;\nshare your experience with others ! there\u2019s no better way to learn about a pet bird than from an owner .\nyour comment may just help someone decide whether or not this pet bird is for them .\ncurrently you have javascript disabled . in order to post comments , please make sure javascript and cookies are enabled , and reload the page . click here for instructions on how to enable javascript in your browser .\nmedical disclosure : the information at urltoken has not been prepared , endorsed , or reviewed by any form of certified bird expert or licensed veterinary professional . nothing on the this website should be taken as medical advice , but instead should act as a useful resource in providing general information that may be useful to members of the general public . all visitors are encouraged to consult with a certified expert or licensed veterinarian for accuracy or any form of pet safety or medical advice .\nphoto credits : images on this site are royalty - free , in the public domain , or under a creative commons license and are free to use on web sites and other projects . please see the photo credits page for more information .\npaid endorsement disclosure : we are grateful to be of service and bring you content free of charge for your information and benefit . in order for us to do this , please note that whenever you click on the links in this website and purchase items , ( in many but not all cases ) we will receive a referral commission . however , this commission does not influence the information we provide in this site . we always give honest opinions and reviews to share our findings , beliefs , and / or experiences .\nwhat made you want to look up ca\u00efque ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nthe narrow , 1 . 2 km long mountain pass that visitors ( a . k . a . tourons , mind ! ) , must pass in order to be face - to - face with what & apos ; s now being tirelessly given more than a & apos ; sporting chance & apos ; to be one of the new seven wonders of the world ( namely petra , a . k . a . the rose city ) . well , this chance is 10 - sigma ! see this blog that i particularily liked ! and . . . hey & apos ; all ! don & apos ; t vote petra ! blog . sweetestmemories . com / default . asp ? display = 572\nca\u00efque is the original turkish word for & apos ; any & apos ; mountainous pass not just petra & apos ; s . . . for\npete - ra & apos ; s\nsake ! also spelled siq / saiq .\na single - masted sailing vessel used on the eastern mediterranean sea , having a sprit mainsail , a square topsail , and two or more other sails .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\nwas to be had , the weather was so bad they could not cross .\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\nany of four ( previously two ) species of parrot in the genus pionites .\nthis page was last edited on 12 november 2017 , at 14 : 07 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\n\u201ci may have fallen as hard for plyto in a tasting room or over dinner at home , but the setting of our first encounter made it inevitable . i was on a sloop , sailing past the stone bastions of spinalonga , the mysterious venetian fortress off crete\u2019s northern coast . friends i\u2018d met that afternoon had laid out meats and cheeses beside canap\u00e9s that looked like miniature sculptures . the sea was simmering , the sky a shade of el greco blue\u2026 . \u201d\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n\u2018the lighter service was handled , at least in part , by caiques and other mostly locally owned small boats whose socio - economic leverage , unlike that of the elite property owners on the sea front , was not great . \u2019\n\u2018formerly known as caiques , gulets are beautiful , broad - beamed , hand - built wooden sailing boats , but unfortunately these days the sails are strictly for show . \u2019\n\u2018in fact only a small convoy of caiques , bearing a single battalion of mountain troops , was headed for maleme , not canea . \u2019\nearly 17th century : from french ca\u00efque , from italian caicco , from turkish kay\u0131k .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nmechanical transmission means the transfer of pathogens from an infected host or a contaminated substrate to a susceptible host , where a biological association between the pathogen and the vector is not necessary . the vectors in this case are not restricted to arthropods . birds , rats , mice , other animals and even humans can serve as mechanical vectors ; thus , vector ecologists must know about non - arthropod taxa and their roles in transmitting disease agents .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\n. 1996 . morbidity and mortality surveillance in rwandan refugees\u2014burundi and zaire , 1994 . morbid . mortal . weekly rpt .\n1988 . rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporous inanimate surfaces . j . clin . microbiol .\n1914 . cockroaches and ants as carriers of the vibrios of asiatic cholera . philipp . j . sci .\n1960 . the incrimination of arthropods as vectors of disease . proc . 11 th intern . congr . entomol\nflies and streptococcal skin infection in trinidad . trans . royal soc . trop . med . hyg .\n1978 . natural mode of transmission of the bovine leukemia virus : role of bloodsucking insects . am . j . vet . res .\n1986 . infection de cellules d\u2019insectes en culture par le virus hiv , agent du sida , et mise en \u00e9vidence d\u2019insectes d\u2019origine africaine contamin\u00e9s par ce virus . c . r . acad . sci . paris\n1969 . insect allergy : the allergenic potentials of the cockroach . southern med . j .\n1968 . new concepts on the epidemiological features of bovine besnoitiosis as determined by laboratory and field investigations . onderstepoort j . vet . res .\n1973 . australia antigen in mosquitoes . feeding experiments and field studies . res . comm . chem . pathol . pharmacol .\n, to ingest and transmit viable spores of selected fungi . ann . entomol . soc . am .\n1983 . gnat sore eyes : seasonal , acute conjunctivitis in a southern state . southern med . j .\n1954 . myxomatosis : its use in the control of rabbit populations in australia . vet . rec .\n1988 . transmission of hiv in belle glade , florida : lessons for other communities in the united states . science\n1961 . mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes . annu . rev . entomol .\n1983 . modi e mezzi di diffusione dei microrganismi negli alimenti ad opera degli insetti . proc . dif . antiparassit . industr . aliment . protez .\n1950 . the coxsackie viruses . bull . n . y . acad . med .\n1949 . a virus recovered from the feces of \u201cpoliomyelitis\u201d patients pathogenic for suckling mice . j . exp . med .\n1992 . arthropods in a hospital and their potential significance in the epidemiology of hospital infections . folia parasitol .\n1990 . interrupted feeding of blood - sucking insects : causes and effects . parasitol . today\n1970 . anaplasmosis transmission : inoculation by the ocular route . res . vet . sci .\n1950 . the transmission of anaplasmosis . am . j . vet . res .\nin the transmission of parasitic helminth eggs and larvae . internat . j . zoonoses\n1954 . a note on domestic cockroaches in south texas . j . econ . entomol .\n1926 . on a bactericidal principle present in the alimentary canal of insects and arachnids . parasitol .\n1992 . mechanical transmission of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by hematophagous mites ( acari ) . j . med . entomol .\n1983 . flies as a source of enteric pathogens in a rural village in thailand . appl . environ . microbiol .\n1972 . epidemiology of the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus complex . proc . 3rd intern . conf . equine infect . dis . ( paris ) , pp . 26\u2013145 .\n1988 . blood - feeding by vectors : physiology , behavior , and vertebrate defense . pp . 153\u2013189\nt . p . monath ( ed . ) , the arboviruses : epidemiology and ecology , vol . 1 . crc press , boca raton , florida .\n1987 . bovine leukosis virus : understanding viral transmission and the methods of control . vet . med .\n1943 . dysentery in the middle east with special reference to sulphaguanidine treatment . trans . royal soc . trop . med . hyg .\n1955 . experimental transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus by diptera . j . infect . dis .\n1973 . friend leukemia virus ( flv ) activity in certain arthropods . iii . transmission studies . neoplasma\n1984 . tabanid ( diptera ) populations associated with an equine infectious anemia outbreak in an inapparently infected herd of horses . j . med . entomol .\n( diptera : tabanidae ) and the potential for mechanical transmission of pathogens . j . med . entomol .\n1988 . quantifying the role of horse flies as vectors of equine infectious anemia . pp . 189\u2013195\nd . g . powell ( ed . ) , equine infectious diseases . proc . fifth intern . conf . university press , lexington , kentucky .\n) as carriers of microorganisms of medical importance in hospitals . epidemiol . infect .\n1993 . ants as potential vectors of pathogens in hospitals in the state of s\u00e0o paulo , brazil . insect sci . appl .\nfrancis jr . , t . , brown , g . c . and penner , l . r . 1948 . search for extrahuman sources of poliomyelitis virus . j . am . med . assoc .\n1987 . transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus . new england j . med .\n1951 . effet de la lutte antimouches sur l\u2019incidence des maladies oculaires dans le sud marocain . bull . soc . pathol . exot .\n1976 . incidence of pinkeye in relation to face fly control . tennessee farm & home sci .\n1973 . experimental studies of the epidemiology of bovine herpes mammillitis . res . vet . sci .\n1968 . can flies cause the spread of dermatophytosis ? acta dermat . - venereol .\nby regurgitation from the crop of the face fly ( diptera : muscidae ) . j . econ . entomol .\n. i . review of the literature . ann . soc . belge m\u00e9d . trop .\ny . h . hui , j . r . gorham , k . d . murrell and d . o . cliver ( eds . ) , foodborne disease handbook , vol . 3 . marcel dekker , new york .\n1914 . flies in relation to disease : non - bloodsucking flies . cambridge university press , cambridge , england . 389 pp .\n1968 . model for destruction of bacteria in the midgut of blow fly maggots . j . med . entomol .\n1971 . flies and disease . vol . 1 , ecology , classification and biotic associations . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey . 856 pp .\n1973 . flies and disease . vol . 2 , biology and disease transmission . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey . 447 pp .\n1964 . fly dispersion from a rural mexican slaughterhouse . am . j . trop . med . hyg .\nby flies : natural resistance to colonization and bacterial interference . infect . immun .\n1993 . role of fomites and flies in the transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus . vet . rec .\n1972 . role of the housefly in the transmission of intestinal parasitic cysts / ova . indian j . med . res .\n1946 . studies of the dissemination of cysts and ova of human intestinal parasites by flies in various localities on guam . am . j . trop . med . hyg .\n1989 . epidemiology and clinical spectrum of brazilian purpuric fever . j . clin . microbiol .\n1979 . entomology in human and animal health , 7th ed . macmillan , new york . 548 pp .\n1987 . rectal transmission of bovine leukemia virus in cattle and sheep . am . j . vet . res .\nlinn . ; its structure , habits , development , relation to disease , and control . cambridge university press , cambridge , england . 382 pp .\nby cat fleas ( siphonaptera : pulicidae ) . j . med . entomol .\n1989 . quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons . new england j . med .\n1972 . the trypanosomes of mammals : a zoological monograph . blackwell scientific publications , oxford , england . 749 pp .\n1985 . mechanical transmission of rift valley fever virus by hematophagous diptera . am . j . trop . med . hyg .\nr . traub and h . starcke ( eds . ) , fleas : proceedings of the international conference on fleas , ashton wold , peterborough , uk , 21 - 25 june , 1977 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\ng . w . beran and j . h . steele ( eds . ) , bacterial , rickettsial , chlamydial , and mycotic diseases , 2nd ed . crc press , boca raton , florida ."]}
{"id": 1154, "summary": [{"text": "carpilius corallinus or batwing coral crab is a species of crab .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the batwing coral crab is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the western atlantic ocean from the coast of florida until brazil including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is the largest crab of this geographic area , and is edible . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "carpilius corallinus", "paragraphs": ["carpilius corallinus ( j . f . w . herbst , 1783 ) \u2013 batwing coral crab , queen crab\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\none of the most beautiful crabs in the area . the carapace is smooth and heavy , with no teeth , except for a blunt one at the lower right - and left hand corner . the ground color is pale to brick red with scarlet spots and meandering lines of small white or yellow spots .\nsize : the largest crab in the caribbean , the carapace can be up to 15 cm in width .\ncolin , p . i . , 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . t . f . h . publications , inc . ltd .\nhumann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nvoss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .\nfelder , d . l . , \u00e1lvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019\u20131104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nalso known as the red coral crab , coral crab or queen crab . they inhabit shallow reefs and hide in recesses during the day . i was fortunate enough to see these two specimens during the day . both were at a depth of about 6 feet . they generally only come out at night to forage for food . they are a true crab and belong to the mud crab family . these both had carapaces of about four inches .\nplease consider supporting this site . help keep this site advertisement free by making a donation through paypal . if you have found this site useful , educational or fun , please consider lending your support to it ' s continuation . as an incentive , ten percent of all donations will go to purchase spears , markers and other lionfish removal needs . i would appreciate your support .\nplease respect the time and effort and expense to create this site . all text and photos are copyrighted unless clearly noted otherwise . no use is authorized without written permission .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option ."]}
{"id": 1162, "summary": [{"text": "la fleche ( 1889 \u2013 1916 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after being sold for a world record price as a yearling in 1890 , she was undefeated as a two-year-old in 1891 , winning races against her own sex and defeating some of the year 's leading colts .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she went on to become the dominant british three-year-old of 1892 , claiming the fillies \u2019 triple crown by winning the 1000 guineas at newmarket , the oaks at epsom and the st leger at doncaster .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her only defeat of the year came when she was beaten when starting favourite for the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "la fleche remained in training for a further two seasons , winning important races such as the 1893 liverpool autumn cup , the 1894 ascot gold cup , and the champion stakes on her final appearance .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in all , she won sixteen times in twenty-four racecourse appearances .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after her retirement from racing she became a successful and influential broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "la fleche ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["la fleche ' s pedigree . auckland star , volume xxiii , issue 219 , 14 september 1892\nla fleche ' s pedigree . , auckland star , volume xxiii , issue 219 , 14 september 1892\npapers past | la fleche & # 39 ; s pedigree . ( auckland star , 1892 - 09 - 14 )\nla fleche 1889 st simon 1881 quiver 1872 f 18 0 . 11 12m [ 9 ] x 12m [ 8 ] , 12f\nthe photograph shows la fleche in training with her lad . she looks a real little racing machine . sold for a then . . .\njohn o ' gaunt 1901 isinglass 1890 la fleche 1889 m 43 0 . 37 11m [ 9 ] , 12m [ 11 ] , 12f x\nthe first photograph shows la fleche in training with her lad . she looks a real little racing machine . sold for a then record 5 , 500\nbay colt , 1901 . by isinglass - la fleche by st . simon . darley arabian sire line : birdcatcher branch . family # 3 - e\nfrom bona vista . la fleche led the race in the early stages , with bona vista second . in the closing stages bona vista was overtaken by lady hermit , but neither could catch leader la fleche , who won by two lengths from lady hermit . bona vista was three quarters of a length behind the runner - up in third place .\nbetting : evens on la fleche , 2 to 1 agst orme , 9 to 1 may duke , 20 to 1 medicis , 66 to 1 el diablo , 200 to 1 silene .\natty persse said of his sprinter portlaw , ' he ' s a curious horse to train as he requires less work than any horse . . .\ncolor : br ( gb ) bred and owned by queen victoria , gb . died 1916 at sledmere stud , gb . winner of epsom oaks , 1000 guineas and st leger . 24 - 16 - 3 - 2 , pds 34 , 703 / ~ $ 178 , 765 la fleche bred 6 foals , 5 winners including the influential sire john o gaunt and his full sister sagitta , both sired by isinglass , in addition to baroness la fleche . ( close )\nla fleche ( gb ) br . f , 1889 { 3 - e } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf - 24 starts , 16 wins , places , shows\nmay duke jumped off in advance of orme , el diablo , and la fleche , with medicis the whipper - in . a slow beginning was soon altered , as in the first furlong el diablo rushed to the head of affairs from may duke , orme and la fleche going oa third and fourth , with silene and medicis folio ving them at clear intervals . in passing the public entrance gate , la fleche ran up to the girths of the already\nlabouring\nel diablo , but fche fej \\ back again to orme a little further on , may duke having assumed the command . at the bottom turn el diablo dropped out , and may duke came on a length in advanca of 0 - me , who held a similar advantage over la fleche , with the two three - year - olds gradually closing up . fairly in the line for home barrett was uneasy upon la fleche , and had commenced to ride hard when orme drew level with may duke at the entrance to the rails . in another hundred yards oi mo took up the running , whereupon ho began to hang to the left , and required nice handling in consequence . below the distance medicis passed la pleche aud may duke andsimparted fresh excitement to the race by challenging orme , whose girths he reached opposite the lower ring , but could get no further , and suffered a clever defeat by half a length . after changing sides la fleche struggled gamely on to lose second money by three lengths , with silene fourth , may duke fifth , and el diablo tailed off . time , 2min 11 4 - ssec . value of the stakes , \u00a39285 to the winner .\nthe second photo shows la fleche in the sales ring at newmarket at the end of her racing days . sir tatton sykes had instructed lord marcus beresford to bid for her , but had not said for how much - when he discovered he had paid 12 , 600\nthe third son of the reverend john de la poer , the 4th marquess of waterford , lord william beresford won the victoria . . .\ncaptain morel bred that durable horse golden myth on his tally ho stud in county limerick . . . .\nsea the stars\u2019 exploits no doubt encouraged anthony oppenheimer to breed his mare fleche d\u2019or to cape cross , which created the third pivotal horse in the stallion\u2019s career \u2013 golden horn , who also won the derby , eclipse , irish champion stakes and arc last year .\nthe name was conceived by whit yost , former directeur sportif of the mercury pro team , contributor to bicycling magazine , and founder of the pave blog , as a play on the fleche wallonne and the fools classic . fleche is the french word for arrow . wallonne refers to the french speaking portion of southern belgium . our rooster logo comes from the official flag of the wallonia region , where the fleche wallonne and liege - bastogne - liege are held .\n) . the last - named mare is the dam of stakes winners baroness la fleche ( by ladas ) , dam of one thousand guineas winner and influential producer cinna ( by polymelus ) , and john o ' gaunt ( by isinglass ) , sire of 1910 st . leger stakes winner and 1923 english leading sire\n* # * english news to hand this week embraces the reports of the liverpool and derby meetings . the liverpool cop of looosovb , a mile and three furlong ? , was run on november 10 , and resulted , as the cable informed us , in a win for la fleche , who in capturing this stake under 9 . 6 has eclipsed the performances of sterling and thebais , who each scored with 9 . 4 in 1873 and 1884 respectively . there were a dozen startup , prisoner 7 . 7 being favourite at 5 to 1 , while 11 to 2 was obtainable about either la fleche or quiesilum 6 . 13 . the start\nwhen some shares became available in the horse after he trialled they snapped them back up ,\nthornton said .\ncatherine de buyl horse insurance sa is the worldwide leader for sport horses insurance , approved coverholder at lloyd\u2019s of london .\nthis evening marked the announcement of the 2015 cartier horse racing awards , the european equivalent of the american eclipse awards .\n. la fleche was the strong pre - race favourite , priced at 11 / 10 . rueil was second favourite at 100 / 9 , then bona vista at 100 / 8 and st . damien at 100 / 7 . in the early stages of the race sir hugo led the race , with llanthony , persistive and galeopsis also prominent . by the time the field reached the mile post thessalian led the race from st . damien , with bona vista near the middle of the pack . bona vista never got to the leaders and finished back in eleventh place . the race was won by 40 / 1 outsider sir hugo , who held of la fleche by three quarters of a length .\nwhen the champion jockey gerry wilson was axed from riding golden miller as the horse began to show his patent dislike . . .\nin 1948 , bull dog became the first horse to surpass us $ 4 million in progeny earnings with only north american runners .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\norby was the first horse trained in ireland to win the epsom derby . he was a rangy colt , but did . . .\npicaroon was a very high class horse , winner of 8 races and rated one of the best by his trainer who . . .\nmr taylor sharpe owned properties in newmarket and the baumber park stud near horncastle in lincolnshire . the best horse he bred . . .\nhours after his horse gainslaw had won the ascot gold vase , mr leader and his wife were killed on their way . . .\nson of a suffolk clothier and close friend of the race horse owner and breeder sir abe bailey , donald fraser owned . . .\nreiff looked like an angel and was kissed by society ladies , but he was fully capable of pulling a horse to . . .\npapillon rouge\u2019s story is inextricably linked with that of fernand and xavier leredde of the legendary horse breeding family in the heart of france\u2019s horse country , normandy . for more than half a century haras des rouges has produced top quality horses on their thousand hectares of pasture .\nthe second sir tatton also bred john o ' gaunt ( 2nd in both the 1904 2000 guineas and derby and sire of st . leger winner and important sire swynford ) , hapsburg ( eclipse s ) and lemonora ( grand prix de paris - which in those days held comparable prestige to the arc today ) . john o ' gaunt was by triple crown winner isinglass out of 1000 guineas , oaks and st . leger winner la fleche . la fleche was bought on sir tatton ' s behalf ( ie . by his wife ! ) for a record 12 , 600 guineas in 1896 . however he initially refused to accept her , thinking the price too much , and this great racemare endured two weeks at sledmere train station before finally arriving at the stud !\nthis photograph shows the statue of persimmon which stands at sandringham stud . a very impressive horse , persimmon turned out to be . . .\nswynford was the best horse to race for the 17th lord derby and , according to george lambton , was far and away . . .\nwhile this is not a brilliant photograph of ormonde , it does show his trainer and jockey . this great horse was unbeaten . . .\na black horse , foaled in ireland from a mare reputed to have pulled a cart . he was well bought as a . . .\ngentle shepherd may seem an obscure horse to chronicle , for he was unraced and made no impact as a sire , but . . .\nharry mccalmont , who was not yet a colonel when his horse isinglass won the triple crown , inherited a great fortune from . . .\ncharles morton was apprenticed to thomas parr , the trainer of a wonderful horse called fisherman , who won 70 races including 2 . . .\nlord clonmell , who succceeded to the title in 1898 , was educated at eton and was a captain in the royal horse . . .\nattaclioi . l is tho tabulated pedigree of la flocho , winner of tho doncnstor sb . leper , from which it will bo observed that her darn quiver ia a threoquartcr sistor to musket : \u2014\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\nthe winner of 4 races at 2 and 3 years , humorist ' s connections could not understand why the horse was up one . . .\na genuine , speedy horse , tommy atkins won ten races including the ayr gold cup for owner william sears , who would go . . .\nthomas pilkington was a member of the well - known firm of glass manufacturers of the same name . his most famous horse was . . .\ngerry wilson , the son of a whaddon chase horse dealer , was champion national hunt jockey seven times between 1933 and 1941 . . . .\na long - time patron and friend of the trainer basil briscoe , philip carr paid \u00a3100 to buy a rather unpromising horse in . . .\njenkinstown was a difficult horse to get fit . his trainer , thomas coulthwaite , said he really needed the work of four animals . . . .\na handsome horse , standing 16 hands high , maiden erlegh ( named after the place and title of his owner ' s stud ) . . .\na little chesbnut horse , all quality , cicero was trained at exning , near newmarket . he won 8 races from two to four . . .\nalfred newey , a native of worcestershire , did not sit on a horse until he was 18 . originally a miner , he took . . .\naristedes welch was a millionaire stock raiser of pennsylvania who bought leamington , a sire imported from england . the horse sired welch ' s . . .\nprince palatine was the champion three - year - old of his generation and horse of the year at 4 and 5 . winner of 11 . . .\nthe first foal of his [ ? dam ? ] , hampton was a small horse who started his career in selling plates and ran over . . .\nwinner of 17 races , springfield ( who looks very old in this photograph ) was , in his prime , the most beautiful horse and . . .\na massive horse with a bad mouth , which made him very hard to hold , troytown ' s days were shortlived . he had to . . .\nknown as ' the rocking horse ' or ' the spotted wonder ' , this colt was a phenomonen . when a propsective buyer looked him over . . .\nif only this horse had never been sold abroad ! dark ronald never ran in a [ ? classic ? ] , but this handsome individual won . . .\nthe trainer john porter said , ' there are rogues , savages , jades , fools and other eccentrics in the horse tribe . throstle was simply . . .\nhe ' s a really good horse ,\nsaid trainer craig thornton , whose partner samantha logan had won the previous race on the programme with iwannadancelikehim .\n, bull dog ' s trainer george newtown died in the spring of 1930 and the horse was never more than half - fit for any of his engagements .\nsuch an unlucky horse . after a fine two year old career , craganour looked to have won the 2000 [ ? guineas ? ] , only the . . .\njulius solomon , a dublin moneylender , was breeder of golden miller , but somewhat by default . he took his horse ' s dam , probably as . . .\nfelix leach ' s association with racing began on the day he first saw st simon , joining that horse ' s trainer , mathew dawson , forthwith . . .\nall hard to hazard a guess in this hit and miss family so i guess like with black caviar i ' ll just sit back and enjoy a good horse .\njc has no resemblance at all to thorn park in colour or conformation . the former is a very scopy horse with a lot of presence . jimmy is the opposite\niroquois , who stood only 15 . 2 1 / 2 hands high , was the first american - bred horse to win the derby . he was amongst a . . .\nconsidering he will likely make a top miler over here it doesn ' t hurt his credentials as a stallion to win the derby , i believe it only enhances his value being such a versatile horse .\nborn in munich , the son of a jewish banker , baron de hirsch made a fortune financing railways in the balkans and laying others in russia and all over europe . he acquired a passion for horseracing and for royal horseracing circles and put a large portion of his money at the disposal of the prince of wales , joining him in 1890 as a patron of john porter ' s stable . later the pair transferred all their animals to the care of richard marsh at newmarket . la fleche was the baron ' s only classic winner , but she nearly won 4 of them .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nthe post ride festivities were subdued not only due to the rain , but due to school policies forbidding alcohol consumption . nonetheless , river horse provided us with beer to go ; pizza was supplied by villa vito .\nbased upon the success of our other spring classic event , the fools classi c and the hell of hunterdon , it was determined we needed a ride that offered all of their challenges , but without the unpaved roads . hence , the fleche buffoon was born , as a tribute to the hilly ardennes classics .\ngolden horn ( cape cross \u2013 fleche d ' or by dubai destination ) was named both horse of the year and 3 - year - old colt . owned by anthony oppenheimer and trained by john gosden , golden horn most recently finished second in the breeders ' cup turf in the united states . this capped off a season that saw him win six of eight starts , including four grade / group ones . golden horn was bred by hascombe and valiant studs . he has been retired to stand at sheikh mohammed dalham hall stud in newmarket .\ni ' m really happy with him and he ' s by far the best i ' ve had ,\nthornton said .\ni think he ' s a pretty special horse and i ' m privileged to have him .\njohn o ' gaunt , a bred - in - the - purple son of english triple crown winner isinglass and the triple - classic winning mare la fleche , won just one race , due in part to his poor conformation , in part to ill - luck and the dubious distinction of having an amateur jockey , and in part , maybe , to a thunderstorm on his derby day . he got one surviving son , swynford , who could be called a good race horse , and who later became the successful stallion his own sire was not . americans owe john o ' gaunt a nod , not only for swynford ' s sons challenger ii and st . germans and his great - grandson , blenheim , but also for tom fool , a descendant of john o ' gaunt ' s daughter , mandy hamilton , and for war admiral , a descendant of john o ' gaunt ' s son , harry of hereford .\n\u201che ' s owned by an australian syndicate , which tony noonan is part of . tony is a good friend of mine and he suggested they leave the horse in new zealand with me because he ' s paid up for the karaka million .\nwrites our london correspondent : \u2014\nsix runners only cared to faco la flecb ' e for the oaks , and everybody told everybody that unless baron hirsch ' s filly fell down she musb win , nevertheless , the . betting was not reassuring . at first the ring asked for 5 to 2 on , but in a very shorb time tbey were glad to take 7 to 4 , and finally the price came down to as little as 11 to 8 . on bhe other hand , large sums went on lord gerard ' s palisandre at 5 to 1 , and mr milner ' s broad corrie at 10 to 1 . lady hermit found friends ab 100 to s , but against arise and the sinew 20 to 1 was fruitlessly tendered . broad corrie made the running to tattenham corner , where palisandre was beaten , and lafleche became second , wibh the sinew and lady hermit in close attendance . crossing the road , broad corrie compounded , and la fleche came oub full of running , and apparently aboub to win easily . the sinew , however , was by no means done wibh , and in response to watt ' s call , began to decrease the distance bebween herself and the crack . inch by inch , she crepb up , and afc the bell absolutely reached la fleche ' s neck . up the incline the pair came , locked together , and apparently with nobhing bebween them . a few yards from home , the outsider had won , bub geo . barrett , gathering himself a v archer , at tho supreme moment , gave his mount a sharp rib - binder . we could just see the game mare shoot forward , bub the general impression was fchab she had only made a dead heat of ib . judge johnson , however , said she won by a shorb head , and he alone could know . ib was certainly one of the closest finishes i ever witnessed .\nla fleche ' s 1901 colt by isinglass , john o ' gaunt , was purchased by sir john thursby for 3 , 000 guineas . he placed second in both the two thousand guineas stakes and derby stakes , despite suffering from ringbone . at stud he got swynford ( 1907 ) , who won the st . leger , the eclipse stakes , the hardwicke stakes twice , and was leading sire in england in 1923 and later a leading sire of broodmares . john o ' gaunt ' s other offspring included kennymore , who won the 2 , 000 guineas , and burne jones , a winner of classic races in italy . a daughter , mandy hamilton , became the dam of the american sire supremus , after her export to that country . - - patricia erigero\nchampion older horse went to solow ( singspiel \u2013 high maintenance by highest honor ) . the 5 - year - old is owned and bred by alain and gerard wertheimer and trained by freddy head . his season was highlighted by a win on world cup day in dubai .\na dark bay horse , bull dog stood 16 hands and \u00bd inch when measured at the time of his importation . he was robust with good substance and powerful hindquarters but was a bit long in the back . he reportedly had an excellent disposition and was a good doer .\nfriday , july 14 . eclipse stakes , a plato of 10 , 00030vs ; the second received 500sovs , and the third loosovs . eclipse stakes course ( about one mile and a - quarter ) . duke of westminster ' s b c orme , by ormonde \u2014angelica , 4yrs , 10 . 2 ( m . cannon ) 1 baron rothschild ' s b c medicis , by robert the devil or florentine \u2014 skotzka , 3yrs , 8 . 12 ( t . loates ) 2 baron de hirsch ' s b f la fleche , by st . simon \u2014quiver , 4yrs , 9 . 13 ( g . barrett ) 3 colonel noith ' s b c el diablo , 4yrs , 9 . 13 ( r . chaloner ) 0 mr j . charlton ' s b c may duke , 4yrs , 9 10\nthe nearest office and laid the wager by telegram . the horse ran second , and soon after the race he got a second wire from the horse ' s owner saying he had had bad luck , and asking field to wire to tattersall requesting him to deduct l6oo from his cheque by way of recompense for st . albans running such a good race . bigger men , however , than st . albans ips owner practice the bleeding business freely , and as the catechism teaches us to order ourselves reverently to all our betters there can ' t be very much harm after all in doing as they do .\nthe removal of tho horses of baron hirsch and the prince of wales from kingsclere to newmarket is the result of a difference between lord marcus beresford ( who manages the racing studs of h . r . h . and the baron ) , and the duke of westminster . the tiff began at goodwood when hia grace was much put out at watercress being run against in 3 favourite orme in the sussex stakes . the\ncrack\nonly got home , you remember , by tho skin o ? his teeth , and the duke\nsaid things\nwhich made a breach necessary . porter had the choice at either moving to newmarket with the wales - cum - hirsch team or staying at kingsclere as tho duke ' s trainer . of course he wisely decided to stick to his beautiful hampshire home wherewith all his triumphs from blue gown to la fleche are associated .\ni have been wondering why the connections of jc would be planning to have a go at the ajc derby when they think he is really a 1600 - 2000m horse . from a stallion potential , view point , is winning another derby going to add to his value ? i don ' t think so .\nbreeder wrote : i have been wondering why the connections of jc would be planning to have a go at the ajc derby when they think he is really a 1600 - 2000m horse . from a stallion potential , view point , is winning another derby going to add to his value ? i don ' t think so .\nwhat a perfect type of horse to provide jimmy with his first stakes win . he ' s a spitting image of his sire . when i saw him come back off the track , i thought it could have been jimmy himself . he ' s a dead ringer , and he ' s obviously got a lot of ability .\n\u201cwithout question papillon rouge . obviously ! take me , who has never , until now , covered more than a quarter of my mares by the same stallion , even at the time of jalisco , i have , this year , covered 50 % of my mares by papillon rouge . papillon is going to transmit the qualities of his father . he is a solid horse , with a power that he uses well and , in addition , he has the temperament of a winner , he is cheeky\u2026 and mischievous . indeed , he is not a horse for amateurs , nor are his sons , but what interests me is that he produces for the highest level of competition . \u201d\non the fei / wbfsh world rankings for 2007 , papillon rouge was in 3 rd place with 29 representatives , including six with 200 + . they are : mozart des hayettes ( nimmerdor ) , fleche rouge ( kissovo ) , iasco mouche ( matador du bois ) , tresor ( laudanum ) , icare du manet ( kouglof ii ) and issis du marais ( uriel ) . however he had dropped to 10 th place on the 2008 standings , and then disappeared forever from the rankings\u2026\norme ia quoted at 9 to 4 for the epsom derby . yet a friend ot mine ( says an english correspondent ) who annually speculates largely on early favourites , and hedges and ditches with candidates who later look formidable , is always ready to take \u00a39 , 000 to \u00a34 , 000 in a line . he is willing too , in faco of knowledge that la fleche is very much fancied indeed by some of the kingsclere party . lord marcus beresford , who manages baron hirscn s horse * is very confident indeed thab she will beat the duke of westminsters crack colt . most of the money pub on the filly is for the stable ' s account nnd she looks like seeing quite a short nrice if she keeps well . 1 hear that one reason why george barrett ' s license is withheld is because the dukoot westminster is very much dissatisfied with the riding of orme in the bigmanches er weight for - age race . i saw every inch o that affair and found no fault with g . b . b perlmance . the fault i did find was with he duke for running a two - year - old in such a race ab all . it orme had turned out good\nor nothing after his defeat , plenty of true sportsmen would have felt extremely sorry or the colt , and not a little bit so for , is owner a little man who set a two - year - old teh a task would have beer , denounced wholesale by the press - and serve him ri & ht .\nthe suffix \u2018rouge\u2019 is also attached to front line competitors like un espoir ( fort national xx ) , team gold medal with michel roche , montreal \u201976 ; faon rouge ( nankin sf ) sold as a three - year old to alwin schockem\u00f6hle , then ridden internationally by nelson pessoa ; eole xxi ( tigre rouge ) , who had a very good career in italy ; nuage rouge ( turner xx ) puissance winner with patrice delaveau ; oc\u00e9an rouge ( furiel de baugy ) ; quita la rouge ( jouventur ) ; qualoubet rouge ( galoubet a ) and quissor rouge ( kougloff ii ) .\n3rd dam imposing choice had 4 unplaced runs . she is a daughter of imposing ( a son of todman who had wins from 1200 to 1750m and who like his sire was a very good horse ) imposing choice had 9 live foals 6 raced for 3 winners including danamite ( by danasinga ) who had 3 wins inc a g2 , g3 and a 2nd in the rosehill guineas and 3rd ajc derby and the lr winner gale .\n* # * the melbourne mail is not in time for this week ' s issue , consequently we are withoub our melbourne correspondent ' s latest advice as to the v . 11 . c . meeting to commence on saturday . his latest letter gave wild rose as a good thing for the newmarket handicap , and i shall not attempt to improve on that as a tip , but i have a strong belief that tirailleur will run a good horse in the australian cup .\nwe are professional associated with gloria de campe\u00e3o , cara rafaela , bernadini , einstein , neo universe , cajun prince , real quiet , hard buck , much better , belo acteon and other champions . we design pedigrees that can make you be in the big races . if you want a representative at the international thoroughbred sales , or if you want to buy a horse in south america , please contact us . offices in kentucky , florida and brazil renato gameiro albatrozusa @ urltoken\nthe stud was founded in 1801 by the first sir tatton sykes ( 1772 - 1863 ) who at one time owned over 100 mares . known as the most popular man in yorkshire he even had a horse named after him . sir tatton sykes ( the horse ) won the 1864 2000 guineas and st . leger and finished second in the derby , indeed he may well have won this too , had the jockey not been ' under the influence ' ! sir tatton ( the person ) also tasted classic success with grey momus , bred by him , who won the 1838 2000 guineas . he was somewhat eccentric , refusing to put any fillies in training , which led to many homebreds being useless , due to their poor dams . following the baronet ' s death there was a huge dispersal sale at doncaster with 313 lots ( of which 111 were broodmares ) fetching a total of 24 , 171 guineas . included in this sale was lecturer who was later to win the ascot gold cup . it was described as ' the most remarkable dispersal of bloodstock which has ever taken place in this or any other country ' .\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]\n' one of the very great sprinters in the history of racing in south africa was the imported champion , black cap ( denturius / justitia ) , which ran in the colours of mr p . p . hill of cape town . he raced all over the country from 1949 to 1952 eventually carrying welter weights of over 11 st . he won a steward ' s cup handicap with 10 st . 6 lbs , and at kenilworth carrying 11 st . 5 lbs he won the suburban sprint conceding 21 lbs to the second horse , the brilliant mowgli . in seven starts he won six races and was third once - in the merchant ' s handicap at clairwood when he gave the winner , puccini , 54 lbs and the second horse , the speedy hey presto , 34 lbs . his last race was the w . f . a . newbury stakes ( 1952 ) over 6 furlongs , when he again beat mowgli by a head . he and mowgli captured the imagination of the public during the 1952 racing season . after the newbury stakes black cap was retired to mr a . a . lyons ' s highland stud at mooi river in natal , having won 16 races during his south african career and stakes of more than \u00a315 000 . '\nnow i ' m only guessing as looking at the pedigree the most obvious thing is the acumulation of star kingdom through todman and biscay / bletchingly but maybe the fact that jimmy choux belongs to the 16g family and thorn park belongs to the 16c family saw some tie in with the pedigree . afterall plucky liege is 16a and danasinga the other sire with a very good horse in danamite has 16h ( through petition in danzig ) , 16a ( the phoenix ) , 16a ( bahram ) and 16h ( tiberius ) . thorn park also has showdown ( 16h ) and star kingdom has 16 through his sire stardust and bletchingly brings in the 16f of papyrus .\nspermogram : some studbooks require a spermogram for each new approval . we offer this service all year long . please arrange to have the service completed 1 to 2 weeks before your horse\u2019s assessment . frozen semen testing : after a collection , at least two samples are frozen and thawed in order to determine if your stallion\u2019s sperm meets quality standards . feuillard stud is equipped with a high - quality , precise sperm analyzer that allows for more objective measurements than the naked eye can discern . semen freezing : our freezing process is extremely rigorous and conforms to the sanitary standards of the various countries where the semen will be used . we have the standard equipment for this process and we update our techniques with the latest scientific advances .\nit was announced in september 2002 however that a large part of the stud would be closed down . basically the boarding side , which has served the stud so well in recent years , is ceasing , with some of the 40 boxes being used to improve facilities for the tourists who visit the stately home . the stud will instead concentrate on the breeding side , albeit only in a small way as they currently only have 2 broodmares . on a more positive note sir tatton sykes is a part owner in stanley leisure sprint cup g1 , prix de la foret g1 , hackwood stakes l , st . leger yearling stakes and redcar trophy winner somnus ( champion older sprinter in 2004 ) , who spent his formative years at the stud , and whose dam was originally based there . the intention is to re - invest some of his share of the ever - increasing prize money this money spinner is generating into improving the quality of the sykes broodmares . meanwhile since late 2006 trainer declan carroll has utilised around 50 of the boxes at sledmere together with 2 grass gallops and an all - weather gallop .\nthe stud flourished with it ' s boarders as well . owners who have used the stud in the past include charles engelhard ( of nijinsky fame ) , jack swift ( mount rosa stud ) , daniel wildenstein , who boarded the brilliant pawneese here ( see copgrove page for more information on the wildenstein operation in yorkshire ) and the marquesa de moratella , who now owns jim joel ' s former property , the historic childwick bury stud . another long term patron was mrs . margaret butler who owned and bred that good middle distance horse k - battery , later to stand at theakston stud . indeed not only was k - battery reared at sledmere , but his dam was actually bought from the stud . sir tatton sykes had the occasional filly in training with jimmy fitzgerald .\nreference point ( 26 february 1984\u2013 december 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred race horse and sire . in a career which lasted from august 1986 to october 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races . as a three - year - old he overcame sinus problems before winning york ' s dante stakes , the derby , ascot ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , the great voltigeur and st . leger in 1987 . it was not until 2012 that another derby winner contested the st . leger ; when camelot attempted , and failed , to win the english triple crown . his final race of the season resulted in failure in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , paris when an abscess was later found to have been responsible for his below - par performance .\nbeau pere was an imposing individual . he stood well over 17 hands and was broad as a bull , a physique with unusual consequences . when he arrived in kentucky by train , he would not fit in the horse van and had to be walked the few miles out to combs ' spendthrift farm outside of lexington . ( one hopes this had nothing to do with his later demise . ) beau pere was an unrefined individual with a thick neck , rather low withers ( like his sire ) and a long body . photos also indicate that his pasterns were extremely upright . several of beau pere ' s sons proved to be top stallions including beau son , beau repaire , beau vite , beau cheval , and beaulivre . in north america , only a few of his sons succeeded as sires , the very best of which was the non - winner destino ( 1947 ) , owned by king ranch and later sent to argentina .\n\u201cduring the 1970\u2019s my son xavier started to show an interest in riding . he began with pony competitions , then juniors with his close friend eric navet . it seemed natural to me to support the beginning of xavier\u2019s career by finding him some good horses . the 1970\u2019s were , economically , flourishing . riding was a fast developing sport . the demand was growing . the breeding of cows , which constituted a major part of my resources didn\u2019t excite me . so , every month i filled a horse box , bearing showjumping qualities in mind , and went to the midi ( a region of central southern france ) to sell them . it took me away from home for one week . occasionally i went just into italy . everything helped me to understand the market , the expectations . then , with a proportion of the profit from my transactions , i began to buy mares for breeding purposes , for myself and my own ideas . \u201d\nthe decision was made to aim reference point for both the st leger and the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . in his prep race he ran in the great voltigeur stakes at york in august . he won comfortably at odds of 1 / 10 , but sustained a minor injury when slipping on the heavily - watered ground . [ 12 ] only six horses opposed him in the st leger at doncaster in september . he started the 4 / 11 favourite and won by one and a half lengths from mountain kingdom . the win took his earnings to \u00a3774 , 275 , a record for a horse racing exclusively in britain . [ 13 ] on his final start , reference point started odds - on favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . as usual , he led from the start , but in the straight he weakened abruptly and finished eighth behind trempolino . [ 14 ] he returned from the race lame , and was found to be suffering from an abscess in his foot . [ 15 ] reference did not race again and was retired to stud .\nbeau pere ' s record caught the eye of american movie magnate louis b . mayer , who purchased the son of son - in - law , along with several australian - bred mares , to stand in california beginning with the 1941 season . the price was said to be $ 100 , 000 . arriving by ship in san francisco on january 28 , 1941 , the stallion ' s success continued in america , beginning with the champion racemare honeymoon ( 1943 ) , and including top runners like great circle ( 1947 ) , bellesoeur ( 1945 ) , stepfather ( 1944 ) , and grandpere ( 1945 ) . his forte in america seemed to be the precocious juvenile . this success caught the attention of kentuckian leslie combs ii , who purchased the old horse from mayer , syndicated , him , and had him shipped cross country to his new kentucky home . unfortunately , shortly after his arrival at spendthrift farm , beau pere colicked and died in august of 1947 . beau pere ' s final record showed him as the sire of 49 stakes winners , 28 of which in australia and new zealand , and the remaining 21 sired in california .\n* * * the hon . g . m ' lean ' s yearlings above referred to were brought into town on tuesday and temporarily lodged at power ' s stables , where many sporting men were afforded the opportunity of inspecting them . the filly out qf lady emma is a real beauty . she has size and very high quality to recommend her , and already looks like a racer . the dione colt has the brand of st . clair indelibly fixed on him\u2014 being a youngster of great substance and as nice a colt as one could wish to see ; and the other st . clair , the colt out of lady gertrude , is one that it is hard to find a fault with . some folk profess to see in him a resemblance to bpulanger as that horse was at the same age . the other two to be submitted are also worthy of their pedigree . i regret that lack of time prevents mo describing them at length . they are worthy of the closest inspection , and those who attend the sale will agree with me that a better lob of yearlings has not been seen in dunedin . at the same time there will be offered a yearling filly by rubezahl out of hippona . this youngster , the property of mr j . dobbin , is also well worth attention . * t * at saturday ' s meeting of the d . j . c . ' s\ndoes not break down his determination . among the other prominent performers another one was geraint . this son of lochiel and enid , now the property of the partnership that did so well with liberator prior to the sale to mr butler , secured the cup after a splendid race , the news of which must have been gratifying to mr dowse , the handicapper , and likewise captured the boatmans handicap , besides finishing second in the midsummer handicap . this is a good record , even if the opposition was not very strong . the same owners also managed to annex the two hurdle races , the winner in each case being the north canterbury - bred regalia , who was not doing over well on this side of the island . daisy clipper , one of the few representatives sou ' wester has trying for him , ran a dead heat with yon tempsky under circumstances which show this pair to be about a match at 1 - avel weights , and the mare landed the chief event on the second day . i think that england ' s pride , one of the competitors in the produce stakes , is a son of exchange , but of this i am not quite certain . if so he is the first of this horse ' s stock to shape in public . the handicapping throughout the meeting seems to have given satisfaction , and the affair , as a whole , passed off so well as to encourage hopes that racing is about to boom in this quarter .\neverybody . the watchers told us that pegasus was in no sort of condition , that he had done nothing like a preparation , and that the workman must beat him ; and the owner did not think much of the colt ' s chance , for he put only \u00a33 on him in the machine , and wired to a friend afterwards that his pick on the day was rosefeldt . the trainer , * l have also heard , fancied ida or rosefeldt , and these were the two that his colt beat for places . with such experts unable to detect pegasus ' s ability , it is no disgrace to us newspaper folk to have missed it . i would not have pegasus at any price . but my fancy , ' till he went amiss , was his stable companion the workman , and now that the race is over i think that that judgment was sound . that is the horse that would have won if he had come all right to the post . our dunedin pair , skirmisher and dilemma , were altogether out of the cup and everything else . i hear that skirmisher was a good colt for a mile and three - quarters , and then tired badly . he cannot be himself . i never expected him to win the cup , but in 6uch a slowrun race as it was he ought to have got home if within half a stone of the form he displayed at canterbury . with this son of ouida decidedly below his best , and loyalty very well , the derby was a poor race , mr o ' brien ' s colt having matters entirely his own way . pegasus , though able to win the cup , had no bhow at level weights with loyalty . he beat skirmisher , however , and thus showed what a soft thing he really had in the cup so far as the dunedin colt was concerned . i am quite satisfied that this running was not true form . all the , same pegasus is a smarter one than he was generally supposed to be , and be will probably improve with age . let us hope so , for the major is a good sport , and the win of his home - bred colt was , we may be sure , particularly acceptable .\n* * * the cup of 1884 - also furnished a sensation . sou - wester had openly run a trial for it which seemed to place the race at his mercy . i never liked the horse very much , bub at 6 . 10 he was starting with apparently a stone to spare , and there is not the least doubt that he would have won but for his misf ox - tune . his starting price was 2 to 1 , while nonsense 8 . 6 , with whom the hon . w . robinson had elected to win in prefcrencexto vanguard 8 . 8 , was next in the quotations at 5 to 2 , and 6 to 1 avas obtainable about lady emma 8 . 5 , who proved to be the winner , and tasman 9 . 5 , then a five - year - old , and ridden by derrett . lady emma was smartest away , but being steadied as they passed the stand the lead was taken by digby grand 6 . 7 , hazard 6 . 2 , and july 7 . 4 . the last - named was ridden by white , while maurice o ' connor , who might have turned out a good horseman , was on hazard . at the back of the course sou - wester slipped into the ditch , and lost a lot o\u00a3 ground , oue chronicler estimating this as 150 yds . it was hardly so much as that , but still there was a big lot of ground lost . but he went after his field with such determination that on reaching the stand , a mile from home , he was among his horses , of whom the leaders were nonsense and vanguard , this pair seemingly going well within themselves . at the old leger post lady emma went past hazard , who had been lying third , and also got nonsense in difficulties , and , then the mare tackled vanguard , and this pair raced along the back stretch three lengths clear of everything else till they came to the half - mile post . here vanguard compounded , and a quarter of a mile further on there was nothing in it but lady emma , with july making an unexpected effort to collar her . he and sou - wester made further rushes in the straight , but they could not catch the mare , who ran hoftfe an easy winner by a length and a - half from july , with sou - wester six lengths away third , and hazard , hippodamia , poet , and nonsense following in order . the time was two seconds slower than adamant ' s the year before ."]}
{"id": 1164, "summary": [{"text": "the gansu mole ( scapanulus oweni ) is a species of mammal in the family talpidae endemic to china .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus scapanulus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the mole is the only member of a tribe of genera commonly known as \" new world moles \" , the scalopini , not to live in north america . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "gansu mole", "paragraphs": ["description of the mitogenome of gansu mole ( scapanulus oweni ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nphylogenetic position of the gansu mole scapanulus oweni thomas , 1912 and the relationships between strictly fossorial tribes of the family talpidae .\nphylogenetic position of the gansu mole scapanulus oweni thomas , 1912 and the relationships between strictly fossorial tribes of the family talpidae . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe results of the first molecular study focused on the phylogenetic position of the gansu mole , scapanulus oweni are presented . the analysis based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytb gene and five nuclear genes supports the monophyly of the scalopini tribe including s . oweni and shows that two highly fossorial talpid tribes , talpini and scalopini , are not immediate sister taxa . these results highlight the role of morphological parallelism as a potential source of conflict between molecular and morphology - based phylogenies in talpidae .\nthis species is endemic to china , occurring in the provinces of shaanxi , gansu , sichuan , qinghai ( smith and xie 2008 ) , and hubei . it occurs at elevations ranging from 2 , 700 - 3 , 000 m asl ( stone 1995 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , its occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occupies the mossy undergrowth of montane fir forest ( smith and xie 2008 ) .\nthis species occurs in xinglongshan , shennongjia , houhe , taibaishan , and wanglang nature reserves ( csis 2008 ) and may be present in other protected areas . further studies are needed into the abundance , natural history and threats to this species . in china , it has been regionally red listed as vulnerable a1bc ( wang and xie 2004 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41472a115188420 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmitochondrial dna a dna mapp seq anal . 2016 may ; 27 ( 3 ) : 2083 - 4 . doi : 10 . 3109 / 19401736 . 2014 . 982567 . epub 2014 nov 12 .\nxu y 1 , huang x 2 , hu y 3 , tu f 2 .\na school of resources and environmental sciences , pingdingshan university , pingdingshan , henan , china .\nb institute of wildlife conservation , jiangxi academy of forestry , nanchang , china , and .\nbannikova aa 1 , zemlemerova ed 2 , lebedev vs 1 , aleksandrov dy 3 , fang y 4 , sheftel bi 3 .\nmoscow state university , moscow , 119992 , russia . zemlemerovalena @ ya . ru .\nsevertsov institute of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , moscow , 117071 , russia .\ninstitute of zoology , chinese ' s academy of science , beijing , people ' s republic of china .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1170, "summary": [{"text": "diasemiopsis ramburialis is a moth of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it occurs in most of europe and the tropics , including the azores , fiji , new zealand and australia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are speckled grey or brown , with two broad ragged white lines across each wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae possibly feed on brassica species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "diasemiopsis ramburialis", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\ndiasemiopsis ramburialis\nas trusted on the\ndiasemiopsis ramburialis\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nborboleta nocturna / / moth ( diasemiopsis ramburialis )\nas trusted on the\ndiasemiopsis ramburialis\npage .\na scarce migrant species which has been encountered mainly on the southern coasts between june and october .\nabroad it occurs in europe and the tropics , but it is not believed to have bred in the british isles .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 03 09 : 54 : 53 page render time : 0 . 2522s total w / procache : 0 . 3008s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nduponchel , m . p . a . j . in godart , j . b . & duponchel , m . p . a . j . 1834 , crevot , paris\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 145499c7 - e146 - 42ec - 85c2 - bb25090c2d95\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7a1ddcd8 - e286 - 411b - bcc4 - 84f20e961b0b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1749bca - 8c68 - 4f3e - b07f - 6f481c4184c5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c24cb0ef - ccff - 48b0 - 96e3 - d69da1ceced8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 47cd5a3e - d611 - 475b - b872 - 1f965e834cb6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 433052\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe moths of this species are speckled grey or brown , with two broad ragged white lines across each wing .\nvolume 7 , part 1 ( 1834 ) , plate cxxxiii , fig . 6 ,\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1174, "summary": [{"text": "siliquaria , common name the slit worm snails , is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family siliquariidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "siliquaria is the type genus of the family siliquariidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "siliquaria is considered to be an objective synonym of tenagodus guettard , 1770 in world register of marine species . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "siliquaria", "paragraphs": ["siliquariidae \u00bb siliquaria species , id : 290109 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nsiliquaria brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792 type species : tenagodus anguinus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nlockeia siliquaria james , 1879 : lima & netto , 2012 , lk . 10 , joon . 3g , 5a - b\nlockeia siliquaria ( james , 1879 ) : mangano et al . , 2002 , lk . 42 , joon . 37a - f\nspecies siliquaria senegalensis ( m\u00f6rch , 1860 ) accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( erroneous authorship )\nwhat made you want to look up siliquaria ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nspecies siliquaria senegalensis g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( original combination )\n( of siliquaria brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) bieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine\nworm - snails\n( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ]\nbieler , r . 1992 ,\ntenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine ` worm - snails ' ( cerithioidea : siliquariidae )\n, nautilus , vol . 106 , no . 1 , pp . 15 - 20\n\u201cwe both died at the same moment\u201d is a humorous observation of anthropomorphism , the attribution of human emotions to nature and animals . a siliquaria armata is a slitworm that loosley - coiles a shell . growing inside a sea - bed , a siliquaria armata will grow vertically until it touches another siliquaria armata , at which point they will knot together . once caught by fishermen , the two worms die at the same time . yeung undermines this romanticized phenomenon by emphasizing the emotionless in the process from the life to death of a slitworm . yet while yeung\u2019s theoretical interrogation of life and death in nature and humankinds tendency to romanticize the unknown and the unknowable , \u201cwe both died at the same moment\u201d simultaneously connotes a mythologisation of the slitworms . the vitrine , a showcase usually hosting buddhist sculptures , common in hong kong , which houses the slitworm aggrandizes the phenomenon of dying at the same time of knotted siliquaria armata\u2019s . \u201cwe both died at the same moment\u201d puts into question the desire and tendency to romanticize nature , turning to a slitworm as a metaphor for beauty , life and death .\nbieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine\nworm - snails\n( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nblainville , h . m . d . de ( 1827 ) . siliquaire , siliquaria . in : cuvier , f . , dictionnaire des sciences naturelles , vol . xlix . f . g . levrault , paris , pp . 210\u2013214 , 217 . page ( s ) : 213 [ details ]\nbieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine\nworm - snails\n( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ]\n( of siliquaria brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) brugui\u00e8re , l\u00e9on g . ( 1789 & 1792 ) . [ polychaeta context ] encyclopedie methodique . histoire naturelle des vers . volume 1 . 1 - 344 . panckouche & plomteux . a . bul . paris & liege . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . xv [ details ]\n( of siliquaria brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of tenagodes p . fischer , 1885 ) bieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine\nworm - snails\n( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 16 [ details ]\n( of siliquaria brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 18 [ details ]\nspecies tenagodus senegalensis ( r\u00e9cluz in m\u00f6rch , 1860 ) accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( erroneous authorship )\nguettard j . e . ( 1770 ) . m\u00e9moires sur diff\u00e9rentes parties des sciences et arts [ qui referme ] . . . deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire , qui renferme la concordance des auteurs qui ont parl\u00e9 des tuyaux marins fossiles , auxquels on a compar\u00e9 ceux qui se p\u00eachent actuellement dans la mer . classe des tuyaux marins . troisi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire . sur les erreurs o\u00f9 l ' on a \u00e9t\u00e9 au sujet des tuyaux marins . paris , prault . 3 ( 544 ) : 71 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of agathirses montfort , 1808 \u2020 ) montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 399 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 20 [ details ]\nbieler r . 2004 . sanitation with sponge and plunger : western atlantic slit - wormsnails ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : siliquariidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 140 ( 3 ) : 307 - 333 . page ( s ) : 310 [ details ]\nbrugui\u00e8re , l\u00e9on g . ( 1789 & 1792 ) . [ polychaeta context ] encyclopedie methodique . histoire naturelle des vers . volume 1 . 1 - 344 . panckouche & plomteux . a . bul . paris & liege . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . xv [ details ]\nvaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 18 [ details ]\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1923 ) . liste pr\u00e9liminaire des mollusques marins de madagascar et description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles . j . conchyliol . 68 : 21 - 74 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndrivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la r\u00e9union et de l ' \u00eele maurice . collection les beaut\u00e9s de la nature . delachaux et niestl\u00e9 : neuch\u00e2tel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 60 [ details ]\nmacdonald & co ( 1979 ) . the macdonald encyclopedia of shells . macdonald & co . london & sydney . [ details ]\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . the complex synonymies at the generic and familial levels were discussed by bieler ( 1992 ) . . . .\n. . . siphonium j . e . gray , 1847 , cannot be used as a valid name because it is a junior homonym of siphonium link ( 1807 : 9 ; cephalopoda ) . [ vermetidae ] stephopoma morch , 1860a : bieler , 1992 ) . guettard ' s original spelling of the name was tulaxodus ( 1770 : 143 ) . . . .\nstephopoma ( caenogastropoda : siliquariidae ) from the houtman abrolhos islands , western australia .\nnon - native and potentially invasive marine species are often difficult to recognize and to monitor , especially those that are small and cryptic . special focus of the current project is on non - nati\u2026\n[ more ]\nlike other groups with long - range ( teleplanic ) larvae , species - level diversity of architectonicids need to be assessed in ocean - basin - wide , if not global studies . with individual morphospecies appa\u2026\n[ more ]\nusing morpho - anatomical , ultrastructural , molecular , and behavioral data , the project looks at the diversity of the marine worm - snails at the species and higher clade levels .\n[ edited volume ] bivalvia - a look at the branches . a special issue of invited papers on bivalve syst . . .\ndie gattungen der architectonicidae ( gastropoda : allogastropoda ) . teil 4 : heliacus ( pyrgoheliacus ) n . . .\nheliacus ( pyrgoheliacus ) n . subgen . , based on the type species heliacus turritus n . sp . , and architectonica ( adelphotectonica ) n . subgen . , based on the type species solarium reevei hanley 1862 , are described and compared to similar forms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : d3d9d28f - 7e99 - 473f - a8a6 - 952365ff2a0e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4754dfa8 - 6b5b - 4b96 - b0b3 - 9cb70ed51778\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f03af9e8 - 33fe - 459f - 9e63 - c18021be1d29\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e249b1c6 - a777 - 41bc - aa0d - 9cad64972a8a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 516049\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ntrevor yeung , we both died at the same moment , 2014 . sculpture .\ntrevor yeung\u2019s ( b . 1988 , guangdong province , china ) practice , traversing a wide range of mixed media works from drawings and photographs , small objects and installations , is a delicate examination of human relations and processing . using the human body , plants and animals as an aesthetic pretext to examine the processes of exchange and participation , yeung projects emotional and intellectual scenarios onto biological substitutes . his allegory of the biological as the emotional interrogates the artificiality of nature and the capacity for a simulated construction of meaning . the artist creates worlds with their own logic , with his rules and that are connected to his own experiences . in doing so yeung\u2019s work invites his audiences to interrogate perspectives and challenge the creation of systems . he currently lives in hong kong .\ncategory defying from its inception , kadist originates in paris and san francisco and extends to a far - reaching network of artists , curators , and advisors committed to a panoramic view of contemporary art , urgent global issues , and progressive social values . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npetalopoma schiaparelli , s . , 2002 type species : petalopoma elisabettae schiafforelli , 2002\nhummelinckiella faber , m . j . & r . g . moolenbeek , 1999 type species : hummelinckiella borinquensis faber , m . j . & r . g . moolenbeek , 1999\ntenagodus guettard , 1770 type species : tenagodus anguinus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nstephopoma m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1860 type species : stephopoma rosea quoy , h . e . t . & j . p . gaimard , 1834\ncaporbis bartsch , p . , 1915 type species : caporbis africanus bartsch , p . , 1915\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 424 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nsiliquariidae about 20 species . most live in deep water and are seldom collected intact .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 013 seconds . )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nguettard , j . \u00e9 . 1770 ,\nclasse des tuyaux marins .\n, m\u00e9moires sur diff\u00e9rentes parties des sciences et arts , vol . 3 , pp . 59 - 178\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ed03d2c5 - 14bb - 4205 - a3dc - 7c549b8025c9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f665f407 - d55b - 4762 - 9fc1 - 6c0ea836b57d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2ce101b5 - cb7a - 4efc - bbc5 - 7bbca1f0d44b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 617622\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : db7b13ad - 6d12 - 48f9 - babc - e0c3ceb5fb4d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e374ff36 - 635e - 4ac7 - b7da - 3e7b697a47a1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3bf28967 - cca1 - 4ee2 - bbbc - 4407cc6dfe35\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 510526\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : chamberlain , 1971 , lk . 219 , joon . 29 : 1\nlockeia avalonensis ichnosp , nov . : fillion & pickerill , 1990 , lk . 39 , joon . 9 : 1 - 5\nl . triangulichnus nov . ichnosp : kim , 1994 , lk . 223 , joon . 4c , 5\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : kim , 1994 , lk . 222 , joon . 4a , 5\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : rindsberg , 1994 , lk . 37 , joon . 2a - d\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : radley et al . , 1998 , lk . , joon . 2\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : schlirf et al . , 2001 , lk . 77 , joon . 6b - c\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : gaillard & racheboeuf , 2006 , lk . 1206 , joon . 3 . 1 , 3 . 2\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : mikul\u00e1\u0161 et al . , 2013 , lk . 394 , joon .\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : rajkonwar et al . , 2013 , lk . 25 , joon . 3c\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence ."]}
{"id": 1178, "summary": [{"text": "inferno ( 1902 \u2013 1919 ) was a canadian thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he has been called \" canada 's first great racehorse \" by the canadian horse racing hall of fame . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "inferno ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["inferno ( de _ inferno ) is a bomb defusal map featured in the counter - strike series .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nblazing inferno was sired by red giant out of the dam margravine blazing inferno was foaled on 26 of september in 2011 .\nblazing inferno has a 4 % win percentage and 13 % place percentage . blazing inferno ' s last race event was at kilcoy .\nin the revamped version , the street sign\ncorso inferno\ncan be found near middle , meaning\ninferno avenue\nin italian .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for kerang inferno . kerang inferno is a filly born in 2011 october 14 by desert king out of little honeypot\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for royal inferno . royal inferno is a mare born in 2009 october 30 by due sasso out of royal spark\nthe world / inferno friendship society - canonize philip k . dick , ok ?\nno venue information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nno class information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nno jockey information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nno track information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nno prize information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for blazing inferno ( nzl ) . blazing inferno ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2011 september 26 by red giant out of margravine\nthe current race record for blazing inferno ( nzl ) is 1 wins from 24 starts .\nwe didn ' t know what kind of horse he was going to be , but after that we knew we had a good horse ,\ncarreno said .\nblazing inferno is a 5 year old bay gelding . blazing inferno is trained by f n phillips , at sunshine coast and owned by ms m j adams - smith & g j jones .\nhero farmer kym \u201cfreddy\u201d curnow was also killed as he tried to warn others away from the inferno .\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\nblazing inferno ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 9 - 0 - 8 - 2 .\nblazing inferno\u2019s last race event was at 20 / 08 / 2016 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nthe tragic scene where the three europeans died after their vehicle and horse float rolled over in the raging fire .\ni wasn ' t surprised the way he ran ,\nhernandez said of conquest mo money ' s maiden win .\nhe was a nice horse . but after the next race\u2014now i know i have a horse .\nillustration of running fire horse on white background . royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 23236280 .\nillustration of running blue fire horse on white background . royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 23236277 .\nthe large fountain in the harmonia gardens set was reused in the towering inferno ( 1974 ) . it can be seen in the top floor restaurant . in the towering inferno ( 1974 ) , it is knocked over by the water and kills the bartender played by gregory sierra .\nbritish man tom butcher , 31 , norwegian anna winther , 29 , and a german woman , julia , 19 , died when their vehicle towing a horse float was caught in flames as they tried to flee the property and rescue a horse in the process .\nblazing inferno career form is 1 wins , 1 seconds , 1 thirds from 24 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 14 , 900 .\ninferno ( can ) b . h , 1902 { 40 } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nin the sound files , a sound called\nde _ inferno _ children . wav\ncan be found . [ 1 ] it was added before the haloween 2016 update and contain unused spooky children laughing sound .\non a break from filming , walter matthau and michael crawford visited a nearby racetrack and saw a horse named hello dolly . matthau refused to place a bet on it because it reminded him of barbra streisand , whom he detested . crawford placed a bet on the horse . it won the race , and matthau refused to speak to crawford for the rest of the shoot unless absolutely necessary .\nulysses : greek hero famous for his cunning ; he helped to devise the trojan horse . according to dante , ulysses went on another journey after he returned home , sailing to the most distant west and south\n* * inferno will be showing at the ride & slide in tulsa 3 / 6 - 3 / 11 , the nrbc 4 / 12 - 4 / 22 , and the nrha derby . during this time frozen semen only will be available . * *\nin the scene where we see an ancient battle taking place and see soldiers riding through the fighting on horseback , the extras and actors were prepped on the action , and kept a trail clear for the horses to pass through . plastic horses were placed throughout the background to represent dead horses . the riders were stuntmen who were adept at rearing the horses . in the scene where we see a horse fall backwards , production used a fake horse for that scene .\ni asked miguel , ' why ' d that horse beat you up ? you ' re supposed to be the best , '\nhernandez remembered .\nhe just said , ' i couldn ' t keep up . '\nthe local horse seemed cooked as the doug o ' neill - trained california invader came up on the outside , but conquest mo money showed his grit , dug in on the inside , and put away irap to win by two lengths .\nthey tested him in the sunland derby . he had a terrible post , a terrible trip into the first turn , and i ' m a big uncle mo fan ,\ncasse said .\ni called up ( brother and bloodstock agent ) justin ( casse ) to see if we could buy that horse . i have no problem giving somebody a profit if they ' re doing something right , but they didn ' t want to sell . i knew that horse could run .\nhonestly , i wanted to go in the kentucky derby ,\nthe trainer said .\nit ' s my dream , and i have the horse . but after talking to mr . mckenna , i thought it was the right decision .\ni claim my own horses . i buy my own horses ,\nsaid the 81 - year - old mckenna , who added that his horsemanship started when he worked his first horse from the gate at the age of 12 for his grandfather and horse owner c . m . lanier ( hence the stable name judge lanier racing ) .\nbelieve me when i tell you it ' s not because i think i ' m smarter or better . i ' m just a poor boy and that ' s the way i get it done .\nto break her maiden . that started a roll of eight consecutive victories , including scores in the 2015 breeders ' cup juvenile fillies turf ( g1t ) and the 2016 belmont oaks ( g1t ) , and three soveriegn awards topped by canada ' s 2015 horse of the year honor .\nif the offers to buy conquest mo money were coming in hot before the sunland derby , the arkansas derby result caused an inferno . hernandez said offers topped out at $ 1 . 5 million , with some buyers even willing to put up the extra $ 200 , 000 for the late supplemental nomination to the kentucky derby .\nthen the time came for both colts to have a first work out of the gate . jockey miguel perez was aboard oh so regal and alfredo juarez jr . was on conquest mo money . one horse dusted the other by two lengths , but it wasn ' t what hernandez was expecting .\nnow , of course , he ' s got my attention . but at the time , he had beaten irap , and who knew about irap ?\ncasse said of the colt who later became the first horse to break his maiden in the toyota blue grass stakes ( g2 ) at\nthe problem is , you have too many people in this industry only concerned about the breeding part . that ' s it . it ' s all about one classic , two classics , three classics and that ' s not horse racing . i want to see my horses run .\nhe ' s a beautiful horse , but he had ( issues with his ) shins early on ,\ncasse said .\nif you watch him , he has a unique way of going . he ' s a big , stout horse , but he has a little bit of knee action and he hits the ground fairly hard . early on , his ankles kept filling up on him . we call them ' baby ankles . ' we would x - ray them and they were always fine . there wasn ' t anything there , so you just try to let them grow up .\nwe were jumping up and down . we didn ' t win , but for us , we won . it wasn ' t the money ,\nmckenna said of the $ 200 , 000 second - place share of the purse .\nit was because the horse performed the way he did .\nhad an impressive start to his competition career as a young horse , competing with success under serena pincus ( of the sheepcote stud ) , emily freezer and cathryn creemer ( the current test rider for the british hannoverian horse society mare test ) . such was his excellent temperament that it was then decided to concentrate on high - level young rider classes and with amanda leaker ( who rides many young horses for the woodlander stud , igor\u2019s previous owners to whom we give grateful thanks for letting us buy him ) he competed regularly at advanced and prix st george level , retiring in 2008 with an impressive 280 dressage points .\nthe colt from the conquest stables dispersal was picked out by mckenna himself , a lifelong horseman , who in his words has trained\nevery damn type of horse you could think of .\nhe doesn ' t rely on others because he calls himself a\npoor boy\nwho can ' t afford the advice .\nthis phenomenal stallion has been turning heads ever since he first walked in the show pen . he is a blue blood through and through , sired by nrha open futurity champion gunnatrashya . his dam , snip o gun , is an nrha all time leading producer , with offspring earnings of over $ 849 , 250 . shown by franco bertolani , inferno sixty six will continue his lucrative show career in 2018 .\none of the horse - drawn buses used in the new york scene in the beginning of the movie ( dolly is briefly seen descending from one ) is still in use . it is part of the krewe of orpheus parade in new orleans and can be seen every lundi gras , still drawn by horses . a calliope has been installed on the upper deck .\n, and most recently on the arizona and new mexico circuits , hernandez won more than 2 , 000 races across all breeds in north america ( 1 , 846 in thoroughbred races ) \u2014including a sextet of graded victories in quarter horse races . after the injury his riding career was abruptly over , but it didn ' t take long for an opportunity to come up .\nhis entry into horse racing started when he worked as a mechanic ' s assistant in mexico city as a teenager . the mechanic , a racing fan , always told hernandez he had the perfect body type to be a jockey , and hernandez finally gave in one day and took a trip to mexico city ' s hip\u00f3dromo de las am\u00e9ricas , which had a jockeys ' school adjacent to it . he enrolled .\nbefore the sunland derby , hernandez expressed a desire\u2014and a sense of pride\u2014to run for all the horsemen associated with new mexico racing ( and to take down that big purse for the home team ) . that race continues to be ruled by out - of - state invaders who seek kentucky derby points and a piece of the inflated purse , but the trainer wanted to show a new mexico - based horse could do it .\nwith the showjumping influence in his pedigree it is not surprising that he also showed excellent potential for this as a young horse , but being owned by a dressage breeder and always based at dressage yards he did not have many opportunities to compete in this discipline . however , he has been able to pass on his natural jumping talent to his progeny , a number of whom have competed successfully in both showjumping and eventing .\ni ' d never run a horse in the derby ,\nmckenna said .\nyou can do two things\u2014you can either cut the number of horses and make it a safer race , or you can make these 3 - year - old races 4 - year - old races and let ' s get these horses some maturity , and then we ' ll have some longevity in these horses and not as many breaking down .\nthey teach you everything before you ride the horse\u2014to be a groom , how to put on bandages , everything ,\nhernandez said .\nyou ' re learning before you ever get to riding . that went on for maybe two years or a year and i got to galloping horses , but after you leave the school , you ' re still working with the horses\u2014you ' re in there feeling their legs and in the stalls , not just riding .\ninferno was officially revamped in october 13 , 2016 update . although the overall layout remains relatively unchanged , the revamped version features widened pathways , along with drastically improved visibility and brightness level . the car on upper banana is replaced by a couple of barrels . the hay stacks beneath window room are now stairs . the windows on the both sides of window room are upgraded in size and visibility . the new map also saw the removal of the bells in t spawn , pillars on the side of banana , the patio in front of bombsite b , the truck near ct spawn , coverings over bombsite a and the bedroom next to window room as well as reintroducing the route connecting t spawn and alt mid .\nowner : joseph e . seagram , waterloo breeder : j . e . seagram 1st king ' s plate , king edward gold cup three times , the durham cup twice and the toronto cup . inferno ' s herculean deeds were legion , and it mattered not that when he died in 1919 , he was an ill - tempered\nrogue\n, dangerous to the unwary and a failure at stud . he kicked down so many wooden stall gates at seagram ' s waterloo farm that an iron door had to be placed on his stall . when he died seagram had him opened up .\nhis heart was the most massive i ' ve ever seen ,\nhe said , a trifle awed . ( close )\nearly favourite to take out saturday\u2019s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .\nthe world\u2019s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .\nthe championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nstewards apprentice mitchell aitken has been taken to hospital following a fall at swan hill on sunday .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for visiting british eventing . to enhance the security of our site we have made some changes which your browser will not support . to continue using our site please upgrade your browser .\ncookies are small text files held on your computer . they are used so that you can place orders and we can provide a better service . continue to use the site as normal if you ' re happy with this , or find out how to manage cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nafter awakening in a hospital room in italy , dr . langdon suddenly finds himself as the victim of a manhunt .\ndue to late notification and / or limited resources , american humane association did not monitor any of the dog action .\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box .\nthe map is set in a small town with european architecture . in the global offensive version , the presence of the separatist faction suggests that the map is set in the basque country , where the real eta separatist group operates , though signs written in italian seen around the map suggest otherwise .\nthe map is loosely rectangular , with the counter - terrorists spawning on one corner of the map and the terrorists on the diagonally opposite corner , and the two bombsites sitting at the other two corners .\nterrorists are attempting to blow up two critical gas pipelines through part of a small village .\nthe map was built by chris\nbarney\nauty . it was likely to be an abandoned residence and the time is set in the evening .\nthe houses at the 2nd middle section and near the ct spawn zone were added to the map . bombsite a is moved away from the ct spawn zone to its current position .\nthe map was edited by valve corporation . some elements were added such as lamps and the theme is changed to a village setting . the time is set at noon .\nthis map had been edited by ritual entertainment in counter - strike : condition zero . the map arrangement has been expanded a bit and the textures are completely changed and taken from the mission motorcade assault in condition zero : deleted scenes . the other map that uses the same textures is italy . also , the time is set during night , directly derived from the original mission .\nai navigation for bots has also improved . they will usually avoid jumping over the truck in bombsite b to access the apartments and traversing through the crawlspace in which a . i . players struggled in older versions .\nthe time is set during a sunny day , similar to the original counter - strike version .\nthis version of the map has a few visual improvements but not much has changed when compared to the source version . the hay stacks and the fish ponds still make their respective appearances but nuclear containment barrels have also been added . notably , the majority of props in bombsite a were removed to reduce camping , the apartment room in the middle from source was removed , the secondary pathway out of the terrorist spawn zone was removed , and the automated gated door from the apartments is not present . the skybox has also changed , similar to counter - strike 1 . 0 .\nthe counter - terrorists for this map are the sas and the terrorists are the separatists .\nmiscellaneous changes include switching the bombsite designations and having chickens appear in this map . a chicken hut was added to the terrorist spawn in an update .\non april 21 , 2016 , the map was moved to the reserves group , being replaced by nuke .\nthe factions remain unchanged , and the map ' s setting has been changed to an italian town with more distinctive european architecture .\non february 3 , 2017 , the map was moved to the active duty group , replacing dust 2 .\ndecember 10 , 2014 update , february 17 , 2016 update , june 15 , 2016 update and june 15 , 2016 update .\nin the original global offensive version , the edge of the ceiling next to bombsite a can cause a player to become stuck permanently . [ 2 ]\nthe song latin lover by jane marie finstrom can be heard near a bombsite of the source version and in the ct spawn in the revamped global offensive version .\nthe song in the original global offensive terrorist - spawn is a shortened version of carcelera by reflejo andaluz .\nversion . these bells will ring if they are shot at , with the large bells and the small bells ringing in different tones . they are removed in the revamped version .\nthe bell located in the bellower that can be seen on the map can also be rang by shooting at it .\nin source , in the apartment area , if a player jumps into the ceiling fan , he will make injured grunts even though no damage is dealt . this was also the case in earlier versions of global offensive , where the fan would make head - shot sounds ( differing depending on whether the player wore a helmet ) . this was later patched when the map was updated to cause the fan to block movement into its blades .\nin source , a gas can can be found in the storage room near the apartment area . its model is taken from half - life 2 . it can be shot and damage the player who ' re too close to it , it has fairly low explosive radius and won ' t do much damage to the player ( detonating while being caught in the epicenter of the blast causes the player to lose 15 hp without armor and 10 hp and in addition 3 point of armor ) .\nseveral aspects of the map in the source and the original global offensive version appear to be inspired by mission san juan capistrano at southern california . [ 3 ]\nin source , there is an area of the map called boiler room . in global offensive , the name boiler room was retained but the boiler room itself was closed off . the september 17 , 2014 update later partially opened the door , revealing the boiler room , but another update removed the boiler again and relocated it to a truck near bombsite b . in the revamped version , the boiler is returned to its original location , similar to that of the september 17 , 2014 version .\nin rare occasions , one of the computer monitors in apartments shows the main menu of won - version counter - strike . [ 4 ]\non the revamped version , the street sign\nvia adamo\ncan be found near banana . the sign means\nadam road\nin italian , a tribute to famous competitive global offensive player adam friberg , who had been nicknamed\nking of the banana\ndue to his reputation to attack and defend banana with great efficiency .\ninterestingly , alt mid is named\nvia dante\n( dante road ) according to the street signs .\nthere is a coat of arms painted on the wall facing mid with\ntenuta auty\nas the motto .\nin the revamped version , the numbers near library were\n88\nin beta , but changed to\n95\nin the official release .\nthe update notes\nadded a boiler to boiler\nbecame a minor meme within the community .\ncounter - strike global offensive \\ csgo \\ pak01 _ dir . vpk \\ sound \\ ambient \\\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\na foal has been born in the chaos of a fire , while bulls and horses ran loose on the yard .\nthe filly , aptly named ember , was foaled during a blaze at a farm in ryhill , south yorkshire , on 21 june .\nsarah scott , the owner of the dam , a 13 . 2hh coloured cob called mica , only realised her pony was in foal two weeks prior to the birth , having recently bought the mare .\nsarah hall , whose aunt owns the farm , had been helping with the birth .\n\u201ci had a call at 7 . 45pm saying she was about to foal , \u201d ms hall told h & h .\n\u201ci shot over to the yard and went into the mare\u2019s stable . a nose and two front feet were out .\n\u201cthen i heard shouting and screaming . i saw the smoke and knew there was something wrong .\n\u201ci jumped over the mare , ran around the corner and all i could see was a wall of flames . \u201d\nms hall ran into the neighbouring barn to let out the nine bulls who were also kept on the farm .\n\u201cshe was still stuck in her sack , so i got her out and freed her airways , \u201d ms hall said .\n\u201cmeanwhile the stampede of bulls came out of the barn . a friend was herding them and one ended up in the stable .\n\u201cthe mare was doing a fabulous job , she didn\u2019t even react . the little baby was like , \u2018what\u2019s happening ? \u2019\n\u201cnext the bulls crashed into the horses\u2019 paddock so they were released too . \u201d\n\u201cgas cylinders were exploding and machinery was crashing around , \u201d ms hall said .\n\u201cthere was a massive diesel tank on the front of the barn \u2014 if that had gone up we would have been annihilated . \u201d\nthe fire destroyed buildings , machinery , hay and straw , but the farm\u2019s 15 horses and nine bulls were not hurt .\n\u201cthe next day we brought the mare and foal out , \u201d added ms hall .\n\u201cember\u2019s in perfect health and has become a bit of a celebrity and the mare has been superb throughout . \u201d\nby submitting your information , you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy & cookies policy .\nwe ' d also like to send you special offers and news just by email from other carefully selected companies we think you might like . your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time . please tick here if you are happy to receive these messages .\n\u00a9 copyright ti media limited . all rights reserved . terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookie consent\nthey came to wa in search of adventure , study and employment , but the lives of three overseas visitors were cut short when they perished in the esperance bushfires .\nlocals have paid tribute to the trio who worked on a property owned by respected farmers david and linda campbell at scaddan , about 55km north of esperance .\njustin laird , a farm hand on a neighbouring property who fought the flames for more than 10 hours on tuesday , said losing friends was \u201cjust devastating\u201d .\n\u201cwe lost all our wheat but that\u2019s nothing when lives have been lost , \u201d mr laird said .\n\u201ca lot more lives would have been lost if it wasn\u2019t for freddy warning people .\n\u201cto lose friends , people you know \u2026 it\u2019s not nice . it\u2019s one of the hardest things . \u201d\nflames destroyed neighbouring farmers nigel and terri thomas\u2019 wheat crop and came within centimetres of their home , but they said they were the lucky ones .\n\u201cour hearts just go out to the families who have lost someone . losing crops and things is nothing , absolutely nothing compared to that , \u201d mrs thomas said .\nmr butcher was a well - known farm hand and mechanic described by those who knew him as a \u201cgreat bloke\u201d .\nhe had lived in the esperance area for several years and was trying to secure permanent residency .\nearlier this month , he was one of many celebrating a melbourne cup get - together at the thomas\u2019 homestead , where he won the sweep , pulling the winning ticket on prince of penzance .\nms winther was an international student of curtin university who graduated with a bachelor of arts in journalism in 2012 and a masters in human rights in 2014 .\nshe had been working as a cook at the campbell property , while it is believed julia , 19 , was working as a farmhand .\nmrs campbell described the tragic circumstances surrounding the incident , saying her husband was fighting fires elsewhere with mr butcher when they decided to return to the home .\nbut mr butcher and the other two foreign workers decided to leave the property and were caught in flames within several kilometres after making a fateful decision to turn left instead of right at the farm gate .\nms winther , who was in a gay relationship , had interests in education , human rights , civil rights , social action and the environment , according to her linkedin profile .\nthe human rights graduate was a member of amnesty international lesbian , gay , bi - sexual , transgender , intersex and questioning community action group .\nher linkedin profile reveals a beautiful , smart and gifted woman who tragically won\u2019t be able to achieve her research around women\u2019s rights and lgbitq rights .\n\u201ci have been actively volunteering at youth help line ( ungdomstelefonen ) \u2014 a youth help line service offered by the norwegian ngo queer youth norway ( skeiv ungdom ) since 2012 , \u201d her profile reads .\n\u201ci engaged in several projects with the organisation and joined the international committee that works for diversity and against discrimination based on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity internationally .\n\u201cmy time at queer youth norway has been an invaluable learning experience that reinforced my interest in the fields of human rights , social justice and international relations . \u201d\nthe two were found dead with another woman , believed to be a 19 - year - old german woman named julia .\nall three were discovered in the same vehicle , just a few kilometres from the farmhouse of their employers , linda and dave campbell .\nit is believed they turned left heading towards the fire and were overcome with flames .\ntheir car was discovered on the same road as esperance icon and farmer kym \u201cfreddy\u201d curnow\u2019s burnt - out vehicle .\nhe was believed to be helping direct people away from the fire , and was hailed as a hero by locals .\nthe two fires have burnt through more than 130 , 000 hectares and the 15 , 000 animals have been lost . but , the worst of it is the human toll . we know tonight that four people have lost their lives in the flames . courtesy channel nine .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndepending on the week ' s assignment , you may have several pages of background reading . this week , you have two pages of background reading .\nthere are many times when dante will make allusions to classical mythology or figures from the bible ; don ' t worry if you do not recognize some of these details . below you will find a list of some of the main figures that you meet , and with whom you should be familiar before you begin the reading .\ncerberus : the three - headed dog guardian of the underworld . you met cerberus in last week ' s readings .\ncharon : charon steers the boat that ferries the souls of the dead across an underworld river . you met charon in the readings from last week .\nhomer : legendary greek epic poet ; dante revered him , although he did not have direct access to homer ' s work ( it was only rediscovered in western europe in the later renaissance ) . you learned about homer in the readings from last week .\nminos : while alive minos was a king , whose wife , pasiphae , had an affair with a bull , giving birth to the minotaur ; in death , minos was one of the judges of the dead in the underworld .\nvirgil ( vergil ) : roman poet , author of the epic poem the aeneid . you learned about virgil ' s life in the readings from last week .\nmodern languages mlll - 2003 . world literature : frametales . laura gibbs , ph . d . this work is licensed under a creative commons license . you must give the original author credit . you may not use this work for commercial purposes . if you alter , transform , or build upon this work , you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one . page last updated : october 9 , 2004 12 : 48 pm\nin the harmonia gardens , the back wall behind the hat - check girl is the wall from the ballroom of the von trapps villa in the sound of music ( 1965 ) .\ngene kelly fought to keep michael crawford ' s singing voice , which the producers wanted to dub .\nthis was the very first film released on home video ( vhs and betamax ) in the us . it was released in fall 1977 by the magnetic video corporation , the first of the 50 original films it licensed from fox . its catalog number was cl - 1001 .\nbarbra streisand ' s gold - beaded gown in the harmonia gardens scene weighed 40 pounds , and cost $ 8 , 000 . the original design included a 2 - 1 / 2 - foot train , which was removed after she and other dancers tripped over it during rehearsals . the train is visible when streisand starts down the stairs , then disappears .\nbarbra streisand and walter matthau fought bitterly during filming . he disliked her so intensely that he refused to be around her unless the script required it . he is famously quoted as telling barbra that she\nhad no more talent than a butterfly ' s fart\n. interestingly , he is clearly in the audience at barbra ' s one voice ( 1986 ) concert at her malibu ranch , where invitation - only guests paid $ 5 , 000 per couple to help establish the streisand foundation , which supports numerous charitable organizations . apparently , he did not hold grudges .\nleading uk dvd retailer hmv sold more copies of this film from july - september 2008 than it had for the previous ten years . it was attributed to the popularity of wall\u00b7e ( 2008 ) , which features clips from this film at several key points .\nin the original musical , cornelius hackl and irene molloy sing\nit only takes a moment\nin the courtroom during horace vandergelder ' s trial . in the movie , they sing the song in union square park . the entire arrest and trial sequence was dropped for the movie version .\nthe facade of the harmonia gardens still stands as of 2010 on the 20th century - fox lot , though the park across the street is long gone .\ndanny lockin , who played barnaby in the movie , played the same role live on the st . james theatre stage in new york while the movie was in first - run theaters . sadly , he was murdered a few years later in la .\nthe set for the harmonia gardens filled an entire sound stage at fox studios and occupied three levels : a dance floor , a main section that surrounded the dance floor and an upper mezzanine . the harmonia gardens sequence took an entire month to shoot .\nthe scenes set in turn - of - the - last - century yonkers , new york , were actually filmed a few miles up the hudson river , in garrison , ny . yonkers was recreated by putting false fronts on the existing buildings of the small village . the final wedding scene and reprise were shot at the trophy point monument and overlook of the united states military academy in west point , new york .\nlouis armstrong ' s final film . he was on set for half a day , and filmed all of his shots in one take . in 1964 , his recording of\nhello , dolly !\nhit # 1 .\nthe train car in the final shot of\nput on your sunday clothes\nis from the strasburg railroad , an active steam museum short line still in existence . the\nhello dolly\ncar is open to the public .\nelizabeth taylor was considered for the role of dolly , but she couldn ' t sing . doris day and shirley maclaine ( who played irene molloy in the the matchmaker ( 1958 ) ) were both briefly considered . despite her oscar nomination for best supporting actress in thoroughly modern millie ( 1967 ) , carol channing was never considered for the role because it was felt that she could not carry a film of this stature . channing ' s co - star , julie andrews , turned down the role of dolly .\nthe ornate glass windows in the background of the harmonia gardens were recycled and used in the main dining room skylights of the ss poseidon in the poseidon adventure ( 1972 ) . egyptian hieroglyphic backgrounds from cleopatra ( 1963 ) completed the poseidon ' s dining room , even though the ship ' s design theme was of the greek god poseidon .\nthe original broadway production of\nhello dolly !\nopened at the st . james theater on january 16 , 1964 and ran for 2844 performances , setting a broadway longevity record .\nhello dolly !\nalso won the 1964 tony award for the best musical and best score . the original broadway production is the nineteenth longest running show ever as of february , 2013 .\nthe song\nlove is only love ,\nwhich barbra streisand ' s dolly sings in her bedroom before the harmonia gardens scene , was not in the stage production of\nhello , dolly .\nlove is only love\nwas written by jerry herman for the broadway musical\nmame\nbut was cut before the show ' s opening . the song occurred in the story as mame dennis tries to explain falling in love to her pre - teen nephew , patrick . 20th century - fox executives had asked herman to write a new song for the film so they would have a candidate for the academy award for best song , and they were upset that instead of giving them a new song , he palmed them off with a discard from\nmame\nthat , because it had been performed publicly during\nmame\n' s out - of - town tryouts , was not eligible for the award .\nin the parade scene the ywca marching unit was the award - winning california high school drill team , under the direction of ms . jackie mccauley . the group was selected by twentieth century - fox based on their performance in the hollywood santa claus lane parade on the wednesday evening before thanksgiving day , 1967 . the marching band in white uniforms was the ucla marching band . the band in red and black uniforms was the san fernando valley youth band .\nmany of the taller building facades constructed on the los angeles front lot of 20th century - fox as part of the outdoor sets ( representing 1890 new york city ) concealed the towers of then - new century city - - constructed on the former back lot of the studio . .\nthe singing voice of irene molloy was provided by gilda maiken and melissa stafford .\ntwentieth century - fox had agreed to theatrical impresario david merrick ' s stipulation that its film could not be released while the broadway production was still running . as the show was nearing its fourth year on stage by the time filming got under way , it was assumed that it would have closed by the time the movie was ready for release . however , merrick then replaced his stage actors with an all - black cast led by pearl bailey , an acclaimed move which invigorated the theatre box - office considerably . as a result , the finished film spent a year gathering dust in fox ' s vaults , and only got released after fox had come to a lavish financial arrangement with merrick so that he would waive his stipulation . this added to the film ' s already huge cost and helped make it an even bigger flop . the stage show ran for some seven years , long after the film ' s original release .\nhello , dolly ! was the most expensive musical ever produced at the time of the film ' s release .\nchoreographer michael kidd liked pairing tall girls and short guys together for sex appeal and energy in his works . he got just the opposite with tommy tune , who stood 6 ' 6\nand joyce ames ( ermangarde ) , who was 4 ' 10\n, a near 2 foot height difference . kidd was disinterested with them as a couple , but gene kelly stepped in to help .\nmichael kidd ( choreographer ) broke his leg during rehearsal while showing a routine to dancers .\nmichael crawford , who plays cornelius hackl , also played the phantom in the original 1986 west end stage production of\nthe phantom of the opera\nand also in its 1988 broadway production .\nin the original musical , vandergelder was supposed to crash a dance number called\nbe my butterfly ,\nafter which he was arrested and charged with disturbing the peace . dolly visits him in his holding cell at the courthouse , and this is where she sings\nso long , dearie .\nfor the movie , that number was dropped , and dolly sings\nso long , dearie\nat the train station .\ncarol channing had originally played dolly in the broadway production , and won a tony award for it . the same year barbra streisand was nominated for the same award for funny girl ( 1968 ) . streisand eventually played both parts , and won an academy award for\nfunny girl .\nfox reused some of the sets from this film for beneath the planet of the apes ( 1970 ) .\nthe harmonia gardens sequence ( where the song\nhello dolly\nis performed ) took an entire month to shoot .\namong those who originally tested for the role of gussie grainger / ernestina simple were jo anne worley and peg murray . among those who tested for ambrose kemper was ron rifkin . worley had been a stand - in for carol channing in the original 1964 broadway production . in 1973 she play dolly in a stage production performed in sacramento , california .\naccording to peter cook , stanley donen was offered the chance to direct this movie but chose to make bedazzled ( 1967 ) instead .\npat finley and sandy duncan made a screen test for the role of minnie .\nthe film only managed to gross $ 33 . 2 million ( with $ 26 million in theatrical rentals ) against a $ 25 million budget . adjusted for inflation those numbers amount to a $ 216 million gross on a $ 164 million budget in contemporary dollars .\nwas the # 4 box - office hit of 1969 , earning $ 33 . 2m . adjusted for inflation , that would be more than $ 228m in 2018 .\nalthough gene kelly won golden globe and directors guild nominations for best director , and although hello , dolly ! ( 1969 ) won an oscar nomination for best film , kelly was furious when he did not get an oscar nomination for direction .\nmarianne mcandrew was the only member of the main cast whose singing was dubbed .\nbarbra streisand won golden globe and bafta nomination for best actress but did not win an oscar nomination . she had won the best actress oscar the previous year for funny girl ( 1968 ) .\nthe finale was filmed at west point , ny , on the banks of the hudson river . the church was only a facade built for the film .\nthe building used for vandergelder ' s hay and feed store now serves as the headquarters of an independent film company called ironbound films .\nprior to playing minnie faye in this film e . j . peaker had starred with robert morse in a short - lived ( one season ) sitcom called that ' s life ( 1968 ) . morse had played minnie faye ' s suitor , barnaby , in the 1955 stage production of\nthe matchmaker\n, which\nhello , dolly !\nis based on . morse repeated his role in the film version of the matchmaker ( 1958 ) .\nthough the role of dolly is usually cast closer to the age of her love interest , horace vandegelder , and indeed it is implied that dolly , a widow , is some years older than cornelius hackl and irene malloy , barbra streisand , michael crawford , and marianne mcandrew are all the same age , born in 1942 .\nthere was a 22 - year gap between barbra streisand and walter mathau , who played dolly levi and horace vandegelder , respectively . streisand was 27 , and mathau 49 when the film was released .\namong those who originally tested for the role of gussie grainger / ernestina simple were jo anne worley and peg murray . among those who tested for ambrose kemper was ron rifkin .\ntwo songs from the original broadway production ,\ni put my hand in\nand\nmotherhood\n, were not used in the film version . two songs in the film version ,\njust leave everything to me\nand\nlove is only love\n, were not in the original broadway production .\nwhen she appeared on inside the actors studio , barbra streisand was reluctant to discuss the film other than to acknowledge that she had been far too young for the part of dolly and should never have accepted it .\nthe only best picture oscar nominee that year to be also nominated for best original or adaptation score .\nthe only best picture oscar nominee that year not to be nominated in any of the writing categories .\nas walter matthau and barbra streisand had notoriously feuded on the set of the film , when it came time to film the ending where horace and dolly kiss at their wedding , because he hated her so much matthau had effectively refused to kiss her . a variation of clever angles and long distance camera shots were able to create a convincing kiss where matthau and streisand ' s faces come close together without actually touching their lips .\nthere are many problems associated with beating the trifecta . punters probably don\u2019t realise the task they are taking on when they tackle this bet . question 1 : can you predict the 1 - 2 - 3 finishin . . .\nthere are two groups of punters who invariably go to the races , or their tab agencies , with the percentages piled high against them . they are the backers of favourites and longshots . no matter wh . . ."]}
{"id": 1184, "summary": [{"text": "dichogama colotha is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in costa rica , mexico and the united states , where it has been recorded from texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in puerto rico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 28 \u2013 36 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , but black from the costa to the outer line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white , with a dark grey terminal shade .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to october . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dichogama colotha", "paragraphs": ["dichogama amabilis m\u00f6schler , 1891 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 16 : 296\ndichogama colotha is a species of moth found in costa rica , mexico , puerto rico , and southern texas . a description of this little known species was first published in the proceedings of the united states national museum in 1912 . d . colotha is a relatively small moth with white , almost iridescent wings that span 28 - 36mm , and tends to fly from june to october ( dyar 1912 ) .\ndichogama redtenbacheri lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 11 ) : 396 , ( 12 ) pl . 10 , f . 11\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nmoths ( order : lepidoptera , alongside butterflies ) are an incredibly diverse group of insects that are largely nocturnal . in north america alone there are over 12 , 000 species , though many moth species around the world are seldom seen due to their nocturnal habits . moths can be incredibly important pollinators ( depending on the plant ) and are therefore worthy of just as much study and protection as butterflies and bees . i have taken a particular liking to moths and hold surveys at local nature centers to help them catalog species , so expect more information on moths in the future !\ndyar , hg . 1912 . descriptions of new species and genera of lepidoptera , chiefly from mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum 42 : 103 .\nthere was an error retrieving images from instagram . an attempt will be remade in a few minutes .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\njq548843 genomic dna translation : aez95059 . 1 jq548846 genomic dna translation : aez95062 . 1 jq548850 genomic dna translation : aez95066 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1\nwalker , [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1187, "summary": [{"text": "the common bent-wing bat , schreibers ' long-fingered bat , or schreibers ' bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) is a species of bat in the family miniopteridae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is a species of subtropical origin distributed throughout the southern palearctic , ethiopic , oriental , and australian regions .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in europe , it is present in the southern half from iberia to the caucasus , with the largest populations found in the warmer mediterranean area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the common and scientific names honor carl franz anton ritter von schreibers . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "common bent - wing bat", "paragraphs": ["a common bent - wing bat photographer : g . b . baker / nature focus \u00a9 australian museum\nthe southern bent - wing bat . ( credit : rick hammond / zoos victoria\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\ncommon bent - wing bat\n.\nthe natural host is likely the common bent - wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) and the groundleaf giant bat ( hipposideros gigas ) . viral rna was detected in pharyngeal and anal swabs of apparently healthy bats .\nsouth west integrated flora & fauna team ( swifft ) ( 2007 ) . common bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . [ accessed : 02 - jun - 2008 ] .\nmanagement documents relevant to the southern bent - wing bat are at the start of the profile . the action plan for australian bats ( duncan et al . 1999 ) and the commonwealth conservation advice on miniopterus schreibersii bassanii - southern bent - wing bat ( tssc 2007s ) provide guidance on threat abatement and management strategies for the southern bent - wing bat .\nmenkhorst , p . w . & l . f . lumsden ( 1995 ) . common bent - wing bat . in : mammals of victoria . oxford university press , south melbourne , australia .\ncodd j . 1997 . overwintering behavioural strategies and roosting activity budget of the common bent wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) at the naracoorte caves conservation park . honours thesis , flinders university , adelaide .\nthe southern bent - wing bat is found in south - east south australia and western victoria ( cardinal & christidis 2000 ) .\nthe survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats ( dewha 2010m ) includes survey methodology for the southern bent - wing bat .\nthe bent - wing name comes from its unique anatomy - with on the third ' finger ' of its wing the last bone is four times longer than the middle one , giving a bent appearance .\nthe southern bent - wing bat is a type of microbat , measuring just 52 - 58mm long ( head and body ) and weighing about 15g .\ntracking of a single bent - wing bat showed it travelled over 45km from its roosting cave each night to forage , using a known fight path .\nthe southern bent - wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii bassanii ) is a small insectivorous bat known to roost in caves near coastal cliffs in south western victoria through to south eastern south australia .\na number of threats to the southern bent - wing bat have been identified , but the severity of their impact is not well understood . threats include :\nlumsden , l . & p . gray ( 2001 ) . longevity record for a southern bent - wing bat miniopterus schreibersii bassanii . the australasian bat society newsletter . 16 : 43 - 4 .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nlumsden , l . ( 1998 ) . inspection of the cumberland river cave and its colony of common bent - wing bats , miniopterus schreibersii , with management recommendations , a report to parks victoria , angahook - lorne state park , july 1998 .\nfriends of parks incorporated \u2013 friends of naracoorte caves ( south australia ) received $ 14 745 through the threatened species network community grants in 2008\u201309 for determining southern bent - wing bat habitat requirements . the project aimed to gain an understanding of the foraging grounds and dispersal of the southern bent - wing bat from its two maternity sites using radio tracking techniques and genetic analysis .\nowls , rats ( rattus spp . ) , the feral cat ( felis catus ) and the fox ( vulpes vulpes ) may predate the southern bent - wing bat ( swifft 2007 ) .\nthe southern bent - wing bat has three main movement patterns : movement to a limited number of maternity caves , dispersal to a larger number of overwintering caves and foraging movements ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2007t ) . listing advice for miniopterus schreibersii bassanii , southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 .\nwildcard : enter one part of the common or scientific name , e . g . cockatoo ( wildcard characters not required ) .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - common bentwing bat facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nspecies . both studies concurred that three separate taxa could be described in australia . based on dna and morphological analysis , cardinal and christidis ( 2000 ) , recognised these three taxa as subspecies of bent - wing bat (\nhello peppercorn pterodactyls are believed to have been nocturnal like bats have the same wing span and wing formation in so far as the common bentwing bat goes they are nocturnal as you already know they roost in caves feed at night using echolocation for navigating and feeding , therefore eyesight is not a great priority . each species of bat has their own frequency range this is how scientists can distinguish one group from another .\nfacts summary : the common bentwing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area ( s ) : africa , asia , europe , middle east . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : schreiber ' s bent - winged bat , schreiber ' s long - fingered bat .\nzoos victoria is committed to securing a future for the southern bent - wing bat . we are currently investigating the role we can play in improving the long - term viability of a self - sustaining wild population of this species .\nthreats to the southern bent - wing bat include climate change and loss of habitat due to land grazing , pesticides and human disturbance of roosting caves . there a no specific causes as to why the population has declined so much in the last two decades .\nkerr , g . d . & r . s . bonifacio ( 2009 ) . regional action plan for the southern bent - wing bat miniopterus schreibersii bassanii in the south east of south australia . mount gambier , south australia : department for environment and heritage .\ngray , p . ( 2001 ) . cave microclimate and population estimates of southern bent - wing bats ( miniopterus schreibersii bassanii ) at starlight cave , warrnambool . report to south - west tafe , warrnambool .\nbaudinette r . v . , wells r . t . , sanderson k . j . and clark b . 1994 . microclimatic conditions in maternity caves of the bent wing bat , miniopterus schreibersii : an attempted restoration of a former maternity site . wildlife research 21 , 607\u2013619 .\ncatching diseases from bats is extremely unlikely . australian bat lyssavirus ( abl ) can only be caught from untreated bites or scratches from infected bats . one person has died from lyssavirus from a micro bat ( there has also been a lyssavirus death from a fruit bat ) . at least three species of insectivorous micro bat can carry abl , and all four common species of fruit bats can carry it . members of the public should not handle bats .\nsouthern bent - wing bats are closely related to two other subspecies , the m . schreibersii orianae found in wa and nt , and the m . schreibersii oceanensis , found along the east coast from qld to vic .\nthe southern bent - wing bat is an insectivorous cave dwelling bat . the subspecies has dark reddish - brown to dark - brown fur on the back , grey - brown fur underneath and pale brown areas of bare skin . it has a distinctive short muzzle , a high crowned / domed head and small eyes . the ears are short , rounded and roughly triangular . head and body length is 52\u201358 mm , with a forearm length of 45\u201349 mm . it has the longest wing length of all the vespertilionidae , being nearly two and half times longer than the head and body . the last phalanx on the third finger of the wing is about four times the length of the middle phalanx , giving a bent wing appearance ( churchill 1998 ; hall & woodside 1989 ; menkhorst & lumsden 1995 ) .\nthe generation length for the southern bent - wing bat is estimated to be five to seven years . lumsden and gray ( 2001 ) recaptured a banded individual 20 . 5 years after it was banded . when recaptured , it was healthy and had recently bred ( lumsden & gray 2001 ) .\ndwyer p . d . and hamilton - smith e . 1965 . breeding cave and maternity colonies of the bent - winged bat in south - eastern australia . helictite 4 , 3\u201321 .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2007s ) . non - current approved commonwealth conservation advice on miniopterus schreibersii bassanii - southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 30 - oct - 2015 .\nbats have ultrasonic calls that are inaudible to the human ear , however can be identified using special bat detectors and by analysing their unique call sequences . southern bent - wing bats spend their winters in torpor ( a type of hibernation ) across a range of ' wintering ' caves from the otways , to warrnambool and portland .\nthe southern bent - wing bat roosts underground , predominantly in caves and mines , however , coastal cliff rock crevices , tunnels and road culverts are also used in some areas ( churchill 2008 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . the species is likely to be dependent upon the only two known maternity caves ( naracoorte bat cave and starlight cave ) for its survival ( duncan et al . 1999 ) .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2001ac ) . non - current commonwealth listing advice on miniopterus schreibersii ( southern form ) , southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 06 - aug - 2001 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 18 - dec - 2007 .\ndwyer , p . & e . hamilton - smith ( 1965 ) . breeding caves and maternity colonies of the bent - winged bat in south - eastern australia . helictite . 4 : 3 - 21 .\nprepare management plans for significant bat roosts especially all known maternity colonies and winter colonies .\nthe total population of the southern bent - wing bat has been estimated at 40 870 ( tssc 2007t ) . the population has declined by 67 % since the mid 1990s , when the subspecies was estimated to be 134 500 , consisting of 122 500 from naracoorte bat cave and 12 000 from starlight cave ( reardon 2001 ) . in 1925 , the subspecies was described as ' by no means uncommon ' ( wood jones 1925 ) .\nnormally harmless , but it is best to avoid handling any bat because they may carry the potentially fatal australian bat lissavirus ( ablv ) , which is transmitted through scratches or bites .\ngould ' s long - eared bat in nest box ( photo : l . hogan )\nit is possible to have the bat tested for abl . the department / qpws and queensland health will assist with the collection of the bat . if bat saliva gets into your eyes , nose , or mouth or into an open wound , flush thoroughly with water and seek medical advice immediately .\nspecies , such as gould ' s wattled bat have been found to forage up to 15km away from their roost site , and the diadem leafnosed - bat will spend 1\u00bd - 7\u00bd hours foraging each night .\nthe naracoorte bat cave occurs within naracoorte caves national park which has world heritage status ( tssc 2007t ) .\nloss of either one or both maternity roosts , or significant disturbance at critical times , could be catastrophic for the entire population of southern bent - wing bats . disturbance at maternity caves is considered a major threat because it could cause cave abandonment or impact on the breeding success of the population ( tssc 2007t ; duncan et al . 1999 ) .\ncontinue education programs for cave visitors to inform them of bat conservation issues , particularly the effect of cave disturbance .\nsince 2000 , naracoorte bat cave fly outs have been filmed regularly with a 2008 / 9 population estimate of 20 000 ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . the population in 1963 / 64 was 75 000\u2013150 000 and remained stable until the mid 1990s ( reardon 2001 ) . in the late 1990s , literature on the naracoorte caves reserve claimed that the southern bent - wing bat population using the cave exceeded 400 000 ( bourne 2009 pers . comm . cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) , although naracoorte caves reserve staff agree that this figure is an over exaggeration ( gray 2001 ) .\nthe speed a bat flies is determined by the shape of their wings , what they eat , and where they find their prey . the common bentwing - bat flies at a speed of up to 50km / h , similar to the speed of a car driving in city streets . other bats have a slow , fluttery flight , and can almost hover .\nfast\nbats usually feed high above the canopy where there ' s not much to bump into , whilst slower , more manoeuvrable species are found in cluttered environments , such as in rainforest .\nif the bat shows signs of paralysis , or has come into contact with a dog or a cat , contact the nearest department of employment , economic development and innovation office as they may wish to inspect the bat . if the bat is dead , use a shovel and / or tongs to remove it and then burn or bury it . do not touch the bat without wearing gloves . if burying it , ensure that the hole is deep enough so that a dog could not dig it up .\nmost of the population migrates to a limited number of large maternity roost sites in september to october and remain there over the spring and summer . a single young is born between october and january , the timing varying across subspecies / species . females reach sexual maturity the year after they are born and may live for more than 22 years . predators include owls , rats , cats and foxes . the southern bent - wing bat is classed as critically endangered . subspecies are currently being reviewed and could possibly become full species .\nif it relates to c3 bats ( a bat that has bitten or scratched a person , or the person has had exposure to the bat\u2019s saliva or neural tissue through their mucous membranes , e . g . eye , skin ) , contact the department .\nthe southern bent - wing bat ' s extent of occurrence and area of occupancy have diminished since european settlement , with the number of breeding colonies declining from five documented breeding sites ( and possibly more ) to two breeding caves . likely factors contributing to the decline include clearance of native bush including open woodlands in south - east south australia , and human disturbance . no recolonisation of previous breeding caves has occurred despite the considerable period since abandonment , highlighting the potential precariousness of the last two remaining breeding caves ( tssc 2007t ) .\nrestrict caving activities at significant roosts during important stages of the annual bat life cycle ( eg winter hibernation , summer maternity season ) .\nhamilton - smith e . 1972 . the bat population of the naracoorte caves area . australian speleological federation biennial conference proceedings 8 , 66\u201375 .\nthe discovery of insecticides in bat guano in naracoorte bat cave , as well as ddt and its metabolites in the bats themselves , suggest that declines may be linked to pollutants . this accumulation may be the result of ingestion of insects exposed to insecticides ( racey & entwistle 2003 ; swifft 2007 ) .\nrestrict access where possible to known maternity sites . ( e . g . : signs ; bat - friendly , preferably external gates at caves ) .\nestablish a gating design for disused mines across species range that will not adversely impact species . consultation with cave bat specialist prior to any gating operations .\necholocation is a technique used by bats to \u2018see\u2019 their environment through sound . the bats create a pulse of high - pitched sounds , which are normally at frequencies beyond the range of human hearing . the sound waves are created in the bat ' s voice box , and are emitted from the mouth or the nostrils . the echo that comes back to the bat can tell it how far away the object is , as well as it ' s size and texture , and if it ' s moving ! in this way they are able to sense their environment , avoid flying into objects , and find their prey . using an ' ultrasonic bat detector ' can help to identify the bat as well as tell us whether the bat is navigating or feeding .\nsimpson k . g . and smith g . t . 1964 . bat mandible from mt . widderin cave , skipton . victorian naturalist 81 , 78\u201379 .\nmount etna in the capricorn coast is home to 80 % of australia\u2019s breeding population of female bent - wing bats . living in one single limestone cave , over 110 , 000 of these mummies utilise the space for birthing and rearing their young . you can experience an amazing animal encounter when at dusk , every adult inhabitant heads out of the cave to hunt insects . to find out more info about tour dates to watch this evening show of the bats feeding , head to : urltoken\nmicro bats rely on echolocation to find insects while flying quickly through the air . they do this with startling efficiency . under controlled conditions a myotis bat ( a small insectivorous bat that lives near waterways ) has been recorded capturing 1200 tiny fruit flies in one hour , one every three seconds , while navigating in the air .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - close up of schreibers ' long fingered bat colony roosting in cave\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - close up of schreibers ' long fingered bat colony roosting in cave\ntitle =\narkive photo - close up of schreibers ' long fingered bat colony roosting in cave\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe australian handbook for the conservation of bats in mines and artificial cave - bat habitats ( thomson 2002 ) provides management guidelines for cave - dwelling species that may inhabit disused mine sites .\nreardon , t . b . ( 2001 ) . population size estimates and conservation of the southern bentwing bat ( miniopterus bassanii ) in south australia . report to wildlife conservation fund committee .\nsimpson , k . g . & g . t . smith ( 1964 ) . bat mandible from mt . widderin cave , skipton . victorian naturalist . 81 : 78 - 79 .\na medium - sized insectivorous bat with a high domed forehead , short muzzle , small rounded ears and long narrow wings . the fur is dark brown or red - brown on the back , becoming lighter underneath . the terminal segment of the third finger is at least three times longer than the previous one and folds under the wing . three subspecies are broadly similar in appearance , but vary in colouration and size ; they are smallest in the north and largest in the south .\nthomson , b . ( 2002 ) . australian handbook for the conservation of bats in mines and artificial cave - bat habitats . melbourne : australian centre for mining environmental research . available from : urltoken .\nmanagement of disused mines may provide suitable habitat for bats and can play a role in expanding or substituting roosting habitat . assessment of disused mines for bat presence and gauging levels of human interference are necessary steps in determining effective protection measures . a comprehensive publication by the australian centre for mining environmental research ( thompson 2002 ) provides guidelines on how to identify and protect bat conservation values in disused mines ( swifft 2007 ) .\nreinhold , l . , t . reardon & m . lara ( 2000 ) . molecular and morphometrical systematics of the australo - papuan miniopterus ( chiroptera : vespertilionidae ) . in : spoken paper 9th australasian bat conference .\nmicro bats do make some sounds that humans can hear , but these are usually social chatter , alarm calls and communications between mothers and their young at the roost . there are a couple of species that have echolocation calls that people with sharp ears can hear ; these are the yellow - bellied sheathtail bat and the white - striped freetail bat . their calls are a regular a metallic - sounding tick\u2026 . tick\u2026 . tick\u2026 . tick\u2026 .\non the return of southern bent - wing bats to their roosting caves , they cluster within the cave with suitable microclimates . during this time they carry out grooming and rest by lowering their body temperature to the ambient temperature and go into a torpor state for a period of hours ( speakman & thomas 2003 ) . in autumn , they have been observed resting 62 % of the time , grooming 16 % and actively moving 22 % . microclimate and position in caves seem to affect behaviour of bats at roost . activity in autumn is bimodal with bats leaving caves at sunset to feed , returning at midnight and leaving again to forage just before dawn ( codd et al . 2003 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\ncardinal , b . r . & l . christidis ( 2000 ) . mitochondrial dna and morphology reveal three geographically distinct lineage of the large bentwing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) in australia . australian journal of zoology . 48 : 1 - 19 .\naround late august , the bats commence their annual migration to one of two maternity caves , bat cave at naracoorte in south australia , and starlight cave at warrnambool , victoria . almost the entire population , including males and females , will make the journey from overwintering caves to the two maternity sites , stopping at transition caves along the way . by october , the migration is complete . the majority of the bats ( 70 % to 90 % depending on the year ) will go to bat cave ( tssc 2007t ) .\nracey , p . a . & a . c . entwistle ( 2003 ) . conservation ecology . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . 680 - 743 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .\nbeach ball what you can write back to me in your own words of reply is how these winged mouses of nature evolved from the giant flying bird like reptiles pterodactyls . also you can add in response why they have smaller eyes like mouse than their brothers the ghost bat .\nin the first week of january 2000 , a mark - recapture study was conducted over three nights at naracoorte bat cave ( reardon 2001 ) . the lincoln index method was used to estimate the total population , although this method has large potential error that can result in overestimation .\nspeakman , j . r . & d . w . thomas ( 2003 ) . physiological ecology and energetics of bats . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . page ( s ) 430 - 489 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .\nkunz , t . h . & l . f . lumsden ( 2003 ) . ecology of cavity and folage roosting bats . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . page ( s ) 3 - 89 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .\nhabitat loss and the disturbance of roost sites are the biggest reason for declining numbers in micro bats . habitat loss , through the clearing of vegetation , inappropriate fire regimes and the invasion of weeds destroys feeding and roosting habitats . some bats form large colonies , and disturbances at roost sites caused by the effects of tourism , mining activities , recreational caving and land clearing can have disastrous impacts on these colonies . this problem is more pronounced in bat species that have specialised requirements for maternity colonies ( where females gather to give birth ) . other bat populations have been affected when mines have been closed or collapsed , blocking access to the bats .\nin the summer of 2001 , the total exit flight at naracoorte bat cave on two nights was video taped . these tapes were replayed at slow speed and the number of bats leaving the cave were counted . the cave was checked after the flight to ensure that all or most of the bats had left the cave ( reardon 2001 ) .\nit forages in a variety of open and semi - open natural and artificial habitats , including suburban areas . it feeds mainly on moths , and occasionally on flies and spiders . it is a colonial species that roosts almost exclusively in caves and mines , often in large mixed colonies with other cave - dwelling bat species . large and warm caves are preferred . solitary animals and small groups may sometimes occupy other types of shelter . in winter it hibernates in underground sites ( usually large caves with a constant microclimate ) . schreiber ' s bat is a migrant species which changes its roosts frequently , long - distance movements occur occasionally ( longest recorded distance 833 km : hutterer et al . 2005 ) .\nif you find a sick , injured or orphaned insectivorous bat , do not touch it . contact your local wildlife care organisation or the rspca qld . they will put you in contact with a licensed and fully vaccinated wildlife rescuer who is trained to handle and care for wildlife . in north queensland you will need to contact the local office of the department or the queensland parks and wildlife service .\nforaging areas include forested areas , volcanic plains , wetlands , coastal vegetation ( including beaches ) and urban areas . primary habitat is predominantly woodlands near large natural wetlands , river basins and agricultural areas ( churchhill 1998 ) . the bat is likely to be associated with several epbc - listed ecological communities , including the seasonal herbaceous wetlands ( freshwater ) of the temperate lowland plains , which is listed as critically endangered under the epbc act ( dsewpac 2012t ) .\nbirths occur from late october to late november at bat cave and in early december at starlight cave . after four to five weeks , the young are fully furred and able to fly . from birth to this stage , the young are vulnerable - a fall from the ceiling means almost certain death . the young are fully weaned by their third month , and , together with the adults , begin their dispersal to the overwintering sites ( tssc 2007t ) .\ndisturbance and loss of underground habitats and pesticide use may threaten this species . in the caucasus , disturbance caused by tourism in caves is a problem ( k . tsytsulina pers . comm . 2005 ) . the cause of recent mass mortality events is unknown . a meeting was held at the 9th european bat conference to discuss these incidents . veterinary investigations in spain did not identify any disease as the cause of the die offs , and there is increasing belief that the die offs are caused by bad weather in late winter / early spring .\neach cave has structural characteristics which allow heat and humidity to build up so that conditions are suitable for the nursing of young bats ( dwyer & hamilton - smith 1966 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . naracoorte bat cave is a large dome with high relative humidity ( 80 % ) and temperatures of around 30 \u00b0c ; which is 10 \u00b0c above temperatures in the remainder of the cave ( baudinette et al . 1994 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . heat production of the bats seems to be the prime factor affecting the microclimate necessary for breeding ( baudinette et al . 1994 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nmost insectivorous bats concentrate on catching and eating their prey in the air , while flying . they may remain airborne for hours at a time . to catch insects that are not flying , some bats will use a special technique called ' gleaning ' to pluck insects off leaves , branches or the ground . to \u2018glean\u2019 insects , the bats fly slowly , using echolocation to identify insects on leaves , branches or the ground . some may even perch on branches or on the ground and listen ( without echolocating ) for the sounds of moving insects before attacking . the golden - tipped bat can even pluck spiders straight from their webs !\nbats are the only group of mammals that are specifically adapted for flight . there are two types of bats : the micro bats and the mega bats . the micro bats ( also known as insectivorous bats ) , are small to medium - sized bats , weighing from 3g to 150g , and with wingspans of around 25cm . the mega bats ( also known as fruit bats ) weigh up to a kilogram and some have wingspans over one metre . these two groups of mammals are thought to have evolved separately and are regarded as two distinct groups . the micro bats mostly eat insects , while one australian species ( the ghost bat ) is also known to eat frogs , birds , lizards and other mammals - even other small bats .\nin south australia , the range and abundance does not appear to have changed in the southern part of its range . however , there have been no records in the last 30 years of the species from north of the naracoorte region . the number of bats currently using the naracoorte bat cave ( 100 , 000\u2013200 , 000 in december ) is similar to estimates from the 1960s . this colony is protected by reservation and managed by the south australian national parks and wildlife service . this reservation has been put in place to manage cave visitation , without which the maternity site would be at risk . other wintering and staging caves have come under increasing pressure through recreational caving activities but there is no evidence yet that such activity has resulted in any adverse effects on the bats .\nin africa there are no known threats to the species . in europe , the disturbance and loss of underground habitats and pesticide use may threaten this species . in the caucasus , disturbance caused by tourism in caves is a problem ( k . tsytsulina pers . comm . 2005 ) . the cause of recent mass mortality events is unknown . in 2002 mass mortalities of this species were reported for populations in france , spain and portugal . there are also historical records for such mortalities in italy , australia and a possible incidence in iran . a meeting was held at the 9th european bat conference to discuss these incidents . veterinary investigations in spain did not identify any disease as the cause of the die offs , and there is increasing belief that the die offs are caused by bad weather in late winter / early spring .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe database is designed to provide information about species and ecological communities listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .\nit provides information on what the species looks like , its population and distribution , habitat , movements , feeding , reproduction and taxonomic comments . the information has been compiled by summarising information from a range of sources and contributors . at this stage profiles are not available for all species and ecological communities , but will be regularly added to the database .\nif you have relevant information to add to the database or believe information is incorrect or out - of - date please send us an email .\nscientific : enter start of genus or genus and species e . g . ba go for banksia goodii .\nwildcard : enter one part of any word in the community name , e . g . grass ( wildcard characters not required ) .\ncommunity : enter the starting phrase of up to three words in the community name e . g . euc grass for various eucalyptus grasslands .\nall : show all threatened communities ( ignore data typed into the search box ) .\ndark brown or red - brown on the back , lighter underneath , high domed forehead , short muzzle , small rounded ears and long narrow wings .\nrainforest , sclerophyll forest , woodlands , monsoon forest , open grasslands , mangroves and paperbark forest .\nnocturnal and fast flying , preferring to roost in caves , rock crevices , overhangs , road culverts , old mines , bridges and other man - made structures . they feed on moths , beetles and other flying insects . in tropical areas they are active all year , but in the south they enter periods of torpor or hibernation during the colder months .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & temple , h . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as near threatened . significant population declines and range contractions have been recorded in a number of range states and although it is stable in the balkans and turkey , overall the rate of population decline may approach 30 % ( almost qualifies as vu under a2a ) .\noccurs from south - western europe and north and west africa through anatolia and the middle east to the caucasus . in africa it is known from records in north africa ( morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya ) , and west africa ( guinea , sierra leone , liberia , nigeria , cameroon ) . it is patchily distributed over its range in some huge and vulnerable colonies . it typically occurs at altitudes of up to 1 , 400 m asl ( commuting up to 2 , 600 m asl ) .\nafghanistan ; albania ; algeria ; armenia ; azerbaijan ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; cameroon ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ( corsica ) ; georgia ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , kriti ) ; guinea ; holy see ( vatican city state ) ; hungary ; israel ; italy ( sardegna , sicilia ) ; jordan ; lebanon ; liberia ; macedonia , the former yugoslav republic of ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; nigeria ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ; romania ; russian federation ; san marino ; serbia ; sierra leone ; slovakia ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares ) ; switzerland ; syrian arab republic ; tunisia ; turkey\nin europe , it is protected by national legislation in most range states . there are also international legal obligations for its protection through the bonn convention ( eurobats ) and bern convention in parts of the range where these apply . it is included in annex ii ( and iv ) of the eu habitats and species directive , and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of special areas for conservation . there is some habitat protection through natura 2000 , and some roosts are already protected by national legislation . there have been a number of life - funded projects for this species in spain , italy , romania and germany . the species is found in many protected areas throughout its range . care is required when fencing caves to minimise mortality . further research is required into the causes of the recent mass mortality events .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2007 ) .\n. canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nrecovery plan required , a number of key ongoing threats and the low level of formal protection currently afforded , particularly to the maternity caves , can be better managed with a recovery plan in place ( 05 / 05 / 2008 ) .\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 1\n( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nquantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions . pacific conservation biology . ( geyle h . m . , j . c . z . woinarski , g . b . baker , c . r . dickman , g . dutson , d . o . fisher , h . ford , m . holdsworth , m . e . jones , a . kutt , s . legge , i . leiper , r . loyn , b . p . murphy , p . menkhorst , a . e . reside , e . g . ritchie , f . e . roberts , r . tingley & s . t . garnett , 2018 ) .\nsensu churchill , s . ( 2008 ) . australian bats . , 2nd edn . ( allen and unwin : sydney . )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nvictoria : at the species level , miniopterus schreibersii is listed as threatened under the flora and fauna guarantee act 1988 .\n, using allozyme data as well as dna sequencing and morphology , suggests that the subspecies recognised in cardinal and christidis ( 2000 ) should be recognised as a full species .\nm . s . bassanii , which occurs in south - east south australia and western victoria .\nm . s . orianae , which occurs in northern western australia and northern territory .\nm . s . oceanensis , which occurs along the east coast from cape york to southern victoria .\nin pomborneit and lorne , victoria , m . s . bassanii and m . s . oceanensis occur as one group and roost together in caves ( appleton n . d . pers . comm . cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nthe starlight cave population is estimated at 10 000\u201315 000 in 2004 ( grant & reardon 2004 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) and 12 000 in 2001 ( grant 2001 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . in 1963 / 64 , the population was estimated at 100 000\u2013200 000 ( dwyer & hamilton - smith 1965 ) . all estimates include juveniles ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nmaternity roosts at mt widderin and robertson cave have disappeared due to guano mining in the 1800s while thunder point blowhole has ceased as a maternity roost since its collapse ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nhabitat preference is associated with the availability of foraging areas and proximity to suitable roosting caves .\ndispersal from maternal caves is probably related to a decrease in prey availability , although some bats remain in maternal caves ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . overwintering caves are cool , facilitating entry into torpor and reducing the bats ' net energy expenditure ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nknown foraging sites include : deadmans swamp ( eucalypt scrubland and swamp ) ; east , south and north - east of russet ridge ( sparse red gum over pasture and remnant scrub ) ; kay swamp ( ephemeral swamp ) ; kay park ; wirreebilla / durr swamp ; stoney point ; and prospect pines ( grant 2004 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\ndistances travelled from roosting caves are often less than several kilometres for small microchiropterans and are dependent upon reproductive condition , for instance lactating females travel shorter distances than pregnant females or non - breeding females . where roost sites are located in sub - optimal foraging habitat , the distances travelled may increase by up to 30 km . pregnant females undertake much longer journeys when they fly to maternity caves for giving birth ( kunz & lumsden 2003 ; swifft 2007 ) .\nflight is usually fast , typically in open spaces ( dwyer 1969 ) . where there are trees , the species flies just above the canopy to many times the height of the canopy . however , in open country , flight may be 6 m above the ground ( churchill 2008 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nincludes loss of wetlands ( including over - exploitation of groundwater ) , degradation of rivers , loss of foraging habitat ( including clearing of linear elements ) and agriculture intensification ( tssc 2007t ; kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . ninety percent of native vegetation in the subspecies ' range has been cleared ( tssc 2007t ) . revegetation programs to provide feeding habitat and corridors could mitigate the decline ( tssc 2007t ) .\nextended low rainfall and impacts on prey availability may cause impacts ( tssc 2007t ) .\nduring a state of torpor , and particularly over winter when the bats are in a deep hibernation , human disturbance in the form of noise , lights and handling can cause a rise in body temperature and metabolism of body fat , which may reduce survival rates over the period ( swifft 2007 ) . during summer , tourists may enter caves causing bats to flee caves in daylight . repeated disturbance can result in abandonment of the cave . some areas along the coast have been rendered unsuitable , sometimes forcing bats to use smaller caves that are in marginal habitat ( lumsden 1998 ; swifft 2007 ) . cave abandonment most likely causes mortality ( rather than dispersal to other caves ) ( swifft 2007 ) .\nwind turbines located near roosting caves ( particularly near a maternity cave ) can kill significant numbers of bats , particularly if the caves attract bats from around the region and there is frequent flying to and from the maternity cave . a full assessment of potential impacts on bats should be part of any development proposal , which includes assessment of flight paths between the maternity cave and roost sites , between maternity cave and feeding sites , and between roost sites and feeding areas ( swifft 2007 ) .\nthe action plan for australian bats recommends the following recovery actions ( duncan et al . 1999 ) :\nrepair the collapse of thunder point blowhole and encourage its management by parks victoria .\ndevelop methods for population monitoring at the maternity sites . methods should be non - intrusive and provide annual estimates with defined levels of precision and accuracy . when methods are developed , monitor numbers at the two currently used maternity sites , and undertake regular assessments at thunder point blowhole to monitor any recolonisation of this site subsequent to restoration .\ncontinue education programs for cave visitors about conservation issues , particularly the effect of cave disturbance .\ncomplete genetic studies to determine the eastern limits of the distribution of this subspecies .\nchurchill , s . k . ( 1998 ) . australian bats . sydney : reed new holland .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2012t ) . seasonal herbaceous wetlands ( freshwater ) of the temperate lowland plains . species profile and threats database . available from : urltoken .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2010m ) . survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 1 . canberra : dewha . available from : urltoken .\nduncan , a . , g . b . baker & n . montgomery ( 1999 ) . the action plan for australian bats . canberra : environment australia . available from : urltoken .\ndwyer , p . d . ( 1969 ) . population ranges of miniopterus schreibersii ( chiroptera ) in south - eastern australia . australian journal of zoology . 17 : 665 - 686 .\nhall , l . s . & d . p . woodside ( 1989 ) . vespertilionidae . walton , d . w . & b . j . richardson , eds . fauna of australia . mammalia . 1b : 871 - 886 . canberra : australian government publishing service .\nhamilton - smith , e . ( 1968 ) . the insect fauna of mt . widderin cave , skipton , victoria . victorian naturalist . 85 : 294 - 6 .\nvictoria department of sustainability and environment ( vic . dse ) ( 2005a ) . advisory list of rare or threatened plants in victoria - 2005 . east melbourne , victoria : department of sustainability and environment . available from : urltoken .\nwood jones , f . ( 1925 ) . the mammals of south australia , part iii . page ( s ) 271 - 458 . adelaide , government printer .\naustralian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\naustralian government ( 2015b ) . targeted threatened species projects . available from : urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2001g ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 14 / 07 / 2001 ) . f2005b02661 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 06 - aug - 2001 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2007a ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 57 ) ( 07 / 12 / 2007 ) . f2007l04838 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2007f ) . amendment to the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 11 / 04 / 2007 ) . f2007l01219 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 04 - may - 2007 .\ngeyle h . m . , j . c . z . woinarski , g . b . baker , c . r . dickman , g . dutson , d . o . fisher , h . ford , m . holdsworth , m . e . jones , a . kutt , s . legge , i . leiper , r . loyn , b . p . murphy , p . menkhorst , a . e . reside , e . g . ritchie , f . e . roberts , r . tingley & s . t . garnett ( 2018 ) . quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions . pacific conservation biology . urltoken\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . miniopterus orianae bassanii in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 53 : 15 + 1000 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nless than a year after a life - threatening accident , steve plain began his journey to climb the world\u2019s seven summits .\nthis month we celebrate an event 50 years ago in western new south wales that changed the course of australian history : the discovery of mungo woman .\nphotographer james dorey offers advice on capturing the perfect shot of our native bees .\nwith a hefty body , a massive wingspan , and a loud , low - pitched buzz , the tropical carpenter bee can be a pretty intimidating sight .\ncarolyn is a science journalist and former online editor at australian geographic . her background in science and love of nature has coalesced into this blog . follow her on twitter : @ carolyn _ barry .\nit has the longest wingspan of the vespertilionidae family , measuring almost 2 . 5 . times its head / body length .\nthere are thought to be just under 41 , 000 bats left , after a population decline of 67 per cent since the 1990s . in the 1960s , the population was around 100 , 000 - 200 , 000 .\nin the winter months when temperatures drop to just above freezing , the bats go into hibernation in the coolest part of caves .\nthe bats are insectivorous and use echolocation to find prey at night . they can often catch the prey with their mouths , but they also net prey with their wings or tail and feed themselves mid - flight . they consume more than half their own body weight in insects each night .\ntwo papers by two different teams published in 2004 split the species in three ( appleton et al . 2004 , tian et al . 2004 ) ; only one of these taxa is present in the western palaeartic .\njustification : european and eu 25 : classed as near threatened . significant population declines and range contractions have been recorded in a number of range states ; overall the rate of population decline is likely to approach 30 % .\na southern palaearctic species ; patchily distributed over its range in some huge and vulnerable colonies . it typically occurs at altitudes of up to 1 , 400m ( commuting up to 2 , 600m ) .\nit is protected by national legislation in most range states . there are also international legal obligations for its protection through the bonn convention ( eurobats ) and bern convention . it is included in annex ii ( and iv ) of the eu habitats and species directive , and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of special areas for conservation . there is some habitat protection through natura 2000 , and some roosts are already protected by national legislation . there have been a number of life - funded projects for this species in spain , italy , romania and germany .\nif the list is long , use the scroll bars to view the complete list .\nlength of genome ( wu et al . , 2012 , kemenesi et al . , 2015 ) : c . 8 , 457 nt ( 5 ' - utr : 1 , 407 nt ; orf : 6 , 846 nt ; 3 ' - utr : 204 nt ) . 5 ' utr is exceptionally long . the location of the cre has not been identified .\nthe deduced polyprotein has a length of 2 , 282 aa . there is likely a l protein . 2a is a short fmdv type a - like polypeptide with npg\u00afp motif .\nthe divergence ( number of differences per site between sequences ) of known mischivirus species ranges from 0 . 27 - 0 . 57 for p1 and 0 . 2 - 0 . 45 for 3cd .\nvirus names , the choice of exemplar isolates , and virus abbreviations , are not official ictv designations . download genbank / embl query for sequences listed in the table here ."]}
{"id": 1190, "summary": [{"text": "cosmopterix aculeata is a moth of the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from india ( assam ) , china and australia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is multivoltine , with adults recorded from march to november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cosmopterix aculeata", "paragraphs": ["cosmopteryx aculeata meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon ; khasis ; fort stedman , burma\nglobal distribution : south africa , india , sri lanka ( coll . bmnh ) . h . k distribution : restricted ( kwun yum shan , central new territories ; chatham path , hong kong island ) . h . k . status : rare in woodland . h . k . phenology : single records in may , june and august . notes : distinguished from c . aculeata and c . sp . nr . basilisca by the extension of the f / w orange post - medial area beyond the post - medial fascia to the termen .\ncosmopterix argentitegulella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 80\ncosmopterix gracilis sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 73\ncosmopterix rhynchognathosella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 86\ncosmopterix setariella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 88\ncosmopterix sibirica sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 93\ncosmopterix yvani ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix galapagosensis ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 334 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix madeleinae ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 364 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] fernaldella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 197\ncosmopterix longivalvella ; huemer & koster , 2006 , ver\u00f6ff . tiroler landesm . ferdinandeum 86 : 80 ( note )\ncosmopterix argentitegulella ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 132\ncosmopterix infundibulella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199\ncosmopterix kurokoi ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] minutella beutenm\u00fcller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : cenral florida\ncosmopterix setariella ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133\ncosmopterix thelxinoe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 406 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : north carolina\ncosmopterix albicaudis ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 284 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix argentifera koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 289 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : jamaica , moneague\ncosmopterix bacata hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 45 ; tl : leroy , alabama\ncosmopterix facunda hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 55 ; tl : brownsville , texas\ncosmopterix ganymedes koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 335 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta\ncosmopterix interfracta ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 351 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix thebe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 404 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : peru , yurimaguas\ncosmopterix yvani landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 515 ; tl : galapagos , pinta , ~ 50m\ncosmopterix callisto koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 300 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , cuzco mts\ncosmopterix eukelade koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 327 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , cuzco mts\ncosmopterix galapagosensis landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 524 ; tl : gal\u00e1pagos , santa cruz , los gemelos\ncosmopterix madeleinae landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 518 ; tl : galap\u00e1gos , santa cruz , los gemelos\ncosmopterix molybdina hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 19 ; tl : bar harbor , maine\ncosmopterix scirpicola hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 49 ; tl : oklahoma city , oklahoma\ncosmopterix ( cosmopterigidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 273 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix baihashanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 137 ; tl : beijing , baihashan\ncosmopterix bifidguttata kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 140 ; tl : zhejiang , fuyang\ncosmopterix brevicaudella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; tl : fujian , putian\ncosmopterix dulcivora ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143\ncosmopterix fulminella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ nhm card ]\ncosmopterix issikiella kuroko , 1957 ; konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; tl : kansirei , formosa\ncosmopterix longivalvella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 140 ; tl : zhejiang , wenzhou\ncosmopterix nanshanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 141 ; tl : zhejiang , nanshan\ncosmopterix phyllostachysea ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 141\ncosmopterix sichuanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 137 ; tl : jiangxi , lushan\ncosmopterix xanthura walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 6 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , tapea\ncosmopterix beckeri koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 296 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , brusque\ncosmopterix callichalca ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 298 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix carpo koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 301 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : puerto rico , guanica , 170m\ncosmopterix citrinopa ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 308 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix jiangxiella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 142 ; tl : jiangxi , linjiang zhen\ncosmopterix pimmaarteni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 386 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal\ncosmopterix trifasciella koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 411 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500 '\ncosmopterix vanderwolfi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 412 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : puerto rico , patillas , 590m\ncosmopterix amalthea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 286 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : cuba , holquin , mayari , 400m\ncosmopterix diaphora walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 6 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ncosmopterix karsholti koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 357 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , apurimac , abancay , 2200m\ncosmopterix pararufella riedl , 1976 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s ) 12 ( 1 ) : 190 ; tl : tozeur\ncosmopterix ananke koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 287 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix athesiae huemer & koster , 2006 ; ver\u00f6ff . tiroler landesm . ferdinandeum 86 : 76 ; tl : italy , lago di garda , mt maderno , 250m\ncosmopterix chaldene koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 302 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix etmylaurae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 323 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , san pedro\ncosmopterix euanthe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 325 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix euporie koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 328 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , plantina , distrito federal , 1000m\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] gemmiferella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 10 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]\ncosmopterix harpalyke koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 341 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltima , 1000m\ncosmopterix helike koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 342 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , goias , alto paraiso , 1300m\ncosmopterix hermippe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 344 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix himalia koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 345 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m\ncosmopterix io koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 351 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomes farias , 1000m\ncosmopterix iocaste koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 353 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix lummyae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 361 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m\ncosmopterix mneme koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 369 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , bahia , barra grande , 2m\ncosmopterix nonna clarke , 1986 ; smithshon . contr . zool . 416 : 309 ; tl : marquesas archipelago , hiva oa , mt . feani , 3400 '\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] opulenta braun , 1919 ; ent . news 30 ( 9 ) : 260 ; tl : rivera , los angeles co . , california\ncosmopterix praxidike koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 387 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , tamaulipas , el ensino , 250m\ncosmopterix taygete koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 400 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , bahia , barra grande , 2m\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] turbidella rebel , 1896 ; ann . mus . wien 11 : 135 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : tenerife\ncosmopterix adrastea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 283 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : cuba , pinar rio , sierra rosario , 400m\ncosmopterix damnosa hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 46 ; tl : archold biological station , highlands co . , florida\ncosmopterix ebriola hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 50 ; tl : archbold biological station , highlands co . , florida\ncosmopterix orthosie koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 383 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , minas gerais , sierra do cip\u00f5m 1400m\ncosmopterix schouteni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 394 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , jujuy , mesada las colmenas , 1130m\ncosmopterix tenax ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix thyone koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 410 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima , 850m\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] clandestinella busck , 1906 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 30 ( 1463 ) : 712 ; tl : district of colombia\ncosmopterix gomezpompai koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 340 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , san gerardo de rivas\ncosmopterix nishidai koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 376 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , san pedro , 1150m\ncosmopterix similis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 106 ; tl : virgin is . , st . thomas , danish w . indies\ncosmopterix abnormalis ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 282 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncosmopterix astrapias ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 290 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix diaphora ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 317 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncosmopterix erasmia ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 320 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncosmopterix inaugurata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 346 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix irrubricata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 354 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix isotoma ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 355 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix nyctiphanes ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 379 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix ochleria ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 380 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix pentachorda ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 384 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix pyrozela ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 391 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix similis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 397 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix teligera ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 401 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix thrasyzela ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 408 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix xanthura ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 514 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix aurotegulae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 294 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , veracruz , nogales , spring of rio blanco , 1300m\ncosmopterix nieukerkeni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 375 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , tucuman , san javier , 16km wnw tucuman , 1010m\ncosmopterix erinome koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 322 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : alabama , baldwin co . , plash is , end of hwy 6\ncosmopterix metis koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 366 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 15\u00b035 ' s 47\u00b042 ' w\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] 4 - lineella [ = quadrilineella ] chambers , 1878 ; bull . geol . surv . terr . 4 : 95 ; tl : bosque co . , texas\ncosmopterix sinelinea hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 24 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : the wedge , mcclellanville , south carolina\ncosmopterix langmaidi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 358 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : belize , cayo distr . , chiquibul for . res . , las cuevas\ncosmopterix navarroi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 373 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , tucuman , 11km s tacanas , 28 km wsw trancas , 800m\ncosmopterix bichromella sinev & park , 1994 ; korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 198 ; tl : mt . hanra - san , isl . jeju , s . korea\ncosmopterix coryphaea ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me5 ] , 119 , 20 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54 ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix crassicervicella ; sinev , 1997 , ent . obozr . 76 ( 4 ) : ( 813 - 829 ) ; [ me5 ] , 117 , 20 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix lysithea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 362 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m , 15\u00b035 ' s 47\u00b042 ' w\ncosmopterix themisto koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 407 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , s . matto grosso , 50 , e of amolar , rio caracara\ncosmopterix dapifera hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 31 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona\ncosmopterix lienigiella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 120 , 20 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix chalupae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 304 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta , p . n . el rey , campsite 100km ne met\u00e1n , 890m\ncosmopterix phyllostachysea kuroko , 1957 ; konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 2 , 4 ; tl : hikosan , kyushu\ncosmopterix schmidiella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 110 , 20 ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix zieglerella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 109 , 19 ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix saltensis koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 393 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta , quebrada del toro , 6km nw campo quijano , 30km w . salta , 1650m\ncosmopterix gracilis ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 142\ncosmopterix chisosensis hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : green gulch , 5500 ' , chisos mts , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\ncosmopterix rhynchognathosella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133\ncosmopterix gielisorum koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 338 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : ecuador , loja , 10km se of loja , cajanuma ranger stt . , 2850m , 4\u00b06 ' 58\ns 79\u00b010 ' 19\nw\nall of the cosmopterix species occurring in hong kong are only provisionally identified by comparison of external morphology to material at the natural history museum ( bmnh ) , london . they require genitalic dissection to confirm their identities . there are at least three species of cosmopterix with this type of wing patterning in hong kong . the smallest species , with a wingspan ( twice the forewing - tip to thorax measurement ) of about 8 mm , is illustrated . the larger species ( w / s = 12mm ) are less abundant at light traps .\ncosmopterix chisosensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 1484 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 306 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix sinelinea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 129 ; [ nacl ] , # 1470 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 399 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix victor ; kuroko , 1957 , konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ nhm card ]\ncosmopterix floridanella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nacl ] , # 1497 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 332 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix lespedezae ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 1482 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 359 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix bacata ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 1491 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 295 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix chalybaeella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 32 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 1489 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 305 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix clandestinella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 1475 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 309 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix damnosa ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 1492 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 312 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix ebriola ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 1495 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 319 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix fernaldella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 1496 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 330 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix gemmiferella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 1490 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 337 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix inopis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 33 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 1488 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 347 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix magophila ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 1477 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 365 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix molybdina ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 1471 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 370 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix nitens ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 24 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; [ nacl ] , # 1469 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 378 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 8 - 9 ; [ nacl ] , # 1493 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 311 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix dapifera ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 1479 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 314 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix delicatella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 1480 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 316 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix montisella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 28 - 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 1476 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 371 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix opulenta ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 1483 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 381 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix quadrilineella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 32 , pl . 2 , f . 41 - 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 1485 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 391 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix facunda ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 55 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 1498 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 329 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix pulchrimella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 1472 ; [ me5 ] , 115 , 20 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 53 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 389 , 259 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix scirpicola ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 125 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 36 , pl . 3 , f . 10 - 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 1494 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 395 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix minutella ; busck , 1906 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 30 ( 1463 ) : 711 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 43 ; [ nacl ] , # 1486 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 368 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix attenuatella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\nglobal distribution : unknown . h . k . distribution : widespread . h . k . status : common in woodland and tall shrubland . h . k . phenology : multivoltine , a few records between late january and early april , then common between late july and mid - november\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmindfulness : a practical guide to finding peace in a frantic world , cd / spoke . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\ncomopterix abnormalis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 106 ; tl : haiti , port au prince\ncosmopteryx anadoxa meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\ncosmopteryx ancalodes meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : assam , shillong\ncosmopteryx ancistraea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 307 ; tl : barberton\naphranassa meyrick , 1926 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 74 : 274\ncosmopteryx artemidora meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ncosmopteryx artifica meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 421 ; tl : diyatalawa , ceylon\ncosmopteryx asiatica stainton , 1859 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 5 : 122 ; tl : calcutta\nmassachusetts , arkansas , florida , texas , arizona , mexico , costa rica - brazil - argentina , jamaica . see [ maps ]\n: madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita ms , santa cruz co . , arizona\nlarva on ipomoea hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26\nflorida , louisiana , s . texas , jamaica , puerto rico , mexico - brazil , peru , canary is , madeira , australia , new guinea , borneo , ceylon , s . india , china ( fujian ) , japan . see [ maps ]\n= ; walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 965 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197\n= ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]\nlarva on cyperus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , cyperus rotundus , scirpus sp . , melinus minutiflora kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135\naurella ( bradley , 1957 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; nat hist . rennell . i . , brit . sol . is . 2 : 98\ncosmopteryx bactrophora meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 733 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\ncosmopteryx bambusae meyrick , 1917 ; ent . mon . mag . 53 : 258 ; tl : bengal , pusa\ncosmopteryx basilisca meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 416 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\ncosmopteryx belonacma meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 416 ; tl : khasis\nbrachylina ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 426\nflorida , louisiana , michigan , mississippi , texas , brazil ( amazonas , distrito federal , goias , minas gerais ) , argentina . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schizachyrium scoparium koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 299\ncosmopteryx callinympha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 307 ; tl : pretoria\ncosmopteryx calliochra turner , 1926 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 50 : 151\ncosmopteryx calypso meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji\ncosmopteryx catharacma meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\ncosmopteryx chalcelata turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 59\ntexas , mississippi , argentina ( salta , tucuman ) . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx chlorochalca meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : victoria , gisborne\ncosmopteryx chrysobela meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\ncosmopteryx chrysocrates meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 232 ; tl : fiji , natova\ncosmopteryx circe meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 94 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nmassachusetts , s . ohio , virginia , north carolina , michigan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on panicum clandestinum hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , dichanthelium clandestinum koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 310\nmaine , s . manitoba , s . ontario , north carolina , new york , ohio . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 1493 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 311 , 258 ( list )\nlarva on carex hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 36\ncosmopteryx cleophanes meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 147\ncosmopteryx cognita walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 124 , pl . 6 , f . 64 ; tl : estcourt , natal\nnaf , seu , mediterranean , canary is . , near east . see [ maps ]\nalgeria , egypt , near east , sweu , greece , asia minor , transcaucasus . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx cuprea lower , 1916 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 40 : 543 ; tl : queensland , kuranda\ncosmopteryx cyclopaea meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 413 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ncosmopteryx dacryodes meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 372 ; tl : mauritius\nflorida , louisiana , mississippi , michigan , new hampshire . see [ maps ]\ntennessee , arkansas - florida , arizona , cuba , brazil ( bahia ) . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx diplozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 95 ; tl : natal , karkloof\nfiji , samoa , philippines , java , queensland , china ( jiangxi ) , japan . see [ maps ]\n= ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143\nlarva on miscanthus sinensis , saccharum officinarum kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143\nflorida , s . mississippi , south carolina , cayman is . . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx emmolybda meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : nyassaland , mt mlanje\ncosmopteryx epismaragda meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 ( 1 ) : 113 ; tl : abyssinia\ncosmopteryx epizona meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 340 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\ncosmopteryx erasmia meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 206 ; tl : guyana , bartica\ncosmopteryx erethista meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 413 ; tl : khasis\nlarva on ipomoea neei koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 325\nmaine , s . ontario , mischigan , new jersey , pennsylvania , wisconsin , minnesota , quebec , ontario , british columbia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carex hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 97\nflorida , arkansas , sw . mississippi , tennessee , louisiana , alabama , cayman is . , cuba , jamaica , virgin is . . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 1497 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 332 , 258 ( list )\nfulminella ( stringer , 1930 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 415\nmaine , s . quebec , illinois , arkansas , florida , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nlarva on panicum dichotomum braun , 1923 , trans . am . ent . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 115 , dichanthelium dichotomum koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 338\nglaucogramma meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 508\ncosmopteryx gloriosa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 567 ; tl : fiji , lautoka\nse . siberia , japan , china ( jiangxi ) . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx hamifera meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : ceylon\ncosmopteryx heliactis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 340 ; tl : toowoomba ( 2000ft ) , queensland\ncosmopteryx hieraspis meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 3 ) : 89 ; tl : bengal , pusa\ncosmopteryx holophracta meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : khasis\ncosmopteryx inaugurata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 568 ; tl : brazil , para\ncosmopteryx ingeniosa meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 421 ; tl : khasis\n: madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts . , santa cruz co . , arizona\nbrazil ( para , distrito federal , rio de janeiro ) , cuba , dominican republic , jamaica , puerto rico . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx interfracta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 567 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ncosmopteryx iphigona meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 323 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ncosmopteryx irrubricata walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 4 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : vera cruz , atovac\ncosmopteryx isoteles meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\ncosmopteryx isotoma meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : guyana , bartica\ncosmopteryx laetifica meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : diyatalawa , ceylon ; nilgiris , 3500ft\nlautissimella amsel , 1968 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . ( 191 ) : 20\nsouth carolina , kentucky , ohio , arkansas , texas , mississippi . see [ maps ]\nlarva on lespedeza , desmodium hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 30\ncosmopteryx licnura meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : khasis\nceu , seu , naf , se . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx ligyrodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : kanara , karwar\ncosmopteryx macroglossa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 306 ; tl : waterval onder , pretoria\ncosmopteryx macrula meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 339 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmoperix ] magophila meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : southern pines , north carolina\ncosmopteryx manipularis meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon ; n . coorg , 3500ft\nlarva on ipomoea hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25\nnew york , oregon , new mexico , arizona , california , arkansas , iowa . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 1476 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 372 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopteryx mystica meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 338 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\ncosmopteryx neodesma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 323 ; tl : corg , dibidi , 3500ft\nlarva on ipomoea neei koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 377\nlarva on phragmites australis koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 379\ncosmopteryx nyctiphanes meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 208 ; tl : ecuador\ncosmopteryx ochleria walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 5 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nlarva on ambrosia psilostachya , aremisia douglasiana hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31\nlarva on phalaris arundinacea , anthoxanthum odoratum , festuca arundinacea , milium effusum , hierochloe odorata , h . australis [ me5 ] , 113\ncosmopteryx oxyglossa meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 18 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : pretoria\ncosmopteryx pallifasciella snellen , 1897 ; tijdschr . ent . 40 : 138 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : e . java\ncosmopteryx paltophanes meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : khasis\ncosmopteryx panopla meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : hakgala , ceylon\ncosmopteryx pentachorda meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 203 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft\ncosmopteryx phaeogastra meyrick , 1917 ; ent . mon . mag . 53 : 257 ; tl : bengal , pusa\ncosmopteryx phaesphora turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 59\ntinea phengitella h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 47 , f . 323\nlarva on phyllostachys bambusoides var . aurea kuroko , 1957 , konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 31\ncosmopteryx plesiasta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 284 ; tl : kanara , castle rock\nsweu , mediterranean , italy , switzerland , hungary , corsica , sicily , transcaucasus , massachusetts - florida , wyoming , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on parietaria pensylvanica , pilea pumila hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 , parietaria officinalis , p . judaica koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54\ncosmopteryx pustulatella snellen , 1897 ; tijdschr . ent . 40 : 139 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : java , tegal , kemanglen\ncosmopteryx pyrozela meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 566 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nse . siberia , china ( sichuan , emeishan ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nalgeria , tunisia , libya , palestine , arabia , iran . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx scaligera meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 18 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; tl : kranspoort , ptetoria\nlarva on vicia sepium , v . pisiformis , orobus tuberus , o . niger , o . vernus [ me5 ] , 112\nmaryland - florida , wyoming , louisiana , california , alabama . see [ maps ]\nlarva on scirpus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37\nceu , seu , naf , asia minor , c . asia . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx semnota meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 775 ; tl : pykara , nilgiris , 7000ft\nlarva on setaria viridis kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133\ncosmopteryx spiculata meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ncosmopteryx tabellaria meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 733 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nflorida , louisiana , cuba , jamaica , mexico , costa rica , colombia , brazil ( distrito federal ) . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx tenax meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 207 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600 '\ncosmopteryx tetrophthalma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 94 ; tl : natal , karkloof\ncosmopteryx thrasyzela meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 206 ; tl : guyana , bartica\ncosmopteryx toraula meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 452 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncosmopteryx transcissa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 203 ; tl : nyassalan , mt mlanje\nlarva on parietaria officinalis , p . debilis , p . arborea , forsskaolea angustifolia [ me5 ] , 118\ncosmopteryx vexillaris meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : khasis\ncosmopteryx victor stringer , 1930 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416\nlarva on sasa japonica , s . purpurascens , arundinaria pygmaea var . glabra , phyllostachys bambusoides var . aurea kuroko , 1957 , konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 28\ncosmopteryx xuthogastra meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 452 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncosmopteryx zathea meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 36 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\nceu , seu , asia minor , caucaus , c . asia , . . . , japan . see [ maps ]\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe results of the zoological collecting trip to egypt in 1957 , of the natural history museum , budapest . 8 . egyptian microlepidoptera ii\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nein neuer parietaria - minierer , cosmopteryx parietariae sp . n . ( lep . )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae\nsur quelques momphidae ( s . l . ) d ' afrique du nord [ lep . gelechioidea ]\nzeller , 1850 verzeichniss der von herrn jos . mann beobachteten toscanischen microlepidoptera stettin . ent . ztg . 11 ( 2 ) : 59 - 64 , ( 4 ) : 134 - 136 , ( 5 ) : 139 - 162 , ( 6 ) : 195 - 212\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nmost searched in books : adobe pagemaker 7 . 0 advanced engineering mathematics andariki ayurvedam autobiography of a book english to telugu dictionary online ccc computer course design of machine elements hidden camera price wren and martin english grammar kannada dictionary icse board papers design and analysis of algorithms english to french dictionary css w3schools learn hindi in 30 days let us c machine drawing maza who moved my cheese my experiments with truth nokia 1100 buy online english to marathi xxx hb sea of poppies security analysis security analysis and portfolio management social problems in india the grand design urdu to hindi dictionary word power\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 1191, "summary": [{"text": "the common shining cockroach ( drymaplaneta communis ) is a cockroach native to south-east australia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it feeds on organic matter and is often found under the bark of eucalypt trees .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "during the late 1990s and 2000s , this cockroach appears to have had a population explosion in sydney and melbourne and is commonly found inside houses .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this population increase likely coincides with an extended dry period , where many suburban gardeners added mulch to their gardens providing habitat for the common shining cockroach .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "despite commonly being found inside houses , the common shining cockroach does not pose the same health risk as introduced cockroaches . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "common shining cockroach", "paragraphs": ["the common shining cockroach feeds on organic matter and is often found sheltering under eucalypt bark .\ncommon shining cockroach photographed against brick path , melbourne image by stuart cunningham - some rights reserved . ( view image details )\nmuseum victoria ' s senior curator of entomology ken walker says the common shining cockroach doesn ' t carry disease or wish to share your meals .\nas the gardens continued to dry out during the drought , desperate local cockroaches , like the common shining cockroach , started to venture into bathrooms seeking moisture , mr honan says .\nthe common shining cockroach is native to australia . it is a glossy black or dark brown cockroach with pale margin around the front half of the body . during the last decade or so , numbers have increased in cities such as sydney and melbourne where they often wander into houses , but they are not a pest species and not a health risk like some of the introduced cockroach species . if you find one in the house , try to put it back outside rather than kill it , as they are beneficial to the garden by breaking up leaf litter .\nbut it gets much worse . it may change your dental hygiene habits to know your toothbrush is a cockroach ' s favourite .\nin dry weather leaf - eating bugs such as aphids , lerps ( which attach themselves to leaves ) and common butterflies are also likely to thrive .\nif cockroach spotting is becoming sport at your house , you may want to look twice before next bringing a shoe down on the little critters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : usually medium - sized or fairly large methanini ; third and fourth segments of maxillary palps swollen in male ; vestigial tegmina lobate or subquadrilateral , forming lateral margins of mesonotum , vestigial wings absent ; colour yellowish or reddish brown or black , usually with yellow markings ; proventriculus and genitalia of methanine type .\n- tegmina larger , with square - cut tip ; abdomen uniformly dark ( ti0 of female with fairly sharp angles ) ; hind tibiae of male expanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d . semivitta ( walker )\n- tegmina smaller , with rounded tip ; abdomen often with yellow sublateral bands or spots ; hind tibiae of male not expanded . . d . communis tepper\nmackerras , j . ( 1968 ) australian blattidae ( blattodea ) ix . * revision of the polyzosteriinae tribe methanini , tryonicinae and blattinae . australian journal of zoology 16 : 511 - 75\nupdated on 7 / 14 / 2009 1 : 26 : 24 pm available online : padil - http : / / www . padil . gov . au .\nlocal cockroaches are parched but for leaf - eating bugs it ' s an orgy of eating and breeding , as melbourne ' s drying conditions are a boon for some creatures and dire for others .\nrainfall in melbourne has been well below average for five of the past six months , down by about one - third in every month but june , which is bad news for native cockroaches .\ndry conditions are both the reason why we have some cockroaches in urban areas and the reason we see them inside homes , melbourne museum ' s manager of live exhibits patrick honan says .\nabout five years ago the local shy variety were hardly known . these creepy crawlies ate bush leaf litter , quietly churning soil nutrients , breaking down mulch and being part of the native eco system . but when gardeners - worried about water restrictions and drought - started introducing mulch to their gardens many were inadvertently transporting native cockroaches to their gardens inside bags of mulch .\nthey only tend to be inside temporarily because there is nothing for them to eat inside . they are transient visitors ,\nhe said .\nthese locals are around all year but it is only the dry conditions that bring them to notice , he says . there are about 500 native species but only four introduced varieties which are the ones seen scurrying in pantries or wardrobes .\nmr honan knows most people either fear or loathe cockroaches no matter where they come from .\npeople don ' t like them but they are neutral as far as humans are concerned , they are neither good nor bad ,\nhe said .\nin theory , he says , melburnians with cockroaches in their bathrooms should be looking for a garden hose to water their garden rather than a shoe to splat them with .\nthat would make the garden outside more attractive than the inside of the house , but it might not work in all circumstances ,\nhe said .\nleaf chewers do well during the dry weather ,\nmr honan said .\ndistressed plants concentrate their nutrients in an effort to survive making leaves and sap richer and a feast for leaf chewers .\nevery year there will be a massive increase in one particular insect ,\nmr honan said .\nthe environmental factors and sequence seem to make it perfect for that particular insect . there could be seven or eight factors that make it perfect for them to breed in numbers . we never really know what those factors are until it ' s happened \u2013 it might be dry , then two weeks of rain and then very dry conditions . you just don ' t know .\nthere is one weather factor that brings an universally dreaded bug , and that is the hot northerly wind from the top end of australia . the foul bush fly travels on those winds .\nonce they start being blown down on the hot northerly they start to breed here , but they can ' t survive melbourne ' s winter so that ' s something ,\nmr honan said .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to the age . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .\nentomologists say that the shiny black kind are the\ngood\nguys and melbourne ' s increasingly warm , dry weather is sending them indoors in search of moist places to lay eggs .\nit is a native and it ' s not a pest , just a nuisance , so it ' s really just a matter of us learning to live with our native animals ,\nhe said .\nroaming ' roaches have kept the phones ringing for pest control companies , but exopest director and entomologist simon dixon says having your yard sprayed with insecticide is unlikely to affect native cockroaches in their hiding places . it ' s also bad for the environment as it ' s more likely to kill vital smaller insects .\nunfortunately , many pest control companies will say yes , they ' ll spray , but we don ' t advocate it as it is very ineffective and a waste of money ,\nhe said .\nyou are better to pick them up with a dustpan and shoo them outside .\nor get a chook , council permitting .\nbut the\nbad\ncockroaches are also flourishing in homes and businesses around melbourne courtesy of the warmer weather . along with american and oriental cockroaches , german invaders are the exotic disease - carrying nasties who have adapted to living inside and feasting on our food scraps and other less savoury meals .\nthey carry a lot of diseases because they can be in sewers one moment and then in the pantry on your vita - brits ,\nsaid dr walker .\nthey will set up home under the fridge or in cupboards and feast from bins or food scraps and seek other places of moisture , such as the bathroom .\nthey will go for moisture and unfortunately one of the last things we do at night is clean our teeth , turn off the light and leave the wet toothbrush in a cup , so it ' s a logical target ,\ndr walker said .\ntouted as the critter most likely to survive a nuclear explosion , cockroaches have many remarkable survival abilities . even decapitation won ' t slow them down . and the females of some species can produce up to 20 , 000 young a year .\nthe drought has also caused other creepy - crawlies such as spiders to join the mass exodus from the garden . species that are vagrant hunters , such as huntsman , wolf and white - tailed spiders , are shacking up indoors .\nthey come inside foraging or just by accident , but they don ' t know it is a house ,\nsaid mr dixon .\nonce they get inside , they can ' t get out .\nwhen news happens : send photos , videos & tip - offs to 0406 the age ( 0406 843 243 ) , or us .\nget free news emails from theage . com . au . sign - up now\nwe have the white - lined sphinxes . we love our zebra - striped , . . . read more\nin the 1960 ' s numbers of the white - faced heron expolded , . . . read more\na tree in your backyard has died or become diseased . . . . read more\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2018 dave ' s garden , an internet brands company . all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use , rules , privacy policy , and cookie policy .\nthe margins of the hind tibia of d . communis are parallel : urltoken whereas the margins of the hind tibia of d . semivitta are rounded : urltoken\nthis sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .\ni opened the front door this morning to have this guy scuttle out from under it . just over 3cm long . i had it down as drymaplaneta communis , having seen it on the morwell national park website urltoken looking around i found there are two almost identical species from the genus in victoria . then i stumbled across a page by some guy called ken walker and that gave me the defining feature to check for . i also found comments by this same ken walker here on bowerbird which read as\nthe margins of the hind tibia of d . communis are parallel whereas the margins of the hind tibia of d . semivitta are rounded\n. so d . communis it is .\nby the way , any fine white streaks in the shot are bits of fluff reminding me i must sweep the floor . except for those blurry streaks in the top right hand corner of the third shot . that ' s the cats whiskers . seems i wasn ' t the only one with an interest in large roaches ."]}
{"id": 1196, "summary": [{"text": "the six species in the genus didelphis , commonly known as large american opossums , are members of the order didelphimorphia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus is composed of cat-sized omnivorous species , and are recognized on their prehensile tails and the tendency to \" play possum \" ( feign dead ) when cornered .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the largest species , the virginia opossum , is the only marsupial to be found in north america north of mexico . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "didelphis", "paragraphs": ["click to enlarge this image . ( 167kb ) didelphis virginiana ( virginia opossum ) , appalachian trail click to enlarge this image . ( 309kb ) didelphis virginiana ( virginia opossum ) , midatlantic click to enlarge this image . ( 175kb )\norigins of chagas disease : didelphis species are natural hosts of trypanosoma cruzi i and armadillos hosts of trypanosoma cruzi ii , including hybrids .\norigins of chagas disease : didelphis species are natural hosts of trypanosoma cruzi i and armadillos hosts of trypanosoma cruzi ii , including hybrids . - pubmed - ncbi\nto cite this page : siciliano martina , l . 2014 .\ndidelphis marsupialis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page : siciliano martina , l . 2013 .\ndidelphis virginiana\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nshripat , v . 2011 .\nthe online guide to the animals of trinidad and tobago\n( on - line ) . the university of the west indies . accessed may 21 , 2013 at http : / / sta . uwi / fst / lifesciences / documents / didelphis _ marsupialis . pdf .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\n) are found throughout much of central and south america . the range of this species is limited by high elevations and dry environments . these animals are found native to the following countries : argentina , belize , bolivia , brazil , columbia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , french guiana , guatemala , guyana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad , tobago and venezuela . in recent history , these animals have also been introduced to a variety of islands .\n( brito , et al . , 2008 ; cerqueira and tribe , 2008 )\ncommon opossums are found in a variety of habitats throughout central and south america . these animals are considered habitat generalists and are even tolerant of anthropogenically altered environments . they are not found in areas of exceptionally high elevation or extremely dry habitats , although they are found in montane environments in costa rica and may survive in areas with a wide range of precipitation . it has been suggested that common opossums may be the most tolerant and adaptable neotropical mammal . their preferred habitats include tropical , subtropical , old growth , evergreen and gallery forests in lowland regions below about 2 , 000 meters on average . these animals also frequent urban environments such as near human dwellings and garbage dumps , as well as agricultural lands including pastures and cacao , coffee and citrus plantations . common opossums may be found on the ground or in large trees , although they are more terrestrial than some members of their genus .\n( adler , et al . , 2012 ; brito , et al . , 2008 ; cerqueira and tribe , 2008 ; estrada , et al . , 1994 ; medellin , 1994 ; reid , 2009 ; tyndale - biscoe , 1973 )\ncommon opossums are robust marsupials . the fur on their body is thick with long guard hairs , leading these animals to appear somewhat disheveled . their dorsal pelage is often dark , typically blackish or grayish , but in rare instances they may appear whitish . in comparison , their ventral fur is yellow or cream . these animals have primarily whitish fur on their faces and a dark stripe extending to the crown of their heads , with a black ring around both eyes . their ears are large and all black . common opossums have sharp claws , long whiskers and a primarily naked prehensile tail that is slightly longer than their body . these animals are sexually dimorphic ; males trapped in french guiana averaged 1 . 2 kg , whereas females averaged 1 . 03 kg . these values may be low ; other sources suggest that their body weights range between 4 to 6 kg . in general , adult males have longer canines than adult females . common opossums typically have a total body length of 371 mm ( ranging from 265 to 430 mm ) , including a tail length of 395 mm .\n( castillo - flores and calvo - irabien , 2003 ; reid , 2009 ; richard - hansen , et al . , 1999 ; shripat , 2011 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 )\ncommon opossums show a polygynous mating system , in which males compete for reproductive females . these animals are almost exclusively solitary , but come together seasonally for breeding .\ndo not exhibit courtship rituals and do not pair bond . females experience a 25 to 32 day estrous cycle . when resources are limited or unavailable these animals may choose not to mate .\n( fernandes , et al . , 2010 ; julien - laferriere and atramentowicz , 1990 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; shripat , 2011 ; sunquist , et al . , 1987 )\nbreeding seasons and the number of annual litters varies based on latitude . breeding seasons can vary from one long season from january to september or several shorter seasons annually . these seasons may be correlated with seasonal precipitation . female common opossums begin breeding when they are 6 to 7 months old . gestation typically lasts 13 to 15 days , after which 2 to 20 altricial young are born , interestingly ; animals living closer to the equator tend to have smaller litters . at birth , their young are tiny ; they are usually about 1 cm long and weigh about 0 . 13 grams . although they are extremely under - developed , newborn common opossums have well - developed claws on their front legs that help them climb to their mother\u2019s pouch . once inside the pouch , their young remain attached to the mammae for about 50 days . young are weaned and independent when they are 90 to 125 days old , often when fruit is plentiful .\n( brito , et al . , 2008 ; cabello , 2006 ; gustavo , et al . , 1990 ; julien - laferriere and atramentowicz , 1990 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; shripat , 2011 ; tyndale - biscoe and mackenzie , 1976 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 ; tyndale - biscoe , 1973 ; tyndale - biscoe , 2005 )\nbreeding season breeding season varies depending on latitude , but likely correlates to seasonal precipitation .\ncommon opossums offer very little parental care . males have no involvement in raising their offspring and females invest a minimal effort . when their tiny offspring are born , they begin a harrowing journey to their mother\u2019s pouch ; many of the young will not survive . female common opossums typically only have 9 teats available for nursing , so they often have more offspring than they can accommodate . however , they have a fairly low mortality rate once they are safely inside the pouch and nursing . the young may begin leaving the pouch when they are about 70 days old , at which time they may begin riding on their mother\u2019s back while she forages . the young become independent when they are weaned between 90 and 125 days old . interestingly , a study in venezuela determined that females with ample resources are more likely to have mostly male offspring , whereas , when resources become limited they typically have a greater number of females in their litters .\ncommon opossums are very short lived ; they typically live fewer than 2 years . in a long term study of these animals , the oldest individual lived to be 20 months old , in another study ; the oldest individual lived to be 11 months old . these animals experience their greatest mortality rate prior to maturity and while lactating . common opossums are frequent victims of collisions with cars .\n( kajin , et al . , 2008 ; pinowski , 2005 ; reid , 2009 ; sunquist , et al . , 1987 )\ncommon opossums are solitary and nocturnal . they begin their daily activities about an hour before sunset ; however , their activity level peaks from 11 pm to 3 am . these animals are primarily terrestrial but spend a significant amount of time in trees , although other members of their genus are much more arboreal . during daylight hours , common opossums stay inside their burrows . burrow locations vary and include tree cavities , underground , in palm or fig trees , in the tree canopy or in the abandoned nests of other species . these animals do not maintain a burrow for very long , males remain in the same den for about 1 . 5 days on average and females remain in the same den for about 5 . 1 days .\n( adler , et al . , 2012 ; brito , et al . , 2008 ; julien - laferriere and atramentowicz , 1990 ; reid , 2009 ; shripat , 2011 ; sunquist , et al . , 1987 ; vaughan , et al . , 1999 )\nmale common opossums maintain a much larger home range than their female counterparts . females average 16 . 3 hectares ( + / - 8 . 2 ha ) , whereas males average a home range of 123 hectares ( + / - 60 . 8 ha ) . male home ranges overlap ; generally there is about one individual per hectare .\n( brito , et al . , 2008 ; sunquist , et al . , 1987 )\ncommon opossums use a variety of perception channels . their auditory ability develops relatively late in life , young do not fully develop their auditory capabilities until they are about 80 days old . common opossums may communicate vocally , specifically when they are engaged in an aggressive encounter . in such circumstances , these animals may hiss , growl or screech . common opossums also perform a variety of visual displays when engaged in an aggressive interaction including rocking from side to side , drooling , baring their teeth , and in the case of an extreme threat , these animal have also been known to enter a catatonic state , commonly known as \u2018playing opossum\u2019 . olfaction is also used to communicate ; common opossums may produce a secretion from their anal gland or spray urine and feces when a threat is perceived . their vision is acute and is likely on par with the visual abilities of cats ; however , their visual acuity is limited when compared to some primates .\n( ehret , 1983 ; oswaldo - cruz , et al . , 1979 ; reid , 2009 ; shripat , 2011 ; volchan , et al . , 2004 )\ncommon opossums have a very broad diet . their feeding habits are often referred to as opportunistic omnivory . their diet includes invertebrates , vertebrates , leaves , fruits , nectar and carrion . common opossums may alter their diet seasonally , during the dry season mammals and birds are more likely consumed , whereas during the wet season they rely more heavily on fruits , snakes and toads . regardless of the season , invertebrates are a primary staple of their diet including\n. after weaning , their diet remains fairly constant throughout their life , although older animals tend to consume vertebrates more frequently . common opossums eat a variety of vertebrates including birds such as\nand a variety of small mammals . interestingly , their ability to consume rattlesnakes is facilitated by their apparent immunity to the venom of many members of family\n( almeida - santos , et al . , 2000 ; cerqueira and tribe , 2008 ; cordero and nicolas , 1987 ; garrett and boyer , 1993 ; reid , 2009 ; reidy , 2009 )\ngiven their abundance , common opossums are likely prey for a variety of large mammals throughout central and south america . their known predators include\n. when a threat is detected , common opossums may choose to run or climb a tree to evade predators . less frequently , these animals may enter a catatonic state , commonly known as ' playing opossum ' . this death feigning behavior may last as little as 1 minute or as long as 6 hours .\n( gustavo , et al . , 1990 ; rotenberg , et al . , 2012 ; shripat , 2011 )\ncommon opossums carry a variety of parasites ; some reports claim they may carry up to 46 species of internal and external parasites . most notably ,\nin their large and small intestines . common opossums are also important seed dispersers . they move some seeds due to ingestion after eating fruits , such as for\n. these plants are anthropogenic herbs and have been introduced to the forest understory partially via the fur of animals .\n( castillo - flores and calvo - irabien , 2003 ; cerqueira and tribe , 2008 ; deane , et al . , 1984 ; jimenez , et al . , 2011 ; medellin , 1994 )\ncommon opossums are often hunted by humans . they are killed for sport and food and are even part of the illegal wild game trade . some cultures believe that the fat of common opossums can be used to treat a variety of ailments including stomach aches , rheumatism , diarrhea , inflammation , skin infections , labor pains , asthma , headaches , toothaches , ear aches and sore throats .\n( alves and rosa , 2006 ; alves and rosa , 2007 ; brito , et al . , 2008 ; junior , et al . , 2010 )\ncommon opossums are known to transmit diseases which impact human populations , such as chagas disease and leishmaniansis . these animals may also be considered pests due to their aptitude for killing bats caught in research mist nets and their proclivity for poultry .\n( brito , et al . , 2008 ; cabello , 2006 ; deane , et al . , 1984 ; reid , 2009 )\ncommon opossums are currently listed as a species of least concern according to the iucn red list of threatened species . these animals are found throughout much of central and south america and likely have a very large population size . their ability to live in anthropogenically disturbed environments facilities this species broad success .\nare commonly grouped into either \u2018white - eared\u2019 or \u2018black - eared opossums\u2019 . common opossums (\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nliving in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nadler , g . , a . carvajal , s . davis - foust , j . dittel . 2012 . habitat associations of opossums and rodents in a lowland forest in french guiana .\nalmeida - santos , s . , m . antoniazzi , o . sant ' anna , c . jared . 2000 . predation by the opossum\nalves , r . , i . rosa . 2006 . from cnidarians to mammals : the use of animals as remedies in fishing communities in northeast brazil .\nalves , r . , i . rosa . 2007 . zootherapeutic practices among fishing communities in north and northeast brazil . a comparison .\naustad , s . , m . sunquist . 1987 . sex ratio manipulation in the common opossum .\nbrito , d . , d . astuade moraes , d . lew , p . soriano , l . emmons , a . cuaron , k . helgen , r . reid , e . vazquez . 2008 .\n( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed may 21 , 2013 at\ncastillo - flores , a . , l . calvo - irabien . 2003 . animal dispersal of two secondary - vegetation herbs into the evergreen rainforest of south - eastern mexico .\nehret , g . 1983 . development of hearing and response behavior to sound stimuli : behavioral studies . pp . 211 - 237 in r romand , ed .\nestrada , a . , r . coates - estrada , d . merritt jr . 1994 . non - flying mammals and landscape change in the tropical rainforest region of los tuxtlas , mexico .\ngustavo , a . , b . da fonseca , j . robinson . 1990 . forest size and structure : competitive and predatory effects on small mammal communities .\njulien - laferriere , d . , m . atramentowicz . 1990 . feeding and reproduction of three\njunior , p . , d . guimaraes , y . le perdu . 2010 . non - legalized commerce in game meat in the brazilian amazon : a case study .\no ' connell , m . 2006 . american opossums . pp . 808 - 813 in d macdonald , s norris , eds .\noswaldo - cruz , e . , j . hokoc , a . sousa . 1979 . a schematic eye for the opossum .\nreidy , j . 2009 . nest predators of lance - tailed manakins on isla boca brava , panama .\nrichard - hansen , c . , j . vie , n . vidal , j . keravec . 1999 . body measurements on 40 species of mammals from french guiana .\ntyndale - biscoe , c . , r . mackenzie . 1976 . reproduction in\nvolchan , e . , c . vargas , j . da franca , a . pereira jr , c . da rocha - miranda . 2004 . tooled for the task : vision in the opossum .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n( cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; harmon , et al . , 2005 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; kanda , 2005 )\nvirginia opossums may be found in a fairly wide range of habitats ; however , they typically prefer areas near a water source , such as a stream or swamp . these animals may live in woodlands and thickets but they are very often found within human altered areas . this species has been extremely successful due to their ability to thrive in urban areas ; this is assisted by their small body size , nocturnal habits and high reproductive output . virginia opossums nest in brush piles , hallow trees and drainage areas . they can be found from near sea level to 3 , 000 meters in elevation .\n( cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; hoffmeister , 2002 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; wright , et al . , 2012 )\n( burnie , et al . , 2001 ; christiansen , 2006 ; gipson and kamler , 2001 ; hoffmeister , 2002 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 ; wright , et al . , 2012 )\nmarsupials engage in a polygynous mating system , in which males vie for reproductive females . male virginia opossums possess a sexually dimorphic scent gland on their chest , which emits a musky odor and stains their fur ; this is most commonly observed near the onset of the breeding season . females experience an approximately 29 . 5 day estrous cycle , upon entering estrous , breeding begins almost immediately . mating behavior is one of the only social behaviors displayed by virginia opossums , after mating ; females resume their aggressive , solitary disposition .\n( christiansen , 2006 ; fernandes , et al . , 2010 ; holmes , 1992a ; mcmanus , 1974 )\n( burnie , et al . , 2001 ; christiansen , 2006 ; feldhamer , et al . , 2007 ; hoffmeister , 2002 ; holmes , 1992b ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; rademaker and cerqueira , 2006 )\nbreeding interval this species has 1 to 3 litters per year ; this varies based on a populations range .\nbreeding season the exact breeding season for this species varies based on a population\u2019s range , in more northern climates they breed from february to september ; in ranges further south they breed from january to august .\nvirginia opossums invest little in parental care ; males provide no parental care , while females offer moderate care . after breeding , the female\u2019s pouch takes on a brownish - orange hue and emits a musky odor due to scent glands located within ; this likely assists newborn opossums in finding their mothers pouch . while young are residing within , females are often observed licking at the pouch and their offspring . this practice led to the mistaken idea that virginia opossums breed with their noses and afterward , the young crawl from the female\u2019s nostrils into her pouch . although a female with pouch - young may become very protective of her pouch , once her young are removed , females show little interest . female virginia opossums typically continue lactating for about 15 weeks , over which time , the composition of the milk becomes modified . most young virginia opossums become solitary after weaning , however , some may remain with their mother in their weaning den until they are about 120 days old .\nvirginia opossums have a fairly short lifespan ; wild individuals typically only survive about 1 . 5 to 2 years . early in life , young opossums have a very high mortality rate . many of these altricial young never arrive in their mothers pouch , afterward ; about 60 % of those who do reach the pouch will perish once they are weaned . among adult animals , the vast majority of deaths occurred during the cold season . although males typically only participate in breeding for one year , they are technically not semelparous because most ranges involve 2 to 3 breeding seasons per year . however , in one study , among approximately 12 , 000 trapped virginia opossums , no adult males were found . females may live slightly longer than their male counterparts ; however , they are no longer reproductively viable after 2 years of age . captive individuals typically have a longer lifespan ; they generally survive to be 3 to 4 years old ; however , there are reports of captive virginia opossums surviving until they are 8 to 10 years old .\n( christiansen , 2006 ; gipson and kamler , 2001 ; harmon , et al . , 2005 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; woods ii and hellgren , 2003 )\n( allen , et al . , 1985 ; cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; hoffmeister , 2002 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; kimble , 1997 ; ladine and kissell jr , 1994 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 )\nthe home range kept by virginia opossums varies greatly . this may depend on their range , their habitat , the availability of resources and their gender . in general , their home range size is thought to be about 12 . 5 to 38 . 8 hectares ; females generally have a smaller home range . a study conducted in georgia found that home range size may be between 7 . 2 to 94 . 4 hectares , a study in texas found home range sizes from 0 . 12 to 23 . 47 hectares ; likewise , home range sizes in urban environments averaged 18 . 8 hectares for females and 37 . 3 hectares for males . males are believed to keep larger home ranges because their reproductive success is based solely on their ability to find mates , whereas female success is based on the accessibility of food items . their home ranges are oval shaped and often overlap with a water source . virginia opossums were once considered a nomadic species but more recent research has shown that an individual maintains a fairly constant home range throughout their lifespan .\n( allen , et al . , 1985 ; gehrt , et al . , 1997 ; gipson and kamler , 2001 ; harmon , et al . , 2005 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; wright , et al . , 2012 )\nvirginia opossums are extremely opportunistic feeders . these animals eat a variety of foods based on the season , their habitat and their range . their diets include vertebrates , invertebrates , plant material , fruits , grains and carrion . during the colder seasons , small vertebrates tend to make up a larger portion of their diet , whereas in the warmer seasons , they consume more invertebrates , plant material , fruits and seeds . stomach content analyses have been conducted on virginia opossums throughout the united states , generally their diet is composed of 14 to 27 % mammal tissues , 10 to 18 % fruits , seeds and bulbs , 6 to 11 % grasses and leaves , 3 to 13 . 5 % insects , 5 . 5 to 9 %\nand 3 to 5 % birds . other food items were found more specific to an animal\u2019s location and included up to 22 . 5 %\n, 9 % pet food , 9 % garbage and up to 5 % carrion .\n. this species may have a better chance of survival within more urban environments due partially to the lower predation risk .\n( harmon , et al . , 2005 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; ladine and kissell jr , 1994 ; werner and vick , 1977 )\nvirginia opossums are opportunistic omnivorous feeders . they consume a variety of vertebrates , invertebrates , plant material and carrion . virginia opossums are important seed dispersers and redistribute undamaged seeds from the genera\n, among others . these animals are also carriers for a wide variety of internal and external parasites . virginia opossums are known carriers of at least 24 internal and 13 external parasites . although they are not immune , it is unusual for this species to be a carrier of the rabies virus .\n( baker , et al . , 1995 ; durden and nixon , 1990 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 ; monet - mendoza , et al . , 2005 ; rejmanek , et al . , 2009 ; willson , 1993 )\ngiven the frequent urban habitation of virginia opossums , interaction with humans is almost inevitable . these animals are hunted for sport and food . some cultures believe that virginia opossums\u2019 meat has medical properties . for instance , eating their meat in a soup is believed to help inflammation , colitis , gastritis and skin infections . likewise eating cooked virginia opossum meat is believed to prevent heart attacks , using an ointment composed of opossum fat is believed to treat epilepsy and infusing opossum bones in water is believe to treat allergies , dermatitis and coughing . virginia opossums\u2019 pelts may also be sold commercially . although it is illegal in many states , virginia opossums are sometimes kept as pets . in such situations , these animals may be successfully litter trained and adapt to the diurnal lifestyle of their owners . obesity is common among captive virginia opossums .\n( alonso - castro , et al . , 2011 ; cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; jacobo - salcedo , et al . , 2011 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 )\nvirginia opossums are often seen a pest species . stomach content analyses in portland , oregon found that as much as 9 % of an opossums diet was composed of garbage , likewise , another 9 % of their diet was pet food . virginia opossums are also seen as farm pests due to their proclivity for poultry .\n( cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 )\nvirginia opossums are currently listed as a species of least concern according to the iucn red list of threatened species . this animal\u2019s ability to adapt to human altered habitats has made it extremely successful and widespread . virginia opossums do not merely tolerate human settlements ; they flourish and have a greater survival rate near them .\n( cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; harmon , et al . , 2005 ; wright , et al . , 2012 )\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nallen , c . , r . marchinton , w . maclentz . 1985 . movement , habitat use and denning of opossums in the georgia piedmont .\nalonso - castro , a . , c . carranza - alvarez , j . maldonado - miranda , m . jacobo - salcedo , d . quezada - rivera , h . lorenzo - marquez , l . figueroa - zuniga , c . fernandez - galicia , n . rios - reyes , m . de leon - rubio , v . rodriguez - gallegoes , p . medellin - milan . 2011 . zootherapeutic practices in aquismon , san luis potos , mexico .\n( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed may 02 , 2013 at\ngehrt , s . , d . clark , e . fritzell . 1997 . population dynamics and ecology of virginia opossums in southern texas .\ngipson , p . , j . kamler . 2001 . survival and home ranges of opossums in northeastern kansas .\nholmes , d . 1992 . odor as cues for orientation to mothers by weaning virginia opossums .\nhopkins , d . , r . forbes . 1980 . dietary patterns of the virginia opossum in an urban environment .\nhossler , r . , j . mcaninch , j . harder . 1994 . maternal denning behavior and survival of juveniles in opossums in southeastern new york .\njacobo - salcedo , m . , a . alonso - castro , a . zarate - martinez . 2011 . folk medicinal use of fauna in mapimi , durango , mexico .\nladine , t . , r . kissell jr . 1994 . escape behavior of virginia opossums .\nmonet - mendoza , a . , d . osorio - sarabia , l . garcia - prieto . 2005 . helminthes of the virginia opossum (\nwoods ii , h . , e . hellgren . 2003 . seasonal changes in the physiology of male virginia opossums (\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : a widespread and common species throughout its range , this species is adaptable to human dominated landscapes . although hunted or trapped locally for food , sport and as predators of poultry , apparently the species has not been adversely affected by human settlement , in fact its range appears to be expanding . commercial hunting for the fur trade does not appear to have much impact .\nthis species is found in central america , from costa rica to mexico and in the united states east of the rocky mountains , and north into southwestern ontario , canada ( the northernmost locality reached by a marsupial ) . some introduced populations are also found along the west coast of the united states and recently into british columbia ( canada ) . their range , limited by winter temperatures and snow depth , appears to be expanding northwards ( gardner 2005 ) . this species can be found from lowlands to 3 , 000 m ( reid 1997 ) .\nthis species is found in a variety of habitats , ranging from relatively arid to mesic environments . they prefer wet areas , however , especially woodlands and thickets near streams and swamps . also in suburban areas . the opportunistic denning and feeding habits of the virginia opossum has led to the success of the species , especially in areas of habitat fragmentation . high reproductive potential further contributes to increasing population size ( mcmanus 1974 ) . abandoned burrows , buildings , hollow logs , and tree cavities are generally used for den sites .\nalthough opossums were once important in the fur trade , this activity has apparently had little impact on the species ' population ( whitaker jr . and hamilton jr . , 1998 ) .\nthere are no major threats to this species . opossums are hunted and trapped for food and fur in certain areas of their range , but the mortality is mostly caused by collision with motor vehicles ( gardner 2005 ) .\nthere are no specific measures in place to protect the virginia opposum , as it likely occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nastua de moraes , d . , lew , d . , costa , l . p . & p\u00e9rez - hernandez , r .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance to habitat modification , occurrence in a number of protected areas and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . although hunted or trapped locally for food , sport and as predators of poultry , the species does not appear to have been adversely affected by human settlement . commercial hunting for fur trade does not appear to have much impact .\nthe species is found from tamaulipas , mexico , and in cozumel and the yucatan peninsula , south to per\u00fa , bolivia , paraguay and northeastern argentina , including trinidad and the lesser antilles ( emmons and feer 1997 , eisenberg and redford 1999 , gardner 2008 ) . it can be found to about 2 , 000 m . a . s . l . ( eisenberg and redford 1999 , emmons and feer 1997 ) .\nthis species is common , and is hunted for meat only where other game is scarce ( emmons and feer 1997 ) . densities of 0 . 25 - 2 . 5 individuals per hectare are found in venezuela ( august 1984 , o ' connell 1979 ) , of 0 . 22 - 0 . 45 in french guiana ( atramentowicz 1986 , charles - dominique et al . 1981 , julien - laferriere 1991 ) and of 0 . 09 - 1 . 32 in panam\u00e1 ( fleming 1972 ) .\nthis species is hunted only where other game is scarce ( emmons and feer 1997 ) .\nthere are no major threats known to this species . in suriname , it is collected for its meat which is illegally exported to french - guiana ( j . de bruin , in litt . ) .\nastua de moraes , d . , lew , d . , costa , l . p . & p\u00e9rez - hernandez , r . 2016 .\nastua de moraes , d . , de la sancha , n . & costa , l .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance to habitat modification , occurrence in a number of protected areas and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . although hunted or trapped locally for food , sport and as predators of poultry , this species does not appear to have been adversely affected by human settlement ( nowak 1999 ) . commercial hunting for the fur trade does not appear to have much impact .\nthis species occurs in coastal brazil from bahia to rio grande do sul , to east of the lower rio paraguay and northeastern argentina ( gardner 2008 ) .\nthis species is found in the atlantic and aracaria forests , living in primary and secondary forests . it is also found in forests that have been fragmented by urban development and deforestation ( grelle 2003 ) . it is a habitat generalist ( emmons and feer 1997 ) and often moves long distances ( gentile and cerqueira 1995 ) . the diet of d . aurita is omnivorous ( carvalho et al . 2005 ) . it is scansorial , nocturnal and solitary . it is mainly terrestrial , but its forelimbs and claws allow it to climb trees ( grelle 2003 ) .\nthis species is locally hunted for food and sport . it is also hunted for the commercial fur trade .\nthere are no major threats known , although deforestation effects some subpopulations ( e . g . eastern paraguay ) . although hunted or trapped locally for food , sport and as predators of poultry , this species does not appear to have been adversely affected by human settlement ( nowak 1999 ) . commercial hunting for the fur trade does not appear to have much impact .\nastua de moraes , d . , de la sancha , n . & costa , l . 2015 .\nat home on the ground and in the trees . opossums prefer forested habitats , but they are quite successful even in urban areas . they are active at night , year - round : in freezing weather , an unlucky opossum can lose its ear - tips and the end of its tail to frostbite . like all\n, opossums give birth to tiny , undeveloped young . the embryos develop in the mother ' s womb for less than two weeks , then the newborn opossums crawl from the birth canal to the mother ' s pouch , where they fasten tight to a nipple . they stay there , attached to the nipple , for 55 or 60 days . a female opossum usually has 13 nipples , and litters are usually smaller than that , but a baby that cannot attach to a nipple dies . after about 60 days the young opossums leave the pouch , but they stay close to their mother\u2014sometimes riding on her back when they are out at night\u2014and nurse for another month or more .\nsexual dimorphism : males are slightly larger and much heavier than females , with larger canine teeth .\nkerr , r . , 1792 . the animal kingdom , or zoological system , of the celebrated sir charles linnaeus . class i . mammalia , p . 193 . london , 651 pp .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nthis page was last edited on 23 february 2018 , at 13 : 36 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nwalker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 1 , 5th ed .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyeo m 1 , acosta n , llewellyn m , s\u00e1nchez h , adamson s , miles ga , l\u00f3pez e , gonz\u00e1lez n , patterson js , gaunt mw , de arias ar , miles ma .\ndepartment of infectious and tropical diseases , london school of hygiene and tropical medicine , keppel street , london , uk . matthew . yeo @ urltoken\nsee the articles recommended by f1000prime ' s faculty of more than 8 , 000 leading experts in biology and medicine . - faculty of 1000"]}
{"id": 1201, "summary": [{"text": "tineola bisselliella , known as the common clothes moth , webbing clothes moth , or simply clothing moth , is a species of fungus moth ( family tineidae , subfamily tineinae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is the type species of its genus tineola .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the specific name is commonly misspelled biselliella \u2013 for example by g. a. w. herrich-sch\u00e4ffer , when he established tineola in 1853 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the larvae ( caterpillars ) of this moth are considered a serious pest , as they can derive nourishment from clothing \u2013 in particular wool , but many other natural fibers \u2013 and also , like most related species , from stored foods , such as grains . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "tineola bisselliella", "paragraphs": ["species tineola bisselliella - webbing clothes moth - hodges # 426 - bugguide . net\ntineola bisselliella ( common clothes moth ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nthis thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms , equivalent , same meaning and similar words for the term tineola bisselliella .\nfig . 5 illustrates graphical data of responses by adult t . bisselliella to virgin male or female t . bisselliella .\np . trematerra and f . fontana , monitoring of webbing clothes moth . tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone , anz . schadlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz 69 , 119 - 121 ( 1996 ) .\n6 . analysis and bioassays of sex pheromone components produced by female t . bisselliella\n17 . trematerra , p . and f . fontana . 1996 . monitoring of webbing clothes moth tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone . anz . sch\u00e4dlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz . 69 : 119 - 121 .\n7 . development of an optimal bait for attraction of male and female t . bisselliella\n13 . kan e . and y . waku . 1985 . analysis of oviposition preference in the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella hum . ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) appl . ent . zool . 20 : 322 - 330 .\nfig . 6 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one male equivalent of male t . bisselliella body .\nfig . 10 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one female equivalent of female t . bisselliella pheromone gland extract .\nfig . 9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella or baited with white noise .\n21 . behrenz , w . and g . savetti . 1989 . agents for combating tineola biselliella . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 845 , 131 .\nthis invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . in particular , this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths .\np . d . cox , et al . , monitoring populations of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , using pheromone lures . in : k . b . wildey ( ed . ) proceedings of the second international conference on insect pests in the urban environment , 541 - 545 .\nthe most common species of moth found in hertfordshire and the rest of the uk are the brown house moth ( hofmannophila pseudospretella ) , common clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella ) , case - bearing clothes moth ( tinea pellionella ) & the white - shouldered house moth ( endrosis sarcitrella ) .\nfig . 11 illustrates graphical data of captures of male t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic female pheromone components .\nfig . 2 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead \u2642 : male t . bisselliella antenna ; ead \u2640 : gravid female t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to 5 pelt - min of squirrel pelt volatile extract .\nfig . 1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with potential larval habitat .\ncommon throughout the united states , the larvae of clothes moths ( tineola bisselliella ) attack garments , carpets , furs , blankets , upholstery , piano felts , brush bristles and a number of other related items . read on to learn our 8 step treatment program to control a clothes moth infestation naturally and save big money doing it yourself !\n14 . tranyier , r . m . m . , r . k . schumacher , and d . m . lau , 1994 . oviposition site selection by tineola bisselliella , tinea spp . ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) and anthrenus flavipes ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) . j . stor . prod . res . 30 : 321 - 329 .\ndatabase cropu \u2032online ! d . k . mueller :\nthe pratical use of the new pheromone for webbing clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella )\nretrieved from stn - international ; database accession no . 1996 - 83104 cropu xp002221078 ; abstract ; & procbrit . pest contr . assoc . conf . , 1995 , p . 123 - 124 .\nwebbing clothes moths , tineola bisselliella ( hum . ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) , invade and cause damage in households , textile and fur warehouses , and museums throughout the world ( 1 - 3 ) . in temperate regions , they are economically important , causing hundreds of millions of dollars of damage in north america each year ( 4 ) .\ndatabase cropu ' online ! d . k . mueller :\nthe pratical use of the new pheromone for webbing clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella )\nretrieved from stn - international ; database accession no . 1996 - 83104 cropu xp002221078 ; abstract ; & procbrit . pest contr . assoc . conf . , 1995 , p . 123 - 124 .\nodours from dried yeast localized oviposition on fabric by tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , tinea translucens meyrick and tinea pellionella l . in choice experiments in the laboratory . in tineola bisselliella this effect was augmented by odours from the faeces from conspecific larvae that had eaten a favourable diet containing dried yeast . in contrast with these lepidoptera , oviposition by anthrenus flavipes leconte was unaffected by yeast odours and deterred by odours from conspecific cultures . blood - stains did not influence ovipositional choice . some plant phenolics and flavonoids and quinones incompletely deterred oviposition . both vegetable oils and fatty acids from wool wax deterred oviposition equally well when present in large amounts . treatment of wool to control micro - organisms might reduce insect damage indirectly .\n16 . cox , p . d . , d . b . pinniger , d . mueller . monitoring populations of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , using pheromone lures . in : wildey , k . b . ( ed . ) proceedings of the second international conference on insect pests in the urban environment . pp . 541 - 545 .\nin arena bioassay experiments ( employing the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) , played - back sound from male t . bisselliella attracted male , gravid female and virgin female t . bisselliella ( fig . 9 ) .\nthe webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , and casemaking clothes moth , tinea pellionella , can be fabric pests in california . they tend to hide when disturbed , so you might not notice you have an infestation until after the moths have already damaged your fabric , fur , or feathered items . close examination of the objects will reveal silken webs the larvae have spun .\nfig . 3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with natural or synthetic volatiles from larval habitat .\nfig . 12 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .\nfig . 13 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .\nfig . 15 illustrates graphical data of captures of gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .\n9 . a combination as claimed in claim 8 wherein the chemical composition is contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella , and the sonic signal is generated by a sonic apparatus that is contained in or associated with the trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .\nfig . 7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female , or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic male pheromone components .\n3 . a composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the composition is contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .\nfig . 4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with the synthetic chemicals geranylacetone and nonanal or dried muskrat pelt .\nthese results indicate that male t . bisselliella produce signals that attract males and females , and that females produce signals exciting to males only at very close range .\n11 . gerard , p . j . , n . b . perry , l . d . ruf , l . m . foster . 1993 . antifeedant and insecticidal activity of compounds from pseudowintera colorata ( winteraceae ) on the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) and the australian carpet beetle , anthrenocerus australis ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) . bull . entomol . res . 83 : 547 - 552 .\ndatabase biosis \u2032online ! biosciences information service , philadeophia , pa , us ; 1996 ; trematerra p . et al . :\nmonitoring of webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone\n; database accession no . prev199699182673 xp 002221074 ; abstract ; & anzeiber fuer schaedlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz , vol . 69 , no . 5 , 1996 , p . 119 - 121 ; issn : 0340 - 7330 .\ndatabase biosis ' online ! biosciences information service , philadeophia , pa , us ; 1996 ; trematerra p . et al . :\nmonitoring of webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone\n; database accession no . prev199699182673 xp 002221074 ; abstract ; & anzeiber fuer schaedlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz , vol . 69 , no . 5 , 1996 , p . 119 - 121 ; issn : 0340 - 7330 .\nfig . 14 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female , gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .\nfig . 5 illustrates graphical data of responses of adult t . bisselliella in binary choice bioassays to two confined virgin adult t . bisselliella . numbers of individuals responding to each stimulus are given in parentheses beside bars . asterisks indicate a significant preference for a particular treatment [ fisher exact test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .\nthe webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , and the casemaking clothes moth , tinea pellionella , are occasional fabric pests in michigan . clothes moths are weak flyers and are not attracted to lights . they tend to hide when disturbed , and for this reason , infestations of clothes moths are not usually noticed until damaged woolens , furs , or feathers are found . close examination of the objects reveals the presence of silken webs that are spun by the larvae .\nfig . 16 illustrates graphical data of captures of gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with newly identified synthetic attractants , a commercial bait or a solvent control .\nthe signal can be generated by a sonic apparatus contained in or associated with a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella . the sonic apparatus can be an electronically activated sonic microchip .\nsimilarly , in experiments 52 , 53 , and 54 all stimuli combined ( \u2640p + \u2642p + sonic + nas ) attracted more virgin female , gravid female , and male t . bisselliella than did a combination of chemical stimuli ( \u2640p + \u2642p + nas ) or played back sonic signals ( sonic ) from male t . bisselliella ( fig . 14 ) .\nthe composition can be contained in , or released from , slow release devices . the composition can be contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .\nthe common clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , has been blamed for munching its way into homes across britain . but it\u2019s actually the larvae , not the moths , which cause the damage . clothes moths have a life cycle of 65 to 90 days , during which time they can lay 40 to 50 eggs . the tiny white grubs burrow into fabric , leaving behind trails that look like cobwebs . by the time you see the adult moths flying around , your infestation maybe in full flow .\nfig . 8 illustrates waveform ( a ) , frequency ( b ) , and time - frequency sound intensity ( c ) of wing - beat caused sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella .\nin experiments 49 , 50 and 51 , animal pelt ( nas ) attracted more virgin female , gravid female , and male t . bisselliella than did a combination of female pheromone ( \u2640p ) , male pheromone ( \u2642p ) and played - back sonic signals from male t . bisselliella ; all stimuli combined ( \u2640p + \u2642p + sonic + nas ) were significantly most attractive ( fig . 14 ) .\nthe common clothes moth , or tineola bisselliella , has been blamed for munching its way into homes across britain . but it\u2019s the larvae , not the moths , that are responsible for the damage . clothes moths have a life cycle of between 65 and 90 days , during which time they can lay around 50 eggs . the tiny white grubs live in silken tubes , leaving trails resembling cobwebs as they burrow into piles of fabric . by the time you see adult moths flying around , it may be too late to stop an infestation .\nsemiochemicals ( message - bearing chemicals ) that attract t . bisselliella to larval habitat and intra - specific sexual communication signals have hardly been investigated . larva and adult t . bisselliella are attracted to fishmeal , fish oil , and dried meat ( 12 ) . females select oviposition sites based on their physical stimuli ( 13 ) , or volatiles ( 14 ) . e2 , z13 - octadecadienal and e2 - octadecenal are reported sex pheromone components of t . bisselliella ( 15 ) , but these compounds are only moderately attractive ( 16 , 17 ) and unreliable for practical control situations ( t . konicek , person . communication ) .\nfig . 17 illustrates a potential trap design , said trap baited with a sound - emitting micro - chip and a semiochemical dispenser for attraction and capture of t . bisselliella and other keratin - feeding insects .\nin experiments 55 and 56 , a combination of synthetic female pheromone ( \u2640p ) , synthetic male pheromone ( \u2642p ) , synthetic semiochemicals ( ss : identified from animal pelt ; see fig . 4 ) , and played - back sonic signals ( sonic ) from male t . bisselliella attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did chemical ( \u2640p + \u2642p + ss ) or sonic signals alone ( fig . 15 ) .\nfig . 1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with larval habitat . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .\npesticides are used to treat or prevent larval infestations of t . bisselliella . physical control methods include vacuum ( 3 ) , repeated cooling and heating ( 9 ) , and sanitation of potential infestation sites ( 2 , 4 ) . use of naturally occurring chemicals for control of t . bisselliella is increasingly preferred by the public ( 4 ) . these chemicals include feeding inhibitors , repellents , and plant - based insecticides ( 10 , 11 ) . there is no suitable method yet for detection of incipient infestations .\nin arena bioassay experiments 34 - 37 ( employing the general protocol described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) synthetic e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted male t . bisselliella . this 2 - component blend , even at very low quantity , attracted more male t . bisselliella than did 2 virgin females confined in a nylon mesh cage ( exp . 37 ) ( fig . 11 ) .\nin experiments 41 and 42 , synthetic male pheromone components ( 16 : ester and z9 - 16 : ester ) in combination with played - back sonic signals from male t . bisselliella attracted more gravid females and males than did either stimulus alone ( fig . 12 ) .\nfig . 4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 \u03bcg ) or dried muskrat pelt [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .\nin experiments 47 and 48 , animal pelt ( nas ) attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did synthetic female plus male pheromone ( \u2642p + \u2640p ) ; the combination of animal pelt plus male and female pheromone was most attractive ( fig . 13 ) .\nthe essence of the invention is the preparation and implementation of these stimuli for manipulating the behaviour of t . bisselliella . stimuli can be used in all possible combinations and ratios . stimuli compositions can be contained in , and emitted from , slow release devices or sonic microchips . devices can be held in traps to capture attracted male and female t . bisselliella . the invention can be used as a diagnostic tool to help decide whether and when control of insects that feed on fur , fabric and other keratin containing products is warranted and as a means for protection of fur , fabric and other keratin containing products .\nfig . 9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella or baited with gaussian white noise . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] . recordings were digitally filtered and played back at biologically relevant levels ( 55 db at 2 . 5 cm ) through sennheisser hv 70 headphone speakers using programs developed in labview ( ni ) for the daq boards . this recording was automatically rerun every 26 min during the 12 hour bioassay period .\nthis invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . in particular , this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths . a composition of chemicals for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths , said composition comprising two or more chemicals in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of : 1 ) ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ; 2 ) ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ; 3 ) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 4 ) ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; 5 ) nonanal ; 6 ) geranylacetone ; 7 ) octanal ; 8 ) decanal ; 9 ) nonenal ; 10 ) octenal ; 11 ) decenal .\nboth virgin females and virgin males preferred the chamber containing capsules with male t . bisselliella ( exps . 24 , 25 ) . virgin females avoided other females , and virgin males were not attracted to virgin females ( exp . 27 ) ( fig . 5 ) , but exhibited excitatory behaviour in contact with capsules containing virgin females .\nin experiment 57 , a combination of synthetic male pheromone ( \u2642p ) , synthetic female pheromone ( \u2640p ) , and synthetic semiochemicals ( ss ) identified from larval habitat attracted more female and male t . bisselliella than did a commercial lure , which in turn was not more attractive than a solvent ( hexane ) control stimulus ( fig . 16 ) .\nfig . 11 illustrates graphical data of captures of male t . bisselliella in traps baited with ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( e2 , z13 - 18 : oh ) and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ) in various ratios , solvent , or virgin female t . bisselliella . synthetic chemicals were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . females were confined in a nylon mesh cage . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) or kruskal wallis test with tukey type non - parametric multiple comparison ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ]\nin arena bioassay experiments 29 - 31 ( following the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) , hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted both male and virgin female t . bisselliella ( fig . 7 ) .\nin experiment 44 , synthetic male pheromone in combination with synthetic female pheromone attracted more males than did male or female pheromone alone ( fig . 12 ) . in experiments 45 and 46 , female and male pheromone in combination with played back sonic signals from males attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did pheromonal or sonic signals alone ( fig . 12 ) .\nfig . 12 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination , as follows : \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; sonic = sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella ( see fig . 8 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .\nfig . 8 illustrates waveform ( a ) , frequency ( b ) , and time - frequency sound intensity ( c ) of a sonic signal recorded from male t . bisselliella . top : calling male > 5 cm away from other moths ; bottom : calling male < 5 cm away from other . the more intense the shading in diagram c , the more intense the frequency component of the signal .\nt . bisselliella inhabits well - sheltered bird nests , dry corpses and animal lairs that are not exposed to direct light ( 5 - 7 ) . adults have vestigial mouthparts and do not cause damage . larvae , however , feed year round on keratin contained in woollen goods , hair , feathers , and other animal - based products like clothing , rugs , and furniture ( 5 ) . exploratory feeding also damages synthetic textiles ( 8 ) .\nwe reveal stimuli which singly or in combination attract male and female t . bisselliella . these stimuli include : 1 . semiochemicals from larval habitat ( mainly nonanal and geranylacetone ) that attract males and females ; 2 . female - produced sex pheromone components [ ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ] that attract males ; 3 . male - produced sex pheromone components ( hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and z9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ) that attract males and females ; and 4 . male - produced sonic signals ( primary frequencies : 50 + / \u221210 hz ; 70 / + \u221210 hz ; 110 + / \u221220 hz ; 140 + / \u221220 hz and their harmonics ) that attract males and females . we further reveal that combinations of these signals result in a bait optimally attractive to male and female t . bisselliella .\nin arena bioassay experiments ( following the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) male and gravid female t . bisselliella preferred porapak q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt over a pentane control ( exp . 16 , 17 ) , and also a blend of 29 synthetic squirrel pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) over a pentane control ( exps . 18 , 19 ) ( fig . 3 ) .\nfig . 10 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one female equivalent of female t . bisselliella pheromone gland extract . ead - active compounds 1 - 3 were identified as 1 . ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( e2 , z13 - 18 : oh ) and 2 . ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ) . chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m\u00d70 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 23 ( j & w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ) ; linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240\u00b0 c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50\u00b0 c . , 10\u00b0 c . / min to 200\u00b0 c .\nthe bodies of two hundred 24 - 48 hour old virgin male t . bisselliella were extracted for 15 min in methanol . analyses of these extracts by coupled gas chromatographic electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) revealed 3 antennally - active compounds ( fig . 6 ) which were identified by gc - mass spectrometry as 1 . ) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 2 . ) ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; and 3 . ) octadecanoic acid methyl ester .\nfig . 6 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detection ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one male equivalent of male t . bisselliella body extract . ead - active compounds 1 - 3 were identified by gc - mass spectrometry as 1 . hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 2 . ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; and 3 . octadecanoic acid methyl ester . similar responses were observed with female antennae . chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m\u00d70 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 23 ( j & w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ) ; linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240\u00b0 c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50\u00b0 c . , 10\u00b0 c . / min to 200\u00b0 c . ead - active compounds were identified by gc - mass spectrometry ( ms ) in full scan electron impact ( ei ) mode using a varian saturn ii ion trap gc - ms .\nfig . 7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female , or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 16 : ester , 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( z9 - 16 : ester , 840 ng ) or octadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 18 : ester , 840 ng ) . for each experimental replicate , test stimuli in traps were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 01 ) ] .\nwe investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths ( wcm ) , tineola bisselliella ( hum . ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) , and close - range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis , at least in part . gas chromatographic - electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) and gc - mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic extracts of male wcm disclosed three candidate pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 16 : ester ) , ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( z 9\u201416 : ester ) , and octadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 18 : ester ) . in bioassay experiments in a large plexiglas\u2122 arena , a blend of synthetic 16 : ester plus z9\u201416 : ester was attractive to male and virgin ( but not mated ) female wcm ; the 18 : ester was inactive . gc - ead analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female wcm revealed ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienal ( e 2 z 13\u201418 : ald ) and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( e 2 z 13\u201418 : oh ) as candidate sex pheromone components . in arena bioassay experiments , 1\u20145 female equivalents of synthetic e 2 z 13\u201418 : ald ( 0 . 2 ng ) and e 2 z 13\u201418 : oh ( 0 . 1 ng ) were more attractive to male wcm than were two virgin female wcm . we anticipate that the combination of aggregation and sex pheromones , male - produced sonic aggregation signals , and habitat - derived semiochemicals will be highly effective in attracting male and female wcm to commercial traps .\nstimuli tested singly and in combination included : a ) synthetic male pheromone components 16 : ester and z9 - 16 : ester ( see figs . 6 and 7 ) ; b ) recorded sonic signals from male t . bisselliella ( see figs . 8 and 9 ) ; c ) synthetic female pheromone components e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ( see figs . 10 and 11 ) ; d ) animal pelt ( = natural larval habitat , see fig . 1 ) ; e ) synthetic semiochemicals nonanal plus geranylacetone ( see figs . 2 , 3 and 4 ) . all bioassay experiments were conducted using the general protocol described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] .\nfig . 13 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows : \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; nas = natural semiochemicals : dried muskrat pelt ( 50 cm 2 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) ] .\nfig . 14 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female , gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows : \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; nas = natural semiochemicals : dried muskrat pelt ( 50 cm 2 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) ] .\ntactic responses of t . bisselliella to volatile stimuli from larval habitat were assessed in a closed cylindrical plexiglas container ( 125 cm diameter , 60 cm height ) . thin cardboard discs ( 10 cm diameter ) coated with tanglefoot on the upper side were placed on the arena floor 80 cm apart from each other . platforms suspended above the centre of the coated discs supported randomly assigned test or control stimuli . control stimuli consisted of cardboard silhouettes visually resembling test stimuli . per experiment 10 replicates with 25 adult moths each were employed . moths were released during the scotophase from a petri dish in the centre of the arena after 30 - min of acclimation . after 12 hours of experimental time , moths captured on sticky discs ( fig . 1 ) were recorded as responders and statistically analysed .\nfig . 15 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male t . bisselliella in traps baited with stimuli singly or in combination as follows : \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; ss = synthetic semiochemicals : geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 \u03bcg ) ( see fig . 4 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) ] .\nto determine the sex that emits or responds to sexual communication signals , four experiments were conducted using a bioassay with 3 interconnected identical chambers ( each chamber : 10 cm diam . \u00d72 cm height ; passage 0 . 5 cm interior diam . \u00d72 . 5 cm length ) ( 29 ) . for each replicate , one side chamber was randomly baited with two perforated gelatin capsules [ ( 2 . 5\u00d70 . 9 cm ) with 7 perforations ( 0 . 3 mm ) at both ends ] each containing a virgin t . bisselliella on wool fabric while the other side chamber contained two empty perforated gelatin capsules on wool fabric . virgin adult moths were released individually into the centre chamber 1 hour prior to dusk and their position recorded 16 hours later ( 1 hour after dawn ) . moths in side chambers were included in statistical analyses . each replicate employed a new device , wool fabric , and virgin moth .\nfig . 16 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male t . bisselliella in traps baited with the following stimuli : \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; ss = synthetic semiochemicals : synthetic geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 \u03bcg ) ( see fig . 4 ) . the commercial lure consisted of ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) plus ( e ) - 2 - octadecanal ( 1 ng ) . hexane served as the solvent control . all chemicals were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) ] .\nthere are many patents listed in the patent database under the keyword t . bisselliella ( scientific species name for webbing clothes moth ) or misspellings thereof . most of these patents are concerned with pesticides , reporting that insects including clothes moths are killed by active ingredient ( s ) . these active ingredients are very different from the attractive semiochemicals claimed in the subject application . other patents are concerned with pest control devices , such as u . s . pat . no . 4 , 484 , 315 \u201cultrasonic pest control device\u201d ( 20 ) , or u . s . pat . no . 4 , 616 , 351 , \u201cpest control apparatus\u201d ( 19 ) , reporting the use of ultrasonic waves for control of pests , including clothes moths . the frequency of sonic waveforms as claimed for attraction and control of t . bisselliella in the subject application is in the audible low frequency range . additional patents are concerned with chemicals that repel keratin - feeding pests including clothes moths . diphenylurea and one synthetic pyrethroid ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 057 , 539 ) ( 20 ) , isoborneol ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 845 , 131 ) ( 21 ) , pyridyloxytrifluoromethanesulfonanilides ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 731 , 090 ) ( 22 ) , 5 - pyridyloxy - or thiothenylcarbamoyl ) barbituric acid ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 602 , 912 ) ( 23 ) , 5 - phenylcarbamoylbarbituric acid ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 283 , 444 ) ( 24 ) , n\u2032 - alkyl - n\u2032 - ( 3 , 5 - dimethylbenzoyl ) - n - ( substituted benzoyl ) - hydrazine ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 358 , 967 ) ( 25 ) , phenoxytrifluoromethanesulfoanilides ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 664 , 673 ) ( 26 ) , and incense cedar associated with a multi - garment hanger device ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 582 , 334 ) ( 27 ) are all claimed to protect keratinous material from attack by insects that feed on keratin . all these repellents are very different from the attractive semiochemicals claimed in this application .\nsound produced by individual or groups of males was recorded to hard disk by a pentium 166 computer equipped with high - speed data acquisition boards ( daq , ni ; pci - mio - 16xe - 10 ; 16 bit , 100 khz maximum sampling rate ) . recordings employed a \u00bd - in condenser microphone ( akg c 460 b comb - uls / 61 ) , phantom power supply ( atus audio technica cp 8508 24 v . ) and signal amplification of 200 times with a differential amplifier ( ni ; sc - 2040 ) and a sampling frequency of 43 . 2 khz . sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella comprised two dominant frequencies at 50 + / \u221210 hz and 110 + / \u221220 hz with 1 to 2 harmonics ( 165 + / \u221230 : 220 + / \u221240 ) occasionally identified when other clothes moths were > 5 cm from the signaller . when other moths were < 5 cm from the signaller , dominant frequencies were 70 + / \u221210 hz and 140 + / \u221220 hz with 2 - 3 additional harmonics ( 210 + / \u221230 hz ; 280 + / \u221240 hz ) ( fig . 8 ) .\nfig . 3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with porapak q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt ( 75 pelt - min ) , a blend of synthetic pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) or a pentane solvent control . compounds in sb - 1 consisted of nonanal ( 400 . 0 ) ; decanal ( 100 . 0 ) ; 6 . dodecanal ( 20 . 0 ) ; 7 . tridecanal ( 24 . 0 ) ; 8 . tetradecanal ( 25 . 0 ) ; 9 . pentadecanal ( 4 . 0 ) ; 10 . hexadecanal ( 5 . 0 ) ; 11 . heptadecanal ( 3 . 5 ) ; 12 . octadecanal ( 0 . 5 ) ; 13 . heptanol ( 50 . 0 ) ; 14 . nonanol ( 50 . 0 ) ; 15 . decanol ( 60 . 0 ) ; 16 . undecanol ( 1000 . 0 ) ; 17 . dodecanol ( 100 . 0 ) ; 18 . tridecanol ( 350 . 0 ) ; 19 . tetradecanol ( 15 . 0 ) ; 20 . pentadecanol ( 10 . 0 ) ; 21 . hexadecanol ( 1 . 5 ) ; 22 . heptadecanol ( 1 . 5 ) ; 23 . octadecanol ( 0 . 5 ) ; 24 . tetradecane ( 100 . 0 ) ; 25 . pentadecane ( 500 . 0 ) ; 26 . hexadecane ( 500 . 0 ) ; 27 . eicosane ( 100 . 0 ) ; 28 . uneicosane ( 3 . 5 ) ; 29 . 2 - undecanal ( 20 . 0 ) ; 30 . e2 - nonenal ( 45 . 0 ) ; 31 . e2 - decenal ( 55 . 0 ) ; 32 . geranylacetone ( 5 . 0 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncasemaking clothes moth . the dark spots on the wings distinguish it from the webbing clothes moth .\ncases from the casemaking clothes moth . cases take on the color of the fabric being consumed .\nwebbing clothes moth larvae with particles of excrement ( frass ) and other debris .\nthe webbing clothes moth is the most common fabric moth . the adult is gold with reddish - golden hairs on the top of its head . a row of golden hairs fringes its wings , which have a span of about 1 / 2 inch . because these moths are weak flyers that aren ' t attracted to lights , you ' ll usually find them close to the infested items , such as in a dark area of the closet .\ndon ' t confuse the clothes moth with common food - and grain - infesting moths , which frequently fly around the house . at rest , clothes moths are only about 1 / 4 inch long , while most food - infesting moths are about double that length . clothes moths usually fly around only the immediate area of the house where the infestation has occurred , and their flight pattern is distinctive\u2014they tend to flutter about rather than fly in a direct , steady manner as do food - infesting moths . food - infesting moths also don ' t have the little tufts of hair on their head . to confirm you have a clothes moth , catch one and examine its head with a magnifying glass or hand lens .\nthe casemaking clothes moth is similar in size and appearance to the webbing clothes moth , although the wings of the casemaking clothes moth are more brownish and have faint dark - colored spots . also , the hairs on its head are lighter colored than those of the webbing clothes moth .\nlarvae of both species are nearly identical , except the larvae of the casemaking clothes moth always carry a silken case with them as they feed . they never leave this silken case behind but enlarge it as they grow . they can feed from either end of the case and retreat into it when disturbed . this case takes on the color of the fabric the larvae have eaten . webbing clothes moth larvae don ' t carry around feeding cases but may produce patches of silk webbing , which accumulate excrement and particles of fabric the larvae are feeding on , to create temporary feeding tubes . when webbing clothes moths move on to new feeding locations , they leave the feeding tubes and webbing behind .\nexcrement from both the webbing clothes moth and the casemaking clothes moth can contain dyes from the cloth fibers the moths have eaten , also making it the same color as the fabric .\nfemales of both species lay an average of 40 to 50 eggs during a 2 - to 3 - week period and die once they ' ve completed the egg - laying process . males outlive females and continue to mate during the remainder of their lives . an adhesive secretion attaches the eggs to the fabric threads . eggs hatch in 4 to 10 days during warm weather .\nlarvae molt 5 to 45 times , depending on indoor temperatures and the type of food available . the larval period lasts 35 days to 2 1 / 2 years . larvae are shiny white , and their head capsules are dark - colored . they spin webbing as they feed , with the webbing clothes moth creating a temporary silken feeding tube or tunnel and the casemaking clothes moth creating a permanent silken case that larvae carry with them as they move around . when larvae of the casemaking clothes moth are ready to pupate , they wander away from their food source to find crevices . with the webbing clothes moth , pupation takes place inside a silken cocoon , usually on the fabric .\npupation lasts 8 to 10 days in summer and 3 to 4 weeks in winter . heated buildings enable clothes moths to continue developing during winter months . generally , developmental time for the clothes moth from egg to egg is between four to six months , and there are usually two generations a year .\nthe webbing clothes moth is probably the most commonly encountered clothes moth in the united states . the casemaking clothes moth is less common and also of far less economic importance than the webbing clothes moth .\nthe larva is the damaging stage of the clothes moth . both species feed on wool clothing , carpets , and rugs ; upholstered furniture ; furs ; stored woolen items ; animal bristles in brushes ; wool felt pads in pianos ; and fish meal in fish food . they will feed on synthetics or cotton blends if these fabrics also contain wool . larvae might also use cotton fibers to make their pupal cases . damage generally appears in hidden locations such as beneath collars or cuffs of clothing , in crevices of upholstered furniture , and in carpeted areas beneath furniture . fabrics with food , perspiration , or urine stains are more subject to damage .\nmethods for controlling clothes moths include periodic dry cleaning or laundering , proper storage , freezing , heating , fumigating with dry ice , trapping , or insecticides . keeping humidity levels low inside buildings creates an environment that isn ' t favorable for clothes moth development . buildings that don ' t have numerous tiny cracks and crevices will also have fewer clothes moth problems . good housekeeping practices are important as well . it is also important to regularly monitor fabrics and closets for clothes moths and their damage so you can take action when infestations are still small .\nalthough most people can manage clothes moth problems themselves , some infestations are best handled by a pest control applicator , who has the equipment , materials , and experience to deal with difficult control jobs .\nto inspect for clothes moths , look to see if there are silken tubes in the hidden portions of clothes , such as under collars , or silken mats or patches on material . both the silken tubes and mats often have fibers and feces incorporated into them . check to see if you can find any sign of surface grazing of fibers , any holes , or both on the fabrics . with fur , look to see if you have some hairs clipped at their base , causing loose fur and exposed hide . fully grown larvae of the casemaking clothes moth make cigar - shaped , open - ended silken cases that are about 3 / 8 inch long , often with pieces of infested material incorporated into the case . the case containing a live larva is often attached to the infested material at on end .\npheromone traps , discussed below in trapping , are also very useful for detecting clothes moths .\nperiodically cleaning areas in your home that can harbor clothes moths can prevent or control infestations . these areas include seldom - cleaned spots such as beneath heavy pieces of furniture ; along baseboards and in cracks where hair and debris accumulate ; in closets , especially those in which woolens and furs are kept ; and inside and behind heaters and inside vents .\nthe vacuum cleaner is the best tool for most of this cleaning . after using it in infested areas , dispose of the bag ' s contents promptly , since it can include eggs , larvae , or adult moths .\nclothes moths might initially establish themselves on woolen garments or scraps stored for long periods . in addition to properly storing woolen items ( see protecting items in storage . ) , periodically hang them in the sun and brush them thoroughly , especially along seams and inside folds and pockets . brushing destroys eggs and exposes larvae . larvae don ' t like bright light and will fall from clothing when they can ' t find protection .\nif the infestation is in a closet , be sure to remove and clean all clothes and fabric that were stored inside and thoroughly vacuum and wash the inside of the closet , especially all cracks and crevices , before returning the cleaned clothes . dust insecticides containing pyrethroids or pyrethrin ( e . g . , 0 . 05 % deltamethrin or 1 % pyrethrin ) can be applied in the cracks and crevices . always follow the label requirements when applying these dusts .\nthe most common and effective method for killing all stages of clothes moths in clothing , blankets , and other washable articles is to thoroughly launder them for 20 to 30 minutes in water that is at least 120\u00b0f . because many woolen items shouldn ' t be washed in hot water , sending your items to a dry cleaner might be the only suitable option . keeping fabrics clean has another advantage\u2014insects are less likely to feed on clean fabrics than on heavily soiled ones .\nclothes moths often damage improperly stored articles . when storing susceptible items , be sure they are clean and pest free , and place them in an airtight container . you can place insect repellents such as herbal oils into the storage container , but little is known about their effectiveness .\nmoth balls , flakes , or crystals containing 1 , 4 - dichlorobenzene ( also called paradichlorobenzene ) also are available for protecting clothes in storage . because these materials are toxic , be sure to keep them away from children and pets . these products have other shortcomings as well . they leave an unpleasant odor on clothes and other cloth objects , and if these products come into contact with plastic buttons , hangers , or garment bags , they can cause the plastic to soften and melt into the fabric .\nas these chemicals evaporate , they produce vapors that , in sufficient concentration , will slowly kill insects . the vapors build up to the required concentration only in an airtight container . if the container isn ' t airtight , the chemicals only somewhat repel adults , and any larvae already on clothes continue to feed .\nthe effectiveness of cedar chests and closet floors made of cedar is debatable . aromatic eastern red cedar , juniperus virginiana , contains an oil that can kill small larvae , but it doesn ' t affect large larvae . after several years , however , cedar loses this quality . having a tightly constructed chest is more important in the long run than the type of wood used to make it .\nyou can also control clothes moths by heating the infested item in an oven for at least 30 minutes at temperatures higher than 120\u00b0f , enclosing the item in a plastic bag and placing it in a freezer for several days at temperatures lower than 18\u00b0f , or fumigating the item with dry ice . before using any of these methods , consider if cold or heat will damage the fabric . for more information , see the household furnishings section .\ntrapping is a relatively easy - to - use technique that helps to detect and reduce a webbing clothes moth infestation . pheromone traps are available to trap both the webbing clothes moth and the casemaking clothes moth . pheromones are chemicals an organism produces\ufffdin this case a sex attractant\ufffdto affect the behavior of other members of the same species . the sex pheromone attracts male moths into the trap where they get stuck on the sticky sides . because the pheromone specifically attracts clothes moths , it won\ufffdt attract other moth species . conversely , pheromone traps for other species such as grain - infesting moths won\ufffdt attract clothes moths . pheromone traps for clothes moths are available at major hardware stores .\nplace traps in closets and other clothes - storage areas . trapping not only enables you to detect the presence of clothes moths but provides some control , because trapped males can ' t mate . however , if you trap moths , you should also take other measures , such as dry cleaning or laundering , to protect clothes exposed to moths .\nif you have clothes moths but the articles can ' t be dry cleaned , laundered , heated , frozen , kept in cold storage , or fumigated with dry ice , you can spray them with an insecticide . find a product that lists clothes moths on its label , and follow the directions exactly . insecticides for clothes moths usually contain pyrethrins , which provide quick knockdown of clothes moths . you can spray most of these products directly onto fabrics . always follow the instructions in the product label . pyrethrin insecticides don ' t leave persistent toxic residues , which makes them more suitable for clothes moth control in many cases than a lot of other products .\nsome insecticide sprays have an oil base , so don ' t spray them on silk , rayon , or other fabrics that stain easily . also , don ' t use them around open flames , sparks , or electrical circuits , and don ' t spray them on asphalt tile floors .\nfor surfaces you suspect might stain , first spray a small , inconspicuous area and let it dry to see if staining occurs . widespread or heavy infestations often require the services of a professional pest control applicator .\nrugs , carpets , furs , and household furnishings require special attention to protect them from clothes moths . however , rugs and furnishings made entirely of synthetic fibers aren ' t affected ; this includes most wall - to - wall carpeting\nclosely inspect beneath heavy furniture and along carpet edges for infestation . you can dry clean area rugs or hang them out in the sun and then vacuum them . pull back the edges of infested wall - to - wall carpets , so you can apply an insecticide to both sides . spray the upper surface of the carpet lightly to reduce the possibility of staining . if the rug pad contains animal hair or wool and hasn ' t been treated by the manufacturer , spray it as well . it is better to wait until the rug has dried before putting any weight on it .\napplying protective sprays to furs isn ' t recommended . if you store furs at home during the summer , protect them with moth crystals , flakes , or balls , or frequently shake and air the items . furs in commercial cold storage receive professional care , and you can insure them against damage .\nsome furniture , mattresses , and pillows are stuffed with animal products such as hair or feathers . when clothes moths get into the stuffing , you won ' t be able to control them simply by spraying the outside surface of the item . the best way to eliminate the moths is to fumigate the item with dry ice or have a pest control or storage firm treat the infested item with lethal gas in a fumigation vault .\nto fumigate an object with dry ice , place the item and the ice into a thick ( 4 mil ) plastic bag . don ' t handle dry ice with your bare hands , because it will quickly freeze your skin . if you use a plastic bag with a 30 - gallon capacity , a 1 / 2 - to 1 - pound piece of dry ice should be adequate . seal the bag loosely at the top until all of the dry ice has vaporized ; this will allow the air to escape and keep the bag from bursting . when the dry ice is gone , tighten the seal , and let the bag sit for three or four days . proper fumigation gives quick , satisfactory control and kills all stages of clothes moths , although it doesn ' t prevent reinfestation .\nsometimes felts and hammers in pianos become infested and so badly damaged that it seriously affects the tone and action of the instrument . contact a piano technician , who might recommend synthetic felt replacements .\nmallis , a . 2011 . handbook of pest control , 10th ed . richfield , ohio : gie media inc ."]}
{"id": 1209, "summary": [{"text": "the arctic lemming ( dicrostonyx torquatus ) is a species of rodents in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "although generally classified as a \" least concern \" species , the novaya zemlya subspecies ( dicrostonyx torquatus ungulatus ) is considered a vulnerable species under russian nature conservation legislation ( included in red book of russian federation since 1998 ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "arctic lemming", "paragraphs": ["of lemming is the wood lemming measuring around 8 cm . the norwegian lemming is roughly three times the\nof lemming found around the arctic circle , from alaska to siberia . although many different\nadd tags for\narctic : journal of the arctic institute of north america .\n.\nor the lowly arctic lemming , life is cruel . in a flash before death , often the last things a lemming sees are the deadly talons of a majestic\narctic : journal of the arctic institute of north america . / arctic institute of north america ( calgary , alta . ) ; ; calgary : university of calgary .\nmultiple glacial refugia in the north american arctic : inference from phylogeography of the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) .\narctic : journal of the arctic institute of north america . ( journal , magazine , 1948 ) [ worldcat . org ]\ndue to irregular winters , the lemming cycle has stopped . this might in time change the whole ecosystem in the arctic .\narctic lemmings occur in the arctic tundra of eastern siberia and alaska , with a distribution extending farther north than any other rodent .\nmultiple glacial refugia in the north american arctic : inference from phylogeography of the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\narctic library & glossary : check this section for an index of the rest of the things you really need to know about the arctic .\narctic links : even more information ! links to sites related to the arctic and\niceberg : the story of the throps and the squallhoots\n.\nalthough lemming fluctuations have previously been reported to influence the opportunistic arctic fox reproduction elsewhere [ 22 , 30 ] , gilg et al . [ 12 ] expected arctic fox to be the least affected by reduced lemming abundance , which indeed was what we observed ( i . e . reproductive decline by 30 % ) . nevertheless , on traill island , arctic fox reproduction was still coupled to lemming abundance , whereas at zackenberg , arctic fox reproduction was not coupled to lemming abundance at all . arctic fox may generally [ 31 , 32 ] ( and at zackenberg , in particular [ 16 , 33 ] ) rely on alternative terrestrial and marine food sources , which may buffer arctic fox populations from the fluctuating lemming densities . the lack of coupling between arctic fox and its lemming prey at zackenberg may also explain why no clear pattern of predation on alternative prey species , such as ground - nesting birds ( including long - tailed skua ) , is found there [ 34 ] , while it is observed elsewhere in the arctic [ 35 , 36 ] .\nthe lemming is a tiny rodent that is found in or near the arctic circle and are thought to be related to voles and muskrats . the smallest\nzoology student alfredo soto examines a lemming on the coastal plain of the arctic national wildlife refuge . / courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service\nlemmings are a vital prey species of great ecological importance in the arctic . lemmings support the arctic food chain ; they are the only naturally occurring small rodent species in the high arctic , and their population provides food for the majority of arctic predators . the arctic fox and the snowy owl feed on them , as do stoats , weasels , and predatory birds like the long - tailed skua .\n) in an arctic pre - breeding area . polar res 29 : 404\u2013412 .\narctic maps & weather reports : maps of the northwest passage , explorers ' routes , iceberg sources , nunavut , the arctic by treeline , temperature . . .\nthe arctic lemming has blackish grey heads and backs in the summer . around their neck they have a rust - red area , almost looking like a collar . in the winter they have a white coat . the arctic lemming has long , soft fur , and very short tails . the arctic lemming weighs around 1 . 1 to 4 . 0 oz ( 30 - 112 g ) and is about 2 . 8 to 5 . 9 in ( 7 to15 cm ) long .\nbilodeau f , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2013a ) the effect of snow cover on lemming population cycles in the canadian high arctic . oecologia 172 : 1007\u20131016\nsittler b , gilg o , berg tb ( 2000 ) low abundance of king eider nests during low lemming years in northeast greenland . arctic 53 : 53\u201360 .\nin the qarlikturvik valley , we observed that collared and brown lemmings are synchronised , but the brown lemming cycle is more accentuated than that of the collared lemming .\nmaclean sfj , fitzgerald bm , pitelka fa ( 1974 ) population cycles in arctic lemmings : winter reproduction and predation by weasels . arctic alpine res 6 : 1\u201312 .\nbilodeau f , gauthier g , fauteux d , berteaux d ( 2014 ) does lemming winter grazing impact vegetation in the canadian arctic ? polar biol 37 : 845\u2013857 .\narctic lemmings , lemmus spp . and dicrostonyx spp . : integrating ecological and evolutionary perspectives\nto allow the lemming to conserve heat more easily in the bitter arctic winters . lemmings also have sharp little teeth which helps the lemmings to gnaw through tangles of roots .\nketcham , sandra .\nlemming animal facts\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\noksanen l ( 1983 ) trophic exploitation and arctic phytomass patterns . am nat 122 : 45\u201352\nhowever no one knows if the greening of the arctic will cause global warming or cooling .\ntwo species of lemmings are found on bylot island : the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) and the brown lemming ( lemmus sibiricus ) . the brown lemming is typically found in wetlands where it feeds on plants such as sedges and grasses . in contrast , the collared lemming prefers a dryer habitat ( uplands ) where it mainly feeds on forbs and shrubs .\nbilodeau f , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2013 ) the effect of snow cover on lemming population cycles in the canadian high arctic . oecologia 172 : 1007\u20131016 . pmid : 23232938\nprimer pairs and corresponding coi - fragment used for detection of lemming genera lemmus and dicrostonyx .\nthe eyes of this lemming stare into your very soul . it knows all your secrets .\nthe arctic lemming , being herbivorous , lives on a diet of various plants . they dig tunnels in the ground during summer and they live in burrows in the snow during the winter .\nketcham , sandra .\nlemming animal facts .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / lemming - animal - 3759 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nnils : a lemming is a small rodent and the norwegian lemming is a very charismatic one , yellow and black . it used to be that every three to four years , there were massive numbers of lemmings in the mountains and then the next year it was gone . that is what we refer to as the lemming cycle . and the lemming cycle occurs for lemmings as well as for many other small rodent species , and the lemming cycle was a characteristic feature .\narctic temperatures are warming at twice the rate of lower latitudes\u2019 , making the area one of the most rapidly changing regions on earth . arctic ecosystems are facing radical alteration . and , surprisingly , a tiny furry rodent may be a major player in those changes . lemming populations have a powerful impact on arctic flora and fauna . due to their influences and those of the rapid climate change the arctic is experiencing , we are beginning to see ecosystem level and even global level changes .\ncryptic northern refugia beyond the ice limit of the pleistocene glaciations may have had significant influence on the current pattern of biodiversity in arctic regions . in order to evaluate whether northern glacial refugia existed in the canadian arctic , we examined mitochondrial dna phylogeography in the northernmost species of rodents , the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) sampled across its range of distribution in the north american arctic and greenland . the division of the collared lemming into the canadian arctic and eastern beringia phylogroups does not support postglacial colonization of the north american arctic from a single eastern beringia refugium . rather , the phylogeographical structure and sparse fossil records indicate that , during the last glaciation , some biologically significant refugia and important sources of postglacial colonization were located to the northwest of the main ice sheet in the canadian arctic .\nmost active during storms , the static - charged lemming can deal a nasty shock to predators .\nketcham , sandra . ( n . d . ) . lemming animal facts . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / lemming - animal - 3759 . html\nberg tb ( 2003 ) catechin content and consumption ratio of the collared lemming . oecologia 135 : 242\u2013249\narctic permafrost , the frozen layer of ground that covers much of the far north arctic , is also reacting to warming temperatures . when permafrost melts it releases carbon ( co2 ) and methane ( ch4 ) .\nnils : the red fox is competitively superior to the arctic fox . unless there are lots of lemmings , the arctic fox does well . so it will change the whole ecosystem . so maybe the arctic fox will go extinct on the mainland and only survive on the small part of spitsbergen in the norwegian territories .\nboth lemming species found on bylot island play major ecological roles in the terrestrial ecosystem . they are the main preys of many arctic predators such as arctic foxes , weasels and snowy owls , which largely depend on them . brown and collared lemmings also influence tundra vegetation by dispersing seeds or devastating plants when overgrazing them .\n\u2018lemmings ( lemmus and dicrostonyx spp . ) \u2019 d . g . reid et . al , for arctic report card : update for 2012 under the national oceanic and atmospheric administration\u2019s arctic theme page ( 2012 ) urltoken\nfedorov vb , stenseth nc ( 2002 ) multiple glacial refugia in the north american arctic : inference from phylogeography of the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) . p roy soc b - biol sci 269 : 2071\u20132078 .\neven though bylot island arctic foxes can rely on alternative preys when there are few lemmings , their population remains largely driven by lemming abundance . in fact , fox reproductive effort ( number and size of litters ) seems to be closely related to lemming availability . in years following high peaks in lemming populations , foxes are in better physical condition , so many fox litters are found and the number of pups in each litter is high . in contrary , in years following very low lemming abundance , only few litters are found and litter sizes are small .\nfrom 1996 to 2000 , relationships between arctic foxes , lemmings and geese were more thoroughly investigated . as a result , many questions related to the impact of arctic fox predation on bylot island greater snow geese population were elucidated .\nguthrie rd ( 1968 ) paleoecology of a late pleistocene small mammal community from interior alaska . arctic 21 : 223\u2013244 .\nlemmings do not hibernate and instead endure the tough arctic winters , with the lemming having special protection from the cold from its thick fur . the lemmings spend the winter searching for bulbs and shoots that are often buried beneath the snow .\nthe arctic lemming is a highly important food source for numerous species including : stoat , arctic fox , snowy owl , gyrfalcon , glaucous gull , long - tailed skua and raven . in good lemming years these natural enemies produce large litters of young . the arctic lemming is a solitary animal by nature . they only meet to mate and then go their separate ways , but like all rodents they have a high reproductive rate and can breed rapidly when food is plentiful . in exceptional years , females produce a litter of young every month from march to april through to september . because young females are already procreative at four weeks , populations can grow at enormous speed . typically , these large populations collapse very rapidly and hardly any lemmings are seen in following years . like other small arctic rodents , the arctic lemming population fluctuates wildly , usually in a 4 - year cycle . these rodents do not hibernate during the long harsh northern winter . instead , they remain active in finding food by digging through the snow and using the grass that they have previously stored .\narctic and sub - arctic tundra and forest - tundra in the palearctic , from white sea , w russia , to chukotski peninsula , ne siberia , and kamchatka ; including novaya zemlya and new siberian islands , arctic ocean\n( wilson and reeder 2005 ) , but excluding wrangel island ( gromov and erbaeva 1995 , pavlinov et al . 2002 ) .\na fun fact about the arctic lemming is that they have been known to migrate when population density becomes too great . they can and do swim in search of a new habitat and will cross a large body of water to do so .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : arctic : journal of the arctic institute of north america . publisher : calgary : university of calgary . isbn / issn : 1923 - 1245 , 0004 - 0843 oclc : 888540186\nklein dr , bay c ( 1994 ) resource partitioning by mammalian herbivores in the high arctic . oecologia 97 : 439\u2013450 .\nsnowy owl in flight , photographed in the arctic national wildlife refuge . / courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service\nresearchers found that large populations of lemmings are turning the arctic green as the herbivores graze on plants and fertilise the soils .\nbut the population booms that feed the big snowy - owl irruptions might not last in an era of global warming . the arctic landscape is changing , and there are early signs that it has caused lemming populations to dip in scandinavia and greenland .\nbrassard gr , fife aj , webber j ( 1979 ) mosses from baffin island , arctic canada . lindbergia 5 : 99\u2013104 .\nbefore snowy owls start heading back to the arctic , scientists want to fit as many as possible with transmitters and gps devices .\ntheir flights , covering thousands of kilometres , were fuelled by a steady diet of lemmings . the lemming population spikes about every four years in the arctic , and last summer it rose off the charts on canada ' s bylot island in the nunavut territory .\ntiny lemmings impact population levels and lifestyle of both predators and prey animals . they alter the vegetative cover in the arctic , encouraging plants to thrive or not as they feed . this keystone species has ecological impacts on nearly the entirety of the arctic . as climate change drives amplified warming in the arctic , we can expect to see larger and more impactful consequences , even from small sources .\nims ra , yoccoz ng , killengreen st ( 2011 ) determinants of lemming outbreaks . pnas 108 : 1970\u20131974 . pmid : 21245340\nthe worry that lemming populations will fall is speculation ,\nan unknown situation\n, smith said . but the future is a concern .\none thing we know with the lemming population , they need that snow cover to survive ,\nhe said .\ncurrent research on lemmings has been fueled by two recent discoveries made in the case of the norwegian lemming lemmus lemmus , the most renowned lemming species ( 3 ) . the first is that its outbreak trajectory is differently shaped from that of the gray - sided vole ( myodes rufocanus ) , the often codominant rodent species , which always exhibits population peaks synchronously with the lemming . specifically , the lemming population erupts more steeply than the vole population . this discrepancy in \u201coutbreak topology\u201d has been suggested to result from different trophic interactions ; the \u201csharp\u201d lemming outbreaks from an interaction with food plants , the \u201cblunt\u201d vole peaks from an interaction with predators ( 7 , 8 ) . however , there are still contrasting views on which factors regulate lemming populations ( 4 , 6 , 9 ) .\nas it was previously mentioned , the breeding effort of arctic and red foxes seems to be closely related to lemming abundance . however , since the expansion of our den monitoring area in 2003 , this relationship seems less visible and little is known yet about the lemming abundance in these new areas . it may be different or non - synchronized with that observed in the traditionally surveyed areas ( see\nthe collared lemming , being adapted to arctic environments will most likely face a further demographic decline and range contraction or even extinction , when the average temperature continues to rise . such a climate - driven demographic decline and range contraction of the collared lemming , which is a key member of northern communities , would have strong consequences for trophic interactions and ecosystem processes in the arctic [ 11 ] , [ 24 ] \u2013 [ 30 ] . since collared lemmings are the main prey for four predators ( the snowy owl , the arctic fox , the long - tailed skua and the stoat ) , a strong climate - driven population decline in this species would most likely cause a severe reduction in predator populations and may lead to local extinction of the predators themselves [ 30 ] . thus , a proper understanding of the effects and responses of this arctic key species is crucial for predictions of possible future scenarios in the arctic biota .\nsatellite imagery has already confirmed that arctic regions are becoming covered with grasses and shrubs , as increasing temperatures make the areas more habitable .\narctic foxes are the main predators found on bylot island and their favourite preys are small rodents called lemmings . lemming populations are however cyclic , meaning that they go through phases of really high to really low densities , every 3 - 5 years ( see lemmings ) .\nto let the younger lemming generations have full access to food and shelter etc is a myth . this may have originated from the mass\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the lemming article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nolofsson j , t\u00f8mmervik h , callaghan tv ( 2012 ) vole and lemming activity observed from space . nat clim change 2 : 880\u2013883\nbrassard gr ( 1976 ) the mosses of northern ellesmere island , arctic canada iii . new or additional records . bryologist 79 : 480\u2013487 .\n\u201cwe are not saying that lemmings are causing the greening , because greening is occurring in areas where lemmings don\u2019t occur at high densities and we are not sure how lemming populations across the arctic are themselves responding to warmer conditions . however , it is clear from our study that lemmings , and other herbivores , are more important in some of these arctic ecosystems than people historically give them credit for , \u201d he said .\ncontrasting the mean annual reproductive output on traill island before and after the lemming cycle collapse demonstrates that the three predator species were differentially negatively impacted in the order snowy owl ( most ) , long - tailed skua ( intermediate ) and arctic fox ( least ; table 1 ) .\nso far , little is known about species responses to climate change in the arctic . our study aims to fill this gap and improve the understanding of past population responses of arctic species to climate change . in the case of the collared lemmings this is particularly important since demographic changes in this species have strong consequences for trophic interactions and ecosystem processes in the arctic [ 11 ] , [ 24 ] \u2013 [ 30 ] .\nolofsson j , tommervik h , callaghan tv ( 2012 ) vole and lemming activity observed from space . nature clim change 12 : 880\u2013883 .\nwilson dj , krebs cj , sinclair are ( 1999 ) limitation of collared lemming populations during a population cycle . oikos 87 : 382\u2013398 .\nin summary , we found indication that diet of both lemming species on bylot island is heavily affected by food availability , which adds to increasing evidence showing that availability is an important determinant of small rodent diets [ 3 , 8 , 41 ] . furthermore , the large differences between locations revealed by our study may imply that both competitive interactions between lemmings species and lemming - vegetation interactions may vary greatly across the arctic tundra .\nbrassard gr ( 1971 ) the mosses of northern ellesmere island , arctic canada ii . annotated list of the taxa . bryologist 74 : 282\u2013311 .\n\u2026species , rangifer tarandus , whereas the lemmings of the eurasian arctic are a closely related but distinct species from those of northern north america and greenland . this similarity in arctic mammalian fauna is a result of the lower sea levels of the pleistocene glaciations , when a broad land connection , known as\u2026\n\u2018linking climate change to lemming cycles\u2019 kyrre l . kausrud et . al . , published in nature , international journal of science ( 2008 ) urltoken\ntape kd , hallinger m , welker jm , ruess rw ( 2012 ) landscape heterogeneity of shrub expansion in arctic alaska . ecosystems 15 : 711\u2013724 .\nduchesne d , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2011 ) habitat selection , reproduction and predation of wintering lemmings in the arctic . oecologia 167 : 967\u2013980\n\u201cour paper confirms that we really need to be careful attributing the greening of the arctic to global warming alone . we have shown that lemmings can promote similar greening , through the increase of grasses and sedges , as warming does in arctic regions where lemmings are present and go through dramatic population cycles . \u201d\nlemming in mount njuolja , abisko national park in sweden . / attribution david mintz ( creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license )\nthe recent abundance of snowy owl sightings in the us and canada is linked to a spike in the lemming population . photograph : yves herman / reuters\ncitation : prost s , smirnov n , fedorov vb , sommer rs , stiller m , nagel d , et al . ( 2010 ) influence of climate warming on arctic mammals ? new insights from ancient dna studies of the collared lemming dicrostonyx torquatus . plos one 5 ( 5 ) : e10447 . urltoken\n) , thus representing sampling before , during and after climatic events that , based on the ecological preferences of this arctic species should have generated demographic changes .\nseldal t , andersen kj , hogstedt g ( 1994 ) grazing - induced proteinase inhibitors : a possible cause for lemming population cycles . oikos 70 : 3\u201311\ndr david johnson , lead author of the study , said the paper shows the impact the lemming population has on the local ecosystem and even the climate .\nduring 2006 to 2007 a large - scale norwegian lemming outbreak arose in finnmark , in sub - and low - arctic fennoscandia , for the first time in at least two decades . based on spatially extensive monitoring of rodent populations at 109 tundra sites spanning an area of 10 000 km 2 , we were able to encompass substantial spatial variation in outbreak amplitude along replicated climatic ( i . e . , altitudinal ) gradients in lemmings and gray - sided voles . here we provide an analysis of this variation that sheds light on the differences and interrelations between lemming and vole dynamics and which factors may impede lemming outbreaks for decades .\nainu alutiiq dance arctic crashes arctic social sciences crossroads / continents inuit studies conference labrador repatriation saint lawrence gateways the search for a past ( saami ) sharing knowledge alaska sharing knowledge : collections yakutat seal camps yamal yup ' ik masks get plug - ins help printing credits copyright \u00a9 smithsonian institution , 2004 . all rights reserved .\nmaclean sf , fitzgerald bm , pitelka fa ( 1974 ) population cycles in arctic lemmings : winter reproduction and predation by weasels . arct alp res 6 : 1\u201312\nwe were able to test genetically the lemming species identified in the field based on pellet size , shape and color for 74 of our 76 pellet samples ( 54 brown and 20 collared lemmings ) . the genetic identification was based on the difference between amplicon size . the amplicone sizes estimated by the qiaxcel system were on average 128 bp for collared lemming and 146 bp for brown lemming . while these were longer than presumed ( see methods ) , the relative difference remained . ( s1 fig . ) . the genetic analysis confirmed field species identification in 98 . 6 % of the cases . only one pellet sample identified as brown lemming in the field turned out to be a collared lemming according to the genetic analysis . all muscle samples ( n = 12 ) were identified to the correct species .\nmoen j , lundberg pa , oksanen l ( 1993 ) lemming grazing on snowbed vegetation during a population peak , northern norway . arct alp res 25 : 130\u2013135\noksanen l , oksanen t ( 1992 ) long - term microtine dynamics in north fennoscandian tundra : the vole cycle and the lemming chaos . ecography 15 : 226\u2013236\nmaclean sf , fitzgerald bm , pitelka fa ( 1974 ) population cycles in arctic lemmings : winter reproduction and predation by weasels . arc alp res 6 : 1\u201312 .\nfortier d , allard m ( 2004 ) late holocen syngenetic ice - wedge polygons development , bylot island , canadian arctic archipelago . can j earth sci 41 : 997\u20131012\ngilg o , sittler b , hanski i ( 2009 ) climate change and cyclic predator - prey population dynamics in the high arctic . glob change biol 15 : 2634\u20132652\npouliot r , rochefort l , gauthier g ( 2009 ) moss carpets constrain the fertilizing effects of herbivores on graminoid plants in arctic polygon fens . botany 87 : 1209\u20131222\npopulation outbreaks in tundra rodents have intrigued scientists for a century as a result of their spectacular appearances and their general lessons in ecology . one outstanding question that has led to competing hypotheses is why sympatric lemmings and voles differ in regularity and shape of their outbreaks . lemming outbreaks may be lost for decades while vole populations maintain regular population cycles . moreover , when lemming populations eventually irrupt , they do so more steeply than the vole populations . norwegian lemmings exhibited a large - scale outbreak synchronously with gray - sided voles in finnmark , northern fennoscandia , during 2006 to 2007 for the first time in two decades . analyses of spatial variability of this outbreak across altitudinal gradients allowed us to identify determinants of the contrasting lemming and vole dynamics . the steeper lemming outbreak trajectories were caused by breeding and population growth during winter , when nonbreeding vole populations consistently declined . the differently shaped lemming and vole outbreaks appear to result from a particular demographic tactic of lemmings that evolved as an adaptation to the long and cold arctic\u2013alpine winters . the lemming outbreak amplitude increased with altitude and vole density , indicating that lemming outbreaks are jointly facilitated by low temperatures and apparent mutualism with voles mediated by shared predators . high sensitivity to variation in climate and predation is likely to be the reasons why lemmings have more erratic population dynamics than sympatric voles . the combination of continued climatic warming and dampened vole cycles is expected to further decrease the frequency , amplitude , and geographic range of lemming outbreaks in tundra ecosystems .\nmoen j , lundberg pa , oksanen l ( 1993 ) lemming grazing on snowbed vegetation during a population peak , northern norway . arc alp res 25 : 130\u2013135 .\ngruyer n , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2008 ) cyclic dynamics of sympatric lemming populations on bylot island , nunavut , canada . can j zool 86 : 910\u2013917\nthe lemming is a heavily furred and tiny rodent that is said to resemble a small guinea pig or a mouse . the three lemming species native to the arctic are the brown , collared , and ungava lemmings , according to polar life . depending on the season , lemmings ' coats may be grayish , brown , white , or mixed brown and white . the animals have short tails , clawed feet , and tiny ears hidden in fur . the lemming grows up to 6 inches in length , and an adult weighs from 40 to 112 grams , with the average mature weight being 78 grams , according to the alaska department of fish and game ( adfg ) .\nof around three weeks . baby lemmings are born in burrows under the snow which helps to keep the baby lemmings warm and away from the arctic winter . the mother lemming gives birth to around 7 baby lemmings and feeds the baby lemmings on her milk until they are big enough and strong enough to start looking for food by themselves .\nlemming populations shrink and swell depending on how many plants and berries are available . one type of lemming , the scandinavian lemming , migrates in a huge group when food becomes scarce . they will run in one direction through meadows , woods and towns . if they come to a large body of water they will swim and swim looking for land . the stories about lemmings jumping off cliffs are a myth . other types of lemmings simply move away when the food gets scarce . wouldn ' t you ?\nduchesne d , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2011 ) habitat selection , reproduction and predation of wintering lemmings in the arctic . oecologia 167 : 967\u2013980 . pmid : 21701915\nh\u00f8ye tt , post e , meltofte h , schmidt nm , forchhammer mc ( 2007 ) rapid advancement of spring in the high arctic . curr biol 17 : 449\u2013451 .\nthe collapse of the lemming cycles in northeast greenland has already affected the tundra ecosystem , here demonstrated by reduced reproductive performance and declining populations of high - arctic predators . if the lemming populations remain at the same non - cyclic , low - density state as during the last decade , the result will probably be population extinctions and further impoverishment of this arctic endemic predator guild . ultimately , this may cause cascading impacts on the entire tundra food web , with unknown consequences [ 1 , 3 , 13 ] . our results also demonstrate that the nature of such trophic cascades is contingent on site - specific food web structure\u2014characteristics of tundra ecosystems that are known to vary spatially [ 37 ] . thus , improving our ability to predict the impacts of climate change on the vulnerable arctic ecosystems will require enhanced and coordinated spatial replication of long - term monitoring programmes .\ngruyer n , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2008 ) cyclic dynamics of sympatric lemming populations on bylot island , nunavut , canada . can j zool 86 : 910\u2013917 .\nthere are many stories written about this . a translation of the bible to the nordic languages , the swarms of grasshoppers in the middle east , there was a footnote by the translator saying that this is like lemming cycles . so , it\u2019s a well - known phenomenon . since the mid \u201890s , there have been no regular lemming cycles .\nthe other issue renewing ecologists\u2019 search for circumstances causing cyclic population outbreaks is the recent emergence of collapsed cycles in several species ( 10 ) . one well documented case of a recent absence of outbreaks is that of a local norwegian lemming population in alpine southern norway , where cyclic outbreaks at regular 3 - to 4 - y intervals prevailed until the past 15 y ( 11 ) . however , this recent incident is not unprecedented . in large tracts of sub - and low - arctic fennoscandian tundra , the norwegian lemming population has erupted only two times since the 1970s , during which time , interestingly , the sympatric gray - sided vole has maintained a regular 5 - y population cycle ( 7 , 8 ) . thus , the northern fennoscandian tundra offers opportunities to elucidate why lemming and vole outbreak trajectories differ and why lemming outbreaks may get lost for long time periods .\ngauthier g , berteaux d , krebs cj , reid d ( 2009 ) arctic lemmings are not simply food limited\u2014a comment on oksanen et al . evol ecol res 11 : 483\u2013484\ngilg o , sittler b , hanski i ( 2009 ) climate change and cyclic predator - prey population dynamics in the high - arctic . glob change biol 15 : 2634\u20132652 .\nbut for all it appears the the retreat of arctic the tundra is encouraging global warming it may actually cool down the climate as plants can grow bigger and store more carbon .\nbecause lemmings have important ecological roles , cycles in their populations have large impacts on arctic ecosystems ( see arctic fox and snowy owl sections ) . for this reason , the bylot island environmental monitoring project participates in the small - mammal survey coordinated across the northwest territories and nunavut ( canada ) by the renewable resources office in yellowknife , a governmental agency .\nthis baseline model was fitted with site - specific altitude and vole density ( in case of the lemming ) as additional predictor terms . altitude served as a proxy for spatial variation in climate ( as detailed earlier ) . density of voles was predicted to affect lemming growth rate only indirectly through shared predators , as lemmings are competitively dominant to voles (\nwhen lemmings are abundant , arctic foxes can survive by mainly feeding on them , but in period of low lemming densities , foxes have to put more effort in preying upon alternative preys such as goose eggs and goslings . since geese fiercely defend their nests against predators , catching eggs and goslings is however a more difficult and risky task than catching lemmings .\nlemmings only consume living vegetation . the abundant herbivores have a strong impact on the arctic biome , especially in years with high populations . their impact on arctic vegetation is so extreme that it is visible to satellites . their voracious appetites seem detrimental , but once the plant life is decimated it has the potential to return even stronger . an examination of fenced plots in barrow , alaska , that lemmings were excluded from ( kept out of ) for the last 50 years suggested that sustained lemming activity actually promotes the growth of many plants .\nkausrud kl , mysterud a , steen h , vik jo , ostbye e , et al . ( 2008 ) linking climate change to lemming cycles . nature 456 : 93\u201398 .\npitelka fa ( 1957 ) some aspects of population structure in the short - term cycle of the brown lemming in northern alaska . springs harb symp quant biol 22 : 237\u2013251 .\nstudies have shown that lemming populations have not peaked in more than a decade . the flat tundra now sprouts willows and shrubs that compete with the grasses and mosses lemmings prefer .\nbilodeau f , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2013 ) effect of snow cover on the vulnerability of lemmings to mammalian predators in the canadian arctic . j mammal 94 : 813\u2013819 .\none year ago , i predicted that there would be a lemming peak all over norway , as a matter of fact , all over scandinavia because the previous year had been very cold , with very good snow conditions and we were then in the middle of a good winter . and true enough , there was a lemming peak last year all over norway .\nof the scandinavian lemming when food becomes scarce , that run in their hundreds through the surrounding terrain in search of food , with a few unlucky individuals finding their way off cliffs .\nas an index of collared lemming abundance , we used the number of winter nests within designated census areas [ 16 , 19 ] . each year after snowmelt , the entire census area was searched closely for fresh winter nests . upon examination , nests were destroyed to avoid double counts . at both sites , the lemming census area was located on relatively flat tundra , and covered a variety of habitat types . the census area at zackenberg may , however , be regarded as richer and more homogeneous than that on traill island [ 16 ] . for comparison between sites , we therefore applied the site - specific correction factor previously developed by gilg et al . [ 12 ] to convert the lemming winter nest density into lemming density .\ngornall jl , jonsdottir is , woodin sj , van der wal r ( 2007 ) arctic mosses govern below - ground environment and ecosystem processes . oecologia 153 : 931\u2013941 . pmid : 17618466\nthe 20 lemming species belong to 6 genera , which , along with voles and muskrats , are classified in the subfamily arvicolinae of the mouse family ( muridae ) within the order rodentia .\nkrebs c , danell k , angerbj\u00f6rn a , agrell j , berteaux d , et al . ( 2003 ) terrestrial trophic dynamics in the canadian arctic . can j zool 81 : 827\u2013843 .\nmoen j , oksanen l ( 1998 ) long - term exclusion of folivorous mammals in two arctic - alpine plant communities : a test of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems . oikos 82 : 333\u2013346\ntherrien jf , gauthier g , korpim\u00e4ki e , b\u00eaty j ( 2014 ) predation pressure imposed by avian predators suggests summer limitation of small mammal populations in the canadian arctic . ecology 95 : 56\u201367\nfedorov vb , goropashnaya a ( 1999 ) the importance of ice ages in diversification of arctic collared lemmings ( dicrostonyx ) : evidence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b region . hereditas 130 : 301\u2013307 .\nlemmings in canada ' s portion of the arctic have yet to show signs of a downturn . the irruption they fuelled last summer has raised public awareness and revolutionised the study of snowy owls .\nthe team from the university of texas at el paso found when lemmings are excluded from the arctic environment in enclosures in alaska there is an increase in certain plant types called lichens and bryophytes .\nsoininen em , ravolainen vt , br\u00e5then ka , yoccoz ng , gielly l , et al . ( 2013 ) arctic small rodents have diverse diets and flexible food selection plos one 8 : e68128 .\nbilodeau f , kenney aj , gilbert bs , hofer e , gauthier g , et al . ( 2013 ) evaluation of a technique to trap lemmings under the snow . arctic 66 : 32\u201336 .\nrodgers ar , lewis mc ( 1986 ) diet selection in arctic lemmings ( lemmus sibiricus and dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) : demography , home range , and habitat use . can j zool 64 : 2717\u20132727 .\nnils : i think the lemming cycle will come back if the climate changes , but it might take quite a bit of time for the whole ecosystem to recover because when the lemmings are gone , that affects the ptarmigan because when predators have no lemmings to eat then they ' ll go to other species including ptarmigan . it also affects the interaction between the arctic fox and the red fox .\nour spatially extensive seasonal monitoring , which happened to encompass the now rare event of a proper lemming outbreak in northern fennoscandia , allowed us to provide a detailed comparison of the topology of the lemming outbreak with the simultaneous dynamics of the gray - sided vole . in accordance with previous studies ( 7 , 8 ) , the lemming exhibited a steeper increase phase than that of the vole . however , the previous studies based their analysis of population growth rates taken at an annual time scale ( fall to fall ) ; i . e . , the population dynamics were not separated into seasonal components . in contrast , we analyzed growth rates for summers ( spring to fall ) and winters ( fall to spring ) separately and thereby can provide unique insights into the basis for the lemming\u2013vole dichotomy .\nbesides the possibility that lemming\u2013plant interactions are more prone to irregularities ( including a more variable outbreak amplitude ) than vole\u2013predator interactions ( 8 ) , there are two other hypotheses explaining why cyclic lemming outbreaks are impeded while sympatric voles maintain cycling . one assumes that lemmings are more sensitive than voles to climate variation ( 10 , 12 ) . the other emphasizes community processes and predicts that lemming outbreaks are limited by indirect interaction with voles mediated by shared predators ( 13 \u2013 15 ) . to our knowledge , no previous study has evaluated the relative merits of these ( not necessarily mutually exclusive ) hypotheses .\nmeanwhile plants are creeping inexorably north . the arctic is slowly becoming more green . plants uptake carbon dioxide ( co2 ) when they perform photosynthesis , but release it through respiratory processes and when they decompose .\nhenttonen h , kaikusalo a ( 1993 ) lemming movements . in : stenseth nc , ims ra ( eds ) the biology of lemmings . linnean society of london . academic press , london , pp 157\u2013186\n) was not considered as we analyzed growth rates only during the lemming outbreak period ( fall 2006 to fall 2007 ) . the model considering dynamics during the outbreak summer ( i . e . , r\nfedorov vb , stenseth nc ( 2001 ) glacial survival of the norwegian lemming ( lemmus lemmus ) in scandinavia : inference from mitochondrial dna variation . p roy soc b - biol sci 268 : 809\u2013814 .\nin conclusion , our study points to the particular adaptations and sensitivities of lemmings to conditions during the alpine\u2013arctic winters , including climate and predation , as the main reason for why lemmings differ from voles in terms of topology and regularity of their outbreaks . continued climatic warming and dampening of vole cycles in tundra ecosystems can be expected to decrease the frequency , amplitude , and geographic range of lemming outbreaks in the future .\nwillerslev e , davison j , moora m , zobel m , coissac e , et al . ( 2014 ) fifty thousand years of arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet . nature 506 : 47\u201351 . pmid : 24499916\npost e , forchhammer mc , bret - harte ms , callaghan tv , christensen tr , et al . ( 2009 ) ecological dynamics across the arctic associated with recent climate change . science 325 : 1355\u20131358 .\nfedorov vb , fredga k , jarrell gh ( 1999 ) mitochondrial dna variation and the evolutionary history of chromosome races of collared lemmings ( dicrostonyx ) in the eurasian arctic . j evolution biol 12 : 134\u2013145 .\nthe percentage of known dens that present signs of activity ( either diggings or fresh prey remains ) greatly vary from year to year and can be considered as an indicator of fox abundance . however , the variability of reproductive foxes is not similar but may be explained by the cyclic nature of lemming populations . years with the lowest percentages of dens with pups are years when lemming abundance was the lowest as well .\nour study is the first to examine the winter diet of lemmings using dna metabarcoding techniques , as all previous studies have relied on microhistological analysis . due to this novel method , we were able to elucidate lemming winter diets at an unprecedented level of details . our analysis of two sympatric lemming species revealed similarities with previous studies but also some startling differences . interestingly , our results do not fit our prediction that these sympatric species should have clearly different winter diets , as the diet of both species showed a high degree of overlap . diets of both lemming species were by far dominated by salix and moss consumption was relatively low .\nfedorov vb ( 1999 ) contrasting mitochondrial dna diversity estimates in two sympatric genera of arctic lemmings ( dicrostonyx : lemmus ) indicate different responses to quaternary environmental fluctuations . p roy soc lond b bio 266 : 621\u2013626 .\nreid dg , bilodeau f , krebs cj , gauthier g , kenney aj , et al . ( 2012 ) lemming winter habitat choice : a snow - fencing experiment . oecologia 168 : 935\u2013946 . pmid : 22042523\nwe used the number of collared lemming winter nests taken over by stoats within the lemming census areas as a proxy of stoat abundance in winter [ 16 , 19 ] , as direct measures are virtually impossible to obtain . in addition , each year , we located all nests of long - tailed skuas and snowy owls within the designated bird census areas . avian productivity ( i . e . number of fledged young produced per hectare ) was estimated from multiple visits to the nests . known arctic fox dens were surveyed multiple times early in the season to verify breeding , while the number of weaned cubs was estimated from visits to the dens in late july . the arctic fox productivity ( i . e . number of weaned cubs produced per ha ) was then estimated by multiplying the density of fox dens known at each site by the mean annual number of weaned young per den . as the survey of dens was not always exhaustive ( see the electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) , arctic fox productivity was in some years weighted by the fraction of dens surveyed [ 17 ] .\ntarroux a , bety j , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2012 ) the marine side of a terrestrial carnivore : intra - population variation in use of allochthonous resources by arctic foxes . plos one 7 : e2427 .\noksanen t , oksanen l , dahlgren j , olofsson j , kyr\u00f6 k ( 2009 ) on the implications of currently available data on population fluctuations of arctic lemmings\u2014reply to gauthier et al . evol ecol res 11 : 485\u2013487\ncallaghan tv , bj\u00f6rn lo , chernov y , chapin t , christensen tr , et al . ( 2004 ) biodiversity , distributions and adaptations of arctic species in the context of environmental change . ambio 33 : 404\u2013417 .\nto provide a quantitative , comparative assessment of population trajectories and their potential determinants in lemmings and voles , we analyzed site - specific seasonal ( winter and summer ) growth rates during the lemming outbreak period ( fall 2006 to fall 2007 ) . on average , the norwegian lemming had positive winter growth rates , whereas they were consistently negative in the gray - sided vole ( table 1 and fig . 1 ) . summer growth rates in lemmings and voles were positive , although somewhat lower in the lemmings ( table 1 ) . the degree of spatial coherence in growth rates was assessed by computing moran i statistics . also , this spatial aspect of the seasonal dynamics differed between the lemming and the vole . lemming growth rates exhibited spatial autocorrelation in winter , but not in summer , whereas the gray - sided vole had the opposite seasonal difference ( table 1 ) .\na particular characteristic of these two lemming species is the cyclic nature of their populations . simply , this means the brown and collared lemming populations go through phases of very low to very high densities , depending on food availability . if conditions are good , lemmings can reproduce and have many large litters every year . as a result , their population grows and grows until it reaches a point at which there are not enough plants anymore to sustain all the animals . at this point the population crashes , the vegetation regenerates and the cycle starts over again . on bylot island , 3 to 4 years can pass between two peaks in the lemming population .\nshape , size and color of fecal pellets collected in the field have been used as criteria to identify lemming species in previous studies when both brown and collared are present [ 20 , 32 , 52 ] . for the first time , we validated this technique using genetic techniques and showed that it was highly reliable ( > 98 % correct identification ) . thus , misidentification of lemming fecal pellets was not an issue in our study .\nto visually illustrate the spatiotemporal features of the lemming outbreak compared with the dynamics of the gray - sided vole in the entire monitoring area , we display spatially averaged outbreak trajectories for six separate subregions ( fig . 1 ) . although all rodent populations simultaneously had converged on very low postoutbreak densities by spring 2008 , the incipient stage of the lemming outbreak differed markedly from that of the gray - sided vole . the onset of the lemming irruption was delayed compared with the onset of the increase phase of voles . from its onset , the lemming outbreak arose steeply to reach sharp peaks simultaneously across the study region in fall 2007 , although with large spatial variation in outbreak amplitude ( i . e . , peak densities ; fig . 1 ) . peak densities also varied in voles , but were reached more gradually , and the dynamics were more spatially asynchronous than in lemmings .\ndata availability : bryophyte reference library and lemming diet data are deposited at dryad digital repository ( urltoken ) , doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . 4rr39 . all other relevant data are available as supporting information files .\nproximately , the more rapid increase in the lemming was a result of population increase in winter , when the vole populations steeply decreased . population increase during winter in lemmings results from winter reproduction ( 4 , 16 ) \u2014a demographic trait virtually absent in the gray - sided vole ( 14 ) . the recruitment component of lemming winter growth can also explain why only lemmings exhibited density - dependent growth rate in winter , as recruitment in northern rodents appears to be more sensitive to density than adult survival ( 17 ) . in essence , our analysis suggests that the contrasting topologies of the population peaks in lemmings and voles are more likely caused by different intrinsic demographic tactics than different trophic interactions . winter reproduction in lemmings , the only truly arctic small rodent taxon , is likely to have evolved as an adaptation to the 9 - to 10 - mo winter at high latitudes and altitudes . thus , it appears to us that a taxon - specific demographic tactics is the most parsimonious explanation for the propensity for irruptive outbreak dynamics across all lemming species and a range of food web contexts in the circumpolar arctic ( 8 ) ."]}
{"id": 1213, "summary": [{"text": "malea pomum , common name the pacific grinning tun , is a species of large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family tonnidae , the tun shells . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "malea pomum", "paragraphs": ["taxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to as dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . . .\nspecimen thach ( 2005 : 93 pl . 44 , nr . 4 ) refers to a specimen of malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) as malea sp . [ details ]\ngenus and description : malea pomum , 53 . 2 & 69 . 5 mm , f + + + / gem , set of 2 specimens\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked the classification from\nworld register of marine species ( worms )\nas preferred for\nmalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\ntaxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to under that name by ( a . o . ) paetel . . .\ntaxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to as dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) by ( a . o . ) tryon ( 1885 : 265 ) ; boetger ( 1908 : 671 ) ; schepman ( 1909 : 125 ) ; vredenburg ( 1919 : 187 ) [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 19 [ details ]\ndolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ( recombination of synonym )\ntype species type taxon by subsequent designation herrmannsen , 1847 is malea latilabris valenciennes , 1832 which is accepted as cassis ringens swainson , 1822 ( i . e . malea ringens ( swainson , 1822 ) ) ( fide beu ( 2005 : 112 ) [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 19 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 20 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) habe , t . ( 1961 ) . coloured illustrations of the shells of japan . ii . hoikusha , osaka [ in japanese ] . xii + 183 + 42 pp . , 66 pl . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]\nfamily : tonnidae born : 1758 , linnaeus genus and description : malea pomum , 53 & 65 mm , f + + + / gem ,\nbig & small\n, set of 2 specimen origin : collected by local fishermen through diving at about 20 to 50 meters deep off nucnucan island , bohol philippines . april 2016\n( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) kempf , m . & matthews , h . r . , ( 1969 ) occurence of the genus malea valenciennes , 1832 in atlantic waters , with the description of a new species ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . arquivos do ci\u00eancias do mar , 9 : 57 - 62 . page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]\n( of malea ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\n( of malea pomum noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 - 114 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) iredale , 1929 ) habe , t . ( 1961 ) . coloured illustrations of the shells of japan . ii . hoikusha , osaka [ in japanese ] . xii + 183 + 42 pp . , 66 pl . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) cernohorsky , w . o . ( 1972a ) marine shells of the pacific . vol . ii . pacific publications , sydney , 411 pp . page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]\nkempf , m . & matthews , h . r . 1969 ,\noccurence of the genus malea valenciennes , 1832 in atlantic waters , with the description of a new species ( mollusca : gastropoda )\n, arquivos do ci\u00eancias do mar , vol . 9 , no . 1 , pp . 57 - 62\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]\n( of cadus pomum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of dolium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) iredale t . ( 1931 ) . australian molluscan notes . n\u00ba i . records of the australian museum , 18 : 201 - 235 , pl . 22 - 25 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 215 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) iredale t . ( 1929 ) . mollusca from the continental shelf of eastern australia . records of the australian museum . 17 ( 4 ) : 157 - 189 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 345 [ details ]\n( of malea pommum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\n( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) iredale , 1929 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 31 [ details ]\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cadus pomum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) r\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 151 [ details ]\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of cadus pomum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of cadium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\ntaxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to under that name by ( a . o . ) paetel ( 1887 : 222 ) ; hedley ( 1916 : 196 ) ; dautzenberg ( 1929 : 447 ) ; van der vlerk ( 1931 : 243 ) ; winckworth & tomlin ( 1933 : 212 ) ; dodge ( 1956 : 167 - 169 ) ; cernohorsky ( 1972 : 112 ) ; hinton ( 1972 : 19 ; 1974 : 18 ; 1977 : 27 ) ; kay ( 1979 : 231 ) ; powell ( 1979 : 163 ) ; abbott & dance ( 1982 : 118 ) ; springsteen & leobrera ( 1986 ) ; kilburn ( 1986 : 4 ) ; wye ( 1991 : 100 ) ; wilson ( 1993 : 252 ) ; severns ( 2000 : 79 ) ; zhang & ma ( 2004 : 82 ) ; dharma ( 2005 : 192 & 352 ) ; thach ( 2005 : 93 in part ) ; beu ( 2005 : 113 ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linn\u00e9 c . ( 1764 ) . museum s : \u00e6 r : \u00e6 m : tis ludovic\u00e6 ulric\u00e6 regin\u00e6 svecorum , gothorum , vandalorumque & c . ; & c . ; & c . ; in quo animalia rariora , exotica , imprimis insecta & conchilia describuntur & determinantur prodromi instar editum . holmiae vii + 720 pp . : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 600 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) tryon g . w . , jr . ( 1885 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . ( 1 ) 7 : terebridae , cancellariidae , strombidae , cypraeidae , pediculariidae , ovulidae , cassididae , doliidae , pp . 1 - 64 , pl . 1 - 12 ( terebridae ) , 65 - 98 , pl . 1 - 7 ( cancellariidae ) , 99 - 152 , pl . 1 - 12 ( strombidae ) , 153 - 240 , pl . 1 - 23 ( cypraeidae , by s . r . roberts ) , 241 - 256 , 301 - 304 , pl . 1 - 5 ( pediculariidae and ovulidae ) , 257 - 267 , 305 - 306 , pl . 1 - 6 ( doliidae ) , 268 - 300 , 307 - 309 , pl . 1 - 10 ( cassididae ) . philadelphia , published by the author . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 197 [ details ]\n( of cadium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) tryon g . w . , jr . ( 1885 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . ( 1 ) 7 : terebridae , cancellariidae , strombidae , cypraeidae , pediculariidae , ovulidae , cassididae , doliidae , pp . 1 - 64 , pl . 1 - 12 ( terebridae ) , 65 - 98 , pl . 1 - 7 ( cancellariidae ) , 99 - 152 , pl . 1 - 12 ( strombidae ) , 153 - 240 , pl . 1 - 23 ( cypraeidae , by s . r . roberts ) , 241 - 256 , 301 - 304 , pl . 1 - 5 ( pediculariidae and ovulidae ) , 257 - 267 , 305 - 306 , pl . 1 - 6 ( doliidae ) , 268 - 300 , 307 - 309 , pl . 1 - 10 ( cassididae ) . philadelphia , published by the author . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspry , j . f . ( 1961 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods . tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\ndrivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la r\u00e9union et de l ' \u00eele maurice . collection les beaut\u00e9s de la nature . delachaux et niestl\u00e9 : neuch\u00e2tel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nobis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\ncernohorsky , w . o . ( 1972a ) marine shells of the pacific . vol . ii . pacific publications , sydney , 411 pp . page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 1992 . encyclopedia of seashells . dorset : new york . 224 pp . page ( s ) : 80 [ details ]\nbeu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvos , c . ( 2012 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . shell discoveries 1 ( 1 ) ; pp . 12 - 22 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]\nvos , c . ( 2013 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . gloria maris 52 ( 1 - 2 ) ; pp . 22 - 53 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\nvos , c . ( 2008 ) tonnidae . in poppe g . t . ( ed . ) philippine marine mollusks , volume 1 : gastropoda 1 : 594 - 611 , pls 242 - 250 . conchbooks , hackenheim , germany . page ( s ) : 594 [ details ]\nseverns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . page ( s ) : 132 [ details ]\n( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) gray j . e . ( 1847 ) . a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 15 : 129 - 219 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 137 [ details ]\n( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) martini , f . h . w . & chemnitz , j . h . ( 1769\u20131795 ) neues systematisches conchylien - cabinet . g . n . raspe , n\u00fcrnberg . [ vol . 1 , 1\u2013408 , pls . 1\u201331 ( 1769 ) ; vol . 2 , 1\u2013362 , pls . 32\u201365 ( 1773 ) ; vol . 3 , 1\u2013434 , pls . 66\u2013121 ( 1777 ) ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 ( 1773 ) : 58 [ details ]\n( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\ntryon g . w . , jr . ( 1885 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . ( 1 ) 7 : terebridae , cancellariidae , strombidae , cypraeidae , pediculariidae , ovulidae , cassididae , doliidae , pp . 1 - 64 , pl . 1 - 12 ( terebridae ) , 65 - 98 , pl . 1 - 7 ( cancellariidae ) , 99 - 152 , pl . 1 - 12 ( strombidae ) , 153 - 240 , pl . 1 - 23 ( cypraeidae , by s . r . roberts ) , 241 - 256 , 301 - 304 , pl . 1 - 5 ( pediculariidae and ovulidae ) , 257 - 267 , 305 - 306 , pl . 1 - 6 ( doliidae ) , 268 - 300 , 307 - 309 , pl . 1 - 10 ( cassididae ) . philadelphia , published by the author . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\niredale , t . 1931 ,\naustralian molluscan notes . no . 1\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 18 , no . 4 , pp . 201 - 235 , pls xxii - xxv\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d3b28462 - dae6 - 4ef2 - b7d5 - 0092c4c5ae28\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 548da39c - da70 - 4e9e - a7b1 - 2b89d4a7023d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 538039\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , the in - page video player requires internet explorer . you can download the video using the\ndownload\nlinks provided below .\ncook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = \u2018\u0101tiu , mk = ma\u2018uke , mt = miti\u2018\u0101ro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = tak\u016btea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say\nel\nbut write\nr\n) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands m\u0101ori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai\u2018i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand m\u0101ori\nmccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .\ncopyright \u00a9 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nfine + + + , fresh and very dark , rare and unique , fresh and very dark , lovely pattern and beautiful color , net 15 to 20 m , january 2017 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\norigin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off olango island , cebu philippines , march 2013 .\norigin : collected by local fishermen through diving at about 20 to 50 meters deep off samar island philippines . april 2015\nvos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 26 [ details ]\nbeu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]\n( of quimalea iredale , 1929 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) link , 1807 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) link , 1807 ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nvos , c . 2007 : a conchological iconography 13 , the family tonnidae , conchbooks , hackenheim , germany ( p . 28 )\nbrook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 221 )\npaul , w . j . mar / 1979 : new zealand tonnidae , cookia , 3 ( 1 ) ( p . 21 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1976 : on the considerable influx of warm water molluscs that have invaded northern new zealand waters within recent years , records of the auckland institute and museum , 13 ( p . 150 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1974 : new zealand molluscan systematics with descriptions of new species : part 8 , records of the auckland institute and museum , 11 ( p . 204 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npeer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2015 national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) . production and hosting by elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3242651f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3263aa0c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3263abb7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 34bb273b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 129d058a - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this ."]}
{"id": 1215, "summary": [{"text": "atlantic torpedo ( tetronarce nobiliana ) is a species of electric ray in the family torpedinidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is found in the atlantic ocean , from nova scotia to brazil in the west and from scotland to west africa and off southern africa in the east , occurring at depths of up to 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "younger individuals generally inhabit shallower , sandy or muddy habitats , whereas adults are more pelagic in nature and frequent open water .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "up to 1.8 m ( 6 ft ) long and weighing 90 kg ( 200 lb ) , the atlantic torpedo is the largest known electric ray .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "like other members of its genus , it has an almost circular pectoral fin disk with a nearly straight leading margin , and a robust tail with a large triangular caudal fin .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "distinctive characteristics include its uniform dark color , smooth-rimmed spiracles ( paired respiratory openings behind the eyes ) , and two dorsal fins of unequal size .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "solitary and nocturnal , the atlantic torpedo is capable of generating up to 220 volts of electricity to subdue its prey or defend itself against predators .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "its diet consists mainly of bony fishes , though it also feeds on small sharks and crustaceans .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is an aplacental viviparous species , wherein the developing embryos are nourished by yolk and later maternally provided histotroph ( \" uterine milk \" ) .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "females give birth to up to 60 young following a gestation period of one year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the electric shock of this species can be quite severe and painful , though it is not fatal .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "because of its electrogenic properties , the atlantic torpedo was used in medicine by the ancient greeks and romans and became the namesake of the naval weapon .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "prior to the 19th century , its liver oil was used as lamp fuel , but it is no longer of any economic value .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this species as data deficient ; it is caught unintentionally by commercial and recreational fishers , but the impact of these activities on its population is unknown . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "atlantic torpedo", "paragraphs": ["the common torpedo was originally described by linnaeus as raja torpedo in 1758 tenth edition of his systema naturae . in 1838 , it placed under the torpedo genus and assigned its currently valid scientific name of torpedo torpedo by bonaparte ( linnaeus 1838 ) . synonyms include torpedo narce risso 1810 , torpedo narke risso 1810 , torpedo ocellata rafinesque 1810 , torpedo unimaculata risso 1810 and torpedo oculata davy 1834 . torpedo is the roman name referring to electric rays with the latin origin , torpere , meaning\nto be numb\n.\nscalloped hammerhead shark ( sphyrna lewini ) and atlantic torpedo ray ( tetronarce nobiliana ) . photo by jan factor .\nthe atlantic torpedo has a diet consisting of crustaceans , mollusks , worms , as well as other invertebrates and fishes .\nthe common torpedo resides in the eastern atlantic ocean in the southern bay of biscay and throughout the mediterranean to angola .\nthe electric organs of the atlantic torpedo are capable of producing 220 volts of electricity , partially due to the large size attained by this species . however , the atlantic torpedo has not been known to seriously injure humans in its natural environment .\nabdel - aziz , s . h . 1994 . observations on the biology of the common torpedo ( torpedo torpedo , linnaeus , 1758 ) and marbled electric ray ( torpedo marmorata , risso , 1810 ) from egyptian mediterranean waters . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 45 ( 4 ) : 693 - 704 .\nthe atlantic torpedo occurs on both side of the north atlantic ocean . in the northwest atlantic , it ranges from nova scotia south to florida and the northern gulf of mexico . in the eastern atlantic , it ranges from northern scotland to tropical west africa , including the mediterranean . this species is not common in the canadian atlantic as it is primarily a warmer water species ; however , strays are occasionally captured , especially during the summer months .\nafter seeing the pictures of the discovery , new england aquarium media relations director tony lacasse told wbz - tv the man had come across an atlantic torpedo ray .\ntorpedo ray / electric ray . . . . . raie torpille / raie electrique ! .\noceanic whitetip first shark listed as \u201cthreatened\u201d in the continental u . s . atlantic\ntorpedo rays are only seen in the boston area a few times each summer , lacasse said .\ncommon torpedo grow to a maximum total length of 23 . 6 inches . photo \u00a9 george burgess\nurltoken copyright ( c ) 2018 by the atlantic monthly group . all rights reserved .\nthe electric shock from the common torpedo is quite strong but is not life - threatening to humans .\n[ 57 ] this torpedo is also reported from the florida keys and from cuba but on doubtful evidence .\n\u2026the shocks of the species torpedo nobiliana were used as a treatment for gout , headache , and other maladies .\nparasites known parasites of the common torpedo include the tapeworm phyllobothrium lactuca and the monogeneans amphibdella paronaperugiae and amphibdelloides benhassinae .\nlike most batoids , the atlantic torpedo is a bottom - dwelling fish inhabiting muddy or sandy bottom ecosystems , usually in shallow water areas but reaching depths of 60 fathoms . individuals often lie partially buried in the substrate .\ndid a huge glowing sea creature help push the u . s . into the vietnam war ? - the atlantic\nstegeman jj . hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity and biotransformation of hydrocarboms in deep benthic fish from the western north atlantic .\non this day in 1917 , germany announces the renewal of unrestricted submarine warfare in the atlantic as german torpedo - armed submarines prepare to attack any and all ships , including civilian passenger carriers , said to be sighted in war - zone waters .\nthe battle of the atlantic , from 1939 to 1945 , was the longest continuous battle of the second world war .\nrarely utilised . historically , in adriatic sea , torpedo marmorata was sold smoked although its meat was of the lowest commercial value ( ninni 1912 ) .\nlacasse said it is not a sting ray , and is instead is the only electric ray in this part of the atlantic ocean .\nin a wonderful passage from fishes of the gulf of maine , bigelow and schroeder provide perspective on the historical abundance of atlantic herring .\nthis species has a wide distribution in the atlantic ocean . western atlantic : from nova scotia , canada , south to brazil . eastern atlantic : from scotland ( rare in north sea ) , south to morocco , including the mediterranean sea , and from mauritania to the gulf of guinea , and namibia to mossel bay in south africa ( whitehead et al . 1984 , florida museum of natural history ) .\nkidd rb , huggett qj . rock debris on abyssal plains in the northeast atlantic : a comparison of epibenthic sledge hauls and photographic surveys .\nvan der vat d . the atlantic campaign : the great struggle at sea , 1939\u20131945 . 1988 . 424 hodder & stoughton , london .\natlantic bluefin tunas have streamlined bodies built for speed and endurance . they can even retract their dorsal and pectoral fins into slots to reduce drag .\nw . a . b . douglas . 2010 . battle of the atlantic . the canadian encyclopedia urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .\nin the english language , this ray is commonly referred to as pacific electric ray , torpedo , pacific torpedo , and electric ray . in other languages , common names include californisk darrocka ( swedish ) , raya electrica ( spanish ) , pazifischer zitterrochen ( german ) , dretwa kalifornijska ( polish ) , and pacifische sidderrog ( dutch ) .\nthe atlantic torpedo is easily recognizable from other species of batoid inhabiting the northwest atlantic due to its subcircular , disc - shaped body formed partially by its pectorals which attach anteriorly to either side of the head , extending beyond the eyes . other distinguishing characteristics include its stout tail , which is either as long as or shorter than its body ; and its distinct head , which contains powerful electric organs visible as large , kidney - shaped patches on sides of head that are capable of producing extremely painful shocks . the atlantic torpedo has a small mouth filled with small , rounded teeth , with some having sharp cusps ; small , almost absent , eyes ; and skin that is naked , soft , and loose . the dorsal ( x 2 ) and caudal fins of the atlantic torpedo are well - developed , with the first dorsal larger than the second and located partially posterior to the pelvic fins . coloration varies from uniform ( or slightly spotted ) dark - chocolate brown to nearly slate - gray or black on the dorsal surface , with the ventral surface being white edged with light brown .\nthe waters off the north carolina coast are known as the graveyard of the atlantic and torpedo junction . here , dozens of ships \u2014 mostly merchant vessels \u2014 were sunk by german u - boats . the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) estimates that from january to august 1942 , more than 50 vessels were lost to the u - boat assault . the remains of those ships , along with several u - boats , rest on the atlantic ocean seafloor .\nhareide n - r , garnes g . the distribution and catch rates of deep water fish along the mid - atlantic ridge from 43\u00b0n to 61\u00b0n .\nthe torpedo , like others of its tribe , is a bottom fish . it is a fish eater . the stomach of one taken at woods hole contained a summer flounder (\ndue to their great abundance , the atlantic herring became one of the most important and sought after fish species in the gulf of maine . they still are .\nprince ed , luo j , goodyear lp , hoolihan jp , snodgrass d , et al . ocean scale hypoxia - based habitat compression of atlantic istiophorid billfishes .\non january 31 , 1917 , germany announces the renewal of unlimited submarine warfare in the atlantic , and german torpedo - armed submarines prepare to attack any and all ships , including civilian passenger carriers , said to be sited in war - zone waters . three days later , the united states broke diplomatic relations with germany , and just . . .\njustification : the spotted torpedo ( torpedo marmorata ) seems to have a wide distribution throughout the eastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea . its life history traits are relatively well known , however its abundance and possible threats faced by this species are not well known throughout its range . trawl survey data indicate that this species is more common that other torpedo species in the northern mediterranean sea and may be increasing in coastal waters of italy . little is known of population trends or the impact of fisheries off western africa and throughout the rest of its range , where demersal trawl effort is high . therefore it is assessed as data deficient globally at present , until information on its population status can be obtained from throughout its range .\njustification : the great torpedo ray ( torpedo nobiliana ) has a relatively wide range in the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean sea . adults are frequently pelagic or semi - pelagic , from near the surface to 800 m depth , whereas juveniles are mainly benthic living on soft - substrate and coral reef habitat in shallower water . very little data are available on population or catch trends , although surveys suggest that this species is rare in the mediterranean sea . when caught , torpedo rays are usually discarded at sea , resulting in very little data on catches of these species . the great torpedo ray is caught with bottom trawls and line gear and further research is required to determine the impact of fishing activities on the species . destruction and degradation of the species ' shallow water nursery grounds may threaten juveniles . at present this species is assessed as data deficient globally due to very little information on catches and population trends .\njustification : this electric ray occurs in the eastern atlantic , from the southern bay of biscay , south to angola and in the mediterranean sea . the ocellate torpedo ( torpedo torpedo ) is primarily coastal , found in inshore waters , although occasionally found to depths of > 300 m . the species is apparently more common in southern mediterranean waters than in the northern mediterranean . trawl survey data available from the northern mediterranean indicate that the ocellate torpedo is less common than other torpedo species in this area . few data are currently available from throughout the rest of the species\u2019 range . this species is taken as bycatch in demersal fisheries , including coastal artisanal fisheries , trawls and trammel nets , although no specific data are available on its capture and it is most likely discarded at sea . post discard survival may be relatively high because it is often caught in shallow waters . at present insufficient data are available to assess this species beyond data deficient globally . demersal fishing pressure is relatively intensive in large areas of its range and there is a need to further investigate the impact of fisheries and habitat pressures on this species .\ncapap\u00e9 , c . 1979 . the marble ray , torpedo marmorata risso 1810 ( pisces , rajiformes ) of the tunisian coasts : new data on ecology and biology of reproduction of the species with a comparison between mediterranean and atlantic populations . ann . sci . nat . zool . , biol . anim . 1 ( 2 ) : 79 - 97 .\neastern central and southeast atlantic ocean : recorded from senegal to angola ( cadenat et al . 1978 , capap\u00e9 and desoutter 1990 , carvalho and s\u00e9ret in press ) .\nw . a . b . douglas , r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2010 ) . battle of the atlantic . retrieved july 9 , 2018 , from urltoken\ncopley jtp , jorgensen pbk , sohn ra . assessment of decadal - scale ecological change at a mid - atlantic hydrothermal vent and reproductive time - series in the shrimp\npredators potential predators include larger marine fish such as sharks especially in cooler waters where it is unknown if the common torpedo ' s electric organs are able to discharge a charge to deter predators .\ndouglas , w . & dubreuil , b . . r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2010 ) . battle of the atlantic . retrieved july 9 , 2018 from urltoken\ndouglas , w . & dubreuil , b . . r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2010 ) . battle of the atlantic . retrieved july 9 , 2018 from urltoken\ndouglas , w . a . b . and dubreuil , brian . 2010 . battle of the atlantic . the canadian encyclopedia urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .\nw . a . b . douglas .\nbattle of the atlantic\nin the canadian encyclopedia . historica canada , 1985\u2013 . article published april 25 , 2010 . urltoken\nin recognition of canada\u2019s substantial role , the allies put the entire northwest atlantic \u2014 from nova scotia to the arctic circle \u2014 under canadian control . rear admiral leonard murray was named commander - in - chief , canadian northwest atlantic . he was the only canadian to command an allied theatre of conflict in either the first or second world wars .\nthis species is captured in demersal fisheries , including bottom trawls , trammel nets , and artisanal coastal fisheries . even though it is edible , it is landed in very few fisheries and is most often discarded at sea . post discard survival may be relatively high because it is often caught in shallow waters . torpedo torpedo appears to be consistently present in the demersal catch of fisheries on northern mediterranean shores . no information is currently available on catches throughout the rest of the species\u2019 range in the eastern atlantic , although inshore fishing pressure is relatively intensive across large areas of this range .\ncanada declared war on germany a week later , on 10 september 1939 . immediately , canada\u2019s navy , merchant marine and air force were thrust into the battle of the atlantic .\neastern atlantic : scotland ( rare in north sea ) to morocco , whole of mediterranean , but not black sea ; cap blanc in mauritania to gulf of guinea , s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 island ; walvis bay , namibia to mossel bay , south africa ( ref . 5578 ) . western atlantic : nova scotia , canada south to brazil ( ref . 26340 ) .\neastern atlantic and mediterranean sea : from the northern uk , south to cape of good hope , south africa , and throughout the mediterranean sea ( whitehead et al . 1984 ) .\nw . a . b . douglas and brian dubreuil .\nbattle of the atlantic .\nin the canadian encyclopedia . historica canada , 1985\u2014 . article published april 26 , 2010\nw . a . b . douglas\nbattle of the atlantic\nthe canadian encyclopedia . eds . . toronto : historica canada , 2010 . web . 9 jul . 2018 .\nthe pacific electric ray is one of 14 described species of electric rays , but is the only species limited to the west coast of the us . the species was first described as torpedo californica by ayres in 1855 , but was later placed in the genus tetronarce by gill in 1861 . the animal was ultimately returned to its previous genus and is currently known as torpedo californica . its genus name , torpedo , comes from the latin word ' torpidus ' meaning numbness in reference to the effect of the electric organ . the species name , californica , denotes where the animal was first discovered - the state of california ( u . s . ) .\ndouglas , w . a . b . and brian dubreuil .\nbattle of the atlantic\n. the canadian encyclopedia . toronto : historica canada , 2010 . web . 26 apr 2010 .\ndouglas , w . a . b . and brian dubreuil .\nbattle of the atlantic\n. the canadian encyclopedia . toronto : historica canada , 2010 . web . 26 apr 2010 .\npeele er , singleton fl , deming jw , cavari b , colwell rr . effects of pharmaceutical wastes on microbial populations in surface waters at the puerto rico dump site in the atlantic ocean .\nbailey dm , collins ma , gordon jdm , zuur af , priede ig . long - term changes in deep - water fish populations in the northeast atlantic : a deeper reaching effect of fisheries ?\nbenn a , weaver pp , billett dsm , van den hove s , murdock ap , et al . human activities on the deep seafloor in the north east atlantic : an assessment of spatial extent .\nmellinger , j . 1971 . croissance et reproduction de la torpille ( torpedo marmorata ) . i . introduction \u00e9cologie , croissance g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et dimorphisme sexuel , cycle , f\u00e9condit\u00e9 . bull . biol . fr . belgique 105 : 165 - 218 .\nalthough the common torpedo is edible , it is typically discarded when taken as bycatch in commercial and artisanal fisheries . due to its shallow water habitats , the common torpedo often survives being captured and discarded . it is susceptible to demersal fishing gear such as bottom trawls and trammel nets and although fishing pressure is intense within its geographic range , there is no specific data on this species . this species can be maintained in aquariums , however it requires a supply of live fish for food .\nthe battle of the atlantic , from 1939 to 1945 , was the longest continuous battle of the second world war . canada played a key role in the allied struggle for control of the north atlantic , as german submarines worked furiously to cripple the convoys shipping crucial supplies to europe . victory was costly : more than 70 , 000 allied seamen , merchant mariners and airmen lost their lives , including 4 , 600 canadians .\nthe common torpedo is currently listed as data deficient with the world conservation union ( iucn ) . the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nin the north pacific ocean the pacific herring , clupea pallasii , closely resembles our atlantic species , clupea harengus . while morphologically similar , there are some differences in their life histories . atlantic herring spawn in the spring and fall whereas pacific herring are strictly spring spawners . pallasii is the latinized last name of petrus simon pallas , a russian naturalist and explorer who first described the pacific species during his travels in the north pacific .\nwigham b , hudson i , billett dsm , wolff ga . is long - term change in the abyssal northeast atlantic driven by qualitative changes in export flux ? evidence from selective feeding in deep - sea holothurians .\nthe atlantic bluefin tuna is one of the largest , fastest , and most gorgeously colored of all the world\u2019s fishes . their torpedo - shaped , streamlined bodies are built for speed and endurance . their coloring\u2014metallic blue on top and shimmering silver - white on the bottom\u2014helps camouflage them from above and below . and their voracious appetite and varied diet pushes their average size to a whopping 6 . 5 feet in length and 550 pounds , although much larger specimens are not uncommon .\nmany of these attacks took place in an area of the mid - atlantic that became known as the \u201cblack pit\u201d \u2014 a stretch of ocean beyond the range of allied aircraft tasked with providing aerial coverage for the convoys .\natlantic menhaden migrate north from the mid - atlantic states in the summer and , in some years , are very abundant in the gulf of maine . schools of menhaden can be so abundant that when they crowd into warm , shallow , inshore waters , or are forced in by predatory bluefish , they use up all the oxygen in the water and die . the last time this happened in maine was in the early 1990 ' s .\neastern atlantic , including mediterranean sea : occurs from the southern bay of biscay ( records as far north as belgium are questionable ) , south to angola . also occurs throughout the mediterranean sea ( whitehead et al . 1984 ) .\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , bauchot , m . - l . , hureau , j . and tortonese e . 1984 . fishes of the northeastern atlantic and the mediterranean , vol . i . unesco , paris .\nthe marbled electric ray , also known as the marbled torpedo ray , is one of many ray species that will literally leave prey in shock . equipped with electric organs , this ray is an advanced ambush predator whose mottled skin color renders it nearly invisible to unsuspecting eyes .\nfor the most part , herring in the gulf of maine are similar in appearance . upon closer examination , there are some notable differences among these species ; for example , the narrow atlantic round herring is 1 / 6 deep as long while the deep - bodied hickory shad can be 1 / 3 deep as it is long . [ 3 ] some are entirely marine species while others are anadromous river herring . in total , there are nine herring species in the gulf , including the commonly found atlantic herring , blueback herring , alewife , american shad , and atlantic menhaden . less common are the atlantic thread herring , round herring and hickory shad . gizzard shad have invaded some rivers and possibly estuaries in the gulf of maine region . according to bigelow and schroeder , co - authors of fishes of the gulf of maine , hickory shad were at one time caught in a number of rivers in the gulf of maine , which is the northern extreme of their range .\nwhat distinguishes atlantic herring from all other herring and , in fact , all other fish species in the gulf of maine , is their great abundance . linneaeus ( the father of modern classification ) referred to the herring as\ncopiosissimus piscis ,\nor , in other words , the most prolific of fish . [ 4 ] count the individual fish in the gulf of maine - ( a task akin to counting the ants in portland , maine ) - and the atlantic herring vastly outnumbers the other species .\nthe atlantic herring is a relatively small fish that schools in waters of northern latitudes , filtering plankton from the water . in contrast , the tropical wolf herring grows up to a meter in length and is a voracious predator of fish , including other herring species .\nmany of those who died have no gravesite \u2014 their bodies were lost to the atlantic . their names are commemorated on the sailors\u2019 memorial in point pleasant park in halifax . their sacrifice is also honoured in special ceremonies held every year on the first sunday in may .\n. on a global scale , most deep - sea bottom trawling happens on sedimentary slopes . in the ospar area ( northeastern atlantic ) , the spatial extent of bottom trawling is orders of magnitude greater than that of submarine cables , waste disposal and oil and gas exploitation\nthis british ocean liner traveled the route between liverpool , england and new york city , including a port of call at queenstown , ( now cobh ) ireland . during world war i , the ship was hit by a german torpedo on may 7 , 1915 , and then sank within just 18 minutes of being hit .\nto begin probing the living communities of the sites , last year scientists conducted biological and ecological investigations on four world war ii shipwrecks ( the keshena , city of atlanta , dixie arrow and em clark ) , as part of noaa ' s battle of the atlantic research project .\n. the most common litter types found on the deep\u2013sea floor in the mediterranean and northeastern atlantic are soft plastic ( e . g . bags ) , hard plastic ( e . g . bottles , containers ) , glass and metal ( e . g . tins , cans ) (\nthis small torpedo has an oval pectoral disc with a straight edge at the very front , an elongated body with rounded pelvic fins , and two small dorsal fins set back on its stout tail near its triangular caudal ( tail ) fin . it is white underneath , and reddish brown on top , with five dark blue spots ringed with dark and light accents . the solitary nocturnal fish scavenges the shallow coastal sea floor for crustaceans and bony fish , using the kidney - shaped electric organs on either side of its head to stun its prey . although it can only shock a human , because of its shallow habitat , caution should be used when possibly interacting with this torpedo .\nthe most interesting thing about the torpedo is its ability to give electric shocks of considerable strength to anyone touching it . the statement , even , has long been current that the shock from a large one in rested condition may be strong enough to throw a full grown man to the ground . and the story is told of a dog which was in the habit of wading on a cape cod beach in shoal water to catch flounders , but was so shocked by a torpedo that it ran away howling and could never be persuaded to go fishing again . in fact , this anecdote antedates the scientific naming of the new england torpedo . but shocks of a strength even approaching what is suggested by such reports are to be expected only from torpedos of the largest size in rested condition . the voltage recorded recently was 170 to 220 for one that had been kept in a live well . and the most we have felt ourselves from medium - sized torpedos lying on the dock at woods hole has been a slight benumbing sensation .\nboth sides of the north atlantic [ 56 ] from southern nova scotia ( la have bank ) , bay of fundy , and georges bank to north carolina in the west ; [ 57 ] and from northern scotland to the mediterranean , azores , madeira , and tropical west africa in the east .\nfroescheis o , looser r , cailliet gm , jarman wm , ballschmiter k . the deep sea as a final global sink of semi - volatile persistent pollutants ? part i : pcbs in surface and deep - dwelling fish o the north and south atlantic and the monterey bay canyon ( california ) .\nlooser r , froescheis o , cailliet gm , jarman wm , ballschmiter k . the deep sea as a final global sink of semi - volatile persistent pollutants ? part ii : organochlorine pesticides in surface and deep - dwelling fish o the north and south atlantic and the monterey bay canyon ( california ) .\ncentury and , for the next 150 years , one of the main waste products of steam power was a hard residue of burnt coal called clinker . this material was usually dumped over the ship ' s side . in a survey on the nodule - free abyssal plain in the northeastern atlantic , kidd and huggett\non this day in 1953 , flooding in the north sea kills more than 1 , 500 people in the netherlands and destroys 1 million acres of farmland . the storm also caused death and destruction in great britain and belgium . the storm began in the north atlantic and moved slowly toward the british isles . . .\n) ( bini 1967 ) . the medits trawl survey covers the north mediterranean coast almost continuously from western morocco and spain in the west mediterranean to the aegean sea in the eastern mediterranean . a total of 6 , 336 tows were performed during 1994 - 1999 in depths ranging from 10 - 800 m . torpedo marmorata occurred in 317 of 6 , 336 hauls ( baino\nthe name as allocated to the southern african material is provisional . work underway suggests that there may be a tropical species from off southern mozambique that is more similar to true t . nobiliana from the north atlantic than to specimens from namibia and the cape . work is underway to clarify the taxonomy of the indian ocean species .\nbluefins attain their enormous size by gorging themselves almost constantly on smaller fish , crustaceans , squid , and eels . they will also filter - feed on zooplankton and other small organisms and have even been observed eating kelp . the largest tuna ever recorded was an atlantic bluefin caught off nova scotia that weighed 1 , 496 pounds .\nherring are pelagic , fish that inhabit the open sea and offshore banks for most of their lives . young juveniles (\nbrit\n) are numerous in inshore waters along the maine coast in the spring and summer . adults migrate across hundreds of miles of ocean during their life span . in the winter , schools of migrating atlantic herring can join forces , forming massive expanses of fish as far as the eye can see . in the north atlantic , people have observed herring schools measuring up to 4 . 5 billion cubic meters ( over 4 cubic kilometers ) in volume , with densities of up to 1 fish per cubic meter . [ 5 ]\nit bears\nliving\nyoung , but there is no placental connection between embryo and mother . and it seems that the young are born offshore , for the smallest torpedo yet recorded from american inshore waters ( from new jersey ) was about 2 feet ( 610 mm . ) long . and we doubt if it succeeds in producing young in the colder waters of our gulf .\npresumably taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries . intensive artisanal fisheries and industrial trawl fisheries operate within this species\u2019 known range and although torpedo rays are of little commercial value , they still suffer fishing mortality as bycatch . fisheries off western africa have undergone huge development during the past 20 years , in terms of numbers of boats and improvement of gear ( walker et al . 2005 ) .\n) . observations from submersibles at depths of 1000\u20132000 m on the southern california margin reveal that litter , in the form of torpedo wire , plastic bags and miscellaneous items ( shoes , furniture , naval debris , etc . ) is the primary source of solid substrata at bathyal depths in this region ( cr smith , pers . obs . from about 50 submersible and rov dives ) (\nin the mediterranean sea , this species is more common along the northern african ( southern mediterranean ) coasts . surveys in the northern mediterranean sea suggest that it is uncommon and less abundant than t . marmorata there . standardized index of abundance in italian \u2018grund\u2019 trawl surveys ranged from 0 . 01 to 0 . 1 specimens per hour ( ferretti unpublished analyses ) . torpedo torpedo was recorded in 28 of 6 , 336 hauls conducted during medits trawl surveys in the northern mediterranean sea , from 1994 - 1999 at depths of 10 - 800 m ( baino et al . 2001 ) . the species is rare around the balearic islands . in some regions t . torpedo was recorded in the past but now are under detectable levels by trawl surveys . for example in the adriatic sea ( northern mediterranean ) , it was reported as rare in species lists but has not been recorded in recent trawl surveys ( ninni , 1912 , jukic - peladic et al . 2001 ) . the species has been recorded in trawl surveys along the western coast of africa ( gulyugin et al . 2006 ) , but virtually no other information is currently available from throughout the rest of the species range .\nthe first shots on the atlantic were fired on 3 september 1939 , just hours after britain formally declared war on germany . off the coast of ireland , a german submarine , u - 30 , torpedoed the ss athenia , a passenger ship en route to montr\u00e9al with more than 1 , 400 passengers and crew on board ; 112 people were killed , including 4 canadians .\njustification : mediterranean regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) the great torpedo ray ( tetronarce nobiliana ) is a widespread , large ( up to 180 cm total length ) electric ray . adults are pelagic and / or semi - pelagic , swimming in the water column at depths of zero to 800 m , whereas juveniles are mainly benthic and live on soft substrate and reef habitat in shallower water . this electric ray is caught incidentally in bottom trawls and line gear in the mediterranean sea , and usually discarded at sea , resulting in limited catch data ; very little catch data are available from scientific trawl surveys either . given that this is a widespread pelagic species that is rarely caught in fisheries , the great torpedo ray is assessed as least concern in mediterranean waters . further research is required to assess the effect of fishing activities on the population and identify important habitats .\nthis type of coloration (\ncountershading\n) is common in pelagic species of fish , as it provides a degree of camouflage in open waters . if viewed at close range , the atlantic herring can be positively identified by its conspicuous cluster of small teeth arranged in an oval shape on the roof of its mouth . no other herring species possesses this distinctive circle of teeth .\nthe torpedo is more common south and west from cape cod than to the northward and eastward . but it strays past the elbow of the cape often enough for it to be classed as a regular member of the gulf of maine fish fauna . the most northeasterly records for it are of one presumably of this species taken in st . margarets bay , nova scotia , some 30 years ago ; one caught on a long line set for cod\ntwo nights after the august 2 attack , a storm struck . the black sea blended with the black sky , obscuring a horizon of heavy waves . crews aboard the two destroyers thought they detected small , fast - moving vessels that mimicked the attack patterns of the north vietnamese torpedo boats . for several hours , the two ships defended themselves , performing high - speed evasive maneuvers , firing almost 650 cannon shells and several depth charges into salty darkness .\nperhaps the best - known maritime tragedy of all time , the rms titanic was a passenger liner that sank in the north atlantic ocean on april 15 , 1912 , after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from southampton , uk to new york city , us . the sinking of titanic caused the deaths of 1 , 514 people in the third deadliest non - military maritime disaster in history .\nfood habits adult common torpedos feed primarily on benthic bony fish such as soles , herring , gobies , mullet , goatfish , porgies , dragonets , and jack mackerels . in addition , they are also known to occasionally eat crustaceans and even skates . in contrast , juveniles feed on a variety of marine invertebrates . this species is solitary and nocturnal , living along the ocean floor often buried in sediments as it waits in hiding . as an ambush predator , it pounces on its prey and stuns it in a fraction of a second with an electrical current . once the prey is stunned , the torpedo swallows it whole . the common torpedo can use its pair of large electric organs to stun prey and deter threats . each organ is comprised of 400 - 500 columns that contain jelly - filled disks referred to as\nelectroplaques\n. these columns work together and are capable of discharging up to 200 volts either singly or in bursts .\nthe torpedo is of no commercial value nowadays , but its liver oil was considered equal to the best sperm for illuminating purposes before the use of kerosene oil was general . there is an old tale that its oil was a good cure for cramps if rubbed on externally , for stomach trouble if taken internally . and when one is landed on the dock at woods hole it is an object of interest to the workers at the biological laboratory because of its electric discharges .\nduring the battle , the maddox crew reported detecting more than 20 torpedoes on sonar . sailors claimed to have seen enemy cockpit lights , and searchlights across the water . sonarmen also thought they heard the sound of torpedo propellers over the hydrophones . turner joy \u2019s crew reported spotting the wakes of two torpedoes 300 feet off their port side . but when the heat of battle finally subsided , no enemy vessels were accounted for . none were seen retreating ; none had been destroyed .\nthis benthic ray is common in tropical waters , found on soft substrates , usually inshore , but also down to 70m or occasionally to depths of > 300 m ( gulyugin et al . 2006 ) . the maximum recorded size is reported at about 60cm total length ( tl ) ( serena 2005 ) , although data from egyptian waters suggests that maximum size is smaller at 38 . 6 cm tl ( abdel - aziz 1994 ) . this study in egyptian waters reports that size at maturity is 18 cm for males and 22 cm for females ( abdel - aziz 1994 ) . aplacental viviparous . the species appears to have a restricted breeding season , and females appear to breed annually ( abdel - aziz 1994 ) . births usually occur between march and september with 3 - 21 juveniles of 8 - 10 cm length ( serena 2005 ) . numbers depend on the size of the female . torpedo torpedo feeds on small fishes , but also takes benthic invertebrates .\nstehmann , m . and d . l . b\u00fcrkel , 1984 . torpedinidae . p . 159 - 162 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 2803 )\natlantic bluefins are warm - blooded , a rare trait among fish , and are comfortable in the cold waters off newfoundland and iceland , as well as the tropical waters of the gulf of mexico and the mediterranean sea , where they go each year to spawn . they are among the most ambitiously migratory of all fish , and some tagged specimens have been tracked swimming from north american to european waters several times a year .\nthe battle of the atlantic was a critical part of the allied victory in the second world war . canada entered the war as a small country with an even smaller navy . from a handful of ships and a few thousand personnel , the royal canadian navy expanded into a major fleet , with more than 400 ships and 90 , 000 sailors . by war\u2019s end , canada had the fourth - largest navy in the world .\nstreamlined for swimming , the herring body is relatively deep and flattened laterally ( side - to - side ) , with a distinctly forked tail ( caudal fin ) . turn an atlantic herring sideways and you could probably slide it under your closet door . the compressed body and silvery scales serve as camouflage in the open waters of the ocean , scattering light and helping to conceal herring from predators attacking from the deep . [ 1 ]\ncanada\u2019s role was primarily escort duty for the hundreds of convoys that gathered in halifax and sydney , nova scotia , for the treacherous journey across the atlantic . other canadian ports , including st . john ' s , newfoundland , harboured naval and merchant vessels that joined the convoys . the first convoy , hx - 1 , left halifax on 16 september 1939 escorted by british cruisers and two canadian destroyers , hmcs st . laurent and hmcs saguenay .\nthe maximum reported length of a male common torpedo is 23 . 6 inches ( 60 . 0 cm ) total length ( tl ) and 16 . 1 inches ( 41 . 0 cm ) tl for a female specimen . however , this species more commonly reaches lengths of 11 . 8 inches ( 30 cm ) tl ( male ) and 15 . 6 inches ( 39 cm ) tl ( female ) . common torpedos reach larger sizes in waters off of africa in comparison to those residing in the mediterranean sea .\nwe need also consider the mix of regional commercial land uses ( e . g . , agriculture , ornamental aquaculture ) , and outdoor recreational activities ( e . g . , fishing and boating ) that have the potential to act as vectors for the introduction of new species . consider the ease with which recreational boaters can transport marine invaders large distances when they trailer boats up and down the coast or between florida ' s gulf and atlantic coasts .\n) . furthermore , a study of the blanes margin ( northwestern mediterranean ) between 900 and 1500 m depth has shown that litter accumulates in the deepest areas sampled ( ramirez - llodra , unpublished data ) . conversely , careful examination of the lisbon , set\u00fabal , nazar\u00e9 and whittard canyon systems of the northeastern atlantic by rov showed only minor litter with the majority in the lisbon canyon off the tagus mouth ( paul tyler , pers . obs . ) (\nthe great torpedo ray occurs at depths of zero to 800 m . juveniles are mainly benthic on soft substrates and coral reef habitats at depths of 10\u2212150 m , and sometimes considerably deeper ( up to 350 m ) . adults may be pelagic or semi - pelagic , solitary , and are reportedly capable of migrating over great distances ( ebert and stehmann 2013 ) . specimens were captured in medits surveys throughout the depth range surveyed ( 10\u2212800 m ) , but mostly at depths of 200\u2212500 m ( baino et al . 2001 ) .\na likely factor contributing to the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei having relatively few dietary studies and low sample sizes is the availability of specimens and the type and location of the fisheries they interact with . the three skate species with the highest sample numbers l . erinacea ( 19 , 738 ) , a . radiata ( 8 , 381 ) and r . clavata ( 3 , 424 ) are all caught in the atlantic ocean and retained for human consumption or for use as lobster bait [ 25 ] \u2013 [ 27 ] . likewise , s . ancathias from the atlantic ocean , mediterranean sea and pacific ocean is retained for commercial sale [ 28 ] . importantly , these species are , at least in part , caught in well - developed and regulated fisheries such as those of the united states of america and the united kingdom [ 25 ] , [ 26 ] . this provides greater access and opportunity with respect to collection and processing of large sample sizes .\nthe atlantic herring is a small , pelagic plankton - feeder that grows to a maximum of 17 inches and 1 . 5 pounds . distinguishing characteristics include a dorsal fin located midway along the body and a weak saw - toothed keel along the belly . the fish is iridescent , greenish or grayish blue dorsally with a silvery abdomen and sides . the\npearl essence\nof the scales was extracted by the englehard corporation of eastport , maine for use as a pigment in cosmetics and paints .\n\u201che was not supposed to be talking about this stuff , i\u2019m sure , \u201d says newberry , a professor emeritus of marine biology at the university of california , santa cruz who recently recounted this conversation to me . as newberry tells it , the sonar engineer spoke of strange shapes picked up on the turner joy \u2019s sonar displays during the supposed attack . the objects were the size of torpedoes , but they didn\u2019t move like any torpedo the engineer had ever seen before . they seemed to have a will of their own\u2014to come at the ship , then drift right under .\njustification : this poorly known electric ray is sporadically recorded from senegal to angola in the eastern atlantic ocean at depths of 5 to 60 m . very little is currently known about this species\u2019 habitat and biology , except that it is ovoviviparous and attains a maximum size of at least 60 cm tl . intensive artisanal fisheries and industrial trawl fisheries operate within this species\u2019 known range , in which it is presumably taken as bycatch . insufficient information is currently available to assess this species beyond data deficient and information is urgently needed for reassessment .\nbluefin tuna have been eaten by humans for centuries . however , in the 1970s , demand and prices for large bluefins soared worldwide , particularly in japan , and commercial fishing operations found new ways to find and catch these sleek giants . as a result , bluefin stocks , especially of large , breeding - age fish , have plummeted , and international conservation efforts have led to curbs on commercial takes . nevertheless , at least one group says illegal fishing in europe has pushed the atlantic bluefin populations there to the brink of extinction .\nthe laying of underwater telegraph cables came early in our understanding of the deep sea . hms cyclops in 1855 was used to determine the depth profile between the uk and newfoundland for the laying of the first transatlantic cable . the first effort in 1857 failed when the cable - dispensing machinery became disabled and cut the wire , but the cable was finally successfully connected in 1858 [ 81 ] . in subsequent years , cables were laid in many parts of the global oceans . it was the recovery of a broken cable from 2180 m between sardinia and bona , encrusted with the coral caryophyllia that demonstrated the viability of life at lower bathyal depths . in the northeastern atlantic , a maximum spatial extent of submarine cables in the ospar northeastern atlantic area has been estimated to range between 5 and 10 km 2 , although this is most likely an underesftimate as it does not take into account the effects of plough burial [ 27 ] . pipelines offer a similar scenario , although they tend to be physically bigger than cables . we predict minimal impact of underwater cables ( tables s2 and s3 ) .\nat its largest , a colony of giant pyrosomes can reach up to 60 feet . they live worldwide , in tropical and temperate oceans , and are known to inhabit the gulf of tonkin . moreover , pyrosomes are sometimes found floating in clusters of several colonies near the surface of the ocean at night . the colonies swim much slower than a moving torpedo , but their appearance in a pitched battle could have been very confusing . \u201cthese things are the size of torpedoes , so they produce the same [ sonar ] image , \u201d says newberry . \u201cit all fit together , as far as the character of the colony and its behavior . \u201d\nby 1943 , a series of factors helped turn the tide of the battle . british intelligence , which had already cracked the germans ' enigma code , made even further advances in this field , allowing the allies to better track german communications and u - boat movements . new long range aircraft were also developed that allowed for full aerial coverage of the atlantic . britain\u2019s royal navy undertook more aggressive tactics against the u - boats , forming elite hunter groups of its best anti - submarine ships to prowl the ocean searching for submarines and to aid convoys under attack .\nsilvery scales , however , are of no help during attacks from above . even in murky water , the flashing of silver alerts fishermen to the herring ' s presence . anglers searching for tarpon , a tropical herring - like fish , scan the water for that distinctive silver flank and single dorsal fin breaking the surface . the long , slender , highly - prized tropical tarpon is herring - like in appearance but weighs over one hundred and sixty times more than an average atlantic herring and can grow almost 80 inches longer , up to eight feet in length .\nthis german transport ship had 6 , 100 documented passengers on board ( and possibly hundreds more undocumented ) when it was struck on april 16 , 1945 , by a soviet submarine in the baltic sea during world war ii . just seven minutes after being struck by the torpedo , the ship sank , killing almost all of the passengers and crew aboard , either inside the ship , or outside by drowning and hypothermia in the icy waters . this disaster is largely believed to be the second - worst in maritime history , based on the number of casualties . the ship was loaded with women and children ( only two children were among the 183 passengers who survived ) .\nthis species is occasionally caught with bottom trawls and line gear , including recreational fisheries . torpedo rays are usually discarded at sea , resulting in very little data on catches of these species . historically this species was valued for its liver oil for use in lamps , prior to the use of kerosene oil , but a lack of data on catches makes it difficult to determine population trends ( florida museum of natural history ) . this is a large , potentially vulnerable species , and the impact of bycatch on populations needs to be assessed . the species ' preference for reef environments for spawning may make it vulnerable to the indirect effects of habitat degradation from destructive bottom trawling practices .\nadult torpedoes are usually 2 to 5 feet long or a little longer , and heavy for their size . specimens taken at woods hole average about 30 pounds , while most of those taken anywhere on our atlantic coast weigh less than 75 pounds . but we have seen one only about 4 feet long from chesapeake bay that weighed about 100 pounds ; one of 144 pounds was brought from nantucket to the u . s . fisheries station at woods hole many years ago ; and the heaviest taken near provincetown were estimated long ago by a fisherman of keen observation as 170 to 200 pounds ."]}
{"id": 1218, "summary": [{"text": "the bandtooth conger ( ariosoma balearicum ) , also known as the baleares conger or the balearic conger , is an eel in the family congridae ( conger/garden eels ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was described by fran\u00e7ois \u00e9tienne delaroche in 1809 , originally under the genus muraena .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a subtropical , marine eel which is known from the western and eastern atlantic and the western indian ocean , including north carolina , usa ; the northern gulf of mexico , northern south america , canada , portugal , angola , the mediterranean , and the red sea .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it inhabits reefs and littoral shelves , and burrows into sand and mud .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it dwells at a depth range of 1-732 metres , but most frequently between 20-100 m. males can reach a maximum total length of 35 centimetres , but more commonly reach a tl of 25 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the bandtooth conger is of minor interest to fisheries . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "bandtooth conger", "paragraphs": ["eight leptocephali of the bandtooth conger ariosoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 ) were collected with small mid - water trawl net in september 2011 during the monitoring project pelmon in the open waters of the middle adriatic . detailed description , including morphometric measurements and meristic counts are presented . this represents the first record of a . balearicum leptocephali in the adriatic sea .\n( of conger auratus costa , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of conger impressus poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of conger balearicus ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of conger cassini ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani , 12 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by cgarilao , 13 / 05 / 08\ngreek , ari = very , strength , superiority + greek , soma = body ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 732 m ( ref . 4453 ) , usually 20 - 100 m ( ref . 26999 ) . subtropical ; 37\u00b0n - 17\u00b0s\neastern atlantic : southern portugal to angola , including the mediterranean . western atlantic : north carolina , usa and northern gulf of mexico to northern south america ( ref . 7251 ) . nortwest atlantic : canada .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26999 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\nfound on the shelf , littoral , burrowing in galleries on sandy mud bottoms . carnivorous . ( ref . 6521 ) .\nbauchot , m . - l . , 1987 . poissons osseux . p . 891 - 1421 . in w . fischer , m . l . bauchot and m . schneider ( eds . ) fiches fao d ' identification pour les besoins de la p\u00eache . ( rev . 1 ) . m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et mer noire . zone de p\u00eache 37 . vol . ii . commission des communaut\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes and fao , rome . ( ref . 3397 )\n) : 19 . 3 - 28 . 2 , mean 26 . 2 ( based on 962 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere may be distinct sub - populations in the western atlantic , indicating that this may represent a species complex ( smith pers . comm . 2011 ) .\njustification : this widely distributed , common and abundant species burrows in soft bottoms . there are no known major threats . therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is distributed across the atlantic ocean and in the western indian ocean . in the eastern atlantic , it is known from southern portugal to angola , including the azores , cape verde islands , sao tome and principe islands , and throughout the mediterranean sea . in the western atlantic , it is known from north carolina south along the u . s . , bermuda , the bahamas , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea , and along south america to fortaleza , brazil ( miller 2002 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is zero to 732 m .\nalbania ; algeria ; angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; bosnia and herzegovina ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; cyprus ; dominica ; dominican republic ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jamaica ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; monaco ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ( azores , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; suriname ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; tunisia ; turkey ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nthis species is very common and abundant throughout its range ( d . smith pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthis carnivorous , benthic species is found on the littoral shelf where it burrows in sandy and muddy bottoms ( bauchot and saldanha 1986 ) . it exhibits natal homing ( miller 2002 ) . it varies in myomere count from region to region , which shows that some populations migrate offshore to spawn , while others spawn along the continental shelf .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nstudy material - a . balearicum : dzufrj 2754 ; one specimen ; preanal myomeres ca 90 - 126 ; lvbv myomeres 62 - 72 ; total myomeres 126 ; 100 . 0 mm sl .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nariosoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nclaro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . these were collected from the straits of messina and reported by grassi [ 19 ] . recently , bojani\u0107 et al . [ 53 ] recognized some leptocephali accidentally caught in the middle of the adriatic sea as a . balearicum , based on their general morphology , pigmentation and morphometric characteristics . among our specimens , a . balearicum was clearly recognizable ( fig 2 ; table 1and s1 file ) as their morphology matched the descriptions ( e . g . , [ 16 , 19 , 50 , 51 ) . . . .\n. . . among our specimens , a . balearicum was clearly recognizable ( fig 2 ; table 1and s1 file ) as their morphology matched the descriptions ( e . g . , [ 16 , 19 , 50 , 51 ) . a number of different tm ranges have been described for this species ( [ 19 ] : tm = 127\u2013136 ; [ 54 ] : tm = 124\u2013136 ; [ 49 ] : tm = 123\u2013131 ; [ 16 ] : tm = 126\u2013 138 ; [ 51 ] : tm = 121\u2013136 ; [ 53 ] : tm = 127\u2013133 ) which has resulted in a wide overall tm range ( 121\u2013138 ) . in the western north atlantic [ 55 ] , this species exhibits two tm ranges ( and , accordingly , two vertebrae count ranges ) : a low - count form ( tm = 120\u2013130 ) and a high - count form ( tm = 128\u2013137 ) . . . .\n. . . in the western north atlantic [ 55 ] , this species exhibits two tm ranges ( and , accordingly , two vertebrae count ranges ) : a low - count form ( tm = 120\u2013130 ) and a high - count form ( tm = 128\u2013137 ) . although individuals from the mediterranean sea tend to belong to the latter form ( [ 19 ] : tm = 127\u2013136 ; [ 53 ] : tm = 127\u2013133 ) , the tm range identified for our specimens ( tm = 126\u2013130 ; table 1 ) places them closer to low - count form . nevertheless , because of this wide range , tm values are not a conclusive approach to identification . . . .\n1 . development and application of lek interview - protocol ( survey questionnaire ) 2 . data analysis and comparison of research based scientific data ( knowledge ) ( rbk ) with data collected through lek s\u2026\n[ more ]\ndefishgear project originated as a response to the need for effective dealing with the issue of marine litter in the adriatic macroregion , towards litter free coasts and sea . it aims to facilitate \u2026\n[ more ]\nthe cuckoo wrasse , labrus mixtus ( pisces : labridae ) : biological indices for life history and conserv . . .\nthe cuckoo wrasse , labrus mixtus , is widely distributed in the moderate warm waters of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean and adriatic seas . generally , labrids are small inshore coastal species susceptible to anthropogenic habitat degradation and , although without commercial importance , they make up a significant part of the by - catch and discard . also , these fishes are intensively . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngrowth of juvenile salema , sarpa salpa ( teleostei : sparidae ) , in the kornati archipelago , eastern ad . . .\ngrowth of juvenile sarpa salpa from the kornati archipelago , eastern middle adriatic sea was analysed . a total of 1515 juveniles , ranging in length from 1 . 6 to 14 . 2 cm , were caught . most individuals ( 94 . 65 % ) belonged to the 0 + cohort . the first settlers were aged 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 months , and probably entered shallow coves at the end of november . the relationship between total length and weight . . . [ show full abstract ]\npagellus acarne ( risso , 1827 ) , although considered a common species , has never been a subject of biological research in the eastern adriatic sea . the aim of this study , conducted on 1188 specimens of this species in the period from 2007 \u2013 2008 was to fill that gap . here we present growth parameters , describe reproductive cycle and feeding habits of this species originating from the eastern . . . [ show full abstract ]\nage and growth determination of the golden grey mullet , liza aurata ( risso , 1810 ) from the adriatic . . .\nthe age and growth of golden grey mullet , liza aurata ( risso , 1810 ) , were determined from specimens collected in the mirna estuary ( northern adriatic sea ) during december of 2001 , 2002 and 2003 . the age composition was established using scale readings and bhattacharya ' s method . nine age classes ranging from 3 . 2 to 13 . 2 years ( except 10 . 2 and 11 . 2 ) were defined by scale readings but only seven . . . [ show full abstract ]\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]\nwelshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ariosoma impressa ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ariosoma minor howell rivero , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ariosoma somaliense kotthaus , 1968 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muraena balearica delaroche , 1809 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muraena cassini risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of echelus ciuciara rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus affinis facciol\u00e0 , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus eckmani str\u00f6mman , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus inornatus facciol\u00e0 , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus marginatus kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus microphthalmus beebe & tee - van , 1928 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus rex eigenmann & kennedy , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus taenia kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophisoma acuta swainson , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophisoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophisoma impressus ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congermuraena balearica ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congrellus balearicus ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of helmichthys diaphanus costa , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiosoma impressus ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congromuraena balearica ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congromuraena impressa ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus ekmani str\u00f6mman , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat occasionally found in canadian atlantic waters . found over sandy , muddy bottoms at depths of 1 - 732 m . [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1221, "summary": [{"text": "the common barbel , barbus barbus , is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family cyprinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it shares the common name ' barbel ' with its many relatives in the genus barbus , of which it is the type species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in great britain it is usually referred to simply as the barbel ; similar names are used elsewhere in europe , such as barbeau in france .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the name derives from the four whiskerlike structures located at the corners of the fish 's mouth , which it uses to locate food . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "common barbel", "paragraphs": ["barbel barbus mrena na uni uhvacena august 2011 , common barbel cached in river una . . fishing . . .\nalthough classified as least concerned , both pollution and habitat loss threaten some common barbel populations .\nthe synergistic effect of temperature and hormonal stimulation on spawning efficiency of common barbel , barbus barbus l .\nthe scientific name of a common barbel is barbus barbus , and it is from the family cyprinidae , the family of carps and minnows .\ncommon barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in serbia .\ncommon barbels are a species of smaller - sized fish mainly native to various countries in europe .\nthe diet of common barbels consists primarily of fish , algae , larvae of insects and crustaceans .\ncommon barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in ser . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nbarbel are long - lived fish and can grow to well over 10lb ( 4kg ) .\nlatin , squalidus = pale , weak + latin , barbus = barbel ( ref . 45335 )\neffects of temperature on growth , survival and body composition in larvae of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . )\n\u2018common barbels\u2019 are also known as \u2018barbels\u2019 , the broad name of the genus ; and \u2018pigfish\u2019 , from an english legend .\ncondition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations\nadvice : when a barbel is hooked it will not give up easily and it will fight until it is exhausted . try to land and unhook the barbel quickly . when landed and unhooked , hold the barbel in the flowing water facing upstream until it is ready to swim away . this can sometimes take between a couple of minutes and 15 minutes or longer .\neffect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . . . .\ncommon barbels inhabit freshwater locations such as rivers and lakes , and they are generally found in the water , close to the stony ground .\nbarbel are the most revered sporting fish . they are known as the prince of the river and are sleek and have a reputation for being fighting machine . in the last three months we have probably lost barbel over 14lbs . it is definitely down to otters .\ncondition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations | request pdf\n1 it is believed that the \u201ccatch\u201d in table 6 specified as \u201ccommon carp\u201d and \u201crainbow trout\u201d represents cultivated fish ( see section 7 . 2 )\neffect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) , larvae under controlled conditions\ndelattre p , giraudoux p , baudry j , musard p , toussaint m , et al . ( 1992 ) land use patterns and types of common vole (\ncommon barbels grow to be 10 to 120 centimetres ( 4 to 47 inches ) in length and weigh 1 to 12 kilograms ( 2 to 26 pounds ) .\n, barb are commonly kept in household aquariums worldwide . the most common barb kept in aquariums are the cherry barb ( pink / red in colour ) and the\ncommon barbels have a lifespan of up to 15 years , and they are commonly fished for sport , commercially grown for food , and used in the pet industry .\ncommon barbels can feature numerous small black spots , and they are generally coloured mainly brown or grey , with the addition of silver , white , and pink colours .\nbarbel have been introduced into some of the rivers of eastern wales - notably the wye , the dee and the upper severn - and they have done well there ( much to the annoyance of some of the game fishery owners , who perceive barbel as competing for food and for spawning area with salmon ) .\nthe british record barbel , caught at adams mill on the river great ouse in bedfordshire in 2006 , weighed 21lb 1oz . the captor was mr grahame king .\nvindimian , e . , p . namour , b . migeon and j . garric , 1991 . in situ pollution induced cytochrome p450 activity of freshwater fish : barbel (\nbritain ' s biggest barbel fish has been killed by an otter , sparking renewed calls by the angling community for a clampdown on the aquatic animals that are now thriving in the countryside .\nhugla , j . l . , p . kremers and j . p . thome , 1993a . effects of natural and experimental pcb contamination on the mixed - function oxidases in the barbel ,\nthe number of eggs produced by common barbels at one time is said to be in the thousands , for every kilogram of fish weight , due to the large quantity that are initially eaten by other water creatures .\nhe said :\nwe have lost our huge barbel , the big lady . one of our bailiffs saw it happen . the fish was dragged up the bank with its throat missing and eaten alive .\nmost of austria ' s streams are clear , cold and rapid . they are generally - good waters for trout and grayling and at least almost always in the barbel ( barbus barbus ) zone . .\ntaylor a , britton j , cowx i ( 2004 ) does the stock density of stillwater catch and release fisheries affect the growth performance of introduced cultured barbel ? j fish biol 65 : 308\u2013313 . doi :\nin recent years , a prized 50lbs - plus carp worth about \u00a38 , 000 was killed in an otter attack along with the country ' s previous biggest barbel , known as the traveller , which weighed 21lbs .\nto evaluate the impact of pcbs on a wild population of a regressing fish species , we have measured the levels of these toxicants in common barbel ( barbus barbus ) from the belgian part of the river meuse . we have expressed these levels in terms of the most suitable composition of commercial pcb mixture ( aroclor 1254 and 1260 20 / 80 ; v / v ) , and related them to hepatic xenobiotic - metabolising enzyme activities and to hepatocyte ultrastructure .\ncitation : tougard c , renvois\u00e9 e , petitjean a , qu\u00e9r\u00e9 j - p ( 2008 ) new insight into the colonization processes of common voles : inferences from molecular and fossil evidence . plos one 3 ( 10 ) : e3532 . urltoken\nthe streamlined barbel can hug the river bed in fast flows while feeding on passing invertebrates . freshwater shrimps , nymphs and caddis larvae are their staple diet , but they will also take small fishes , crayfish and swan mussels .\nnachev m , schertzinger g , sures b ( 2013 ) comparison of the metal accumulation capacity between the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus laevis and larval nematodes of the genus eustrongylides sp . infecting barbel ( barbus barbus ) . parasite vecto 6 ( 21 ) : 1\u20138\nthe record specimen weighed more than 20lbs and was believed to be the largest living barbel in uk waters . six more large coarse fish from the same river , the ivel in bedfordshire , have also fallen victim to otter predation in the last three months .\nspecimen fish aren ' t immortal . as much as anglers love to fish for large barbel , and even given them names , sooner or later they will die from disease , in a flood event or be eaten by an otter or other predator .\nit is a small size barbel ( < 220 mm ) . it occurs in the upper and middle courses of mountainous rivers with clear , flowing and well oxygenated waters . sensitive to pollution . reproduction takes place between may and july . it can hybridize with barbus barbus and barbus haasi .\nartificial reproduction of common barbel ( barbus barbus ) under controlled conditions usually did not exceed 10 % of ovulation success . the aim of the study was to optimise the process of artificial reproduction of the barbel ( cultured generation f4 ) with thermal and hormonal stimulation the first experiment examined the effect of stimulation with thermal conditions on the ovulation and the embryos survival rates . after the optimum conditions of thermal stimulation in barbel reproduction were determined , another experiment was conducted which examined how the effectiveness of reproduction is affected by four selected hormonal preparations ( cph , hcg , ovaprim and ovopel ) . thermal stimulation for 58 days was found to be the most effective ( 748 degree - days ) . the second experiment examined the synergistic effects of different hormonal preparations under the optimal thermal conditions as , determined in the first experiment . among the hormones evaluated as part of this study , cph and ovaprim were yielded the best results as compared to control . the use of the preparations resulted in the percentage of ovulations of 90 - 100 % and the embryo survival rate at the hatching stage was about 90 % . the study concludes that thermal stimuli and hormonal applications have a synergistic effect on artificial reproduction in b , barbus .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 48 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 111347 ) ; common length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 6 kg ( ref . 111347 )\nluncheon meat , sausage meat , cheese and cubes of cheese , worms , dendrobaena worms , red worm , brandlings , grubs , bread ( either crust , flake or paste ) , casters , hemp and caster , maggots , pinkies and sweetcorn and boilies have all proved to be successful in catching barbel .\nwe know they have been here before but we have coped with it but there is one that is almost a resident here and has acquired a taste for barbel . they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink .\nsunjog k , ga\u010di\u0107 z , kolarevi\u0107 s , visnji\u0107 - jefti\u0107 \u017e , jari\u0107 i , kne\u017eevi\u0107 - vuk\u010devi\u0107 j , vukovi\u0107 - ga\u010di\u0107 b , lenhardt m ( 2012 ) heavy metal accumulation and the genotoxicity in barbel ( barbus barbus ) as indicators of the danube river pollution . sci world j . doi :\ncritics say the conservation scheme was ill - thought out as there is not enough food in our waterways to sustain their booming numbers . as a result , otters - which have no natural predator - are said to have been picking off expensive , cumbersome fish like carp and barbel from fisheries and putting businesses in jeopardy .\nconceived and designed the experiments : ct . performed the experiments : ct er ap . analyzed the data : ct . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ct er . wrote the paper : ct . conceived the project : ct . identified some fossil remains of microtus arvalis : er . conceived the project and collected specimens of common vole : jpq .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31730 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; max . published weight : 12 . 0 kg ( ref . 31730 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 59043 )\n. . . somatic growth of barbel is temperature dependent and seasonal , with growth primarily limited to the summer period ( hunt and jones , 1975 ) . the optimum temperature for juvenile growth is 21\u201325 @ bullet c ( kaminski et al . , 2010 ) , and , in this range , increased temperatures tend to result in increased growth rates ( penaz and stouracova , 1991 ) . estimates of barbel ages derived from their scales have reported fish surviving to at least 18 years old ( taylor et al . , 2004 ) , although maximum ages vary between rivers , with no fish recorded over the age of 9 years in the upper river warta , poland ( przybylski et al . , 2004 ) . . . .\nbarbel can be caught using various methods including float , ledger or feeder but the feeder is considered the best method . barbel inhabit strong , fast flowing waters , so a good rod with a fixed spool reel fitted with a minimum of 6lb line should be used . hook size will depend on the size of the fish and the size of the bait used but hook sizes between 12 and 4 are ok . i use barbless hooks because they cause less damage to the fish and are easier to unhook . it is important if legering to use a weight or feeder heavy enough so that it will hold the bait close to the riverbed . the weight will be determined by the strength of flow of the water . a typical approach when barbel fishing is to use a swimfeeder or blockend feeder on the 6lb . mainline with a 24 inch 4lb hook length and size 10 hook baited with a large piece of luncheon meat . when float fishing in faster waters try using a big avon or a loafer that carries a lot of shot . fix the shot near the hook to keep it closer to the river bed .\nsix feeding groups of 60 early juveniles ( 0 . 6 g ) of a rheophilic cyprinid barbel barbus barbus were reared in triplicate in 18 glass aquaria . fish fed a commercial formulated dry diet aller futura were compared with those on natural food\u2014commercially available frozen chironomidae larvae at 17 , 21 and 25\u00b0c . daily food rations were adjusted according to fish biomass , differences in hydration . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe current list of fish species recognised as susceptible to svc as listed by the oie has a number of significant omissions relevant to the uk . the increasing interest in large fish increases the prospect of businesses or individuals seeking to import barbel and chub into the uk , which in turn increases the risk of the introduction of svc into our aquatic environment . it is therefore important that the susceptibility of these two species to svc is established .\nspring viraemia of carp ( svc ) is a rhabdovirus infection that causes acute haemorrhagic and contagious viraemia in a range of species of fish . the disease is listed by the oie and , whilst the disease is widespread in continental europe , it is controlled in a number of eu member states through national measures . the principle host is common carp cyprinus carpio , however a range of other cyprinid species , and some non - cyprinid species are known to be susceptible to infection .\na few other fishes are cultivated in austria , primarily tench , grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) , pike - perch , and the coregonids , coregonus lavaretus . as most of these fish are produced in conjunction with common carp , it is difficult to obtain good figures on their yield . bruschek ( 1971 ) stated that the total production in austrian carp ponds in 1970 was about : 550 t of common carp , 12 t of tench , 10 t of coregonus , 4 t of pike - perch , and 3 t of rainbow trout . brown ( 1977 , 1983 ) states that in addition to carp and trout , annual production in austria is about as follows : 30 t of tench , 20 t of grass carp , and 5 t of coregonids . it requires between two and three years to raise the tench to market size of 200\u2013300 g and between three and four years to raise grass carp to market size of 3 000\u20134 000 g . some pike and grayling for stocking are exported .\nthe shaded zone ( a ) corresponds to the distribution range of the common vole [ 25 ] , [ 31 ] . european ( b ) and french ( c ) populations are listed in table s1 . fossil localities studied are : ( a ) miesenheim i , germany [ 29 ] ; ( b ) la baume de gigny , france ( gigny , jura ) [ 49 ] ; ( c ) le taillis des coteaux , france ( antigny , vienne ) [ 52 ] . numbers are french zip codes .\nnumbers at nodes ( b to k ) of the simplified bayesian tree ( a ) are times to most recent common ancestors ( with 95 % confidence ) estimated from cytochrome b gene sequences with beast . numbers at node ( a ) are the divergence time estimate by beast ( above branch ) based on the fossil calibration point ( below branch ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . small letters allow one to locate the possible lineage appearance on the \u03b4 d curve ( b ) from epica dome c ( modified from [ 75 ] ) .\ntime to most recent common ancestor for several clades was estimated from cytb dataset using ba with beast 1 . 4 . 6 [ 74 ] under a gtr + i + g model . runs were performed with an uncorrelated lognormal clock assuming constant population size ( 20 , 000 , 000 generations with the first 2 , 000 , 000 discarded as burn - in ) . the date of 0 . 475\u00b10 . 025 myr for the origin of m . arvalis lineages ( late cromerian ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] was used as calibration point .\nthe major fishes cultivated in austria are rainbow trout and common carp . a personal communication from dr j . hemsen ( 21 january 1980 ) states that all of the trout and carp \u201ccatches\u201d shown in table 6 as made during the 1970\u201378 period were actually produced through aquaculture . it will be noted , however , that there is almost no agreement of these table 6 figures with those in table 7 which provides estimates of the production of cultivated trout and carp in austria derived from other \u201cofficial\u201d or standard sources . this , and other inconsistencies even within the same table 7 make it difficult to accept most of the figures .\nthe phylogeographic structure of the common vole in europe was investigated from cytb ( 1044 bp ) and cr ( 304 bp ) fragments ( figures 1b\u20131c and tables s1 , s2 ) . these fragments were not concatenated for phylogenetic reconstructions because they concern different specimens . instead , the cr dataset ( french populations ) was analyzed mainly for correlation with the cytb dataset ( european populations ) on the genetic structure of the lineages potentially involved in postglacial colonization . the cytb sequences specified 209 variable sites defining 116 haplotypes ( table s3 ) , and 113 of these polymorphic sites were phylogenetically informative ( cr = 141 variable and 105 informative sites ) .\nvoles were euthanized by cervical dislocation as recommended by our institutions ( urltoken ) and mills et al . [ 64 ] . one of the authors ( jpq ) has an authorization to experiment on living vertebrate animals ( certificate n\u00b0 34 . 107 ) . phylogeographic inferences are based on agreement in analysis of 131 control region and 75 cytochrome b gene sequences from common voles , sampled from 35 french localities ( 1 to 9 individuals / population ; figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) . our molecular dataset was complemented with genbank sequences including m . arvalis from other european localities and m . rossiaemeridionalis used as outgroup ( figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) .\necology and biology . the barbel is present in all watercourses running in the foothills and valley floors of italy , in \u201crheophil ciprinidae\u201d areas , where it often is the most abundant species . this species features a good ecological adaptability and can be found in several stretches of a watercourse \u2013 also small ones \u2013 provided they are oxygen - rich waters ; however , the species prefers upper and middle courses of rivers featuring fast - flowing clear waters and gravel - beds . the body is spindle - shaped , with elongated head and can be quite long , even over 50 cm . sexual maturity is reached between 2 or 3 years of age for males , and 4 and 5 years of age for females ; there is no obvious sexual dimorphism . the breeding season is between mid - april and july . at 16 \u00b0 c hatching takes place after about 8 days .\nas a consequence of the mismatch distribution analysis for the whole dataset , divergence dates of the main clades ( figure 4 ) were calculated under a bayesian relaxed - clock method assuming constant population size . with the first occurrence of m . arvalis at 0 . 475\u00b10 . 025 myr ( miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , the mutation rate was estimated at 4 . 8 substitutions / site / myr . the w lineage showed the oldest divergence time ( 0 . 317 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 199\u20130 . 440 myr ) , while the f lineage showed the most recent one ( 0 . 075 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 012\u20130 . 163 myr ) . however , this latter result should be considered with caution because the tree topology was not in agreement with such a recent divergence time . the two f sequences are probably insufficient for inferring reliable time estimates . as for the spanish clade ( data not shown ) , the most recent common ancestor was 0 . 086 myr old ( 95 % confidence 0 . 037\u20130 . 144 myr ) .\non closer examination of lineage composition , individuals from germany , france and switzerland are found in nearly all lineages . german individuals belong to the w , f , c and e lineages , while individuals from switzerland are from the w , c and i lineages . particular attention should be paid to populations from eastern france , because some individuals from the vittel and monthureux populations belong not only to both w sublineages , but also to the c lineage ( figures 2 and s1 ) [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . therefore , the m . arvalis lineages meet in an area including eastern france , southwestern germany and northern switzerland . moreover , the fossil site of miesenheim i , where the oldest m . arvalis remains were found ( 0 . 500\u20130 . 450 myr ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , is located in southwestern germany ( figure 1 ) . for these reasons , we consider the origin of m . arvalis to be located in western central europe . from this area , populations of the common vole certainly spread out through europe during the holsteinian ( 0 . 430\u20130 . 300 myr ) , first southwestwards and then northeastwards ( figure 5 ) . western central europe was not only the cradle of the m . arvalis lineages , it was also a dispersal centre for this rodent .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe large freshwater fish , nicknamed the big lady and which was hugely popular with anglers , was seen to be dragged out of a river by a marauding otter that then tore its throat out and partially ate it .\notters are enjoying a comeback after they were re - introduced into british waterways by conservationists in the 1980s after once being on the brink of extinction .\n' they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink . . . '\ndespite their fluffy appearance and association with henry williamson ' s much - loved children ' s book , tarka the otter , the marine animals are carnivourous and ferocious hunters .\nin 2013 , fishery owner brian dodson unsuccessfully tried to sue the environment agency after he lost \u00a3250 , 000 of fish to the furry mammals after an otter haven was set up nearby .\notters are one of the most protected animals in europe . under the wildlife and countryside act , it is an offence to kill one or interfere with their habitat and is punishable by a \u00a35 , 000 fine or six months in prison .\nsome fisheries have erected otter - proof fencing around their lakes at great cost to protect their stock that are caught and released by anglers , but that is not appropriate for rivers , like the ivel .\ngraham palmer , the secretary of the ivel protection agency , is calling for fishery bailiffs to be allowed to humanely trap offending otters so they can be moved away from waters stocked with expensive fish .\nthere is a place for otters in our countryside , but there is also no danger of them becoming extinct - they are everywhere in southern england .\nseveral fisheries have gone out of business in recent years because their fish stocks have been decimated by otter predation .\na spokesman for the environment agency defended otters , saying that waters dominated by large coarse fish did not make for a healthy eco - system .\nhe said :\nthe environment agency does not see the return of the otter as a cause for alarm or a major threat to fish numbers . if you look at rivers that never lost otters like in scotland , they have healthy fish populations containing a good age range of fish . it has not resulted in fish being ' wiped out ' .\nlarge specimen fish tend to dominate rivers , which is not a healthy state for a river . you need diversity in age , not just big fish . this wouldn ' t have occurred in the past when otters were more numerous and would have eaten some of the larger fish .\notters also eat ' pest ' species such as the signal crayfish , an invasive species that has caused a crash in numbers of our native white - clawed crayfish .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m . temperate ; 10\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 57\u00b0n - 42\u00b0n , 5\u00b0w - 36\u00b0e\neurope : north of the pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . found almost throughout mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 3 - 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 9 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 6 ; vertebrae : 46 - 47 . diagnosed from its congeners in france , great britain , black , north , baltic and adriatic sea basins and apennine peninsula by having the following characters : lower lip thick with a median swollen pad ; tip of dorsal pointed ; posterior margin of dorsal concave ; last simple dorsal ray spinous , serrated along entire posterior edge ; flexible segmented part of last simple dorsal ray about 20 - 24 % of its length ; fine dark spots ( or no spots ) in individuals larger than 10 cm sl ; 53 - 63 total scales on lateral line ; 12 - 14 scale rows between dorsal origin and lateral line ; pelvic origin about below dorsal origin ; scales with free posterior part pointed ; scales on back with 1 - 5 well developed median longitudinal epithelial crests ( ref . 59043 ) . caudal fin with 19 - 20 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .\nindividual females spawn with several males . males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females , often with much splashing , to shallow riffles . males may exhibit courting or sneaking tactics in spawning site . courting males follow females to spawning site and , during the spawning act , one male swims head to head with the female . sneaking males , waiting in the spawning site , then join the couple and try to fertilize eggs . up to 130 males have been reported to be involved in a single spawning act . females deposit non - sticky eggs in 2 - 3 portions into excavations made in the gravel\n( ref . 59043 ) .\nbianco , p . g . , 1998 . diversity of barbinae fishes in southern europe with description of a new genus and a new species ( cyprinidae ) . ital . j . zool . 65 : 125 - 136 . ( ref . 31730 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00386 - 0 . 01183 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 39 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 3 - 5 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 3 , 2 sd range = 0 . 11 - 0 . 82 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 2 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 51 , based on : 2 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 70 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe species has a very wide distribution . however it is locally threatened by water pollution and river regulation , especially in the baltic drainages , elbe , south bug and dniepr . sharp declines due to construction of large reservoirs and pollution occurred during 20th century . however has since stabilized at a moderate level . was heavily impacted by pollution in central europe but populations have mostly recovered .\nnorth of the pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . in almost all mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .\nwhen the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t2561a97789324 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nif you found this information helpful , you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o ' reilly very useful . get an author - signed copy here . . .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nenviron sci pollut res int . 2016 apr ; 23 ( 7 ) : 6723 - 34 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s11356 - 015 - 5901 - 9 . epub 2015 dec 10 .\nmorina a 1 , morina f 2 , djikanovi\u0107 v 3 , spasi\u0107 s 2 , krpo - \u0107etkovi\u0107 j 4 , kosti\u0107 b 5 , lenhardt m 3 .\nfaculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia . arian _ morina @ yahoo . com .\ninstitute for multidisciplinary research , university of belgrade , kneza vi\u0161eslava 1 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .\ninstitute for biological research\nsini\u0161a stankovi\u0107\n, university of belgrade , despota stefana 142 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .\nfaculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .\nfaculty of mining and geology , university of belgrade , dju\u0161ina 7 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .\nthe research was partly supported by project oi173045 funded by the ministry of education , science , and technological development of the republic of serbia .\nabdullah a , mehana e , meki a ( 2008 ) evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in freshwater fish farms at qassim region , ksa . j agric vet sci 1 ( 2 ) : 59\u201369\nalibabi\u0107 v , vah\u010di\u0107 n , bajramovi\u0107 m ( 2007 ) bioaccumulation of metals in fish of salmonide family and the impact on fish meat quality . environ monit assess 131 : 349\u2013364 . doi :\nandreji j , stranai i , massanyi p , valent m ( 2005 ) concentration of selected metals in muscle of various fish species . j environ sci health 40 ( 4 ) : 899\u2013912 . doi :\nbaldwin d , sandahl j , labenia j , scholz n ( 2003 ) sublethal effects of copper on coho salmon : impacts on non overlapping receptor pathways in the peripheral olfactory nervous system . environ toxicol chem 22 ( 10 ) : 2266\u20132274 . doi :\n) during exposure to steroids . comp biochem physiol 144 ( 2 ) : 196\u2013202 . doi :\nbesser j , brumbaugh w , allert a , poulton b , schmitt c ( 2009 ) ecological impacts of lead mining on ozark streams : toxicity of sediment and pore water . ecotoxicol environ saf 72 : 516\u2013526 . doi :\n: implications for river , fishery , and conservation management . rev fish sci 19 : 321\u2013330 . doi :\nburger j , gaines k , shane boring c , stephens w , snodgrass j , dixon c , mcmahon m , shukla s , shukla t , gochfeld m ( 2002 ) metal levels in fish from the savannah river : potential hazards to fish and other receptors . environ res 89 : 85\u201397\ncarter m ( 1993 ) soil sampling and methods of analysis . canadian society of soil science , lewis publishers , boca raton , florida , isbn : 0873718615 9780873718615\n\u00e7evik f , g\u00f6ksu m , derici o , findik o ( 2009 ) an assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of seyhan dam by using enrichment factor , geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses . environ monit assess 152 : 309\u2013317 . doi :\nclarkson t , magos l , myers g ( 2003 ) the toxicology of mercury : current exposures and clinical manifestations . n engl j med 349 : 1731\u20131737\nclearwater s , baskin s , wood c , mcdonald d ( 2000 ) gastrointestinal uptake and distribution of copper in rainbow trout . j exp biol 203 : 2455\u20132466\nclearwater s , farag a , meyer j ( 2002 ) bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish . comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol 132 : 269\u2013313 . doi :\ncopp g , guti g , rovny b , cerny j ( 1994 ) hierarchical analysis of habitat use by 0 + juvenile fish in the hungarian / slovak flood plain of the river danube . environ biol fish 40 : 329\u2013348 . doi :\n) in the river meuse , pp . 35\u201344 . in : aquatic telemetry : advances and applications . proceedings of the fifth conference on fish telemetry held in europe ( spedicato , m . t . , g . lembo , and g . marmulla , eds . ) , 9\u201313 june 2003 , ustica , italy . rome : fao / coispa\nduong t , lee b ( 2011 ) determining contamination level of metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics . j environ manag 92 : 554\u2013562\neisler r ( 1981 ) trace metal concentrations in marine organisms . pergamon press , new york , 687 pp\n, exposed to nickel ; hypoactivity induced by sublethal concentrations . bull environ contam toxicol 55 : 929\u2013936\neuropean commission regulation , setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs . off j eur union no 1881 / 2006\nevans d , weingarten k , walton j ( 1990 ) the effect of atropine on cadmium - and nickel - induced constriction of vascular smooth muscle of the dogfish shark ventral aorta . toxicology 62 : 89\u201394 . doi :\ngavrilovi\u0107 d , duki\u0107 lj ( 2014 ) reke srbije [ rivers of serbia ] . zavod za ud\u017ebenike i nastavna sredstva , beograd . isbn : 978 - 86 - 17 - 18559 - 4\nglover c , wood c ( 2008 ) absorption of copper and copper - histidine complexes across the apical surface of freshwater rainbow trout intestine . j comp physiol 178 : 101\u2013109 . doi :\n) in relation to body length and age . contrib mar sci 81 : 17\u201323\nhamouda e ( 1996 ) pathological studies on fish experimentally intoxicated by certain heavy metals . phd thesis , department of pathology and parasitology , faculty of veterinary medicine , alexandria university , egypt\nhara t ( 2006 ) feeding behavior in some teleosts is triggered by single amino acids primarily through olfaction . j fish biol 68 ( 3 ) : 810\u2013825 . doi :\nhas - sch\u00f6n e , bogut i , strelec i ( 2006 ) heavy metal profile in five fish species included in human diet , domiciled in the end flow of river neretva ( croatia ) . arch environ contam toxicol 50 : 545\u2013551 . doi :\nhauser - davis r , goncalves r , ziolli r , de campos r ( 2012 ) a novel report of metallothioneins in fish bile : sds - page analysis , spectrophotometry quantification and metal speciation characterization by liquid chromatography coupled to icp - ms . aquat toxicol 116\u2013117 : 54\u201360 . doi :\nhoenderop j , bindels r ( 2008 ) calciotropic and magnesiotropic trp channels . physiology 23 : 32\u201340 . doi :\nhuet m ( 1949 ) apercu des relations entre la pente et les populations piscicoles des eaux courantes ( overview of the relationship between the slope and fish populations in streams ) . schweiz z hydrol 11 : 333\u2013351\nl . in the river severn , england iii . growth . j fish biol 7 : 361\u2013376\ninternational union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) ( 2015 ) iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 . 2 . available from\n) assessed by mitochondrial dna variation . mol ecol 10 : 2177\u20132185 . doi :\nlapointe d , pierron f , couture p ( 2011 ) individual and combined effects of heat stress and aqueous of dietary copper exposure in fathead minnows ( pinephales promelas ) . aquat toxicol 1\u20132 : 80\u201385 . doi :\n, a riverine cyprinid fish : implications for river management . j appl ecol 33 : 1345\u20131358 . doi :\nmcintyre j , baldwin d , beauchamp d , scholz n ( 2012 ) low - level copper exposures increase visibility and vulnerability of juvenile coho salmon to cutthroat trout predators . ecol appl 22 ( 5 ) : 1460\u20131471\nmorina a , morina f , djikanovi\u0107 v , spasi\u0107 s , krpo - \u0107etkovi\u0107 j , lenhardt m ( 2015 ) seasonal variation in element concentration in surface sediments of three rivers with different pollution input in serbia . j soils sediments . doi :\nnadella s , grosell m , wood c ( 2007 ) mechanisms of dietary cu uptake in freshwater rainbow trout : evidence for na - assisted cu transport and a specific metal carrier in the intestine . j comp physiol 177 : 433\u2013446 . doi :\nnaito w , kamo m , tsushima k , iwasaki y ( 2010 ) exposure and risk assessment of zinc in japanese surface waters . sci total environ 408 : 4271\u20134284 . doi :\nl . , during the breeding season , and the effect of estradiol injection . j fish biol 30 : 539\u2013546 . doi :\novidio m , philippart j ( 2002 ) the impact of small physical obstacles on upstream movements of six species of fish\u2014synthesis of a 5 - year telemetry study in the river meuse basin . hydrobiologia 483 : 55\u201369 . doi :\nl . using radio telemetry positioning in the river nidda ] . fischokologie 1 : 15\u201328\npenczak t , sierakowska k ( 2003 ) anglers records as a tool for assessing changes in fish populations . j appl ichthyol 19 : 250\u2013254 . doi :\npeterson r , sreedharan a , ray s ( 1989 ) accumulation of trace metals in three species of fish from lakes in new brunswick and nova scotia ( canada ) : influence of ph and other chemical parameters . water qual res j can 24 : 101\u2013117\nquevauviller p ( 1998 ) operationally defined extraction procedures for soil and sediment analysis i . standardization . trac trends anal chem 17 : 289\u2013299 . doi :\nra\u0161kovi\u0107 b , poleksi\u0107 v , visnji\u0107 - jefti\u0107 \u017e , skori\u0107 s , ga\u010di\u0107 z , djikanovi\u0107 v , jari\u0107 i , lenhardt m ( 2014 ) use of histopathology and elemental accumulation in different organs of two benthophagous fish species as indicators of river pollution . environ toxicol 30 : 1153\u20131161 . doi :\n) from the severn estuary and bristol channel . mar environ res 52 : 151\u2013171 . doi :\nsorensen e ( 1991 ) zinc . pages 119\u2013174 in metal poisoning in fish . crc press , boca raton\nspry d , wood c ( 1989 ) a kinetic method for the measurement of zinc influx in vivo in the rainbow trout , and the effects of waterborne calcium on flux rates . j exp biol 142 : 425\u2013446\nstigliani w ( 1993 ) chemical time bombs : definition , concepts and examples . international institute for applied systems analysis , luxembourg\ntierney k , baldwin d , hara t , ross p , scholz n , kennedy c ( 2010 ) olfactory toxicity in fishes . aquat toxicol 96 ( 1 ) : 2\u201326 . doi :\nuysal k , k\u00f6se e , b\u00fclb\u00fcl m , d\u00f6nmez m , erdo\u011fan y , koyun m , \u00f6mero\u011flu \u00e7 , \u00f6zmal f ( 2009 ) the comparison of heavy metal accumulation ratios of some fish species in enne dame lake ( k\u00fctahya / turkey ) . environ monit assess 157 : 355\u2013362 . doi :\nwatkins m , doherty s , copp g ( 1997 ) microhabitat use by 0 + and older fishes in a small english chalk stream . j fish biol 50 : 1010\u20131024 . doi :\nwoitke p , wellmitz j , helm d , kube p , lepom p , litheraty p ( 2003 ) analysis and assessment of heavy metal pollution in suspended solids and sediments of the river danube . chemosphere 51 : 633\u2013642 . doi :\nmorina , a . , morina , f . , djikanovi\u0107 , v . et al . environ sci pollut res ( 2016 ) 23 : 6723 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nannexes of birds and habits directives listing the area of occupancy of the species . the species is present in annexes ii and v of habitats directive ; in this annex it is indicated as barbus spp .\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\npart of the english - arabic dictionary contains translations of arabeyes . thank you !\nbrown trout ( poto\u010dna pastrmka ) 93 cm ( 36 , 6 inches ) - una , bosnia . mp4\ncarmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\njustification : b . meridionalis has a large but fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of nearly 2 , 000 km\u00b2 as it is present in only parts of streams and not the main rivers , it is also threatened by hybridisation with other barbus species in addition it has undergone a population decline of nearly 30 % ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) .\nit is restricted to the southern part of the rh\u00f4ne river basin and to several coastal streams in france , and to few coastal streams in northern catalonia , spain .\nhabitat alteration , dams , water extraction and pollution are the main factors threatening this species .\nit is listed in the annexes ii and v of the european union habitats directive and in the appendix iii of the bern convention .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2008 tougard et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : cnrs ( french government ) provided financial support for the experiment realization . the funder has no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nindividual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .\nobserved mismatch distributions ( blue line ) for the whole dataset ( a ) as well as the western ( b ) , eastern ( c ) and central ( d ) lineages are compared to expected distributions under a population growth - decline model ( red line ) . numbers of pairwise differences are on the x - axis , while relative frequencies are on the y - axis .\nthe 95 % confidence ranges of divergence time estimates are wide , making it difficult to correlate formation events of m . arvalis lineages to quaternary climatic events . however , bayesian posterior probability densities ( data not shown ) of these estimates are unimodal , indicating that mean estimates should provide a reasonable basis for inferences about the evolutionary history of m . arvalis [ 41 ] .\nthe divergence time estimates among the five evolutionary lineages of m . arvalis covered several glacial and interglacial periods in the middle and late pleistocene . this pattern is congruent with a pre - lgm origin , split and evolution of the lineages , although some previously published divergence times are much younger than the present molecular dating [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . each of our estimates corresponds to warm or pre - and postglacial periods ( figure 4 ) .\nbefore ( a ) , during ( b ) and after ( c ) the lgm .\nthe black star locates the most likely origin of the species from fossil and genetic evidence . solid arrows indicate the southwestward and northeastward gradual range expansion during warm periods , while dotted arrows are for more or less irregular expansion ( \u00f9 glacial survival in isolated populations or \u00e4 bottleneck events ) during cold periods . shaded areas ( b ) correspond to the estimated extension of ice cover .\nfrom a palaeontological standpoint , the whole european fossil record of m . arvalis was considered [ 30 ] . kowalski [ 30 ] listed m . arvalis remains in two categories : m . arvalis / m . agrestis assemblages and m . arvalis localities . in the present study , only the second category with well - determined specimens is taken into account . two continuous and well - studied sequences located in france were also examined ( figure 1 ) : la baume de gigny ( gigny , jura ; 0 . 060\u20130 . 015 myr ) [ 49 ] \u2013 [ 51 ] and le taillis des coteaux ( antigny , vienne ; 0 . 030\u20130 . 015 myr ) [ 52 ] . in the former locality , m . arvalis and m . agrestis were identified [ 49 ] , while m . arvalis remains of the latter locality were determined by one of us ( er in [ 52 ] ) .\nbest - fitting models of sequence evolution were determined using modeltest 3 . 7 [ 68 ] for ml reconstructions and mrmodeltest 2 . 2 [ 69 ] for ba . these models are : k81uf + i + g ( ml ) and gtr + i + g ( ba ) for cr ; trn + i + g ( ml ) and k80 + i , gtr , gtr + g ( respectively , first , second and third codon positions ; ba ) for cytb ( for details about models , see urltoken ) . ml analyses were conducted using the software phyml 2 . 4 . 4 [ 70 ] , and nodal robustness was estimated after 1000 bootstrap replicates . alternative topologies to the best ml tree were evaluated with the test of shimodaira & hasegawa [ 39 ] as implemented in paup * 4 . 010b [ 71 ] . mixed models under ba using mrbayes 3 . 0b4 [ 72 ] was performed with five markov chain monte carlo chains that were simultaneously run for 2 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 100 th generation , and after removing the first 2000 trees as the burn - in stage .\nnucleotide and haplotype diversities within evolutionary lineages , as well as total and net dna divergence were calculated using dnasp 4 . 20 . 2 [ 73 ] . mismatch distribution analyses among individuals [ 40 ] were carried out under a population growth - decline model in dnasp . demographic stability is illustrated by multimodal distributions , while a unimodal pattern is consistent with sudden expansion [ 46 ] .\nlabels , geographic distribution and references / sources of microtus arvalis samples . accession numbers for original and genbank data of the cytochrome b gene and the control region are also listed . colours refer to the five lineages : western ( red ) , central ( blue ) , eastern ( orange ) , freiburg ( green ) and italian ( pink ) .\nhaplotype list for each microtus arvalis lineage . the positions of changes in the amino acid sequence are given according to the cytochrome b model by howell [ 79 ] and degli esposti et al . [ 80 ] .\nalternative topologies nonsignificantly different ( 5 % confidence level ) including the five lineages of microtus arvalis . the topology in bold is the previously published topology [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , while the topology in red corresponds to the present topology based on cytochrome b gene sequences ( figure 2 ) .\nbayesian tree reconstructed from control region sequences of microtus arvalis . individual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages \u226550 % ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities \u22650 . 50 ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .\navise jc , arnold j , ball mr , bermingham e , lamb t , et al . ( 1987 ) intraspecific phylogeography : the mitochondrial dna bridge between population genetics and systematics . ann rev ecol syst 18 : 489\u2013522 .\nbennett kd ( 1997 ) evolution and ecology : the pace of life . cambridge : cambridge university press .\ntaberlet p , fumagalli l , wust - saucy a - g , cossons j - f ( 1998 ) comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in europe . mol ecol 7 : 453\u2013464 .\nhewitt g ( 2000 ) the genetic legacy of the quaternary ice ages . nature 405 : 907\u2013913 .\nhewitt g ( 2004 ) genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the quaternary . phil trans r soc lond b 359 : 183\u2013195 ."]}
{"id": 1224, "summary": [{"text": "tragulina is an infraorder of even-toed ungulates .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "only the chevrotains survive to the present , including the genera tragulus ( the mouse deer ) and hyemoschus . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "tragulina", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for tragulina yet . learn how to contribute .\nwhat made you want to look up tragulina ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\na new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225\ndetails - a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 - biodiversity heritage library\nthe tragulina room is on the ground floor , spacious and equipped with a fireplace , it measures 13 m\u00b2 and is equipped with a large en - suite bathroom with shower and toilet . lime and sweet tones are selected within a very relaxing and enjoyable .\nty - book ti - a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 ur - urltoken py - 1998 au - vislobokova , i . a . ( inessa anatol\u00e9vna ) er -\n@ book { bhl169417 , title = { a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { vislobokova , i . a . ( inessa anatol\u00e9vna ) } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > vislobokova , i . a . ( inessa anatol & # 233 ; vna ) < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1998 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nintegration of diverse data ( molecules , fossils ) provides the most robust test of the phylogeny of cetaceans . positioning key fossils is critical for reconstructing the character change from life on land to life in the water .\ncitation : spaulding m , o ' leary ma , gatesy j ( 2009 ) relationships of cetacea ( artiodactyla ) among mammals : increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution . plos one 4 ( 9 ) : e7062 . urltoken\neditor : andrew allen farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2009 spaulding et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : several grants supported this research : nsf deb - 9903964 , deb - 0210956 , deb - 0629836 , ear - 0116517 to m . a . o ' leary , along with a grant from nescent , nsf predoctoral fellowship to m . spaulding , nsf deb - 0614098 to j . flynn , and nsf deb - 9985847 , deb - 0213171 , and deb - 0212572 to j . gatesy . m . a . o ' leary ' s contribution was also prepared under award na04oar4700191 from the national oceanic and atmospheric association , us department of commerce . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nrecent morphological ( a ) and combined morphological + molecular ( b ) hypotheses of artiodactylan phylogeny .\nmost cladistic analyses of morphological characters have supported monophyly of extant terrestrial artiodactylans , traditionally called artiodactyla , as well as the subclades suiformes and selenodontia . note the variable placements of the enigmatic extinct groups \u2020raoellidae and \u2020mesonychia in the different topologies . the deeply nested conflict between phylogenetic hypotheses for artiodactyla is shown very well by these two recent studies : for the major lineages shown , no clades are shared . lineages that connect extant taxa in the tree are represented by thick gray branches , and wholly extinct lineages are shown as thin black branches . illustrations are by c . buell and l . betti - nash .\nstrict consensus of 20 minimum length trees for the equally - weighted parsimony analysis of the combined data set ( 57 , 269 steps ) .\nthe contents of 12 taxonomic groups , including the total clades cetaceamorpha and cetancodontamorpha are delimited by different colored boxes ( \u2018hippo\u2019 = hippopotamidamorpha ) . lineages that connect extant taxa in the tree are represented by thick gray branches , and wholly extinct lineages are shown as thin black branches . estimates of branch support scores are above internodes ; given the complexity of the data set , these should be interpreted as maximum estimates . illustrations are by c . buell and l . betti - nash .\nbasal relationships of artiodactylamorpha are poorly resolved in the strict consensus ( figure 2 ) . four major artiodactylan clades and three extinct species form a polytomy in the strict consensus . the ungrouped species are two \u2020anthracotheriids ( \u2020 anthracokeryx ulnifer , \u2020 microbunodon minimum ) and \u2020 gobiohyus orientalis ( a \u2020helohyid according to [ 40 ] , and artiodactyla incertae cedis according to [ 41 ] ) . cetancodontamorpha , ruminantiamorpha , suinamorpha , and camelidamorpha contribute to this polytomy as well .\ncomparison of one minimum length tree with agreement subtree superimposed ( a ) and a topology that is two steps beyond minimum length ( b ) .\nit is important to note that before hypotheses supporting a close relationship between \u2020mesonychia and cetacea , \u2020mesonychians were included in \u2020creodonta [ 54 ] . the modern concept of \u2020creodonta is more restricted , excludes \u2020mesonychia , and is composed of two sub - clades : \u2020hyaenodontidae and \u2020oxyaenidae [ 15 ] . \u2020creodonts , in turn , have been grouped with carnivoramorpha ( cats , dogs , and close fossil relatives ) in a more inclusive clade , ferae [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] . in our total evidence analysis \u2020creodonta , carnivoramorpha and ferae are all supported ( figure 2 ) , and there is no support for including \u2020mesonychia within \u2020creodonta or ferae .\nwe used three different approaches to describe the stability of our phylogenetic results : branch support [ 57 ] , linked branch support [ 58 ] , and selective removal of taxa and characters ( see materials and methods ) . the first two methods summarize the net amount of character evidence for a particular clade or set of clades . the third assesses the phylogenetic impact of new taxa sampled here and provides insight into contrasting signals from different types of character data partitions .\nstability of phylogenetic results to the exclusion of particular taxa from the total combined data matrix .\nstrict consensus of the 48 minimum length trees for the equally - weighted parsimony analysis of 606 characters observable in fossils ( 3 , 722 steps ) .\nnote that both selenodontia ( ruminantia + camelidae ) and suiformes ( hippopotamidae + suina ) are supported , in contrast to the total evidence analysis ( figure 2 ) . colored boxes that delimit taxonomic groups are as in figure 2 ( hippo . = hippopotamidamorpha ) .\nto summarize , in the minimum length trees ( e . g . , figure 3a ) , the \u2020raoellid \u2020 indohyus is reconstructed to have spent at least 10 % of its time in water and to have had the derived behavior of directional underwater hearing , but reconstruction of its diet is equivocal . in alternate trees that are two steps longer , parsimony recovers the same character state reconstructions for \u2020mesonychia , because this taxon is a close relative of cetacea in slightly longer trees ( e . g . , figure 3b ) .\nas discussed by [ 33 ] , [ 60 ] inferences about behavior in fossil taxa , which go beyond parsimony , can be made if there is \u201ccompelling morphological evidence\u201d that a certain fossilized trait is strictly correlated with a certain behavior ( e . g . , distinctive coiling of the cochlea in bats indicating echolocation [ 61 ] ) . these deductions should , however , be clearly delineated from reconstructions based on parsimony . here we discuss such inferences related to diet and hearing in artiodactyla .\nmolars that have a tall , angular protoconid and a compressed talonid are typically associated with carnivorous diets in mammals , and molars with low - crowned , quadritubercular cusps are associated with herbivory / omnivory [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . reconstructing behavior from fossilized tooth shape , we would infer that several cetaceamorphans ( \u2020 diacodexis , \u2020 helohyus , and \u2020 indohyus ) are herbivorous / omnivorous because they have quadritubercular teeth ( hypocone on m2 , character 419 [ 1 ] ) . it is noteworthy that prior to the description of a relatively complete \u2020 indohyus skull there were no cetaceamorphans that had both the pachyostotic ear region and quadritubercular dentition .\n\u2020mesonychia is only distantly related to artiodactyla in our shortest trees , with \u2020 indohyus grouping as a close relative to living cetaceans . however , in trees just two steps longer than minimum length , we find the more \u2018traditional\u2019 arrangement of \u2020mesonychia positioned close to cetacea . in these trees , \u2020 indohyus is a cetaceamorphan but is not as closely related to cetacea as is \u2020mesonychia . the lack of abundant support for either topology and the outstanding incongruence between data that fossilize and those that do not , suggests that many key fossils remain to be discovered .\nthe large morphological character matrix previously compiled by o ' leary and gatesy [ 1 ] included 71 taxa ( 28 extant , 43 extinct ) and 635 characters ( 310 cranial osteology , 147 dental , 123 postcranial osteology , and 55 soft - tissue / behavior ) . this data set for artiodactyla and close relatives was used as a starting point for the present analysis .\nwe increased morphological character sampling slightly relative to the analysis of o ' leary and gatesy [ 1 ] . approximately five morphological characters were added based upon previous systematic work on ferae [ 18 ] . this count is not exact because many characters were at first appended to the previously published matrix , but then later subsumed into existing characters once overlaps in character states were identified . delimitations of some characters in the matrix from [ 18 ] were revised based upon new information from ferae / lipotyphla . there is an overall increase of 26 morphological characters relative to our previous matrix due to the addition of characters and re - defining of previous characters .\n) were added to our previously published alignments ; four mitochondrial genomes and information from 31 nuclear loci at the genbank database were added to the overall matrix . we also included additional new data from genbank that have been published since\nwere concatenated to the existing molecular data set . finally , 49 new sequences from five nuclear genes (\n. recently deposited data in genbank and sequences from our lab generally were aligned to our previously published matrix with the introduction of very few new gaps [ e . g . , see 1 ] . however , several gene segments were re - aligned using clustalw\nwith gap opening cost of five and gap extension cost of 1 ; some adjacent gaps in the resulting multiple - sequence alignments were consolidated using seqapp 1 . 9a\n) also were aligned in this way . the final molecular data set exceeded that of o ' leary and gatesy\nby more than 5 , 500 aligned nucleotides . the 661 morphological characters were downloaded from morphobank and merged with the revised molecular matrix of 46 , 587 characters in paup * 4 . 0b10\n. the total combined data set for this study has been stored at morphobank ( project # 48 ) . the main matrix in this project file is the morphology component of this study , and the total evidence nexus file is in the documents folder for this project . the nexus file records all genbank numbers for molecular sequences in the matrix . this nexus file is also available as supporting information for this article :\ncharacters were optimized onto all minimum length trees using the map characters option in tnt [ 37 ] . for critical nodes supported by the total evidence , character state changes that mapped unequivocally onto all optimal trees were noted ; these are listed in supplementary table s1 . we also used parsimony to map characters onto suboptimal hypotheses to identify transformations that support conflicting relationships regarding \u2020mesonychia and \u2020 indohyus .\nunambiguously optimized synapomorphies for selected clades ( figure 2 ) . symbols are * , which indicates that a character state reverses in the clade and thus is not shared by all members , and # , which indicates a contradictory state found in the \u2021oxyaenid \u2021patriofelis .\nmatrix as a nexus file . matrix with both morphological and molecular information . genbank numbers of sequences are included in the file .\nconceived and designed the experiments : ms mao jg . performed the experiments : ms mao jg . analyzed the data : ms mao jg . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ms mao jg . wrote the paper : ms mao jg .\no ' leary ma , gatesy j ( 2008 ) impact of increased character sampling on the phylogeny of cetartiodactyla ( mammalia ) : combined analysis including fossils . cladistics 24 : 397\u2013442 .\ngatesy j , o ' leary ma ( 2001 ) deciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils . trends in ecology and evolution 16 : 562\u2013570 .\nthewissen jgm , cooper ln , clementz mt , bajpai s , tiwari bn ( 2007 ) whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the eocene epoch of india . nature 450 : 1190\u20131195 .\ngingerich pd , haq mu , zalmout is , khan ih , malkani ms ( 2001 ) origin of whales from early artiodactyls : hands and feet of eocene protocetidae from pakistan . science 293 : 2239\u20132242 .\nthewissen jgm , williams em , roe lj , hussain st ( 2001 ) skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls . nature 413 : 277\u2013281 .\nhiiemae km , crompton aw ( 1985 ) mastication , food transport and swallowing . in : hildebrand m , bramble dm , liem kf , wake db , editors . functional vertebrate morphology . cambridge , ma : harvard university press . pp . 262\u2013290 .\nradinsky lb ( 1987 ) the evolution of vertebrate design . chicago : university of chicago press .\nluo z , gingerich pd ( 1999 ) terrestrial mesonychia to aquatic cetacea : transformation of the basicranium and evolution of hearing in whales . university of michigan papers on paleontology 31 : 1\u201398 .\nborenstein s ( 2007 ) whales may be related to deer - like creature . bellingham : bellingham herald .\nsimpson gg ( 1945 ) the principles of classification and a classification of mammals . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 85 : 1\u2013350 .\nwyss ar , flynn jj ( 1993 ) a phylogenetic analysis and definition of the carnivora . in : szalay fs , novacek mj , mckenna mc , editors . mammal phylogeny : placentals , volume 2 . new york : springer - verlag . pp . 32\u201352 .\nmckenna mc , bell sk ( 1997 ) classification of mammals above the species level . new york : columbia university press .\ngunnell gf ( 1998 ) creodonta . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates and ungulatelike mammals . cambridge : cambridge university press . pp . 91\u2013109 .\nflynn jj , wesley - hunt gd ( 2005 ) phylogeny and early diversification of the carnivora . in : archibald jd , rose k , editors . the rise of placental mammals : origins and relationships of the major extant clades . baltimore : johns hopkins university press .\ngen . et comb . nov . and the cladistic relationships of hyaenodontidae ( eutheria , mammalia ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology 16 : 303\u2013319 .\nwesley - hunt gd , flynn jj ( 2005 ) phylogeny of the carnivora : basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans , and assessment of the position of \u2018miacoidea\u2019 relative to carnivora . journal of systematic palaeontology 3 : 1\u201328 .\nwaddell pj , okada n , hasegawa m ( 1999 ) towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals . systematic biology 48 : 1\u20135 .\nax p ( 1985 ) stem species and the stem lineage concept . cladistics 1 : 279\u2013287 .\nde queiroz k , gauthier ja ( 1990 ) phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy : phylogenetic definitions of taxon names . systematic zoology 39 : 307\u2013322 .\nde queiroz k , gauthier ja ( 1992 ) phylogenetic taxonomy . annual review of ecology and systematics 23 : 449\u2013480 .\nde queiroz k ( 2007 ) toward an integrated system of clade names . systematic biology 56 : 956\u2013974 .\nde queiroz k , gauthier ja , cantino p , editors . ( in prep ) companion volume ( to the\ngraur d , higgins dg ( 1994 ) molecular evidence for the inclusion of cetaceans within the order artiodactyla . molecular biology and evolution 11 : 357\u2013364 .\ngene of marine mammals : phylogeny and evolution . journal of mammalian evolution 2 : 37\u201355 .\ngatesy j , hayashi c , cronin ma , arctander p ( 1996 ) evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls . molecular biology and evolution 13 : 954\u2013963 .\no ' leary ma ( 2009 ) \u201cartiodactylans\u201d : phylogeny and the fossil record . journal of mammalian evolution 16 : 65\u201367 .\ngeisler jh , theodor jm , uhen md , foss se ( 2007 ) phylogenetic relationships of cetaceans to terrestrial artiodactyls . in : prothero dr , foss se , editors . the evolution of artiodactyls . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . pp . 19\u201331 .\nbrochu c , wagner jr , jouve s , sumrall cd , densmore ld ( in press ) a correction corrected : consensus over the meaning of crocodylia and why it matters . systematic biology .\nwitmer lm ( 1995 ) the extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils . in : thomason jj , editor . functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology . new york : cambridge university press . pp . 19\u201333 .\narnason u , gullberg a , gretasdottir s , ursing b , janke a ( 2000 ) the mitochondrial genome of the sperm whale and a new molecular reference for estimating eutherian divergence dates . journal of molecular evolution 50 : 569\u2013578 .\nbryant hn ( 1996 ) explicitness , stability , and universality in the phylogenetic definition and usage of taxon names : a case study of the phylogenetic taxonomy of the carnivora . systematic biology 45 : 174\u2013189 .\nswofford dl ( 2002 ) paup * phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , 4 . 0b10a . sunderland , massachusetts : sinauer associates .\ngoloboff pa , farris js , nixon k ( 2004 ) tnt , a free program for phylogenetic analysis . version 1 . 1 . cladistics 24 : 774\u2013786 .\nmurphy wj , eizirik e , o ' brien sj , madsen o , scally m , et al . ( 2001 ) resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using bayesian phylogenetics . science 294 : 2348\u20132351 .\nasher rj , novacek mj , geisler jh ( 2003 ) relationships of endemic african mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence . journal of mammalian evolution 10 : 131\u2013194 .\nand a reevaluation of the helohyidae ( artiodactyla ) . journal of mammalogy 58 : 291\u2013308 .\nstucky rk ( 1998 ) eocene bunodont and bunoselenodont artiodactyla ( \u201cdichobunids\u201d ) . in : janis cm , scott km , jacob ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america . new york : cambridge univ . press . pp . 358\u2013374 .\ncole r , hariharan r ( 1996 ) an o ( n log n ) algorithm for the maximum agreement subtree problem for binary trees . proceedings of the 7th annual acm - siam symposium on discrete algorithms 323\u2013332 .\nvanvalen l ( 1966 ) the deltatheridia , a new order of mammals . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 132 : 1\u2013126 .\ngeisler jh , luo z ( 1998 ) relationships of cetacea to terrestrial ungulates and the evolution of cranial vasculature in cete . in : thewissen jgm , editor . the emergence of whales . new york : plenum . pp . 163\u2013212 .\no ' leary ma ( 1998 ) phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade . in : thewissen jgm , editor . the emergence of whales . new york : plenum press . pp . 133\u2013161 .\no ' leary ma , geisler jh ( 1999 ) the position of cetacea within mammalia : phylogenetic analysis of morphological data from extinct and extant taxa . systematic biology 48 : 455\u2013490 .\ngeisler jh ( 2001 ) new morphological evidence for the phylogeny of artiodactyla , cetacea , and mesonychidae . american museum novitates 3344 : 1\u201353 .\ngeisler jh , uhen md ( 2003 ) morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales . journal of vertebrate paleontology 23 : 991\u2013996 .\ngeisler jh , uhen md ( 2005 ) phylogenetic relationships of extinct cetartiodactyls : results of simultaneous analyses of molecular , morphological and stratigraphic data . journal of mammalian evolution 12 : 145\u2013160 .\ntheodor jm , foss se ( 2005 ) deciduous dentitions of eocene cebochoerid artiodactyls and cetartiodactylan relationships . journal of mammalian evolution 12 : 161\u2013181 .\no ' leary ma ( 2001 ) the phylogenetic position of cetaceans : further combined data analyses , comparisons with the stratigraphic record and a discussion of character optimization . american zoologist 41 : 487\u2013506 .\no ' leary ma , allard m , novacek mj , meng j , gatesy j ( 2004 ) building the mammalian sector of the tree of life . in : cracraft j , donoghue mj , editors . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford university press . pp . 490\u2013516 .\ncope ed ( 1875 ) on the supposed carnivora of the eocene of the rocky mountains . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia 27 : 444\u2013449 .\nthewissen jgm , russell de , gingerich pd , hussain st ( 1983 ) a new dichobunid artiodactyl ( mammalia ) from the eocene of north - west pakistan . dentition and classification . proceedings of the koninklijke nederlandse akademie voor wetenschappen , series b 86 : 153\u2013180 .\nrussell de , thewissen , jgm , sigogneau - russell d ( 1983 ) a new dichobunid artiodactyl ( mammalia ) from the eocene of north - west pakistan . part ii : cranial osteology . proceedings of the koninklijke nederlandse akademie voor wetenschappen , series b 86 : 285\u2013300 .\nbremer k ( 1994 ) branch support and tree stability . cladistics 10 : 295\u2013304 .\ngatesy j ( 2000 ) linked branch support and tree stability . systematic biology 49 : 800\u2013807 .\nfitch wm ( 1971 ) toward defining the course of evolution : minimum change for a specific tree topology . systematic zoology 20 : 406\u2013416 .\nbryant hn , russell ap ( 1992 ) the role of phylogenetic analysis in the inference of unpreserved attributes of extinct taxa . philosophical transactions of the royal society b 337 : 405\u2013418 .\nnovacek mj ( 1985 ) evidence for echolocation in the oldest known bats . nature 315 : 140\u2013141 .\no ' leary ma , uhen md ( 1999 ) the time of origin of whales and the role of behavioral changes in the terrestrial - aquatic transition . paleobiology 25 : 534\u2013556 .\nnovacek mj , the mammal atol team ( 2008 ) a team - based approach yields a new matrix of 4 , 500 morphological characters for mammalian phylogeny . journal of vertebrate paleontology 28 , supplement to number 3 : 121a .\no ' leary ma , kaufman s ( 2007 ) morphobank 2 . 5 : web application for morphological systematics and taxonomy .\nmurphy wj , eizirik e , johnson we , zhang yp , ryder oa , o ' brien sj ( 2001 ) molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals . nature 409 : 614\u2013618 .\nkleineidam rg , pesole g , breukelman h , beintema j , kastelein r ( 1999 ) inclusion of cetaceans within the order artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic ribonuclease genes . journal of molecular evolution 48 : 360\u2013368 .\ndelgado s , girondot m , sire j ( 2005 ) molecular evolution of amelogenin in mammals . journal of molecular evolution 60 : 12\u201330 .\nthompson j , higgins d , gibson t ( 1994 ) clustal w : improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , position - specific gap penalties , and weight matrix choice . nucleic acids research 22 : 4673\u20134680 .\ngilbert dg ( 1992 ) seqapp , version 1 . 9a . bloomington : indiana university .\nnixon k ( 1999 ) the parsimony ratchet , a new method for rapid parsimony analysis . cladistics 15 : 407\u2013414 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30de\u30e1\u30b8\u30ab\u79d1\nto\ntragulidae\n.\ndeniz martinez added the english common name\nsri lankan spotted chevrotain\nto\nmoschiola meminna ( erxleben , 1777 )\n.\ndeniz martinez marked the classification from\niucn red list\nas preferred for\nmoschiola\n.\ndeniz martinez set\nfile : indian spotted chevrotain ( moschiola indica ) . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nmoschiola indica\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . h . flower . 1883 . on the arrangement of the orders and families of existing mammalia . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1883 : 178 - 186\nparent taxon : ruminantia according to a . hassanin and e . j . p . douzery 2003\nwe\u2019re sorry , some parts of the airbnb website don\u2019t work properly without javascript enabled .\n100 % of recent guests gave this home\u2019s check - in process a 5 - star rating .\nthe host canceled this reservation 100 days before arrival . this is an automated posting .\nthe host canceled this reservation 106 days before arrival . this is an automated posting .\nthe host stephan was welcoming and friendly . the house is very rustic and tucked away in the hills about 20kms from ( website hidden by airbnb ) is a lovely enviroment with walks from the door . good shower with hot water . coffee at breakfast is excellent . we had the lower room \u2026\nto protect your payment , never transfer money or communicate outside of the airbnb website or app .\npress the down arrow key to interact with the calendar and select a date . press the question mark key to get the keyboard shortcuts for changing dates .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nno one has contributed data records for pecora yet . learn how to contribute .\ntragulids lack antlers , but males sometimes use their enlarged , curved upper canines for fighting with each other over females . tragulids are mainly solitary , usually interacting only to mate . unlike most other artiodactyls , tragulids apparently cannot rise on their hind legs . tragulids have a mainly plant - based diet and , unusually for artiodactyls , at least some species are largely frugivorous .\nonly one tragulid species , balabac chevrotain ( tragulus nigricans ) , is listed as endangered on the iucn red list . some other species , however , have very limited distributions ( e . g . , silver - backed chevrotain [ t . versicolor ] in vietnam , northern chevrotain [ t . williamsoni ] in northern thailand ( and possibly laos ) and southern china , and the sri lankan moschiola species . javan chevrotain ( t . javanicus ) has lost much of its former lowland habitat and may now have a very restricted range .\nnot sure why you ' re here ? get started with urltoken resource taxonomy .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . gabunia ( 1964 ) erected a new species , ardynia plicidentata , from the early late oligocene benara fauna of georgia on the basis of a dp3 or dp4 and an m1 or m2 ( russell and zhai , 1987 ; lucas and emry , 1999 ; m\u00e9tais et al . , 2016 ) ( fig . 1 ) . ardynia plicidentata was diagnosed by the wrinkled enamel in the area of the crochet , but radinsky ( 1967 ) regarded wrinkled enamel as a variable character and referred these specimens to ardynia sp . . . .\n. . . the benara locality has also yielded the ruminants lophiomeryx benaraensis and prodremotherium trepidum , as well as rhinocerotoids , an entelodontid , anthracotheres , and carnivores ( gabunia , 1964 ) . several taxa among the rhinos and anthracotheres are common in the early oligocene deposits of asia and europe ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) . although much less documented , the k\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak formation has not yielded taxa with an early oligocene age . . . .\n. . . flerowi mp22 - 24 , kazakhstan ) and benara ( p . trepidum mp23 , georgia ) ( trofimov 1957 ; gabunia 1964 ; vislobokova 1997 ; lucas & emry 1999 ; m etais & vislobokova 2007 ) . no direct observations by the authors support the attribution of these asian species to this genus . . . .\n. . . years in italics indicate a work without description or illustration . i , lower incisive ; c , lower canine ; p , lower premolar ; m , type species\u2014iberomeryx parvus gabunia 1964 , from benara ( georgia ) , early oligocene ( mp23 ; lucas & emry 1999 ) . other species referred to the genus\u2014iberomeryx minor ( filhol 1882 ) , early oligocene of western europe . . . .\n. . . large premolars collected in the ferruginous duricrust j1 indicate the presence of a large entelodontid tentatively referred to paraentelodon sp . this genus has been reported from several early oligocene localities in central asia ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) , where it is commonly associated with the giant rhinocerotoid paraceratherium . the entelodont specimens from the bugti hills constitute the first occurrence of the family in the indian subcontinent , as oligocene asian entelodonts are otherwise known only from central asia and mongolia . . . .\n. . . in term of first occurrence of mammal taxa , the base of the suevian could be seen equally at the level of mp 22 as discussed by hooker et al . ( 2004 ) . most authors ( heissig , 1993 , ducrocq , 1995 , sudre , 1995 , 1996 , astruc et al . , 2003 ) considered the mammal level mp 21 as the beginning of the suevian based on the first occurrence of asian immigrants such as the bothriodontine anthracotheriids bothriodon , bunobrachyodus ( = elomeryx ) , and the enteledontid entelodon ( lucas & emry 1999 ) . level mp 21 also corresponds to the first appearance of taxa with supposed local ancestors such as the gelocid pseudogelocus and the dichobunid metriotherium . . . .\n. . . ' ' inward ' ' lateral facing crown surfaces have been described as lingual in hadrosaurids ( rodriguez - de la rosa and cevallos - ferriz , 1998 ) . ' ' outward ' ' and ' ' inward ' ' facing lateral crown surfaces have been described as either being external and internal or labial and lingual in theropods ( dong , 1997a ) ; as lateral and internal in sauropods ( dong , 1997b ) ; as labial and lingual in artiodactyls ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) , cervids ( azanza and montoya , 1995 ) , insectivores ( x . wang and zhai , 1995 ) , marsupials ( cifelli and de muizon , 1998 ) , armadillos ( vizca\u00edno and bargo , 1998 ) , feliforms ( albright , 1996 ) , theropods ( hutt et al . , 1996 ; kellner and campos , 1996 ; charig and milner , 1997 ) , ornithischians ( dong , 1997c ) , sauropods ( upchurch , 1999 ) , and osteichthyians ( kemp , 1997 ) . . . .\non some spiral - horned antelopes ( mammalia : artiodactyla : bovidae ) from the late miocene of turkey , w . . .\nzusammenfassung die untersuchung von material aus einigen aufsammlungen an mehreren t\u00fcrkischen obermioz\u00e4n - lokalit\u00e4ten erm\u00f6glichte erstmals die endg\u00fcltige bestimmung und beschreibung spiral - geh\u00f6rnter antilopen dieses landes : palaeoreas lindermayeri , protragelaphus skouzesi , prostrepsiceros zitteli undnisidorcas sp . mehrere endemische arten sind w\u00e4hrend des tiefen obermioz\u00e4ns auf . . . [ show full abstract ]\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nfranciscana or la plata dolphin ( lives in costal waters and estuaries in s . america )\ns . asian river dolphin , once though to be two species ( ganges and indus ) but really just subspecies , found in india , pakistan , bangladesh , nepal ."]}
{"id": 1229, "summary": [{"text": "roman hackle ( foaled 1933 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1940 cheltenham gold cup .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after winning several races over hurdles he was switched to steeplechasing in 1939 and made an immediate impact by winning the broadway novices ' chase .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he won the gold cup as a seven-year-old but did not build on his early promise .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in two subsequent bids for the gold cup he ran poorly when favourite in 1941 and fell in 1942 .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "his british career ended when national hunt racing in britain was suspended in september 1942 but he went on to win races in ireland . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "roman hackle", "paragraphs": ["we have found 55 property sales in roman hackle avenue since the beginning of 1995 .\nzoopla is one of the uk ' s leading property portals , helping you to find property for sale and to rent and make smarter decisions when buying and renting homes in the uk . discover information on homes in roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 by researching roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 property values , roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 house prices paid , our roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 property market overview and find roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 agents .\nroman hackle avenue in cheltenham is in the south west region of england . the postcode is within the swindon village ward / electoral division , which is in the constituency of tewkesbury . this page combines information for the address roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf ,\nlisted here are the 10 closest hospitals to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is honeybourne , approximately 0 . 6 miles away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest opticians to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is maddox eyecare , approximately 0 . 7 miles away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest primary schools to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is gardners lane primary school , approximately 820 yards away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest secondary schools to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is pittville school , approximately 0 . 8 miles away .\nlisted here are the 3 closest railway stations to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest railway station is cheltenham spa , approximately 1 . 5 miles away .\nour information is available for almost all uk postcodes . why not take a look at some of these other postcodes in the immediate vicinity of roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf :\nowen anthony , who trained golden miller from the old manor house to win the fifth of his gold cups in 1936 and also roman hackle to take chasing\u2019s blue riband in 1940 , is buried here .\ngolden miller\u2019s owner , dorothy paget , has been the most successful owner in the race with an amazing seven victories , with roman hackle ( 1940 ) and mont tremblant ( 1952 ) adding to golden miller\u2019s five wins .\nthe average price for property in roman hackle avenue stood at \u00a3208 , 660 in july 2018 . this is a fall of 0 . 45 % in the last three months ( since april 2018 ) and fall of 4 . 05 % since 12 months ago . in terms of property types , flats in roman hackle avenue sold for an average of \u00a3247 , 761 and terraced houses for \u00a3210 , 827 . this is according to the current zoopla estimates .\nroman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf is within the swindon village and wymans brook policing neighbourhood , under the gloucestershire constabulary force area . for non - urgent queries , contact 101 . for emergency assistance , please contact 999 .\nlisted here are the 10 closest dentists to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is hilltop dental practice , approximately 430 yards away . please consult the nhs choices website to check if the facility is currently accepting new nhs patients .\nlisted here are the 10 closest gps ( general practitioners ) to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is st catherine ' s surgery , approximately 0 . 7 miles away . please consult the nhs choices website to check if the facility is currently accepting new nhs patients .\nthe song title is not\nthe right man\n, it ' s called\nhackle you\n, but yes it ' s by frisco kid . ( thanks to favela chic , brooklyn , ny ) add more info\nfollowing the suspension of national hunt racing in britain , many leading british chasers including roman hackle and medoc ii were relocated to ireland . prince regent however , maintained his position as the best jumper in the country , winning several major races and finishing second under top weight in the irish grand nationals of 1943 and 1944 . plans to send the horse to race in england in the spring of 1945 were abandoned when he developed a warble on his back .\nthe song is called\ntop shooter\nwith sean paul and mr . vegas . . . and it is on the cd . the hook is\nhere comes the boom .\n( thanks to roman , roanoke , va ) add more info\ngolden miller won the gold cup for five consecutive years between 1932 and 1936 and also won the 1934 grand national . he was owned by the highly eccentric dorothy paget a self declared man hater and one of the most difficult owners any trainer served . her very rich family was steeped in thoroughbred racehorse ownership and she owned her own stables in ireland as well as a stud breeding farm . she in fact owned two other gold cup winners , roman hackle who won in 1940 and mont tremblant who took the honors in 1952 .\ni made this cover from a photo of a spoils pile at the roman fort in corbridge , which is ( sorry ) in england . the smaller image is the famous statue of robert the bruce on the battlefield at bannockburn , and the background is still campbell tartan .\ndata on sold house prices , such as the results above for roman hackle avenue cheltenham gl50 , is supplied to us via monthly updates from the land registry for england and wales and from the registers of scotland for scotland . there may be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is actually sold to when it becomes officially recorded with land registry and / or registers of scotland . we provide data on house prices for information only , on an ' as is ' basis as supplied to us and accept no liability for any errors or omissions . if you have identified any incorrect information in , please report an error .\nembroidery linen : produced in many weights in plain weave and finished in white , cream or colour . until recently it was a ruling in the roman catholic church that only pure linen could be used for altar cloths and vestments . embroidery was done on linen as an irish cottage industry , and also in madeira , cyprus and other countries .\nits purely british ancestry makes the dorking one of the oldest of domesticated fowls in lineage . a roman writer , who died in ad 47 , described birds of dorking type with five toes , and no doubt such birds were found in england by the romans under julius caesar . by judicious crossings , and by careful selection , the darking or dorking breed was established .\nthe information on housing , people , culture , employment and education that is displayed about roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf is based on the last census performed in the uk in 2011 . they are performed once every 10 years . please note : census information may include figures for adjacent streets and postcodes . the figures are therefore representative of the local area , not a specific street address or row of houses . the census collection is designed so that each group of postcodes should contain at least 100 people ( 50 in scotland ) . this is done to preserve the anonymity of the people in that area , as some postcodes cover a very small area , sometimes a single building . you can see the area covered by the census statistics by clicking\nshow census area covered\nbelow the map above .\nthe kelmscott press was founded in hammersmith in 1891 by william morris in close association with emery walker . fifty - three books were printed by this press , the last in 1898 ; these books had a great influence and gave impetus to a revival of good book production . this volume is printed in golden type , which was designed by morris , based on the roman types used by jacobus rubeus and nicolas jenson in venice in 1476 .\nas is common with any rumpless breed , the parson\u2019s nose or ` caudal appendage\u2019 ( uropygium ) is missing . foreign breeds such as barbu d\u2019anvers has a rumpless version called barbu du grubbe . the barbu d\u2019uccle has the barbu d\u2019everberg as its rumpless version and , even in japan , there is a rumpless yokohama , funny though it may sound , with its long saddle hackle making it feasible . a genetic accident with old english game many years ago probably created our own rumpless game . the breed , though popular in the bantam form is not often seen in large fowl .\ncharles a . hepburn , who died on 16 july 1971 , at the age of eighty , was one of a long line of mercantile philanthropists whose benefactions have enriched glasgow and its university . after the first world war , he was joint founder , with the late herbert ross , of the firm of whisky blenders whose red hackle product is now marketed throughout the world . the firm ' s prosperity enabled charles hepburn to become a collector and patron of the arts . he formed an impressive private collection of paintings , paying particular attention to the works of ramsay , raeburn and munnings . nor did he by any means restrict himself to paintings ; his collecting interests extended to period furniture , oriental carpets , scottish arms and armour , porcelain , and printed books and manuscripts .\nroyal mail ( 1929 ) was my prince ' s third son to win the grand national , a few months before my prince ' s death , in 1937 , and the year after reynoldstown ' s second victory in that race . bred by charles rogers of ratoath , co . meath , he was out of the half - bred flying may , by flying hackle ( by hackler ) ; flying may ' s dam , little may ii , by ascetic , was a winner of eight steeplechases , including the drogheda plate and the irish international steeplechase . the female line was thoroughbred , and in the general stud book ( family 1 - g ) , until wood sorrel , by springfield , produced sister may ( a winner on the flat ) to the great half - bred stallion mayboy ( hb family 1 ) . little may ii was one of many good jumpers produced by sister may . royal mail ' s pedigree was loaded with top steeplechase sires .\nthe mtdna haplotype identified in 12 contemporary descendants of woodbine is similar to that found in other branches of family 8 but may represent a separate founder and relatively recent error in the stud book record . see equine genetic genealogy .\nto optimise your experience on our website . if you continue we ' ll assume that you are happy to receive our cookies . however , if you would like to , you can\nhouse price data produced by the this material was last updated on 03 july 2018 .\nthis material was last updated on 03 july 2018 . it covers the period from 01 january 1995 to 30 may 2018 .\n\u00a9 crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of land registry under delegated authority from the controller of hmso .\npermitted use : viewers of this information are granted permission to access this crown copyright material and to download it onto electronic , magnetic , optical or similar storage media provided that such activities are for private research , study or in - house use only . any other use of the material requires the formal written permission of land registry which can be requested from us , and is subject to an additional licence and associated charge .\nhangar on ! a home with a 300m runway ? it\u2019s yours for \u00a31 . 8m july 4 , 2018\nzoopla estimates | street index | popular areas | \u00a9 2018 zoopla limited . all rights reserved .\nsold house prices provided by land registry / registers of scotland . \u00a9 crown copyright 2018 .\n* zoopla limited is an appointed representative of uswitch limited which is authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( frn 312850 ) to provide this mortgage comparison service .\n* * uswitch limited is authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( fca ) under firm reference number 312850 . the home insurance comparison service is provided by autonet insurance services ltd , registered in england no . 3642372 . autonet insurance services ltd has its registered office at nile street , burslem , stoke - on - trent st6 2ba united kingdom . autonet insurance services ltd is authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( fca ) ( registration number : 308213 ) .\nyour search area is too large to further filter your results . please edit your search location if you would like to filter your results .\nkeyword search allows you to find properties that include specific words e . g . pool . more about keywords\nan extended 3 bed semi detached house , on a large plot , in the sought after area of wymans brook . it also has 2 reception rooms and off road parking .\na modern and contemporary 3 bedroom townhouse offered with no onward chain . set behind electric gates it also offers off road parking through a car port .\nlarge 4 bedroom link detached family home offers , 5 good size bedrooms , 2 ensuite shower rooms , 1 family bathroom , 2 cloak rooms , three reception rooms and fitted kitchen diner with all the appliances . ( contd . . . )\nbeautifully presented two bedroom coach house situated on recent development close to pittville park . the property is freehold and benefits from open plan kitchen / living area with doors onto a private balcony plus a single garage & driveway parking . . . .\nthis spacious , three double bedroom fourth - floor apartment is just moments away from cheltenham racecourse and pittville park , and a fifteen minute walk to the town centre . the impressive , large living room overlooks the front of the landscaped grounds . . .\na stunning , spacious ground floor apartment with beautiful period features on a prominent tree - lined road with share of freehold , allocated parking and own private entrance . this wonderful apartment is within easy reach of the town centre and . . .\nwonderfully bright and spacious four bedroom , semi - detached family home , situated a stone ' s throw from cheltenham leisure centre and the pitville park . with waitrose and the brewery complex both a short walk away , this property is ideally situated for . . .\na stylish contemporary townhouse with accommodation arranged over 2 floors set on a corner plot in this fabulous , select gated development of just 9 houses being a short walk from the race course and pittville park and close to the town centre . garden . . .\na refurbished and beautifully presented bungalow situated on a corner plot overlooking fields to the front . accommodation comprises 21 ' 6 x 18 ' ( max ) lounge / diner with sliding doors to the rear garden , a fitted kitchen , 4 - piece bathroom and two double . . .\na rare opportunity to acquire a spacious townhouse in a delightful development of similar calibre homes on a tree lined and private road in pittville . this small cluster of townhouses share a communal garden yet each have a private terrace and two . . .\n* * * sought after pittville area * * * this detached family residence is situated in the prestbury parish area on the outskirts of cheltenham . within walking distance to | pittville park and around a 15 minute walk into cheltenham town centre . having been . . .\na three bedroom detached house , located conveniently in the wymans brook area of cheltenham and offering ample space for family living . this property is in need of some updating . the ground floor comprises of a large living room which leads through . . .\nthis stunning property was build by the current owner 12 years ago . it sets in a fantastic plot , a way from the main road with a long drive which is private and gated . ( contd . . . )\n* * calls to this number will be recorded for quality , compliance and training purposes .\nresearch is absolutely key to all successful property purchases and i should know because over the last twenty odd years i have been involved in hundreds of property transactions .\nbeing armed with the right information can help you with every aspect of the purchase . it can help you refine where you want to live , arm you with the figures to support strong negotiation and even help you avoid costly mistakes and abortive costs .\nget one of my comprehensive property reports on any of the homes listed below .\nto dig deeper into our data , please try our people search to find occupiers or the property price search to find more property prices .\nthese well established neighbourhoods comprise of moderately priced semi - detached and terraced properties in small towns and suburbs . these are typically family areas although we do see some individuals living alone or co - habiting . less affluent and less educated than those in the\ncomfortable mixed tenure\ngroup , these residents are either starting out in their careers , bringing in a single income to support a family household or merely working in lower paid positions . their credit risk reflects the national average . they are frequent users of the internet and typically purchase from catalogues .\nwe\u2019re sorry , some parts of the airbnb website don\u2019t work properly without javascript enabled .\n. for more details on the exact area these statistics cover , please see the map below and click\nshow census area covered\nimmediately below the map .\nthe information we provide on the website is done so without charge . however , members of the public who wish to use this data on websites or in any other public medium should consult our data sources page for information on how you should correctly attribute the information .\nif you are a business who wish to use the information in your own products , please take a look at our api information , for details and pricing on how to integrate the data into your own applications .\nour data comes directly from the land registry , and is updated monthly . it does not include commercial sales , or sales of land without property .\nthis area contains a mixture of housing types , as detailed below . no single type of dwelling accounts for more than 50 % of the dwellings . please note that the figures may include adjacent streets - see the summary tab for an explanation and map of the area that these figures cover .\nthis area contains a mixture of housing tenures , as detailed below . across the uk , an average of 30 . 6 % of household spaces were owned outright , 32 . 9 % were mortgaged , 18 . 2 % were social housing , and 16 . 3 % were privately rented at the last census .\nthis data lists the total number of residents normally resident within each household . the figures do not record under - or over - occupancy .\nsocial grade approximations are derived from an algorithm created by the market research society . the figures shown are per - household rather than individual - more specifically , the job title and employer of the\nhousehold reference person\nis used , analogous to what traditionally was called the head of the household . only household reference persons between the ages of 16 - 64 are included .\nacross the uk as a whole , the gender split is roughly equal at 49 % male , 51 % female . this address in tewkesbury constituency is broadly in line with those figures , with 51 % male .\nacross the uk as a whole , the median age is 39 . in general , inner city areas show high concentrations of people aged 18 - 30 , suburbs show larger numbers of small children and adults aged 30 - 50 , and rural and small towns are more popular with older workers and retirees . many poorer areas lack a majority age group , which is due in part to the people in that area being constrained by circumstance rather than being able to choose where to retire , raise a family or grow up .\nthe postcode gl50 4rf does not show a significant deviation from the average figures for the uk . in the uk as a whole , the average figures are approximately as follows for relationship statuses : 34 % single , 47 % married , 3 % separated , 9 % divorced , 7 % widowed , and 0 . 2 % same sex .\nfigures for relationship status do not include those aged under 16 , or those family members aged 16 - 18 who are in full - time education .\nhealth in the uk is strongly tied to age as you would expect , but the affluence of a neighbourhood also has strong influence , with deprived areas often showing poorer standards of health .\noverall , the uk considers itself to be healthy - 81 . 1 % of residents rated their health as very good or good . the full breakdown is as follows for the united kingdom : 47 . 1 % very good , 34 % good , 13 . 3 % fair , 4 . 3 % bad and 1 . 3 % very bad .\nat the time of the 2011 census , across the uk 22 . 9 % of residents had no qualification , 13 . 2 % had 1 - 4 gcses , 15 . 2 % had 5 + gcses and 1 - 2 a / as - levels , 12 . 3 % had 2 + a - levels , 27 . 1 % had a degree ( or similar ) , and 3 . 6 % had an apprenticeship .\nthe qualification levels are based on current qualification names . the former ordinary levels ( o - levels ) and cses will be included in the gcse figures , and higher school certificates ( hscs ) will be counted as a levels .\nas whole , the uk population claims itself as approximately 86 % white , with this area being 93 % white .\nas a country with a diverse population , the uk is home to other sizable ethnic groups , with mixed ethnicity ( 2 . 1 % ) , indian ( 2 . 4 % ) and pakistani ( 1 . 9 % ) being the largest groups reported .\nthere is considerable division of ethnicities within the uk , with ethnically diverse addresses uncommon outside of urban areas .\nat the time of the 2011 census , approximately 83 . 5 % of the resident population of england were born in england . the other groups were 1 % welsh , 1 . 35 % scottish , 0 . 4 % northern irish , 0 . 75 % from the republic of ireland , 3 . 75 % from other european union countries , and 9 . 4 % from outside of europe , with the remainder not stated .\nnote that an individual may hold one or more passports . the data may include people living in adjacent addresses to gl50 4rf\nengland and wales are primarily christian countries , with 59 . 3 % of residents christian . however , a sizeable portion of the population ( 25 . 1 % ) claim to have no religion . some 4 . 8 % identify themselves as muslim , 1 . 5 % hindu , 0 . 4 % buddhist , 0 . 5 % jewish , 0 . 8 % sikh , and 0 . 4 % as other religions , while the remaining 7 . 2 % did not state their religious views .\nthis address within the swindon village ward had a larger than average concentration of residents that were in part - time employment - 18 % of the resident population . on average , around 13 . 7 % of census respondents were in part - time employment . there was a large disparity between employment types of male and female residents - almost four times as many women were part - time employees when compared to men .\nfigures for economic activity do not include those aged under 16 , or those family members aged 16 - 18 who are in full - time education . this data is therefore based on 42 . 4 million of the united kingdom ' s 57 . 8 million residents . the data was correct as of the 2011 census , which was a period of depressed economic activity .\nthis data is based on resident aged 16 - 74 on census day 2011 , who were in employment .\nbelow are the details of the closest services to gl50 4rf . all distances are straightline distances , please consult the map of the facility to check the exact location . you can also view these details on our interactive services map for gl50 4rf .\n* distances are measured in a straight line from the given postcode . please consult the facility ' s map page or your preferred route finding / gps app for driving directions .\nwant to find out which broadband package is right for you ? streetcheck now offers a handy broadband comparison tool .\nthis postcode has support for ultrafast broadband at one or more premises . ultrafast broadband is the latest high - speed standard , generally taken to mean fixed line broadband at a potential speed of 300mbps or more - more than enough for even the most demanding household gaming , video calling , video and internet browsing needs . note that occasionally some properties in a postcode may still not be eligible due to conditions on the ground , or the building structure . if you wish to enquire about a specific property in this postcode , contact the major suppliers , for instance virgin media , bt broadband and plusnet . for more information on superfast broadband , see the openreach website .\nbroadband data is based on information provided by the major fixed internet service providers in the uk , including virgin media and bt . it does not include providers of satellite internet . data at this postcode has been sourced from 54 reported internet connections .\nthanks to a survey [ link ] performed for broadband genie , we can show you the best broadband suppliers in the united kingdom as of december 2016 . the most popular supplier was plusnet , based on average scores for value , support , speed , reliability , customer service , security and whether the customer would recommend the supplier .\nlooking for a broadband package ? streetcheck now offers a handy broadband comparison tool , click the button below to get started .\n* subscribe now to view details for this work , and gain access to over 10 million auction results .\nget the latest news on the events , trends , and people that shape the global art market with our daily newsletter .\nproperty reference 26793089 . the information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement . urltoken makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information , and urltoken has no control over the content . this property advertisement does not constitute property particulars . the information is provided and maintained by peter ball & co - cheltenham . please contact the selling agent directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of the energy performance of buildings ( certificates and inspections ) ( england and wales ) regulations 2007 or the home report if in relation to a residential property in scotland .\ncalls to 0843 numbers will be charged at 4p / min from bt landlines . calls from other networks may vary , and calls from mobiles and outside the uk will be higher . calls to local numbers beginning with 01 , 02 and 03 numbers will incur standard geographic charges from landlines and mobiles .\nby submitting this form , you accept our privacy policy . your personal data will be sent to peter ball & co - cheltenham so that they can respond to your request .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis column last week looked at the past , present and potential future of ballymacoll stud in ireland . we noted that the stud came under its current ownership consequent to its purchase by sir michael sobell from the honourable dorothy paget in 1960 . the achievements of sir michael sobell and his son - in - law lord weinstock in both commerce and racing are legendary . on the turf they enjoyed massive success as owns and breeders ; while they ranked as two of britain\u2019s commercial titans of the 20th century , building up one of the great british success stories , the general electrical company .\ndorothy paget\u2019s background was very different as she inherited her fortune rather than made it . however , she too ranks as a colossus of the turf who ought never to be forgotten . on that basis , it makes sense to treat ourselves to a brief overview of her life , to complete the picture of ballymacoll\u2019s background . miss paget , daughter of lord queenborough , was already a hugely successful owner and breeder by the time that she bought ballymacoll stud in 1946 . three years previously she had landed the greatest prize of all with a homebred , her solario colt straight deal taking the new derby ( the derby , run during the war on newmarket\u2019s july course ) .\nbred by miss paget at elsenham stud on the hertfordshire / essex border near bishop\u2019s stortford , straight deal was trained by walter nightingall in epsom . gordon ( subsequently sir gordon ) richards was always miss paget\u2019s favourite jockey , but he was committed to riding nasrullah ( behind whom straight deal had finished second in the coventry stakes the previous summer ) for hh aga khan iii in the race . the mount on the 100 / 7 chance straight deal therefore went to former hawthorn hill pony racing champion tommy carey . finishing strongly after having been ridden more patiently than in the 2000 guineas ( in which he had finished sixth ) , straight deal led close home to beat the aga khan\u2019s pair umiddad and nasrullah . that victory enabled miss paget to surpass the achievement of her grandfather william c whitney .\nhe had become the first american to own a derby winner when volodyovski ( whom he had not bred ) took the prize in 1901 . that triumph had represented a particular landmark for the transatlantic challengers because volodyovski was trained at heath house in newmarket by one american ( james huggins ) and was ridden by another ( lester reiff ) . had straight deal been racing a few years later , it is highly possible that he would have gone on to spend his stud career at ballymacoll . however , miss paget did not yet own the property in 1944 when straight deal began his second career , which he spent at another of her properties , benham stud near newbury .\nhe enjoyed a successful stud career which yielded three yorkshire oaks winners as well as the 1950 doncaster cup winner aldborough ( who was trained for miss paget by fulke walwyn ) and the 1958 irish st leger winner royal highway , who subsequently became a good national hunt sire . ( an interesting aspect of aldborough\u2019s victory was that he was ridden for miss paget who , of course , owned ballymacoll stud at the time , by doug smith , fatherin - law of ballymacoll\u2019s current manager peter reynolds ) . notwithstanding the successes of straight deal , aldborough and numerous other good flat horses who bore her blue and yellow silks , miss paget will always be remembered primarily for her jumpers , and particularly for her ownership of one of the greatest steeplechasers in history , golden miller .\nhowever , that mighty horse was far from her only champion under national hunt rules . golden miller ( who lived out his retirement at elsenham stud , where he is buried ) established a record which will almost certainly never be matched . not only is he the only horse to have won five consecutive cheltenham gold cups ( with his nearest challenger in this respect being arkle , who won the race three times , 1964 to \u201966 inclusive ) but he also ranks as the only horse to win the cheltenham gold cup and the grand national in the same spring , which he did in 1934 , the year in which he landed his third gold cup .\nmiss paget\u2019s many victories both on the flat and under national hunt rules , however , tell only half the tale . while she was notably successful on the turf in the years before , during and after the second world war , she was even more conspicuous for what could kindly be called her eccentricity . the tone of her life was set in her youth . her mother died when she was aged only 10 , leaving her fabulously rich but dangerously ill disciplined . within the next few years , she was expelled from six different schools , starting off with heathfield .\nin adult life , miss paget went on to take frank sinatra\u2019s mantra that \u2018i did it my way\u2019 to extremes . she was nocturnal . other than on days when she disrupted her routine to go to the races , she generally slept all day before waking early in the evening and having a huge breakfast at 8 . 30 pm . she would then keep herself busy through the night , generally telephoning her trainers shortly after midnight , before having dinner at 7 . 00 am and retiring to bed soon afterwards . she ate vast amounts ( she weighed 20 stone when she died , aged 54 , of a heart attack in 1960 ) and smoked 100 cigarettes a day . she disliked all men , irrespective of their class ; and all members of the lower classes , irrespective of their gender . she addressed her servants by neither name nor number , but by colour ( each having to wear a uniform of a different hue so that she could tell them apart ) . her gardeners had a particularly difficult job as they had to mow the lawn in the dark because she forbade them from using the lawnmower during the daytime while she was asleep .\nshe must have been a nightmare to train for , as is suggested by the fact that basil briscoe , having prepared golden miller to win four gold cups , had been relieved of his responsibilities by the time that the horse lined up for the race for the fifth time ( under the care of owen anthony ) . fulke walwyn and sir gordon richards ( to whom she sent horses when he started training subsequent to his retirement from the saddle in 1953 ) were rarities in being able to cope with her , even if the former found it heavy going at times . on one occasion she had a runner in each of the six races at folkestone . five of them won , with only one , trained by walwyn , being beaten . rather than celebrate her five timer , she ended the afternoon by shouting at her trainer through an open doorway ( they were in adjacent rooms as she preferred not to be in the same room as a man ) , berating him about the solitary defeat .\nthe tirade reportedly ended when she exhorted one of her female companions to \u2018go in there and kick him in the b ^ & * s\u2019 ! miss paget was a fearless punter , betting daily in sums which would be huge even nowadays . her biggest bet , apparently , was \u00a3160 , 000 ( which equates to about \u00a34 million in today\u2019s terms ) on an odds - on favourite ( who won ) . overall , though , she lost millions , while retaining her integrity throughout , as is made clear by the fact that when she used to telephone through her bets to her bookmaker in the early hours of the morning , the wagers were never refused irrespective of whether or not the race had already been run , her word that she did not know the result being good enough . we are always told that racing has lost all its old characters .\nthere is a certain amount of truth in that , although it is probably fair to say that \u2018characterfulness\u2019 is often easier to discern in retrospect than at the time . however , the hon dorothy paget was one character who was clearly identifiable as such in her own lifetime . she played a massive part in the history of the british turf during the 20th century , a part too big ever to be forgotten . spending a few minutes recalling her life is straight deal surely time well spent .\nto start with , the flax plant , linum usitatissimum being the latin name , is a bast vegetable or hard fibre in the same class as jute , hemp , sisal , coir or ramie .\nflax is grown in northern europe in such countries as france , belgium , the netherlands and italy . it was also grown in ireland from time immemorial when linen cloth and wool cloth were in the earlier days the only form of woven cloth available for apparel . cotton only became available with the opening up of the americas . in ireland flax was grown by the farmer as a regular crop , particularly in the counties of down and antrim , where scottish settlers brought over with them more efficient methods of growing and processing flax .\nit is not generally known that during the second world war large acreages of flax were grown in co . cork and co . kerry , which also included retting and scutching . the milder climate in the extreme south of ireland was of great assistance . these enterprises were set up by linen industry businessmen from the north with close support from the northern ireland government and that of the free state . the resultant flax fibre spun in n . ireland mills and the flax yarn woven in weaving factories in the north was of great assistance to the war effort as flax supplies were cut off by the might of nazi germany who had invaded and occupied the continental coastline from norway to the franco - spanish border .\ntoday flax growing in ireland has practically ceased . what flax spinning remains ( for instance herdmans ltd . of sion mills , co . tyrone ) would draw its flax from northern europe with courtrai in belgium the chief trading centre .\nthe flax plant ( linen usitatissimum ) requires a rich well - cultivated soil and reasonably temperate climate . it is sown in a similar manner to corn ( oats ) , wheat or barley , to produce a long tight - packed growth , some 2\u00bd to 3 feet tall . the flowers form a cluster at the top ( the wee blue blossom ) usually sky blue although some new strains of flax are white . in august the flowers wither and seed balls are formed , from flax seed balls linseed oil can be extracted which has a number of uses including the base material for oil paint .\nthe flax seed is sown in april and the plants mature in august . it is then pulled up by the roots to obtain the maximum amount of fibre . this operation was in the past carried out by hand , a most arduous process , but the pulling is now done by machine in wide swathes as a one or two - man operation .\nfor the production of flax for linseed oil a shorter strain of flax is grown and is harvested by cutting above ground level with the roots left in the ground . after pulling the flax is spread on the ground and turned over several times to dry out thoroughly , the beets are then made up into\nknee gaits\nor\nlong gaits\nin the field for further drying and then finally stored in well - thatched stacks , if , as in the old days , the farmer was doing his own retting in the flax dam or lint hole , the flax after pulling , and still damp , was placed in the dam and weighted down with stones . those of us who date back to the period between the two world wars will remember the pungent smell of retting flax in the latter half of august . nowadays flax is usually retted in tanks , using hot water and chemicals and in this way the process can be strictly controlled and speeded up .\nthe flax plant stem is made up of various layers with the bundles of fibre near the outside and woody matter on the inside , all bound together with pectin , which is a natural gummy substance , the woody matter has to be broken down and removed to release the fibre . this is done by retting , which is nothing more than rotting the woody matter . after retting and drying the flax plants are put through a machine with tightly interlocking fluted rollers to break up the wood core . scutching now follows to remove the wood or shive from the fibre , this is a beating process previously done on the scutcher ' s wheel , but now carried out on a turbine scutcher as a continuous process , part of a factory system .\nflax in the past was water - retted but today on the continent vast quantities are dew - retted by spreading the flax plants in the fields after pulling and allowing the night dew to ret the flax . dew - retted flax is dark in colour and contains a lot of impurities , whereas water - retted is a light colour ( remember the saying\nlike a flaxen - haired german girl\n) . water retting also leaches out a lot of the impurities and lightens the colour . after scutching , the flax fibre is packed in bales where it is ready for the spinner who turns the raw fibre into yarn . this is an involved process and not easily understood without actually seeing preparation and spinning carried out in the spinning mill .\nthere are three types of flax yarn produced in the spinning mill , viz . line - made from the good quality long - staple flax which is tight - bound with relatively little projecting fibre .\ntow yarn , which is a carding machine operation , uses waste fibre from the hackling and other processes , combed tow goes through an added combing process to clean up the yarn . this type of yarn would be used for high - class fabrics such as linen suitings and artists ' linen canvas . line yarn is the equivalent of worsted and tow an open hairy yarn similar to spun wool . recognition must be given to the cottage - spun yarn of yesterday produced on a spinning wheel .\n2 . irish castle spinning wheel > castle type which is comparatively rare with the wheel on top of a splayed tripod with the spindle underneath .\nin both cases flax - fibre was drawn from the distaff and fed by hand into the hollow revolving spindle . it took nimble fingers and a slobbery mouth to spin fine linen yarn so the womenfolk consequently did it . two spinning terms are still used today -\nspinster\nto denote an unmarried woman and\ndistaff ' side to indicate the wife ' s or female side of a family ,\nin the spinning mill the bale of flax is opened up and divided into\npieces\nwhich amount to a good handful . they are passed by hand through a set of pins mounted on a block to roughly parallelise the fibre bundles and remove larger pieces of slime and dirt . the pieces are fed into the hackling machine , which combs out impurities and tangles in a series of continuous mechanical combing , from open pins to very closely set . the hackling machine is a monster weighing many tons . the resultant hackled pieces of flax are fine and with a dull sheen .\nfrom pieces it now becomes necessary to form a continuous ribbon of fibre . this is done on a spreadboard with a special form of drawing frame , fitted with horizontal running , leather belts on which the pieces of flax are laid with a slight overlap to produce a continuous sliver , or ribbon , which is fed into tall narrow cans . the sliver produced on the spreadboard goes to the next process of doubling , which consists of bringing together , and superimposing several slivers to even out minor thicknesses in the resultant single sliver as an aid to improved quality . was bought and sold by the bundle . today it is sold by the weight in kilos .\nthe yarn from the spinner arrives at the mill either grey ( natural ) , boiled or bleached on cone , or a parallel - sided package called an avo . generally the stronger yarn is used for warp , long - wise and parallel to the selvedge and the weft , which is woven - in , from selvedge to selvedge .\nfollowing doubling , the slivers are set up on a roving frame which further draws out the slivers and puts in a twist of some two turns per inch and is then wound onto large wooden bobbins which are subsequently mounted on the top part of the spinning frame . the rover passes through a trough of hot water to soften the natural gummy pectin ; then through two sets of paired rollers which further draw out or lengthen the rove then through the eye of the flyer which inserts twist and onto the spinner ' s bobbin . the newer method of wet - spinning frame uses a ring with a traveller running in a groove . it can take a larger spinner ' s bobbin and has greater speed of production . wet spinning is used for the finer line yarns . coarser tows and line are dry - spun ; i . e . the rove does not pass through a trough of hot water .\nthe product from off the spinning frame is now flax yarn , which has to be dried in ovens to prevent mildew . in days gone by it was reeled into 90\nhanks from the spinner ' s bobbin but today it is usually packaged onto a cross - wound cone that holds the package together without flanges . linen yarn can be boiled , bleached or dyed in cone form . formerly these processes were only carried out in hank form .\nlike all yarn or thread , linen was given a number to define its diameter or thickness . the numbering system in vogue in the trade was based on the number of cuts of 300 yards that weigh one pound ( 1lb ) avoirdupois . this is denominated the lea number .\nwarp yarn is put up with the necessary number of ends ( threads ) in a creel or bank and run onto warpers ' beams ( a steel barrel 4\nto 6\ndiameter with round metal flanges either side , to prevent the yarn spilling over . ) the warpers ' beams are now set up in a dressing or slashing machine for sizing with a synthetic adhesive to bind down the loose surface fibre on the warp threads , which greatly facilitates the weaving process , where there is much friction on the warp .\nthe yarn for weft is wound from cone or avo onto weaving pirns for insertion in the shuttle . the shuttle traverses the slay in the loom through a shed ( in plain weaves 50 % up and 50 % down ) and leaves a trail of weft behind which is beaten up by a reed ( closed comb ) into the fell of the cloth ( where warp yarn joins the already woven cloth ) .\na loom has a weavers ' beam at the back and a cloth roller at the front on which the woven cloth is wound , the power - loom has a warp break detection device to stop the loom if a warp thread breaks , there is also a weft detection device to stop the loom if the weft breaks . these devices mean that a weaver can look after three or four looms . the automatic loom also changes the pirn in the shuttle without the loom stopping thus allowing a weaver to look after 8 , 10 or 12 looms . of recent years weft is inserted in shuttleless looms by arms or rapiers drawing the yarn from large cones . other forms of weft propulsion are air - jet or water - jet ."]}
{"id": 1236, "summary": [{"text": "the saddle butterflyfish , chaetodon ephippium , is a species of butterflyfish ( family chaetodontidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the indian and pacific oceans from sri lanka and the cocos-keeling islands to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to rowley shoals and new south wales in australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a large butterflyfish , at up to 30 cm ( nearly 12 in ) long together with the lined butterflyfish ( c. lineolatus ) the giant among its genus .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "in shape it resembles certain angelfishes more than most of its relatives .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the overall color is yellowish grey , with a large black spot bordered below by a broad white band on the back and wavy blue lines on the lower sides .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the throat and the outline of the hind parts is bright yellow .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "adults have a filament extending posteriorly from the upper part of the soft portion of the dorsal fin .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the saddle butterflyfish is found at depths between 0 and 30 m in coral reefs .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it feeds on filamentous algae , small invertebrates , coral polyps , and fish eggs .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it belongs to the large subgenus rabdophorus which might warrant recognition as a distinct genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in this group , it appears to represent a distinct lineage , with the dotted butterflyfish ( c. semeion ) perhaps the only somewhat closely related species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "next closest seems to be a group including the black-backed butterflyfish ( c. melannotus ) , spot-tailed butterflyfish ( c. ocellicaudus ) and yellow-dotted butterflyfish ( c. selene ) , but these are already so distant that their ancestors must have diverged from the saddle butterflyfish 's soon after the rabdophorus lineage started to diversify . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "saddle butterflyfish", "paragraphs": ["saddle butterflyfish , chaetodon ephippium , in timor leste . source : nick hobgood / wikimedia commons . license : cc by attribution - sharealike\nthe saddle butterflyfish can be recognised by the large white - bordered black area on the upper side below the dorsal fin . the species occurs in marine tropical waters of the western and central pacific .\ntherefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted , if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium . bristleworms , tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .\nthe saddle butterflyfish can be recognised by the large white - bordered black area on the upper side below the dorsal fin . the body is grey with blue - grey stripes across the lower sides . the breast and snout are yellow . adults have a filament extending from the back of the dorsal fin .\nthe saddle butterflyfish owes its name to the large dark spot delimited by a wide white band that it exhibits near the dorsal fin , on its greyish - yellow body . it occurs in lagoons and reefs up to 30 metres in depth , and prefers coral - rich areas . juveniles are solitary and , during the breeding season , they find a mate which they keep for several years .\nthey ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful , therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together . one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .\na bluish - grey butterflyfish with a large black patch bordered in white on the upper rear of the body , blue lines on the lower sides , and an orange area from snout to breast .\nningaloo reef to dampier archipelago , rowley shoals and scott reef , western australia , ashmore reef , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef , queensland , and reefs in the coral sea to wollongong , new south wales ; also the lord howe island region , tasman sea , and cocos ( keeling ) islands and christmas island , indian ocean . elsewhere , the saddle butterflyfish occurs in the tropical indo - pacific . inhabits rich coral areas in lagoons and seaward reefs .\nthe butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours . they are closely related to angelfishs , but can always be distinguished , as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .\na smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals , like zoanthus . a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals . butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones , tubeworms and bristleworms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s , 79\u00b0e - 130\u00b0w\nindo - pacific : sri lanka ( ref . 10361 ) and cocos - keeling islands to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to rowley shoals and new south wales , australia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 14 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 25 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 23 .\noccur in lagoons and seaward reefs to a depth of 30 m , prefer coral - rich and clear water areas ( ref . 205 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . encountered singly , in pairs or small groups ( adults often in pairs ; juveniles solitary and inshore ) . feed on filamentous algae , small invertebrates , coral polyps , and fish eggs . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\ndistinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social ( ref . 52884 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 25 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 2323 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02239 ( 0 . 01381 - 0 . 03628 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 43 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\nit occurs in marine tropical waters of the western and central pacific . in australia it is known from the central coast of western australia , around the tropical north and south to the northern coast of new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nallen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .\nallen , g . r . , steene , r . & m . allen . 1998 . a guide to angelfishes & butterflyfishes . odyssey publishing / tropical reef research . pp . 250 .\nallen , g . r . & r . swainston . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum . pp . 201 .\nhutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .\nkuiter , r . h . 2000 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . gary allen . pp . 437 .\nrandall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 557 .\nadults are distinguished from juveniles by a filament extending from the rear part of the dorsal fin .\nsri lanka and cocos - keeling islands to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands ; north to southern japan ; south to rowley shoals and new south wales , australia .\ndianne j . bray & audrey s . thompson , chaetodon ephippium in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nfeeds on coral polyps , algae , sponges , fish eggs and benthic invertebrates .\nchaetodon ephippium cuvier , 1831 , hist . nat . poiss . 7 : 80 . type locality : bora bora ; moluccas .\n. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers .\nperth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\n. new jersey : t . f . h . publications inc . 832 pp . figs .\ncuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1831 .\n. paris : levrault vol . 7 531 pp . pls 170 - 208 .\nhobbs , j - p . a . , newman , s . j . , mitsopoulos , g . e . a . , travers , m . j . , skepper , c . l . , gilligan , j . j . , allen , g . r . , choat , h . j . & ayling , a . m . 2014 . checklist and new records of christmas island fishes : the influence of isolation , biogeography and habitat availability on species abundance and community composition .\nhobbs , j - p . a . , newman , s . j . , mitsopoulos , g . e . a . , travers , m . j . , skepper , c . l . , gilligan , j . j . , allen , g . r . , choat , h . j . & ayling , a . m . 2014 . fishes of the cocos ( keeling ) islands : new records , community composition and biogeographic significance .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nguide to sea fishes of australia . a comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen .\noxley , w . g . , ayling , a . m . , cheal , a . j . & osborne , k . 2004 . marine surveys undertaken in the elizabeth and middleton reefs marine national nature reserve , december 2003 . townsville : australian institute of marine sciences 64 pp .\npratchett , m . s . 2005 . dietary overlap among coral - feeding butterflyfishes ( chaetodontidae ) at lizard island , northern great barrier reef .\npratchett , m . s . & berumen , m . l . 2008 . interspecific variation in ditributions and diets of coral reef butterflyfishes ( teleostei : chaetodontidae ) .\npyle , r . 2001 . chaetodontidae , pomacanthidae . pp . 3224 - 3286 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .\nfrom the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we\u2019ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .\nnot recommended . will pick on anemones , mushroom corals , stony corals , tubeworms , and other small invertebrates .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0cf1a534 - 13d1 - 424a - ac46 - e20d300d5fae\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f8f65564 - 1270 - 4f28 - a3ab - 30d6a33503bf\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 357500\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nsource : bernard e . picton / cc - by - sa - 3 . 0\nwhen the fish can find its natural food in the aquarium it requires less frequent feeding .\nthis species will better acclimatize to the aquarium ` s condition if introduced , when young .\nsome species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a\ncomplex\n, since they are so very similar .\nregardless of resemblance , it is important to be able to distinguish them , as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs . sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern , but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .\nit can be problematic , with many of these species , to get them eating in the beginning , but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells . another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .\nas these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding , it is important to buy healthy fish , to avoid having to deal with more problems . make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .\nthere are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium , as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods . it can be possible to breed some species , which will eat frozen foods . otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet , which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .\nindo - pacific : cocos - keeling islands to the tuamoto islands , north to japan .\nscott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . butterflyfishes ; separating the good ones and those you don ' t want - wet web media - ( english ) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - ( english ) tea yi kai . 2014 . reef nuggets 2 : aquatic lepidopterans for your reef ( revised edition ) - reef builders - ( english )\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .\nminimum volume\nindicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .\nthis is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .\nhardiness\nindicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .\nin this case , a\nnormal\naquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26\u00b0c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .\nspecial aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .\nalways reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .\noften reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .\nreef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .\nreef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .\nnot reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates ."]}
{"id": 1240, "summary": [{"text": "the roughskin dogfish , centroscymnus owstonii , is a sleeper shark of the family somniosidae , found around the world on continental shelves in tropical , subtropical and temperate seas , at depths of between 100 and 1,500 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it reaches a length of 120 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "roughskin dogfish", "paragraphs": ["roughskin dogfish ( cirrhigaleus asper ) . illustration courtesy fao , species identification and biodata\nroughskin dogfish denticle . illustration courtesy fao species catalog , vol . 4 part 2 sharks of the world\nenglish language common names include roughskin dogfish , roughskin dogshark , roughskin spiny dogfish , and roughskin spurdog . common names in other languages are aiguillat \u00e0 peau rugueuse ( french ) , galludo raspa ( spanish ) , quelme rugoso ( portuguese ) , ruwe doornhaai ( dutch ) , and ruwevel - penhaai ( afrikaans ) .\nthis species of dogfish is considered harmless to humans . however , care should be taken when handling the roughskin dogfish due to the spines on the dorsal fins .\nthe blainville ' s dogfish and cuban dogfish both have a first dorsal fin that is located more anterior than the roughskin dogfish , with the origin over the pectoral fin . these species also have smaller dermal denticles .\nroughskin dogfish reach an average length of about 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) . photo \u00a9 george burgess\ncoloration the body of the roughskin dogfish is dark gray to brown , fading to a lighter color below . the fins are edged with white . the body lacks spots or any other distinctive markings . juvenile roughskin dogfish are brown in color .\nother species that are similar in appearance to the roughskin dogfish include the spiny dogfish ( squalus acanthias ) , blainville ' s dogfish ( s . blainvillei ) , and the cuban dogfish ( s . cubensis ) . the spiny dogfish can be distinguished by its small dermal denticles and second dorsal fin which is much smaller than the first dorsal . also , it is often marked with white spots throughout the body .\nthere is no interest in fisheries for the roughskin dogfish . it is occasionally caught with hook and line as well as trawling gear used in deep water .\nfood habits this dogfish feeds on a variety of bony fishes and cephalopods including squid .\nthis dogfish resides in marine waters over the upper continental and insular slopes . it is a deepwater species , found at depths from 700 - 1 , 970 feet ( 214 - 600 m ) . information on the life history of the roughskin dogfish is lacking due to the recent description of this species .\nthe glowing eye of a roughskin dogfish and a sleeper shark emerge . | for more shark week , visit urltoken shark week 2016 | starts sun . june 26 8 | 7c subscribe to discovery ! | urltoken\nmerrett described the roughskin dogfish as squalus asper in 1973 . shortly afterwards , this name was changed to the currently valid cirrhigaleus asper ( merrett 1973 ) . the genus name cirrhigaleus is derived from the latin\ncirrus\nwhich means curl fringe and the greek\ngaleo\nmeaning a shark . the species name asper is derived from latin , meaning rough . due to its recent description , there are no known synonyms referring to the roughskin dogfish in previous scientific literature .\nthe roughskin dogfish is listed as\ndata deficient\nwith the world conservation union ( iucn ) . the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\na little - known deepwater dogfish of the upper continental slopes at depths of 500 to 1097 m , on or near bottom .\ndentition dentition of the roughskin dogfish consists of oblique teeth with smooth - edged cusps and distinct notches in the outer margins . numbering 12 - 14 teeth on each side of the upper jaw and 11 - 12 teeth on each side of the lower jaw , the dentition of this species forms a practically continuous cutting edge .\ndenticles the roughskin dogfish gets its common name from the rough feeling skin it has . this rough texture is from the unusually large dermal denticles found on this species . the denticles on adult specimens are tripcuspidate with a distinct central ridge flanked by weaker ridges . juveniles have leaf - shaped denticles characterized by a distinct central ridge .\nthe mode of reproduction in the roughskin dogfish is ovoviviparity meaning the embryos are nourished by a yolk - sac within the mother ' s body until birth . at the end of the gestation period , 21 - 22 pups are born , each measuring 9 . 8 - 11 . 0 inches ( 25 - 28 cm ) in length .\nthe roughskin dogfish has been reported from the western atlantic ocean from waters off north carolina to the florida keys ( us ) as well as the northern gulf of mexico . in the western indian ocean , it is found from southern mozambique to south africa and waters off reunion , comoros , and the aldabra islands . in the central pacific ocean , it lives off the shores of the hawaiian islands .\nthe roughskin dogfish has a stout body with a long and rounded snout . the eyes and spiracles are large . the two dorsal fins each have a spine . the first dorsal fin originates behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins . the second dorsal fin is large , approaching the size of the first dorsal . the triangular pectoral fins are broad and have rounded tips . the caudal fin is short with broad lobes .\nsize , age , and growth the maximum reported size for the roughskin dogfish is 3 . 9 feet ( 120 cm ) total length for a male specimen . the average size for this species is about 3 feet ( 90 cm ) . males reach maturity at length of 2 . 8 - 3 . 0 feet ( 85 - 90 cm ) and females mature at 2 . 9 - 3 . 6 feet ( 89 - 110 cm ) in length .\nthese dogfish get their name from their rough skin , caused by unusually large denticles ( translated as\nlittle teeth\n) which are specialized scales designed to make sharks swim more efficiently . they have stout bodies and pointed snouts with large eyes , two dorsal fins with large spines , and a short caudal ( tail ) fin . this deep - water shark is dark gray - brown on top that fades to a light underbelly , with white edges on its fins . they grow to between 3 and 4 feet long , hunting smaller bony fish and cephalopods like squid .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds . ) . 2018 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 march 2018 . available at : urltoken .\njustification : a moderately common deepwater shark within its known geographic range , and which may extend deeper than is currently recognised . although captured in some quantity in some deepwater trawl fisheries , it is taken mainly as bycatch , and presumably from only part of its known range . however , if the population is mobile and migrates into exploited fishing grounds from other parts of its range , if ( with other deepwater sharks ) it becomes more frequently targeted , and if it proves to have the life history characteristics ( low fecundity , slow growth and high longevity ) typical of better known squaloids , the assessment may have to move into a higher category . however , the species is currently still moderately common over its wide southern australian and new zealand range and a near threatened assessment is not justified at this time .\nsouthern japan , southern australia , and new zealand ; reported from the northern gulf of mexico .\nthere is no information on whether the population off southern australia ( including seamounts to the south ) is linked to the new zealand population via seamounts and submarine ridges in the lord howe rise in the tasman sea . it is improbable that there is any physical connection with the populations of c . owstoni off southern japan , and in the northern gulf of mexico . no information is available on the size of any population .\nmarine , demersal , on the upper and middle continental slope , 250 to 1 , 500 m , usually 500 to 1 , 500 m . life history is not well known , but a typical deepwater shark , sometimes occurring in schools segregated by size and sex . feed on fishes and squids . born 25 to 30 cm . mature 70 to 79 cm ( males ) , 82 to 105 ( females ) . maximum 120 cm . some incomplete information on reproduction is presented by yano and tanaka ( 1987 , 1988 ) and daley et al . ( 2002 ) , but the gestation period and reproductive cycle are not well known .\na moderate bycatch in some deepwater trawl and line fisheries . its depth range coincides ( in part ) with that of some commercially important teleosts ( especially orange roughy , oreos ) , although it extends somewhat deeper .\npaul , l . ( ssg australia & oceania regional workshop , march 2003 ) . 2003 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmale picture by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop\ngreek , kentron = sting + greek , skymnos , - ou = pup , puppy ( ref . 45335 )\nnamed for alan owston ( 1853 - 1915 ) a business - and yachtsman from england , who collected asian wildlife , particularly in the early twentieth century ( cited in ref . 112350 ) .\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 100 - 1500 m ( ref . 26346 ) . deep - water ; 35\u00b0n - 41\u00b0s , 82\u00b0w - 177\u00b0w\natlantic , pacific and indian oceans . western indian ocean : from off the seychelles to the madagascar ridge and south africa . eastern indian ocean off indonesia and southwestern australia . southwestern pacific : off australia , new caledonia and new zealand . northwestern pacific : off japan and from the hawaiian - emperor seamount chain . southeastern pacific : west of chile . southwestern atlantic : off french guiana , brazil , and uruguay . northwestern atlantic : gulf of mexico . eastern atlantic : from off the azores in the north to off south africa in the south .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 100 - 104 cm max length : 121 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26346 )\nanal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . dark brown or black in color , dorsal fins with extreme tips of fin spines protruding from the fins , moderately long snout , lanceolate upper teeth and bladelike lower teeth with short , oblique cusps , fairly stocky body that does not taper abruptly from pectoral region , large lateral trunk denticles with mostly smooth , circular , cuspidate and acuspidate crowns in adults and subadults ( ref . 247 ) .\nfound on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fish and cephalopods ( ref . 6871 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) , with 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . caught in trawls or longlines set at depths greater than 400 m ( ref . 55584 ) . flesh is high in mercury ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized as fishmeal and source of squalene ( liver oil ) ( ref . 6871 ) . maximum depth from ref . 55584 .\novoviviparous ( ref . 6871 ) . 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )\n) : 4 . 9 - 10 . 9 , mean 6 . 4 ( based on 66 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5313 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00178 - 0 . 00849 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 62 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec = 16 - 28 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 64 of 100 ) .\n: northern gulf of mexico . western pacific : japan ( southeastern honshu ) , new zealand , australia ( new south wales ) .\n( drs j . bass and p . c . heemstra , pers . comm . ) .\nbigelow , h . b . and w . c . schroeder , 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . univ . , 117 ( 1 ) : 150 p .\ngarrick , j . a . f . , 1959 . studies on new zealand elasmobranchii . part 7 . the identity of specimens of centrophorus from new zealand . trans . r . soc . n . z . , 86 ( 1 - 2 ) : 127 - 41\nfound on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fish and cephalopods ( ref . 6871 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) , with 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . caught in trawls or longlines set at depths greater than 400 m ( ref . 55584 ) . flesh is high in mercury ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized as fishmeal and source of squalene ( liver oil ) ( ref . 6871 ) . maximum depth from ref . 55584 .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e6\u30e1\u30b6\u30e1\nto\ncentroscymnus owstonii garman , 1906\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngarman , 1906 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nwestern central atlantic : northern gulf of mexico . western pacific : southeastern honshu , japan ; australia ( including western australia ) and new zealand . southeast pacific : amber seamount , nazca and sala - y - gomez .\n. found on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom . feeds on fish and cephalopods .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co . kg , all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1243, "summary": [{"text": "acheilognathus barbatulus is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish in the genus acheilognathus .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is endemic to the mekong river in laos , northern vietnam and southern china in waters between 8-20 \u00b0c and its maximum length is 8.4 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "acheilognathus barbatulus", "paragraphs": ["in subfamily acheilognathinae ( genera acheilognathus and rhodeus ) , female possesses an ovipositor which is used for depositing eggs inside the bivalves . juveniles hatch and stay in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .\nin subfamily acheilognathinae ( genera acheilognathus and rhodeus ) , female possesses an ovipositor which is used for depositing eggs inside the bivalves . juveniles hatch and stay in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .\ngreek , a = without + greek , cheilos = lip + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )\nasia : mekong basin in laos and yunnan , nam ma basin ; northern viet nam , southern china .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43281 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 13 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 11 . small maxillary barbels ; body depth 2 . 5 - 2 . 7 times in sl ( ref . 43281 ) .\nfemale has an ovipositor which is used to deposit eggs inside bivalves . young remain in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 ( suppl . 27 ) : 1 - 663 . ( ref . 94476 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00446 - 0 . 02243 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 2 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 21 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .\njustification : the species is relatively widespread in china , and in northern lao pdr and northern viet nam . it is assessed as least concern , however populations of the species , and its bivalve host should be monitored . taxonomic work to compare specimens from the different parts of the known range should be compared , especially those from the mekong drainage which are some distance from the song da and chinese populations .\n, from china ( including the mekong drainage in yunnan ) , and from northern viet nam .\nchangjiang ( yangtze ) and zhejiang ( pearl river ) . known from yunnan province ( dalu , mengla ) ; and from the yangtze drainage ( henan province ( xinye , tanghe )\nfound in freshwater rivers ; slow moving lowland streams . dependent on bivalves as the reproductive host .\nthe species is likely to be impacted by fisheries , and by pollution and dams in parts of its range . the species is reliant upon mussel hosts for its reproduction , and these are often more likely to be impacted by pollution . the specific host for the species is not known . there is general habitat loss and degradation , especially from high sediment loads from agriculture and deforestation , which impacts the bivalve host .\ntaxonomic work is needed to compare populations . population and habitat trends should be monitored .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nsaurogobio lissilabris banarescu & nalbant 1973\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\npareuchiloglanis sinensis ( hora & silas , 1952 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax sinensis ( regan , 1908 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax fokiensis ( rendahl , 1925 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nhucho bleekeri kimura , 1934\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbaensch , h . a . and r . riehl ( 1997 ) aquarien atlas , band 5 . : mergus verlag , melle , germany . 1148 p .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nkottelat , m . ( 2013 ) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . : the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 ( suppl . 27 ) : 1 - 663 .\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun ."]}
{"id": 1244, "summary": [{"text": "the streaky seedeater ( crithagra striolatus ) is a species of finch in the fringillidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in burundi , democratic republic of the congo , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , rwanda , south sudan , tanzania , uganda , and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the streaky seedeater was formerly placed in the genus serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was therefore split and a number of species including the streaky seedeater were moved to the resurrected genus crithagra . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "streaky seedeater", "paragraphs": ["streaky seedeater , serinus striolatus ( formerly ; crithagra striolata , protonym ; pyrrhula striolata ) , also known as the streaky seed - eater , streaky serin , and the yellow - browed seedeater , photographed at ngorongoro conservation area , tanzania ( africa ) .\nresponse : this is a streaky seedeater , serinus striolatus , a passerine species that is a member of the fringillidae family ( the finches & hawaiian honeycreepers ) . this species is distinguished from the similar stripe - breasted and streaky - headed seedeaters by the pale sides of its face and the dark malar stripe .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nstreaky seedeater\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . streaky seedeater ( crithagra striolata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nprzevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , p\u00e4ckert et al . 2016 )\nclassification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012\neurope ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .\nsplit gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )\n( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch\nhas priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )\n( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )\nhawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .\nisland populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .\nbased on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .\n, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )\n( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )\nrecognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )\npending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )\nse siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan\n( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )\npreliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences\ntaczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )\nsa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .\nfrom thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , marc de bont , mkennewell , keith and lynn youngs , pascal vagner , paul clarke , keith blomerley , dani\u00eal jimenez .\npaul van giersbergen , petemorris , lars petersson , marco valentini , buchert , lemellmichel , holger teichmann , veronika patrovska vernerova , james kashangaki , yvonne stevens , rory nefdt , josep del hoyo , stefan helming , morten venas , ken havard , rafael merchante , michaelp , nik borrow , guy poisson , arthur grosset , frank sandvoss , david beadle , juan gonzalez valdivieso , billonneau jean claude .\nhalai and simen , 8000\u201310 , 000 feet [ c . 2440\u20133050 m ] , ethiopia\nrace whytii distinctive , and sometimes treated as a separate species , but appears to differ only in the strong yellow wash to the pale colours on the head , wings and especially throat ; reported smaller size in hbw not noticeable in specimens , and limited evidence from dna analysis indicates close relationship between nominate and whytii . proposed race affinis ( described from mt kilimanjaro , in n tanzania ) synonymized with nominate . three subspecies recognized .\n\u2013 eritrea , ethiopia and extreme se south sudan s to w & c kenya and n tanzania .\n( e . j . o . hartert , 1907 ) \u2013 e drcongo , sw uganda , rwanda and burundi .\n13\u00b75\u201315 cm ; 18\u201326\u00b75 g . medium - sized , heavily streaked finch with long , slightly notched tail . nominate race has forehead to crown brown , finely . . .\nsong variable , a series of clear , downslurred whistles ,\ntway , tway , tsitsi - peeew , tsiway - tslo . . .\nlower montane to submontane open country and woodland edge and clearings , moist secondary evergreen . . .\nbreeds in all months , mostly apr\u2013aug and oct\u2013jan , at higher altitudes ( above 2200 m ) apr\u2013jul ; up to three broods . . . .\nresident ; some short - distance and random movements in non - breeding season in apr\u2013may and aug . . .\n, sometimes treated as a full species , is a restricted - range taxon : present in tanzania - malawi mountains eba . common to locally . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nforms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .\napparently monophyletic clade comprising mostly afrotropical and arabian species traditionally placed in serinus , together with a few that were sometimes included in carduelis # r # r ; two species of s africa , previously placed in pseudochloroptila , also imported herein , as is c . concolor , transferred from monospecific neospiza , based on molecular evidence # r # r . one analysis using mtdna indicates that further subdivision might be warranted , by recognizing dendrospiza ( for , e . g . , c . capistrata , c . hyposticta and c . citrinelloides ) , ochrospiza ( c . citrinipectus , c . mozambica and c . dorsostriata ) and poliospiza ( c . striatipectus , c . reichardi and c . mennelli ) # r , but more complete taxon sampling does not support this at present .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common or very common ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 659 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nquestion : this amazing photograph captures a common species throughout tropical areas of africa . this species is a close relative of a bird that is commonly kept as a pet in many households . can you name this species ?\nthis african mystery bird species is placed into the same genus as the canary , serinus canaria .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images , video or mp3 files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : crithagra striolata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhouse finch alights in front of cornell lab feederwatch cam \u2013 nov . 13 , 2017\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely ."]}
{"id": 1247, "summary": [{"text": "chaetolopha leucophragma is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia ( queensland , new south wales , victoria and tasmania ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wings are brown with three pale zigzag lines across the forewings and a white dash near the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are paler brown with a dark zigzag line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on polypodiophyta species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chaetolopha leucophragma", "paragraphs": ["a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .\na revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n( photo : courtesy of dr david g . hewitt , melbourne , victoria )\nthe adult moth has brown wings , with three pale zigzag lines across each forewing , and a white dash near each wingtip . the hindwings are paler brown , and have a zigzag dark line across each one .\n, melbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 11 . 35 , pp . 67 , 377 .\nseries 2 , volume 5 , part 4 ( 1890 ) , p . 818 ,\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe have the white - lined sphinxes . we love our zebra - striped , . . . read more\nin the 1960 ' s numbers of the white - faced heron expolded , . . . read more\na tree in your backyard has died or become diseased . . . . read more\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2018 dave ' s garden , an internet brands company . all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use , rules , privacy policy , and cookie policy .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e652588e - ef56 - 49e9 - b7b4 - 039ce47b1508\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ecdd6acb - c258 - 471d - 9bc2 - a7d91529d10b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d03ed600 - 26e6 - 4a19 - bdbe - ab8277e605e4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 504146\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n, where a holotype was indicated in the original description . descriptions of the genera\n, as well as keys to the species of both genera , are provided . all the known species are redescribed , the new ones are described , and all species are illustrated . fern feeding in australian lepidoptera and vertical distribution of species of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of asthenini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1261, "summary": [{"text": "hexaplex trunculus ( also known as murex trunculus , phyllonotus trunculus , or the banded dye-murex ) is a medium-sized species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex shells or rock snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is known in the fossil record from the pliocene to the quaternary period ( age range : from 3.6 to 0.012 million years ago ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "fossil shells within this genus have been found in morocco , italy , and spain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species of sea snail is important historically because its hypobranchial gland secretes a mucus that most ancient peoples of the mediterranean from the minoans to the ancient canaanites/phoenicians and classical greeks used as a distinctive purple-blue indigo dye .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "one of the dye 's main chemical ingredients is dibromo-indigotin , and if left in the sun for a few minutes before becoming fast , its color turns to a blue indigo ( like the dye used in blue jeans ) . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "hexaplex trunculus", "paragraphs": ["jeff holmes set\nimage of hexaplex trunculus\nas an exemplar on\nhexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nnutrient composition of the marine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) from the tunisian mediterranean coasts .\nhexaplex trunculus snail ( cc by 3 . 0 by h krisp via wikimedia commons )\nbanded dye - murex ( hexaplex trunculus ) was the most important component of the purple dye production .\ncoastal coal pollution increases cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health .\nnutrient composition of the marine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) from the tunisian mediterranean coasts . - pubmed - ncbi\neduard sol\u00e0 added the catalan common name\ncorneta\nto\nhexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\neduard sol\u00e0 added the catalan common name\ncorna\nto\nhexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nlimited effectiveness of marine protected areas : imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) populations from italian marine reserves .\nbelongs to hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) according to b . landau et al . 2007\nhexaplex trunculus . ( a ) , hexaplex trunculus , the shell has been removed in the posterieur side but the mantle is intact , marine snail sagittale section showing the hepatopancreas in the posterieur side . ( b ) , hexaplex trunculus hepatopancreas showing the epithelium of the digestive diverticula displaying the small lumen and the interstitial tissue . sections were stained with eosine and hematoxyline .\neduard sol\u00e0 added the catalan common name\ncorn de tap\nto\nhexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\ncoastal coal pollution increases cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health . - pubmed - ncbi\nhexaplex trunculus in his doctoral thesis ( london , 1913 ) on the subject , rabbi herzog named hexaplex trunculus ( then known by the name\nmurex trunculus\n) as the most likely candidate for the dye ' s source . though hexaplex trunculus fulfilled many of the talmudic criteria , rabbi herzog ' s inability to consistently obtain blue dye ( sometimes the dye was purple ) from the snail precluded him from declaring it to be the dye source .\nlimited effectiveness of marine protected areas : imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) populations from italian marine reserves . - pubmed - ncbi\ndye made from fresh hexaplex , a similar species . kanold / wikimedia commons cc - by 30\nlahbib , y . , boumaiza , m . , and trigui el menif , n . , imposex expression in hexaplex trunculus from the north tunis lake transplanted to bizerta channel ( tunisia ) ,\ngharsallah , i . h . , vasconcelos , p . , zamouri - langar , n . , et al . , reproductive cycle and biochemical composition of hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) from bizerte lagoon ,\njanthina within his doctoral research on the subject of tekhelet , herzog placed great hopes on demonstrating that hexaplex trunculus was the genuine snail \u1e25illazon . however , having failed to consistently achieve blue dye from hexaplex trunculus , he wrote : \u201cif for the present all hope is to be abandoned of rediscovering the \u1e25illazon shel tekhelet in some species of the genera murex ( now\nhexaplex\n) and purpura we could do worse than suggest janthina as a not improbable identification\u201d . although blue dye has in the meantime been obtained from hexaplex trunculus snail , in 2002 dr . s . w . kaplan of rehovot , israel , sought to investigate herzog ' s suggestion that tekhelet came from the extract of janthina . after fifteen years of research he concluded that janthina was not the ancient source of the blue dye .\nterlizzi a , geraci s , minganti v ( 1998 ) tributyltin ( tbt ) pollution in the coastal waters of italy as indicated by imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . mar pollut bull 36 : 749\u2013752\nlahbib y , abidli s , chiffoleau jf , averty b , trigui el menif n ( 2009 ) first record of butyltin body burden and imposex status in hexaplex trunculus from the tunisian coast . j environ monit 11 : 1253\u20131258\naxiak v , vella aj , micallef d , chircop p , mintoff b ( 1995 ) imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) : first results from biomonitoring of tributyltin contamination in the mediterranean . mar biol 121 : 685\u2013691\nthe phoenicians also made a deep blue or indigo - colored dye from another species of marine snail closely related to for means brandaris . this snail , hexaplex trunculus , was found off the coast of morocco and produced a rather blueish color .\nhowever , talmudic researcher ben zion rosenberg contends that there is not enough evidence supporting hexaplex trunculus as the source for tekhelet . he further claims that the proponents of the murex as tekhelet twist the religious texts , at times ' almost beyond recognition ' .\nelhasni , kamel vasconcelos , paulo ghorbel , mohamed and jarboui , othman 2018 . comparison of weight - length relationships and relative growth between intertidal and offshore populations of hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) from the gulf of gab\u00e8s ( southern tunisia ) . biologia ,\n( of hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . [ details ]\nhexaplex trunculus . it sounds like a harry potter spell , although there\u2019s nothing particularly magical about this species of sea snail common in the warm waters of the mediterranean sea . still , these tiny purplish mollusks are an important piece of an enormous puzzle that\u2019s been perplexing carl knappett for years .\nspanier , e . , behavioral ecology of the marine snail trunculariopsis ( murex ) trunculus . in\nanother talmudic scholar cross referenced his ancient religious text with modern malacology texts and concluded that the chilazon was actually hexaplex trunculus , a murex snail which is a close relative of murex brandaris ( the source of tyrian purple ) . the dye which he created from the secretions of hexaplex trunculus was also purple and thus did not seem to fit the bill . only with the help of a chemist in the 1980s was it determined that the proper blue color could be obtained by exposing a solution of the snail slime dye to sunlight . so if you are an orthodox jew ( or a high priest of the temple ) you might want to look into getting some tekhelet clothing .\nmarine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) presents increasing nutritional , commercial and economical importance , being widely consumed in northern africa , particularly in mediterranean countries . from a nutritional point of view there is still limited information on the chemical composition of edible tissues ( meat and hepatopancreas ) of this species . therefore , the aims of the present work were to study the proximate chemical composition , fatty acid and amino acid profiles of h . trunculus from the tunisian mediterranean coasts .\nelhasni , k vasconcelos , p dhieb , k el lakhrach , h ghorbel , m and jarboui , o 2017 . distribution , abundance and population structure of hexaplex trunculus and bolinus brandaris ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in offshore areas of the gulf of gab\u00e8s , southern tunisia . african journal of marine science , vol . 39 , issue . 1 , p . 69 .\nthe ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas was described in some opisthobranchs [ 27 - 30 , 24 ] , but such studies were never carried out on neogastropoda , which includes the genus hexaplex . to enlarge our knowledge about these marine molluscs , the structure and function of the digestive gland of the gastropod mollusc , h . trunculus , was investigated through electron microscopy analyses and immunohistochemistry .\nhexaplex trunculus cryostat tissue sections ( \u00d7 400 ) through digestive diverticula . frozen 4 \u03bcm sections from h . trunculus hepatopancreas were used for control experiments ( without pabs anti - msdpla 2 ) and stained with eosine and hematoxyline for genral morphology . no labeling was observed without pabs anti - msdpla 2 . ( a and b ) overall view of a control section of the digestive diverticula at low magnification ( 100\u00d7 ) . ( c and d ) enlarged view of the digestive diverticula sectioned longitudinally ( 400\u00d7 ) .\nmorphological and functional correlates with distribution of murex trunculus l . and murex brandaris l . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) in the northern adriatic\nprofessor hoffman extracts the hypobranchial gland from the murex trunculus snail . this was the source of then ancient blue dye known as tekhelet .\nin the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus , digestive cells can also be distinguished by size and electron - density of vesicles in their cytoplasm .\npottery sherds stained with purple dye were found in the excavations at tel shiqmona , and were dated to the iron age ii period . analysis by hplc - dad identified the dye as \u2018true purple\u2019 , derived from the hexaplex trunculus sea snail , which is associated with the purple - dye industry that flourished in the coastal area at that time . this result is compatible with the classification of over 1000 . . . [ show full abstract ]\n( of murex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus contrarius dautzenberg , 1914 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nin this article we shall focus on the chemical and chromatographic analyses that were used in the study of three textiles that were found in a cave in wadi murabba ' at , the judean desert . the textiles date to the roman period , and were dyed with a prestigious purple dye . high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) identified the murex sea snail hexaplex trunculus as a source of dye for the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe muricidae family of snails includes about 1 , 000 species , which represent a diverse and important component of marine communities [ 1 ] . the banded murex , hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , is found in the mediterranean sea and adjacent atlantic ocean from the portuguese coast , southward to morocco and to the madeira and canary islands [ 2 ] and [ 3 ] . this specie is a commercially important marine snail in the mediterranean coasts .\n( of murex trunculus var . adusta monterosato , 1880 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . bulo coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . purpurifera coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . mixta bed\u00e9 , 1903 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . curvispina segre , 1954 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . pseudorudis segre , 1954 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . turritana segre , 1952 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . spinosa coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . minor bellini , 1929 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . aestuari franceschini , 1906 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwhat i don ' t understand is that if hilozon is murex trunculus why the practice of making tcheles stopped . wasn ' t this snail always around ?\nknappett and his team of researchers , which includes specialists in botanical , faunal and marine remains , have been excavating at palaikastro , the site of a minoan harbour town on the island of crete that dates back to 1700 bce . recently , they uncovered a deposit of more than 10 , 000 hexaplex trunculus shells . in ancient times , they would have been used to create a purple - blue indigo dye . ( the dye is even mentioned in the hebrew bible . )\nmurex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n( of murex trunculus var . ritisus de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . sbirsa de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . zinga de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . aspirta de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . pulta de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . escius de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis article presents three prestigious textiles dyed with murex shellfish , which were found in the murabba ' at caves in the judean desert and are dated to the roman period . the textiles were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) . the results of the analysis indicate that one textile was dyed using hexaplex trunculus and its color tends to blue - greenish ; apparently , the dye solution was exposed to the sun during the dyeing process . the other two textiles underwent a double dyeing process using the hexaplex trunculus and the armenian cochineal insect dye in order to give the fabric a reddish purple color , which was indicative of high status . such a combination has not been reported in the results of dye analysis of ancient israel textiles . furthermore , these finds are unusual and unique in light of discoveries of other textiles from israel dated to the roman period . according to the dye analysis and tests of different aspects of the purple textiles , we propose the origin of the textiles .\nthe anatomy and the histology of the molluscs digestive system have been previously studied . however , the knowledge of the ultrastructure and the physiology of the h . trunculus digestive system remain unknown ( poor ) . in this histologic study , the ultrastructure of digestive cells of h . trunculus was investigated by electron microscopy transmission and immunoflourescence .\n( of murex trunculus var . tetragona stalio in coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . gelertus de gregorio , 1885 \u2020 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . multinodosa sandri & danilo , 1856 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . subtruncula d ' orbigny , 1847 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nof course murex trunculus is the animal from which techeleth is made . if only they could get more approvals by leading rabbanim , they would be able to mass market it .\nthis study suggests that h . trunculus is an important source of protein and essential amino acids . furthermore , the snail lipidic fraction contains high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids benefical for human health .\nknappett is the co - director of the palaikastro project and the walter graham / homer thompson chair in aegean prehistory in the department of art . he is studying the urbanization of minoan crete during the aegean bronze age . why did the minoans choose to settle in some locations and not others ? what impact did they have on the landscape ? in what ways were local resources exploited and how did this change over time ? \u201cwe can observe the process of urbanization through features like monumental architecture , planned streets and sewers , as well as changes in agriculture and the landscape , \u201d says knappett . this is where the hexaplex trunculus comes in .\nin the 1980s , otto elsner , a chemist from the shenkar college of fibers in israel , discovered that if a solution of the dye was exposed to ultraviolet rays , such as from sunlight , blue instead of purple was consistently produced . in 1988 , rabbi eliyahu tavger dyed tekhelet from h . trunculus for the mitzvah ( commandment ) of tzitzit for the first time in recent history . based on this work , four years later , the ptil tekhelet organization was founded to educate about the dye production process , and to make the dye available for all who desire to use it . the television show the naked archaeologist interviews an israeli scientist who also makes the claim that this mollusk is the correct animal . a demonstration of the production of the blue dye using sunlight to produce the blue color is shown . the dye is extracted from the hypobranchial gland of hexaplex trunculus snails .\nthe deep purple color seems to have been achieved by dipping the cloth first into the deep indigo dye made from the hexaplex trunculus , and then into the reddish - purple color produced by the bolinus brandaris . all of this complex processing made the cost of this dye , and the cloth on which it was used , exorbitantly expensive . so the color became the preserve of royalty or the exceptionally wealthy . this belief , that purple belonged to the well - to - do , permeated the ancient world and included rome and egypt , as well as persia . as it was believed that the kings of the ancient world were descended from gods , purple also came to be associated with the divine and with holiness .\n( of murex trunculus var . spinosa coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . purpurifera coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . bulo coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . tetragona stalio in coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]\nmorphological studies of species with wide distribution range and high commercial value , such as the banded murex hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , provide information on stock structure , which is the basis for understanding fish population dynamics and enable resource assessment for fisheries management . in the present study , we examined morphological variation among atlantic and mediterranean populations of h . trunculus using multivariate analysis . our results supported the existence of four distinguishable stocks ( atlantic , alboran , western mediterranean and eastern mediterranean ) , correctly classified 71 . 7 % of specimens , and indicated significant degrees of variation in morphometric characteristics between regions . examination of the contribution of each morphometric variable to the principal components and canonical functions indicated that differences among samples seemed to be associated with the shell and aperture length and width . samples from the atlantic ocean and the alboran sea had the largest shell size and the greatest morphometric divergence . this strong morphometric differentiation appears to be associated with local environmental factors ( exposure on the rocky shores , food availability and predation ) and oceanographic current barriers .\n( of phyllonotus trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) salas , c . ; luque , a . a . ( 1986 ) . contribuicion al conocimento de los moluscos marinos de la isla de alboran . iberus . 6 : 29 - 37 . [ details ]\ngharbi - bouraoui s , gnassia - barelli m , rom\u00e9o m , dellali m , a\u00efssa p ( 2008 ) field study of metal concentrations and biomarker response in the neogastropod , murex trunculus , from bizerta lagoon ( tunisia ) . aqua liv res 21 : 213\u2013220\n( of murex trunculus var . pagodula pallary , 1903 ) pallary p . ( 1903 ) . addition \u00e0 la faune conchyliologique de la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e . annales du mus\u00e9e de marseille , 8 : 1 - 16 , pl . 1 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trunculariopsis trunculus adriaticus nordsieck , 1968 ) nordsieck f . ( 1968 ) . die europ\u00e4ischen meeres - geh\u00e4useschnecken ( prosobranchia ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden und mittelmeer . gustav fischer , stuttgart viii + 273 pp : page ( s ) : 115 [ details ]\nthe cellular location of msdpla 2 suggests that intracellular phospholipids digestion , like other food components digestion of snail diet , occurs in these digestive cells . the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus has been pointed out as the main region for digestion , absorption and storage of lipids .\nthe thorough involvement of the hepatopancrea of h . trunculus in secretion , digestion and , metabolism absorption was evidenced by the decondensed aspect of nuclear chromatin , presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum , golgi complex region , lysosomes , vesicles and cytoplasmic inclusions in the digestive cells . the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus has been pointed out as the main region for digestion and absorption . the cytoplasm of digestive cells contain granules similar to hemozoin , vesicles with protein content and lipid droplets , indicating the possible function in digestion , absorption , and storage of lipids .\nthe second version was opined by rabbi isaac herzog ( 1889 \u2013 1959 ) to be an extract from the murex trunculus snail and has been researched by a number of scientists since rabbi herzog\u2019s 1913 doctoral thesis on the subject . the ptil tekhelet organization produces this version of techelet for general consumption .\n( of murex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . bonanni monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della societ\u00e0 zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . magnifica monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della societ\u00e0 zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . ponderata monterosato , 1923 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della societ\u00e0 zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . danili monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della societ\u00e0 zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]\nif rabbi tukchinsky\u2019s theory is correct ( and should it be established that either the radziner or murex trunculus is in fact the hilazon of the talmud ) , science would need only need to analyze the techelet\u2019s chemical makeup and discover the chemical compounds responsible for its color ( as well as its ability to permanently adhere to wool ) . once that succeeds , we currently have the technology to mass produce synthetic techelet for all our ritual needs . ptil tekhelet would no longer have to purchase surplus murex trunculus all the war from the black sea via fishermen who sell the snail primarily to restaurants in the balkan states .\n( of murex trunculus var . dilatata dautzenberg , 1895 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1895 ) . campagne de la melita , 1892 : mollusques recueillis sur les c\u00f4tes de la tunisie et de l ' alg\u00e9rie mem . soc . zool . france viii : 363 - 373 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . roseotincta dautzenberg , 1895 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1895 ) . campagne de la melita , 1892 : mollusques recueillis sur les c\u00f4tes de la tunisie et de l ' alg\u00e9rie mem . soc . zool . france viii : 363 - 373 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n1 - most of the shipping traffic in tunisia comes from foreign countries that already enforced tributyltin ( tbt ) regulation . 2 - local and imported antifouling paints in tunisia did not contain tbt . 3 - actual tbt contamination in tunisia is the result of an old / historical pollution events . 4 - here we report data on imposex in hexaplex trunculus from three tunisian lagoons . this gastropod , which locally has fishery great commercial value , is currently used mostly for monitoring tbt effects in transitional and marine waters in the mediterranean sea . 5 - our results showed a decrease of imposex in bizerta and in northern tunis lagoons , whilst in the southernmost lagoon of boughrara imposex has significantly increased . 6 - the effect of specimen size and reproductive activity on penis length variation in males and on the relative penis length index was validated . 7 - overall , we found that tbt is still a significant pollutant in the tunisian waters , which requires further studies on the contamination causes .\n( of murex trunculus var . adusta monterosato , 1880 ) monterosato , t . a . ( 1880 ) . notizie intorno ad alcune conchiglie delle coste d ' africa . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana , pisa . 5 : 213 - 233 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 524 [ details ]\nthe banded murex hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a commercially exploited gastropod in the mediterranean region including tunisia where it has become an important fishery resource these last years . in the present investigation , some reproductive aspects of this species were described in the population of boughrara lagoon based on macroscopic examination of the gonads ( gonadic conditional indices ) together with observation of the seasonal hypertrophy of the penis in males and capsule gland in females . this procedure of assessing reproductive activity was validated by field observations of copulation and spawning . mature females were found during 10 months and mature males during 8 months being both frequent in january and february . reproductive activity was slightly asynchronous between sexes with males reaching maturity before females . gonadic release occurred earlier in males between january and march against february to april in females . these findings were in agreement with field observations of copulation in january and february and egg - capsule laying in late february and march . hatching juveniles were observed in the field in april and may .\n1 .\nwith the chilazon , those who oppose its identification as murex trunculus are not proposing a more viable candidate .\nfor the murex fans any other candidate can ' t be viable . for others , there is no reason to ignore rav herzogs candidate ( janthina janthina ) . 2 .\nthe second factor involved in my conclusion is that it appears that those objecting to the murex trunculus argue that it does not match the criteria for the chilazon as explained by various rishonim .\nso how do you understand the criteria listed in the beraisa ( tosefta , also in gemara menachos ) ? simple reading clearly points to periodicity , sea color or that is looks like a fish .\njust wanted to comment on your statement that\nmurex trunculus is indeed the chilazon of old\n: it is my deepest belief that no unclean creature can be even remotely considered to have been used to make a blue ( or any other ) dye . you wouldn ' t try to make a dye out of a pig , whould you ?\nthe gastropod hexaplex trunculu s is widely distributed in a relatively large range of habitats , but has no dispersal stage . we investigated its genetic structure across its distribution range , from mediterranean sea to adjacent atlantic coasts , by sequencing mitochondrial dna portions of the nadh dehydrogenase gene nd2 ( 420 pb ) and the internal transcribed spacer its2 ( 450 pb ) . our results suggested a significant genetic variability of nd2 ( \u03c0 = 0 . 009 and hd = 0 . 629 ) and low variability of the its2 sequences . a strong phylogeographic break , separated the aegean populations from those of western / eastern mediterranean and the atlantic ones , was founded . the tow lineages may have been separated by vicariance events due to the peloponnese break that separates the aegean populations from other populations and was maintained until now by the quasi - circular anticyclonic front associated to the straits of cretan arc of the peloponnesian peninsula . tunisian coasts appear particularly diverse since the two divergent lineages co - occured . these results may have management consequences since h . trunculus is a high commercial value harvested species .\nthe banded dye - murex ( hexaplex trunculus ) , the main component of the purple dye , was one of the most valued marine resources in roman times . its ancient exploitation appears described in the written sources . until now , the archaeological record documenting the industry of purple dye consisted of middens of broken shells that only allowed the identification of the harvested species and the derivation of some 14 c dates , while the identity of the fishing methods used remained elusive . an integrated study of a zooarchaeological assemblage recovered at the roman city of pollentia ( mallorca , western mediterranean ) has thrown light on this unknown aspect of the muricid gastropod fishery . i present sound evidence supporting that at this roman site , the gastropod cerithium vulgatum was used at least during the 3rd century ad as bait to collect the banded dye - murex . this is derived from the high frequency of drilled shells \u2013 especially of shells showing incomplete drills \u2013 recorded in the deposit , suggesting that these specimens were unnaturally over - exposed to predatory gastropods . this is exactly what could be expected if these cerithids were encased as bait in traps used to collect muricids .\n( of murex trunculus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 747 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . buccinoides pallary , 1904 ) pallary p . ( 1904 - 1906 ) . addition \u00e0 la faune malacologique du golfe de gab\u00e8s . journal de conchyliologie . 52 : 212 - 248 , pl . 7 [ 1904 ] ; 54 : 77 - 124 , pl . 4 [ 1906 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 230 - 231 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . alcus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 262 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . gringus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 263 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . lepigus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 258 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . gipus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 260 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . epitus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 260 - 261 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . escius de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 249 - 250 [ details ]\nparameters of environmental health , including paracellular permeability of external epithelia , functional state of lysosomes and the level of metallothioneins ( mts ) , were examined using fluorescent markers and vital microfluorometry in different tissues of the marine gastropod , hexaplex trunculus , from a coal - polluted and coal - free site . vital microfluorometrical examinations exhibited enhanced paracellular permeability of external epithelia to the anionic marker , fluorescein ( flu ) , lower lysosomal accumulation of neutral red ( nr ) as well as higher levels of mts , when compared with epithelia of gastropods from the coal - free site . those differences were particularly marked in the foot epithelium , which is in direct contact with the substrate . in addition , cadmium was measured by icp - aes in the hepatopancreas of gastropods sampled from the coal - polluted site and two coal - free sites . significantly higher levels of cd were found in gastropod hepatopancreas from the coal - polluted site . in addition , two months feeding experiments conducted in aquaria containing : ( a ) coal pieces covered by barnacles ; ( b ) natural rocks covered by barnacles ; and ( c ) natural rocks with barnacles + bare coal pieces , demonstrated significant increase of cd concentration in the hepatopancreas of the gastropods exposed to coal . we suggest that coal in the marine environment has detrimental effects on marine gastropods , both directly through contact with the organisms and indirectly through the food web .\nthe digestive diverticula consist of an epithelium with a single layer of cells , separated from the surrounding connective tissue and muscle cells by a basal lamina . in several molluscs these epitheliums consist of the digestive and basophilic cells [ 18 - 21 ] . however , in gastropods other cell types have been reported in addition to these two cell types [ 22 - 24 ] . digestive cells are the most abundant cell type in the digestive diverticula of h . trunculus .\nrabbi yechiel michel tukchinsky , a contemporary of rabbi herzog , questioned the authenticity of identifying the murex trunculus with the hilazon . in his book , \u05e2\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d3\u05e9 \u2013 \u2018ir hakodesh vihamikdash , ( sec . 5 , chap . 5 ) rabbi tukchinsky discusses the possibility of offering sacrifices in modern times . he debated whether or not techelet was non - essential in the bigdei kehunah just as it has been decided to be non - essential to the performance of tzitzit .\n36 ? amazing , you don ' t look a day over 35 , just kidding , you look great , until 121 and beyond . by the way , is that july 18th , or the 17th of tammuz , your fans want to know . how does the radzin techeleth fit in . it is most affordable and therefore more popular . many people are wearing it , and i too have a few pairs of them . is it also from the murex trunculus ? o\nlots to respond to . but first , happy birthday ! my own 36th is in a couple of weeks . david k : what you quote makes no sense . many , many non - kosher animals have hooves . horses have hooves . are you suggesting that a\nchazir\nis a horse ? and your argument is illogical : the torah says that the shafan and arnevet * don ' t * have\nmafris parsa .\nfinally ,\nmafris\npretty clearly indicates\nsplit .\nvoixjuive : what do you mean ? the murex tekhelet * is * mass marketed . you can get it in stores all over . isaac : i don ' t think the radziner is\nmore popular .\nit ' s basically worn by radziner and breslover chassidim . the murex type is much more widely distributed . as for its status , it ' s been pretty discredited for a century by now . and\ncheaper\nmeans nothing here - quite the opposite , in fact , halakhically . yitznewton : until i read your post , i had no idea singer was a radziner . i * did * know that he was trying to push radzin tekhelet without actually saying it . this extra lack of disclosure merely makes it worse . miriam : unless r ' slifkin changed it , the amazon list shows the newest edition . ameteur : actually , the name\nmurex\nis the old name . it ' s now\nhexaplex trunculus\n. . . ok , not much better . ameteur again : how do we know that sample is tzitzit ? it is a piece of cloth . and why would they change the color ? the color always varies based on various conditions .\naccording to zvi koren , a professor of chemistry , tekhelet was close in color to midnight blue . this conclusion was reached based on the chemical analysis of a 2000 - year old patch of dyed fabric recovered from masada in the 1960s . the sample , shown to have been dyed with murex snail extraction , is a midnight blue with a purplish hue . additionally , in 2013 , na ' ama sukenik of the israel antiquities authority verified a 1st - century ce - dated fragment of blue - dyed fabric to have used h . trunculus as the source of its pure blue color .\ncd , zn , cu , as , fe , cr , ni , al , and pb were analyzed in the edible and inedible parts of the muricid gastropod hexaplex trunculus sampled along the tunisian coast in 2004 , 2007 , and 2011 . the concentration ranges ( \u03bcg / g dry weight ) in the whole soft tissue were 0 . 1\u201319 . 2 for cd , 198 . 7\u2013564 . 6 for zn , 31 . 9\u2013363 . 1 for cu , 12 . 8\u2013177 . 8 for as , 35 . 4\u2013179 . 0 for fe , 0 . 0\u20135 . 8 for cr , 0 . 1\u20134 . 6 for ni , 1 . 0\u201341 . 4 for al , and 0 . 0\u20130 . 6 for pb . the highest concentrations were recorded in gab\u00e8s for cd , menzel jemil for zn and cu , bizerte channel for as , zarat for cr and pb , and tunis north lake for fe , al , and ni . the european standards compiled by fao for mollusks were exceeded in several localities . the temporal trends revealed a decreasing metal contamination in most sampling stations from 2004 to 2011 . the calculated intake of metals ( \u03bcg / week / kg body weight ) through human consumption of the snail edible portion varied from 0 . 0 to 4 . 4 of cd , 55 . 9 to 172 . 1 of zn , 8 . 7 to 92 . 7 of cu , 3 . 0 to 42 . 6 of as , 9 . 5 to 49 . 1 of fe , 0 . 0 to 1 . 52 of cr , 0 . 0 to 1 . 4 of ni , and 0 . 3 to 11 . 4 of al . comparison of these metal intakes with those of the standard provisional tolerable weekly intake ( ptwi ) values stipulated by the who recommends precaution in terms of human consumption of this marine snail .\nwe previously purified a new marin snail digestive phospholipase a 2 ( msdpla 2 ) from the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus [ 12 ] . this msdpla 2 of 30 kda , which contrasts with common 14 kda - digestive pla 2 , is of interest as it exhibites hemolytic properties and could be used as model to study digestive and cytotoxicity mechanisms . zarai et al [ 12 ] have shown that the potential mspla2 activity was measured , in vitro , in presence of bile salts like natdc or nadc . this result confirms that mspla 2 presents a high interaction power which allows it to bind to its substrate even in presence of bile salts .\nfatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acids ( pufa ) content is higher than the saturated fatty acids ( sfa ) . the yields of pufa and sfa present in the meat fat were 68 . 2 % and 33 . 4 % of the total fatty acids , respectively . similar values were obtained in the hepatopancreatic lipidic fraction . snail tissues contain valuable concentrations of pufa , especially n - 6 and n - 3 with chain lengths of 20 and 22 carbons . all edible tissues were valuable sources of essential amino acids . aspartic acid is the major amino acids present in the meat and hepatopancreas . the concentrations of nutrients were also determined in the hepatopancreas and meat of h . trunculus . significantly high concentrations of minerals and trace elements were found in these tissues ."]}
{"id": 1264, "summary": [{"text": "the members of the family percichthyidae are known as the temperate perches .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they belong to the order perciformes , the perch-like fishes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name percichthyidae derives from the latin perca for perch and ancient greek ichthys for fish . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "temperate perch", "paragraphs": ["the barber perch can be recognised by its colouration , is found on rocky reefs in temperate marine waters and is endemic to australia .\nthe splendid perch is bright red or orange with red or yellow fins . juveniles are pink . the species occurs in temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand .\nthe butterfly perch is a schooling species that occurs in temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand . they are commonly found on coastal reefs and deep reefs at around 100 m depths .\ngreek perk\u00e9 = perch + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 ) .\njohnson ' s gurnard perch was named in honour of jeff johnson the fish collection manager at the queensland museum . johnson ' s gurnard perch has a relatively short snout and long dorsal fin spines .\nquality of semen and histological analysis of testes in eurasian perch perca fluviatilis l . during a spawning period\nsome aspects of the reproductive biology of perch perca fluviatilis l . a histological description of the reproductive cycle\nneuman , e . , g . thoresson and o . sanstr\u00f6m , 1996 . swimming activity of perch ,\njackson , l . f . and sullivan , c . v . 1995 . reproduction of white perch (\nedgar , g . j . 1997 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . reed books . pp . 544 .\nendemic to temperate waters of southern australia , from wilsons promontory , victoria , to about albany , western australia , and around tasmania . barber perch form large schools on sheltered coastal reefs , feeding on plankton above rocky reefs , outcrops and drop offs at depths of 7 - 100 m . they are usually found at shallower depths and in more sheltered habitats than butterfly perch .\nlake erie yellow perch cohort size at age - 2 and lifetime harvest by cohort plotted against juvenile abundance , 1987\u20132010 .\nthis delay in spawning following a short winter could negatively affect temperate species such as yellow perch in two vastly different ways . the prolonged period of elevated water temperature during a \u2018delayed ' spawning season may reduce sperm quality ( for example , motility ) . indeed , low sperm quality was associated with a prolonged , warm spawning season in a congener of yellow perch ( eurasian perch perca fluviatilis ) 37 , as well as other temperate fish species ( for example , brown trout salmo trutta 38 ) . because poor sperm quality also may have contributed to failed reproduction following short , warm winters in lake erie , further investigation into climate change effects on male gamete quality is warranted .\ncraig , j . , 1987 . the biology of perch and related fish . croom helm , london , 333 pp .\nedgar , g . j . 2008 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . sydney : reed new holland 2 , 624 pp .\nmean daily water temperature from short and long winter - duration treatments used in a controlled laboratory experiment with lake erie yellow perch .\niowa\u2019s popular gamefish , walleye , sauger and yellow perch , are some of the 20 members of the perch family in iowa . the remaining members are various species of darters . members of the perch family have rather slender , elongated bodies and a large bone on the gill cover that ends in a flat spine . the spiny and soft portions of the dorsal fin are completely separated .\ntao , y . , berlinsky , d . l . and sullivan , c . v . 1996 . vitellogenin receptors in white perch (\nnative to temperate areas of europe . introduced to australia by fish acclimatisation societies via tasmania ( 1862 ) and victoria ( 1868 ) . a popular angling species , with good flesh .\nhrabik , t . r . , m . p . carey and m . s . webster . 2001 . interactions between exotic rainbow smelt young - of - year and native yellow perch young - of - year in a northern temperate lake . transactions of the american fisheries society 130 ( 4 ) : 568 - 582 .\nclimate change is most evident in northern temperate and arctic ecosystems , where it is prolonging historically short growing seasons 1 , 2 . longer spring - through - fall growing seasons in northern ecosystems are predicted to have positive effects on temperate ectotherms by increasing fitness 3 through a number of pathways , including increased positive growth 3 , 4 and reduced overwinter mortality 5 . however , the corresponding reduction in winter duration may counter these positive benefits by presenting a mismatch between altered seasonal thermal regimes and the highly evolved seasonal physiology and life history of temperate ectotherms 6 , 7 .\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m ( ref . 7251 ) . temperate ; 52\u00b0n - 29\u00b0n , 79\u00b0w - 57\u00b0w\nrossier , o . , e . casteila and j . b . lachavanne , 1996 . influence of submerged aquatic vegetation on size class distribution of perch\nimbrock , f . , a . appenzeller and r . eckmann , 1996 . diel and seasonal distribution of perch in lake constance : a hydroacoustic study and\nas its common name suggests , the red little gurnard perch is a small species of scorpionfish that unlike other species of maxillicosta , has a red body .\nmay , j . l . & maxwell , j . g . h . 1986 . field guide to trawl fish from temperate waters of australia . hobart : csiro division of marine research 492 pp .\nzamora l . , moreno - amich r . ( 2002 ) quantifying the activity and movement of perch in a temperate lake by integrating acoustic telemetry and a geographic information system . in : thorstad e . b . , fleming i . a . , n\u00e6sje t . f . ( eds ) aquatic telemetry . developments in hydrobiology , vol 165 . springer , dordrecht\nthe longfin perch has a long - based dorsal fin , and an emarginate caudal fin . the species occurs in australia , new zealand and the kermadec islands .\na male barber perch , caesioperca rasor , in port phillip , victoria . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nhow to cite this article : farmer , t . m . et al . short winters threaten temperate fish populations . nat . commun . 6 : 7724 doi : 10 . 1038 / ncomms8724 ( 2015 ) .\nperch , , either of two species of fish , the common and the yellow perch ( perca fluviatilis and p . flavescens , sometimes considered as single species , p . fluviatilis ) of the family percidae ( order perciformes ) . the name also is widely , and sometimes confusingly , applied to a variety of other fishes . \u2026\n. they may be found in both fresh and salt water . some varieties are popular as game and food fishes . the temperate basses are not closely related to the black basses , which are members of the sunfish family .\nhodgson , j . r . , d . e . schindler and x . he , 1998 . homing tendency of three piscivorous fishes in a north temperate lake . trans . am . fish . soc . 127 : 1071\u20131081 .\nheppell , s . a . , jackson , l . f . , weber , g . m . and sullivan , c . v . 1999 . enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) of vitellogenin in temperate basses ( genus\nhuusko , a . , o . vuorimies and t . sutela , 1996 . temperature and light mediated predation by perch on vendace larvae . j . fish biol . 49 : 441\u2013447 .\nrelationship between ( a ) bottom water temperature and date and ( b\u2013d ) the probability that a yellow perch female was spent and bottom water temperature during spring 2010\u20132012 in western lake erie .\nlake erie yellow perch ( a ) embryo hatching success and ( b ) larval size - at - hatching versus individual egg mass when exposed to a short and long winter in the laboratory .\ndiffers from the closely - related butterfly perch , caesioperca lepidoptera , in having a more slender body , and in males being more bluish with a dark bar rather than a blotch on the midside .\nalthough climate warming is expected to benefit temperate ectotherms by lengthening the summer growing season , declines in reproductive success following short , warm winters may counter such positive effects . here we present long - term ( 1973\u20132010 ) field patterns for lake erie yellow perch , perca flavescens , which show that failed annual recruitment events followed short , warm winters . subsequent laboratory experimentation and field investigations revealed how reduced reproductive success following short , warm winters underlie these observed field patterns . following short winters , females spawn at warmer temperatures and produce smaller eggs that both hatch at lower rates and produce smaller larvae than females exposed to long winters . our research suggests that continued climate warming can lead to unanticipated , negative effects on temperate fish populations .\nrecreational fishing licence requirements and regulations affecting the taking of english perch in victoria are available in the victorian recreational fishing guide , available free from recreational fishing licence sales agents and dedjtr offices and information centres .\nstock size . while yellow perch stock size ( that is , number of age - 3 and older mature yellow perch ) varied markedly in both lake erie basins during 1973\u20132010 , we do not feel that it is responsible for observed recruitment variation . in support of this notion , previous research showed that stock size explained < 1 % of the variation in yellow perch recruitment in both the western and central basins during 1973\u20132010 ( ref . 54 ) . further , yellow perch spawning stock size generally declined in the west basin during this time period , whereas it increased in the central basin during this same period 48 , 54 . these opposing trends in stock size between adjacent lake basins also suggest that stock size was relatively unimportant to driving recruitment variation , given that we documented near identical responses of recruitment to variation in winter thermal regime .\nthe white perch can tolerate a wide range of salinity , living in fresh water , landlocked lakes , brackish backwaters and bays , and fullfledged salt water . it is especially at home in ponds connected to the sea .\nthe butterfly perch is usually pinkish with a dark blotch on the body . the pectoral fins are approximately the same length as the head . adults develop spots , pale blue fin margins and a blue band behind the eye .\nwhite perch average eight to 10 inches long and less than a pound , but in brackish water they can grow to 15 inches or so and about two pounds . they have a long lifespan , and fish 12 years old are not uncommon . their diet varies with the season . white perch eat bottomdwelling insect larvae in the winter and early spring . then during the warmer months they consume large burrowing mayflies , crustaceans , water fleas and small fish . they seldom go into very shallow water , where minnows are abundant , but remain in deep water by day and near shore at sundown . in marine habitats , white perch eat small fish , squid , crabs and shrimp .\na pelagic schooling fish found only in southern australia . adult males are bluish with a black bar on the side . females are pinkish with a blue line below the eye . small juveniles are pink to pinkish - orange with a dark mauve head . barber perch form large schools on sheltered coastal reefs , where they feed on plankton above rocky reefs , outcrops and drop - offs . the closely - related butterfly perch usually occurs in more exposed habitats on deeper reefs .\nbarracuda , any of about 20 species of predacious fishes of the family sphyraenidae ( order perciformes ) . barracudas are found in all warm and tropical regions ; some also range into more temperate areas . swift and powerful , they are slender in form , with small scales , two well - separated dorsal fins , \u2026\nsailfish , ( genus istiophorus ) , ( genus ) , valued food and game fish of the family istiophoridae ( order perciformes ) found in warm and temperate waters around the world . the sailfish has a long , rounded spear extending from its snout but is distinguished from related species , such as marlins , by its\u2026\nswordfish , ( xiphias gladius ) , prized food and game fish , probably the single species constituting the family xiphiidae ( order perciformes ) , found in warm and temperate oceans around the world . the swordfish , an elongated , scaleless fish , has a tall dorsal fin , and a long sword , used in slashing at\u2026\nmackerel , , any of a number of swift - moving , streamlined food and sport fishes found in temperate and tropical seas around the world , allied to tunas in the family scombridae ( order perciformes ) . mackerels are rounded and torpedo - shaped , with a slender , keeled tail base , a forked tail , and a row of\u2026\nhiramatsu , n . , hara , a . , hiramatsu , k . , fukada , h . , weber , g . m . , denslow , n . d . and sullivan , c . v . 2002b . vitellogenin - derived yolk proteins of white perch ,\nyellow perch is a common , coolwater iteroparous fish that is widespread across the atlantic , great lakes and mississippi river basins of north america . this species is particularly important in the laurentian great lakes basin , where it serves as an important consumer in the middle of the food web 47 and supports valuable commercial and recreational fisheries . yellow perch supports lake erie ' s largest commercial fishery and second most valuable recreational fishery 48 . recruitment to the fishery has been quite variable in lake erie over the past several decades 48 , a period of time during which variability in winter ice cover also has been increasing 49 .\nsanderson , b . l . , t . r . hrabik , j . j . magnuson and d . m . post . 1999 . cyclic dynamics of a yellow perch population in an oligotrophic lake : evidence for the role of intraspecific interactions . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences . 56 : 1534 - 1542 .\n) . short , warm winters with little ice cover were consistently followed by weak recruitment to the juvenile ( age - 0 ) stage . by contrast , high juvenile abundances occurred only after long , cold winters . as yellow perch juvenile abundance in lake erie is a strong predictor of both recruitment to the fishery at age - 2 and future lifetime fishery harvest of that cohort (\nbecause the odnr - dow survey design changed during the past 35 + years , we used yellow perch data only from 12 fixed , historical sites , sampled consistently during this time . historical sites were spread across the ohio waters of western ( n = 4 ) and central ( n = 8 ) lake erie 23 . annual juvenile abundances from these historical sites were strongly correlated with overall annual abundances calculated using all sites in both western ( pearson correlation : r = 0 . 92 , n = 24 ; \u223c80 sites per year since 1987 ) and central lake erie ( pearson correlation : r = 0 . 94 , n = 21 ; \u223c40 sites per year since 1990 ) , indicating that historical sites closely track population - level variation in juvenile yellow perch abundance .\nwe conducted a controlled laboratory experiment with wild yellow perch to quantify the effects of winter duration on the timing of reproduction , fecundity , egg quality ( that is , egg size , energetic and lipid content ) , embryo hatching success and larval - size - at - hatching . below , we provide details regarding the fish used in the experiment , the experimental design and the treatment of the data .\naltered spawning phenology offers yet another pathway by which short , warm winters could weaken annual recruitment . in our study , female yellow perch that were exposed to a short winter ( and hence , earlier arrival of spring temperatures ) did not initiate spawning at their \u2018normal ' temperatures in either the laboratory or lake erie . instead , following a short winter , females initiated spawning at warmer temperatures than normal , which occurred during the typical spawning period ( mid - april through may ) .\nduring the experiment , some females died ( short winter n = 19 ; long winter n = 15 ) . the majority ( 56 % ) of mortalities occurred during the first 3 weeks of october 2011 at the start of the experiment , likely due to transfer stress and failure to acclimate to indoor laboratory conditions . no mortalities occurred once spawning began in the spring ( april\u2013june 2012 ) . once spawning began , we euthanized another group of randomly selected female yellow perch in the short ( n = 14 ) and long ( n = 14 ) winter - duration treatments to assess reproductive development ( results not presented ) . the remaining females in both the short and long winter - duration treatments all spawned , with some being hand - stripped ( short winter n = 7 ; long winter n = 10 ) and some spawning in tanks ( short winter n = 9 ; long winter n = 10 ) . thus , our sample sizes for fecundity , egg quality , embryo hatching success and larval - size - at - hatching for each treatment were based on the number of yellow perch that were able to be successfully hand - stripped of eggs .\nwhether short , warm winters led to reduced egg size , egg energetic and lipid content , and embryo hatching success through metabolic or maternal endocrine pathways requires further investigation . the difficulty in delineating between these mechanisms is in part due to both sets of processes being controlled by ambient temperature 26 , 27 . for example , for successful reproduction to occur , the metabolic demands of reproduction must be met 27 . in this way , one potential explanation for large eggs being produced after long winters is that the prolonged period of cold temperatures allows for more energy to be allocated to reproduction than under warmer conditions , when maintenance metabolic demands are elevated 27 , 28 , 29 . most certainly , additional research into how seasonally specific metabolic rates 30 and food availability during winter affect energy allocation by females to reproduction ( sensu 29 ) in temperate fishes would be worthwhile .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies of this family are distributed in australia and south america ( primarily argentina and chile ) . rarely brackish . complete and continuous lateral line . dorsal fins continuous , with or without a notch ; spines 7 - 12 ( 1 - 3 in gadopsis bispinosus ) ; soft rays 8 - 38 . anal fin spines 3 ; soft rays 7 - 13 ( 16 - 20 in gadopsis ) . scales ctenoid , secondarily cycloid . vertebrae 25 - 36 ( 40 - 50 in gadopsis ) . dioecious . poorly defined group , its composition is subject to change . eschmeyer ( 1998 ) recognized 14 valid genera . percilia species are considered to be under its own family perciliidae ( arratia , pers . comm . ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nyou may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server . please enable scripts and reload this page .\ntom wolf , governor | rocco s . ali , president john a . arway , executive director\nthe white bass is a freshwater fish , with its largest populations in the great lakes and the mississippi river system . in pennsylvania the white bass is native to the western counties , especially lake erie and the ohio river watershed . its species name \u201c chrysops \u201d refers to the fish\u2019s golden eye .\nwhite bass inhabit large lakes and small to large rivers . they prefer water that is relatively clear , and they rarely maintain a population in lakes less than 300 acres . prime white bass habitat includes extensive water acreage deeper than 10 feet , and gravelly shoals or rock - rubble reefs on which the fish can spawn . in recent years , white bass fishing has been exceptional at the allegheny reservoir , warren county .\nwhite bass are school fish , spawning , feeding and traveling in compact groups . in late april to early june , schools of white bass migrate to spawn over rocky or gravelly shoals , either going to that habitat in a lake or traveling upstream in a river to reach it . the bass appear to return to the same spawning site each spring . spawning takes place near the surface in six or seven feet of water , at 58 to 64 degrees . the females release 25 , 000 to one million minute eggs into the current , accompanied by several spawning males . the eggs are adhesive , drifting to the bottom and sticking to the stones . they hatch in two or three days . successful hatching depends on favorable conditions of current or wave action , and temperature . white bass produce abundant year - classes intermittently . spawning success and year - class survival usually depend on a variety of environmental conditions .\nin their native habitat , the atlantic coast from the st . lawrence river to florida and some tributaries of the gulf of mexico , the striped bass is a true anadromous fish , living in salt water but traveling to fresh water to spawn . through stocking , striped bass have reached the west coast . striped bass can also live entirely in fresh water as a landlocked form that cannot reach the sea . in pennsylvania , striped bass are found in the delaware river , and historically had been found throughout the susquehanna river , the fish traveling upstream from the chesapeake bay . dams on the susquehanna had blocked the striped bass upstream migration to spawning grounds , but fish lifts , or fishways , on the dams should soon make access possible to the middle susquehanna for this and other anadromous fishes .\nwhen the santee river in south carolina was impounded during the 1940s , the striped bass present there produced a population that adapted to a freshwater landlocked existence . offspring and subsequent generations of these fish have been stocked in many inland waters , reservoirs and the rivers that run into them throughout north america .\nsouth of pennsylvania and new jersey , fishermen call stripers \u201crockfish . \u201d their species name \u201c saxatilis \u201d means \u201cdwelling among rocks . \u201d\nstriped bass catches in the 15 - to 20 - pound range are not uncommon in pennsylvania . for sea - living striped bass , sizes in excess of 100 pounds have been reported . the pennsylvania state records both for marine and landlocked striped bass are over 50 pounds .\nstriped bass live in salt water , in brackish estuaries and in fresh water . migratory forms travel from the ocean or saltwater bays into freshwater rivers , above tidal influence , to spawn . landlocked forms of striped bass live in large reservoirs as roaming , mid - water schools . significant lengths of flowing water are needed for successful spawning , sufficient to keep eggs suspended before hatching .\nfrom their saltwater homes , striped bass migrate upstream in the spring to spawn , traveling into the mouths of large freshwater rivers . over stony riffles , several males chase a large female in what appears to be a battle , but it is actually frantic spawning antics and frenzied swimming\u2013the striped bass\u2019s courtship and spawning ritual . male striped bass become mature at about two years of age , with the females usually ready to spawn in their fourth year , when they are 18 to 24 inches long . at all ages , the females are larger and heavier than the males . water temperature signals spawning time , with some spawning occurring at 55 degrees , but most at 60 to 67 degrees . young females may release just 65 , 000 eggs .\nmarine striped bass make two migrations , one for spawning . the other , in fish two years old or older , occurs when a small percentage move out of their wintering areas , like the chesapeake and delaware bays , and travel north along the coast to new england and southern canada . there they mingle with northern populations of striped bass during the summer . then most return to their winter quarters . in reservoirs , the landlocked freshwater striped bass move according to temperature and dissolved oxygen in the lake , favoring cooler arms of the impoundment during the hot summer .\nstriped bass feed on just about anything alive that is available . they are a top - level carnivore whether found in salt water or fresh water . young striped bass eat microcrustaceans , or zooplankton , and midge larvae . as they grow , their diet changes to large crustaceans , mollusks and especially other fish . as adults , striped bass live in roving schools , feeding mostly at night . when chasing forage fish near the surface , the splashing and slashing make a spectacular display . substantial increases in abundance of striped bass have occurred in the delaware river since the mid - 1980s because of improved river water quality and harvest restrictions .\nthe striped bass hybrid is a hatchery - created cross between a white bass and a striped bass . it is stocked primarily because it tolerates warmer water than the purebred striped bass , which , as it grows older and larger , requires well - oxygenated water during the summer . in pennsylvania it is stocked mostly in the western part of the state , in reservoirs such as lake arthur and shenango lake , and in the big - river area of the ohio and allegheny rivers near pittsburgh . here the hybrid typically grows larger than the white bass . fisheries managers in the state do not tend to stock the striped bass hybrid in lakes and rivers that lead to delaware or chesapeake bays to minimize the chance of the hybrids mixing and reproducing with wild marine striped bass .\nthe hybrid striped bass\u2019s body is stockier than that of a pure striped bass , and its lateral stripes are discontinuous and less distinct . its back is dark , almost black . its sides are silvery , with seven or eight faint and broken - looking lateral stripes , and its belly is white . the anal fin has 11 or 12 rays , and there are two tooth patches on the rear of its tongue . in size it grows to a length and weight midway between its parents . a 10 - or 12 - pounder is considered a big one .\nthe striped bass hybrid is stocked in larger reservoirs and slow rivers , where there are open - water forage fish like gizzard shad and alewives .\nthe striped bass hybrid is fast - growing , which is typical of hybrids . it is generally sterile , and can be stocked instead of the purebred striped bass into waters to avoid the purebred\u2019s potential of reproducing too prolifically and outstripping its food source . however , occasionally fertile striped bass hybrids have occurred , and some states have reported the hybrid back - crossing with the white bass . striped bass hybrids feast on forage fish as adults .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ntheir closest relatives are found in europe : the delectable european sea bass and the spotted sea bass , fishes which are highly regarded as food fishes in their homeland .\nto self - feeding conditions . proof of a trophic activity rhythm during day cycle . ichtyophysiologica - acta 21 : 1\u201313 .\n( l . ) . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) , advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 47\u201358\n( l . ) with biotelemetry transmitters . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) , advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 107\u2013111 .\nalong environmental gradients . ph . d . thesis . department of ecology and limnology , lund university , sweden .\nbegout anras , m . l . , p . m . cooley , r . a . bodaly , l . anras and r . j . p . fudge , 1999 . movement and habitat use by lake whitefish during spawning in a boreal lake : integrating acoustic telemetry and geographic information systems . trans . am . fish . soc . 128 : 939\u2013952 .\nbourke , p . , p . magnan and m . a . rodriguez , 1996 . diel locomotor activity of brook chaff , as determined by radiotelemetry . j . fish biol . 49 : 1174\u20131185 .\ncasamitjana , x . and e . roget , 1993 . resuspension of sediment by focused groundwater in lake banyoles . limnol . oceanogr . 38 : 643\u2013656 .\ndonnelly , r . e . , j . m . caffrey and d . m . tierney , 1998 . movements of a bream (\n( l . ) ) in a irish canal habitat . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) , advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 305\u2013308 .\nengas , a . , s . l9kkeborg and j . t . ovredal , 1996 . natural and fishing - gear - induced behaviour of tagged fish , studied by means of stationary positioning system . in baras , e . and j . c . phillipart ( eds ) , underwater biotelemetry : proceedings of the first conference and workshop on fish telemetry in europe . li\u00e8ge , university of li\u00e8ge : 203\u2013211 .\n, at the artic circle . envir . biol . fishes 3 : 301\u2013307 .\nflesch , a . , g . masson and j . - c . moreteau , 1994 . comparaisons de trois m\u00e9thodes d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage utilis\u00e9es dans l\u2019\u00e9tude de la r\u00e9partition de la perche\ngarcia - gil , l . j . , x . casamitjana and c . a . abell\u00e0 , 1996 . comparative study of two meromictic basins of lake banyoles ( spain ) with sulphur phototrophic bacteria . hydrobiologia 319 : 203\u2013211 .\ngarc\u00eda - berthou , e . , 1994 . feeding ecology of the fish community in lake banyoles . ph . d . thesis . university of girona , girona ( spain ) : 288 pp . ( in catalan ) .\ngarc\u00eda - berthou , e . and r . moreno - amich , 2000 . introduction of exotic fish into a mediterranean lake over a 90 - year period . arch . hydrobiol . 149 : 271\u2013284 .\nl . ) during summer . proceedings of the annual meeting of the american fisheries socitety .\nhert , e . , 1992 . homing and home - site fidelity in rock - dwelling cichlids ( pisces : teleostei ) of lake malawi , africa . envir . biol . fishes 33 : 229\u2013237 .\nhooge p . n . , w . m . eichentaub , and e . k . solomon . 2000 . using gis to analyze animal movements in the marine environment . usgs : gis tools . online urltoken accessed jan . 2001 .\njacobsen , l . and s . berg , 1998 . diel variation in habitat use by planktivores in field enclosure experiments : the effect of submerged macrophytes and predation . j . fish biol . 53 : 1207\u20131219 .\nl . ) in the coastal waters of western estonia . proceedings of the estonian academy of sciences , biol . ecol . 49 : 270\u2013276 .\nin eutrophic lake aydat ( france ) . ann . sci . nat . zool . biol . anim . 12 : 99\u2013105 .\n( l . ) ) in eutrophic lake aydat ( france ) . aquat . sci . 56 : 1015\u20131621 .\nkerr , s . r . , 1982 . estimating the energy budgets of actively predatory fishes . can . j . fish . squat . sci . / j . can . sci . halieut . aquat . 39 : 371\u2013379 .\nlagard\u00e8re , j . p . , j . j . ducamp , l . favre , j . mosneron dupin and m . sp\u00e8randio , 1990 . a method for the quantitative evaluation of fish movements in salt ponds by acoustic telemetry . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 141 : 221\u2013236 .\nminns , c . k . , 1995 . allometry of home range size in lake and river fishes . can . j . fish . squat . sci . / j . can . sci . halieut . aquat . 52 : 1499\u20131508 .\nmiracle , m . r . , 1976 . distribuci\u00f3n en cl cspacio y en cl tiempo de las especies del zooplancton del lago de banyoles . [ 5 ] : 1\u2013270 . icona . monograf\u00edas .\nmoreno - amich , r . and e . garcia - berthou , 1989 . a new bathymetric map based on echo - sounding and morphometrical characterization of the lake of banyoles ( ne - spain ) . hydrobiologia 185 : 83\u201390 .\n, in relation to temperature , day - length and consumption . ann . zool . fen . 33 : 669\u2013678 .\no\u2019dor , r . k . , y . aandradre , d . m . webber , w . h . h . sauer , m . j . roberts , m . j . smale and f . m . voegeli , 1998 . applications and performance of radio - acoustic positioning and telemetry ( rapt ) systems . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) . advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 1\u20138 .\no\u2019dor , r . k . . y . andrade and j . tremblay , 1999 . high resolution post - analysis of lobster tracks from radio - acoustic positioning and telemetry ( rapt ) . online urltoken accessed dec . 1999 .\notis , k . j . and j . j . weber , 1982 . movement of carp in the lake winnebago system determined by radio telemetry . technical bulletin 134 : 1\u201316 . department of natural resources . madison , wisconsin .\nparker , s . j . , 1995 . homing ability and home range of yellow - phase american eels in a tidally dominated estuary . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 75 : 127\u2013140 .\nplanas , d . , 1973 . composici\u00f3n , ciclo y productividad del fitoplancton del ! ago de banyoles . oecol . aquat . 1 : 1\u2013106 .\nprat , n . and m . rieradevall , 1995 . life cycle and production of chiconomidae ( diptera ) from lake banyoles ( ne spain ) . freshwat . biol . 33 : 511\u2013524 .\nin the littoral zone of lake geneva ( switzerland ) . aqua . sci . 58 : 1\u201314 .\nsauer , w . h . , m . j . roberts , m . r . lipinski , m . j . smale , r . t . hanlon , d . m . webber and r . k . o\u2019dor , 1997 . choreography of the squid\u2019s ` nuptial dance\u2019 . biol . bull . 203\u2013207 .\nsavitz , j . , p . a . fish and r . weszely , 1983 . habitat utilization and movement of fish as determined by radio - telemetry . j . freshwat . ecol . 2 : 165\u2013174 .\nskajaa , k . , a . fern\u00f6 , s . lokkeborg and e . k . haugland , 1998 . basic movement pattern and chemo - oriented search towards baited pots in edible crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) , advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 143\u2013153 .\nvoegeli , f . a . and d . g . pincock , 1996 . overview of underwater acoustics as it applies to telemetry . in baras , e . and j . c . phillipart ( eds ) , underwater biotelemetry : proceedings of the first conference and workshop on fish telemetry in europe . li\u00e8ge , university of li\u00e8ge . 23\u201330 . 1996 .\nvoegeli , e a . , g . l . lacroix and j . m . anderson , 1998 . development of miniature pingers for tracking atlantic salmon smolts at sea . hydrobiologia 35\u201346 .\nwooton , r . j . , 1990 . ecology of teleost fishes . chapman and hall , london , 404 pp .\nyoshiyama , r . m . , k . b . gaylord , m . t . philippart , t . r . moore , j . r . jordan , c . c . coon , l . l . schalk , c . j . valpey and i . tosques , 1992 . homing behavior and site fidelity in intertidal sculpins ( pisces : cottidae ) . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 160 : 115\u2013130 .\none of the most intriguing types of population fluctuation is that of regular cyclical change . recurrent oscillations in the dynamics of natural populations have generated considerable interest in both the occurrence and cause of these cycles . theoretical models of populations have shown that repeated oscillations can result from a number of factors including combinations of fertility and survival rates , density - dependence , and predator - prey dynamics . cyclic patterns of abundance have been observed in freshwater fishes , although the ability to detect such cycles is often obscured by the influence of environmental factors . understanding the extent to which repeated oscillations in fish populations are driven by external factors or internal processes within the population is an important challenge .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under cooperative agreement # deb - 1440297 , ntl lter . any opinions , findings , conclusions , or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nthe eastern red scorpionfish is very common in shallow coastal waters around sydney . the fish is commonly seen by divers as it lies motionless on the bottom , usually moving only when disturbed .\nfor many years , this species was called scorpaena cardinalis . the 2011 paper by motomura et al ( see below ) , showed that the correct name for the species is s . jacksoniensis and that s . cardinalis occurs in new zealand waters and around the offshore islands of the tasman sea .\nuse the table to access images and fact sheets of the neosebastid fishes on the site .\nthe paddletail has a forked caudal fin with rounded lobes . it has a pinkish - grey to red body . adults inhabit deep lagoons and seaward reefs .\nthe mangrove jack is greenish brown to reddish . in australia it is known from the central coast of western australia , around the tropical north of the country and south to the central coast of new south wales .\nas its standard name implies the body of the spotted bigeye is often covered with blotches . it occurs in warm marine waters of the east - indo - west - pacific region .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfor help with pdfs on this page , please call 518 - 402 - 8924 .\nthis revised version was published online in july 2006 with corrections to the cover date .\naltschul , s . f . , gish , w . , miller , w . , myers , e . w . and lipman , d . j . 1990 . basic local alignment search tool . j . mol . biol . 215 : 403\u2013410 .\nberlinsky , d . l . , jackson , l . f . and sullivan , c . v . 1995 . the annual reproductive cycle of the white bass ,\nbuerano , c . , inaba , k . , natividad , f . f . and morisawa , m . 1995 . vitellogenins of\n: identification , isolation , and biochemical and immunochemical characterization . j . exp . zool . 273 : 59\u201369 .\nbyrne , b . m . , jong , h . , fouchier , r . a . m . , williams , d . l . , gruber , m . and ab , g . 1989 . rudimentary phosvitin domain in a minor chicken vitellogenin gene . biochemistry 28 : 2572\u20132577 .\ndenslow , n . d . , chow , m . , ming , m . , bonemelli , s . , folmar , l . c . , heppell , s . a . and sullivan , c . v . 1997 . development of biomarkers for environmental contaminants affecting fish .\n: chemically induced alterations in functional development and reproduction of fishes . pp . 73\u201386 . edited by rolland , r . m . , gilbertson , m . and peterson , r . e . seatac technical publication series , society of environmental toxicology and chemistry , pensacola .\nding , j . l . , hee , p . l . and lam , t . j . 1989 . two forms of vitellogenin in the plasma and gonads of male\nfujita , t . , shimizu , m . , hiramatsu , n . , fukada , h . and hara , a . 2002 . purification of serum precursor proteins to vitelline emvelope ( choriogenins ) in masu salmon ,\nfyhn , h . j . , finn , r . n . , reith , m . and norberg , b . 1999 . yolk protein hydrolysis and oocyte free amino acids as key features in the adaptive evolution of teleost fishes to seawater . sarsia 84 : 451\u2013456 .\ngreeley , m . s . jr , calder , d . r . and wallace r . a . 1986 . changes in teleost yolk proteins during oocyte maturation : correlation of yolk proteolysis with oocyte hydration . comp . biochem . physiol . 84b : 1\u20139 .\nhashimoto , s . , bessho , h . , hara , a . , nakamura , m . , iguchi , t . and fujita , k . 2000 . elevated serum vitellogenin levels and gonadal abnormalities in wild male flounder (\n) from tokyo bay , japan . marine environ . res . 49 : 37\u201353 .\nheppell , s . a . , denslow , n . d . , folmer , l . c . and sullivan , c . v . 1995 . universal assay of vitellogenin as a biomarker for environmental estrogens . environ . health perspect . 103 : 9\u201315 .\n) : plasma and in vitro analyses . trans . am . fish . soc . 128 : 532\u2013541 .\nhiramatsu , n . and hara , a . 1996 . relationship between vitellogenin and its related egg yolk proteins in sakhalin taimen (\n: purification , characterization and vitellogenin - receptor binding . biol . reprod . 67 : 655\u2013667 .\nhiramatsu , n . , hiramatsu , k . , hirano , k . and hara , a . 2002c . vitellogenin - derived yolk proteins in a hybrid sturgeon , bester (\n) : identification , characterization and course of proteolysis during embryogenesis . comp . biochem . physiol . 131a : 429\u2013441 .\nhiramatsu , n . , matsubara , t . , weber , g . m . , sullivan , c . v . and hara , a . 2002a . vitellogenesis in aquatic animals . fish . sci . 68 . suppl . i : 694\u2013699 .\n) : the annual gametogenic cycle . trans . amer . fish . soc . 124 : 563\u2013577 .\nking , v . w . , gosh , s . , thomas , p . and sullivan , c . v . 1997 . a receptor for the oocyte maturation - inducing hormone 17\n- s ) on ovarian membranes of striped bass . biol . reprod . 56 : 266\u2013271 .\nkishida , m . , anderson , t . r . and specker , j . l . 1992 . induction by\n) : characterization and quantification in plasma and mucus . gen . comp . endocrinol . 88 : 29\u201339 .\n) : induction of two forms by estradiol , quantification in plasma and characterization in oocyte extract . fish . physiol . biochem . 12 : 171\u2013182 .\nlaemmli , u . k . 1970 . cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4 . nature 227 : 680\u2013685 .\nlafleur , g . j . , byrne , j . b . m . , haux , c . , greenberg , r . and wallace , r . a . 1995a . liver - derived cdnas : vitellogenins and vitelline envelope protein precursors ( choriogenins ) .\n: reproductive physiology of fish . pp . 336\u2013338 . edited by goetz , f . and thomas , p . the university of texas at austin , texas .\nlafleur , g . j . , byrne , j . b . m . , kanungo , j . , nelson , l . d . , greenburg , r . m . and wallace , r . a . 1995b .\nvitellogenin : the deduced primary structure of a piscine precursor to noncrystalline , liquid - phase yolk protein . j . mol . evol . 41 : 505\u2013521 .\nlee , k . b . h . , lim , e . h . , lam , t . j . and ding , j . l . 1992 . vitellogenin diversity in the perciformes . j . exp . zool . 264 : 100\u2013106 .\nlund , e . d . , sullivan , c . v . and place , a . r . 2000 . annual cycle of plasma lipids in captive reared striped bass : effects of environmental conditions and reproductive cycle . fish physiol . biochem . 22 : 263\u2013275 .\nmatsubara , t . , ohkubo , n . , andoh , t . , sullivan , c . v . and hara , a . 1999 . two forms of vitellogenin , yielding two distinct lipovitellins , play different roles during oocyte maturation and early development of barfin flounder ,\n, a marine teleost that spawns pelagic eggs . dev . biol . 213 : 18\u201332 .\nmommsen , t . p . and walsh , p . l . 1988 . vitellogenesis and oocyte assembly .\n: fish physiology vol . xi a . pp . 347\u2013406 . edited by hoar , w . s . and randall , d . j . academic press , new york .\nmurakami , m . , iuchi , i . and yamagami , k . 1990 . yolk phosphoprotein metabolism during early development of the fish ,\nohkubo , n . and matsubara , t . 2002 . sequential utilization of free amino acids , yolk proteins and lipids in developing eggs and yolk - sac larvae of barfin flounder ,\nparks , l . g . , cheek , a . o . , denslow , n . d . , heppell , s . a . , mclachlan , j . a . , leblanc , g . a . and sullivan , c . v . 1999 . fathead minnow (\n) vitellogenin : purification , characterization and quantitative immunoassay for the detection of estrogenic compounds . comp . biochem . physiol . 123c : 113\u2013125 .\npati\u00f1o , r . and sullivan , c . v . 2002 . ovarian follicle growth , maturation , and ovulation in teleost fishes . fish physiol . biochem . 26 : 57\u201370 .\nreith , m . , munholland , j . , kelly , j . , finn , r . n . and fyhn , h . j . 2001 . lipovitellins derived from two forms of vitellogenin are differentially processed during oocyte maturation in haddock (\nshimizu , m . , fujita , t . and hara , a . 1998 . purification of the precursors to vitelline envelope proteins from serum of sakhalin taimen ,\nshimizu , m . , fujiwara , y . , fukada , h . and hara , a . 2002 . purification and identification of a second form of vitellogenin from ascites of medaka (\n) treated with estrogen . j . exp . zool . 293 : 726\u2013735 .\nsullivan , c . v . , berlinsky , d . l . and hodson , r . g . 1997 .\nculture . pp . 11\u201373 . edited by harrell , r . m . elsevier science , amsterdam .\nspecker , j . l . and sullivan , c . v . 1994 . vitellogenesis in fishes : status and perspectives .\n: perspectives in comparative endocrinology . pp . 304\u2013315 . edited by davey , k . g . and peter , r . e . and tobe , s . e . national research council , ottawa .\nstone , k . l . , lopresti , m . b . , crawford , j . m . , deangelis , r . and williams , k . r . 1989 . enzymatic digestion of proteins and hplc peptide isolation .\n: a practical guide to protein and peptide purification for microsequencing . pp . 31\u201347 . edited by matsudaira , p . t . academic press , california .\ntakemura , a . and kim , b . h . 2001 . effects of estradiol - 17\nsynthesis of two distinct vitellogenins in tilapia . comp . biochem . physiol . 129a : 641\u2013651 .\ntao , y . , hara , a . , hodson , r . g . , woods , l . c . iii and sullivan , c . v . 1993 . purification , characterization and immunoassay of striped bass (\ntrichet , v . , buisine , n . , mouchel , n . , morn , p . , pends , a . m . , le pennec , j . p . and wolff , j . 2000 . genomic analysis of the vitellogenin locus in rainbow trout (\n) reveals a complex history of gene amplification and retroposon activity . mol . gen . genet . 263 : 828\u2013837 .\nwallace , r . a . 1985 . vitellogenesis and oocyte growth in nonmammalian vertebrate .\n: developmental biology . vol . 1 . pp . 127\u2013177 . edited by browder , l . w . plenum press , new york .\nwallace , r . a . and begovac , p . c . 1985 . phosvitins in\noocytes and eggs . preliminary chromatographic and electrophoretic analyses together with biological considerations . j . biol . chem . 260 : 11268\u201311274 .\nwallace , r . a . and selman , k . 1985 . major protein changes during vitellogenesis and maturation of\nwang , h . , yan , t . , tan , j . t . t . and gong , z . 2000 . a zebrafish vitellogenin gene (\n) encodes a novel vitellogenin without a phosvitin domain and may represent a primitive vertebrate vitellogenin gene . gene 256 : 303\u2013310 .\nwang , s . y . , smith , d . e . and williams , d . l . 1983 . purification of avian vitellogenin iii : comparison with vitellogenins i and ii . biochemistry 22 : 6206\u20136212 .\nwang , s . y . and williams , d . l . 1980 . identification , purification , and characterization of two distinct avian vitellogenins . biochemistry 19 : 1557\u20131563 .\nweber , g . m . and sullivan , c . v . 2000 . effects of insulin - like growth factor i on\n: a sequel to the information in 1991 / 1992 . zool . sci . 13 : 331\u2013340 .\nhiramatsu , n . , matsubara , t . , hara , a . et al . fish physiology and biochemistry ( 2002 ) 26 : 355 . urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nfurther two observed fish - based types were not considered : the potential stone loach - dominated brook was not sufficiently represented in this study to be verified , and the stickleback brook was considered to represent degradation of lowland trout brooks .\nthe correspondence between the fish - based typology and the morphology - based german stream typology was rather weak and requires further investigation .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org ."]}
{"id": 1265, "summary": [{"text": "peristernia reincarnata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "peristernia reincarnata", "paragraphs": ["peristernia reincarnata - fasciolariidae - philippines seashell - 30 . 7mm - lot 2 on ebid new zealand | 130092277\nperisternia reincarnata is a common species found under rocks mostly on lagoon and pinnacle reefs from about 2 to at least 10m .\nvouchers of sequenced specimens of fasciolariidae : peristernia . . . | download scientific diagram\nfig . 5 . vouchers of sequenced specimens of fasciolariidae : peristernia nassatula clade . a : peristernia nassatula , mnhn im - 2007 - 32487 , vanuatu ; b : peristernia reincarnata , mnhn im - 2007 - 32482 , vanuatu ; c : peristernia gemmata , mnhn im - 2013 - 42528 , marquesas islands ; d : peristernia marquesana , mnhn im - 2007 - 32486 , vanuatu ; e : peristernia sp . , mnhn im - 2013 - 12522 , papua new guinea ; f : peristernia sp . , mnhn im - 2013 - 10337 , papua new guinea ; g : fusolatirus bruijnii , mnhn im - 2013 - 18013 , papua new guinea ; h : fusolatirus pachyus , mnhn im - 2007 - 35084 , new caledonia .\nperisternia reincarnata ( snyder , 2000 ) live taken w / op . , gem ; pale yellow ! ; 30 . 1 mm ; north western - australia , broome ; from local diver ; november 2007 . [ fas050 ]\nperisternia reincarnata ( snyder , 2000 ) live taken w / op . , fine + + + / gem ; pale yellow ! ; 29 . 3 mm ; north western - australia , broome ; from local diver ; november 2007 . [ fas051 ]\nfamily : fasciolariidae born : 1981 , kosuge genus and description : peristernia reincarnata , 22 - 24 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 3 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off mactan island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .\nfamily : fasciolariidae born : 1981 , kosuge genus and description : peristernia reincarnata , 24 & 27 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 2 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off mactan island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .\n( of peristernia incarnata sensu kiener , 1840 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsnyder m . a . ( 2000 ) . nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150 : 173 - 179 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 585 seconds . )\nphilippines . cebu . on intertidal rocks at low tide . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . march 1994 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4549a266 - 7f19 - 4f23 - b506 - 6e70671eca18\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 541008\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nitem is from australia , bids are aud ( a $ ) , nzd ( nz $ ) prices are estimates .\neconomy air = a $ 12 . 15 ( nz $ 13 . 50 ) economy air = a $ 16 . 00 ( nz $ 17 . 77 )\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit ( preferred ) , paypal or cheque . overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail . please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders . please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item . money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition . return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing . if an auction is running , the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\ni sold 4 more of my pin badges tonight , so over 100 sales now . the same newbie who purchase 4 of the 4th february has come back for 4 more . i ' ll have to get busy and list some more soon .\n43 created tue 10 jul 2018 05 : 42 : 30 ( nzst ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of any imperfections . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis is a private listing and your identity will not be disclosed to anyone except the seller .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nadditions to the gastropods of the middle miocene ( serravallian ) karaman basin , turkey .\nfound stuck in the seaweed in a calm shallow bay on the island of milos . must have just washed up the night before bc the animal was still inside the shell\norganismo encontrado en el intermareal alto sobre el sustrato duro o rocoso . presenta una forma ovalada , en la zona dorsal posee ocho placas calc\u00e1reas unidas . en el \u00e1rea lateral de cada placa se observan lineas intercaladas de color blancas y cafe y la zona central de ella tiene una tonalidad clara a excepci\u00f3n de la 5ta placa que se presenta de color negro . las placas calc\u00e1reas est\u00e1n rodeadas por cintur\u00f3n cubierto de escamas negras de textura porosa\ni believe this is a new county record and a fairly large range extension for the species .\nthese were quite common in litter from steep dry ravines under wooded scrub on a north facing clay - sand slope .\nfound 16 ashmunella shells , most are mature and aged , in a 15 min search along the comfort spring drainage to the west of ramsey vista campground , huachuca mtns . habitat is grassy and dirt hillside covered with leaf litter . oak woodland plant community .\ncollected in leaflitter from a pukatea / hinau / rewarewa swamp forest remnant in woodlands retirement village .\nnote : this image was not taken in one shot . it is a compilation of 54 images with the shells scaled in size in relation to the penny . the identifications of these shells can be found on urltoken .\nthese were collected from mt eureka on the big river watershed side . one example was collected from nearby in the saxon watershed , by whoever placed it in the cawthron collection . i have lost track of which one but feel they match in every respect . it is likely the slightly lighter shell .\nthis small charopid species is very tall and tightly coiled and cannot be confused with any other nz landsnail species . snails of this species often found under bark on tree trunks .\nwe have collected it in the wellington region from east harbour , belmont - kelson , khandallah park , wainuiomata , trelissick park , wilton , karori , kaitoke , akatarawa , pakuratahi , rimutaka hill .\na small endemic carnivorous rhytidid landsnail . we have collected it from east harbour , wainuiomata , belmont - kelson , pakuratahi , kaitoke , akatarawa , wilton and karori . it ocurs elsewhere in north island but only touches the marlborough sounds . the taxonomy is currently being reviewed and it is likely to be split up into several closely related species . ( photo : d . j . roscoe , doc )\npowelliphanta superba - one of my favourite encounters on the heaphy track a couple of weeks ago . this individual was close to the upper size limit for the species , with a shell nearly 90mm across . no macro lens required !\nwhat ' s left of three specimens . the two intact ones exploded on drying out , this one partly damaged by weka survived !\nthis species has the most amazingly glossy finish . making them rather difficult to photograph . the patchy colours are not true , these are reflections of a shadesail and sky . the profile of the shell suggests a close alliance to the p superba group , but colouration favours the p . lignaria group with which it was originally associated as a subspecies . i have highlighted two extremes of colour range\nat this point in this specie ' s range the shells reach the peak of their magnificence in colourful patterns .\nit about time some artist captured these as a symbol . the pinnacle of new zealands natural beauty and uniqueness . no matter how many times i revisit , i never go away disappointed in their creator .\nsub - sp typified by dark umbilicus which blends into honey with no specific delineation .\ntop side lighter coloured than s . s . bands tend to be coarser as in sample photographed individually but range shown can be found .\ncollected at anatori north side , technically these are not within the natural boundaries possible of p gilliesi ssp kahurangica but seem to be the same [ or similar ] so possibly introduced from kahurangi . they are on the same section of coast as p g . brunnea [ between patarau and anatori rivers ] but don ' t resemble this ssp in the slightest . the farmland here creating a huge hiatus in habitat .\nthis is the form with the honey coloured umbilicus typical of this location . shells with a dark umbilicus exist on the ranges to the south . these snails have adapted to elevation and can get the bends and die if taken to sea - level , so are found in a relatively narrow elevation zone . this means they are often isolated on a single range of mountains . this has produced numerous sub - specific taxa . an interesting thing happens in the marlborough sounds which is a ria coastline and has been gradually sinking for an extremely long time . here the snails have adapted to lower elevations in places .\nblack and dark brown , no stripes . about 1\nacross , under a conifer log .\nshell only of course . looked like it had been pecked by a weka ."]}
{"id": 1287, "summary": [{"text": "the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a nocturnal arboreal gecko in the genus gekko , the true geckos .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to asia and some pacific islands .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the tokay gecko is known as a hokkeng in chakma , takshak in assamese , hankkok in manipuri , tuko in the philippines , tokkae in malaysia , tokek in indonesian/javanese , t\u1eafc k\u00e8 in vietnamese , kokkek in zomi , \u0e15\u0e38\u0e4a\u0e01\u0e41\u0e01 [ t\u00fakk\u025b\u02d0 ] in thai , \u178f\u17bb\u1780\u1780\u17c2 \" tokkae \" in khmer ( cambodian language ) sawk-khe in hmar and awke in mizo for its characteristic vocalizations . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "tokay gecko", "paragraphs": ["tokay gecko gekko gecko . ( l ) established on south water caye , belize\nnames : tokay gecko , gekko gecko , hokkeng , takshak , hankkok , and awke .\nlove , b . 2000 . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . predation . herpetological review 31 : 174 .\nmeans , d . b . 1996a . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . herpetological review 27 : 152 .\na trio tokay geckos arrived on my doorstep . this is a quick introduction to the wonderful world of the tokay gecko .\nthe tokay was the first gecko to be scientifically named by linnaeus in 1758 .\ncomplete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( gekko gecko , reptilia : gekkonidae ) : comparison of red - and black - spotted tokay geckos .\na male leucistic tokay gecko protects these eggs . both sexes protect eggs in captivity .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : tokay gecko . jpg\n.\neating tokay gecko meat is believed to cure various diseases such as cancer and hiv .\n\u00a92018 urltoken | love and care for your tokay gecko . design & development by urltoken\ntokay gecko does not have many predators apart from large poisonous snakes inhabiting the asian rainforests .\nwe strongly urge indonesia , and other tokay gecko range countries , to immediately list the tokay gecko in appendix iii of cites and to propose a stronger listing , in appendix ii .\ncomplete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( gekko gecko , reptilia : gekkonidae ) : comparison of red - and black - spotted tokay geckos . - pubmed - ncbi\na tokay gecko typically lives for an average of 10 . 5 years . however , in captivity , tokay geckos can live for much longer .\ntokay gecko with a mouthful of winged insects . photograph : mary - ruth low ern - lyn\nscientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : reptilia order : squamata family : gekkonidae genus : gekko species : g . gecko subspecies : g . gecko gecko g . gecko azhari \u200b\nbutterfield , b . p . , and j . b . hauge . 2000 . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . herpetological review 31 : 52 .\nit is possible to see clear through the head of a tokay gecko through the holes in their ears .\nfoot of a tokay gecko , showing the subdigital lamellae . photograph : mary - ruth low ern - lyn\nlacerta gecko linnaeus , 1758 , java , indonesia . two subspecies are recognized , but some populations currently included in gekko gecko gecko probably are distinct .\ntokay geckos are vocal reptiles . during mating season , which can last for 4 - 5 months , male tokay geckos call to attract mates . the advertisement calls of male tokay geckos\nfor a look at the gecko breeds that make good pets , check out our other gecko profiles .\nlalronunga , s . , zirkunga , m . c . , zothansanga , c . & vanlalhlimpuia . 2017 . gecko gecko ( tokay gecko ) death - feigning . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 644 .\na contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the tokay , gekko gecko ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) .\nthe tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) , the largest species , attains a length of 25 to 35 cm ( 10 to 14 inches ) . it is gray with red and whitish spots and bands . the tokay gecko , native to southeast asia , is frequently sold in pet shops .\nin thailand , people regard the cry of the tokay gecko as a sign of good fortune . when the tokay gecko calls during the birth of a child , the people regard it as a blessing ( badger , 2006 ) . indeed , the more times the gecko cries , the better .\nhere , we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . the genome is 16 , 590 bp in size . its gene arrangement pattern was identical with that of black - spotted tokay gecko . we compared the mitochondrial genome of red - spotted tokay gecko with that of the black - spotted tokay gecko . nucleotide sequence of the two whole mitochondrial genomes was 97 . 99 % similar , and the relatively high similarity seems to indicate that they may be separated at the subspecies level . the information of mitochondrial genome comparison of the two morphological types of tokay gecko is discussed in detail .\nrosamma , mathew 2005 . on the occurance of the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ( linn ) ) ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) in meghalaya . cobra 59 : 11 - 12\nsome believe the tokay gecko can be used to help treat the hiv virus . ( e . r . degginger / getty images )\ntokay geckos are the world\u2019s second largest species of gecko , with males reaching lengths of up to 15 inches ( 38 centimeters ) .\nenglish : leach ' s giant gecko ; french : gecko g\u00e9ant de leach , cam\u00e9l\u00e9on g\u00e9ant ; german : neukaledonischer riesengecko .\nbucol , abner and angel alcala . 2013 . tokay gecko , gekko gecko ( sauria : gekkonidae ) predation on juvenile house rats . herpetology notes 6 : 307 - 308 . - get paper here\nonce tame , this species is reluctant to bite , and it can be handled much like a leopard gecko . a friendly captive tokay gecko is both an accomplishment and proof of your geckokeeping skills .\nduring the day , your tokay gecko will sleep in a head - down position , but don & apos ; t be fooled into thinking it & apos ; s inactive . at night , tokay geckos get moving .\neschment , j . 1979 . nachzucht von tokehs gecko gecko . sauria 1 ( 1 ) : 21 - 24 - get paper here\nhas been gutted . in singapore , it is also possible to see dried tokay geckos for sale in traditional chinese medicine stores and markets . recently , there has been a boom in the illegal trade of tokay geckos across south - east asia because of an unfounded claim that the tokay gecko can cure aids .\ntokay geckos also have the ability to shed their tails through a process known as autotomy . this serves to distract or confuse potential predators and allows time for the gecko to escape . the gecko then regenerates its tail .\nlacerta gecko linnaeus 1758 : 205 gekko verticillatus laurenti 1768 ( fide taylor 1963 ) gekko teres laurenti 1768 lacerta geko m\u00fcller 1774 : 98 ( nomen illegitimum ) gekko aculeatus houttuyn 1782 ( non gecko aculeatus spix 1825 ) gekko perlatus houttuyn 1782 stellio maculatus schneider 1792 ( fide r\u00f6sler et al . 2018 ) gekko guttatus daudin 1802 gekko verus merrem 1820 : 42 gekko annulatus kuhl 1820 : 132 platydactylus guttatus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1836 : 328 gekko tenuis [ hallowell 1857 ] gekko indicus [ girard 1858 ] gymnodactylus tenuis hallowell 1856 \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 22 gecko guttatus \u2014 stoliczka 1870 : 160 platydactylus guttatus \u2014 br\u00fchl 1886 gecko verticillatus [ sic ] \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 183 gecko verticillatus [ sic ] \u2014 boulenger 1894 : 82 gekko gecko \u2014 barbour 1912 gecko verticillatus \u2014 de rooij 1915 : 56 gekko gecko \u2014 taylor 1922 gekko gecko \u2014 taylor 1963 : 799 gekko gecko \u2014 kluge 1993 gekko gecko \u2014 r\u00f6sler 1995 : 120 gekko gecko \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 231 gekko gecko \u2014 cox et al . 1998 : 82 gekko gecko \u2014 ziegler 2002 : 165 gekko df . gecko \u2014 jestrzemski et al . 2013 gekko gecko azhari mertens 1955 gekko gecko azhari \u2014 mahony et a . 2009\nrocha - j\u00fanior , jos\u00e9 carlos 2015 . occurrence of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko linnaeus 1758 ( squamata , gekkonidae ) , an exotic species in southern brazil . herpetology notes 8 : 8 - 10 - get paper here\npeng , q . k . et al . 2010 . genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on microsatellite analysis . biochemical systematics and ecology 38 : 23\u201328\nthe tokay gecko eats mostly insects it ' s considered an insectivorous species . they feed on crickets , locusts , cockroaches , centipedes and even venomous scorpions .\ntokay geckoes eat pests such as cockroaches and locusts . they are sold as pets .\nmale tokay geckos are highly territorial and tend to attack anyone who approaches their territory .\nbe sure your tank has a secure lid ; tokay geckos are strong and may attempt to escape if the opportunity presents itself . you don & apos ; t want a scared tokay gecko wandering around your house , for its sake and yours .\ni have always found the scientific name of the tokay gecko to be somewhat amusing because it is so repetitive . the tokay is classified in the family gekkonidae , subfamily gekkoninae , genus gekko and species gecko . is it just me , or is that kind of humorous ? ( maybe i just need to get out more . )\nwhile tokay geckos are widespread in asia , few if any species could stand this level of off - take . it\u2019s only a matter of time before the tokay gecko becomes yet another species on the long , and ever growing , list of species threatened with extinction .\nthe effective adhesive energy of the gecko ' s digit in the active dh .\nbridging nanocontacts to macroscale gecko adhesion by sliding soft lamellar skin supported setal array .\nmultiscale modeling and simulation of the deformation and adhesion of a single gecko seta .\nthe tokay gecko gets its name from the mating calls it makes - a series of characteristic ' to - kay ' or ' geck - oh ' sounds . in fact , the scientific name , gekko gecko , also comes from the calls it makes .\nif your nose is sensitive enough to detect this musty smell , it\u2019s a sign that your tokay gecko needs some rest so you must put them back immediately in the terrarium .\nthe tokay gecko lives in tropical rain forests , on cliffs and trees , and as pets amongst human habitation . they are arboreal ( tree - dwelling and cliff - dwelling ) .\nshepherd said the tokay gecko remained poorly protected by national legislation and called for the lizard to be protected under cites , the international convention on endangered species , before it becomes extinct .\naowphol , a . , thirakhupt , k . , nabhitabhata , j . , voris , h . k . ( 2006 ) . foraging ecology of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko in a residential area in thailand . amphibia - reptilia 27 : 491 - 503 .\nthe eyes of a tokay gecko allow it to see well even when its pupil is reduced to pinprick size due to tiny holes that focus light on the same area of the retina .\nnearly all geckos survive on insectivorous diets . most small species eat only arthropods , but some larger species take small vertebrate prey . tokay geckos ( gekko gecko ) , for example , can\nthe tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is found throughout southeast asia with its range extending from india , nepal , and bangladesh to the philippines , western new guinea , and indonesia . but this lizard species as also been introduced in some areas outside its native range . \u200b\nadhesion and friction force coupling of gecko seta arrays : implications for structure adhesive surfaces .\nbut the traffic study found that the exporting companies don\u2019t breed tokay geckos in those commercial numbers\u2014the logistical requirements would be too costly . instead they export wild - caught tokay geckos , dead , for the medicinal and meat trade in numbers far greater than permitted . while there\u2019s no legal trade in dead tokay geckos from indonesia , according to traffic , indonesia exports an estimated 1 . 2 million dried tokay geckos annually .\ntokay gecko information . . . the tokay gecko is the 2nd largest gecko in the world growing up to 51 cm long ( 20 inches ) . though human development is reducing it ' s range , this lizard is adapting well to living in man - made structures and it ' s common to see them sticking to the walls and ceilings ridding the place of big bugs and small rodents . tokay gecko mating call . . . tokay is an onomatopoeia for it ' s two syllable mating call\ntow - kay .\namerican soldiers in vietnam heard something different and called it the f - you lizard . luckily that name didn ' t stick . tokay gecko bite . . . tokay geckos are quick to bite when handled and sometimes clamp on tight refusing to let go . large specimens will draw blood however the pain is surprisingly not that bad . i ' ve been bitten hundreds of times by tokay geckos with no serious issues . . . just a little broken skin and the creeps . rinse the wound off with soap and water and you should be fine . despite their eagerness to clamp down on the person that clamps down on them , tokay geckos can be taught to tame down after regular handling and work . thailand superstitions tells that if the tokay geckos call 7 times , it ' s bad luck . luckily this one called 8 .\ntokay geckos have different ways to call their owners attention and express what they want . gecko owners must learn to spot these signs of communication from their pets . there are several means by which your gecko can communicate with you ; by creating sounds , body language or body chemicals .\naowphol , anchalee ; thirakhupt , kumthorn ; < br / > nabhitabhata , jarujin ; voris , harold k . 2006 . foraging ecology of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko in a residential area in thailand . amphibia - reptilia 27 ( 4 ) : 491 - 503 - get paper here\ndeniz martinez set\nportrait\nas an exemplar on\ngekko gecko linnaeus 1758\n.\nblurry screengrab from video ' giant tokai gecko , higanteng tuko , real or fake ? ' it ' s obviously fake . poor lizard . not only has the lizard ( a varanid ? ) been given a fake tokay - like head , it ' s also been painted with a tokay - like pattern .\nchiu , k . w . and maderson , p . f . a . ( 1980 ) . observations on the interactions between thermal conditions and skin shedding frequency in the tokay ( gekko gecko ) .\nthere are other fake giant tokay videos online . in this one ( viewable on youtube ) , what is very clearly a varanid with modified head , hands and feet is made out to be another over - sized tokay .\nin parts of southeast asia , tokay geckoes are regarded as harbingers of luck , good fortune , and fertility .\none way to determine whether a tokay gecko is healthy enough to adopt is to pick it up . a healthy gecko will dislike this and will bark or attempt to bite you , so be sure your hand is behind its head . if the gecko opens its mouth , it & apos ; s getting ready to bite . do everything you can to avoid getting bitten ; not only is the bite painful , but tokay geckos can lock on and refuse to let go once they sink their teeth in .\ntheir skin is soft and granular with a kind of velvet feel to the touch . the tokay gecko has a cylindrical and stocky body with a rather flat top and a long characteristic semi - prehensile tail .\nhuang , s . c . ; chen , m . y . & norval , g . 2008 . an attack of a tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) on a palawan ratsnake ( coelognathus philippinus ) on palawan island , philippines . sauria 30 ( 3 ) : 53 - 54 - get paper here\nthe tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a nocturnal arboreal gecko , ranging from northeast india , bhutan , to nepal and bangladesh , throughout southeast asia , philippines to indonesia and western new guinea . its native habitat is rainforest trees and cliffs , and it also frequently adapts to rural human habitations , roaming walls and ceilings at night in search of insect prey . increasing urbanization is reducing its range .\nthis does not necessarily mean that the tokay is not a good terrarium subject , it just means that those people who like to handle their lizards on a regular basis may prefer a gecko species that is a bit more docile , such as a leopard gecko . however , if you are interested in maintaining a species that is large , colorful and interesting to observe , then a tokay may be right up your ally .\nkept as pets in homes around the world , many asian cultures also consider tokay geckos to be good luck charms . these lizards are unfortunately frequent targets of poachers in the wild since tokay geckos are used in some medicinal remedies .\ncalls of the tokay gecko are used for communication , finding members of the opposite sex during the breeding season , and as a means of defense ( they emit a hissing or croaking noise when being attacked ) .\nthe tokay gecko is a solitary animal and they are only seen together in the mating season . the breeding season starts in the spring when daylight hours begin to increase and it lasts for 4 to 5 months .\ntokay geckoes are one of the largest geckoes alive today with a length of around 35 cm . the body of a\nhan , de - min & zhou , kai - ya 2005 . complete sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of tokay ( gekko gecko ) . zool . res . 26 ( 2 ) : 123 - 128\nkento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\ngekko gecko linnaeus 1758\n.\nrole of tilted adhesion fibrils ( setae ) in the adhesion and locomotion of gecko - like systems .\nnorval , gerrut ; simon dieckmann , shao - chang huang , jean - jay mao , hsien - pin chu and stephen r . 2011 . goldberg . does the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko [ linnaeus , 1758 ] ) occur in the wild in taiwan ? herpetology notes 4 : 203 - 205 . - get paper here\n: this gecko is native to south and south - eastern asia , including malaysia and the philippines . they can also be found in the indonesian archipelago . the tokay gecko has been introduced into florida , texas , hawaii , some caribbean islands and belize , where it is becoming a threat to several of the local species .\nthe tokay gecko has no special status and the species has not been evaluated for the iucn red list . they are also not listed in cites , the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora .\nkrysko , kenneth l . and william b . love 2016 . predation by the nonnative tokay gecko , gekko gecko ( linnaeus 1758 ) , on the native carolina wren ( thryothorus ludovicianus ) and nonnative cuban treefrog ( osteopilus septentrionalis ) in florida , usa . ircf reptiles & amphibians 23 ( 1 ) : 40\u201345 - get paper here\ndon & apos ; t expect a cuddly pet if you choose a tokay gecko . they & apos ; re pretty to look at , but even those that have been in captivity for many years can become aggressive when provoked .\nthe tokay gecko has been available through the pet trade for decades and is one of the most popular gecko species among beginning hobbyists . because of the tokay ' s wicked temperament , it should not be the first choice for people who want to interact with their animals on a regular basis . however , i think that anyone interested in geckos should eventually try their hand at keeping these beautiful tough guys of the gecko world . as reptiles editor phil samuelson once put it ,\nit ' s hard not to admire a small lizard with that much spunk !\nwhen choosing a tokay gecko , look for one with a robust appearance . healthy tokays are bulky animals , and the spine , ribs or pelvic bones should not be visible . if the gecko is resting on the glass , look at the vent area and make sure there are no caked or smeared feces present . safely pick the gecko up and gently examine the lizard ' s body with your free hand , to make sure there are no abnormal bumps or depressions anywhere on the body , because they may indicate an infection or broken bones . when grabbing a tokay , place your hand directly ( and gently ) behind the gecko ' s head to avoid being bitten .\ng . g . gecko ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : tropical asia from northeastern india to eastern indonesia .\ndigital behaviour of the gecko : digital gripping ( counterclockwise arrow ) and active dh ( clockwise arrow ) .\nrussell , a . p .\na contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the tokay , gekko gecko ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) .\njournal of zoology london 176 , no . 3 ( 1975 ) : 437\u2013476 .\ntokay geckos are known for being fierce and aggressive . they will fight until their last breath . they\u2019re very much territorial . that\u2019s why tokay geckos are said to be loners . they are better off alone , unlike leopard geckos which are more docile . tokays bite too hard so if you\u2019re not used to holding tokay or your pet is untamed , make sure to use appropriate gloves .\ntheir name arises from the call they make ; which sounds like\nto - kay ! to - kay !\nnever house male tokay geckos together , and don & apos ; t house your gecko in your bedroom ; their barking may wake you up in the middle of the night . tokay geckos are also able to detach their tails to escape a predator .\nthe tokay geckoes are known for their quite unique appearance with a very attractive coloration in particular males which are more colorful than females .\ndemand for the tokay gecko has skyrocketed in recent years after online blogs , newspaper articles and wildlife traders extolled the consumption of the lizard ' s tongue and internal organs as a miracle cure for hiv , traffic southeast asia said in a report .\nunlike the more\nprimitive\ngeckos ( such as leopard geckos ) that have movable eyelids , the tokay ' s eyes cannot close . instead , the tokay eye has a clear , protective spectacle , much like those of snakes . the gecko keeps the eye lens clean by frequently licking it . the eye has a vertical pupil that is indicative of this species ' nocturnal nature .\nin indonesia , the harvest and export of wild - caught tokay geckos are subject to quotas . commercial breeding is allowed , and the government has given permission for six companies to export three million live captive - bred tokay geckos a year , specifically for the pet trade .\ngecko\u2019s eyes only see in black and white . because they are nocturnal , they have no need to distinguish colours . tokay geckos are aggressive , solitary animals . easily provoked , their powerful bite is a strong deterrent to other animals , including humans .\nwhen a tokay gecko makes a hissing sound like air escaping out of a balloon or scream in a high pitched sound , this could mean that they are threatened . this is apparent especially to young tokay geckos which are not yet used to being handled . you must put them back on their terrarium before they become hysterical . they bite really hard so release them before they do so .\nthe tokay gecko is adapted to a primarily arboreal existence and possesses enlarged toe pads equipped with lamellae to aid in gripping . these adaptions allow the tokay gecko to climb virtually any surface with ease , including glass . the limbs are short and stocky , and the tail is semi - prehensile to aid in balance and maneuvering . the tail also serves as a means of defense and can be autotomized , or dropped , when the gecko feels threatened . a new tail will eventually grow back to replace the missing appendage . if the gecko feels threatened and cannot escape , it will gape its mouth , and may attempt to attack and bite a perceived aggressor . a bite can be a traumatic experience for both the lizard and the handler .\nregardless of its reputation for fierceness , the tokay gecko ' s beauty , hardy nature and modest price have made it a popular\npet store\nlizard . with the large numbers of imported specimens entering the united states every year , the tokay is one of the most frequently encountered gecko species in the pet market . many pet stores across the nation , even those that don ' t specialize in\nexotic\nanimals , may have a terrarium with a few specimens for sale at any given time .\nthe strange eye of a tokay gecko can see only in black and white . the gecko hunts mainly by night , so has no great need for colour vision . photographed in bright light the gecko ' s vertical pupil has closed down to a narrow slit to prevent the high light intensity damaging its sensitive retina , but a series of small holes remains open . it is thought that light passes through these holes to be focused on the same area of the retina , allowing the gecko to see well even when it ' s dim .\n( foy and oxford scientific films 1982 : 11 )\ntokay geckoes are found in southeast asia and the malayan isles . they live in tropical rain forests , and are tree or cliff dwellers .\nthe tokay gecko , which has distinct orange - spotted , blue - grey skin , can grow up to 15 . 7 inches ( 40 centimeters ) in length . the reptiles feed on insects and worms , helping to regulate pests and maintain the ecosystem .\nthe gecko ' s call is responsible also for a slang name given to it by u . s . soldiers in\nthis gecko preys on dune - dwelling spiders and beetles . all water is obtained from condensed fog or from prey .\nnearly all geckos have a voice , ranging from a small squeak to the deafening whistles of the african whistling gecko .\nneedless to say , any gecko this size would be a record - holder . the largest known gecko \u2013 the recently extinct delcourt\u2019s giant gecko hoplodactylus delcourti ( generally thought to be endemic to new zealand , though this has been questioned ) \u2013 has / had a total length of c 60 cm , and the satria animal is more than twice as long .\nas mentioned above , tokay geckos are not docile pets and may not be the best option for newbies . if you & apos ; re up to the task , you & apos ; ll want to choose a tokay gecko whose ribs and pelvic bones aren & apos ; t visible ; these are sturdy animals whose skin should be free of bumps , which may indicate a skin infection or a broken bone .\nthe tokay gecko is primarily a forest gecko with an arboreal lifestyle ( das , 2011 ) , but it is also closely associated with human settlements ( grismer , 2011 ) . it is a nocturnal species and has been documented to feed on insects , spiders , other geckos , and even small mammals and birds ( flower , 1899 ) . it tends to be a sit and wait forager , though it will be more active if prey abundance is high ( aowphol , 2006 ) . it is a highly territorial species and will not hesitate to bite when threatened . when tokay geckos bite , they clamp their jaws in earnest and will hold on for an extended period of time ( look at video below ) . the tokay gecko ' s defensive display involves gaping jaws which are often accompanied by warning ' barks ' . tokay geckos also moult to grow bigger , and shedding cycles are shorter if the surrounding temperature is higher ( chiu and maderson , 1980 ) .\ntokay geckoes are insectivorous . in captivity , they usually feed on springtails , mealworms , cockroaches , crickets , grasshoppers , pink mice , and locusts .\npretty much like the roosters trying to outcry each other in the morning , tokay geckos do the same at dusk . it is rarely observable in captive conditions since there is not much threat of competition or threat . there may be some competition but can easily be managed or they have very little control over it so tokay geckos rarely do their distinctive vocalization . tokay geckos vocalize their \u201cto - ko\u201d or \u201cto - kay\u201d sound when declaring or marking their territory for the rest of tokay kingdom to know it is theirs . they do so to shout their might and often outcry the other barking tokay geckos in the area . this gesture secures them of territory for food supply and mate guarantee . it is also their means of courtship announcing their location to females . female tokay geckos can produce the same sound but they rarely do it . only matured tokay geckos cry this signature cry that they make , and until they could , male juveniles evade the bigger and more mature ones\u2019 territories or at least stay out of their hunting range for the night .\nwhile in captivity tokay geckos can live up to 18 years , but in the wild , their average lifespan is about 7 to 10 years . \u200b\nzhang , q . q . ; tang , y . z . ; huang , y . c . ; and zeng , f . h . 1997 . investigation on the geographic variance of tokay , gekko gecko l . chinese journal of zoology 32 : 44 - 46 .\nalthough there are more than 20 species of geckos listed by the iucn , the tokay gecko is not among them . they are abundant in most parts of their range , but because of their use in chinese medicine , they have declined in south china , vietnam and thailand .\ninspired by the patterns of millions of nanoscale setae on the tokay gecko\u2019s toes , bioengineer jeffrey m . karp has received patents and awards for the biodegradable , biocompatible , elastic tissue adhesive . since 2008 , karp lab of harvard - mit science and technology and bwh has been perfecting this noninvasive alternative to stitches and sutures for closing and sealing wounds and incisions . also , this surgical tape will be able to release drugs to help tissues heal . for years many other scientists have mimiced the gecko toe hairs to make gecko tape and robots that can climb . one polymer scientist using carbon nanotubes remarked , \u201ca gecko\u2019s foot is like a perfect post - it . \u201d\nthe ears can be seen on the outside of the gecko as small holes on both sides of the head . it is possible to see straight through the head of these geckoes through their ears . tokay geckoes have a hearing range from about 300 hertz to 10 , 000 hertz .\nil mio tokay canta allegro e spensierato p . s . un mi piace non fa male . . . . giving thumbs up wouldn ' t be bad\nthe feet of gecko self - clean due to energetic equilibrium - - its foot has less physical attraction to dust than most surfaces .\nmebert , konrad and andrew m . durso . 2014 . when predation and defense intermingle - a predation attempt by a flying snake on a tokay gecko interrupted . wenn jagdverhalten und verteidigung sich vermischen - ein unterbrochener beuteversuch einer schmuchbaumnatter auf einen tokeh . sauria 36 ( 3 ) : 41 - 46\nnamed during the vietnam war , as the lizard ' s cry could be heard as fuck you . the fuck sound is quite clear and short in duration , followed by a pause of about half a second and the elongated you . the same sound could also be heard as tokay ( as in tokay gecko ) , as tokeh ( as in tokeh - tokeh ) , or as tuctoo , all of which are other english names of the lizard .\nmckeown , sean . and zaworski , jim . 1997 . general care and maintenance of tokay geckos and related species . advanced vivarium systems . santee , ca .\nan unfounded claim giving tokay geckoes the ability to cure aids also had a negative impact on the species . their natural habitat is also increasingly threatened by urbanization .\nthe tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is known for its extraordinary climbing ability [ 1 \u2013 6 ] . the strong adhesion is mainly due to the van der waals force enhanced by the hierarchical adhesive system from the nanoscale to the macroscale . the gecko can also perform a fast transition from attachment to detachment or vice versa in around 50 ms [ 5 ] . extensive studies have been carried out to understand the strong adhesion and easy detaching mechanism of the gecko ' s adhesion system in order to fabricate biomimetic dry adhesives . these bioinspired materials have potential applications in wall - climbing robots [ 7 \u2013 9 ] , adhesive medical skin patches [ 10 ] , adhesive clamps [ 11 ] , etc .\nbecause tokay geckos aren\u2019t listed under the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , their international trade isn\u2019t subject to regulation .\nthe vibrant and unusual - looking tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a well - known , but poorly understood , species . heavy - bodied and nocturnal , these tropical animals have a reputation for being aggressive , hard to handle and apt to bite . however , they can be the ideal captive for a patient geckokeeper . they are fascinating to observe , and with a little invested time , they can be tamed into tractable little beasts .\nhemidactylus frenatus : one specimen seen on a coconut tree , several heard . the gecko phyllodactylus tuberculosus could not be reconfirmed during this visit .\nthe phylogenetic tree above shows the possible evolutionary relationships of various species of gecko , as tested by brown et al . ( 2012 ) .\nhansen wr ; autumn k . 2005 . evidence for self - cleaning in gecko setae . 102 ( 2 ) : 385 - 389 .\nalthough not listed by the iucn , the san diego banded gecko ( c . v . abbotti ) is of special concern in california .\nthe above work has addressed well the issues in the gecko ' s adhesion under static / quasi - static conditions . however , the previous models failed to explain the frictional adhesion feature , which was observed in the real gecko ' s movement . furthermore , the gecko detaches with digits peeled from the distalmost end to the proximal ( named active dh ) , and attaches with digits gripped towards the surface ( named dg ) while acting repeatedly on inverted surfaces . this behaviour cannot be fully understood based on previous models . argument exists in that if the gecko can lower the pull - off force by lowering the friction and vice versa , why are the active dh and dg needed ? therefore , it is necessary to understand the mechanical behaviour of the gecko ' s adhesive system from the dynamic scenario of the gecko ' s movement .\ntokay geckos are vocal , making a unique croaking or barking noise to attract mates , are arboreal , and according to some myths , are said to bring good luck .\nmales are very territorial , and will attack other male tokays as well as other gecko species , as well as anything else in their territory . they are solitary and only meet during the mating season . females lay clutches of one or two hard shelled eggs which are guarded until they hatch . tokay geckos feed on\na tape measure is applied to the giant ' gecko ' in satria ' s video . the animal is said to be 138 cm long .\nnote the long , slender tail , the five - toed foot , five - fingered hand , and the blunt tips to the digits . the animal ' s right eye might be visible in this shot . it ' s gecko - like , but not like any gecko we know .\ngrossmann , w . 2006 . der tokeh , gekko gecko . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 64 pp . - get paper here\ntokay geckos are not the simple lizards some herpkeepers may think they are . seemingly aware of their surroundings and circumstances , they have proven to be high - strung due to above - average intelligence . to me , tokay geckos are similar to reticulated pythons : known to be aggressive , they are alert , high - strung and challenging to keep .\nin contrast to this , if a deceased specimen is found it is often considered a sign of bad luck . injuring or killing a tokay gecko is also considered bad luck in many areas throughout its range , and the species is a welcome guest in people ' s homes because it eats pest insects such as roaches .\ntokay geckos aren & apos ; t as commonly seen as pets as leopard geckos , but they are just as interesting as their cousins . they are the second - largest kind of gecko and are known for their vibrant colors and spots . they are usually a blue - gray color with bright orange and blue spots .\ntemperament : it is ideal to keep just one gecko in a tank due to their territorial nature . it is never recommended to keep more than one male gecko in a single tank when housing them in groups . two or more males in one tank tend to fight and kill each other .\nif you have a mature tokay gecko pet , it would make the same repeated sounds at random intervals within the day . a crackling sound followed by a \u201cto - kay\u201d sound could mean that they are looking for a mate . this strong sound they create can be heard from a distance to call for possible nearby mates .\ngeckos are one of the most successful lizards around today . from gekkonidae alone , nearly 1200 species have been described , and they range throughout subtropical and tropical regions , stretching even into temperate zones ( vitt & caldwell , 2009 ) . in singapore , at least 15 species of gecko have been recorded ( ng et al . , 2011 ) . among these , the tokay gecko is one of the largest and is also one of the most distinctive . this gecko is also the best known species in the group , and studies on it have contributed much to our knowledge of general reptile biology ( rosler , 2011 ) .\nmertens , r . 1955 . \u00fcber eine eigenartige rasse des tokehs ( gekko gecko ) aus ost - pakistan . senckenbergiana biologica 36 : 21 - 24\nover the last several days a consortium of people interested in herpetology , weird animals , animal lore , and special effects have worked together to help resolve an incredible and bizarre \u2018mystery\u2019 * . people in indonesia ( and perhaps elsewhere in tropical asia ) are modifying live monitor lizards to make them look like gargantuan tokay geckos gekko gecko .\ntokay geckos may be harvested from the wild in indonesia under a quota system . however , if they are farmed , they don\u2019t fall under that quota system . any harvest of tokay geckos from the wild outside the quota system is illegal . note that the quota in indonesia for wild - caught tokay geckos stipulates that the animals are exported live , for pets , not kiln - dried . unfortunately , tokay geckos aren\u2019t listed in the appendices of cites , and therefore international trade isn\u2019t regulated . we strongly recommend the species be listed in appendix ii , which wouldn\u2019t stop trade but would put in place a mechanism through which the trade could be monitored and regulated . to do so is in the interest of conservation and sustainable trade .\nr\u00f6sler , h . 2001 . studien am tokeh : 1 . gekko gecko azhari mertens 1955 ( sauria : gekkonidae ) . gekkota 3 : 33 - 46\nter borg , jur 2004 . de tokkeh , gekko gecko - een eenvoudige handleiding . lacerta 62 ( 6 ) : 256 - 260 - get paper here\ncorl , j . 1999 .\ngekko gecko\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 12 , 2008 at [ 1 ]\nwhile it\u2019s often argued that captive breeding relieves pressure on endangered species by providing an alternative source for trade , the report , adding up the numbers : an investigation into commercial breeding of tokay geckos in indonesia , demonstrates that the opposite is true . rather , it finds that wild - caught tokay geckos are regularly laundered through indonesia\u2019s captive - breeding facilities on a massive scale .\nbecause of their ready availability and low cost , the tokay is often the first gecko that many people purchase . unfortunately , many first - time owners are rudely awakened when the lizard that the pet store staff labeled\na good beginner ' s gecko\nturns out to be an animal with a personality that is pure evil ! while its true that these lizards are easy to maintain , their willingness to bite any hand that dares enter their domain should exclude them from the\npet\nlizard label .\nthe tokay gecko has a geographic distribution extending from eastern india , nepal , bangladesh , east to southern china and south - east asia , to the philippines . it has also been introduced into florida , hawaii , martinique in the west indies , and madagascar ( das , 2001 ) . it is unclear if the lizard is native to singapore , though it has been suggested that it probably is not ( flower , 1899 ) . this gecko is uncommon in singapore ( lim & lim , 1992 ) .\nglobal gecko association . 4920 chester street , spencer , oklahoma 73084 - 2560 usa . web site : < http : / / www . gekkota . com >\ngecko guy bitten by the tokay gecko feeding video the first animal is a leopard gecko ! the tokay appears later in the video . heres a quick video of my animals being fed . please note i do not have many of these animals anymore tokay gecko care : urltoken _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \u00ad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - social links - facebook page : urltoken instagram : g3ckoguy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \u00ad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gaming channel : urltoken _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \u00ad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\ntokay geckos exhibit great variation in color in the wild , and are known to match their body color with the substrate they are on . the time of the day can also lighten and darken\nin its natural range , the tokay is found from northeast india across to southern china , throughout the malay peninsula , the andamans , the philippines and throughout much of indonesia . feral populations have also become established in sections of southern florida , hawaii and the island of martinique . they adapt well to secondary , or disturbed , environments , especially around homes , buildings and other human structures . because of their close contact with humans , they have become the objects of many superstitious beliefs . in various sections of its native range , the tokay gecko is regarded as a messenger of omens , both good and bad . depending on the situation , a tokay ' s presence or vocalization can mean good luck and prosperity for a family or individual .\ntokay gecko is often erroneously believed to be venomous . but , in truth its bite is not poisonous , even though it is quite painful . however , researches show them to carry various bacteria that can cause serious health problems . so , it is crucial to take care of the bite wound as soon as possible , especially if has penetrated the skin .\n: geckos are lizards , and ( due to the structure of their vertebrae ) they are considered quite primitive on the evolutionary scale . geckos are small animals with a flattened appearance . tokay geckos are one of the larger species , measuring up to 40 cm in length . tokay males are larger and more colourful than the females . they all have large eyes covered by transparent scales that act as protective lenses . a gecko seen licking its eyes after a meal of insects is actually cleaning these scales . being a nocturnal species , they have slit pupils which , in dim light , expand to fill most of their eyes . all geckos have the ability to change colour , lighter by day and darker during the night . the tokay gecko does the reverse : the colour is dark grey with orange - red spots when in light surroundings , changing to light grey with bluish spots when they are in the dark .\nannandale , n . 1907 . the occurrence of the taukte lizard ( gecko verticillatus ) in calcutta . records of the indian museum 1 : 171 - get paper here\nautumn k , sitti m , liang ya , peattie am , hansen wr , et al . ( 2002 ) . evidence for van der waals adhesion in gecko setae\nanother important feature of the tokay is its ability to cast off its tail in defense and later regenerate a new one . the cast off part will continue to move for several minutes , giving the gecko time to escape . it takes approximately three weeks for these geckoes to completely regenerate a new tail although it is usually never as long as the original tail .\nas i stated before , these geckos are cantankerous , and when touched , a healthy tokay will gape its mouth and more than likely try to bite you . it may also let out a loud bark or scream in protest . if the gecko is limp , weak , or indifferent , pass on the animal and choose a different one . while it is true that there is the occasional specimen that does not seem to mind being handled , the vast majority of tokay geckos never really tame down enough to allow a handling session to be an enjoyable experience .\nan important characteristic of the tokay gecko is its ability to cast off its tail in defense and regenerate a new one . the part of the tail that has been cast off will continue to move violently for several minutes until it slows down and stops , thus giving the gecko fair time to escape . the tail has several sections on it where it can break off at any given moment . it takes approximately three weeks for these geckoes to completely regenerate a new tail although it is usually never as long as the original tail .\nfrom traffic\u2019s southeast asia office , in malaysia , chris shepherd , coauthor of the report , explains that it\u2019s low - profile species like tokay geckos that are often hardest hit by illegal , unsustainable trade .\nto cite this page : corl , j . 1999 .\ngekko gecko\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ntokays are one of the easiest species of gecko to keep and breed in captivity , but , ironically , most specimens offered for sale are wild - collected animals . by the time these geckos reach your neighborhood pet store , they have been captured , held in an exporter ' s facilities for days or weeks , shipped over oceans and possibly exposed to disease or parasites along the way . these stressful situations can cause a gecko to become more prone to infections or illness , so it is important to know what to look for when selecting a tokay .\nthe tokay gecko is the second largest gecko species , attaining lengths of about 11\u201320 inches ( 28\u201351 cm ) for males , and 7\u201319 inches ( 18\u201348 cm ) for females , with weights of only 150\u2013400 grams ( 5 . 3\u201314 . 1 oz ) . they are distinctive in appearance , with a bluish or grayish body , sporting spots ranging from light yellow to bright red . the male is more brightly colored than the female . they have large eyes with a vertical slit pupil . eyes are brown to greenish brown and can be orange or yellow .\nbased on all of these bits of data , we seem to be seeing a lizard that has been kitted out to look like a giant tokay . it\u2019s a lizard in some sort of \u2018gecko suit\u2019 . i must point out that this was my immediately favoured option . within a few seconds of watching the footage , and having ruled out the other contenders that came to mind ( giant salamander or genuine fat - headed giant gecko ) , i was immediately thinking \u201cnon - gekkotan lizard kitted out to look like a giant tokay\u201d . and i\u2019m hardly the first , or only , person to come up with this suggestion , as you can see if you look at the comments attached to the original video ( sorry , only available on facebook and not shared here ) .\ntokay geckos have the ability to walk on different surfaces . a closer look at the gecko ' s foot reveals a structural hierarchy consisting of subdigital lamellae , setae and spatulas . it is postulated that the adhesion provided by the numerous spatulas works primarily through van der waals forces ( autumn et al . , 2002 ) , and capillary forces ( huber et al . , 2005 ) .\nmany geckos are relatively solitary , though bibron ' s gecko ( pachydactylus bibronii ) and some other species can reach very high densities and may share retreat sites . these geckos have\ntokay geckos are not the easiest lizards to sex . they should have adequate conditioning first . the lizards tend to writhe and wiggle when restrained , so accurate sexing is difficult if one is unfamiliar with the process ."]}
{"id": 1295, "summary": [{"text": "horned lizards are a genus ( phrynosoma ) of lizards which are the type genus of the subfamily phrynosomatinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the horned lizard has been affectionately called a \" horny toad \" , or \" horned frog \" , though they are not moist-skinned toads or frogs .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the common names come from the lizard 's flattened , rounded body and blunt snout , which make it resemble a toad or frog ( phrynosoma means \" toad-bodied \" ) , as well as its tendency , in common with larger true frogs and toads , to move sluggishly , making them easy to hand-catch ( such slow , undramatic movements may also avoid triggering attacks by predators , discussed later in this article ) .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are totally adapted to desert areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the spines on its back and sides are made from modified reptile scales which prevent the water loss through the skin , whereas the horns on the heads are true horns ( i.e. they have a bony core ) .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "of 15 species of horned lizards in north america , eight are native to the united states .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the largest-bodied and most widely distributed of the us species is the texas horned lizard .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "horned lizards use a wide variety of means to avoid predation .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "their coloration generally serves as camouflage .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "when threatened , their first defense is to remain still to avoid detection .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "if approached too closely , they generally run in short bursts and stop abruptly to confuse the predator 's visual acuity .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "if this fails , they puff up their bodies to cause them to appear more horned and larger , so that they are more difficult to swallow .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "at least eight species ( p. asio , p. cornutum , p. coronatum , p. ditmarsi , p. hernandesi , p. orbiculare , p. solare , and p. taurus ) are also able to squirt an aimed stream of blood from the corners of the eyes for a distance of up to 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "they do this by restricting the blood flow leaving the head , thereby increasing blood pressure and rupturing tiny vessels around the eyelids .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "this not only confuses predators , but also the blood tastes foul to canine and feline predators .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it appears to have no effect against predatory birds .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "only three closely related species ( p. mcallii , p. modestum , and p. platyrhinos ) are certainly known to be unable to squirt blood .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "to avoid being picked up by the head or neck , a horned lizard ducks or elevates its head and orients its cranial horns straight up , or back .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "if a predator tries to take it by the body , the lizard drives that side of its body down into the ground so the predator can not easily get its lower jaw underneath . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "horned lizard", "paragraphs": ["what is a horned lizard ? : the horned lizard conservation society ( hlcs ) .\ntcu folks embrace the horned frog as their quirky symbol . but do they actually mean horned lizard ?\nthe purpose of the corporation is to document and publicize the values and conservation needs of horned lizards , to promote horned lizard conservation projects and to assist with horned lizard management initiatives throughout their ranges .\nthe texas horned lizard rarely lives up to that scary stereotype , experts say .\na horned frog is an amphibian . a horned lizard is a reptile . tcu is mighty confused . or is it ?\ncheck parks and wildlife ' s texas horned lizard watch for programs and monitoring activities .\nresolved , that the texas horned lizard be officially designated the state reptile of texas .\ntexas state reptile , texas horned lizard ( phrynosoma cornutum ) , from netstate . com\nin recent times , the horned lizards ' habitat has shrunk , imported fire ants have supplanted their food supply , and their numbers have declined drastically . the horned lizard is no longer seen in many regions where it was once common . two of the three native texas species of horned lizard are now listed as threatened ( texas horned lizard and the mountain short - horned lizard ) .\nphrynosoma coronatum , coast horned lizard - dick schwenkmeyer and brad hollingsworth . san diego natural history museum\nthe texas horned lizard currently is listed as a threatened species in texas ( federal category c2 ) .\nas recchio explained , those reptiles discovered on the practice field 114 years ago were not horned frogs , but horned lizards . it is a horned lizard that is found in texas . in a story that every football player can recite , it is a horned lizard that shoots blood out of his eye when threatened .\ncanids are not averse to blood , but they dislike horned lizard blood , even though it is not poisonous .\nin the dream , i saw a lizard ( small flying dragon type lizard ) which was red - skin in color and there was also a cat which was searching for that lizard . i saw that the cat found that lizard and suddenly attacked that flying lizard and killed it with the claw .\nin 1897 texas christian university in fort worth adopted the horned lizard as the school mascot , but for reasons not entirely clear , called it a horned\nfrog .\nah , we know it ' s a horned lizard ,\nsaid center jake kirkpatrick with a smile and a shrug .\nbut horned frogs just sounds better .\ncompare the slightly enlarged throat scales of the desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) , above , with the much enlarged throat scales of a flat - tailed horned lizard ( phrynosoma mcallii ) . flat - tailed photo \u00a9 2006 s . ferrand\nhorned lizards ( in general ) play an important role in many native american cultures . the horned lizard is often seen as a symbol of strength and important as a symbol for healing ( pianka and hodges ) . in mexico the horned lizard is believed to help bring rain ( manaster 1997 ) .\nthis was the first meeting of the horned lizard conservation society ( hlcs ) . bart cox was the society\u2019s first president .\nfire ants are believed to out - compete native harvester ants for food and space .\nharvester ants are the preferred food of the texas horned lizard and if the food resource declines , lizard\nsometimes called a horny toad , this fascinating creature is actually a lizard , the texas horned lizard . it became the official state reptile in 1993 . how many states have an official reptile ?\nview image of a regal horned lizard ( p . solare ) rolls over when threatened ( credit : daniel heuclin / npl )\nview image of the desert horned lizard ( p . platyrhinos ) is 13 % stomach ( credit : daniel heuclin / npl )\nhorned lizards are found in extremely diverse habitats . the flat - tailed horned lizard occurs in areas of fine sand , while the short - horned lizard ( p . douglassii ) is found in shortgrass prairie all the way up into spruce - fir forest . the most common species in the arizona upland subdivision is the regal horned lizard ( p . solare ) , which frequents rocky or gravelly habitats of arid to semiarid plains , hills and lower mountain slopes .\ninstead of puffing up , regal horned lizards roll over . when threatened by a whip snake , the lizard flips onto its back .\nview image of a regal horned lizard ( p . solare ) shoots blood from its eyes ( credit : john cancalosi / npl )\nmilner , b . j . 1979 . northern short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta . alberta naturalist 9 : 90 - 92 .\nthere are 17 known species of horned lizard , all in the genus phrynosoma . most of them seem to be capable of squirting blood .\npack , h . j . 1918 . some habits of the pygmy horned lizard . copeia 1918 ( 63 ) : 91 - 92 .\nschowalter , d . b . 1976 . new distribution records of the horned lizard in alberta . blue jay 37 : 26 - 27 .\nthe short - horned lizard is often referred to as a \u201chorned toad\u201d or \u201chorny toad\u201d because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .\nbart cox loved texas horned lizards . bart cox was concerned . he was concerned about the declining populations of horned lizards in texas .\npowell , g . l . 1980 . diet of the short - horned lizard in alberta . american zoologist 20 ( 4 ) : 842 .\na horned frog just hangs out all day on a lily pad , doing nothing ,\nrecchio said .\nhe doesn ' t look or act anything like the horned lizard that is used by tcu .\nreeve , w . l . 1952 . taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizard genus phrynosoma . kansas university science bulletin 34 : 817 - 960 .\nin 1967 the texas horned lizard was designated a threatened species by the texas parks and wildlife department . twenty years later , nothing much had changed .\nthe texas horned lizard became the official state reptile of texas when governor ann richards signed house concurrent resolution no . 141 on june 18 , 1993 .\nphrynosoma cornutum - ( harlan , 1825 ) texas horned lizard : a network connecting science with conservation - natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life .\nthe short - horned lizard is a one - reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self - defense strategy . when defending its own life , this lizard squirts blood from the thin blood vessels around its eyes that rupture under pressure .\na horned lizard sits motionless in the desert sun , eyeing a young coyote skulking nearby . five inches long , with a crown of horns like a dinosaur , the lizard ' s mottled skin helps it blend into the background .\nhorned lizards are no exception to the general rule that lizards are not attracted to dead insects as food\u2014the ants must be alive and moving for the lizard to show interest in them as prey . harvester ants can bite and have a potent venom , but apparently this has little effect on the esophagus or stomach of the lizard . however , when faced with swarming ants the lizard will make a hasty retreat , for these little invertebrates can kill an adult horned lizard .\nwhip snakes are lightning fast , and actively hunt their prey . the portly horned lizard cannot outrun one , so it opts for camouflage and keeping still .\nto make up for it , a horned lizard has to eat a lot of ants , and to do that it needs a big stomach . the desert horned lizard has a stomach that makes up 13 % of its mass : akin to a 150 - pound person with an almost 20 - pound stomach .\nguyer , c . 2006 . phrynosoma douglasii ( pigmy short - horned lizard ) copulatory position . herpetological review 37 ( 1 ) : 91 - 92 .\ntaylor , b . n . 2003 . short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi ) . alberta species at risk report 72 : 154 - 160 .\na residue of blood is left on the face of the texas horned lizard ( phrynosoma cornutum ) , as it was used to defend itself against predation .\nbarber is working on the horned lizard breeding and re - introduction program at the zoo . they are partnered with the texas parks and wildlife department and it ' s the only program like it for horned lizards in the country .\nto show that horned lizards can discern dogs from other large predators , sherbrooke recruited a golden retriever called dusty . she was trained to bark , paw and gently nibble at a horned lizard . within a minute of dusty barking , each lizard squirted her .\nshe was the perfect dog ,\nsays sherbrooke .\nthe horned lizard conservation society is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the conservation and recovery of the declining horned lizard populations . they publish a newsletter , are active in research and recovery and educate the public about the threatened reptile . they can be contacted at p . o . box 122 , austin , tx 78767 .\nneither defence works every time , but on average , standing still for a whip snake and running from a rattlesnake are a horned lizard ' s best bets .\ngoldberg , s . r . 1971 . reproduction in the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi in arizona . herpetologica 27 ( 3 ) : 311 - 314 .\nhodges wl , & zamudio kr ( 2004 ) . horned lizard ( phrynosoma ) phylogeny inferred from mitochondrial genes and morphological characters : understanding conflicts using multiple approaches .\nthe state of texas placed the horned lizard on the threatened species list 20 years ago making it illegal to pick up , touch or possess the fading reptile .\nthe texas horned lizard was named the official reptile of the state of texas by house concurrent resolution and is not , therefore , listed in the texas statutes .\nthe lizard is believed to be from the genus anolis and is a complete animal .\nstatewide , overall declining numbers have led authorities to offer the lizard moderate legal protection .\ni do know that when a lizard stretches the skin on it\u2019s neck that it is a male lizard . establishing it\u2019s dominant role with other lizards in a territory dispute .\ncalifornia indian legend about a neighborly lizard prevailing over a family of greedy grizzly bears .\nthe blood squirting defense mechanism of the horned lizard is the last ditch effort by the horned lizard to attempt to deter any predators that are shot . due to the fact that the horned lizard feeds primarily on ants and must dissolve the tough chitin layer of ants horned lizards end up with a large stomach and , in effect , lose mobility ( cooper 2010 ) . this hinders the ability of a horned lizard to escape and the horned lizard increasingly must rely on crypsis to help it survive predators . one thing to consider for horned lizards is escape theory . escape theory states that the probability of fleeing and flight initiation distance increase as predation risk increases and decrease when escape risk increases ( cooper 2010 ) . given that the cost of fleeing for a horned lizard is high , it is less likely to flee from a predator and instead rely on its defense mechanisms . the blood from its eyes is effective because of chemicals in the blood that is noxious to all dogs , wolves , and coyotes . in this way a horned lizard is able to deter a canine from attacking it . while such a mechanism does exist studies have shown that even though an organism may have well - developed crypsis the general rules of cost - benefit escape behavior do still apply ( cooper 2010 ) .\na texas horned lizard or alberta ' s short - horned lizard will tip up on its front legs , fan out its ribs to form a dorsal shield , or puff up its torso to make itself as big as possible .\nit ' s sort of like a person wearing a fat suit ,\nsays powell .\ntexas horned lizards have been called horned toads or horned frogs , but they are , in fact , lizards . toads and frogs are tailless amphibians that live in land or water . toads have rough , warty skin and frogs have smooth skin . horned lizards are reptiles with tails and a scaled body .\nhorned lizards can have an intimidating appearance but are docile and gentle in nature . when a horned lizard feels threatened , it flattens and freezes in place , trying to blend with the ground . texas now lists this unique animal as threatened .\nrestlessness info most like is general but its up to you to decipher its meaning in a more personal way , how it connects to you . tips , look up color symbolism , lizard totem , use intuitive guidance , ex : the horned lizard would probably relate to protecting , connect each lizard general and personal traits to your own life !\nso while an individual horned lizard might succumb to a particularly determined coyote or carnivorous mouse , it has a good chance of passing on its genes before it does .\ngeographic distribution : this very rare horned lizard occurs in pine - oak woodland and xeric thorn - scrub of puebla and oaxaca , mexico . it may inhabit veracruz .\nanother behavior horned lizards exhibit is the ability to inflate their bodies until they look like spiny balloons . however , they most effectively avoid predators by simply holding still . horned lizards ' color patterns closely match the soil on which they live and they can eliminate their shadows by flattening against the ground . if forced to move , a horned lizard runs only a short distance , stopping unexpectedly . the horned lizard lies flat , blending into its surroundings , and the predator is left chasing nothing .\nsimilar species : there are no other species of horned lizards in central and southern nevada . the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii ) occurs in northern - most nevada , and it can be identified by very short horns on the head .\nrust , carol .\nwhere have all the horned toads gone ?\nthe houston chronicle [ houston ] 02 aug 1998 , section texas magazine , 2 star edition 8 . print .\nbylaws of the horned lizard conservation society .\nthe horned lizard conservation society . the horned lizard conservation society , 01 may 2008 . web . 15 mar 2012 .\nsaving the horned toad not an easy task .\nthe times - union [ warsaw ] 01 apr 1986 , 15a . print . henke , scott , and bill brooks .\n10 years of horned lizard conservation .\nthe horned lizard conservation society . the horned lizard conservation society , 2001 . web . 15 mar 2012 . the state of texas . texas legislature online . house concurrent resolution no . 141 . austin : texas state legislature , 1993 . web . the state of texas . texas legislature online . texas statutes . austin : texas state legislature , 2012 . web .\ntexas horned lizard ( phrynosoma cornutum ) .\ntexas parks and wildlife department . texas parks and wildlife department , n . d . web . 15 mar 2012 . leatherwood , art .\nhorned lizard .\nthe handbook of texas online . texas state historical association . , n . d . web . 15 mar 2012 . shearer , benjamin f . and barbara s . state names , seals , flags and symbols : a historical guide third edition , revised and expanded . westport , conn : greenwood press , 3 sub edition , 2001 .\nthe texas horned lizard or\nhorny toad\nis a flat - bodied and fierce - looking lizard . the head has numerous horns , all of which are prominent , with two central head spines being much longer than any of the others . this lizard is brownish with two rows of fringed scales along each side of the body . on most texas horned lizards , a light line can be seen extending from its head down the middle of its back . it is the only species of horned lizard to have dark brown stripes that radiate downward from the eyes and across the top of the head .\nof course , sometimes camouflage , armour and squirting blood aren ' t enough , and a horned lizard gets eaten anyway . but even then they sometimes manage one last act of defiance : it ' s not unheard - of for a horned lizard to become lodged in the throat or stomach of a bird or snake , killing its attacker .\nmontanucci , r . r . 1984 . breeding , captive care and longevity of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi . international zoological yearbook 23 : 148 - 156 .\nthere is , however , some conjecture about the taxonomy of the baja horned lizards starting with the ones found directly south of the san diego subspecies , and they may actually be one or more different species / subspecies related to the coast horned lizard .\nsome do diverge from the ant diet at certain times of the year such as the regal horned lizard , which gorges itself on tiny beetles and eschews ants altogether when the beetles are abundant . also , the coast horned lizard can survive on inverts other than ants . but the flattail and shorthorned , as well as the desert horned lizards , are closely tied to ants and will die if those are not supplied in quantity .\nguyer , c . and a . d . linder . 1985a . growth and population structure of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi ) and the sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus graciosus ) in southeastern idaho . northwest science 59 ( 4 ) : 294 - 303 .\nlaird , m . and r . leech . 1980 . observations on the short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta . blue jay 38 ( 4 ) : 214 - 218 .\nor any other horned lizard for that matter because not only are they virtually impossible to keep as a pet , it is illegal in the state of texas to do so .\nthis is a little awkward but , um , er , as currently constituted , in photos and drawings and legend , the horned frogs are not really horned frogs .\nsome species mimic inedible objects . the round - tailed horned lizard is almost indistinguishable from the rocks it hides in , when it hunches up its back and tucks in its legs .\nthe technique works . a whip snake trying to get its mouth around a texas horned lizard may well give up , because it just can ' t fit the whole thing in .\nthe large , flat body surface of the horned lizard also works well as a solar collecting panel : at cooler temperatures , the lizard will orient its body to maximize the amount of exposure to the sun . when it gets too hot , the horned lizard will burrow into loose soil . initially , the lizard uses the scales on the front edge of its lower jaw to literally cut into the earth as it vibrates its head into the ground . then it will shake and shimmy its body into the soil until almost none of it is above the surface .\nthe body form and armor of the horned lizard cost it speed and mobil - ity , but they confer great advantages as well . small animals , such as snakes , have more difficulty with a horned lizard\u2019s wide , thorny body than with a smooth , slender lizard . in fact , when confronted by a snake , a horned lizard will continually present the largest part of its body to the snake . some horned lizards are difficult to distinguish from rocks ; thus they avoid detection by would - be predators . in response to a threat , a horned lizard may play dead , or it may run away and then suddenly turn around to face its attacker , hissing or vibrating its tail in leaf litter . several species can rupture small capillaries around their eyes and squirt a bloody solution at would - be predators . these fluids , beyond coming as a surprise , can be irritating to the mucous membranes of some predators .\nwhen a lizard crosses you and hit your leg . secondly , a water you are going to use to bath tmyour baby a lizard jump into and jump out . not dream but real life .\nthe most common horned lizard in the western deserts is aptly named the desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) consisting of two subspecies : the northern ( p . p . platyrhinos ) which inhabits the great basin desert , and the southern ( p . p . calidiarum ) which inhabits the sonoran and mojave deserts including a finger of the east coast of northern baja california .\ncorn , p . s . and l . j . gingerich . 1987 . phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ( eastern short - horned lizard ) . herpetological review 18 ( 1 ) : 20 .\npowell , g . l . , a . p . russell , and p . fargey . in prep . the distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard in saskatchewan , canada .\nthe current range appears to be decreasing . the texas horned lizard no longer occurs in texas east of an imaginary line from fort worth to corpus christi except for small , isolated populations .\nfor more information on this program and to learn how to conduct horned lizard surveys , contact the texas parks and wildlife department at 4200 smith school road , austin , tx , 78744 .\ntexas parks and wildlife has set up a program to help monitor the status of our state reptile . if you\u2019d like to help , check out their website : texas horned lizard watch .\npowell , g . , a . russell . 1983 . the diet of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in alberta and its relationship to sexual size dimorphism .\npopulations of the texas horned lizard have disappeared in east and central texas , and are decreasing in north texas as well . a decline and disappearance of them in oklahoma and new mexico has been noted . other species of horned lizards throughout the southwest are also in trouble including the san diego coast horned lizard and the flat - tailed horned lizard . the primary cause for population decline is the loss of habitat by agricultural and urban conversion . other causes also have lead to declining populations including overharvesting for the pet trade and curio trade and the invasion of exotic species , particularly exotic ants which the lizards can not survive on and outcompete their preferred ant .\ni saw the albino lizard again tonight . i am trying to understand the meaning you provided . thanks\nfolktale about the california indian hero lizard , compellingly narrated by the last survivor of the yana tribe .\nguyer , c . and a . d . linder . 1985b . thermal ecology and activity patterns of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi ) and the sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus graciosus ) in southeastern idaho ( usa ) . great basin naturalist 45 ( 4 ) : 607 - 614 .\ndr . scott henke , associate professor in the animal and wildlife science department at texas a & m university - kingsville , has been studying the disappearing horned lizard for the past six years .\nbut harvester ants are killed by pesticides and insecticides . so the fort worth zoo is doing what it can to improve the horned lizard population in texas by breeding and re - introducing them .\ntexas designated the texas horned lizard ( phrynosoma cornutum ) the official state reptile in 1993 ( texas adopted a second reptile symbol in 2013 ; an official state sea turtle ) . all state reptiles\nno information currently exists regarding the migration patterns of greater short - horned lizards in montana .\nthere are currently 13 species of horned lizards , three of which are found in texas .\nwhile the adult horned lizards were embraced the heat , more babies are waiting to hatch .\nthe texas horned lizard also called the horny toad or horned frog , is in decline in most of the state of texas except west texas , according to russell martin , a wildlife biologist with the texas parks and wildlife department . west texas is where there are large oil and gas exploration fields , and where the fight over the proposed endangered species listing of the dunes sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus arenicolus ) occurred over the last few years . that lizard was not put on the endangered species list .\nashton , k . g . and k . l . ashton . 1998 . phrynosoma douglasii ( short - horned lizard ) . reproduction . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 168 - 169 .\nmore recently , as the lizards\u2019 habitat has shrunk and as imported fire ants have supplanted their favored prey , the numbers of horned lizards have declined drastically . in many regions where the little creatures once abounded , they are no longer seen . in texas , two of the three native species , the texas horned lizard and the mountain short - horned lizard , are now designated as threatened . jane manaster has written this book for a general audience , but she discusses all aspects of the lizards\u2019 biology as well as the horned lizard\u2019s place in the culture of the west . most of all , she has written it to attract attention to this little animal that deserves our respect and protection .\ni recently saw an albino lizard for two days . can you tell me the significance of it ? thanks\nlizards are also used as clan animals in some native american cultures . tribes with lizard clans include the hopi ( whose lizard clan is named kuukutsngyam or kukuts - wungwa ) and the pueblo tribes of new mexico .\nthe broad , flattened body separates this lizard from the other three lizard species regularly documented in montana , and the range overlaps only with the common sagebrush lizard . the pygmy short - horned lizard has been reported from extreme southwestern montana , in the centennial valley , beaverhead county ( maxell et al . 2003 ) , but adults of this species are much smaller than greater short - horned lizards , the small horns on the back of the head project almost vertically rather than horizontally , and they lack the wide notch between the horns on the back of the head that gives the head of greater short - horned lizards a\nheart - shaped\nappearance when viewed from above ( st . john 2002 ) .\nsnakes , and some birds such as roadrunners , need to swallow their prey whole . that means they have to get their mouth around the entire body . a horned lizard will not make it easy .\nsherbrooke , w . c . and m . d . greenfield . 2002 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( short - horned lizard ) . defensive hiss . herpetological review 33 ( 3 ) : 208 - 209 .\nwhile many texans have fond memories of finding the texas horned lizard or ' horny toad ' in their backyard as they were growing up , population decline of the reptile has made that a rarity today .\ni found this horned lizard basking on a rock on a cool morning in the mohave desert . it only had two speeds - sit still and hide , and run away as fast as you can .\nnative americans have looked to the horned lizard as a symbol good health , strength and as a keeper of secrets . its image has appeared on pottery and petroglyphs as far back as 4000 years ago .\ndesert horned lizards have only 1 row of slightly enlarged scales on each side of the throat .\nhorned lizards leave for west , south texas : texas state historical association : the texas almanac .\nhorned lizards : by eric r . pianka and wendy l . hodges , university of texas .\nsherbrooke , w . c . and f . mendoza - quijano . 2001 . phrynosoma braconnieri ( short - tailed horned lizard ) . defensive behavior . herpetological review 36 ( 1 ) : 65 - 66 .\n\u0093a comparison of diets among age classes of coastal horned lizards suggests a diversity of ants is necessary to support lizard populations , \u0094 write suarez and case in their paper in the february issue of ecological applications .\nthat range includes areas from southwestern missouri and central kansas to throughout much of the southwest and mexico . as its name suggests , the texas horned lizard holds the lone star state as a favorite stomping ground .\ni like the idea of the shrewd lizard who can move between otherworlds easily . i think channeling the lizard can help us cut through some layers of rhe human thought pattern that are not necessary and get in the way .\ncollection of children ' s stories based on native american legends about the origins of the lizard and other animals .\nmoll , e . o . 2004 . patronyms of the pioneer west . ix . phrynosoma hernandesi ( girard , 1858 ) greater short - horned lizard . sonoran herpetologist 17 ( 6 ) : 58 - 61 .\npowell , g . l . 1982 . the eastern short - horned lizard in alberta : basic field ecology of northern marginal populations . unpublished m . s . thesis , university of calgary , calgary , alberta .\ni had a dream today that a huge lizard size of a komodo dragon but looks like a gecko ( indian lizard ) with 3 legs on each end and ut was crawling on opposite side of the wall and it had something in his mouth probably baby lizard or something . pls explain this . there are some changes happening in my life\nresearch by the texas parks and wildlife department on the chaparral wildlife management area , under the leadership of david synatske , have added to our knowledge of texas horned lizards ,\nhenke said . tpwd employees melisa montemayor and chip ruthven have been studying population dynamics and horned lizard movements for the past seven years .\nmost lizards scatter at the first sight of a human approaching , and horned ones are no exception .\ndesert horned lizards are covered with small granular scales interspersed with larger pointed scales on the dorsal surfaces .\nmontanucci , r . r . and b . e . baur . 1982 . mating and courtship - related behaviors of the short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi . copeia 1982 ( 4 ) : 971 - 974 .\nlizard is letting you know that it is time to take do an internal audit . are you being ruled by your\nand i too noticed that also another agama lizard is on my back inside the polo shirt i was wearing . as i approached the girl to touch her , she slipped away from me and left the bed entirely . i noticed the lizard on her back and also on mine , i immediately felt a hand on my back taking away the lizard .\nthe texas horned lizard can be distinguished from other species of horned lizards by the two very sharp spikes that protrude from the back of their head , two rows of fringed scales on their sides , dark brown to sooty - colored dorsal spots edged with lighter colors and a light - colored stripe down the middle of their back .\nthe horned lizard population is decreasing in north texas , so the fort worth zoo is partnering with the texas parks and wildlife department to breed and re - introduce them to nature . ( published tuesday , july 25 , 2017 )\nin addition to texas , the lizard can also be found in southwestern missouri , kansas , much of the southwestern united states and mexico . it is against the law in texas to kill the horned lizard or to collect it and keep it as a pet . while horned lizards are probably the coolest looking reptiles in north america , unless you have a steady supply of harvester ants ( these lizards eat thousands of ants everyday ) they are virtually impossible to keep .\nnew , e . r . 1991 . drilling in short - horned lizard country . abstract presented at the cade / caodc spring drilling conference , april 10 - 12 , 1991 . cade / caodc conference publications , calgary , ab .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1985 . field thermal ecology of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre ) in southeastern alberta . canadian journal of zoology 63 : 228 - 238 .\nhorned lizards , by jason glaser . 24 pages . publisher : capstone press ( january 1 , 2006 ) reading level : ages 6 + . an introduction to horned lizards including a description of their appearance and information on where they live , what they eat , how they produce young , and the dangers that horned lizards face .\nblainsville ' s horned lizards have 2 or 3 rows of enlarged pointed scales on each side of the throat .\nblainville ' s horned lizards have 2 or 3 rows of enlarged pointed scales on each side of the throat .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1993a . the range and status of the eastern short - horned lizard in the canadian prairies . provincial museum of alberta natural history occassional paper 19 : 279 - 290 .\npowell , g . l . , a . p . russell , and p . j . fargey . 1998 . the distribution of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma hernandesi in saskatchewan , canada . northwestern naturalist 79 : 19 - 26 .\ni dreamt of an indian lizard usually found in homes in india \u2026dreamt of it in the home where i used to live as a child but the dream had me , my daughter and husband where i was asking my husband to get rid of the lizard and he tried but he did not follow my instructions so the lizard climbs the ceiling and then when he tries to get rid the lizard stops in the air for . 5 seconds and then falls on the bed , i rush away from the bed with my dot and the lizard is trying to run away from us making way from beneath the quilts and finally i woke up . .\nhumans and horned lizards have shared each other ' s company for thousands of years . this relationship is recorded from anasazi , hohokam , mogollon , and mimbres cultures through their use of horned lizard images on pottery , petroglyphs , effigy bowls , figures , and shells . hopi , navajo , papago , pima , tarahumara and zuni cultures portray horned lizards in their ceremonies and stories as symbols of strength . piman people believe horned lizards can cure them of a staying sickness by appealing to the lizard ' s strength and showing their respect to the animal . they formulate a cure by singing at a patient ' s side songs describing the lizards and their behaviors . a horned lizard fetish may be placed on an afflicted person ' s body during the songs . native mexican people also respect horned lizards attributing the words ,\ndon ' t tread on me ! i am the color of the earth and i hold the world ; therefore walk carefully , that you do not tread on me .\na mexican common name for horned lizards is\ntorito de la virgen\nor the virgin ' s little bull . this name apparently was given to the lizards both because of their horns and because horned lizards are sacred to many people due to their blood squirting behaviors , otherwise considered weeping tears of blood .\nhammerson , g . a . and h . m . smith . 1991 . the correct spelling of the name of the short - horned lizard of north america . bulletin of the maryland herpetological society 27 ( 3 ) : 121 - 127 .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1992b . the staus of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii ) in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada , ottawa , on . 22pp .\npowell , g . l . , and a . p . russell . 1991 . distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre ) in alberta , canada . northwestern naturalist . 72 ( 1 ) : 21 - 26 .\nthere does not appear to be any one single reason for their statewide decline ,\nhe said .\nmost likely , it is a combination of these factors that is causing the decline in the population of the texas horned lizard .\na horned lizard will lap up its food with the tip of its sticky tongue . it does not chew the ants . instead , before swallowing , it wraps the ants in strands of thick mucus secreted by special cells at the back of its throat . this protects the lizard from the ants ' stings , allowing them to exploit a resource that most animals can ' t .\nhorned lizards are found throughout the sonoran desert region from near sea level up to 11 , 300 feet ( 3440 m ) . some species are widespread , such as the round - tailed and texas horned lizards which occur in several u . s . and mexican states , while the flat - tailed horned lizard ( p . mcalli ) is restricted to southwestern arizona , extreme southeastern california , a small part of northeastern baja california and the upper neck of northwestern sonora , mexico .\nthe diet of some horned lizards consists of specific insects , while other species are more catholic in their tastes . not only does p . solare prefer ants , it has a strong preference for harvester ants , which may make up to 90 percent of its diet . as diets go , ants are low return items because so much of their body consists of indigestible chitin . thus , the regal horned lizard must eat a great number of ants to meet its nutritional needs . this diet requires space , which is why the stomach of the regal horned lizard may represent up to 13 percent of its body mass .\nthis one just hatched out yesterday ,\nbarber said , holding a tiny lizard that barely covered the end of her finger .\njay snow took this series ( left to right , top to bottom ) of a red racer trying to eat a live southern desert horned lizard over a period of 44 minutes . the snake failed to swallow the lizard and crawled away . in the last picture you can see that the lizard lay prone for several minutes after the coachwhip left then took up to 15 minutes to clean the saliva off its face before slowly walking away , no doubt thankful for the row of horns behind its head . \u00a9 jay snow\nthe coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) , which is found in coastal and cismontane california , crosses to the east side of the baja peninsula , actually making contact with the desert horned lizard in the vicinity of bah\u00eda de los angeles . the two live sympatrically for a distance along the east coast . as the coastal form has taken over the balance of the peninsula , it could also be considered a desert form since it does live in the deserts of baja right down to cabo san lucas .\nsherbrooke , w . c . , e . r . brown , and j . l . brown . 2002 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( short - horned lizard ) . successful open - mouthed threat defense . herpetological review 33 ( 3 ) : 208 .\nwe hope that the efforts generated by concerned citizens and state and private organizations will stop the decline of the texas horned lizard and young texans will again know the excitement of finding a ' horny toad ' in their backyards ,\nhenke said .\nchandler , j . d . 1965 . horned toad record . the blue jay 23 ( 2 ) : 92 .\n- sherbrooke , wade c .\nintroduction to horned lizards of north america .\ncalifornia natural history guides , 2003\nyou can download a printable pdf with 8 different species of horned lizards found in the u . s . here .\nphotos above used by permission of wade sherbrooke from his book ,\nintroduction to horned lizards of north america\n.\nonly a horned frog , it seems , can revel in a symbol that fits in the palm of your hand .\nthe short - horned lizard is a small lizard species that lives in north america , in saskatchewan and alberta canada , through montana , utah , colorado , arizona , new mexico and into mexico through northeastern sonora , chihuahua , and durango . the creature is best known for having one of the weirdest defensive mechanisms out there , and that is the ability to shoot blood from its eyes !\nto the uninitiated , their dragon - like appearance is quite formidable . the squat form and head armor has given rise to the name\nhorny toad ,\nhorned toad\nand\nhorned lizards .\nhowever , since there is a true toad with horns , it is best that we speak of this genus as the\nhorned lizards .\nhabitat destruction and ant destruction have placed several species of horned lizards in danger . after all , the first thing people do when they move into the desert is kill the pesky ants , thereby depriving horned lizards of their only dependable diet .\nnevertheless , the coyote spots it . the predator pounces and holds the lizard down . then it gingerly nibbles \u2013 and immediately regrets it .\ni had a dream about a lizard last night , and in my dream , i heard someone say that the lizard\u2019s pituitary gland needed to be cut out . craziest dream ever . no clue as to what it may mean , but i clearly remember seeing this lizard , it having a so called \u201csurgery , \u201d and it struggling afterwards but coming through . anyone have an idea as to what it may mean ?\ni have been meditating or journeying for about 2 years now but in the past 6 months i have been seeing lizards , first was a komono dragon , and i could find information on him , but then i saw a black lizard with yellow spots , again i went in search of info and found general info on lizards . but yesterday i saw a horned lizard . i am wondering should i accept the information on all of these as one or is there specific knowledge to each type of lizard ? i am not able to find much on the horned lizard and find my self seeking the answer perhaps it is just not time to understand his meaning but if you have any thing that coould halp me on the diferent species of lizards i would really apreciate it . thank you in advance !\nfort worth zoo ' s diane barber talks about the zoo ' s breeding and re - introduction program for horned lizards .\nblainsville ' s horned lizards have 2 rows of pointed fringe scales on the lower part of each side of the body .\nblainville ' s horned lizards have 2 rows of pointed fringe scales on the lower part of each side of the body .\nup to 10 species of horned lizards occur in the sonoran desert region , from the 2\u00be inch ( 69 mm ) long round - tailed horned lizard ( p . modestum ) to the 5 inch ( 127 mm ) long texas horned lizard ( p . cornutum ) . with squat , flat , toad - like bodies ( phrynosoma means \u201ctoad - body\u201d ) and thorn - like projections at the rear of their heads , horned lizards are easily distinguished from other lizards . the projections differ in size and arrangement from one species to another . along the sides of the body , fringe - like scales occur in one row , two parallel rows , or they may be absent . males have enlarged post - anal scales , and during the breeding season , a swollen tail base .\nhorned lizards in lava rock habitat tend to have dark coloring to match the dark soil , as you can see on this adult from san bernardino county . ( both are the same lizard ; the picture on the right was taken with flash . ) \u00a9 filip tkaczyk\na stream of nasty - tasting blood squirts from the lizard ' s eyes , straight into the coyote ' s mouth . the coyote steps back , shaking its head from side to side in disgust . it retreats , wiping its muzzle , while the uninjured lizard skitters away to safety .\nhowever , rattlesnakes don ' t chase . they wait for prey to come to them before biting , injecting venom and swallowing . so when a horned lizard encounters a rattlesnake , it runs for its life , safe in the knowledge that the snake will probably not follow .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1985 . growth and sexual size dimorphism in alberta ( canada ) populations of the eastern short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre . canadian journal of zoology 63 ( 1 ) : 139 - 154 .\nhorned lizards are the most fearsome - looking and distinctive by virtue of the pointed , protruding\nhorns\nabove their eyes .\nalmost everything will try to eat horned lizards , from coyotes to carnivorous mice . in response they have evolved an arsenal of defences\nview image of round - tailed horned lizards ( p . modestum ) hide among rocks ( credit : daniel heuclin / npl )\nnero , r . w . 1957 . records of the horned toad in saskatchewan . blue jay 15 : 119 - 120 .\nthe caesar kleberg wildlife research institute recently published a management bulletin by henke and william scott fair entitled management of texas horned lizards .\nbehind the scenes at the fort worth zoo , and inside the texas native reptile center , they are focused on horned lizards .\nlegislation exists in most states to protect horned lizards from capture and sale into the pet trade . one obstacle to continued success that\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1984 . the diet of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre ) in alberta and its relationship to sexual size dimorphism . canadian journal of zoology 62 ( 3 ) : 428 - 440 .\nthese are lizards . a lot of people call them horny toads here in texas . but they are indeed a lizard ,\nbarber said .\nhornbeck , g . e . and j . e . green . 1990 . a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m . delta environmental management group ltd . calgary , ab . 27pp .\nthe bulletin discusses what is currently known about the texas horned lizard and what steps can be taken to help restore this threatened species ,\nhenke said .\nhopefully , by publishing this information , we can create more awareness and get texans interested in helping this unique reptile .\ni once had a dream i was alone in the desert wearing a white robe and i swallowed a live lizard whole . does anyone have any insight ?\nmost species of horned lizards lay eggs between may and august , with clutches ranging from 3 to 45 depending on species . even with such high numbers of eggs only around 2 from each clutch will reach sexual maturity . the short - horned lizard bears live young . this is considered an adaptation to living at higher elevations , where eggs may be at risk due to low temperatures , and egg development might be slowed considerably .\npygmy short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglasii ) the pygmy short - horned lizard is found in the pacific northwest from northern california through oregon and washington to british columbia , canada , and east through southeastern idaho . the species occurs in forest habitats and open plains with sagebrush at elevations from about 400 to 8 , 000 feet . phrynosoma douglasii can be distinguished from other horned lizards by its small adult size of only 2 - 3 inches , one rowof abdominal fringe scales , and head spines that are very short and reduced with a deep notch between them . their back scales are irregular in size and distribution and set in a rosette of smaller , keeled scaleswhile scales on their ventral ( belly ) side are smooth .\nhorned lizards are a rather fecund group , and lay or give birth to many offspring compared to other lizards . the median clutch size for\nhornbeck , g . e . and j . e . green . 1991 . year two of a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m . delta environmental management group ltd . calgary , ab . 17pp .\n. i tamed 3 identical rare moths and another group of 3 i found had a rare lizard and snake so i was able to get both of them .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1992a . a preliminary survey of the distribution and abundance of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in alberta . a report submitted to the recreation , parks , and wildlife foundation , edmonton , alberta . 135pp .\ngreater short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) the greater short - horned lizard is a wide - ranging species ; it occurs from southern alberta and saskatchewan , canada , through montana , wyoming , utah , colorado , arizona , new mexico , texas , then through northeastern sonora , chihuahua , and durango , mexico . the species lives in short - grass communities of the northern great plains , in sagebrush and greasewood of the great basin , and on mountain hillsides and valleys with pine , juniper , aspen , and coniferous forests throughout its range . the species is found between 2 , 000 and 10 , 400 feet in elevation . phrynosoma hernandesi can be distinguished from other horned lizard species by the following : one rowof abdominal fringe scales , reduced central horns separated by a deep notch and slightly longer side horns , back scales are arranged in 6 - 8 rows . this species is the wyoming state reptile ."]}
{"id": 1296, "summary": [{"text": "agriades pyrenaicus , the gavarnie blue , is a palearctic butterfly of the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the asturias mountains of north-western spain , the pyrenees , the southern balkan peninsula , turkey , the caucasus and armenia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the habitat consists of alpine grassy rocky meadows where it is found at altitudes ranging from 1,500 to 2,200 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 22 \u2013 28 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on androsace species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "agriades pyrenaicus", "paragraphs": ["agriades pyrenaicus ergane ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nagriades pyrenaicus kudrnai ko\u00e7ak , 1980 ; nota lepid . 2 ( 4 ) : 142 ( repl . lycaena orbitulus rebeli tuleschkov , 1932 )\ncomparative notes on certain west - palearctic species of agriades , with description of a new subspecies of a . pyrenaicus from turkey ( lycaenidae )\nagriades pyrenaicus erzurumensis eckweiler & hesselbarth , 1978 ; nachrbl . bayer . ent . 27 ( 4 ) : 65 ; tl : turkey , erzurum\nhabitat : polyommatus pyrenaicus mostly inhabits rocky nutrient - poor meadows and pastures on shallow ground in the mountains .\nagriades pyrenaicus ( boisduval , 1840 ) from n . greece and notes on apatura metis ( freyer [ 1829 ] ) from n . e . greece ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae , nymphalidae )\nagriades pyrenaicus ; [ h & r ; ] , 290 ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 1 ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nremarks : polyommatus pyrenaicus occurs in nw - spain and the pyrenees . it also occurs in the ukraine and parts of s - russia . a very closely related taxon ( p . dardanus ) occurs locally in the balkans and more widespread in asia minor . this taxon is most probably only a subspecies of polyommatus pyrenaicus .\nagriades glandon wosnesenskii ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nagriades pheretiades lara ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades pheretiades sveta ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades orbitulus pheretes ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades orbitulus pheretimus ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades orbitulus sajana ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nextremely local in the southern balkans . discussion about the status of this taxon as a full species or a subspecies of the gavarnie blue , a . pyrenaicus dardanus , is still not concluded .\n= agriades glandon wosnesenskii ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\n= agriades glandon diodorus ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nagriades diodorus ; [ bru2 ] : 184 , pl . 74 , f . 46 - 48\nplebejus ( agriades ) podarce podarce ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) podarce cilla ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) podarce klamathensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon franklinii ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon rusticus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) gladon megalo ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon bryanti ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon lacustris ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nagriades glandon centrohelvetica rezbanyai - reser , 1981 ; ent . berchte luzern 6 : ( 99 - 100 )\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon punctatus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon cassiope ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon kelsoni ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebjus ( agriades ) glandon labrador ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nalbopraemargine ( verity , 1946 ) ( agriades ) ; le farfalle diurn . d ' italia 2 : 224\nmagnaglandon ( verity , 1947 ) ( agriades ) ; rev . fran\u00e7 . l\u00e9pid . suppl . : 134\n? agriades aquilo ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 44\nagriades pheretiades tekessana ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades pheretiades micra ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades pheretiades pheretiades ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades pheretiades pseudomicrus ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\n= plebejus ( agriades ) ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269 ; [ fe ]\nagriades pheretiades ishkashimensis charmeux & desse , 2011 ; bull . l\u00e9p . parisiens 20 ( 48 ) : ( 7 - 13 )\ndeux nouveaux polyommatini du tadjikistan : turanana laspura panjensis ssp . nova et agriades pheretiades ishkashimensis ssp . nova ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae )\nagriades pheretiades pheres ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades ( group ellisi ) kurtjohnsoni b\u00e1lint , 1997 ; [ nen40 ] : 47 , 17 ; tl : nepal , jargeng khola , 14 . 000ft\nagriades pheretiades ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nagriades pheretiades forsteri sakai , 1978 ; atalanta 9 ( 1 ) : 111 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : afghanistan , paghman mts . , 3300 - 3800m\nagriades glandon labrador schmidt , scott & kondla , 2006 ; papilio ( n . s . ) 12 : 269 ; tl : smokey mtn , labrador city , labrador , canada\nagriades janigena ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note ) ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nagriades podarce klamathensis emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 291 ; tl : california , humboldt co . , waterdog lake , north trinity mountain\nagriades cassiope emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 287 ; tl : california , el dorado co . , sierra nevada , lake tahoe region\nagriades rusticus punctatus austin , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 45 ) : 561 ; tl : arizona , apache co . , white mtns , below greens peak , forest rd 117\nagriades cassiope kelsoni emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 289 ; tl : california , siskiyou co . , trinity alps , se above caribou lake , 7000 - 7100 '\nagriades podarce ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 44 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 8 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nagriades glandon ; [ baru , # 388 ] ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 1 ( text only ) ; [ h & r ; ] , 286 ; [ nhm card ] ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nmy comment yesterday was a general comment , few days before i had read of an\nendemic\nsubspecies of agriades pyrenaicus in russia , lol . it ' s a very widespread species . anyway , now i looked at my books and the situation looks very complicated and i am not really happy about the taxonomic situation on these guys atm . so oxleyi is only found in south island and is having a hard time now since otis / labradus is introduced ? sorry for the confusion here , but some people say zizina labradus otis , and others apparently zizina otis labradus . . . if this competition by the other taxon is happening , it would be crucial to know if they only compete for resources or also do interbreed in a viable , or non viable manner . in the former case it would be good to call them zizina otis oxleyi , in the latter case zizina oxleyi . even without the latter , it might be good to call them zizina oxleyi ( which many people do at the moment ) based on other clear separations . very interesting case , i will look further into it . thank you dunc for sharing .\nlycaena podarce c . & r . felder , [ 1865 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 2 ) : 282 , pl . 35 , f . 22 - 23 ; tl : calidornia\n= plebejus podarce podarce ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nlycaena cilla behr , 1867 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . 3 ( 4 ) : 281 ; tl : california\nlarva on androsace , soldanella [ h & r ; ] , saxifraga bronchialis , s . spinulosa , s . oppositifolia , androsace bungeana , a . septentrionalis , astragalus alpinus , diapensia , vaccinium [ baru ]\nargus aquilo boisduval , 1832 ; icon . hist . l\u00e9pid . europe 1 ( 7 - 8 ) : 62 , ( 5 - 6 ) pl . 12 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : north cape\nlarva on astragalus [ sprk ] , ( n . europe ) astragalus alpinus , ( yakutia , for wosnesenskii ? ) saxifraga bronchialis , s . spinulosa [ bru2 ] , 184\n= plebejus glandon franklinii ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nlycaena rustica edwards , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 4 : 203 ; tl : pikes peak\nlycaena orbitulus aquilina staudinger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 81 ; tl : norway\nplebeius aquilo megalo mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 161 ; tl : mt mclean , lillooet , b . c .\n= plebejus glandon bryanti ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nplebeius aquilo var . lacustris freeman , 1939 ; can . ent . 71 : 180 ; tl : norway house , manitoba\nlycaena diodorus bremer , 1861 ; bull . acad . imp . sci . st . petersb . 3 : 471 ; tl : [ lake baikal , russia ]\npolyommatus ellisi marshall , 1882 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 51 pt . ii ( 2 - 3 ) : 41 , pl . 4 , f . 4\nlycaena dis errans riley , 1927 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 75 : 128 ; tl : tibet , phari , 14000\nlycaena janigena riley , 1923 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 ( 3 - 4 ) : 475 , pl . 36 , f . 4 - 5 ; tl : tibet , nyenyam , 13000ft\nlycaena morsheadi evans , 1923 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 478 ; tl : tibet , tazeng , 15500ft\nlycaena aegagrus christoph , 1873 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 10 ( 1 ) : 24 , f . 3 - 4\n600x800 ( ~ 75kb ) underside male an alpine meadow on the right bank terrace of the fourth tributary of the sargir river ( the usek river basin ) , altitude 3200 m , 47 km nen of zharkent , 21 km nen of village sarybel ' , the mountain massif tyshkantau , the southern dzhungarian alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , zharkent district , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 27th of july 1994 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n458x450 ( ~ 50kb ) underside male an alpine meadow on the right bank terrace of the fourth tributary of the sargir river ( the usek river basin ) , altitude 3200 m , 47 km nen of zharkent , 21 km nen of village sarybel ' , the mountain massif tyshkantau , the southern dzhungarian alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , zharkent district , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 27th of july 1994 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nghissar , darvaz , alai , w . tian - shan , n . tian - shan\nlycaena pheretiades var . tekessana alph\u00e9raky , 1897 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 9 : 234 ; tl :\nfleuve t\u00e9kesse , dans le thian - chan\nlycaena pheretiades var . micra avinoff , 1910 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 39 : 244 , pl . 14 , f . 19\nlycaena andarabi forster , 1937 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 27 ( 2 ) : 61\nlycaena orbitulus walli evans , 1912 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 ( 2 ) : 558 , ( 3 ) : 983 ; tl : chitral , kashmir\npolyommatus pheretiades ( pheretiades ) pseudomicrus tshikolovets , 1997 ; the butterflies of pamir : 156 , pl . 34 - 35 , f . 21 - 25\npheretiades lara churkin & zhdanko , 2001 ; tethys ent . res . 3 : 152 ; tl : kyrghyzstan , west tien - shan , chatkal mts , chapchama pass\npheretiades sveta churkin & zhdanko , 2001 ; tethys ent . res . 3 : 152 ; tl : n . tien - shan , zailyisky alatau , kaskelen r . , 3300 - 3500m\nlycaena orbitulus pyrenaica boisduval , 1840 ; genera index eur . lepid . : 11 ; tl : pyrenees\nc . asia ( mountains ) , c . himalayas . see [ maps ]\nlycaena dis grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 453 ; tl : amdo\nlycaena luana evans , 1915 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 3 ) : 544 ; tl : s . e . tibet , lu , 15000ft\nxinjiangia kumukuleensis huang & murayama , 1988 ; nature & insects 23 ( 12 ) : 28 ; tl : altun mts . ( e kunlun )\nlycaena pheretes arcaseia fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : kambajong , tibet\nlycaena pheretes asiatica elwes , 1882 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1882 ( 4 ) : 402 ; tl : chumbi , high alpine sikkim\npolyommatus lehanus moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : ladak , leh ( 11538ft )\nlycaena pheretes pharis fawcett , 1904 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1904 2 ( 1 ) : 138 , pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : khamba jong , 15000ft , thibet\nalbulina shahidulla yoshino , 2003 ; futao ( 43 ) : 7 , f . 9 , 13 , 35 ; tl : w kunlun mts . , near shahidulla 4500m , sw xinjian , china\nlycaena pheretes armathea fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : chotan meridionalis\nalbulina armathea ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note )\nlycaena pheretes artenita fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : yarkend , mus - tag - ata\nalbulina artenita ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note )\nalps , s . norway , s . siberia ( mountains ) , mongolia , c . china , n . ural ( burmantovo ) , s . ural , . see [ maps ]\n668x945 ( ~ 156kb ) upperside male se . j\u00e4 . \u00e5re , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo \u00a9 sami haapala\n600x848 ( ~ 120kb ) upperside female se . j\u00e4 . \u00e5re , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo \u00a9 sami haapala\n700x1001 ( ~ 117kb ) underside male se . j\u00e4 . \u00e5re , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo \u00a9 sami haapala\n1300x962 ( ~ 143kb ) underside female china , qinghai prov . , caka nuo vill ( 3500m ) , 19 . 7 . 2010 , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n1300x1199 ( ~ 261kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov . , caka nuo vill ( 3500m ) , 19 . 7 . 2010 , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n= albulina orbitulus orbitulus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 ( aberration )\npolyommatus ( albulina ) orbitulus var . luxurians forster , 1940 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 30 : 880 ; tl : n . yunnan , likiang\nalbulina orbitulus luxurians ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nalbulina orbitulus lobbichleri forster , 1961 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . m\u00fcnch . 6 : 148\nalbulina orbitulus lobbichleri ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 72\nlycaena pheretes tatsienluica oberth\u00fcr , 1910 ; \u00e8tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 4 : 298 , pl . 41 , f . 300 ; tl : yunnan and tibet\nalbulina orbitulus tatsienluica ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nlycaena pheretes major evans , 1915 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 3 ) : 544 ; tl : tibet , nyuksang , 9500ft\nalbulina orbitulus major ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nnw . china ( kentei mts ) , transbaikalia , amur , ne . china\nlycaena pheretes var . pheretimus staudinger , 1892 ; dt . ent . z . iris 5 ( 2 ) : 317 ; tl : kentei\n528x744 ( ~ 75kb ) underside male an open pine forest on the hill just north of the chita sity , transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 28th june 1996 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\norbitulus sajana ( r\u00fchl , 1895 ) ( lycaena ) ; in heyne , palaearkt . grossschmett . 1 : 757\n533x400 ( ~ 46kb ) underside male a montane tundra in a cirque in the sources of the argem ( direntai ) river , 2500 m above sea level , the eastern spurs of the katunskiy mountain range , kosh - agach district , central altai mts . , west siberia , russia . 19th july , 1988 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1350x1212 ( ~ 255kb ) upperside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n918x1224 ( ~ 222kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n581x717 ( ~ 120kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n527x698 ( ~ 106kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npolyommatus ( albulina ) orbitulus tyrone forster , 1940 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 30 : 881 ; tl : kansu\nalbulina orbitulus tyrone ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nalbulina orbitula shanxiensis ; [ mrs ] , 686 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nlarva on allium sp . , ( [ really ? ] ) [ mrs ]\nalbulina orbitulus tibetana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nalbulina orbitulus qinlingensis ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nalbulina orbitulus demulaensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - right , pl . 9 , f . 69 ; tl : demula , chayu area tibet\nalbulina orbitulus dongdalaensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - left , pl . 9 , f . 66 ; tl : dangdala , e of zuogong , e . tibet\nalbulina orbitulus litangensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 75 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - right , pl . 9 , f . 68 ; tl : litang , w . sichuan\nvacciniina optilete f . basireducta lempke , 1955 ; tijdschr . ent . 98 : 307\n600x742 ( ~ 56kb ) upperside female finland : ab : suomusj\u00e4rvi , 669 : 31 , 13 . 7 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n567x500 ( ~ 43kb ) underside female finland : ab : suomusj\u00e4rvi , 669 : 31 , 13 . 7 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n600x467 ( ~ 34kb ) upperside male finland : li : utsjoki ailigas , 775 : 50 , 14 . 7 . 1998 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n540x645 ( ~ 33kb ) underside finland : li : utsjoki ailigas , 775 : 50 , 14 . 7 . 1998 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n669x953 ( ~ 242kb ) underside male the aldan river right bank 1 km w of tommot town , aldan ulus , sakha republic - yakutia , e siberia , russia . 25th june 2002 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\ncarpathians , ceu , n . tian - shan , dzhungarsky alatau , w . siberia , s . urals\nvacciniina medea hemming , 1934 ; stylops 3 : 98 ( repl . lycaena uralensis seitz , [ 1909 ] )\nvacciniina optilete optilete ; [ bru2 ] , 180 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\n= vacciniina optilete sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nvacciniina optilete sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; [ baru , ( note ) ] ; [ bru2 ] , 181 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\n400x300 ( ~ 16kb ) underside female a mossy larch ( larix gmelinii ( rupr . ) rupr . ) taiga at the village akotuy , the junction of the mountain ranges uryumkanskii and kukul ' bei , aleksandrovskozavodskoi district , e chita province , e transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 23rd july 1997 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n611x616 ( ~ 96kb ) underside a very slight tundrous ridge surrounded with peat - moss marches few km of the western coast of the southernmost kamchatka at the abandoned settlement bol ' sheretsk . 6th august 1992 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlycaena yukona holland , 1900 ; ent . news 11 : 416 ; tl : alaska\nplebejus ( albulina ) optilete yukona ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\n= vacciniina optilete sachalinensis ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nnemoptilete ( bryk , 1942 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 56 : 19\noptilete kingana ( matsumura , 1939 ) ( lycaena ) ; bull . biogeogr . soc . japan 9 ( 20 ) : 357\nbavarica ( h\u00f6rhammer , 1925 ) ( lycaena ) ; schmett . s\u00fcdbayerns 1 : 146\nlatiorina glandon dealbata verity , 1926 ; ent . rec . j . var . 38 : 105\nlycaena orbitulus subv . oberthuri staudinger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 81\nlycaena ? leela de nic\u00e9ville , [ 1884 ] ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 52 pt . ii ( 2 / 4 ) : 66 , pl . 1 , f . 3 \u2642 , 3a \u2640 ; tl : ladak\nlycaena pheretes f . caeca courvoisier , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 20 ) : 107\nelunata ( nordstr\u00f6m , 1935 ) ( lycaena ) ; ark . zool . 27 a ( 7 ) : 33\nlycaena optilete f . uralensis courvoisier , 1910 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 19 ) : 100\nlycaena optilete f . uralensis ; courvoisier , 1911 , dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 9 ) : 104\nlycaena empyrea gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 17 , f . 2a - c ( kind . )\nlycaena orbitulus var . aquila gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 18 , f . 4a - c\nlycaena atys gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 19 , f . 3a - d\nlatimargo ( ebert , 1926 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 35\npseudoborealis ( ebert , 1926 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 35\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nerg\u00e4nzende bemerkungen zu higgins & riley\na field guide to the butterflies of britain and europe\n, nebst beschreibung der lycaena pyrenaica latedisjuncta n . subsp .\nicones historique des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux ou peu connus . collection , avec figures colorit\u00e9es , des papillons d ' europe nouvellement d\u00e9couverts ; ouvrage formant le compl\u00e9ment de tous les auteurs iconographes\ndescriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera , found within the limits of the united states and british america . no . 4\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1\na list of butterflies caught by capt . f . m . bailey in s . e . thibet during 1913\na list of butterflies caught by major h . t . morshead during the mount everest expedition 1921\non some new and little - known butterflies , mainly from high elevations in the n . e . himalayas\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 65 - 80 )\nversuch einer monographie der europ\u00e4ischen schmetteringsarten : thecla , polyomattus [ sic ] , lycaena , nemeobius . als beitrag zur schmetterlingskunde\nalphabetisches verzeichniss zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s abbildungen der papilionen mit den beigef\u00fcgten vorz\u00fcglichsten synonymen\nreport of h . huang ' s 2000 expedition to se . tibet for rhopalocera\na new lycaenid butterfly from mt . altin of kunlun range from xinjiang prov .\n[ a catalogue of butterflies ( lepidoptera : papilioformes ) of the former ussr . second edition , reformatted and updated ] ( in russian )\nthe butterflies from jehol ( nekka ) manchoukuo , collected by marqis y . yamashina\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\na natural history of the british lepidoptera . a text - book for students and collectors\nz\u00fcllich , 1928 lycaena nevadensis n . sp . zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 73 - 75 , pl . 5\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na discrete butterfly , found locally in the asturias mts of nw spain and the pyrenees .\nwith which it may fly in the pyrenees . the current species has bold black submarginal spots on the underside forewing and none on the hindwing .\nonly from nw spain and the pyrenees in spain and france at alpine levels ( 1500 - 2200m ) . it flies in june and july .\nalpine grassy rocky meadows . males take water and salts during hot weather , often at quite some distance from where females can be found . mating occurs in the early afternoon .\ntwo subspecies are generally recognised . from the asturias mts of nw spain , the blue colour of\nis brighter and silvery and the females often have white markings on the upperside . in the pyrenees ,\nmales are a more powdery blue and the females , apart from the cell spot , generally lack any upperside markings .\nthe underside forewing spots are bold . it lacks the black chevrons in the hindwing margin area .\nin 2004 it was extremely satisfying to discover a thriving colony of this rare and extremely local butterfly in bulgaria . we probably saw 30 or 40 individuals in the very tiny area they were flying over .\nfrom a limited number of mountains in the southern balkans from north greece , south bulgaria , fyrom , bosnia where it is very local . flies in july .\nour bulgarian colony was on a small rocky ridge with a great variety of plants and sparse grasses at roughly 1900m . it was my father who found them - we had both spent an hour wandering fruitlessly across similar looking areas nearby without finding a single specimen .\nit is a very small and inconspicuous butterfly . it flies low over the ground stopping frequently on rocks or to take nectar from low plants .\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of butterflies and moths from around the world , or upload your own . to search by species , use the species guide ( change\nioc\nto\nbutterflies & moths\nbefore searching by taxon ) .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ntaxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , so no longer in use .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlife cycle : the butterflies occur between june and august . the males often aggregate on wet spots . the larva hibernates .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\ncome on guys , subspecies are not endemics of a country or place . nice selection of l . boldenarum . i am still wondering if i should take off some months in 2017 to further study this species .\nare you sure about that . countries can have endemic subspecies - meaning those subspecies are only found in that country .\nanother term for a species that is endemic is precinctive , which applies to species ( and subspecific categories ) that are restricted to a defined geographical area .\nfrom wikipedia ."]}
{"id": 1308, "summary": [{"text": "the saddleback darter ( percina vigil ) is a freshwater fish native to the eastern united states .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this darter species is widespread , occurring from the escambia river drainage west to the mississippi river basin and as far north as the wabash river historically .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "some populations have been reported in the tennessee river drainage .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the saddleback darter is aptly named as it has 5 saddle-like patterns on its dorsum , with the first occurring near the first dorsal fin and the fifth near the caudal penduncle .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "adults can attain a maximum size of about 3 inches or 7.8 centimeters .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the saddleback darter typically occurs over sand and gravel runs of creeks and small to medium-sized rivers and is sometimes found in very shallow water .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this darter 's diet consists of invertebrates such as caddisfly larvae , beetles , mayflies , and stoneflies .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the saddleback darter deposits eggs over sand and gravel shoals during the spring .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "this species has an average lifespan between 2 and 3 years . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "saddleback darter", "paragraphs": ["1 saddleback darter in alabama distribution : percina vigil occurs from lake pontchartrain east to the escambia . . . percina vigil is fairly widespread and often abundant in the conecuh river and . . . www . outdooralabama . more\ncharacteristics : the saddleback darter has eyes set more on top of the head and less pigmentation than other members of imostoma . it has separate to slightly connected gill membranes , a narrow frenum , and an elongate anal fin on breeding males . more\nsaddleback college offers a new course in new product development to students and ties it to the concept of creating , innovation , and the ccc makers space .\nformerly included in p . uranidea . ioa vigil was regarded as a senior synonym of p . ouachitae by suttkus ( 1985 ) . the 1991 afs checklist ( robins et al . 1991 ) followed suttkus and changed the name of p . ouachitae to p . vigil . page and burr ( 1991 ) evidently followed page ( 1983 ) , who included i . vigil in p . shumardi , and continued to use the name p . ouachitae for the saddleback darter .\ni am currently in the new product development course at saddleback college . let along learning the theory of product design in class , i personally enjoyed the field trips to manufacturing and design companies . seeing how new products are designed and made , i am very excited hearing about the new saddleback college maker space . the new product development course could have been better had we had the opportunity to develop prototypes of the ideas created in class . can\u2019t wait to see the maker space .\nlearning the techniques to make a product come to life is a great skill to have . but actually building the products we come up with is even better . we need both the knowledge of the business world as well as the skills needed to create the product . the maker space idea would be perfect for learning both of these skills . this is also an opportunity to bring the most creative minds at saddleback together to experiment with actual product development . the business world is always expanding and this is an amazing opportunity for saddleback students to get a head of everyone else .\ni started at saddleback as an accounting major with an interest in all branches of business . after taking dr . fredrickson\u2019s product innovative class , i became very interested in the practical skills and experiences needed to create and design new products and how i can use my accounting and management skills to better understand the entrepreneurship and business processes . this new maker space will be the perfect bridge from the management aspect to the actual creating and manufacturing process .\nmy father is a mechanical engineer for boeing and i am interested in following in his footsteps as a new product entrepreneur . i want to learn the theory as well as practical skills to create new and innovative products . i am really looking forward to having a great learning experience in the new entrepreneurship and innovation makerspace currently being designed at saddleback college . this maker space will give me and other students more of a real world experience so that we will be better able to transition to work in the business field .\ndata on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . though larvae of some species may drift with the current , turner ( 2001 ) found no significant relationship between a larval transport index and gene flow among several different darter species . separation distances are arbitrary but reflect the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 10 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied generally represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , and lack of major threats . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable , or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a ( reduction in population size ) .\ngulf slope from escambia river drainage , alabama and florida , west to mississippi river , louisiana ; mississippi river basin from southwestern indiana ( formerly ) and southeastern missouri to louisiana ; mostly confined to coastal plain ; apparently extirpated in green river , kentucky , and in wabash river system , indiana - illinois ; common but somewhat localized ( page and burr 1991 ) .\nthis species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations . total adult population size is unknown but relatively large . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable or slowly declining .\ncreeks and small to medium rivers in areas of moderate current over sand and gravel or gravel and rubble substrates , often at foot of chute or riffle or near snags or logjams ; sometimes in very shallow water ( kuehne and barbour 1983 , page and burr 1991 ) . larvae may drift downstream from spawning areas to quiet backwaters ( heins and baker 1989 ) .\nlocalized threats may exist , but on a range - wide scale no major threats are known .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlouisiana department of wildlife and fisheries po box 98000 2000 quail drive baton rouge , la 70898 800 . 256 . 2749 225 . 765 . 2800\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ntrend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable or slowly declining .\nupper conecuh ( 03140301 ) , sepulga ( 03140303 ) , lower conecuh ( 03140304 ) , escambia ( 03140305 ) + , lower tallapoosa ( 03150110 ) , upper alabama ( 03150201 ) , cahaba ( 03150202 ) , middle alabama ( 03150203 ) , lower alabama ( 03150204 ) , upper tombigbee ( 03160101 ) , buttahatchee ( 03160103 ) , luxapallila ( 03160105 ) , middle tombigbee - lubbub ( 03160106 ) , sipsey ( 03160107 ) , lower black warrior ( 03160113 ) , middle tombigbee - chickasaw ( 03160201 ) , sucarnoochee ( 03160202 ) , lower tambigbee ( 03160203 ) , chunky - okatibbee ( 03170001 ) , upper chickasawhay ( 03170002 ) , lower chickasawhay ( 03170003 ) , upper leaf ( 03170004 ) , lower leaf ( 03170005 ) , pascagoula ( 03170006 ) , black ( 03170007 ) , upper pearl ( 03180001 ) , middle pearl - strong ( 03180002 ) , middle pearl - silver ( 03180003 ) , lower pearl . mississippi ( 03180004 ) , bogue chitto ( 03180005 )\nlower mississippi - memphis ( 08010100 ) , bayou de chien - mayfield ( 08010201 ) , upper hatchie ( 08010207 ) , lower hatchie ( 08010208 ) , lower st . francis ( 08020203 ) * , upper ouachita ( 08040102 ) , little missouri ( 08040103 ) , lower ouachita - smackover ( 08040201 ) , lower ouachita - bayou de loutre ( 08040202 ) , upper saline ( 08040203 ) , bayou d ' arbonne ( 08040206 ) , lower ouachita ( 08040207 ) , castor ( 08040302 ) , little ( 08040304 ) , lower big black ( 08060202 ) , bayou pierre ( 08060203 ) , coles creek ( 08060204 ) , homochitto ( 08060205 ) , buffalo ( 08060206 ) , lower mississippi - baton rouge ( 08070100 ) * , bayou sara - thompson ( 08070201 ) , amite ( 08070202 ) * , tangipahoa ( 08070205 ) * , liberty bayou - tchefuncta ( 08090201 )\napparently spawns in late winter ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . in mississippi , spawned february - april at water temperatures of 12 - 22 c , produced multiple clutches , sexually mature within 1 year , maximum lifespan less than 3 years ( heins and baker 1989 ) .\nsome populations eat mainly crustaceans and immature insects , other populations feed heavily on snails ( page 1983 ) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbart , h . l . , jr . , and l . m . page . 1992 . the influence of size and phylogeny on life history variation in north american percids . pages 553 - 572 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .\neschmeyer , william n . ( editor ) . 1998 . catalog of fishes . volumes 1 - 3 . california academy of sciences , san francisco , california . 958 pp . updates available online at : urltoken\nheins , d . c . , and j . a . baker . 1989 . growth , population structure , and reproduction of the percid fish percina vigil . copeia 1989 : 727 - 736 .\nkuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . university press of kentucky , lexington , kentucky . 177 pp .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . 1983b . identification of the percids , boleosoma phlox cope and ioa vigil hay . copeia 1983 : 1082 - 1083 .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\nsuttkus , r . d . 1985 . identification of the percid , ioa vigil hay . copeia 1985 : 225 - 227 .\nboschung , h . t . , and r . l . mayden . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . 960 pp .\nburr , b . m . , and m . l . warren , jr . 1986a . distributional atlas of kentucky fishes . kentucky nature preserves commission , scientific and technical series no . 4 , frankfort , kentucky . 398 pp .\ndouglas , n . h . 1974 . freshwater fishes of louisiana . claitor ' s publishing division , baton rouge , louisiana . 443 pp .\netnier , d . a . , and w . c . starnes . 1993 . the fishes of tennessee . university of tennessee press , knoxville , tennessee . xiv + 681 pp .\nmettee , m . f . , p . e . o ' neil , and j . m . pierson . 1996 . fishes of alabama and the mobile basin . oxmoor house , birmingham , alabama . 820 pp .\npage , l . m . 1983a . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . 271 pp .\nrobison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .\nross , s . t . , and w . m . brenneman . 1991 . distribution of freshwater fishes in mississippi . freshwater fisheries report no . 108 . d - j project completion report f - 69 . mississippi department of wildlife and freshwater fisheries and parks . jackson , mississippi . 548 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nwelcome to crcpress . com ! we have customized the taylor & francis india website to host crc press titles . please choose urltoken to get the following benefits :\nthe garland science website is no longer available to access and you have been automatically redirected to crcpress . com .\nall instructor resources will be made available on our instructor hub shortly . your urltoken instructor credentials will not grant access to the hub , but existing and new users may request access here . the student resources previously accessed via urltoken are no longer available to existing or new users .\nexclusive web offer for individuals . print titles only . terms & conditions may apply .\nknowledge of the early life stages of fishes is crucial for the effective monitoring and management of fish populations and habitats , and the evaluation of environmental impacts and recovery of endangered species . unfortunately , the proper identification of targeted species has stunted the development of the field .\nnow a series has emerged that stands as the leading resource on the reproduction and development of many north american fishes . reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the ohio river drainage fills immense gaps in knowledge of issues related to early life development of fishes in the ohio basin . volume 4 addresses the developmental and morphological issues of perch , pikeperch , and darters .\nthis volume describes the characteristics of the family percidae , and provides a detailed pictorial guide to the young of all fish families present in the ohio river drainage . subtopics within each species description include range , distribution , occurrence , spawning , eggs , development , ecology of early life phases , and more .\nthis book serves as both a handbook to help identify individual larval fish , and as a reference for those concerned with the overall health of the ecosystems or fisheries that they are monitoring .\na much - needed taxonomic aid , complete with keys , diagnostic criteria , and illustrated descriptions for identification of the eggs , larvae , and early juveniles of most of about 285 fishes in the ohio river basin . it is also an equally needed compendium of information on the ecology of those early life stages , as well as a summary of the distribution , habitat , and reproductive biology of their parents\u2026\nthe fish fauna of the ohio river drainage includes a large proportion of the fishes of eastern north america , including many species whose ranges extend well beyond the ohio river . for that reason these volumes are valuable beyond the ohio river drainage . they provide a systematic approach to the study of early life histories of fishes and are useful as a guide to scientists and managers beyond the region , even in areas such as western north america . this series will prove useful to scientists and managers from state and federal agencies , to industry and consulting firm staff dealing with river fish issues , and to faculty and students in regional universities .\nprovides invaluable information for anyone interested in protecting the spawning grounds or habitat of the fish . \u2026represents the definitive authority on the subject and represent a type of research that has been all to infrequent in these days of bioinformatics and concentrations on things like gene analysis .\nwe provide complimentary e - inspection copies of primary textbooks to instructors considering our books for course adoption .\ncrc press ebooks are available through vitalsource . the free vitalsource bookshelf\u00ae application allows you to access to your ebooks whenever and wherever you choose .\nonline \u2013 access your ebooks using the links emailed to you on your urltoken invoice or in the\nmy account\narea of urltoken .\nmobile / ereaders \u2013 download the bookshelf mobile app at urltoken or from the itunes or android store to access your ebooks from your mobile device or ereader .\noffline computer \u2013 download bookshelf software to your desktop so you can view your ebooks with or without internet access .\ncpd consists of any educational activity which helps to maintain and develop knowledge , problem - solving , and technical skills with the aim to provide better health care through higher standards . it could be through conference attendance , group discussion or directed reading to name just a few examples .\nuse certain crc press medical books to get your cpd points up for revalidation . we provide a free online form to document your learning and a certificate for your records .\nby using this website , you agree to the use of cookies . learn more about how we use cookies .\nwill be removed from your cart because it is not available in this region .\nvalues shown below are defaults ; and k is an estimate from the family where the species belongs . please double - check , replace with better values as appropriate , and ' recalculate ' .\ns . e . - years estimated from linf . , k and t o .\ns . e . - years estimated from lopt , linf . , k and t o .\ns . e . - years estimated from lm , linf . , k and t o .\nestimate y ' / r from m / k , lc / linf and e . lc = cm e = / year e msy / year e opt / year f msy / year f opt / year\nvulnerable to extinction if decline in biomass or numbers exceeds threshold over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations .\nlr = cm estimated from fmsy at lc = length of recruitment ( lr ) .\nnote : the estimates are derived from default values taken from fishbase and will thus not be appropriate for every population . you can change these values and recalculate the life history parameters .\nlife history data created by : eli , 01 . 06 . 99 , php script by : kbanasihan , 11 . 02 . 10 , last modified by kbanasihan , 11 . 11 . 10\nreproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the ohio river drainage . volume 4 percidae - perch , pikeperch , and darters | copac\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience and to help improve our website . by closing this banner or by continuing to use the site , you agree to this .\nsome parts of this website require javascript to be enabled in your web browser .\nthis record is part of the copac national , academic & specialist library catalogue .\nreproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the ohio river drainage . volume 4 percidae - perch , pikeperch , and darters\nknowledge of the early life stages of fishes is crucial for the effective monitoring and management of fish populations and habitats , and the evaluation of environmental impacts and recovery of endangered species . unfortunately , the proper identification of targeted species has stunted the development of the field . now a series has emerged that stands as the leading resource on the reproduction and development of many north american fishes . reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the ohio river drainage fills immense gaps in knowledge of issues related to early life development of fishes in the ohio basin . volume 4 addresses the developmental and morphological issues of perch , pikeperch , and darters . this volume describes the characteristics of the family percidae , and provides a detailed pictorial guide to the young of all fish families present in the ohio river drainage . subtopics within each species description include range , distribution , occurrence , spawning , eggs , development , ecology of early life phases , and more . this book serves as both a handbook to help identify individual larval fish , and as a reference for those concerned with the overall health of the ecosystems or fisheries that they are monitoring .\nnote : documents recorded on copac may be available for loan . to try to borrow a document , make an inter - library loan request via a library of which you are a member , for instance your university library .\nto enable emailing of records you need to enter your email address in the settings page .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nnorth america : mississippi river basin from southwestern indiana and southeastern missouri to louisiana in the usa ; gulf slope from escambia river drainage in alabama and florida to mississippi river in louisiana . the name percina vigil replaces percina ouachitae .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 4 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 2 years ( ref . 12193 )\ninhabits sand and gravel runs of creeks and small to medium rivers , sometimes in very shallow water ( ref . 3814 , 10294 ) . feeds on pleurocerid ( leptoxis ) river snails , hydropsychid caddisfly larvae , midge larvae , and small mayfly nymphs , such as baetids ( ref . 10294 ) .\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott , 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 20 ) : 183 p . ( ref . 3814 )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 2 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en strict\nlinked life history provided courtesy of natureserve explorer . records may include both recent and historical observations . us status definitions kentucky status definitions\nhartnell college assigned a room 25\u2032 x 30\u2032 for the dirty makerspace lab . this room used to be used for \u2026\nwe opened our clean makerspace lab during the month of june to the community . they were invited to take some \u2026\nthis website and all activities are conducted by the innovation maker 3 grant ( 16 - 203 - 001 ) funded in part by the chancellor ' s office , california community colleges and administered by the sierra joint community college district .\nyou may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server . please enable scripts and reload this page .\nthe perch family is second only to the minnow family in diversity of north american fishes . most species in this family are darters . darters tend to live on the bottom of streams or lakes and dart about for food . they generally do not have a gas bladder . characteristics include two dorsal fins , thoracic pelvic fins with one spine and five rays and ctenoid scales ."]}
{"id": 1335, "summary": [{"text": "orthoporus ornatus ( also known as the desert millipede ) is a north american species of millipede in the family spirostreptidae that can be found in the u.s. states of arizona , new mexico and texas , and as far south as the mexican state of san luis potos\u00ed .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "individuals on average are 4 inches ( 10 cm ) in length , but can either be as small as 3 inches ( 76 mm ) , or exceed up to 6 inches ( 150 mm ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are dark brownish coloured , but can sometimes be yellow .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "in fact , in every state the species look different .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the antennae are located near the organs of t\u00f6m\u00f6sv\u00e1ry .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the species feed on both living and dead organic material .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the species prefer sunshine , but can be seen on summer rainy days as well .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "a disturbed orthoporus ornatus may curl into a coil and release a toxic substance that is located on all sides of its body .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the species can live more than 10 years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species feed on shrubs of ephedra , which grows in jornada del muerto , and on salsola that grows in albuquerque . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "orthoporus ornatus", "paragraphs": ["orthoporus ornatus . texas gold millipedes . first captive bred o . ornatus . spirostreptida . spirostreptidae .\nfeeding - season production in the desert millipede orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( diplopoda ) .\nmaggie whitson set\nimage of orthoporus ornatus\nas an exemplar on\nspirostreptidae\n.\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipede . baby . first of hopefully many more to come .\ndesert millipede , orthoporus ornatus ( spirostreptidae ) detail . tucson , pima co . arizona .\nclick the button below to add the orthoporus ornatus - giant arizona brown to your wish list .\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipedes . feeding . even these guys are enjoying the new blend !\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipede . adult . these fellas are happy , burrowing and eating well .\nit ' s definitely an orthoporus species . whether it ' s actually o . ornatus would require dissection .\ndesert millipede ( orthoporus ornatus ) desert _ millipede . jpg ( 504\u00d7378 ) | esp\u00e9cies da fauna | pinterest\nevan white with texas gold - banded millipedes ( orthoporus ornatus ) . ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )\nfeeding - season production in the desert millipede orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( diplopoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipedes . juveniles . so happy and pleased to say , to my knowledge these are the first 2 captive bred orthoporus ornatus juveniles ! hopefully more to come . 2 more pics being uploded without tags .\nbob corrigan added the english common name\ndesert millipede\nto\northoporus ornatus ( girard , 1853 )\n.\nbirthday present ! 2 more orthoporus ornatus . 3 tonkinbolus dolfusii . 4 narceus gordanus\nocal gold ' s\n. thankyou\northoporus ornatus . texan gold millipede . adult . a stunning millipede to observe ! hopefully the mating season is upon us .\nordered an orthoporus ornatus for one of my friends . currently feeding it a banana slice while it sits on my leg .\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipedes . adult . the largest north american species that is native to alot of the deserts ! there are also brown phase orthoporus but these are a different species . spirostreptida . spirostreptidae .\no . ornatus is a cool species . i kept 8 smaller ( 3\n) o . ornatus in a 10gallon tank no prob .\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipedes . coiled . love these guys , ive set them up with rotten wood , cuttle fish , fresh fruit and dry food .\ncurrently measuring at about 4 inches . orthoporus are the largest regularly available millipedes anywhere .\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipede . yet another beautiful us species which is hopefully producing more babies as i leave to be in peace 99 % of the time .\northoporus ornatus from albuquerque , new mexico increased in dry weight during 92 days in 1974 more rapidly and to a greater extent than comparable size classes at tornillo flat .\nclick here for the complete photographic archive of all burrows produced by o ornatus .\northoporus texicolens looooove dogwood apparently . seconds after tossing in some leaf fragments they all swarmed \ud83d\ude02\nrespiratory metabolism was measured each month for orthoporus ornatus throughout a year . respiratory rates were determined at a standard 20\u00b0c and at the mean ambient soil temperature at time of collection .\n3 . ) i have heard that o . ornatus stinks . is this true ?\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipedes . adult . i am so happy to see the progress of my breeding project and you will see in the next post ! spirostreptida . spirostreptidae .\ntaylor , e . c . ( 1982 ) . fungal preference by a desert millipede , orthoporus ornatus ( spirostreptidae ) . pedobiologia , 23 ( 5 ) : 331 - 336 [ details ]\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipedes . juveniles . well after digging through and searching a while i ' ve discovered after half a year another 2 small juveniles of this impossible to breed species .\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipedes . 2 / 3 . these large beautiful millipedes from the american deserts are popular kept pets . their crazy habits and scurrying around will make amusement for ages !\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipede . adult . well weve had fun chewing on my little finger , doesnt hurt but it really send your nerves off on a weird one , a bit like tickling .\nproduction during an assumed 131 - day feeding season in 1974 was estimated for orthoporus ornatus between 4 . 0 and 12 . 0 mm in midsegment width at tornillo flat , big bend national park , texas .\n( of julus ornatus girard , 1853 ) causey , n . b . ( 1954 ) . three new species and new records of southern millipeds . tulane studies in zoology , 2 ( 4 ) : 63 - 68 . new orleans page ( s ) : 67 ; note : orthoporus ornatus [ details ]\northoporus ornatus ( the sonoran desert millipede ) is present in soils of the dry grasslands of the southwestern united states . sonoran desert millipedes are considerably smaller than the giant african millipedes , reaching only 10\u201313 cm long .\ni cannot match the gonopod structure of \u201ccaperanus\u201d exactly with any species known to me , but it comes very close to one of the local variants recorded for orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) , the most co . . .\nafter looking up the difference in orthoporus ( on google image search ) i ' m wondering if mukmewx has both texicolens and and ornatus . can we see a bigger picture of your striped and all brown ones side by side ?\nseasonal changes in the use of metabolic reserves by o . ornatus were indicated by corresponding changes in rq values .\ncrawford , c . s . ( 1972 ) . water relations in a desert millipede orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( spirostreptidae ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology , part a , 42 ( 2 ) : 521 - 535 [ details ]\ni ' ve kept orthoporus ornatus for over a year with no losses . i keep them the same as any other millipede , but water a little less and drill extra ventilation holes in their tub . what was your setup like ?\nthese two make a nice contrast . the most orange porcellionides floria i have and the orthoporus ornarus millipedes side by side .\nokay , thanks so much ! that was very helpful . is the sonoran desert millipede the same thing as the brown variety of orthoporus ornatus ? ( i was looking at bugsincyberspace for that one . it has the same scientific name . )\ni was gifted 22 beautiful orthoporus texicolens for my research ! each weighing 5 - 6g . time to get sciencey up in here\nnunez , f . s . & c . s . crawford ( 1977 ) . anatomy and histology of the alimentary tract of the desert millipede orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( diplopoda : spirostreptidae ) . journal of morphology 151 ( 1 ) : 121\u2013130 .\nwooten , r . c . , jr . , and c . s . crawford ( 1975 ) food , ingestion rates and assimilation in the desert millipede orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( diplopoda ) . oecologia 20 : 231 - 236 . ( pdf )\nnunez , f . s . ; crawford , clifford s . ( 1976 ) . digestive enzymes of the desert millipede orthoporus ornatus ( diplopoda spirostreptidae ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology , part a , 55 ( 2 ) : 141 - 145 [ details ]\nwooten , r . c . ; crawford , c . s . ( 1975 ) . food , ingestion rates , and assimilation in the desert millipede orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( diplopoda ) . oecologia , 20 : 231 - 236 . berlin [ details ]\ni cannot match the gonopod structure of \u201ccaperanus\u201d exactly with any species known to me , but it comes very close to one of the local variants recorded for orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) , the most common and widespread spirostreptid of southwestern united states and northern mexico .\ntrace morphology orthoporus ornatus produces five distinct burrow architectures : vertical shafts , subvertical ramps , j - , u - , and y - shaped burrows ; examples of each are shown below . each photo is linked to an information page about the specific burrow architecture shown .\ntexas gold - banded millipedes ( orthoporus ornatus ) . they ' re new and permanent residents of the museum ' s \u201cpetting zoo\u201d and they ' re ready to be observed or held , said lynn kimsey , director of the bohart museum and uc davis professor of entomology .\nwooten , jr . , r . c . , c . s . crawford & w . a . riddle ( 1975 ) . behavioural thermoregulation of orthoporus ornatus ( diplopoda : spirostreptidae ) in three desert habitats . zoological journal of the linnean society 57 ( 1 ) : 59\u201374 .\nwalker , l . j . ; crawford , clifford s . ( 1980 ) . integumental ultrastructure of the desert millipede , orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( diplopoda : spirostreptidae ) . international journal of insect morphology and embryology , 9 ( 3 ) : 231 - 249 [ details ]\northoporus ornatus . texas gold millipede . adult . these are one of the larger and extremely beautiful species available in the pet trade ! they are a desert species which live naturally in a large area of the usa ! and they freaking nibble all the time ! ! ! ! !\northoporus ornatus feeds mostly on dead plant material and on superficia tissue of desert shrubs . sand , small particles of rock , and parts of arthropods are also ingested . millipedes could not be induced to feed in the absence of moist soil in the laboratory after an initial day of feeding .\nconsidering probable net primary production at tornillo flat , local o . ornatus exert a trophic impact similar to that of other large invertebrate detritivores elsewhere .\npugach , s . ; crawford , clifford s . ( 1978 ) . seasonal changes in hemolymph amino acids , proteins , and inorganic ions of a desert millipede orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( diplopoda : spirostreptidae ) . canadian journal of zoology , 56 ( 6 ) : 1460 - 1465 [ details ]\nburrowing technique orthoporus ornatus burrows primarily by excavation , physically removing sediment particles and transporting them to the surface . the millipede uses its mandibles and the legs on the first three body segments to pluck sediment grains from the burrow walls . it then uses its walking legs on the posterior segments to transport the individual grains and particles along the length of the body and deposits them on the sediment surface . this technique allows o . ornatus to burrow into very dense , clay - rich soil .\nhave you been having trouble keeping orthoporus ? i just knew they were impossible to breed , i didn ' t know they had a reputation as difficult to keep . my d . macracanthus doesn ' t really like carrots , i wonder if he ' s just an oddball . after looking up the difference in orthoporus ( on google image search ) i ' m wondering if mukmewx has both texicolens and and ornatus . can we see a bigger picture of your striped and all brown ones side by side ?\nhorst , d . h . van der ; oudejans , r . c . h . m . ( 1973 ) . cyclopropane fatty acids in the millipede orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) ( myriapoda : diplopoda : spirostreptidae ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology , part b comparative biochemistry , 46 ( 2 ) : 277 - 281 [ details ]\nthe desert millipede ( orthoporus ornatus ) is a large , docile millipede species found throughout north america . depending on the species , the color of millipedes can range from a dark gray , brown or tan . millipedes have cylindrical , segmented bodies with two pairs of legs per segment . they can grow as long as 6 inches in length .\nthe 1000 - foot elevation line usually makes a suitable line of separation between o . ornatus ( above ) and o . texicolens ( below ) * 01 * .\nupton , s . j . ; crawford , c . s . ; hoffman , r . l . ( 1983 ) . a new species of thelastomatid ( nematoda : thelastomatidae ) from the desert millipede , orthoporus ornatus ( diplopoda : spirostreptidae ) . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington , 50 ( 1 ) : 69 - 82 [ details ]\nit is rare to find o . ornatus in either caves or cave entrances , although there are caves within their ranges that are occupied by other millipedes * 01 * .\nedit : i ' m not 100 % if mine are orthoporus or texicolens . they were collected in central texas and have the gold / brown bands rather than the solid dark markings .\ncrawford , c . s . ( 1979 ) . a year in the life of orthoporus ornatus , a desert millipede . in : linn , r . m . [ ed . ] . proceedings of the first conference on scientific research in the national parks , new orleans , louisiana , november 9 - 12 , 1976 . volume 1 . national park service [ details ]\ni could be wrong . i ' m not sure on the specifics of how to tell apart ornatus and texicolens , i don ' t want to imply anything bad about greenjewls !\ni bet it is fun ! ! i ' ve decided i ' m not getting o . ornatus because of their high maintenance needs . i ' m getting florida ivories instead i think .\ni would actually really rather not bother with the bumblebee relocation , i just worry about getting babies from the orthoporus texicolens if there is any problem there ? that ' s my big goal is to get them to breed . i know i shouldn ' t have a problem with the bumblebees . i ' m mostly concerned about the overall well - being of the orthoporus texicolens , since the bumblebees seem to be hardier .\nalthough there is considerable variation in the lateral coxal spine of the gonopod of o . ornatus , it is never in the form of a broad , flattened wedgelike process , as in o . flavior\nyeah , the setup might have been to blame , though they didn ' t all die at once , so i ' m not too sure about that . like i said , since they don ' t readily breed in captivity , i ' ll probably pass on orthoporus in the future . its really a shame though , because my orthoporus were some of the most mellow , easy going pedes that i have . however , peter from urltoken ( that ' s where i got my n . americanus ) told me he ' s getting some dendrostreptus in stock soon , so maybe i ' ll replace my orthoporus with them as the ' big pede ' in my collection .\nmillipedes usually live in dark damp habitats , but archispirostreptus syriacus and orthoporus ornatus prefer dry habitats and live in deserts . most species are under leaf litter , woodpiles , and stones . soil dwellers are usually found in the top inch or two of soil . a few species climb trees . for example , some species of bristly millipedes live in the small cracks in tree bark . although many millipedes are active at night , pill millipedes , such as glomeris marginata , are usually active during the day .\n( of julus ornatus girard , 1853 ) loomis , h . f . ( 1966 ) . descriptions and records of mexican diplopoda . annals of the entomological society of america , 59 : 11 - 27 page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]\nhere is a photo i took this morning , i wad lucky enough to find them this way this morning when i turned their light on . and it ' s totally fine if he gave me some ornatus , since they were more expensive ! lol\n( of julus ornatus girard , 1853 ) loomis , h . f . ( 1966 ) . millipeds from the region of monterrey , mexico . journal of the kansas entomological society , 39 : 513 - 524 page ( s ) : 523 [ details ]\nhave you been having trouble keeping orthoporus ? i just knew they were impossible to breed , i didn ' t know they had a reputation as difficult to keep . my d . macracanthus doesn ' t really like carrots , i wonder if he ' s just an oddball .\nfigure 20 . bray curtis cluster diagram comparing the 21 burrow casts produced by orthoporus ornatus ( oo ) and archispirostreptus gigas ( ag ) . branch points near the top of the diagram indicate higher levels of similarity . key branch points are marked with their similarity value ( at arrows ) . values > 0 . 80 indicate high similarity , 0 . 79\u20130 . 60 indicate moderate similarity , and values of 0 . 59 or less indicate dissimilarity . groups of burrow casts found to be most similar are marked with brackets and their level of similarity .\nnunez , f . s . ; crawford , clifford s . ( 1977 ) . anatomy and histology of the alimentary tract of the desert millipede ornothoporus ornatus ( diplopoda : spirostreptidae ) . journal of morphology , 151 ( 1 ) : 121 - 130 [ details ]\nselling 2 female orthoporus ornatus ( sonoran desert millipede ) with their habitat . they ' re both about 6\n. i ' ve had them for about a year , but my new apartment isn ' t too fond of me having millipedes . great pet for a classroom or kids ! and yes , if threatened they do ooze cyanide . . . so please do not eat them . ( old picture of the habitat . it ' s much drier now . they ' re a desert species so i also added lots of dead wood . ) \u200b\n5 . ) i have also heard that o . ornatus is prone to\njuicing\na person that handles them . i don ' t really care if they do that , except i ' m worried it will make my fingers all pink like i got burned .\n( of julus ornatus girard , 1853 ) loomis , h . f . ( 1963 ) . millipeds from states immediately north abd south of the mexican boundary . journal of the kansas entomological society , 36 : 118 - 126 page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]\n( of julus ornatus girard , 1853 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 127 [ details ]\ncrawford ( 1971 ) found that the dessication resistance of o . ornatus is considerably than in millipedes previously studied . forced coiling reduced transpiration of his specimens at 40 degrees c , but not at 30 degrees c . the metabolic waste products are ammonia and uric acid * 01 * .\nunfortunately there ' s been no success breeding them in captivity as far as i know . if you wanna give breeding a try , i suggest something easy to care for and breed in captivity , like c . spinigerus or n . americanus . unfortunately neither of these have the colors or size of an orthoporus .\ni noticed something odd about my orthoporus ornatus , they like to eat meat , as well as plant matter ! i saw them chewing on each others legs , so i decided to throw in some live crickets , and the millipedes\nattacked !\nthey grabbed the crickets , coiled around them , and began feasting away . since then i have been feeding them crickets / roaches weekly . i would like to know if anyone else has had the same experience with these millipedes , or if anyone would be willing to try feeding their millies crickets . btw i use prekilled cricketss now , for the safety of the\n( of julus ornatus girard , 1853 ) krabbe , e . ( 1982 ) . systematik der spirostreptidae ( diplopoda , spirostreptomorpha ) . abhandlungen und verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins in hamburg ( n . f . ) , 24 : 1 - 476 . hamburg page ( s ) : 350 [ details ]\northoporus ornatus are millipedes native to the southwestern united states in the states of texas , new mexico , and arizona . they grow to be between 5 - 6 inches , but the ones shown in the video are about 4 1 / 2 inches long . they are not venomous , but can secrete a toxin through their skin when they feel threatened . they are deterivores , feeding primarily on decomposing plant matter . music :\nindustrial revolution\nkevin macleod ( incompetech . com ) licensed under creative commons : by attribution 3 . 0 urltoken . . . the bugguide page for this species can be found here : urltoken\ni noticed something odd about my orthoporus ornatus , they like to eat meat , as well as plant matter ! i saw them chewing on each others legs , so i decided to throw in some live crickets , and the millipedes\nattacked !\nthey grabbed the crickets , coiled around them , and began feasting away . since then i have been feeding them crickets / roaches weekly . i would like to know if anyone else has had the same experience with these millipedes , or if anyone would be willing to try feeding their millies crickets . btw i use prekilled cricketss now , for the safety of the rnatus .\nproduction during an assumed 131 - day feeding season in 1974 was estimated for orthoporus ornatus between 4 . 0 and 12 . 0 mm in midsegment width at tornillo flat , big bend national park , texas . a conservative density estimate in 1973 of 1 , 302 millipedes ha - 1 involved daily specimen removal from three , 929 - m 2 plots for a month . each plot typified a different aspect of local desert vegetation ; most specimens came from the plot with greatest plant diversity and relatively high ( 20 % ) cover . production calculations using 1973 density estimates were based on increase in size - class specific dry weight ( minus gut contents ) between 14 may and 21 september , 1974 . production ha - 1 of cuticle and tissue was estimated at 0 . 85 kg ( 1972 kcal ) , while that of tissue alone came to 0 . 29 kg ( 1971 kcal ) . orthoporus ornatus from albuquerque , new mexico increased in dry weight during 92 days in 1974 more rapidly and to a greater extent than comparable size classes at tornillo flat . an estimated feeding - season energy budget based on ash - free values of shrub food eaten at tornillo flat indicated ingestion ha - 1 of 3 , 434 g ( 13 , 712 kcal ) and defecation of 3 , 181 g ( 9 , 187 kcal ) . an independent estimate of ingestion based on known ingestion rates was 8 , 851 g ha - 1 . considering probable net primary production at tornillo flat , local o . ornatus exert a trophic impact similar to that of other large invertebrate detritivores elsewhere .\n( of spirobolus ornatus ( girard , 1853 ) ) krabbe , e . ( 1982 ) . systematik der spirostreptidae ( diplopoda , spirostreptomorpha ) . abhandlungen und verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins in hamburg ( n . f . ) , 24 : 1 - 476 . hamburg page ( s ) : 350 [ details ]\nwooten , r . c . jr . ; crawford , c . s . ; riddle , w . a . ( 1975 ) . behavioural thermoregulation of orthopoms ornatus ( diplopoda : spirostreptidae ) in three desert habitats . zoological journal of the linnean society , 57 ( 1 ) : 59 - 74 [ details ]\n( of orthoporus caperanus ( attems , 1950 ) ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1997 ) . deletion of two enigmatic milliped species from the hawaiian fauna ( diplopoda : spirostreptida ) . bishop museum occasional papers , 49 : 49 - 50 page ( s ) : 389 - 390 ; note : o . caperanus . [ details ]\ntype locality : restricted ( causey , 1954 ) to palo duro canyon state park , randall county , texas . neotype ( causey , 1967 ) male , national museum of natural history * 01 * . variations in somatic and sexual characters have made the taxonomy of orthoporus difficult , and many names have been placed in synonymy * 01 * .\nthousand\nand ped for\nfoot .\nscroll down to read more about me , complete an activity , and test your knowledge in a quiz . go on get going and have fun ! who am i ? i am long and have more legs than you can count . i am usually brown or black . do you know who i am ? yes , i am a desert millipede . i can grow to be about 4 to 5 inches and i can be found in the sonoran desert . i am part of the orthoporus ornatus family which is , commonly known as the arizona desert millipede . some of my predators are birds , badgers , and rodents .\nappendix 9 . bray curtis similarity matrix comparing burrows produced by narceus americanus ( na ) to burrows produced by orthoporus ornatus ( oo ) . cells outlined in thick black lines in the matrix indicate comparison of burrows with the same architecture . oo1 , oo7 , and oo10 are subvertical burrows . oo2 , oo4 , oo6 , oo8 , and oo9 are vertical burrows . oo5 is a sinuous burrow . oo3 is a u - shaped burrow . oo11\u201313 are j - shaped burrows . colors inside the matrix indicate the level of similarity : blue cells indicate highly similar burrows ; orange cells indicate moderately similar burrows ; red cells indicate dissimilar burrows . appendixes 5 - 13 are presented in pdf format .\ntoday i will teach you about a desert crawler ! have you ever heard of the term orthoporus ornatus ? no ? well let me tell you a little about myself i am commonly known as the desert millipede . i am about four to five inches long and i can be found in arizona lying under a rock in the sonoran desert ! i enjoy eating decaying material and staying moist . i have two pairs of legs on each segment of my body and depending how many segments i have can mean i have hundreds of legs . male millipedes enjoy the benefits of a few pairs of gonopods , which is how you can identify females and males . the name millipede comes from the latin milli for\n( of julus ornatus girard , 1853 ) girard , c . ( 1869 ) . myriapods . in : marcy , randolph barnes : exploration of the red river of louisiana , in the year 1852 , by randolph b . marcy , assisted by george b . mcclellan . 243 - 246 . page ( s ) : 274 [ details ]\n7 . ) since o . ornatus apparently can ' t be bred in captivity , that means any i buy will be wild - caught . does anyone know if they are taken in such numbers as to possibly affect the ecosystem they live in ? i know they ' re\njust a bug\nbut it still concerns me that way .\nappendix 10 . bray curtis similarity matrix comparing burrows produced by floridobolus penneri ( fp ) to burrows produced by orthoporus ornatus ( oo ) . cells outlined in thick black lines in the matrix indicate comparison of burrows with the same architecture . oo1 , oo7 , and oo10 are subvertical burrows . oo2 , oo4 , oo6 , oo8 , and oo9 are vertical burrows . oo5 is a sinuous burrow . oo3 is a u - shaped burrow . oo11\u201313 are j - shaped burrows . colors inside the matrix indicate the level of similarity : green cells indicate identical burrows ; blue cells indicate highly similar burrows ; orange cells indicate moderately similar burrows ; red cells indicate dissimilar burrows . appendixes 5 - 13 are presented in pdf format .\nthe surface of the prozonites and metazonites of o . ornatus and o . flavior is finely pitted and obscurely wrinkled . males of each species have postfemoral and tibial pads on the legs , and the coxae of legpair 1 are of a somewhat uniform shape . two tibial spurs , the proximal acute and the distal blunt , are on the gonopods of each species\nappendix 13 . bray curtis similarity matrix comparing burrows produced by orthoporus ornatus ( oo ) to burrows produced by archispirostreptus gigas ( ag ) . cells outlined in thick black lines in the matrix indicate comparison of burrows of the same architecture . oo1 , oo7 , and oo10 are subvertical burrows . oo2 , oo4 , oo6 , oo8 , and oo9 are vertical burrows . oo5 is a sinuous burrow . oo3 is a u - shaped burrow . oo11\u201313 are j - shaped burrows . ag2 and ag8 are sinuous burrows . ag1 , ag3 , ag4 , and ag6 are helical burrows . ag7 and ag5 are u - shaped burrows . colors inside the matrix indicate the level of similarity : blue cells indicate highly similar burrows ; orange cells indicate moderately similar burrows ; red cells indicate dissimilar burrows . appendixes 5 - 13 are presented in pdf format .\nappendix 5 . bray curtis similarity matrix comparing all burrow casts produced in this study . from top - down and left - right ; 29 narceus americanus burrows ( na ) , 42 floridobolus penneri burrows ( fp ) , 13 orthoporus ornatus burrows ( oo prefix ) , and 8 archispirostreptus gigas burrows ( ag ) . color bars along the sides and top indicate primary burrow architectures : black = subvertical burrow , gray = vertical burrow , tan = j - shaped burrow , brown = helical burrow , magenta = o - shaped burrow , dark green = sinuous burrow , yellow = u - shaped burrow . colors inside the matrix indicate the level of similarity : green cells indicate identical burrows ; blue cells indicate highly similar burrows ; orange cells indicate moderately similar burrows ; red cells indicate dissimilar burrows . appendixes 5 - 13 are presented in pdf format .\nburrowing behavior orthoporus ornatus begins to burrow within 1 - 3 hours of placement in experimental enclosures . prior to burrowing , the millipede move around the perimeter of the terrarium . specimens are able to burrow completely below the surface within 15 - 45 minutes . while there is no consistent placement of the burrows within the enclosure , more than 80 % are constructed away from the terrarium walls . burrows are produced during detritus feeding as well as for temporary shelters to permanent dwellings . when occupied for long durations ( days to months ) , chambers were constructed at the end of the burrow . many of the chambers were sealed off from the surface by backfilling the shaft or tunnel just above the chamber entrance . fecal pellets are deposited both on the surface and within shallow , subhorizontal burrows occupied for short periods . fecal pellets are not deposited in burrows with chambers .\nfigure 18 . bray curtis cluster diagram comparing the 71 burrow casts produced by narceus americanus ( na ) and floridobolus penneri ( fp ) with 13 burrow casts produced by orthoporus ornatus ( oo ; shaded gray ) from hembree ( 2009 ) . burrow cast id numbers are color coded by architecture : red = subvertical burrow ; blue = vertical burrow ; orange = helical burrow ; purple = o - shaped burrow ; green = j - shaped burrow . branch points near the top of the diagram indicate higher levels of similarity . key branch points are marked with their similarity value ( at arrows ) . values > 0 . 80 indicate high similarity , 0 . 79\u20130 . 60 indicate moderate similarity , and values of 0 . 59 or less indicate dissimilarity . groups of burrow casts found to be most similar are marked with brackets and their level of similarity .\nmillipedes lay their eggs in the soil . some species make individual cases for their eggs out of chewed - up leaves . in some species , the female , and occasionally the male , guards the eggs until they hatch . although young millipedes resemble small adults , they are usually legless when they first hatch from the egg . after they molt , or shed their exoskeleton for the first time , they have six body segments and three pairs of legs . they add additional body segments and pairs of legs with each molt until they reach the maximum adult number . millipedes molt in sheltered places underground or in cracks in the soil . narceus americanus and orthoporus ornatus seal themselves off in special chambers dug for this very delicate stage of their lives . millipedes reach adulthood in one or two years , sometimes longer . adults live for one to eleven years , although some individuals may live longer .\nhey everyone ! i am pretty new to keeping millipedes . . . a couple months ago was the first i really fell in love with millipedes because i found two yellow - spotted millipedes ( harpaphe haydenia i think is how the scientific name is spelled . . . lol ) anyway . those aren ' t the problem . i found out how to keep those from the internet and they ' re doing just fine . but in researching them i found out about all these other beautiful species for sale online . and that led me to wanting more . so i would like you experienced millipede hobbyists ' advice . is orthoporus ornatus texas gold phase a good\nbeginner\nmillipede ? i do want a large specimen , and since a . gigas are quite a bit out of my reach . . . i decided the next best thing would be to get the largest american species . especially since it ' s beautiful as well .\ngrabende detritivoren wie tausendf\u00fc\u00dfer spielen eine wichtige rolle bei der bodenbildung . um das erkennen von tausendf\u00fc\u00dfer - grabg\u00e4ngen zu verbessern und somit die pr\u00e4senz von millipeden makrodetritivoren im fossilbericht zu erh\u00f6hen , beschreibt diese arbeit das grabverhalten und die daraus resultierenden grabgang - morphologien von zwei arten spirobolider tausendf\u00fc\u00dfer : narceus americanus und floridobolus penneri . sieben bis 94 tage lang wurden tausendf\u00fc\u00dfer in terrarien mit kontrollierten feuchtigkeitsgehalten gesetzt , die mit sediment verschiedenster zusammensetzung gef\u00fcllt waren . offene g\u00e4nge wurden mit gips abgeformt , ausgegraben und sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ beschrieben . sowohl n . americanus als auch f . penneri fertigten vertikale , subvertikale , helicale und o - f\u00f6rmige grabg\u00e4nge an . floridobolus penneri erzeugte zudem j - f\u00f6rmige grabg\u00e4nge . die grabgang - morphologien beider arten wurden unbeeintr\u00e4chtigt von sedimenteigenschaften als \u00e4hnlich befunden , indem die bray curtis \u00e4hnlichkeit beziehungsweise der spearman ' s rank korrelationstest angewendet wurde . grabg\u00e4nge von zwei anderen tausendf\u00fc\u00dferarten der ordnung spirostreptida , orthoporus ornatus und archispirostreptus gigas , die w\u00e4hrend einer vorangegangenen studie erzeugt worden waren , wurden ebenfalls mit den spiroboliden grabg\u00e4ngen verglichen . w\u00e4hrend grabg\u00e4nge von o . ornatus \u00e4hnlich waren , waren die g\u00e4nge von a . gigas , der gr\u00f6\u00dften der vier arten , am wenigsten \u00e4hnlich selbst nach entfernung von gr\u00f6\u00dfenabh\u00e4ngigen grabgang - eigenschaften aus der analyse . unterschiede und \u00e4hnlichkeiten in der grabgang - morphologie waren stattdessen der verhaltensfunktion des grabgangs , refugiums oder ern\u00e4hrung zuzuschreiben . trotz einiger unterschiede hatten alle sch\u00e4chte und tunnel der tausendf\u00fc\u00dfer - grabg\u00e4nge ein mittleres verh\u00e4ltnis von weite zu breite von 1 . 0\u20131 . 14 . diese ergebnisse zeigen , dass juliforme tausendf\u00fc\u00dfer grabg\u00e4nge mit einzigartiger morphologie produzieren , welche dazu genutzt werden k\u00f6nnen ihre grabg\u00e4nge von denen anderer bodenorganismen zu unterscheiden .\nhello everyone ! so , i ' m a relative newbie to the whole bug keeping thing ( just passed my 1 year anniversary this august ) and , for now , most of my interest is in keeping millipedes . i ' ve acquired several species at this point , managed to keep most of them alive and successful bred two of them . but , sadly one of my favorite species has neither done that well for me or bred , namely orthoporus ornatus\ntexas gold\n. i stared with 2 of them ( my first bugs , actually ! ) and then picked up a 3rd in hopes of getting a male for breeding , which i did . however , the two original ones have since passed on to the great compost pile in the sky and the poor male has been left all alone . i ' m here now because i ' m at a turning point . i want to make a decision about whether to try to keep any more orhtoporus or not . i ' ve read a lot of conflicted things online about them : some people say their easy to care for , some people say their hard to care for , some people say they live a long time , some people say they tend to die off quickly , etc , etc . so , given that i know there are number of experienced ' peders on here , i thought this would be the best place to come for answers . anything you can tell me about your experiences with orthoporus care and breeding would be greatly appreciated . i think the golds are some of the biggest , prettiest , most easy going millipedes around ( at least mine were ) and i hate to have to write them off as a species to keep in my collection . thanks !\nburrowing animals like millipedes that consume decaying vegetation play an important role in soil formation but are seldom preserved as body fossils . their burrows , however , are capable of being preserved as trace fossils but are poorly understood . to improve the recognition of millipede burrows and , therefore , the presence of millipedes in the fossil record , this study describes the burrowing behavior and resulting burrows of two species of spirobolid millipedes : narceus americanus and floridobolus penneri . forty millipedes were placed in terraria filled with sediment composed of different amounts of organic matter , soil , and sand and different moisture levels for 7\u201394 days . at the end of the experiments , any open burrows were cast with plaster and described . both n . americanus and f . penneri produced vertical , subvertical , helical , and o - shaped burrows . floridobolus penneri also produced j - shaped burrows . the burrow casts were compared to each other and to the environmental conditions using nonparametric statistics . burrows of two spirostreptid millipede species , orthoporus ornatus and archispirostreptus gigas , were also included in the comparisons . burrows of n . americanus , f . penneri , and o . ornatus were found to be similar , and their morphology was unaffected by sediment properties . burrows produced by a . gigas , the largest species , were the least similar to other species even after removing the size - dependent burrow properties such as tunnel height and width from the analysis . differences and similarities in burrow morphology were instead attributed to the behavioral function of the burrow , such as dwelling vs . feeding . despite their differences , all millipede burrows had a mean width - to - height ratio of 1 . 0\u20131 . 14 . these results show that millipedes produce burrows with unique morphologies that may be used to differentiate their burrows from those of other soil animals . the presence of millipedes in ancient soils may , therefore , be interpreted based on trace fossils .\no . ornatus may not be the best species for someone just getting into the hobby . they require high humidity , but twice the ventilation as other millipedes . these conditions may be hard to maintain over the long run . also , wild caught adults usually only live one to three years in captivity . for a starter millipede , i would recommend either chicobolus spinigerus ( florida ivory millipede ) or one of the narceus species . both are quite hardy and can reach lengths of over 4 inches . the albino narceus americanus is quite colorful and narceus gordanus is considered the largest north american millipede , although not the longest .\nlos detrit\u00edvoros que producen madrigueras , tales como mil\u00edpedos o milpi\u00e9s , juegan un papel importante en la formaci\u00f3n del suelo . con el fin de avanzar en el reconocimiento de las madrigueras de los mil\u00edpedos y , por lo tanto , de la presencia de mil\u00edpedos macrodetrit\u00edvoros en el registro f\u00f3sil , el presente estudio describe el comportamiento de realizaci\u00f3n de madrigueras y las morfolog\u00edas resultantes de las madrigueras de dos especies de milpi\u00e9s espirob\u00f3lidos : narceus americanus y floridobolus penneri . los mil\u00edpedos se colocaron en terrarios llenos de sedimentos de composiciones variadas y niveles de humedad controlados durante 7 - 94 d\u00edas . se abrieron las madrigueras y se rellenaron con yeso , luego se excavaron , para posteriormente describirlas tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente . tanto n . americanus como f . penneri produjeron madrigueras helicoidales , verticales , subverticales y en forma de o . floridobolus penneri tambi\u00e9n produjo madrigueras en forma de j . se observ\u00f3 que las morfolog\u00edas de las madrigueras de ambas especies eran similares y no estaban afectadas por las propiedades de los sedimentos de acuerdo con los tests de similitud de bray curtis y rangos de correlaci\u00f3n de spearman , respectivamente . las madrigueras de otras dos especies de mil\u00edpedos del orden spirostreptida , orthoporus ornatus y archispirostreptus gigas , producidas en un estudio anterior , tambi\u00e9n se compararon con las madrigueras de espirob\u00f3lidos . mientras que las madrigueras de o . ornatus fueron similares , las madrigueras producidas por a . gigas , la mayor de las cuatro especies , fueron las menos similares , incluso despu\u00e9s de que se eliminasen del an\u00e1lisis las propiedades de la madriguera dependientes del tama\u00f1o . las diferencias y las similitudes en la morfolog\u00eda de las madrigueras fueron en cambio atribuidas a la funci\u00f3n del comportamiento de formar una madriguera , es decir , si la funci\u00f3n era la de refugio o la de alimentaci\u00f3n . a pesar de algunas diferencias , todos los ejes y galer\u00edas de las madrigueras de los mil\u00edpedos ten\u00edan una proporci\u00f3n media entre anchura y altura de 1 , 0 a 1 , 14 . estos resultados muestran que los mil\u00edpedos juliformes producen madrigueras con morfolog\u00edas \u00fanicas que pueden utilizarse para diferenciar sus madrigueras particulares de las producidas por otros organismos del suelo .\nles d\u00e9tritivores fouisseurs tels que les mille - pattes jouent un r\u00f4le important dans la formation des sols . afin d ' am\u00e9liorer la reconnaissance des terriers de mille - pattes et , par cons\u00e9quent , la pr\u00e9sence de mille - pattes macrod\u00e9tritivores dans le registre fossile , cette \u00e9tude d\u00e9crit le comportement fouisseur et les morphologies r\u00e9sultantes des terriers de deux esp\u00e8ces de mille - pattes spirobolide : narceus americanus et floridobolus penneri . des mille - pattes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plac\u00e9s dans des terrariums remplis de s\u00e9diments de compositions vari\u00e9es et des teneurs en humidit\u00e9 contr\u00f4l\u00e9es pendant 7 \u00e0 94 jours . les terriers ouverts ont \u00e9t\u00e9 coul\u00e9s avec du pl\u00e2tre , d\u00e9terr\u00e9s , et d\u00e9crits \u00e0 la fois qualitativement et quantitativement . n . americanus et f . penneri ont tous deux produits des terriers verticaux , subverticaux , h\u00e9lico\u00efdales , et en forme de ' o ' . floridobolus penneri a \u00e9galement produit des terriers en forme de ' j ' . les morphologies des terriers des deux esp\u00e8ces ont \u00e9t\u00e9 jug\u00e9s similaires et non affect\u00e9 par les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des s\u00e9diments \u00e0 l ' aide de la similarit\u00e9 de bray curtis et des tests de corr\u00e9lation de rang de spearman , respectivement . les terriers de deux autres esp\u00e8ces de mille - pattes de l ' ordre spirostreptida , orthoporus ornatus , et archispirostreptus gigas , produit dans une \u00e9tude pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9galement compar\u00e9s aux terriers spirobolides . alors que les terriers d ' o . ornatus \u00e9taient similaires , les terriers produits par a . gigas , le plus grand des quatre esp\u00e8ces , \u00e9taient les moins similaire , m\u00eame apr\u00e8s avoir retir\u00e9 de l ' analyse les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des terriers d\u00e9pendant de la taille . les diff\u00e9rences et similitudes dans la morphologie des terriers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la place attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 la fonction du comportement du terrier , du refuge , ou de l ' alimentation . malgr\u00e9 quelques diff\u00e9rences , tous les tubes et tunnels de terrier de mille - pattes avaient une moyenne de rapport largeur \u00e0 hauteur entre 1 , 0 \u00e0 1 , 14 . ces r\u00e9sultats montrent que les mille - pattes juliformes produisent des terriers avec des morphologies uniques qui peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour diff\u00e9rencier leurs terriers \u00e0 ceux produits par d ' autres organismes du sol .\nall p . monodon used in this study were seen to have bacteria attaching to the surface of the hindgut or to the posterior part of the midgut wall where it connects with the start of the hindgut . these findings support those of harris [ 12 ] who reported that the presence of bacteria in the hindguts of crustacea are widespread , occurring throughout taxa belonging to marine thalassinidae and brachyura ( 9 genera , 16 species ) . there was , however , a high degree of variability between specimens in both the types and the total numbers of bacteria in the hindguts , indicating that this bacterial population may be regulated by its host . it has been suggested that molting may have a direct influence on the bacterial communities within the hindgut [ 64 , 65 ] . for each molting cycle of the exoskeleton , the chitinous hindgut lining is displaced and replaced with a new lining [ 66 ] . while there is no report in the literature on the effect of molting on the hindgut microbiota of shrimp , the newly molted hindgut surface was shown to be devoid of microbes in a study on desert millipedes orthoporus ornatus ( girard ) [ 67 ] . it is not currently known how microbes recolonize in the hindgut after molting . from our observations in penaeid shrimp , however , it can be hypothesized that the bacteria attached to the posterior part of the midgut , i . e . immediately adjacent to the hindgut , can function as a bacterial inoculum . the presence of bacteria in the posterior midgut in our study supports this hypothesis .\ni kept them in a large kk with my usual substrate mix of 50 % cocofiber , 25 % rotten wood , 25 % dead leaves , and an extra layer of dead leaves on top . the substrate reached nearly the top of the kk . i mist once or twice a week as the top layer of sub dries out . i felt like they needed more space so a few days ago i moved them into a big plastic sweater box with way more airholes than i usually add ( millipedes in captivity says these guys need a lot more ventilation than most pedes ) . they started mating before i even finished the rehousing . i ' ve found them mating several times over the past year , but never got any offspring . i give them a piece of dog kibble or some fruit of vegetables every couple weeks . i ' ve noticed this species loves carrots , which my other pedes aren ' t real fond of . i hope this is helpful for everyone ! edit : i ' m not 100 % if mine are orthoporus or texicolens . they were collected in central texas and have the gold / brown bands rather than the solid dark markings .\ndesert millipedes are docile , fairly large millipedes from north america . there are many different colors of desert millipedes . depending on the locality of the specimen , a desert millipede could be a dark brown to a bright orange , or a glossy tan to yellow and black stripes ! the specimen to the left was collected in new mexico , usa . it is not a particularly colorful specimen , but she is a large one . desert millipedes come out during the summer , after heavy rains , and can be collected by the hundreds on a night like that in some areas ! there are many orthoporus species that are known as the desert millipede . don ' t worry , most of them have a similar shape , and require the same conditions in captivity , so it is safe to put them all in one caresheet . desert millipedes seem easy to keep alive in captivity . humidity is not as important with these millipedes as it is with some of the tropical species . desert millipedes are interesting in any millipede collection , simply because they are large , they come in many different colors , and they are of the few giant millipedes that come from the desert instead of the tropics .\nobservations on feeding and locomotion of the desert millipede orthopoms ornatus were made in three separate habitats during the summer feeding season . the habitats were tornillo flat in big bend national park , texas ; the jornada validation site of ibp / desert biome near las cruces , new mexico ; and the base of a volcanic escarpment near albuquerque , new mexico . in each habitat diurnal or diel temperatures were monitored in a typical millipede microsite . microsites included portions of a larrea / opuntia shrub complex ( tornillo flat ) , an ephedra shrub ( jornada site ) , and a salsola shrub ( albuquerque ) . adjacent mammal - burrow temperatures were also monitored , as were soil - surface temperatures ( two habitats ) and air temperatures ( one habitat ) . diurnal feeding and locomotion were greatest in early morning and late afternoon ; nocturnal activity also occurred . soil - surface activity generally ceased before surface temperatures reached 35 o c and began again when they cooled to about the same level . in the meantime , movement to burrows , to beneath rocks and vegetation , and to aerial portions of shrubs occurred . additional behavioural thermoregulation was manifested by horizontal and vertical movements within shrubs , maximum air temperatures encountered being 35 . 5 o c . such behaviour is considered in light of recent studies of water balance and metabolism in this species .\nthe experiment has begun . it was a bit earlier than i intended for a number of reasons , but all three millipedes have been burrowed under the substrate for several weeks now . i check the moisture level of the lower substrate from time to time , by eye and finger ( bought a soil moisture meter but it was worthless , stayed on dry when i tested it in mud ) . anyway , i guess they ' re hibernating for now . . . probably won ' t lay eggs for a while yet . . . or have and they stay dormant for a while too . . . ( i hope my o . ornatus weren ' t virgins because i think all three of mine were girls , but being wild - caught and then kept with others of their kind before being sold to me , surely they would have mated . . . or i ' m really hoping for a miracle , lol ) . time , temperature , and moisture are the factors now . . . i guess i should wait nearly a year before i make it rain . . . temperature is the only thing i really can ' t change now as in a one bedroom apartment with numerous other lifeforms , i have to settle on what we can all live with . . . someday i ' m going to have incubators for species that need it a bit cooler or warmer . . . oh , and the native cacti are doing well at least . i rotate the terrarium regularly so they don ' t grow crooked . i miss my lovely golden millipedes and hope that at worst this does them no harm . . . if i have three healthy adults plus plings next year it will be worth it !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthese desert millipedes are found only on a few rainy nights each year . these millipedes are the longest us species in the hobby . they tolerate dry conditions for a short while , but their substrate should be wet down from time to time since they spend most of their lives underground ."]}
{"id": 1336, "summary": [{"text": "sandgropers are wholly subterranean larviform insects of the family cylindrachetidae that may grow up to 7 cm ( 3 in ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "three genera are currently recognised : cylindracheta , cylindraustralia and cylindroryctes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "like many subterranean animals , little is known about their habits and diet , but western australian farmers have blamed them for substantial crop losses .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "sandgropers were once thought to be degenerate mole crickets , but they are now known to be more closely related to grasshoppers and locusts , and have been given their own family .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "although widely believed to be herbivorous , some have been found with animal remains in their gut . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "sandgroper ( insect )", "paragraphs": ["the sandgroper is a subterranean insect , but also a nickname for an inhabitant or native of western australia .\nrarely seen sandgroper from australia lives underground and swims through sand with amazing front claws .\nsandgroper at western australian museum image by glendillon - some rights reserved . ( view image details )\nthere was also the cutsie 1970s channel 7 interpretation sunny sandgroper if he makes you feel any better .\ngryllotalpa is a genus of insect known by the common known of mole cricket . they area stocky insect with cylindrical body and strong forelegs designed for digging . they do not have strong hindlegs for jumping like typical grasshoppers and crickets . . . click to continue >\nthe flying sandgroper was born and incorporating existing commercial flights , domestic bus routes was the key to solve the pilbara riddle .\nthe sandgroper is an unusual insect , related to grasshoppers , that spends most of its life underground . their bodies are long and cylindrical and well adapted to burrowing with short powerful flattened front legs for digging . they are wingless and . . . click to continue >\nladybirds are one of the first types of insect most children learn to recognise . most people recognise these beetles straight away with thei . . .\njust sitting around having a beveridge and we realized that none of us have seen a sandgroper . why is it our unofficial mascot ?\na lot of people think that a ' sandgroper ' just refers to people . it ' s not so . meet the genuine article .\nthe insect world is full of drama , one of the major attractions for entomologists and naturalists and wildlife photographers . among the more rarely - witness . . .\nproud to say that after 20 years , i do consider myself a sandgroper now though . no real intention to move to\nthe yeast\n: )\nthe flying sandgroper adventure tours and travel is a commercial tourist operator servicing karijini national park and ningaloo marine park . our office is located in tom price .\nappears that the earliest was someone complaining about the state of the footpaths on wellington street , in a letter to the editor in 1892 , who signed it sandgroper .\nsandgroper , mare\u2019s milk actually has a higher lactose content than cow\u2019s milk ( in this respect being rather similar to human milk ) \u2014 though lower fat and protein .\nrichards , k . t . ( 1980 ) . the sandgroper - a sometimes not so friendly western australian . journal of agriculture western australia 21 ( 2 ) : 52 - 53 .\nafter the race , damien oliver added to an already magnificent occasion for david mueller by spending some time with his fellow sandgroper and giving mueller the jockey\u2032s trophy from the race as a memento .\nbai , m . , r . g . beutel , k . - d . klass , w . zhang , x . yang & b . wipfler . 2016 . alienoptera\u2014a new insect order in the roach - mantodean twilight zone .\nsandgropers ( western australia ) this is one term that all aussies seem to know , an inhabitant of western australia is called a sandgroper . but why ? the sandgroper is a small a native insect found in western australia , that burrows in the sand , so it may be named after that . however another theory written in 1945 is that it \u201coriginated with the \u2018tothersiders who flocked to the western colony in the early nineties in search of gold . perhaps the idea suggested itself to them because of the sandy wastes which constituted suburban fremantle and perth half a century or more ago . anyhow , they wrote back to their relatives in the east ( possibly to engage their sympathy ) describing western australia as a land of sand , sin , sorrow and sore eyes . is there anything to wonder at that \u201csandgroper\u201d seemed to them appropriate as a description of the denizens of this colony ? \u201d see more here .\nthe second tbm , which will begin work in september , has been named sandy - suggested by high wycombe primary school year 4 student sarah spratt . sarah was inspired after finding a sandgroper in her backyard , as the local insect ( which is also a colloquial name for western australians ) is ' excellent at tunnelling , just like the tbm ' . tbm sandy will be decorated with artwork by rossmoyne primary school year 5 students faith brand and jood al jashammi .\n( if you ' re confused about the date , it reflects the difference between the online and print publication ) . this was a very odd little insect : a flattened and wingless yet long - legged animal with long antennae . the most distinctive feature of\ngood question , sandgroper . i don\u2019t know how far these figures can be trusted , but it seems that koumiss has 55 g / kg lactose whereas ( unfermented ) cow\u2019s milk has 46 g / kg lactose ( from here and here respectively .\none of the less savoury aspects of mole crickets is that they squirt a foul smelling brown liquid from anal glands when handled . one of the introduced species ( pictured lower right ) also produces a clear viscous substance from its hind end that would probably serve to entangle potential spider or insect predators .\nhouston , t . f . ( 2007a ) . observations of the biology and immature stages of the sandgroper cylindraustralia kochii ( saussure ) , with notes on some congeners ( orthoptera : cylindrachetidae ) . records of the western australian museum 23 ( 3 ) : 219 - 234 .\nis its head , which is globular with great bulging eyes and placed on a narrow neck . poinar & brown suggest that it may have made its living hunting in confined spaces , such as crevices in bark or among epiphytes . because of its highly distinctive appearance from any other known insect , poinar & brown placed it in its own new order , the aethiocarenodea .\nthe sandgroper is an unusual insect , related to grasshoppers , that spends most of its life underground . their bodies are long and cylindrical and well adapted to burrowing with short powerful flattened front legs for digging . they are wingless and have small simple eyes . the rear two pairs of legs are near the middle of the body and are small and can be tucked in close to the sides of the body . they burrow by parting the soil in front of them with their strong front legs and compressing it against the sides to form a tunnel . nymphs and adults produce an unpleasant smelling secretion from a pair of glands on the abdomen . adult sandgropers are brown with lighter bands on the abdomen . nymphs are a paler creamy colour .\nthe flying sandgroper was a long held travel concept of owner operator pete west . established in 2012 after many many years of touring the north west of western australia . pete was constantly frustrated by the endless miles of highway to access the stunning nature and raw natural beauty of wa . pete was also frustrated that our region was cost prohibitive to many national and international guests .\nthe sandgroper lays eggs in an underground chamber about 40cm to 190cm deep in moist soil . the eggs are suspended singly from the roof of the chamber . eggs are laid from autumn to spring and hatch in summer . the eggs hatch into nymphs which resemble small adults , and go through several stages ( instars ) before reaching maturity . the complete life cycle from egg to adult may take several years .\ni thought it was after the insect , or the fish , but then . . when i first moved over from the eastern states back in the 90 ' s , i did notice that there is fucking sand everywhere over here . like on the side of the road , or in gardens , unless they ' ve laid down mulch or something it ' s just sand , always . compared to victoria or nsw , there is sand everywhere over here .\npiccaninny dawn pikelet pissed pokie pollie pom / pommie poof poofter port power point pozzy pozzy p - plater prezzie push bike recycling tip shop referee rellie crawl rellies removalist retic reticulation return flight rice bubbles road train rock melon rocket roo roo bar roundabout royal show rude rug rug up runners st . vinney ' s saltie salvo sammy sandgroper sand pit scarper school leavers schoolies script seppo shag shagwagon sheila shellback shift shonky shout a few showbag silverside sickie singlet sister skickered skip skirt board skirting skivvy sledge slice smash smoko\nnits lice . aussie taryn east adds ,\nactually nits are the eggs of lice . the lice are still known as lice - but mostly people talk about their kid getting nits .\nthe oxford australian backs taryn :\negg or young form of a louse or other parasitic insect .\nin the process of looking this one up , i ' ve found a reference that i ' ve never heard :\nused as a warning that someone is approaching . keep nit keep watch .\nalso\nnitkeeper\nand\nnitkeeping .\nwhen a new species of insect is described as being distinct enough to represent a new order , it ' s kind of a big deal . so it certainly caught my attention over the past year when , not one , but two species from cretaceous burmese amber were considered worthy of the honour . now , i ' m going to be up front here and say that , while both are very interesting specimens , in both cases i think that the ' new order ' label may be a trifle overblown . what ' s interesting to me is that my reasons for thinking so are different for both . let ' s take a look , shall we ?\nthere is a definite paradox at play here . on the one hand , the question of which lineages get designated ' orders ' is completely arbitrary because there is no formal definition for an ' order ' except that it is a taxon that is somehow more significant than a ' family ' ( itself a completely arbitrary level ) . from that perspective , there is no inherent reason why the dictyoptera should not get divided between any number of orders . but on the other hand , the concept of ' order ' has a certain cultural cachet . ' orders ' are kind of the base units of entomology : the first thing that any student of entomology is likely to do is learn to distinguish between the various insect orders . labelling a particular taxon an ' order ' is a statement of value ; it says that that taxon is somehow fundamentally important in a way that other taxa are not . and while , again ,\nnote : only lines in the current paragraph are shown . click on current line of text for options .\nparagraph operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . paragraph operations include :\nzone operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . zone operations include :\nabstract school children ' s matinee at princess theatre , saturday afternoon . owner for a red and white milch cow found wandering .\nfri 31 jan 1896 - fitzroy city press ( vic . : 1881 - 1920 ) page 2 - fitzroy city press .\n{ { cite news urltoken | title = fitzroy city press . | newspaper = [ [ fitzroy city press ] ] | issue = 673 | location = victoria , australia | date = 31 january 1896 | accessdate = 10 july 2018 | page = 2 | via = national library of australia } }\nthe national library of australia ' s copies direct service lets you purchase higher quality , larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages .\nclicking on the order now button below will open the ordering form in a new window which will allow you to enter the details of your request .\nfitzroy city press ( vic . : 1881 - 1920 ) , fri 31 jan 1896 , page 2 - fitzroy city press .\nto help safeguard the users of this service from spam , we require you to enter the characters you see in the following image .\nif you can ' t read the image , click here to listen to the same characters being read .\nthe term ' sandgropers ' has a long history as a colloquial name for western australians and also denotes some very strange , wholly subterranean insects known to entomologists as cylindrachetids . though common in western australia , sandgropers are not restricted to the state but occur widely across the australian continent wherever there are extensive areas of sandy or sandy loam soils ( they are absent from the south - eastern portion of the continent and tasmania ) .\nsandgropers are seldom seen because of their subterranean life - style but are common inhabitants of sand dunes and sand plains including the swan coastal plain and the perth region . despite their grub - like appearance , cylindrachetids are believed to be descendants of grasshoppers . their bodies are wonderfully adapted for a burrowing mode of life . a tell - tale sign of their presence is a long raised trail across bare sand where one has burrowed just beneath the surface , usually following rain . sandgropers part the soil ahead of them with breaststroke - like motions of their highly modified and very powerful fore legs and they can run backwards or forward within their galleries on the comparatively tiny mid and hind legs . their bodies are streamlined and offer minimal resistance : wings are entirely absent and the mid and hind legs recess into the sides of the body .\nsandgropers show some similarities to mole crickets but the latter are easily distinguished by having long antennae , wings ( when adult ) and hind legs that reach to or beyond the apex of the abdomen .\nthe biology of sandgropers was long neglected because of the difficulty in finding and observing them but houston ( 2007a ) provided some insights into their lives and ways . two common wa species are omnivorous , feeding on roots , seeds , leaf litter , fungi , other insects and spiders , etc .\nlike their grasshopper relatives , sandgropers develop gradually from egg to adult ( that is , juveniles resemble adults , except for a wholly white abdomen , and there is no larval stage ) . the eggs are relatively large ( up to 7 mm long ) , white , pink or deep red , and each is laid singly in a separate chamber , suspended from the ceiling ( see photos ) . development from egg to adult is slow and a life - cycle extending over several years is indicated . the insects feed near the soil surface only during the cooler , wetter months and retreat to deeper , moister soil ( up to 1 . 9 m deep ) during the dry summer months .\nwestern sandgropers are reported as having damaged cereal crops by feeding on the bases of the stems ( e . g . richards 1980 ) but houston\u2019s observations have cast some doubt on their pest status . sixteen species and three genera of sandgropers were recognized in the most recent study of the family ( g\u00fcnther 1992 ) : the genus cylindraustralia was established for 13 australian and one new guinea species ( all earlier placed in cylindracheta ) , cylindracheta is now restricted to one species from the \u2018top end\u2019 of the northern territory , and cylindrodes contains one argentinean species . the six known species of sandgropers from western australian all belong to cylindraustralia and two of them , c . kochii and c . tindalei , inhabit the perth region . rentz ( 1996 ) and houston ( 2007b ) have provided popular account of the insects .\ng\u00fcnther , k . k . ( 1992 ) . revision der familie cylindrachetidae giglio - tos , 1914 ( orthoptera , tridactyloidea ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , n . f . 39 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233 - 291 .\nhouston , t . f . ( 2007b ) . unearthing the secrets of sandgropers . landscope 23 ( 2 ) : 39 - 43 .\nrentz , d . c . f . ( 1996 ) . grasshopper country - the abundant orthopteroid insects of australia ( university of new south wales press : sydney ) .\nan adult mole cricket , gryllotalpa sp . ( australisgroup ) with fully developed wings : the fore wings extend only about half the length of the abdomen and partially conceal the folded hind wings which extend down the midline beyond the end of the abdomen . image copyright wa museum\nmole crickets have become one of the most commonly asked about insects at the wa museum . this is a result of the establishment and spread of two species not known to occur in western australia prior to the 1990\u2019s . they are gryllotalpa sp . ( australis group ) and g . pluvialis . the latter , at least , is native to eastern australia . they have spread throughout perth\u2019s suburbs and are known also from other southwestern population centres . according to enquirers , the insects run rampant in vegetable gardens , plant pots or new lawns , drown in swimming pools , enter houses and cause annoyance by their loud songs .\nmole crickets are most closely related to the true crickets ( orthoptera : gryllidae ) and share with them long , whiplike antennae and fore wings that ( in males ) can produce sound through stridulation \u2013 i . e . friction between a row of \u2018teeth\u2019 on one wing and a ridgelike vein or \u2018scraper\u2019 on the other . otte & alexander ( 1983 ) included the mole crickets as a subfamily of the true crickets in their revision of the australian species . most recent authors , though , have treated them as a distinct family , gryllotalpidae ( e . g . rentz 1996 ) . they are distinguished from true crickets in being modified for a burrowing mode of life : the fore legs bear stout spines to assist digging and the first segment of the thorax is enlarged and hardened . females lack the needlelike ovipositor of the true crickets .\nmole crickets are often confused with the superficially similar sand gropers or cylindrachetids ( see separate information sheet ) . they are readily distinguished by their longer appendages and ( usually ) the presence of wings in adults . fully winged individuals are capable of flight but they fly only at night and are sometimes attracted to lights . sometimes the hind wings may be reduced , especially in the males , and some totally wingless species are known ( tindale 1928 , otte & alexander 1983 ) .\notte and alexander ( 1983 ) recognized five genera of mole crickets worldwide and placed all known australian species in the genus gryllotalpa , a group represented also in africa , europe and asia , with 22 described species in all . they noted only four described species from western australia . examination of western australian museum specimens suggests that these authors have misidentified some of our species and there appear to be at least three native species yet to be described from the south of the state .\nlittle has been recorded of the lives of australian species but some good information on the biology of extra australian gryllotalpa species is available via the internet , especially from the university of florida . mole crickets may be vegetarian , carnivorous or omnivorous . in confined situations they may be cannibalistic . some pest species in the americas damage vegetable gardens and seedlings , eat seeds and burrow in turf , causing physical damage ( there is no indication , though , that western australia\u2019s introduced species cause any serious damage ) .\nsurface of the ground ( much like sandgropers ) and produce the same kinds of raised trails on bare ground . they also construct and inhabit vertical burrows and sometimes they gather food on the surface and take it down the burrows .\nmales sing at the entrances of vertical burrows specially shaped to amplify their songs . singing characteristically commences at dusk and usually ceases within a few hours . the songs of mole crickets are deeper than those of typical crickets and many people have attributed them to frogs . gryllotalpa pluvialis has a strident , rapid , chirping song that can be quite intrusive whereas the other introduced species has a slower , quieter trill .\nfemales deposit their eggs loosely in egg chambers beneath the ground and guard them until they hatch .\nan unnamed , near wingless mole cricket native to the swan coastal plain . image copyright wa museum\na male mole cricket ( gryllotalpa pluvialis ) from suburban perth distinguished by its shiny fore body , welldeveloped fore wings and reduced ( hidden ) hind wings . image copyright wa museum\notte , d . & alexander , r . d . ( 1983 ) . the australian crickets ( orthoptera : gryllidae ) . monograph 22 of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . rentz , d . c . f . ( 1996 ) . grasshopper country \u2013 the abundant orthopteroid insects of australia ( university of nsw press , sydney ) . tindale , n . b . ( 1928 ) . australasian molecrickets of the family gryllotalpidae ( orthoptera ) . records of the south australian museum 4 : 142\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\n' sandgropers ' are very strange , wholly subterranean insects known to entomologists as cylindrachetids . these creature are seldom seen , but when a specimen is accidentally unearthed or discovered trapped in a pit , it usually elicits considerable interest .\ndespite the grublike appearance , cylindrachetids are believed to be descendants of grasshoppers . their bodies are wonderfully adapted for a burrowing mode of life . true to their name , sandgropers prefer sandy soils and they are reasonably common inhabitants of the swan coastal plain .\na telltale sign of their presence is a long raised trail across bare sand where one has burrowed just beneath the surface , usually following rain . sandgropers part the soil ahead of them with breaststroke - like motions of their highly modified and very powerful fore legs and they can run backwards or forward within their galleries on the comparatively tiny mid and hind legs .\ntheir bodies are streamlined and offer minimal resistance : wings are entirely absent ( even in adults ) and the mid and hind legs are recessed into the sides of the body .\nthe biology of sandgropers is very poorly studied but this is not surprising in view of the difficulty of finding and observing the insects . western sandgropers are reported as having damaged cereal crops by feeding on the bases of the stems . however , there is some evidence that the insects may be omnivorous as the intestinal contents of some specimens were found to contain fragments of insects along with plant material . like their grasshopper relatives , sandgropers develop gradually from egg to adult ( that is , juveniles resemble adults and there is no larval stage ) .\nsixteen species and three genera of sandgropers were recognized in the most recent study of the family ( gunther 1992 ) : the genus cylindraustralia was established for 13 australian and one new guinea species ( all earlier placed in cylindracheta ) , cylindracheta is now restricted to one species from the ' top end ' of the northern territory , and cylindrodes contains one argentinean species . the six known species of sandgropers from western australian all belong to cylindraustralia and two of them , c . kochii and c . tindalei , inhabit the perth region .\nfrom sand + \u200e groper . the sense \u201cwestern australian\u201d may originate either as a reference to the relatively large proportion of desert in the state or to gold mining during the rushes of the 19th century .\non both occasions the sandgropers downed the \u2018big v\u2019 , as indeed they did in 1947 at hobart when finishing second ; the vfl\u2032s only other defeat in 68 pre - state of origin carnival games came in 1911 against south australia in adelaide .\nleonard not only accepted , he told the club he could help sign several west australians . the foreign legion policy was born and , through leonard\u2032s personal contacts , south [ melbourne ] signed sandgropers brighton diggins and bill faul ( both from subiaco ) and gilbert beard ( south fremantle ) .\nmost species are small , 4 to 15 mm in length , although some sandgropers ( cylindrachetidae ) can reach the length of 40 mm .\nsandgropers remain under the soil surface and are only seen when soil is worked or dug .\nthis page was last edited on 24 may 2017 , at 03 : 08 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nno , well you might be quite surprised to know the history behind them . some you\u2019ve probably heard of , other maybe not .\ncornstalks , cockroaches , welshies ( new south wales ) the term cornstalks dates back to the 1820s or earlier , and refers to the children of convicts who were born in australia ( primarily new south wales ) who amongst other things were \u201ctaller than their british counterparts and had a distinct way of talking\u201d . see more here . other more recent names that people from new south wales are sometimes referred to cockroaches as a reference to their rugby team , and welshies ( for obvious reasons ) .\nqueensland has had multiple names over the years , but it seems the original one was that a \u201cqueenslander\u201d was known as a \u201ckanaka\u201d . unfortunately the origin of this isn\u2019t a great one . from the later 1860s through until the early 1900s more than 60 , 000 islanders ( those from solomon islands , new caledonia , fiji , vanuatu , and the some parts of papua new guinea ) were recruited to work on sugar plantations in queensland , these people were nicknamed \u201c\n, \u201d which is a hawaiian term meaning \u201chuman being\u201d . other more recent names for a queenslander is bananalander and banana bender \u2013 both with obvious connections to the banana industry in queensland .\ncrow - eaters , wheatfielders ( south australia ) anyone who is into sport will have heard of the term crow - eater , but i\u2019m sure you\u2019ll find the origin of the term quite surprising . it was on 6 february 1925 that the register newspaper for reported that this term \u2026 \u201cwas first applied to some of the original settlers at mount barker who \u2013 whether from necessity or a desire to sample strange native fauna \u2013 killed , cooked and ate some crows disguised under the term \u201cmount barker pheasants\u201d\u2026 later the term\u2026 was applied generally to all . \u201d for another explanation see more here and here . another reference to a south australian is a \u201cwheatfielder\u201d which is no longer used these days and while i have found many references to it , have not found the origin of it yet .\napple islanders , taswegians , tassies , jam - eaters ( tasmania ) thanks to the apple growing industry in tasmania , tasmanians have gained the name \u2018apple islanders\u2019 . i did find one mention of them having previously known as \u2018barracoutas\u2019 or \u2018coutas\u2019 , after the creature that supported fishing families and was a staple during the starvation years , but i cannot find any further reference to that one , so i\u2019m doubting its validity . however other names that tasmanian\u2019s have been know are taswegians , tassies , and jam - eaters . see more here .\ngumsuckers , cabbage gardeners ( victoria ) victoria is yet another state that has multiple names that its residents have called over time , neither of which are generally used these days . cabbage gardener was the first ( known ) , with references that date back to the 1880s . since the colony of victoria was colloqually known as the \u201ccabbage garden patch\u201d , victorians were known as cabbage gardeners . gumsuckers was another one , and possibly originated from victorians sucking gum leaves ( as reported in the australian worker , on 29 december 1926 . see more here .\nhi alona , i\u2019ve included this post in interesting blogs . . thank you . urltoken\nhere in sydney victorian migrants to nsw are sometimes referred to , disparagingly , as \u201cwetbacks\u201d or \u201cmexicans\u201d . this apparently implies that they have had to swim across the not so rio grande , the murray river , in order to reach to reach the nirvana of the north .\nsuch references seem to be associated with barbie discussions about the seeming inability of ex - victorians to fully assimilate into the sydney culture by eschewing their afl allegiances in favour of rugby league or association football and continuing to \u201cbarrack\u201d for their melbourne team or worse yet , supporting the transplanted south melbourne or the forced hothouse gws .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\ni ' ve updated the privacy policy of this blog . you can find this on the top bar of my site . please take a moment to read through it .\nthis site uses cookies purely for analytical and statistical information . by agreeing to this , you consent to the use of cookies .\nmuch of our sidebar has moved to the wiki . check there for information about visiting / moving to perth and other related links\nthey ' re ugly little things , and often confused with mole crickets . god knows what the origin of the nickname is , but i don ' t think its any worse than than crow eaters for south aussies , banana benders for qlders et cetera .\ni think there maybe some connection with aussie rules state of origin . might have been some pre - ww2 equivalent of ( fucking ) eddy maguire footy journo or commentator making shit up .\nin answering someones elses thoughts on being mining related , it occured to me to search trove for old newspaper usage of the term . it even seems to predate aussie rules usage .\na quick skim of the first few articles from the late 1890s and also just post ww1 reveals some quite republican and even secessionist usage of it . nice to read a bit of local patriotism from so long ago .\ni actually made a little sound of despair when i opened that link in a new tab and saw the first photo . if it features in my nightmares from now on . . . . rip me .\nme . growing up in regional wa i only had 2 tv stations ; abc & gwn . fat cat , sunny et al . were all exotic , far off city things to me .\njust like gwn got all the hand - me - down video & production equipment cheap from the bigger stations . . . i seem to remember them being behind the times with even dooper dog . certainly , i think i was older than the target market of upto about 6 or 7 when i first remember him appearing .\nthe swan coastal plain is mostly sand , unlike more sensible places to build cities . the name goes pretty far back , i seem to recall , as our national brethren considered the particular madness of trying to build over here back in the day . they have to keep reminding people its a bug every few years i think . most i ' ve known thought it was a fish or just a cute term for anything that lives in sand .\nit crossed my mind also that since they ' re such a rarely seen critter , back in the day , that might ' ve been true of west aussies in the eastern states as well .\nparent commenter can toggle nsfw or delete . will also delete on comment score of - 1 or less . | faqs | mods | magic words\naside from the odd , sporadic gold rush - which other states like victoria experienced as well - the big iron ore & mineral mining boom / busts only really started snowballing in the 1960s and 1970s . i have a feeling the expression predates then .\nhere ' s a quick search from trove of old west aussie newspapers for the term . first results alone date back to the late 1890s / early 1900s\ni think i read that one or another of that persons letters , but dismissed it as being specifically a wa reference , but rather just a random pseudonym or pen name someone used for the letter . it didn ' t scream to me as a reference to the term meaning\nwest aussie\none theory is it refers to the gold rush , with prospectors desperately groping through the sand to try and get rich .\nuse of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement and privacy policy . \u00a9 2018 reddit inc . all rights reserved .\nrendered by pid 83638 on app - 460 at 2018 - 07 - 09 20 : 11 : 43 . 358331 + 00 : 00 running 39f1166 country code : us .\na small cricket from the gryllidae family . not sure what species this is . click to continue >\nthe silent leaf - runner is a small cricket . adult has dark brown body with lighter legs . nymph is pale colour . they are predatory crickets click to continue >\nthe black field cricket is jet black . during the day , it hides in vegetation or cracks in the soil and comes out at night to feed , the males sings at night making a sound by rubbing his wings together . click to continue >\na chewing pest living entirely underground that can affect young crops on red and yellow sands in the west midlands .\nsandgropers live entirely underground \u2014 adults grow to 75 millimetres with a cylindrical body , the front of which is red - brown and hard .\nsandgropers are distinctive underground crickets and are only a problem on west midland yellow and red sands .\nsandgropers are native insects that occur in sandy soils but have only been a problem in the west midlands .\nwhile autumn fallowing for several weeks can reduce numbers , this may be insufficient to prevent damage .\nif a known large population exists in a paddock , planting oats can help as they are less susceptible to attack .\ncheck young cereal and lupin crops , particularly if planted on red and yellow sands known to harbour the pest .\na shortened version of the url , helpful when communicating the url over email or verbally .\ndepartment of primary industries and regional development ' s agriculture and food division is committed to growing and protecting wa ' s agriculture and food sector .\ncarter holt harvey claddings are full exterior structural plywood sheets , which can be used for both decorative and bracing purposes . produced from pinus radiata veneers and bonded with phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive ( wbp marine bond , type a exterior ) , the finished sheets are h3 losp preservative treated to provide long - term protection from decay .\nshadowclad groove , shadowclad texture are decorative sheets with a band - sawn surface ( with a groove profile option ) for use on residential , commercial and industrial buildings .\nshadowclad groove and shadowclad texture are also available already primed with a special powder coating . this is an advanced powder coating process that ' s been specially developed for substrates prior to top coating . with a noticeably smoother surface , primed claddings allow for easier top coat application and give you more square - metre coverage per litre of paint . and because the powder priming process significantly reduces the amount of water absorption , you get a drier surface for top coating .\nplease enable javascript to enhance your experience on the bunnings site . we have detected that javascript has been disabled in your browser . please enable javascript in your browser settings to enhance your experience .\nthey prefer sandy soil where they can burrow easily . adult and nymph sandgropers create galleries in moist soil by digging through and compressing the soil with their strong front legs . they burrow to depths of up to 1 . 9m . after rain they often burrow close to the surface forming raised trails .\nsandgropers are omnivorous , and feed on roots , stems , leaves , flowers , seeds , fungi and invertebrates . they are reputed to be an agricultural pest , responsible for crop and pasture loss in some parts such as the wheat belt of western australia .\nwe are a proudly western australian company . owner operator pete west ' s ancestors arrived in the pilbara in the 1890\u2019s to search for gold in nullagine , located in the fabulous yet harsh east pilbara . pete and his team continue the search today . the pilbara ' s natural beauty replacing the allure of gold .\nkarijini national park and ningaloo reef . how blessed western australia is to have these two jewels . such contrasting beauties , separated by 700kms of lonely highway .\nin pete ' s opinion to have been to western australia without taking time to explore and feel the north west of the state , you have simply not encountered the complete essence of the great state of western australia .\nthe pilbara region is a land of ancient rocks much older than the kimberley to the north . the pilbara is rich in minerals , wealthy in iron , copper , tin , gold & asbestos . when the subject of the pilbara is raised in many circles the minerals are often cited and has even been referred to as the silver bullet in the nation ' s economy . for good reason as the pilbara is responsible for 35 % of the nations foreign earnings .\nhowever the pilbara has a greater wealth to those who know it and belong to it .\nnatural beauty that is harsh and rugged . epic sun rises and sunsets , dreamy moon rises and moon sets . painters and photographers flock to the pilbara to capture her contrasts . dreamers and thinkers find their inspiration here too .\nthe pilbara is rich in things that do not exist here also . a population of one person for every 12 square kilometres . the region does not have much mobile phone coverage or internet access . traffic congestion and traffic lights are not a feature of our region .\nno internet , no phone , no worries ! a great remedy for an over stimulated world .\nwe have also received many journalists over the years . kerryn burgess of the weekend australian captured it best when she referred to the pilbara as a\ndigital detox\n.\nget to know our guides . we know that our touring and travel is all about you .\nkarijini national park is the geographical and spiritual heart of western australia . the park lies within the hamersley range approximately 700 metres above sea level . the parks boundaries are huge and covers 627 , 444 hectares . second only to rudall river national park .\nkarijini is very old country , translated to english she means hilly country and has been a natural meeting place of the ancient ones and this continues today . karijini is the spiritual and traditional home of banjima , kurrama and innawonga aboriginal people . there is much to be learned from the past , present and future of karijini ' s indigenous population . for those whom seek , answers are all around .\nkarijini is a mix of stunning gorges with cool inviting waters . a micro environment featuring flora that could not exist outside the gorge system . there is some amazing self - guiding in the park and visitors could fill a week exploring it . it ' s important for visitors to understand and show good etiquette when entering the park . some visitors may mistake the park for a water theme park . visitors are reminded to be respectful to the creation serpent the warlu , soft voices in the gorge and no jumping into sensitive pools . not only respectful but this behaviour enhances the visitors experience too .\nningaloo marine park is a long fringing barrier reef stretching from the cape range national park to south of coral bay . there are some magnificent coral reefs that in some places are a few metres from the shoreline . there are at least 250 species of coral on ningaloo reef and 500 species of fish too . fishing is permitted outside sanctuary zones and fishermen can enjoy great eating fish such as northwest snapper , coral trout , emperor , groper and perch .\nsnorkelers can share the water with lots of turtles and reef sharks - a dream encounter for many . ningaloo also hosts larger marine life , humpback whale migration is an annual treat for visitors as they make their way to warmer tropical waters in the autumn . another big attraction is the biggest fish in the sea , the whale shark which are present from march to july . large fish like manta rays are resident year round .\ncape range in the north end of ningaloo , with epic off the beach snorkelling sites such as turquoise bay and oyster stacks make the park like no other . the park features great facilities yet is being managed very well and the mantra of bring everything you need and take it all with you when you leave exists . the absence of commercial operators and high rise accommodations is an example of government getting things right .\nthere are fabulous gorges and walk trails and not only an abundance of marine life but land based animals are also protected and are everywhere . monitors , kangaroos , emu ' s , rock wallaby ' s and more to discover . coral bay to the south is a joy to visit also . simply enjoying the bay itself swimming in pristine waters and snorkelling amongst coral just off the beach . sipping on a cold beer looking over the bay at the coral bay hotel is one of pete ' s favourite tings to do .\nwhether you are travelling our region independently , on the bus with our mates at integrity coach lines or flying in with virgin / qantas airlines . travels that include karijini and ningaloo will leave a mark on those who come and remind us how amazing planet earth is .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nwith the first tunnel boring machine launching soon , the project has kicked into full swing .\ntunnel segment production has commenced at the project\u2019s batching plant facility , and key infrastructure has been installed east of dundas road in forrestfield to support tunnelling operations . in the coming weeks tbm grace will be lowered into the dive structure using a 600t crawler crane \u2013 one of the largest cranes in perth .\nbut what one tbm can do , two can do better . tbm sandy has just reached australian shores and will now be assembled and tested onsite at forrestfield before launching from the dive structure later this year .\nthe two tunnel boring machines that will dig the tunnels for the forrestfield - airport link have been officially named . the first tbm has been named grace , in honour of pre - primary student grace mcphee who was nominated by her classmates at edney primary school in high wycombe . the students said grace , who is undergoing treatment for leukaemia , was the toughest person they knew - a toughness the tbm would need to bore through the earth . tbm grace is decorated with artwork by year 6 walliston primary school student georgia fields .\non sunday 18 june premier mark mcgowan and transport minister rita saffioti released artist impressions for belmont station and surrounds . the station , located at the junction of brearley avenue and dunreath drive , will be a 15 - minute train journey from the cbd .\nthe station design is influenced by the natural landscape and urban fabric of the redcliffe locality and surrounding belmont area . associated infrastructure includes six bus bays , 500 car parking bays , and a north - south thoroughfare for pedestrians between bulong and central avenues .\neighty people attended a community information session for belmont station last week . the event provided an opportunity for community members to find out more about the project , view concept designs for the station and meet the project team .\nguide walls are currently being built at the belmont construction site - the first step in the diaphragm wall ( d - wall ) construction method to build the underground station box . as their name implies , guide walls are built to guide the position and verticality of the d - walls . a range of equipment required to build the d - walls will arrive onsite soon , with construction to begin in mid - july .\nwork is progressing to construct a retaining wall along railway parade . the wall , up to 5m high , is expected to be finished later this month then backfilling will be undertaken until the end of august . the wall is being constructed to support the temporary relocation of the midland line . this will allow more room for the construction team building the bayswater junction to work safely within the rail reserve .\nthe temporary rail line will be constructed closer to railway parade between august and december , after which the existing midland line will be removed .\nafter six months of building diaphragm walls , and with excavation now complete , the dive structure ( tunnel portal ) is ready for the first tbm to be lowered into position and begin tunnelling later this month . the dive structure is approximately 260m long and up to 22m wide .\npreparation of the forrestfield construction site east of dundas road is also progressing well . key infrastructure , including slurry separation plant , grout plant and water treatment plant , will be fully installed and ready to support tbm operations over the life of the project .\na number of construction sites have been created along the project\u2019s 8 . 5 km route and each site has potential noise and vibration sources .\nbefore works begin , property condition surveys will be completed on buildings adjacent to construction sites .\nfollowing tbm grace\u2019s arrival at airport central station on may 8 , tbm sandy also broke though into the station\u2019s underground box late last month .\nthe two tunnel boring machines for the forrestfield - airport link have now reached airport central station - about a quarter of the way into their 8km journey to bayswater .\nin one of the project ' s biggest milestones to date , tbm grace broke through into the underground station box at airport central station on the evening of tuesday may 8 , 2018 .\napologies we were unable to send your message at this time . please try again later .\n[ editor : an article about the early days of the gallipoli campaign , including extracts from the letters of australian soldiers . published in the sunday times ( perth , wa ) , 6 june 1915 . ]"]}
{"id": 1337, "summary": [{"text": "seek again is an american-bred thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after winning three of his seven races in the united kingdom he was sent to california in december 2013 and won the grade i hollywood derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "on august 9 , 2014 seek again won the grade ii fourstardave handicap in course record time .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he entered stallion duty at stroud 's lane farm in reddick , florida for the 2016 breeding season . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "seek again", "paragraphs": ["after beginning his career in england for gosden , seek again was subsequently sent to mott . he finished a game second by a head to reigning horse of the year\ngrade 1 winner seek again will shuttle to haras carampangue in argentina for the southern hemisphere breeding season after completing his first northern hemisphere season at stroud\u2019s lane farm in reddick , fla .\nracing a bit off the inside on the backstretch , seek again took closer order to the front - runners on the far turn under rosario ' s urging , then came out for the stretch run . rosario kept a cool head when his mount checked in close quarters soon afterward and deftly guided him over to a spot on the hedge that opened when silver max tired and yielded . the colt found trouble there , too , when sayaad drifted over near the eighth pole and forced seek again to check again .\nonce sayaad was out of the way , however , seek again had a clear path to victory , inching past grand arch past the sixteenth pole , and outlasting the 11 - 1 shot to the wire .\nthe 2 - 1 second wagering choice in the one - mile race , seek again was ridden to a neck victory by joel rosario in 1 : 33 . 25 on firm turf , eclipsing the previous record of 1 : 33 . 42 , set by\nthe 6 - year - old son of speightstown stands at stroud\u2019s lane for an advertised fee of $ 8 , 500 . racing post reports that seek again will stand in argentina for a syndicate that includes leading farms firmamento , la esperanz , la manija , and san benito .\nseek again ( usa ) ch . h , 2010 { 8 - h } dp = 7 - 7 - 14 - 0 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 75 - 18 starts , 5 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 942 , 926\nseek again is out of the grade 1 - winning danehill mare light jig , whose four winners from five foals to race includes treble jig , a group 3 winner in the u . a . e . and saudi arabia . he is from the family of group 2 winner nashmeel and group 3 winner able deputy .\nracing as a homebred for juddmonte farms , seek again won five of 18 starts and earned $ 942 , 926 , highlighted by wins in the grade 1 hollywood derby and grade 2 fourstardave handicap . he also earned grade 1 placings in two editions of the woodford reserve turf classic stakes , as well as the manhattan stakes and shoemaker mile .\nstephanie copeland \u2014 executive director of the colorado office of economic development and international trade , who oversees the colorado office of film , television and media \u2014 went before the committee today to update it on what film - office leaders are doing to ensure mistakes don\u2019t happen again and discuss legislative fixes that could help it to operate better .\nthis is a guide to the side quest hiden and seek once more in lake town in lego the hobbit . played on the ps4 for xbox one , ps4 , ps3 , xbox 360 and pc . this video shows gameplay of all characters in lego the hobbit . lego the hobbit playlist : - urltoken * related * lego marvel super heroes playlist : - urltoken the lego movie videogame playlist : - urltoken - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - afguideshd facebook page - urltoken afguideshd on google + - urltoken subscribe ! - urltoken - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\ncolt was checked several times in stretch before getting a clear run up rail late .\nfor owner / breeder juddmonte farms . the chestnut colt , winner of the hollywood derby ( gr . it ) in december in his united states debut for john gosden , was bred from juddmonte ' s 2004 yellow ribbon stakes ( gr . i ) winner\n, and then was third as the favorite in the june 7 knob creek manhattan ( gr . it ) at\nwise dan bypassed the fourstardave , a race he won the previous two years , to continue to train for his comeback from may 16 colic surgery .\n, who rushed out of the gate to set an uncontested pace through an opening quarter in : 23 . 33 , with\ntracking about 1 1 / 2 lengths back . sayaad move to within a half length as the half went in : 46 . 18 and drew alongside the leader on the far turn before gaining narrow lead nearing the quarter pole in 1 : 09 . 52 . sayaad was under heavy pressure in the stretch and was overhauled by\ni was thinking it could be over at the eighth pole , when i saw he had to alter course two different times ,\nhe said .\ni thought , well , we could be in trouble because it ' s awful late in the game to have to stop your momentum and go a different direction .\nhe showed up today ,\nthe rider said .\nat first , there wasn ' t a lot of room . i had to stay there because he likes to run a lot that way , that ' s his style . he ' s a good horse , he fires all the time . when he sees a horse in front of him , he comes to get ( him ) . so we had the winner today .\nwire - to - wire firecracker stakes ( gr . iit ) victor silver max , who upset wise dan in the off - the - turf shadwell turf mile ( gr . i ) at\nlast fall , finished last as the 122 - pound highweight in his second start off a long layoff .\nthey went really fast ,\ntrainer dale romans said of the quick early fractions .\nwe were going to go fast , we knew it all along . second start back , maybe i didn ' t do enough with him . as long as he comes back good , we ' ll be back .\n, returned $ 6 . 70 , $ 3 . 80 , and $ 3 . 10 while toting 121 pounds . grand arch brought $ 8 and $ 3 . 70 . jack milton was worth $ 2 . 90 to show .\nin fourth and sayaad in fifth , with silver max bringing up the rear .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwon hollywood derby ( g1 ) as a 3yo and set a new course record for one mile ( 1 : 33 . 25 ) in winning the fourstardave h . ( g2 ) at four . multiple g1 - placed\u2014beaten just a head by horse of the year wise dan in the woodford reserve turf classic s . ( g1 ) \u2014posted a 105 beyer speed figure and ran 1 - 2 - 3 in 15 of 18 career starts while banking $ 942 , 926 racing in the colors of juddmonte farms .\nowner : juddmonte farms inc . breeder : juddmonte farms inc . state bred : ky winnings : 18 starts : 5 - 3 - 4 , $ 942 , 926 at 3 : won hollywood derby ( g1 , bhp , 10ft ) at 4 : won fourstardave h . ( g2 , sar , 8ft - - ncr 1 : 33 . 25 ) ; 2nd turf classic s . ( g1 , cd , 9ft ) ; 3rd manhattan s . ( g1 , bel , 10ft ) at 5 : 3rd woodford reserve turf classic s . ( g1 , cd , 9ft ) , shoemaker mile s . ( g1 , sa , 8ft ) , fourstardave h . ( g2 , sar , 8ft ) raced in eng and u . s . entered stud in 2016 at strouds lane farm , reddick fl ; shuttles to haras carampangue in argentina . ( close )\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nformer president mohamed nasheed of the maldives in colombo , sri lanka , on thursday . \u201ci can contest , i am a maldives national , and i am free \u2014 i must be free to contest , \u201d he told reporters .\nnew delhi \u2014 a former president of the maldives , who now lives in exile in london , is planning to run in his party\u2019s internal primaries with the hope of becoming a presidential candidate in elections in the country next year .\nmohamed nasheed , the former president , met with members of his party , the maldivian democratic party , in colombo , sri lanka , over the last week .\non thursday , he told reporters , \u201ci can contest , i am a maldives national , and i am free \u2014 i must be free to contest . \u201d\nmr . nasheed was sentenced to 13 years in prison in 2015 on terrorism charges that his supporters said were politically motivated under the government of his successor , president abdulla yameen .\nhe was granted political asylum in britain the next year , after traveling there for medical treatment .\nthe maldives constitution states that anyone who has been sentenced to more than 12 months in a criminal case cannot run for president within three years of his release or unless he has been pardoned .\nmr . nasheed said he hoped other countries would intervene . \u201cwe will continue to work with our international partners to see how they may be able to impress on president yameen the need to have an all inclusive election , \u201d he said .\nit is unclear whether the government of the maldives , a tiny archipelago nation in the indian ocean , southwest of india , would be amenable to such pressures . led by mr . yameen , it is increasingly isolated .\nin october , it announced that it would withdraw from the commonwealth after facing criticism over human rights . since 2015 , mr . yameen has been prosecuting his political opponents and other leaders in the country . in june 2016 , a former vice president was convicted of trying to assassinate mr . yameen and sentenced to 15 years in prison .\nmr . nasheed was elected in 2008 in the country\u2019s first democratic election after three decades of autocratic rule by maumoon abdul gayoom , and he was forced out of office in 2012 in what his supporters described as a coup orchestrated by loyalists of mr . gayoom .\nmr . nasheed was later arrested over accusations that he ordered the military to arrest a chief judge of the criminal court , whom he accused of acting on behalf of mr . gayoom .\nthe united nations working group on arbitrary detention found in 2015 that mr . nasheed did not receive a fair trial , and it concluded that several factors strongly suggested that his conviction was politically motivated . mr . yameen , who is mr . gayoom\u2019s half brother , won the presidential election in 2013 .\na spokesman for the president\u2019s office did not respond to calls for comment on thursday .\nmohamed shainee , the government minister of fisheries and agriculture , said in an interview with the indian news website the wire in january that the government was open to talks , with \u201cno preconditions . \u201d\nplease sign in and use this article ' s on page print button to print this article .\nrepublican members of colorado\u2019s legislative audit committee outlined a proposal today to ensure that state film incentives are going only to companies that qualify for them \u2014 and then said the legislature needs to have a serious discussion in 2018 about whether it\u2019s time to eliminate the five - year - old program altogether .\nthe discussion came in response to a scathing june audit that said the program has given money to ineligible projects , promised money that the state didn\u2019t have to give and agreed to pay producers without the proper submission of paperwork .\ncommittee members voted unanimously to have state officials draw up a bill proposal that would tighten the language on which companies are considered in - state production companies and are eligible for a greater array of incentives .\nthe proposal also would fund the film office\u2019s contracting with a certified public accounting firm to verify that companies have complied with state rules enough to receive incentives . and it would allow the film office to take back awarded funding if it is discovered later that production companies did not meet minimum standards in areas like spending or local hiring .\nbut just as soon as the committee signaled bipartisan backing for that concept , state rep . dan nordberg , r - colorado springs , said that even such a legislative clean - up of the statutes may not be enough to right a program that he and other legislative republicans have said is an improper use of tax funding and has been reluctant to follow the rules that were set out for it when the incentives program was created in 2012 .\nand he said that legislators need to have a \u201cserious conversation\u201d during the session that begins in january about whether the roughly $ 1 . 25 million going this year to the program \u2014 $ 750 , 000 in available incentives and $ 500 , 000 in operational expenses \u2014 should be nixed during a time of budget shortfalls .\n\u201cto some degree , yes , there are always things that can be improved upon . but a lot of the controls in place are sufficient , and they\u2019re being blatantly disregarded , \u201d nordberg said . \u201ci think there is a broader conversation incumbent upon the general assembly [ the legislature ' s official name ] to discuss this office and whether it\u2019s something we should continue with . \u201d\nthe effort will not be the first to end the incentives program , as republicans have suggested the move virtually every year since its establishment , sometimes teaming unsuccessfully with liberal democrats who also questioned whether the limited state resources going toward the program could be spent better elsewhere .\nhowever , this new push will come one year after legislators agreed to cut the incentives budget from its typical allotment of $ 3 million down to $ 750 , 000 , suggesting some of its long - standing support may be eroding at least a little bit .\ncopeland said after the hearing that she agrees with the bill giving her office more oversight over the disbursement of the incentives , which are approved before a project begins filming by the colorado economic development commission .\nbut she pushed back against the assertions of nordberg and sen . tim neville , r - littleton , who suggested that divisions of public companies that run into so much criticism of their practices eventually get shut down by their companies .\n\u201ci would assert that representative nordberg is wrong on whether a company would shut down a division based on competence of governance . they would change the governance , \u201d said copeland , who served as president of boulder - based communications - infrastructure firm zayo group before becoming the state\u2019s top economic - development official in january . \u201cthe comments weren\u2019t surprising . \u201d\nwhile republicans appear to be falling more in line behind the idea of ending film incentives , they still have a way to go to win over legislative democrats who have backed the program .\n, she believes the right course is to correct them and continue trying to build the state\u2019s film - production economy .\n\u201cit\u2019s not something that i would like to just see go away , \u201d jahn said .\ndbj & bellco are proud to present one of our most popular networking events . enjoy appetizers and cocktails as you catch up with old associates and make new business connections . take time to explore the space gallery in the heart of the arts district .\n\u00a9 2018 american city business journals . all rights reserved . use of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 24 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 24 / 18 ) . the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of american city business journals .\nfrench president emmanuel macron asked his turkish counterpart recep tayyip erdogan to free detained french journalist loup bureau during a telephone conversation sunday .\nmacron requested\nthe quick liberation and . . . return to france\nof bureau , said a statement released by the french presidential office .\nthe two presidents agreed to make further contact , and at the ministerial level as well , in order to arrive at a positive outcome ,\nthe statement from the elysee palace said of the journalist ' s plight .\nbureau , 27 , was arrested on july 26 and accused of having links to kurdish militias , which turkey regards as terrorist groups .\nhe is studying for a master ' s degree in journalism but has also worked as a reporter , notably on a story for the french channel tv5 in 2013 on the syrian group , the kurdish people ' s protection units ( ypg ) .\nmacron and erdogan also discussed the situation in syria , iraq and thegulf region as well as the battle against terrorism , with franceworking to create a specialist contact group to discuss syria on the sidelines of the un general assembly next month .\nforeign journalists have repeatedly been accused by the turkish government of supporting terrorism for reporting on kurdish groups , adding to tensions between erdogan and the eu .\nbureau is the third french journalist to be detained in turkey in the past year .\nin june , turkey deported french photojournalist mathias depardon after holding him for a month on charges of supporting terror groups .\ndeniz yucel , a correspondent for the german daily die welt , has been held since february , personally accused by erdogan of working as a\nterror agent\n.\nturkey ranks 155 on the latest rsf world press freedom index after dropping four places from its 2016 ranking ."]}
{"id": 1338, "summary": [{"text": "distorsio decussata , common name the decussate distorsio , is a species of medium-sized sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family personidae , the distortio snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "distorsio decussata", "paragraphs": ["citation : - distorsio decussata . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\nsubgenus distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 accepted as distorsio r\u00f6ding , 1798\n\u00bb subgenus distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 accepted as distorsio r\u00f6ding , 1798\nspecies distorsio reticulata r\u00f6ding , 1798 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )\n\u00bb species distorsio reticulata r\u00f6ding , 1798 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )\nmessage please keep me informed when a similar specimen ( distorsio - decussata giant ! - [ panama ] ( valenciennes , 1832 ) ) is available .\ndistorsio decussata ( valenciennes , 1832 ) . worms ( 2010 ) . distorsio decussata ( valenciennes , 1832 ) . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 14 august 2010 .\n\u00bb subspecies distorsio constricta floridana olsson & mcginty , 1951 accepted as distorsio mcgintyi emerson & puffer , 1953 ( invalid : secondary junior homonym of personella floridana gardner , 1947 ; d . mcgintyi is a replacement name )\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ndistorsio decussata\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\n( of triton decussata valenciennes , 1832 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n\u00bb species distorta acuta perry , 1811 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )\n( of distorsio ( distorsio ) r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb species persona djunggranganensis k . martin , 1916 \u2020 accepted as distorsio djunggranganensis ( k . martin , 1916 ) \u2020 ( original combination )\n( of distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 236 [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 292 seconds . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( august 2010 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nthis shop requires javascript to run correctly . please activate javascript in your browser .\nselected giant specimen . live collected one with op . ex f . h collection\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkamarruddin , i . , mohamed , c . a . r . , kee alfian , b . a . a . , fitra , a . z . , lee , j . n . & rozaimi , m . j . ( 2011 ) . malaysia ' s marine biodiversity : inventory and current status . department of marine park malaysia and marine ecosystem research centre ( ekomar ) , malaysia . pp . 212 .\nfeedback : - if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page , please provide us with feedback .\nget updates and an exclusive news when you sign up to our free newsletter .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) . all rights reserved . disclaimer - the malaysian government , and ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) shall not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the usage of any information obtained from this website . by entering this site , you acknowledge and agree that no portion of this site , including but not limited to names , logos , trademarks , patents , sound , graphics , charts , text , audio , video , information or images are either mybis property or the property permitted by third - party and shall not be used without prior written approval from the owner ( s ) .\nbest viewed using latest mozila firefox , google chrome and internet explorer 10 with resolution 1024 x 768px or above . version 2 . 0 / 2016\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\nwe expect full payment w / i 10 days . we accept paypal . if you are a bidder living outside the usa , s & h charges will be revised . thank you , barb p . s . we are happy to combine shipping for you . we do not ship to italy .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nr\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]\n( of calcarella souleyet , 1850 ) souleyet [ l . f . a . ] . ( 1850 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de coquilles univalves . journal de conchyliologie . 1 : 246 - 249 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of distortrix link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 122 - 123 [ details ]\n( of persona montfort , 1810 ) montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 : 602 [ details ]\n( of distorta perry , 1811 ) perry g . ( 1811 ) . conchology , or the natural history of shells : containing a new arrangement of the genera and species , illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens and including the latest discoveries . london , miller pp . 4 + 61 pl . : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 10 [ details ]\nbeu a . g . ( 1998 ) . r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of distorta perry , 1811 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb species distorsionella beui f . riedel , 2000 accepted as distorsionella lewisi ( beu , 1978 ) ( synonym )\n( of personinae gray , 1854 ) gray , j . e . ( 1854 [\n1853\n] ) . on the division of ctenobranchous gasteropodous mollusca into larger groups and families . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 21 : 32 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 37 [ details ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nr\u00f6ding , peter f . 1798 . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis natur\u00e6 qu\u00e6 olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda conineus conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia . johan christi . trappii , hamburgi . : i\u2013viii ; 1\u2013199 .\nbeu a . g . ( 1998 ) . r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . < em > m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . < / em > 178 : 1 - 255 .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nr\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia .\nsepkoski , j . j . , jr . ( 2002 ) . a compendium of fossil marine animal genera . < em > bulletins of american paleontology . < / em > 363 , 1 - 560 .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .\nwhere : limon , costa rica ( 10 . 0\u00b0 n , 83 . 2\u00b0 w : paleocoordinates 9 . 8\u00b0 n , 82 . 0\u00b0 w )\nwhen : lim\u00f3nes formation , late / upper miocene ( 11 . 6 - 5 . 3 ma )\n\u2022 lithostratigraphy : from the lim\u00f3nes formation ( of woodring ( 1973 , 1982 ) . age : late miocene in woodring ( 1973 , 1982 ) . stratigraphic position : composite list for formation .\n\u2022 lithology : unknown . lithification : unlithified , on the basis of figured specimens .\nprimary reference : w . p . woodring . 1970 . geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of panama : description of tertiary mollusks ( gastropods : eulimidae , marginellidae to helminthoglyptidae ) .\npaleodb collection 96520 : authorized by austin hendy , entered by austin hendy on 10 . 06 . 2010\n\u2022 coverage : limited to taxa miscellaneously mentioned in text . nomenclature : authoritative publication , with modern nomenclature , and species - resolution identifications .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorresponding author : jorge cort\u00e9s ( rc . ca . rcu @ setroc . egroj )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ncosta rica comprises 11 conservation areas ( \u00e1reas de conservaci\u00f3n ) , one of which is \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( acg ) on the northwest pacific coast of costa rica ( fig .\nmap of the \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( acg ) in the northern pacific coast of costa rica with indication of the sites mentioned in the text . see table\nfor the codes of the sites . stars = beaches , triangle = mangrove forests , circle = bays ; green = protected area ; blue circles = shoals .\nexpedition , in 1978 organized by the scripps institution of oceanography ( sio ) . they collected samples that are deposited at sio , but few papers were published (\nrecently published on some of the barnacles collected during that expedition . the most recent expedition was the smithsonian tropical research institute rv\nhistorical account of marine studies at the \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste , pacific coast of costa rica .\nseveral individuals and groups , e . g . dj pool , fe putz and cimar , ucr\npublished on marine turtles of the acg , with the first observations in 1970\u20131971 . in 1996 ,\ncollected and later described several fish parasites . between 1996 and 2002 , the instituo nacional de biodiversidad collected mollusks in the acg , and generated several papers on the opistobranchs (\n) . the cimar of the ucr has published papers on marine organisms and environments of costa rica that include the acg : e . g . ,\nthe beach fauna . even so , our knowledge about the species diversity of the acg is far from complete .\nthe objective of this contribution is to generate a baseline of the marine biodiversity of acg\u2019s sector marino and adjacent unprotected areas , some of which are in the process of being officially protected . this will serve as a starting point for the recently initiated biomar acg project ( marine biodiversity of the guanacaste conservation area ) . this five - year project ( 2015\u20132019 ) , funded by the guanacaste dry forest conservation fund , and with support from the ministry of the environment and energy of the costa rican government and the ucr , will collect , identify and provide publicly accessible information about most of acg\u2019s species of marine macroorganisms and as many of the microorganisms as feasible .\nthe study area is sector marino of the acg and adjacent areas , located on the north pacific of costa rica ( fig .\n) . publications about acg marine organisms were compiled and analyzed . a list of recorded species was created based on those publications . later all scientific names were updated using worms ( world register of marine species ,\nlocalities of the samples reported in the appendix 1 . # spp . = number of species reported from that site . a = protected area , b = area in the process of being officially protected , c = marine area not protected , and d = private reserve ( protected area ) .\nthe resulting list of species was compared to the remainder of the pacific coast of costa rica and to available species lists from other countries in the eastern tropical pacific . knowledge gaps were identified and potential areas of future research suggested .\n) , which represents 15 . 5 % of the known species of the pacific coast of costa rica . the most diverse groups were crustaceans ( 193 spp . ) , mollusks ( 187 spp . ) and cnidarians ( 46 spp . ) , comprising together 71 . 7 % of the acg\u2019s marine species . these three groups represent 23 . 9 % , 18 . 2 % and 26 . 7 % , respectively of the known species of the pacific coast of the country ( table\n) . some groups are well represented in the acg when compared to the rest of the coast ( e . g . , species of mangroves and fish parasites ) , while others are greatly underrepresented . for example , red algae , polychaetes , copepods , equinoderms , and marine fishes and birds are poorly represented in the published reports ( table\n) . other groups of organisms have been observed and identified ( e . g . , various species of sponges , flat worms , ophiuroids , and ascidian ) but there are no published records of these species ( table\nnumber of marine species reported from \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( complete list of species in the appendix 1 ) , pacific coast of costa rica ( see cort\u00e9s 2012 , plus references indicated as superindex ) ( species reported only for isla del coco were excluded ) ; percentage of the species of the pacific reported form acg , and species only found in acg . n . k . = not known .\ntaxa reported from other sites of pacific costa rica ( see cort\u00e9s 2012 , plus references indicated as superindex ) , but not from \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste . n . k . = not known ; present = have been observed or collected but there are no publications ; probably = there is a high probability that they are present but have not been observed yet .\nover 85 % of the species reported are also found in other areas of the coast of costa rica and in the eastern tropical pacific ; however , most areas , including the acg , have not been intensively collected , and the same common species are found repeatedly by collecting expeditions . thirty new species have been described from specimens collected in the acg : one foraminiferan , one echinoderm , two octocorals , three parasitic flatworms , four fishes , eight crustaceans and 11 mollusks ( appendix\nmost of the sampling has been concentrated in a few localities of the marine area of the acg and those sites therefore have the highest number of reported species . for example , bah\u00eda santa elena ( 371 spp . ) , playa blanca ( 104 spp . ) and in some of the islas murci\u00e9lago ( 103 spp . ) seem very species - rich ( table\n) . other areas within acg have not been sampled at all , for example the northern shore of the santa elena peninsula or some of the islas murci\u00e9lago . the soft bottom substrate has not been sampled thoroughly nor most of the rocky intertidal zones .\ncompared to other areas on the pacific of costa rica , the acg has fewer known marine species ( 594 spp . ) than does golfo dulce ( 1028 spp . : morales - ram\u00edrez 2011 ) or isla del coco ( 1688 spp . : cort\u00e9s 2012 ) , but about the same as what is currently known for bah\u00eda culebra ( 577 spp : cort\u00e9s et al . 2012 ) . but that number will definitely increase as more taxa , other sites and environments within the acg are inventoried .\nsynthesized the knowledge of marine biodiversity of the eastern tropical pacific , mainly from coral reefs , where most studies have been done . for example , 857 marine species have been reported for clipperton atoll , france , (\n, this paper ) , and 5740 spp . for the entire gulf of california , m\u00e9xico (\nknowing and documenting which species occurs where is a critical first step in understanding and conserving the biodiversity of a particular area . as outlined in tables\ni thank dan janzen , frank joyce , mar\u00eda marta chavarr\u00eda , winnie hallwachs , and roger blanco for setting up the biomar acg project that inspired this paper . the cimar , the escuela de biolog\u00eda and the vicerrector\u00eda de investigaci\u00f3n of the ucr let me dedicate most of my time to research . i deeply appreciate the review of sections or the entire manuscript by arturo angulo , roc\u00edo c\u00f3rdoba , cindy fern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00eda , kimberly garc\u00eda - m\u00e9ndez , dan janzen , frank joyce , carolina sheridan - rodr\u00edguez , jeffrey sibaja - cordero , rita vargas - castillo , and the journal\u2019s editor and reviewers . finally , i thank the government of costa rica , the wege foundation of grand rapids , michigan , and the guanacaste dry forest conservation fund ( gdfcf ; urltoken ) for proving the funds for the biomar acg project and for the publication of this paper .\nmarine species reported from \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( acg ) . species in bold type reported only for the acg in costa rica ( in the case of\nsome have been reported in people but not in marine organisms ) . localities as in figure\ncyanocystis violacea ( p . l . crouan & h . m . crouan ) kom\u00e1rek & anagnostidis , 1986 as dermocarpa violacea\ncolpomenia durvillei ( bory de saint - vincent ) m . e . ram\u00edrez , 1991 as colpomenia phaeodactyla\npyropia thuretii ( setchell & e . y . dawson ) j . e . sutherland , l . e . aguilar rosas & r . aguilar rosas , 2011\nsmithora naiadum ( c . l . anderson ) hollenberg , 1959 as porphyra naiadum\nacrochaetium arcuatum ( k . m . drew ) c . k . tseng , 1945 as acrochaetium penetrale\nneosiphonia beaudettei ( hollenberg ) m . - s . kim & i . a . abbott , 2006 as polysiphonia beaudettei\npocillopora inflata glynn , 1999 , but see paz - garc\u00eda et al . 2015\nanachis fluctuata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as anachis ( parvanachis ) fluctuata\nsincola dorsata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as sincola ( dorsina ) dorsata\nstrombina elegans ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( spiralta ) elegans\nsincola gibberula ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as sincola ( dorsina ) gibberula\nstrombina maculosa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( spiralta ) maculosa\nstrombina pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( lirastrombina ) pulcherrima\nstrombina recurva ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( recurvina ) recurva\nconasprella lucida ( w . wood , 1828 ) as conus lucidus wood , 1828\nconasprella perplexa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ) as conus perplexus\nconasprella tornata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as conus tornatus\namericardia biangulata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as cardium biangulatum\ntrachycardium consors ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardium consors\ntrachycardium procerum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardium procerum\ntrigoniocardia granifera ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as cardium graniferum\nsemele pallida ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as semele simplicissima\ntagelus affinis ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) as tagelus ( tagelus ) affinis\ncarditamera affinis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita ( carditamera ) affinis\ncarditamera radiata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita ( carditamera ) radiate\ncardites laticostatus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita tricolor\neucrassatella gibbosa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as crassatellites ( hybolophus ) gibbosus\ncaryocorbula biradiata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as aloidis ( caryocorbula ) biradiata\ncaryocorbula nasuta ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as aloidis ( caryocorbula ) nasuta\nleukoma asperrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as chione ( nioche ) asperrima\nperiglypta multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as antigona ( periglypta ) multicostata\npitar consanguineus ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) as pitar ( pitar ) consanguineous\nsaccella elenensis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as nuculana ( saccella ) elenensis\nanadara biangulata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as acar ( anadara ) biangulata\nanadara nux ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( cunearca ) nux\narca mutabilis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( arca ) mutabilis\nbarbatia illota ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) barbatia ( fugleria ) illota\ncalloarca alternata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( calloarca ) alternata\nlarkinia grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as grandiarca grandis\nlarkinia grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as arca ( lakinia ) grandis\nlarkinia multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as anadara multicostata\nlarkinia multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( larkinia ) multicostata\ntucetona strigilata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as glycymeris ( tuceta ) tessellata strigilata and as glycymeris ( tuceta ) tessellata\narcopsis solida ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( arcopsis ) solida\nnodipecten subnodosus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as pecten ( lyropecten ) subnodosus\nuca ( leptuca ) stenodactylus ( h . milne edwards & lucas , 1843 ) as uca stenodactyla\nachelous asper ( a . milne - edwards , 1861 ) as portunus ( portunus ) panamensis\nheteractaea lunata ( lucas , in h . milne edwards & lucas , 1844 )\ncort\u00e9s j ( 2017 ) marine biodiversity baseline for \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste , costa rica : published records . zookeys 652 : 129\u2013179 . urltoken\nnote : only the references used in the tables and appendix 1 are numbered .\naburto - oropeza o , balart ef . 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( 2003 ) marine turtle nesting activity at playa naranjo , santa rosa national park , costa rica , for the 1998\u20131999 season . chelonian conservation and biology 4 : 675\u2013678 . [ 67 ]\ndurham jw , barnard jl . ( 1952 ) stony corals of the eastern pacific collected by the velero iii and the velero iv . allan hancock pacific expeditions 16 : 1\u2013110 . [ 68 ]\ndushane h , draper bc . ( 1975 ) the genus seila in the eastern pacific ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . the veliger 17 : 335\u2013345 . [ 69 ]\neckrich ce , owens dw . ( 1995 ) solitary versus arribada nesting in the olive ridley sea turtles ( lepidochelys olivacea ) : a test of the predation - satiation hypothesis . herpetologica 51 : 349\u2013354 . [ 70 ]\nescobar - lasso s , fonseca lg , villachica wn , herrera h , valverde ra , quir\u00f3s - pereira w , pesquero m , plotkin pt . ( 2016 ) first field observation of the predation by jaguar ( panthera onca ) on olive ridley sea turtle ( lepidochelys olivacea ) at nancite beach , santa rosa national park , costa rica . mammalogy notes | notas mastozool\u00f3gicas 3 : 20\u201323 . [ 71 ]\nexcoffon ac , acu\u00f1a fh , cort\u00e9s j . ( 2009 ) the sea anemone\n( cnidaria , actiniaria , nemanthidae ) from costa rica : re - description and first record outside the type locality . marine biodiversity records 2 , e142 .\nfern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00eda c , riosmena - rodr\u00edguez r , wysor b , tejada ol , cort\u00e9s j . ( 2011 ) checklist of the pacific marine macroalgae of central america . botanica marina 54 : 53\u201373 .\nfonseca lg , murillo ga , guadam\u00faz l , sp\u00ednola rm , valverde ra . ( 2009 ) downward but stable trend in the abundance of arribada olive ridley sea turtles (\n) at nancite beach , costa rica ( 1971\u20132007 ) . chelonian conservation and biology 8 : 19\u201327 .\nfoster jm , lecroy se , heard rw , vargas r . ( 2009 ) gammaridean amphipods . in : wehrtmann is , cort\u00e9s j ( eds ) marine biodiversity of costa rica , central america . monographiae biologicae , volume 86 . springer & business media bv , berlin , 265\u2013274 .\nfourri\u00e9re m , reyes - bonilla h , rodr\u00edguez - zaragoza fa , crane n . ( 2014 ) fishes of clipperton atoll , eastern pacific : checklist , endemism , and analysis of completeness of the inventory . pacific science 68 : 375\u2013395 .\nfraser cm . ( 1943a ) general account of the scientific work of the velero iii in the eastern pacific , 1931\u20131941 , part ii : geographic and biological associations . allan hancock pacific expeditions 1 ( 2 ) : 49\u2013258 .\nfraser cm . ( 1943b ) general account of the scientific work of the velero iii in the eastern pacific , 1931\u20131941 , part iii : a ten - year list of the velero iii collecting stations ( charts 1\u2013115 ) . with an appendix of collecting stations of the allan hancock foundation for the year 1942 . allan hancock pacific expeditions 1 ( 3 ) : 259\u2013431 .\nfraser cm . ( 1948a ) hydroids of the 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , and 1938 allan hancock pacific expeditions . allan hancock pacific expeditions 4 ( 3 ) : 129\u2013153 . [ 76 ]\nfraser cm . ( 1948b ) hydroids of the allan hancock pacific expeditions since march , 1938 . allan hancock pacific expeditions 4 ( 5 ) : 179\u2013335 . [ 77 ]\ngarth js . ( 1940 ) some new species of brachyuran crabs from mexico and the central and south american mainland . allan hancock pacific expeditions 5 ( 3 ) : 53\u2013127 . [ 78 ]\ngarth js . ( 1958 ) brachyura of the pacific coast of america . oxyrhyncha . tables and plates . allan hancock pacific expeditions 21 ( 2 ) : 501\u2013854 . [ 79 ]\ngarth js . ( 1959 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xliv . non - intertidial brachygnathous crabs from the west coast of tropical america . part 1 : brachygnatha , oxyrhyncha . zoologica 44 : 105\u2013126 . [ 80 ]\ngarth js . ( 1961 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xlv . non - intertidial brachygnathous crabs from the west coast of tropical america . part 2 : brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . zoologica 46 : 133\u2013160 . [ 81 ]\ngarth js . ( 1966 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xlvi . oxystomatous and allied crabs from the west coast of tropical america . zoologica 51 : 1\u201316 . [ 82 ]\ngarth js . ( 1974 ) on the occurrence in the eastern tropical pacific of indo - west pacific decapod crustaceans commensal with reef - building corals . proceedings 2 nd international coral reef symposium , brisbane 1 : 397\u2013404 . [ 83 ]\ngates ce , valverde ra , mo cl , chaves ac , ballesteros j , pesk j . ( 1996 ) estimating arribada size using a modified instantaneous count procedure . journal of agricultural , biological , and environmental statistics 1 : 275\u2013287 .\ngeiger dl . ( 2006 ) eight new species of scissurellidae and anatomidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : vetigastropoda ) from around the world , with discussion of two new senior synonyms . zootaxa 1128 : 1\u201333 . [ 85 ]\nglynn pw . ( 1999 ) pocillopora inflata , a new species of scleractinian coral ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) from the tropical eastern pacific . pacific science 53 : 168\u2013180 . [ 86 ]\ngore rh , abele lg . ( 1973 ) three new species of porcellanid crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , porcellanidae ) from the bay of panama and adjacent caribbean waters . bulletin of marine science 23 : 559\u2013573 . [ 87 ]\ngrove js , lavenberg rj . ( 1997 ) the fishes of the gal\u00e1pagos islands . stanford university press , stanford , california , 863 pp . [ 88 ]\nguiry md , guiry gm . ( 2016 ) algaebase . world - wide electronic publication , national university of ireland , galway . urltoken ; searched on 11 january 2016 .\nhahn at . ( 2011 ) filogeografia global da tartaruga oliva ( lepidochelys olivacea ) . phd thesis , porto alegre , rio grande do sul , brasil : pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica do rio grande do sul . [ 89 ]\nhaig j . ( 1960 ) the porcellanidae ( crustacea : anomura ) of the eastern pacific . allan hancock pacific expeditions 24 : 1\u2013440 . [ 90 ]\nhaig j . ( 1968 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . porcellanid crabs ( crustacea : anomura ) from the west coast of tropical america . zoologica 53 : 57\u201374 . [ 91 ]\nhaig j , harvey aw . ( 1991 ) three new species of the pagurus lepidus complex ( decapoda , anomura , paguridae ) from the eastern pacific . natural history museum of los angeles county , contributions in science 430 : 1\u201311 . [ 92 ]\nhanna gd , strong am . ( 1949 ) west american mollusks of the genus conus proceedings of the california academy of sciences 4 th series 26 : 247\u2013322 . [ 93 ]\nhartman o . ( 1939 ) polychaetous annelids . part i . aphroditidae to pisionidae . allan hancock pacific expeditions 7 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013155 . [ 94 ]\nhartman o . ( 1940 ) polychaetous annelids . part ii . chrysopetalidae to goniadidae . allan hancock pacific expeditions 7 ( 2 ) : 173\u2013287 . [ 95 ]\nhartman o . ( 1944 ) polychaetous annelids . part v . eunicea . allan hancock pacific expeditions 10 : 1\u2013238 . [ 96 ]\nharvey aw , mclaughlin p . ( 1991 ) two new hermit crabs of the genus pagurus ( provenzanoi group ) ( crustacea , anomura , paguridae ) from the eastern pacific , with notes on their ecology . natural history museum of los angeles county , contributions in science 425 : 13\u201321 . [ 97 ]\nheard rw , price ww . ( 2006 ) revision of bowmaniella sensu bacescu , 1968 ( crustacea : mysida : mysidae : gastrosaccinae ) : a taxonomic conundrum . zootaxa 1269 : 1\u201329 . [ 98 ]\nheard rw , breedy o , vargas r . ( 2009 ) tanaidaceans . in : wehrtmann is , cort\u00e9s j ( eds ) marine biodiversity of costa rica , central america . monographiae biologicae , volume 86 . springer & business media bv , berlin , 245\u2013256 ."]}
{"id": 1339, "summary": [{"text": "the pallas 's leaf warbler or pallas 's warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) is a bird that breeds in mountain forests from southern siberia east to northern mongolia and northeastern china .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is named for german zoologist peter simon pallas , who first formally described it .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this leaf warbler is strongly migratory , wintering mainly in southern china and adjacent areas of southeast asia , although in recent decades increasing numbers have been found in europe in autumn .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "pallas 's leaf warbler is one of the smallest eurasian warblers , with a relatively large head and short tail .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it has greenish upperparts and white underparts , a lemon-yellow rump , and yellow double wingbars , supercilia and central crown stripe .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is similar in appearance to several other asian warblers , including some that were formerly considered to be its subspecies , although its distinctive vocalisations aid identification .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the female builds a cup nest in a tree or bush , and incubates the four to six eggs , which hatch after 12 \u2013 13 days .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the chicks are fed mainly by the female and fledge when they are 12 \u2013 14 days old ; both parents then bring food for about a week .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "pallas 's leaf warbler is insectivorous , feeding on the adults , larvae and pupa of small insects and spiders .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "birds forage in bushes and trees , picking items from leaves or catching prey in short flights or while hovering .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the pallas 's leaf warbler has a large range , and its numbers are believed to be stable .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it therefore is evaluated as of \" least concern \" by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pallas ' s leaf warbler", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 2 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 3 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 4 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 5 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 6 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 7 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 8 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 9 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 10 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 11 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 12 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 13 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 14 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 15 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 16 . pallas ' s leaf warbler > > adult 17 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 18 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 19 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 20 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 21 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 22 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 23 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 24 . pallas ' s leaf warbler > > adult 25 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 26 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 27 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 28 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 29 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 30 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 31 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 32 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 33 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 34 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 35 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 36 . pallas ' s leaf warbler 37 . pallas ' s leaf warbler > > adult\nthe pallas ' s warbler or pallas ' s leaf warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) is a leaf warbler which breeds in southern siberia , mongolia and parts of tibet and china . it is strongly migratory and winters in subtropical asia .\nnote that the sixth edition of clements checklist [ 3 ] refers to pallas ' s grasshopper warbler , rather than this species , as\npallas ' s warbler\n.\nmartens j , tietze dt , eck s . veith m . radiation and species limits in the asian pallas\u2019s warbler complex (\npallas\u2019s leaf warbler was found to be an abundant breeding visitor to the mid - and higher altitudes . martens et al . (\nthe pallas ' s leaf warbler or pallas ' s warbler is a leaf warbler which breeds in southern siberia ( from novosibirsk oblast east to magadan oblast ) , northern mongolia , and northeastern china . it is strongly migratory and winters mainly in subtropical southern china and northeastern indochina , but also in small numbers in western europe .\nlike pale - legged leaf warbler , sakhalin leaf warbler pumps its tail steadily , often remaining otherwise motionless . ( craig brelsford )\ntwo different pallas ' s leaf warblers ( phylloscopus proregulus ) singing near erdenebulgan , khovsgol aimag , mongolia , july 2009 .\nthe pallas ' s leaf warbler or pallas ' s warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) is a leaf warbler which breeds in southern siberia ( from novosibirsk oblast east to magadan oblast ) , northern mongolia , and northeastern china . it is strongly migratory and winters mainly in subtropical southern china and northeastern indochina , but also in small numbers in western europe .\npallas\u2019s leaf warbler song was the most conspicuous background bird noise from 750 to 800 m up to the highest forests ( which grew almost to the highest peak ) , with some birds in the taller stands of montane shrubland . loud , near - continuous , song right through to late summer is typical of pallas\u2019s leaf warbler elsewhere ( dementiev and gladkov\nthese three or four species and the chinese leaf - warbler , p . yunnanensis ( sometimes p . sichuanensis ) were until recently united in the pallas ' warbler sensu lato .\np\u00e4ckert m , blume c , sun y - h , wei l . martens j . acoustic differentiation reflects mitochondrial lineages in blyth\u2019s leaf warbler and white - tailed leaf warbler complexes ( aves :\n) . this species does not breed in myohyang . eastern crowned leaf warbler (\n) and allows confidence that the observations document the species\u2019s real ecological distribution within myohyang . the sharp lower altitudinal limit to territorial pallas\u2019s leaf warbler in natural forest reflected no change in vegetation obvious to the human eye : it occurred within a wide band of mixed broad - leaf and\nof these , phylloscopus chloronotus forresti is possibly also a separate species , but further analysis is required to confirm this . gansu leaf warbler and chinese leaf warbler overlap in breeding range in southern gansu , but are separated ecologically , with gansu leaf warbler using taller forest habitats and chinese leaf warbler in lower , often scrubby habitats .\nof these , phylloscopus chloronotus forresti is possibly also a separate species , but further analysis is required to confirm this . gansu leaf warbler and chinese leaf warbler overlap in breeding range in southern gansu , but are separated ecologically , with gansu leaf warbler using taller forest habitats and chinese leaf warbler in lower , often scrubby habitats .\nan arrival of spring pallas ' s warblers in coastal habitat in beidaihe , china . filmed using a panasonic g2 .\npallas\u2019s warblers can best be distinguished from the similar yellow - browed warbler ( p . inornatus ) by the stripe on their cap and their bright yellow rump .\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 . kamchatka leaf warbler in shanghai . post to urltoken published 6 june 2017 .\n4 . 11 march 2000 kawasaki - shi , kanagawa prefecture . only pallas ' s leaf warbler have yellowish rump in japanese phylloscpus warblers . the call is weak and short ' chui ' . it is softer and shorter than yellow - browed warbler .\non two hill trails , ca . 10 km apart , which led almost directly uphill , the lowest territorial singing pallas\u2019s leaf warblers were consistently at 700\u2013800 m ( table\n) suggest that , as with these pallas\u2019s leaf warblers , links with tree species may be particularly strong when the tree is structurally distinct from others in the area .\nlike its sister species pale - legged leaf warbler , sakhalin leaf warbler has an affinity for sturdy , leafless branches . here , the leaf warbler , drawn by playback of its own voice , is using the perch to investigate the source of the sound . ( craig brelsford )\nquerytime : 0 . 0498 s , querycount : 810 , parsetime : 0 . 7050 s , totaltime : 0 . 7548 s , source : database\nchinese leaf warbler phylloscopus yunnanensis ( syn . p . sichuanensis ) . western china . monotypic .\nchinese leaf warbler phylloscopus yunnanensis ( syn . p . sichuanensis ) . western china . monotypic .\nmartens j , eck s , p\u00e4ckert m . sun y - h . the golden - spectacled warbler\n) . however , fir cannot be the only cue for settling pallas\u2019s leaf warblers at myohyang , because the warbler\u2019s lower edge of breeding lies 200\u2013300 m below the lower margin of unplanted firs , and the warbler is abundant within this band . no cause of the warbler\u2019s lower altitudinal limit in natural forest suggested itself during these observations . tree species distributions may be found to have a widespread role in how birds locate themselves on a mountain . among eight\nmartens j . systematic notes on asian birds : 72 . a preliminary review of the leaf warbler genera\non sun . 17 sept . 2017 at pudong\u2019s cape nanhui , i achieved a personal first : photos of an unmistakable sakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides . as expected , the photos show a leaf warbler whose plumage and bare parts are virtually indistinguishable from those of pale - legged leaf warbler p . tenellipes . coupled , however , as they are with sound - recordings of the same individual , ensuring the id , the photos constitute a rare visual record of sakhalin leaf warbler in shanghai .\nplanting of firs in these temple gardens at altitudes much lower than they naturally grow has apparently stimulated individual pallas\u2019s leaf warblers to settle well below the species\u2019s usual altitudinal zone . not many fir trees are needed : pulyong temple holds only five mature trees yet attracted one singing male , while at kumgang temple many trees within an area 200 m across held three territorial birds , a density broadly similar to those in natural hill forest . pallas\u2019s leaf warbler is a long - distance migrant , wintering in southern china and indochina ( dickinson\n\u2014 century yielded yet another regional record of sakhalin leaf warbler . evidence is growing that in the shanghai area this passage migrant has been neglected and is more common than previously thought . i recently wrote a series of posts , the latest being this one , on distinguishing sakhalin leaf warbler from its sister species pale - legged leaf warbler .\neven when the pallas\u2019s warbler did appear , the views it gave were frustratingly brief \u2013 often just a glimmer of yellow wing bars , or a quick flash of its stripy crown as it flitted rapidly between the leaves .\npallas\u2019s warbler is one of the smallest of all british birds \u2013 just nine centimetres long and weighing a mere seven grams . so it\u2019s difficult to believe that it can migrate at all , let alone fly several thousand miles from the forests of northern russia all the way to britain .\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 . separating pale - legged & sakhalin leaf warbler on call . post to urltoken published 31 aug . 2017 .\npallas\u2019s leaf warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) is a common breeding bird above 700 m in the forests of the myohyang range , korea . within the largely natural forest are several temple gardens , four of which at 140\u2013520 m held territorial pallas\u2019s leaf warblers . all had mature planted firs ( abies ) , which occur naturally in the area only over 1 , 000 m . the planted firs evidently stimulated the warblers to settle below their natural altitudinal range , but cannot be the only stimulus because the natural lower distribution of the warbler is 300 m below that of the tree .\nthe closely related southern species , pale - rumped warbler ( or lemon - rumped warbler ) , p . chloronotus , and gansu leaf warbler , p . kansuensis , move to lower latitudes in winter , but do not migrate long distances .\nhere is the recording i made of the calling sakhalin on thurs . 5 oct . apart from a dna assay , call as well as song is the only reliable way to separate sakhalin leaf warbler from pale - legged leaf warbler . at 4 . 9 khz , the \u201ctink\u201d recorded below is a full kilohertz deeper than the call of pale - legged leaf warbler .\nbrelsford , craig . sakhalin & pale - legged leaf warbler , singing together . post to urltoken published 5 may 2016 .\npale - legged leaf warbler , call , magic parking lot , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 10 ; 2 mb )\npale - legged leaf warbler , call , magic parking lot , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 01 ; 332 kb )\nthe first description of pallas ' s leaf warbler was by pallas in 1811 as motacilla proregulus . the committe for check - list of japanese birds ( 2000 ) treated it as a polytypic species and described pallas ' s leaf warbler that have been recorded in japanes was p . p . proregulus . many authors , however , treate non - nominate subspecies as full species and the pallas ' s leaf warbler p . proregulus as a monotypic species ( dickinson 2003 , del hoyo et al . 2006 , rheindt 2006 ) . the first record of pallas ' s leaf warbler for japan was in april , 1967 , tsuno - shima , yamaguchi prefecture . it is rare in japan , but recently recorded on the islands in the sea of japan almost annually . there is also some wintering records in main island , honshu . references del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . ( eds ) . 2006 . handbook of the birds of the world vol . 11 . old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx , barcelona . dickinson , c . ( ed . ) 2003 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 3rd edition . christopher helm , london . the committe for check - list of japanese birds ( ed . ) 2000 . check - list of japanese birds sixth revised edition . ornithological society of japan , obihiro . rheindt , f . e . 2006 . split galore : the revolution in asian leaf warbler systematics . birdingasia 5 : 25 - 39 .\nmadge , s . c . 1987 . field identification of radde ' s and dusky warblers . brit . birds 80 : 595 - 603 .\nround , philip d . , pierce , andrew j . , saitoh , takema , & shigeta , yoshimitsu . 2016 . addition of kamchatka leaf warbler phylloscopus examinandus and sakhalin leaf warbler p . borealoides to thailand\u2019s avifauna . bulletin of the japan bird banding association 28 : 9\u201321 . available here for download ( 708 kb ) through shanghaibirding . com .\nexperts since at least as far back as 1989 have been arguing that pale - legged leaf warbler phylloscopus tenellipes and sakhalin leaf warbler p . borealoides are separable not only by their distinctive songs but also by their calls . thailand - based birder and urltoken contributor phil round is among those making that argument . round and his co - authors write : \u201c [ t ] he call of p . tenellipes is markedly higher in frequency than that of p . borealoides \u201d ( round et al . , \u201caddition of kamchatka leaf warbler phylloscopus examinandus and sakhalin leaf warbler p . borealoides to thailand\u2019s avifauna , \u201d downloadable through urltoken ) .\nthe sound - recordings and audio spectrograms below show clearly the difference in frequency between the calls of sakhalin and pale - legged leaf warbler .\npale - legged leaf warbler , call , magic parking lot , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 41 ; 7 . 9 mb )\neditor\u2019s note : in the photo above , a pale - legged leaf warbler emits its characteristic \u201ctink\u201d call in microforest 4 , cape nanhui , pudong , 27 aug . 2017 . the tink call of pale - legged is appreciably higher - pitched than that of sakhalin leaf warbler . distinguishing the two calls is the subject of this post . \u2014 craig brelsford\nc & ne china ( e qinghai , s gansu , shaanxi , shanxi and hebei s to sichuan ) ; non - breeding apparently se asia .\n) . no singing pallas\u2019s leaf warbler was ever found during may\u2013june along many kilometres of trail walked ( repeatedly , in all 3 years ) in the intervening natural forest at these low altitudes . to the human eye , a striking difference between the gardens and the surrounding natural forest was that all gardens held mature stands of planted fir (\nthe new entries on the urltoken list are sakhalin leaf warbler , dusky warbler , and white - throated rock thrush . the new entries on the ebird list are those three plus japanese paradise flycatcher and taiga flycatcher .\n) found 15 spring migrant pallas\u2019s leaf warblers , all during 8\u201326 april except for one atypically late non - singing bird on 25 may 2002 . nor could post - breeding dispersal account for these garden birds ; observations on the sangwon trail suggested such roaming began about 1 july ( table\n) , there is no published information on the species\u2019s breeding ecology in korea .\npodos j . correlated evolution of morphology and vocal signal structure in darwin\u2019s finches .\nfeatured image : sakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides , cape nanhui , shanghai , 17 sept . 2017 . craig brelsford photographed and sound - recorded this individual , getting a rare record of the poorly known species in earth\u2019s greatest city .\nhere are photos of the sakhalin leaf warbler of 17 sept . 2017 . the bird below is the same individual whose voice i sound - recorded .\npale - legged leaf warbler phylloscopus tenellipes , call , magic parking lot , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 19 ; 3 . 7 mb )\nforest which extended several hundred metres above and below the warbler\u2019s limit . nor was there any plausible replacement bird species at lower altitudes . bourski and forstmeier (\nsakhalin leaf warbler , call , microforest 4 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) , 8 may 2016 ( 00 : 15 ; 1 mb )\nthe pallas ' s leaf warbler occurs exceptionally in central europe . it is a resident of the southeast siberian taiga , of mongolia and china . most of them spend the winter in south china . its size and behaviour is similar to a goldcrest . this species is easy to identify by its yellow supercilium and its pale yellow crown stripe as well as its yellow rump patch .\nnow consider the spectrograms and sound - recordings of pale - legged leaf warbler below . the spectrogram immediately below was recorded by me on 10 june 2016 in my wife elaine du \u2019s hometown of boli , heilongjiang , part of the breeding range of pale - legged leaf warbler . the call ( here a grace note ) and song both clock in at about 6 khz , a frequency a full 25 percent higher than the call of sakhalin leaf warbler and , as with sakhalin , consistent with the frequencies of pale - legged calls on xeno - canto . org .\npale - legged leaf warbler p . tenellipes , magic parking lot , cape nanhui , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 19 ; 3 . 7 mb )\nlast september , in \u201c pale - legged leaf warbler & the shanghai big 5 , \u201d i asserted that \u201cpale - legged leaf warbler is safely separable from sakhalin leaf warbler only by song . \u201d i was wrong . call as well as song is a reliable separator . in this post , i am going to tell you how i arrived at this insight , and i will show you how you too can achieve clear , indisputable ticks of these tricky species through call alone .\nthis article is part of project phylloscopidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each leaf - warbler , including made - up species .\nin the wake of my recent post on distinguishing pale - legged leaf warbler from sakhalin leaf warbler by call , i have been hoping to find more members of this species pair in shanghai . on 4 sept . 2017 at pudong \u2019s cape nanhui , my hopes were fulfilled in a big way . at the magic parking lot ( 30 . 884889 , 121 . 968222 ) , not one but both species were calling .\nthat does indeed apply to rare birds from north america , found in places such as the isles of scilly or the western isles , which have been swept across the atlantic on autumn gales . but it isn\u2019t true for those species \u2013 like the pallas\u2019s warbler \u2013 that birders call \u201csibes\u201d after their place of origin .\n) . most species migrate seasonally ( from seasonal elevational movements to long - distance migration between continents ) . leaf warbler males vocalize a lot in the breeding period . despite a remarkable interspecific variation in leaf warbler song , song characteristics are highly repeatable within species . all that makes phylloscopid warblers a good model to study vocal trait evolution .\nbergman s ( 1935a ) n\u00e5gra korta brev fr\u00e5n korea . fauna och flora 30 : 170\u2013172\nding t - s , yuan h - w , geng s , lin y - s , lee p - f ( 2005 ) energy flux , body size and density in relation to bird species richness along an elevational gradient in taiwan . global ecol biogeogr 14 : 299\u2013306\nround , philip d . e - mail message to craig brelsford , 18 oct . 2016 . round\u2019s e - mail message was originally cited in the urltoken post \u201c pale - legged leaf warbler & the shanghai big 5 , \u201d published 26 sept . 2016 .\n9\u201310 cm ; 4\u00b76\u20135\u00b71 g . a small , \u201cchunky\u201d leaf - warbler with well - patterned plumage . nominate race has well - defined pale buffish or whitish . . .\npale - legged leaf warbler , call , microforest 4 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) , 27 aug . 2017 ( 00 : 01 ; 193 kb )\nin shanghai in 2017 , important facts about common birds such as pale - legged leaf warbler and sakhalin leaf warbler remain unknown . this ornithological semi - wilderness is both difficult and exciting . if we rise to the challenge and become better birders , then we will make new discoveries and blaze a trail of knowledge for future birders to follow .\n) . breeding leaf warblers could be found between 34\u00b0s and 71\u00b0n and between 18\u00b0w and 41\u00b0w ( across eurasia and north america ) with a diversity hotspot in southwest china ( fig .\nmay have increased in recent years . the presence of an unknown population of swinhoe ' s petrel\nsakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides , century park ( 31 . 219361 , 121 . 551900 ) , pudong , 5 oct . 2017 ( 00 : 20 ; 3 . 9 mb )\nsakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides , microforest 1 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) , cape nanhui , 17 sept . 2017 ( 01 : 03 ; 12 . 2 mb )\nbergman s ( 1935b ) glimtar fram djulivet i en koreanask floddal . fauna och flora 30 : 203\u2013209\n\u2014 white\u2019s thrush : a healthy 11 taking advantage of the high - quality woodland in the park .\n( pallas ) goldhanchenlaubsanger . in : dathe h , loskot wm ( eds ) atlas der verbreitung palaearktischer vogel . akademie verlag , berlin , lieferung 17 ( unpaginated )\nc . 9\u201310 cm . a small , rather \u201cchunky\u201d leaf - warbler with prominent head stripes . median crownstripe is pale olive - grey , more distinct posteriorly than anteriorly ( often . . .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . , clement , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . pallas ' s leaf - warbler ( phylloscopus proregulus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nour first exhibit is the spectrogram of a call i sound - recorded of sakhalin leaf warbler on 8 may 2016 in cape nanhui\u2019s microforest 4 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) . the frequency is 4 . 8 kilohertz , a number that matches closely the frequency of sakhalin calls on urltoken . *\npale - legged leaf warbler , call and song , xidaquan national forest ( 45 . 727751 , 130 . 317316 ) , boli , heilongjiang , 10 june 2016 ( 01 : 59 ; 6 mb )\nsakhalin leaf warbler phylloscopus borealoides , call , microforest 4 ( 30 . 953225 , 121 . 959083 ) , cape nanhui , pudong , shanghai , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 02 ; 528 kb )\npallas\u2019s warbler is as small as a goldcrest , and looks like a small plump leaf - warbler . they have olive green backs with distinctive bright yellow rumps . their dark green heads are clearly marked with a yellowish cap stripe and a brighter yellow eye - stripe . their primary wing feathers are brown with pale edges . their inner secondaries and tertials ( large feathers at the base of their wings ) have yellowish edges and two pale stripes run across their wings . their underparts are pale yellowish . they have dark greenish brown legs , dark brown beaks with a yellowish base , and dark brown irises .\nbertelli s . tubaro pl . body mass and habitat correlates of song structure in a primitive group of birds .\nforced copulation occurs when one animal subverts another\u2019s mating choice and uses physical means to force copulation on that animal .\na stunning black - throated accentor was found by nils kjell\u00e9n when he was trying to relocate a pallas ' s leaf warbler . it was seen feeding at some clumps of salix and dense herbage several kilometres inland in the southeast part of scania , southernmost sweden . representing the first record for the province of scania and the second for sweden . the previous one was of a ringed individual in june 1988 at stora fj\u00e4der\u00e4gg , v\u00e4sterbotten . a sought after species in the western palearctic and a real stunner !\n( left ) typifies the family . it is a small , plain , rather drab but restless little bird whose vocalizations make it much easier to identify than anything in its plumage . as it happens , chinese leaf - warbler is a newly described species , discovered and split from the pallas ' s / lemon - rumped warbler group on the basis of its distinctive song and calls ( alstr\u00f6m , olsson & colston 1992 ) . it breeds in a few forested mountains outside of beijing ; its winter range and migration routes are virtually unknown because it is almost impossible to identify when silent . it was initially named\nappearance : a small leaf - warbler , about the size of a goldcrest . distinctive markings include two pale wing stripes , bright yellow rump , orange - yellow eye - stripe and pale yellowish stripe on cap .\nsakhalin leaf warbler , call , magic parking lot ( 30 . 884889 , 121 . 968222 ) , cape nanhui , pudong , shanghai , 4 sept . 2017 ( 00 : 07 ; 1 . 4 mb )\nlee p - f , ding t - s , hsu f - h , geng s ( 2004 ) breeding bird species richness in taiwan : distribution on gradients of elevation , primary productivity and urbanization . j biogeogr 31 : 307\u2013314\nto summarize what i argued in the previous post : the calls , as well as the very distinctive songs , of pale - legged leaf warbler and sakhalin leaf warbler are diagnostic\u2013that is , they differ markedly and consistently and are a reliable basis for an id . the diagnosability of the calls of the two species has been affirmed by various researchers , among them yap et al . ( 2014 ; birding asia 21 : 76\u201381 ) .\ngil d , slater pj . graves ja . extra - pair paternity and song characteristics in the willow warbler\naltitudinal migrant . post - breeding descent to lower levels in himalayas , and also to s assam hills . . .\ndistribution map . breeding distribution of leaf warbler ( phylloscopidae ) species according to birdlife international & natureserve ( 2011 ) ; species richness increases from dark blue ( 1 ) via green and yellow to red ( 16 ) .\n1 . 22 may 1996 wajima - shi , ishikawa prefecture . the both sides of the head are darker than yellow - browed warbler and the yellow mediun crown stripe is distinct . the supercilium is broader and yellower in front of eye than yellow - browed warbler . the superciliums of both sides join over the forehead , while yellow - browed warbler ' s superciliums are usually not join . the tips of greater and median coverts are yellowish .\nleaf warblers ( aves : sylviidae ) : a tale of sexual selection , habitat adaptation , and morphological constraints .\nprice td , helbig aj . richman ad . evolution of breeding distributions in the old world leaf warblers ( genus\n( j . e . gray & g . r . gray , 1847 ) \u2013 c & e himalayas ( e from c nepal ) ; non - breeding in foothills at lower altitudes s to s assam hills ( ne india ) .\nto assess the generality of this fortuitous observation , there are probably many other culturally revered mountains in north - east asia where , amid a largely natural forest matrix , small manicured gardens hold mature planted trees outside their natural altitudinal zones . of the 12 passerines with myohyang breeding distributions restricted to higher slopes ( author\u2019s unpublished data ) , pallas\u2019s leaf warblers was the only one to settle in the temple gardens ; so perhaps such simple linkage by a bird to a single tree type may be unusual , as further suggested by the lack of previous examples in the literature .\nthe total data set used for phylogenetic reconstructions comprised sequence data of 80 leaf warbler taxa compared with 30 taxa analyzed by mahler and gil ( 2009 ) . genbank sequences of acrocephalus dumetorum were included in the analysis for hierarchical outgroup rooting .\npallas ' s leaf warbler is named after the german zoologist peter simon pallas , who discovered it on the ingoda river in siberia in 1811 ; the species name proregulus derives from its similar size to the goldcrest regulus regulus . in the past , it was treated as a complex of several subspecies ; apart from the nominate subspecies breeding in northern asia , two to four other subspecies were accepted , breeding much further south at high altitudes in the sino - himalayan mountain system from the western himalaya east to western china ( yunnan north to gansu and hebei ) . even though they differ only slightly in plumage , they are very distinct vocally with both song and calls differing . genetic analysis has also shown them to be distinct , and they are now treated as separate species :\npallas ' s leaf warbler is named after the german zoologist peter simon pallas , who discovered it on the ingoda river in siberia in 1811 ; the species name proregulus derives from its similar size to the goldcrest regulus regulus . in the past , it was treated as a complex of several subspecies ; apart from the nominate subspecies breeding in northern asia , two to four other subspecies were accepted , breeding much further south at high altitudes in the sino - himalayan mountain system from the western himalaya east to western china ( yunnan north to gansu and hebei ) . even though they differ only slightly in plumage , they are very distinct vocally with both song and calls differing . genetic analysis has also shown them to be distinct , and they are now treated as separate species :\n) . only in 2003 were the gardens specifically visited , but pohyon temple is beside the site\u2019s main stream , and several territorial pallas\u2019s leaf warblers were found there during river - bird surveys in 2002 ; hence , 2003 was not an aberrant year . at least in pohyon temple and the scenic spots administration office ( the two sites visited on many dates ) , males occurred right through the breeding season , although it is impossible to tell whether it was the same individual birds on each visit . females may also have settled , as suggested by a non - singing bird in mid - june ( table\npodos j , southall ja . rossi - santos mr . vocal mechanics in darwin\u2019s finches : correlation of beak gape and song frequency .\nsome of the siberian vagrants that appear in western europe have managed to survive into winter . records are frequent for richard ' s pipits\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ncramp s ( ed ) ( 1992 ) the birds of the western palearctic , vol . vi . warblers . oxford university press , oxford\ngreig ei , price jj . pruett - jones s . song evolution in maluridae : influences of natural and sexual selection on acoustic structure .\nalstr\u00f6m p , saitoh t , williams d , nishiumi i , shigeta y , ueda k , et al . the arctic warbler\neven though the expectant crowd of birders knew the pallas\u2019s warbler was there , it was not proving easy to see . the bird was doing a feeding circuit with a loose flock of goldcrests , chiffchaffs , long - tailed tits and a lone female blackcap , which meant that we had to wait at least half an hour between sightings . there were the usual false alarms , as a shout would go up , only for our hopes to be dashed when a more familiar bird came into view .\nt\u2019s hard to imagine a bird that weighs less than a two pence coin travelling all the way from siberia to end up near my home in somerset . but that\u2019s exactly what the tiny creature making its way through the dense foliage of ivy and sycamores in front of me had just done .\nhypothesis 2 : body size is negatively correlated with frequency characteristics ( wallschl\u00e4ger 1980 ; badyaev and leaf 1997 ; mahler and gil 2009 ) .\nsakhalin leaf warbler shows the classic features of the pale - sak species pair , among them an olive - brown crown contrasting with olive - green mantle and wings , a long and creamy supercilium , and faint wing bars on the median and greater coverts . ( craig brelsford )\npallas\u2019s warblers used to migrate south and east , to spend the winter in the jungles of south - east asia . but in recent years a significant minority have changed their migration strategy , travelling west , and probably spending the winter in spain or northwest africa . on the way , each october and november , they pass through britain \u2013 with up to 100 being seen here every year .\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now .\nyou don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ndean , a . r . 1985 . review of british status and identification of greenish warbler . brit . birds 78 : 437 - 451 .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nthe leaf warbler i found was easily identifiable as a member of the pale - sak species pair . it had strikingly pale pink tarsi , an olive - brown crown contrasting with olive - green mantle and wings , a long and creamy supercilium , and faint wing bars on the median and greater coverts .\nhypothesis 3 : song characters ( particularly frequency parameters ) are strongly influenced by habitat characteristics ( badyaev and leaf 1997 ; rheindt et al . 2004 ) .\nolsson u , alstr\u00f6m p , ericson pg . sundberg p . non - monophyletic taxa and cryptic species - evidence from a molecular phylogeny of leaf - warblers (\nmain season jun\u2013jul , nests with eggs found between mid - jun and late jul ; one brood , in s part of range possibly two . nest built by . . .\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nbasic components of leaf warbler song evolve under a brownian motion model , being possibly innate . although body size is also phylogenetically constrained , it is strongly correlated with frequency even after phylogenetic correction . this indicates a causal correlation for physical reasons reported earlier . the habitat variable might still be too simplified , because it merely reflects increasing habitat density . the impact of habitat on leaf warbler song appears to be more complicated than could be tested in this approach . habitat and geographical dimensions should be replaced by environmental - niche components in order to work out ecological\u2013physiological causalities . this should be further combined with historical biogeography in order to trace song trait evolution more realistically .\nin recent months , my work with sound - recordings has helped give shanghai birders a clearer picture not only of sakhalin leaf warbler but also of kamchatka leaf warbler phylloscopus examinandus , like sakhalin a poorly known passage migrant through shanghai ( brelsford , june 2017 ) . in the case of pale - sak in shanghai , a picture is emerging of overlapping migratory pathways . this finding comports with the findings of yap et al . at beidaihe , a thousand kilometers to the north . after analyzing calls obtained at beidaihe of both pale - legged and sakhalin , yap hypothesizes that in coastal hebei \u201cthe migratory pathways of the two sister species may largely overlap\u201d ( 2014 ) .\nderryberry ep , seddon n , claramunt s , tobias ja , baker a , aleixo a , et al . correlated evolution of beak morphology and song in the neotropical woodcreeper radiation .\nlemon - rumped warbler phylloscopus chloronotus . himalaya , sw china . three subspecies , p . c . chloronotus , p . c . forresti , p . c . simlaensis .\nthe simla warbler is the westernmost subspecies p . chloronotus simlaensis which may be anything between a distinct species and invalid due to clinal variation ( alstr\u00f6m 2006 [ 2 ] ) .\nlemon - rumped warbler phylloscopus chloronotus . himalaya , sw china . three subspecies , p . c . chloronotus , p . c . forresti , p . c . simlaensis .\ntamura k , peterson d , peterson n , stecher g , nei m . kumar s . mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods .\nthe spectrogram below is of a brief sound - recording i made in microforest 4 this past sunday . the song element of this passage migrant is absent ( though note that i have heard pale - legged and sakhalin singing in shanghai in spring ) . the call has a frequency of 5 . 9 khz and clearly belongs to pale - legged leaf warbler .\n: 0 . 7\u20131 . 1 ) was only detected for the duration of the longest and of the shortest element \u2013 much larger than for any other song parameter . a medium signal strength ( blomberg\u2019s\nit\u2019s often said that these unexpected autumn visitors are \u201clost\u201d , or \u201cblown off course\u201d \u2013 waifs and strays that have taken the wrong turn , or been the unwitting victims of a rogue weather system .\n9\u201310 cm ; 4\u00b75\u20137\u00b75 g . a small , short - tailed and extremely active warbler with well - marked plumage . has well - defined pale median crownstripe , equally . . .\nphylogeny of leaf - warblers ( phylloscopidae ) . molecular phylogeny of leaf - warblers ( phylloscopidae ) based on a 1900 - bp alignment of three genes ( for details see table s5 ) reconstructed in beast ( genes and codon positions partitioned , gtr + \u03b3 + i model for cytochrome b and myoglobin , gtr + i model for 12s rdna , 30 million generations ) .\nmartens j . 2013 . vocalizations of leaf - warblers and spectacled warblers ( phylloscopus and seicercus ) . double audio cd , no . sx 419 726 , syrinx tonstudio berlin [ urltoken ]\nthere is no\nfamily book\ncovering the leaf - warblers so information must be sought in a variety of texts . the next volume of hbw will cover all the sylvioid warblers .\npatterson bd , stotz df , solari s , fitzpatrick jw , pacheco v ( 1998 ) contrasting patterns of elevational zonation for birds and mammals in the andes of southeastern peru . j biogeogr 25 : 593\u2013607\n: 0 . 7\u20131 . 1 ) was found in body length and mass as well as habitat . mean elevation , maximal range extension to the west , and main biogeographic region exhibited medium signal strength ( blomberg\u2019s\nthe exact parameters of the phylloscopidae is not yet known . there are at least 56 species that are currently assigned to the genus phylloscopus , and another 12 assigned to seicercus which , as noted above , is embedded within phylloscopus from a biochemical standpoint . our headline species \u2014 chinese leaf - warbler ( above ) \u2014 is a phylloscopus , one of several recently described species ( e . g . , alstr\u00f6m et al . 1992 , 1997 ) . so a whole lot of this family is composed of these leaf - warblers . dickinson ( 2003 ) has a subfamily\nphylloscopinae\nthat might suggest the limits of this group , but it includes a variety of genera that proved not to be related . for example , both the monotypic genus tickellia ( broad - billed warbler ) and the 3 species in abroscopus proved to be members of the cettiidae . all of the phylloscopidae breed exclusively in the old world , except for arctic warbler phylloscopus borealis , whose range extends across the bering strait into northern alaska .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . ( 2018 ) . chinese leaf - warbler ( phylloscopus yunnanensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nyap , f . , yong , d . l . , low , b . , cros , e . , foley , c . , lim , k . k . & rheindt , f . e . 2014 . first wintering record of the sakhalin leaf warbler in south east asia , with notes on vocalisations . birdingasia 21 : 76\u201381 . downloadable here ( accessed : 28 sept . 2017 ) .\n) . the species\u2019s small size and habitual hover - picking allow it to forage readily within the needle - like foliage of conifers and to feed upon the abundant small arthropods , e . g . spiders ( forstmeier and ke\u00dfler\norme d , freckleton r , thomas g , petzoldt t , fritz s , isaac n , et al . 2012 . caper : comparative analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in r . r package version 0 . 5 urltoken .\nadditionally , there is the tendency for more complex song further east in eurasia where the diversity hotspot of leaf warblers is . this could be explained by some contrast reinforcement or acoustic niche partitioning within this bird family .\nfeatured image : pale - legged / sakhalin leaf warbler , yangkou , rudong , jiangsu , 1 may 2014 . photo by craig brelsford . some of the salient characteristics of pale - sak are pointed out . separating pale - legged from sakhalin on the basis of plumage and bare parts is not possible ; because this bird was neither singing nor calling , it cannot be determined to which of the two species it belongs .\nin case you\u2019re wondering , this elusive little sprite was named after the 18th - century german - born russian ornithologist peter simon pallas . he also gave his name to a gull , a sandgrouse , a now - extinct cormorant , a volcano , a new kind of meteorite , three species of reptile and no fewer than seven mammals . but when i finally got a decent view of the bird \u2013 a two - second glimpse as it flew from one tree to another \u2013 i was reminded of its older , and in many ways more appropriate name : lemon - rumped warbler .\nin contrast to previous studies , song complexity indicated by both relative element dissimilarity and diversity of leaf warbler songs decreased northwards . in more detail , greig et al . ( 2013 ) found the opposite latitudinal gradient for the same complexity measure ( their \u201csong versatility\u201d is based on the same calculation as \u201celement diversity\u201d in our study ) , while complexity indices ( pcs ) used by mahler and gil ( 2009 ) and cardoso et al . ( 2012 ) were more strongly influenced by syllable structure rather than by element dissimilarity and diversity ( our study ) . although we did not account for repertoire sizes as a measure of complexity in our study while mahler and gil ( 2009 ) did , by far the greatest individual male repertoires in the phylloscopidae were documented from tropical seicercus species , with no < 44 distinct verse types per male ( s . omeiensis ; see martens et al . 1999 ; p\u00e4ckert et al . 2004 ) . thus , even considering repertoire sizes of tropical species , our results cast some doubt on a predicted greater selective pressure at temperate latitudes on male leaf warbler repertoires or on complexity of verse patterns .\nprecise definitions of all song parameters used for analysis and explanatory variables with phylogenetic signal ( blomberg\u2019s k with p value , pagel\u2019s \u03bb ) , estimated model of evolution ( bm : brownian motion , eb : early burst , ou : ornstein\u2013uhlenbeck , \u03bb : lambda ; alternative models in parentheses , if \u03b4aicc < 2 ; for details see text ) and r labels used in the electronic appendix . temporal parameters were measured in seconds to three digits , frequency parameters in kilohertzes to three digits .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . lemon - rumped leaf - warbler ( phylloscopus chloronotus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\na clearer picture will add to our knowledge of the movement of leaf warblers along the central chinese coast , focus attention on little - known east asian species , and heighten the allure of shanghai as a world - class birding location .\nwhy should you care about all this ? because prepared birders have a chance to get solid ticks of \u201cpale - saks\u201d that are merely calling and not necessarily singing . if you hear a pale - sak calling and trust your ear ( or better yet , sound - record the call and later analyze the spectrogram ) , then you may be able to go beyond the safe , boring record of \u201cpale - legged / sakhalin leaf warbler\u201d to a more satisfying full tick .\nin leaf warblers trait conservation of element duration might have a strong heritable component , too , at least with respect to the results of experiments with na\u00efve birds reared in acoustic isolation showing that element length is largely innate ( schubert 1976 ; thielcke 1983 ) . although these experiments were conducted with two leaf warbler species only ( p . collybita , p . trochilus ) and thus the results might not easily be generalized for the entire family , element parameters in these species seem to be the relevant song traits involved in species recognition ( schubert 1971 ; helb 1973 ; martens and h\u00e4nel 1981 ; martens and meincke 1989 ; martens et al . 2004 ) and might therefore be more strongly conserved than other song traits .\nin this model , when the female chooses to pair bond with a male , she gains the male\u2019s services in protecting her from forced copulations by other males . females can also combat forced copulations by evolving methods of expelling or not using the resulting sperm .\nthe bird , which was in microforest 1 , behaved in a way typical of the pale - saks i have observed in the cape nanhui microforests , eight tiny woodlands that dot the coastline of the cape . rarely venturing more than 2 m off the ground , the leaf warbler favored low branches and vines for browsing and sturdy low branches for perching . it pumped its tail steadily , called spontaneously , and upon hearing playback of its own call moved in to investigate the source .\nthe long distances traveled by phylloscopus warblers present much opportunity for migratory mistakes and vagrancy . a few such birds will go the\nwrong way\nand become vagrants to western north america . i refuted one claim years ago (\nwillow warbler ;\nroberson & pitelka 1983 ) but recently an actual willow warbler was found as a vagrant in alaska . i ' ve had the good fortune to see both arctic p . borealis and dusky p . fuscatus warblers in california .\nanswers to these questions are currently unknown , but they are probably knowable , and it is very much possible for the citizen - scientists of shanghai to be the producers of that knowledge . we only need to change our habits . when it comes to identifying lookalike species such as pale - legged and sakhalin leaf warbler , birders need to understand that photos do nothing to cut through the muddle . only sound - recordings lead to indisputable records and a clearer picture of the species in shanghai .\nsongs in passerine birds are important for territory defense and mating . speciation rates in oscine passerines are so high , due to cultural evolution , that this bird lineage makes up half of the extant bird species . leaf warblers are a speciose old - world passerine family of limited morphological differentiation , so that songs are even more important for species delimitation . we took 16 sonographic traits from song recordings of 80 leaf warbler taxa and correlated them with 15 potentially explanatory variables , pairwise , and in linear models . based on a well - resolved molecular phylogeny of the same taxa , all pairwise correlations were corrected for relatedness with phylogenetically independent contrasts and phylogenetic generalized linear models were used . we found a phylogenetic signal for most song traits , but a strong one only for the duration of the longest and of the shortest element , which are presumably inherited instead of learned . body size of a leaf warbler species is a constraint on song frequencies independent of phylogeny . at least in this study , habitat density had only marginal impact on song features , which even disappeared through phylogenetic correction . maybe most leaf warblers avoid the deterioration through sound propagation in dense vegetation by singing from exposed perches . latitudinal ( and longitudinal ) extension of the breeding ranges was correlated with most song features , especially verse duration ( longer polewards and westwards ) and complexity ( lower polewards ) . climate niche or expansion history might explain these correlations . the number of different element types per verse decreases with elevation , possibly due to fewer resources and congeneric species at higher elevations .\nsc & se siberia , from altai mts e to n sea of okhotsk , s to n mongolia , ne china ( heilongjiang , e & n jilin and n inner mongolia ) , sakhalin and n korea ; non - breeding se china , n thailand and n indochina .\ncibois , a . , e . pasquet , and t . s . schulenberg . 1999 . molecular systematics of the malagasy babblers ( timaliidae ) and warblers ( sylviidae ) , based on cytochrome b and 16s rrna sequences . molecular phylogenetics & evolution 3 : 581 - 595 .\ndiversity - tempo index , combining relative element diversity and speed of element delivery according to the formula : complexity2 + zel / tges / 30 . 268 s . tempo component is adjusted to set the fastest tempo in the data set to 1 . 0 ( p . borealis ) .\n: 0 . 4\u20130 . 8 ) was found for all other compositional parameters but the element diversity , for the frequency parameters maximum frequency and maximum element bandwidth , and for complexity2 . element diversity and the remaining frequency parameters as well as complexity1 and complexity3 exhibited a weak signal ( blomberg\u2019s\nthe most convenient separator of pale - sak is song , the cricket - like trill of pale - legged being easily separable from the metallic whistle of sakhalin . as shanghai is not in the breeding range of either species , pale - sak songs are not often heard in earth\u2019s greatest city . i have heard sakhalin sing only once , on 5 may 2016 at shanghai\u2019s zhongshan park ( brelsford 2016 ) . the song of pale - legged i have heard at various locations in shanghai as well as on its breeding grounds in heilongjiang ( brelsford & du 2017 ) ."]}
{"id": 1340, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-fronted canary ( crithagra mozambica ) , also called yellow-eyed canary , is a small passerine bird in the finch family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is known elsewhere and in aviculture as the green singing finch .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the yellow-fronted canary was formerly placed in the genus serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was therefore split and a number of species including the yellow-fronted canary were moved to the resurrected genus crithagra swainson 1827 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this bird is a resident breeder in africa south of the sahara desert .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "its habitat is open woodland and cultivation .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it nests in trees , laying 3 \u2013 4 eggs in a compact cup nest .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the yellow-fronted canary is 11 \u2013 13 cm in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the adult male has a green back and brown wings and tail .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the underparts and rump are yellow , and the head is yellow with a grey crown and nape , and black malar stripe .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the female is similar , but with a weaker head pattern and duller underparts .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "juveniles are greyer than the female , especially on the head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the yellow-fronted canary is a common , gregarious seedeater .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its song is a warbled zee-zeree-chereeo . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "yellow - fronted canary", "paragraphs": ["the yellow - fronted canary was first described in 1776 by german zoologist phillip muller .\ncould it be a yellow - fronted canary ( crithagra mozambica ) ? the only bird that was visually identified in the vicinity was amakihi ( chlorodrepanis virens ) , but i don ' t think it ' s that .\nyellow - fronted canaries are important as seed predators and may act as prey for small raptors , snakes , and small , carnivorous mammals .\nyellow - fronted canaries forage alone or in small groups . however , flocks of up to 100 individuals have been reported and they may join other\nyellow - fronted canaries are a popular cagebird throughout the world . mozambique exports 10 , 000 birds annually . the population within this country has been estimated at over 2 million birds ( parker 1999 in fry and keith 2004 ) . yellow - fronted canaries may assist in controlling insect numbers around cultivated fields .\nnesting pairs of yellow - fronted canaries are moderately territorial , but two or even three nests have been sited in the same tree on several occasions . home range size varies .\nthe yellow - fronted canary has a large range , estimated globally at 9 , 500 , 000 square kilometers . it is primarily found in africa , though it has been introduced to the united states and puerto rico . this bird prefers savanna , shrubland , and grassland ecological systems , though it can reside in rural gardens or on pasture or arable land . the population of the bird has not been determined but the species is described as common in many areas despite being heavily traded . the yellow - fronted canary does not currently meet the criteria for the iucn red list and has an evaluation level of least concern .\nadult yellow - fronted canaries are agile and can outmaneuver most predators . nestlings and recently fledged birds sustain the highest rates of mortality . likely predators of adults are agile raptors , such as\ngrey head with two bright yellow streaks : one above the eyes (\neyebrow streak\n) and one below the eyes . bright yellow plumage covers the entire underside of the bird , extending from the chin down to the undertail . the rump is also yellow . the top of the neck , back , and wings are a greenish grey with yellow margins to the otherwise blackish wing and tail feathers . juveniles have a pale yellow face and breast with dull greenish - yellow rump and spots / streaks on the sides of the breast .\nyellow - fronted canary : towards the end of the 1960s , this species was introduced to the hawaiian islands of oahu , molokai , and hawaii , where they maintain resident colonies . they can be found in dry , open woodlands and also in cultivated areas . this species is native to africa in areas south of the sahara desert .\nfrequently feeds on cultivated grains . although abundant and widespread , yellow - fronted canaries generally forage in small groups and thus never threaten to wipe out a crop , but consistent feeding in farmlands may contribute to lower crop harvests .\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . yellow - fronted canary ( crithagra mozambica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\npopular cagebirds , yellow - fronted canaries have been released near human settlements around the globe , establishing populations where conditions permit . introduced birds have colonized parts of hawaii , puerto rico , sao tom\u00e9 , mafia island , mauritius , and r\u00e9union among other countries .\nadult yellow - fronted canaries ( older than 6 months ) experience annual mortality rates of about 65 % . many birds live 2 to 3 years , although one wild individual lived at least 8 . 5 years . captive birds frequently live beyond 10 years .\n) , and have been hybridized with canaries ( green singing cock \u00d7 border or roller canary hen ) to produce fertile offspring . green singing finches have reportedly also hybridized with : goldbreasted waxbill (\nnorth american fringillidae are generally plumaged in shades of red , yellow , brown and dull green - these colors being more vivid in the case of the hawaiian honeycreepers . male finches are more brightly colored than females , the yellow and black plumage of male goldfinches being especially striking .\nyellow - fronted canaries are common through much of sub - saharan africa , they are categorized as a species of least concern on the iucn red list and a cites appendix iii species . this classification is designed to\nprevent or restrict exploitation\nwhich , in this case , may result from excessive capture for the pet trade .\nyellow - fronted canaries are brightly colored and average 12 cm ( 4 . 75 inches ) in length . adult males have a golden - yellow face , belly , flank , rump , and tail coverts . they have brown to black malar stripes and eyestripes continuing through to the beak , both surrounded by the characteristic golden - yellow . their back , neck , and crown are brown to yellowish olive - green ( fry and keith , 2004 ) . they have sparse dark streaking on their backs , darker brown primaries and secondaries , dark to light brown tail feathers with lighter yellowish or greenish edges , and pale pinkish - brown bills . adult females are similar in plumage to males . they are distinguished by a ring of brown feathers crossing the bottom of the throat , resembling a pearl necklace . they are generally slightly more dull brown and paler yellow , with lighter eye and malar stripes . juveniles are similar to females , with heavy streaking . juvenile males molt out of their necklace markings at around 6 months of age .\nfringillidae are known for their seed - eating behavior and cheery songs ; characteristics that facilitated and popularized the domestication of the island canary . finches such as white - winged crossbills are also known for their\nirruptive\nmigrations in search of food sources that can make them locally common one winter and absent the next .\nyellow - fronted canaries are socially monogamous . a pair typically defends its territory from other members of the species , although on occasion several pairs may nest in the same tree . at the onset of the breeding season , members of mated pairs frequently chase one another in a slow , stilted , level flight from branch to branch . males feed their mates throughout the breeding season , and also sing loud , trilling songs while perched upright and swaying very slightly .\nhave been identified , each with subtle variations in plumage , size , wing length , and other body measurements . south african birds exhibit regional color variation , with a gradient from duller individuals in the west to the brightest yellow birds in the east .\nyellow - fronted canaries feed primarily on seeds and insects . sorghum and millet seeds are husked and eaten readily , often taken from cultivated fields . to reach seeds still attached to tip of plants , birds may land mid - stalk , pin the plant to the ground , and inch their way up until they reach the seeds . termites , aphids , grasshoppers , and other insects are especially important during the breeding season when chicks demand a relatively high - protein diet . other food items include leaves , fruit , petals , and nectar .\nthis species builds a cup - shaped nest and should be provided canary nest baskets / pans ( at least 2 at varying heights in the enclosure ) . some pairs will construct the nest within clumps of dried brush affixed to the aviary wall or suspended from the ceiling . ensure that any nest site provided is sheltered from rain and storms . provide coconut fiber , dry / soft grasses , rootlets , kapok , and soft feathers for nesting material .\nyellow - fronted canaries are native to much of sub - saharan africa . they are found in most countries below their northern limit of 17\u02da north latitude , including mauritania , guinea , liberia , mali , ivory coast , burkina faso , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , chad , central african republic , sudan , eritrea , ethiopia , congo , zaire , uganda , kenya , rwanda , burundi , tanzania , angola , zambia , malawi , mozambique , zimbabwe , and botswana ( fry and keith , 2004 ) . they are notably absent from the arid regions of south africa and the tropical rainforests of the congo basin .\nthe aptly named crossbills have curious curved bills with crossed tips . although it looks more like a bill deformity than a useful tool , this specialized bill shape is perfect for extracting seeds from pine cones . males of the house , cassin ' s , and purple finch species can sometimes develop yellow or orange rather than red plumage depending upon the amount of carotenoids present in their food sources .\nthis species has the potential to be housed in a communal aviary , however , green singing finches may show aggression toward other species with similar plumage to their own ( i . e . yellow coloration ) such as saffron finches and cuban melodious finches , and thus should not be housed with these species . additionally , because males can be aggressive toward one another , only one pair of green singers should be housed per enclosure . green singers can be housed in cages , flights , or aviaries ; if housing outdoors in temperate climates , be sure to provide adequate shelter from storms , winds , and cold weather ( below 50\u00b0f ) .\ngreen singing finches can become obese if fed too rich a diet year - round and / or not provided with adequate exercise . feeding an austerity diet when not breeding and offering a larger enclosure with perches spaced far apart will help reduce this risk . green singing finches can suffer from intestinal parasites ( including coccidia ) , overgrown nails , egg - binding ( if not fed an adequate diet or provided with natural sunlight ; more commonly seen in first - year and old hens ) , infected bug bites ( typically on nonfeathered skin ) , and a propensity to contort and injure their wings during handling ( so be especially cautious to secure the birds ' wings to the sides of the body during handling as this will prevent the birds from twisting their wings ) . this species may be infrequently affected by scaly leg mite and air sac mites . note that older birds and those with damaged feathers may develop atypical white or yellow markings which are not due to being pied nor having a genetic mutation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nprzevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , p\u00e4ckert et al . 2016 )\nclassification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012\neurope ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .\nsplit gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )\n( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch\nhas priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )\n( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )\nhawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .\nisland populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .\nbased on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .\n, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )\n( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )\nrecognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )\npending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )\nse siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan\n( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )\npreliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences\ntaczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )\nsa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .\nfrom thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , juan sanabria , greg baker , pascal vagner , doug and denise norris , joe angseesing , pieter de groot boersma , dani\u00eal jimenez , peter van dam , bill wayman , yo\u00ebl jimenez , bob humphries and sally robinson .\nlars petersson , paul van giersbergen , \u00e9ric roualet , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo , holger teichmann , marvinhyett , mattias hofstede , morten venas , robert erasmus , stan culley , buchert , manakincarmelo , david beadle , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , billonneau jean claude , laurent demongin , tim cockcroft birding , tomas grim , paul cools , ken simonite , georges olioso , ken havard .\nbirds on s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 , previously separated as race santhome , were introduced on that island in late 19th century and exhibit features within range of variation of mainland tando . ten subspecies recognized .\n( d\u2019orbigny , 1839 ) \u2013 extreme s mauritania , senegal and gambia s to n sierra leone and e to nigeria and n cameroon .\nheuglin , 1864 \u2013 s chad , central african republic , sw & s sudan and w & s south sudan s to e drcongo , uganda , sw kenya and nw & c tanzania .\n( w . l . sclater & mackworth - praed , 1931 ) \u2013 se sudan , e south sudan and w & sw ethiopia .\n( c . h . b . grant & mackworth - praed , 1945 ) \u2013 w eritrea and nw & c ethiopia .\n( w . l . sclater & mackworth - praed , 1918 ) \u2013 gabon , s congo , w & s drcongo and n & w angola ; also s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 , where probably introduced .\n( c . m . n . white , 1947 ) \u2013 se drcongo , ce angola , sw tanzania and ne zambia .\n( roberts , 1932 ) \u2013 se angola and ne namibia e to sw zambia .\n( statius m\u00fcller , 1776 ) \u2013 e kenya s to c & s mozambique , zimbabwe , e & se botswana and ne south africa ( limpopo and north west province s to free state ) .\n( clancey , 1957 ) \u2013 extreme s mozambique , e swaziland and e south africa ( mpumalanga and kwazulu - natal s to s eastern cape ) .\nintroduced ( nominate race ) to mafia i , mauritius , reunion , rodrigues , assumption i , hawaiian is ( oahu ) and puerto rico .\n11\u201313 cm ; 8\u00b75\u201316\u00b72 g . small , short - tailed finch with broad supercilium and prominent face pattern . male nominate race has lower forehead and supercilium bright . . .\nsong , often given in short bursts , a lively series of sweet , musical phrases e . g .\ntseeu - tseeu . . .\nmostly seeds , buds , flowers , leaves and some insects . seeds principally of grasses and weed species , including those of\nseason may\u2013nov in w africa , throughout year in e africa , nov\u2013apr ( mostly dec\u2013mar ) in zimbabwe , sept\u2013mar in . . .\nresident and partially nomadic . in non - breeding season large flocks wander in search of feeding . . .\nnot globally threatened . common , locally abundant and widespread ; absent from some areas of apparently suitable habitat . estimated population in s mozambique in excess of 2 , . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nforms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .\napparently monophyletic clade comprising mostly afrotropical and arabian species traditionally placed in serinus , together with a few that were sometimes included in carduelis # r # r ; two species of s africa , previously placed in pseudochloroptila , also imported herein , as is c . concolor , transferred from monospecific neospiza , based on molecular evidence # r # r . one analysis using mtdna indicates that further subdivision might be warranted , by recognizing dendrospiza ( for , e . g . , c . capistrata , c . hyposticta and c . citrinelloides ) , ochrospiza ( c . citrinipectus , c . mozambica and c . dorsostriata ) and poliospiza ( c . striatipectus , c . reichardi and c . mennelli ) # r , but more complete taxon sampling does not support this at present .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nand gray legs and feet . it feeds on seeds and insects . bounding flight , alternates flapping with gliding . sexes are similar , female is duller .\na group of canaries are collectively known as an\naria\nand an\nopera\nof canaries .\nalso known as perching birds , the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) is composed of one hundred and eighteen families of birds , among which are included the insectivorous warblers and the seed - eating finches .\nthe fringillidae ( pronounced frin - jihl - lih - dee ) is a widespread bird family found on most continents and includes two hundred and seven species of finches in thirty - nine genera .\neighty - nine species of fringillidae in twenty - nine genera have occurred in north america and hawaii . these include familiar feeder visitors such as goldfinches and siskins , the nomadic rosy - finches of the high mountains , and a group with several extinct species ; the hawaiian honeycreepers .\nfringillidae are primarily small birds with stout , short bills adapted to cracking open seeds and have short legs for a mostly arboreal lifestyle . most species also have slightly forked tails and long wings , both useful for the large amount of flying needed to find seeding plants . although some hawaiian honeycreepers share this general structure , others evolved a variety of bill shapes related to the habitat niches they occupy .\nfringillidae in north america occupy forest and non - forest habitats , coniferous forests being favored by most species while native hawaiian forests are necessary for the survival of the hawaiian honeycreepers . the non - forest niche is filled by goldfinches ( birds of weedy fields and desert ) , the house finch ( a desert species that has become adapted to urban environments ) and the rosy - finches of alpine snow fields and tundra .\nmost fringillidae are adapted to cold weather and only migrate when seed crops on their breeding grounds become scarce . rosy - finches practice\nvertical migration ,\nmoving to nearby lower elevations with better supplies of food during the winter .\nmembers of the fringillidae family are very social birds typically found in flocks outside of the breeding season . although the rosy - finches take much insect prey on the ground and some hawaiian honeycreepers eat nectar , most finches forage for seeds in trees and bushes .\nwhile fringillidae in the united states and canada are doing quite well , most hawaiian honeycreeper species are highly endangered with many having already gone extinct and others in decline because of their high susceptibility to introduced diseases such as avian malaria and changes to the native forests they inhabit .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nalso called the supercilicum or superciliary it is the arch of feathers over each eye .\nalso called whisker , mustache or malar streak , it is the area below the eye and bill on the sides of the chin that stretches downwards .\nalso called the hindneck or collar , it is the back of the neck where the head joins the body .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to locally abundant ( clement 1999 , fry and keith 2004 ) , while the population in taiwan has been estimated at < c . 100 introduced breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline as a result of the bird trade ( unep - wcmc cites trade database , january 2005 ) .\nsince 1985 , over 2 , 600 , 000 wild birds have been recorded in international trade ( unep - wcmc cites trade database , january 2005 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncalls from a bird sitting up in a weedy field adjacent to dry forest .\nsong ? and calls from a bird perched up in weedy growth at the edge of secondary forest .\na male seen displaying for a female on a wire fence in some long grass on the roadside near the end of summer .\na small flock seen singing from a dead tree near long grass where they were eating grass seeds .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : crithagra mozambica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhens are duller overall and some races have a line of grey feathers extending across the lower throat , resembling a grey necklace . only the ( adult ) cock sings , though hey may not sing year - round .\njuveniles are difficult to sex until they obtain adult plumage at about 9 months of age . both juvenile cocks and hens may practice singing until they reach full maturity , at which point only the cock sings .\ngreen singing finch hen - notice the grey spots across the lower throat forming a\nnecklace .\nopen woodland savanna and plains with occasional trees . sometimes feeds on edges of farmland , reedbeds , and gardens .\ntoward the breeding season , groups of males may alight in tree tops and sing in concert . they usually build nests in small shrubs , thickets , and trees , choosing a site near the end of a branch where it forks at heights varying from 3 - 20 feet ( most commonly 7 - 10 ft ) above ground . green singing finches only pair up for the breeding season , after which time they separate . during the non - breeding season , green singing finches gather in large flocks and roam together in search of food . they feed primarily on grass seeds , but may also eat weeds , tree flowers , and buds . they become insectivorous when breeding . green singing finches love to bathe , and should be provided with a shallow bird bath regularly . because they have a propensity to shred , ingest , and thus decimate plants , any plantings within their reach should be nontoxic and ideally hardy .\nthey tend to be long - lived ( a captive life span of 8 - 10 + years is not uncommon ) .\nis a species listed in the cites appendices , meaning that international trade of the green singing finch ( export , import ) is restricted . therefore if you obtain a pair , you should strongly consider breeding them to continue their availability in captivity .\nautumn / winter in southern hemisphere ; nesting tends to occur from august / september through january ; breeding season can be artificially induced by manipulating temperature , diet , etc .\nthese birds are best bred between 2 and 4 years of age . breeding can be accomplished in cages , flights , or aviaries . perches within the enclosure should be secured firmly to permit successful copulation . the breeding diet should be introduced about 1 month prior to anticipated breeding . green singing finches are monogamous with a strong pair bond , though some breeders have had success breeding the birds as trios ( 2 hens with 1 cock ) . only house one pair ( or trio ) per enclosure ; colony breeding multiple pairs does not tend to be successful , and housing more than 1 pair together requires a very spacious and well - planted enclosure . ideally pairs should not be kept within ear shot of each other to maximize productivity .\nthe courtship can be rough ; it often involves a chase prior to copulation , and occasionally the male may pluck some of the female ' s feathers . to limit aggression , before placing the pair in the breeding enclosure , the cock and hen can be introduced via a smaller cage with a central wire divider separating the cock from hen . this allows the birds to become accustomed to each other while limiting physical contact . after about a week , the pair can then be introduced into the breeding enclosure together . the cock feeding the hen is a sign of breeding readiness , and may take place up to a few weeks before nest building starts .\neggs are pale blue in color ( sometimes spotted ) and are incubated by the hen . the cock does not tend to incubate , but does feed the hen while she is sitting on the eggs . some breeders opt to remove each egg as it is laid , replacing it with a plastic dummy egg . then , once the clutch is complete , the breeder returns all of the eggs to the hen at the same time . this ensures that the eggs all hatch on the same day , giving each chick an equal chance at survival . once the chicks hatch , both parents feed them . after the young fledge , the cock continues to wean the babies as the hen starts her next brood . be sure to provide plenty of\nfor the pair to feed their young . if space restraints require , juveniles can be removed from the breeding enclosure once they are fully weaned - - about 4 weeks after they fledge the nest . breeding pairs typically raise 3 - 4 clutches per season , and may reuse the same nest after re - lining it .\n: as the creator of finchinfo . com , i take no responsibility for any mishaps which you may experience in following any advice given , nor in purchasing any products suggested . i will therefore not be liable for any consequences that arise from following any advice provided in these pages .\nexternal sites open in a new browser . urltoken does not endorse external sites . urltoken is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program , an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon . com . proceeds will be used to help this site grow .\n. no part of this page ( including , but not limited to pictures , articles , advice , logo , or otherwise ) may be copied or retransmitted by any means without expressed written permission from the author / creator of this page .\nthis page is hosted by dreamhost . styles : former fic | art deco | spring | magazine\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ncrithagra mozambica mozambica : coastal kenya and mafia i . ( tanzania ) south to zimbabwe , mozambique , eastern and southeastern botswana , and northeastern south africa ( north west and limpopo to free state )\ncrithagra mozambica vansoni : extreme se angola and adj . namibia to n botswana , sw zambia\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 546 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nprefers open woodlands and grasslands below 2300 m , but may also be found in a variety of other habitats including coastal scrub , mangroves , and sand dunes . they are rarely found in tropical rainforests or arid regions . they frequent cultivated lands where they take advantage of abundant sorghum , millet , and other grains .\nboth birds collect plant fibers ( mostly fine grasses ) and other suitable material with which the female constructs a small cup - shaped nest . nests are built 1 to 6 meters above ground in forked branches , twigs , or other supportive structures , usually shielded from view by dense foliage .\nbreeds through the rainy season when there are sufficient food supplies to rear young . because of the tremendous range of the species , the timing of this period varies widely depending on weather patterns . between two and five ( usually 3 ) eggs are laid , one per day until the clutch is complete . incubation by the female alone lasts 13 days and ( at least for captive birds ) typically commences after the last or second - to - last egg is laid . during this period the male feeds his mate regularly and sings from a nearby perch .\nbreeding interval related birds often raise one to three broods each year , depending on food availability and weather .\nbreeding season the breeding season varies throughout range but generally coincides with the wet season .\ninitially after hatching the young require nearly constant brooding by the mother . as the female is able to leave the nest for longer periods , the male joins in feeding the young . the young fledge at around 18 days . the family travels and feeds as a unit until or beyond the time when the young are functionally independent , usually at the age of 6 weeks .\nto form mixed - species flocks . small groups roost together in trees and bushes . posturing and vocal communication is common within the group . though generally considered a resident species ,\nmay migrate short distances to stay close to the best food sources and to avoid bad weather conditions . these seasonal wanderings are particularly pronounced in the northern limits of their range .\nposturing between individuals in a group is common . singing competitions are frequent , and males respond strongly to potential competitors with a loud , trilling song that is repeated throughout the day .\n. nestlings and hatchlings may be taken by nest predators such as snakes and other arboreal carnivores .\ntimothy lambert ( author ) , stanford university , terry root ( editor , instructor ) , stanford university .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nislands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nfinchinfo . com . 2007 .\nthe green singing finch\n( on - line ) . finch info . accessed may 10 , 2007 at urltoken .\narnaiz - villena , a . , m . \u00e1lvarez - tejado , v . ru\u00edz - del - valle , c . garc\u00eda - de - la - torre , p . varela , m . recio , s . ferre , j . martinez - laso . 1999 . rapid radiation of canaries ( genus serinus ) .\nmoulton , m . 1993 . the all - or - none pattern in introduced hawaiian passeriforms : the role of competition sustained .\nto cite this page : lambert , t . 2007 .\nserinus mozambicus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1347, "summary": [{"text": "the genus passerina is a group of birds in the cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "although not directly related to buntings in the family emberizidae , they are sometimes known as the north american buntings ( the north american emberizidae are colloquially called \" sparrows \" although they are also not related to these birds ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the males show vivid colors in the breeding season ; the plumage of females and immature birds is duller .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these birds go through two molts in a year ; the males are generally less colorful in winter .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "they have short tails and short slim legs .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they have smaller bills than other cardinalidae ; they mainly eat seeds in winter and insects in summer .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the blue grosbeak ( p. caerulea ) was once placed in the monotypic genus , guiraca . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "passerina", "paragraphs": ["the genus passerina is in the family thymelaeaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .\npassero is the italian word for\nsparrow\n, the bird known to italian vinegrowers for its voracious appetite for ripe passerina grapes . the italian\n\u2013ina\nsuffix is a diminutive , and indicates the relatively small size of passerina grapes .\nthe plant list includes 137 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus passerina . of these 12 are accepted species names .\npasserina corymbosa , a medium to tall shrub covered in masses of small creamy flowers , is fast - growing and would be a welcome addition to any fynbos garden .\nto cite this page : zumberg , r . 1999 .\npasserina cyanea\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nkhoi people are said to have used certain passerina species as cordage for the purpose of tying together poles for huts , and also plaited it into twine and thongs for whips .\nthe variety differs considerably from region to region in terms of the wine it makes , but a familiar character of ripe citrus fruit unites passerina wines . in marche , the wines are sharper with an intense minerality whereas , on italy ' s west coast , in lazio the wines are softer with an almost creamy texture . some ampelographers have suggested that passerina is not one grape variety , but several , a hypothesis which is supported by this regional flavor disparity .\npasserina corymbosa usually occurs on slopes and sandy flats where it grows amongst dry and asteraceous fynbos . it occurs from tulbagh in the western cape to port elizabeth in the eastern cape , with an altitude variation of 20 - 1850 m .\npasserina corymbosa is the most frequently encountered species in the genus passerina and varies in height from 1 - 3 m . the stems , which are made up of extremely tough fibres , are not easy to break and the bark peels off in long , tough strips . a definite distinguishing feature is the young white stems which are partially covered with tiny , linear leaves about 5 mm long . the normal green , linear leaves have a hairy groove beneath and are 3 - 10 mm long .\nof the 2015 vintage , fiona beckett said : wowed by the bottles of tesco ' s finest passerina i took round to go with her spagetti with prawns , that ' s a wine that hits the spot somewhere between pinot grigio and sauvignon blanc .\nthe appellation\noffida\ncontrolled and guaranteed designation of origin ( docg ) is used for wines produced in the municipality of offida in ascoli piceno province ( the correct pronunciation is\noff\u00ecda\n) . wines produced with the ancient passerina grape variety that meet the standards of the \u201coffida\u201d docg production rules are classified as \u201coffida passerina\u201d . the rules were approved as doc pursuant to ministerial decree dated 23 . 05 . 2001 , and as docg pursuant to ministerial decree dated 15 . 06 . 2011 [ download the production rules ]\npasserina corymbosa is a pioneer species with a short juvenile period . it also has a high seed output and quite large seedbanks . this relatively short - lived species also shows high levels of senescence and mortality in a 10 - 15 - year - old veld .\npasserina is an ancient and traditional grape variety used in the white wines of the marche wine region of central italy . it is thought to be a mutation of biancame ( the name by which the bianchello grape is known in marche ) , and it is often confused with bombino bianco and trebbiano toscano . the majority of passerina vines are to be found in marche ' s piceno province ( of rosso piceno fame ) , but there are also significant plantings all across central italy , in abruzzo , emilia - romagna and lazio .\npasserina corymbosa , like most other taxa in this genus , was used to heat up ovens . when set alight , a tremendous blaze was produced which rapidly heated the oven . due to its tough stems , the bakkerbos was also very effective in tying down thatch .\nthe plant list includes a further 34 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus passerina . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .\npasserina is a very ancient local white grape cultivar from the central - adriatic region of italy , which is known under many different appellations in other regions . today passerina is widely grown in marche region ( above all in ascoli piceno province where between the 70s and 80s farsighted producers like cocci grifoni invested in this variety ) . it is also grown in abruzzo , umbria and some areas of lazio . many sources indicate passerina as a variety of the trebbiano cultivar . according to some researchers , it originated from a genetic mutation of biancame , also known as bianchello , a grape variety today widely grown in the pesaro area in northern marche . in her \u201cguide to wine grapes\u201d ( published by slow food , 1996 ) , jancis robinson describes passerina as an \u201cancient grape variety which is perhaps a relative of the trebbiano\u201d . the vine\u2019s hardy resistance to mildew and parasites ensures excellent harvests . some of the more curious appellations of this grape variety ( \u201cpagadebiti\u201d , \u201cscacciacambiali\u201d ) come from these very characteristics , and were passed on by word of mouth as pearls of farming wisdom . ( source : salvatore marsillo , bibenda 7 , ais . ) .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : passerina cyanea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : passerina ciris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\npasserina also goes by the names uva passera , campolese , and trebbiano di teramo , after the teramo hills ( colli teramane ) in northern abruzzo . it is even sometimes known as pagadebit , meaning debt - payer , although this name is given to several high - yielding italian grape varieties .\nvaried buntings share the same sequence of molts and plumages as other passerina species , and first - year males exhibit delayed plumage maturation . songs are similar to those of indigo ( p . cyanea ) and lazuli ( p . amoena ) buntings in that individuals share syllables , neighboring males share songs , and population repertoire is limited .\npasserina vines have mid - sized , pentagonal leaves and small grapes , which grow in medium - to - large clusters . the berry ' s skin is quite thick and ripens to a deep golden color . the grapes ripen with a high level of natural sugars , and have correspondingly high acidity , making for balanced wines in all but the hottest sites .\nthe grape varieties used to produce wines under the \u201cmarche\u201d igt appellation must be grown in the administrative territory of the provinces of ancona , ascoli piceno , fermo , macerata and pesaro urbino in marche region . marche \u201cpasserina\u201d igt wines must have a total alcohol volume of at least 10 % vol . but no more than 15 % vol . [ download the production rules ]\nthe genus name passerina was given by the great carl linnaeus . the genus passer consists of the passerine group of birds , to which sparrows belong . passer - presumably refers to a sparrow , while - ina relates to the black seeds which resemble a sparrow ' s beak . the species name corymbosa , meaning a cluster , is derived from the greek word korumbos , which may refer to the inflorescence being a corymb , which is a raceme with the lower flower stalks longer than those above . this feature enables all the flowers to be on the same level . two other passerinas included in this series are p . ericoides and p . filiformis subsp . filiformis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .\nioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )\ngill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe insignificant small flowers , which are dull cream or reddish , are borne in large numbers in the axils of the leaves . however , during the flowering period , from august to november , the red sepals and large yellow anthers are quite showy . ( it is advisable to use a hand lens to observe this magical phenomenon . )\nthe stamens and exserted anthers , which appear on the long filaments , are attached to the top of the calyx tube . the coloured calyx is inflated below , with four lobes above . there are no petals present .\nthis widespread shrub is not endangered or vulnerable . it has a status of least concern .\nhere , this fine - leaved , ericoid shrub grows on some of the driest fynbos patches , and its ability to extract soil moisture from deep underground enables it to survive harsh conditions .\nthe gonna bush , by which it is more commonly known , also grows on the lowlands where dry fynbos , renosterveld and succulent karoo merge , with soil types ranging from colluvial ( or shallow litho soils derived from quartzite ) , calcareous dunes on coastal forelands , to shales and sil - ferricretes . in mountainous areas this shrub grows well in soil depths of at least 40 cm . annual rainfall throughout its distribution varies from 450 - 950 mm .\nother genera in the family include dais , gnidia , struthiola and lachnaea , several of which have also been described on this site .\nthe gonna bush , with its dry fruit , is wind - pollinated like all other species in the genus . exserted anthers normally release large amounts of pollen . these light , rounded pollen grains are then easily carried by the wind .\nin fynbos terms this ericoid shrub is regarded as a seeder - a plant which is killed during a fire and then depends on seed for regeneration . seeds are mainly shed in late summer , with most of it decaying when buried in the veld for more than a year .\nin areas of high rainfall it is widespread on coastal dunes due to the fact that the young sandy soil might not be well consolidated and has poor moisture retention . the gonna bush contributes to the forming of a mutualistic relationship through its root system which has the ability to stabilise sandy soils .\nfire is an integral part of fynbos and helps shape the vegetation occurring in the cape region . in the long run , this phenomenon contributes towards the creation of a niche for ephemerals ( plants which grow , bloom and quickly shed seed just a few years after the fire ) . it also gives a new lease on life to seeders ( which eventually become senescent when there is no fire ) and resprouters .\nthis plant plays a vital role in anchoring the sandy soils of coastal dunes , and their removal can cause significant erosion . it is also useful as a filler in floral displays .\nsow the relatively fresh seed during autumn using a well - drained medium such as coarse river sand . slightly level the medium , gently scatter seed , and cover lightly with sand or bark . water lightly and keep moist . seeds germinate readily . ( leonard jacobs , pers . comm . 2006 ) . in order to enhance germination , smoke - treat the seed using kirstenbosch seed primer .\nonce germinated , treat seedlings with diluted liquid fertiliser , as this will strengthen the root system . do this at regular intervals , once every second week .\nwhen ready to pot , start applying liquid fertiliser at the recommended rate . after potting , a granular organic fertiliser can be introduced .\nthe ideal time for planting in the western cape is autumn to early winter , but planting can also be done during the rest of the year in the eastern cape .\nplanting during the correct time of the year gives the plant a better chance to establish itself before the onset of a harsh spring / summer . prepare the soil before planting by adding compost and organic fertiliser . this will improve water retention and soil texture . after planting , water well and cover with a fine layer of mulch or compost which will help to keep the soil cool . although this shrub naturally occurs in nutrient - deprived soil , it is recommendable to fertilise the planted area at least twice a year .\nit is best used in small groupings and en masse for the small to larger garden respectively .\nthis shrub , which is also very effective in any water - wise garden set - up , also grows well with other shrubs such as berzelia lanuginosa , restio dispar , chondropetalum tectorum , pelargonium cucullatum , metalasia muricata , protea neriifolia , p . compacta , hymenolepis parviflora , chrysanthemoides monilifera , athanasia crithmifolia , leucospermum conocarpodendron and leucadendron gandogeri .\nlarger to small groundcovers that complement it well are senecio halimifolius , helichrysum cymosum , h . dasyanthum , plechostachys serpyllifolia , leucospermum oleifolium , carpobrotus edulis , c . acanaciformis and pelargonium capitatum .\nbean , a . & johns , a . 2005 . stellenbosch to hermanus . south african wild flower guide 5 . botanical society of south africa , cape town .\ncowling , r . 1992 . ecology of fynbos . the nutrients , fire and diversity . oxford university press , cape town .\ncowling , r . & richardson , d . 1995 . fynbos : south africa ' s unique floral kingdom . fernwood press , vlaeberg , cape town .\ncowling , r . m . , le matre , d . c . , mckenzie , b . , prys - jones , r . p . & van wilgen , b . w . 1987 . disturbances and the dynamics of fynbos biome communities . south african national scientific programmes report no . 135 . csir , pretoria .\ndyer , r . a . 1975 . genera of southern african flowering plants , vol . 1 . dicotyledons . national botanical institute , pretoria .\njackson , w . p . u . 1980 . wild flowers of the fairest cape . howard timmens , cape town .\njackson , w . p . u . 1990 . origins and meanings of names of south african genera . university of cape town ecolab , cape town .\ntrinder - smith , t . 2003 . levy ' s guide to the plant genera of the southwestern cape . bolus herbarium ( university of cape town ) cape town .\nusher , g . 1974 . dictionary of plants used by man . constable , london .\nusher , g . 1979 . dictionary of botany , edn 4 . redwood burn , london .\nvan wyk , b - e . & gericke , n . 2000 . people ' s plants . a guide to useful plants of southern africa . briza publications , pretoria .\nthis question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions .\nto see how wine - searcher uses average pricing and professional wine critic scores on this page , please see average wine prices and wine scores . to find out about popularity , please see wine ranks .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies and similar technologies ( \u201ccookies\u201d ) to help give you the best experience on our site and to show you relevant advertising . if you continue to use this site , we\u2019ll assume that you\u2019re happy to receive all cookies .\ncitra winery was founded in 1973 . it is located in the region of abruzzo and is now one of the leading wineries in central italy . citra is identified as a reliable partner and a producer of quality wines . also for these reasons citra is represented in 50 countries around the world and our wines ( produced by ourselves , no outsourcing ) have been awarded at the most important international wine tasting competitions . we produce a complete range of excellent wines classified as d . o . c . , i . g . t . , table wine\nabruzzo is one of loveliest regions in italy . born where the sea and the mountains meet , a land protected by green mantle of natural parks and national reserve . it is a region bathed by the mediterranean climate , the special climatic condition , are the perfect nourishment for the vine , which is expressed with grapes of excellent quality from which they originate excellent wines , the pride and glory of the region , and awarded in major national and international competition .\n) breed throughout eastern north america from the great plains eastward , south of the coniferous forest region . there are also some breeding populations in the western united states , including utah , arizona and california . indigo buntings winter in the coastal regions of mexico , central america , northern south america and the caribbean .\nindigo buntings breed in brushy and weedy habitats along the edges of farmed land , woods , road , power lines , railways and riparian habitats . they also breed in clearings in open deciduous woodlands , in weedy or abandoned agricultural fields , and in swamps . during migration they look for open grasslands and leafy trees similar to those in their winter habitat . in winter , indigo buntings choose open habitats , such as weedy fields , citrus orchards , savannas , weedy croplands and low second growth ( payne 1992 ) .\nadult male indigo buntings are brilliant blue during the breeding season , with a darker almost purple crown . females and young are brown with buff wingbars and only a tinge of blue on their tail and shoulders . indigo buntings are small birds , from 11 . 5 cm to13 cm long and weighing 12 to 18 g . they have short , conical beaks and black or gray legs and feet . ( payne 1992 , robbins , bruun and zim 1983 )\nindigo buntings are socially monogamous . however , pairs only associate until incubation begins , and may switch partners within a single breeding season . fertilizations outside of a breeding pair are not uncommon and approximately 15 % of males have more than one mate .\nmales do not sing often in courtship , but they do follow their mate around during the nest building and laying periods , often chasing other males away .\nindigo buntings breed between may and september , with most activity occurring june through august . they may raise more than one brood per season , and may switch nests or mates between broods . the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest , which may take up to eight days . nests are built in shrubs in fields or at the edges of woods , roadsides and railways . they are constructed of leaves , grasses , stems and strips of bark . after the nest is complete , the female lays 1 to 4 ( usually 3 or 4 ) white eggs . one egg is laid each day , soon after sunrise . the female begins incubating after the last egg is laid . incubation lasts for 11 to 14 ( usually 12 to 13 ) days .\nthe female broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch . she also feeds the chicks insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest . the chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching , and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging . indigo buntings are sexually mature at one year old .\nbreeding interval indigo buntings breed between may and september , with most activity occurring june through august .\nbreeding season indigo buntings may raise more than one brood per season , and may switch nests or mates between broods .\nthe male does not generally help with incubation or raising the chicks . the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest . she broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch , feeds them insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest . the chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching , and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging .\nindigo buntings are generally solitary . during the breeding season , males establish and defend a territory 0 . 4 to 8 ha in size . each territory may hold one or more females . during the winter , indigo buntings roost in a flock at night , but spend the days foraging alone or in small groups . there appears to be no dominance hierarchy within these groups . ( payne 1992 )\nindigo buntings are migratory , and may fly as far as 2000 miles between their wintering and breeding grounds . they leave their breeding grounds in september and october , and leave their wintering grounds to return in late april and may . they migrate largely at night . ( payne 1992 , robbins , bruun , and zim 1983 , scientific american 1980 )\nin one study , 10 % of banded fledglings returned to breed within 1 to 2 km of their natal site ( payne 1992 ) .\nindigo buntings use vocalizations and visual cues to communicate . only male indigo buntings sing . each male has one complex song that it sings , during the breeding season to advertise occupancy of a territory to other males and to attract females . males may also court females by performing displays , such as the display in which a male struts in circles in front of a female with his wings spread and his head crouched .\nduring the breeding season , indigo buntings eat small spiders and insects , seeds of grasses and herbs , and berries . major food items taken include caterpillars , grasshoppers , bugs , beetles , seeds and berries . in winter , indigo buntings eat small seeds , buds , and some insects . their main food in winter is small seeds of grasses . they also frequent feeders , and eat the seeds of rice in rice fields . indigo buntings do not appear to drink frequently , and may obtain sufficient water from their diet . ( payne 1992 )\nindigo buntings feed alone during the breeding season and in flocks during the winter . they do not appear to store food for later consumption . ( payne 1992 )\nalthough predation of adult indigo buntings surely occurs , specific predators have not been identified . brooding females , eggs and young are vulnerable to predation from climbing predators , including\nwhen a predator approaches a nest , adult buntings may feign injury and make a chip - chip - chip call to distract the predator and lure them away from the nest . they do not mob predators .\nperching birds ( order passeriformes ) as a group play an important role in the earth ' s ecosystems . they consume many varieties and amounts of food and serve as food for others and hosts for parasites ( britannica , 1986 ) . indigo buntings affect the populations of the insects they eat , and help distribute seeds of the plants whose berries they eat . they also host at least one parasite ; hippoboscid flies ( payne 1992 ) .\nthere is apparent aesthetic importance of songbirds like the indigo bunting to bird watchers and listeners . this brightly colored species is commonly kept as a cage bird ( britannica , 1986 ) .\nindigo buntings appear to be increasing in geographic range and density . they are protected under the u . s . migratory bird act , but not under cites or the u . s . endangered species act .\nindigo buntings are occasionally killed for sport and food . they are also a popular cage bird in europe and mexico . ( payne , 1992 )\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\npayne , r . 1992 the birds of north america , no . 4 , indigo bunting . a . poole , p . stettenheim , and f . gill , editors .\nrobbins , bruun , and zim 1983 , a guide to field identification , birds of north america . golden press .\nscientific american . 1980 , birds , w . h . freeman and company , san francisco ; p . 68 .\nthe new encyclopedia britannica , vol . 15 . ! 986 , birds , encyclopedia britannica , inc . chicago ; p . 95 - 96 .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsee\nstatus\n,\nconfidence level\n,\nsource\nfor definitions .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\nthis species has declined over the long term and apparently continues to do so at a moderately rapid rate . it is therefore considered to be near threatened .\n. 1999 ) . the global population is estimated to be 3 . 6 million birds ( rich\ni\u00f1igo - elias et al . 2002 , rich et al . 2003 ) , with the steepest declines in the eastern population .\nthis species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) .\n. 2002 , phillips lynch 2004 ) , with part of the declines also being attributed to brood - parasitism by brown - headed cowbird . trapping and sale in local markets occurs in mexico , central america and the caribbean , and overseas to international markets in europe , south america and asia ( ramos 1982 ,\nconservation actions underway the species is monitored , but no other specific actions are known .\ntightly control any ongoing trade in the species . develop an appropriate management strategy to reverse population declines . develop a comprehensive conservation strategy including adaptive harvesting for populations in the caribbean and latin america (\nimportant message you have not enabled javascript . you need to enable it to browse this site . in the near future we will accomodate browsing without the need for javascript . however , browsing will be cumbersome without javascript for this map / data rich site . please contact anantha prasad if you have disabled javascript . please include in the message the reason for disabling it .\nthe reliability of the model as assessed from the combined outputs of regression tree , bagging trees and randomforest models .\nbna account authors : groschupf , kathleen d . , and christopher w . thompson\ndespite the varied bunting ' s widespread distribution in central mexico , its conspicuous behavior , and its striking male plumage ( a 1901 painting by louis agassiz fuertes is used as a frontispiece for coues 1903 ) , little information is published about the life history of this species . species accounts are anecdotal , and distributional and other information is mostly historical ( e . g . , baird et al . 1875 , ridgway 1901 , van rossem 1931 , brandt 1940 , 1951 ) . there is almost no published information on the natural history of the varied bunting in baja california and its center of distribution , mainland mexico . to provide information for this account , kdg studied varied buntings at chino , rock corral , and montosa canyons in southeastern arizona in august 1992 and may - september 1993 - 1995 . she banded and color - marked 33 adults and 8 nestlings , observed behavior , found nests , and recorded vocalizations . cwt examined egg collections and museum specimens to gain new insight on egg and plumage characteristics .\nvaried buntings occur from the southern borders of texas , new mexico , and arizona , through mexico , including baja california , to guatemala . they occupy habitat characterized by arid thorn brush at riparian edges , thorn forest , scrubby woodland , and overgrown clearings , and are absent from human residential areas .\nvaried buntings , however , have larger syllable repertoires , their songs are not stereotyped , and their singing activity depends on rainfall .\nbreeding in the varied bunting also depends on rainfall . in arizona , when summer rains are delayed , nesting may not begin until august . eggs are polymorphic in color among populations , a rare phenomenon in passerine birds .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nbirdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list . please click here to join the discussion\na crisp , pretty sparrow whose bright rufous cap both provides a splash of color and makes adults fairly easy to identify . chipping sparrows are common across north america wherever trees are interspersed with grassy openings . their loud , trilling songs are one of the most common sounds of spring woodlands and suburbs .\nparticularly in fall and winter , watch for small flocks of chipping sparrows feeding on open ground near trees . in spring and summer , listen for the male\u2019s long , loud trill , then look for the male in the upper branches of a nearby tree .\nchipping sparrows will eat many kinds of birdseed , particularly black oil sunflower seeds from feeders , but also seed mixes scattered on the ground . shrubs or small trees in your yard may entice chipping sparrows to build a nest .\nthis species often comes to bird feeders . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .\nthe early naturalists had a gift for description you just don\u2019t see anymore . in 1929 , edward forbush called the chipping sparrow \u201cthe little brown - capped pensioner of the dooryard and lawn , that comes about farmhouse doors to glean crumbs shaken from the tablecloth by thrifty housewives . \u201d\nin much of the west , chipping sparrows disperse shortly after breeding to move to areas with better food resources . it ' s not unusual to see chipping sparrows on alpine tundra or along roadsides in open grasslands . this results in the common misperception that they bred in those areas , when really they simply moved there to molt .\nchipping sparrows typically build their nests low in a shrub or tree , but every once in a while they get creative . people have found their nests among hanging strands of chili peppers , on an old - fashioned mower inside a tool shed , and on a hanging basket filled with moss .\nthe nest of the chipping sparrow is of such flimsy construction that light can be seen through it . it probably provides little insulation for the eggs and young .\nthe oldest recorded chipping sparrow was at least 10 years , 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in ontario in 1998 . it had been banded in the same province in 1987 ."]}
{"id": 1351, "summary": [{"text": "epicopeia mencia is a moth in the epicopeiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by moore in 1875 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china , vietnam , korea , the russian far east , japan and taiwan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 60 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults can be distinguished from related species by two rows of red markings on the hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two forms in both sexes , a typical form and a white-banded form .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the typical form is thought to mimic byasa alcinous , while the latter form mimics pachliopta aristolochiae .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the larvae feed on ulmus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species overwinters in the pupal stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "epicopeia mencia", "paragraphs": ["epicopeia mencia is a moth in the epicopeiidae family . it was described by moore in 1875 . it is found in china , vietnam , korea , the russian far east , japan and taiwan .\nepicopeia mencia moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 578 , pl . 67 , f . 8 ; tl : shanghai , n . china\nepicopeia polydora westwood , 1841 ; arcana entomologica , 1 : 19 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : assam\nepicopeia battaka dempona kishida & endo , 1999 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : s . sumatra , mt dempo\nepicopeia battaka malayana kishida & endo , 1999 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , cameron highlands\nepicopeia simulans leech , [ 1889 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1888 : 611 , pl . 31 , f . 1 ; tl : hakodate\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ncountry : korea wingspan : 60 . 0 ( mm ) photo by : paul jenkins\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i\nwestwood , 1841 arcana entomologica , or illustrations of new , rare and interesting insects arcana entomologica , 1 : ( 1841 - 1843 ) [ iv ] , 192pp , pl . 1 - 48 ( in 12 parts )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1354, "summary": [{"text": "hypselobarbus periyarensis is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to periyar lake in kerala , india .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can reach 50 cm ( 20 in ) in total length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "hypselobarbus periyarensis", "paragraphs": ["hypselobarbus periyarensis was first described by raj ( 1941 ) from the upstreams of periyar river , near peeramade , kerala , india .\ntaxonomic notes : hypselobarbus periyarensis was first described by raj ( 1941 ) from the upstreams of periyar river , near peeramade , kerala , india .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nrema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , johnson , j . a . , shrikant , j . , rahul , k . & molur , s .\nis restricted to periyar river - lake system and the records of this speceis from other areas need taxonomic verification . the species is confined to an area of less than 30 km\nin periyar with several threats impacting its habitat and population . it is therefore listed as endangered .\n. however , the size of fish caught from periyar lake is known to have decreased compared to those caught from the upstream regions ( minimol 2000 ) . abundance index of\nin periyar lake is less compared to the upstream reaches ( arun 1999 ) .\nprefers deep water bodies especially streams flowing into large pools ( minimol 2000 ) as well as cascades with moderate water velocity ( euphrasia and kurup 2002 ) . rock , boulders and cobbles are the favoured substrates ( euphrasia and kurup 2002 ) .\nis known to be an omnivore feeding predominantly on leaves , fruits , algae and worms ( minimol 2000 ) .\n, is caught occasionally by local fishers in periyar lake and associated streams , and is known to be the fifth most landed fish species in the lake ( minimol 2000 ) . this is the most consumed native fish apart from the three exotics caught in periyar lake ( c . p . shaji pers . comm . ) .\n. 2006 , periyar foundation 2006 ) . the township of thekkady on the banks of the periyar lake attracts approximately 4 . 5 lakhs tourists annually . around 6 - 7 diesel and 2 - speed boats ply for sight seeing in the lake on a daily basis , discharging oil into the lake . also the sewage waste from in and around kumily town is being decanted directly into the periyar lake . levels of nitrate and nitrite , phosphate , feacal coliforms , hydrocarbon and lead in the lake are higher than permissible limits ( kurup 2004 ) .\nthere is no specific conservation action in place . there is an immediate need to carry out research on population size , life history and ecology to inform management plans . the department of forest and wildlife , government of kerala is promoting the fishery of exotic fish species in periyar lake as a means to control their proliferation ( anvar ali pers . obs . )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhabitat description the african sharptooth catfish is found in lakes , streams , rivers , swamps and floodplains , many of which are subject to seasonal drying ( foa 2012 ) . the most common habitats are floodplain swamps and pools where it can survive during the dry season ( s ) due to its accessory air breathing organs ( foa 2012 ) .\ngeographical range native range : the african sharptooth catfish is almost pan - africa in distribution ( but is naturally absent from the maghreb , upper and lower guinea and cape provinces ) . it is present in jordan , lebanon , israel , syria and turkey ( fao 2012 ) . known introduced range : the sharptooth catfish has been widely introduced for farming / aquaculture purposes to other parts of africa , europe and asia ( fao 2012 ) ."]}
{"id": 1359, "summary": [{"text": "the hellmayr 's pipit ( anthus hellmayri ) is a species of bird in the family motacillidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , chile , paraguay , peru , and uruguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are temperate grassland , subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland , and pastureland . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "hellmayr ' s pipit", "paragraphs": ["pipit information . . . pipit index of species . . . pipit species photos\nhellmayr , 1921 \u2013 highlands of s argentina in neuqu\u00e9n s to w chubut , also se r\u00edo negro ( somuncur\u00e1 plateau ) ; also adjacent s chile .\n) s to nw argentina ( s to tucum\u00e1n and la rioja , also in sierras de c\u00f3rdoba ) .\ntyler , s . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . hellmayr ' s pipit ( anthus hellmayri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n14\u201314\u00b78 cm . rather small pipit . nominate race has dusky - streaked whitish supercilium and eyering , small blackish moustachial stripe ; pale buff upperparts boldly . . .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\n\u2013 se brazil ( s from esp\u00edrito santo ) , se paraguay , ne & e argentina ( corrientes , e buenos aires ) and uruguay .\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\non a small bush on a grassy hillside at the edge of montane forest . same bird as in xc84405 .\nibitipoca state park . campo rupestre with a few scattered bushes . several takes of bird recorded earlier in xc84404 . ten minutes after playback .\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 15 seq . c )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 15 seq . a )\nafter playback . one can even hear the wings . on a stony slope . score for alarm call .\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 14 seq . b )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 14 seq . a )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 9 seq . b )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 9 seq . a )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 6 seq . a )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmolecular analyses suggest close relationship with a . spragueii , a . furcatus and a . bogotensis ; all may belong to a clade with a . lutescens , a . correndera and a . antarcticus . assertion in hbw that race brasilianus differs \u201csignificantly in size , plumage colour and pattern , and voice\u201d , and hence potentially represents a separate species , difficult to reconcile with museum and vocal evidence : it is somewhat smaller ( at least 1 ) , with pale markings above buffier and darker markings browner , less grey ( 1 ) , and underparts slightly buffier , including on vent rather than becoming whitish ( 1 ) ; while on available recordings no differences in song are detectable # r . race dabbenei possibly inseparable from nominate , but geographically remote . three subspecies recognized .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\nsong , from perch ( fence post , rock ) or in air , varied , \u201czilid zilid zidel - zi , zi arr\u201d or \u201ctu - tee - . . .\ndata on food preferences lacking . forages in grassland in manner of other pipits , picking insects from the ground or from short vegetation .\nbreeds nov\u2013jan in bolivia . short display - flight , male climbs almost vertically while singing , makes spiralling descent in wide . . .\nmigrates n in austral winter ; present in sc chile during sept\u2013mar . . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally uncommon to frequent as a breeding species . status in argentina poorly understood ; seems to be fairly common in tucum\u00e1 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nanthus hellmayri dabbenei : andes of w argentina ( w neuqu\u00e9n and w chubut ) and adj . chile\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 901 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : anthus hellmayri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms ."]}
{"id": 1368, "summary": [{"text": "eupanacra pulchella is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from papua new guinea .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is similar to eupanacra micholitzi .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "adults have a dark forewing upperside with yellow stripes and an orange hindwing upperside with a dark marginal band .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a conspicuous discal spot on the forewing underside .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwing underside has a pale red inner margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupanacra pulchella", "paragraphs": ["it is similar to\neupanacra pulchella\n, except for some differences on the lines on the forewing upperside .\nit is similar to\neupanacra tiridates\nand\neupanacra regularis regularis\n, but have broader forewings .\nhow can i put and write and define eupanacra in a sentence and how is the word eupanacra used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528eupanacra\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eupanacra\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eupanacra\u9020\u53e5 , eupanacra meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nit is similar to\neupanacra malayana\nbut larger , darker and more uniformly coloured .\nit is similar to\neupanacra regularis regularis\n, but especially males have a similar but darker pattern .\nit is similar to\neupanacra sinuata\n, but smaller , with a clearer pattern and narrower hindwings .\nthe forewing underside is similar to\neupanacra metallica\n, but the postmedian line is more oblique and abbreviated .\nthe middle of the thorax upperside and proximal abdominal tergites are pale ( as in similar\neupanacra variolosa\n) .\nit is similar to\neupanacra regularis regularis\n, but the postmedian lines on the forewing upperside are less curved .\nthe forewing upperside has postmedian lines closer together and more longitudinal than in\neupanacra malayana\n, almost parallel to the costa .\nthe forewing upperside has postmedian lines which are more longitudinal than in\neupanacra sinuata\nand run parallel to the outer margin .\nit is similar to\neupanacra mydon\n, except for the pattern elements found on the upperside of the forewing which are much clearer .\nit is similar to\neupanacra elegantulus\nbut larger and there is no , or just a faint discal spot found on the forewing upperside .\nit is similar to\neupanacra automedon\nbut distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a blunt double point and generally a darker brown longitudinal shadow present .\nit is similar to\neupanacra sinuata\n, but the upperside ground colour is more orange and the lines on the forewing upperside have a different trajectory .\nit is similar to\neupanacra busiris atima\nexcept for differences in the forewing outer margin and the trajectory of the antemedian lines on the forewing upperside .\nthe hindwing upperside has a pale median band which is slightly wider than in\neupanacra sinuata\n, nearly reaching the costa but obscured by brown scaling anteriorly .\nit is very similar to\neupanacra malayana\nbut distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a single sharp point at the apex and no darker brown longitudinal shadow .\nit is similar to\neupanacra busiris busiris\nexcept for some differences in the patterns on the forewing upperside , which has a pale brown ground colour with various black spots .\neupanacra malayana ( rothschild & jordan , 1903 ) = panacra malayana rothschild & jordan , 1903 = moseri ( gehlen , 1930 ) = albicans ( dupont , 1941 ) = unilunata ( dupont , 1941 ) .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of eupanacra sp . ( large size ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : a rare species , only a few specimens known . endemic for new guinea .\npapua localities : roon island ; new guinea : nabire , rattan camp . details in gazetteer .\nne . himalayas - borneo , sumatra , sulawesi , hong kong . see [ maps ]\npanacra busiris walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 158\npanacra busiris atima rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : karwar , south india\npanacra busiris marina rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : andaman is .\npanacra mydon elegantulus f . brunnea closs , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 3 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ; tl : java\noriental tropics - philippines , sundaland , sulawesi , sumba , hong kong . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 1 - 271 ( 1856 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1376, "summary": [{"text": "bebearia tessmanni , or tessmann 's forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bebearia tessmanni", "paragraphs": ["bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu\neuryphene tessmanni gr\u00fcnberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea\nbebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46\nrevision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon\nbebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana\nbebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1\nbebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 \u2642 only\nbebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nthe genus bebearia closely resembles the allied genus euphaedra in appearance . the females , especially , are very similar on their uppersides . the undersides of bebearia however are invariably cryptically patterned and often resemble dead leaves . in euphaedra the underside is usually yellow with black spots and pink basal patches . euphaedra have orange palpi while those of bebearia are brown . in euphaedra the forewing apex is always rounded and not falcate . the member species are diverse .\nbebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui\nbebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2\nbebearia is a genus of brush - footed butterflies . the species are confined to the afrotropical ecozone mainly in the guinean forests of west africa and the congolian forests .\nbebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\ndefining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well - defined genera with a large number of recognized species . bebearia species are so arranged in assemblages called\nspecies groups\nbut ( not superspecies , but an informal phenetic arrangement ) . these may or may not be clades . as molecular phylogenetic studies continue , lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested , but consistent ranking remains a problem .\neuryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo\nguinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724\npapilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56\ne . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast\n: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )\naterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar\ncameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe\ncameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250\nzaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24\ne . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia\nsenegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8\nnigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]\neuryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus\npapilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8\naterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490\ncoastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4\neuryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai\neuryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267\ncameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo\naurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74\neuryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera\neuryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon\nzaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .\nevena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangw\u00e9 , ogov\u00e9 valley\neuryphene ducalis gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na diverse genus from african forests . species groups listed are based on larsen ' s ( 2005 ) treatment of the west african fauna .\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nour new search experience requires javascript to be enabled . please enable javascript on your browser , then try again .\nsave this search to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\namounts shown in italicized text are for items listed in currency other than singapore dollars and are approximate conversions to singapore dollars based upon bloomberg ' s conversion rates . for more recent exchange rates , please use the universal currency converter\nthis page was last updated : jul 10 02 : 24 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international postage options and costs .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 16 / 2014 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 1381, "summary": [{"text": "euperipatoides kanangrensis is a species of velvet worm of the peripatopsidae family , described in 1996 from specimens collected in kanangra-boyd national park , new south wales .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is endemic to australia . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "euperipatoides kanangrensis", "paragraphs": ["collection and culturing of female euperipatoides kanangrensis reid , 1996 was done as described previously ( 48 ) . in situ hybridization was carried out as described by eriksson et al . ( 49 ) .\nneurogenesis in the onychophoran e . kanangrensis does not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis .\nhere we show that the onychophoran nervous system is generated by the massive irregular segregation of single neural precursor cells . furthermore , we have identified homologs of the euarthropod achaete - scute , notch , and delta genes in the onychophoran euperipatoides kanangrensis and have analyzed their expression patterns in the embryonic ventral neuroectoderm . the data show that these genes are not regulated in a precise spatiotemporal pattern as in euarthropods , and thus the selection of neural precursors is distinct in the onychophoran .\nin contrast , in e . kanangrensis , a large number of neural precursors segregate from the ventral neuroectoderm . the number and arrangement of neural precursors is different in each hemineuromere within the same embryo and also between embryos of the same stage . these data suggests that the neural precursors in onychophorans segregate in a random , irregular pattern ( fig . s5 a ) . if neural precursors were generated in stereotyped positions , one would expect to see a repetitive pattern in contiguous developmental stages , given the long phase of neurogenesis in e . kanangrensis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nso far , 211 species of velvet worms have been described ( 85 of peripatidae and 126 of peripatopsidae ) , of which 191 are valid species ( 76 of peripatidae and 115 of peripatopsidae ) and 20 represent nomina dubia [ 1\u20139 ] . in addition to extant representatives , the record of unambiguous fossils includes four species with uncertain relationships to the extant taxa [ 10\u201313 ] . in the following , we provide an updated classification and a complete list of species of onychophora , which is based on oliveira et al . [ 1 ] .\nvelvet worms are comparable to\nworms with legs\nthey have an obscurely segmented body with relatively small eyes . they have sensitive antennae used to find food and multiple pairs of legs with slime glands . they catch other smaller insects by entraping them with a mucus lasso . they are unique in that they give birth to live young that go through direct development to become an adult .\ntropical regions in the southern hemisphere . they can most commonly be found hiding in rotting logs during the daytime .\nthe velvet worms are of interest to scientists who study their unique social behavior and reproductive habits .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n\u25ba cleavages are superficial and appear identical to that described in the south - african yolk - less ovoviviparous species . \u25ba the initial positioning of the anterior to posterior axis is not fixed in the egg . \u25ba we propose the terms anterior and posterior part of the blastopore to replace older terms . \u25ba the expression of the gene wingless shows the position of the proctodeum . \u25ba this study has clarified the processes that occur in stage 1 of embryonic development in onychophorans .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\nm . r . s . conceived the project ; dissected , described and interpreted specimens ; and ran the phylogenetic analysis . j . o . - h . led the integration of developmental data into phylogenetic analysis and the interpretation of results . both authors contributed equally to data analysis , discussion of results and manuscript preparation .\ndensity of scaly ornament in a hallucigeniid spine with three constituent elements ( geological survey of canada 136958 ) .\nthis file contains details of character coding for phylogenetic analysis , analytical methodology , and transformations implied by our most parsimonious tree .\nzipped archive containing character matrix in nexus and excel formats , most parsimonious trees for all values of k in nexus format ( all individual trees , plus mpts ) and human - readable pdf format ( mpts only ) , and tnt script used to generate trees .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nedited by thomas c . kaufman , indiana university , bloomington , in , and approved november 10 , 2010 ( received for review june 28 , 2010 )\nthe formation of neural precursors is first evident in the ventral neuroectoderm at late stage ii [ stages after walker and tait ( 33 ) ] , when the head and the first five trunk segments have formed . single cells delaminate from the neuroectoderm and form a loose basal layer between the outer ectoderm and the inner mesoderm ( fig . 1 a ) . due to the segregation of additional neural precursors , the basal layer increases to about two cells in width but does not expand further during neurogenesis ( fig . 1 b and c ) . in the basal position , the neural precursors divide to generate smaller intermediate neural precursors ( fig . 1 b ) . the latter form a second basal layer of approximately three to four cells in width , and the innermost intermediate neural precursors differentiate into neural cells . neurons extend their processes into the most basal lateral area of the developing hemi - neuromeres to form the neuropile ( fig . 1 d ) . during neurogenesis , the basal area of differentiating neurons expands , whereas the size of the neural precursor and intermediate neural precursor layers remains the same ( fig . 1 e ) . we detected segregating neural precursors in all stages of neurogenesis , indicating that the layer of segregated neural precursors is continuously replenished .\nwe observed scattered mitotic divisions in all layers of the developing neuromeres except for the basal layers of differentiating neural cells ( fig . 2 ) . large mitotic cells are visible in the ventral neuroectoderm that are partially aligned in longitudinal and diagonal rows ( fig . 2 a and c ) . the segregated neural precursors seem to divide equally to generate two smaller intermediate precursor cells ( fig . 2 g , inset ) . the intermediate neural precursors also proliferate , but are considerably smaller than the dividing neural precursors and neuroectodermal cells ( fig . 2 b ) .\nwe have analyzed the distribution of neural precursors that can clearly be identified by their position basal to the neuroectoderm , their rounded shape , and the accumulation of f - actin in the cell cortex ( fig . 2 d\u2013g and fig . s1 ) . at early stages , the neural precursors segregate from all areas of the ventral neuroectoderm ( fig . 2 h ) . however , the formation of neural precursors becomes restricted to the center of the developing hemineuromeres during further development ( fig . 2 g and i\u2013k ) , resulting in the generation of ganglion anlagen , which can clearly be distinguished as metameric units ( fig . 2 b and c ) . the number ( ranging from \u223c60 to > 100 ) and arrangement of neural precursors is different in each developing hemineuromere within the same embryo but also between embryos of the same stage ( fig . 2 h\u2013k ) .\n( a\u2013f ) expression pattern of ekash . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a\u2013d ) and transverse sections ( e and f ) of embryos stained with a dig - labeled ekash probe ; anterior is toward the left in a\u2013d , dorsal is toward the top in e and f . ( a and b ) ventral views show that ekash expression is homogeneous in the neuroectoderm . transcripts are up - regulated in segregated neural precursors ( arrows ) . circles indicate the position of the limb buds . arrowheads in b indicate the area between the neuromeres which shows low / absent levels of ekash . ( c and d ) sagittal views show that ekash is expressed at low , homogenous levels in the neuroectoderm but is strongly expressed in the segregated neural precursors ( arrows ) . arrowhead indicates the area between the developing neuromeres . ( e and f ) ekash is strongly expressed in the segregated neural precursors ( arrow in e ) and the intermediate precursors ( arrowhead in f ) . l1 to l4 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 1\u20134 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : 100 \u03bcm in a , 100 \u03bcm in b , 50 \u03bcm in c , and 50 \u03bcm in e and f . )\n( a\u2013e ) expression pattern of ekdelta . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a\u2013e ) and transverse sections ( e ) of embryos stained with a dig - labeled ekdelta probe ; anterior is toward the left in a\u2013d , dorsal is toward the top in e . ( a\u2013c ) ekdelta is strongly expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm ( arrows ) . expression is lower between the developing neuromeres ( arrowheads ) . ekdelta is expressed in the sensory organ precursors . ( d ) sagittal view of a stage ii embryo shows that ekdelta is expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm , segregated neural precursors , and mesoderm . arrowheads indicate area between segments . ( e ) at stage iv , ekdelta is expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm and segregated ( arrows ) and intermediate neural precursors ( arrowheads ) l1 to l6 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 1\u20136 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; sop , sensory organ precursors ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : a . 100 \u03bcm ; b , 50 \u03bcm ; c , 100 \u03bcm ; d , 50 \u03bcm ; and e , 50 \u03bcm . )\n( a\u2013c ) expression pattern of eknotch . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a and b ) and transverse section ( c ) of embryos stained with dig - labeled eknotch probe ; anterior is toward the left in a and c ; dorsal is toward the top in b . ( a and c ) eknotch is expressed homogenously in the ventral neuroectoderm ( arrows ) . ( b ) in addition , eknotch is expressed in the segregated ( arrow ) and intermediate neural precursors ( arrowhead ) , the neuropile and the most basal differentiating neurons ( small arrowheads ) , and the mesoderm ( small arrows ) . l1 , l9 to l11 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 9\u201311 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : a and c , 100 \u03bcm ; b , 50 \u03bcm . )\nour data demonstrate that neurogenesis in onychophorans does largely not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis . in all four euarthropod groups , neural precursors are generated at stereotyped positions despite the differences in neural precursor formation ( npgs versus neuroblasts ) . in each hemineuromere , a fixed set of \u223c30 npgs / neuroblasts segregates in a pattern that is similar in all euarthropod representatives that have been analyzed ( 35 , 36 ) ( fig . s5 b\u2013d ) . the conservation strongly suggests that this pattern has been present in the last common ancestor of euarthropods .\nwe conclude that the selection of neural precursors , as well as their arrangement and number , are conserved in all four euarthropod groups , suggesting that this pattern has been present in the last common ancestor of euarthropods , although onychophorans do not share these neural characters .\nsecond , the formation of neural precursor groups in many areas of drosophila neurogenesis strongly suggests that npgs are part of the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis and therefore cannot be used to resolve euarthropod relationships . the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis , for example , are part of the central neuroendocrine system in the drosophila brain and derive from npgs that invaginate and become attached to the brain primordium ( 37 ) . additional examples are the stomatogastric nervous system , which is generated by three large npgs , the bilateral invaginations of the optic primordium and the generation of large precursor groups in the developing polyclonal sensory organs of drosophila ( 38 \u2013 40 ) .\nfinally , based on the following data , we suggest that the exclusive generation of neural cells from the central area of the ventral neuroectoderm of chelicerates and myriapods represents an ancestral character of arthropod neurogenesis . first , in onychophorans , this mode of neurogenesis can be observed in the ventral protocerebral primordium . in this area , the whole neuroectoderm becomes internalized and forms vesicles that have been termed hypocerebral organs . neural precursors continue to segregate from the hypocerebral organs after their invagination ( 24 ) . second , in drosophila , the embryonic procephalic neuroectoderm that generates the larval brain neuromeres generates almost exclusively neural cells . the epidermis extends over the brain primordium during head involution ( 41 ) . furthermore , fundamental differences in the formation of epidermal cells in the ventral neuroectoderm of insects and malacostracans suggest that the capacity to generate epidermal and neural cells has evolved independently in insects and crustaceans . in insects , the cells that remain in the neuroectodermal layer after segregation of the neuroblasts develop into epidermis . in contrast , in malacostracans , neuroblasts remain in the neuroectoderm and can generate both neural and epidermal cells ( 13 , 28 ) .\nbased on the data presented here , we suggest the following evolutionary scenario of arthropod neurogenesis . in the last common ancestor of arthropods , the nervous system was generated by a massive irregular segregation of individual neural precursor cells ( fig . s6 ) . proneural genes might have been expressed homogeneously in the whole neurogenic area to confer neural potential to all cells . we speculate that the whole neurogenic area exclusively generated neural precursors , similar to the case in chelicerates , myriapods , and the brain primordia of drosophila and onychophorans .\ncell proliferation might have occurred mainly in the neuroectoderm . individual neural precursors became postmitotic , segregated from the ventral neurectoderm and directly differentiated into neural cells . this hypothesis is supported by the nature of the neural precursors in chelicerates and myriapods . in both euarthropod groups , the npgs are postmitotic and directly differentiate into neural cells after their segregation . this ancestral state has been retained in the stomatogastric nervous system of drosophila melanogaster , which is generated by neural precursors that invaginate as large groups and directly differentiate into neurons ( 38 ) . the hypothetical ancestral state is further supported by recent data on neurogenesis in an annelid ( 42 ) . annelids belong to the lophotrochozans , which are a sister group to the ecdysozoa [ e . g . , arthropods , nematodes ( 43 ) ] . in the polychaete capitella sp . i , one to several adjacent neural precursors delaminate from the procephalic neuroectoderm . the neural precursors do not divide after their delamination ; rather , they directly differentiate into neural cells . thus , subsequent stages of neurogenesis must have diverged in the lineage leading to the onychophorans , such as mitotic divisions of the segregated neural precursor cells , the evolution of intermediate neural precursors , and the generation of epidermal and neural cells from the ventral neuroectoderm .\nif we assume that the presented evolutionary sequence is correct , we would have to conclude that neuroblasts have gradually evolved from npgs . there is indeed evidence from intermediate states that supports this theory . in the centipede strigamia maritima , all cells of a npg are attached to a single cell of the group rather than to the apical surface as in chelicerates and millipedes ( 14 ) . this cell expresses higher levels of delta transcripts as compared with the remaining cells of the group . thus , delta / notch signaling seems to generate single cells with distinct properties within the npgs in strigamia , although the whole group eventually invaginates and gives rise to neural cells . furthermore , in the basal insect schistocerca americana , groups of four to eight cells are selected in the ventral neuroectoderm ( 12 ) . one cell of the group , the neuroblast , delaminates , whereas the remaining cells of the group differentiate into a cap cell and sheath cells that surround the neuroblast and its lineage .\nour data on onychophoran neural precursor formation contradict neither the mandibulata nor the myriochelata hypothesis . however , we suggest that the invagination of npgs and the exclusive generation of neural cells in the ventral neuroectoderm of chelicerates and myriapods represent plesiomorphic characters that cannot be used to support the myriochelata hypothesis . furthermore , the deployment of onychophoran characters for outgroup comparison has to be considered carefully . crown - group euarthropods and probable stem - group onychophorans already existed in the early cambrian period ( 46 \u2013 48 ) . hence , the onychophoran lineage must have had a long evolutionary history diverged from the euarthropod stem lineage . therefore , extant onychophorans might not show the ancestral state of neurogenesis without modifications . indeed , our data show that the development of the nervous system in onychophorans largely does not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis ; rather , it seems to show a mixture of derived characters and ancestral characters that have been present in the last common ancestor of arthropods but have been modified in the euarthropod lineage .\nfor the detection of f - actin , we used alexa phalloidin 488 ( invitrogen ) ; 2 u dissolved in 10 \u03bcl methanol was evaporated to remove the methanol and then resuspended in 200 \u03bcl pbs and added to the embryos . after 1 h , the embryos were washed in pbs and used for imaging . to detect mitotic cells , we used the polyclonal rabbit anti - alpha phospo histone 3 antibody ( sigma ) diluted 1 : 200 times in pbs with 0 . 5 % bsa and 0 . 1 % triton \u00d7100 . antibody incubation was done as described in eriksson and budd ( 50 ) .\nwe thank the members of the a . s . laboratory for continuous stimulating discussions and petra ungerer for critical comments on the manuscript . we are grateful to edina balczo for excellent technical support . we thank noel tait for help with collecting animals . this work was supported by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council .\nauthor contributions : a . s . designed research ; b . j . e . performed research ; a . s . contributed new reagents / analytic tools ; b . j . e . and a . s . analyzed data ; and a . s . wrote the paper .\ndata deposition : the sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the genbank database ( accession nos . ekash , gu954550 ; ekdelta , gu954551 ; and eknotch , gu954552 ) .\nearly events in insect neurogenesis . i . development and segmental differences in the pattern of neuronal precursor cells\ndevelopment of paraperipatus amboinensis n . sp . ( entwicklung von paraperipatus amboinensis n . sp . )\nformation and differentiation of the postnaupliar germ band of diastylis rathkei ( crustacea , cumacea ) ii . differentiation and pattern formation of the ectoderm ( translated from german )\nstudies on the onychophora . vii . the early embryonic stages of peripatopsis , and some general considerations concerning the morphology and phylogeny of the arthropoda\nneurogenesis in an annelid : characterization of brain neural precursors in the polychaete capitella sp . i\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section specifies the position and type of each dna - binding domain present within the protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / dna _ bind ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section denotes the positions of regions of coiled coil within the protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / coiled ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2ebda843 - e6da - 4d7a - a001 - db964884e7fa\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3c2f2994 - 3515 - 4a20 - 9a65 - d08030739f5c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 450341\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >"]}
{"id": 1385, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus ) is a species of frog in the family dendrobatidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to colombia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , intermittent freshwater marshes , and plantations . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "yellow - striped poison frog", "paragraphs": ["name : dendrobates truncatus ' ' yellow ' . commonly called the yellow striped poison dart frog , nilo poison arrow frog , or simply yellow truncatus or yellow truncs ( pronunced ' trunks ' ) in the us frog hobby .\ninformation on the yellow - striped poison frog is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe yellow - striped poison frog is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yellow - striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe yellow striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus ) is a beautiful and less common member of the iconic frog genus . this species is found amongst the leaf litter of lowland rainforest in colombia , often around streams . as with many poiso\nare mostly black in color with linear yellow racing striped and white flash marks . the yellow can range from a very bright yellow to a light whitish yellow in some individuals . supplementing the diet with repashy superpig , paprika , or other similar color enhancers can result in deeper / darker yellow coloration . other color morphs of truncatus exist in the hobby , which are believed to represent separate populations from yellow truncatus .\npoison dart frogs are small , colorful neotropical amphibians native to central and south america . poison dart frogs have greatly increased in popularity in recent years , and have become easy to care for , rewarding pets . josh ' s frogs , the largest breeder of poison dart frogs , breeds all of the poison dart frogs we sell at our breeding facility in owosso , mi .\nhistory in the hobby : discovered in 1861 , dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' have been known to the zoological community much longer than frog hobbyists in the us . yellow truncatus are realtively recent in the hobby when compared to their close relatives ( auratus , tinctorius , and leucomelas ) . a recent import from nilo , colombia consisted of yellow truncatus that were visually very similar to original imports , although the older line does not have locality data . josh ' s frogs works with the ' old line ' of dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' , which descend from the original imports to the united states .\nsexing : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' is not sexable until 10 - 12 months of age . male truncs tend to be smaller than females , which often appear both longer and wider . males also tend to spend more time in the open than females , and have a particular affinity for being off the ground - possibly claiming perches for calling sites . truncatus are one of the more difficult species of poison dart frogs to sex . josh ' s frogs sells 2 - 3 month old juveniles that are not sexable unless otherwise noted . for more information on sexing poison dart frogs , please visit our how - to guide on sexing poison dart frogs .\nsize : adult female truncatus are larger , measuring in at approximately 1 . 25 inches . male dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' are a bit smaller , averaging about 1 inch at maturity . all of the yellow truncatus froglets josh ' s frogs sells are well started juveniles , and measure at least 3 / 4\u201d long .\ntemperature : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' can tolerate a temperature range of 65 f to 80 f , but prefer temperatures in the low to mid 70s . temperatures over 85f are dangerous .\nage : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' is capable of living well over 20 years in captivity under ideal conditions , although a lifespan of 10 years is more common . in the wild , it is thought that yellow truncatus may live 4 - 6 years . all truncatus for sale at josh ' s frogs are well started juveniles , and are 2 - 3 months old .\nplease respond to our frog shipping email , to ensure you will be there to receive the animals when they arrive . we ' ll email back to confirm after checking your local weather conditions .\njosh ' s frogs does not recommend , support , or endorse mixing different populations of dart frogs as we believe this leads to weaker captive animals and nature has done a wonderful job of creating an amazing variation in color and pattern of poison dart frogs already .\nfedex ' s website will display the nearest locations where you may pick up your frogs . we ' ll look up the locations for you when you call to schedule frog shipping . you do not need to check your temperature before ordering frogs - josh ' s frogs will take care of this when contacted about scheduling shipment . frog orders require contact from our customer prior to being shipped out , to ensure you will be there to receive the animals when they arrive , and to check your local weather conditions .\nhumidity : like most poison dart frogs , truncatus prefer a humidity range of 70 \u2013 100 % , but can tolerate humidity down to 50 % for short periods of time if the frogs have access to water . low humidity levels , especially without access to water , can quickly be fatal .\nrecommended vivarium size : a 10 gallon aquarium is suitable for a single dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' , but josh ' s frogs recommends a 20h or 18x18x18 vivarium for 1 - 4 frogs . not sure how to set up a vivarium ? please watch our video on how to set up a vivarium .\njosh ' s frogs offers a 3 day health guarantee on all animals purchased from josh ' s frogs . if animal ( s ) purchased arrive in good shape but fail to thrive within 3 days , josh ' s frogs requires that pictures of the animal ( s ) and their habitat is emailed to info @ urltoken within 3 days of the animal ' s arrival . when emailing the pictures , please include relavent habitat information , such as average humidity and temperature . a josh ' s frogs representative will then contact the customer and discuss poison dart frog care . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .\nshipping for any number of frogs is just $ 39 . 99 . frogs are shipped via fedex priority overnight and are delivered by 12 : 00 pm to most locations , tuesday through friday . josh ' s frogs does not ship frogs internationally . scheduling of frog order is dependent on your availability and weather .\nall frog shipments are sent via fedex priority overnight . josh ' s frogs guarantees that all frogs will arrive alive and in good health , provided that temperatures on day of arrival do not exceed 85 degrees before the frogs are delivered to home or business address , or nearest fedex location . temperatures during transit do not drop below 40 degrees for delivery to home or business address . temperatures during transit do not drop below 30 degrees for pickup at the nearest fedex location . someone is there to accept the package on first delivery attempt , or package is picked up by noon the day of arrival if package is held at a fedex location for pickup . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .\nwe can ship directly to your address , as long as your local overnight low temperature is above 39f the night of shipping , and your high temperature is below 91f at noon on the day of arrival . if your overnight lows are below 40f but above 29f , josh ' s frogs can ship to your closest fedex staff location that accepts hold for pickup packages . if your high temperature is over 90f at the guarantee ' delivered by ' time ( typically 12pm ) , josh ' s frogs can ship to your closest fedex staff location that accepts hold for pickup packages . if your overnight low is below 30f , josh ' s frogs retains the right to hold frog shipping until temperatures increase due to safety concerns . we will hold the frogs at our facility for any length of time necessary to ensure that the frogs you order are received in the best of health . this policy is designed with the best interests and health of our animals at heart !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 october 2016 ) . new york , usa available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is widespread on the western flank of the eastern andes , and the eastern flank of the central andes , in colombia , between 350 and 1 , 200m elevation .\nit occurs in tropical humid , dry and very dry forests , on the lowest stratum of the forests , in the caribbean and andean region . the eggs are terrestrial and the adults then carry the tadpoles to temporary pools , where the tadpoles develop further . it is also known from disturbed habitats such as banana plantations , although it does require that the habitat be not entirely cleared .\nthis species was popular in the pet trade but is now listed by cites . it is very difficult to breed in captivity . there are no major threats to the species at present . it could be threatened by the pet trade if the cites status was lifted .\nthe range of the species includes at least two protected areas on the atlantic coast . it is listed on appendix ii of cites . maintaining the cites listing of this species is necessary to ensure its survival .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nfrancisco jos\u00e9 l\u00f3pez - l\u00f3pez grupo de estudios en biodiversidad de anfibios y reptiles neotropicales \u2013remphibia amphibian specialist group asg ssc iucn , species survival commision international union for nature conservation iucn . popay\u00e1n calle 27 dn # 7 - 46 colombia tel : + 57 ( 092 ) 8233511 flopez @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nyou must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nif you write your email , you will be notified as soon as the product is in stock .\nlinks of interest : status of dendrobates truncatus in the wild at the iucn redlist .\n' . this blog addresses everything you need to know before purchasing dart frogs .\nshipping for any number of frogs is a flat rate $ 39 . 99 . this includes postage , a box with 1\nstyrofoam insulation , gel packs , heat / ice packs and / or phase 22 panels if necessary . josh ' s frogs has been shipping frogs since 2004 and has shipped thousands of animals safely . we have a special contract with ups to ship live animals directly to residential addresses and guarantee live arrival as long as our live arrival conditions are met .\nif frogs arrive deceased or in poor condition , josh ' s frogs requires that the customer notifies us of the condition of the animal ( s ) within 1 hour of arrival via email at info @ joshsfrogs . com , or at ( 800 ) 691 - 8178 . picture ( s ) of the animal ( s ) must be sent by 4pm est day of arrival to info @ joshsfrogs . com . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .\ngreen movement expedici\u00f3n ondas bio added text to\ndendrobates truncatus\non\ndendrobates truncatus ( cope , 1861 )\n.\nclasificacion taxonomica : nombre comun : rana venenosa nombre cientifico : dendrobates truncatus reino : . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nmana dulce reserva natural is dedicated to the protection of tropical dry forest in the upper magdalena valley . it has trails for the observation of more than 150 species of birds that includes the euphonia concinna , myiarchus apicalis , ortalis columbiana dromococcyx phasianellus in addition to 7 species of flying mammals and herpetofauna\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 1396, "summary": [{"text": "the yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is , as suggested by its common name , restricted to humid and semi-humid forest in the yungas of north-western bolivia and far south-eastern peru .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "although discovered in the early 1990s , it was only formally described in 2008 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the yungas tyrannulet resembles the planalto tyrannulet , but has a different voice .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "being recently described it has not yet been rated by birdlife international ; however , it has been suggested it should be considered vulnerable , because it occurs in low densities within a small range that is subjected to extensive habitat destruction . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "yungas tyrannulet", "paragraphs": ["the yungas tyrannulet is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe yungas tyrannulet is rare on the east slope of the extreme southeast andes at elevations ranging between 900 - 1200 m . it also occurs in\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni )\ntitle =\narkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbut is distinguished by having wing coverts broadly edged with olive - brown . the yungas tyrannulet is known to forage in the canopy of humid montane forest . also , see the\nthe recently described yungas tyrannulet is known solely from the lower yungas of bolivia and peru , where it is to date known from fewer than ten localities , most of them in bolivia , and the only locality in peru is extremely close to the bolivian border . it inhabits the upper canopy of evergreen foothill and lower montane forest within a relatively narrow elevational band ( 700\u20131200 m ) , but has also been observed in shade - coffee plantations and remnant forest . given its potentially tiny , and patchy , range , the new species is already considered to be vulnerable to extinction by birdlife international . almost nothing is known concerning its behaviour . in plumage , the yungas tyrannulet most closely resembles the planalto tyrannulet ( phyllomyias fasciatus ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets\ntitle =\narkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n. the yungas tyrannulet has olive back with a grayish crown . it has a pale and thin eyebrow . the bill is black . the wing coverts are gray and broadly edged with olive - brown . the throat is grayish and grades to yellow towards the rest of the underparts . it is similar to the\nvulnerable . restricted - range species : present in bolivian and peruvian lower yungas eba . estimated population small , thought to number far fewer than 10 , 000 mature . . .\nfjelds\u00e5 , j . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nherzog , s . k . , kessler , m . and balderrama , j . a . ( 2008 ) a new species of tyrannulet ( tyrannidae : phyllomyias ) from andean foothills in northwest bolivia and adjacent peru . auk 125 : 265 - 276\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nthis species is listed as vulnerable as it is estimated to have a small population which is declining due to habitat destruction . further surveys are needed to precisely establish the population size and trends , and the ability for the species to persist in mosaics of coffee plantations and forest .\n. in bolivia , it is known from three localities in la paz department , one locality in beni department , and a further locality in cochabamba department . in peru , it is known from puno department , 1 - 1 . 5 km from the bolivian border .\n. 2010 ) . the population has been estimated at well below 10 , 000 mature individuals based on low density and patchy distribution , hence the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals seems appropriate . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . more accurate surveys are required to precisely quantify the population size .\nthis species inhabits the upper canopy of evergreen andean foothill and lower montane forest . it has been observed in mosaics of shade - coffee plantations and remnant forest patches , although it is not known whether this habitat can sustain a viable population . little is known about its behaviour . it has almost always been observed in pairs , except in early march in southeast peru . foraging appears to comprise of short aerial sallies to catch flying insects\nassess the population size and establish a monitoring programme to establish trends . establish ecological requirements . identify and assess threats . preserve an area of suitable habitat . conduct further surveys for this species within its altitudinal range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncryptic species , previously overlooked or included under p . fasciatus ; thought to be closest to p . fasciatus # r , and may eventually be found to be related to p . griseiceps . monotypic .\ne andean foothill ridges in extreme se peru ( extreme se puno ) and nw bolivia ( la paz , sw beni , w cochabamba ) .\nc . 11\u201311\u00b75 cm . forehead to nape dark olive - grey with drab feather centres ( giving slightly mottled appearance ) ; upperparts yellow - olive , becoming slightly paler . . .\nsong a slightly accelerating series of 3\u20135 whistled notes successively dropping in pitch , . . .\nupper canopy of humid and semi - humid foothill and lower montane forest , at 700\u20131200 m . prefers . . .\nforaging appears to consist of short aerial sallies to catch flying insects . usually seen in pairs .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\nprobably polyphyletic , as presently constituted ; objective phylogenetic analysis required , using both molecular and anatomical characters . anatomical evidence suggests that p . fasciatus ( and presumably p . weedeni ) , p . griseocapilla and p . griseiceps may be unrelated to others in genus , some or all of which might be better placed in a resurrected tyranniscus ( type of phyllomyias is p . fasciatus brevirostris ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndr joseph tobias edward grey institute department of zoology university of oxford south parks road oxford ox1 3ps united kingdom tel : + 00 44 ( 0 ) 1865 271244 joseph . tobias @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is new to science . visit our newly discovered topic page to learn more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndr . sebastian k herzog asociaci\u00f3n armon\u00eda - birdlife international ave . lomas de arena 400 casilla 3566 santa cruz de la sierra bolivia tel : + 591 - ( 0 ) 3 - 3568808 skherzog @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n: in honor of alan weeden ( b . 1924 ) us businessman , philanthropist , conservationist .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\navibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com"]}
{"id": 1405, "summary": [{"text": "ischnodemus variegatus is a species of insect in the order of true bugs known by the common name myakka bug .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is native to central and south america .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is also known as an introduced species in florida in the united states .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this bug is elongated in shape with an m-shaped mark at the wing-cover bases .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the female is about 7 millimeters long and the male is about 6 millimeters .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the adult can fly , but each flight is just a jump of a few meters at most , and the gravid female tends not to fly .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the adult and juvenile produce a noxious scent when disturbed .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the female lays masses of up to 38 eggs each , with an average of 12 .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the egg is about 3 millimeters long and white when freshly laid , turning red in time .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the egg mass is usually deposited near the attachment of the leaf sheath to the stem of a plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the eggs hatch in about 12 days .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the newly emerged nymph is about 1.5 millimeters long .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there are five instars .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the new nymphs remain in a group near their eggs , and later hide under the leaf sheaths .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "there they suck sap from the plant tissues .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "by the fifth instar stage , many nymphs have dispersed and become solitary .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the fifth-instar nymph is about 5.5 millimeters long .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "nymphal development takes about 29 days .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the main host plant for the bug is west indian marsh grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the bug is occasionally able to complete its life cycle on other plants , including water paspalum ( paspalum repens ) , beaked panicgrass ( panicum anceps ) , and fire flag ( thalia geniculata ) , but this is rare .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "west indian marsh grass is a semiaquatic perennial grass that forms dense stands by spreading via stolons .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is native to tropical central and south america , where it is utilized for forage on flood-prone land .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it has occasionally been introduced to other regions as a pasture grass , such as queensland .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it was noted as an introduced species in florida by the 1970s and it is still a notorious noxious weed of wetland habitats , where its thick stands displace native flora .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "in 2000 , i. variegatus was discovered feeding voraciously on the weed in myakka river state park in sarasota county , florida .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "damage by the bug causes a red discoloration of the leaves , followed by browning and the death of the plant .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the bug reduces photosynthesis , growth , and biomass .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "because it is efficient and host-specific , the bug has been suggested as a potential agent of biological pest control for the weed .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "among the natural enemies of the bug are a scelionid wasp of the genus eumicrosoma , which is an egg parasitoid , and the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "this species was formerly treated as synonymous with ischnodemus oblongus . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "ischnodemus variegatus", "paragraphs": ["as mentioned above , both ischnodemus variegatus and hymenachne amplexicaulis now occur in florida .\nthe taxonomic status of this species was reviewed by slater ( 1987 ) who raised ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) from synonymy with ischnodemus oblongus fabricius .\nfigure 1 . adult female myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nfigure 2 . scent gland of an adult myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nslater ja . 1987 . the taxonomic status of ischnodemus oblongus ( fabricius ) and ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . journal of the new york entomological society 95 : 294 - 297 .\nthe native distribution of ischnodemus variegatus includes central and south america . collection records indicate hymenachne amplexicaulis may be the only host ( baranowski 1979 , slater 1987 ) .\nbrambila j , santana f . 2004 . first records for ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) in north america . florida entomologist 87 : 585 - 586 .\npopulation outbreaks of ischnodemus variegatus during the summer produce a major stress on west indian marsh grass plants growing in poor conditions ( shallow canals ) . however , plants growing in resource rich environments ( deep floodplains , high nutrients runoff ) can sustain some damage by ischnodemus variegatus without impact on the plant ' s reproductive output ( diaz 2008 ) .\nbrambila j , santana f . 2004 . first records for ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) in north america . florida entomologist 87 : 585 - 586 ( full text )\ndue to economic and ecological importance of grasses , scientists at the university of florida studied the host range of ischnodemus variegatus . they found that hymenachne amplexicaulis is the preferred host of ischnodemus variegatus in laboratory and field conditions . in laboratory conditions , developmental host range of ischnodemus variegatus was examined on 57 plant species across seven plant families . complete development was obtained from hymenachne amplexicaulis ( 23 . 4 % ) , compared to water paspalum , paspalum repens ( 0 . 4 % ) ; beaked panicgrass , panicum anceps ( 2 . 2 % ) ; and fire flag , thalia geniculata ( 0 . 3 % ) . in field experiments , hymenachne amplexicaulis had higher densities of ischnodemus variegatus than other species ( diaz et al . 2009 ) .\nfigure 10 . geographical information system map showing the predicted number of generations of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) , in florida . illustration by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\ndiaz r . 2008 . biology , host specificity and impact of ischnodemus variegatus , a herbivore of hymenachne amplexicaulis . ph . d . thesis , university of florida , gainesville , fl . 187 pp .\ndamaged leaves turn dark red , due to the accumulation of anthocyanins ( a type of pigment in the host plant ) . persistent infestations eventually result in leaves turning brown and dying . feeding effects of ischnodemus variegatus diminish carbon dioxide assimilation , growth rate , photosynthetic capacity and biomass of hymenachne amplexicaulis ( overholt et al . 2004 ) . greenhouse experiments demonstrated that ischnodemus variegatus feeding damage negatively affected growth of hymenachne amplexicaulis seedlings ( diaz 2008 ) .\ndiaz r , overholt wa , cuda jp , pratt pd , fox a . 2009 . host specificity of ischnodemus variegatus , a herbivore of west indian marsh grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) . biocontrol 54 : 307 - 321 .\nfigure 5 . first instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 1 . 45 mm ( \u00b1 0 . 28 , n = 23 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . second instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 2 . 70 mm ( \u00b1 0 . 39 , n = 47 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . third instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 3 . 06 mm ( \u00b1 0 . 31 , n = 42 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nfigure 8 . fourth instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 3 . 95 mm ( \u00b1 0 . 32 , n = 53 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nfigure 9 . fifth instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 5 . 45 mm ( \u00b1 0 . 43 , n = 46 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nfigure 3 . differences between the ventral sclerites at the tip of the abdomen of adult myakka bugs , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . female sclerites ( top ) ; male sclerites ( bottom ) . photographs by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nfigure 13 . west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , exhibiting signs of stress induced by feeding damage from the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\noverholt wa , ewe s , diaz r , morgan ec , moeri oe . 2004 . feeding effects of ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) on photosynthesis and growth of hymenachne amplexicaulis ( poaceae ) . florida entomologist 87 : 312 - 316 .\nscientists developed a temperature - dependent development model to predict the number of generations that ischnodemus variegates could complete per year at different locations in florida . in north florida , the model predicts that ischnodemus variegatus can complete two to three generations per year . in south florida , the predicted number of generations increases to four to five per year ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .\ndevelopmental time and survival of eggs as well as immature stages are affected by temperature . when ischnodemus variegatus is exposed to low temperatures from 8\u00b0c ( 46 . 4\u00b0f ) to 18\u00b0c ( 64 . 4\u00b0f ) and to a high temperature of 38\u00b0c ( 100 . 4\u00b0\u00b0f ) , low survivorship occurs . nymphs died within a few days at higher temperatures of 38\u00b0c ( 100 . 4\u00b0f ) and after weeks at lower extreme temperatures , suggesting that ischnodemus variegatus has a broader lower temperature threshold compared to the upper threshold .\nischnodemus variegatus has two natural enemies in florida : the egg parasitoid eumicrosoma sp . ( hymenoptera : scelionidae ) and the entomopathogen beauveria bassiana ( balsamo ) vuillemin ( deuteromycotina : hyphomycetes ) . the egg parasitoid was identified as a potentially accidentally introduced , non - native species for north america ( t . nuhn 2005 , personal communication ) . it attacks young and old eggs , and parasitized eggs turn black . field sampling in florida demonstrated that the impact of these natural enemies is minimal to ischnodemus variegatus populations .\nnymphs : ischnodemus variegatus has five nymphal instars . instars initially remain aggregated near the site of oviposition , or egg laying . later nymphal instars migrate to tightly appressed spaces between leaves and stems . fourth and 5th instars are darker in color than early instars .\nthe optimal temperature range for development and survival is between 28\u00b0c ( 82 . 4\u00b0f ) and 33\u00b0c ( 91 . 4\u00b0f ) . these ideal conditions for ischnodemus variegatus development match with the weather conditions in central florida from april to october ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .\nin 2000 , the\nmyakka bug ,\nischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : blissidae ) , was first reported causing severe damage to hymenachne amplexicaulis at myakka river state park , sarasota county , florida ( brambila and santana 2004 ) . ischnodemus variegatus was identified as a new record for the continental united states by the florida department of agriculture and consumer services ( fdacs ) ( halbert 2000 ) . research was conducted by university of florida scientists on the biology , host specificity , and potential impact for this newly introduced , exotic insect species .\nfigure 4 . egg mass of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) , on culm of the west indian marsh grrass hymenachne amplexicaulis . the eggs are 2 . 97 mm in length ( \u00b1 0 . 13 , n = 25 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\ndiaz r , overholt wa , cuda jp , pratt pd , fox a . 2008 . temperature - dependent development , survival , and potential distribution of ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) , a herbivore of west indian marsh grass . annals of the entomological society of america 101 : 604 - 612 .\nthe influence of ischnodemus variegatus feeding on photosynthesis and growth of the invasive semi - aquatic grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis , was investigated in field and greenhouse environments . in the field , carbon dioxide assimilation of infested plants was approximately 35 % less than that of non - infested plants , and the rate of assimilation was related to i . variegatus density . the relative growth rate of infested plants in the greenhouse was 77 % of that of non - infested plants , and biomass of infested plants was significantly less than for non - infested plants 79 days after infestation . the value of i . variegatus as a fortuitous biological control agent of h . amplexicaulis is discussed . view this article in bioone\nwest indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis rudge ( nees ) ( poaceae ) , is an emergent wetland plant that is native to south and central america as well as portions of the caribbean , but is considered invasive in florida usa . the neotropical bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : lygaeoidea : blissidae ) was observed feeding on h . amplexicaulis in florida in 2000 . to assess whether this insect could be considered as a specialist biological control agent or potential threat to native and cultivated grasses , the host specificity of i . variegatus was studied under laboratory and field conditions . developmental host range was examined on 57 plant species across seven plant families . complete development was obtained on h . amplexicaulis ( 23 . 4 % survivorship ) , paspalum repens ( 0 . 4 % ) , panicum anceps ( 2 . 2 % ) and thalia geniculata ( 0 . 3 % ) . adults survived 1 . 6 times longer and laid 6 . 6 times more eggs on h . amplexicaulis than the other species . oviposition on suboptimal host species was positively related to i . variegatus density under multiple choice conditions . results from field experiments indicated that h . amplexicaulis had higher densities of i . variegatus than other species . spill - over to suboptimal hosts occurred in an area where h . amplexicaulis was growing in poor conditions and there was a high density of i . variegatus . thus , laboratory and field studies demonstrate that i . variegatus had higher performance on h . amplexicaulis compared to any other host , and that suboptimal hosts could be colonized temporarily .\nslater ja , wilcox db . 1969 . a revision of the genus ischnodemus in the neotropical region ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . miscellaneous publications of the entomological society of america 6 : 199 - 238 .\nbaranowski rm . 1979 . notes on the biology of ischnodemus oblongus and i . fulvipes with descriptions of the immature stages ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america 72 : 655 - 658 .\nmembers of the genus ischnodemus are characterized by elongate , parallel sided bodies , closed fore coxal cavities , terete ( cylindrical ) antennae , a straight apical ( tip ) margin , and a forewing membrane with a distinctive morphological texture ( i . e . the clause and corium are well differentiated ) ( slater and wilcox 1969 ) . slater ( 1976 ) classified this genus as a ' type i ' body shape which includes species with elongate , slender body shape that is usually slightly flattened . the ' type i ' body shape is advantageous for insects living on the stems of grasses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwest indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , is a robust , stoloniferous , semiaquatic , perennial grass native to the neotropics ( tropical central and south america ) . this perennial grass is considered valuable forage in its native range ( tejos 1978 , enriquez - quiroz et al . 2006 ) . it reproduces from stolons or seeds in areas with fluctuating water levels and can survive long periods of flooding , but only persists along the edges of permanent deep water ( tejos 1980 ) . west indian marsh grass is especially adapted to low lying fresh water wetlands and flood plains containing high nutrient and sediment influx ( csurches et al . 1999 ) .\nin the 1970s and 1980s , hymenachne amplexicaulis began invading wetlands in florida ( langeland and craddock - burks 1998 ) . although the introduction pathway of this grass into florida is uncertain , intentional introduction into florida is possible due to its high forage value ( antel et al . 1998 , diaz et al . 2009 , kibbler and bahnisch 1999 ) . hymenachne amplexicaulis , a florida exotic pest plant council category i invasive plant , competitively displaces native vegetation in wetland areas due to its aggressive growth patterns during the rainy season ( diaz et al . 2009 , fleppc 2009 ) .\nin 1988 , hymenachne amplexicaulis was released in queensland for use as\nponded pasture\n( csurhes 1999 ) .\nlaboratory and field observations indicate the 1st through 4th instars are typically found in aggregations while 5th instars and adults are often observed exploring as individuals . if nymphs or adults are disturbed , they secrete a strong odor from the scent glands located in the thorax and abdomen ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .\nadults : females ( 7 . 23 mm in length , \u00b1 0 . 56 , n = 28 ) are larger than males ( 6 . 05 mm in length , \u00b1 0 . 22 , n = 49 ) and both genders have a distinctive\nm\npattern at the base of the hemelytra . female sclerites ( hardened plates ) at the ventral , or top side , tip of the abdomen are triangular in shape . the last sclerites of males are more rounded .\nadult flying is restricted to short hops of a few meters or less . gravid females mostly walk , possibly due the large size of their abdomens ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .\neggs : the egg length is approximately 3 mm ( 0 . 1 inches ) . eggs are laid in masses ( averaging 12 eggs per mass , with a range of 1 to 38 ) between the leaf sheath and the culm ( or stem of the plant ) , preferentially near the node . newly deposited eggs are white and older eggs turn bright red ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .\naverage total development time from egg to adult is 40 days . eggs take an average of 12 days to hatch at 30 . 5\u00b0 c ( 86 . 9\u00b0f ) . the nymphal stage reaches adulthood in an average of 29 days at 30 . 5\u00b0 c ( 86 . 9\u00b0f ) . the preoviposition period is about seven days at 28\u00b0c ( 82 . 4\u00b0f ) ( diaz et al . 2008 ) . females lay their eggs in tight spaces between the leaf sheath and the stem . when the eggs hatch , the 1st instar nymph remains together near the site of emergence ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .\nfigure 11 . monoculture of west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , at myakka river state park , sarasota county , florida . august 2003 . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .\nthe seasonal cycle of hymenachne amplexicaulis in florida begins in spring during seed germination and new shoot growth . increases in the water level as well as favorable day - length and temperature in the summer allow the grass to grow aggressively . maximum biomass for hymenachne amplexicaulis is reached by late summer . later in the fall , short days trigger flower production ( tropical weeds research centre 2006 ) . during winter , some parts of the grass die , but the stolons and seeds remain dormant underwater until spring . based on herbarium specimens collected in the native range , a predictive model of the potential distribution of hymenachne amplexicaulis in florida was created suggests that its northern limit in florida will be alachua county .\nfigure 12 . model prediction of climate suitability for west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , in florida , using herbarium specimens from new york and missouri botanical gardens . illustration by rodrigo diaz , university of florida\nantel npr , werger mja , medina e . 1998 . nitrogen distribution and leaf area indices in relation to photosynthetic nitrogen efficiency in savanna grasses . plant ecology 138 : 63 - 75 .\ncsurhes sm , mackey ap , fitzsimmons l . ( june 1999 ) . hymenache ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) in queensland . queensland department of employment , economic development and innovation . ( 6 february 2013 ) .\nenriquez - quiroz jf , quero - carrillo ar , hernandez - garay a , garcia - moya e . 2006 . azuche , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees , forage genetic resources for floodplains in tropical mexico . genetic resources and crop evolution 53 : 1405 - 1412 .\nfleppc . ( fall 2009 ) . florida exotic pest plant council 2009 list of invasive species . florida exotic pest plant council . ( 6 february 2013 ) .\nhalbert se . ( october 2000 ) . entomology section . trilogy 39 ( 5 ) . fdcas - division of plant industry .\nkibbler h , bahnish lm . 1999 . physiological adaptations of hymenachne amplexicaulis to flooding . australian journal of experimental agriculture 39 : 429 - 435 .\nlangeland ka , craddock - burks k . 1998 . identification and biology of non - native plants in florida ' s natural areas . university press of florida , gainesville . 165 pp .\nnuhn t . 2005 . personal communication . usda agricultural research service . museum specialist . systematic entomology laboratory . washington , dc .\nslater ja . 1976 . monocots and chinch bugs : a study of host plant relationships in the lygaeid subfamily blissinae ( hempitera : lygaeidae ) . biotropica 8 : 143 - 165 .\ntejos mr 1978 . effect of age on the productivity of paja de agua grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ) in a controlled flooding savannah . agronomia tropical 28 : 613 - 626 .\ntejos mr . 1980 . production of water straw grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ) during a savanna period . congreso venezolano zootecnia guanare ( venezuela ) p . 24 .\ntropical weeds research centre . ( august 2006 ) control methods and cases studies , hymenachne amplexicaulis . queensland department of natural resources , minas and water . urltoken ( 6 february 2013 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nfirst collected in the us in sarasota co . , fl on 9 / 21 / 2000\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwe express our gratitude to dennis giardina and mike barry , florida panther preserve , for collection and identification of grasses . diana cordeau , jackie markle , brittany evans , yordana valenzuela , brianne schobert , freddy soza , douglas gonzalez , veronica manrique , fabian diaz and larry markle provided great support during the data collection . paul benshoff and diane donaghy from myakka river state park provided support during the development of this project . several grasses were identified by mark a . garland at fdacs , dpi - gainesville . two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments . the university of florida - institute of food and agricultural sciences , florida department of environmental protection and the charlotte harbor national estuary program provided financial support for the project .\nwith descriptions of the immature stages ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . ann entomol soc am 72 : 655\u2013658\nbaranowski rm , slater ja ( 2005 ) the lygaiedae of the west indies . agricultural experimental station , institute of food and agricultural sciences , university of florida , gainesville , fl , 402 pp\nbernays ea , chapman rf ( 1994 ) host plant selection by phytophagous insects . chapman & hall , new york , 312 pp\nbernays e , graham m ( 1988 ) on the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods . ecology 69 : 886\u2013892\n( rudge ) nees , forage genetic resources for floodplains in tropical mexico . genet resour crop ev 53 : 1405\u20131412\nspecies of america north of mexico ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . occ pap univ conn biol sci ser . 2 6 : 47\u201356\nheard ta ( 2000 ) concepts in host selection behavior and their application to host specificity testing . in : van driesche rg , heard ta , mcclay a , reardon r ( eds ) host - specificity testing of exotic arthropod biological control agents : the biological basis for improvement in safety . usda forest health technology enterprise team , fhtet - 99 - 1 , morgantown , usa , pp 1\u201310\n: effects on plant , macroinvertebrate and fish biodiversity in the fitzroy river , central queensland , australia . mar freshwater res 53 : 1235\u20131244\nsas institute ( 1999 ) sas / stat user\u2019s guide . sas institute , cary , nc\nschoonhoven lm , van loon jja , dicke m ( 2005 ) insect - plant biology . oxford university press , oxford , uk\nslater ja ( 1976 ) monocots and chinch bugs : a study of host plant relationships in the lygaeid subfamily blissinae ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . biotropica 8 : 143\u2013165\n( signoret ) ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . j new york entomol soc 95 : 294\u2013297\nslater ja , baranowski rm ( 1990 ) lygaeidae of florida ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) , vol 14 . arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas . florida department of agriculture and consumer services , gainesville , florida 211 pp\nin the neotropical region ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . misc publ entomol soc am 6 : 199\u2013238\nslater ja , wilcox db ( 1973 ) the chinch bugs or blissinae of south africa ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . mem entomol soc s afr 12 : 1\u2013135\nsoreng rj , davidse g , peterson pm , zuloaga fo , judziewicz ej , filgueiras ts , morrone o ( 2007 ) catalog of new world grasses .\n( rudge ) nees ) in a controlled flooding savannah . agronomia tropical 28 : 613\u2013626\nunited states department of agriculture ( usda ) , animal and plant inspection service ( aphis ) , plant protection and quarantine ( ppq ) ( 2000 ) reviewer\u2019s manual for the technical advisory group of biological control agents of weeds : guidelines for evaluating the safety of candidate biological control agents . 224 pp\nvan klinken rd ( 2000 ) host specificity testing : why we do it and how can we do it better ? in : r . van driesche , t . heard , a . mcclay , & r . reardon ( eds . ) , proceedings : host specificity testing of exotic arthropod biological control agents : the biological basis for improvement in safety . forest service , morgantown , west virginia , pp 54\u201368\nwapshere aj ( 1989 ) a testing sequence for reducing rejection of potential biological control agents for weeds . ann appl biol 114 : 515\u2013526\nwunderlin rp , hansen bf ( 2004 ) atlas of florida vascular plants . [ s . m . landry and k . n . campbell ( application development ) , florida center for community design and research . ] institute for systematic botany , university of south florida , tampa . available via .\nwilliam a . overholt , sharon m . l . ewe , rodrigo diaz , eric c . morgan , onour e . moeri\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations ."]}
{"id": 1413, "summary": [{"text": "valvata cristata is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family valvatidae , the valve snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "valvata cristata", "paragraphs": ["valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\nworms - world register of marine species - valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774\nplanorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\nthe new species can be distinguished from valvata piscinalis by its larger umbilicus and from valvata cristata by its higher spire .\nvalvata ( valvata ) o . f . m\u00fcller , 1773 represented as valvata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1773\nvalvata cristata , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\nworms - world register of marine species - valvata cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774\nthis species has possibly been depicted by mansoorian ( 1994 ) and confused with valvata cristata .\nvalvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller 1774 - flat valve snail : : : : molluscireland : : land and freshwater molluscs\npseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , hippeutis complanatus\nlife cycle of valvata cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) in the laboratory\nanderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller 1774 . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nflache federkiemenschnecke\nto\nvalvata cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ncrested valve shell\nto\nvalvata cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774\n.\ncommon valve snail ( valvata piscinalis ) . picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna .\n( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , g\u00f6ttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]\nvalvata nowshahrensis sp . n . a shell b ventral view on the umbilicus c head with penis in situ .\nbithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\nplanorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\nconsidering the photo provided by mansoorian ( 1994 ) , he probably confused this species with valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . ( see below ) .\nthe prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .\na common valve snail ' s ( valvata piscinalis ) head . note the frontal part of the foot , the long snout and the feather gill ! picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .\n( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]\nhabitat and distribution : the common valve snail needs much oxygen , avoids humus compounds and so is threatened by the eutrophication of many waters due to over - fertilisation . often it remains dug into the sandy or muddy ground with only its tentacles and the feather gill showing . the valve snail then produces a flow of water for its respiration and nutrition . also , valvata piscinalis can be found crawling on water plants and wood .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe first record of the cosmopolitan slug deroceras laeve ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( gastropoda : pulmonata : agriolimacidae ) in bhutan\ndistribution of monacha claustralis ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1834 ) and m . cartusiana ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( eupulmonata : hygromiidae ) in central european and balkan countries : new data\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nm\u00fcller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . havni\u00e6 ( copenhagen ) & lipsi\u00e6 ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . 1 : 1 - 136 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 198 [ details ]\nziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen k\u00fcstengew\u00e4sser [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 : 1 - 66 [ subsequent publication ] ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nde jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]\nwelter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , g\u00f6ttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]\nm\u00fcller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havni\u00e6 & lipsi\u00e6 . ( heineck & faber ) .\nshell flat , small , transparent , upper side slightly depressed , 3 - 3 . 5 whorls , aperture circular , umbilicus wide and open , more than 1 / 3 of shell diameter .\nfrequently in lakes , creeks , springs and ponds , rarely in temporary waters . prefers eutrophical habitats with rich vegetation , muddy substrate , well oxygenated water , tolerates up to 0 . 5 % salt , exceptionally also in subterranean waters . in switzerland in up to 1500 m altitude . in poland copulation takes 1 - 2 hours and begins in spring , it is repeated various times , eggs ( 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 mm ) are deposited in cocoons containing 1 - 4 eggs , attached to aquatic plants , juveniles ( diameter 0 . 32 - 0 . 43 mm , 0 . 5 - 0 . 8 whorls ) hatch after 8 - 11 days at 24 - 20\u00b0c ( 25 days at 12\u00b0c ) , 2 mm size and 2 whorls are reached after 180 days in the laboratory , female maturity is reached at slightly more than 2 mm diameter , at 2 . 9 mm the gonads of almost all snails contain oocytes , in lifetime some 50 cocoons containing 150 eggs are laid , life span 1 - 3 years in the laboratory .\nthreatened by habitat destruction due to pollution and drainage . declined around london . endangered in tirol and albania , vulnerable in switzerland , nordrhein - westfalen / hessen and austria .\nreferences : germain 1931 : 676 , falkner 1990 : 120 , bodon et al . 1995 : 44 , turner et al . 1998 : 91 , kerney 1999 : 27 , myzyk 2002 ( life cycle ) , gl\u00f6er 2002 : 186 , dhora 2004 : 141 , welter - schultes 2012 : 42 ( range map ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmap hosted by the national biodiversity data centre , waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map , please click on the map .\na small operculate shell forming a flattened coil . colour yellow - brown . animal with a feathery external gill . found in clear , weedy waters of small size .\nfound across the whole of mainland europe and siberia to the pacific . distribution type : eurasian wide temperate ( 65 ) .\nscattered across central areas of ireland north to loughs neagh and erne . disappears towards the south - west , west and north - west .\nfound in clear weedy habitats of relatively small size and minimal flow i . e . drains , floodplain marshes , margins of larger lakes , fens\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe distribution of this species from the north of western siberia and the altai mountains to the okhotsk sea , transbaikalia and the chita region of russia . they also list the clecom database as mentioning this species inhabiting norway , sweden and finland ( falkner\n( 2009 ) , with a distribution of northern europe and siberia to the okhotsk sea basin . the authors\nhas been considered as valid , and with a full distribution across northern europe to north western siberia and the okhotsk sea basin .\nhas been assessed as least concern . this species is widely distributed throughout northern europe and russia to the altai mountains and northwestern siberia . further research is needed regarding the threats and conservation measures in place for this species .\n. 2009 ) . it inhabits still and slow running tundra water , and in norway prefers ph around 7 . 5 - 9 . 5 ( welter - schultes 2009 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is required into this species ' population status and threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nm\u00fcller , otto f . 1774 . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu , animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia , volumen alterum . heineck et faber , havniae et lipsiae . : i\u2013xxxvi + 1\u2013214 .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 335 addition to the official list of generic names in zoology of the names of thirty - four non - marine genera of the phylum mollusca . opinions and declarations rendered by the international commission on zoological nomenclature 10 ( 2 ) , 45 - 76 ( 1955 )\nm\u00fcller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . < em > havni\u00e6 ( copenhagen ) & lipsi\u00e6 ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . < / em > 1 : 1 - 214 .\nwelter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , g\u00f6ttingen .\nwenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) .\nziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen k\u00fcstengew\u00e4sser [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . < i > helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 < / i > : 1 - 66 < i > [ subsequent publication ] < / i >\nde jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service .\nvalve snails are very small fresh water snail , equipped with a special feather - like type of gill the can extend from their pallial cavity . possibly to clean this feather gill , valve snails also have a thread - like appendage at their disposal , the pallial tentacle . this as well they extend from their pallial cavity . the exact function of the pallial tentacle , however is not yet known .\nas only native prosobranch snail the valve snails are hermaphrodites . they have long tentacles at their head , which is prolonged to form a snout or proboscis . the valve snails ' foot is flat , forked in the front and rounded at the back .\nvalve snails feed on detritus , decaying organic material . they themselves are an important food source for fish , which is why valve snails in german also are called roach snails or tench snails .\ndimensions : h : 3 - 5 mm ; w : 4 - 5 mm ; n : 3 - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .\nthe bay of the schlei at the east coast of schleswig - holstein , north germany .\n( 2006 ) in the austrian wallersee lake , the common valve snail especially prefers muddy substrates . there it was not found on stones . in schleswig - holstein , northern germany , it was found in the schlei , a brackish water branch of the baltic sea , with a prevailing salinity of 0 . 05 % ; the maximal tolerable salinity of the species is estimated to be 0 . 4 % .\ncovers europe and western asia , where it usually is common . in some places , populations are in decline because of water pollution and may even be disappeared entirely . in austria therefore the species is classified vulnerable ( vu ) . in alpine lakes and fast - flowing streams , there is a flatter subspecies with a wider umbilicus , the alpine valve snail ,\n1853 ) . it may grow a little larger than the normal form , with a shell height of 5 . 5 mm and a width of 6 . 3 mm .\n, r . a . ( 2006 ) : der wallersee und seine wassermollusken . nachrichtenblatt der ersten vorarlberger malakologischen gesellschaft , rankweil . vol . 14 , pp . 20 - 39 (\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nconsidering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pe\u0161i\u0107 and saboori 2007 ) .\nthe checklist of the freshwater snail fauna of iran was compiled using published records and original data . the data from all publications were brought to the presently accepted state of taxonomy following subba rao ( 1989 ) ( for asian fauna ) , brown ( 1994 ) ( for african fauna ) and gl\u00f6er ( 2002 ) ( for the european fauna ) , and papers published thereafter . species referred to in postgraduate theses and scientific meetings are no formal publications and are consequently not considered herein .\nduring the field work , freshwater snails were collected by hand netting , sorted on the spot and preserved in 75 % alcohol . the data and locations of the sampling sites , where the junior author collected in 2005 , 2007 and 2011 are listed in appendix 1 . in the section \u2018new records\u2019 collecting site abbreviations derive from the geographical database pe\u0161i\u0107 . the type material will be deposited in the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) , germany . further , we had the opportunity to revise material of some iranian freshwater snails deposited in the collections of the natural history museum basel ( nmb \u2013 forcart\u2019s collection ) , zoological museum berlin ( zmb ) and natural history museum vienna ( nhmw \u2013 edlauer\u2019s collection ) .\nnot all species could be identified due to the sparsity of specimens and the non - characteristic shells , especially of small hydrobioid snails . furthermore , the caspian sea fauna is not considered in the present paper . the order of families follows bouchet and rocroi ( 2005 ) .\nmap of iran with dots showing the collection localities ( corresponding to the sampling site numbers in appendix ) . the total number of freshwater mollusc species collected from each province are as follows ( in parentheses ) : bushehr ( 1 ) , fars ( 15 ) , gilan ( 12 ) , hormozgan ( 13 ) , isfahan ( 10 ) , kerman ( 15 ) , hermanshah ( 4 ) , khorasan ( 5 ) , khuzestan ( 14 ) , lorestan ( 6 ) , markazi ( 5 ) , mazandaran ( 21 ) , qom ( 1 ) , seistan and baluchestan ( 16 ) , semnan ( 1 ) , teheran ( 5 ) , west azarbayjan ( 1 ) , yazd ( 6 ) , zanjan ( 1 ) .\na\u2013c neritina mesopotamica d\u2013e neritina euphratica f\u2013g neritina schlaeflii a shell ( syntype ) b lable c operculum d shell ( syntype , zmz 528916 , irak , samava , photo : eike neubert ) e operculum of neritina euphratica from euphrates f shell ( syntype , zmz 529679 , persian gulf , island ghaes , photo : eike neubert ) g operculum of neritina schlaeflii from shatt al - arab - fao region .\nzoological museum berlin ( zmb ) , \u201c neritina ( neritaea ) anatolica var . mesopotamica , ras el ain , mesopot . hausknecht\u201d .\nthe height of the largest shell of the examined syntypes from zoological museum berlin was 7 mm .\nin his identification key described shell of this species as being 14 mm high . considering his photos (\nkhuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) .\nremark . according to the original description ( martens 1874 ) this species is characterized by the presence of denticulated border of the columella , and should be ascertained to the genus neritina .\nthis speciesis characterized by a small shell with 6 mm in height and a small spire . the boder of the columella is straight and not denticulated . the operculum has a rib which is attenuated at its basis , the peg is thick and strong and split in two parts (\na\u2013c theodoxus pallida ( from edlauer\u2019s collection , nhmw 75000 / e / 50824 ) a shell with corroded apex b label of edlauer\u2019s collection c apophysis of theodoxus pallida d apophysis of theodoxus fuiviatilis ( from ir79 ) .\nsarkhia sarabensis nov . sp . a shell b , c penis in situ .\n( all mentioned as theodoxus doriae issel ) : kerman ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1937 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\nfars province : ir13 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir14 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; khorrasan province : ir76 - 05 [ 1 ex ] ; ir 64 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; hormozgan province : ir 17 - 11 [ 5 ex . ]\nmelanopsis sp . , radix sp . , planorbis intermixtus , farsithyra farsensis , physella acuta .\nmartens ( 1879 ) synonymised theodoxus doriae , the species reported by issel ( 1863 ) from s iran , with theodoxus fluviatilis . later on , mansoorian ( 2000 ) described the operculum of theodoxus doriae , which has only a rib , no peg . however , the shell illustrated by mansoorian ( 1994 ) agrees well with theodoxus fluviatilis . thus we follow martens\u2019 ( 1879 ) synonymisation of theodoxus doriae with theodoxus fluviatilis . our samples revealed onlythe presence of theodoxus fluviatilis .\nw - to central - palaearctic . theodoxus fluviatilis has been considered by many authors to be an exclusively european species ( see e . g . zhadin 1952 , gl\u00f6er 2002 ) . but bourguignat ( 1864 ) , brown ( 1994 ) and van damme ( 1984 ) mentioned it from nw africa ( morocco , algeria ) . records of this species in turkey ( y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m 1994 ) , and in iran , confirm its wide distribution . however , it does not occur in siberia ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .\nkerman province ( biggs 1971 ) ; mazandaran province ( eichwald 1838 , eliazian et al . 1979 ) .\nthis species has been described from the caspian sea . according to the original description ( eichwald 1838 ) this species is very distinct from the other theodoxus spp . mentioned here .\nnhmw 75000 / e / 50824 , \u201c theodoxus pallidus dunker\u201d persien , brackiger quellsee , 500 m , n\u00f6rdl . vom niris - see , leg . starm\u00fchlner 1949 .\nstarm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) provide a detailed description of the anatomy of this species but did not consider the operculum , the most important diagnostic feature . on the other hand , as figured in starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , the receptaculum seminis and the bursa copulatrix differ in length ( while being of equal length in theodoxus fluviatilis ) .\nkhuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) , mazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\naccording to ramakrishna and dey ( 2007 ) this species is widely distributed on the indian subcontinent .\nkerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; khuzestan province ( prashad 1921 , chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis nodos a : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 ) .\nfars province : ir13 - 07 [ 23 ad . , 25 juv . ] .\nmelanopsis doriae ( from edlauer\u2018s collection , nhmw 750000 / e / 50801a ) : shell .\nkerman province ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; mazandaran province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; bushehr province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) .\nhormozgan province : ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir19 - 11 [ 1 ex . ] .\nnhmw \u201c melanopsis doriae issel\u201d persien , kerman , aus teilweise eingest\u00fcrztem kanal , leg . starm\u00fchlner 1949 / 50 .\nshowing differences in the nervous system . furthermore they found differences in some features of the opercula between these species , and showed a strong morphological plasticity of the shells ( see :\n, plate 1 : figs g\u2019 , g\u2019\u2019 , g\u2019\u2019\u2019 and h\u2019 , h\u2019\u2019 ) . re - examintion of\nkerman province ( as melanopsis variabilis : martens 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchistan province ( as melanopsis deserticola : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan and yazd provinces ( biggs 1937 ) ; fars province ( as melanopsis buccinoidea variabilis : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , as melanopsis praerosa : starm\u00fchlner 1961 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis praerosa : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , manssorian 2001 ) .\nmazandaran province : ir02 - 05 [ 11 ad . , 48 juv . ] ; khorrasan province : ir64 - 05 [ 12 ad . , 39 juv . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 3 ad . , 4 juv . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 8 ad . , 15 juv . ] ; ir78c - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; fars province : ir17 - 07 [ 2 ex ] ; hormozgan province : ir19 - 11 [ 21 ex . ] .\ngalba truncatula , theodoxus fluviatilis , planorbis intermixtus , grossuana sp . , farsithyra farsensis .\nfigure 8 . the molluscs of brackish waters . a ecrobia grimmi b heleobia dalmatica c ecrobia grimmi from edlauer\u2018s collection ( nhmw , \u201c hydrobia acuta \u201d 75000 / e / 60453 ) d cerithidea cingulata .\nhormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 21 ad . , 6 juv . ] ; ir - 20 - 11 [ 10 ex . ] .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides scabra var . elegans : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as melanoides scabra : biggs ( 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) .\nhormozgan province : ir08 - 11 [ 13 ex . ] ; ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .\ntype species . melanoides fasciolata olivier , 1804 = nerita tuberculata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 .\nseistan and baluchestan province : ir8a - 11 [ 5 juv . ] , ir8 - 11 [ 18 ex . ] . hormozgan province : ir10 - 11 [ 3 ex . ] , ir17 - 11 [ 10 ad . , 9 juv . ] , ir18 - 11 [ 1 ad . , 8 juv . ] , ir19 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .\nkerman province ( as melania tuberculata : issel 1863 ) , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides pyramis , melanoides tigrina : annandale and prashad 1919 , biggs 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( biggs 1937 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) , ( as melania tuberculata : starm\u00fchlner ( 1961 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; yazd province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , as melania tuberculata : starm\u00fchlner 1965 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , mansoorian 2001 ) ; south iran ( manssorian 1994 ) ; fars province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) : mazandran province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2001 ) .\nthe species melanoides pyramis and melanoides tigrina , which have been mentioned by annandale and prashad ( 1911 ) from seistan and baluchistan , have been listed by westerlund ( 1886 ) as subspecies . however , due to the high morphological plasticity of melanoides tuberculatus and in absence of any geographical seperation of these taxa , we list all melanoides taxa under melanoides tuberculatus .\nmazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\nthe euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( gl\u00f6er et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8a83711b - 797d - 4d86 - 99d5 - 72f217b14a89\nbithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .\n( nmb 11517a ) : shell height 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .\nmazandaran province , tschalekuti ( nmb 11517a , 26 ex . ) , geniste d . babul ( nmb 11517b , 1 ex . , nmb 11571c , 10 ex . )\nthe whitish shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the convex whorls are flattened at the suture . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , slightly sinuated . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 5 . 5 \u2013 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 0 \u2013 5 . 6 mm .\ndue to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 5a63d216 - b630 - 4808 - 8b2d - 0f77e3eae287\nshell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .\nnhmw ( 50940 ) : shell height 10 . 3 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .\nthe whitish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , straight . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 8 . 2 \u2013 10 . 3 mm , width 4 . 6 \u2013 6 . 4 mm .\nthis slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .\nthis species has been misidentified by starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 22d0892e - 8670 - 4131 - 9149 - 0f77c007bb94\nbithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .\nmazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near caspian sea , 51\u00b031 ' e , 36\u00b038 ' n , 18 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79369 ) : shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm .\nthe horn - coloured shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex with a clear suture and an acute apex . the umbilicus is closed . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , sinuated . the surface bears a lattice structure . shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm , aperture height 3 . 6 mm .\nprobably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .\nprobably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs\u2019s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .\nnorth iran ( caspian sea ) \u2013 eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) .\nthis species could not be found in any of the neighbouring countries of iran . eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) don\u2019t mention the source that led to their identification . the record and taxonomic status of this species is questionable and needs new confirmation .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( as amnicola sistanica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) .\nannadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .\niran ; known only from the locus typicus ( dasht arzhan village , shiraz to kazerum road ) .\nhormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 12 ad . , 20 juv . ] .\npreviously only known from the brackish part of rivers along the coast of croatia ( radoman 1983 ) .\nprobably this species has been confused with one of the following species ( ecrobia grimmi , heleobia dalmatica ) , so all former records of this species in iran are questionable . the record for this species is kept until the original material of biggs could be studied .\nfrom the mixomesohaline lake sawa ( iraq ) was possibly transported by migrating birds from the caspian sea . the identification of our material of\nwas confirmed by using molecular techniques ( martin haase pers . communication ) . an analysis of the specimens from nhmw published by\nin russia it is listed as turkmenamnicola raddei ( kantor et al . 2009 ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2e680d0 - aac4 - 45df - 954a - 28d553ec957f\nmarkazi province , ashtian to arak road ( ca . 5 km after ashtian city , ashtian county ) , 50\u00b001 ' e , 34\u00b034 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 21 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79370 ) : shell height 2 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .\nthe whitish shell is conical with 4 . 5 whorls , which are separated by a clear suture . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is blunt , the umbilicus is closed , the aperture is ovate and pointed at the top . shell height 2 . 4\u20132 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .\nwe had only shells with dried tissue at our disposal . since the penis morphology could not be examined , the assignment to the genus pseudamnicola is provisional .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 31bfcb62 - be86 - 43ce - a888 - b0562cc2740e\nshell conical . penis broad at the basis , distal part with a bulbous and acute penis tip .\nthe new genus appears to be close to pseudamnicola , but can easily be distinguished by the unique morphology of the penis with bulbous and acute apex ( vs . a broad elongated triangular penis in pseudamnicola ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8edd45ad - 46f2 - 4bc8 - a7be - 73b44bbcdf6d\nkaskakia khorrasanensis sp . n . a shell b penis in situ c\u2013d penis ( c : dorsal view , d : ventral view ) .\nkhorrasan province , kaskak stream in kaskak village , 59\u00b010 ' e , 35\u00b025 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 11 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79372 ) : shell height 2 . 5 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .\nthe yellowish shell is conical to globular with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a clear suture (\n) . the whorls increase rapidly with a prominent body whorl . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is acute , the aperture is ovate and angled at the top , the umbilicus is closed . shell height 2 . 3\u20132 . 5 mm , width 1 . 8\u20131 . 9 mm .\nthe mantle and head are black . the penis is broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end (\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 4ac287dc - 4e88 - 4043 - ba17 - 880e84883276\nshell elongated conical . penis simple , broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end , with a black pigmentation mark . the tentacles are cylindrical .\n) , with a black pigmentation mark ( vs . broad and elongated triangular penis ) , and the presence of broad cylindrical tentacles ( slim cylindrical tentacles ) will separate the new genus from\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f7fbd536 - 0970 - 4b9b - a0ac - eaf9e7c91c72\nkermanshah province , sarabe\u2013sahne ( = sarabe \u2013 bede \u2013 sarkh ) city , stream , 27 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79374 ) : shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .\nthe yellowish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a deep suture . the aperture is oval with a sharp periostome , the umbilicus is closed . the surface is dull . shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .\nthis species has originally been placed in the genus pseudamnicola . however , due to the characteristic shape of the penis and the tentacles it is transfered to sarkhia gen . n .\nstarm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) originally described this species as frauenfeldia elburensis . however , the genus name frauenfeldia is preoccupied , and thus , the species of this genus have been re - assigned to belgrandiella , boleana , graziana and sarajana ( radoman 1983 ) . due to the shape of the aperture in original description ( see starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) we affiliate this species to the genus belgrandiella .\niran , only known from the locus typicus ( gelandoah , 60 km ne of tehran ) .\nsistan and baluchestan province ( source lake gomun ) \u2013 \u201c erythropomatiana erythropomatia \u201d starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) .\nmost probably , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) misidentified this subterranean species , known only from its type locality in slovenia , far away from iran . the comparison with the description of hauffenia erythropomatia by radoman ( 1983 ) shows that these species are not conspecific as the umbilicus seems to be broader in later species compared with the species depicted by starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) . unfortunately this species could not be found in edlauer\u2019s collection in nhmw ( anita eschner , pers . comm . ) . the record for this species is kept until specimens from the original locality could be studied .\nkerman province ( as bythinia uzielliana : issel 1866 , martens 1874 ) , as hydrobia uzielliana : biggs ( 1936 , 1937 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starm\u00fchlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1961 , 1965 ) .\nsch\u00fctt ( 1973 ) classified this species in the genus gangetia and introduced the new subgenus iranothyra sch\u00fctt , 1973 . mansoorian ( 1994 ) reported gangetia uzielliana with some doubts . however , his species clearly differs from the topotype of gangetia uzielliana illustrated by sch\u00fctt ( 1973 ) . most probably , the species recorded by mansoorian ( 1994 ) under this name represents an undescribed new species ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2009 ) .\nfarsithyra farsensis ( from edlauer\u2019s collection , nhmw \u201c pseudamnicola uzielliana \u201d 75000 / e / 50795 ) : a\u2013b shell .\nnhmw\u201c pseudamnicola uzelliana issel\u201d , persien , stark salziger t\u00fcmpel , s\u00fcdl . von yest ( = yesd ) , leg . starm\u00fchlner . nhmw 60 . 459 \u201c bulimus badiella \u201c , lake taschk , 07 . 07 . 1956 leg . l\u00f6ffler .\nfrom many sampling sites in yazd province . an analysis of one lot from the edlauer collection ( nhmw ) with the specimens from yazd province shows that these specimens (\nmazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 6 ex . ] . tehran province : ir48 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 944e6ee3 - b23c - 43fb - a305 - 882a4d4cf3d9\nmazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near the caspian see , 51\u00b031 ' e , 36\u00b038 ' n , 18 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79376 ) : shell diameter 3 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .\n( zmh 79377 ) : 2 specimens from type locality ; [ 2 ex . ] , kermanshah province : ir105 - 05 .\nthe yellowish shell is translucent with 3 circular whorls . the umbilicus is wide , and the first whorl is visible through the umbilicus . the surface is glossy with very fine ribs . shell diameter 3 . 2\u20133 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 83575f59 - e417 - 44d3 - 8f6d - a5db45ea2b21\na\u2013b acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n . : shell c\u2013d acroloxus lacustris ( from hamburg , germany ) : shell .\ngilan province , ir82 - 05 , bandar anzali lagoon , 49\u00b027 ' e , 37\u00b026 ' n , 16 june 2008 .\n( zmh 79378 ) : shell length 4 . 0 mm , width 2 . 0 mm , height 0 . 9 mm .\n2 ex . , nmb 11516a \u201c acroloxus lacustris \u201d zwischen nika und aschref , 10 m \u00fc . m . , drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf leg . 22 . x . 1931 .\nthe oval limpet shell is transparent . the apex is blunt and bent to the left side (\nsp . with a blunt apex is known ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .\nan analysis of the two specimens from forcart\u2019s collection ( nmb 11516a ) identified as acroloxus lacustris from mazandaran province shows that these specimens belong to acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n .\nthe lymnaeidae of iran . a radix persica ( ir27 - 07 ) b\u2013d radix bactriana ( b ir03 - 05 c ir87 - 05 d ir88 - 05 e ir91 - 05 ) f radix persica ( ir107 - 05 ) g radix iranica ( ir89 - 05 ) h radix sp . i radix sp . k galba truncatula ( ir62 - 05 ) l galba schirazensis .\nkerman province \u2013 \u201c limnaea auricularia var . persica\u201d issel ( 1865 ) , \u201c limnaea auricularia var . persica\u201d martens ( 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea auricularia var . persica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as lymnaea persica : biggs 1937 ) .\nkhuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 ) ; mazandaran , gilan and lorestan provinces ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) , isfahan province ( starm\u00fchlner 1965 ) .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; kerman province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) .\nmarkazi province : ir03 - 05 [ 1 ex ] , ir87 - 05 [ 9 ex . ] , ir88 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] , ir89 - 05 [ 2 ex ] , ir91 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir67 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] , ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .\nseistan and baluchistan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) , azarbayjan province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) , khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , as lymnaea auricularia gedrosiana : mansoorian 2001 ) , n iran ( annandale 2000 ) .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) .\niraq ( euphrates , as limnaea hordea : mousson 1874 ) ; iran : seistan and baluchestan province .\nqom , tehran and gilan provinces ( martens 1874 ) ; kerman province ( biggs 1937 ) .\nthis species has been described from the danube ( germany ) and most probably does not occur in iran . according to subba rao ( 1989 ) radix lagotis is a synonym of radix peregra ( syn . to radix labiata ) . however , recently schniebs et al . ( 2011 ) clearly showed that radix lagotis and radix labiata are distinct species .\n( mentioned as radix peregra f . canalifera ) : n iran ( caspian sea ) ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; kerman province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) ; fars province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; kermanshah province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) , starm\u00fchlner ( 1965 ) .\nradix labiata is a species which prefers springs and is distributed in m \u2013 and s europe and the balkans ( gl\u00f6er 2002 ) .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea truncatula : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; north iran ( caspian sea ) ( as lymnaea truncatula : eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; manzandaran province ( forcart 1935 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; kerman province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , biggs 1937 ) ; tehran province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 , chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; semnan province ( starm\u00fchlner 1961 ) ; hormozgan province ( starm\u00fchlner 1965 ) .\nkhorasan province : ir63 - 05 [ 22 ex . ] ; ir66a - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir77 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .\nfars province ( k\u00fcster 1862 ) ; gilan province ( bargues et al . 2010 ) .\nkerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; isfahan province ( martens 1874 ) ; qazvin and e azarbayjan provinces ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan provinces ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; n iran ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\nthe recent insights on the distribution of stagnicola palustris show that it is a northern european / siberian species . most probably , the species reported from iran as stagnicola palustris represents an undescribed species ( see below ) .\nstagnicola sp . ( from forcart\u2019s collection , nmb 11518b \u201c stagnicola palustris \u201d ) : shell .\nmaterial examined : 35 ex . , nmb 11518b \u201c stagnicola palustris \u201czw . nika und aschref , dr . erni & buxtorf 1934 ; 3 ex . , nmb 11518a \u201ciran , prov . mazandaran . meschhediser , geniste am rechten ufer des babul ca . 300 m s der m\u00fcndung , - 26 m meeresh\u00f6he . leg . 23 . 8 . 1931 & don . 1935 drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf\u201d .\nspp . are very variable , it is not possible to identify or eventually describe this specis as new to science without anatomical studies .\nkhuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; gilan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\nthe planorbis spp . of iran . a planorbis carinatus b planorbis intermixtus c indoplanorbis exustus .\nnorthern iran ( as planorbis planorbis : mansoorian 2000 ) ; mazandaran province ( as planorbis planorbis : eliazian et al . 1979 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; fars province ( as planorbis planorbis : forcart 1935 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; isfahanprovince ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2010 ) ; yazd province ( as planorbis persicus , planorbis subangulatus : biggs 1937 , 1971 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan province ( as anisus ( gyraulus ) intermixtus : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( as planorbis planorbis , planorbis planorbis submarginatus : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , as planorbis planorbis : biggs 1971 ) ; markazi province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 , gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2010 ) .\nmazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; markazi province : ir51 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; ir87 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir88 - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; ir91 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir93 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir66 - 05 [ 10 ex . ] ; ir67 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir68 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir78b - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; fars province : ir02 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir07 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir26 - 07 [ 9 ex . ] ; ir27 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] .\nthe species planorbis planorbis and planorbis intermixtus can only be distinguished by the number of prostate diverticula ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2010 ) . all planorbis spp . collected in iran have been anatomically studied and no planorbis planorbis could be found . thus we list the old records from iran under planorbis intermixtus .\nin addition , planorbis subangulatus philippi , 1844 and planorbis persicus ancey , 1900 have been mentioned from iran ( ancey 1900 , biggs 1937 ) . both species have been described on the basis of the shells , the morphology of which falls within variability of planorbis intermixtus . thus we list these species under planorbis intermixtus ."]}
{"id": 1415, "summary": [{"text": "melanella acicula is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is one of many species known to exist within the genus , melanella . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "melanella acicula", "paragraphs": ["search for ' melanella acicula ' returned 3 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]\nmelanella aciculata gould , a . a . in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1866 : tuamotus ( lapsus )\n( of melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of melanella iredalei ( laseron , 1955 ) ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of melanella pisorum ( pilsbry , 1917 ) ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nto ansp malacology collection ( from synonym eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 22 publications ) ( from synonym eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym stilifer acicula gould , 1849 )\nwar\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) war\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cuspeulima iredalei laseron , 1955 ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1866 ) . monograph of the genus leiostraca . in : conchologia iconica . vol 15 , pl . 1 - 3 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 2 , fig . 11 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 484 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\npadanon ( pandakan ) island is situated at the far end of the caubian plateau , between hilutungan and olango island . there is a small village of fishermen at the western end of the island , the eastern end has a superb sand flat which is a heaven at low tide for sight viewers and beach lovers . a fee to go on land is asked . the channel between pandanon island and the islands in front ( part of bohol ) is shallow . pipe point is situated on the bohol side of the channel .\nnone . boats from mactan can bring you there , but they will charge a premium .\nin front of the village we could not dive because the villagers claimed it a sanctuary . we suspect they wanted money . tiger point , on the other side of the channel is great diving for naturalists , very ugly when it comes to recreational diving . there is a huge flat at 6 m with mud - sand and coral boulders , full of shells , mainly bivalves . then a small drop - off to 16 - 18 m deep where a kilometers wide sand and mud flat starts .\nvery plentifull : shells , soft corals , hard corals , gorgonians , nudibranches , crabs , anemones and other things . typical for mud bottoms . nighttime dives are spectacular in marine life .\ncan be violent . one one occasion we came out several kilometer form the boat .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , the in - page video player requires internet explorer . you can download the video using the\ndownload\nlinks provided below .\nsorry , there are no multimedia or other resources available for this species yet .\ncook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = \u2018\u0101tiu , mk = ma\u2018uke , mt = miti\u2018\u0101ro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = tak\u016btea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say\nel\nbut write\nr\n) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands m\u0101ori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai\u2018i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand m\u0101ori\nmccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .\ncopyright \u00a9 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy\ndescription : shell large , long and slender . spire usually slightly bent at early whorls , then straight or weakly convex in outline . whorls very weakly convex , suture well defined . scars from position of outer lip infrequent , one located about 2 whorls before aperture on large specimens . aperture moderately elongate , less than one - quarter of shell length , inner lip slightly reflected over base . outer lip convex in profile , with very shallow sinus at top . shell colourless - transparent or translucent white , polished , glossy .\ndistribution : indo - west pacific . in eastern australia , occurs from the tropics southwards to sydney , nsw .\nhabitat : parasitic externally on several species of holothurians ( sea cucumbers ) . common in queensland , rare in nsw .\nfig . 1 : heron island , qld . on stichopus variegatus ( c . 134350 ) ."]}
{"id": 1417, "summary": [{"text": "hirculops cornifer , the highbrow rockskipper , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western indian ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species reaches a length of 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "hirculops cornifer", "paragraphs": ["justification : in the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is only known from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia . hirculops cornifer occurs on coral and rocky reefs and likely in the sea grass beds . hirculops cornifer is not utilized . large - scale effects of coastal development throughout the region likely negatively impact this species . there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where hirculops cornifer has been recorded . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible . hirculops cornifer likely qualifies for least concern ; however , further records are needed in order to provide an accurate assessment of this species conservation status , therefore , hirculops cornifer is listed as data deficient .\nhirculops cornifer occurs in the western indian ocean , from pondoland ( south africa ) to the seychelles , including the red sea and the persian gulf ( randall 1995 ) . single records of hirculops cornifer have been found from northwestern india ( lal mohan 1968 ) and indonesia ( de beaufort and chapman 1951 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where h . cornifer has been recorded ( krupp and almarri 1996 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , its distribution includes several marine protected areas , especially off of the east coast of africa ( world database of protected areas 2010 ) .\nin the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) .\npopulation information for hirculops cornifer is limited for the persian gulf . h . cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .\nhirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found in tropical climates . h . cornifer is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the persian gulf ( j . williams pers . comm . 2013 ) . h . cornifer has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . the maximum recorded standard length ( sl ) is 6 . 0 cm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hirculops cornifer ( r\u00fcppell , 1830 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nin the persian gulf , substantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . it is not known whether or not hirculops cornifer is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given h . cornifer ' s habitat preferences , it ' s likely h . cornifer is impacted negatively in some parts of the region .\nhirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs in tropical climates ( j . t . williams pers . comm . 2009 ) . maximum standard length for this species is 6 . 0 cm or 60 mm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) . this species has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t .\njustification : global assessment : this is a widespread species . it is not known whether human activities affect the global population , but in some parts of its range it may be impacted . it it known to occur in marine protected areas in parts of its range . currently it is listed as least concern . the persian gulf regional assessment : this species is known from a single record off saudi arabia and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the gulf . it is not known whether or not this species is directly affected by current coastal development throughout the persian gulf . given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely impacted negatively in some parts of the region . current data suggests a stable population so , this species likely qualifies for least concern . however , further records are needed , therefore this species is listed as data deficient .\nthis species is common and locally abundant throughout most of its range ( g . allen pers . comm . 2009 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .\nsubstantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . for example , large number of desalination plants on the coast of the persian gulf leads to localized increases in temperature and salinity ( q . alghawzi , d . feary , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2014 ) . it is not known whether this species is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely to be impacted negatively in some parts of the region .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t . 2014 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nspringer , v . g . 1986 blenniidae . p . 742 - 755 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths & quot ; sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin .\ndark spot between membranes of 1st 2 dorsal spines ; females with spotted anal fin , uniformly dusky in males ; body banded and spotted ; 2 dusky spots anterior to pelvic fins .\nbreder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .\ndefines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nwestern indian ocean : red sea south to pondoland , south africa . likely at seychelles .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ne & oe . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 by fishwisepro . all rights reserved .\nnewsletter is out now . are you subscribed ? ! you know what to do if you haven ' t !"]}
{"id": 1418, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia silenicolata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from southern europe ( southern france , central italy and the balkan peninsula ) and morocco to western asia ( turkey , russia and the caucasus ) , iran and pakistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in the north , the range extends to southern switzerland , austria and northern italy .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to june and again from july to august in two generations per year .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on silene species which are related to silene nutans , especially silene paradoxa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species overwinters in the pupal stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "eupithecia silenicolata", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia silenicolata zengoensis ssp . nova ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . linneana belgica , 711 : 406 - 410 , 1979\nhabitat : eupithecia silenicolata inhabits light open and partly grazed forests ( quercus ) with embedded grasslands and loamy embankments with open ground where the larval host plant finds optimal growing conditions .\nremarks : eupithecia silenicolata ioccurs in southern europe ( southern france . central italy , the balkans ) and the western asia ( e . g . turkey , russia , the caucasus ) . there are also records from morocco . in the north eupithecia silenicolata is distributed in the southern and parts of the central alps ( southern switzerland , austria , northern italy ) .\nnew eupithecia species from south america lepidoptera geometridae nouveaux eupithecia damerique du sud lepidoptera geometridae . miscellanea entomologica , 512 : 55 - 65 , 1987\neupithecia inturbata new for the netherlands lepidoptera geometridae eupithecia inturbata nieuw voor nederland lepidoptera geometridae . entomologische berichten ( amsterdam ) . september ; 619 : 130 - 131 , 2001\nadditional information on the first estonian record of eupithecia distinctaria lepidoptera , geometridae lisateavet liivatee - pisivaksiku eupithecia distinctaria esmasleiu kohta lepidoptera , geometridae . lepinfo . juuni ; 13 : 7 , 2002\nthe expansionist eupithecia sinuosaria eversm has now reached north ticino lepidoptera geometridae der arealerweiterer eupithecia sinuosaria eversm hat nun auch den nordtessin erreicht lepidoptera geometridae . entomologische berichte luzern . september ; 49 : 155 - 156 , 2003\non the characteristics of some new or already known eupithecia males from south america lepidoptera geometridae sur les particularites propres aux males de quelques eupithecia damerique du sud nouveaux ou deja connus lepidoptera geometridae . miscellanea entomologica , 512 : 41 - 54 , 1987\nobservations on geometrid moths 10 lepidoptera , geometridae a new subspecies of eupithecia impurata hubner , 1813 blutenspanner - beobachtungen 10 lepidoptera , geometridae eine neue unterart von eupithecia impurata hubner , 1813 . dortmunder beitraege zur landeskunde , 23 : 39 - 46 , 1989\nlife cycle : the pupa hibernates . i found larvae in mid - july 2007 ( and also in 2011 and 2012 ) in northern greece in about 1000m above sea level . according to literature , eupithecia silenicolata has two generations with moths from may to june and july to august . probably there is only a partial second generation due to the phenology of the larval host plant .\neupithecia pernotata enictata new subspecies from southern finland lepidoptera geometridae larentiinae . notulae entomologicae 64 ( 2 ) : 54 - 56 , 1984\nnew eupithecia species and subspecies from asia and north africa lepidoptera geometridae . acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 227 - 236 , 1977\nnew species and subspecies of geometrid moths of the genus eupithecia curt . ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) from caucasus and transcaucasia . trudy zoologicheskogo instituta , 291 : 101 - 110 , 2001\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the larvae feed on silene species that are related to silene nutans . apparently the species is particularly found at silene paradoxa , where i found it in northern greece together with caterpillars of hadena adriana .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\ne . s . zengoensis ssp . nov . , a geometrid moth from southern hungary ( mt . mecsek area ) , is described . morphological , phenological , ecological and zoogeogrpahical considerations are included .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\naustria , bulgaria , hungary , greece , italy , corsica , romania , slovakia , france , yugoslavia .\nrf regions : west caucasus , middle - volzhsky , sredneobskaya , south ural .\naustria , bulgaria , hungary , greece ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , macedonia , romania , russia , slovakia , france ( mainland ) , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1419, "summary": [{"text": "fulvia is a genus of cockles , marine bivalve molluscs in the family cardiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "most species are found in the indo-pacific and in australian waters . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "fulvia ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 represented as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853\nsubgenus fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 represented as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853\nfulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\nsubgenus fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 accepted as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853\nfulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\n\u00bb species fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) represented as fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )\nspecies fulvia pulchra ( reeve , 1845 ) accepted as fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )\nworms - world register of marine species - fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )\nnotes : the phylogenetic position of the type species of this genus and its relation to the mycosphaerellaceae as well as to the genus pseudocercospora are still unknown and unproven . therefore , semipseudocercospora is only tentatively maintained as separate cercosporoid genus .\ncercospora platycerii chupp , a monograph of the fungus genus cercospora : 456 ( 1954 ) .\n\u00bb species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) prashadi vidal , 1994 accepted as fulvia ( laevifulvia ) hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) accepted as fulvia hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( synonym )\ncultures of the type species of this genus and results of molecular sequence analyses are necessary to resolve its phylogenetic position and clarify its relation to pseudocercospora . it is still unclear and unproven if this genus belongs in the mycosphaerellaceae . therefore , denticularia is tentatively retained as genus on its own .\nworms - world register of marine species - fulvia j . e . gray , 1853\nbasionym : cercospora lonchitidis chupp , a monograph of the fungus genus cercospora : 455 ( 1954 ) .\n\u00bb species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) accepted as fulvia hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( synonym )\nvidal , j . ( 1994 ) . a review of the genus fulvia gray , 1853 . ( mollusca , cardiidae ) . apex . 9 ( 4 ) : 93 - 118 . [ details ]\n( of fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter & hylleberg j . ( 2017 ) . fulvia kaarei spec . nov . , a new fulvia from vietnam ( bivalvia , cardiidae ) . basteria . 81 ( 4 - 6 ) : 111 - 118 . [ details ]\nworms - world register of marine species - fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )\nnotes : the phylogenetic position of this genus is unknown . it is quite unclear if it is part of the capnodiales and mycosphaerellaceae at all .\naddition and re - examination of japanese species belonging to the genus cercospora and allied genera . ix . newly recorded species from japan ( 4 )\ndelivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) ( from synonym cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym papyridea australe ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym laevicardium australe ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) to clemam ( from synonym cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) to clemam ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 4 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) to pesi ( from synonym cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) )\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) boholensis vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) ballieni vidal , 1994 accepted as laevicardium elatum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( synonym )\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) tenuicostata ( lamarck , 1819 ) ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n@ article { bhlpart149775 , title = { a review of the genus fulvia gray , 1853 ( mollusca , cardiidae ) } , journal = { apex / } , volume = { 9 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { bruxelles : la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 , 1986 - } , author = { } , year = { 1994 } , pages = { 93 - - 118 } , }\nfulvia cif . , atti ist . bot . univ . lab . critt . pavia , ser . 5 , 10 : 246 ( 1954 ) [ type species : f . fulva ( cooke ) cif . 1954 ] .\ndescription : dematiaceous hyphomycete genus resembling zasmidium ( in vivo with superficial mycelium , hyphae , conidiophores and solitary conidia pigmented , distinctly verruculose to verrucose ) , but the conidiogenous cells are terminal and intercalary , denticulate , with lateral short peg - like protuberances , conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened .\nnotes : morphologically close to asperisporium , but the conidiogenous loci and hila at the base of conidia are unthickened and not darkened . species of pseudoaspersporium are distinguished from superficially similar fusicladium species ( venturiaceae ) by having coarsely verruculose conidia . the phylogenetic affinity of this genus is , however , unclear and unproven .\nnotes : the type species , originally described as species of cercospora , was later reallocated to pseudocercospora ( braun 1993 ) . however , based on molecular sequence analyses , recently carried out by crous et al . ( 2013 ) , it was demonstrated that it represents an undescribed genus belonging to the pleosporales .\n( of fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia fagea voskuil & onverwagt , 1993 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia papyracea ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnotes : based on the phylogenetic position of its type species , crous et al . ( 2006 ) reduced stigmina to synonymy with pseudocercospora . therefore , the generic position of stigmina thujina has to be reassessed . due to its sporodochial conidiomata with frequently percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells and relatively thin - walled conidia , this species is rather cercostigmina - like ( braun 1993 ) , but the latter genus was reduced to synonymy with pseudocercospora . the type species of cercostigmina and additional species assigned to this genus cluster within the big pseudocercospora clade ( crous et al . 2001 , 2013 ; taylor et al . 2003 ) . furthermore , the conidiogenous cells of s . thujina are percurrent as well as sometimes sympodial . therefore , this species is better reallocated to pseudocercospora .\n( of fulvia pulchra ( reeve , 1845 ) ) hylleberg , j . 2009 . cardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum , previously the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ( zmuc ) . annotated and revised . part 2 ( of 2 ) . steenstrupia 31 : 103\u2013324 . [ details ]\n( of fulvia radiata ( reeve , 1845 ) ) hylleberg , j . 2009 . cardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum , previously the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ( zmuc ) . annotated and revised . part 2 ( of 2 ) . steenstrupia 31 : 103\u2013324 . [ details ]\ndescription : dematiaceous hyphomycete genus morphologically barely distinguishable from pseudocercospora , but phylogenetically distinct ; mycosphaerellaceae . mycelium in vivo internal . conidiophores macronematous , fasciculate , pigmented ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal or conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells , conidiogenous loci subconspicous by being circular with very slightly thickened and darkened - refractive rim . conidia solitary , scolecosporous , subhyaline to very pale olivaceous , hila very slightly thickened and darkened - refractive along the rim .\n( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium pallidum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium radiatum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia papyracea ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) ) brugui\u00e8re j . g . ( 1789 - 1792 ) . encyclopdie m\u00e9thodique ou par ordre de mati\u00e8res . histoire naturelle des vers , volume 1 . pancoucke , paris . pp . 1 - 344 [ june 1789 ] ; 345 - 758 [ 13 feb . 1792 ; dates after evenhuis , 2003 , zootaxa , 166 : 37 ; zootaxa , 207 ] ; atlas pl . 1 - 189 [ 1791 ] ; pl . 190 - 286 [ 1797 ] pl . 287 - 390 [ 1798 ] pl . 391 - 488 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 231 [ details ]\ngray , j . e . ( 1853 ) . a revision of the genera of some of the families of conchifera or bivalve shells . annals and magazine of natural history . ser . 2 , 11 : 33 - 44 , 398 - 402 . page ( s ) : 40 [ details ]\npoorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntype locality \u2018ad australiam , et ad mare sinense\u2019 ( australia and china sea ) . coll . cuming [ details ]\n( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) sowerby i , g . b . & sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1832 - 1841 ) . the conchological illustrations or , coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells . london , privately published . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 48th part , fig . 12 , 12a ; catalogue p . 1 [ probably issued 1841 ] [ details ]\n( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) sowerby i , g . b . & sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1832 - 1841 ) . the conchological illustrations or , coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells . london , privately published . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) spengler , l . ( 1799 ) . over det toskallede sl\u00e6gt , hiertemuslingen , cardium linn\u00e9i . skrivter af naturhistorie - selskabet , ki\u00f8benhavn . 5 ( 1 ) : 1 - 60 , pl . 1 . , available online at urltoken ; = dmdlog _ 0004 page ( s ) : 45 [ details ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npoorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of laevicardium australe ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) taylor j . d . , kennedy w . j . & hall a . ( 1973 ) . the shell structure and mineralogy of the bivalvia . ii . lucinacea - clavagellacea . conclusions . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , zoology , london 22 ( 9 ) : 253 - 294 , pl . 15 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of papyridea australe ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncity university of hong kong . ( 2013 ) . provision of services for species identification and data analysis ofepibenthic organisms from hong kong water . final report . environmental protection department . department of biology and chemistry , city university [ details ]\n( of cardium japonicum dunker , 1860 ) dunker , w . ( 1860 ) . neue japanische mollusken . malakozoologische bl\u00e4tter . 6 : 221 - 240 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium annae pilsbry , 1904 ) pilsbry , h . a . 1904b . new japanese marine mollusca : pelecypoda . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 56 : 550 - 561 , pls . 39 - 41 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cardium japonicum dunker , 1860 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium annae pilsbry , 1904 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ntype locality philippines , bohol , panglao isl . , \ufeff\u2018said to have been recovered at 80 fathoms\u2019 ( 146 m ) [ details ]\n( of cardium papyraceum brugui\u00e8re , 1879 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium pallidum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of laevicardium laevigatum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]\n( of cardium papyraceum schr\u00f6ter , 1788 ) schr\u00f6ter , j . s . in martini , f . h . w . ( 1788 ) vollstandiges alphabetisches namen - register \u00fcber alle zehn bande des von dem feel . herrn d . martini in berlin angefangenen , und vom herrn pastor chemnitz in kopenhagen fortgesetzten und vollenbeten systematisches conchylien - cabinets . n\u00fcrnberg , in der rasplichen buchhandlung , 1788 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium tenuicostatum lamarck , 1819 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1819 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome sixi\u00e8me , 1re partie . paris : published by the author , vi + 343 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium racketti donovan , 1825 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium tenuicostatum lamarck , 1819 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncercosporoid fungi ( mycosphaerellaceae ) 1 . species on other fungi , pteridophyta and gymnospermae\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncercosporoid fungi ( mycosphaerellaceae ) 1 . species on other fungi , pteridophyta and gymnospermae *\ncorresponding author e - mail : ed . ellah - inu . kinatob @ nuarb . ewu\n* in memoriam charles d . chupp ( 1886\u20131967 ) , the author of the first monograph of cercospora .\nyou are free to share - to copy , distribute and transmit the work , under the following conditions : attribution : you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor ( but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work ) . non - commercial : you may not use this work for commercial purposes . no derivative works : you may not alter , transform , or build upon this work . for any reuse or distribution , you must make clear to others the license terms of this work , which can be found at urltoken . any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder . nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author\u2019s moral rights .\nascomycota , cercospora s . lat . , conifers , ferns , fungicolous , hyphomycetes\nthe history and the evolution of concepts of cercosporoid genera was comprehensively discussed in deighton ( 1976 ) , braun ( 1995a ) and crous & braun ( 2003 ) as well as recently in crous et al . ( 2013 ) and groenewald et al . ( 2013 ) with special emphasis on pseudocercospora and cercospora , respectively . these treatments may be consulted for further details .\nattempts to separate cercospora into several subgeneric units have been made by penzes ( 1927 ) ( three sections : brachycercosporae , macrocercosporae and mediocercosporae ) and solheim ( 1930 ) ( 21 sections based on mycelium internal / external , conidiophores simple / branched , stroma and conidium shape ) , which are , however , barely practicable and not useful since these classifications were derived from a wide range of species of cercospora s . lat . that now belong to different genera . therefore , it is not surprising that these subgeneric concepts have never been applied by other authors .\ncercospora fresen . , in fuckel , hedwigia 2 : 133 ( 1863 ) [ and in fuckel , fungi rhen . exs . , fasc . ii , no . 117 , 1863 ] .\ntype species : cercospora penicillata ( ces . ) fresen . 1863 ( c . depazeoides ( desm . ) sacc . 1876 ) .\nsynonyms : virgasporium cooke , grevillea 3 : 182 ( 1875 ) [ type species : v . maculatum cooke 1875 ] .\ncercosporina speg . , anales mus . nac . buenos aires 20 : 424 ( 1910 ) [ type species : c . asparagicola speg . 1910 ] .\nliterature : chupp ( 1954 ) , vasudeva ( 1963 ) , katsuki ( 1965 ) , ellis ( 1976 : 244 ) , yen & lim ( 1980 : 152\u2013166 ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 20 ) , guo et al . ( 2005 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 11 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 128\u2013130 ) .\ndistocercospora pons & b . sutton , mycol . pap . 160 : 60 ( 1988 ) .\ntype species : distocercospora pachyderma ( syd . & p . syd . ) pons & b . sutton 1988 .\nliterature : braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 15 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 26 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 187 ) .\ntype species : passalora bacilligera ( mont . & fr . ) mont . & fr . 1849 .\nsynonyms : cercosporidium e . earle , muhlenbergia 1 : 16 ( 1901 ) [ type species : c . helleri e . earle 1901 ] .\nvellosiella rangel , bol . agric . ( s\u00e3o paulo ) , ser . 16 a , 2 : 151 ( 1915 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nmycovellosiella rangel , arch . jard . bot . rio de janeiro 2 : 71 ( 1917 ) [ type species : m . cajani ( henn . ) rangel ex trotter 1931 ] .\npassalora sect . mycovellosiella ( rangel ) a . hern . - gut . & dianese , mycotaxon 108 : 3 ( 2009 ) .\normathodium syd . , ann . mycol . 26 : 138 ( 1928 ) [ type species : o . styracis syd . 1928 ] , fide munta\u00f1ola ( 1960 ) .\nragnhildiana solheim , mycologia 23 : 365 ( 1931 ) [ type species : r . agerati ( f . stevens ) f . stevens & solheim 1931 ] .\ncercodeuterospora curzi , boll . staz . patol . veg . roma , ser . 2 , 12 : 149 ( 1932 ) [ type species : c . trichophila curzi 1932 ] .\nberteromyces cif . , sydowia 8 : 267 ( 1954 ) [ type species : b . aeneus cif . 1954 ] .\noreophyllum cif . , sydowia 8 : 253 ( 1954 ) [ type species : o . angelaemariae cif . 1954 ] .\nphaeoramularia munt . - cvetk . , lilloa 30 : 182 ( 1960 ) [ type species : p . gomphrenicola ( speg . ) munt . - cvetk . 1960 ] .\ntandonella s . s . prasad & r . a . b . verma , indian phytopathol . 23 : 111 ( 1970 ) [ type species : t . ziziphi s . s . prasad & r . a . b . verma 1970 ] .\nwalkeromyces thaung , trans . brit . mycol . soc . 66 : 213 ( 1976 ) [ type species : w . grewiae thaung 1976 ] .\npassalora sect . pseudophaeoisariopsis u . braun , dianese & a . hern . - gut . , mycotaxon 108 : 3 ( 2009 ) .\nliterature : deighton ( 1967 ) , ellis ( 1971 , 1976 , as cercosporidium ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 41 ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 16\u201317 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 135 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 21 ) , guo et al . ( 2003 : 65 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 101 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 331\u2013332 ) .\npseudocercospora cratevicola ( s , f42112 ) . a . conidiophore fascicles . b . conidiophores . c . conidia . bar = 10 \u03bcm .\nbasionym : napicladium cratevae syd . & p . syd . ( \u201c crataevae \u201d ) , ann . mycol . 11 : 329 ( 1913 ) , non pseudocercospora cratevae phengsintham et al . ( 2013 ) .\nsynonyms : macraea cratevae ( syd . & p . syd . ) subram . ( \u201c crataevae \u201d ) , proc . indian acad . sci , b , biol . sci . , 36 ( 4 ) : 164 \u201c1952\u201d ( 1953 ) .\nprathigada cratevae ( syd . & p . syd . ) subram . ( \u201c crataevae \u201d ) , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 367 ( 1956 ) .\nmaterial examined : india : madras : coimbatore , government farm , on crateva religiosa ( capparaceae ) , 5 feb . 1912 , w . mcrae , no . 9 ( s , f42112 , holotype ) . \u2013 japan : shizuoka , ito , on crateva formosensis , 29 sep . 1999 , t . kobayashi & c . nakashima ( cns 797 and hal 2597 f ) .\nbasionym : macraea punjabensis subram . , proc . indian acad . sci . , b , biol . sci . , 36 : 166 \u201c1952\u201d ( 1953 ) , non pseudocercospora punjabensis ( syd . ) u . braun & bagyan . , 1999 .\nsynonym : prathigada punjabensis ( subram . ) subram . , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 367 ( 1956 ) .\npassalora austroplenckiae ( a . hern\u00e1ndez - gutierrez & dianese ) u . braun , comb . nov .\nbasionym : prathigada austroplenckiae a . hern\u00e1ndez - gutierrez & dianese , mycotaxon 106 : 57 ( 2009 ) .\npassalora backmanii ( furlan . & dianese ) u . braun , comb . nov .\nbasionym : prathigada backmanii furlan . & dianese , mycol . res . 103 : 1203 ( 1999 ) .\npassalora condensata ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , comb . nov .\nbasionym : cercospora condensata ellis & kellerm . , j . mycol . 1 ( 1 ) : 2 ( 1885 ) .\nsynonym : prathigada condensata ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , cryptog . mycol . 20 : 166 ( 1999 ) .\npassalora gymnocladi ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , comb . nov .\nbasionym : cercospora gymnocladi ellis & kellerm . , bull . torrey bot . club 11 : 121 ( 1884 ) .\nsynonym : prathigada gymnocladi ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , sydowia 48 : 209 ( 1996 ) .\nbasionym : cercospora thalictri th\u00fcm . , contr . fl . mycol . lusat . 2 : 5 ( 1879 ) .\nsynonym : cercospora thalictri var . thalictri - flavi th\u00fcm . , mycoth . univ . : 1470 ( 1886 ) .\nprathigada thalictri ( th\u00fcm . ) u . braun , in braun & mel\u2019nik , trudy bot . inst . im . v . l . komarova 20 : 97 ( 1997 ) .\npseudocercospora speg . , anales mus . nac . buenos aires 20 : 438 , 1910 ( nom . cons . ) .\nsynonyms : stigmina sacc . , michelia 2 : 22 ( 1880 ) , nom . rej . [ type species : s . platani ( fuckel ) sacc . 1880 ] .\nphaeoisariopsis ferraris , ann . mycol . 7 : 280 ( 1909 ) , nom rej . [ type species : ph . griseola ( sacc . ) ferraris 1909 ] .\ncercosporiopsis miura , flora of manchuria and east mongolia , 3 , cryptogams : 527 ( 1928 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nseptoriopsis f . stevens & dalbey , mycologia 11 : 4 ( 1918 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\ncercoseptoria petr . , ann . mycol . 23 : 69 ( 1925 ) [ type species : c . chamaesyceae ( f . stevens & dalbey ) petr . 1925 ] .\nancyclospora sawada , rep . govt . agric . res . inst . taiwan 87 : 78 ( 1944 ) , nom . inval . ( art . 39 . 1 ) .\nhelicomina l . s . olive , mycologia 40 : 17 ( 1948 ) [ type species : h . caperoniae l . s . olive 1948 ] .\nmacraea subram . , proc . proc . indian acad . sci , section b , biol . sci . , 36 : 164 \u201c1952\u201d ( 1953 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nprathigada subram . , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 366 ( 1956 ) .\ncercocladospora g . p . agarwal & s . m . singh , proc . natl . acad . sci . india , b , 42 : 439 \u201c1972\u201d ( 1974 ) [ type species : c . andinae g . p . agarwal & s . m . singh 1974 ] .\ncercostigmina u . braun , cryptog . bot . 4 : 107 ( 1993 ) [ type species : c . concentrica ( cooke & ellis ) u . braun 1993 ] .\npseudophaeoramularia u . braun , trudy bot . inst . im . v . l . komarova 20 : 18 ( 1997 ) [ type species : p . geranii ( w . b . cooke & c . g . shaw ) u . braun 1997 ] .\nparacercospora p . p . [ see crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .\nliterature : deighton ( 1976 ) , yen & lim ( 1980 : 168\u2013190 ) , pons & sutton ( 1988 ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 42 ) , guo & hsieh ( 1995 ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 18 ) , guo et al . ( 1998 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 158 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 25 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 143 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 364\u2013367 ) .\npallidocercospora crous , stud . mycol . 75 : 73 ( 2012 ) [ 2013 ] .\npseudocercospora p . p . [ see crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .\ndescription : hyphomycetes ( asexual morphs or asexual holomorphs ) or pallidocercospora with mycosphaerella - like sexual morphs ; mycosphaerellaceae . phylogenetically distinct from pseudocercospora , forming a separate clade . in vivo morphologically indistinguishable from pseudocercospora , but in vitro forming red crystals on mea , pda , sna and wa .\ndescription : hyphomycetes ( asexual morphs or asexual holomorphs ) ; mycosphaerellaceae . phylogenetically distinct from pseudocercospora , belonging to the \u201c dothistroma clade\u201d . morphologically close to and barely distinguishable from former cercostigmina species ( cercostigmina - like pseudocercospora species ) , i . e . with unilocal , determinate to percurrent conidiogenous cells . hitherto monotypic ( the type species occurs in south africa on the legume colophospermum mopane ) .\ntype species : zasmidium cellare ( pers . : fr . ) fr . 1848 .\nsynonyms : biharia thirum . & mishra , sydowia 7 : 79 ( 1953 ) [ type species : b . vangueriae thirum . & mishra 1953 ] .\nstenellopsis b . huguenin , bull . trimestriel soc . mycol . france 81 : 695 ( 1966 ) [ type species : st . fagraeae b . huguenin 1966 ] .\nverrucispora d . e . shaw & alcorn , proc . linn . soc . new south wales 92 : 171 ( 1967 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nverrucisporota d . e . shaw & alcorn , austral . syst . bot . 6 : 273 ( 1993 ) [ type species : v . proteacearum d . e . shaw & alcorn 1993 ] .\nstenella p . p . [ see braun et al . ( 2010a , b ) ] .\nliterature : deighton ( 1979 : 52\u201354 , as stenella ) , ellis ( 1976 : 307\u2013314 , as stenella ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 21 ) , braun et al . ( 2010a , b ) , shivas et al . ( 2009 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 478 ) .\ndescription : morphologically agreeing with plant pathogenic zasmidium species , except for pileate conidiogenous loci . phylogenetically belonging in the teratosphaeriaceae ( in its current circumscription monotypic ) . stenella araguata was redescribed in ellis ( 1971 ) .\nasperisporium maubl . , lavoura 16 : 212 , \u201c1912\u201d ( 1913 ) and bull . trimestriel soc . mycol . france 29 : 357 ( 1913 ) .\nliterature : ellis ( 1971 : 273\u2013274 ; 1976 : 240\u2013243 ) , sutton ( 1975 : 182\u2013185 ) , von arx ( 1983 ) , braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 14 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 13 ) , minnis et al . ( 2011 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 95 ) .\nliterature : deighton ( 1969 : 33\u201339 ) , ellis ( 1971 : 303 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 145 ) .\ndenticularia deighton , trans . brit . mycol . soc . 59 : 421 ( 1972 ) .\nliterature : ellis ( 1976 : 182\u2013183 ) , braun ( 1995a : 42 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 23 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 176 ) .\nnotes : morphologically close to pseudocercospora ( leaf spotting hyphomycetes with unthickened , not darkened conidiogenous loci and hila ) , but the conidiogenous loci are distinctly denticle - like , and the catenate conidia are non - scolecosporous , only with 0\u20131 ( \u20133 ) septa .\nliterature : braun ( 1995a : 37 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 17 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 193 ) .\nliterature : ellis ( 1971 : 248\u2013249 ) , rao et al . ( 1982 : 1155 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 199 ) .\neriocercosporella r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal ex u . braun , monogr . cercosporella , ramularia 2 : 398 ( 1998 ) .\ntype species : eriocercosporella indica r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal ex u . braun 1998 .\nsynonym : eriocercosporella r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal , indian phytopathol . 47 : 127 ( 1994 ) , nom . inval .\ndictyocephala a . g . medeiros , publ . univ . recife inst . micol . 373 : 13 ( 1962 ) [ type species : d . ulmifoliae ( obreg . - bot . ) a . g . medeiros 1962 ] .\nliterature : deighton ( 1976 : 156\u2013159 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 23 ) , minnis et al . ( 2011 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 325 ) .\ndescription : foliicolous hyphomycetes , associated with leaf spots , mycosphaerellaceae . mycelium internal ; hyphae colourless or almost so . stromata developed , pigmented . conidiophores macronematous , in dense coremioid fascicles or synnemata , septate , pigmented , thin - walled , smooth ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal , proliferation sympodial and percurrent , conidiogenous loci planate to slightly convex , neither thickened nor darkened ( pseudocercospora - like ) . conidia formed singly , shape variable , ellipsoid - ovoid , fusiform , clavate to obclavate , didymo - to scolecosporous , with 1\u201311 transverse eusepta and often a single or few oblique to longitudinal septa , hila neither thickened nor darkened .\nliterature : crous & braun ( 2003 : 22 ) , crous et al . ( 2012 ) .\ntype species : parastenella magnoliae ( weedon ) j . c . david 1991 .\nsynonym : stenellopsis morgan - jones , mycotaxon 10 : 405 ( 1980 ) , nom illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nliterature : braun ( 1995a : 41 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 330 ) .\nliterature : ellis ( 1971 : 297\u2013299 ) , braun ( 1995a : 37 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 14 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 367 ) .\nnotes : the phylogenetic affinity of p . venezuelanum and its relation to the mycosphaerellaceae are unknown . pseudocercosporidium resembles passalora , but the structure of the conidiogenous loci is quite distinct and closer to scars of genera like neoovularia and pseudodidymaria ( braun 1998 ) .\nquasiphloeospora b . sutton , crous & shamoun , mycol . res . 100 : 979 ( 1996 ) .\ntype species : quasiphloeospora saximontanensis ( deighton ) b . sutton , crous & shamoun 1996 .\nliterature : deighton ( 1983 : 7\u20138 ) , braun ( 1998 : 400\u2013401 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 14 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 376\u2013377 ) .\ndescription : cercosporoid hyphomycetes characterised by forming large immersed sporodochium - like conidiomata with filiform , somewhat pigmented , irregularly verruculose conidiophores , aseptate , i . e . reduced to conidiogenous cells , monoblastic , determinate or sympodially to percurrently proliferating , with slightly thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci , and very pale to somewhat pigmented scolecosporous conidia formed singly .\nscolecostigmina u . braun , new zealand j . bot . 37 : 323 ( 1999 ) .\ntype species : scolecostigmina mangiferae ( koord . ) u . braun & mouch . 1999 .\nstigmina p . p . [ see braun ( 1999 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .\nliterature : crous & braun ( 2003 : 24 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 74\u201375 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 396 ) .\ndescription : scolecostigmina is morphologically close to pseudocercospora , above all to former cercostigmina species ( leaf spotting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with sporodochial conidiomata , macronematous densely fasciculate conidiophores , percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells , neither thickened nor darkened applanate loci , and scolecosporous , plurieuseptate , pigmented conidia formed singly ) , but the wall of the conidiophores is somewhat thickened and mostly verruculose , possesses conspicuous , coarse annellations and the conidia are transversely and occasionally also obliquely or longitudinally septate .\ntype species : semipseudocercospora peristrophes - acuminatae ( j . m . yen ) j . m . yen 1983 .\ndescription : morphologically close to pseudocercospora ( leaf spotting hyphomycetes with unthickened , not darkened conidiogenous loci and hila ) , but the conidiogenous cells are not geniculate , i . e . not distinctly sympodially proliferating , the conidiogenous loci are distinctly denticle - like , and the solitary conidia are didymo - to phragmosporous , i . e . not scolecosporous .\ntype species : sirosporium antenniforme ( berk . & m . a . curtis ) bub\u00e1k & serebrian . 1912 .\nliterature : ellis ( 1963 : 2\u201311 ; 1971 : 288\u2013290 ; 1976 : 299\u2013303 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , mel\u2019nik ( 2000 : 284\u2013288 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 18 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 404 ) .\ndescription : morphologically close to passalora , i . e . above all mycovellosiella - like ( leaf spotting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with internal and external mycelium , superficial hyphae giving rise to solitary conidiophores , lateral and terminal , conidiophores may also be formed in fascicles , conspicuous conidiogenous loci and hila , thickened and darkened , conidia solitary , size , shape and septation variable ) , but the conidia are relatively thick - walled and at least partly dictyosporous .\nseveral hyphomycete genera have previously been considered to be and treated as cercosporoid genera , but based on modern phylogenetic examinations they are not part of the family mycosphaerellaceae and the corresponding clade , i . e . they belong elsewhere and are not cercosporoid s . str . species of such genera are not treated here :\nmiuraea hara , byochugai - hoten ( manual of pests and diseases ) : ( 260 ) , 779 ( 1948 ) .\ntype species : miuraea degenerans ( syd . & p . syd . ) hara 1948 .\nliterature : von arx ( 1983 : 39 ) , braun ( 1995a : 218\u2013223 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 293 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 69 ) .\nphaeomycocentrospora crous , h . d . shin & u . braun , stud . mycol . 75 : 61 ( 2012 ) [ 2013 ] [ pleosporales ]\ntype species : phaeomycocentrospora cantuariensis ( e . s . salmon & wormald ) crous , h . d . shin & u . braun 2013 .\nliterature : von arx ( 1981 , 1983 ) , braun ( 1990 : 71 ; 1995a : 211\u2013215 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 22 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 437 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 61 ) .\nxenostigmina crous , mycol . mem . 21 : 154 ( 1998 ) [ pleosporales , phaeosphaeriaceae ]\nnotes : xenostigmina and its synasexual morphs in mycopappus belong to the pleosporales ( crous et al . 2013 ) , i . e . they are not part of the mycosphaerellaceae , in contrast to stigmina s . str . which has been reduced to synonym with pseudocercospora ( crous et al . 2006 ) .\nexpanded keys to cercosporoid genera and morphologically similar and confusable genera have been published in braun ( 1995a : 23\u201336 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 28\u201332 ) and braun in seifert et al . ( 2011 : 887\u2013893 ) .\n1 saprobic or biotrophic , plant pathogenic hyphomycetes , causing various lesions , mostly leaf - spotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2\nhyperparasitic ( pathogenic on other fungi ) or strictly fungicolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\n2 ( 1 ) very large immersed sporodochium - like conidiomata , about 40\u2013130 \u03bcm diam , with filiform , somewhat pigmented , irregularly verruculose conidiophores , aseptate , i . e . reduced to conidiogenous cells , monoblastic , determinate or sympodially to percurrently proliferating , with slightly thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci , and pale ( subhyaline ) to somewhat pigmented scolecosporous conidia formed singly ; on\nwith other characters or combinations of characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\nsolitary or in small loose fascicles ( groups ) emerging through stomata , laxly erect , frequently branched , very pale brown ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal , intercalary or pleurogenous ( as lateral branchlets ) , conidiogenous loci conspicuous , protruding , convex ( papilla - like ) , but wall of the loci neither distinctly thickened nor darkened , only somewhat refractive ; conidia solitary , didymo - to scolecosporous , pigmented ( deeper in pigmentation than the conidiophores ) , hila neither thickened nor darkened other characters or combinations of characters ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nwith conidiogenous loci different , not papilla - like , but truncate , either inconspicuous or more denticle - like , but always unthickened and not darkened , or with conspicuously thickened and darkened - refractive loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4\n4 ( 3 ) conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened or subconspicuous by being more rigid or denticle - like , but wall of the loci always unthickend and not darkened , at most somewhat refractive , or only slightly thickened and darkened around the rim ( formed as minute somewhat darker rim visible as darker circle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\nconidiogenous loci conspicuous , thickened and darkened throughout , except for a very minute centre pore ( in front view visible as minute dark circle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\n, hyphae verruculose - verrucose ; conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary , denticulate , with lateral short peg - like protuberances , conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nsuperficial hyphae in vivo lacking or , if present , smooth or almost so ; with genuine conidiophores , at least not with consistently peg - like protuberances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\nconidiophores in vivo solitary , fasciculate or in sporodochia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\nconidia usually consistenty transversely septate ; on other hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pseudocercospora ( synnematous species )\n8 ( 6 ) conidiophores in sporodochial conidiomata ; wall of the densely arranged conidiophores somewhat thickened and mostly distinctly verruculose , forming conspicuous , coarse annellations ; conidia transversely and occasionally also obliquely or longitudinally septate , wall often somewhat thickened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores thin - walled , rarely somewhat thickened , but then always smooth , annellations lacking or if present fine and rather inconspicuous ; conidia usually thin - walled and transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\n9 ( 8 ) conidiophores in dense fascicles or in sporodochial conidiomata , distinctly verruculose ; conidia solitary , didymo - to phragmosporous , distinctly verruculose - verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores and conidia smooth or almost so , at most faintly rough - walled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\n10 ( 9 ) conidiogenous cells with distinct denticles ; conidia amero - to phragmosporous , i . e . not scolecosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nconidiogenous cells not denticulate or only subdenticulate ( conidiogenous loci on shoulders caused by sympodial proliferation ) and then scolecosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\n11 ( 10 ) conidiogenous cells not geniculate , i . e . not distinctly sympodially proliferating , conidiogenous loci formed as distinct terminal to lateral denticles ; conidia solitary , didymo - to phragmosporous ; on\nconidiogenous cells sympodially proliferating ; conidia catenate , 0\u20131 ( \u20133 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . denticularia\nconidiogenesis holoblastic ; width of loci and conidium initials different , narrowed at the attachment point between conidiogenous cells and conidium initial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nwithout red crystals ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores solitary or fasciculate ; morphologically barely distinguishable from pseudocercospora , but phylogenetically distinct and with red crystals in vitro ( p . heimii complex ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pallidocercospora\nalso verruculose ) ; conidia smooth or almost so to mostly verruculose - verrucose as well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nsuperficial hyphae in vivo lacking or , if present , smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nconidiogenous loci planate ( cercospora - like ) [ mycosphaerellaceae ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zasmidium\n] ; conidia always colourless , usually scolecosporous , acicular , filiform , obclavate - cylindrical , and pluriseptate , rarely amero - to phragmosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores and conidia pigmented , at least faintly olivaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\n17 ( 16 ) conidia consistently distoseptate ; conidiophores mostly frequently branched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidia aseptate to euseptate or at most few distosepta mixed with eusepta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\n18 ( 17 ) conidia distinctly ( usually coarsely ) verruculose - verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\nconidia smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\n19 ( 18 ) conidiophores mostly numerous in dense sporodochial conidiomata ; conidia solitary , usually amero - to phragmosporous , occasionally with longitudinal or oblique septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores fasciculate ; conidia solitary , but scolecosporous , only transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zasmidium ( p . p . , species without superficial hyphae in vivo )\nconidia solitary to catenate , amero - to scolecosporous , not rostrate , usually thin - walled ; in vivo with or without superficial mycelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nwith solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae ; conidia scolecosporous , fairly thick - walled , with transverse and occasionally also longitudinal and oblique septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nin vivo with internal or internal and external hyphae ; conidia amero - to scolecosporous , thin - walled , transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\n22 ( 21 ) conidia solitary or catenate ; conidiogenous loci and conidial hila always distinctly thickened and darkened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidia catenate ; conidiogenous loci subconspicuous , ranging from inconspicuous to conspicuous by being somewhat darkened - refractive , but always unthickened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see pseudocercospora p . p . ( incl . pseudophaeoramularia )\nin vivo with solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae ; conidiogenous loci not denticle - like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\n24 ( 23 ) conidia catenate ; conidiogenous loci somewhat thickened and darkened ; on cercosporoid hyphomycetes and rusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidia solitary ; conidiogenous loci subconspicuous , unthickened , not or only slightly darkened - refractive ; on sooty moulds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eriocercospora\nconidiophores very long , about 25\u2013500 \u03bcm ; on rust fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2\nconidiophores much shorter , about 8\u201340 \u03bcm ; on cercosporoid hyphomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\nstromata lacking ; conidia ( 7\u2013 ) 15\u201340 ( \u201350 ) \u00d7 3 . 5\u20134 . 5 \u03bcm , ( 0\u2013 ) 1\u20132 ( \u20135 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . uredinicola\nstromata well - developed and large , 20\u201390 ( \u2013150 ) \u03bcm diam ; conidia broader , 4\u20136 . 5 \u03bcm , ( 0\u2013 ) 1 ( \u20133 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . uredines\nconidia much shorter , 9\u201315 \u00d7 3\u20134 \u03bcm , 0\u20133 - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . deightonii\ncladosporiella cercosporicola deighton , mycol . pap . 101 : 35 ( 1965 ) .\n2 . cladosporiella cercosporoides ( k ( m ) imi 107538b ) . 3 . c . deightonii ( hal 1649 f ) . 4 . c . uredinicola ( k ( m ) imi 43280b ) . 5 . c . uredinis ( k ( m ) imi 16432b ) . a . solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae . b . superficial hyphae . c . conidia . d . conidiophore fascicles . e . conidiophore tips . bar = 10 \u03bcm .\nillustrations : deighton ( 1965 : 36 , fig . 14 ) , ellis ( 1971 : 303 , fig . 209 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 709 , fig . 227b ) .\nholotype : sabah : on passalora koepkei , mycosphaerellaceae , on saccharum officinarum , poaceae , 1964 , j . solomon ( k ( m ) imi 107538b ) .\nillustration : casta\u00f1eda & braun ( 1989 : 45 , fig . 9 ) .\ntypes : cuba : los corrales de guisa , granma , on cercospora coffeicola , mycosphaerellaceae , on coffea arabica , rubiaceae , 24 june 1987 , r . f . casta\u00f1eda ( inifat c87 / 171 - holotype ; hal 1649 f \u2013 isotype ) .\ncladosporiella uredinicola deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 33 ( 1969 ) .\nholotype : sierra leone : dodo , on uredosori of puccinia eucomi , pucciniaceae , on andropogon auriculatus , poaceae , 15 apr . 1940 , f . c . deighton ( k ( m ) imi 43280b ) .\nhost range and distribution : on uredo - and teleutosori of rust fungi , on puccinia eucomi , pucciniaceae , and ravenelia zygiae , raveneliaceae , africa ( sierra leone ) .\ncladosporiella uredinis deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 36 ( 1969 ) .\ntypes : philippines : on uredosori ( uredo sp . ) on scirpus grossus , cyperaceae , 20 mar . 1913 , p . w . graff , sydow , fungi exot . exs . 444 ( p . p . ) ( k ( m ) imi 164332b \u2013 holotype ; sydow , fungi exot . exs . 444 ( e . g . bpi 420980 ) \u2013 isotypes ) .\nhost range and distribution : on uredo - and teleutosori of rust fungi , on puccinia ( polygoni - amphibi , scleriae , solmsii , thaliae ) and uredo sp . , pucciniaceae , asia ( india , malaysia , philippines ) , west indies ( trinidad ) .\nholotype : cuba : prov . pinar del rio : soroa , on living leaves of blechnum occidentale l . , blechnaceae , 11 mar . 1987 , r . f . casta\u00f1eda ( inifat c87 / 82 ) .\nnotes : this is a foliicolous species with very long , simple or branched , pigmented , 8\u201315 - septate conidiophores , 180\u2013300 \u00d7 6\u20137 \u03bcm , ramoconidia and extremely long , brown conidia , 100\u2013310 \u00d7 4\u20135 \u03bcm , with 15\u201330 ( \u201335 ) septa . the generic affinity of this unusual species is quite unclear .\nconidiophores very long , 100\u2013250 \u03bcm , frequently branched ; conidia 12\u201360 \u00d7 ( 4\u2013 ) 5\u20137 . 5 ( \u201310 ) \u03bcm , ( 0\u2013 ) 2\u20134 ( \u20136 ) - septate , very pale olivaceous ; on phyllachora parasitica and phyllachora sp . , africa , north and south america . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . parasitica\nconidiophores shorter , 85\u2013120 \u03bcm , unbranched ; conidia 17\u201323 \u00d7 7\u20139 \u03bcm , ( 1\u2013 ) 2 ( \u20133 ) - septate , pale olivaceous - ochraceous ; on phyllachora shiraiana , asia , japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . ochracea\nelletevera ochracea ( yam 24294 ) . a . conidiophores arising from stroma cells . b . conidiophores . c . conidiophore tip . d . conidia . bar = 10 \u03bcm .\nholotype : japan : yamaguchi pref . : nishiki - cho , mt . jakuchi , on stromata of phyllachora shiraiana , phyllachoraceae , on leaves of sasa palmata , poaceae , 6 may 1985 , k . katumoto ( yam 24294 ) .\nelletevera parasitica ( ellis & everh . ) deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 19 ( 1969 ) .\nelletevera parasitica ( ny , holotype ) . a . conidiophores . b . conidia . bar = 10 \u03bcm .\nbasionym : pyricularia parasitica ellis & everh . , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 45 : 462 \u201c1893\u201d ( 1894 ) .\nsynonym : pyricularia grisea var . parasitica ellis & everh . , in sumstine , mycologia 41 : 13 ( 1949 ) , nom . nud .\nillustrations : deighton ( 1969 : 19 , fig . 11 and pl . 1 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 701 , fig . 219c ) ."]}
{"id": 1426, "summary": [{"text": "the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a small mustelid that is the only member of the genus lyncodon .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its geographic range is the pampas of western argentina and sections of chile .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "an early mention of the animal is in the journal of syms covington , who sailed with charles darwin on his epic voyage aboard hms beagle . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "patagonian weasel", "paragraphs": ["main characteristics patagonian weasels have a body length between 30 and 35 cms ( 12 - 13 . 75 inches ) , a tail length between 6 and 9 cms ( 2 . 4 - 3 . 5 inches ) and they weigh approximately 225 g ( 7 . 9 oz ) . they are whitish in colour with some brown and black tones mixed in . habitat patagonian weasels can be found in south america . subspecies subspecies of the patagonian weasel include : lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus lyncodon patagonicus thomasi interesting facts little is known about patagonian weasels but it is assumed their habits are similar to those of other species of weasel . similar animals african striped weasel back - striped weasel colombian weasel least weasel japanese weasel long - tailed weasel malayan weasel mountain weasel\npatagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) creator : the beeg one uxp : countries of the world . . .\nimage - patagonian weasel ( the beeg one ) . png | zt2 download library wiki | fandom powered by wikia\nthe females are called ' bitch , doe or jill ' and males ' buck , dog , hub or jack ' . a patagonian weasel group is called a ' boogle ' .\nthe patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a larger mustelid of the south american pampas . it is about 30\u201335 cm ( 12\u201314 inches ) long , excluding the 6\u20139 - cm ( 2 . 5\u20133 . 5 - inch ) tail . that weasel is grayish with dark brown underparts and a white stripe running across the forehead to the sides\u2026\nthis weasel has reportedly been kept by some ranchers as a working pet to destroy rats ( nowak , 1999 ) .\nthe patagonian weasel is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthe specific food habits of patagonian weasels are little known , but the fact that this species has reduced molars and well - formed carnassials suggests that it is primarily carnivorous ( ewer , 1973 ) . patagonian weasels have been noted to enter burrows of\npatagonian weasel is found in temperate arid and semiarid portions of argentina and southern chile ( prevosti and pardi\u00f1as 2001 ) . it is known to occur from salta province south along the western part of the country to santa cruz province , and then into chile along the southern argentine border ( schiaffini\n. the little research there is on this species suggests that patagonian weasels are found in pampas habitats that have light - colored substrates excluding deserts ( gittleman , 1996 ) .\nthe patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a small , rare , and little known carnivore . its distribution , which includes several fossil and historical records , spans western argentina and southern chile . according to recent studies , its populations are declining , affecting its conservation . in this paper we report a new locality of occurrence for the species based on a photographed . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe patagonian weasel lyncodon patagonicus is a small mustelid that lives in the southern cone of south america ( argentina and chile ) . the species is known from relatively few direct observations and collected specimens . in this paper we review available data about l . patagonicus to assess its conservation status . information about its natural history is largely anecdotal , and suggests that it . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe little research there is on this species suggests that patagonian weasels are found in pampas habitats that have light - colored substrates excluding deserts ( gittleman , 1996 ) . ( full text )\nfuture studies are needed to confirm the presence of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus as a common feature of l . patagonicus . it is reasonable to think that these muscles , together with the other myological and osteological modifications discussed , could represent an adaptation of the forepaw for fine digital control and for firmly grasping prey . hunting behavior data from future ecological studies of the patagonian weasel are needed to support this inference .\nthe mating system and behavior of patagonian weasles remains unknown at this time . however , most mustelids associate only briefly during the mating season . males have territories that overlap with those of several females and they monitor their reproductive state through chemical cues .\nthe mean values of the ratio mciii / phiii ( table 1 ) indicate that l . patagonicus possesses the relative longest proximal phalanx ( i . e . , 1 . 32 ; the lowest value of the ratio ) in comparison with other weasel - like musteloids and the whole sample . the length of the proximal phalanx of digit iii of l . patagonicus is equivalent to the 76 % of the length of the metacarpal iii , a very different condition to the sister taxa , galictis spp . ( ranging 56\u201363 % ) .\nranges from 300 to 350 mm , with the tail adding an additional 60 to 90 mm ( nowak , 1999 ) . patagonian weasels have a dental formula of 3 / 3 , 1 / 1 , 2 / 2 , 1 / 1 = 28 ( mares , 1989 ) . they have very small ears that are covered by the surrounding fur . generally , the the fur is whitish with some dark brown and black tones intermixed . from the top of the head to along its backside there is a distinguishable broad white or yellowish band of fur .\n. . . ( 1 ) san rafael ( roig , 1965 ) , ( 2 ) macach\u00edn ( prevosti & pardi\u00f1as , 2001 ) , ( 3 ) bonifacio ( pocock , 1926 ) , ( 4 ) rinc\u00f3n grande ( doering , 1881 ) , ( 5 ) carmen de patagones ( doering , 1881 ) , ( 6 ) 9 km se los menucos ( prevosti & pardi\u00f1as , 2001 ) , ( 7 ) puesto horno , ea . maquinchao ( teta , prevosti , & trejo , 2008 ) , ( 8 ) puerto madryn ( prevosti et al . , 2009 ) , ( 9 ) puerto pir\u00e1mide ( prevosti & pardi\u00f1as , 2001 ) , ( 10 ) cueva del tigre ( trajano , 1991 ) . terrestial ecoregions are colored as follows ( from north - east to south - west ) : humid pampas , espinal , low monte and patagonian steppe ( olson & dinerstein , 2002 ) . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because there is no reason to believe that it approaches the thresholds for a threatened category or even near threatened . however , there is little available indication , and no hard information on current population status or trend , or on major threats . it is a poorly known species with few specimens deposited in museum collections ( redford and eisenberg 1992 , prevosti and pardi\u00f1as 2001 , prevosti et al . 2009 ) . recent investigations have added new localities , and expanded the known range , but further work is needed for a full understanding of range . it is possible that this species might be found to be appropriately listed on a threat category , if the impacts of habitat conversion , retaliatory killing and hunting are found to be much more severe than are presently assumed .\nhas been recorded from sea - level up to 2 , 000 m a . s . l . ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) .\nthis species is suspected to be rare and to occur at low densities across its range ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . miller et al . ( 1983 ) considered it to be rare in chile , and only two recent records ( both pre - 1966 ) exist for the country ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . new locality records were reported for northern patagonia , argentina ( teta et al . 2008 ) reaching 53 confirmed recent records ( prevosti et al . 2009 , schiaffini et al . 2013 ) .\nlyncodon patagonicus is found in herbaceous and shrub steppes and xerophytic woodlands ( osgood 1943 , prevosti and pardi\u00f1as 2001 ) . its habits are little known ; available data indicate that it is nocturnal - crepuscular and that it preys on fossorial rodents and birds ( koslowsky 1904 , cabrera and yepes 1940 , redford and eisenberg 1992 ) . it is perhaps associated with tuc - tuc ctenomys communities ( koslowsky 1904 ) .\nthere are likely to be few direct threats to this species , although habitat degradation ( through domestic sheep grazing ) and occasional killing by ranchers are local threats ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . retaliatory killing ( as a predator of small livestock ) and hunting might also be threats , at least locally .\nthis species is not often seen in the wild or collected . it is possible \u2013 even likely \u2013 that it occurs in several protected areas in western and southern patagonia in argentina ( nahuel huapi , lanin , lago puelo , los alerces , perito moreno , and los glaciares national parks ) , although most of these comprise mainly forested habitats , rather than the open terrain used by this species . for a clearer understanding of distribution , abundance and natural history , further survey is necessary , using techniques appropriate for the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhas a distribution within the neotropical region . its range is from the southern and western parts of argentina into chile ( redford and eisenberg , 1992 ) .\nhas short legs , a long body , and a short bushy tail ( redford and eisenberg , 1992 ) .\nis as unknown as the rest of the species ' reproductive behavior . as in all mammals , the female nurses her young . mustelids in general produce altricial young , which reside in a den or burrow until their eyes are open and they are able to walk . at this time , young weasels typically accompany their mother on foraging trips .\nin pursuit of prey . a defensive behavior of this species is that when it is cornered , the neck pelage will be erected . it is reportedly active at dusk and at night .\nbecause the dietary habits of this animal are not known , it is difficult to speculate on the role it plays within its ecosystem . however ,\nkaren malek ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nmammals of the neotropics - the southern cone volume 2 - chile , argentina , uruguay , paraguay .\nto cite this page : malek , k . 2003 .\nlyncodon patagonicus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nthis page was last edited on 25 may 2017 , at 15 : 39 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nla musculatura intr\u00ednseca del autopodio de los mam\u00edferos est\u00e1 compuesta por un n\u00famero de grupos musculares relativamente estable . en este trabajo nosotros presentamos el primer estudio miol\u00f3gico de lyncodon patagonicus , un must\u00e9lido de am\u00e9rica del sur pobremente conocido tanto en aspectos morfol\u00f3gicos como ecol\u00f3gicos . los m\u00fasculos intr\u00ednsecos t\u00edpicos de la mano de lyncodon son similares a los presentes en el tax\u00f3n hermano galictis , aunque presenta algunas variaciones , incluyendo la presencia de subdivisiones adicionales y algunas inserciones relativamente m\u00e1s distales . una caracter\u00edstica distintiva fue la presencia de una novedosa serie de m\u00fasculos nunca antes descripta para un mam\u00edfero . estos m\u00fasculos , aqu\u00ed denominados mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus , est\u00e1n representados por un vientre medial y uno lateral para cada d\u00edgito , ubicados inmediatamente distales a los mm . flexores breves profundi . distalmente , estos se ubican a los lados de los tendones de estos \u00faltimos , en el aspecto palmar de la serie falangeal , insert\u00e1ndose en los tub\u00e9rculos flexores de las falanges distales de cada d\u00edgito . nosotros proponemos que la incorporaci\u00f3n de estos m\u00fasculos a la musculatura de la mano de lyncodon , sumado a otras caracter\u00edsticas osteo - miol\u00f3gicas , podr\u00eda implicar una adaptaci\u00f3n morfo - funcional distintiva , posibilitando una mayor fuerza de flexi\u00f3n e independencia en los movimientos digitales , posiblemente utilizada por el tax\u00f3n durante la manipulaci\u00f3n de presas durante la caza . esta funci\u00f3n debe ser confirmada por futuros estudios ecol\u00f3gicos y comportamentales para esta especie .\nthe mm . flexores breves profundi are commonly present in mammals , although reduced in number or size in some lineages ( e . g . , macropodids , some rodents , manis , most xenarthrans , and many ungulates\u2014 humphry 1869 ; galton 1870 ; young 1880 ; windle and parsons 1899 ; kesner 1986 ; fisher et al . 2007 ; rocha - barbosa et al . 2007 ) . their ancestral arrangement consists of a pair per digit ( lewis 1989 ) , located superficial to the dorsal layer , and with flexor functions . the mm . intermetacarpales may be absent , reduced , or fused with the mm . flexores breves profundi in many mammal lineages ( diogo and abdala 2010 ) , such as carnivorans ( young 1880 ; windle and parsons 1897 ; mcmurrich 1903 ) . there are 4 in the ancestral condition ( lewis 1989 ) , located between adjacent metacarpals , with abductor functions , which are functionally linked with the more palmar abductors and opponens muscles of digits i and v .\nin addition to the variant mentioned above , there exist at least 2 particular modifications that affect the general scheme of the mm . interossei . the first occurs when a group of fibers slips off and spans transversally between the insertions of the other mm . interossei deriving in , for example , the \u201cpalmaris transversus\u201d of arborimus ( kesner 1986 ) , the \u201ctransversus\u201d of manis ( humphry 1869 ) , the \u201ctransverse adductor indicis\u201d of dasypus ( windle and parsons 1899 ) , and an innominate muscle in hystrix ( parsons 1894 : 272 ) . a second kind of modification was described by humphry ( 1869 ) in sloths , in which an additional and secondary set of mm . interossei named \u201cphalangeal interossei\u201d originates from the second phalanges and inserts together with the other mm . interossei onto the extensor tubercles .\nlyncodon patagonicus , living specimen photographed in chubut , argentina , by dar\u00edo podest\u00e1 . note the slender and gracile digits of the forepaw .\nin line with prior contributions about the myology of south american mustelids ( ercoli et al . 2013 , 2015 ) , we carried out exhaustive dissections on l . patagonicus , a species for which myological studies are lacking . here , we describe the intrinsic muscles of the forepaw , and identify a strikingly novel series of forepaw muscles , not present in any other carnivoran species and , as far as we know , in any other mammal .\nthe detailed muscular anatomy of the forepaw of lyncodon is similar in many aspects to that described for galictis cuja ( ercoli et al . 2015 ; fig . 2 ) , which is expected because galictis and lyncodon are sister genera ( sato et al . 2012 ) . as in g . cuja , lyncodon possesses the same set of intrinsic musculature of the manus ( i . e . , m . palmaris brevis , 4mm . lumbricales , m . abductor digiti v , m . opponens digiti v , m . abductor et opponens digiti i , 3mm . adductores digitorum , 10mm . flexores breves profundi , m . abductor digiti ii , and m . abductor digiti iv , while the m . flexor digitorum brevis manus is absent ) . next , we describe these muscles , highlighting the distinctive features of l . patagonicus , while the features not detailed here should be considered as identical to those described for g . cuja ( ercoli et al . 2015 ) .\ndrawing showing the muscles of the manus , before a ) and after removal b ) the m . flexor digitorum superficialis , m . flexor digitorum profundus , m . abductor et opponens digiti i , m . abductor digiti v , m . opponens digiti v , and the mm . lumbricales .\nthe m . palmaris brevis presents a different configuration compared to galictis . as usual , it originates from the fascia that covers the carpus at the level of the accessory carpal bone , but this muscle inserts at the level of the metacarpal i , via 2 tendons , onto an additional belly of the m . palmaris longus that corresponds to digit i .\nthe 4mm . lumbricales ( fig . 2a ) are represented by independent bellies that originate from the tendons of the m . flexor digitorum profundus at the level of the carpus instead of the metacarpals , as was described for galictis . they insert via thin tendons onto the medial surface of the base of the proximal phalanges or the middle one ( for the case of digit iii ) .\nthe m . opponens digiti v ( fig . 2a ) originates from the ligament distal to the accessory carpal bone , the medial surface of the accessory itself , and from metacarpal v and its proximal sesamoid , as was described for most of the cases of galictis , but these origins were purely aponeurotic ( versus mixed fibers ) . the insertion occurs on the lateral side of digit v , but its exact location could not be described due to some damage in the autopodium .\nthe m . abductor digiti v ( fig . 2a ) originates from the accessory carpal bone and inserts onto the lateral sesamoid of digit v and the lateral aspect of metacarpal v , as was described in galictis , but the differentiation in 2 bellies ( denoted for galictis ) could not be checked in lyncodon due to damage .\nthe m . abductor et opponens digiti i ( fig . 2a ) , as in galictis , extends from the radial sesamoid to the proximal phalanx of digit i . in lyncodon , the presence of an extra insertion onto the ventromedial aspect of metacarpal i ( observed in some specimens of galictis ) was confirmed .\nthe mm . adductores digitorum ( fig . 2b ) extends from the transverse carpal ligament to the proximal end of the proximal phalanx of digits i , ii , and v , similar to that described for galictis . however , in lyncodon , the 3 muscles are independent from each other at their origins , the muscle for digit i is the smaller ( versus ii ) , and the insertion on digits i and ii are tendinous ( instead of fleshy , as occurs in digit v , and all cases for galictis ) .\nthe 10mm . flexores breves profundi ( fig . 2b ) originate from the proximal area of the corresponding metacarpal of each digit , the plantar process of carpal bone iii , and the distal ligament of the accessory carpal bone , as in galictis . they insert via fleshy fibers onto the corresponding metacarpal sesamoids , as usual , but there is an additional insertion onto the base of the middle phalanx of digit iii .\nthe m . abductor digiti ii , differing with respect to galictis , is composed of 2 bellies instead of only 1 ; one originates exclusively from the proximal sector of the lateral margin of metacarpal i ( not reaching the middle of this bone , as in galictis ) , and the other originates from carpal ii ( not observed in galictis ) . on the other hand , the insertion of both bellies occurs on the medial area of the proximal phalanx of digit ii instead of the medial sesamoid of metacarpal ii .\nthe m . abductor digiti iv extends from the base of metacarpal v to the lateral aspect of the lateral sesamoid of metacarpal iv and metacarpal iv itself ( as in galictis ) , but the fibers of origin are mixed ( medially tendinous and laterally fleshy ) instead of only fleshy .\nin addition to the usual set of muscles and the variants recorded for l . patagonicus , a novel and intriguing series of 10 bellies , arranged as a pair per digit lying over the palmar aspect of the forepaw , was detected and is described here ( figs . 2b and 3 ) . the muscular nature of the fibers that compose these bellies was confirmed by histological analysis ( fig . 4 ) . this series of muscles , henceforth named mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus , is represented by a medial and lateral belly for each digit . they present a similar arrangement to that of the mm . flexores breves profundi and are located immediately distal to them . the bellies of this series run along the sides of the tendons of the mm . flexor digitorum profundus and the mm . flexor digitorum superficialis , on the palmar aspect of the phalangeal series . for each digit , the lateral and medial bellies originate via fleshy fibers from the distal end of the corresponding metacarpal sesamoid , and some tendinous fibers take origin from the distal end of the corresponding belly of the mm . flexores breves profundi , to which they are loosely attached . all of the bellies become tendinous at the level of the distal end of the proximal phalanx and insert onto the flexor tubercle of the distal phalanx , immediately lateral and medial to the insertion tendons of the m . flexor digitorum profundus ( figs . 2 and 3 ) .\nmorphology of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus of lyncodon patagonicus . a ) arrangement and location of the bellies ( arrows ) in palmar view of the left forepaw . the lateral belly for digit v was already removed and the arrow indicates the origin area of this belly . see fig . 2b for a diagram indicating each muscle observed in the picture . b ) scheme of a single belly of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus ( fdpm ) , and its topographic relationships with the tendons of the mm . flexores digitorum superficialis ( fds ) , the mm . flexores digitorum profundus ( fdp ) , and osteological elements of a digit ( mc = metacarpus ; phi = first phalanx ; phii = second phalanx ; phiii = third phalanx ; s = metacarpal sesamoid ) .\nappearance of the some loose bellies of the mm . flexor digitorum proprii manus in an ethanol 70\u00b0 solution a ) , histological slides of muscle tissues at 400\u00d7 b ) and 1 , 000\u00d7 c ) in the highlighted frame ; note muscular fibers cut near to transverse and longitudinal planes , showing the expected red staining , striations , and general structure for muscular fibers .\nvalues of the ratio between the length of the metacarpal iii and the length of the proximal phalanx of the third digit ( mciii / phiii ) for musteloid species . see appendix i for measured specimens in this study .\na data from bibliography ( van valkenburgh 1987 ; iwaniuk et al . 1999 ; ercoli 2015 ) .\nthe only other intrinsic phalangeal series of muscles of a mammal was described in sloths by humphry ( 1869 ) under the name of \u201cphalangeal interossei , \u201d but these muscles differ in origins , insertions , and functions compared to the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus of l . patagonicus . humphry\u2019s description indicates that those muscles originate from the apposed sides of the middle phalanges and insert together with the other mm . interossei into the apposed sides of the extensor tendons , near the extensor expansions ( humphry 1869 : 49 ) . due to the common insertion , humphry considered them as a secondary set of the mm . interossei ( sensu lato ) and assigned them a lateral stabilization function , in relation to the autopodial specialization of sloths to suspensory postures .\nontogenesis of the skeleton and intrinsic muscles of the human hand and foot . advances in anatomy , embryology and cell biology\nenumeraci\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de las especies observadas durante la expedici\u00f3n . vertebrados . informe oficial de la comisi\u00f3n cient\u00edfica agregada a la expedici\u00f3n al r\u00edo negro de 1879 . entrega i , zoolog\u00eda\ntrait\u00e9 de zoologie . anatomie , syst\u00e9matique , biologie . tome xvi ( fascicule iii ) : mammif\u00e8res . musculature des members , musculature peauci\u00e8re , musculature des monotr\u00e8mes . arthrologie\nanatomy of raccoon ( procyon lotor ) and coati ( nasua narica and n . nasua ) forearm and leg muscles : relations between fiber length , moment - arm length , and joint - angle excursion\n( e . j . sargis and m . dagosto , eds . ) .\ndescriptive and functional myology of the neck and forelimb of the striped hyena ( hyaena hyaena , l . 1758 )\non the myology of the terrestrial carnivora . part i : muscles of the head , neck , and fore - limb\non the myology of the edentata . part i . muscles of the head , neck and fore limb\nmusteloid specimens measured for the calculation of the ratio between the length of the metacarpal iii and the length of the proximal phalanx of the third digit ( mciii / phiii ) .\nlyncodon patagonicus : macnma 21982 , mlp 6 . iii . 36 . 32 . mustela erminea : fmnh 122025 , 122630 . mustela frenata : fmnh 25626 , 25625 , 49372 . mustela nigripes : fmnh 25621 , 25622 . mustela nivalis : fmnh 129331 . mustela vison : fmnh 135301 , 122031 . poecilogale albinucha : fmnh 36045 , 149354 . ictonyx striatus : fmnh 177232 , 177231 . martes americana : fmnh 72956 , 151035 . martes pennanti : fmnh 165360 , 153812 . galictis vittata : fmnh 127293 , 123657 . mellivora capensis : fmnh 43298 .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . a pesar de tan amplia dis - tribuci\u00f3n , la mayor cantidad de informaci\u00f3n proviene de hallazgos f\u00f3siles , colecciones de museos y unas pocas observaciones directas realizadas durante los siglos xix y xx . los datos actuales sobre su presencia , alcanzan tan solo 28 registros realizados desde 1950 , de los cuales 12 corresponden a los \u00faltimos 15 a\u00f1os ( prevosti & pardi\u00f1as 2001 , teta et al . 2008 , prevosti et al . 2009 , d\u00edaz isenrath et al . 2012 , formoso et al . 2016 , schiaffini 2017 . . . .\n. . . small mammals are the main prey of several raptors and some large raptors prey upon medium - sized mammals ( fergusonlees & christie 2001 , k\u00f6nig & weick 2008 ) . despite of that , there are not many examples of raptors preying upon carnivores ( jaksic & marti 1984 , teta et al . 2008 ) . here we report the consumption of molina ' s hog - nosed skunk ( conepatus chinga : carnivora ) by a great horned owl ( bubo virginianus : strigiformes ) . . . .\n. . . a complete picture of l . patagonicus habits requires direct ecological studies ; the same is true regarding its potential trophic overlap with the more widespread , larger , and aggressive sympatric lesser grison galictis cuja . it is eaten by the black - chested buzzard eagle geranoaetus melanoleucus , at least in patagonia ( teta et al . 2008 ) . ecological interactions with other small mustelids , such as g . cuja and the introduced invasive neovison vison , merit further study . . . .\nthe main goal of the project is to study the role of different biological ( e . g . , competition ; prey availability ) , geological ( e . g . , andean orogeny ) and climatic events ( e . g . , global temperature dim\u2026\n[ more ]\nresearch on the estimation of body mass in extinct vertebrates and on the effect of size on the natural history of organisms .\na new distributional record for lyncodon patagonicus ( carnivora : mustelidae ) , one of the smallest an . . .\nclick on a date / time to view the file as it appeared at that time .\nthis file contains additional information , probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it . if the file has been modified from its original state , some details may not fully reflect the modified file .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies ."]}
{"id": 1436, "summary": [{"text": "thomas 's water mouse ( rheomys thomasi ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae found in el salvador , guatemala , and mexico at altitudes of 400 to 2700 m .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it lives near forest streams and is semiaquatic ; its carnivorous diet includes both invertebrates and small vertebrates .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the conservation status of the species is rated as \" near threatened \" because of the small size of its range and the threat of degradation of its habitat , including the water quality of the streams it lives along . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "thomas ' s water mouse", "paragraphs": ["the thomas ' s water mouse is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nstirton , r . a . 1944 . tropical mammal trapping i : the water mouse rheomys . journal of mammalogy 25 : 337 - 343 .\na young / baby of a thomas is called a ' pinkie , kitten or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a thomas group is called a ' nest , colony , harvest , horde or mischief ' .\nstream degradation and water quality degradation are major threats due to its reliance on stream habitats . other potential threats include landslides .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nnote : data presented in infonatura at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of april 2007 . note : this report was printed on .\nthis rodent is found along streams through most forest types and second growth ( reid 1997 ) . it is sometimes found on very small streams and steeps in forests , and may be more generalized in diet and habits than other water mice . in el salvador , foods eaten include insects , birds , salamanders , mammals ( possibly another rheomys ) , and starchy pulp ( stirton 1944 ) . one individual from guatemala had eaten stonefly and mayfly larvae , beetles , and part of a catfish ( hooper 1968 ) . a captive mouse readily consumed small fish and aquatic insect larvae ( reid 1997 ) .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright notice : \u00a9 2007 natureserve , 1101 wilson boulevard , 15th floor , arlington virginia 22209 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ncitation for bird range maps : ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmcknight , m . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\njustification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is probably not much greater than 20 , 000 km 2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat are probably declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable under criterion b1b ( iii ) .\nthis species occurs in the highlands of south m\u00e9xico ( chiapas ) , guatemala , el salvador and honduras ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it is found from 400 m to 2 , 700 m ( reid 1997 ) .\noccurs in el triunfo national park in mexico and in el imposible national park in el salvador . expected to occur in sierra de las minas national park in guatemala .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhooper , e . t . 1968 . habitats and food of amphibious mice of the genus rheomys . journal of mammalogy 49 : 550 - 553 .\nmusser , g . g . and carleton , m . d . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . in : d . e . wilson and d . a . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world : a geographic and taxonomic reference , pp . 894 - 1531 . the john hopkins university press , baltimore , usa .\nreid , f . 2009 . a field guide to the mammals of central america and southeast mexico . oxford university press , new york , usa .\n: d thanks uncle philip . this was a nice quick find , with plenty of parking right across the street . with all the traffic , i had to be quick like a tiger crossing the street . tftc tiger photo attached :\nthis is the original cache type consisting , at a bare minimum , a container and a log book . normally you ' ll find a tupperware container , ammo box , or bucket filled with goodies , or smaller container (\nmicro cache\n) too small to contain items except for a log book . the coordinates listed on the traditional cache page is the exact location for the cache .\n\u00a9 2000 - 2018 groundspeak , inc . all rights reserved . groundspeak terms of use | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ninfonatura species index : 351 - 400 of 479 records in family muridae of order rodentia .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\ntrademark notice :\ninfonatura\n, natureserve , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncitation : infonatura : animals and ecosystems of latin america [ web application ] . 2007 . version 5 . 0 . arlington , virginia ( usa ) : natureserve . available : http : / / infonatura . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nacknowledgement statement for bird range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for mammal range maps : patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\nacknowledgement statement for mammal range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for amphibian range maps : iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 . global amphibian assessment . urltoken , version 1 . 1 .\nacknowledgement statement for amphibian range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with iucn , conservation international and the global amphibian assessment .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nfeedback request : using the comment form , please note any errors or significant omissions that you find in the data . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the network of users ."]}
{"id": 1441, "summary": [{"text": "oeneis ( the arctics or graylings ) is a butterfly genus of the satyrinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all but one of its members are arctic , sub-arctic or high-altitude alpine in distribution .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along in the harshest climates of any butterflies .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "four species in europe , more are found in arctic russia , siberia , mongolia , arctic north america and the rocky mountains .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "curiously , there are no observations from greenland .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the development of most species takes two years . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "oeneis", "paragraphs": ["macoun ' s arctic oeneis macounii ( w . h . edwards , 1885 )\noeneis chione austaut , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 44 ) : 244\noeneis arasaguna austaut , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 44 ) : 243\noeneis beanii elwes , 1893 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1893 : 476\noeneis elwesi tannuola o . bang - haas , 1927 ; ; tl : schawyr , tannuola\noeneis alberta elwes , 1893 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1893 : 467\ndiversification of the cold - adapted butterfly genus oeneis related to holarctic biogeography and climatic niche shifts .\n(\nattributes of oeneis uhleri\n, 2014 ; opler , et al . , 2006 )\noeneis buddha pygmea gross , 1970 ; ; tl : tibet , ca . 35\u00b0n , 95\u00b0e , 4500m\n(\noeneis uhleri varuna\n, 2014 ; a . layberry , et al . , 2002 )\noeneis tarpeia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31\noeneis sculda ; [ bru ] , 237 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 17\noeneis tarpeja [ sic , recte tarpeia ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 204 , f . 1\noeneis norna hilda ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31\noeneis norna peartiae ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31\n= oeneis norna semidea ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31\noeneis actaeoides lukhtanov , 1989 ; vestn . zool . 4 : 30 ; tl : verkhoyansk , endybal river , yakutia\noeneis pseudosatyra nakahara , 1920 ; can . ent . 52 ( 6 ) : 138 ; tl : horisha , formosa\noeneis velleda austaut , 1912 ; int . ent . zs . 5 ( 51 ) : 366 , f . 5\nmacoun ' s arctic oeneis macounii ( w . h . edwards , 1885 ) | butterflies and moths of north america\ndiversification of the cold - adapted butterfly genus oeneis related to holarctic biogeography and climatic niche shifts . - pubmed - ncbi\nhabits : oeneis alpina breeds in wet grassy tundra but is most frequently found on dry rocky hilltops where the males congregate .\noeneis daisetsuzana matsumura , 1926 ; ins . matsumurana 1 ( 2 ) : 104 ; tl : hokkaido , mt . daisetsu\noeneis chryxus socorro holland , 2010 ; j . lep . soc . 64 ( 3 ) : ( 161 - 165 )\noeneis vacuna grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 458\noeneis buddha grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 458\noeneis polixenes polixenes ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , f . 11 - 12\noeneis mckinleyensis dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1389 : 2 ; tl : mckinley park , alaska\noeneis chryxus valerata burdick , 1958 ; lepid . news 11 ( 1 - 3 ) : 23 ; tl : washington , olympic mountains\nremarks : this species has previously been called oeneis excubitor troubridge , philip , scott , and shepard , 1982 , in north america , but examination of kurentzov ' s original type specimen of oeneis alpina in vladivostok , russia , showed that alpina is the same species as excubitor .\noeneis nanna ; [ bru ] , 237 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 18 ; [ mrs ] , 402\noeneis urda ; [ bru ] , 238 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 19 ; [ mrs ] , 402\n(\nattributes of oeneis uhleri\n, 2014 ; a . layberry , et al . , 2002 ; coffin and pfannmuller , 1988 )\n? oeneis jutta harperi dos passos , [ 1977 ] ; j . res . lepid . 15 ( 4 ) : ( 211 - 213 )\noeneis alpina kurentzov , 1970 ; butterflies of the ussr far east : 74 , f . 42 , 44 ; tl : omsukchan , magadan region\noeneis ammosovi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 28\noeneis nanna kluanensis hassler & feil , 2002 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 22 ( 4 ) : ( 197 - 205 )\nhowell , d . 2014 .\noeneis uhleri\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\noeneis melissa also ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 1\noeneis magna magna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 5\noeneis norna var . tundra bang - haas , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 2 ) : 104 ; tl : sajan\noeneis actaeoides actaeoides ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 10\noeneis elwesi ulugchemi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 5\noeneis nanna dzhulukuli ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 8\noeneis buddha brahma ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 24\noeneis tunga ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 23 - 27\noeneis philipi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 24 - 25\noeneis var . caryi dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 3 ) : 142 ; tl : smith landing , athabasca\n= oeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 7\noeneis nanna coreana matsumura , 1927 ; insecta matsumurana 1 ( 4 ) : 163 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : corea , genzan\n2014 .\nattributes of oeneis uhleri\n( on - line ) . butterflies and moths of north america . accessed march 24 , 2014 at urltoken .\noeneis melissa melissa ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 10 - 12\noeneis melissa orientalis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 2 - 3\noeneis melissa daizetsuzana ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 4 - 9\noeneis jutta jutta ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 1 - 4\noeneis jutta akoene ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 5 - 8\noeneis jutta sibirica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 9 - 10\noeneis magna dubia ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 1 - 4\noeneis magna magadanica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 6 - 9\noeneis magna uchangi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 10 - 11\noeneis norna norna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 16 - 20\noeneis norna altaica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 21 - 24\noeneis norna tundra ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 1 - 3\noeneis norna asamana ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 4 - 9\noeneis polixenes luteus ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 16 - 19\noeneis alpina execubitor ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 26 - 27\noeneis elwesi tannuola ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 3 - 4\noeneis aktashi aktashi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 13 - 15\noeneis ammon ammon ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 16 - 17\noeneis bore bore ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 18 - 21\noeneis semidea var . pansa christoph , 1893 ; dt . ent . zeit . iris , 6 ( 1 ) : 87 ; tl : vitim river , transbaikalia\noeneis bore pansa ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 22 - 26\noeneis bore arasaguna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 27 - 28\noeneis bore taygete ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 6 - 8\noeneis taygete fordi dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : kuskokwim river , alaska\noeneis bore edwardsi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 9 - 12\noeneis nevadensis nevadensis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 13 - 15\noeneis chryxus chryxus ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 20 - 21\noeneis alberta alberta ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 1 - 8\noeneis uhleri uhleri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 17 - 18\noeneis sculda sculda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 21 - 28\noeneis sculda pseudosculda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 1 - 2\noeneis sculda pumila ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 3 - 7\noeneis nanna nanna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 17 - 24\noeneis nanna anna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 9 - 16\noeneis urda urda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 7 - 20\noeneis urda tschiliensis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 21 - 25\noeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 1 - 8\noeneis mongolica hoenei ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 9 - 12\noeneis mongolica walkyria ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 18 - 28\noeneis tarpeja baueri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 8 - 14\noeneis tarpeja grossi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 15 - 20\noeneis buddha buddha ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 1 - 7\noeneis buddha dejeani ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 8 - 9\noeneis buddha grieshuberi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 10 - 14\noeneis buddha kincli ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 15 - 16\noeneis buddha frankenbachi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 17 - 20\noeneis buddha pygmea ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 21 - 23\noeneis melissa ; [ bru ] , 233 ; [ nacl ] , # 4612 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 3 ; [ opler ]\noeneis taygete gaspeensis dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : mt . albert , quebec\noeneis diluta lukhtanov , 1994 ; herbipoliana , 3 : 138 , pl . 25 , f . 5 ; tl : s\u00fcdsibirien , tuva , ujukski - gebirge , sush\n= oeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 3 , 5\noeneis mulla staudinger , 1881 ; stettin ent . ztg 42 ( 7 - 9 ) : 270 ; tl : s . slope of the tarbagatai mts , e . kazakhstan\noeneis nahanni dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 3 ) : 142 ; tl : nahanni mts . , mackenzie , 2 , 500ft\noeneis fulla ; [ bru ] , 239 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 28\n(\noeneis uhleri varuna\n, 2014 ;\nthe butterflies of the world foundation : uhler ' s arctic\n, 2004 ; opler , et al . , 2006 )\noeneis nanna walkyria ab . shonis matsumura , 1927 ; insecta matsumurana 1 ( 4 ) : 163 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : corea , mt . daitoku\noeneis melissa beanii ; [ nacl ] , # 4612e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 19\noeneis mulla ; [ bru ] , 238 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 1 - 2\noeneis chryxus valerata ; [ nacl ] , # 4606b ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 22\noeneis diluta ; [ bru ] , 238 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 5 - 6\noeneis lederi ; [ bru ] , 236 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 21 - 24\noeneis bore ; [ bru ] , 235 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 4610 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\noeneis taygete edwardsi dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : san juan mts . , hinsdale co . , colorado\noeneis mongolica koreana [ sic , recte coreana ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 13 - 17\noeneis tarpeja tarpeja [ sic , recte tarpeia ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 1 - 7\noeneis melissa semidea ; [ nacl ] , # 4612a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 13 - 14\noeneis melissa gibsoni ; [ nacl ] , # 4612d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 15 - 18\noeneis melissa lucilla ; [ nacl ] , # 4612f ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 20 - 22\noeneis jutta ascerta ; [ nacl ] , # 4611g ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 12 - 15\noeneis jutta chermocki ; [ nacl ] , # 4611d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 21 - 22\noeneis jutta reducta ; [ nacl ] , # 4611e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 23 - 24\noeneis polixenes katahdin ; [ nacl ] , # 4613a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 13 - 15\noeneis polixenes brucei ; [ nacl ] , # 4613d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 20 - 23\noeneis bore hanburyi ; [ nacl ] , # 4610a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 1 - 5\noeneis chryxus strigulosa ; [ nacl ] , # 4606c ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 1 - 8\noeneis chryxus caryi ; [ nacl ] , # 4606e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 15 - 19\noeneis chryxus stanislaus ; [ nacl ] , # 4606a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 23 - 24\noeneis alberta daura ; [ nacl ] , # 4608c ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 9 - 12\noeneis uhleri reinthali ; [ nacl ] , # 4607a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 19 - 20\noeneis dzhugdzhuri sheljuzhko , 1929 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 19 : 349 , pl . 28 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : yankansky mts . , nw . amur\noeneis norna ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ bru ] , 235 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 8\noeneis ammon elwes , 1899 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1899 ( 3 ) : 356 , pl . 14 , f . 2 , 7 ; tl : severo - chuisky mts .\n(\nattributes of oeneis uhleri\n, 2014 ;\nthe butterflies of the world foundation : uhler ' s arctic\n, 2004 ; a . layberry , et al . , 2002 ; bromilow , 2007 )\noeneis aktashi lukhtanov , 1984 ; ent . obozr . , 63 ( 4 ) : 785 , f . 43 - 45 , 52 - 57 ; tl : altai , kuraisky mts . , aktash , 2500 - 2700m\noeneis nanna jakutski ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 25 - 28 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 1 - 4\noeneis urda monteviri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 26 - 28 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 1 - 2\noeneis tarpeia grossi eitschberger & lukhtanov , 1994 ; atalanta 25 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 , pl . va , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : s . siberia , buretia , 20km nw selenduma , 600m\noeneis nevadensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4604 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 4 ; [ opler ]\noeneis chryxus ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4606 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 23 ; [ opler ]\noeneis glacialis ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 5 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 12 - 15 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\noeneis uhleri ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 4607 ; [ opler ]\noeneis ivallda ; [ nacl ] , # 4603 . 1 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 1 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 19 - 22\noeneis jutta ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ bru ] , 239 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 4611 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\noeneis jutta alaskensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4611a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 18 - 20\noeneis chryxus calais ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4606d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 9 - 14\noeneis uhleri varuna ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4607b ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 13 - 16\nopler , p . a . , h . pavulaan , r . e . stanford , and m . pogue , coordinators . 2006 . butterflies and moths of north america : uhler ' s arctic ( oeneis uhleri ) . bozeman , montana : nbii mountain prairie information node . . accessed 20 july 2006 .\noeneis hora ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 454 , pl . 20 , f . 1 ; [ bru ] , 234 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 6 - 12\noeneis macounii ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4605 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 2 ; [ opler ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 16 - 18\ndiagnosis : the upperside is orange brown , with the basal two - thirds of both wings darker , especially in the male . there are one to three usually white - centred eyespots on the forewing , usually two on the hindwing , above and below . the hindwing underside is striated dark brown and grey , usually paler near the margin . wingspan : 36 to 47 mm .\nrange : the range of alpina extends in a band across northern alaska and northern yukon , south to keno , and into the northwest territories as far east as ford lake .\nsimilar species : the chryxus arctic ( o . chryxus ) is similar , but the two hindwing eye - spots and brown basal two - thirds of the wings distinguish alpina . [ compare images ]\nabundance : generally a local , uncommon species , but it can be fairly common in areas where males congregate on hilltops .\nflight season : late june to mid - july , tending to be biennial . it flies mainly in even years from the mackenzie delta eastward and mainly in odd years farther west .\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\nchionobas boisduval , 1832 ; icon . hist . l\u00e9pid . europe 1 ( 17 - 18 ) : 182 ; ts : papilio aello h\u00fcbner\npapilio melissa fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 513 ; tl : labrador , canada\nmelissa also ( boisduval , [ 1834 ] ) ; icon . hist . l\u00e9pid . europe 1 ( 19 - 20 ) : pl . 40 , f . 1 - 2\ne . kazakhstan ( tarbagatai , saur mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nhipparchia ( chinobas ) fulla eversmann , 1851 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 24 ( 2 ) : 614 a ; tl : tarbagatai mts . , kazakhstan\n500x506 ( ~ 54kb ) underside finland , pihtipudas , liitonj\u00e4rvi , 703 : 44 , 30 . 6 . 1996 , photo \u00a9 tero piirainen\nscandinavia , finland , baltic , e . poland , byelorussia , n . european russia , ural , w . siberia , s . siberia , yenisei , amur , sakhalin , n . mongolia , ne . china , n . korea\nse . manitoba , ontario , quebec , minnesota , wisconsin , n . michigan , n . maine , n . new hampshire\naltai - s . siberia - far east , amur , mongolia , n . china . see [ maps ]\ns . siberia , transbaikalia , s . yakutia , amur , sikhote - alin , shantar is . , ne . china ( manchuria ) , ne . mongolia\n531x500 ( ~ 60kb ) underside male a subalpine larch parkland on the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range between the chikty and akbul rivulets , 2300 m above sea level , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on geranium krylovii tzvelev , 1993 ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n616x700 ( ~ 138kb ) underside a subalpine larch parkland on the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range between the chikty and akbul rivulets , 2300 m above sea level , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1093x861 ( ~ 372kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n918x1224 ( ~ 703kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1224x918 ( ~ 783kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1167x918 ( ~ 531kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npapilio aello h\u00fcbner , [ 1803 - 1804 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 1 ] : pl . 102 , f . 519 - 521\nlappland , n . siberia ( polar tundra ) , altai , targbagatai , japan , circumpolar ? . see [ maps ]\n891x560 ( ~ 121kb ) underside stony bank of the chikty rivulet among alpine meadow / dwarf birch thickets , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 13th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n566x551 ( ~ 59kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 9th july 1998 ( on of angelica archangelica ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n617x574 ( ~ 80kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 9th july 1998 ( on lagotis integrifolia ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n823x596 ( ~ 121kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on horse dung ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n516x392 ( ~ 40kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on horse dung ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n887x1070 ( ~ 500kb ) underside an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 4rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nchionobas katahdin newcomb , 1901 ; ent . news 12 ( 7 ) : 206\npolixenes subhyalina ( curtis , 1835 ) ; in ross , nar . 2 nd voy . n . w . passage : lxviii\nchionobas brucei edwards , 1891 ; can . ent . 23 ( 2 ) : 33\nchionobas peartiae edwards , 1897 ; butts n . amer . 3 : pl . 14\nn . british columbia , yukon , northwest territories , alaska . see [ maps ]\ne . kasakhstan ( saur , tarbagatai , monrak mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nse . tuva ( tannuola mts . ) , nw . mongolia , n . mongolia\nkirgizia ( alai , trans - alai , kirghiztan mts . , tian shan ) , tajikistan ( trans - alai , n . pamir ) , uzbekistan ( tian shan ) , kazakhstan ( ketmen mts . , kungey and transili alatau ) , w . china ( boro - choro mts . , e . tian shan ) . see [ maps ]\n777x747 ( ~ 133kb ) underside female an alpine meadow in the valley of a headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 15th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n738x636 ( ~ 133kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of a headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 15th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n600x506 ( ~ 57kb ) underside finland : li : utsjoki puollamoaivi , 775 : 50 , 8 . 7 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nbore hanburyi ( watkins , 1928 ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 1 ( 5 ) : 617\n600x668 ( ~ 78kb ) female usa : fr 9711 , hurley creek ( 47\u00b018 ' 31n 120\u00b036 ' 56w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 5 . 7 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n700x889 ( ~ 120kb ) underside female usa : fr 9711 , hurley creek ( 47\u00b018 ' 31n 120\u00b036 ' 56w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 5 . 7 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n640x649 ( ~ 79kb ) underside male usa : fr 9711 , ( 47\u00b018 ' 23n 120\u00b036 ' 31w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 7 . 7 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1100x1050 ( ~ 173kb ) upperside male usa : washington , chelan co . , lepsoc 2010 field trip ( eagle creek ? ) , 11 . 7 . 2010 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nbritish columbia , alberta , s . northwest territories , saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , quebec , minnesota , michigan . see [ maps ]\nchionabas macounii edwards , 1885 ; can . ent . 17 ( 4 ) : 74\n1600x1200 ( ~ 288kb ) upperside male assiniboine , ab , 4 . vi . 1995 , photo 2004 \u00a9 joseph belicek\n1600x1200 ( ~ 256kb ) underside male assiniboine , ab , 4 . vi . 1995 , photo 2004 \u00a9 joseph belicek\nchionobas ivallda mead , 1878 ; can . ent . 10 ( 10 ) : 196\nchionobas chryxus doubleday , [ 1849 ] ; gen . diurn . lep . ( 2 ) : 383 , ( 1 ) pl . 64 , f . 1\nchionobes calais scudder , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . phil . 5 ( 1 ) : 7\nmanitoba , saskatchewan , alberta , british columbia , montana , n . dakota ,\nchionobas daura strecker , 1894 ; can . ent . 26 ( 8 ) : 225\nbritish columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , montana , north dakota , south dakota , nebraska , w . minnesota\nsculda ( eversmann , 1851 ) ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 24 ( 2 ) : 612 ; tl : kyakhta , buryatia , russia\n730x725 ( ~ 141kb ) underside female an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1052x979 ( ~ 356kb ) underside female an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\naltai , tuva , sayan mts . , s . buryatia , ne . mongolia\nnanna ( m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1859 ) ; in schrenck , reise forschungen amur - lande 2 ( 1 ) : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : amur river\n880x722 ( ~ 181kb ) underside female a meadowy sw slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n600x912 ( ~ 175kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n412x566 ( ~ 85kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n826x859 ( ~ 252kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nse . altai ( kurai , s . tchuja , sailjugem mts . , ukok - plateau ) , w . tuva\n533x400 ( ~ 40kb ) underside male an open pine forest on the hill just north of the chita city , transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 17th june 1995 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nn . altai , s . siberia , transbaikal , amur , primorye , yakutia , n . mongolia , ne . china\ntarpeia ( pallas , 1771 ) ; reise russ . reich . 1 : 470 ; tl :\nin campis aridis ad volgam\n486x392 ( ~ 47kb ) underside a steppen rocky southern slope of the hill sopka mokhnataya of the hill chain called bugotakskie sopki , toguchin district , novosibirsk province , russia . 12th june 1995 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1000x1000 ( ~ 143kb ) upperside female russia , siberia , krasnoyarskii krai province , sharypovo district , 5 km nne of v . parnaya , 55\u00b019 ' n 89\u00b016 ' e , alt . 500 - 600 m , meadowy steppe on southern slope , birch / larch forest edges . 1 / vii 2000 ( on goniolimon speciosum ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nseeu , n . caucasus , s . urals , sw . siberia , altai , n . kazakhstan , e . kazakhstan , w . mongolia , nw . china\n1024x768 ( ~ 141kb ) upperside male china , qinghai prov , w . qinghai lake , nan shan mts , 3500m , 28 . 6 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko\n1024x768 ( ~ 116kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov , w . qinghai lake , nan shan mts , 3500m , 28 . 6 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nicones historique des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux ou peu connus . collection , avec figures colorit\u00e9es , des papillons d ' europe nouvellement d\u00e9couverts ; ouvrage formant le compl\u00e9ment de tous les auteurs iconographes\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 3 ( [ 1827 ] - [ 1838 ] ) in h\u00fcbner ,\nzutr\u00e4ge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 5 [ 1833 ] - 1837 in h\u00fcbner ,\nesp\u00e8ces nouvelles de l\u00e9pidopter\u00e8s recueillis en chine par m . l ' abb\u00e9 a . david / l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux de la chine\nwatkins , 1928 new satyrid butterflies ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 1 ( 5 ) : 615 - 618\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nupperside is bright orange - brown with black borders on both wings . two black eyespots on forewing , one on hindwing . male lacks a patch of black scales on the forewing . underside of hindwing is cloudy gray with a distinct dark median band .\nmales perch in glades to watch for receptive females . caterpillars require 2 years to complete development ; hibernating as young caterpillars the first winter , and as mature ones the second winter .\none brood from early june to early july . east of southeast manitoba , adults fly in even - numbered years ; westward , in odd - numbered years .\nacross southern canada from british columbia through the prairie provinces to northern minnesota , northern michigan , and central ontario .\ng5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nkleckova i 1 , cesanek m 2 , fric z 3 , pellissier l 4 .\nfaculty of science , university of south bohemia , brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31 , 370 05 \u010desk\u00e9 bud\u011bjovice , czech republic ; institute of entomology , biology centre of the czech academy of sciences , brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31 , 370 05 \u010desk\u00e9 bud\u011bjovice , czech republic . electronic address : irena . slamova @ gmail . com .\nfaculty of science , university of south bohemia , brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31 , 370 05 \u010desk\u00e9 bud\u011bjovice , czech republic ; institute of entomology , biology centre of the czech academy of sciences , brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31 , 370 05 \u010desk\u00e9 bud\u011bjovice , czech republic .\nuniversity of fribourg , department of biology , ecology & evolution , chemin du mus\u00e9e 10 , 1700 fribourg , switzerland ; landscape ecology , institute of terrestrial ecosystems , eth z\u00fcrich , z\u00fcrich , switzerland ; swiss federal research institute wsl , 8903 birmensdorf , switzerland .\nis resident across most of southern canada , into the central united states in patchy distribution with two separate populations in california and nevada , and into the northeastern united states ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are bunchgrass , open woodland and alpine tundra in the west , and in the east dry sandy or rocky areas . host plants are grasses , known host plants are restricted to :\nis biennial ; individuals overwinter as first or second instar larvae the first winter , and third fourth or fifth ( mature ) instar larvae the second winter . there is one flight each year with the approximate flight time may 15 - june 15 in the southeast part of their range , late may ? july 15 in low altitudes , and late june ? early august in the arctic / alpine zone ( scott 1986 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis is the signature butterfly of the alpine zone in the sierra nevada . castle and basin peaks are near its northern limit , which appears to be mount lola , a few miles farther north . the ivallda arctic is extremely cryptic at rest on the ground ; if startled it flies briefly , then lands again and disappears . the male has a rather pointed forewing amnd a greenish stigma in the middle of the wing . the female is larger , with more rounded wings and usually two large eyespots ; it lacks the stigma . a few strays have been recorded near the east end of donner pass , but the species does not breed there .\nthe ivallda arctic hilltops on rocky knobs . it seldom visits flowers , but has been recorded at sulphur flower and the mat - forming composite railardella argentea . the larval hosts are undetermined grasses or sedges .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvan swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , l\u00f3pez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j .\nlewis , o . ( butterfly rla ) & cuttelod , a . ( iucn red list unit )\njustification : this species is listed as least concern , since it has not been declining by more than 25 % in the last ten years , its european extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is larger than 20 , 000km\u00b2 and its population size is probably larger than 10 , 000 adult individuals .\noccurs only in the alps from the french alps to the carnic alps in the south of austria . its elevational range is 1 , 400 - 2 , 900 m . this is a european endemic species .\nthis species is widespread in the mountainous areas of europe . declines in distribution or population size of 6 - 30 % have been reported from austria , france ( data provided by the national partners of butterfly conservation europe ) .\nat altitudes of about 1 , 500 m , the alpine grayling occurs on dry , scrubby vegetation . above the tree - line , they can be seen in dry , stony alpine grasslands and on dry , open sunny slopes . most habitats have a stream in the vicinity . perched on a stone , the males defend their territory , chasing away other butterflies , as well as other insects . the female lays its eggs one at a time on dry grass stalks close to the ground . the caterpillar hibernates in the first larval instar and having fed during the growing season , hibernates again in the last instar . eventually , some time between april and june , it pupates . its main foodplant is sheep ' s - fescue (\n) but other fescues are also used . this butterfly is single - brooded . habitats : alpine and subalpine grasslands ( 42 % ) , water - fringe vegetation ( 14 % ) , screes ( 14 % ) , inland cliffs and exposed rocks ( 14 % ) .\nall butterflies are collected to some extent , but only for the extremely rare species it can be a problem and the trade in europe is generally at a low level compared to other continents . there is no specific trade information for this species .\nalthough this species shows a decline in a part of its european range , it is not believed to face major threats at the european level .\nthis species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range . no specific conservation actions are needed at a european level , but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed . the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a butterfly monitoring scheme .\nvan swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , l\u00f3pez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nupperside is dull orange - brown with dark veins . underside of hindwing has a dark basal half , a lighter outer half . both wings have one - to - many small submarginal spots .\nto find females , males perch and occasionally patrol below ridge crests in bunch - grass habitat . females lay eggs singly on grasses and sedges . fourth - stage caterpillars hibernate , emerge in the spring to feed again , and pupate just under the soil .\nslopes in dry , open bunchgrass habitats ; tundra ; openings in pine forest .\nnortheast alaska , yukon and western northwest territories . central alberta south through the rocky mountains to northern new mexico ; east through the canadian prairie provinces to western minnesota .\nwings are somewhat translucent . upperside is gray - brown ; male has no markings , female may have 2 small black eyespots . underside of hindwing is mottled gray , brown , and black and has a distinct median band outlined in white .\nmales patrol and occasionally perch during the day in grassy swales to seek females . two years are required to complete development ; the first winter is passed by first - stage caterpillars , the second winter by mature caterpillars .\nalaska east through the north american arctic to baffin island , labrador , eastern quebec , and central maine . isolated populations in the rocky mountains south to northern new mexico .\nnot usually required . subspecies katahdin on mt . katahdin , maine is geographically restricted but may not be of concern .\nuhler ' s arctic butterfly is a type of butterfly called a brush foot . this means that the first pair of legs on the butterfly is shorter than the rest of the legs and look like a brush . this butterfly is an orange - brown color with many small spots . it is about 1 . 5 cm long , weighs about 0 . 35 grams , and has a wingspan of 4 . 5 cm on average . females are a little bit larger than males , and also have rounder wings than males . the front wings of uhler ' s arctic are pale gray with a dark brown pattern on them .\nbutterfly . it mainly lives in the midwestern united states . it can also be found throughout southern canada , including manitoba and british colombia . it lives as far west as alaska , and as far south as northern new mexico . uhler ' s arctic butterfly migrates from canada to the midwestern / western states in the u . s . from mid - may to mid - july .\n( a . layberry , et al . , 2002 ; opler , et al . , 2006 )\nbutterfly lives in many different habitats , including prairies , grazed agricultural fields , open woods , around hill tops , and pine forests . in the midwest of the united states , these butterflies gather in dry prairies and bare lands . they can also be found in savannas , grasslands , and scrub forests .\nlike all butterflies , uhler ' s arctic goes through complete metamorphosis . its life stages are egg , larvae / caterpillar , pupae , and adult . eggs are laid by the female parent on grasses and other plants . caterpillar hatch and feed on the plants that they were born on . they stay as caterpillars for a year or two , with the caterpillar taking shelter during the winter . the caterpillar emerges alive in the spring , and goes below the soil to become a pupae . after pupation , it emerges as a butterfly .\nmale butterflies look for mates by hovering several meters above the grass . they sometimes perch on objects . females are usually below in the grass . males secrete chemicals called pheromones that attract females . they then approach the female to begin courtship and mating . these butterflies mate from may into early july . the males are polygynous , which means that they mate with more than one female . in this species , females usually only mate with one male , but sometimes more .\n( a . layberry , et al . , 2002 ;\nfrequently asked questions about butterflies\n, 2006 )\nuhler ' s arctic butterflies mate about one time every month . mating takes place from late may to july . depending on how long the butterflies live , they can have 1 to 3 offspring in their lifetime . once the female lays the egg , the offspring is left alone .\nhow often does reproduction occur ? uhler ' s arctic butterflies breed once monthly .\nuhler ' s arctic parents do not provide much care for their offspring . the female provides nutrients in the egg that the unborn caterpillar can use to grow and develop before hatching . the egg is laid on grasses or sedges that the caterpillar will eat when it hatches . after they mate and lay the egg , the parents leave and do not return to the egg , providing no more care .\nafter emerging from pupation as butterflies , they live as adults for a few months during the summer from may to late july or august . one reason that these butterflies may die early is that they live in open habitats in the northern parts of north america , where bad weather such as thunderstorms and high winds can injure them . wildfires also cause the deaths of some uhler ' s arctic butterflies and caterpillars .\nbutterfly is active during the day . it flies close to the ground and often lands on bare land . the color of this butterfly helps it to camouflage itself against the ground , protecting it from predators . it is not social and each butterfly mainly keeps to itself unless looking for a mate . uhler ' s arctic migrates from territories in canada to midwestern / western states in the u . s . from mid - may to mid - july ."]}
{"id": 1442, "summary": [{"text": "gonoreta is a genus of moth in the family drepanidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "some species are known as defoliators of coffee plants ( rubiaceae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "type species : gonoreta ansorgei warren , 1902", "topic": 29}], "title": "gonoreta", "paragraphs": ["type species : gonoreta ansorgei warren , 1902 . novitates zoologicae 9 : 488 . by original designation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarren w . 1902b . new african drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 9 : 487\u2013536 .\nwatson a . 1965a . a revision of the ethiopian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 3 : 1\u2013178 , pls . 1\u201318 .\nwarren w . 1897a . new genera and species of moths from the old - world regions in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 4 : 12\u2013130 .\nbryk f . 1913a . die \u00e4thiopischen drepaniden und drepana - \u00e4hnlichen geometriden des berliner zoologischen museums . - archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 79a ( 3 ) : 4\u201316 .\nhampson g . f . 1914e . descriptions of new genera and species of drepanidae and thyrididae . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 8 ) 14 ( 79 ) : 103\u2013117 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nbutler a . g . 1879d . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera from madagascar , with notes on some of the forms already described . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 5 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 227\u2013246 .\nwarren w . 1898b . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions . - novitates zoologicae 5 : 221\u2013258 .\nwalker f . 1855c . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . \u2013 lepidoptera heterocera . - \u2014 5 : i\u2013iv , 977\u20131257 .\nmabille p . 1898 . description de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 66 ( 1897 ) ( 2\u20133 ) : 182\u2013231 , pl . 9 .\nwarren w . 1899b . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 6 ( 3 ) : 288\u2013312 .\nbutler a . g . 1878d . descriptions of some new genera and species of lepidoptera from old calabar and madagascar . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 5 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 455\u2013465 .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of drepanidae sp . ( large size ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word cymbaly . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word cymbaly and , of course , cymbaly synonyms and on the right images related to the word cymbaly .\npowo : urn : lsid : ipni . org : names : 325775 - 2 tropicos : 40019758 vascan : 1063 . . .\nthis is the place for cymbaly definition . you find here cymbaly meaning , synonyms of cymbaly and images for cymbaly copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 1446, "summary": [{"text": "glyceridae is a family of polychaete worms .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are commonly referred to as beak-thrower worms or bloodworms .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "they are bright red , segmented , aquatic worms .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the proboscis worm glycera is sometimes called bloodworm .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the glyceridae are ferocious epi - and infaunal polychaetes that prey upon small invertebrates .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are errant burrowers that build galleries of interconnected tubes to aid in catching their prey . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "glyceridae", "paragraphs": ["keywords : glyceridae , glycera , hemipodia , new species , new occurrence , brazil .\npalavras - chave : glyceridae , glycera , hemipodia , esp\u00e9cie nova , nova ocorr\u00eancia , brasil .\ngoniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81\nsavigny , 1818 ( polychaeta : glyceridae ) en la pen\u00ednsula ib\u00e9rica . clave taxon\u00f3mica y nuevos datos sobre\ngoniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81 .\ngoniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81 | dpla\nsavigny , 1818 ( annelida : polychaeta : glyceridae ) . ophelia 54 ( 1 ) : 29 - 49 .\nb\u00f6ggemann , m . 2002 . revision of the glyceridae grube 1850 ( annelida : polychaeta ) . abh . senckenberg . naturforsch . ges . 555 : 1 - 249 .\nthe results of the cladistic analysis support a sister group relationship between goniadidae and glyceridae . both taxa are monophyletic as well as the three genera glycera , glycerella and hemipodia within the glycerids .\nb\u00f6ggemann , m . ( 2002 ) . revision of the glyceridae grube 1859 ( annelida : polychaeta ) . abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft . 555 : 1 - 249 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe marine proboscis worm glycera ( class polychaeta , family glyceridae ) is sometimes called bloodworm . g . dibranchiata is found along the eastern coast of north america . it grows to 37 centimetres ( about 15 inches ) in length .\nhartman , o . 1938 . descriptions of new species and new generic records of polychaetous annelids from california of the families glyceridae , eunicidae , stauronereididae and opheliidae . univ . calif . pub . zool . , 43 : 93 - 112 .\nread , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database . glyceridae grube , 1850 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 952 on 2018 - 07 - 09\no ' connor , b . d . s . 1987 . the glyceridae ( polychaeta ) of the north atlantic and mediterranean , with descriptions of two new species . j . nat . hist . 21 ( 1 ) : 167 - 189 .\nrizzo , a . e . & steiner , t . m 2006 . fam\u00edlia glyceridae . in : manual de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos invertebrados marinhos da regi\u00e3o sudeste - sul do brasil . 1 ed . s\u00e3o paulo : editora da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , 2006 , v . 1 : 165 - 172 .\ngilbert , k . 1984 . family glyceridae grube , 1850 . in taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the northern gulf of mexico ( j . m . uebelacker & p . g . johnson ) . vittor & associates , inc . mobile , alabama , p . 32 - 1 to 32 - 26 .\nmore than 4000 specimens from all over the world were studied and measured , and the 42 valid species are described and illustrated in detail . a list of all taxa together with their synonyms and an identification key for all glyceridae known to this date are also presented . addionally all available biological and ecological data from the literature are listed .\no estudo sistem\u00e1tico das esp\u00e9cies da fam\u00edlia glyceridae \u00e9 parte de um amplo programa de inventariamento e determina\u00e7\u00e3o de par\u00e2metros abi\u00f3ticos para conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e uso sustent\u00e1vel da biodiversidade marinha ao largo da costa sudeste e sul do brasil . o material estudado foi coletado desde a regi\u00e3o entremar\u00e9s de praias arenosas at\u00e9 a plataforma interna ( < 50 m prof . ) na costa norte de s\u00e3o paulo , e da plataforma externa ao talude superior ( profundidades entre 60 e 808 m ) desde a costa sul do rio de janeiro at\u00e9 a o sul do rio grande do sul ( 22\u00b0 s - 34\u00b0 40 ' s ) . as descri\u00e7\u00f5es de algumas esp\u00e9cies foram ampliadas , com a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de novos e importantes caracteres taxon\u00f4micos , principalmente relacionados \u00e0s papilas proboscidiais . uma chave de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o para as esp\u00e9cies de glicer\u00eddeos da regi\u00e3o sudeste e sul do brasil \u00e9 fornecida . oito esp\u00e9cies de glyceridae foram identificadas : glycera americana leidy 1855 ; glycera brevicirris grube 1870 ; glycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 ; glycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 ; glycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 ; glycera tesselata grube 1863 ; hemipodia californiensis ( hartman 1938 ) ; hemipodia simplex ( grube 1857 ) ; al\u00e9m de uma esp\u00e9cie previamente desconhecida de glycera .\nthe aim of this study is to describe and illustrate species of glyceridae that were collected during projects to develop essential information for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity off the brazilian coast . eight species of glycerids were identified : glycera americana leidy 1855 ; glycera brevicirris grube 1870 ; glycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 ; glycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 ; glycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 ; glycera tesselata grube 1863 ; hemipodia californiensis ( hartman 1938 ) and hemipodia simplex ( grube 1857 ) . a new species , glycera boeggemanni , is described and keys for identification of the species of glycera and hemipodia from this region are supplied .\nfauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlong , slender worms with numerous segments , appearing even more numerous because they are further subdivided by annular constrictions . the body is rounded throughout , often red , pink , or flushed with pink anteriorly . the anterior end bears small , elongated , tapering and multiannulate\nglycerids are carnivores burrowing actively in clean or muddy sand . when swimming , the body is thrown into spiral undulations ; they may coil up tightly when disturbed . some species deliver a bite , which is said to resemble a bee - sting .\nfauchald , k . & g . rouse , 1997 . polychaete systematics : past and present . zoologica scripta , 26 ( 2 ) : 71 - 138 .\nhayward , p . j . & j . s . ryland , 1990 . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . clarendon press , oxford .\nuschakov , p . v . , 1955 . polychaete worms of the far - eastern seas of the ussr . keys to the fauna of the ussr , 56 : 1 - 443 .\nisbn 978 - 3 - 510 - 61335 - 9 , paperback , price : 48 . 00 \u20ac\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 22 : 56 : 04 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ninstituto de biologia \u0096 ib , zoologia , universidade estadual de campinas \u0096 unicamp , cp 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil , e - mail : tatims @ urltoken , http : / / www . ib . urltoken /\ntaxonomic studies of several species of glycera and hemipodia ( = hemipodus ) from the brazilian coast have been carried out by nonato & luna ( 1970 ) , orensanz & gianuca ( 1974 ) , rullier & amoureux ( 1979 ) , nonato ( 1981 ) , and lana ( 1984 ) . in addition , amaral & nonato ( 1996 ) published keys for identification of families and genera of polychaetes from brazil and amaral et al . ( 2006a ) a catalogue of polychaete species from brazil . until now , 17 species and all three genera are mentioned for the brazilian coast , but some of them were synonymized by b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) .\nthe examined material are from different programs , sampled in southern and southeastern brazil ( 22\u00b0 s \u0096 34\u00b040 ' s ) :\nfauna de praia\n( sandy beach fauna ) , in the intertidal zone of 13 beaches along the s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o channel ( state of s\u00e3o paulo ) ;\nrevizee / score sul bentos\n( program of available of the sustainable potential of the living resources of the exclusive economic zone - eez ) , in depths from 60 to 808 m , between ilha grande bay ( rio de janeiro state ) and tramanda\u00ed city ( rio grande do sul state ) ; and\nbiota / fapesp - bentos marinho\n( benthic marine biodiversity in the state of s\u00e3o paulo ) , in intertidal sandy beaches and rocky shores and non - consolidated sublittoral ( 50 m depth ) , in the northern s\u00e3o paulo state . the specific methodology to each program can be found , respectively , in amaral et al . ( 2003 ) , amaral et al . ( 2004 ) and amaral et al . ( 2006b ) .\nthe nomenclature used for taxonomic features is based on b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) . semipermanent slides were mounted with a substance containing glycerin as the main component . measurements and line drawings were made using zeiss optical microscopy and stereomicroscopy . scanning electron microscope observations were made at the laborat\u00f3rio de microscopia eletr\u00f4nica , instituto de biologia , universidade estadual de campinas ( unicamp ) , with jeol jsm - 5800 lv \u00ae equipment , after osmium washing , alcohol battery , critical - point drying with balzers cpd 30 \u00ae ( 37 \u00b0c temperature and 70 urltoken \u00962 pressure ) equipment and coating with 44 nm gold . the material examined was deposited at the museu de hist\u00f3ria natural ( mhn - unicamp ) under the abbreviations zuec - bpo ar or zuec - bpo st . others abbreviations used in the material examined : vfs ( very fine sand ) , fs ( fine sand ) , cs ( coarse sand ) .\nadditional material from bmnh ( the natural history museum , london , uk ) , hzm ( zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum der universit\u00e4t hamburg , germany ) , smf ( senckenbergmuseum , frankfurt am main , germany ) , ssm ( swedish museum of natural history , sweden ) , zmb ( museum f\u00fcr naturkunde der humboldt universit\u00e4t zu berlin , germany ) , zmuc ( zoological museum , university of copenhagen , denmark ) was examined as well .\n1 . mid - body chaetigers with two prechaetal and one postchaetal lobes ; branchiae absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - mid - body chaetigers with two prechaetal and two postchaetal lobes ; branchiae present or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\n2 . prechaetal lobes of about same length ; ailerons with slightly arched bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera oxycephala - notopodial prechaetal lobes distinctly shorter than neuropodial lobes ; ailerons with slight dent in pointed triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera lapidum\n3 . ailerons with deeply incised bases ; branchiae absent ; digitiform proboscideal papillae ( type 1 ) ( figure 4d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - ailerons with triangular or rounded triangular bases ; branchiae present , conical proboscideal papillae ( type 1 ) ( figure 1b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n4 . papillae ( type 1 ) with straight , median , longitudinal ridge only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera tesselata - papillae ( type 1 ) with 6 - 20 transverse ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera brevicirris\n5 . one retractile branchia per parapodium ; ailerons with triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - two branchiae per parapodium ( situated dorsally and ventrally on parapodial bases ) ; ailerons with rounded triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera dibranchiata\n6 . papillae ( type 1 ) with 2 ridges ; branchiae bush - like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera americana - papillae ( type 1 ) with 5 - 6 ridges ; branchiae with up to six rami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera boeggemanni\nglycera americana leidy 1855 : 147 - 148 , pl . 11 , figs . 49 - 50 ; nonato & luna 1970 : 71 - 72 , fig . 26 ; orensanz & gianuca 1974 : 11 ; nonato 1981 : 103 - 104 ( unpublished thesis ) ; temperini 1981 : 28 - 29 ( unpublished thesis ) ; lana 1984 : 92 - 94 , figs . 84 - 85 ( unpublished thesis ) ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 65 - 66 , figs . 88 - 90 .\ntype material : glycera heteropoda hartmann - schr\u00f6der 1962 , holotype , hzm p - 15330 , chile , penco , 2 . i . 1958 ; glycera jucunda kinberg 1865 , syntype , ssm type 6042 , brazil , rio de janeiro harbor , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 7 . 28 m ; syntype , ssm type 6043 , brazil , rio de janeiro harbor , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 7 . 28 m ; glycera laevis kinberg 1865 , syntype , ssm type 6030 , brazil , cabo frio , 22\u00b0 30 ' s and 40\u00b0 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6031 , brazil , cabo frio , 22\u00b0 30 ' and s 40\u00b0 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6040 , brazil , cabo frio , 22\u00b0 30 ' s and 40\u00b0 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6041 , brazil , cabo frio , 22\u00b0 30 ' s and 40\u00b0 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m .\ndescription ( based on additional material ) : complete specimens measuring from 110 to 230 mm long , 0 . 6 to 3 . 8 mm wide , with 51 - 257 chaetigers . coloration yellowish . brown pigment may be present on prostomial rings , lobes and parapodial cirri . conical prostomium with 9 - 12 rings ( figure 1a , f ) ; two specimens ( ar 497 ) with prostomium longer than in others . nuchal organs dorsolaterally on basal ring . proboscideal papillae of two types ( figure 1g ) : type 1 . numerous conical papillae anteriorly smooth , posteriorly with two u - shaped ridges ( figure 1b , i ) and type 2 . isolated , broader papillae without ridges ( figure 1c , j ) . aileron with triangular base , interramal plate present ( figure 1d ) . branchiae retractile , bush - like when completely developed and everted , starting from about 15 th to 26 th parapodia and located dorsally on posterior side of parapodial bases ( figure 1e , h ) . mid - body segments bi - annulate . first two parapodia uniramous , with a prechaetal and a postchaetal lobe . following parapodia biramous with two triangular to digitiform prechaetal lobes of about same length , and two shorter postchaetal lobes , anteriorly rounded , posteriorly triangular , of about same length or neuropodial slightly shorter than notopodial ( figure 1e , h ) . dorsal cirrus from third parapodium , conical to oval , inserted on body wall slightly above parapodial base . ventral cirrus from first parapodium , triangular to digitiform , slightly shorter than postchaetal lobes , in posterior parapodia slender to elongated ( figure 1e , h ) . last parapodia short and slender . pygidial cirrus elongated , as long as last ten parapodia . simple capillary notochaetae and compound spinigerous neurochaetae .\nremarks : the specimens examined by b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) have branchiae located in more anterior chaetigers , between 7 and 22 . glycera cirrata grube 1857 [ partim ] , glycera laevis kinberg 1865 , glycera jucunda kinberg 1865 , glycera edentata hansen 1882 , and glycera incerta hansen 1882 described from specimens collected off rio de janeiro were synonymized under glycera americana by b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) . this species has been recorded off the brazilian coast mainly in ecological studies ( amaral et al . 2006a ) , and it has been often mistaken for other congeneric species .\ndistribution : atlantic coasts of north and south america , pacific coasts of south america ; brazil ( alagoas , sergipe , rio de janeiro , s\u00e3o paulo , paran\u00e1 and rio grande do sul ) . from intertidal region to 120 m depth ; in this study , g . americana was collected from 5 . 3 to 157 m .\ntype material : holotype zuec bpo - ar581 ( 23\u00b0 44 . 154 ' s and 45\u00b0 02 . 007 ' w , caraguatatuba , sta . 21i , 22 . iv . 2001 , 36 . 1 m ) ; paratype zuec bpo - ar496 ( 23\u00b0 53 . 026 ' s and 45\u00b0 30 . 386 ' w , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , sta . 28i , 17 . v . 2001 , 25 . 6 m ) .\nremarks : glycera boeggemanni n . sp . differs from glycera robusta ehlers 1868 , its nearest species , mainly in possessing branchiae retractile , up to six branchial rami , in g . boeggemanni n . sp . , whereas in g . robusta the branchiae are non - retractile , blister - like ; in both species branchiae are located at base on the parapodia . glycera boeggemanni n . sp . is found in southwest atlantic , and g . robusta in the western and eastern pacific ocean .\ndistribution : brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo : caraguatatuba and s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o ) . from 25 to 36 m depth .\netymology : the species is named after markus b\u00f6ggemann , because of his important work and publications on polychaetes , especially glycerids .\nglycera brevicirris grube 1870 : 61 - 62 ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 44 - 47 , figs . 34 - 36\ntype material : glycera brevicirris , syntype , zmb q . 4304 , coll . grube .\nadditional material : 1 specimen : sta . 6652 , 25\u00b0 51 ' 04\ns and 45\u00b0 47 ' 30\nw , 206 m , 15 . xii . 1997 ( zuec bpo - ar20 , preserved for sem ) .\ndistribution : western and eastern atlantic , gulf of mexico , caribbean sea , red sea , indian ocean , indo - pacific , central pacific basin , east pacific coasts . this study enlarges the distribution of this species , whose southern limit was the gulf of mexico , to south america ( brazil , s\u00e3o paulo ) . from intertidal zone to 1118 m ( b\u00f6ggemann 2002 ) ; in this study , g . brevicirris occurred at 206 m .\nglycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 : 670 - 702 , pl . 24 , figs . 1 , 3 - 8 , 10 - 28 ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 53 - 54 , figs . 58 - 60 .\nremarks : the branchiae of specimen zuec - bpo - st111 did not present the fibrous muscular appearance of other specimens ; rather , each branchia had a large number of gametes , with the lower branchia almost more inflated ( figure 8 f ) . in some parapodia of this specimen , the branchiae were empty , only the external cuticle remaining . the beginning of the branchiae did not vary much , besides the size differences of the specimens . b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 14 - 17 prostomial rings , branchiae starting from parapodium 13 to 21 , and conical proboscideal papillae of type 1 with 4 - 8 ridges , and of type 2 with 3 - 6 ridges . a small specimen had the aileron with the outer ramus more curved ( figure 6d ) .\ndistribution : western and eastern coasts of north and central america and coast of southern brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo ) . from intertidal zone to 403 m ; in this study , g . dibranchiata was found from the intertidal zone to 24 m .\nglycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 : 187 - 188 ; parra et al . 1995 : 57 ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 37 - 40 , figs . 19 - 21 .\ndistribution : mainly in temperate zones and sometimes in tropical seas . this is the first record of this species in brazil ( from s\u00e3o paulo to rio grande do sul ) ; it had been previously recorded in the south atlantic ( argentina ) . from intertidal to 3947 m depth ; in this study , g . lapidum occurred from 60 to 500 m .\nglycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 : 121 - 123 , pl . 41 , figs . 7 - 11 ; parra et al . 1995 : 53 - 59 , figs 1 - 3 ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 40 - 41 , figs . 22 - 24 .\nglycera cf . oxycephala lana 1984 : 94 - 95 , figs . 86 - 87 .\nmaterial examined : 18 specimens : sta . 6658 , 25\u00b0 11 ' 89\ns and 47\u00b0 08 ' 09\nw , 157 m , 16 . xii . 1997 ( zuec - bpo - ar17 , 11 ) ; sta . 6672 , 26\u00b0 27 ' 75\ns and 44\u00b0 30 ' 351\nw , 165 m , 11 . i . 1998 ( zuec - bpo - ar18 , 1 ) ; sta . 123i , 23\u00b0 29 ' 101\ns and 44\u00b0 59 ' 171\nw , 24 . 9 m , amf ( zuec - bpo - ar515 , 1 ) ; sta . 209i , 23\u00b0 46 ' 731\ns and 45\u00b0 13 ' 790\nw , 12 m , af ( zuec - bpo - ar521 , 1 ) ; sta . 206i , 23\u00b0 34 ' 936\ns and 45\u00b0 16 ' 764\nw , 3 m , am ( zuec - bpo - ar525 , 1 ) ; sta . 167i , 23\u00b0 31 ' 220\ns and 44\u00b0 54 ' 718\nw , 44 . 5 m , am ( zuec - bpo - ar528 , 1 ) ; sta . 45i , 23\u00b0 22 ' 420\ns and 44\u00b0 53 ' 135\nw , 12 m , af ( zuec - bpo - ar591 , 1 ) ; no number , paranagu\u00e1 bay , sta . 6110b ( 1 ) .\nadditional material : south africa , lambert ' s bay st . lam . 26 , 32\u00b0 04 . 90 ' s , 18\u00b0 17 . 50 ' e , 18 . i . 1957 , 27 m , sand with shells and rocks ( bmnh 1963 . 1 . 79 , 1 ) ; kuwait , salimiyah and mena abdullah , intertidal , sand ( bmnh 1971 . 45 , 1 )\ndistribution : in temperate zones and tropical seas ; brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo and paran\u00e1 ) . from intertidal zone to 2951 m depth ; in this study , g . oxycephala occurred between 3 to 165 m .\nglycera tesselata grube 1863 : 41 - 42 , pl . 4 , figs 4 , 4a ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 47 - 48 , figs 37 - 39 .\ntype material : glycera tesselata , syntype , zmb q . 4339 , neresine , lussin piccolo , croatia , grube coll .\nadditional material : 17 specimens : sta . 6763 , 23\u00b0 08 ' 07\ns , 41\u00b0 00 ' 84\nw , 101 m , 1 . iii . 1998 ( zuec - bpo - ar563 , 1 ) ; zmb q . 4340 ( italy , lesina , 15 ) ; zmb 6560 ( bismarck archipelago , ralun , 24 . xi . 1896 , 1 ) .\nremarks : b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 8 - 9 prostomial rings , branchiae absent , and digitiform proboscideal papillae with straight , median , longitudinal ridge . it differs from g . brevicirris , the other congeneric species found in brazil , in the digitiform proboscideal papillae ; g . tesselata has only one straight , median , longitudinal ridge , whereas g . brevicirris has about 6 - 20 transverse ridges . our specimen has a dorsal cirrus near the parapodial base , differing from that mentioned by b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 : 48 ) for this species , i . e . , inserted on the body wall far from the parapodial base mainly on anterior part of the body .\ndistribution : northwestern and northeastern atlantic , gulf of mexico , caribbean sea , mediterranean sea , red sea , south coasts of africa , indo - pacific , northwestern pacific . this is the first occurrence of the species in brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . from 2 to 4066 m depth ; in this study , g . tesselata occurred at 101 m .\n1 . proboscideal papillae of type 1 digitiform with up to 9 - 40 ridges ; all dorsal and ventral cirri rounded to oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hemipodia californiensis - proboscideal papillae of type 1 conical only with straight , median , longitudinal ridge ; oval ventral cirri on anterior and median chaetigers , elongated and conical cirri on posterior chaetigers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hemipodia simplex\nhemipodus olivieri orensanz & gianuca 1974 : 11 - 13 , figs 5 , 8 and 9 ; lana 1984 : 91 , figs 82 - 83 .\nremarks : b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 8 - 10 prostomial rings , proboscideal papillae of type 1 with 9 - 40 ridges , and of type 2 with 7 - 15 ridges . according to b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) , hemipodus olivieri orensanz & gianuca 1974 is synonymous with hemipodia californiensis . this species is similar to hemipodia pustatula ( friedrich 1956 ) in relation to the proboscideal papillae and anterior parapodia . however , h . pustatula has the prechaetal lobe of the posterior chaetiger much more slender and thinner , and the ventral cirrus slender , triangular to digitiform and longer than the postchaetal lobe . besides this , h . pustatula has a small digitate distal process on the prechaetal lobes starting from the mid - body ; such a process is absent in h . californiensis . the smallest specimen examined here is in agreement with the description of juveniles of h . olivieri ( = h . californiensis ) . the largest specimens described by these authors ( 115 mm long ) correspond to the adults described here , but the prechaetal lobes on posterior chaetigers are slightly longer in our specimens . this difference may be due to specimen sizes , because the smaller the specimen , the more elongated is the prechaetal lobe . the same appears to be true for the rings of the proboscideal papillae ; i . e . , the larger the specimen , the higher the number of rings . several specimens from 35 mm long had gametes inside the coelomic cavity .\ndistribution : west coast of america , from california to peru , southeastern coasts of south america . from intertidal zone to 100 m depth ; common in the intertidal zone of fine - sand beaches in s\u00e3o paulo state .\nhemipodia simplex \u0096 b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 79 - 81 , figs 127 - 129 .\ntype material : holotype , zmuc pol - 393 , valpara\u00edso , callao , 21 . ix . 1841 .\nadditional material : 13 specimens : sta . 688b , 07 . ix . 1995 , 23\u00b0 46 ' 40 . 80\ns and 45\u00b0 23 ' 59 . 43\nw , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , pontal da cruz beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost119 , 1 ) ; sta . 63a , 07 . viii . 1995 , 23\u00b0 47 ' 51 . 94\ns and 45\u00b0 23 ' 57 . 62\nw , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , porto grande beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost117 , 1 ) ; sta . 62b , 07 . viii . 1995 , 23\u00b0 47 ' 51 . 94\ns and 45\u00b0 23 ' 57 . 62\nw , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , porto grande beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost118 , 2 ) ; sta . 200i , 23\u00b0 30 ' 564\ns and 45\u00b0 08 ' 340\nw , 5 . 4 m , vfs ( zuecbpoar509 , 5 ) ; sta . 116i , 23\u00b0 26 ' 193\nsand 44\u00b0 58 ' 650\nw , 19 . 8 m , vfs ( zuecbpoar520 , 1 ) ; sta . 193i , 23\u00b0 31 ' 542\ns , 45\u00b0 06 ' 573\nw , 9 m , cs ( zuecbpoar535 , 1 ) ; sta . 91i , 23\u00b0 24 ' 366\ns and 45\u00b0 51 ' 431\nw , 16 . 6 m , am ( zuecbpoar557 , 1 ) ; sta . 92i , 23\u00b0 24 ' 010\ns and 44\u00b0 50 ' 902\nw , 21 . 6 m , am ( zuecbpoar571 , 1 ) .\nremarks : b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 7 - 9 prostomial rings for the species . according to grube ( 1857 ) , the type locality of this species is valparaiso ( chile ) and callao ( peru ) . the original description is not very detailed , however , reexamination of the holotype revealed its characteristics in detail . b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) compared specimens identified as hemipodus rotundus by nonato ( 1981 ) from ilha grande bay ( rio de janeiro ) and verified that it is similar to hemipodia simplex , as our specimens are also .\ndistribution : cold and warm temperate zone , west and east coasts of north and south america , bay of bengal , east coast of australia , seas around new zealand . from intertidal zone to 137 m depth ; in brazil , h . simplex occurred from the intertidal zone to 22 m .\namaral , a . c . z . , denadai , m . r . , turra , a . & rizzo , a . e . 2003 . intertidal macrofauna in brazilian subtropical tide - dominated sandy beaches . j . coast . res . 35 : 446 - 455 .\namaral , a . c . z . , lana , p . c . , rizzo , a . e . , steiner , t . m . , pardo , e . v . , santos , c . s . g . , carvalho , a . c . , wagner , m . f . r . , garrafoni , a . s . , brasil , a . c . s . , ribeiro , z . , nogueira , j . m . m . , abbud , a . , rossi , m . & fukuda , m . 2004 . filo annelida classe polychaeta . in biodiversidade b\u00eantica da regi\u00e3o sul - sudeste da costa brasileira . revizee score sul bentos . ( amaral , a . c . z . & c . l . d . b . rossi - wongtschowski , eds ) s\u00e3o paulo : ulh\u00f4a cintra ed . p . 114 - 125 .\namaral , a . c . z . & nonato , e . f . 1996 . annelida polychaeta : caracter\u00edsticas , gloss\u00e1rio e chaves para fam\u00edlias e g\u00eaneros da costa brasileira . editora da unicamp , unicamp , campinas .\namaral , a . c . z . , nallin , s . a . h . & steiner , t . m . 2006a . cat\u00e1logo das esp\u00e9cies dos annelida polychaeta do brasil .\namaral , a . c . z . , rizzo , a . e . & arruda , e . p . ( orgs . ) 2006b . manual de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos invertebrados marinhos da regi\u00e3o sudeste - sul do brasil . vol . i . s\u00e3o paulo : edusp ed . 287p .\naugener , h . 1934 . viii polychaeten aus den zoologischen museen von leiden und amsterdam . iv . ( schluss ) . zoologische mededeelingen uitgegeven door ' s rijks museum van natuurlijke historie te leiden , 17 ( 1 - 2 ) : 67 - 160 .\nehlers , e . 1868 . die borstenw\u00fcrmer ( annelida chaetopoda ) nach systematischen und anatomischen untersuchungen dargestellt . verlag von wilhelm engelmann , erster band , leipzig . p . 1 - 748 .\nehlers , e . 1887 . reports on the results of dredging , under the direction of l . f . pourtal\u00e8s , during the years 1868 - 1870 , and of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) , and in the caribbean sea ( 1878 - 79 ) , in the u . s . coast survey steamer \u0084blake\n, lieut . com . c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxxi . report on the annelids . memoirs of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college , cambridge , massachussets , v . 15 , p . 1 - 335 .\nfauchald , k . 1977 . polychaetes from intertidal areas in panama , with a review of previous shallow - water records . smith . contr . zool . 221 : 1 - 81 .\ngrube , e . 1857 . annulata \u00f6rstediana . enumeratio annulatorum , quae in itinere per indiam occidentalem et americam centralem annis 1845 - 1848 suscepto legit cl . a . s . \u00f6rsted , adjectis specibus nonnullis a cl . h . kr\u00f6yero in itinere ad americam meridionalem collectis ( fortsaetelse ) . videnskabelige meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske forening i kj\u00f6benhavn , 158 - 186 , kj\u00f6benhavn .\ngrube , e . 1863 . beschreibung neuer oder wenig bekannter anneliden . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , jahrgang 29 , 1 : 37 - 69 , pls . 4 - 6 , berlin .\ngrube , e . 1870 . bemerkungen \u00fcber die familie der glycereen . jahres - bericht der schlesischen gesellschaft f\u00fcr vaterl\u00e4ndische cultur , 47 : 56 - 68 , breslau .\nhartman , o . 1968 . atlas of the errantiate polychaetous annelids from california . allan hancock foundation . university of southern california , los angeles , caliofrnia , 828p .\nlana , p . c . 1984 . anel\u00eddeos poliquetas errantes do litoral do estado do paran\u00e1 . tese de doutorado , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 , paran\u00e1 . 275p .\nleidy , j . 1855 . contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrata fauna , of the coasts of rhode island and new jersey . jornal of the academy of natural sicences of philadelphis , 3 ( 2 ) : 135 - 152 , plates 10 - 11 : philadelphia .\nnonato , e . f . 1981 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao conhecimento dos anel\u00eddeos poliquetas bent\u00f4nicos da plataforma continental brasileira , entre cabo frio e o arroio chui . tese de doutorado , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , 246p .\nnonato , e . & luna , j . a . c . 1970 . anel\u00eddeos poliquetas do nordeste do brasil . i - poliquetas bent\u00f4nicos da costa de alagoas e sergipe . bol . inst . oceanogr . s . paulo 19 : 57 - 130 .\norensanz , j . m . & gianuca , n . m . 1974 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao conhecimento dos anel\u00eddeos poliquetas do rio grande do sul , brazil . i . lista sistem\u00e1tica preliminar e descri\u00e7\u00e3o de tr\u00eas novas esp\u00e9cies . com . mus . ci . pucrgs 4 : 1 - 37 .\nparra , s . , rodr\u00edguez , c . v . , l\u00f3pez - jamar , e . & o ' connor , b . d . s . 1995 . contribuci\u00f3n al conocimiento del g\u00e9nero\nquatrefages , a . de 1866 . histoire naturelle des annel\u00e9s marins et d ' eau douce . ann\u00e9lides et g\u00e9phyriens . \u0096 librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , 3 vols . , and atlas with pls . 1 - 20 , paris .\nrullier , f . & amoureaux , l . 1979 . ann\u00e9lides polycha\u00e8tes . annales de i ' institut oc\u00e9anographique monaco 55 : 145 - 206 .\ntemperini , m . t . 1981 . sistem\u00e1tica e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o dos poliquetos errantes da plataforma continental brasileira entre as latitudes de 23\u00b0 05 ' s e 30\u00b0 00 ' s . disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de mestrado , instituto oceanogr\u00e1fico , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , 89p .\ndepartamento de biologia vegetal - instituto de biologia unicamp cp 6109 13083 - 970 - campinas / sp tel . : ( + 55 19 ) 3521 - 6166 fax : ( + 55 19 ) 3521 - 6168 contato @ urltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 515a9c82 - 8820 - 4288 - 8165 - dff86f38424a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4ec0eea - 71b5 - 4237 - 91cf - a527bad36333\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7c9b15d5 - e658 - 4062 - 875d - 22f462cd3d54\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 260139\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nparapodia have both notopodia and neuropodia in glycera , or lack notopodia apart from the dorsal cirrus in hemipodus .\nthe large , pallid pink glycera ovigera schmarda , 1861 is recognisable in life from the multiple branching of delicate retractile gills behind the mid - body parapodia . prior new zealand reports of glycera americana leidy , 1855 are most likely g . ovigera or other species . in glycera lamelliformis mcintosh , 1885 the retractile parapodial gills are long and cylindrical . otherwise the glycera species are distinguished by a combination of the relative lengths of the parapodial lobes , the morphology of the proboscis papillae , and the structure of accessory supports called ailerons on the proboscis . these features can be either difficult to observe or subject to interpretation . glycera tesselata grube , 1863 has only long , slender , proboscis papillae . hemipodus simplex ( grube , 1856 ) has flattened papillae and has been recorded widely . glycerids rarely occur on rocky shores but pale hemipodus species , probably hemipodus simplex , occurs under intertidal stones in harbours .\nglycera ovigera diagnosis from key of b\u00f6ggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 1 proboscidial papillae without terminal fingernail structure . 2 - 2 two postchaetal lobes ( in mid body ) . 7 - 2 ailerons with interramal plate . 11 - 2 proboscidial papillae with up to 3 ridges . 18 - 2 postchaetal lobes of about same length ( in mid body ) . 20 - 1 prechaetal lobes of about same length . branchiae retractile . 21 - 2 postchaetal lobes both slender triangular . 23 - 1 branchiae retractile , bush - like , dorsally on post side parapodial bases . 24 - 2 . proboscidial papillae with y - shaped ridge in combination with 1 - 3 vertical ridges apically ( americana has 2 ridges ) .\nglycera lamelliformis diagnosis from key of b\u00f6ggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 2 proboscidial papillae with terminal fingernail structure . 26 - 1 parapodia of mid - body with two slender triangular postchaetal lobes of about same length . 27 - 2 proboscidial papillae with short stalk and without ridges on nail ; ailerons with triangular base ; blister - like branchiae dorsally on parapodial bases .\nglycera benhami diagnosis from key of b\u00f6ggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 1 proboscidial papillae without terminal fingernail structure . 2 - 2 two postchaetal lobes at least from parapodia of mid - body . 7 - 1 ailerons with deeply incised base ; both postchaetal lobes short , rounded ; branchiae absent . 8 - 1 prechaetal lobes of about same length ; digitiform proboscidial papillae present . 9 - 1 digitiform proboscidial papillae with straight , median , longitudinal ridge . 10 - 2 digitiform proboscidial papillae with additional single terminal u - shaped ridge .\nsands and sandy muds , and ( less commonly ) crevice - dwelling . glycera ovigera is the commonest intertidal species . glycera lamelliformis is subtidal .\nother species reported in the new zealand region were glycera lamellipodia knox , 1960 , glycera knoxi kirkegaard , 1995 , hemipodus ellesmerensis knox , 1960 , hemipodus digitifera knox , 1960 , all known from single specimens . b\u00f6ggemann analysed niwa collection and reported the fauna to be : glycera benhami b\u00f6ggemann and fiege , 2001 , glycera capitata \u00f6rsted , 1842 , glycera knoxi kirkegaard , 1995 , glycera lamelliformis mcintosh , 1885 , glycera lapidum quatrefages , 1866 , glycera onomichiensis izuka , 1912 , glycera ovigera schmarda , 1861 , glycera russa grube , 1870 , hemipodus simplex ( grube , 1857 ) , hemipodus australiensis knox and cameron , 1971 .\n( b\u00f6ggemann 2002 ) ( hilbig 1994a : p197 - 214 , f6 . 1 - 6 ) , ( kirkegaard 1995 : p26 , f13 ) , ( knox 1960a : p134 - 136 , f220 - 231 ) , ( knox 1960c : p219 - 232 , f1 - 27 ) , ( mcintosh 1885 : p347 - 349 , p42 . 9 - 10 , 22a . 11 ) , ( o ' connor 1987 : p167 - 189 , f1 - 16 ) , ( schmarda 1861 : p95 , p30 . 239 ) . ( full citations at family pages literature cited list . )\nnote : use the back button of your browser to return to shore polychaete guide .\nthe information provided by this page and by the pages of the\nmore information\nlinks is held in a structured form for rapid and frequent updating and improvement . descriptive text is compiled from a number of database fields , some of which may occasionally be empty . last modified by g . read , 25 / 07 / 2004 ( dd / mm / yy )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch zoologist , curator of worms , department of systematic biology , invertebrate zoology section , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . 20560 , usa\nread , g . & fauchald , k . ( 2013 ) . world polychaeta database . accessed through world register of marine species at : urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\npolychaetes can be separated into two large orders , errantia and sedentaria , based on the development of the anterior appendages and life habits . errant polychaetes are active swimmer or crawler while sedentary polychaetes are burrowers or tube dwellers .\nusually filter - or deposit - feeders ( i . e . consume sediment )\nsince the 1970 ' s , about 100 species of sedentary polychaetes have been reported from hong kong ( shin 1998 ) . they belong to 81 genera and 24 families . of these , 46 genera were not determined to species level due to the lack of taxonomic expertise and 17 species of sedentary polychaetes were described as new to science from hong kong ( shin 1998 ) . these new species were scoloplos tumidus ( orbiniidae ) ; poecilochaetus hystricosus , p . spinulosus , p . tricirratus ( poecilochaetidae ) ; prionospio saccifera ( spionidae ) ; polycirrus dodeka , p . multus , p . quadratus , rhinothelepus occabus , streblosoma duplicata , thelepus opinus , t . pulvinus , eupolymnia umbonis , lanice auricula , lomia bandera , longicarpus nodus and terebella copia ( terebellidae ) .\nthe sedentary polychaetes have its prostomium , proboscis and eyes reduced or absent . most of them live in tubes constructed by themselves in the mud or sand of the ocean bottom . the tubes are straight or u - shaped with two openings . the glands on the ventral surfaces of the segments secrete the tube - forming materials . the tubes may be calcareous , membranous , simple mucus - lined burrows , or composed of sand grains and other foreign materials cemented together .\nthe sedentary polychaetes are not active swimmers as errant polychaetes , so the tubes are important for protecting them from predators and catching prey . any disturances of predator or prey in the surrounding water can be transmitted to the tube . through the opening of the tube , the tube dwellers can get the clean and oxygenated water above the mud and sand .\nmany tube dwellers are beautiful with colours such as red , pink , green or iridescent . their parapodia are usually small and short , or with rows of hooklike setae for gripping the sides of the tube . their anterior part are greatly elaborated for feeding and respiration . the sabellids and serpulids have prostomial tentacles developed to form a branchial crown of feather - like processes called radioles . the peristomial tentacles of terebellids are long , filamentous and extensile . the food is brought by beating of cilia in a groove running along each filament .\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 20 : 51 : 30 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe seasonal distribution of the polychaete genus glycera was studied , especially in relation to the textural characteristics of sediments along the south - west kerala coast of india . statistical analysis pointed towards the preference of glycera sp . in sediments rich in silt , clay , sand and organic carbon relating to their role as an indicator of organic enrichment .\nobjective selection of sensitive species indicative of pollution - induced change in benthic communities . i . comparative methodology\nmetal concentrations in sediment and in whole tissue of the benthic polychaete glycera longipinnis collected along the southwest coast of india were analysed . relative seasonal accumulation of metals ( cu , pb , cr , ni , zn , cd , hg ) was studied by categorising the habitat as less polluted or highly polluted based on metal contamination routed through industrial and urban sources . the metal content . . . [ show full abstract ]\nspatial and temporal variations in concentration of dissolved metals viz . copper ( cu ) , lead ( pb ) , chromium ( cr ) , nickel ( ni ) , zinc ( zn ) , cadmium ( cd ) and mercury ( hg ) in surface waters of southwest coast of india were studied . concentrations of metals showed an aberration both temporally and spatially . seasonal average concentrations of the analyzed metals followed the order zn > ni > cu > pb . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe relationship between the hydrochemical characteristics and phytoplankton chlorophyll in coastal pollution monitoring surveys , establishes a basis for understanding the trophic state of coastal waters in accordance with nutrient enrichment routing to progress in capture fishery . on the other hand , the zooplankton ( including ichthyoplankton ) grazing and its abundance can be understood from . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 1450, "summary": [{"text": "bell 's sparrow ( artemisiospiza belli ) is a medium-sized sparrow of the western united states and northwestern mexico .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it used to be placed in the genus amphispiza , but recent evidence suggested it be placed in its own genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "four populations are resident to the west : subspecies canescens breeds in south-central california , the dark nominate subspecies belli in the california coast ranges and part of the western slope of the sierra nevada south to about 29 \u00b0 n in baja california , the equally dark subspecies clementeae limited to san clemente island , and subspecies cinerea in western baja california from 29 \u00b0 n to 26 \u00b0 45 \u2032 n .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the aou now considers bell 's sparrow a separate species , formerly grouped with the sagebrush sparrow , and together previously known as the sage sparrow .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "bell 's sparrow is difficult to separate in the field from the sagebrush sparrow .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "both species measure about 6 in ( 15 cm ) long and weigh approximately 16.5 g ( 0.58 oz ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "in general , with bell \u2019s sparrow the malar is darker than the head while on the sagebrush it is about the same shade of darkish gray .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "bell \u2019s sparrow also has a thicker malar strip than sagebrush .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the amount a streaking on the back as well as the shade of the mantle may also be used to separate the two , but this is affected by wear on the feathers .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "bell 's also has little or no white in the tail , but this field mark alone may not be diagnostic .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "bell 's sparrows are indeed often tied to sagebrush habitats , although they can also be found in brushy stands of saltbush , chamise , and other low shrubs of the arid west .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the subspecies a. b. clementeae has been listed as threatened since 1977 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the species ' common name and binomial ( belli ) refer to john graham bell . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "bell ' s sparrow", "paragraphs": ["taxonomy can be confusing , even for the experts . in the nineteenth century all the \u201csage\u201d sparrows from the rocky mountains west to the pacific coast were known as bell\u2019s sparrow , although ornithologists noted there were several regional forms . by 1910 they had split bell\u2019s sparrow into the two distinct species we know today , but a revision in 1957 lumped them together as the sage sparrow . in 2013 they were split back into two species , now known as the sagebrush sparrow and bell\u2019s sparrow .\nthe oldest known bell\u2019s sparrow was at least 9 years , 3 months old when it was recaptured and re - released at a california banding station .\ncontrast between the head and the malar stripe , along with the strength of the malar seems to be one of the most reliable fields marks . on bell\u2019s sparrow the malar is darker than the head while on sagebrush it is about the same shade . bell\u2019s sparrow also has a thicker malar strip than sagebrush .\nnina , both of those would be sagebrush sparrow . bell\u2019s in winter hasn\u2019t been recorded east of phoenix and sagebrush is the only one that breeds in az .\nbell\u2019s sparrow is more local in arizona than in california and the reverse is true of sagebrush sparrow . bell\u2019s sparrow does not breed in arizona , but sagebrush sparrow does breed in the great basin portion of california . both species winter in the salton sink , but like the the lcrv the status of each has yet to be worked out . the status of sagbrush sparrow as a migrant ( and possibly in winter ) in the mojave desert is largely unknown . within the arizona portion of the mohave desert at places such as the sacramento valley it appears to be largely sagebrush sparrow ( again see comments on id below ) . bell\u2019s sparrow has been found east to phoenix in arizona , but how regular is it east of the lcrv ?\nsong ' s and calls from a group of three bell ' s sparrows . the birds were chasing each other through the saltbush and sagebrush . call quality a , song quality c .\nthe bell\u2019s sparrow is a neat , gray - headed sparrow emblematic of california\u2019s coastal sage and chaparral . they also occur in baja california , the mojave desert , and on san clemente island , california ( a federally threatened subspecies ) . like the very similar sagebrush sparrow , these birds spend much of their time foraging for insects and seeds on the ground underneath shrubs . in spring males sing a fast mix of trills and chips from the tallest perches they can find .\npair of bell ' s sparrow , one singing , the other one non - vocal . this pair was visiting saltbush ( atriplex sp . ) and sagebrush ( artimesia sp . ) , inspecting the bush , and then moving on .\n\u2013 interior sc california ( s san joaquin valley , inyo region , and s & w edges of mojave desert ) and adjacent w nevada ; non - breeding also w to sw california , e to s nevada and w arizona , and s to ne baja california .\nbell\u2019s sparrow at quail hollow in parker strip ca on 19 jan 2013 . note the thin back streaking that is hard to see and the thick dark malar stripe . same individual as the next photo . copyright ( c ) 2013 david vander pluym\namount of white in the tail has been cited as a field mark for sagebrush vs nominate bell\u2019s . though it is variable the amount of white ( sagebrush ) vs buffy ( bell\u2019s ) in the outermost rectrices may be of some use . another field mark that if useful would likely be difficult to use in the field .\ncaution is warranted as we learn about identification of the two species , and for the time being it may be best to leave most birds on the winter grounds as \u201csage\u201d sparrow or use the modifier presumed / probably . that being said with practice i think most individuals are identifiable in the field . check out this photo of a bell\u2019s sparrow and this one of a sagebursh sparrow posted online . notice the head color in both individuals and despite the photo of the sagebrush sparrow looking like it has a darker head , the contrast between the head and the malar is minimal . the bell\u2019s sparrow shows a strong contrast between the malar and the head . notice also the amount of streaking on the back of each individual ; this characteristic , though , needs further evaluation and should be used possibly only as a supporting characteristic . robert royse\u2019s webpage has a nice selection of both species ( along with nominate bell\u2019s sparrow ) , though more location data would be useful to assure yourself that they couldn\u2019t have been a different taxa than that listed . i also recommend checking out this urltoken post on the identification by song . finally birding is fun has a nice review of the split .\n\u2013 california on w slopes of c sierra nevada ( s to mariposa county ) and coastal ranges ( from trinity county and shasta county ) s to extreme nw mexico ( nw baja california s to c . 29\u00b0 n ) .\ngiven that sagebrush and bell\u2019s were once considered to be one species , differences between habitat preferences on their wintering grounds are not well - studied . regional conservation plans that might consider conservation strategies for sage sparrows\u2019 wintering habitat were likely written before the taxonomic split , and just as many listers found themselves with only an unsatisfying sagebrush / bell\u2019s sparrow on their lists after the split , the species themselves are left with a similarly unsatisfying , generic conservation strategy .\ninitial impressions suggest that bell\u2019s sparrow winters farther east than was generally expected . in absence of detailed field study of multiple markings mentioned by pyle above , we encourage observers to report their observations of wintering individuals as bell\u2019s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) from pima , pinal , and maricopa counties in arizona , as well as in counties in western arizona and southeastern california . careful scope viewing is highly recommended , and one\u2019s impressions of important field markings are definitely impacted by lighting conditions in the field . we have found that it may take me an hour to achieve good looks at only a small fraction of the many wintering artemisiospiza one might find at a location . further , we suggest observers photograph these whenever possible throughout the species\u2019 ranges , and it is always useful to describe the vegetation where you find birds .\nbirders of the arid southwest have been experiencing headaches this winter , and it is not just dehydration . the recent aou split ( here ) of sage sparrow into two distinct species , bell\u2019s sparrow ( artemisiospiza belli ) and sagebrush sparrow ( a . nevadensis ) , has led to an outbreak of head - shaking and hand - wringing on blogs , listservs , identification discussion groups , and even reviewer discussion groups in the region . chris mccreedy of point blue conservation science provides us with an overview of the challenges and the field work being done to supply some answers .\nsong described as \u201ctweesitity - slip tweesitity - slip swer\u201d . call a short , bell - like . . .\npresumed bell\u2019s sparrow at quail hollow in parker strip ca on 19 jan 2013 . another look at the same individual where you can better see the thick dark malar extending up to the bill , strongly contrasting with the rest of the head . note also again the thin back streaking that is hard to see . copyright ( c ) 2013 david vander pluym\nbell ' s sparrow pair reported between mile markers 7 . 1 and 7 . 2 on blue ridge road in mix canyon . the habitat was chamise and manzanita chaparral mixed with oak woodland . male sparrow immediately perched high and visible in shrub when playback was called and began singing . female hid in shrub nearby . all bird species were singing in the early morning chorus ( wrentits , spotted towhees and california thrashers most prominent ) . weather was sunny , clear with a light breeze .\ni haven\u2019t explored the blythe area south enough in winter to give good sites there but check urltoken for good locations there . the parker strip is likely your best bet for sage sparrows in california , as along the river there are still nice patches of suaeda . good spots to check include the brush areas around quail hollow day use area and the crossroads campground . i\u2019ve had birds matching bell\u2019s sparrow at both spots ( but see below on problems of identification ) . on the arizona side your best bets are probably pintail slough on the havasu nwr where i\u2019ve also had birds matching bell\u2019s . i\u2019ve had them once in the parker valley and it is likely still worth checking , but that area has lost a lot of habitat to agriculture which is typically unsuitable for sage sparrow . kohen ranch in the bill williams river nwr is another site i have had the species and is worth the hike in winter to check out . interestingly these areas all have a lot of atriplex ( saltbush ) which bell\u2019s sparrow breeds in , perhaps there is some ecological partitioning on the wintering grounds ?\nsage sparrow is a terrestrial inhabitant of arid lands including desert with sagebrush and saltbush , open slopes with juniper and pinyon , and chaparral with sagebrush , greasewood , baccharis , and cactus . it inhabits elevations from sea level to about 2000 m . adults have a gray head and white eye ring , a white dot over the lores , black and white malar and sub - malar ( moustache ) stripes , white underparts with a dark breast spot . resemble immature black - throated sparrow ( amphispiza bilineata ) but lack that species\u2019 white supercilium . sage sparrow is widespread in the western u . s . ( races nevadensis and canescens ) , nesting as far north as washington , eastward to wyoming and colorado , and west to california . birds of the western u . s . ( except coastal california ) migrate southward as far south as sonora and chihuahua , mexico . the distinctive race belli of western california ( bell\u2019s sparrow ) nests southward into baja california norte . it is slightly smaller ( length 14 . 5 cm ) and has a smaller bill . it has a darker gray head , a broader black moustache stripe , and is richer brown on the mantle , wings , flanks , and tail . in the central portion of the baja peninsula , bell ' s sparrow is replaced by the similar but paler race cinerea .\nby now i am sure that most everyone has heard about the split of sage sparrow into ( at present ) two species : bell\u2019s sparrow ( artemisiospiza belli ) and sagebrush sparrow ( a . nevadensis ) , two names i think are appropriate or at least i can\u2019t think of anything else better . bell\u2019s has multiple subspecies within it and for the purposes of this blog post , all mention of bell\u2019s sparrow refers to a . b . canescens . it is interesting to note that this split is not without its detractors and it is well worth reading the proposal , as well as the literature cited . especially worth reading is patten and unitt 2002 ( claims that canescens is not a valid taxa and should be lumped with nevadensis ) and cicero and johnson 2006 ( which is a rebuttal to the prior paper\u2019s claims ) . really it is a good idea to read over all proposals you have an interest in , as well as any of the publications you can get your hands on ( important parts of which can be left out of the proposals ) . read it and decide for yourself if you agree with the committee decision ! i know i don\u2019t always agree with the decisions , but after reading the material present and committee comments , i can at least usually understand the rationale behind it . anyway i\u2019m getting way off the topic of sage sparrows .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\n( c . h . townsend , 1890 ) \u2013 c baja california ( s to 26\u00b0 n ) .\nrising , j . ( 2018 ) . bell ' s sparrow ( artemisiospiza belli ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nprominence of a supercilium has been cited , but this seems to be variable as well , a complete lack of any pale area in the supercilium may be only found in bell\u2019s , but this could be nearly impossible to tell without a bird in the hand .\nsame individual as xc382447 and xc382448 . the bird was making this call and hopping between sagebrush ( artemesia sp . ) in a rectangular pattern . it was unclear whether the bird was agitated with my presence , or the presence of other nearby bell ' s sparrows .\n13\u00b77\u201315\u00b77 cm ; 12\u00b77\u201316\u00b78 g . a medium - sized sparrow , with long tail often held cocked . nominate race has head and nape brownish - grey , . . .\nthe reason ? it is quite difficult to tell the two species apart in the field ( read here for an excellent summary by peter pyle of some apparent differences in plumage ) . many contend that it is currently impossible to separate the two taxa in the field for a majority of individuals \u2013 and perhaps all of them . despair deepens due to the inclusion of the \u2018mojave\u2019 subspecies of sage sparrow ( a . b . canescens ) within bell\u2019s sparrow and not with sagebrush . \u2018mojave\u2019 canescens are intermediate in appearance . plus , the canescens wintering distribution appears to overlap heavily with sagebrush in southeastern california , southern arizona , and northwest mexico .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nas with many inconspicuous sparrows , the best way to find bell\u2019s sparrows is to look for them in the early morning during the breeding season , when males perch out in the open on tall shrubs and sing for your attention . at other times they may be considerably harder to find . just be aware that in the right habitat\u2014particularly in coastal sagebrush in southern california\u2014these sparrows are fairly numerous . they tend to forage on the ground and scurry rather than fly between patches of shrub cover . patient watching and listening either for the sounds of foraging or for this bird\u2019s bell - like tink call will help you find them .\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\nthe main reason for this post is that the lcrv is one of the few places were both species can occur . this can present a great opportunity to study each species , as well as for listing with the lcrv being one of the best places for bell\u2019s sparrow in arizona , as well as sagebrush in california . within the lcrv , though , both taxa are reported to occur , but it is not known the exact status of each species . we have not seen many \u201csage\u201d sparrows in the lcrv , but rosenberg et al 1991 reports that they have a preference for inkweed / iodine weed ( suaeda torreyana ) which is found in alkaline soils and is a localized habitat we do not visit very often . i know this winter though i will be spending more time in it !\nthis entry was posted in birding locations , havasu nwr , high desert , identification , imperial county , la paz county , lcrv , mohave county , san bernardino county , species profiles , uncategorized and tagged arizona , california , lcrv , mojave desert , sage sparrow , salton sink . bookmark the permalink .\nformerly considered part of the same species as the sagebrush sparrow , this bird is locally common in sage scrub habitat near the california coast and locally in open habitats of the interior . it is often seen running about on the ground , with its longish tail cocked up above the level of its back ; when perched up on a shrub , it twitches its tail in a down - up motion like a phoebe .\nwe hope to have analysis of this month\u2019s work completed by the summer of 2014 , and if additional proposals are successful , we are looking forward to adding more sites in arizona and along an east - west transect across southern california during the winter of 2014 - 2015 . if you are interested in volunteering in the field next season , we need you ! our volunteers enable us to increase capture rates and have made our project a success in arizona . please contact chris mccreedy .\ngiven how new this split is and given the wide range of opinions as to how identifiable in the field the two taxa are , the following paragraph on identification should be considered tentative and in need of further evaluation . the papers used to split the two have cited morphological differences in the form of size , but little on plumage . one thing that is known is that both species molt before they reach the wintering grounds , so once present in the lcrv they should be at their freshest . below i will review some of the field marks i have seen mentioned . currently measurements are considered to be the most reliable way to identify the two species , i think however that the two are identifiable in the field though identification may be difficult especially when the two are worn in summer . the head / malar contrast of birds in the lcrv do seem to differ from those just east of there and some unscientific looking at photos online i am able to identify the majority of birds correctly . at this point i should note that of the field marks discussed below , patten and unitt 2002 only used measurements ( which they did find largely differed ) , mantle shade , and presence of back streaking . things like malar / head contrast were not evaluated . i should also mention that though hybridization appears to be rare ( hence why they were split ) my understanding is that it does occur .\nhead coloration may be useful , but i think how dark the head is can be difficult to judge and it is better to use the contrast between the head and the malar . i\u2019ve also seen mention of the darkness of the auriculars , but this seems to be variable .\nback streaking and mantle shade : both the amount and the boldness of streaking on the back may be useful , but there appears to be overlap , possibly only extremes may be identified using this field mark , or it may be useful in conjunction with other field marks . it may also be more useful when they are fresh as photos online of birds on the wintering grounds seem to have a more noticeable difference than photos from the breeding grounds . some fresh birds do seem to differ in mantle shade , but again it seems to be wear related and a lot of overlap .\nprimary projection maybe be useful as well , as the wing length measurements differ between the two . however this can be difficult to use in the field and needs further examination .\nunderpart streaking and coloration has been cited as a field mark , but this seems to be variable and i haven\u2019t noticed any real difference looking at photos .\nit may take a while to fully figure out the field marks of these two species , but i think we will come to a better understanding of identification . remember how impossible other splits were thought to be ( like cackling goose ) ? i don\u2019t think this is going to be a \u201cwestern\u201d flycatcher type split , but one that with time we will come to better understand . course i could always be wrong only time will tell !\nliterature cited : rosenberg , k . v . , et al . 1991 . birds of the lower colorado river valley . the university of arizona press , tuscon , az .\nbirder biologists currently living and working in the lower colorado river valley . when not out in the field i spend a lot of my time reading and writing about birds . i have always been drawn to areas under birded and species that we know little about .\ndavid , thank you for a detailed post concerning this split . this will be a challenge at first , but as you pointed out , i think it will become easier to discern the differences over time , especially if a person gets out there and observes them as frequent as possible . thanks again !\nall content and photographs \u00a9 lauren harter and david vander pluym . no commercial use is allowed without permission .\nwestern arizona ebird bar charts : click here . western arizona birding locations : click here . lcrv rarities map : click here .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nas with various other species along california coast , may be vulnerable to loss of habitat . the endemic race on san clemente island , california , is endangered .\ncoastal sage scrub , chaparral ; in winter , also deserts . found year - round in unique sage scrub habitat on the california coastal slope and foothills . in the interior , also breeds in saltbush , chamise , and other low shrubs of arid flats . in winter some spread eastward into open flats and deserts with scattered brush .\nforages mostly on the ground , picking up items from the soil or from plant stems , sometimes scratching with its feet . also does some feeding up in low bushes . when not nesting , may forage in small flocks .\n3 - 4 , sometimes 2 - 5 . bluish white to pale blue , variably spotted or blotched with brown , gray , and black . incubation lasts about 13 - 16 days .\nprobably both parents feed the nestlings . young leave the nest about 9 - 11 days after hatching . often 2 broods per year , sometimes 3 .\nmostly seeds and insects . feeds on many insects , especially in summer , including grasshoppers , beetles , true bugs , and others , also spiders . also eats many seeds of weeds , grasses , and shrubs . young are fed mostly insects .\nmale returns to same nesting territory each year , defends it by singing from a raised perch . nest site is usually in low shrub , less than 4 ' above the ground . sometimes placed on the ground under a shrub . nest is a bulky open cup , made of twigs , sticks , lined with fine dry grass , weeds , sometimes animal hair .\npopulations west of the sierra in california are mostly permanent residents . those from the interior are more migratory , with some spreading eastward into arizona in winter .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nvisit your local audubon center , join a chapter , or help save birds with your state program .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\nfrom a broader perspective , each of these species winter in a part of the continent that is projected to be much hotter and drier in the future due to climate change . they winter in arid scrub habitats that respond dramatically to rainfall \u2013 and to lack thereof . diminishing seed crops on their wintering grounds due to drought may decrease survival rates and individuals\u2019 condition upon return to their breeding grounds .\ngiven a lack of resolution in the species\u2019 field identification , how can we survey birds to inform land managers and owners on how best to conserve these taxa ? point blue conservation science ( formerly prbo ) is currently in the field in southwestern arizona , hoping to shed as much light as possible on these identification , distribution , and habitat questions . with support from arizona field ornithologists and a cadre of amazing volunteers , we captured individuals at sites near phoenix , yuma , and lake havasu city during the first half of february 2014 . we took measurements on as many of the previously - noted potential differences in field marks and morphology as we could find in the literature and online , have added a few of our own , assessed the appearance of some of these features in different lighting conditions , at different distances and with different optics , and explored apparent differences in habitat preferences between the two species . dr . adrienne kovach ( university of new hampshire ) has offered her assistance to help us ground our captures\u2019 field identification with confirmation of individuals\u2019 sex and species via dna analysis .\npreviously considered conspecific with a . nevadensis . race canescens , very similar in appearance to a . nevadensis and possibly hybridizing with it where ranges meet , has been thought perhaps to represent a separate species ; alternatively , canescens may simply reunite present species and a . nevadensis ; research needed . race cinerea intergrades with nominate in nc baja california . race clementeae should perhaps be subsumed into nominate . four subspecies provisionally recognized .\ngenerally in dry chaparral and coastal sage scrub , inland valleys , and lower foothills . . . .\nvariety of animal and plant items . generally seeds and other vegetable matter . young fed with insects . forages principally on or near . . .\n) , or mid - apr to mid - may through early jun ( nominate ) . probably monogamous . singing and territory . . .\nfar n populations of nominate race migratory ; insular populations resident . some nominate birds . . .\nnot globally threatened . classified as \u201cdeclining\u201d in the usa ( yellow watchlist priority species for conservation ) . san clemente race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nformerly included in a broader emberizidae . recent phylogeny # r has recovered evidence of eight major clades within this newly recognized grouping : ( i ) melospiza and allies ; ( ii and iii ) melozone , atlapetes , pipilo and allies , which form two sister - clades ; ( iv ) zonotrichia , junco and allies ; and ( v\u2013viii ) all other species , which form a polytomy at base of tree , but can be split into ( a ) arremon , ( b ) spizella , amphispiza , chondestes and calamospiza , ( c ) peucaea , arremonops , ammodramus and rhynchospiza , and finally ( d ) two genera that have often been placed in thraupidae , oreothraupis and chlorospingus .\nuntil recently included in amphispiza , but molecular work indicates that these species are members of a well - resolved clade of \u201cgrassland\u201d sparrows that includes pooecetes , oriturus , passerculus , melospiza and xenospiza , as well as several species formerly treated in ammodramus .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nfrontal , lateral , and dorsal views of an adult perched on sage singing with others singing near by .\nupper big tujunga canyon road mile 2 . 5 , san gabriel mountains , los angeles county , california\nrecorded at a range of about 10 meters in chaparral dominated by chamise . this area burned extensively during the station fire in 2009 .\nequipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder , sennheiser me62 microphone , and a telinga 22 inch parabola . edits : trimmed and normalized to - 3 db . minor handling noise and a distant car are also audible .\nrecorded at a range of about 15 meters in chaparral dominated by chamise . this area burned extensively during the station fire in 2009 .\nequipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder , sennheiser me62 microphone , and a telinga 22 inch parabola . edits : trimmed and normalized to - 3 db .\nrecorded in an area of extensive chamise bushes that are regenerating after the station fire from 2009 .\nequipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder and a sennheiser me67 microphone . edits : trimmed and normalized to - 3 db .\nblue ridge road between mile markers 7 . 1 and 7 . 2 , solano county , california\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nfour scenes of adults perched on sage singing . april 2009 , lockwood valley , ventura county , california , usa .\nif you come here often , you should tell us ( and the whole world , really ) about yourself in the bio section of your profile ."]}
{"id": 1457, "summary": [{"text": "oligophlebia is a genus of moths in the family sesiidae , the clearwing moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are native to the palearctic ecozone .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "as of 2014 there are eight species in the genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species include : oligophlebia amalleuta meyrick , 1910 oligophlebia cristata le cerf , 1916b oligophlebia episcopopa ( meyrick , 1926 ) oligophlebia micra ( gorbunov , 1988 ) oligophlebia minor xu & arita , 2014 oligophlebia nigralba hampson , 1893 oligophlebia subapicalis hampson , 1919 oligophlebia ulmi ( yang & wang , 1989b )", "topic": 20}], "title": "oligophlebia", "paragraphs": ["protective potential of the methanol extract of macrothelypteris oligophlebia rhizomes for chronic non - bacterial prostatitis in rats .\nprotective potential of the methanol extract of macrothelypteris oligophlebia rhizomes for chronic non - bacterial prostatitis in rats . - pubmed - ncbi\nour results suggest that the rhizomes of m . oligophlebia potentially have a protective role in renal tissue against oxidative stress in acute renal failure .\npresent study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of ethanol extract of m . oligophlebia rhizomes ( emo ) on gentamicin ( gm ) - induced nephrotoxicity .\noligophlebia igniflua ( t . p . lucas , 1893 ) ( sesiidae : tinthiinae ) , female - qld , brisbane , 4 . nov . 1902 , a . j . turner leg . ( anic ) .\nmacrothelypteris oligophlebia ( bak . ) ching ( thelypteridaceae ) is a chinese herbal medicine used traditionally for the treatment of diseases such as edema , boils , burns , and roundworms . however , research about the nephroprotective potential of this plant is not available .\nxu , h . - m . , wu , g . - y . , arita , y . & wang , m . ( 2014 ) : description of oligophlebia minor ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) , a new species of clearwing moth from china . - florida entomologist 97 ( 2 ) , 707 - 709 .\nthe protective potential of the methanol extract of macrothelypteris oligophlebia rhizomes ( mmo ) for chronic non - bacterial prostatitis ( cnp ) in rats was investigated in the present study . carrageenan - induced cnp in rats was established . fifty rats were randomly divided into sham - operated ( sham - ope ) group , model group , positive control group ( cernilton at a dose of 148mg / kg body weight ) and two mmo - treated groups ( mmo at doses of 600mg / kg and 300 mg / kg body weight ) . the anti - prostatitis effect was evaluated by prostate index , the levels of interleukin - 10 ( il - 10 ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( tnf - \u03b1 ) , cyclooxygenase - 2 ( cox - 2 ) and prostaglandin e2 ( pge2 ) , and histopathological examination . after 20 days of administration , mmo could significantly decrease prostate index and the levels of il - 10 , tnf - \u03b1 cox - 2 and pge2 in serum and could improve the prostate morphology in comparison with the model group . in summary , these results suggest that mmo possesses protective effects on prostate , which might be beneficial to further development for the treatment of cnp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\np\u00fchringer , f . & kallies , a . ( 2004 ) : provisional checklist of the sesiidae of the world ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der entomologischen arbeitsgemeinschaft salzkammergut 4 , 1 - 85 ; updated by f . p\u00fchringer .\n, a - 4817 st . konrad , austria ; \u00a9 dr . axel kallies , the walter and eliza hall institute , 1g royal parade , parkville , victoria 3050 , australia )\neuthrenini fischer 2006b : 219 [ afrokona fischer 2006 ] ; unavailable ( art . 29 . 1 iczn )\n( felder & felder 1874 : 9 , pl . 82 ) , trochilina 14\n( boisduval in guerin - meneville [ 1832 ] : pl . 84 : fig . 3 ) ,\n( esper 1800 : 29 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1287 iczn )\n( linnaeus 1758 : 493 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1288 iczn )\n( snellen 1900 : 34 ) , sesia ; junior primary homonym of sesia thysbe f . uniformis grote & robinson 1868\n[ as trichocerata myrmosaeformis var . lucida ( lederer 1853 ) , nomen nudum ]\ntaxa originally described as sesia spp . ( never assigned to sesiidae , but available for homonymy )\n( cramer [ 1776 ] : 95 , 152 ( index ) , pl . 61 , fig . c ) ,\nagassiz , j . l . r . ( [ 1847 ] ) : nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis . \u2013 nomenclator zoologicus 2 ( 12 ) ( 1846 ) , 393 pp . ( 319 )\nalpheraky , s . n . ( 1882 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ii\u00e8me partie . heterocera . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 17 , 15 - 103 , pls 1 - 3 . ( 18 - 22 , pl . 1 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1933 ) : die lepidopteren pal\u00e4stinas . eine zoogeographisch - \u00f6kologisch - faunistische studie . \u2013 zoogeographica 2 , 1 - 146 . ( 25 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1935 ) : neue pal\u00e4stinensische lepidopteren . \u2013 mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin 20 , 271 - 319 . ( 277 - 278 )\narita , y . ( 1989 ) : two new and an unrecorded clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 microlepidoptera of thailand 2 , 9 - 14 .\n( moore ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 43 ( 3 ) , 221 - 224 .\ndehne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 2 ) , 449 - 462 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from yakushima island , japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 44 ( 2 ) , 77 - 80 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995a ) : sesiidae of nepal . in haruta , t . ( ed . ) : moths of nepal . \u2013 tinea 14 ( suppl . 2 ) , 194 - 206 , pls 108 + 128 .\nhampson , [ 1893 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 2 ) , 103 - 111 .\ntypes ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) kept in the hope entomological collections , oxford university , uk . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 4 ) , 185 - 205 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995d ) : a revision of the genus heterosphecia le cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , osminiini ) . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 131 - 141 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 47 ( 3 ) , 157 - 173 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . , ( 1996b ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . i . the genus\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] in the oriental and australian regions . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 2 ( 2 ) , 137 - 187 .\nclearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from kyushu , japan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 48 ( 1 ) , 33 - 38 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998a ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . iii . the genus\nle cerf , 1916 in the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 49 ( 1 ) , 19 - 29 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998b ) : a revision of embrik strand ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 chinese journal of entomology 18 ( 3 ) , 141 - 165 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000a ) : on the tribe melittiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 tinea 16 ( 4 ) , 252 - 291 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000b ) : notes on the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from vietnam , with descriptions of new taxa . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 1 ) , 49 - 74 .\nle cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , osminiini ) of vietnam and adjacent countries . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 3 ) , 205 - 214 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2001 ) : sesiidae of taiwan . i . the tribes tinthiini , similipepsini , paraglosseciini , pennisetiini , paranthrenini and cissuvorini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 7 ( 2 ) , 131 - 188 .\nhampson ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 53 ( 4 ) , 241 - 244 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2002b ) : sesiidae of taiwan . ii . the tribes osminiini , melittiini and sesiini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 8 ( 2 ) , 199 - 241 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003a ) : new taxa of wasp - waisted clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , similipepsini ) from vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 1 ) , 11 - 19 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003b ) : in arita , y . , gorbunov , o . g . & mohamed , m . : on the knowledge of the clearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the maliau basin , sabah , borneo . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 2 ) , 131 - 142 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from north vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 52 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\narita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2003 ) : a new species of the genus trilochana moore , 1879 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from sulawesi . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 4 ) , 229 - 232 . arita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2005 ) : see kallies , a . & arita , y . ( 2005 ) .\narita , y . & kimura , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . , kallies , a . , hsu , y . - f . , liang , j . - y . , lai , b . - c . , yang , m . - m . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : polymorphism of nokona pilamicola ( strand , [ 1916 ] ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in taiwan .\narita , y . , kimura , m . & owada , m . ( 2009 ) : two new species of the clearwing moth ( sesiidae ) from okinawa - jima , the ryukyus . \u2013\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 60 ( 3 ) , 189 - 192 .\narita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : vicariance in the macroscelesia japona species - group ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in the ryukyus , japan . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 4 ) , 184 - 198 . arita , y . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\nkallies & arita , 1998 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) from south - east asia , with list of literature on oriental sesiidae published since 1988 . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 3 ) , 116 - 120 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 57 ( 1 ) , 61 - 66 .\narita , y . & tosevski , i . ( 1992 ) : in tosevski , i . & arita , y . : a new species of the clearwing moth genus\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the ryukyus . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 3 ) , 619 - 623 .\n( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 tinea 12 ( suppl . ) , 158 - 167 .\narita , y . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994a ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : a new\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , clearwing borer on pecan from nanjing , china . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 61 - 64 .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994b ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : description of a new\nclearwing moth injuring poplar street trees in lhasa , tibet ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 193 - 199 .\nassmann , a . ( 1845 ) : schw\u00e4rmer oder d\u00e4mmerungsschmetterlinge ( sphinges ) . \u2013 abbildung und beschreibung der schmetterlinge schlesiens 2 , 48 pp , 26 pls . ( 17 - 26 , 45 - 47 , pls 5 - 7 , 24 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1879 ) : lepidoptera damarensia . f\u00f6rteckning pa fj\u00e4rilar insamlade i damaralandet af g . de vylder aren 1873 och 1874 jemte beskrifning \u00f6fver f\u00f6rut ok\u00e4nda arter . \u2013 \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps - akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar 36 ( 7 ) , 39 - 69 . ( 47 - 48 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1905 ) : lieutnant a . schultzes sammlung von lepidopteren aus west - afrika . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 2 ( 12 ) , 1 - 47 , 5 pls . ( 43 - 46 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1909 ) : lepidoptera , rhopalocera und heterocera ( pars i ) von madagaskar , den comoren und den inseln ostafrikas . in voeltzkow , a . : reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 , [ 309 ] - 348 , 19 pls . ( 342 , pl . 19 )\nbakowski , m . , bartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : a review of the similipepsini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : tinthiini ) . \u2013 annales zoologici 58 ( 4 ) , 785 - 797 .\nbarnes , w . & benjamin , f . h . ( 1925 ) : change of a preoccupied name ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 27 ( 1 ) , 14 .\nbarnes , w . & lindsey , a . w . ( 1922 ) : descriptions of two new species of aegeriidae ( lep . ) . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 18 ( 4 ) , 122 - 123 .\nbarnes , w . & mcdunnough , j . h . ( 1918 ) : notes and new species . \u2013 contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4 ( 2 ) , 61 - 208 . ( 178 )\nbartel , m . ( 1902 ) : die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . zweiter band : nachtfalter . i . abteilung , 239 - 384 . \u2013 leipzig .\n- art aus der schweiz . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift ( guben ) 19 , 190 - 191 .\nbartel , m . ( 1912 ) : 24 . familie : aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 2 , 375 - 416 , pls 51 - 52 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2003 ) : beitrag zur glasfl\u00fcglerfauna von nepal ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 145 , 149 - 151 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2004 ) : die sesienfauna zyperns - eine kommentierte \u00fcbersicht ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 2 ) , 80 - 86 .\nbettag , 1997 aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 5 ) , 211 - 215 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : redescription and systematic position of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus grypopalpia hampson , 1919 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 5 ) , 221 - 224 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : a review of the paranthrenini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 6 ) , 265 - 280 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2009 ) : melittosesia , a new genus of clearwing moths with a review of the sesiini boisduval , 1828 in madagascar ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 119 ( 1 ) , 9 - 16 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : taxonomic revision of the clearwing moth genus crinipus hampson , 1896 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2618 , 36 - 46 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2012 ) : revision of types of several species of bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from northern africa and southwestern europe ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) , 125 - 133 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2013 ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) with description of new species .\nbartsch , d . ( 2015 ) : new taxa of southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016a ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016b ) : melittia fiebigi spec . nov . and afromelittia caerulea spec . nov . , two new melittiini from southern africa ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nannals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 , 109 - 115 .\nbartsch , d . & berg , j . ( 2012 ) : new species and review of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus camaegeria strand , 1914 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : synanthedonini ) . \u2013 zootaxa 3181 , 28 - 46 .\nspec . nov . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 29 - 40 .\nbartsch , d . , bettag , e . , bl\u00e4sius , r . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2006 ) : zur kenntnis von pyropteron doryliforme ( ochsenheimer , 1808 ) , pyropteron biedermanni le cerf , 1925 und pyropteron ceriaeforme ( lucas , 1849 ) stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 1 ) , 3 - 10 .\nbartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : zur kenntnis einiger arten von chamaesphecia spuler , 1910 in marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 2 ) , 85 - 93 .\nbartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : chamaesphecia cilicia sp . nov . aus dem taurus gebirge , t\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 2 ) , 89 - 91 .\nbartsch , d . & p\u00fchringer , f . ( 2005 ) : die glasfl\u00fcgler kretas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 3 ) , 131 - 139 .\nsp . nov . aus der s\u00fcdt\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 3 ) , 78 - 80 .\n, zwei neue glasfl\u00fcgler arten aus afghanistan ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 120 ( 6 ) , 243 - 248 .\nbecker , v . o . ( 1984 ) : 29 . gelechiidae . \u2013 in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 1 . micropterigoidea - immoidea 1 , 1 - 112 . ( 44 - 53 )\nbehrens , j . ( 1889 ) : in french , g . h . : some texas , arizona and california moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 21 ( 9 ) , 161 - 163 . ( 163 )\nbellier de la chavignerie , j . b . e . ( 1860 ) : observations sur la faune entomologique de la sicile . \u2013 annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie ) 8 ( 3 ) , 667 - 713 , pl . 12 . ( 681 - 684 )\nbertaccini , e . & fiumi , g . ( 2002 ) : bombici e sfingi d ' italia ( lepidoptera sesioidea ) 4 , 181 pp , 8 pls . ( 32 - 181 , pls 1 - 8 )\nsp . n . , ein neuer glasfl\u00fcgler aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 23 - 27 .\nbettag , e & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1998 ) : eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 26 ( 2 ) , 71 - 75 .\nbettag , e . & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1999 ) : \u00fcber den status von dipsosphecia megillaeformis var . tunetana ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 27 ( 3 ) , 93 - 101 .\n- art aus s\u00fcdspanien . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de synanthedon du sud de l ' espagne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 revue de l ' association roussillonnaise d ' entomologie 11 ( 1 ) , 4 - 16 .\nbeutelspacher , b . c . r . ( 1983 ) : redefinicion taxonomica de montezumia cardinalis dampf ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 ciencia forestal 8 ( 43 ) , 24 - 32 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1893 ) : notes on some north american moths , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 , 19 - 26 . ( 22 - 26 )\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894a ) : studies of some species of north american aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 87 - 98 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894b ) : on north american moths , with the description of a new species of triprocris . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 365 - 368 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1896 ) : critical review of the sesiidae found in america , north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 8 , 111 - 148 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1897 ) : notes on north american sesiidae , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 9 , 213 - 216 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1898 ) : three new species of sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 6 ( 4 ) , 240 - 241 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899a ) : new african sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 , 170 - 172 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899b ) : descriptions of and notes on some north american lepidoptera . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 ( 4 ) , 254 - 256 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900a ) : synopsis of the species of melittia of america , north of mexico , with description of a new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 149 - 151 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900b ) : on some species of north american lepidoptera . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 157 - 160 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900d ) : two new sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 8 , 254 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1901 ) : monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . \u2013 memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) , 217 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\n. \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 10 ( 2 ) , 126 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1909 ) : descriptions of three new sesiidae . \u2013 entomological news 20 , 82 - 84 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1916 ) : description of a new sesiid . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 48 ( 11 ) , 372 .\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1828 ) : europaeorum lepidopterorum index methodicus 1 , 103 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 29 - 31 )\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1829 - 1844 ) : dixi\u00e8me ordre : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . in gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9n\u00e9ville , f . e . : iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apres nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , vol . 2 and 3 , 576 pp , 104 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . 84 , [ 1832 ] ;\n) boisduval , j . a . ( 1836 ) : histoire naturelle des insectes . sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 1 , xii + 690 pp , 24 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . xiv ) boisduval , j . a . ( 1840 ) : genera et index methodicus europaeorum lepidopterorum ( pars i sistens papiliones , sphinges , bombyces , noctuas ) , 238 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 41 - 44 ) boisduval , j . b . a . ( 1869 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de la californie . \u2013 annales de la societe entomologique de belgique 12 ( 1868 - 1869 ) , 1 - 94 . ( 63 - 64 ) boisduval , j . a . ( [ 1875 ] ) : sphingides , s\u00e9siides , castnides . \u2013 histoire naturelle des insectes . sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9neral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res h\u00e9teroc\u00e8res ( boisduval & guen\u00e9e ) 1 ( 4 ) , iv + 568 pp , 11 pls . ( 20 , 381 - 479 , pl . 9 ) . borkhausen , m . b . ( 1789 ) : der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge zweiter theil . abendschmetterlinge , sphinxe , schw\u00e4rmer . \u2013 naturgeschichte der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge nach systematischer ordnung 2 , 4 + 96 + 239 pp , 1 pl . ( 126 - 132 , 168 - 175 ) bradley , j . d . ( 1956 ) : a new clearwing moth from west africa predaceous on scale - insects ( lep . : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 the entomologist 89 , 203 - 205 . bradley , j . d . ( 1957 ) : a new species of conopia from malaya ( lep . : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 the entomologist 90 , 67 - 69 . bradley , j . d . ( 1968 ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) associated with sweet potato ( ipomoea batatas ) in east africa . \u2013 bulletin of entomological research 58 , 47 - 53 . bremer , o . ( 1861 ) : neue lepidopteren aus ost - sibirien und dem amur - lande , gesammelt von radde und maack , beschrieben von otto bremer . \u2013 bulletin de l ' academie imperiale des sciences de saint petersbourg 3 ( 7 ) , 461 - 496 ( 475 - 476 ) . bremer\n( 1870 [ 1867 ] ) : lepidoptera eversmanniana . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 4 , 6 .\nbrethes , j . ( 1920 ) : insectos \u00fatiles y daninos de rio grande do sul y de la plata . \u2013 anales de la sociedad rural argentina 54 , 281 - 290 , 307 - 308 . ( 284 )\n( sesiidae ) , from florida . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 39 ( 4 ) , 262 - 265 .\nedwards ( lepidoptera aegeriidae ) . \u2013 notas del museo de la plata 6 ( 48 ) , 157 - 163 , pls i - ii .\nbryk , f . ( 1947 ) : neue ostasiatische aegeriiden ( lep . ) . \u2013 opuscula entomologica 12 , 96 - 109 .\nbryk , f . ( 1953 ) : lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 5 ( 1 - 3 ) , 1 - 268 . ( 262 - 266 )\nburmeister , h . ( 1878 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . \u2013 description physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine , d ' apres des observations personelles et \u00e9trang\u00e8res 5 ( 1 ) , vi + 526 pp , 24 pls . ( 359 - 362 )\nbusck , a . ( 1909 ) : notes on the family aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) , with a synoptic table of the north american genera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 3 ) , 115 - 118 .\nbusck , a . ( 1910 ) : list of trinidad microlepidoptera , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 bulletin of the department of agriculture 9 , 241 - 245 . ( 242 - 243 )\nbusck , a . ( 1913a ) : new microlepidoptera from british guiana . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 1 , 88 - 92 .\nbusck , a . ( 1913b ) : two microlepidoptera injurious to chestnut . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 15 ( 3 ) , 102 - 104 .\nbusck , a . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of new microlepidoptera of forest trees . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 16 ( 4 ) , 143 - 150 , pls vii - viii . ( 143 - 144 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915a ) : descriptions of new north american microlepidoptera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 17 ( 2 ) , 79 - 94 . ( 80 - 81 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915b ) : new genera and species of microlepidoptera from panama . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2043 ) ( 1914 ) , 1 - 67 . ( 61 )\nbusck , a . ( 1920 ) : descriptions of new central american microlepidoptera . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 8 ( 4 - 6 ) , 83 - 95 . ( 83 )\nbusck , a . ( 1929 ) : a new aegeriid on cowpea from brazil ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 31 ( 7 ) , 134 - 137 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1874 ) : notes on the aegeriidae , with descriptions of new genera and species . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fourth series ) 14 , 407 - 411 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1876 ) : descriptions of lepidoptera from the collection of lieut . howland roberts . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 308 - 310 . ( 309 , pl . xxii )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1878 ) : illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum 2 , 62 pp , pls 21 - 40 - london . ( 59 - 61 , pl . 40 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1881 ) : descriptions of new genera and species of heterocerous lepidoptera from japan . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from duke - of - york island and new britain . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fifth series ) 10 , 36 - 43 , 149 - 160 , 226 - 238 . ( 237 - 238 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1883 ) : heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds , esq . part iv . \u2013 pyrales and micros . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\n, n . g . in pryer , h . j . s . : on two remarkable cases of mimicry from elopura , british north borneo . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1896 ) : on a collection of butterflies obtained by mr . richard crawshay in nyasa - land , between the months of january and april 1895 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 108 - 136 . ( 134 , pl . vi )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1902 ) : on two collections of lepidoptera made by sir harry johnston , k . c . b . , in the uganda protectorate during the year 1900 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1 ) , 44 - 51 . ( 50 , pl . 1 )\nbytinski - salz , h . ( [ 1937 ] ) : secondo contributo alla conoscenza della lepidotterofauna della sardegna . \u2013 memorie della societa entomologica italiana 15 ( 2 ) ( 1936 ) , 194 - 212 . ( 198 )\ncl . \u2013 deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris 2 ( 1889 ) , 268 - 269 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973a ) : 236 . aegeriidae . ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 reichenbachia ( zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologische taxonomie ) 14 ( 15 ) , 109 - 124 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973b ) : zur systematik und morphologie der typen der sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in der r . p\u00fcngeler - sammlung des zoologischen museums zu berlin . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 63 , 134 - 171 .\nclarke , j . f . g . ( 1962 ) : neotropical microlepidoptera . ii . a new genus and species of clear - wing moth injurious to fig in colombia ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 113 , 383 - 388 .\nclemens , b . ( 1860 ) : contributions to american lepidopterology . \u2013 no . 3 . \u2013 proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 , 4 - 15 . ( 14 - 15 )\nclerck , c . a . ( 1759 - [ 1764 ] ) : icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . syst . nat . allegatis 1 , 21 pp , 55 pls . \u2013 stockholm . { 1759 : pls 1 - 16 ; 1764 : pls 17 - 55 } ( pl . 9 , 1759 )\ncloss , a . ( 1916 ) : einige neue sphingidenformen ( lep . ) . \u2013 entomologische mitteilungen 5 ( 5 / 8 ) , 199 - 200 . ( 200 )\ncloss , a . g . ( 1920 ) : [ contribution ] . in : berliner entomologen - bund : sitzung am 20 . m\u00e4rz 1919 . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 14 , 13 .\n, spec . nov . ( lep . het . , sphingidae ) . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 16 ( 14 ) , 118 .\ncockayne , e . a . ( 1955 ) : aberrations of british lepidoptera . \u2013 entomologist ' s gazette 6 , 3 - 6 , pl . 1 . ( 3 )\ncockerell , t . d . a . ( 1908 ) : new sesiid moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 40 ( 9 ) , 329 - 331 .\ncosta , o . g . ( 1832 - 1836 ) : fauna del regno di napoli . . . a . lepidotteri 1 , 20 - 21 .\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 1 , 155 pp , 96 pls . \u2013 amsterdam . { 1775 : issues 1 - 7 , 1776 : issue 8 } ( 83 , pl . 52 , 1775 )\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 2 , 151 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 amsterdam . ( 73 , 80 , 151 ( index ) , pls 142 , 146 , 1777 )\ncyrillus , d . ( 1787 ) : entomologiae neapolitanae specimen primum , 8 p . , 12 pls . \u2013 neapoli . ( pl . 4 )\ndalla torre , k . w . & strand , e . ( 1925 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 lepidopterorum catalogus 31 , 202 pp .\ndalman , j . w . ( 1816 ) : f\u00f6rs\u00f6k till systematisk uppst\u00e4llning af sveriges fj\u00e4rilar . \u2013 kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 37 , 48 - 101 , 129 , 199 - 225 .\ndampf , a . ( 1930 ) : dos plagas de los bosques de mexico nuevas para la ciencia . \u2013 mexico forestal 8 ( 8 ) , 179 - 181 .\nde freina , j . j . : see freina , j . j . de\n[ denis , m . & schifferm\u00fcller , i . ] ( 1775 ) : ank\u00fcndung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend [ sic ] , 323 pp . \u2013 wien . ( 30 , 44 , 305 - 306 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( 1954 ) : microlepidoptera of new guinea . results of the third archibold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv . \u2013 verhandelingen / koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen , afdeeling natuurkunde . reeks 2 50 ( 1 ) ( 1952 - 1955 ) , 1 - 191 . ( 180 - 190 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( [ 1968 ] ) : microlepidoptera of the philippine islands . \u2013 united states national museum bulletin 257 ( 1967 ) , 1 - 484 . ( 218 - 235 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1795 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states , the periods of their transformations , their food , oeconomy & c . , together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope 4 , 96 + 6 pp , pls 109 - 144 . ( 21 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1797 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states . . . 6 , 86 + 6 pp , pls 181 - 216 . ( 35 , pl . 195 )\ndruce , h . ( 1881 - 1900 ) : lepidoptera - heterocera . \u2013 in godman , f . d . & salvin , o . ( eds . ) : biologia 39 / 1 , 490 pp ; 40 / 2 , 622 pp ; 41 / 3 , pls 1 - 101 . \u2013 london . { vol . 39 / 1 : 1 - 24 ( 1881 ) , 25 - 32 ( 1883 ) , 33 - 112 ( 1884 ) ; vol . 2 : 273 - 336 ( 1896 ) , 337 - 440 ( 1897 ) , 441 - 536 ( 1898 ) , 537 - 592 ( 1899 ) , 593 - 622 ( 1900 ) } ( 39 / 1 : 28 - 34 , 1883 - 1884 ; 40 / 2 : 321 - 326 , 1896 ; 41 / 3 : pls 5 , 68 - 69 )\ndruce , h . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of aegeriidae and sphingidae . \u2013 the entomologist ' s monthly magazine 19 , 15 - 18 . ( 15 )\ndruce , h . ( 1889 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 4 , 77 - 94 . ( 78 - 82 )\ndruce , h . ( 1892 ) : description of a new genus and some new species of heterocera from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 9 , 275 - 279 . ( 275 - 276 )\ndruce , h . ( 1893 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from central and south america . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 280 - 311 , [ pls xix - xxi ] . ( 280 )\ndruce , h . ( 1898 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 1 , 207 - 215 . ( 207 )\ndruce , h . ( 1899 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 4 , 200 - 205 . ( 201 - 205 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910a ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 5 , 393 - 402 . ( 401 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910b ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from east and west africa and tropical south america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 6 , 168 - 183 ( 180 - 181 ) .\ndruce , h . ( 1911 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical south america , and two new species of geometridae from west africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 7 , 287 - 294 . ( 292 )\ndrury , d . ( 1773 ) : illustrations of natural history , wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects , according to their different genera . . . 2 , 9 + 90 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 49 )\ndrury , d . ( 1782 ) : illustrations of natural history . . . exotic insects . . . 3 , 15 + 76 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 3 , pl . 2 ) .\nduckworth , w . d . ( 1969 ) : a new species of aegeriidae from venezuela predaceous on scale insects ( lepidoptera : yponomeutoidea ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 71 ( 4 ) , 487 - 490 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973a ) : the type - material of north american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 148 , 1 - 34 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973b ) : new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 75 ( 2 ) , 150 - 159 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1974 ) : clearwing moths of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 180 , 1 - 45 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1976 ) : a new species of clearwing moth ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from northern mexico and southeastern arizona . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 78 ( 3 ) , 304 - 308 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977a ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( sesiidae ) from eastern north america clarified by sex pheromones . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 31 ( 3 ) , 191 - 196 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977b ) : a new species of clearwing moth from southcentral texas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the pan - pacific entomologist 53 ( 3 ) , 175 - 178 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977c ) : a classification of the sesiidae of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera , sesioidea ) . \u2013 occasional papers in entomology 26 , 1 - 54 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1978 ) : the type - material of central and south american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 261 , 1 - 28 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1983 ) : revision of the clearwing moth genus osminia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 361 , 1 - 15 .\ndumont , c . ( 1922 ) : diagnoses de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux du nord de l ' afrique . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 15 ) , 215 - 220 . ( 215 - 217 )\nduponchel , p . a . j . ( 1835 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 supplement a l ' histoire naturelle 2 , 197 pp , 12 pls . ( 108 , 112 - 116 , 129 , 167 , pl . 9 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of two new tineina ( lep . ) from the lagos district . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1915 ) : microlepidoptera ( pterophorina and tineina ) collected by the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea . \u2013 lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea 2 ( 15 ) , 149 - 168 . ( 166 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1919 ) : three new genera of tineina resembling aegeriadae [ sic ] . \u2013 novitates zoologicae 26 ( 1 ) , 120 - 122 .\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1924 ) : in : examples of the mimicry of hymenoptera by other insects . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of london ( 1923 - 1924 ) , lxxv - lxxvi .\ndyar , h . g . ( [ 1903 ] ) : a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 52 ( 1902 ) , 1 - 723 . ( 364 - 371 )\ndyar , h . g . ( 1904 ) : additions to the list of north american lepidoptera , no . 2 . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 6 ( 2 ) , 103 - 119 . ( 106 )\neda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) : a new long - legged clearwing moth species of the genus teinotarsina felder & felder , 1874 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from guangdong , china . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 3 ) , 128 - 130 . eda , k . & arita , y . ( 2015 ) : see eda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) .\nedwards , h . ( 1880 ) : descriptions of some new forms of aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 8 ) , 71 - 72 .\nedwards , h . ( 1881 ) : new genera and species of the family aegeridae . \u2013 papilio 1 ( 10 ) , 179 - 208 , pl . 4 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882a ) : notes on n . american aegeridae , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 4 ) , 52 - 57 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882b ) : further notes and descriptions of north american aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 6 ) , 96 - 99 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882c ) : descriptions of new species of n . am . heterocera . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 8 ) , 123 - 130 . ( 123 - 124 )\nedwards , h . ( 1883 ) : new species of aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 3 ( 7 - 10 ) , 155 - 157 .\nedwards , h . ( 1885 ) : new species of californian moths . \u2013 entomologica americana 1 ( 3 ) , 49 - 50 . ( 49 )\nedwards , h . ( 1887 ) : descriptions of new species of north american heterocera , with notes . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 19 ( 8 ) , 145 - 147 .\nedwards , h . ( 1888 ) : catalogue of species of the higher families of the north american heterocera , described since grote ' s\nnew check list\n( 1872 ) , with those omitted from that publication . \u2013 entomologica americana 3 ( 12 ) , 221 - 232 . ( 223 - 224 )\nedwards , h . ( 1891 ) : [ contribution ] . in lugger , o . : two new lepidopterous borers . \u2013 psyche 6 , 108 - 109 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1986 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the subfamily tinthiinae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 4 , 315 - 378 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1987 ) : three new western hemisphere clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomography 5 , 531 - 540 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1989 ) : western hemisphere clear wing moths of the subfamily paranthreninae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 6 , 159 - 212 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1992 ) : clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) , 135 - 150 .\neichlin , t . d . ( [ 1993 ] ) : a new texas clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) ( 1992 ) , 265 - 268 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995a ) : a new panamanian clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 1 ) , 39 - 42 .\na new north american clearwing moth and notes on a rare species ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) , 114 - 118 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995c ) : 65 . sesiidae . in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 2 . hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea 3 , 17 - 18 , 109 - 113 . eichlin , t . d . ( 1998 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 holarctic lepidoptera 5 ( 1 ) , 23 - 33 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2002 ) : in eichlin , t . d . & kinnee , s . a . : brazilian sesiidae in the collection of the universit\u00e4t des saarlandes , saarbr\u00fccken , germany ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 zootaxa 108 , 1 - 15 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003a ) : carmenta munroei , a new clearwing moth from costa rica ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 42 - 43 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003b ) : carmenta guayaba , a new clearwing moth from peru ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 44 - 45 .\neichlin , t . d . , delgado , o . s . , strathie , l . w . , zachariades , c . & clavijo , j . ( 2009 ) : carmenta chromolaenae eichlin , a new species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) for the biological control of chromolaena odorata ( l . ) king & robinson ( asteraceae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2288 , 42 - 50 .\neichlin , t . d . & duckworth , w . d . ( 1988 ) : the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 5 . 1 . sesioidea , sesiidae , 176 pp . \u2013 washington .\n. \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 37 ( 3 ) ( 1983 ) , 193 - 206 .\nclearwing moth from michigan ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 42 ( 3 ) , 231 - 235 .\nemich von em\u00f6ke , g . ( 1872 ) : descriptions de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de transcaucasie . \u2013 revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e , series 2 , 23 ( 2 ) ( 1871 - 1872 ) , 63 - 64 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925a ) : studies in north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . i . descriptions and corrections of species from long island , new york . ii . descriptions of two new western species . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 2 ) , 61 - 69 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925b ) : studies of north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . iii .\nroot borers of america north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 4 ) , 153 - 158 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1946 ) : the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 190 , iv + 222 pp .\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : cheshuyekriliya ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 travels in turkestan ( fedtchenko ) 2 ( 5 ) , 128 pp . ( 26 - 27 , pl . 5 ) [ in russian ]\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : lepidopteren von turkestan . \u2013 stettiner entomologische zeitung 35 ( 10 - 12 ) , 386 - 417 . ( 393 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1778 - 1786 ) : die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 , 234 pp , pls 1 - 36 . \u2013 erlangen . { title page : 1779 ; 1778 : pls 1 - 6 ; 1779 : 1 - 80 , pls 7 - 18 ; 1780 : 81 - 196 , pls 19 - 25 ; 1782 : 197 - 212 , pls 26 - 31 ; 1783 : 213 - 228 , pls 32 - 35 ; 1786 : 229 - 234 , pl . 36 } ( 122 , 131 - 135 , 205 - 217 , 230 - 232 , 234 , pls 14 - 15 , 23 , 29 - 32 , 36 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1789 - [ 1804 ] ) : fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge . \u2013 die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 ( suppl . ) , 52 pp , pls 37 - 47 . \u2013 erlangen . { [ 1789 ] : 5 - 12 , pls [ 38 - 40 ] ; 1800 : 21 - 40 , pls 42 - 46 ; [ 1803 - 1804 ] : 41 - 52 , pl . 47 } ( 5 , 9 , 25 , 29 - 30 , 44 - 47 , pls 37 - 38 , 42 , 44 , 47 )\neversmann , e . ( 1844 ) : fauna lepidoperologica volgo - uralensis exhibens lepidopterorum species quas per viginti quinque annos in provinciis volgam fluvium inter et montes uralenses sitis observavit et descripsit , 633 pp . \u2013 casan . ( 100 - 105 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1775 ) : systema entomologiae , sistens insectorum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus , 30 + 832 pp . \u2013 flensburg u . leipzig . ( 547 - 549 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1787 ) : mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis , observationibus , descriptionibus , emendationibus 2 , 382 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 98 - 101 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1793 ) : entomologica systematica emendata et aucta : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus 3 ( 1 ) , 4 + 487 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 379 - 385 , 404 )\n[ fabricius , j . c . ] ( 1807 ) : in illiger , j . c . : die neueste gattungs - eintheilung der schmetterlinge aus den linn\u00e9ischen gattungen\n. \u2013 magazin f\u00fcr insektenkunde ( illiger ) 6 , 277 - 295 . ( 288 , 294 )\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1883 ) : caccia di lepidotteri rari . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 2 ( 11 ) , 249 - 250 .\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1890 ) : contribuzione alla fauna lepidotterologica della sicilia . descrizione di alcune nuove specie . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 10 ( 2 - 3 ) , 25 - 31 , pl i .\nfawcett , j . m . ( 1916 ) : notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911 - 13 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 2 ) , 707 - 737 . ( 736 - 737 , pl . i )\nfelder , c . ( 1861 ) : lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a dre . c . felder , ii heterocera . \u2013 sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , abt . 1 , 43 ( i ) , 25 - 44 .\nfelder , r . ( 1874 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 4 ) , 10 pp , pls 75 - 107 . ( 2 - 9 , pls 75 , 82 )\nfelder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . ( 1875 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 5 ) , 20 pp , pls 108 - 140 . ( 9 )\nfilipjev , n . ( 1931 ) : lepidoptera . \u2013 trudy pamirskoj expedicii 1928 ( abhandlungen der pamir - expedition 1928 ) 8 , 143 - 174 . ( 161 - 163 )\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 5 ) , 141 - 143 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 139 - 141 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus sumatra ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 2 ) , 91 - 93 .\nsp . n . , a new clearwing moth species from the cameron highlands in west malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 27 ( 1 / 2 ) , 53 - 54 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006b ) : a new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 1 / 2 ) , 219 - 224 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006c ) : corrigendum zur publikation\na new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region\nin atalanta 37 . band , heft 1 / 2 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 3 / 4 ) , 328 .\n, h . ( 2007 ) : eine neue gattung mit einer neuen art , rubukona svetlanae gen . et spec . nov . , in der tribus paranthrenin\n, 1964 aus der afrotropischen region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 atalanta 38 ( 3 / 4 ) , 361 - 364 .\nfischer , h . ( 2011 ) : adixoa pyromacula sp . n . , eine neue sesiide aus thailand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 207 - 209 . fitzsimons , v . , codd , l . e . , janse , a . j . t . , munro , h . k . , pringle , j . a . & vari , l . ( 1958 ) : a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa . volume i \u2013 zoology 1 ( 1 ) , 147 pp .\nfixsen , c . ( 1887 ) : lepidoptera aus korea . \u2013 in romanoff , n . m . ( ed . ) : m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 3 , 233 - 356 , pl . 15 . ( 323 - 324 )\nist ein femininum , kein neutrum ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 17 ( 2 ) , 190 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1929 ) : a list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera . \u2013 memoirs of the department of agriculture in india , entomological series 11 , 1 - 244 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1940 ) : new generic names for microlepidoptera . \u2013 the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 52 ( 1 ) , 17 - 19 . ( 18 )\nfletcher , d . s . ( 1982 ) : in fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . : the generic names of moths of the world . volume 4 . bombycoidea , castnioidea , cossoidea , mimallonoidea . sesioidea , sphingoidea , zygaenoidea . \u2013 british museum ( natural history ) publication no . 848 , 192 pp . \u2013 london .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 1983 ) : 4 . beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges - fauna kleinasiens . neue kenntnisse \u00fcber artenspektrum , systematik und nomenklatur sowie beschreibung neuer taxa . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 72 ( 1982 ) , 57 - 127 . ( 72 - 76 )\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2007 ) : eine neue art der gattung melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 aus dem dhofar , s\u00fcdoman ( sesiidae : sesiinae : melittiini ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 30 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2008 ) : beschreibung von cabomina gen . n . , cabomina monicae sp . n . und cabomina dracomontana sp . n . aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 29 ( 3 ) , 163 - 169 .\n( 2011a ) : vier neue sesiiden und eine unbestimmte homogyna - art aus dem s\u00fcdlichen afrika ( lepidoptera , sesiidae : osminiini , sesiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 211 - 218 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011b ) : noctusphecia puchneri gen . et sp . n . , eine neue gattung und nachtaktive glasfl\u00fcglerart aus tansania ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 48 - 50 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011c ) : neue arten der gattung thyranthrene hampson , 1919 aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 51 - 56 .\n( 2013 ) : synanthedon angolana sp . n . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus angola ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae , synanthedonini ) . - nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 34 ( 3 ) , 125 - 126 .\nfreina , j . j . de & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2000 ) : beitrag zur sesiidae - fauna israels und pal\u00e4stinas ( insecta , lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 90 , 75 - 84 .\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1836 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 2 , 162 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 140 - 142 , pl . 182 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1842 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 4 , 167 pp , pls 289 - 384 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 129 - 131 , pl . 362 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1843 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 5 , 166 pp , pls 385 - 480 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 35 - 36 , pl . 404 )\nfriedlander , t . p . ( 1986 ) : a new squash borer from mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 ( 4 ) ( 1985 ) , 277 - 288 .\nnov . spec . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 2 ( 5 ) , 33 .\ngaede , m . ( 1929 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 14 , 515 - 538 , pl . 77 .\ngaede , m . ( 1933 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , suppl . 2 , 229 - 240 , pl . 16 .\ngarrevoet , t . , bartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2013 ) : on the knowledge of bembecia rushana gorbunov , 1992 and some related species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . - nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) , 95 - 108 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2011 ) : bembecia lingenhoelei , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 39 ( 2 ) , 73 - 79 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2016 ) : on the status of bembecia zebo \u0161patenka & gorbunov , 1992 ; bembecia pamira \u0161patenka , 1992 ; bembecia kreuzbergi \u0161patenka & bartsch , 2010 and bembecia martensi gorbunov , 1994 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\ngarrevoet , t . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : bembecia bartschi , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 157 - 161 .\ngarrevoet , t . , garrevoet , w . & \u00f6zbek , h . ( 2007 ) : data on the geographic distribution of sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in turkey . \u2013 linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 39 ( 2 ) , 929 - 953 .\ngeoffroy , e . l . ( 1785 ) : [ contribution ] . in fourcroy , a . f . : entomologia parisiensis ; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur . . . cui addita sunt nomina trivialia & fere trecentae novae species 2 , 544 pp . ( 252 )\ngermadius , p . ( 1874 ) : a new aegerian maple borer . \u2013 the american naturalist 8 , 57 - 58 .\nghiliani , v . ( 1852 ) : materiali per servire alla compilazione della fauna entomologica italiana ossia elenco delle specie di lepidotteri riconosciuti esistenti negli stati sardi . \u2013 memorie della reale accademia della scienze di torino ( serie 2 ) 14 , 20 , 85 , 131 - 247 . ( 216 )\ngiacomelli , e . ( 1911 ) : lepid\u00f3pteros riojanos nuevos \u00f3 poco conocidos . \u2013 anales de la sociedad cientifica argentina 72 , 19 - 40 . ( 29 - 30 )"]}
{"id": 1461, "summary": [{"text": "pisidium artifex is a species of freshwater clam in the family sphaeriidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to kenya , where it is known only from mount kenya .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it lives in water bodies at an elevation of 4300 meters . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "pisidium artifex", "paragraphs": ["pisidium artifex kuiper , 1960 . \u2014 mandahl - barth ( 1988 : 128 ) .\nthe artifex and his men had worked swiftly , perhaps with not as much agility as speed .\none of these , 6 1 / 2 feet long , and of 2 1 / 2 inches bore , manufactured in 1543 , bears the cast inscription of petrus baude gallus operis artifex .\nmost engineers were assigned to tiny rooms with fold - down beds , but hackworth bore the loftier title of artifex and had been a team leader on this very project , so he rated a second - class stateroom with one double bed and a fold - out for fiona .\nof course , more unusual than all the rest , ( than the commission for the artifex and his assistants to paint the two dining rooms , the library , and the rich man ' s bedroom , all in greens and variations of green ) was the straw hat , such as a farmer might put on , clamped down on livius ' noble head , even here in the shade .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is only known from one location , hall tarn ( mount kenya ) where its habitat is being severely degraded . it is therefore assessed as vulnerable .\nthis species is endemic to mount kenya . it is known from the type locality hall tarn .\nmt . kenya forest has in the past experienced extensive destruction by fire outbreaks particularly in the dry periods . several sections of the forest have also been extensively destroyed through illegal logging by local residents in search of timber , building materials and agricultural land .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfm ( u ) otw ( aolcb ) is the web version of the mussel project database . follow the links to browse the data or use the search fields . either way , you win !\nthe mussel project \u0097 home page urltoken . site developed and maintained by dan graf & kevin cummings . hosted by the university of wisconsin - stevens point . funded by the national science foundation .\nmaking the world a better place , one mollusk at a time .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks , we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added . if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers , we will notify you !\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 335 addition to the official list of generic names in zoology of the names of thirty - four non - marine genera of the phylum mollusca . opinions and declarations rendered by the international commission on zoological nomenclature 10 ( 2 ) , 45 - 76 ( 1955 )\nlee , t . ; foighil , d . \u00f3 . ( 2003 ) . phylogenetic structure of the sphaeriinae , a global clade of freshwater bivalve molluscs , inferred from nuclear ( its - 1 ) and mitochondrial ( 16s ) ribosomal gene sequences . < em > zoological journal of the linnean society . < / em > 137 ( 2 ) : 245 - 260 . 10 . 1046 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2003 . 00047 . x\nmillard , v . , 1997 : null . classification of mollusca : a classification of world wide mollusca . 1 - 544 .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\npfeiffer , c . ( 1821 - 1828 ) . < i > naturgeschichte deutscher land - und s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken < / i > . weimar . abt . 1 : i - x , 1 - 134 , pls 1 - 8 [ 1821 ] ; abt . 2 : i - viii , 1 - 40 , pls 1 - 8 [ 1825 ] ; abt . 3 : i - vi , 1 - 84 , pls 1 - 8 [ 1828 ] .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .\nvaught , k . c . / abbott , robert t . and kenneth j . boss , 1989 : null . a classification of the living mollusca . xii + 195 .\nfor a few minutes they sat in silent suspense , doubtful of their unexpected deliverance , and suspicious of the cruel artifices of commodus : but when at length they were assured that the tyrant was no more , they resigned themselves to all the transports of joy and indignation ."]}
{"id": 1462, "summary": [{"text": "grass wonder ( japanese \u30b0\u30e9\u30b9\u30ef\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc , foaled 18 february 1995 ) is an american-bred , japanese-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from 1997 until 2000 he won nine of his fifteen races including four grade i races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was the leading juvenile colt in japan in 1997 when he was unbeaten in four races , culminating in a victory in the asahi hai sansai stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he missed most of his second season with injury problems but returned in autumn to win the arima kinen .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he reached his peak as a four-year-old when he won the takarazuka kinen and a second arima kinen .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he failed to win in three races in 2000 and was retired to stud .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he has had some success as a breeding stallion . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "grass wonder", "paragraphs": ["i can ' t help but wonder elisabeth by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp .\ni can ' t help but wonder elisabeth by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp . - youtube\nmix - i can ' t help but wonder elisabeth by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp .\nthe tetrarch , native dancer . . . the list is long over the one season wonder , one circuit wonder vigors\nspecial week ended his racing career when he met grass wonder for the second time in the arima kinen at nakayma in december . the race produced a four - way photo finish in which special week was beaten a nose by grass wonder , with t m opera o and tsurumaru tsuyoshi just behind .\ngrass wonder made almost $ 6 million in his 15 - race career , and he is a full brother to multiple us grade 1 winner wonder again . he was smoked by silence suzuka and el condor pasa , even with the weight concession .\nthe days of pearly spencer by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp .\nwhat love is made of by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp .\ni wonder if bill is finding the one good thing about having a hearing aid is you can turn it off .\nso could well suit australian conditions and his not entirely fashionable pedigree offers a valuable outcross for many mares although his roberto ( hail to reason ) line sire screen hero ( grass wonder ) is out of a sunday silence ( halo ) mare .\n, who is getting great results with mares by sunday silence and his sons ) . screen hero is doubly vulnerable in this respect : not only is he a son of grass wonder , but his dam is the sunday silence mare running heroine .\ndid louganis act properly ? : diving : some wonder whether he should have revealed he was hiv - positive during ' 88 games .\nthe next day , cutting grass around the douglas fir with the swing in it , i caught walter watching me . i killed the engine , walked over , and squatted down near where he sat in the grass . we were both silent , studying one another through the waving stalks of oxeye daisies .\nnike has announced reforms in its asian factories . wonder if this means they ' re going to discontinue the\ntake your parents to work\nday .\ngrass wonder ( usa ) ch . h , 1995 { 12 - c } dp = 6 - 6 - 25 - 0 - 1 ( 38 ) di = 1 . 81 cd = 0 . 42 - 15 starts , 9 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : \u00a5691 , 646 , 000\nwith a son of roberto as his sire and a daughter of danzig as his dam , temple city is bred along similar lines to that successful stallion arch and to the japanese stallion grass wonder , whose g1 japan cup - winning son screen hero is currently responsible for one of japan\u2019s most outstanding older horses , maurice .\n. born in kentucky in 1995 , grass wonder was bred at darby dan farm by john phillips , whose grandfather john galbreath had bred and raced roberto and had then stood him at the property . sold to nobuo tsunoda for $ 250 , 000 at keeneland\u2019s september yearling sale in 1996 , grass wonder was brought to japan and did all his racing there . he enjoyed a splendid career there , winning nine of his 15 races under the care of mitsuhiro ogata . he was a grade one winner at ages two , three and four , and his haul of victories including the arima kinen in both 1998 and \u201999 . descending from the swaps mare\nsilver hawk ' s record is certainly not short of group one performers . his best runners include the 1997 epsom derby hero benny the dip , 1996 musidora stakes heroine magnificient style , 1989 prix de diane winner lady in silver , red bishop , hawkster and japanese superstar grass wonder , who earned nearly $ 6 million in prize money .\nbid at the hidaka selection sale for 8 . 4 million yen to train at jra ' s yearling training facility , and then resold to his current owner at jra ' s\nbreeze up sale\nin april , seiun wonder began training under masazo ryoke and quickly reached the starting gate for his debut in june . the grass wonder colt broke his maiden in his second start with an overwhelming six - length margin and followed up with his first grade - race victory in the niigata nisai stakes ( 1 , 600m ) in september .\na live action scooby doo film is in the works . going to be tough casting the lovable crime fighting dog . hmmm . wonder if linda tripp ' s calendar is free ?\nresuming his racing in august after an 11 - month break , the grass wonder colt was conditioned by first - season trainer yuichi shikato , who took over after susumu yano ' s retirement , and won his 2008 season debut , then followed up with two runner - up efforts before scoring his first grade race victory in the copa republica argentina ( 2 , 500m ) .\nproves that gray horses are also good on the turf as this horse became great when he hit the grass . cozzene was bred and owned by hall of famer john nerud and was trained by his son jan . he won 10 races in his career of which seven came on the grass . his victory in the 1985 breeders\u2019 cup mile earned him the 1985 eclipse award as champion turf horse .\nsan francisco , california , where work on the new ballpark is unearthing a lot of nineteenth century artifacts . wonder what the chances remains of strom thurmond ' s first west coast tour will surface ?\nmarv albert signs a five year contract with wonder bra and named co - host with susan molinari on the cbs saturday morning show . in a tearful first stab at journalistic ethics , molinari quits .\njockey tetsuzo sato guided earnestly to victory for owner koji maeda and trainer shozo sasaki . bred in japan by north hills management , the bay horse by 1999 takarazuka kinen champion grass wonder improved upon his third - place finish in last year ' s event . participants , which numbered 16 in this year ' s race , are selected by the public who made buena vista the number one selection in the field .\nnow the dam of three stakes winners , parlez is a granddaughter of the renowned producer halory ( halo ) , who was the dam of five graded stakes winners , including blue grass stakes winner halory hunter .\n* a warm season grass likes to grow in warm weather . before it will show signs of life in the spring , the soil must warm up , and be warm for possibly as long as two weeks .\npedigree illustrates that wonder again hails tail - female through four generations of mares bred and raised on darby dan land beginning in 1960 with her fourth dam , the swaps mare soaring . through 24 starts and four seasons of racing , wonder again amassed grade one wins at ages 3 and 5 , was grade one stakes placed at age 6 , and was in the money in 15 of 24 races . with three foals of racing age on the ground , wonder again has yet to produce a foal possessing talent matching her own but it is only a matter of time before those classy bloodlines find the way back into the winner\u2019s circle .\na drug ring was found to be operating out of the gary , indiana government building . i wonder if the feds were suspicious when everybody who received a key to the city also got a pound of cut .\nsan francisco , california , where washington square is nowhere near washington street . union square is not even close to union street and there ' s no beach in north beach . no wonder this town is so screwed up .\nleaving behind not only a beautiful farm and superior bloodstock , galbreath\u2019s grandson , john phillips , remains committed to this heritage . the late 80\u2019s saw two top grade 1 winners in champion , sunshine forever , and florida derby winner and subsequent leading japanese sire , brian\u2019s time . the 1990\u2019s added an impressive list of grade 1 winners including japanese two year old champion colt grass wonder , and fillies and mares tribulation , plenty of grace , memories of silver and 1999 champion turf mare soaring softly . in 2004 , darby dan was represented by grade i winning turf mare wonder again . most recently , the popular multiple grade 1 winner winter memories added to the tradition of breathtaking winners . current star performers include recepta and time and motion .\nseiun wonder won three out of four starts , including the 2008 two - year - old championship race , the asahi futurity stakes ( 1 , 600m ) , to earn the jra award for best two - year - old colt of 2008 .\nsome wonder if the national football league shouldn ' t be embarrassed by such sudden success , but realists see the precocious two - year - old toddlers for what they are : good organizations with good personnel evaluators , good coaches and good players .\nspecial week began his third season in the grade ii american jockey club stakes at nakayama on 24 january and won from silent hunter and mejiro steed . on 21 march at hanshin he added another grade ii win when he defeated mejiro bright in the 3000 metre hanshin daishoten . the grade i spring edition of the tenno sho over the same course and distance saw special week matched against eleven opponents including mejiro bright ( winner of the race in 1998 ) , matikanefukukitaru , seiun sky , stay gold , silk justice ( arima kinen ) . special week recorded his second grade i win as he defeated mejiro bright by half a length with seiun sky two and a half lengths back in third . [ 10 ] in the takarazuka kinen over 2200 metres at hanshin on 11 july , his final start before the summer break , special week was matched against grass wonder a colt who had been the best of his generation in 1997 but missed most of the 1998 season before returning to win the arima kinen in december . special week was beaten three lengths into second place by grass wonder but finished seven lengths clear of the other ten runners .\ngrass wonder , who finished eight and a half lengths back in this race under just 121 pounds , returned to win a grade 1 at 13 / 1 odds next time out . this was followed by a grade 2 win , a nose defeat in a grade 1 , a three - length win in a grade 1 , a nose win in a grade 2 , and a nose win in a grade 1 . that adds up to five wins and a nose defeat in his next six starts , four of them at the grade 1 level and two at the grade 2 level .\ngrass pollen is implicated in most hay fever allergies in ireland and britain , as up to 90 % of people with hay fever are allergic to it . a person with hay fever may simply be allergic to grass pollen , or they may be allergic to a number of other varieties of pollen too . only allergy testing will establish what a person is actually allergic to . pollen allergies seem to relate to the climate and vegetation of the country . in scandinavia birch pollen is the most common allergen , while in parts of spain pollen from the olive tree is the most prolific cause of hay fever .\ntrained by susumu yano , grass wonder ran adequately in his two starts as a two - year - old in 2006 without winning . having finished fourth over 1600m at tokyo and second over 1800m at nakayama as a juvenile , then then got off the mark at the first attempt at three , winning an 1800m maiden race at nakayama early in the year . he won again over 1600m at the same course later in the winter , and then in the spring a switch from dirt to turf helped him to make further improvement . he did not win again that year , but he ran some good placings , including when second to\nlife responds to these interannual patterns and others as yet unknown to us . in wet years , the differences among my exlosure plots is muted , perhaps because the grass growth keeps up with herbivory . after the el nino rains , there was a great increase in hibiscus , especially in and near the black cotton glades .\nyes , the jaguars are fortunate to be here . if atlanta ' s morten andersen had kicked a last - second 30 - yard field goal instead of slipping on slick grass , the jaguars would have lost their season finale and been out of the playoffs . but now they have won twice in the playoffs , impressively .\nthere in the meadow with walter , i was close to crying . i closed my eyes , and when i opened them again , walter invited me to sit beside him . for a long time we hunkered down there in his nest of grass and daisies , watched dragonflies and monarchs drift above us in the meadow breeze .\nnow i wonder at my son , your grandson . the four of us make maps of the homestead \u2014 the cabin , the meadow , the nearby woods . walter grits his teeth and draws , with a seriousness that belies his actual drawing ability , the cabin on its stilts , the miner\u2019s orchard full of gnarled apple trees , the tall douglas fir with the board swing hanging from a high branch , the meadow grass in three shades of green . and , of course , to keep everything straight and true , he includes , as is his wont , a compass rose with a red arrow labeled n pointing to the top of the page .\nshows she was bred in 1995 as a homebred for the farm by kris s . and is similarly bred , but not closely related , to wonder again as both are by roberto - line stallions and trace to soaring through their dams and granddams . bred to some of the most fashionable sires , the best runner out of\nbred and owned by teruya yoshida of the shadai group , the grass wonder colt was winless in his two starts as a two - year - old but broke his maiden in his kick - off race of his three - year - old campaign and added another win two starts later before making his first grade - race attempt in the spring stakes ( 1 , 800m ) in which he finished fifth to flying apple ( usa ) . winless but steadily progressing through his 2007 season , screen hero earned a ticket to the kikuka sho but was found to have fractured his left foreleg and was turned out for the remaining season as well as the first half of 2008 .\njoanna symons you can always tell when you ' ve come up against a real wonder of the world . no matter how often you ' ve seen it plastered across calendars or mouse mats , no matter how tightly it ' s girt about with trinket shops and tourists , it sweeps you off your feet and into another time and place .\nafter marrying soon yi , woody allen is now literally his own father - in - law . wonder if he asked himself for her hand in marriage . of course the first ring he gave her , she probably teethed on . now he ' s writing a play for her . or he could remake the old sitcom ,\nfather knows best\n.\nfusaichi pegasus had his most success as a sire with his first crop , foals of 2002 , which included roman ruler ( haskell and norfolk stakes ) and bandini ( blue grass stakes ) among 11 stakes winners from that crop . with 12 percent stakes winners from that crop , fusaichi pegasus would have been a very serious sire if only he had managed to maintain that trajectory .\nmalawi ( sunvil - 0208 232 9777 , urltoken ) , once , briefly , our home , represented another step back in time . there can ' t be many other places where you can spend the morning crunching across the frosty grass of a dazzling 7 , 000ft escarpment and , within three hours , be steaming gently in a riverside gamepark and eyeballing a crocodile from your hammock .\nin fact , witte says , in every homestead , at every interview , she would look at the surviving children and wonder : who will make it ? which child will die ?\nand you have to question what this does to the bond between mother and child . do mothers cherish the children more because they may die ? or is it harder to become attached to your child if you know you may lose him ?\nin ireland , the high pollen season begins sometime in june , depending on which part of the country you happen to live . obviously , there is seasonal variation and the exact start date will depend on what the weather is like throughout march , april and may . the warmer weather in south west cork means that the grass pollen season tends to start there in mid - may . in dublin and the midlands the high season usually begins at the start of june and in north west donegal a fortnight later .\nthe toughest job in washington dc these strange days isn ' t the president ' s or even his battery of lawyers but rather that of the first lady whose smile is so tight you can hear the enamel cracking during extreme close ups . she ' s always been a rock next to her sliding mound of liquid bubba gel , but now she makes the rocky mountains look like everglades mud . i can ' t help but wonder how clinton ' s other paramours would have fared in her place .\nsounds of earth ( jpn , h5 , by neo universe ) and gold actor ( jpn , h5 , by screen hero ) , whom toho jackal had beaten to second and third , respectively , in the kikuka sho , both have proven to be of high quality by finishing second and first , respectively , in the 2015 arima kinen ( g1 , 2 , 500m ) . sounds of earth ( jpn , h5 , by neo universe ) , after scoring just two wins out of 15 career starts , more recently has finished second in two g1 and three g2 starts , plus a close fifth by 0 . 3 second in last year\u2019s japan cup . gold actor was sidelined for eight months following the kikuka sho but has been undefeated in all four starts since his comeback , including as a g1 winner in the 2015 arima kinen . his sire , screen hero ( jpn , by grass wonder ) , also made late but rapid improvement to claim the 2008 japan cup in his four - year - old season .\ntoday walter and i woke early , before liz and edie , and in the mountain dark we ate peanut - butter toast , then pulled on our hiking shoes and took our poles and hiked down the mountain slope to the river . it was early , still chilly and damp in the shadows . i\u2019d brought a thermos of coffee , and whenever we stopped , walter did jumping jacks , though he claimed the cold didn\u2019t bother him . we hiked on , dropping down through forest , then flood grass , then boulder field and sandbar .\ni knew your anger . it\u2019s one of the strongest memories i have of you . you were bloated and bald by then , yellowed from all the chemicals the doctors were pumping through your brain . i wanted to wear to school a pair of jeans with holes in the knees , which i thought were cool . you told me to take them off . knowing , without really knowing , that you were fading from my life \u2014 you , the burden that was father , my sick and needy father \u2014 i refused . you swore at me , said i looked like trash , said if i wore such clothes i was trash and no son of yours . i ran for the safety of trees . i hid in the tall grass and took the grass in my hands and pulled until it cut the undersides of my fingers . the worst part , i think now , was that i already felt so distant from you , hadn\u2019t felt for a long time like a son of yours . after you\u2019d yelled yourself out , i went back in , ate my cereal , and left for school dressed the way i wanted .\nwho , like the aforementioned wonder again , is a phillips homebred and grade one winner on turf sired by silver hawk . bred in 1993 , memories of silver represented a third - generation darby dan bloodline tracing back through her granddam java moon by graustark . a theme of heartiness runs through many of the darby dan female families as many of its mares not only race but win in top quality races over multiple seasons . memories of silver and her best runners winter memories and la cloche were all turf graded stakes winners their final season on the track .\nthe colosseum in rome , which i visited this year , opened a window straight into the gorier side of the roman world . looking down into the arena , i swear i could hear the roar of lions , the baying crowd ; smell the blood and dust . seeing rome with my children was an education for all of us . we adults can try so hard to cram in all the sights that we lose out on the spirit of a place ; the children ' s wonder , and oblique view of the city was - happily - infectious .\ngrass pollen is the most common allergen in ireland without a doubt\n, says dr paul dowding , a senior lecturer with the trinity college dublin botany department .\nherb pollen is less common and tree pollen is not a great factor in ireland because it is not a heavily wooded country . the highest pollen count levels within ireland are usually found in lowland country areas , especially agricultural areas where there is likely to be a lot of grassland . levels in cities would be a half or quarter of that and in coastal areas pollen levels would be lower again\n.\nalready an accomplished star jockey in nar regional public racing before debuting under a jra license in 2006 , it wasn ' t long before yasunari iwata elevated his status in the jra . attracting increasing offers from big owners for major g1s , he responded with impressive results and boosted his purses . among his 13 grade - race wins during 2008 were four g1 titles , which he won with admire jupiter ( tenno sho spring , g1 ) , vodka ( yasuda kinen , g1 ) , black emblem ( shuka sho ) and seiun wonder ( asahi hai futurity stakes ) .\nwe have seen two complete population cycles of jackals . in the early 1990s they were abundant . by mid 1990s , they had all but disappeared . they returned in force after the el nino year ( 1997 - 8 ) , but have recently declined again . by 2003 / 4 , they appeared to be making a comeback . the el nino year had myriad cascading effects . first the grass grew tall and thick , raising the specter of uncontrollable bush fires . the rodents responded , and these usually shy creatures were seen daily . on their heels were the predators , the jackals and the snakes .\nlast summer , witte lived in a hotel with no running water , no oven for the chef to cook food , and the only phone in town . now , settled back into her life as an emory student , witte is far removed from her sojourn to kenya - but not its impact .\nit gave me hands on experience . i learned first - hand about a grass roots community project . and i came away from the experience committed to continuing my education . also , i have a new understanding about why it is so important to rigorously evaluate public heal th programs and find out what really works .\nhe missed one start in november due to an infection in his foot before being sent to post favorite for a grade - one attempt in the asahi hai futurity stakes . despite appearing overexcited in both the paddock and the post parade prior to his first start in three and a half months , seiun wonder took a ground - saving route from stall three . from racing well off the pace , jockey yasunari iwata steered him off the rails between the third and last corner and then split horses for the final stretch , from where the big colt of more than 500 kilos burst into gear to outrun the leaders and then held off the late chargers for a head - margin victory .\nby the time the sun burned away the clouds , i was already drenched in sweat and itching , spears of grass and burs stuck to my legs , a blister boiling up in the center of my hand . yet i had a luxury you didn\u2019t : we\u2019re here only for a season , and my work this morning at the pond wouldn\u2019t make or break us . i was only halfway around the longer western edge of the pond , but anyway i stabbed my shovel into the mud , pulled off my hat and shirt , and dove into the green water . i surfaced and swam over to walter and edie , who proudly showed me all the wriggling , bulb - eyed newts they\u2019d caught .\ngo ahead , have a drink . today is the darkest day in america . a stain on the calendar . april 15th . the day we part with our hard earned money and give it to the government . i ' m talking about perfectly good money that could be used to buy beer . and what nice little sheep we are to just give it al away .\nhere mr . pentagon : take three months of my take home pay and buy yourself a hammer\n. you pay taxes and i pay taxes . the difference is you don ' t pay enough and i pay way too much . and i ' m sure you feel the same . even the president pays taxes . for 1997 , the clintons had a gross adjusted income of $ 569 , 511 and paid $ 91 , 964 in federal taxes and $ 19 , 745 in state and local taxes , about half of what they paid last year , mostly because hillary ' s book\nit takes a village\ntanked from the best seller lists like a boxer wearing trunks made out of quaalude patches . they ' re getting a refund of $ 3 , 040 from the irs and gave away $ 270 , 725 to charities but refused to say who got the contributions . i don ' t know about you but i have a feeling the national rifle association saw about as much of that money as you and i did . wonder if copies of\nleaves in the grass\nwere tax - deductible ?\nthey held them up to me in their fists , the newts pawing at the rough air . then they let the newts loose and rinsed their hands \u2014 the amphibians\u2019 skin harbors quite a poison \u2014 and i helped them snap on their life jackets . we floated for an hour in the pond with the newts , who , back in the green water , swam and dove around us like we might all be family , their wide snouts rippling the surface here and there for air . a gust of wind danced through the crowns of the nearby firs and pines . the grass bent in the wind , even broke \u2014 i heard the crackling . the wind died down then , and a phalanx of red - gold dragonflies veered above us , snapped and whirred .\nmichael , 15 months old , visits the locker room after the game , in the arms of his father ' s brother hank , 24 , who along with another brother , dane , 30 , spends a lot of time in vancouver babysitting his nephew and helping mike keep track of his schedule away from basketball . watching the affection mike showers on michael makes an observer wonder about mike ' s estrangement from his father , henry , a former nba player who even after his retirement spent long stretches of time away from the family . henry , now usc ' s coach , could be helping his youngest son adjust to nba life , but it ' s obvious that he won ' t have the chance to do that anytime soon . mike doesn ' t answer questions having to do with his father .\ndynaformer thoroughly merited his promotion , going on to sire well over 60 group / graded winners , but even he was not guaranteed to sire an heir apparent . as many as 14 of his 23 grade i winners were fillies and two of the others\u2013perfect drift and vergennes\u2013were geldings . that left just seven grade i - winning sons . one , the exciting gi kentucky derby winner barbaro , met an untimely death . a second , the gi shadwell turf mile winner purim , died in 2012 , before his progeny had had much chance to prove themselves . however , he left the grade i winners twilight eclipse and undrafted among his legacy of only 218 foals . a third grade i - winning son of dynaformer , the gi blue grass s . winner brilliant speed , was killed by lightning earlier this year at the age of eight .\nthere is a common misunderstanding that rainfall in laikipia can be described as long rains in march - may and short rains in october - november , separated by two dry seasons . people come in the summer and wonder where all the rain is coming from . although much of the area to the south and east of laikipia does have a simple bimodal rainfall pattern , laikipia ( and many areas to the west ) also get a set of rains in july - august . these are sometimes called the lake rains or the continental rains . these blur into the long rains that preceded them , and the short rains that follow . the net result is a fairly predictable dry season from december to mid - march , and a weakly trimodal distribution of rain thereafter , with a distinct peak in april - may , and perhaps minor dips in june and september . the long - term records for mpala suggest that august is the third wettest month at mpala .\nthe world ' s first invention of the\nselfie robot - ic chip module , the agency tracking the design of research and development company\n, we proposed ic chip products in the world is not similar to\nselfie robot hardware and software combination of tracking action products , use face recognition , object tracking , software technology to capture face tracking , and tracking with infrared hardware to shoot . this wafer module supports the android and ios app algorithms and firmware of the mechanism of rotation tracking control technology , customers can easily use this chip , just select the battery , lights , motors , you can process design product appearance , and the phone linked to the selfie situation of the application selfie robot goods . our positioning :\ngrasswonder inside\n( embedded small green grass chip ) , this positioning to support customers to design , perfect user selfie experience :\nlet the phone lens has been chasing their own , their own kind of being chasing the stars feel\n, which is the best user experience .\nthese months we\u2019ve spent in isolation on this mountain were my choice , my responsibility , just as our family\u2019s life in the badlands of montana was yours . did you ever try to figure the escape paths we might have taken out ? did you wonder which way you would run with us when the river dried up ? when smoke filled the sky ? when the grasshoppers fell across the fields like a plague ? and what sudden plans did you make when you woke one morning and had your wife feel your belly , which was by then nothing but a mass of tumor ? you\u2019d left behind a stable job with the u . s . forest service , left a pension and healthcare benefits , left access to a good hospital \u2014 where a doctor perhaps wouldn\u2019t have misdiagnosed your cancer as ulcers for so long \u2014 left it all for a life you\u2019d known would be hard . and it was hard , even harder than you\u2019d reckoned . in response i have chosen a life of relative security : a good job , a house in town , decent savings . this mountain sojourn of ours is , i know , only a hint of the trial you lived and knew .\nbefore you were a farmer , father , you were a forester , a ranger in glacier national park and the backcountry of the bob marshall wilderness , then later in mount rainier and mesa verde . and i imagine you did your share of christening seasonal creeks with the names of long - ago girlfriends or naming hard - to - cross fields of scree after disfavored politicians . you must , i am sure , have picked a rock to sit on along the ridge , one with a view of the river , and then rifled hungrily through your pack for lunch . in your later life as a farmer , the life in which i knew you , you were a man of order : the fields irrigated for so many hours three times a summer ; the lambing tally inked in blue ballpoint in spiral notebooks . i\u2019ve seen them , you know , in the bottom - right drawer of your old roll - top desk , those tattered notebooks , their pages stained with iodine and afterbirth , the mess of delivering lambs . you favored red for the covers and always kept a pen poking out of the metal coil . as a boy i\u2019d open them and trace with my finger the loop of your scrawl , wonder at the workings of this hand i\u2019d only briefly known .\nyou can call us many things here in the golden plated state of california , but we ' re about as predictable as a rhinestone canoe in a freight elevator . our democratic gubernatorial suitors spent $ 64 million cozying up to us for tuesday ' s primary , and what do we do , but go and nominate the goober who bought us a corsage the size of a golf ball dimple . grey\nand that ' s a gross exaggeration\ndavis , beat both al\ncheckbook with a smirk\nchecci , and jane\ni am a woman dammit\nharman for the honor of facing dan\ndarth\nlungren in november ' s race for governor of us , the world ' s seventh largest economy . now , of course , the next five months is going to be easy . the two of them will stomp each other like daisies on a fifty yard line claiming that all important moderate middle as a fumble recovery and blast the other for being so far out of the mainstream , they got grass stains on their butts . according to which playbook you ' re reading , it ' ll either be mister compassion versus the steel nazi or mister responsible versus the stone hippie . or another way of putting it , for us in california , its $ 64 million down and a bajillion to go .\nmonica talks !\nnot quite\ngarbo talks\n, but you and me and hard copy are going to have to settle for it right now . still don ' t know what ms . lewinsky said . but you can bet your ass that our boy bill is going to know exactly how many times she coughed and how many separate particles of spit expectorated from her mouth when she did cough before he testifies on august 17 . wonder if monica ' s voice is squeaky or smokey or seductive ? hard to believe we ' ve lived with this lady for so long and still haven ' t heard her speak . also hard to believe the only way to tell the difference between the jerry springer show and cbs evening news these days is dan rather doesn ' t wears glasses . hardest of all to believe is mr . starr ' s witch hunt has gone on longer than the civil war . you really got to feel sorry for the 23 men and women on the grand jury who for six months have been hearing the most salacious things possible about the leader of the free world , the leader of the leader of the free world , an intern and her best friend . wouldn ' t blame any of those grand jurors who responded to their public service by moving to the yukon interior .\nsummer . barefoot at a barbecue . sinfully skinny tan lines . sand under the elastic of your underwear . men obviously bereft of mirrors naked from the waist up . ice cream dripping down the sugar cone onto your fingers . lemonade so tart it makes your toes pucker . the tinny mantra of a baseball game on an am radio . it started sunday but not really . oh sure the solstice ostensibly began at 10 : 03 am edt father ' s day , when the sun was at its furthest point from the equator . solstice : from the latin for\nstand still\n, featured the longest day of the year . yes , this may be the astronomical beginning of the season of summer for those of us in the northern hemisphere , but we ' re already a goodly way into it ' s clammy depths . we ' ve just been experiencing that weird cuspal convergence of summer and spring : sprummer . because true summer is not a fixed date , it ' s a state of mind . an altered state of mind . as an adult , it means memorial day and the ability to wear white shoes sans impunity not to mention lawn furniture . it means fresh cut grass and the soft stirring of a hammock complete with snoring noises . it means the smell of burning flesh , both from barbecues and the shoulders of the pigmentally challenged at the beach .\n- radio news while i slice potatoes , slick the cast - iron pan with bacon grease , and tuck thick pats of butter and slices of garlic inside the fish . you rise , even though you\u2019re tired \u2014 i realize you\u2019d be seventy - three this year \u2014 and join me on the porch , bringing the beer i left inside . while the fish grill , the oil dripping and popping in the flames , we talk politics . we argue . we might for a moment turn away from one another . you\u2019re a southerner raised on tobacco and jim crow , a poor boy who enlisted , made good with the help of the gi bill , and missed out on most of what we think of when we say \u201cthe sixties . \u201d i am my mother\u2019s son \u2014 my mother the social worker and teacher , the idealist who stored her joan baez records in the same box as your waylon jennings albums . but i\u2019m not after a reckoning here , not by a long shot . what i want to do is turn the blackening fish , lean against the log rail by you , with you , and take a deep swallow of suds . what i want is to touch your elbow lightly and point down below the old shed , near the oak tree , where a doe and a yearling fawn slip like ghosts through the grass in the dusty light of evening .\nat & t , god ' s phone service , has figured out the best way to attract young consumers who would rather chew gravel than align themselves with a corporate behemoth like ma bell ' s favorite son . wear a disguise . in offering their new dial around service , they ' re posing as a hip and fun company called lucky dog in a naked attempt to appeal to the young and anti establishment . at & t is posturing as anti establishment ? now that ' s sacrilege . isn ' t that a lot like bob dole skateboarding in cut offs ? or alan greenspan with a mohawk wading into the mosh pit of a primus concert . called\nstealth branding\n, this wolf in chihuahua ' s clothing stuff is nothing new . miller brewing , which is to microbrew what godzilla is to guppies has been cashing in on the small is better craze for years with a boutique label called red dog . makes you wonder if matt damon is really just tom hanks with a lot of makeup . and in the same vein , german media conglomerate bertlesmann ag is paying $ 200 million for a 50 % stake in barnesandnoble . com even though they ' re still running their own online service . i ' m not sure i get this whole competing with yourself strategy . not only do you lose even when you win , but often not only do you lose but you also lose as well . nothing stockholders love more than a lose lose situation .\ntoday is fat tuesday . the day we cast aside restraint , and drink till we puke on our shoes and then laugh . as my dad always used to say ,\nmoderation in everything . including moderation\n. your response to today is probably dependent on your geography . in san francisco , it ' ll be a much bigger deal than it will be in pierre , south dakota . but to be fair , california coyote festivals don ' t even begin to measure up to theirs . our stages end up littered with at best , half the shredded chicken carcasses as theirs and most of our coyotes aren ' t even quadrupeds . of course , san francisco ' s mardi gras celebration is to new orleans ' like dick york was to dick sergeant . a pale imitation at best . and i ' m sure the folks at carnaval in rio de janeiro will tell you that new orleans is the second darrin . isn ' t it funny that nobody wants to be the second darrin . i wonder when some fancy psychological think tank is going to do a highly funded useless study on the\nsecond darrin syndrome .\ndicks who fill other people ' s shoes , badly . they say that mardi gras is just a state of mind . of course so is the second darrin syndrome . all i know is , this is the only holiday we have where pure unadulterated excess is expected and encouraged . until aerick ' s day , that is . which is almost 3 whole weeks away .\ndon ' t get me wrong . i ' m no fan of hooters ' restaurants . ate there twice . both times i felt like i had felt someone up without their consent . and the wings were just okay . did not agree when hooters waitresses sued , saying they knew the uniforms were provocative , but didn ' t expect the sexual harassment . the hell did they expect ? true love ? macarthur genius grants ? carefully formulated queries about sub atomic particle research ? it ' s called hooters , for crum ' s sake . it might as well be\ntits r us\nwith a giant nipple on the backwards\nr\n. oh yeah , the logo is owl eyes .\nowl eyes\ncapable of lactation . now a federal appeals court is considering the case of 4 chicago guys whose applications for waiter positions were turned down . i ' m thinking , if guys with really tight buns who looked good in cut off t shirts filled out applications , they might have been hired . some battles are worth going down for . this case rates a . 0001 on that list . do we really want to set a precedent allowing dr . ruth westheimer to file a discrimination suit for being denied the opportunity to start as chicago bulls point guard ? does anybody foresee a grass roots campaign petitioning playgirl on behalf of ernest borgnine ' s bid for a photo spread ? next thing you know , michael bolton is going to demand grammy award accreditation in the male singer category . does crowbarring the lid off of pandora ' s box have any meaning here ?\nas a public service , i watched the impeachment hearings so that you didn ' t have to . and i got to be honest here . you owe me money . oh , it was riveting television . a lot like listening to golf on the radio in mandarin . like watching varnish harden on a closet baseboard by a ten watt light bulb . i don ' t mean to say kenneth starr was boring but his own staff was nodding off behind him . he has to be the whitest human on the face of the planet . beyond white . he ' s translucent . a man to whom the term\npasty\nis but a dream . envious of diaphanous . and it ' s an absolute wonder how he ' s able to be so incredibly patient with us . because we are so stupid . don ' t we get it ? my god , it ' s like trying to explain quantum physics to a rabbit hutch . not only did the man lie , but then he lied about lying . yeah , sure , maybe his staff intimidated monica lewinsky by a threat of 27 years in jail if she tried to talk to her lawyer . he was just following normal prosecutorial procedure . and sure , he can ' t remember a lot of stuff . so what ? didn ' t clinton use the same ruse ? and don ' t give me that birds of a feather crap , there ' s a big difference between the two of them . it ' s so obvious . starr is on the side of right .\nwe tried everything to get him out . we banged on the wheel well with a lug wrench so loudly that it would have deafened an animal that actually had ears . we poked it with sticks that were uncomfortably short , but it just retreated deeper . we even poured petrol on it . nothing worked . i figured i had a couple of choices . i could leave the vehicle there and hope that when i came back in a few hours , the snake had left . but that seemed to give the snake too much credit . instead , i decided to drive off . perhaps the snake would drop off or be shredded by the axle . ( its amazing how your concern for animals declines when there is a puff adder in your wheel well . ) i had two unsettling images . the first was of taking the snake all the way home and inadvertently delivering it to my five - year - old son ' s backyard . i had decided that i would park a kilometer away , and walk the rest . my other image was even more disturbing . old land rovers are miracles of low - tech engineering , and i could not be sure that the puff adder could not find a way from the wheel well into the cab . i imagined driving along and feeling the dry coarse rasp of its scales against my leg just before the lightning strike . i searched the car , and found no obvious route , but was little reassured . i finally did just drive off , with another vehicle spotting behind . sure enough , the puff adder was flung off within the first couple of hundred meters , and slithered off into the long grass .\nwe here at yourbank know you must be a little worried about all these big mergers going on . and well you should be . so let us put your mind at rest by insisting these changes are not for us , they ' re designed with you , our valued customers in mind . just trying to streamline operations to make it easier for you , our most precious collateral . we know you don ' t need a lot of perplexing ' choices ' to slow down your day , so here at yourbank , we ' re doing our best to make sure that when the smoke clears , we ' ll remain standing as your one and only choice when seeking financial security . we ' d also like to take this time to introduce the new ' one - rate ' atm fees from yourbank . aren ' t you tired of all those confusing charges for automated banking ? who wouldn ' t be ? one institution tacks on an outrageous fee for each on line service dial up , while another establishment nails you for even more , just for using their atm . well , at yourbank , we ' ve taken the guesswork out of banking . each transaction is the same special low user friendly price of . . . five dollars . that way you ' ll know you ' re getting the same beneficial easy to remember rate each and every time you do business with us . no hassles . no confusion . just the same convenient price . any time . anywhere . for anything . you ' ll never have to wonder if you ' re being ripped off again . remember , at yourbank , we ' re working harder , to make your money . . . our money ."]}
{"id": 1468, "summary": [{"text": "kryptopterus is a genus of catfishes belonging to the family siluridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are found in freshwater throughout southeast asia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the scientific name comes from ancient greek krypt\u00f3s ( \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 , \" hidden \" ) + pt\u00e9ryx ( \u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5\u03be , \" fin \" ) .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it refers to the reduced or even entirely absent dorsal fin of these catfishes .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these small - to medium-sized catfishes have opaque , transparent or translucent bodies , hence their common name asian glass catfishes .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "despite this name , only three described species have clearly transparent bodies : k. minor , k. piperatus and k. vitreolus .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "most significant among these is the ghost catfish ( k. vitreolus ) , which is the \" glass catfish \" most often seen in the aquarium fish trade .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species was initially confused with the larger glass catfish ( k. bicirrhis ; infrequent in aquarium trade ) and subsequently with k. minor ( essentially absent from aquarium trade ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this matter was only fully resolved in 2013 . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "kryptopterus", "paragraphs": ["kryptopterus minor is not the glass catfish commonly found in the trade . the species we see in the trade is kryptopterus vitreolus . unless you collected the fish yourself in borneo , you almost certainly have that species .\nkryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning hidden and pteryx , meaning fin ; in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal fin of this group of fishes .\nkryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning \u2018hidden\u2019 , and pter\u00fdgio , meaning \u2018fin\u2019 , in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal - fin in members of this genus .\nkryptopterus species are found only in southeast asia and the genus has been considered polyphyletic since bornbusch ( 1995 ) with some former species already moved to the genera phalacronotus and micronema .\nasia : malay peninsula , java , sumatra and borneo . reports of this species from mekong , mae khlong , bang pakong and chao phraya river drainages in mainland southeast asia are misidentifications of kryptopterus geminus .\nng , h . h . , s . wirjoatmodjo and r . k . hadiaty , 2004 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 15 ( 1 ) : 91 - 95 kryptopterus piperatus , a new species of silurid catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) from northern sumatra .\nkryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning hidden and pteryx , meaning fin ; in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal fin of this group of fishes . from the greek cryptos , meaning hidden and pterygion , meaning fin . in reference to the rudimentary dorsal fin .\nfor years this fish was known in the hobby as kryptopterus bicirrhis , a very similar but larger species , but it has now been correctly identified as k . minor . this is a large genus , and other species , along with species in the similar genera , may be impor\nkryptopterus geminus , a new species of silurid catfish is described from the bang pakong , mekong , mae khlong and chao phraya river drainages in mainland southeast asia . kryptopterus geminus , together with k . cryptopterus , can be distinguished from congeners by the dorsal profile lacking a nuchal concavity and short maxillary barbels extending to the base of the pectoral fin . kryptopterus geminus can be further distinguished from k . cryptopterus in having a narrower head ( 9 . 5\u2013 12 . 0 % sl vs . 12 . 2\u201314 . 2 ) , longer anal fin ( 62 . 2\u201372 . 7 % sl vs . 57 . 2\u201362 . 9 ) and snout ( 39 . 5\u201345 . 3 % hl vs . 35 . 1\u201339 . 8 ) , and more laterally - placed eyes ( only ventral half , vs . ventral two - thirds , of the orbital margin visible when the head is viewed ventrally ) .\namong other kryptopterus spp . only k . minor and k . piperatus also possess a transparent body in life with the remaining species translucent or opaque , and these three are hypothesised to form a sub - clade within the k . bicirrhis species group ( ng & kottelat , 2013 ; see below for definition of this species group ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nk . vitreolus is one of three species in the genus to possess a transparent body in life . . .\n. . . although it does sometimes appear less so depending on the angle of light .\nvitreolus : from the diminutive form of the latin adjective vitreus , meaning \u2018of glass\u2019 , in reference to this species\u2019 transparent appearance in life .\nknown only from a series of coastal river basins of peninsular thailand draining into the gulf of thailand south of the isthmus of kra , plus a handful of rivers draining the cardamom ( khao banthat ) mountains in southeastern thailand .\nng and kottelat ( 2013 ) state that its status in the wild requires investigation since it\u2019s collected intensively for the aquarium trade , has a relatively restricted range and appears never to have been bred on a commercial basis .\ndisplays a preference for slow - moving or standing habitats and has been collected from turbid brownish water as well as acidic blackwater .\nbest kept in a well - decorated set - up with some surface or floating vegetation since it appears to prefer relatively dim conditions .\nthe addition of dried leaf litter and / or alder cones would further emphasise the natural feel while the tannins and other chemicals released by these as they decompose are considered beneficial for fishes from blackwater environments .\ndo not add this fish to a biologically immature aquarium as it can be susceptible to swings in water chemistry .\nin the aquarium it will accept dried foods of a suitable size but should also be offered daily meals of small live and frozen fare such as artemia nauplii , moina , grindal worm , etc .\ngenerally peaceful though it may predate on eggs or fry and is somewhat timid so does not compete well with much larger , robust or otherwise boisterous fishes .\nsmall , peaceful species make the best tankmates with examples from thailand including trigonostigma heteromorpha , t . espei , brevibora dorsiocellata , acanthocobitis zonalternans , lepidocephalichthys , acanthopsoides and pangio spp .\nmany species from other countries are of course also suitable but be sure to research your choices thoroughly prior to purchase .\nk . vitreolus is highly gregarious and tends to form quite tight schools meaning a group of 6 or more specimens is the minimum recommended .\nthis species has been available in the trade for decades during which time it\u2019s been widely misidentified as the congeners k . bicirrhis or , more recently , k . minor .\nits identity was not resolved until early 2013 at which point it was described as a new species by ng and kottelat , meaning you will see it under one of these two names in the majority of literature published prior to that date .\nunusually , the authors were required to publish a short communication just after the description since the words \u2018new species\u2019 did not feature in the first paper meaning that technically the name k . vitreolus remained unavailable as per art . 16 . 1 of the iczn code .\nalternative trade names include \u2018asian glass catfish\u2019 , \u2018ghost catfish\u2019 and \u2018phantom catfish\u2019 , while it\u2019s sometimes confused with the \u2018african glass catfish\u2019 , parailia pellucida .\nk . vitreolus can be told apart from k . minor , k . piperatus and all other k . bicirrhis group members by the following combination of characters : snout length 29\u201335 % hl ; eye diameter 28\u201334 % hl ; body depth at anus 16\u201320 % sl ; depth of caudal peduncle 4\u20137 % sl ; maxillary barbels extending beyond base of first anal - fin ray ; dorsal profile with pronounced nuchal concavity ; 14\u201318 rakers on the first gill arch ; 48\u201355 anal - fin rays .\nk . bicirrhis group : k . bicirrhis , k . lais , k . palembangensis , k . macrocephalus , k . minor , k . piperatus , k . vitreolus k . cryptopterus group : k . cryptopterus , k . geminus k . limpok group : k . limpok , k . mononema , k . dissitus , k . baramensis , k . hesperius k . schilbeides group : k . schilbeides , k . paraschilbeides\nbombusch ( 1995 ) identified the k . bicirrhis group as a distinct clade although he didn\u2019t propose any synapomorphy to diagnose it .\nng and kottelat ( 2013 ) later noted that members normally have fewer anal - fin rays ( 46\u201367 vs . 64\u201385 ) than other congeners and placed k . piperatus and k . vitreolus within the group based on this character .\nng , h - h . and m . kottelat , 2013 - zootaxa 3630 : 308 - 316 after eighty years of misidentification , a name for the glass catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) .\nbornbusch , a . h . , 1995 - zoological journal of the linnean society 115 : 1 - 46 phylogenetic relationships within the eurasian catfish family siluridae ( pisces : siluriformes ) , with comments on generic validities and biogeography .\nng , h - h . and m . kottelat , 2013 - zootaxa 3640 ( 2 ) : 299 - 300 a name for the glass catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) revisited .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nmainstream of sungai pinoh at nanga saian , 45 kilometers south of nangapinoh , borneo , indonesia .\n68mm or 2 . 7\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nmemoirs of the california academy of sciences no . 14 , pp149 , fig . 115 .\n( 1 ) glasscats ( k : 3 ) . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : europe and asia . dorsal fin rays usually less than 7 , when present . no spine before dorsal fin . no adipose fin . pelvic fins small or absent . anal fin base very long with 41 - 110 rays . nasal barbel absent , one or two pairs of barbels on lower jaw , and maxillary barbels usually elongate . maximum length of 5 m reached in silurus glanis , with 330 kg . this european species may enter brackish waters .\nlatin , silurus = a kind of fish . 1555 ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\ngreek , kryptos = hidden + greek , pteron = wing . fin ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 4 ; dh range : 10 - 20 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )\nrestricted to peat habitats ( ref . 57235 ) . occurs in shady spots in running waters . omnivorous , although larger individuals may prey on smaller fishes ( ref . 6868 ) . uncommon in aquarium trade ( ref . 57235 ) .\nkottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo , 1993 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00575 ( 0 . 00278 - 0 . 01190 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 73 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nkottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .\n, particularly in the aquarium literature . there is a possibility that the populations from sundaic southeast asia are not conspecific with those from mainland southeast asia .\njustification : this species is recorded from the malay peninsula from southern thailand and southeastern thailand to kalimantan , and southeast thailand to western cambodia . it is heavily utilised in the aquarium trade , although a high proportion of the species in trade come from farmed sources . data are not available on population trends , however the species is assessed as near threatened due to inferred population declines arising from the impact of harvesting for the ornamental fish trade and the loss and degradation of suitable habitat , especially peatland and lowland forest covered streams .\nrecorded from the malay peninsula from southern thailand and southeastern thailand to kalimantan , and southeast thailand to western cambodia . the species is possibly present in viet nam in the lower dong nai river basin .\nit is thought that the population might have suffered some decline from collection for the aquarium trade .\ninhabits small streams and swamps , especially peatland and lowland forest covered streams , as well as from larger turbid rivers .\npopular in the aquarium trade , traded in very large volumes . most of the individuals in trade are thought to be from farmed sources , with a small percentage from the wild .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nand from malaysia ( peninsula , sabah and sarawak ) , and indonesia ( sumatra and kalimantan ) . although a commercially fished species , it is assessed as least concern at present .\n) , thailand and cambodia , and from malaysia ( peninsula , sabah and sarawak ) , and indonesia ( sumatra and kalimantan ) .\ninhabits large rivers with turbid waters but reportedly prefers fast flowing water , but also enters flooded fields ( kottelat 1998 ) . a diurnal , active pelagic species .\noccurs in commercial and subsistence fisheries . highly commercial . used to make fermented foods or fish sauce . regularly seen in the aquarium trade .\nlikely to be impacted locally in parts of its range by pollution and overfishing .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 8 ; dh range : ? - 18 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 25\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2091 )\nroberts , t . r . , 1989 . the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) . mem . calif . acad . sci . 14 : 210 p . ( ref . 2091 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n200mm or 7 . 9\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nrudimentary dorsal fin ; the maxillary barbels reaching to the base of the pectoral fin ; 64 - 78 anal rays . nearly straight dorsal profile with no nuchal concavity ; pectoral - fin length greater than head length .\nmales are more slender and have strong serrations on the posterior edge of the pectoral spine ( females lack these serrations ) .\nreadily feeds on live / frozen foods and other prepared foods such as pellets .\nthis fish is fairly active and needs open spaces to swim in . provide plenty of vegetation for it to hide in during the day .\na schooling species that should be kept in groups of three or more . a relatively peaceful fish compatible with most other species . ideal tankmates include larger barbs and rasboras , and other mid - sized bottom - dwelling asian catfishes ( e . g . mystus ) .\nin the mekong , this species spawns during the early part of the rainy season ( june - july ) . the young move toward the seasonally flooded habitats and are first seen in august . not reported in aquaria .\n( 1 ) silentskream , who also notes :\none of many called\nglass catfish\nbut this is one of the less common varieties . we got ours as a donation , and have been very happy with him !\n, ( 2 ) miles44 ( k : 2 ) , ( 3 ) straitjacketstar ( k : 2 ) , ( 4 ) in _ the _ seance ( k : 2 ) . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19 . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 30491 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .\ninhabits lakes and main rivers ( ref . 56749 ) . feeds on small fishes and prawns ( ref . 56749 ) . usually processes as smoked or salted fish ( ref . 56749 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis species was described from the mekong river in stung treng province , cambodia ( ng 2003 ) . prior to its recognition as a distinct species , it has been misidentified as k . cryptopterus .\njustification : even though there is no information regarding the population size and trends for this species , survey data indicates that it is still abundant throughout much of its range . it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nthe species is known from the mekong ( from the mouth upriver to vientiane , lao pdr ) , mae khlong ( the mouth to at least kanchanaburi ) , bang pakong ( from the mouth to at least prachinburi ) and chao phraya ( the mouth upriver to at least ayutthaya ) river drainages in mainland southeast asia ( ng 2003 ) .\nthere is no information available on the population size and trends for this species , but survey data indicates that it is still abundant throughout much of its range .\ndominany presence at khone falls during dry season , exhibits peak in beginning of rainy season . ( baran\nthis species is utilized as a food fish in artisanal fisheries . it is also sporadically collected and exported as an ornamental fish .\nthe threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown .\nthere is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species .\nsmallest 68mm , largest 350mm , average 181mm , most commonly 80mm . all sl .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nindividual collected in the rajang river system , sarawak state , malaysia ( borneo ) .\nmacrocephalus : from the greek makros , meaning \u2018long\u2019 , and kephalos , meaning \u2018head\u2019 .\nknown from southern ( peninsular ) thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore and the greater sunda islands of sumatra , borneo and java .\ntype locality is usually given as \u2018padang , sumatra\u2019 although habitats in that area are said to be unsuitable for this species and it\u2019s never been recorded there post - description .\nthis species is a stenotypic inhabitant of peat swamp forests and associated blackwater streams .\nmany such habitats have suffered large - scale degradation of some kind but in unaltered cases the dense canopy of branches above means very little light penetrates the surface of such environments , and riparian vegetation also tends to grow thickly .\nsubstrates are usually littered with fallen leaves , branches and submerged tree roots though in some places aquatic plants from genera such as cryptocoryne or barcalaya can be found .\nthe water is typically stained darkly with humic acids and other chemicals released by decaying organic materials , the dissolved mineral content generally negligible and ph as low as 3 . 0 or 4 . 0 .\nfor example in sarawak state , malaysia ( borneo ) it\u2019s been collected from a blackwater river known as the sungai kepayan which flows through remnant and intact peat swamp forest .\nin 1998 ph was measured at 4 . 1 and depth ranged from 20 cm to 2 metres or more .\nsyntopic fish species included osteochilus spilurus , \u2018 puntius \u2018 rhomboocellatus , brevibora dorsiocellata , trigonopoma gracile , t . pauciperforatum , sundadanio cf . axelrodi , kottelatlimia pristes , neohomaloptera johorensis , nanobagrus fuscus , ompok weberi , silurichthys phaiosoma , hemirhamphodon phaiosoma , betta edithae , b . midas , nandus nebulosus , belontia hasseltii , luciocephalus pulcher , parosphromenus anjunganensis , p . ornaticauda , and sphaerichthys osphromenoides .\nprobably a predator feeding on crustaceans , invertebrates and smaller fishes in nature , although there should be no need to use such live foods in captivity .\noffer a varied diet comprising sinking dried foods , live and frozen bloodworm , tubifex , etc . , and perhaps the occasional small earthworm .\ngenerally peaceful though it may predate on smaller fishes and is somewhat timid so does not compete well with much larger , robust or otherwise boisterous species .\npeaceful , comparably - sized cyprinids , loaches and other catfishes perhaps constitute the best options but be sure to research your choices thoroughly prior to purchase .\nk . macrocephalus is gregarious and tends to form schools so ideally four or more specimens should be purchased .\nadult males are noticeably slimmer than females and the posterior edge of the pectoral - fin spine is serrated ( vs . smooth in females ) .\nthis species is also referred to as \u2018false glass catfish\u2019 , \u2018mottled glass catfish\u2019 or \u2018tawny glass catfish\u2019 .\nroberts ( 1989 ) discusses the existence of striped and mottled colour forms but investigation is apparently required to establish whether these are conspecific or not .\nthe congener k . piperatus is very similar but has a colour pattern comprising a pale brown body with scattered dark spots vs . prominent dark brown spots or stripes in k . macrocephalus .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . , 2007 - zootaxa 1418 : 1 - 628 checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types .\nparenti , l . r . and k . k . p . lim , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 175 - 208 fishes of the rajang basin , sarawak , malaysia .\nroberts , t . r . , 1989 - memoirs of the california academy of sciences no . 14 : i - xii + 1 - 210 the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) .\ntan , h . h . and h . h . ng , 2000 - journal of natural history 34 ( 2 ) : 267 - 303 the catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) of central sumatra .\nasia : mekong and chao phraya basins ; malay peninsula , sumatra and borneo .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27732 )\nanal soft rays : 55 - 68 . rudimentary dorsal fin ; the maxillary barbels reaching to the anal fin ; 55 - 68 anal rays ( ref . 27732 ) . dorsal profile arched with a nuchal concavity ; pectoral - fin length greater than head length ( ref . 12693 ) .\ninhabits large rivers with turbid waters ( ref . 27732 ) . reported to prefer fast flowing water and usually occurs along the shores ( ref . 56749 ) . enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . found in lowland streams to peat adjacent in large school up to 100 fish ( ref . 57235 ) . diurnal . feeds mostly on pelagic hemipterans and some small fishes ( ref . 12693 ) , also on worms , crustaceans and insects ( ref . 7020 ) . the clearest body of world ' s fish ( ref . 57235 ) . used to make prahoc or fish sauce and regularly seen in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) . aquarium keeping : at least 10 individuals ; minimum aquarium size 100 cm ( ref . 51539 , 57235 ) .\nkottelat , m . , 1998 . fishes of the nam theun and xe bangfai basins , laos , with diagnoses of twenty - two new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae , balitoridae , cobitidae , coiidae and odontobutidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 128 . ( ref . 27732 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 63 se ; based on food items .\nthough not suitable for beginners , this unusual and delicate catfish can be cared for by hobbyists with basic fishkeeping skills . especially important are high water quality and adequate diet . lots of water changes and live or frozen foods will help ensur\na heavily planted tank with peaceful tankmates that are much smaller than the catfish is ideal . glass catfish are unable to deal with aggression , and they cannot compete well for food . small tetras and rasboras are perfect tankmates . the more cover ( plant\nfrequent feedings of small live invertebrates are the best diet for these fish . they will also take frozen foods and will learn to accept high - quality flakes and tiny pellets . although they have tiny mouths and require food in very small pieces , they are\ntruly a transparent fish , this animal\u2019s bones and internal organs are all visible\u2014even its beating heart ! when light hits at the right angle , the fish displays an iridescence .\nthis is a most unusual catfish . it is a diurnal , shy , transparent fish that dwells in midwater and is an obligate schooler . a heavily planted tank with some open space will bring out the best of these animals . they may hide for several days when first introduced , and they are quick to dive into the thickets when disturbed . they can become quite bold , however , at feeding time . it is very common to find the entire school identically aligned , heading into currents , shimmying to stay in place . often purchased as a novelty , this fascinating fish holds your interest with its interesting behaviors ."]}
{"id": 1476, "summary": [{"text": "the lake rukwa minnow ( raiamas moorii ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the cyprinidae family .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is found in lake tanganyika , lake kivu , and lake rukwa in burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , rwanda , tanzania , and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are rivers , freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , and inland deltas . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "lake rukwa minnow", "paragraphs": ["the lake rukwa minnow is a species of ray - finned fish in the cyprinidae family .\nafrica : lake tanganyika , lake kivu ( ref . 2801 ) and lake rukwa ( ref . 27292 )\nafrica : lake tanganyika ( ref . 2801 ) , lake kivu ( ref . 2801 ) and lake rukwa ( ref . 27292 ) . ;\nafrica : lake tanganyika , lake kivu ( ref . 2801 ) and lake rukwa ( ref . 27292 ) . in the lukuga river ( lake tanganyika outflow ) , known up to niemba ( ref . 93587 ) .\nendemic to lake tanganyika and the lake kivu systems linked by the rusizi . it is found in the streams and rivers flowing into these lakes , including the malagarasi . also found in lake rukwa .\nthis species contribution to the fisheries catch compositions in lake rukwa declined from 1 . 77 % in 1977 ( bernacsek 1980 ) to less than 0 . 3 % by 1994 ( fish . div . 1994 ) . similarly cpue has declined from 0 . 2 tons / vessel in 1977 to less than 0 . 1 tons / vessel in 1994 ( fish . div . 1994 , 1977 ) . the lake rukwa population has therefore declined by about 50 % . it is still common in fishery catches in inshore waters of lakes tanganyika and kivu and in the lower parts of rivers rusizi and malagarasi .\nfound in sandy bays of lakes and rivers ( eccles 1992 ) where it feeds on smaller fishes and insects . in the rukwa drainage it is found in lake itself and in the rivers entering the lake , but prefers the latter habitat ( seegers 1996 ) . it migrates up the rivers to spawn ( seegers 1996 ) . feeds on small fish fry and , in the rivers , probably also on insects and other small animals ( seegers 1996 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 12 - ? . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2059 ) ; 2\u00b0s - 8\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 22 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7021 )\nl\u00e9v\u00eaque , c . and j . daget , 1984 . cyprinidae . p . 217 - 342 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . orstom , paris and mrac , tervuren . vol . 1 . ( ref . 2801 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00513 ( 0 . 00268 - 0 . 00982 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 7 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n, ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 , dh range : 12 environment .\npicture of raiamas moorii has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 jorrit h . poelen , james d . simons and chris j . mungall . ( 2014 ) . global biotic interactions : an open infrastructure to share and analyze species - interaction datasets . ecological informatics .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1480, "summary": [{"text": "tusoteuthis is a genus of cretaceous cephalopod molluscs .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "one species , t. longa , has been identified so far , and examination of gladius remains has yielded an estimated mantle length close to or equal to that of the modern giant squid .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "recent studies suggest a closer relationship to the vampire squid than the modern-day giant squid .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "tusoteuthis is assumed to have preyed on other cephalopods , fish , and possibly even small marine reptiles .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "despite its size , which was around 20 to 35 feet ( 6 to 11 metres ) long with tentacles fully outstretched , tusoteuthis was still preyed on by other animals , especially the many , various predatory fish of the western interior seaway .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "a fossil of the predatory aulopiform , cimolichthys nepaholica , was found with the gladius of t. longa in its gullet .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the back portion of the gladius was in the stomach region , while the mouth of c. nepaholica had remained opened , suggesting that the fish had died in the middle of swallowing the squid , tail first .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "researchers strongly suspect that as the fish was swallowing tusoteuthis , the head and/or tentacles remained outside the mouth , thus blocking the gills of the fish , and suffocating it as it swallowed its prey . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "tusoteuthis", "paragraphs": ["admincheat spawndino\nblueprint ' / game / primalearth / dinos / tusoteuthis / tusoteuthis _ character _ bp . tusoteuthis _ character _ bp '\n500 0 0 35\nsimilar to mosasaurus , the tusoteuthis dislikes shallow water and will de - aggro .\nunlike other passive tames , taming affinity is not reset when the tusoteuthis takes damage .\nark insight ! - = - which is better ? mosasaurus v . s tusoteuthis !\nthe tusoteuthis is a massive , aggressive squid found in the depths of the oceans . in battle , the tusoteuthis can grab its prey and knock it unconcious , siphoning its blood to gain health . once tamed , the ink from a tusoteuthis can be used as a constant oil source . some survivors choose to hunt the tusoteuthis for its oil .\nusing the ( pc ) , ( ps4 ) , ( xbox one ) , the tusoteuthis can pick up another creature with its tentacles . while holding a non - friendly target , the tusoteuthis will constantly inflict torpor until the target is unconscious . note that the tusoteuthis cannot hold an unconscious target .\nthe tusoteuthis ' s taming method differs from most creatures . please ignore its interval and time calculations .\nthe tusoteuthis ( too - so - too thiss ) is an aquatic creature in ark : survival evolved .\none of the major benefits of taming tusoteuthis is harvesting its ink . unlike normal ink , tusoteuthis ' ink is very oily , and can even be refined into fuels such as gasoline . between that and tusoteuthis ' distinctive capability to grab & carry large creatures underwater , it makes for an excellent aquatic tame , despite its slower speed .\nthe tusoteuthis\ndoes not want to be tamed right now\nunless it has a creature within its clutches .\ntusoteuthis attack can reach far onto the shore and decimate penguin populations in seconds . gathering large amounts of polymer .\ntusoteuthis cannot sprint while holding another creature , keep this in mind when using it to transport other friendly tames .\nleft : a painting of tusoteuthis in a diorama at the sternberg museum of natural history in hays , kansas .\nthis section displays the tusoteuthis ' s natural colors and regions . for demonstration , the regions below are colored red over an albino tusoteuthis . the colored squares shown underneath each region ' s description are the colors that the tusoteuthis will randomly spawn with to provide an overall range of its natural color scheme . hover your cursor over a color to display its name and id .\nwith a high armor saddle . stimulants may also be required for taming higher level tusoteuthis , as an unconscious carbonemys is of no interest to the tusoteuthis . the lower the durability of the carbonemys and the higher the dps of the tusoteuthis : the more carbonemys that may be required or sacrificed . other high durability tames also work , but anything that requires oxygen is not recommended .\nhowever , tusoteuthis will now eat regular meat and raw fish meat . it does not require black pearls for food when domesticated .\nusing the ( pc ) , ( ps4 ) , ( xbox one ) , the tusoteuthis swipes its massive tentacles at the target .\ntusoteuthis vampyrus is a very aggressive water predator . approximately 30 feet long , tusoteuthis is a terror of the deep . once it grabs its prey , it slowly crushes it into submission while using the talons on its tentacles to siphon and drink the victim ' s blood !\n* rank of the base stat of the tusoteuthis vs . all other creatures . ( rank # 1 in health = highest health creature . )\na monstrous relative of the vampire squid , tusoteuthis bears a closer resemblance to giant squids , but is much more terrifying than its timid kin . tusoteuthis has powerful tentacles with hooked suckers , capable of drawing blood and keeping even a megalodon from escaping a horrible fate . a parrot - like beak hides in the center of the writhing mass , ripping flesh , shell , and bone into easy - to - swallow bits . tusoteuthis also possesses the ability to spray an oily ink if it is in danger . fearing only the mosasaurus , tusoteuthis is a true terror of the deep .\nwhen possible , try to steer the tusoteuthis away from terrain - it is currently possible for its grab to release creatures / players under the ground .\non the center , tusoteuthis can rarely spawn in the pool at the bottom of the waterfall under the land bridge connecting redwoods to the snowy grasslands .\nthe tusoteuthis on release was originally supposed to be much smaller , but on a last minute change was changed to be the size it is today .\nwhile holding a target , the tusoteuthis will constantly inflict torpor , until the target is unconscious , making it the most efficient knock - out aquatic taming mount . note that the tusoteuthis cannot hold an unconscious target , so the mount will let go of the tame as soon as it ' s tranquilized .\nsimilar to polymer farming , the tusoteuthis ' reach and aoe allows it to harvest cnidaria with impunity , making it a good bulk harvester of bio toxin .\nusing c ( pc ) , ( ps4 ) , ( xbox one ) , the tusoteuthis releases a large ink cloud to completely obscure vision for a limited time .\ntusoteuthis is found only in very deep water , where it swims about at a slow pace . if it spots the player or a tamed creature , it will begin to move itself towards the player or said creature and attack it . because of the unique body plan of cephalopods , a tusoteuthis must turn itself around to strike with its tentacles .\nwhile carrying a creature with its tentacles and using the ( pc ) , ( ps4 ) , ( xbox one ) , the tusoteuthis will crush the target for considerable damage .\nright : a field shot of a partial squid pen of tusoteuthis longa that i collected in may , 2010 . a fragment of a inoceramid shell was laying across the gladius .\nthis section describes how to fight against the tusoteuthis . generally the squid is a very strong enemy , a confrontation should be avoided if you ' re not sure you can win .\ntusoteuthis is a terrifying opponent for several reasons . firstly , its grab slowly renders its victim unconscious , so death isn ' t the only concern . secondly , its vampiric blood drain instantly revitalizes it , even during combat . finally , if tusoteuthis is losing the fight , it sprays a cloud of ink into the surrounding water , blinding its attackers to cover a sneaky escape .\nyou can also use another tusoteuthis to fight it . focus mainly on melee damage , with a little health . swim up to the tusoteuthis and start attacking it . it will try to grab you , but it is not able to . keep attacking it until it tries to flee . because the tusoteuthis has a wide turning radius , you can keep hitting it as it tries to turn . if it is a lower level , you should be able to kill it before it gets away . if it gets away , follow it . tamed tusoteuthis have double the movement speed of wild ones , so you should be able to catch it . as long as the wild squid is near the ground , it will probably run into rocks , where you can kill it .\nserver admins can use this region information in the console command\ncheat settargetdinocolor < colorregion > < colorid >\n. for example ,\ncheat settargetdinocolor 0 6\nwould color the tusoteuthis ' s\nbody highlights\nmagenta .\nin ark : survival evolved , the tusoteuthis eats 50 black pearls , 30 cooked prime meat , 20 raw meat , 30 cooked prime fish meat , 30 cooked meat , 20 raw fish meat , and 30 cooked fish meat .\ntusoteuthis was a cretaceous relative of the modern vampire squid - which is likely the inspiration for its blood - sucking tendencies described in the dossier ( although it ' s worth noting that vampire squids don ' t actually drink blood . )\ntusoteuthis was native to the western interior seaway , an ocean that split north america in half during the late cretaceous . despite being comparable in size to modern giant squid , it was still far from the top of the local food chain .\nfast forward to 2012 . . . . trish and dan came back to kansas to see if we could repeat our earlier success . . . first day , no luck but by noon of the second day , we had another nice specimen of tusoteuthis longa .\nright : an artist ' s reconstruction showing the location of the squid pen within the body of the squid , and an artist ' s conception of what the late cretaceous squid , tusoteuthis longa logan may have looked like ( exhibits - sternberg museum of natural history ) .\nnicholls , e . l . and isaak , h . 1987 . stratigraphic and taxonomic significance of tusoteuthis longa logan ( coleoidea , teuthida ) from the pembina member , pierre shale ( campanian ) , of manitoba . journal of paleontology 61 ( 4 ) : 727 - 737 , 5 figs .\nthe evidence of bite marks in some squid pens shows that squid were eaten by many predators including fish and mosasaurs ( stewart and carpenter 1990 ) . click here for a picture of a very large tusoteuthis longa fossil from the pierre shale in the museum of natural history at the university of kansas .\nleft : a specimen of large ( 1 . 5 m ) cimolichthys nepaholica ( ucm 29556 ) from the redbird shale of wyoming that died trying to swallow a tusoteuthis longa squid . the rachis of the squid is plainly visible inside the ribs of the fish . photo copyright \u00a9 2012 by trish weaver . scale = 30 cm .\nleft : tusoteuthis , a ' giant ' squid that lived in the western interior sea , may have been as long as 25 ft . ( 7 . 5 m ) , although there is little or no proof of their size because so little of their body is preserved . in any case , it probably wasn ' t nearly as large as shown in this dramatic painting in the university of kansas museum of natural history .\nwhile riderless , the tusoteuthis will not wait long to let go of your creature - making a team of two the safest option , as the distraction ' s rider can remain mounted until the creature is fed and then dismount themselves and swim up . if you do attempt to solo tame , flippers are recommended for speedy getaways . make sure your tame is on passive and set to follow , and if it survives the feeding it will swim up to safety the moment the squid lets go .\nname : tusoteuthis . phonetic : too - so - te - ew - fiss . named by : logan\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1898 . classification : mollusca , \u202d \u202ccephalopoda , \u202d \u202ccephalopoda , \u202d \u202ccoleoidea , \u202d \u202cvampyromorphida\u202d ? species : t . \u202d \u202clonga\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c . diet : carnivore . size : estimates vary and range from about\u202d \u202c6\u202d \u202cto\u202d \u202c11\u202d \u202cmeters long\u202d ( based upon giant squid and \u202cif measured from the mantle to the tips of the tentacles\u202d ) \u202c . known locations : canada , \u202d \u202cmanitoba\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cpierre shale formation . time period : campanian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : several specimens of the gladius\u202d ( \u202cshell inside of the mantle\u202d ) \u202c .\nfurther reading - \u202d \u202cstatigraphic and taxonomic significance of tusoteuthis longa logan\u202d ( \u202ccoleoida , \u202d \u202cteuthida\u202d ) \u202cfrom the pembina member , \u202d \u202cpierre shale\u202d ( \u202ccampanian\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cof manitoba . \u202d \u202cjournal of palaeontology , \u202d \u202c61\u202d ( \u202c4\u202d ) \u202c727 - 737\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202ce . \u202d \u202cl . \u202d \u202cnicholls\u202d & \u202ch . \u202d \u202cisaak\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1987 . - \u202d \u202ccretaceous fish predation on a large squid . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cevolutionary paleobiology of behaviour and coevolution , \u202d \u202c195 - 197 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202ce . \u202d \u202cg . \u202d \u202ckaufman\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1990 . - \u202d \u202cexamples of vertebrate predation on cephalopods in the late cretaceous of the western interior . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cevolutionary paleobiology of behaviour and coevolution , \u202d \u202c203 - 207 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cj . \u202d \u202cd . \u202d \u202cstewart\u202d & \u202ck . \u202d \u202ccarpenter\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1990 .\nkeeping cephalopods in captivity ceph care equipment list before you get an octopus as a pet . . . octopus basics - keeping an octopus as a pet keeping an octopus octopus bimaculoides care sheet ceph care , past and future ink ' s story ( o . bimaculoides ) before you buy a cuttlefish . . . . cuttlefish basics - keeping a cuttlefish as a pet keeping and breeding dwarf cuttlefish sepia bandensis : husbandry and breeding tankmates : it works until it doesn ' t o . chierchiae babies ( lpso ) packing and shipping cephalopods diy skimmer\nwelcome to tonmo , the premier cephalopod enthusiast community . we have tons of searchable content and host a biennial conference . to join in on the fun , become a member for free , and become a supporter for just $ 50 / year to see less ads and enjoy other perks . follow us on facebook and twitter for more cephy goodness .\njavascript is disabled . for a better experience , please enable javascript in your browser before proceeding .\nby phil eyden - 2003 note : phil welcomes discussion on this article in the cephalopod fossils forum . introduction\n, the giant and colossal squid , are enigmatic and awe inspiring animals . very little is known about the lifestyle of these spectacular animals , despite the examination of numerous corpses of\n, much of what we know about the animals ' behaviour and lifestyle boils down to educated speculation . what is not so well known is that these modern squid were not the first giant squid in the earths\n, giant turtles and plesiosaurs about 80 million years ago during the late cretaceous period . imagine the difficulties of reconstructing these ancient animals when all we have to go on are fragmentary fossilised remains of the pens , or\nproviding strengthening and support for the mantle , the main body of the squid .\nalopods ; soft bodied parts , in those rare cases of exceptional preservation , are not generally diagnostic or much use in determining species interrelationships . unfortunately the\nalopods to imagine how much we have lost and will never be able to reconstruct with these ancient animals .\nis the most common specimen and this is known from just 25 examples ( 1987 figure ) . prehistoric giant squid remains are known purely from the shallow western interior seaway , which was a vast sea that bisected\nthe early cretaceous following a period of rapid global warming , sea floor spreading and rise .\nthis seaway is thought to have been very shallow , generally less than 600 feet deep , with a flat muddy bottom .\neach of these species was described on the basis of a single specimen . all these animals are known from remains of the\nalone , the stiffening rod running the length of the mantle , the different species were known from variations in the size and form of this cuttlebone until recent revisions grouped all these animals together under one genus .\nmember of the pierre shale that lies immediately above the chalk at a date of 79 million years old .\nwas described by h . w . miller in 1957 on the basis of three specimens found in the late thirties in the\n1977 by r . g . green on the basis of one very badly crushed specimen .\nand lacked a prominent keel . however , it may be misleading to identify these large squid as separate animals ; a 1987 paper by\nthe differences in morphology noted above could be explained as artifacts of preservation , deformations caused by crushing during the process of fossilization and misinterpretation of dorsal and ventral surfaces . the sole specimen of the\nto be so badly broken and crushed that any attempt at reconstruction would be largely hypothetical . this theory has now achieved general acceptance ; all recorded examples of\ngiant prehistoric squid are also known from other parts of the world . at richmond , in queensland , australia a 100 million year old 1 . 3 metre\nin her honour . this is currently on display at the richmond marine fossil museum . students in queensland located a contemporary second gladius in 1998 that measured over a meter in length and possibly shows evidence of predation by\ntaxonomy is still being compiled . the evolutionary history of the orders of squid and other non -\n, or pen , and even that is very rarely preserved due to its delicate nature . much of what is currently understood about evolutionary relationships of these animals has not been agreed upon ; there are two or three differing models of the\ntree , each new discovery may call for the models to be reworked . the only really well preserved\n, and a handful of other lesser known localities . these represent snapshots of biodiversity ; what happened in between them is tantamount to educated guesswork with rare and isolated specimens providing evolutionary clues . most collections in museums are labelled simply as\nfossil\na little of the evolutionary history has been determined , even if it is somewhat speculative . it is currently thought that these ancient giant squid were members of the\n, the vampire squid . this is in common with many of the jurassic\ngroup that failed to survive the mass extinction at the end of the cretaceous . these palaeololiginidae are well documented in\nand was working from a description ; nichols and isaac revised the family to the kelaenidae in 1987 . ( miller had also assigned\nlived in the devonian period , possibly over 380 million years ago . as these giants are not believed to be ancestral to\n' immediate ancestors makes it impossible to determine when the recent giants arose . the difference between\nof preservation and the animals may , in fact be one and the same . the radically different shape of the\nmay indicate that these western interior seaway squid had a differing external appearance in the shape of the mantle , perhaps broader at posterior end of the animal .\nof the six manitoba specimens measures at just over 1 . 2m in length but the sixth and most recently recovered specimen is larger but incomplete , and would have belonged to an animal which was a third larger again ; it is unknown what the maximum size adult animal would have been . if one assumes a consistent growth rate maintaining the same proportions and ratios , then this sixth\nwould have been approximately in the order of 1 . 8m if complete , and there is no evidence to suggest that this was fully grown . at the time of writing ( may 2004 ) , another\nmeasuring six foot ( 1 . 8m ) is being prepared for display at the north dakota heritage centre at\ncan be taken to be 2 . 15m ( one specimen had a mantle length of 2 . 25m and the\nwas of comparable size , if a little shorter . with so few specimens to work from we cannot be sure what was the maximum size attained by\n, but the standard length ( tip of arms to tip of mantle ) may have been of a similar size . we may be looking at an adult\nhave this feature . arm hooks are likely , but suckers do not fossilise and their presence cannot be determined .\nand the ancient giants is that of lifestyle as they lived in very different environments .\nas it lived in shallower conditions with more available light . there is some indirect evidence that these\n, an important marine predator in the seaway , and not likely to have been a deep diving animal .\nprobably would have constituted a major dietary component for fish and marine reptiles throughout the western interior seaway . the evidence for this comes from coprolites ( fossilised faeces ) , damaged\na total of five specimens of coprolites have been collected from separate locations ( 1987 figure ) . two of these coprolites were collected from a\n, one of which also contains fish teeth and vertebrae . from the coprolites alone it is difficult to determine what animal was eating\nbut from the small size of these coprolites researchers have concluded that this was probably some form of large predatory fish ( largest is 4 . 78cm x 3 . 82cm ) .\n, it is believed that this is probably the stomach contents of a large carnivore of indeterminate origin . this specimen measures 26 . 7cm x 16 . 5cm x 4 . 4cm is currently held at\n, the predators are identifiable . a spectacular discovery of a partial specimen of the predatory fish\nthat had been swallowed whole , and was so large it had probably choked the fish to death .\nprobably related to the salmon and resembling a barracuda in form with conical and widely spaced teeth suitable for puncturing flesh . it is believed to have been an open water predator adapted for sustained swimming and rapid bursts of speed and was a long - ranging and common species in the western interior seaway . this particular specimen of the fish is incomplete , the preserved section measures 152cm in length but it contains a nearly complete 66cm\nstuck in the ribcage in the area of the shoulder of the fish . the\nprojects towards the mouth where it appears to be broken below the left gill cover . it seems likely that\nripping through the skin of the squid and causing interior gill damage or the size of the body of the squid forcing the gullet to remain open . this amazing specimen is currently held at the university\nis composed to splay apart and cause some severe twisting to the structure . the punctures are widely spaced , the distance of 31cm between two of the punctures has been interpreted as an oblique angle of attack by the\nand mantle to sink to the sea floor . this specimen was collected from the sharon springs member of the pierre shale , and it is thought that the predator was probably\npotentially the largest fossil coleoid to be discovered to date was published in january 2006 by kazaushiga tanabe , yoshinori hikida and yasuhiro iba . it consisted of one half of an enormous set of jaws discovered in late cretaceous campanian ( 83 - 71 mya ) sediments at wakkaweenbetsu creek , nakagawa town , hokkaido , japan . the fossil was composed of a black phosphatic material and was contained inside a calcareous nodule . included with the specimen were numerous bivalves and specimens of the heteromorphic ammonite\n. the fossil came from the upper yezo group of mudstones , ' yezo ' being an old name for hokkaido . the fossil is an upper jaw that measures 97mm in length and is 22 . 5mm wide at its maximum point . it has a very sharply pointed rostrum that is angled acutely , and both the inner and outer lamellae are present .\n. as a result of this and from a physical comparison of the shape of the rostrum and wings , the authors determined that the specimen is closest to the sub - order oegopsina . the authors then attempted to estimate a total size for the animal , by examining the ratio of the maximum length of the upper jaw ( luj ) to total mantle length ( ml ) in eight extant coleoid species . applying these derived ratios to the fossil jaw and plotting it along with these other specimens , it was concluded that the mantle length was probably akin to\nnot only in overall size , but in shape , and structure . it differs in that the crest margin is more convex in shape and has more prominent growth lines on the inner lamella .\n, that would have been present in late cretaceous northwest pacific along with many small ammonoid and nautiloid shelled cephalopods . the jaw is currently housed at the nakagawa museum of natural history .\nwas probably a major component of the ecosystem of the western interior seaway and a favoured prey item of assorted marine predators . it probably lived in shallow depths and would have been a fast moving muscular squid as demonstrated by its robust\n, it would have thrived in a very different and extremely biologically active environment .\n2 ) north dakota heritage centre at bismarck ( expected late 2004 ? ) .\n3 ) natural history museum of los angeles county , california as part of the\nsavage ancient seas\nexhibit .\nfuchs , d . , keupp , h . , and engeser , t . , new records of soft parts of\nkauffman , e . g . , cretaceous fish predation on a large squid .\ntanabe , k . , hikida , y . , and iba , y . , two coleoid jaws from the upper cretaceous of hokkaido , japan . journal of paleontology 80 ( 1 ) 138 - 145 , 2006 .\nthe cephalopod page urltoken hanlon lab at mbl , woods hole , ma california academy of sciences monterey bay aquarium mote marine labratory pharyngula octonation danna staaf , author ( web , twitter , facebook ) dr . rotman ( drpussea ) ( web , twitter ) te papa museum reef central northwestern pacific tree octopus ( heh ) follow us on facebook follow us on twitter\nthis site uses cookies to help personalise content , tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register . by continuing to use this site , you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nthese values may differ with what you see in - game or written elsewhere . but that is what the dossier says .\nthis dossier section is intended to be an exact copy of what the survivor helena , the author of the dossiers has written . there may be some discrepancies between this text and the in - game creatures .\n1 percentages are based on the value of the stat the moment the creature was tamed ( after taming effectiveness ) 2 the absolute base damage is shown here instead of the percentage . 3 wild creatures do not level up movement speed 4 torpidity increases every level on wild creatures , but can not be increased once they are tamed .\nfor a comparison of the stats of all creatures , see base creature statistics .\nfor an explanation of exactly how the levelup calculation works , see creature stats calculation .\ntype in values of a wild creature to see on which stats it ' s emphasized . green values on a high - level creature are very good for breeding . if you have already tamed your creature you can try to recover the breeding - stats with an external tool . [ 1 ]\nnote that after the creature is tamed it gets bonuses on some stats depending on the taming effectiveness . this makes it hard to retrieve the levels on a tamed creature , so this tool is only for wild ones , but gives a first impression , how well the stats are distributed .\nit will eat up to 50 of an individual food item in a single consumption . taming effectiveness is lost per consumption not per item , and is at a reduced rate compared to other tames in any case .\nit can eat at 90 % of its maximum food , regardless of how much food what it ' s being fed will restore ( factoring the above ) .\nthe taming affinity ( progress ) gained for food types other than black pearls is only 10 % of the value derived by other tames ( e . g . 15 from prime meat instead of 150 ) , and so at least 10 should be fed at a time to have a comparable taming time to other creatures . due to the exceptionally low affinity from individual items , they have been omitted from the table below , which consequently omits raw prime meat and raw prime fish meat entirely .\nplease ignore the feeding interval and taming time data ( below ) . due to being able to eat when at 90 % of its maximum food , the minimum feeding interval is 177 . 5 seconds [ 2 ] plus 14 seconds per food level . [ 3 ]\nremember that a passive tame ' s first feeding interval is always slightly longer than this value .\nthis cannot be known until after taming , but adding 14 % of the creature ' s level would produce average results .\nnote that the values are for optimal cases , always bring extra supplies ! for a level - dependent count of resources needed , try an external taming calculator .\nnote that 50 black pearls will still restore up to 1500 food regardless of the creature ' s current food when fed , and so starve taming will actually take longer as the full 1500 food will need to deplete per required consumption ( compared to allowing 10 % to deplete each time ) .\ndismount then approach the creature ' s beak with 50 black pearls within your last inventory slot . be aware of the weight of black pearls .\nswim directly up and out of the deep - water zone . you are not able to re - mount while the squid has your creature held .\nafter taming , its diet remains the same ( black pearls , meat and fish ) .\na low - level tuso is no match for a mid - to - strong tamed plesio or mosa . a high level one will need a very strong mount with a good saddle or a group of powerful sea dinos to be defeated . remember that a ridden tame cannot retaliate when within tuso ' s tentacles . if you ' re going for a pack attack , let the squid grab the dino you ' re riding , as you will be able to watch out for the health and the torpor of your mount and you ' ll have one more source of damage . when it will spray the ink and try to run away get out of the ink cloud , wait for the blinding effect to end and then easily chase your prey .\nanother method to kill a tuso is luring it into underwater canyon and shoot it from above using crossbow , it will try to attack you but his large hitbox doesn ' t allow it to turn effectively and it will start to turn around randomly , unable to hit you .\nranged weapons can work if used while riding a high - level dino . due to the fast rising of tuso ' s health pool , it ' s advised to use this tactic only on low - level ones .\nits high health , good dps , life - draining attacks and grab mechanics make the tuso a deadly enemy . living only in the deepest seas , other animals can join the fight and turn the battle into carnage . try to stay away from the bottom of the sea as the tuso may drop its prey under the ground , thus killing it .\nthe tuso is vulnerable to packs of dinos due to its aoe , that resembles a long cylinder . this means that it can ' t attack many enemies at once .\nusing , , , it is usable as an aquatic carrier ( like the megalosaurus and kapro ) for anything up to the size of a rex and mosa , use left click to munch the captured dino or player to death . it cannot grab birds . ( it can grab pelagornis , but it can ' t pull them under the water , not tested with other fliers . )\nitalics denote creatures that have not yet been released ! see also gallery of dino dossiers .\nthis page was last edited on 24 june 2018 , at 15 : 36 .\ncontent is available under cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted . game content and materials are trademarks and copyrights of their respective publisher and its licensors . all rights reserved . this site is a part of curse , inc . and is not affiliated with the game publisher .\nmake sure when encountering this creature , to make sure you ' re tribe member is japanese . he or she would gladly volunteer to be grabbed by the tentacles .\nplease tell me why it says non - violent . . . because when it grabs u and eats u alive it ' s not very non - violent . . .\nthey are easier to find while riding a raft , having a monkey on your shoulder , and having a beard . it is recommended to have a big raft that looks like a pirate ship . the ship must have cannons .\njust tamed a 150 on an official server . building a trap high off the ocean floor works great just trap it and rotate out 150 tamed turtles hp pumped . took about 2 hours with pearls for the tame . took 50 pearls every 5 - 10 min . happy taming !\nbasilosaurus ( whale dino ) is immune to the squids grabs . its also immune to jellyfish stings . : )\nok so for those of you actually looking for tips . 1 : it can eat 50 at a time so take 50 with you each time . 2 : it hold mounts only for a little bit so if you can , just hop back on the turtle quickly and swim away till the next feeding 3 : once you tame it beware manta s and anglers as the tuso cannot hit them while they glitch into the head of the squid . it ' s not that hard if you prepare to lose everything and keep trying . it ' s worth it once you do but you will need escorts to help with mantis and anglers such as megaladons .\ndododex is an ark taming calculator app for ark : survival evolved ( pc , xbox , ps4 ) . a project by dan leveille .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such it is best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\ngiant squid found ! ( 50 - foot - long , washed - up on beach , punakaiki , new zealand , march 1st 2015 . )\nsquid ( teuthids ) : squid are soft bodied invertebrates ( cephalopods ) that probably occurred in great abundance in the warm oceans during the mesozoic . occasionally , the internal structure ( gladius or pen ) of the squid is preserved . the fossil remains of squid are characterized by long , straight fibers or strands that often appear to be iridescent . squid remains are sometimes mistaken for an unusual fish bone . click here for more information\nwilliston ( 1897 , p . 242 ) was puzzled by fragments found occasionally in the chalk that were of a\nglistening fibrous nature .\na specimen collected by h . t . martin ( below ) solved the mystery when it became apparent that the fragments represented a\nlarge cuttlefish , apparently different from any described species . the specimen was about 6 inches wide and a foot long , and preserved a small\nsepia bag\n( ink sac ) below it .\nlogan 1898 ( ku 4208 / 113463 ; plate cx , figure 2 ) . note that the species name was corrected for gender to\nfrom the hesperornis beds of the niobrara cretaceous on the smoky hill river by mr . martin .\nlogan , w . n . 1898 . the invertebrates of the benton , niobrara and fort pierre groups . the university geological survey of kansas , part viii , 4 : 432 - 518 , pl . lxxxvi - cxx .\nmiller , h . w . , jr . 1968 . invertebrate fauna and environment of deposition of the niobrara ( cretaceous ) of kansas . fort hays studies , science series no . 8 , i - vi , 90 pp .\n( fhsm ip - 710 ) in the exhibit at the sternberg museum of natural history . this specimen was collected by marion bonner in logan county . squid pens ( rachis ) are made up of chitin , not bone or cartilage . it is also considered to be the type specimen of\nright : the gladius of the type specimen of\nenchoteuthis melanae\n( fhsm ip - 13049 ) discovered by and named for melanie bonner . this specimen appears to preserve much of the original chitin .\nsquid pen collected by scott garrett from trego county in 2009 . note that the missing pieces looks suspiciously like the bite marks left by a small shark .\nleft : four views of a squid pen ( rachis ) that was bitten through by an unknown predator .\nearly in 2011 , i was contacted by trish weaver , the collections manager of the north carolina museum of natural sciences . she was doing research on fossil squid trying to determine what fossil squid pens were composed of ( chitin , chitinous or what ? ) and was looking for a sample to test . she also wanted to spend some time in the smoky hill chalk , so we made arrangements to spend a day in the chalk and search for a specimen that she could use in her research . neither of us really expected to find a specimen\non demand\nbut i thought there was a good chance of finding at least a fragment at the site where i had collected a specimen in may , 2011 ( above ) . with that realistic goal in mind , we drove out to the locality early in the morning on july 8 . the weather was actually unseasonably cool and cloudy for kansas in july . . . . a great day to be in the field .\nour group included dan lawver , a montana state graduate student , who was also from north carolina . neither of them had ever worked in the smoky hill chalk , so i expected we would spend quite a lot of time just getting used to the chalk and all the inoceramid shell fragments at this locality . about half an hour into our search , dan called me over and said he had found something . as i got closer , he said it was probably a root , but i was still hopeful . as it turned out , he ' d nailed some squid remains almost as soon as he started looking . . .\nleft : this is the view from where i parked the van on the edge of the exposure . . . . we were in southeastern gove county , about a half mile south of the smoky hill river . the place where the squid remains were found is shown at the upper right of the photograph . the canyon is about half a mile wide at this point and is mostly between hattin ' s marker units 2 and 3 stratigraphically ( late coniacian in age ) .\nright : here is what dan saw coming out of the side of a gully . . . not much to look at but definitely part of the rachis of a squid . i noted that it appeared to be expanded where it had been broken ( bitten ? ) off and assumed that the expanded portion ( gladius ) was already gone . i ' d soon find out otherwise .\nleft : i loaned dan my big estwing gp100 pick and let him take the matrix off the the fossil . the chalk was fractured and this part of the job didn ' t take long . . . .\nright : once we had most of the overburden off , i got down for a closer look ( actually blowing chalk off the specimen in this photo ) . . . . then i got up on top the exposure and started removing the remaining layers of chalk over the fossil .\nleft : the first layer came off easily and cleanly . . . i was well off to the side when i started to remove the next layer . . . . and then\noops !\n. . . . a big chunk came off with parts of the specimen in it . . . that was when i realized that the fossil was sitting in fractured chalk on a layer of bentonite / volcanic ash . . . bad mistake , but on the good side , it revealed that the gladius was still there , apparently folded over in some way , and it showed us where to dig and not to dig . after kicking myself for a while , i went back to work . . . .\nright : here ' s the chunk that came up . . . . the area inside the white oval shows where the remains broke off the main specimen . . . . clean breaks . . . no major damage . i applied some preservative to hold everything in place . . . the other material under the ruler is the pile of bentonite / volcanic ash that created the problem .\nleft : once we knew where the fossil was in the chalk , we began to cut the size of the block down to reduce the weight . that was when we noticed that the block was fractured and that the squid pen was supported by two different layers of chalk . . . both of which were loose .\nright : we decided that the jacket would have to include both layers in order to keep from fracturing the rachis . . . in this photo the exposed portion of the specimen is under the pink cloth . . . note the shattered condition of the chalk at the top of the picture . the blocks holding the specimen were only slightly more solid .\nleft : once the block was cut down to a minimal size ( using a hand saw ) , it was necessary to clean everything up to prepare it for jacketing .\nleft : well , maybe one more picture to include dan , the proud discoverer of this specimen . . .\nright : after packing the specimen with dampened paper towels for cushioning , trish and dan applied several layers of tin foil to help hold things together . . . .\nleft : then we proceeded to\nget plastered\nin the hot afternoon kansas sun . in this case , we used plaster bandages to build up the jacket around the specimen . once the plaster had dried , we slipped a piece of plywood under the jacket . i did not want to turn the jacket over in the field because the chalk around it was unpredictable and the squid pen was really fragile . . .\nright : here dan ( right ) and i carry the jacket up the hill to the van .\nthe specimen will not be prepared for a while , but i will post new photos when they become available . i expect that this specimen would rate with some of the better specimens collected from the chalk in the last 120 years . . . there just aren ' t that many of them around .\nright : not much to see while still contained in the matrix . . . just a bit of the gladius .\nleft : fortunately , we were able to park on the prairie just about the dig site . minimal distance to carry the block of chalk up the hill .\nright : the chalk block containing the squid remains , just prior to removal . although we jacketed our specimen in 2011 , the chalk was solid around this one , and did not require the extra effort .\nthe project has proceeded to the point of submitting an abstract for the 2012 meeting of the geological society of america .\neverhart , m . j . 2005 . oceans of kansas - a natural history of the western interior sea . indiana university press , 322 pp .\ngreen , r . g . 1977 . niobrarateuthis walkeri , a new species of teuthid from the upper cretaceous niobrara formation of kansas . journal of paleontology 51 ( 5 ) : 992 - 995 .\nhoganson , w . 2006 . dinosaurs , sharks , and woolly mammoths : glimpses of life in north dakota ' s prehistoric past . journal of the northern plains 73 ( 1 - 2 ) : 60 pp .\nlarson , n . l . 2010 . fossil coleoids from the late cretaceous ( campanian and maastrichtian ) of the western interior . ferrantia 59 : 78 - 113 .\nmiller , h . w . , jr . 1957 . niobrarateuthis bonneri , a new genus and species of squid from the niobrara formation of kansas . journal paleontology 31 ( 5 ) : 809 - 811 .\nmiller , h . w . , jr . 1968 . invertebrate fauna and environment of deposition of the niobrara ( cretaceous ) of kansas . fort hays studies , n . s . , science series no . 8 , i - vi , 90 pp .\nstewart , j . d . 1976 . teuthids of the north american late cretaceous . kansas academy of science , transactions 79 ( 3 - 4 ) : 74 ( abstract ) .\nwilliston , s . w . 1897 . niobrara cretaceous . the university geological survey of kansas 2 : 237 - 246 .\nstewart , j . d . and carpenter , k . 1990 . examples of vertebrate predation on cephalopods in the late cretaceous of the western interior . pp . 203 - 208 in boucout , a . j . ( ed . ) , evolutionary paleobiology of behavior and coevolution . elsevier , new york .\nwilliston , s . w . 1897 . the kansas niobrara cretaceous , the university geological survey of kansas , 2 : 237 - 246 ."]}
{"id": 1486, "summary": [{"text": "margaritiferidae is a family of medium-sized freshwater mussels , aquatic bivalve molluscs in the order unionoida .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are known as freshwater pearl mussels , because the interior of the shell of these species has a thick layer of nacre or mother of pearl , and the mussels are thus capable of producing pearls . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "margaritiferidae", "paragraphs": ["( mollusca : pelecypoda : margaritiferidae ) . zool j linn soc 69 : 257\u2013270\n( conrad , 1838 ) ( unionacea : margaritiferidae ) . nautilus 102 : 159\u2013163\nconrad ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) . conserv genet . 2004 ; 5 : 271\u2013278 .\n( bivalvia , margaritiferidae ) [ in russian ] . zoologicheskii zhurnal . 1993 ; 72 : 29\u201336 .\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) from japan [ in japanese ] . venus . 2007 ; 65 : 355\u2013363 .\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) in japan [ in japanese ] . venus . 2009 ; 67 : 189\u2013197 .\nthe origin and phylogeny of margaritiferidae ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . a synthesis of molecular and fossil data .\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) in the shinano river system , japan . venus . 2005 ; 64 : 63\u201370 .\n( spengler , 1782 ) ( mollusca : margaritiferidae ) based on museum specimens . journal of conchology 37 : 49\u201359 .\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) of japan , with description of a new species . venus . 2005 ; 64 : 135\u2013140 .\nhass 1910 im oberen und mittleren donausystem ( bivalvia : unionidae , margaritiferidae ) . nachrichtenbl ersten vorarlberger malakol ges 1 : 20\u201340\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) , with reference to the existence of two distinct species . venus . 2005 ; 64 : 55\u201362 .\n( spengler , 1793 ) ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) d\u00e9couvertes dans le sud - ouest de la france . malaco 6 : 294\u2013297 .\nkat pw ( 1983 ) conchiolin layers among the unionidae and margaritiferidae ( bivalvia ) : microsculptural characteristics and taxonomic implications . malacologia 24 : 298\u2013311\nsmith dg ( 1986 ) the stomach anatomy of some eastern north american margaritiferidae ( unionoida : unionacea ) . am malacol bull 4 : 13\u201319\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) in the chubu - nougu river , nagano prefecture [ in japanese ] . venus . 2008 ; 67 : 61\u201371 .\nthe origin and phylogeny of margaritiferidae ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . a synthesis of molecular and fossil data . | laboratory of kevin j . roe\nbogatov vv , prozorova la , starobogatov yi . the family margaritiferidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in russia . ruthenica . 2003 ; 13 : 41\u201352 .\nall the phylogenies inferred in this study support the reciprocal monophyly of both ( unionidae + margaritiferidae ) f - and m - type lineages ( fig .\nsmith dg ( 1976b ) the distribution of the margaritiferidae : a review and a new synthesis . am malacol union inc bull 1976 : 42 ( abstr )\nklishko ok . sakhalin - kurile species of pearl mussels ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) from transbaikalye . the korean journal of malacology . 2009 ; 25 : 237\u2013242 .\nsmith dg . observations on the morphology and anatomy of margaritinopsis dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) ( unionoida : margaritiferidae ) . j conchol . 2001 ; 37 : 119\u2013125 .\nstarobogatov y ( 1995 ) the pearly freshwater mussels ( mollusca , unionoida , margaritiferidae of russia . in : valovirta i , harding pt , kirne d ( eds ) proc 9\nbogatov , v . v . , prozorova , l . a . , and starobogatov , y . i . , . the family margaritiferidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in russia ,\n, a new species of unionacea ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) from the mobile - alabama - coosa and escambia river systems , alabama . occasional papers on mollusks . 1983 ; 4 : 299\u2013304 .\n, a new species of unionacea ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) from the mobile - alabama - coosa and escambia river systems , alabama . occas pap mollusks mus comp zool harv univ 4 : 299\u2013304\nmachordom a , araujo r , erpenbeck d , ramos m - a . phylogeography and conservation genetics of endangered european margaritiferidae ( bivalvia : unionoidea ) . biol j linn soc . 2003 ; 78 : 235\u2013252 .\nsmith dg . systematics and distribution of the recent margaritiferidae . in : bauer g , wachtler k editors . ecology and evolution of the freshwater mussels unionoida . heidelberg : springer verlag ; 2001 . pp . 33\u201349 .\nsp . n . ( bivalvia , margaritiferidae ) a new species of pearl mussels from transbaikalye , with remarks on the natural history of far eastern najades [ in russian ] . vestnik zoologii . 2008 ; 42 : 291\u2013302 .\nsmith dg ( 1983 ) on the so - called mantle muscle scars on shells of the margaritiferidae ( mollusca , pelecypoda ) , with observations on mantle - shell attachment in the unionoida and trigonioida . zool scr 12 : 67\u201371\nsmith dg . on the so - called mantle muscle scars on shells of the margaritiferidae ( mollusca , pelecypoda ) , with observations on mantle - shell attachment in the unionoida and trigonioida . zool scr . 1983 ; 12 : 67\u201371 .\nsmith dg , wall wp ( 1984 ) the margaritiferidae reinstated : a reply to davis and fulller ( 1981 ) , genetic relationships among recent unionacea ( bivalvia ) of north america . occas pap mollusks mus comp zool harv univ 4 : 321\u2013330\nklishko ok . some data on reproductive biology of the freshwater mussels ( margaritiferidae , unionidae ) and their relationships with bitterlings ( cyprinidae ) in transbaikalye [ in russian ] . the bulletin of the russian far east malacological society . 2012 ; 15 / 16 : 31\u201355 .\nsmith d . g . ( 2001 ) systematics and distribution of the recent margaritiferidae . in : bauer g . , w\u00e4chtler k . ( eds ) ecology and evolution of the freshwater mussels unionoida . ecological studies ( analysis and synthesis ) , vol 145 . springer , berlin , heidelberg\ncitation : bolotov in , bespalaya yv , vikhrev iv , aksenova ov , aspholm pe , gofarov my , et al . ( 2015 ) taxonomy and distribution of freshwater pearl mussels ( unionoida : margaritiferidae ) of the russian far east . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0122408 . urltoken\nhuff sw , campbell d , gustafson dl , lydeard c , altaba cr , giribet g . investigations into the phylogenetic relationships of freshwater pearl mussels ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) based on molecular data : implications for their taxonomy and biogeography . j mollus stud . 2004 ; 70 : 379\u2013388 .\ndiagrams of the five distinct gene orders detected in unionida . in the female f - type lineage , three gene orders are depicted : unionidae f - type 1 ( uf1 ) , unionidae f - type 2 ( uf2 ) and margaritiferidae f - type 1 ( mf1 ) . in the male m - type lineage , two gene arrangements are shown : unionidae m - type 1 ( um1 ) and margaritiferidae m - type 1 ( mm1 ) . continuous lines indicate different locations of genes between mitogenomes . grey box highlights gene rearrangement region between uf1 and uf2 . yellow boxes indicate main differences in gene arrangement between female and male mitogenomes , trna ( h ) location and rearrangement of atp8 - trna ( d ) region .\nstephanie w . huff , david campbell , daniel l . gustafson , charles lydeard , cristian r . altaba , gonzalo giribet ; investigations into the phylogenetic relationships of freshwater pearl mussels ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) based on molecular data : implications for their taxonomy and biogeography , journal of molluscan studies , volume 70 , issue 4 , 1 november 2004 , pages 379\u2013388 , urltoken\nthe family margaritiferidae includes 13 extant species , which are mainly distributed in temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . smith [ 4 ] provided a detailed diagnosis of the family . recent species are known from north america , europe , northern africa , the middle east , and throughout much of southern and eastern asia [ 2 ] , [ 4 ] . the most ancient margaritiferidae fossils are known from the upper triassic and lower jurassic fluvio - lacustrine deposits in the sichuan , southeastern china [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . the recent margaritiferids retain the simple , unfused mantle margins from the ancestral palaeoheterodont and several other \u2018plesiomorphic\u2019 features ; therefore , these species have been regarded as the basal unionoid family [ 3 ] , [ 7 ] .\nthe north american , european and northern african margaritiferidae are relatively well studied [ 8 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] in contrast to the asian representatives of the family . most of the references for far eastern freshwater pearl mussel populations are from japan [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . recently , a description of a new japanese margaritiferidae species m . togakushiensis kondo & kobayashi , 2005 was published . this species was separated from m . laevis based on the results of long - term studies , specifically including differences in the host fish preference and genetic and morphological patterns [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] , [ 21 ] .\nmanuel lopes - lima , miguel m . fonseca , david c . aldridge , arthur e . bogan , han ming gan , mohamed ghamizi , ronaldo sousa , am\u00edlcar teixeira , simone varandas , david zanatta , alexandra zieritz , elsa froufe ; the first margaritiferidae male ( m - type ) mitogenome : mitochondrial gene order as a potential character for determining higher - order phylogeny within unionida ( bivalvia ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 83 , issue 2 , 1 may 2017 , pages 249\u2013252 , urltoken\nshows the topology of the bi - nuc tree ; all other phylogenetic trees figures supplied on request ) . additionally , the monophyly of unionidae ( both f - and m - type ) , margaritiferidae ( f - type ) and all represented unionidae subfamilies are well supported in all inferred mtdna trees , with the exception of the unioninae , for which monophyly was only well supported in the bi - nuc tree . the remaining phylogenetic trees ( bi - aa , ml - nuc and ml - aa ) showed conflicting results regarding the position of the clade comprising\naccording to kondo & kobayashi [ 18 ] , the adductor muscle scar shape is one of the key features for m . togakushiensis identification . however , according to our data , this feature has a high variability and cannot be used for species identification among studied taxa . in the review of recent margaritiferidae by smith [ 4 ] , this feature was also not mentioned as a diagnostic . the adductor muscle scar shape was not used in the morphological descriptions of other unionoid species [ 10 ] , [ 86 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 96 ] , [ 97 ] .\nthe dimensions of the shell are the least reliable morphological traits in unionoida , upon which to base a description [ 4 ] , [ 32 ] due to high variability and the dependence on environmental gradients [ 4 ] , [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 100 ] , [ 101 ] . however , sometimes , the shell dimensions and shape are useful for distinguishing several margaritiferidae species . for example , m . middendorffi has a small shell length ( < 100 mm ) ( fig 10 ) , and m . dahurica has the largest shell length ( up to 196 . 5 mm ) among the far eastern pearl mussels ( fig 5 ) .\nthe analysis of the mitochondrial coi gene showed that c . monodonta forms a separate clade , which is basal within margaritiferidae . m . dahurica , m . margaritifera , m . middendorffi , m . laevis and m . falcata cluster together in a well - supported clade ( bpp 1 . 00 ) ( fig 2b ) . among these , our bayesian inference strongly supports the sister relationships within two pairs of species , namely m . dahurica and m . margaritifera as the first pair ( bpp 1 . 00 ) , and m . middendorffi and m . laevis as the second pair ( bpp 0 . 97 ) . m . falcata shows a closer affinity to m . middendorffi and m . laevis ( bpp 0 . 93 ) . lastly , the coi phylogeny confirms that m . auricularia and m . marocana are sister taxa ( bpp 0 . 98 ) .\nthe length of the two newly sequenced mitogenomes of m . marocana , 16 , 001 bp for the female haplotype and 17 , 562 bp for the male haplotype , is within the typical range for each sex - specific haplotype within unionida . the sequenced haplotypes include the 13 pcgs typically found in metazoan mitochondrial genomes , the sex - specific orf described for all unionida mitogenomes with dui system ( breton et al . , 2009 , 2011a ) and 22 transfer rna ( trna ) and two ribosomal rna ( rrna ) genes . the m - type genome is the largest sequenced to date within the unionida . m - type genomes are generally larger than f - type genomes due to the larger size of the pcg cox2 and m - orf in m - type genomes compared with cox2 and f - orf in f - type genomes ( breton et al . , 2009 ) . four intergenic regions were identified in the m . marocana m - type genome between the following gene pairs : nad3\u2013trna ( a ) 106 bp , trna ( h ) \u2013trna ( q ) 411 bp , nd4l\u2013trna ( d ) 255 bp and trna ( d ) \u2013atp8 498 bp . these regions were analysed to search for the m - orf . the results of the blast search ( altschul et al . , 1997 ) retrieved a significant hit with another margaritiferidae m - orf ( margaritifera monodonta , e - value = 4e\u201334 ) and a fickett test score of 1 . 201 ( fickett , 1982 ; a score > 0 . 95 means the sequence is probably coding ) , suggesting that the m - orf is located in the region between the genes nd4l and trna ( d ) .\ngenus margaritinopsis accepted as margaritanopsis f . haas , 1910 accepted as margaritifera schumacher , 1815 ( incorrect subsequent spelling )\nhenderson j . ( 1929 ) . non - marine mollusca of oregon and washington . the university of colorado studies . 17 ( 2 ) : 47 - 190 . page ( s ) : 53 [ details ]\ninvertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]\n( of margaritanidae ortmann , 1910 ) graf , d . ; cummings , k . ( 2007 ) . review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . journal of molluscan studies . 73 ( 4 ) : 291 - 314 . [ details ]\n( of margaritanidae ortmann , 1910 ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]\n( of cumberlandiidae heard & guckert , 1970 ) graf , d . ; cummings , k . ( 2007 ) . review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . journal of molluscan studies . 73 ( 4 ) : 291 - 314 . [ details ]\n( of cumberlandiidae heard & guckert , 1970 ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 bolotov et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability : data are available from : rmbh - russian museum of the biodiversity hotspots of institute of environmental problems of the north of the ural branch of russian academy of science , arkhangelsk , 163000 , russia . inrec - institute of natural resources , ecology and cryology of the siberian branch of russian academy of sciences , chita , 672000 , russia . zisp - zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences , st . petersburg , 199034 , russia . smf - forschungsinstitut und natur - museum senckenberg , senckenberg - anlage 25 , 6000 frankfurt - am - main 1 , germany .\nfunding : this study was supported by the federal agency for scientific organisations ( no . 0410 - 2014 - 0028 ) , the ural branch of russian academy of sciences ( nos . 15 - 12 - 5 - 3 and 15 - 2 - 5 - 7 ) , grants from the president of russia ( no . md - 6465 . 2014 . 5 and \u043c\u043a - 4735 . 2015 . 4 ) and the russian foundation for basic research ( nos . 14 - 04 - 98801 and 15 - 04 - 05638 ) and the ministry of science and education of russia ( no . p362 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthus , the available information on the asian freshwater pearl mussels is limited . their taxonomy is not completely clear and reliable data on the species\u2019 ranges are sparse . however , freshwater pearl mussels are extremely demanding regarding habitat quality and can exist only in a narrow range of environmental conditions [ 11 ] . the majority of these species are listed by iucn as endangered or vulnerable taxa [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 40 ] . freshwater mussels have experienced one of the highest rates of extinction of any group of organisms in the past 100 years [ 41 ] . therefore , reliable information on the taxonomy and distribution ranges is still needed for the conservation of the margaritifera species .\nwe conducted field studies within several regions of eastern russia in the period 2004\u20132012 ( see fig 1 for the location of the study areas ) . sampling on the russian federation territory was permitted within the framework of the special grants of the russian foundation for basic research ( rfbr , no . 12 - 04 - 00594 ) , the ministry of science and education of russia ( no . \u2116 p362 ) , and the scientific program of the ural branch of russian academy of sciences ( no . 12 - p - 5 - 1014 ) . sampling on the protected sites of the kunashir island was permitted by the directorate of the state nature protected area \u201ckurilsky\u201d ( scientific agreement no . 5 / 11 of 17 . 08 / 2010 between the institute of ecological problems of the north of the ural branch of russian academy of sciences and the kurilsky nature reserve ) .\n1\u2014kamchatka peninsula ( 2012 , i . bolotov , y . bespalaya , i . vikhrev , m . gofarov ) , 2\u2014central sakhalin ( 2012 , same team ) , 3\u2014southern sakhalin ( 2011\u20132012 , same team & y . kolosova , o . aksenova ) , 4\u2014kunashir island ( 2011 , same team & y . kolosova , o . aksenova ) , 5\u2014primorye ( 2012 , same team ) , 6\u2014transbaikalia ( 2004\u20132011 , o . k . klishko ) . data on the studied river sites are presented in s1 \u2013 s4 tables .\nfor molecular analyses , the tissue samples were collected from 52 live bivalves in 15 localities ( see s1 table ) . samples were immediately preserved in 96 % ethanol . dead shells were collected from each field site for morphological investigation ; additional shells from some museum collections were studied ( see s2 \u2013 s4 tables ) . a total of 554 shells from 44 localities were studied ( 426 from our collection and 128 museum specimens ) .\nthe total length of the live specimens and dead shells were measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm with dial calipers [ 8 ] . the comparative morphologies of the shells were analyzed using shape and structure of the pseudo - cardinal and lateral teeth in the valves , shell shape , umbo position and the patterns of distribution of mantle attachment scars on the inner shell surface . we calculated the plane projection squares of the inner surface of the right valve for the estimation of the density of mantle attachment scars . ten specimens of each species were taken for analysis . the squares were calculated using shape v . 1 . 3 software [ 42 ] . the scars were counted by the gnu image manipulation program ( gimp ) v . 2 . 8 . a normality test of the obtained density values and a one - way anova welsh\u2019s test ( s5 table ) were calculated using statistica v . 10 software .\nthe soft tissue morphologies were analyzed and compared based on the shape and structure of the inhalant siphon , gills and labial palps . shell and soft tissue photos were taken using a dslr camera ( canon eos 7d , japan ) with a 24\u201370 mm lens ( sigma af 24\u201370 mm f / 2 . 8 if ex dg aspherical hsm , japan ) , and photos of the shell structure details and inhalant siphons were taken using a stereomicroscope ( leica m2c , germany ) and a dslr camera with a 100 mm macro lens ( canon macro lens ef 100 mm 1 : 2 , 8 l is usm , japan ) . descriptions of the shell morphologies were based on an analysis of the collected specimens and museum samples using the original species descriptions [ 18 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 43 ] , [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , [ 46 ] and a few other works [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] , [ 47 ] , [ 48 ] .\nwe studied the type specimens for the following taxa : unio ( alasmodonta ) dahuricus middendorff , 1850 ; margaritana middendorffi ros\u00e9n , 1926 ( including specimens of unio ( alasmodonta ) complanatus middendorff , 1851 ) ; and m . sachalinensis zhadin , 1938 ( zisp ) . the type series of several comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d were also investigated , including dahurinaia sujfunensis moskvicheva , 1973 ; d . kurilensis zatravkin & starobogatov , 1984 ; d . tiunovae bogatov & zatravkin , 1988 ; d . komarovi bogatov et al . , 2003 ; d . ussuriensis bogatov et al . , 2003 ; d . prozorovae bogatov et al . , 2003 ; d . transbaicalica klishko , 2008 ; kurilinaia kamchatica bogatov et al . , 2003 ; and k . zatravkini bogatov et al . , 2003 ( zisp ) . in general , the zisp systematic catalog has a very complicated numeration because v . v . bogatov has transferred many specimens from different samples , including true type series , to his newly described comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d .\nthe mapping was based on the data of our field studies ( see s2 \u2013 s4 tables ) . we determined the precise coordinates of investigated river sites using a geographical positioning system ( gps ) . data on other localities were obtained from museum collections and reliable published studies ( see s2 \u2013 s4 tables ) . in the cases where a particular map scale did not allow separated precision pointing of closely situated localities , we marked those localities one by one with points and joined them under the one number in the respective table . the arrangement of the localities was digitized and mapped using esri arcgis 10 . the presumed error of determination of the locality coordinates is around \u00b11\u20132 km , because published records and collection labels are usually ascribed to an approximate location . the layers of digital maps were added from standard esri data & maps 10 dataset .\n) . genomic dna was extracted from the foot or mantle tissues using the diatom dna prep 200 reagents kit ( \u201claboratoriya isogen\u201d llc , russia ) following the manufacturer\u2019s protocol . the standard forward primer lco 1490 [\n] was used to amplify the mitochondrial coi gene from every species . as reverse coi primers , hco 2198 in a modified version ( without the first 6 bases at the 5\u00b4 end ) was applied to\n) were used to amplify the nuclear 18s rrna gene from every species . the pcr mix contained approximately 200 ng of total cellular dna , 10 pmol of each primer , 200 \u03bcmol of each dntp , 2 . 5 \u03bcl of pcr buffer ( with 10\u00d72 mmol mgcl\n) , 0 . 8 units of taq dna polymerase ( sibenzyme ltd . , novosibirsk , russia ) , and h\no , which was added up to a final volume of 25 \u03bcl . thermocycling included one cycle at 95\u00b0c ( 4 min ) , followed by 30\u201335 cycles of 95\u00b0c ( 50 sec ) , 52\u00b0c ( 50 sec ) , and 72\u00b0c ( 50 sec ) and a final extension at 72\u00b0c ( 5 min ) . forward and reverse sequencing was performed on an automatic sequencer ( abi prism 3730 , applied biosystems ) using the abi prism bigdye terminator v . 3 . 1 reagent kit . the resulting sequences were checked using a sequence alignment editor ( bioedit version 7 . 2 . 5 , [\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 46c93315 - 18e0 - 45dd - b121 - 1f225d6e200f . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .\nrmbh\u2014russian museum of the biodiversity hotspots of institute of ecological problems of the north of the ural branch of russian academy of science , arkhangelsk , 163000 , russia .\ninrec\u2014institute of natural resources , ecology and cryology of the siberian branch of russian academy of sciences , chita , 672000 , russia .\nzisp\u2014zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences , st . petersburg , 199034 , russia .\nsmf\u2014forschungsinstitut und natur - museum senckenberg , senckenberg - anlage 25 , 6000 frankfurt - am - main 1 , germany .\nthe bayesian analysis of the nuclear 18s rrna gene revealed that the nw pacific species m . middendorffi and m . laevis belong to a well - supported monophyletic clade ( bpp 1 . 00 ) together with the north american species m . marrianae and m . falcata ( fig 2a ) . among these species , m . middendorffi is a sister to m . marrianae ( bpp 1 . 00 ) . m . dahurica , m . auricularia and c . monodonta cluster together in an unresolved clade ( bpp 0 . 79 ) , but there is a sister relationship between the two latter species ( bpp 0 . 99 ) . m . dahurica and m . auricularia both have an intra - specific variation of the nuclear 18s rrna gene with two close haplotypes in each species .\nthe scale bar indicates the branch length . asterisks : posterior probabilities \u22650 . 95 ; other significant support node values are mentioned in the figure . for detailed locality and specimen data for analyzed haplotypes , see the supplementary materials ( s1 and s2 tables ) . a\u2014the 18s rdna gene dataset . b\u2014the coi gene dataset .\nthe structure of hinge teeth and the shape and relative dimensions of the shell have specific characteristics that are described in detail below in the taxonomic account of each species . the density of mantle scars has no significant differences ( welch\u2019s test : f = 2 . 45 , df = 16 , 38 , p = 0 . 12 ; ( s5 table ) ) whereas muscle scar has a high variability among studied taxa .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) . b\u2014 m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) . c\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) . scale bar\u20141 cm .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) . b\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) . c\u2014 m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) . scale bar\u20142 mm .\nunio ( alasmodonta ) dahuricus middendorff , 1850 : [ 43 ] : 109 , [ 44 ] : 275\u2013276 , pl . 26 , figs 3\u20135 .\nunio ( margaritana ) dahuricus middendorff , 1850 : [ 58 ] : 699\u2013700 .\nunio margaritiferus simpson 1895 , partim ( ident . err . , non linnaeus , 1758 ) : [ 59 ] : 328 .\nmargaritana dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) : [ 23 ] : 109\u2013112 , fig 35 , [ 24 ] : 289 , fig 250 .\nmargaritifera margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) : [ 60 ] : 120 , [ 61 ] : 11 .\ndahurinaia sujfunensis moskvicheva , 1973 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 62 ] : 1468 , fig 3 , e - h .\ndahurinaia sujfunica moskvicheva , 1973 ( inadv . err . in the species description ) . [ 62 ] : 1468 .\ndahurinaia tiunovae bogatov & zatravkin , 1988 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 63 ] : 156\u2013158 , fig 1 , a - b .\ndahurinaia komarovi bogatov et al . , 2003 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 45\u201347 , figs 3a & 3d .\ndahurinaia ussuriensis bogatov et al . , 2003 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 47 , figs 3b & 3g .\ndahurinaia prozorovae bogatov et al . , 2003 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 48 , figs 3c & 3i .\ndahurinaia transbaicalica klishko , 2008 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 28 ] : 292\u2013296 , figs 1\u20134 , 5a .\ndahurinaia ( kurilinaia ) laevis klishko , 2009 ( ident . err . , non haas , 1910 ) : [ 64 ] : 237\u2013238 , figs 1\u20132 .\ndahurinaia ( kurilinaia ) zatravkini klishko , 2009 ( ident . err . , non bogatov et al . , 2003 ) : [ 64 ] : 238\u2013239 , fig 3 .\nmargaritifera dahurica inoue et al . , 2013 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 65 ] : fig 3 ( a ) .\na\u2014lectotype ( zisp : no . 7a ) . b\u2014specimen from komarovka river , razdolnaya river basin , primorye . photos by i . v . vikhrev . scale bar\u20142 cm .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) . b\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) . c\u2014 m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) . scale bar\u20141 cm .\nmicrophotographs of the mantle attachment scars on shells of four eastern asian margaritiferid species .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) . b\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) . c\u2014 m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) .\ngreen circles are representing recent viable populations ( observed since 2000 ) , white circles\u2014old records ( until 2000 ) . question mark is indicated an uncertain record from the langry river [ 69 ] , [ 26 ] . grey areas are indicated an approximate modern species range ( it is shown only for the large river systems ) . species locality numbers on the map correspond to numbers in s2 table .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) : the ilystaya river , primorsky kray . b\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) : the nachilova river , kamchatka . c\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) & m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) : the golovnina river , kunashir island . photos by y . v . bespalaya , y . s . kolosova & i . v . vikhrev .\n\u201ctransbaikalien\u201d [ 43 ] : 109 ; \u201cam zusammenflusse des argunj mit der schilka\u201d [ 44 ] : 276 ( confluence of the rivers argun and shilka , the upper amur basin : see fig 8 & s2 table , locality no . 36 ) .\nthe middendorff\u2019s type series includes two specimens that are deposited in the zisp collection . bogatov et al . [ 26 ] : 45 designate specimen no . 7a as a lectotype , because it was pictured by middendorff [ 44 ] : pl . 26 , figs 3 \u2013 5 ; and assigned the second specimen no . 7b ( single valve ) as a paralectotype . the lectotype shell has 105 mm length , 32 mm height and 25 mm width . it is noteworthy , that bogatov et al . [ 26 ] were not using the protologue of middendorff [ 43 ] for their revision , and cited only middendorff\u2019s later work [ 44 ] .\nthe amur basin ( within the territories of russia , mongolia and china ) , the razdolnaya basin ( upper tributaries ) , the peschernaya ( kulumbe ) river , the iska river and the arey lake ( fig 8 & s2 table ) .\ndifferent types of watercourses , such as small streams , small and medium sized rivers , as well as large rivers ( rivers ussuri , arkhara , shilka , etc . ) ( fig 9a ) . the sole lake population was found in arey lake , transbaikalia , siberia , russia [ 28 ] ; but divers recorded only a few dead shells here in the year 2013 ( o . k . klishko , pers . comm . ) . populations prefer sand - gravel and gravel - pebble grounds at the riffles and runs . sometimes , individual specimens were observed on the clay and silt - sand bottom of the pool river sites .\nnot known . actually , a list of seven salmonid species , which can serve as hosts of the m . dahurica [ 36 ] , has not been verified experimentally .\nall of the referred comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d of the genus dahurinaia were synonymized with m . dahurica based on shell morphology [ 4 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 39 ] . our molecular data confirmed this decision . for example , bogatov [ 29 ] noted that the single known dahurinaia sujfunensis population inhabits razdolnaya basin , which is separate from the amur drainage . bogatov reports that \u201c\u2026between the amur basin and basins of rivers of the south of primorsky kray , no common species of large bivalves has been found yet , which is explained by the historic development of these basins\u201d [ 29 ] : 674 . however , according to new molecular and morphological data , the specimens from the razdolnaya drainage are identical to typical m . dahurica specimens from different parts of the river amur basin .\nunio ( alasmodonta ) complanatus middendorff , 1851 ( ident . err . , non dillwyn , 1817 ) : [ 44 ] : 273\u2013274 , pl . 27 , figs 1\u20136 .\nmargaritana middendorffi ros\u00e9n , 1926 : [ 46 ] : 269\u2013270 , [ 23 ] : 112\u2013114 , fig 36 , [ 24 ] : 289 , fig 251 .\ndauhrinaia middendorffii buyanovsky , 1993 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 67 ] : 29 .\nkurilinaia kamchatica bogatov et al . , 2003 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 48 , figs 4a & 4c .\nkurilinaia zatravkini bogatov et al . , 2003 , partim ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 49\u201350 , figs 4b & 4f .\nmargaritifera laevis huff et al . , 2004 ( ident . err . , non haas , 1910 ) : [ 38 ] : 381 , genbank acc . no . ay579124 .\na\u2014holotype of m . togakushiensis [ 18 ] : 137 , figs 5 \u2013 8 . b\u2014lectotype of m . middendorffi ( zisp : no . 6 ) . photo by i . v . vikhrev . scale bar\u20142 cm .\ncircles\u2014 m . middendorffi locations , squares\u2014 m . togakushiensis locations . green circles and squares are representing recent viable populations ( observed since 2000 ) , white circles\u2014old records ( until 2001 ) , yellow squares\u2014records without exact dates . grey areas indicate approximate modern species ranges ( showing only the large river systems ) . species locality numbers on the map correspond to numbers in s3 table .\n\u201creka golyshka\u201d [ the river golygina , kamchatka peninsula : see fig 11 & s3 table , locality no . 1 ] [ 46 ] : 269 ; \u201ckamtschatka ; im see mj\u00e4k\u00e9shino des s\u00fcdendes ( lopatka ) dieser halbinsel\u201d ( kamchatka ; the lake mekeshino on the southernmost extremity of the peninsula : see fig 11 & s3 table , locality no . 4 ) [ 44 ] : 274 .\nrivers of the kamchatka peninsula , kurile archipelago , sakhalin island ( fig 11 & s3 table ) , and likely of japan .\nsmall streams , small - and medium - sized rivers ( fig 9b ) . usually , populations were recorded on sand - gravel grounds of the runs but , in the extreme north of the range , the species inhabited only pool river sites . in some rivers of the sakhalin and kunashir islands , far east of russia , the species coexists with m . laevis ( see fig 9b & s3 table ) .\nnot known . kondo & kobayashi [ 18 ] stated salvelinus leucomaenis as a host fish for m . togakushiensis . as far as we suppose m . togakushiensis and m . middendorffi conspecific , they may have the same host fish . [ 18 ] .\nthen , simpson [ 59 ] : 328 noted that middendorf\u2019s specimens are \u201c\u2026without lateral teeth , and appear to be a stunted form of unio margaritiferus \u201d . finally , ros\u00e9n [ 46 ] described m . middendorffi as a separate species and not as an intra - specific form of m . margaritifera . however , haas [ 61 ] , [ 60 ] incorrectly cited ros\u00e9n\u2019s name as margaritana margaritifera middendorffi . kurilinaia kamchatica bogatov et al . , 2003 is a comparatory \u201cspecies\u201d that was recently synonymized with m . middendorffi [ 31 ] . kurilinaia zatravkini bogatov et al . , 2003 is also a comparatory \u201cspecies\u201d ; its holotype belongs to m . laevis , but among the paratypes , we found four specimens of m . middendorffi ( zisp : nos . 5 , 5a , 7 and 8 ) . records of margaritifera specimens on kunashir island [ 68 ] : 134 can pertain to m . middendorffi as well as to m . laevis . therefore , some published references [ 8 ] , [ 67 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] with records from the sakhalin and southern kurile islands cannot be used without revision of the specimen samples .\nmargaritana dahurica kobelt , 1879 ( ident . err . , non middendorff , 1850 ) : [ 71 ] : 427\u2013428 , pl . 13 , figs 1\u20132 .\nunio margaritifer schrenck , 1867 , partim ( ident . err . , non linnaeus , 1758 ) : [ 58 ] : 700\u2013704 .\nunio margaritiferus simpson , 1895 , partim ( ident . err . , non linnaeus , 1758 ) : [ 59 ] : 303 .\nmargaritana sachalinensis zhadin , 1938 : [ 23 ] : 114\u2013115 , fig 37 , [ 24 ] : 289\u2013291 , fig 252 .\nmargaritifera margaritifera laevis ( haas , 1910 ) : [ 60 ] : 120 , [ 61 ] : 12 .\ndahurinaia kurilensis zatravkin & starobogatov , 1984 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 72 ] : 1789\u20131790 , figs 11\u201314 , [ 66 ] : 21 .\ndahurinaia shigini zatravkin & bogatov , 1987 : ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 66 ] : 23\u201324 , fig 4b .\nmargaritifera ( dahurinaia ) kunahiriensis habe , 1991 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 73 ] : 3 .\ndauhrinaia kurilensis buyanovsky , 1993 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 67 ] : 29 .\nmargaritana sacchariensis b\u00e1ba , 2000 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 74 ] : 133 .\nkurilinaia kurilensis ( zatravkin & starobogatov ) : [ 26 ] : 42 , [ 27 ] : 25 .\nkurilinaia zatravkini bogatov et al . , 2003 : partim ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 49\u201350 , figs 4b & 4f .\na\u2014sennaya river , kunashir island . b\u2014tym\u2019 river , sakhalin island . photos by i . v . vikhrev . scale bar\u20142 cm .\ngreen circles are representing recent viable populations ( observed since 2000 ) , white circles\u2014old records ( until 2001 ) , yellow circles\u2014records without exact dates . grey areas indicate the approximate modern species range ( showing only the large river systems ) . species locality numbers on the map correspond to numbers in s4 table .\ntype specimen ( holotype ) of haas [ 45 ] is deposited in the senckenberg museum , frankfurt ( no . smf3626 ) [ 39 ] .\nsakhalin island , south kurile islands ( kunashir , iturup and shikotan ) , honshu and hokkaido islands ( fig 13 ) . correspondence on the species occurrence in the upper amur basin , transbaikalia [ 64 ] is based on an erroneous identification ; however , all of these specimens belong to m . dahurica based on morphological and molecular data ( see s1 table ) .\nsmall streams , small - and medium - sized rivers . usually , populations were recorded on sand - gravel grounds at the run and pool sites . in several rivers of sakhalin , kunashir , honshu and hokkaido islands , islands , the species coexists with m . middendorffi ( see fig 9c & s4 table ) .\nthe masu salmon ( oncorhynchus masu ( brevoort , 1856 ) ) [ 18 ] .\nin the main , species synonymy was provided in previous reviews [ 4 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 39 ] . m . perdahurica ( yokoyama , 1932 ) , m . otatumei ( suzuki , 1942 ) and m . owadaensis ( noda , 1970 ) , three fossil cenozoic margaritiferid species from japan , were also assumed as m . laevis representatives [ 39 ] . however , the condition of specimens of these species is very poor [ 75 ] , [ 76 ] , [ 77 ] , [ 78 ] . it is impossible to reliably compare these fossils with shells of recent margaritiferids . moreover , most of the known fossil specimens , including m . perdahurica and m . otatumei , are ancient and belong to the eocene or oligocene by stratigraphic classification [ 78 ] , [ 79 ] . it is unlikely that these fossils belong to recent species , but thorough revision of all specimens and collections of fossil margaritiferids would be necessary , in order to clarify the relationships of these bivalves [ 80 ] .\nthree margaritifera species inhabit the rivers of the russian far east , as discerned from morphological and molecular data : m . dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) , m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) and m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) . however , the rivers of northeastern russia , where large mainland regions remain unexplored , are still not completely studied ; therefore the same species that were previously noted by smith [ 4 ] or additional species , may inhabit the north of the khabarovsky kray , the magadan oblast , and the koryakia and chukotka districts . these areas are difficult to access and require future studies .\nm . dahurica has the largest range among the eastern asian species in the genus ( see fig 8 ) . this species is found in almost all of the major tributaries of amur basin , an area of approximately two million km 2 , as well as in razdolnaya basin and in two separate small rivers . a similar distribution pattern was found in some freshwater fish species , among which approximately 16 were endemic to this area [ 81 ] . we found only a single old record of m . dahurica from sungari river , the largest chinese tributary of the amur , and a few occurrences from mongolia . however , this species is likely widely distributed in part of the amur river system within the territory of those countries . dashi - dorgi [ 82 ] reported m . dahurica as one of the most common mussel species in the rivers of eastern mongolia . this species is not found in the rivers of the kurile islands and the most of sakhalin island . bogatov [ 69 ] and bogatov et al . [ 26 ] reported a few specimens from the langry river , which is situated on the extreme northwest of the sakhalin island . it is possible that because this river empties into the amur estuary , this river might have belonged to the ancient system of the paleo - amur [ 81 ] . the range of some amurean fish species also includes rivers in northwestern sakhalin island [ 83 ] . nevertheless , the species identification is in need of revision .\nfrom our data , the range of m . laevis is significantly narrower than the distribution of the previous species ( see fig 13 ) . this species has a more southerly distribution , and has not been found north of central sakhalin . however , the host fish oncorhynchus masu is much more widespread northward up to kamchatka peninsula . most of the known localities of m . laevis are situated on the honshu island , and their number is linearly reduced to the north . a few fish species have a distribution resembling this , including the sakhalin taimen ( hucho perryi ( brevoort , 1856 ) ) [ 83 ] .\nin this study , we analyzed the applicability of specific shell features that were indicated in previous studies for reliable species identification . three pearl mussel species were identified using a complex of morphology patterns and molecular data . the development and expression of hinge teeth , the shape and the relative dimensions of the shell , the mantle attachment scars , and the muscle scar shape are the most used conchological key features [ 4 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 47 ] , [ 43 ] , [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , [ 46 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 96 ] , [ 97 ] , [ 98 ] , [ 99 ] .\ns1 table . list of sequenced margaritifera specimens including species , localities and voucher details as well as ncbi genbank accession numbers .\ns2 table . list of known localities of margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) .\ns3 table . list of known localities of margaritifera middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) and margaritifera togakushiensis ( kondo and kobayashi , 2005 ) .\ns4 table . list of known localities of margaritifera laevis ( haas , 1910 ) .\ns5 table . variance and significance tests results for mantle attachment scars density within three margaritiferid species .\ns6 table . additional species sequences that were used in the analyses with ncbi genbank accession numbers .\nwe are thankful to to dr . p . v . kijashko and l . l . jarochnovich ( zoological institute of russian academy of sciences , st . petersburg , russia ) for assistance in studies of margaritifera specimens in zisp collection . the authors express their gratitude to mr . e . p . dekin ( russia ) , mr . m . a . antipin ( state nature protected area \u201ckurilsky\u201d , russia ) . special thanks go to mr . o . n . bespaliy ( russia ) for his excellent fieldwork assistance .\nconceived and designed the experiments : inb yvb ivv . performed the experiments : inb yvb ivv ova myg okk ysk avk isp esk st nib isv . analyzed the data : inb yvb ivv avk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yvb ivv ova pea myg okk ysk avk aal isp esk st nib isv . wrote the paper : inb yvb ivv avk .\ngraf dl , cummings ks . review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . j mollus stud . 2007 ; 73 : 291\u2013314 .\nbogan ae , roe kj . freshwater bivalve ( unioniformes ) diversity , systematics , and evolution : status and future directions . j n am benthol soc . 2008 ; 27 : 349\u2013369 .\ngraf dl . patterns of freshwater bivalve global diversity and the state of phylogenetic studies on the unionoida , sphaeriidae , and cyrenidae . am malacol bull . 2013 ; 31 : 135\u2013153 .\nliu x - z . on some newly discovered non - marine pelecypods from the late triassic wuzhongshan formation in sichuan basin [ in chinese ] . bulletin of the chengdu institute of geology and mineral resources , chinese academy of geological sciences . 1981 ; 2 : 121\u2013136 .\nfang z - j , chen j , chen c , sha j , lan x , wen s . supraspecific taxa of the bivalvia first named , described , and published in china ( 1927\u20132007 ) . the university of kansas paleontological contributions , new series . 2009 ; 17 : 1\u2013157 .\ngraf dl , cummings ks . palaeoheterodont diversity ( mollusca : trigonioida + unionoida ) : what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution . zool j linn soc lond . 2006 ; 148 : 343\u2013394 .\nziuganov v , zotin a , nezlin l , tretiakov v . the freshwater pearl mussels and their relationships with salmonid fish . moscow : vniro , russian federal institute of fisheries and oceanography ; 1994 . 135 p .\naraujo r , toledo c , van damme d , ghamizi m , machordom a .\n( pallary , 1918 ) : a valid species inhabiting moroccan rivers . j mollus stud . 2007 ; 75 : 95\u2013101 .\nl . ) : a synthesis of conservation genetics and ecology . hydrobiologia . 2010 ; 644 : 69\u201388 .\nakiyama y , iwakuma t . survival of glochidial larvae of the freshwater pearl mussel ,\n( bivalvia : unionoida ) , at different temperatures : a comparison between two populations with and without recruitment . zool sci . 2007 ; 24 : 890\u2013893 . pmid : 17960993\nkondo t . monograph of unionoida in japan ( mollusca : bivalvia ) [ in japanese ] . special publication of the malacological society of japan . 2008 ; 3 : 1\u201369 .\n. the biodiversity center of japan , the nature conservation bureau , the ministry of the environment , japan ; 2010 . p . 43\nkurihara y , sakai h , kitano s , kobayashi o , goto a . genetic and morphological divergence in the freshwater pearl mussel ,\nkobayashi o , kondo t . difference in host preference between two populations of the freshwater pearl mussel\nkobayashi o , kondo t . comparative morphology of glochidia and juveniles between two species of freshwater pearl mussel\nbuldovsky at . about harvested freshwater mussels of the soviet far east [ in russian ] . proceedings of the far eastern branch of the ussr academy of sciences . 1935 ; 12 : 39\u201365 .\nzhadin vi . fam . unionidae [ in russian ] . faune de l\u2019urss , new series . 1938 ; 4 : 1\u2013170 . pmid : 25389754\nzhadin vi . mollusks of fresh and brackish waters of the ussr [ in russian ] . identification guides on the ussr fauna , issued by zoological institute of the ussr academy of sciences . 1952 ; 46 : 1\u2013376 .\nkurenkov ii . on distribution of the kamchatka freshwater pearl mussel [ in russian ] . questions of kamchatka geography . 1966 ; 4 : 110\u2013112 .\nstarobogatov yi , prozorova la , bogatov vv , saenko em . mollusks [ in russian ] . in : freshwater invertebrates of russia and adjacent territories : an identification guide . vol . 6 : mollusks , polychaetes , and nemertines . st . petersburg : nauka publ . ; 2004 . pp . 9\u2013422 .\n) from the amur river basin . biol bull . 2012 ; 39 : 672\u2013675 .\nschum . , 1915 [ sic ] ( mollusca , bivalvia ) . biol bull + . 2013 ; 40 : 488\u2013481 .\ngraf dl . palearctic freshwater mussel ( mollusca : bivalvia : unionoida ) diversity and the comparatory method as a species concept . p acad nat sci phila . 2007 ; 156 : 71\u201388 .\npreston sj , harrison a , lundy m , roberts d , beddoe n , rogowski d . square pegs in round holes\u2014the implications of shell shape variation on the translocation of adult\nbolotov in , makhrov aa , bespalaya yuv , vikhrev iv , aksenova ov , aspholm pe , et al . the results of comparatory method testing : frontal section curvature of shell valve could not be a systematic indicator for freshwater pearl mussels of\nakiyama b , kimura r , nomoto k , usui t , machida y . new record of the freshwater pearl mussel\nfrom northern sakhalin , the russian far east . venus . 2013 ; 71 : 191\u2013198 . pmid : 23542829\ngraf dl , cummings ks . the freshwater mussels ( unionoida ) of the world ( and other less consequential bivalves ) , updated 8 august 2013 . mussel project web site . available :\nbogan ae . freshwater bivalve extinctions ( mollusca : unionoida ) : a search for causes . am zool . 1993 ; 33 : 599\u2013609 .\nhaag wr . past and future patterns of freshwater mussel extinctions in north america during the holocene . in : turvey s . , editor . holocene extinctions . new york : oxford university press ; 2009 . pp . 107\u2013128 .\niwata h , ukai y shape : a computer program package for quantitative evaluation of biological shapes based on elliptic fourier descriptors . j hered . 2002 ; 93 : 384\u2013385 . pmid : 12547931\nmiddendorff atv . beschreibung einiger neuer mollusken - arten , nebst einem blicke auf den geographischen charakter der land - und s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken nord - asiens . bulletin de la classe physico - math\u00e9matique de l ' acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences de st . - p\u00e9tersbourg . 1850 ; 9 : 108\u2013112 .\nmiddendorff atv . wirbellose thiere : annulaten . echinodermen . insecten . krebse . mollusken . parasiten . reise in den \u00e4ussersten norden und osten sibiriens , zoologie . 1851 ; 2 : 163\u2013508 . pmid : 24870494\nhaas f . new unionidae from east asia . the annals and magazine of natural history , 8th series . 1910 ; 6 : 496\u2013499 .\nros\u00e9n ov . terrestrial and freshwater mollusks , collected by kamchatka expedition of f . p . riabushinsky in 1908\u20131909 [ in russian ] . annuaire du mus\u00e9e zoologique de l\u2019academie des sciences de l\u2019urss . 1926 ; 27 : 261\u2013274 ."]}
{"id": 1492, "summary": [{"text": "muricopsis ( muricopsis ) necocheana is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "muricopsis necocheana", "paragraphs": ["\u00bb species muricopsis ( muricopsis ) pauxilla ( a . adams , 1854 ) represented as muricopsis pauxilla ( a . adams , 1854 )\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : muricopsis necocheana ( h . a . pilsbry , 1900 ) - id : 1901850090\nspecies muricopsis spinulosa stalio in coen , 1933 accepted as muricopsis blainvillii var . spinulosa stalio in coen , 1933 accepted as muricopsis cristata ( brocchi , 1814 )\nspecies muricopsis spinulosa ( costa o . g . , 1861 ) accepted as muricopsis aradasii ( poirier , 1883 ) accepted as murexsul aradasii ( monterosato in poirier , 1883 )\nspecies muricopsis lyonsi petuch , 1986 accepted as murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )\nmuricopsis oxytata - hexagonal murex : synonym of murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )\nmuricopsis ednae ( m . smith , 1940 ) : synonym of murexsul interserratus ( sowerby , 1879 )\nspecies muricopsis oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 ) accepted as murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )\nspecies muricopsis medicago ( r . b . watson , 1897 ) accepted as murexsul aradasii ( monterosato in poirier , 1883 )\nspecies muricopsis nothokieneri ( e . h . vokes , 1978 ) accepted as murexsul nothokieneri e . h . vokes , 1978\nspecies muricopsis noduliferus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as attiliosa nodulifera ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )\nspecies muricopsis scotti b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella scotti ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 )\nspecies muricopsis personatus monterosato in settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina hispidula ( pallary , 1904 ) accepted as ocenebra hispidula ( pallary , 1904 ) ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )\nspecies muricopsis profunda b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as murexsul profundus ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )\nsubgenus muricopsis ( rolandiella ) b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ( original rank as subgenus )\nspecies muricopsis tenellus monterosato in settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina hybrida ( aradas & benoit , 1876 ) accepted as ocenebra hybrida ( aradas & benoit , 1876 ) ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )\n\u00bb species muricopsis ( murexsul ) profunda b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as murexsul profundus ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species muricopsis ( rolandiella ) scotti b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella scotti ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )\nspecies muricopsis affinis settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina edwardsii ( payraudeau , 1826 ) accepted as ocenebra edwardsii ( payraudeau , 1826 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nsistrum nicocheanum pilsbry , h . a . , 1900 : argentina ; brazil ( lapsus )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nreferences : castellanos ( 1970a ) sw ; leal ( 1991b ) ln ; houart ( 1991 ) l ; sunderland & sunderland ( 1993b ) dm ; e . h . vokes ( 1994 ) c\na new species of sistrum nautilus 14 3 - 4 . [ stated date : - - may 1900 . ]\nthis message is to let you know than patagonian shells will have a new website design and development in a new server hosting . i wanted to do this since many years ago but for this or another reason it was never possible .\nnew website will be completely different in many positive senses . you will find easier to using and placing orders .\nduring a period of time , the\nold website\nwon ' t be available online due to many technical problems really difficult to fix at this instance . it makes more sense i will put my energy in preparing properly the new website . unfortunately , this accord situation will take several weeks . let ' s hope the new website will be working online soon to offer a much more efficient service !\nbusiness and communication will continue in the meantime by email to bonard27 @ urltoken or abonard @ urltoken or by phone .\nandres r . bonard biologist - buenos aires university patagonian shells urltoken bonard27 @ urltoken abonard @ urltoken tel . + 54 - 11 - 47973878 cel . + 54 - 11 - 1557040907\nbucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 16 , 19 [ details ]\ngrammatical gender feminine under the provisions of iczn art . 30 . 1 . 2 .\na genus - group name that is or ends in a greek word transliterated into latin without other changes takes the gender given for that word in standard greek dictionaries ; examples . . . names ending in . . . - opsis ( opsis ) are feminine\n[ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nnemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .\nnemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .\northoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .\nand kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction .\nthe french manner of hunting is gentlemanlike ; ours is only for bumpkins and bodies . the poor beasts here are pursued and run down by much greater beasts than themselves ; and the true british fox - hunter is most undoubtedly a\nappropriated and peculiar to this country , which no other part of the globe produces .\nthe genus ; through all genera the steadfast type ; through all the kingdoms of organized life the eternal unity . nature is a mutable cloud which is always and never the same .\n1 laborat\u00f3rio de bioecologia e sistem\u00e1tica de crust\u00e1ceos ( lbsc ) , departamento de biologia , faculdade de filosofia , ci\u00eancias e letras de ribeir\u00e3o preto ( ffclrp ) , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo ( usp ) . av . bandeirantes , 3900 . 14040 - 901 ribeir\u00e3o preto , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil .\n2 n\u00facleo integrado de biotecnologia , universidade de mogi das cruzes . av . dr . c\u00e2ndido xavier de almeida e sousa , 200 . 08780 - 911 mogi das cruzes , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil .\nlocated in ubatuba city , anchieta island ( 23 ( 33 ' s 45 ( 05 ' w ) is the second largest island of the north coast of s\u00e3o paulo state , with a total area of about 10 km 2 . this island has been affected by anthropogenic activities such as tourism and fishery exploitation until 1977 , when it was declared an ecological reserve of s\u00e3o paulo state ( see mantelatto and garcia , 2002 for details ) .\nthe mean size of individuals of both sexes was compared by the mann - whitney test ( zar , 1996 ) . the level of significance was 0 . 05 .\nthe relations between hermit crabs size and shell variables were determined by regression analysis and by correlation coefficients . the chi - square test ( ( 2 ) was used to compare occupancy percentage of shell species between males , ovigerous females and non - ovigerous females .\nafter the knowledge of the population profile ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ; mantelatto et al . , 2007 ) and of the pattern of shell utilization by this population in the field , two types of laboratory experiments were performed : shell species and size preferences , which were conducted for the most occupied shell types in the field . for this , samples were additionally carried out during 2002 in the same area , following the above described method of collection .\nthree replicates were conducted for each type of experiment , which occurred in a glass aquarium ( 30x30x40 cm ) with flowing and oxygen - saturated seawater , where the animals chosen independently of sex or size ( n = 15 ) were placed naked with a large number of shells ( n = 150 ) , during 72 hours ( time previously established ) . after that , the hermit crabs were removed from the preferred shell , and both were measured as described above for shell occupation . each animal was used only once in order to avoid any acquired behavior .\nthe shell species experiments were conducted in pair - wise fashion , i . e . , the hermit crabs were placed in the aquarium with empty shells of two different species and similar size ( 75 of each species ) than those found in the field . shell size preference was tested separately for most occupied shell species using shells of the same species but of varied sizes . all experiments were performed according to method described by garcia and mantelatto ( 2001 ) .\nshell species preference was estimated based on the frequency of which species was chosen by the individuals . the chi - square test ( ( 2 ) was used to compare occupancy percentage of shell species . morphometric relationships were established by regression analysis and spearman correlation coefficients ( r s ) ( p < 0 . 05 ) . shell fitness of hermit crabs collected in the field was assessed using a shell adequacy index ( sai ) ( vance , 1972a ) . this index is defined as : sai = suitable crab size / actual crab size , where sai = 1 indicates that , in field , the animal occupies a shell of adequate size while sai ( 1 indicates a crab in a shell larger ( sai > 1 ) or smaller ( sai < 1 ) than adequate size .\nin total , 992 individuals were collected , represented by 432 ( 43 . 55 % ) males , 263 ( 26 . 51 % ) non - ovigerous females , and 297 ( 29 . 94 % ) ovigerous females . the mean size of population was 1 . 88 ( 0 . 39 mm csl , being females ( 1 . 85 \u00b1 0 . 35 mm csl ) significantly smaller than males ( 1 . 92 \u00b1 0 . 31 mm ) .\npagurus criniticornis was found occupying 16 species of gastropod shells in the natural habitat ( tab . 1 ) . cerithium atratum ( born , 1778 ) was the most occupied shell ( 89 . 31 % ) , followed by morula nodulosa ( adams , 1845 ) ( 4 . 73 % ) . from the total ( 992 ) of shells collected , 2 . 42 % were much damaged , and thus non identifiable .\nlist of gastropod shells occupied by pagurus criniticornis at anchieta island , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil .\nshell species occupation as a function of hermit crab size is illustrated ( fig . 1 ) . the diversity of shells utilized decreased with the increase of individuals ' size . cerithium atratum was the most occupied shell in all size classes , except in the first class , where this corresponded to 12 . 5 % of occupied shells . there was no difference between species of shell occupied by males , ovigerous females and non - ovigerous females .\npagurus criniticornis . gastropod shell species occupation as a function of hermit crab size . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ) .\nthe relationship between the shells and the hermit crabs was tested only to c . atratum and m . nodulosa , due to a low percentage of occupation for the other species of gastropod shells . the equations that best demonstrated this relationship were those that involved shell wet weight ( sww ) and shell internal volume ( siv ) ( tab . 2 ) , mainly to the most occupied shell species , c . atratum .\npagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length and ww = hermit crab wet weight ) and the two most occupied species of shells ( saw = shell aperture width ; sal = shell aperture length ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ) . [ n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ] .\nthe experiments were conducted only for most the occupied species of shell , i . e . , c . atratum and m . nodulosa .\nforty - three animals were utilized ( 21 males , 14 non - ovigerous females and 8 ovigerous females ) . males ( \u03c7 2 = 17 . 19 ) and non - ovigerous females ( \u03c7 2 = 4 . 57 ) of pagurus criniticornis , but not ovigerous females ( \u03c7 2 = 2 . 00 ) , showed a significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) preference by c . atratum ( tab . 3 ) .\npagurus criniticornis . laboratory shell species preference observed among the two most occupied in the field .\none hundred one animals were utilized ( 48 males , 32 non - ovigerous females and 21 ovigerous females ) . all relations between dimensions of hermit crabs and selected shells were significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) , but p . criniticornis showed a preference strongly associated with siv and sww . the higher correlation coefficients demonstrated that c . atratum shells are most adequate to the various hermit crab sizes ( tab . 4 ) . the pattern of shell choice of males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females was not different for both species of shells ( tabs . 5 , 6 ) .\npagurus criniticornis . regression analysis for each chosen shell size ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ) .\npagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab and the shells of cerithium atratum chosen under laboratory conditions , according to sexes . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ) .\npagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab and the shells of morula nodulosa chosen under laboratory conditions , according to sexes . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; rs = spearman correlation coefficient ) .\nthe mean sai value found to p . criniticornis population was 1 . 13 ( 0 . 25 . shells occupied by hermit crabs in the field were larger than adequate size ( sai > 1 ) in the most size classes ; however , larger individuals showed a trend to occupy shells of adequate size ( sai = 1 ) .\nthere were no differences in this pattern observed between males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females ( fig . 2 ) . for the two most occupied shell species tested the pattern of adequacy was similar , i . e . , sai > 1 in the first size classes and this adequacy increased as the hermit crabs reached higher size classes ( fig . 3 ) .\npagurus criniticornis . variation of the mean shell adequacy index ( sai ) values for total of population , males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females . ( data are expressed as mean \u00b1 sd )\npagurus criniticornis . variation of the shell adequacy index ( sai ) values for each most occupied shell species in relation to the size classes . ( data are expressed as mean \u00b1 sd )\nthe pattern of shell utilization by hermit crabs is a result of a complex interaction among availability of shells ( reese , 1969 ; bertness , 1980 ; mantelatto and garcia , 2000 ; mantelatto and dominciano , 2002 ; mantelatto and meireles , 2004 ) and selection of this resource , considering that hermit crabs can discriminate between different species and size of shells ( reese , 1962 ; 1963 ; markham , 1968 ; young , 1979 ; hazlett , 1996 ; mantelatto and meireles , 2004 ) .\nshell occupation pattern was more diverse in the initial size classes of p . criniticornis . according to bollay ( 1964 ) , individuals of smallest size tend to occur in most variety of small shells , since these are not heavily dependent on species of shells to survive and reproduce .\npatterns of shell utilization vary between hermit crab populations and are influenced by the type and size of shells available in the survey , the locality and hermit crabs ' shell preference ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ) . lively ( 1988 ) and osorno et al . ( 1998 ) affirmed that hermit crabs prefer shells which the architecture maximizes their internal space . the present study corroborated this hypothesis , considering the good correlation values found between hermit crabs and c . atratum shells , mainly those related with weight and internal volume .\nthe shell occupation pattern of p . criniticornis showed similarity with availability of shells in the area ; however , the rate of occupation of c . atratum and m . nodulosa by p . criniticornis was not proportional to the rate of availability found by meireles et al . ( 2003 ) , suggesting the preference for c . atratum as commented by meireles et al . ( 2008 ) . the experimental results confirmed the strong preference of individuals of this population for c . atratum shells , independently of sexes . this allows us to infer that this population ' s dynamics is directly related with c . atratum occupation .\nthe mean sai value found for the population of p . criniticornis was 1 . 13 , which means that , in general , these animals utilize shells larger than the suitable size . however , value of shell adequacy index decreased with increase of crab size showing that the larger individuals were occupying relatively adequate shells . meireles and mantelatto ( 2005 ) observed similar pattern for the coexistent population of pagurus brevidactylus from anchieta island .\nthe occupancy of larger shells than the adequate size by small individuals can be caused by an insufficient availability of small shells ( gherardi et al . , 1994 ) . according to mantelatto and meireles ( 2004 ) , small shells represent a limited resource to the hermit crabs from anchieta island . moreover , c . atratum was occupied by five of nine hermit crabs species that live in this area ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ) . in this case , the acquisition of shells larger than the adequate size is less strenuous than a continuous search for ideal sized shells .\nin this way , the occurrence of individuals occupying larger shells than adequate ones is advantageous , since the interaction between specimens of the same population is more frequent than the probability of finding new and empty shells ( spight , 1977 ; 1985 ) . these interactions allow changes that lead to better adequacy of individuals to their shells ( vance , 1972b ) and consequently increase the potential of population growth . thus , we are convinced that the pattern of adequacy observed in the studied population would be a satisfactory way to minimize the interspecific competition that it is exposed to .\nthe results obtained here indicate that the pattern of occupation found to p . criniticornis population is probably conducted by the availability of shells on the locality and by hermit crabs ' choice of this resource , considering the relatively abundance of c . atratum on studied area and , additionally , the good adequacy of shell and hermit crab morphological characteristics , which is evidenced by high correlation coefficients , being , however , the second factor more influent under the determination of this pattern .\nin recent studies , it was corroborated that in p . criniticornis population , there is a range of factors that influences shell exchange , and that some of them could represent trade - offs between immediate and long - term survival ( buranelli et al . , 2015 ) . in other words , these authors postulated that hermit crabs face different trade - offs related to the behavior of choice , selection , and exchange of shells , indicating that different factors may affect behavior , depending on many aspects as environmental features , sex , individual size , shell size , and shell quality .\nbertness , m . d . 1980 . shell preference and utilization patterns in littoral hermit crabs of the bay of panama . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 48 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 . [ links ]\nbertness , m . d . 1981a . pattern and plasticity in tropical hermit crab growth and reproduction . american naturalist , 117 ( 5 ) : 754 - 773 . [ links ]\nbertness , m . d . 1981b . the influence of shell - type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size . crustaceana , 40 ( 2 ) : 197 - 205 . [ links ]\nbiagi , r . ; meireles , a . l . and mantelatto , f . l . 2006 . bio - ecological aspects of the hermit crab paguristes calliopsis ( crustacea , diogenidae ) from anchieta island , brazil . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias , 78 ( 3 ) : 451 - 462 . [ links ]\nbollay , m . 1964 . distribution and utilization of gastropod shells by the hermit crabs p . samuelis , p . granosimanus and p . hirsutiusculus at pacific groove , california . the veliger , 6 ( suppl . ) : 71 - 76 . [ links ]\nburanelli , r . c . ; marcondes , a . t . p . ; carbonaro , f . a . ; miyazaki , m . j . ; pardo , l . m . and mantelatto , f . l . 2015 . behavioral trade - off on shell exchange and exploration of the white spotwrist hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( crustacea , anomura , paguridae ) . crustacean research , 44 : 55 - 66 . [ links ]\ndominciano , l . c . c . , sant ' anna , b . s . and turra , a . 2009 . are the preference and selection patterns of hermit crabs for gastropod shells species or site - specific ? journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 378 ( 1 ) : 15 - 21 . [ links ]\ngarcia , r . b . and mantelatto , f . l . 2001 . shell selection by the tropical hermit crab calcinus tibicen ( herbst , 1791 ) ( anomura , diogenidae ) from southern brazil . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 265 : 1 - 14 . [ links ]\ngherardi , f . ; zatteri , f . and vannini , m 1994 . hermit crabs in a mangrove swamp : the structure of clibanarius laevimanus clusters . marine biology , 121 : 41 - 52 . [ links ]\nhazlett , b . a . 1996 . recent experience and the shell size preference of hermit crabs . marine and freshwater behavior and physiology , 28 ( 3 ) : 177 - 182 . [ links ]\nlively , c . m . 1988 . a graphical model for shell - species selection by hermit crabs . ecology , 69 ( 4 ) : 1233 - 1238 . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . and dominciano , l . c . 2002 . pattern of shell utilization by the hermit crab paguristes tortugae ( diogenidae ) from anchieta island , southern brazil . scientia marina , 66 ( 3 ) : 265 - 272 . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . ; faria , f . c . ; iossi , c . l . and biagi , r . 2007 . population and reproductive features of the western atlantic hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( anomura , paguridae ) from anchieta island , southeastern brazil . iheringia , s\u00e9rie zoologia , 97 ( 3 ) : 1 - 7 . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . and garcia , r . b . 2000 . shell utilization pattern of the hermit crab calcinus tibicen ( diogenidae ) from southern brazil . journal of crustacean biology , 20 ( 3 ) : 460 - 467 . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . and garcia , r . b . 2002 . hermit crab fauna from the infralittoral area of anchieta island ( ubatuba , brazil ) . p . 137 - 145 . in : e . e . briones and f . alvarez ( eds ) , modern approaches to the studies of crustacean . new york , kluwer academic / plenum publishers . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . and meireles , a . l . 2004 . the importance of shell occupation and shell availability clustering in the hermit crab pagurus brevidactylus ( stimpson , 1859 ) ( paguridae ) population from the southern atlantic . bulletin of marine science , 75 ( 1 ) : 27 - 35 . [ links ]\nmarkham , j . 1968 . note on the growth patterns and shell utilization of hermit crab pagurus bernhardus ( l . ) . ophelia , 5 : 189 - 205 . [ links ]\nmeireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . and mantelatto , f . l . 2003 . gastropod shell availability as a potential resource for the hermit crab infralittoral fauna of anchieta island ( sp ) , brazil . nauplius , 11 ( 2 ) : 99 - 105 . [ links ]\nmeireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . and mantelatto , f . l . 2008 . influence of prior experience on shell selection by the white spotwrist hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( crustacea : paguridae ) . hydrobiologia , 605 : 259 - 263 . [ links ]\nmeireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . ; fransozo , a . and mantelatto , f . l . 2012 . os ermit\u00f5es ( crustacea , anomura ) . p . 479 - 488 . in : a . c . z . amaral & s . a . h . nallin ( orgs ) , biodiversidade e ecossistemas bent\u00f4nicos marinhos do litoral norte de s\u00e3o paulo - sudeste do brasil . campinas , sp , ib / unicamp . e - book - isbn : 978 - 85 - 85783 - 24 - 2 urltoken [ links ]\nmeireles , a . l . and mantelatto , f . l . 2005 . shell use by pagurus brevidactylus ( anomura : paguridae ) : a comparison between laboratory and field conditions . acta zoologica sinica , 51 ( 5 ) : 813 - 820 . [ links ]\nmelo , g . a . s . 1999 . manual de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos crustacea decapoda do litoral brasileiro : anomura , thalassinidea , palinuridea , astacidea . s\u00e3o paulo , editora pl\u00eaiade , 551p . [ links ]\nohmori , h . ; wada , s . ; goshima , s . and nakao , s . 1995 . effects of body size and shell availability on the shell utilization pattern of the hermit crab pagurus filholi ( anomura : paguridae ) . crustacean research , 24 : 85 - 92 . [ links ]\nosorno , j . l . ; fern\u00e1ndez - casillas , l . and rodr\u00edguez - ju\u00e1rez , c . 1998 . are hermit crabs looking for light and large shells ? : evidence from natural and field induced shell exchanges . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 222 ( 1 - 2 ) : 163 - 173 . [ links ]\nreese , e . s . 1962 . shell selection behaviour of hermit crabs . animal behaviour , 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 347 - 360 . [ links ]\nreese , e . s . 1963 . the behavioral mechanisms underlying shell selection by hermit crabs . behaviour , 21 : 78 - 126 . [ links ]\nreese , e . s . 1969 . behavioral adaptations of intertidal hermit crabs . american zoologist , 9 ( 2 ) : 343 - 355 . [ links ]\nrios , e . c . 1994 . seashells of brazil . rio grande , funda\u00e7\u00e3o cidade do rio grande , instituto acqua , museu oceanogr\u00e1fico de rio grande , universidade de rio grande . 2a ed . , 368p + 113pl . [ links ]\nspight , t . m . 1977 . availability and use of shells by intertidal hermit crabs . the biological bulletin , 152 ( 1 ) : 120 - 133 . [ links ]\nspight , t . m . 1985 . why small hermit crabs have large shells . research on population ecology , 27 ( 1 ) : 39 - 54 . [ links ]\nturra , a . and denadai , m . r . 2004 . interference and exploitation components in interespecific competition between sympatric intertidal hermit crabs . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 310 ( 2 ) : 183 - 193 . [ links ]\nvance , r . r . 1972a . the role of shell adequacy in behavioral interactions involving hermit crabs . ecology , 53 ( 6 ) , 1075 - 1083 . [ links ]\nvance , r . r . 1972b . competition and mechanism of coexistence of three sympatric species of intertidal hermit crabs . ecology , 53 ( 6 ) : 1062 - 1074 . [ links ]\nyoung , a . m . 1979 . osmoregulation in three hermit crab species , clibanarius vittatus ( bosc ) , pagurus longicarpus say and p . pollicaris say ( crustacea : decapoda ; anomura ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology , 63a ( 3 ) : 377 - 382 . [ links ]\nzar , j . h . 1996 . biostatiscal analysis . new jersey , prentice - hall , 907p . [ links ]\n1 this article is part of the special series offered by the brazilian crustacean society in honor to nilton jos\u00e9 hebling in recognition of his dedication and contributions to the development of carcinology in brazil .\ninstituto de bioci\u00eancias , unesp , campus botucatu rua professor doutor ant\u00f4nio celso wagner zanin , 250 botucatu , sp , 18618 - 689 editor . nauplius @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1497, "summary": [{"text": "achyra nigrirenalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from western australia , the northern territory , queensland and south australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 millimetres ( 0.98 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings have a light and dark brown pattern .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are uniform pale brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "achyra nigrirenalis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about achyra nigrirenalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for achyra nigrirenalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nvalter jacinto marked\nborboleta nocturna / / moth ( achyra nudalis )\nas trusted on the\nachyra nudalis\npage .\nno one has contributed data records for achyra serrulata yet . learn how to contribute .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from achyra to their own page .\nthe adult moth of this species has light and dark brown patterned forewings , including one or two vague darker broad incomplete bands each one . the hindwings are plain pale brown . the moth has a wingspan of about 2 . 5 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nhampson , g . f . 1913 ,\ndescriptions of new species of pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae ( continued )\n, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 8 , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 38 , 299 - 319\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 112a2bdb - 1317 - 4eef - 89eb - 14c860272237\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 164ceae0 - c7ad - 4131 - 9ae6 - 769aa88a833d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9b0b7346 - 01bd - 452d - 996e - 34f4a3b27c94\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3453510 - ffca - 42a8 - 9f0b - e00676fead83\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 354164\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmm . the forewings have a light and dark brown pattern . the hindwings are uniform pale brown .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 1 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .\narizona , texas , mexico - brazil - argentina , west indies . see [ maps ]\nlarva on gossypium , portulaca [ mna13 . 2 ] ( a ) , 47\nfrom ( maine - s . quebec - ontario ) - to ( florida - mexico ) , iowa , colorado , california , west indies . see [ maps ]\nbrazil ( rio grande do sul , mato grosso , minas gerais , s\u00e3o paulo , rio de janeiro , castro parana ) , uruguay , paraguay , argentina , chile , bolivia , ecuador . see [ maps ]\nloxostege similalis ; capps , 1967 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 120 ( 3561 ) : 51 , f . 50 , 95 , 157 - 158\nscopula occidentalis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 260 ; tl : california\nloxostege brasiliensis capps , 1967 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 120 ( 3561 ) : 55 , f . 55 , 99 , 166 - 167 ; tl : campinas , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil\nloxostege piuralis capps , 1967 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 120 ( 3561 ) : 55 , f . 57 , 100 , 168 - 169 ; tl : piura , peru\ntritaea protealis warren , 1892 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 178 ; tl : san lorenzo is . , callao , peru\npyrausta eneanalis schaus , 1923 ; zoologica 5 ( 2 ) : 45 ; tl : conway bay , indefatigable island , galapagos arch .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome huiti\u00e9me . deltoides et pyralites\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\nexploration scientifique de l ' algerie pendant les annees 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . histoire naturelle des animaux articules ( 3 ) insectes\n( a ) : 1 - 78 , pl . 1 - 4 , a - h , ( b ) : 79 - 150 , pl . 5 - 9 , j - u\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement\nwarren , 1892 descriptions of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british - museum collection ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 172 - 179 , ( 52 ) : 294 - 302 , ( 53 ) : 389 - 397 , ( 54 ) : 429 - 442\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1503, "summary": [{"text": "the tritheledontidae or tritheledontids , also known as ictidosaurs , were small to medium-sized ( about 10 or 20 cm long ) cynodonts .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "they were extremely mammal-like , highly specialized cynodonts , although they still retained a very few reptilian anatomical traits .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "tritheledontids were mainly carnivorous or insectivorous , though some species may have developed omnivorous traits .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "their skeletons show that they had a close relationship to mammals .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "tritheledontids or their closest relatives may have given rise to primitive mammals .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the tritheledontids were one of the longest lived non-mammalian therapsid lineages , living from late triassic to the jurassic period .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "tritheledontids became extinct in the jurassic period , possibly due to competition with prehistoric mammals such as the triconodonts .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "they are known from finds in south america and south africa , indicating that they may have lived only on the supercontinent of gondwana .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the family tritheledontidae was named by south african paleontologist robert broom in 1912 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the family is often misspelled \" trithelodontidae \" .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is possible that tritheledontidae had vibrissae , according to the pbs documentary , your inner fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "a common ancestor of all therian mammals did so .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is possible that the development of the whisker sensory system played an important role in mammalian development , more generally . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "tritheledontidae", "paragraphs": ["the dentitions of the tritheledontidae ( therapsida : cynodontia ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nzu den tritheledontidae , welche basal der chalimininae und pachygenelinae stehen . unter den vorher unbekannten merkmale von\ngow , c . e . 1980 . the dentitions of the tritheledontidae ( therapsida : cynodontia ) .\nlinks : tritheledont tooth ; jurassic cynodonts ; tritylodontidae and tritheledontidae , an internet directory ; universidad caece - cursos y seminarios .\n( eucynodontia , tritheledontidae ) from the caturita formation , upper triassic of southern brazil : anatomical study and phylogenetic implications . in\nlinks : parrs . htm ; tritheledont tooth ; jurassic cynodonts ; tritylodontidae and tritheledontidae , an internet directory ; universidad caece - cursos y seminarios .\nlinks : lecture 12 - early jurassic ; therapsd . htm ; ciencia hoy 32 - art\u00edculo ; traces ; jawtransition ; jurassic cynodonts ; tritylodontidae and tritheledontidae , an internet directory . wikipedia\n( cynodontia , tritheledontidae ) do tri\u00e1ssico superior do rio grande do sul , brasil : an\u00e1lise osteol\u00f3gica e implica\u00e7\u00f5es filogen\u00e9ticas . unpublished ph . d . thesis , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , 347 .\nhas alternatively been referred to dromatheriidae . another possibility is at least in part affinities with tritheledontidae . this is a matter which will require further finds and study . the south american critters were mousey or ratty - sized , whilst meurthodon was even smaller .\n- like members of tritheledontidae , ( also known as trithelodontidae ) . these were small insectivores of up to 20cm in length , and their lifestyle was presumably extremely similar to that of the first mammals . this may well explain their disappearance . remains are known from the upper\n. this is incorrect , as already demonstrated by members of tritheledontidae , ( those insectivores mentioned above ) . tritylodonts were their plant - eating counterparts . they were generally larger , ( up to about 50cm in length ) and survived for longer ; until at least the lower\nalthough previously separated from other theriodonts as a distinct infraorder , the ictidosauria , study of the type and only specimen of the genus the trithelodon has determined its close affinities with the typical ictidosaurs pachygenelus and\ndiarthrognathus\n. for this reason , hopson & kitching ( 1972 ) suggested using the family name tritheledontidae broom 1912 for all of the forms called\nictidosaurs\n, and included all these groups under the cynodontia .\nictidosaurian genera are allocated to two families , tritheledontidae and therioherpetidae . this paper provides a diagnosis for ictidosauria . the previously named family brasilodontidae is shown to be a junior synonym of a family , therioherpetidae . it is concluded that ictidosauria originated from late permian procynosuchid non - mammalian cynodonts rather than from middle triassic probainognathid non - mammalian cynodonts . the structure of the skull and jaws of a derived traversodontid ischignathus sudamericanus from the early late triassic of argentina supports an earlier view that tritylodontids are more closely related to traversodontid than probainognathid non - mammalian cynodonts . tritylodontids should not be included in ictidosauria , nor should they considered to be a sister group to mammaliaforms .\nthree previously described monospecific genera of ictidosaurians ( tritheledontidae ) are recognized on the basis of their postcanine dentitions . the least specialized is pachygenelus monus , watson ( 1913 ) , the complete dentition of which is described for the first time : five specimens are described and referred to this species . the postcanine teeth of diarthrognathus broomi , crompton ( 1958 ) are described for the first time ; they are derivable from those of pachygenelus though considerably more specialized . tritheledon riconoi , broom ( 1912 ) , from which the family derives its name , consists of a single specimen containing upper postcanines only ; these are not closely comparable with the uppers of the other two genera but bear a strong resemblance to the lower postcanines of diarthrognathus . the family is closely implicated in the origin of mammals and the possibility of polyphyly in the origin of mammals is raised .\nthree previously described monospecific genera of ictidosaurians ( tritheledontidae ) are recognized on the basis of their postcanine dentitions . the least specialized is pachygenelus monus , watson ( 1913 ) , the complete dentition of which is described for the first time : five specimens are described and referred to this species . the postcanine teeth of diarthrognathus broomi , crompton ( 1958 ) are described for the first time ; they are derivable from those of pachygenelus though considerably more specialized . tritheledon riconoi , broom ( 1912 ) , from which the family derives its name , consists of a single specimen containing upper post - canines only ; these are not closely comparable with the uppers of the other two genera but bear a strong resemblance to the lower postcanines of diarthrognathus . the family is closely implicated in the origin of mammals and the possibility of polyphyly in the origin of mammals is raised .\nin this contribution , new specimens of the tritheledontid eucynodont irajatherium hernandezi , from the late triassic ( caturrita formation ) of southern brazil , are analyzed . the new material provides significant information about incisor count , canine size and shape , basicranial morphology , and other previously unknown aspects of skull and dentition . a cladistic analysis with inclusion of the new data supports the assignment of irajatherium to tritheledontidae , basal to chalimininae and pachygenelinae . previously unknown characters of irajatherium revealed by the new material include : the presence of three lower incisors ; the first lower incisor is enlarged ; the presence of large upper and lower canines with deep paracanine fossa on the maxilla ; almost complete upper and lower postcanine tooth row with a pattern similar to that of other tritheledontids ( e . g . pachygenelus and chaliminia ) ; there is a conspicuous crest on the inner surface of the maxilla for the attachment of the inferred maxillary turbinates ; partially confluent jugular foramen and fenestra rotunda within the jugular fossa , separated by a finger - like projection of the posterolateral wall of the opisthotic ; and hypoglossal foramina located outside the jugular fossa . irajatherium is a key taxon for understanding the early evolution of ictidosaurs , a group of cynodonts closely related to mammaliaforms , during the cynodont\u2013mammal transition from the late triassic to early jurassic .\nhave you ever wondered why our bodies look the way they do ? paleobiologist neil shubin sets out in this three - part series to find the answers in a surprising place : the ancient animal ancestors that shaped our anatomy .\nin the first episode ,\nyour inner fish ,\nhe journeys back to a time , some 375 million years ago , when the first fish crawled up onto land . shubin ' s quest for the fossil record of this primeval predecessor takes viewers from highway cuts in rural pennsylvania to the remote arctic . after years of searching , he and his colleagues finally found a fossilized fish , known as tiktaalik , that had enough strength in its front fins to do pushups and heave itself out of the water . remarkably , we can trace the ancestry of our own hands and arms all the way back to these fins . viewers also meet the scientists who discovered the dna recipe for constructing the human hand \u2014 an essential set of instructions passed down from fish like tiktaalik and shared today with a surprising number of other animals , from chickens to chimpanzees . along the way , shubin makes it clear that we can also thank our fishy past for many of our body ' s quirks , such as hernias . we are , every one of us , just a jury - rigged fish .\nin the second episode ,\nyour inner reptile ,\nshubin exposes our reptilian roots . he searches for our ancient ancestors at fossil sites in the karoo desert of south africa and on the tidal flats of nova scotia . he also reveals modern - day links to the past through visits to a fertility clinic in chicago and a biology lab in london . along the way , he explains how major transitions in the history of life paved the way for our ancestors ' evolution into mammals . shubin identifies some amazing connections : the amniotic sac was an innovation to keep our reptile ancestors ' eggs from drying out ; our complex teeth can be traced to ferocious beasts that lived millions of years before dinosaurs ; and our hair is linked to the whiskers of reptile - like mammals that lived much of their lives in the dark . our reptilian ancestors \u2014 from fearsome predators to creatures as small as a paper clip \u2014 are responsible for more than a few features of modern humans .\nin the final episode of the series ,\nyour inner monkey ,\nshubin delves into our primate past . he travels from the badlands of ethiopia , where the famous hominid skeletons\nlucy\nand\nardi\nwere found , to a forest canopy in florida , home to modern primates . en route , he explains how many aspects of our form and function evolved . we learn that a genetic mutation in our primate ancestors conferred humans ' ability to see in color \u2014 but it was an advantage that led to a decline in our sense of smell . the shape of our hands came from tree - dwelling ancestors for whom long fingers made it easier to reach fruit at the tips of fine branches . shubin concludes by tracing the evolution of the human brain \u2014 from a tiny swelling on the nerve cord of a wormlike creature , to the three - part architecture of a shark ' s brain and the complex brain of primates . as shubin observes ,\ninside every organ , gene and cell in our body lie deep connections with the rest of life on our planet .\n\u00a9 copyright 2014 tangled bank studios . all rights reserved . pbs privacy policy | terms of use | contact us\ntangled bank studios is a production company established and funded by the howard hughes medical institute .\npbs is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) not - for - profit organization .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nauthor ' s note : these pages were written some years ago . i am not planning to update them . for a more current coverage , see the palaeos website ( to which many links on these pages point to anyway . more info here\nthe trithelodontids , also and better known ( especuially in earlier literature ) as the ictidosaurs , were tiny latest triassic and early jurassic cynodonts that neatly bridge the gap between advanced theriodonts and the primitive mammals .\nalthough previously separated from other theriodonts as a distinct infraorder , the ictidosauria , study of the type and only specimen of the genus the trithelodon has determined its close affinities with the typical ictidosaurs pachygenelus and\ndiarthrognathus\n. for this reason , hopson and kitching suggested using the family name trithelodontidae broom 1912 for all of the forms called\nictidosaurs\n, and included all these groups under the cynodontia .\nthe trithelodonts ( ictidosaurs ) are thus very advanced , probably insectivorous , cynodonts of small size in which some incisors and in some species the upper and probably postcanines have a transversely - oriented cutting edge , in others the uppers have an oblique and the lowers a longitudinal cutting edge . these are features connected , as in the tritylodonts , with the more efficient chewing of food . as in the chiniquodontidae the secondary palate is long ( so the animal could eat and breathe at the same time , a mammalian feature ) and the postorbital bar ( the bar of bone behind the eyes ) is absent , another feature found also in tritylodonts and primitive mammals .\nbut what makes these animals unique is the new mammalian joint between the squamosal and dentary had come into functional being . thus , the ictidosaur pachygenelius ( formerly known as diarthrognathus ) possesses both the reptilian quadrate - articular jaw joint and a newly developed mammalian squamosal - dentary jaw joint . because of this simpson ( 1959 ) suggested that it might better be classified as a mammal , but hopson and crompton retain it in the therapsida . although certain primitive features in the skull suggest a derivation from scaloposaurid bauriamorphs , indicating the posisbility that the mammalian condition may have evolved twoice ( once from advanced therocephalians via the ictidosaurs and once from cyndonts via tritylodonts ) but both the structure of the dentary and the braincase structure have independently confirm a cynodont ancestry , and the polyphyly of mammals is no longer considered a valid hypothesis .\npachygenelius stands truly at the dividing line between reptile and mammal in so far as this important diagnostic feature of jaw articulation is concerned . this is the only reason why the ictidosaurs are classified as reptiles rather than mammals . in the mammals , the quadrate and articular bones have migrated from the articular region of the jaw to the middle ear where they have been transformed into two of the bones concerned with the transmission of vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear . because , in the ictidosaurs , the tta formation of the quadrate and articular bones had not taken place , these animals can be placed arbitrarily within the reptiles .\nhorizon : upper triassic ? , lower jurassic : stormberg series ( red beds and cave sandstone ) of south africa and lesotho ; los colorados formation of argentina . age : rhaetian / hettangian to sinemurian / early pliensbachian distribution : probably had a worldwide ( pangea ) distribution ecological community : anchisaur - plateosaur empire ecological niche / guild : small terrestrial insectivore modern equivalents : shrew , insectvore generally preferred food : mostly invertebrates , very small vertebrates length : about 10 or 20 cm long metabolism : endothermic potential predators : small theropod dinosaurs ( mostly coelophysidae ) , large sphenosuchid\nlizards\n, and protosuchid crodylomorphs ancestor : chiniquodontidae replaced : small chiniquodontidae replaced by : small mesozoic mammals descendents : class mammalia ( ancestral forms : sinoconodontidae , morganucodontidae , megazostrodontidae ) taxonomic status - valid family\nred beds and cave sandstone ( middle and upper elliot formation ) , orange free state , south africa and lesotho .\nfrom the early jurassic of nova scotia . but while it is not unlikely that this jaw might belong to\nor a distinct but closely related species , probably a descendent . although a specific distinction may prove to be valid , it is doubtful that generic differences exist .\ncomments : the only known triassic trithelodont , and part of a highly endemic fauna , which makes it difficult to correlate . however although the los colorados formation is usually considered latest triassic ( late norian / rhaetian ) , jose bonparte says somewhere ( i can ' t find the exact passage . . . ) that the fauna may not be isochronous . so it is possible that the upper part of the los colorados may be hettangian ( earliest jurassic ) . that would fit in chaliminia with the other trithelodonts .\ncarroll , r . l . vertebrate paleontology and evolution . - w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988\njames a . hopson and herbert r . barghusen ,\nan analysis of therapsid relationships\n, in the ecology and biology of mammal - like reptiles ed . by nocholas hotton iii , paul d . maclean , jan j . roth and e . carol roth , smithsonian institute press , washington and london , 1986 , pp . 83 - 106\njames a . hopson and james w . kitching , 1972 ,\na revised classification of the cynodonts ( reptilia ; therapsida ) , paleontologica africa , 14 . 17 - 85\ntrithelodont jaw - a fine photo of a partial jaw ( nova scotia museum ) . earliest jurassic ( early hettangian ) age .\n' la importancia turistica de ischigualasto ' , preparado por dr william sill . a fossil inventory in spanish - at the bottom it lists chaliminia musteloides ( under\ncynodont\nunless otherwise attributed or quoted , all text is licensed under the creative commons license 1 . 0 and a 2 . 0 . this licence does not cover quoted material , and images , which are copyright their respective owners .\npage by m . alan kazlev i am indebted to trevor dykes for helpful corrections and references . page uploaded 8 october 1999 . reposted and last modified 1 september 2005\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : r . broom . 1912 . on a new type of cynodont from the stormberg . annals of the south african museum 7 : 334 - 336\nsee also carroll 1988 , kemp 1982 , martinelli and rougier 2007 and martinez et al . 1996\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nproc r soc lond b biol sci . 1980 jul 17 ; 208 ( 1173 ) : 461 - 81 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe tritheledontids , also and better known ( especuially in earlier literature ) as the ictidosaurs , were tiny latest triassic to early jurassic cynodonts that neatly bridge the gap between advanced theriodonts and the primitive mammaliforms .\nthe tritheledonts ( ictidosaurs ) are thus very advanced , probably insectivorous , cynodonts of small size in which some incisors and in some species the upper and probably postcanines have a transversely - oriented cutting edge , in others the uppers have an oblique and the lowers a longitudinal cutting edge . these are features connected , as in the tritylodonts , with the more efficient chewing of food . as in the chiniquodontidae the secondary palate is long ( so the animal could eat and breathe at the same time , a mammalian feature ) and the postorbital bar ( the bar of bone behind the eyes ) is absent , another feature found also in tritylodonts and primitive mammals .\nbut what makes these animals unique is the new mammalian joint between the squamosal and dentary had come into functional being . thus , the ictidosaur pachygenelius formerly known as diarthrognathus ) possesses both the reptilian quadrate - articular jaw joint and a newly developed mammalian squamosal - dentary jaw joint . because of this simpson ( 1959 ) suggested that it might better be classified as a mammal , but hopson and crompton retain it in the therapsida . although certain primitive features in the skull suggest a derivation from scaloposaurid bauriamorphs , indicating the posisbility that the mammalian condition may have evolved twoice ( once from advanced therocephalians via the ictidosaurs and once from cyndonts via tritylodonts ) but both the structure of the dentary and the braincase structure have independently confirm a cynodont ancestry , and the polyphyly of mammals is no longer considered a valid hypothesis .\npachygenelius stands truly at the dividing line between cynodont and mammaliform in so far as this important diagnostic feature of jaw articulation is concerned . this is the only reason why the ictidosaurs are classified outside the mammaliformes . in the mammaliforms , the quadrate and articular bones have migrated from the articular region of the jaw to the middle ear where they have been transformed into two of the bones concerned with the transmission of vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear . because , in the ictidosaurs , this transformation of the quadrate and articular bones had not taken place , these animals are placed outside the mammaliformes . mak010421 .\ncharacters : $ lack of pineal foramen [ rs01 ] ; $ posteriorly elongated secondary palate [ rs01 ] ; $ ribs ( laterally ? ) expanded [ rs01 ] .\nlinks : eucynodontia ; synapsida - - the dinosauricon ; therapsida all treating probainognathia as a more inclusive clade ) .\nsmall ( 3 - 6cm skulls ) carnivorous proto - mammals . cheek teeth broad , with prismatic enamel as in mammals ; teeth may have been double - rooted ; some teeth have transverse cutting edge , others the uppers have an oblique and the lowers a longitudinal cutting edge ; probably squamosal - dentary jaw joint and quadrate - articular joint both functional , with masseter and opposing muscles holding jaw in\nsling\n; postorbital and prefrontal absent ; frontal & palatine in contact ; temporal opening confluent with orbit ; postcranial skeleton said to be fully mammalian .\nnotes : [ 1 ] according to [ l + 02 ] the characters that support tritylodonts as the sister of mammaliforms are strongly localized to the orbital wall and sphenoid region . characters of the jaw joint , mandible and palate point to tritheledonts . atw020223 .\nrange : early jurassic of south africa , possibly north america . p . monus : red beds and cave sandstone ( middle and upper elliot formation ) , orange free state , red beds and cave sandstone ( middle and upper elliot formation ) , orange free state and lesotho , south africa , of hettangian to sinemurian age . p . broomi : clarens formation , orange free state , south africa , of sinemurian / early pliensbachian age .\nimage : pachygenelius jaw ( ~ 2 cm ) , parrsboro , nova scotia . from the nova scotia museum fossils of nova scotia website . \u00a9 1998 nova scotia museum and used by permission .\nnotes : [ 1 ] pachygenelius ? monus has also been reported from the early jurassic of nova scotia . but while it is not unlikely that this jaw might belong to pachygenelius ( or a similiar form ) , a species attribution , or even an unambigious genus attribution , is very unlikely . [ 2 ] diarthrognathus broomi is based on two juvenile specimens which are possibly , though not certainly , referable to p . monus . this then is either a synonym of the earlier p . monus or a distinct but closely related species , probably a descendent . although a specific distinction may prove to be valid , it is doubtful that generic differences exist . mak010421 . atw020601 .\nrange : late triassic to early jurassic of south america , los colorados formation , argentina , of late norian to hettangian age .\nnotes : the only known triassic tritheledont , and part of a highly endemic fauna , which makes it difficult to correlate . however although the los colorados formation is usually considered latest triassic ( late norian / rhaetian ) , jose bonparte says somewhere ( i can ' t find the exact passage . . . ) that the fauna may not be isochronous . so it is possible that the upper part of the los colorados may be hettangian ( earliest jurassic ) . that would fit in chaliminia with the other tritheledonts . mak010421 . atw020601 .\nthis text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical character recognition ( ocr ) software . as such , it may contain errors . please contact the royal society if you find an error you would like to see corrected . mathematical notations produced through infty ocr .\nenter your proceedings of the royal society of london b : biological sciences username .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution . contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\npay per article - you may access this article or this issue ( from the computer you are currently using ) for 30 days .\nregain access - you can regain access to a recent pay per article or pay per issue purchase if your access period has not yet expired .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on proceedings of the royal society of london b : biological sciences .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the proceedings of the royal society of london b : biological sciences web site .\nuniversidade federal do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , brazil , paleovertebrate collection .\naus der sp\u00e4ten trias ( caturrita formation ) vorgestellt . das neue material enth\u00fcllt wichtige informationen zur anzahl der incisiven , der gr\u00f6sse und form der canini , der morphologie des basicraniums und anderen aspekte von sch\u00e4del und bezahnung . eine cladistische analyse mit ber\u00fccksichtigung der neuen daten best\u00e4tigt die zuordnung von\nsind drei untere incisiven mit einem vergr\u00f6\u00dferten ersten incisivus , untere und obere canini mit einer tiefen paracaninus - fossa am maxillare ; eine fast komplette obere und untere postcanine zahnreihe mit einem bezahnungsmuster vergleichbar mit dem anderer tritheledontiden ( z . b .\nin der jugular - fossa , welche durch einen fingerartigen vorsprung der posterolateralen wandung des opistothicums voneinander getrennt werden ; sowie au\u00dferhalb der jugular - fossa liegene hypoglossale foramina .\nist ein schl\u00fcsseltaxon zum verst\u00e4ndnis der fr\u00fchen evolution der ictidosauriden , eine mit den mammaliformen nahe verwandte cynodontier - gruppe aus der oberen trias und dem unteren jura .\nwe thank luiz fl\u00e1vio lopes for the photographs of several specimens and cnpq for financial support ( tvo ) . the suggestions of the reviewers fernando abdala and zhe - xi luo and the editor oliver rauhut improved the quality of this paper .\ncharacter 2 . lower incisor number : from ? to 1 ( three incisors ) .\ncharacter 3 . some incisor enlarged : from ? to 1 ( present ) .\ncharacter 24 . sectorial postcanines with the major axis anteromedial - posterolaterally oriented , passing the distal portion of an anterior tooth medial to the mesial portion of the next tooth : from 0 to 1 ( present ) .\ncharacter 36 . postdentary bones : from ? to 1 ( reduced to narrow rod lying in postdentary trough ) .\ncharacter 68 . trigeminal nerve ( v 2 and v 3 ) exit : from ? to 1 ( foramen located entirely on the prootic , or on the anterior lamina of the petrosal ) .\ncharacter 69 . prootic and ophistotic : from ? to 0 ( unfused ) .\ncharacter 71 . fenestra ovalis : from ? to 0 ( with thickened ring ) .\ncharacter 74 . perilymphatic foramen separation from jugular foramen : from ? to 1 ( partially separated by finger - like projection from postero - lateral wall of jugular foramen ) .\ncharacter 76 . hypoglossal foramen : from ? to 1 ( separated from the jugular fossa ) .\n; some clades are not diagnosed here ) . an asterisk ( * ) indicates ambiguous character - states\n) : presence of some enlarged incisors ( ch . 3 ) , upper incisor 2 large and the others small ( ch . 4 ) , lower incisor 1 large and the other small ( ch . 5 ) , premaxilla forming the posterior border of incisive foramen ( ch . 39 ) * , length of palatine longer relative to maxilla in secondary palate ( ch . 47 ) .\n) : dominant central bulbous main cusp on upper postcanines ( ch . 11 ) , upper posterior postcanines with cusp b and c buccally displaced and bulbous , prominent cusp a ( ch . 12 ) , lower middle and posterior postcanines with four cusps aligned decreasing in size posteriorly ( ch . 19 ) , posterior portion of secondary palate almost at the level of the tip of upper postcanine teeth , forming a deep groove between hard palate and tooth row ( ch . 48 ) .\nunnamed clade . pachygenelinae ( clade 6 ) plus chalimininae ( clade 7 ) : single roots of postcanines ( ch . 25 ) , tooth row parallel to sub - parallel from the axial plane of the cranium ( ch . 30 ) , maxillary buccal shelf overhanging tooth row ( ch . 43 ) .\n) : upper postcanines with buccal cingulum ( ch . 9 ) * , narrow upper postcanines with lingual cingulum ( ch . 10 ) * .\n) : more than 11 upper postcanine teeth in adult ( ch . 8 ) * , absence of imbrincated sectorial postcanines ( ch . 24 ) * .\ntritheledon plus diarthrognathus : absence of upper posterior postcanines with cusp b and c buccally displaced and bulbous , prominent cusp a ( ch . 12 ) * .\nabdala , f . , and a . m . ribeiro . 2003 . a new traversodontid cynodont from the santa maria formation ( ladinian - carnian ) of southern brazil , with a phylogenetic analysis of gondwanan traversodontids .\nabdala , f . , and a . m . ribeiro . 2010 . distribution and diversity patterns of triassic cynodonts ( therapsida , cynodontia ) in gondwana .\narantes , b . a . , m . b . soares , and c . l . schultz . 2009 .\n( lepidosauria , sphenodontia ) do tri\u00e1ssico superior do rio grande do sul : anatomia p\u00f3s - craniana e rela\u00e7\u00f5es filogen\u00e9ticas .\nbonaparte , j . f . , and m . c . barberena . 2001 . on two advanced carnivorous cynodonts from the late triassic of southern brazil .\n( lepidosauria : rhynchocephalia ) from the upper triassic of rio grande do sul , brazil .\nbonaparte , j . f . , j . ferigolo , and a . m . ribeiro . 1999 . a new early late triassic saurischian dinosaur from the rio grande do sul state , brazil .\nbonaparte , j . f . , j . ferigolo , and a . m . ribeiro . 2001 . a primitive late triassic \u2018ictidosaur\u2019 from rio grande do sul , brazil .\nbonaparte , j . f . , a . g . martinelli , and c . l . schultz . 2005 . new information on\nbonaparte , j . f . , g . brea , c . l . schultz , and a . g . martinelli . 2007 . a new specimen of\nbonaparte , j . f . , a . g . martinelli , c . l . schultz , and r . rubert . 2003 . the sister - group of mammals : small cynodonts from the late triassic of southern brazil .\nbonaparte , j . f . , c . l . schultz , m . b . soares , and a . g . martinelli . 2008 . faxinal do soturno local fauna of the late triassic of rio grande do sul , brazil .\nbroom , r . 1912 . on a new type of cynodont from the stormberg .\nn . g . n . sp . , a procolophonid reptile from the upper triassic of southern brazil .\ncrompton , a . w . 1958 . the cranial morphology of a new genus and species of ictidosaurian .\ncrompton , a . w . , and z . - x . luo . 1993 . relationships of the liassic mammals sinoconodon , morganucodon oehleri , and dinnetherium . in\n, ed . f . s . szalay , m . j . novacek , and m . c . mckenna , 30\u201344 . new york : springer .\ndias - da - silva , s . , e . v . dias , and c . l . schultz . 2009 . first record of stereospondyls ( tetrapoda , temnospondyli ) in the upper triassic of southern brazil .\nfurin , s . , n . preto , m . rigo , g . roghi , p . gianolla , j . l . crowley , and s . a . bowring . 2006 . high - precision u - pb zircon age from the triassic of italy : implications for the triassic time scale and the carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs .\ngoloboff , p . a . 1993 . \u201cnona\u201d , version 2 . 0 . program and documentation .\ngradstein , f . m . , and j . c . ogg . 2004 . geologic time scale 2004\u2013why , how and where next .\nhillenius , w . j . 1992 . the evolution of nasal turbinates and mammalian endothermy .\nhillenius , w . j . 1994 . turbinates in therapsids : evidence for late permian origins of mammalian endothermy .\nhopson , j . a . , and h . barghusen . 1986 . an analysis of therapsid relationships . in\n, ed . n . hotton iii , p . d . maclean , j . j . roth , and e . c . roth , 83\u2013106 . washington dc : smithsonian institution press .\nhopson , j . a . , and j . w . kitching . 2001 . a probainognathian cynodont from south africa and the phylogeny of nonmammalian cynodonts .\nkermack , k . a . , f . mussett , and h . w . rigney . 1981 . the skull of\nkischlat , e . - e . , and s . g . lucas . 2003 . a phytosaur from the upper triassic of brazil .\nknoll , f . 2004 . review of the tetrapod fauna of the \u201clower stormberg group\u201d of the main karoo basin ( southern africa ) : implications for the age of the lower elliot formation .\nknoll , f . , and b . battail . 2001 . new ornithischian remains from the upper elliot formation ( lower jurassic ) of lesotho and stratigraphical distribution of southern african fabrosaurids .\nlehrmann , d . j . , j . ramezani , s . a . bowring , m . w . martin , p . montgomery , p . enos , j . l . payne , m . j . orchard , w . hongmei , and w . jiayong . 2006 . timing of recovering from the end - permian extinction : geochronology and biostratigraphic constraints from south china .\n( docodonta ; mammalia ) from the late jurassic of portugal and its implications to the evolution of mammalian characters .\nliu , j . , and p . olsen . 2010 . the phylogenetic relationships of eucynodontia ( amniota : synapsida ) .\nluo , z . - x . 1994 . sister - group relationships of mammals and transformations of diagnostic mammalian characters . in\n, ed . n . c . fraser , and h . - d . sues , 98\u2013128 . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nluo , z . - x . 2007 . transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution .\nluo , z . - x . , and a . w . crompton . 1994 . transformation of the quadrate ( incus ) through the transition from non - mammalian cynodonts to mammals .\nluo , z . - x . , a . w . crompton , and s . g . lucas . 1995 . evolutionary origins of the mammalian promontorium and cochlea .\nluo , z\u2013 . x . , z . kielan - jaworowska , and r . l . cifelli . 2002 . in quest for a phylogeny of mesozoic mammals .\nluo , z\u2013 . x . , z . kielan - jaworowska , and r . l . cifelli . 2004 . evolution of dental replacement in mammals .\nmartinelli , a . g . , j . f . bonaparte , c . l . schultz , and r . rubert . 2005 . a new tritheledontid ( therapsida , eucynodontia ) from the late triassic of rio grande do sul ( brazil ) and its phylogenetic relationships among carnivorous non - mammalian eucynodonts .\nmartinez , r . n . , c . l . may , and c . a . forster . 1996 . a new carnivorous cynodont from the ischigualasto formation ( late triassic , argentina ) , with comments on eucynodont phylogeny .\nmuttoni , g . , d . v . kent , p . e . olsen , p . di stefano , w . lowrie , s . m . bernasconi , and f . m . hern\u00e1ndez . 2004 . tethyan magnetostratigraphy from pizzo mondello ( sicily ) and correlation to the late triassic newark astrochronological polarity time scale .\nbonaparte & barberena , 1975 ( probainognathia , therioherpetidae ) from the upper triassic of brazil .\ncabrera 1943 en una secci\u00f3n tri\u00e1sica de brasil y su probable correlaci\u00f3n con el mismo evento en la porci\u00f3n mediana superior de la formaci\u00f3n ischigualasto ( tri\u00e1sico de argentina ) .\noliveira , t . v . , m . b . soares and a . g . martinelli . 2008 . new data on the late brazilian triassic tritheledontid cynodont\novtcharova , m . , h . bucher , u . schaltegger , t . galfetti , a . brayard , and j . guex . 2006 . new early to middle triassic u - pb ages from south china : calibration with ammonoid biochronozones and implications for the timing of triassic biotic recovery .\nrodrigues , p . g . 2005 . endotermia em cinodontes n\u00e3o - mamalianos : a busca por evid\u00eancias osteol\u00f3gicas . unpublished m . sc . thesis , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , 133 .\nrogers , r . r . , c . c . swisher iii , p . c . sereno , a . m . monetta , c . a . forster , and r . n . mart\u00ednez . 1993 . the ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage ( late triassic , argentina ) and\nrougier , g . w . , j . r . wible , and j . a . hopson . 1992 . reconstruction of cranial vessels in the early cretaceous mammal\nrowe , t . 1988 . definition , diagnosis , and origin of mammalia .\nschultz , c . l . , and m . b . soares . 2006 . proposta de nova denomina\u00e7\u00e3o para a cenozona de ictidosauria , do tri\u00e1ssico superior ( forma\u00e7\u00e3o caturrita ) do rio grande do sul . in\nshubin , n . h . , a . w . crompton , h\u2013 . d . sues , and p . e . olsen . 1991 . new fossil evidence on the sister - group of mammals and early mesozoic faunal distributions .\n, a new tritheledontid from the lower elliot formation ( upper triassic ) of south africa .\nsoares , m . b . , j . f . bonaparte , and c . l . schultz . 2005 . new material of\nsoares , m . b . , and j . e . f . dornelles . 2009 . cinodontes , a chave para a origem dos mam\u00edferos . in\n, ed . a . a . s . da - rosa . santa maria : pallotti .\nwatson , d . m . s . 1913 . on a new cynodont from the stormberg .\nwible , j . r . 1991 . origin of mammalia : the craniodental evidence reexamined .\nwible , j . r . , and j . a . hopson . 1993 . basicranial evidence for early mammal phylogeny . in\n, ed . f . s . szalay , m . j . novacek , and m . c . mckenna , 45\u201362 . new york : springer .\nwu , x . - c . 1994 . late triassic - early jurassic sphenodontians from china and the phylogeny of the sphenodontia . in\n, ed . n . c . fraser , and h\u2013 . d . sues , 38\u201369 . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nzerfass , h . , e . l . lavina , c . l . schultz , a . j . v . garcia , u . f . faccini , and f . chemale jr . 2003 . sequence stratigraphy of continental triassic strata of southernmost brazil : a contribution to southwestern gondwana palaeogeography and palaeoclimate .\nde oliveira , t . v . , martinelli , a . g . & soares , m . b . pal\u00e4ontol z ( 2011 ) 85 : 67 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nnon - mammalian cynodonts . the structure of the skull and jaws of a derived traversodon\nshould not be included in ictidosauria , nor should they considered to be a sister group to mammaliaforms .\nspecimen pvl2564 in right lateral and palatine skull views , and a medial view of the left lower jaw .\n) . length of skull : 60\ue01fcm . the signi\ufb01cant features of this specimen include\nalso extended to c . schultz and m . bento soares ( ufrgs ) for\ncynodontia ) . proc r soc lond b biol sci . 208 : 461\u2013481 .\nstratigraphic and paleontological data . j south am earth sci . 55 : 123\u2013132 .\nit deals with the description of new probainognathian cynodonts , closely related to mammals , discovered in candel\u00e1ria and faxinal do soturno , rio grande do sul , brazil .\ntwo new cynodonts ( therapsida ) from the middle - early late triassic of brazil and comments on south a . . .\nwe describe two new cynodonts from the early late triassic of southern brazil . one taxon , bonacynodon schultzi gen . et sp . nov . , comes from the lower carnian dinodontosaurus az , being correlated with the faunal association at the upper half of the lower member of the cha\u00f1ares formation ( ischigualasto - villa uni\u00f3n basin , argentina ) . phylogenetically , bonacynodon is a closer relative to . . . [ show full abstract ]\nin this paper , the hypothesis of miniaturisation to explain the origin of mammals ( rowe 1993 , mammals phylogeny : mesozoic differentiation , multituberculates , monotremes , early therians , and marsupials . new york : springer - verlag , p . 129\u2013145 ) is discussed , based on three lines of evidence resulting from new discoveries of eucynodonts in the late triassic of southern brazil ( bonaparte et al . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe genera of the brasilodontidae , protheriodon , brasilodon , brasilitherium , minicynodon and the indian panchetocynodon , are briefly summarised and the more significant evolutionary information from them is discussed . brasilodon and brasilitherium are possibly related to the origin of kuehneotheridae and morganucodontidae , respectively . a systematic rearrangement is proposed for the . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new cynodont from the santa maria formation , south brazil , improves late triassic probainognathian . . .\nthe fossil record of non - mammaliaform probainognathian cynodonts is outstanding in the late triassic rocks of brazil and argentina . approximately 15 genera are known , providing unique insights in the study of the major skeletal transformations prior to the mammalian condition . globally , the diversity of probainognathians is possibly under - represented , as the discovery of small - to . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe discovery of a new upper triassic mammal ( erythrotherium parringtoni , gen . et sp . n . ) from the upper red beds of the stormborg series in basutoland is reported . the remains consist of an apparently complete , but crushed skull . no posteranial remains were found in association with the skull . a preliminary description of the internal view of the lower jaw and the outer view of one upper . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\na relative of cynognathus , massetognathus was a plant - eating cynodont belonging to the traversodontid family . this cynodont lived in what is now south america , in brazil ( paleorrota ) and argentina ( los cha\u00f1ares formation ) during the middle triassic period ( 220 million years ago ) .\nwas about 50 centimetres ( 1 . 6 ft ) long . it had cheek teeth specially adapted to chewing on vegetation . it still had the distinctive long snout of its\ninstead they were flat - topped and were covered with a number of low ridges , which made them good for grinding any stems , roots and other plant materials .\npalmer , d . , ed ( 1999 ) . the marshall illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs and prehistoric animals . london : marshall editions . p . 193 . isbn 1 - 84028 - 152 - 9 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n. its membership was and is made up of both meat - eaters and plant - eaters . the chronological range extends from at least the lower\nuntil the present day . this overview is concentrated on the proto - mammals , which are known from the lower triassic until the lower\n. this was a wolf - sized predator , which had pretty much a worldwide distribution . about 90 % of its lower jaw was accounted for by a single , tooth - bearing bone called the\nwere differentiated , which enabled them to perform several functions ; tearing and chewing . a\ntears at its prey , but it can\u2019t chew . it\u2019s an effective hunter , but a wasteful and messy eater . the ear of\nby a joint called the articular - quadrate . the significance of these features and what happened next , is illustrated in a bit more detail below , ( see below : transitional fossils ) .\nis the only known representative of a family called cynognathidae . however , various further derived relatives are also known .\nfurther non - mammalian eucynodonts are known , though the structure followed here is probably in need of review . the main lineage of meat - eaters is the superfamily of chiniquodontoidea . i have this divided into two families , a further pair of possible families and some odd bits and pieces .\nof south america . some more enigmatic material , ( mainly teeth ) , has been recovered from mid \u2013 upper triassic european strata . a middle triassic genus from africa ,\n, has also been referred to this family , though this is seen as questionable by others . they ranged in size from tiny\ndromatheriidae is a possible family based mainly on teeny teeth from the upper triassic of europe and north america , ( and perhaps india ) . although remains are sparse , these fossils are very mammal - like . a hypothesized ancestor of mammals could convincingly have been equipped with choppers like this , and some of this material may or may not represent our ancestors . it would require better\nto test the validity of that possibility . it could be an informal grade rather than a natural\n) . the status of this family has been differently interpreted by various researchers .\ntraditionally , the herbivoreous counterparts of the chiniquodontoids were grouped together under the term gomphodonts , ( \u2018peg teeth\u2019 ) . their chronological range extended from the lower\n, and remains have been found on every continent in the world , with the exception of australasia . they\u2019re also referred to as tritylodontoidea . it\u2019s very likely that this arrangement is more a matter of convenience than systematics . however , as it is a convenient structure , let ' s take follow it .\nthe most basal representatives are found within a family called diademodontidae . most fossils come from the lower triassic of south africa . other reports stem from asia and perhaps antarctica .\nsomewhat more derived are the trirachodontids of africa , asia , russia and possibly north america . some were contemporaries of the diademodontids and the lineage seems to have survived until the middle triassic .\nlived communally in warrens . this is known from several fossilized burrows preserved in south africa , along with their inhabitants .\nthe most diverse of the triassic gomphodonts are the members of traversodontidae . this family emerged during the lower triassic and continued until the end of that age . the original representatives were small , though later types reached lengths of 50cm or so . the most recent known remains come from near the end of the european\n. these are teeth from shrew - sized animals . fossils have been found in all continents , ( excepting for australasia and antarctica ) , though the best remains are from the lower upper triassic strata of argentina and brazil , which seems to have been the heyday of the traversodonts .\npossibly descended from the traversodonts is a family known as tritylodontidae . it\u2019s fairly often assumed that non - mammalian\n. where preserved , the anatomy suggests burrowing animals , and suitably sized fossilized burrows have been found at one location in colorado , along with tracks and anatomical remains . a post - cretaceous representative has some limited support , (\n) , but this is more generally seen as some kind of mammal or other . tritylodonts were mammal - like in the extreme , and were usually classed as such until the 1920s . however , their anatomy maintained significant \u2018reptilian\u2019 features , especially in the\n, when this family had a more or less worldwide distribution . ( one genus ,\n, has been found in europe , china and north america . fragmentary tritylodont remains have also been recovered from antarctica . ) the most recent undisputed material comes from siberia and japan . the demise of the tritylodonts may be connected with the rise of\n. there are a few genera dealt with here as mammals , which should possibly or probably be labelled as non - mammals . this is certainly the case for\n. its dental replacement and growth habits weren\u2019t mammalian . it probably also applies for\nrock , ( carnian ) . it could also be the case for the members of haramiyida . however , other than for one exception , haramiyids are presently known only from tiny teeth . until more substantial remains turn up , the affinities of haramiyids is a matter beyond resolution .\nand , when equipped with gnashers , have only one kind of tooth . however , as with\n) ; the jaw joint is the articular - quadrate , ( it\u2019s at least overwhelmingly dominant amongst the basal representatives ) .\nbecame progressively more mammal - like , and the anatomical distinctions between the more derived forms and the earliest mammals , are best described as matters of degree .\ngrew in complexity and efficiency . the mammalian jaw - cranium joint ( dentary - squamosal ) grew up alongside of , and eventually , ( in\nstill worked with only one small bone , other important structural changes were underway ; eg . the cochlear canal appeared ( eg .\n( this information has been derived from [ 1 ] mesozoic eucynodonts ; an internet directory . as that ' s my webpage , there are no issues of copyright . trevor dykes )\nthis article is from wikipedia . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ."]}
{"id": 1505, "summary": [{"text": "rhamphochromis macrophthalmus is a species of piscivorous cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers open waters at depths of from 30 to 109 metres ( 98 to 358 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 28.9 centimetres ( 11.4 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "rhamphochromis macrophthalmus", "paragraphs": ["there is currently no quality picture available to illustrate rhamphochromis macrophthalmus regan , 1922 , should you have one you would like to contribute , please contact the cichlid room companion editor .\nrhamphochromis macrophthalmus fatal error : call to undefined function session _ is _ registered ( ) in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem . com / httpdocs / profile _ show2 . php on line 48\nmar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . rhamphochromis . p . 422 - 424 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5689 )\nthis species is most common on shelf zone at 50\u2013100 m , but can also be found between 30\u2013110 m . it can also be found off submerged reefs . juveniles are found in the same habitats as adults . it has a fecundity of 154\u2013202 eggs . the length of maturity is 19 . 9 cm for males and 18 . 6 cm for females . it is commonly caught in bottom and semi pelagic trawl catches in the south as well as by hand line and gillnet catches in the north . sometimes exported by the aquarium trade and is known as\nrhamphochromis\n. max . size : 29 . 8 cm sl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no major widespread threats identified .\na potential threat is over - fishing by the commercial trawlers in the southern part of the lake .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , rhamphos = bill , peak + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 5 - 8 . 2 ; depth range 30 - 109 m ( ref . 55949 ) , usually 50 - 100 m ( ref . 55949 ) . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 25\u00b0c ( ref . 13614 ) ; 9\u00b0s - 15\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? , range 19 - ? cm max length : 29 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 55949 )\ndiagnosis : large , big - toothed brownish species ; eyes rather large ; premaxillary pedicel relatively short ( ref . 55949 ) .\ncommon on the shelf zone ; occasionally found off reefs ; but not commonly recorded from the middle of the lake ( ref . 55949 ) . moves in the open water but stays 2 - 5 m above the substrate ; feeds on fish like the small utaka and usipa ( engraulicypris sardella ) ( ref . 5595 ) .\nspecies probably forms breeding leks on or near the bottom ; juveniles are common in the adult habitat ( ref . 55949 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 73 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ndistinguished by its large eyes ( hence the name ) and its 1 - 2 horizontal line ( s ) . this fish is an important food source for the people living around the lake and is quite abundant in very deep water . their slender bodies are designed for the speedy pursuit of prey .\npronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndesigned for internet explorer 6 . 0 + , netscape 6 . 0 + , opera , mozilla , and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .\nspecies profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\none of the three syntypes ( bmnh 1921 . 9 . 6 : 217 - 219 ) . drawing from regan ( 1922 : plate vi , fig . 1 ) .\nlast update : 18 november 1999 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\ngenner , martin & p . nichols , g . r . carvalho , r . l . robinson , p . w . shaw , a . smith & g . f . turner . 2007 .\nevolution of a cichlid fish in a lake malawi satellite lake\n. proceedings of the royal society of london b . v . 274 ( n . 1623 ) , pp 2249\u20132257 ( crc01924 ) ( abstract )\nregan , charles tate . 1922 .\nthe cichlid fishes of lake nyassa\n. proceedings of the zoological society of london . 1921 ( pt 4 ) n . 36 ; pp . 675 - 727 ( crc00066 )\nto view the full profile . see this and all other species profiles , pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion . become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership ! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1509, "summary": [{"text": "perissodus microlepis is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species reaches a length of 11 centimetres ( 4.3 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species can also be found in the aquarium trade .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is a scale-eating ' parasite ' on other fish species .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it occurs in two distinct morphological forms .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "one morph has mouth parts twisted to the left , enabling it to eat scales off its victim \u2019s right flank .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "in contrast , the other morph , whose mouth is twisted to the right , eats scales off its victim \u2019s left flank .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the relative abundance of the two morphs in populations is regulated by frequency-dependent selection . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "perissodus microlepis", "paragraphs": ["un jeune perissodus microlepis attaque un jeune lepidiolamprologus elongatus , pour lui pr\u00e9lever quelques \u00e9cailles .\none parent was experimentally removed from brooding pairs of perissodus microlepis in the field . the removal elicited drastic behavioural changes in the remaining parent and young . the remaining parent sometimes showed a sequence of peculiar behaviours which were not observed when guarding the young with its mate . some left the brooding site with young in their mouths and then put the young under the care of another pair of brooding parents .\nfifty - four breeding pairs of perissodus microlepis were collected in april 2010 by diving with hand nets at toby veal ' s lodge ( s08\u00b037 . 4\u2032 e031\u00b012\u2032 ) near mpulungu ( zambia ) on the southern tip of lake tanganyika to assess the mating pattern ( kusche , lee , meyer , in revision ) . twenty - one out of these 54 pairs were used for foraging experiments on adult p . microlepis under semi - natural conditions . mouth laterality of each of the pairs was judged by eye in the field by two independent researchers ( h . k . and a . m . ) ( see figure 1 ) .\nunknown , but large schools of thousands of juvenile p . microlepis are often seen at sites not far from brooding pairs . this species is very common throughout its habitat , but is never abundant .\nthirteen outdoor pools ( 1000 l ) at the shore of lake tanganyika were stocked with one breeding pair of p . microlepis each ( 7 rl , 5 rr and 1 ll pairs ) . also two large community tanks of 4000 l volume ( with 6 l - morphs and 10 r - morphs of p . microlepis , respectively ) were used in these foraging experiments . the cichlid species tropheus moorii ( pair tanks : n = 3\u20136 ; community tanks : n = 18 and 25 ) was used as prey since it is a preferred natural prey species of p . microlepis [ 22 ] . after 72 hours , all t . moorii were removed from the pools and presence / absence of scars and missing scales and the numbers of bites on both flanks of the prey fish were recorded .\nthe handedness of the foraging behavior and the associated asymmetry in mouth / head morphology have made the scale - eating cichlid fish , perissodus microlepis , a textbook example [ 16 ] of both , the astonishing degree of ecological specialization and negative frequency - dependent selection [ 8 ] . however , how and when lateralized foraging behavior manifests itself during ontogeny , and whether its association with mouth asymmetry is already apparent in juvenile individual fish had remained untested . here , we report on the strength and individual variation of lateralized foraging behavior as well as its relationship with mouth asymmetry in p . microlepis during its juvenile as well as adult life stages . we find that handed foraging behavior is already prominent at an early age ( e . g . at two - months ) , although the initial morphological asymmetry is less evident , which hints that handed behavior might play a role in bringing about pronounced morphological laterality , considering the potential influences of phenotypic plasticity on mouth asymmetry [ 18 ] .\nin this study , we examine the strength and individual variation of lateralized behavior and its interaction with mouth laterality in perissodus microlepis . in semi - natural conditions , we conducted feeding experiments on adult wild - caught scale - eaters with their natural prey to test whether pronounced morphological laterality predicts foraging preferences . we further tested whether laboratory - reared juvenile scale - eaters , which had never encountered prey fish before , displayed lateralized scale - feeding behavior in reference to mouth asymmetry . here we demonstrate relatively strong handedness in foraging behavior in juvenile fish that showed much less mouth asymmetry ( compared to wild - caught adult fish ) and we then discuss the potential role of lateralized foraging behavior in shaping the head asymmetry of this species .\nmar\u00e9chal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . perissodus . p . 367 - 368 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5678 )\nscale - eating cichlid fish , perissodus microlepis , from lake tanganyika display handed ( lateralized ) foraging behavior , where an asymmetric \u2018left\u2019 mouth morph preferentially feeds on the scales of the right side of its victim fish and a \u2018right\u2019 morph bites the scales of the left side . this species has therefore become a textbook example of the astonishing degree of ecological specialization and negative frequency - dependent selection . we investigated the strength of handedness of foraging behavior as well as its interaction with morphological mouth laterality in p . microlepis . in wild - caught adult fish we found that mouth laterality is , as expected , a strong predictor of their preferred attack orientation . also laboratory - reared juvenile fish exhibited a strong laterality in behavioral preference to feed on scales , even at an early age , although the initial level of mouth asymmetry appeared to be small . this suggests that pronounced mouth asymmetry is not a prerequisite for handed foraging behavior in juvenile scale - eating cichlid fish and might suggest that behavioral preference to attack a particular side of the prey plays a role in facilitating morphological asymmetry of this species .\nthe frequency of l and r morphs in natural populations of p . microlepis is suggested to be maintained by negative frequency - dependent selection [ 8 ] . over time , the proportion of l and r morphs within populations oscillates around a 50\u223650 ratio [ 8 ] , [ 17 ] . the resulting lateralized foraging behavior of p . microlepis is expected to make prey fish more alert to being attacked from the preferred side of the more abundant morph . thus , increased prey vigilance would reduce the predation success of the more abundant morph , and negative frequency - dependent selection would thereby favor the rarer morph in each generation . consequently , the frequency of both morphs is maintained in approximately equal abundances [ 8 ] .\nsixty - one more juveniles from three different broods ( 3 young of rl , 6 of ll and 52 of rr parental - pairs ) were obtained by breeding wild - caught fish in the laboratory . lab - reared p . microlepis fish reached sexual maturity at about six to nine months of age . these 61 juveniles , the f 1 fish of wild - caught stock , were used for foraging experiments that examined behavioral handedness and its interaction with mouth asymmetry .\nnonetheless , the observed lack of correlation between mouth asymmetry and lateralized foraging behavior in juvenile p . microlepis might also result from the measurement technique used for the quantification of mouth asymmetry ( i . e . mouth bending angle ) not fully capturing the existing true laterality ( i . e . asymmetric skeletal features ) in the mouth / head apparatus of this fish . further tests with cleared and double - stained juvenile fish samples of known behavioral laterality are required to check this possibility .\nto statistically analyze if juvenile p . microlepis fish show a bimodal or unimodal distribution in their foraging behavior ( e . g . foraging score , behavioral foraging preference ) , the dip statistic [ 23 ] and a mixture analysis with a parametric bootstrap test ( 1000 iterations ) using the mixtools package [ 24 ] were performed in r [ 25 ] . an anscombe - glynn test [ 26 ] for platykurtosis was further performed for the seven - month old fish only ( see below ) .\nmouth asymmetry ( mouth bending angle ) is not significantly correlated with foraging handedness in juvenile p . microlepis . ( a ) two month ( r = 0 . 148 ; p = 0 . 255 ) ; ( b ) three month ( r = \u22120 . 229 ; p = 0 . 154 ) ; ( c ) seven month old fish ( r = 0 . 069 ; p = 0 . 749 ) . note that 11 fish were tested at two different ontogenetic stages ( i . e . at three and seven months of age ) .\nseveral important questions about this fish , including the bases of its behavioral and morphological laterality remain unanswered [ 20 ] . mouth laterality of p . microlepis has been suggested to be genetically determined by a single mendelian locus with two alleles : the \u2018r\u2019 - allele was suggested to be dominant over the \u2018l\u2019 - allele and \u2018r\u2019 was suggested to be homozygous lethal [ 8 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 21 ] . but a recent review [ 20 ] noted that the data reported so far ( of mouth - morph ratios in the offspring of parents of known laterality ) actually are inconsistent with a single locus mendelian model . this model was further questioned because the distribution of mouth asymmetry was found to be unimodal rather than bimodal [ 18 ] , [ 21 ] ( kusche , lee , meyer , in revision ) . phenotypic plasticity may therefore play a role in shaping mouth asymmetry [ 18 ] and hence , head asymmetry may be governed by both genetic and environmental factors [ 18 ] ( lee et al . , unpublished data ) . the genetic and / or environmental basis of behavioral handedness in p . microlepis , however , remains largely unexplored .\nthis species belongs to the deep benthic community . it feed upon the scales of a variety of benthic species , chiefly cichlids . they are probably solitary except during periodsof reproduction . young p . microlepis have been only been seen close to the shore . its diet shifts from a variety of micro - organisms and algae when young to an adult diet of mainly fish scales . little is known about its reproduction although it is known to reproduce inshore among rocks and is remarkable for showing features both of mouth - brooding and substrate - guarding , the two major patterns of parental shown in cichlids\nthe foraging experiments with juvenile fish in the laboratory show that mouth asymmetry does not predict handedness in foraging behavior , possibly due to the small degree of mouth asymmetry . surprisingly , young and still quite small scale - eaters preyed on scales of prey fish and exhibited pronounced handed behavior ( figure 3 ) . even the two - month old fish readily fed on scales of similar - or even slightly larger - sized goldfish . however , the degree of mouth asymmetry in juvenile scale - eaters was rather small [ on average only 2 . 67\u00b0 ( for two - month : sd = 1 . 92\u00b0 ) , 2 . 01\u00b0 ( three - month : sd = 1 . 73\u00b0 ) and 2 . 12\u00b0 ( seven - month : sd = 1 . 61\u00b0 ) ] and the relationship between behavioral bias and morphological asymmetry was always non - significant ( figure 5 ) . note that the degree of mouth asymmetry in those laboratory - reared scale - eaters is indeed substantially lower than in wild - caught adult p . microlepis ( the average = 5 . 07\u00b0 ; n = 238 ; sd = 3 . 51\u00b0 ; kusche , lee , meyer , in revision ) . this too supports the hypothesis that handed behavior might play a significant role in shaping the asymmetry of mouths in p . microlepis .\nfurthermore , whether foraging handedness is expressed earlier during development and induces and thereby facilitates mouth asymmetry via phenotypic plasticity [ 15 ] , [ 18 ] or the reverse \u2013 remains unclear . hori [ 8 ] originally suggested that mouth laterality in p . microlepis is a functional \u2018prerequisite\u2019 for efficient lepidophagy . he further proposed that mouth asymmetry ( controlled by a single mendelian locus ) precedes and invokes and directs lateralized foraging behavior through natural selection . but , several lepidophagous cichlid species in lake tanganyika lack a pronounced laterality in their heads [ 21 ] and behavioral preferences have not been tested in these species . moreover , handed foraging behavior might actually precede , and even induce mouth asymmetry , given the purported role of phenotypic plasticity in mouth laterality [ 18 ] .\nthe same clear pattern was found in the 13 pools with one pair of p . microlepis each as predators ( figure 2 c , d ) : seven rl pairs fed from both flanks with similar frequencies ( ratio of attacked left flanks : 40\u201360 % ; average : 52 % ; median : 50 % ) and produced similar amount of damage onto both flanks ( range of foraging scores on left flanks : 25\u201367 % ; average : 48 % ; median : 50 % ) . five rr pairs strongly preferred to feed from the left flank ( range : 67\u2013100 % ; average : 88 % ; median : 100 % ) , which caused more bites on that flank ( range : 83\u2013100 % ; average : 94 % ; median : 100 % ) . a single ll pair exclusively fed from the right flanks of their prey fish . differences in foraging patterns such as foraging preference and foraging score among morph pair combinations were both highly statistically significant ( wilcoxon - rank - sum - test with continuity correction : proportion of left flanks affected : w = 35 , p < 0 . 01 ; proportion of foraging scores at the left flank : w = 35 , p < 0 . 01 ) .\njuvenile p . microlepis of about two [ n = 61 ; mean standard length ( sl ) = 3 . 2 cm ; sd = 0 . 28 cm ] , three [ n = 47 ; total length ( tl ) = 3\u20134 cm ] and seven [ n = 24 ; mean total length ( tl ) = 7 . 7 cm ; sd = 0 . 58 cm ] months of age , that had not had an opportunity to eat scales from prey fish before , were tested for lateralized foraging behavior . the older test cohorts ( that were tested at three and seven months ) were caught as 1 - 2 week old fry in the field , whereas the fish tested at two months were bred in the laboratory ( the f 1 fish of the older cohorts ; see above ) . eleven of the three - month old fish were re - tested at seven months , but those individuals could not be traced due to logistical reasons . the scale - eaters were placed individually with a single prey fish ( platy fish , xiphophorus maculatus , for three - month old fish and goldfish , carassius auratus auratus , for two - and seven - month old fish ) in the trial tanks .\nneither of the juvenile cohorts showed a significant correlation between mouth asymmetry and lateralized foraging behavior ( two - month old fish : r = 0 . 148 ; p = 0 . 255 ; three - month : r = \u22120 . 229 ; p = 0 . 154 ; seven - month : r = 0 . 069 ; p = 0 . 749 ; figure 5 ) . unexpectedly , some fish that were morphologically scored as ( slightly ) r - morphs ( with negative values of mouth bending angle of \u03b1 l \u2212 \u03b2 r ) occasionally even attacked the right side more frequently than the left side , and vice versa ( figure 5 ) . this lack of correspondence suggests that mouth laterality is not a prerequisite for handed foraging behavior for juvenile p . microlepis . also , the level of mouth asymmetry ( i . e . absolute values of mouth bending angles ) of the laboratory - reared juvenile fish did not significantly increase with body size in either two - ( n = 61 , y = 0 . 831 x + 0 . 04 , r 2 = 0 . 015 , p = 0 . 35 ) or seven - ( n = 24 , y = \u22120 . 496 x + 5 . 394 , r 2 = 0 . 032 , p = 0 . 4 ) month old fish .\nthrough phenotypic effects of \u201cuse and disuse\u201d , handed behavior has been shown to drive morphological laterality in different animal groups ( e . g . lobsters [ 37 ] ; snakes [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] ; humans [ 38 ] ) ( reviewed in [ 15 ] ) . lobsters provide a clear example of how claw asymmetry is shaped during development as a function of handed behavior [ 37 ] . laboratory experiments demonstrated that differential use of claws during early juvenile stage induces and facilitates development of a crusher claw [ 37 ] . as such , in p . microlepis lateralized behavior might conceivably lead to an asymmetric remodeling of the structural elements ( e . g . bones ) involved in defining mouth shape [ 39 ] , given that lateralized behavior in fish sometimes has a strong additive genetic component [ 40 ] , [ 41 ] , e . g . , the estimated heritability of laterality of eye preference in the poeciliid fish , girardinus falcatus is 0 . 5 to 0 . 6 ) [ 40 ] . although we are uncertain whether handed scale - eating behavior is genetically programmed ( innate ) , rather than environmentally plastic ( learning ) or both [ 42 ] , the bimodal trait distribution in very young fish ( figure 3 ) speaks for a major genetic locus determining handedness in scale - eating behavior ( [ 18 ] ) .\nto more precisely quantify \u2018behavioral\u2019 foraging preference in juvenile p . microlepis , a second series of experiments for the seven - and later two - month old scale - eaters was carried out . for each seven - month old individual , its foraging behavior was monitored ( in 3\u20134 replicates during 1\u20132 weeks ) by counting the number of attacks to the left and / or right flanks on a single goldfish , until a total of maximally 20 attacks per individual within up to 30 minutes were reached . the scale - eaters showed reported natural foraging behavior , i . e . , they attacked prey from behind [ 8 ] . in only a few cases they attacked from the front , but those attacks were not counted . behavioral foraging preference ( i . e . probability of left attack ) was again found to be consistent among the 3\u20134 trials ( repeated - measure anova ; f 3 , 45 = 0 . 363 , p = 0 . 78 ) as observed in the three - month old fish . therefore , the handedness scores ( e . g . number of left and right attacks ) were pooled over the trials to calculate behavioral foraging preference for each scale - eater . the total number of attacks observed per fish ranged from 39 to 80 ( mean = 64 ) . for the two - month old scale - eaters , we employed the same procedure as for the seven - month old fish , except that we conducted only one experimental trial per individual . the average number of attacks observed per fish in this test cohort was 19 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : widely distributed throughout lake tanganyika , with no known major widespread threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : lee hj , kusche h , meyer a ( 2012 ) handed foraging behavior in scale - eating cichlid fish : its potential role in shaping morphological asymmetry . plos one 7 ( 9 ) : e44670 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 lee et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : financial support was provided through a travel grant from the international max planck research school ( imprs ) for organismal biology to hk , through the zukunftskolleg postdoctoral fellowship to hl , through grants of the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft ( dfg ) to hl ( le2848 / 1 - 1 ) and am , the young scholar fund ( ysf ) to hl ( fp 411 / 12 ) and the university of konstanz to am . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ncompeting interests : axel meyer is a plos one academic editor . this does not alter the authors ' adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nhanded behavior has also been frequently reported in fish , e . g . , with respect to eye usage preference ( i . e . visual lateralization ) in a poeciliid fish [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , swimming - turns in zebra - and goldfish [ 11 ] and foraging in a freshwater goby [ 12 ] and in some african cichlid fishes [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . lateralized behavior in fish is often correlated with morphological asymmetries . in the herbivorous cichlid telmatochromis temporalis , for example , the right mouth morph uses the right side of the jaw more frequently and the left morph the left side [ 13 ] . a significant correlation between lateralization in swimming and the anatomical bias of the prevalence of different muscle types was found in zebrafish [ 11 ] . however , relatively little effort has been directed towards the exploration of the potential role of handed behavior in facilitating morphological laterality [ 15 ] .\nfive broods from different parents of determined mouth - laterality ( 3 rl and 2 rr pairs ) were transported to the animal care facility at the university of konstanz . in total , 65 young were raised brood - wise in separate 40 l and later 200 l aquaria with artemia nauplii and flake food . these fish were used for laboratory feeding experiments on juveniles as well as for quantitative measures of mouth asymmetry ( kusche , lee , meyer , in revision ) .\nfield research was conducted under the study permit ( g . r . no : 2077761 ) granted by the government of the republic of zambia ( immigration department , ministry of home affairs , republic of zambia ) according to their immigration and deportation act . cap123 , section 16 . animal care of the fish and all foraging experiments in the laboratory were approved by the regional board of animal welfare in germany ( regierungspr\u00e4sidium freiburg , abteilung landwirtschaft , l\u00e4ndlicher raum , veterin\u00e4r - und lebensmittelwesen ) ( permit number : 35 / 9185 . 81 / g - 10 / 96 ) .\npercentages of pooled attacked left ( and right ) flanks of prey fish were calculated for each tank . we considered these estimates as foraging preference for a particular side , given that the scale - eaters had in principle an equal opportunity to attack both flanks . foraging preference was further assessed by taking into account foraging scores reflecting different levels of injury ( i . e . the amount of damage done by the scale - eaters ; 0 bites = 0 scores ; 1\u20133 bites = 1 score ; 4\u20136 bites = 2 scores ; > 6 bites = 3 scores ) . the proportion of these scores for the prey fishes ' pooled left ( and right ) flanks was calculated for each tank .\ntwo - tailed fisher ' s exact probability tests were performed to examine whether in both community tanks the left or right side of the prey fish were preferentially attacked and whether the morphs differed in their foraging scores . a mann - whitney - test was performed to test for differences in ratios of affected left flanks of the prey as well as in the amount of foraging scores between rl and rr pairs .\ntwo different methods were used to analyze foraging behavior . for the three - month old fish , one prey fish was added to a 40 l aquarium and after 12 hours , the prey fish was examined for scars and missing scales by two different researchers ( h . l . and h . k . ) . this procedure was replicated ( 2\u20135 times ) for each individual scale - eater to investigate whether its foraging behavior was consistent across a series of 2\u20135 experimental trials during a period of 1\u20132 weeks . because it was impossible to enumerate number of scars and missing scales on the prey fish ( x . maculatus ) , foraging preference was assessed for each scale - eater based on observed presence / absence of scars and missing scales . a foraging score of + 1 was given for fish that attacked only the right side of prey fish in a particular trial , a score of 0 meant that both sides were attacked , and a score of \u22121 was given for fish that attacked only the left side . the trials where no scars and no missing scales were observed on the prey fish , or where the prey fish died during the experiments were excluded from the analysis . since the estimated foraging score of each individual was found to be constant over the trials ( e . g . 2 trials : wilcoxon - signed - ranks - test , n = 17 , z = \u22120 . 333 , p = 1 . 0 ; 3 trials : friedman - test , n = 12 , chi - square statistic = 4 . 333 , p = 0 . 189 ) , the mean foraging score was calculated and used in further analyses . note that the foraging score of 34 scale - eaters was calculated from the 2\u20135 trials , while that of 10 individuals was obtained from a single trial only . only three of the 47 scale - eaters ( 6 % ) tested at three months never fed on scales .\nto investigate whether behavioral foraging preference is translated into foraging score ( e . g . number of scales bitten by the scale - eaters ) , surface areas of attacked left and right flanks of prey ( i . e . surface areas of scars and missing scales ) were calculated for a sub - sample ( n = 15 ) of the two - month old fish . because individual fish that exclusively attacked one side of the prey only left scars / missing scales at that flank ( 100 % ) , the 15 fish were selected from individuals that did not forage exclusively from one side ( e . g . 0 . 1 < probability of left attack < 0 . 9 ) . the attacked areas of the prey fish were estimated in imagej 1 . 45r ( urltoken ) from standardized photographs in a lateral view with an implemented scale . a ratio of the attacked areas ( left to right flanks ) on the prey fish was calculated for each scale - eater and linear regression analysis was then conducted using probability of left attack as an independent variable ( predictor ) and the estimated ratio as a dependent ( response ) variable .\nthe mouth bending angle , \u2018\u03b1 l \u2212 \u03b2 r\u2019 in \u00b0 following [ 14 ] was measured to test for a relationship between mouth / head asymmetry and handed foraging behavior in juvenile fish . for this test , each live test fish was photographed from a dorsal view in a standardized upright position using a zeiss axiophot digital microscope ( zeiss , germany ) . the mouth bending angles were then measured in imagej 1 . 45r : on each image , a triangle connecting the most anterior points of the eye sockets and the tip of the snout was drawn to estimate angles ( \u00b0 ) , \u03b1 l ( angle of the vertex by the left eye ) and \u03b2 r ( angle of the vertex by the right eye ) ( kusche , lee , meyer , in revision ) .\nto evaluate the accuracy of the measurements , repeatability of \u03b1 l \u2212 \u03b2 r was estimated from repeated and blind measurements that were done from two replicate photographs of the same individuals from sub - samples ( n = 20 , 15 and 15 for the two - , three - and seven - month old fish , respectively ) . repeatability , referred to as the proportion of the total variation that is due to variation among individuals , was calculated from one - way anova ( individual = factor ) following [ 27 ] .\ncorrelation analyses were performed between mouth bending angles and foraging score ( for our test cohort of the three - month old fish ) and behavioral foraging preference ( probability of left attack for the two - and seven - month old fish ) to test for the significant relationship between mouth asymmetry and behavioral handedness . linear regression analyses were also carried out to test whether mouth asymmetry amplifies as body size increases in the two - and seven - month old fish . for those analyses , sl ( standard length ) and tl ( total length ) were used as size measures for the two - and seven - month old fish , respectively .\nmouth laterality strongly predicted the preferred attack side as well as foraging scores on either side of the prey fish ( figure 2 ; table s1 ) . both l - and r - mouth morphs from the community tanks clearly exhibited opposed foraging preferences ( fisher ' s exact probability test : n = 41 ; p < 0 . 001 ) and yielded more scars / missing scales in foraging from their preferred flanks ( fisher ' s exact probability test : n = 63 ; p < 0 . 0001 ) ( figure 2 a , b ) . r - morphs preferentially attacked left flanks of the prey fish ( 80 % of affected flanks ; 82 % of foraging scores ) . l - morphs preferred to feed from right flanks ( 75 % of affected flanks ; 80 % of foraging scores ) .\nmouth asymmetry strongly predicts foraging preferences and foraging scores in community tanks ( a and b ) and pair tanks ( c and d ) of different laterality combinations .\nfeeding experiments with laboratory - raised juveniles showed that nearly all test fish preyed immediately on scales . scale - eating behavior is already expressed at an early ontogenetic stage ( two - month old : 100 % ; three - month old : 94 % ; seven - month old : 100 % ) . most individuals showed a clear bias to attack only a particular side of their prey and the frequency distribution of the foraging score and behavioral foraging preference clearly exhibited a bimodal distribution ( except in the seven - month old fish ) ( figure 3 ) . foraging behavior of the younger test cohorts ( of two and three months of age ) showed a significant departure from a unimodal distribution ( two - month old : dip statistic = 0 . 114 , p < 0 . 001 ; three - month old : dip statistic = 0 . 136 , p < 0 . 001 ) , whereas the oldest cohort of seven months of age did not ( dip statistic = 0 . 057 , p > 0 . 5 ) . the mixture analyses with the parametric bootstrap tests further showed that two - component normal distributions best fitted foraging behavior data of the two - ( p < 0 . 001 ) and three - month old fish ( p < 0 . 001 ) , while one - component normal distribution statistically best fitted the data of the seven - month old fish with marginal significance ( p = 0 . 057 ) . however , the graphical inspection of the mixture analysis ( figure 3 c ) and a marginal significance of platykurtosis ( p = 0 . 092 ) rather support a weak bimodal distribution [ 28 ] .\nfrequency distribution of behavioral foraging preference ( for two - and seven - month old fish ) and foraging score ( for three - month old fish ) shows a bimodal distribution . ( a ) two month ; ( b ) three month ; ( c ) seven month old fish . in ( c ) , the graphical inspection of the mixture analysis ( fitting two single - component normal distributions to the data ) is shown , indicating that the distribution better fits to bimodality than to unimodality , despite a marginal statistical significance of one single - component normal distribution ( p = 0 . 057 ) .\nthere was considerable \u2018inter - individual\u2019 variation in the intensity ( strength ) of lateralized foraging behavior ( figure 3 ) . many fish strongly preferred or even exclusively attacked the left or the right sides [ e . g . 7 of 61 ( 12 % ) and 15 of 61 ( 25 % ) of the two - month old fish foraged exclusively from the left and the right sides , respectively ] , while other fish displayed a less pronounced bias in foraging behavior ( figure 3 ) .\nas predicted , a highly significant positive correlation was found between behavioral foraging preference and foraging score in the subset ( n = 15 ) of the two - month old juveniles ( y = 1 . 787 x + 0 . 176 , r 2 = 0 . 759 , p < 0 . 001 ; figure 4 ) , suggesting that foraging score is an outcome of behavioral attack preference . this result further indicates that our field data on foraging preference and foraging score of wild - caught adult fish could indeed reflect \u2018behavioral\u2019 foraging preference .\nlateralized foraging behavior and foraging score ( e . g . number of scales eaten by the scale - eaters ) are highly significantly correlated ( in a sub - sample [ n = 15 ] of the two - month old fish [ y = 1 . 787 x + 0 . 176 , r 2 = 0 . 759 , p < 0 . 001 ] ) .\nour measurements of mouth bending angles appeared to be fairly repeatable : estimated repeatability of the mouth bending angles was 0 . 80 , 0 . 77 and 0 . 87 for the two - , three - and seven - month old fish , respectively . those estimates of the repeatability imply that 77 to 87 % of the total observed variation is attributed to underlying \u2018true\u2019 variation in the mouth bending angles among individuals and the remaining 13 to 23 % variation is due to measurement error .\nthe observed strong lateralization in foraging behavior in young scale - eaters ( e . g . bimodal distribution ) that was not accompanied by notable morphological asymmetry ( see also kusche , lee , meyer , in revision ) and the obvious correspondence between mouth orientation and foraging behavior in adult fish might suggest that handed behavior is probably expressed earlier during development . and , it may actually induce and facilitate morphological asymmetry [ 18 ] , if phenotypic plasticity plays a relatively larger role than the genetic determination of this trait ( lee et al . , unpublished data ) . an alternative hypothesis is that both handed behavior and morphological laterality are genetically governed , but expressed at different ontogenetic stages . however , this hypothesis would seem to be rather unlikely given our observation that laboratory - reared fish of now about two - year of age still have a relatively symmetrical mouth ( hl , personal observation ) .\nhowever , we observed a rather more pronounced laterality in foraging behavior among the younger juvenile fish ( e . g . at two and three months ) , compared to the fish at seven months . the observed dwindling laterality in foraging behavior in the older fish might imply that feeding preference is expressed at an early age ( e . g . at two months ) , but the initial level of laterality would diminish over time ( under laboratory conditions ) unless the fish were constantly to feed on scales . yet , whether this trend means the strength of handed behavior truly decreases with age awaits future experiments on \u201ctracked\u201d individuals over a series of ontogenetic stages during their life time .\nwe here argue that the hypothesis \u2013 \u2018handed behavior preceding and driving mouth asymmetry\u2019 [ 15 ] , [ 18 ] \u2013 seems more strongly supported by evidence than the original hypothesis [ 8 ] that mouth asymmetry precedes and directs lateralized foraging behavior through natural selection acting on a single gene . different lines of evidence support this hypothesis . in a parallel study , we observed a large amount of variation in mouth asymmetry in 238 wild - caught adult specimens and found a continuous and unimodal ( and not bimodal ) trait distribution ( kusche , lee , meyer , in revision ) . if plasticity rather than genetics plays a comparatively larger role ( lee et al . , unpublished data ) , then this unimodal distribution of laterality might simply be the outcome of different levels of lateralization in foraging behavior . this hypothesis is supported by the findings from the foraging experiments of juvenile fish : juvenile fish did not show complete lateralization of foraging preference and even some individuals attacked equally often at both flanks . whether symmetrically attacking fish might have a potential selective advantage over left or right preferentially attacking fish needs to be tested .\na significant role of phenotypic plasticity in the evolutionary origin of novel morphologies has been suggested repeatedly during the last several decades [ 15 ] , [ 29 ] \u2013 [ 32 ] . phenotypic plasticity clearly contributes to shaping the morphology of the jaw and the mouth apparatus in teleost fishes , particularly in cichlids [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . even different food types or diet hardness can induce changes in the external shape of the head during the ontogeny of some cichlids [ 33 ] , [ 35 ] . the teleost skeleton can quickly adapt to changing external factors , so called \u2018mechanical adaptation\u2019 , and skeletal phenotypic plasticity in teleosts seems to be rather pronounced and taxonomically widespread [ 36 ] .\nwe thank christian sturmbauer for support in the field . thanks to frederico henning for statistical advice and julia c . jones , tom j . m . van dooren and richard a . palmer for helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript . we thank mr . zyambo , mr . chiti , mr . chansa , mr . musosa and particularly gabriele legant for their superb technical assistance in the field .\nconceived and designed the experiments : hl hk am . performed the experiments : hl hk am . analyzed the data : hl hk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : hl hk am . wrote the paper : hl hk am .\nvuoksimaa e , koskenvuo m , rose rj , kaprio j ( 2009 ) origins of handedness : a nationwide study of 30 161 adults . neuropsychologia 47 : 1294\u20131301 .\nbrown c , magat m ( 2011 ) cerebral lateralization determines hand preferences in australian parrots . biology letters 7 : 496\u2013498 .\nhoso m , asami t , hori m ( 2007 ) right - 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( 2010 ) a speciation gene for left - right reversal in snails results in anti - predator adaptation . nature communications 1 .\nrogers lj , andrew rj ( 2002 ) comparative vertebrate lateralization . cambridge university press , cambridge . 634 p .\ndadda m , koolhaas wh , domenici p ( 2010 ) behavioural asymmetry affects escape performance in a teleost fish . biology letters 6 : 414\u2013417 .\nhori m ( 1993 ) frequency - dependent natural - selection in the handedness of scale - eating cichlid fish . science 260 : 216\u2013219 .\nsovrano va , dadda m , bisazza a ( 2005 ) lateralized fish perform better than nonlateralized fish in spatial reorientation tasks . behavioural brain research 163 : 122\u2013127 .\nheuts ba ( 1999 ) lateralization of trunk muscle volume , and lateralization of swimming turns of fish responding to external stimuli . behavioural processes 47 : 113\u2013124 .\npalmer ar ( 2011 ) developmental plasticity and the origin of novel forms : unveiling criptic genetic variation via\nuse and disuse\n. journal of experimental zoology part b : molecular and developmental evolution 314b : 1\u201314 .\nfutuyma dj ( 2009 ) evolution . sinauer associates , sunderland , ma . 633 p .\nlee hj , pittlik s , jones jc , salzburger w , barluenga m , et al . 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( 2011 ) the role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary innovation . proceedings of the royal society b 278 : 2705\u20132713 .\n( pisces , cichlidae ) and their implications for speciation in cichlid fishes . evolution 41 : 1357\u20131369 .\nmuschick m , barluenga m , salzburger w , meyer a ( 2011 ) adaptive phenotypic plasticity in the midas cichlid fish pharyngeal jaw and its relevance in adaptive radiation . bmc evolutionary biology 11 : 116 .\nwitten pe , huysseune a ( 2009 ) a comparative view on mechanisms and functions of skeletal remodelling in teleost fish , with special emphasis on osteoclasts and their function . biological reviews 84 : 315\u2013346 .\ngovind ck , pearce j ( 1986 ) differential reflex activity determines claw and closer muscle asymmetry in developing losters . science 233 : 354\u2013356 .\npearson om , lieberman de ( 2004 ) the aging of wolff ' s\nlaw\n: ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone . yearbook of physical anthropology 47 : 63\u201399 .\nruff c , holt b , trinkaus e ( 2006 ) who ' s afraid of the big bad wolff ? :\nwolff ' s law\nand bone functional adaptation . american journal of physical anthropology 129 : 484\u2013498 .\nbisazza a , facchin l , vallortigara g ( 2000 ) heritability of lateralization in fish : concordance of right - left asymmetry between parents and offspring . neuropsychologia 38 : 907\u2013912 .\nbrown c , western j , braithwaite va ( 2007 ) the influence of early experience on , and inheritance of , cerebral lateralization . animal behaviour 74 : 231\u2013238 .\ntierney aj ( 1986 ) the evolution of learned and innate behavior : contributions from genetics and neurobiology to a theory of behavioral evolution . animal learning and behavior 14 : 339\u2013348 .\nwest - eberhard mj ( 2003 ) developmental plasticity and evolution . oxford university press , new york . 794 p .\nwest - eberhard mj ( 2005 ) phenotypic accomodation : adaptive innovation due to developmental plasticity . journal of experimental zoology part b : molecular and developmental evolution 304b : 610\u2013618 .\nbertossa rc ( 2011 ) morphology and behaviour : functional links in development and evolution . philosophical transactions of the royal society b 366 : 2056\u20132068 .\nbaldwin jm ( 1896 ) a new factor in evolution . the american naturalist 30 : 536\u2013553 .\nwaddington ch ( 1953 ) genetic assimilation of an aquired character . evolution 7 : 118\u2013126 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nscience 09 apr 1993 : vol . 260 , issue 5105 , pp . 216 - 219 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 260 . 5105 . 216\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 .\ngreek , perissos = uneven + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5678 )\nscale - eating . prefers fish that feed from the algal layer or fish which are inattentive , the usual prey being tropheus and pseudosimochromis ( ref . 7343 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 86 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\npronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .\nmany people know organisms only by the common names , or\nvernacular\nnames . unlike scientific names , common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages . they may also vary regionally within a language . this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers , including eol curators . currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page , but all the names should be searchable .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbaerends , g . p . & j . m . baerends - van roon . 1950 . an introduction to the study of the ethology of cichlid fishes . behaviour suppl . 1 : 1\u2013242 .\nbarlow , g . w . 1974 . contrasts in social behavior between central american cichlid fishes and coral - reef surgeon fishes . amer . zool . 14 : 9\u201334 .\nbrichard , p . 1978 . fishes of lake tanganyika . t . f . h . publications , neptune city . 448 pp .\ndavies , n . b . 1978 . ecological questions about territorial behaviour . pp . 317\u2013350 .\nj . r . krebs & n . b . davies ( ed . ) behavioural ecology , and evolutionary approach , blackwell , oxford .\nfryer , g . & t . d . iles . 1972 . the cichlid fishes of the great lakes of africa . oliver and boyd , edinburgh . 641 pp .\nkeenleyside m . h . a . 1978 . parental care behavior in fishes and birds . pp . 3\u201329 .\ne . s . reese & f . j . lighter ( ed . ) contrasts in bahavior , wiley and sons , new york .\nkeenleyside , m . h . a . 1979 . diversity and adaptation in fish behaviour . springer - verlag , new york . 208 pp .\nkrebs , j . r . & n . b . davies . 1981 . an introduction to behavioural ecology . blackwell , oxford . 292 pp .\nlewis , d . s . c . 1980 . mixed species broods in lake malawi cichlids : an alternative to the cuckoo theory . copeia 1980 : 874\u2013875 .\nliem , k . f . & d . j . stewart . 1976 . evolution of the scale - eating cichlid fishes of lake tanganyika : a generic revision with a description of a new species . bull . mus . comp . zool . 147 : 319\u2013350 ."]}
{"id": 1519, "summary": [{"text": "caerois chorinaeus is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by johan christian fabricius in 1775 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in suriname , the guianas and peru . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "caerois chorinaeus", "paragraphs": ["george arents collection , the new york public library . caerois chorinaeus . retrieved from urltoken\ngeorge arents collection , the new york public library .\ncaerois chorinaeus .\nthe new york public library digital collections . urltoken\nacrylic diptych painting on canvas of the gold and brown caerois chorinaeus butterfly . the diptych is meant to be framed separately and hung 2 inches apart .\ngeorge arents collection , the new york public library .\ncaerois chorinaeus .\nnew york public library digital collections . accessed july 9 , 2018 . urltoken\n< ref name = nypl > { { cite web | urltoken | title = ( still image ) caerois chorinaeus . } } | author = digital collections , the new york public library | accessdate = july 9 , 2018 | publisher = the new york public library , astor , lennox , and tilden foundation } } < / ref >\ndevries pj , kitching ij , and vane - wright ri . 1985 . the systematic position of antirrhea and caerois , with comments on the classification of the nymphalidae ( lepidoptera ) . syst . ent . 10 : 11 - 32 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe copyright and related rights status of this item has been reviewed by the new york public library , but we were unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the item . you are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na neotropical genus of two species dwelling in the forest understorey . the undersides of the wings are remarkably leaflike .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthis work will ship flat in a sturdy , well - protected cardboard box . read more\nwe offer a 7 - day money - back guarantee on all works purchased through saatchi art , except for limited editions printed specially for you . framed prints cannot be refunded nor exchanged .\nplease see\nhow to install safari 6\n( minimum requirements , mac os x lion v10 . 7 . 5 ) . you may also try chrome or firefox .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwahlberg , n . ; leneveu , j . ; kodandaramaiah , u . ; pe\u00f1a , c . ; nylin , s . ; freitas , a . v . l . ; brower , a . v . z . ( 2009 ) nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the cretaceous / tertiary boundary . proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 276 ( 1677 ) : 4295\u20134302 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2009 . 1303\nall nymphalidae have only 4 fully - functional legs , while pieridae have 6 . beware of pierids with broken legs , or not using all for standing on ( eg leucidia , sometimes ) .\nsex unknown gamboa - pipeline road area , colon , panama 75 m . 2018 - may04 david geale\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe haploid chromosome numbers for the south american representatives of the nymphalid subfamilies charaxinae , morphinae ( including brassolini ) and satyrinae . question marks indicate uncertain data\nsubfamily satyrinae ( nomenclature according to pe\u00f1a et al . , 2006 ; fig . 1 )\nthe nomenclature follows the list of lamas et al . ( 2004 ) , except for the tribal and subtribal division of the satyrinae , where we follow pe\u00f1a et al . ( 2006 ) ; note that the species names used in some original publications may differ from the names used here . a comma between chromosome numbers shows that the numbers come from different individuals and a dash indicates variation within individuals . in a few cases , a single individual had different chromosome numbers in different cells ; in these cases , the chromosome numbers have been separated with a semicolon . additional data : voucher codes , the name of the specimen in the original reference and an exact reference to the locality are given in urltoken .\nlocalities are grouped by region ; a number at the end of locality codes indicates the number of populations sampled within a region . a letter in parentheses indicates previous work ( a , de lesse , 1967a ; b , de lesse , 1967d ; c , de lesse , 1970a ; d , de lesse , 1970b ; e , de lesse & brown , 1971 ; f , wesley & emmel , 1975 ; g , maeki & remington , 1960a ; h , maeki & remington , 1960b ; i , t . c . emmel , pers . comm . ) . numbers with an asterisk without locality and number of individuals are derived from the unpublished notes left by the late dr h . de lesse .\nlocality codes : ac , acre ( extreme western brazil ) ; am , amazonas ( north - western brazil ) ; an , andes of north - central colombia ; ba , bahia ( eastern brazil ) ; cc , choc\u00f3 ( western colombia ) ; cm , chanchamayo ( central peru ) ; ct , catatumbo ( north - western venezuela ) ; cz , canal zone ( central panam\u00e1 ) ; df , bras\u00edlia ( central brazil ) ; dr , dominican republic ; eb , eastern bolivia ; ee , eastern ecuador ; es , esp\u00edrito santo ( eastern brazil ) ; go , goi\u00e1s ( central brazil ) ; mg , minas gerais ( central brazil ) ; mt , mato grosso ( central brazil ) ; ox , oaxaca ( southern mexico ) ; pa , par\u00e1 ( northern brazil ) ; pe , pernambuco ( extreme eastern brazil ) ; pn , paran\u00e1 ( southern brazil ) ; pr , puerto rico ; pt , putumayo ( southern colombia ) ; rg , aragua , northern venezuela ; rj , rio de janeiro ( south - eastern brazil ) ; ro , rond\u00f4nia ( western brazil ) ; sc , santa catarina ( southern brazil ) ; sp , s\u00e3o paulo ( south - eastern brazil ) ; tv , t\u00e1chira ( south - western venezuela ) ; vc , valle de cauca ( western colombia ) ; vv , villavicencio , meta ( eastern colombia ) ; we , western ecuador .\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 1522, "summary": [{"text": "peppers pride ( foaled march 24 , 2003 , in new mexico ) is a retired , undefeated , multiple stakes winning american thoroughbred race horse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she is by desert god , by fappiano .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "desert god 's dam , blush with pride , was also the dam of better than honour , a broodmare that sold for $ 14 million at fasig-tipton in early november 2008 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "peppers pride 's dam is the chili pepper pie mare lady pepper that placed in the 1990 bluebonnet stakes .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "peppers pride was her last foal .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "joe allen purchased desert god from the university of arizona . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "peppers pride", "paragraphs": ["peppers pride at richland hills farm near midway , ky . anne m . eberhardt\npeppers pride wins new mexico state racing commission handicap . eugene o ' neill / coady photo\npeppers pride cruises to win number 16 in the russell & helen foutz distaff handicap . coady photography\nnot much has changed about peppers pride from her racing days to her current career as a broodmare .\npeppers pride won her 15th consecutive race march 23 , capturing the $ 100 , 000 sydney valentini handicap at sunland park . coady photography\nindeed , the memories of peppers pride\u2019s remarkable streak have not faded , for her fans and for those most closely associated with the mare .\npeppers pride , on the verge of tying the record of 16 consecutive victories , is set to make her next start april 26 at sunray .\ncarlos madeira rode peppers pride in each of her 19 victories , which included wins in the new mexico classic cup juvenile fillies . peppers pride proved time and again that she was capable of meeting and defeating the best fillies and mares in new mexico , but no one will ever know how she would have done against those on other circuits . pepper\u2019s pride was retired after her 19\njoe allen\u2019s peppers pride has entered a six - furlong allowance race at zia park on saturday afternoon in her attempt to set the record for consecutive wins .\nattempting to explain the mare\u2019s success , marr also noted that consistency in the barn\u2019s routine and attention to detail may have helped peppers pride reach her full potential .\nspectacular bid , secretariat , nijinsky ii , pepper ' s pride - oct . 4th\nhere is record breaking filly peppers pride at her home in kentucky , working as a brood mare after her amazing racetrack career of 19 wins from 19 starts . this is from may 2009 .\ntaylor made farm announced friday afternoon that the undefeated new mexico - bred mare peppers pride has been confirmed in foal to triple crown champion american pharoah . the announcement was made via the farm ' s\npeppers pride , who won all 19 of her starts and earned $ 1 . 07 million , has produced three foals , including two by distorted humor , and is in foal to hard spun .\n\u201cshe has a few of the mental characteristics that [ peppers pride ] had , \u201d marr said of funny pepper . \u201cshe\u2019s not stubborn , but she\u2019s very determined , i guess i would say . \u201d\nalthough these days she lives a quiet life outside of the public eye \u2013 and her win streak was never afforded mass media attention outside of the racing industry \u2013 fans have not forgotten about peppers pride .\nin each of the past two years , marr used an allowance race as a prep race for peppers pride before the new mexico cup program . that is the same strategy he is using this year .\npeppers pride\u2019s owner , joe allen , took the criticism in stride . he stated that he was well aware that peppers pride was not a horse that could be compared to cigar or citation , and said that he was simply glad to have her . there is a refreshing aspect to this that some horseracing fans miss . allen and trainer joel marr did an excellent job of managing the mare\u2019s career , placing her in races where she had the best chance to win .\njust as peppers pride\u2019s mental attributes and personality made her an ideal racehorse , that disposition has endeared the mare to her caretakers at taylor made farm , where she is boarded for allen and michael stinson , who now co - owns her .\npeppers pride was foaled in new mexico on march 24 , 2003 . her sire was desert god , a horse of moderate success on the racetrack . her dam , lady pepper , placed in the 1990 bluebonnet stakes , but her career was otherwise unspectacular . peppers pride is an example of how breeding does not always serve to precisely indicate how well a horse will perform on the racetrack . while the mare certainly had successful horses in her lineage , there was little on paper that would have inspired bloodstock agents to take note .\nmarr said peppers pride is back in foal to hard spun . as on the racetrack , the mare has settled comfortably into a routine at taylor made . during foaling season , expecting mares spend the night in the barn and are turned out during the day . once a foal is at a mare\u2019s side , however , the routine becomes the opposite . now , peppers pride and her 4 - month - old colt come to the barn in the morning to be looked over and attended to before being turned out in a group for the rest of the afternoon and night .\nall of peppers pride\u2019s races came in her native new mexico , where she dominated her division for four seasons . she captured the new mexico cup juvenile fillies stakes as a 2 - year - old , the new mexico cup championship fillies stakes during her sophomore season , and won back - to - back editions of the event\u2019s fillies and mares stakes in 2007 and 2008 . her list of stakes triumphs included two editions each of the new mexico state racing commission handicap and the sydney valentini handicap . peppers pride carried weights as high as 127 pounds , an impost she won under three times .\npeppers pride is an example of brilliant management by the team of owner and trainer . they only raced in events they thought they could win , and as a result the mare broke the record for consecutive wins in north america . camarero , a horse that raced in puerto rico , won an amazing 56 in a row !\npeppers pride ( usa ) dkb / br . m , 2003 { 2 - h } dp = 7 - 7 - 8 - 0 - 0 ( 22 ) di = 4 . 50 cd = 0 . 95 - 19 starts , 19 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 066 , 085\nthe joel marr - trained peppers pride has won each of her 16 career wins and shares the record for consecutive wins with triple crown winner citation , two - time horse of the year cigar , santa anita derby winner mister frisky and the louisiana - bred sprinter hallowed dreams . \u201cshe\u2019s doing well , \u201d said marr . \u201cshe hasn\u2019t raced since april , but has had two works . \u201d the daughter of desert god won the foutz distaff handicap at sunray park on april 26 . she has remained in training since that win in marr\u2019s stable . peppers pride was scheduled to make her record attempt on two occasions this summer at ruidoso downs . she was slated to run in the lincoln handicap on july 27 but that racing card was cancelled after the remnants of hurricane dolly damaged ruidoso downs . the lincoln handicap was rescheduled for august 31 , peppers pride was entered and then marr elected to scratch her due to an off track . she has only raced on fast racing surfaces . this means that marr has twice prepared to race and then the 5 - year - old mare has not competed , not the optimal training regimen for a racehorse . \u201cit probably has had an effect and we\u2019ll find out saturday , \u201d marr said . \u201cbut , she has been training well . \u201d peppers pride has raced at zia park each of the last three years and is five - for - five over the hobbs oval . as a 2 - year - old in 2005 , peppers pride impressed when she made a four - wide rally on the turn to win the new mexico classic cup juvenile fillies , the premier race for two - year - old females during new mexico cup day .\nbegan their careers training quarterhorses in the state . the thoroughbred competition in new mexico , however , is typically considered to be among the weakest in the united states . this would become a source of controversy after peppers pride set the record for consecutive wins . many pointed out that cigar and others with long win streaks had accomplished their wins against much tougher competition .\npeppers pride did everything right during her racing career , too . from july 16 , 2005 , to dec . 14 , 2008 , the mare answered the call to the post 19 times and emerged victorious on each occasion , the longest undefeated career by a modern north american thoroughbred . the streak included 14 stakes wins , and she earned $ 1 , 066 , 085 .\npeppers pride produced her third foal , a colt by malibu moon , on feb . 22 . her first two foals are by distorted humor \u2013 a filly foaled in 2011 and a yearling colt . the filly , named funny pepper , is at a training center in new mexico , preparing to join marr\u2019s string to see if she can follow in her mother\u2019s large hoofprints .\nnow boarded at kentucky ' s taylor made farm , peppers pride has settled into her life as a broodmare . \u201cshe ' s doing great ; she ' s having nice foals , \u201d taylor made vice president frank taylor told the daily racing form in 2013 . \u201cshe ' s just really easy to get along with and never causes any problems . she fits right in . \u201d\nlesson that should be learned from the career of peppers pride is the factor owners and trainers play in a horse\u2019s career . many times when a horse performs poorly it is because they have been entered in races that are too difficult . horse betting requires a handicapper to look at a horse\u2019s past performances to determine whether or not they belong in the race they are in today .\n\u201ci think peppers pride is putting plenty of bone on [ her foals ] , and they\u2019re athletic - looking , \u201d taylor said . \u201ci really love the distorted humor yearling she\u2019s got this year . he\u2019s just a really big , strong , good - looking horse . he\u2019s got a lot of class to him , i think . i think people will really like him a lot . \u201d\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged american pharoah , frank taylor , joel marr , new mexico , pepper ' s pride , taylor made farm by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\nin 2006 , peppers pride was nearly defeated when she won her prep allowance race by a nose with a late run . she then won the new mexico cup championship for fillies by a length as the 11 - 10 favorite . last year , when the winning streak was gaining national attention , she won her 12th straight race with a seven - length allowance win at six furlongs and then captured the new mexico cup championship for fillies and mares with a late rally to win by one - and - a - half lengths . peppers pride will point to the new mexico cup championship for fillies and mares after saturday\u2019s allowance race , providing she comes out of the allowance race in good order . new mexico cup day is november 9 and the $ 2 million in purses makes that program the richest day for any state - bred racing program .\nany thoroughbred trainer will tell you that winning just one race is hard . there are so many things that can go wrong in the running of a race . to win , a horse must be talented but also possess racing luck . peppers pride , a filly that raced solely on the new mexico racing circuit , had both , and she broke the legendary cigar\u2019s record for consecutive wins when she captured her 19 th straight victory on december 14 , 2008 .\n\u201cshe was a tremendous athlete , not only physically , but mentally , \u201d said joel marr , who trained peppers pride for owner and breeder joe allen . \u201cyou don\u2019t do that by just getting lucky 19 times in a row , obviously , or it would be done all the time . she had that sense that most horses probably don\u2019t have \u2013 she knew how to win . she had that ability and that sense and that determination . she knew exactly what she was doing .\nowned by michael stinson and her breeder joe allen , the 13 - year old mare holds a record of 19 wins from 19 starts , including 14 stakes wins . the daughter of desert god earned over $ 1 million in her three - year career for trainer joel marr , and retried with her perfect record intact at the end of 2008 . peppers pride held the north american record for the longest undefeated streak in history , alongside champion zenyatta , until rapid redux took over that title in 2012 with 22 wins .\ndatabase error : unable to connect to your database . your database appears to be turned off or the database connection settings in your config file are not correct . please contact your hosting provider if the problem persists .\n2 - year - old gelding broke his maiden july 8 at gulfstream park .\nblame filly has now won a pair of graded stakes for new trainer bob baffert .\nnew to the paulick report ? click here to sign up for our daily email newsletter to keep up on this and other stories happening in the thoroughbred industry . copyright \u00a9 2018 paulick report .\npublisher ray paulick ( 859 312 . 2102 ) director of advertising emily alberti ( 859 913 . 9633 ) editor - in - chief scott jagow features editor natalie voss bloodstock editor joe nevills racing news editor chelsea hackbarth contributing writers sarah e . coleman frank mitchell tom pedulla jen roytz denise steffanus photography equisport photos ( matt and wendy wooley ) eric kalet business manager carol paulick\nurltoken is published by blenheim publishing llc , 3070 lakecrest circle , suite 400 - 292 , lexington , ky 40513 . copyright blenheim publishing llc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nas a sports fan , i love winning streaks , and i es . . .\nas the end of the 2011 year draws near i decided t . . .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\njason servis is on the best run of his career , wi . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n\u201cshe\u2019s really a classy mare to be around , \u201d said frank taylor , vice president of boarding operations at his family\u2019s taylor made farm , the nicholasville , ky . , facility where the 10 - year - old daughter of desert god resides . \u201cshe just does everything right . \u201d\n\u201cwe trained her to be fit and to do the best job she could , but she ultimately won the races , \u201d marr added . \u201cit was just something that she had . i can\u2019t explain it . just the ability she had within her and . . . it was just something that she possessed way before we touched her . \u201d\n\u201cshe was just one in a million , \u201d marr said . \u201cand a lot of it was mental . obviously , she was physically a superb athlete and had tremendous abilities . and people will say , \u2018well , you ran her in new mexico . \u2019 well , we did , and [ a new mexico - bred is ] what she was . but it really doesn\u2019t matter . \u201d\n\u201call the people around her \u2013 i was her only trainer , \u201d marr said . \u201c [ carlos madeira ] was her only rider . she had the same farrier , the same vet , the same groom . she stayed in the same barn at every racetrack , the same stall . she went to post with the same pony every time . just a lot of things like that . horses are creatures of habit . they need to be fed at the same time ; they need to be exercised at the same time . they need a routine , and she had that for the four , almost five years that we had her . she went to the track at the same time every morning , with the same person on her back .\n\u201cjoe allen was the breeder and the owner and the partial stallion owner . it was really special . it wasn\u2019t something we went out and bought . she was raised there . it made it a lot more special just to be around her . \u201d\n\u201cshe\u2019s doing great ; she\u2019s having nice foals , \u201d taylor said . \u201cshe\u2019s just really easy to get along with and never causes any problems . she fits right in . \u201d\nthe yearling colt is expected to be offered at this year\u2019s keeneland september sale , where he could be among the featured horses in the catalog .\n\u201cwe get some regular calls from people wanting to come visit and come see her , \u201d taylor said . \u201cwe probably get [ a few ] a month , fans wanting to know how she\u2019s doing or wanting to come see her . \u201d\n\u201ci wouldn\u2019t trade it for anything , \u201d marr said . \u201cit was tremendous to be a part of it . and you look back and you can say that you were part of something like her [ winning streak ] . not very many people get to say that . you knew there was something special about her , just the way she held herself , the way she looked , the look in her eye . i was just lucky to be a part of it . \u201d\nwon new mexico cup juv . fillies s . ( zia , 6 . 5f ) , rio grande senorita futurity ( rui , 6 . 5f )\nwon new mexico cup championship fillies s . ( zia , 6 . 5f ) , la senora h . ( sun , 6f ) , la coneja h . ( sun , 5 . 5f )\nat 4 : won sydney valentini h . ( sun , 8f ) , new mexico cup f & m ; championship , new mexico racing commission h . ( zia , 6f )\nwon sydney valentini h . ( sun , 8f ) , russell & hellen foutz distaff h . ( srp , 6 . 5f ) , new mexico cup fillies & mares s . ( zia , 8f ) , new mexico racing commission h . ( zia , 6f )\napril 26 , 2008 : equaled north american record for 16 consecutive wins , a record shared by cigar , citation , hallowed dreams , and mister frisky .\nbroke the consecutive win record on october 4 , 2008 , in a six furlong allowance race at zia park .\njoel marr was retained by the mare\u2019s owners to train her for racing in her home state of new mexico . with several notable tracks , new mexico is perhaps more known for quarterhorse racing . many famous trainers such as\nwhy would a trainer enter a horse in a race they cannot win ? there are several reasons . first , the trainer may be pressured by the owner to enter a specific race . this does not happen as much at the highest levels with trainers like steve asmussen or todd pletcher . those trainers are likely to refuse an owner\u2019s request . at the smaller tracks , however , this happens all the time . the trainer must often give in to the owner\u2019s request or lose the horse to another trainer that will .\nsometimes , a horse is entered in a race to prepare or \u201cprep\u201d for another , more important race . in this case , winning may not be the goal . the trainer may simply want the horse to have a good showing and increase its fitness level . finally , a horse may simply have no other place to compete and need to race .\nare used to the activity of a race , and many of them need regular racing in order to keep sharp . unfortunately , especially on the smaller circuits , there may not always be a suitable race for a horse\u2019s class level . in that case , the horse is often entered in a race that is beyond their skill level just to give them an opportunity to run .\n? you can take advantage of great bonuses and get access to a full menu of betting options at the most popular tracks .\nbloodstock agent tom mcgreevy , who likes to work exclusively for one client , has signed on to buy yearlings and 2 - year - old at sales for texas owner mike stinson .\nthe auction offers horseshoes worn by afleet alex and first samurai , a vip three chimneys tour , and autographed race photos . all proceeds help with the mission of racehorse retirement and rescue .\nas california chrome prepares for a shot at redemption in this year ' s dubai world cup ( uae - i ) , interest in the horse as a stallion prospect continues to grow , much to the satisfaction of taylor made farm .\nnew mexico - based trainer joel marr tallied his 1 , 000th career thoroughbred victory by winning the 11th race nov . 11 at zia park in hobbs , n . m . , with sweet diamond .\nthe keeneland september sale ' s second book 1 session sept . 10 proved as bullish as the previous day ' s opener as far as $ 1 million horses were concerned , with four seven - figure horses exiting the ring again .\nundefeated mare to stay in new mexico for mark - tying 16th straight victory attempt .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative ."]}
{"id": 1540, "summary": [{"text": "vokesimurex elenensis , common name the ( santa ) elena murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "vokesimurex elenensis", "paragraphs": ["vokesimurex elenensis ( dall , 1909 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nmurex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ( invalid : junior homonym of murex plicatus gmelin , 1791 ; m . elenensis is a replacement name )\nhouart ( 1999 ) transferred 14 indo - pacific species and three subspecies of haustellum in the genus vokesimurex .\nspecies haustellum sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 ) accepted as vokesimurex sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 )\nhaustellum sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 ) : synonym of vokesimurex sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 )\nspecies haustellum bellegladeensis ( e . h . vokes , 1963 ) accepted as vokesimurex bellegladeensis ( e . h . vokes , 1963 )\nspecies haustellum malabaricum ( e . a . smith , 1894 ) accepted as vokesimurex malabaricus ( e . a . smith , 1894 )\nspecies haustellum rubidum ( f . c . baker , 1897 ) accepted as vokesimurex rubidus ( f . c . baker , 1897 )\nhaustellum malabaricum ( e . a . smith , 1894 ) : synonym of vokesimurex malabaricus ( e . a . smith , 1894 )\nspecies haustellum dentifer ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) accepted as vokesimurex dentifer dentifer ( r . b . watson , 1883 )\nspecies haustellum gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) accepted as vokesimurex gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 )\nspecies haustellum mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as vokesimurex mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )\nspecies haustellum multiplicatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) accepted as vokesimurex multiplicatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 )\nspecies haustellum rectirostris ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as vokesimurex rectirostris ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )\npetuch ( 1994 ) introduced vokesimurex for the american long - canalled haustellum sensu vokes ( 1990 ) , such as murex messorius sowerby , 1841 .\nhaustellum gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) : synonym of vokesimurex gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 )\nhaustellum mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) : synonym of vokesimurex mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )\nhouart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp .\nhouart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of brontes montfort , 1810 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of brontesia reichenbach , 1828 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of haustellaria swainson , 1833 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of murex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\nas currently defined , haustellum is represented by eight to nine species . members of haustellum generally differ from those of vokesimurex in having a globose and low - spired shape , a more rounded aperture , a smooth columella , a less deep anal notch , and no cord spine .\nhouart , r . ( 1999 ) . review of the indo - pacific species of haustellum schumacher , 1817 and comments on vokesimurex petuch , 1994 ( gastropoda : muricidae ) with the description of h . bondarevi n . sp . apex 14 ( 3 - 8 ) : 81 - 107 .\nmerle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . [ details ]\n( of murex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nmurex plicatus sowerby , g . b . ii , 1834 : c america ( renamed )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of any imperfections . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\n$ 1 . 00 shipping for each additional eligible item you buy from shellmama .\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\nif the item differs greatly from the description or photos your money will be happily refunded .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( april 2010 )\nschumacher c . f . ( 1817 ) . essai d ' un nouveau syst\u00e8me des habitations des vers testac\u00e9s . schultz , copenghagen . iv + 288 pp . , 22 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 64 , 213 [ details ]\nmerle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 63 [ details ]\nponder w . f . & vokes e . h . ( 1988 ) a revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s . s . and haustellum ( mollusca : gastropoda : muricidae ) . records of the australian museum suppl . 8 : 1 - 160 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlike many other genera within the muricidae , the genus has been redefined several times .\nponder & vokes ( 1988 ) and vokes ( 1990 ) included american and indo - pacific species in haustellum , which differs from murex sensu stricto by lacking a labral spine .\nthere is no record of extinct species in the geological register . the oldest member is the type species haustellum haustellum from the indo - pacific province . it is recorded from the miocene of borneo ( beets , 1941 ) , the pliocene of java , indonesia and the plio - pleistocene of the malaysian archipelago .\nhouart , r . ; gofas , s . ( 2009 ) . bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . world marine mollusca database . accessed through the world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 08 - 31\nschumacher c . f . ( 1817 ) . essai d ' un nouveau syst\u00e8me des habitations des vers testac\u00e9s . schultz , copenghagen pp . [ iv + 288 + 22 pl . ]\nbeets , c . ( 1941 ) . eine jungmioc\u00e4ne mollusken fauna von der halbinsel mangkalihat , ost borneo . verhandelingen geologisch - mijnbouwkunig genootshap nederland en kolonien . geologisch serie 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 218 .\nmerle , d . , garrigues , b . & pointier , j . - p . ( 2011 ) . fossil and recent muricidae of the world , part muricinae . 648 pp . , 182 colour plates , hackenheim . isbn 978 - 3 - 939767 - 32 - 9 .\npetuch , e . j . ( 1994 ) . atlas of florida fossil shells . 394 pp . chicago .\nponder , w . f . & vokes , e . h . ( 1988 ) . a revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s . s . and haustellum ( mollusca : gastropoda : muricidae ) . records of the australian museum , suppl . 8 : 1 - 160 .\nvokes , e . h . ( 1990 ) : cenozoic muricidae of the western atlantic region , part viii - murex s . s . , haustellum , chicoreus , hexaplex ; additions and corrections . tulane studies in geology and paleontology 23 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 96 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 1 / 23 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsee the world ( and its fossils ) with ucmp ' s field notes .\ngastropods are one of the most diverse groups of animals , both in form , habit , and habitat . they are by far the largest group of molluscs , with more than 62 , 000 described living species , and they comprise about 80 % of living molluscs . estimates of total extant species range from 40 , 000 to over 100 , 000 , but there may be as many as 150 , 000 species ! there are about about 13 , 000 named genera for both recent and fossil gastropods . they have a long and rich fossil record from the early cambrian that shows periodic extinctions of subclades , followed by diversification of new groups .\ngastropods have figured prominently in paleobiological and biological studies , and have served as study organisms in numerous evolutionary , biomechanical , ecological , physiological , and behavioral investigations .\nthey are extremely diverse in size , body and shell morphology , and habits and occupy the widest range of ecological niches of all molluscs , being the only group to have invaded the land .\ngastropods live in every conceivable habitat on earth . they occupy all marine habitats ranging from the deepest ocean basins to the supralittoral , as well as freshwater habitats , and other inland aquatic habitats including salt lakes . they are also the only terrestrial molluscs , being found in virtually all habitats ranging from high mountains to deserts and rainforest , and from the tropics to high latitudes .\ngastropod feeding habits are extremely varied , although most species make use of a radula in some aspect of their feeding behavior . they include grazers , browsers , suspension feeders , scavengers , detritivores , and carnivores . carnivory in some taxa may simply involve grazing on colonial animals , while others engage in hunting their prey . some gastropod carnivores drill holes in their shelled prey , this method of entry having been acquired independently in several groups , as is also the case with carnivory itself . some gastropods feed suctorially and have lost the radula .\nmost gastropods have separate sexes but some groups ( mainly the heterobranchia ) are hermaphroditic . most hermaphroditic forms do not normally engage in self - fertilization . basal gastropods release their gametes into the water column where they undergo development ; derived gastropods use a penis to copulate or exchange spermatophores and produce eggs surrounded by protective capsules or jelly ( see busycon spiratus photo below ) .\nthe first gastropod larval stage is typically a trochophore that transforms into a veliger and then settles and undergoes metamorphosis to form a juvenile snail . while many marine species undergo larval development , there are also numerous marine taxa that have direct development , this mode being the norm in freshwater and terrestrial taxa . brooding of developing embryos is widely distributed throughout the gastropods , as are sporadic occurrences of hermaphrodism in the non - heterobranch taxa .\nthe basal groups have non - feeding larvae while veligers of many neritopsines , caenogastropods , and heterobranchs are planktotrophic . egg size is reflected in the initial size of the juvenile shell or protoconch and this feature has been useful in distinguishing feeding and non - feeding taxa in both recent and fossil taxa .\ngastropods are characterized by the possession of a single ( often coiled ) shell , although this is lost in some slug groups , and a body that has undergone torsion so that the pallial cavity faces forwards . they have a well - developed head bearing a pair of cephalic tentacles and eyes that are primitively situated near the outer bases of the tentacles . in some taxa the eyes are located on short to long eye stalks . the mantle edge in some taxa is extended anteriorly to form an inhalant siphon and this is sometimes associated with an elongation of the shell opening ( aperture ) \u0097 this is shown in the photo of the caenogastropod\nthe shell is typically coiled , usually dextrally , the axis of coiling being around a central columella to which a large retractor muscle is attached . the uppermost part of the shell is formed from the larval shell ( the protoconch ) . the shell is partly or entirely lost in the juveniles or adults of some groups , with total loss occurring in several groups of land slugs and sea slugs ( nudibranchs ) .\nfrom left , a whelk , busycon spiratus , almost entirely out of its shell \u0097 the yellowish disc is the operculum ; another busycon spiratus individual , entirely withdrawn inside its shell , with the operculum sealing off the aperture ; egg capsules being deposited on the sand by busycon spiratus ; a larval harp shell , morum oniscus , begins building its shell ( protoconch ) .\nexternally , gastropods appear to be bilaterally symmetrical . however , they are one of the most successful clades of asymmetric organisms known . the ancestral state of this group is clearly bilateral symmetry ( e . g . , chitons , cephalopods , bivalves ) , but gastropod molluscs twist their organ systems into figure - eights , differentially develop or lose organs on either side of their midline , and generate shells that coil to the right or left . the best documented source of gastropod asymmetry is the developmental process known as torsion .\nthere is still controversy about the phylogenetic position of some gastropod clades . though the clades discussed below are well supported in many modern analyses , their relationships to each other remain somewhat unclear .\nin particular , the neritopsina are placed below the vetigastropoda in some analyses ( thus they become the sister group of vetigastropoda + caenogastropoda + heterobranchia ) . also , the enigmatic taxon cocculinidae is still uncertain . it may actually be a member of the neritopsina clade , as some characters indicate . most likely it is the sister clade to neritopsina , though .\nneritopsina neritopsina contains several families which have marine , freshwater , and terrestrial members . the largest family , neritidae , includes many marine , brackish , and freshwater lineages . this family alone has probably invaded freshwater habitats at least six times ( holthuis 1995 ) . the two terrestrial families , helicinidae and hydrocenidae , can be found as far back as the devonian .\nneritopsines come in all shapes and sizes and can have coiled to limpet - shaped shells , with one species ( titiscania ) being a slug . this group was previously included within the\narchaeogastropoda .\nthe shell is never nacreous and an operculum is present in adults . the radula has many teeth in each row .\nvetigastropoda the vetigastropoda is a diverse group that includes the keyhole and slit - limpets ( fissurellidae ) , abalones ( haliotiidae ) , slit shells ( pleurotomariidae ) , the top shells ( trochids ) , and about 10 other families .\nall are marine , and have coiled to limpet - shaped shells . this group was also previously included within the\narchaeogastropoda .\nthe shell is nacreous in many of these taxa and an operculum is usually present . the radula has many teeth in each row .\nassorted vetigastropods : from left , abalone ; puncturella longifissa , a keyhole limpet \u0097 note the hole or\nkeyhole\njust above the apex of the shell through which water is expelled ; margarites marginatus , a trochid ; and the radula of the vetigastropod snail sinezona rimuloides , greatly magnified .\ncaenogastropods were previously comprised of the\nmesogastropoda\nand\nneogastropoda\nwithin the\nprosobranchia .\nof these two groups only the neogastropoda remains as a monophyletic group . the shell is never nacreous and an operculum is present in adults . apart from members of the neogastropoda , the radula usually has only seven teeth in each row . the radula of neogastropods has five to one tooth in each row and is absent in some species .\nheterobranchia heterobranchia is a very large group that has only recently been recognized as a clade within gastropoda . several marine and one freshwater group ( valvatidae ) that were previously included in the\nmesogastropoda\nand two very large groups previously given subclass status , the opisthobranchia and pulmonata ( collectively the euthyneura ) , were found to be related lineages in a recent phylogenetic analysis . the more basal members comprise about a dozen families that are mostly small - sized , poorly - known operculate groups .\nthe opisthobranchs comprise about 25 families and 2000 species of the bubble shells ( many families ) and the sea slugs ( many families ) as well as the sea hares ( aplysiidae ) . virtually all opisthobranchs are marine with the majority showing shell reduction or shell loss and only some of the\nprimitive\nshell - bearing taxa having an operculum as adults .\nassorted heterobranchs : clockwise from top left , the bubble shell hydatina physis from the canary islands ; the clown nudibranch , triopha catalinae , from off the santa barbara coast ; the ragged sea hare , bursatella leachii , from off the florida coast ; the siphonariid physella heterostropha from northeastern florida ; euglandina rosea , a carnivorous terrestrial spiraxid pulmonate from florida ; the florida leatherleaf , leidyula floridana , a veronicellid from florida , about 8 cm long ; and the pond snail lymnaea stagnalis .\nthe file limpet , lottia limulata ( left ) , and a group of colisella ( lottia ? ) sp . limpets , from the intertidal off california .\na visit to almost any rocky intertidal habitat in the world will reveal these wonderful , cap - shaped gastropods , the true limpets . tenaciously clinging to the rocks with their hard shells to protect them , they have many different behaviors in their environments associated with their feeding strategies . but the true limpets are not restricted to the intertidal , they can be found beneath the waves , in the deep sea associated with hydrothermal vent habitats , and there are even some species which live exclusively on drift - wood that has sunk to the bottom of the ocean .\nall are marine and limpet - shaped and many live in the intertidal zone . this group was previously included within the\narchaeogastropoda .\nthe shell is nacreous in some taxa and the operculum is absent in adults . their radula has several teeth in each row , some of which are strengthened by the incorporation of metallic ions such as iron .\ncocculinidae cocculinids are a group of simple white limpets that occur on waterlogged wood and other organic substrates in the deep sea .\nthe relationships of cocculinidae are unclear . several recent phylogenetic analyses place them as closely related to the neritopsina , or as the sister group to the clade that includes caenogastropoda and neritopsina . some authors believe , however , that they are members of the neritopsina . further systematic research is needed to clarify the relationships of this enigmatic group .\nholthuis , b . v . 1995 . evolution between marine and freshwater habitats : a case study of the gastropod suborder neritopsina . ph . d . thesis , university of washington .\noriginal text by paul bunje , ucmp . partula taeniata by carole hickman , ucmp ; abalone and colisella ( lottia ? ) sp . by sherry ballard , \u00a9 1999 california academy of sciences ; sinezona rimuloides radula \u00a9 2004 dr . daniel l . geiger ; ; triopha catalinae \u00a9 2002 larry jon friesen ; lottia limulata by e . eugenia patten , \u00a9 california academy of sciences . all other photos courtesy of urltoken , with pteropurpura trialata by roger clark , nerita fulgurans by marlo krisberg , and bursatella leachii by joel wooster ."]}
{"id": 1542, "summary": [{"text": "platynota flavedana , the black-shaded platynota moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states from minnesota to maine , south to north carolina and west to arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 5-6.5 mm for males and 6-8.5 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are sexually dimorphic .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the forewings of the males are dark purplish brown basally and yellowish to orangish brown apically .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "females have brown to orangish brown forewings with dark brown to purplish-brown markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of both sexes are brown to orangish brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to june and again from july to september .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there are usually two generations per year , but a partial third generation may occur in the southern part of the range .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on various plants and have been recorded on acer , eupatorium , helianthus , dianthus caryophyllus , helianthemum , hypericum perforatum , rhododendron , trifolium , sassafras , gossypium hirsutum , gossypium thurberi , fragaria , prunus persica , rosa and citrus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they feed from within a shelter constructed of tied or folded leaves .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "feeding may cause damage to blossoms or fruit .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "full-grown larvae reach a length of 13 \u2013 21 mm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they have a green to pale green body and brownish-yellow head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the species overwinters as a mid-instar larva .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "pupation takes place in webbed leaves . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "platynota flavedana", "paragraphs": ["species platynota flavedana - black - shaded platynota moth - hodges # 3732 - bugguide . net\nplatynota flavedana is widely distributed in the eastern united states . records from the western u . s . are questionable .\nwilde , g . & m . semel 1966 . the life history of platynota flavedana , a leaf roller of strawberry . journal of economic entomology 59 : 1037 - 1041\nplatynota flavedana completes two annual generations over much of its range ; a partial third generation may be present in the south . adults are present may - june and july - september .\nwilde , g . and m . semel . 1966 . the life history of platynota flavedana , a leaf roller of strawberry . journal of economic entomology . 59 : 1037 - 1041 .\nlarvae of p . flavedana have been reported as pests of strawberry , peach , and rose . other important hosts include cotton and citrus .\ndavid , p . j . , r . l . horsburgh & g . i . holtzman 1989 . development of platynota flavedana and p . idaeusalis ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) at constant temperatures in the laboratory . environ . entomol . 18 : 15 - 18\nplatynota flavedana is sexually dimorphic . the male forewing is dark purplish brown basally and yellowish to orangish brown apically . the female forewing is brown to orangish brown with dark - brown to purplish - brown markings . hindwings of both sexes are brown to orangish brown ; males tend to exhibit more orange than females . males have a long forewing costal fold that extends to mid - costa .\nadults may appear similar to other species of platynota , but can be separated from most other species by their orangish appearance .\na female black - shaded platynota moth in howard co . , maryland ( 2003 ) . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\nblack - shaded platynota moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth on assateague island , maryland ( 5 / 24 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nblack - shaded platynota moth in calvert co . , maryland ( 7 / 17 / 2006 ) . photo by arlene ripley . ( mbp list )\nblack - shaded platynota moth in howard co . , maryland ( 7 / 29 / 2014 ) . photo by nancy magnusson . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in frederick co . , maryland ( 5 / 31 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in baltimore co . , maryland ( 7 / 30 / 2014 ) . photo by emily stanley . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in wicomico co . , maryland ( 7 / 12 / 2014 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in howard co . , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2016 ) . photo by kurt schwarz . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 5 / 16 / 2015 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 10 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in baltimore co . , maryland ( 8 / 20 / 2014 ) . photo by emily stanley . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 29 / 2013 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in washington co . , maryland ( 7 / 18 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\nadults may appear similar to other species of platynota , but can be separated from most other species by their orangish appearance . a genitalic dissection can be used to confirm identity .\na female black - shaded platynota moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 5 / 26 / 2004 ) . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )\na male black - shaded platynota moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 8 / 26 / 2010 ) . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 6 / 2 / 2016 ) . determined by roger downer / bamona . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in frederick co . , maryland ( 9 / 8 / 2016 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in harford co . , maryland ( 7 / 18 / 2014 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by dave webb . ( mbp list )\na black - shaded platynota moth in baltimore city , maryland ( 5 / 23 / 2008 ) . determined by jason j . dombroskie / bugguide . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\na male black - shaded platynota moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2004 ) . specimen provided by bob patterson . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\na male black - shaded platynota moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2004 ) . specimen supplied by bob patterson . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\nlarvae appear similar to those of sparganothis sulfureana , and the two species are often found in similar habitats in the eastern united states . mackay ( 1962 ) stated that larvae of platynota could be separated from similar species of sparganothis by the small dorsal pinacula on a1 - 8 , which are slightly elongate and cream colored in living individuals .\nlate instar larvae are approximately 13 - 21 mm in length with a green to pale green abdomen . the head and prothoracic shield are brownish yellow . an anal comb is present with 5 - 8 teeth .\nfemales lay eggs in masses that contain approximately 50 individual eggs on the upper surface of leaves . larvae feed within a shelter constructed of tied or folded leaves . larvae may cause economic damage by feeding on blossoms or fruit , and will often web leaves together with blossoms and immature fruit . mid - instar larvae of the last generation overwinter and resume feeding the following spring . pupation occurs in webbed leaves .\ncitrus x sinensis ( l . ) osbeck ( pro sp . ) [ maxima x reticulata ]\nchapman , p . j . and s . e . lienk . 1971 . tortricid fauna of apple in new york ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) ; including an account of apple ' s occurrence in the state , especially as a naturalized plant . spec . publ . geneva , ny : new york state agricultural experiment station . 122 pp .\nmackay , m . r . 1962 . larvae of the north american tortricinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist supplement 28 : 1 - 182 .\nsandberg , s . and s . passoa . 1989 . new host records and morphological notes on four tortricines ( tortricidae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 27 : 104 - 108 .\ntortricids of agricultural importance by todd m . gilligan and marc e . epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3 . 5 . last updated august 2014 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & j . w . brown , 2012 . the moths of north america , fascicle 8 . 1 : p . 130 ; pl . e . 45 - 50 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult - sexually dimorphic ; males dark brown with a golden band on the apical quarter of the wings . females have several brown or reddish - brown bands ( hull et al . , 1995 ) .\nlarva - early instars are yellowish with a black head . older larvae are green with a light brown or amber head ( hull et al . , 1995 ) .\nminnesota east to maine , south to north carolina , and west to arizona . more common in the southern part of its range at lower elevations ( hull et al . , 1995 ) .\ngeneralist feeder of strawberry , apple , azalea , blackberry , clover , cotton , helianthus sp . , maple , peach , raspberry , rose , sassafras , narrowleaf plantain , smartweed , dandelion , dock and others ( hull et al . , 1995 ) .\nseven known parasites , goniozus platynotae ( hymenoptera ) the most common ( wilde et al . , 1966 ) .\nclemens , b . , 1860 . contributions to american lepidopterology - no . 6 .\nhull , l . a . , d . g . pfeiffer , d . j . biddinger 1995 . mid - atlantic orchard monitoring guide . nraes - 75 : 1 - 361\npowell , j . a . & j . w . brown , 2012 . the moths of north america , fascicle 8 . 1 : p . 130 ; pl . e . 45 - 50\ncontributions to american lepidopterology - no . 6 . brackenridge clemens . 1860 . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 : 345 - 362 .\nlbam id - tools for diagnosing light brown apple moth and related western u . s . leafrollers - epiphyas postvittana ( walker ) .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nfor pests currently absent from the uk , risk of introduction is assessed . for pests already present in the uk risk of spread to maximum extent is assessed . some other scenarios exist .\nthe specific pathway ( s ) that were considered when rating entry of a pest to the uk . these were the pathways considered to present the highest risk of entry .\nthis section is currently being developed as part of the next phase of the risk register .\nwhat risks would be without any co - ordinated action . ratings do take into account how normal grower practises ( such as pesticide treatments ) would affect risks .\nfor\npest is introduced\nthe lowest value of entry or establishment , as both are required for a successful introduction . for\npest spreads to maximum extent\nthis is an expert judgement on the likelihood of this occurrence .\nthe likelihood of movement of the pest into the uk on a pathway and transfer of that pest to a suitable host .\nthe likelihood of the pest surviving and perpetuating in the uk for the foreseeable future after it has entered .\nthe rate at which a pest can expand , by natural dispersal only , within an area .\nthe predicted economic impacts of the pest in the uk . this includes direct effects on yield , quality and possible indirect effects such as trade implications .\nthe proportion of the environmental value of the plant which is likely to be lost through the introduction of the pest .\nthe predicted social impacts of a pest in the uk , including effects on tourism , amenities and animal and human health .\nthe value of the hosts or industries at risk from this pest in the uk .\nthe likelihood multiplied by the impact , which shows the risk to the sector .\nrisks rated to take into account the effects of co - ordinated actions that are in place such as eu regulation or industry accreditation schemes .\nthe hosts or industries in the uk that were considered when rating the pest as being at risk .\npolyphagous pest which could be potentially damaging to a range of crops if introduced to the uk . no imminent threat has been identified but the situation will be kept under review . the industry may wish to be aware .\nif you provide us with your email address we will only use it to contact you about the risk register .\nyour browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .\n* lam wh , rota j , brown jw ( 2011 ) a preliminary list of the leaf - roller moths ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of virginia . banisteria 37 , 3 - 37 . * review of agricultural entomology , 89 ( 7 ) , p 60 ( 6303 ) .\neuropean union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database ."]}
{"id": 1548, "summary": [{"text": "anacampsis sacramenta is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by keifer in 1933 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "anacampsis sacramenta", "paragraphs": ["anacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362\nanacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65\ngelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nanacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nanacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nanacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,\ne . e . a . de cuba\nanacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\nanacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\n820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nchlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine\ncrypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nlarva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30\nlita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ngelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas\nagriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey\ncompsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4\ncompsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15\nmaculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega\n= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121\ngelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens\ngelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ngelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1549, "summary": [{"text": "parus is a genus of old world birds in the tit family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was formerly a large genus containing most of the 50 odd species in the family paridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was split into several resurrected genera following the publication of a detailed molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2013 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name , parus , is the latin for \" tit \" .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus now contains the following species : great tit , parus major japanese tit , parus minor ( split from p. major ) cinereous tit , parus cinereus ( split from p. major ) green-backed tit , parus monticolus", "topic": 27}], "title": "parus", "paragraphs": ["github - alexeydemedetskiy / parus : parus is simple chain style auto - layout helper for objective - c .\nthis article is about a bird . for the ukrainian skyscraper , see parus business centre . for the satellites , see parus ( satellite ) .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b7\u30b8\u30e5\u30a6\u30ab\u30e9\u5c5e\nto\nparus\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b7\u30b8\u30e5\u30a6\u30ab\u30e9\nto\nparus major linnaeus 1758\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from parus major linnaeus 1758 to their own page .\nparus hotel accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival .\ncozy place with good service ! i had a good experience at parus . will definitely go back\nthe genus name of the mountain chickadee has recently been changed from parus to poecile . ( harrison , 1983 )\nparus is a genus of old world birds in the tit family . as defined here , it contains the following species :\nwhat made you want to look up parus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nlocated in central ekaterinburg , parus hotel offers modern accommodations . it also features an airport shuttle and a 24 - hour reception desk for guests\u2019 convenience .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : great tit in the rain ( 5132562181 ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\nparus major linnaeus 1758\npage .\nthe rooms of the hotel parus are simply furnished and include private bathrooms with hairdryer . they are equipped with tv , a mini - bar and a work desk .\nthe parus design consists of the heart piece of the icaro edelwei\u00df - logo . this design is very prominent in the sky and you will leave a lasting impression .\nto cite this page : thome , k . 2001 .\nparus gambeli\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nparus is our tandem glider with shark nose technology . it inspires in two sizes by having an extremely easy starting and landing behaviour , its extremely good handling and remarkable gliding properties .\ndue to its pleasant start and landing behaviour and the extremely good handling properties the parus is the right glider for every tandem pilot . no matter if you need reliable gear for your commercial activities or if you want to fly with your private friends . since the parus translates your steering impulses precisely and directly it is perfect also for free styling in the small size .\nif you want to perform free style figures with a tandem , parus 35 . 5 m\u00b2 is exactly what you need : a small area with specially adapted trim and very agile handling .\narild husby of the university of edinburgh , uk , and his team looked at data gathered from a wild population of great tits ( parus major ) in the netherlands that has been monitored since 1955 .\nparus is a compact and stable glider with high passive safety . based on its modern construction which includes a shark nose leading edge and clearly arranged risers , the start is even in difficult conditions easy and reliable .\nthe parus is a leisure machine where takeoff , landing , turn and speed are covered in an amazing package . a light canopy , with a shark nose delivers an amazing inflation and takeoff . super pop at the end of the brake range expands the margin for a soft landing and makes it a lot easier to handle . superb agility for playing makes wingovers and games a walk in the park . good pressure and glide with trimmers off makes the glider go fast with a very comfortable behaviour . parus has me ( or you ? ) covered !\ni had a fabulous manicure here today , and will absolutely return ! i ' m new to the neighborhood , and am thrilled to have found parus just a few blocks away . the staff was incredibly kind and polite , and very accommodating - - they were very understanding that i was in a bit of a hurry , and helped me to get out of there without smudging my big apple red nails . : ) highly recommend !\ni was due for a pedicure + shellac mani , and wanted to try a new salon . i read the reviews and figured i should try it out . i called for an appointment and was all set to try parus . the day arrived and i got there maybe 5m before my time and was greeted by parus and her staff . i was offered tea or water . i looked for my colors and then waited for maybe 10m until they were ready for me . the consensus is pretty much the same . . . quaint place and pleasant staff . they do great work as both my mani and pedi came out amazing and still going strong . it ' s a bit out of my way as far as location is concerned and i do prefer to have 1 manicurist do the work so i can ' t tip her accordingly instead of tipping 2 . plus it ' s either cash or check . not sure i ' d take the trek again , but if you ' re in the area , then i ' d recommend .\nthanks to the easy to handle trimmers parus can be accelerated continuously as required . the shark nose profile enables you to achieve high speeds when flying at the bottom weight range with open trimmers . at the same time it remains stable even when accelerated and has a very good glide performance also in turbulent air . steering impulses are being transferred directly and precisely and therefore an immediate change of course is possible at any time . the variable big - ear help lets you decide the size of the ears whereby you can descend as required .\nparus is the most special\nhome away from home\nnails salon . paru has been doing my nails for at least 10 years . wold never let anyone else touch my nails . perfection every time . she has created a very special salon - truly warm and cozy . paru and her staff not only care about your mani / pedi but care if you are thirsty , hot or cold etc . pedicures are like no other - - spa like every time . go try this special place - - promise you will not be disappointed . ( and if you fancy nail art - - - then definitely your place to go )\nstill have lots of love for parus ! their basic mani / pedi is better than the spa mani / pedi anywhere else . they do a beautiful job shaping your nails and make great color suggestions . most salons get angry when you ask them to test a color on your nail - paru ' s staff insists on testing every color - just in case . she also uses super high quality polishes and tries to steer her customers to use the higher end better quality polishes vs essie - for no additional cost . the hand and foot massage is super long - comparable to the massage you get when you pay extra money . the salon is super clean and zen . paru is a doll ! she knows every customer - even if you don ' t come in that often . she remembers all sorts of details from your previous conversations with her . she also encourages all her guests ( because that is how she makes you feel ) to participate in the conversation . she also offers you tea and water when you come in . for all this , you would you would pay serious money for the services . nope , prices are extremely reasonable for the level of service you get . now the salon is open until 9 pm - you know i will be coming more often !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nare related to waxwings ( bombycillidae ) , not to honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fleischer et al . 2008 )\nyellow - flanked whistler ( hylocitrea ) is related to the waxwings , not whistlers ( spellman et al . 2008 )\nfrom muscicapidae ( barker et al . 2002 , 2004 ; beresford et al . 2005 ; fuchs et al . 2006 )\nresequenced : yellow - bellied fantail is a close relative of the fairy flycatcher ( stenostiridae ) ( nyari et al . 2009 , fuchs et al . 2009 )\n( dickinson 2003 , sinclair & ryan 2003 , coates et al . 2006 )\nrevised classification follows johansson et al . 2013 ; see also tietze & borthakur 2012\nc and s thailand , malay pen . , sumatra and hainan i . ( off se china )\n( eck & martens 2006 , martens et al . 2006 , collar 2007 )\ncontinental europe and asia minor through siberia to kamchatka , sakhalin is . , korea , ne china and ne mongolia\nse azerbaijan , n iran , sw turkmenistan . ? winter visitor to sw iran\n( salzburger et al . 2002 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 )\n( salzburger et al . 2002 ) . subspecies sequence follows stervander et al , 2015 . 5 - 7 of the current subspecies may deserve full species status . retain\nas a single polytypic species pending further comprehensive analyses of all populations ( sangster 2006 , stervander et al . 2015 , illera et al . 2016 ) .\ne siberia , s sakhalin i . ec and ne china , korea and japan\n( p\u00e4ckert et al . 2005 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 ) .\n( madge 2008 ) , but see barani - beiranvand et al . ( 2017 ) , who propose to lump .\nsw kazakhstan , uzbekistan , n and se turkmenistan , tajikistan , and ne afghanistan .\nthis entry lacks etymological information . if you are familiar with the origin of this term , please add it to the page per etymology instructions . you can also discuss it at the etymology scriptorium .\nthis page was last edited on 30 january 2018 , at 14 : 07 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nif nothing happens , download the github extension for visual studio and try again .\n) . alignalltop . fromleadingtotrailing . withviews ( nsdictionaryofvariablebindings ( view ) ) . metrics ( @ {\nthere is available feature that helps you group constraints and produce even less code . enjoy !\nyou can also use usual nslayoutconstraint or nsarray of nslayoutconstraint as an item for pvgroup ( ) . following code is totally acceptable :\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\none of the best - known birds in our gardens and feeding tables is the great tit . although it is an insect - eater , it switches to seeds in the winter . therefore , great tits don ' t have to fly south in the winter . they are acrobats at the feeding table , easily hanging on the peanut netting or balancing on a suet ball . in the spring , great tits choose all kinds of holes and hollows in the woods and woodlands for making their nest . even during nesting season they like to be spoiled by humans . . . they gladly choose our bird houses to nest .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : great tit in the rain ( 5132562181 ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\ntaxus baccata l . ( 1753 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis is a preferred partner property . it ' s committed to giving guests a positive experience with its excellent service and great value . this property might pay urltoken a little more to be in this program .\nairport shuttle . airport shuttle available at an additional charge . you can request this in the next step .\nafter booking , all of the property\u2019s details , including telephone and address , are provided in your booking confirmation and your account .\nlittle bit far away from city centre , comfortable and friendly staff . communication in english can be a mess\nnearby attractions include the church of ascension and the rastorguyev - kharitonov palace , the biggest palatial residence in the urals .\nwe ' re sorry , but there was an error submitting your comment . please try again .\nbright room includes a flat - screen tv , a refrigerator and a private bathroom .\ncancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type . please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room .\nofficial invoices ( for tax / billing purposes ) are available at this property for business travelers .\nsee the 30 best hotels in yekaterinburg , based on 33 , 802 verified hotel reviews on booking . com .\nto keep the rating score and review content relevant for your upcoming trip , we archive reviews older than 24 months .\nonly a customer who has booked through urltoken and stayed at the property in question can write a review . this allows us to verify that our reviews come from real guests like you . who better to tell others about the free breakfast , friendly staff , or their comfortable room than someone who\u2019s stayed at the property ?\nwe want you to share your story , with both the good and the not - so - good . all we ask is that you follow a few simple guidelines .\nwe believe review contributions and property responses will highlight a wide range of opinions and experiences , which is critical in helping guests make informed decisions about where to stay .\ncontributions to urltoken are a reflection of the dedication of our guests and properties , so we treat them with the utmost respect .\nwhether negative or positive , we ' ll post every comment in full , as quickly as possible , after it ' s moderated to comply with urltoken guidelines . we ' ll also provide transparency over the status of submitted content .\nafter a review has been submitted , you can modify it by contacting urltoken customer service .\nwe ' ll use the same guidelines and standards for all user - generated content , and for the property responses to that content .\nwe ' ll allow the contributions to speak for themselves , and we won\u2019t be the judge of reality . booking . com\u2019s role is to be a feedback distributor for both guests and properties .\nthese guidelines and standards aim to keep the content on urltoken relevant and family - friendly , without limiting expression or strong opinions . they ' re also applicable regardless of the comment ' s tone .\ncontributions should be travel related . the most helpful contributions are detailed and help others make better decisions . please don\u2019t include personal , political , ethical , or religious commentary . promotional content will be removed and issues concerning booking . com\u2019s services should be routed to our customer service or accommodation service teams .\ncontributions should be appropriate for a global audience . please avoid using profanity or attempts to approximate profanity with creative spelling , in any language . comments and media that include hate speech , discriminatory remarks , threats , sexually explicit remarks , violence , or the promotion of illegal activity are not permitted .\nall content should be genuine and unique to the guest . reviews are most valuable when they are original and unbiased . your contribution should be yours . urltoken property partners should not post on behalf of guests or offer incentives in exchange for reviews . attempts to bring down the rating of a competitor by submitting a negative review will not be tolerated .\nrespect the privacy of others . urltoken will make an effort to obscure email addresses , telephone numbers , website addresses , social media accounts , and other similar details .\nthe opinions expressed in contributions are those of urltoken customers and properties , and not of urltoken . urltoken does not accept responsibility or liability for any reviews or responses . urltoken is a distributor ( without any obligation to verify ) and not a publisher of these comments and responses .\nby default , reviews are sorted based on the date of the review and on additional criteria to display the most relevant reviews , including but not limited to : your language , reviews with text , and non - anonymous reviews . additional sorting options might be available ( by type of traveler , by score , etc . . . ) .\nthis rating is a reflection of how the property compares to the industry standard when it comes to price , facilities and services available . it ' s based on a self - evaluation by the property . use this rating to help choose your stay !\nif you sign in or create an account , you ' ll unlock unlimited access to your lists from any computer , tablet or smartphone . they won ' t go away unless you say so .\n\u201clittle bit far away from city centre , comfortable and friendly staff . communication in english can be a mess\u201d\ncityside has well - equipped accommodations featuring free wifi in ekaterinburg , 4 miles from uralochka sports centre and 4 miles from ekaterinburg arena .\nlocated in ekaterinburg , one mile from dormitory of sverdlovsk state academic philharmonic , inter hotel provides a shared lounge . all rooms have a tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .\nlocated in yekaterinburg , a 12 - minute walk from geologicheskaya metro station , dream 24 apartments offer free wifi and flat - screen tv with cable channels the apartments feature air conditioning , a . . .\nthis 4 - star hotel is located in ekaterinburg city center . business hotel senator offers modern rooms with free wi - fi internet , a 24 - hour reception and free on - site parking .\n\ub207 little bit far away from city centre , comfortable and friendly staff . communication in english can be a mess\n\ub209 advertised washing service . requested and they picked it up , no update . walked down 4 hours later and was told the machine was broken the whole time . tiny shower .\nyou ' re subscribed ! your welcome email will arrive in your inbox soon .\nurltoken b . v . is based in amsterdam in the netherlands , and is supported internationally by 198 offices in 70 countries .\nurltoken is part of booking holdings inc . , the world leader in online travel and related services .\nwe have more than 70 million property reviews , and they ' re all from real , verified guests .\nthe only way to leave a review is to first make a booking . that ' s how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property .\nwhen guests stay at the property , they check out how quiet the room is , how friendly the staff is , and more .\nafter their trip , guests tell us about their stay . we check for naughty words and verify the authenticity of all guest reviews before adding them to our site .\nif you booked through us and want to leave a review , please sign in first .\nby creating an account , you agree to our terms and conditions and privacy statement .\na text message with a 6 - digit verification code was just sent to the phone number associated with this account .\nyou can choose between various colourways . please note that the specially created colourways are also available for professional tandem pilots that wish to add advertising on the bottom sail which is therefore left single - coloured .\nfirst , try refreshing the page and clicking current location again . make sure you click allow or grant permissions if your browser asks for your location . if your browser doesn ' t ask you , try these steps :\nat the top of your chrome window , near the web address , click the green lock labeled secure .\nin the window that pops up , make sure location is set to ask or allow .\nyou ' re good to go ! reload this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out google ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nat the top of your opera window , near the web address , you should see a gray location pin . click it .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out opera ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclick safari in the menu bar at the top of the screen , then preferences .\nunder website use of location services , click prompt for each website once each day or prompt for each website one time only .\nmacos may now prompt you to enable location services . if it does , follow its instructions to enable location services for safari .\nclose the privacy menu and refresh the page . try using current location search again . if it works , great ! if not , read on for more instructions .\nback in the privacy dialog , click manage website data . . . and type urltoken into the search bar .\nyou ' re good to go ! close the settings tab , reload this yelp page , and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out safari ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nat the top of your firefox window , to the left of the web address , you should see a green lock . click it .\nin the window that pops up , you should see blocked or blocked temporarily next to access your location . click the x next to this line .\nyou ' re good to go ! refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out firefox ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclick the gear in the upper - 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to nail salon . i had a great experience here . the ambience and decor is really nice - very calming / soothing to get your nails done here . as i mentioned earlier they also offer tea / water . here are the prices for some of the services ( as of 10 / 26 / 17 ) : regular manicure : $ 17 gel manicure : $ 44 spa manicure : $ 35 regular pedicure : $ 31 gel pedicure : $ 60 the prices have increased since the last time i ' ve been here . either way , i ' ll be back because the service is excellent and everyone is so friendly and attentive to detail and is there to make sure you have the best experience possible .\nwhat a gem ! ! ! they accommodated me on a friday afternoon ! the place is small but so comfy & relaxing ! the 3 ladies were so friendly and very good at what they do ! the citrus tea , essential oils & massage were amazing ! hands down the best pedi & mani i have ever gotten . can ' t wait to return ! this will now be my nail / spa place ! ! !\nthis place is good but expensive ! they do such a good job at cleaning up cuticles and painting nails .\nprobably the best nail salon on the ues . that ' s it ! i called it . that is if you care about your entire nail being polished , not your finger . your cuticles properly cut . and the ambiance as pleasant as the owner and her kick ass hand massage . price wise , comparable to the rest of the salons up here - the difference , i love my manicure .\nthis is a small boutique place . it ' s tiny and yet it ' s cozy . the ambiance is very relaxing . the jasmine smell of the place is soothing and the attention and service is excellent . they also serve delicious hot tea . this will be my new go to nail place .\nsmall but super cute place with a spa - like vibe . everybody who works here is incredibly friendly and good at what they do . their attention to detail and genuine care for your comfort definitely sets them apart . i got a pedicure and the best gel manicure that i ' ve ever had . left feeling completely rejuvenated and will definitely be back ! this is also the best place for nail art , i got exactly what i wanted !\nlisten - every time i go in there to get my nails done i fall asleep because the ambiance is just so relaxing . the price is affordable , the service is excellent , and the work is top notch . can ' t beat it .\ndon ' t be fooled by the small place , paru ' s does excellent quality mani pedi and waxing . the owner , paru , has almost 14 years of experience in the business . she is a perfectionist who will get your nails exactly right and accommodate your every request . she is also very particular about sterilization which is my biggest reason for going there . she is also amazing for waxing . you can trust her completely with all three services !\ni decided to come here to get my nails done for my birthday because it was close to work . the reviews helped me in deciding to come here . the place is small but very cozy . i love the peaceful ambience and the decor . both ladies were very nice and the attention to detail is amazing . i am very happy with my birthday nails and my experience here . i will be coming back to do my nails again .\nwhat a wonderful place - a bit pricier than some salons for a manipedi but worth it for the care and attention they bring . they offer green tea or other options for sipping , and they really care about doing things well . and they are also friendly and kind . i tried this place for the first time tonight , when my regular person elsewhere in the neighborhood was unavailable , and i was very impressed . i will definitely return ; i expect this will be my new regular place .\nwalking in , i was skeptical as it was a very small place with only a couple chairs . they were all so nice , friendly , and accommodating . the customer service was really wonderful ! i ' ve never been to a nail salon where they actually take their time and pay that much attention to your nails . the women there clearly know what they are doing ! although it ` was a little more expensive than most other places i ' ve been , they did a really exceptional job and the customer service was excellent . highly recommend .\nsuch a great experience ! highly recommend this place . mani and pedi done with such meticulousness . paru helped with picking the right colors and design and even added rhinestones for a special touch . will definitely be coming back !\nthis was my first trip and i am impressed ! ! ! ! ! ! i ' m a nurse so i ' m weird about germs and this place is super clean . she didn ' t rush even though they were very busy and she did a perfect job . seriously . they look amazing . a little pricey but you get what you pay for . it ' s also a quiet calming environment and the nail techs are so nice and polite . a + + + + +\n\u201cthere was no wait , and the ladies were super accommodating , offering us beverages ( they had a delicious roasted green tea ) and a choice of essential oils for our foot baths . \u201d in 4 reviews\n\u201cfor both my shellac ombr\u00e9 mani and regular pedi it all came out to $ 77 and well worth it . \u201d in 2 reviews\n\u201ctheir extra touches of hot tea or coffee , extraordinary hand & feet massages and mixing / matching polishes for the perfect color are icing on the cake . \u201d in 3 reviews\nyour trust is our top concern , so businesses can ' t pay to alter or remove their reviews . learn more .\nheads up : from now on , other yelpers will be able to see how you voted . want to chime in ?\nwow ! this salon is right down the block from me and i have walked by it a number of times ( usually on the way to a discount nail salon on york ) and after reading the reviews on yelp , i made my appointment . this was the best mani / pedi that i have ever gotten in nyc . the foot and hand massage were super long - at least as long as when you pay the extra $ 10 - $ 15 for a massage during your pedicure at the local chain or nail factory . and it was a quality massage ! not done by some bored and annoyed person who has no clue what they are doing and are watching the minutes tick down on some super large digital clock , but by someone who really knows how to give a massage . their color selection is fantastic . in addition to the full lines of opi and essie , they also have butter london , nars and chanel . paru pays a tremendous attention to detail and makes great color suggestions . she tries all the polishes on before you are committed - to make sure you are happy with your choice . it was a very quiet zen experience and i will definitely be coming back !\nour luxury pedicure , manicure and waxing are the perfect way to relax . we use indulgent herbal products enriched with essential oils to exfoliate , massage , moisturize and totally \u2026\nour luxury pedicure , manicure and waxing are the perfect way to relax . we use indulgent herbal products enriched with essential oils to exfoliate , massage , moisturize and totally beautify and revitalize your foot and hands . our deep and nourshing hand and foot spa treatments will leave your hand and feet feeling supple and silky to the touch . our advanced paraffin wax treatment is a real luxury - your hand and feet are dipprd in warm paraffin wax , whish is then peeled off to reveal newly rejuvenated , supple hands and foot . for waxing - the signature technique is all part of our effort to make waxing a treat rather than a chore . the unique creamy formulation has been developed so that it adheres only to hair and not skin , resulting in an almost pain - free wax .\nparu kc started her journey in the world of beauty at 18 . born in nepal . paru moved to new york city eight years ago and has become one of new york ' s most sought after spa specialists , working for celebrity and local clientele . her services include manicure , pedicure , waxing and threading . her intimate 200 square foot salon is perfect for those who want a private , relaxed experience . her products range from organic polish to . . . . waxing and . . . threading . manicures last a full hour unless her clients request a\njet set mani\n. paru quickly matches polish to outfits and provides excellent consultations in a new york minute . her technique and professional knowledge is what makes her service exceptional . upon request , the salon can be reserved for ' cocktails and conversation ' .\nwe calculate the overall star rating using only reviews that our automated software currently recommends .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\na complete tarsometatarsus of a passerine bird from the early miocene ( mn3 ) of petersbuch ( bavaria , germany ) is identified as an extinct representative of the climbing certhioidea , i . e . , a clade comprising treecreepers ( certhiidae ) , nuthatches and wallcreepers ( sittidae ) . the fossil specimen represents the so far earliest evidence of a representative of the certhioidea and is described as \u2020certhiops rummeli gen . et sp . nov . similarities to other climbing passerines are discussed .\n. . . the fossil record of birds is still too incomplete to draw evolutionary conclusions for particular avian taxa . we know a lot about the early and middle miocene terrestrial bird faunas of western and central europe ( see ml\u00edkovskyml\u00edkovsky\u00b4ml\u00edkovsky\u00b42002 ) , but growing independent evidence from various groups of birds ( manegold et al . 2004 ; manegold 2008 ; de pietri et al . 2011 ; de pietri and mayr 2012 ) indicates that the avian communities of this time were comprised mostly of extinct lineages , and recent genera were rare ( see , for example , the list of bird taxa from the famous early miocene saint - g\u00e9randle - puy locality in mourer - chauvir\u00e9 et al . 2013 ) . a turnover that led to the origin of the modern taxonomic diversity of birds in europe probably occurred during the late miocene , but avian remains of this age are extremely rare in western and central europe . . . .\n. . . in o . temminckii ( fig . 1f ) and o . spaldingii , an ossified tendinal bridge connects the crista plantaris lateralis to the hypotarsus and encloses a large foramen ( ' peroneal foramen ' in orenstein [ 1977 ] ) . this ossified tendinal bridge is present in only a few passerine groups , e . g . , pomatostomidae , climacteridae ( see manegold 2008 , worthy et al . 2010 ) . the tub . m . fibularis brevis , which in orthonyx is enlarged and proximally protuberant , is also broken off in the fossils . . . .\nnew specimens of the logrunner orthonyx kaldowinyeri ( passeriformes : orthonychidae ) from the oligo - miocene of australia . alcheringa\n. . . they were identified as a logrunner ( orthonychidae ) ( jmtn , unpublished observations ) ( clade c infigure 1 ) , a crown - group cracticid ( cracticidae ) [ 51 ] ( clade d infigure 1 ) , and an oriolid ( oriolidae ) [ 52 ] ( clade e infigure 1 ) . another fossil useful for calibration is a tarsometatarsus from the early miocene ( mn 3 , 20 . 5\u201318 mya ) of germany , assigned to the\nclimbing certhioidea\n, a clade comprising treecreepers ( certhiidae ) , nuthatches and wallcreepers ( sittidae ) [ 53 ] ( clade f infigure 1 ) . in addition to these fossils , we used a calibration based on a fossil honeyeater ( meliphagidae ) from the middle miocene of australia ( 10 . 4\u201316 . 3 . . .\n. . . these fossils include representatives thought to be outside crown group eupasseres [ 90 , 91 ] , a suboscine - like passerine [ 92 ] , and nearly complete skeletons of passerines of unknown affinities939495 . the earliest fossil passerines that can be confidently assigned to an extant family are from the early miocene , including a new zealand wren [ 12 ] and the fossils used to calibrate the nodes in our analyses5152 53 . it is probable that much of the early diversification took place in the southern continents from where comparatively few fossil sites from that time period are known . . . .\n. . . of these five apomorphies , the first is the most significant . additional support for its referral to the passeriformes is provided by the prominent crista plantaris lateralis of the tarsometatarsus ( boles , 2005 ; manegold , 2008b ) . the carpometacarpus has a well - developed proc . . . .\n. . . further , certhiops is similar to climacteris and cormobates in that the canal for fpp3 is merged with those for fp2 and fpp2 , and to sitta and certhia in that these canals are located distinctly dorsad of that for fp3 - fp4 . these diverse and distantly related taxa ( certhiidae , climacteridae , and some dendrocolaptidae ) appear to be convergent in their hypotarsal structure , which is correlated with treecreeping - or rockcreeping - type activity ( manegold , 2008b ) . thus , the highly terrestrial habits of dasyornis and atrichornis may confer structural homoplasy in the unenclosed nature of the superficial flexor tendons with the above - mentioned rock - dwelling or treecreeping taxa . . . .\n. . . the reduced size of the canal for fpp3 and its displacement dorsad of fp3 - fp4 also appear to be correlated with a small , enclosed foramen passing through the crista plantaris lateralis for the passage of the tendon for m . fibularis longus ( raikow , 1993 ) . in cormobates , a single foramen and in climacteris , two foramina are assumed to convey branches of the tendon for m . fibularis longus through the crista plantaris lateralis to the fp3 tendon , as was described for some suboscines in dendrocolaptidae , for example the amazonian barred - woodcreeper dendrocolaptes certhia and olivaceous woodcreeper sittasomus griseicapillus ( raikow , 1993 ; manegold , 2008b ) . however , we found a larger foramen , more typically a notch , which appears to convey the same two structures through / over the crista plantaris lateralis , is an apomorphy of meliphagoidea . . . .\n. . . we assigned the best fitting model , as estimated by mrmodeltest2 , to each of the fourteen partitions . the current fossil record of passerine birds is still poorly understood and the phylogenetic relationship of many passerine fossils need to be determined more precisely ( manegold et al . , 2004 ; mayr and manegold , 2004 ; manegold , 2008 ) . a new fossil , assigned to the certhioidea ( treecreepers , gnatcatchers and nuthatches ) has recently been described , but its exact relationships within the certhioidea are unclear ( manegold , 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . the current fossil record of passerine birds is still poorly understood and the phylogenetic relationship of many passerine fossils need to be determined more precisely ( manegold et al . , 2004 ; mayr and manegold , 2004 ; manegold , 2008 ) . a new fossil , assigned to the certhioidea ( treecreepers , gnatcatchers and nuthatches ) has recently been described , but its exact relationships within the certhioidea are unclear ( manegold , 2008 ) . given the lack of consensus concerning the relationships of many passerine fossil forms and the methodological pitfalls associated with the use of secondary calibration points ( graur and martin , 2004 ) , we only performed our dating analyses in a relative time framework . . . .\n. . . fossil broadbills ( eurylaimidae , suboscines ) are known from the early miocene of bavaria , germany ( ballmann 1969 ) . certhiops rummeli , the earliest fossil representative of a clade comprising extant nuthatches and treecreepers ( certhioidea , oscines ) showing adaptations for climbing was discovered in a contemporaneous and close by fossil locality ( manegold 2008b ) . . . .\nmolecular phylogenetics , biogeography and systematics of dreissena in the balkans . - freshwater biol . , 52 : 1525 - 1536 . anders , u . , engels , s . , hansen , j . ( 2007 ) : nahrungspr\u00e4ferenzen und entwicklungstendenzen im gebiss omnivorer carnivora . - hallesches jahrb . geowiss . , beih . , 23 : 121 - 124\npasserine diversity in the late oligocene of germany : earliest evidence for the sympatric coexistenc . . .\na passerine avifauna from the late oligocene ( c . 26\u201325 mya ) of germany was characterized by a high diversity of conspicuously small birds ranging in size from the smallest known oscines to moderately small forms . the avifauna comprised both oscines and suboscines . other passerine fragments showed such an unexpected mosaic of characters that it was impossible to assign them with certainty to . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmanegold , a . , g . mayr , and c . mourer - chauvir\u00e9 . miocene songbirds and the composition of the european . . .\nlas aves canoras ( passeriformes ) aparecen en el registro f\u00f3sil del hemisferio norte alrededor del oligoceno temprano . recientemente se ha sugerido que los linajes principales de passeriformes se separaron en gondwana durante el cret\u00e1cico medio a tard\u00edo y que los oscines , que incluyen todas las aves canoras vivientes europeas , se originaron en la plataforma continental de australia . se supone . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe describe new specimens of the oldest european passeriform bird from the early oligocene of germany . this bird has hitherto been known only from a poorly preserved skeleton and we report here a second slab of the same specimen and an additional fragmentary skull . the new specimens allow the description of a new species , wieslochia weissi gen . et . sp . nov . , which lacks apomorphies of crown . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis genus and related genera are controversial . the species , from white - shouldered tit to grey tit , are sometimes separated as the genus melaniparus , and the yellow tit and the black - lored tit are sometimes separated as macholophus . on the other hand , many authorities expand this genus to include cyanistes , lophophanes , periparus , and poecile .\nkessler , e . 2013 . neogene songbirds ( aves , passeriformes ) from hungary . \u2013 hantkeniana , budapest , 2013 , 8 : 37 - 149 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & christie d . ( editors ) . ( 2007 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 12 : picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions . isbn 978 - 84 - 96553 - 42 - 2\ngill , frank b . ; slikas , beth & sheldon , frederick h . ( 2005 ) : phylogeny of titmice ( paridae ) : ii . species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome - b gene . auk 122 : 121 - 143 . doi : 10 . 1642 / 0004 - 8038 ( 2005 ) 122 [ 0121 : potpis ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 html abstract\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\nk dinatale set\nimage of poecile atricapillus\nas an exemplar on\npoecile atricapillus ( linnaeus , 1766 )\n.\n: thanks for spotting this problem . downvotes should help sink it . not sure how onezoom chooses its examples .\nthis is a terrible picture to use as an example of a tufted ti . . .\ntracy barbaro marked\npoecile rufescens\nas hidden on the\npoecile rufescens\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nthe mountain chickadee is found in the mountains of southwest canada and the western united states . they are most abundant in oregon and northern california . ( evans , 1994 ; paul , 2000 )\nis found in mountain coniferous and mixed woodlands . during nesting season they live at elevations of three kilometers or more . in the fall and winter they migrate to lower elevations . ( terres , 1980 )\nthe mountain chickadee has a short , round body , and on average is only 13 centimeters in length . it can be recognized by its black crown and throat , white cheeks , and distinctive white eyebrow . this white eyebrow , along with its pale gray sides , distinguish this species from other chickadees . the mountain chickadee also has grayish - white underparts and gray flanks . males and females look alike . rocky mountain forms have buff on the back , sides and flanks , and have broader white eyebrows .\nthe mountain chickadee is well adapted for a cold environment . the soft down next to their skin provides insulation , and their outer contour feathers are tight and waterproof . ( scott , 1987 ; harrison , 1983 ; cassidy , 1990 )\nthe breeding activity of the mountain chickadee occurs in the spring , from april to july . the female can lay from 6 - 12 eggs , but on average lays 8 - 9 . she then sits on these eggs , which can be plain white or spotted with brown , for an incubation period of 14 days . during this time , her mate is always nearby to defend their territory and collects the food for both of them . occasionally the female may leave the eggs to look for food herself , but covers them with the lining of the nest before she goes . she always spends the entire night on the eggs . when the eggs hatch , both parents work hard to bring a never - ending supply of food to the young . the offspring leave the nest after about 20 days . they will still be fed by their parents for a few weeks after they fledge , while gradually learning to feed themselves . the mountain chickadee has been recorded as living up to almost 8 years in the wild . ( harrison , 1983 ; terres 1980 )\nthe mountain chickadee is an acrobatic , tree - loving bird with fantastic agility . they are able to find food in places that other animals overlook because they are comfortable at any angle , right - side up or upside down . their flight maneuvers give them an advantage in avoiding enemies . they can change direction in mid - air in 0 . 03 seconds .\ntheir call is a chick - a - dee - a - dee , or a three or four note decending whistle , fee - bee - bay , or fee - bee - fee - bee . they are social and are always flitting about , seemingly very cheerful as they carry on a chatter with flockmates .\nin the spring , the flocks of chickadees start to split into pairs , usually with the same partner as the previous year . some pairs are mated for life . the male often brings food as a gift to the female , and defends the territory around their nest which may include as much as eight to seventeen acres . they nest in a natural cavity , abandoned woodpecker hole , birdhouse , or a hole dug out by the pair in a rotted stump or tree . they can nest just a few centimeters above the ground or as high as twenty five meters , but are usually content with a height of two to five meters . when they have completed digging the cavity , it will be approximately 13 to 20 centimeters deep . this task takes the pair about a week to ten days to complete . during the next three or four days , the female creates the actual nest by lining it with soft material such as animal fur , feathers , or moss and plant fibers . when the nest is ready , the female will lay her eggs . ( harrison , 1983 ; evans , 1994 ; terres , 1980 )"]}
{"id": 1551, "summary": [{"text": "the slate-coloured grosbeak ( saltator grossus ) is a species of grosbeak in the thraupidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "most of its range is the amazon in south america , but it is also found in forests of the choc\u00f3 in ecuador and colombia , and southern central america from panama to honduras . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "slate - coloured grosbeak", "paragraphs": ["the slate - coloured grosbeak is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe slate - colored grosbeak ( saltator grossus ) is a cardinal found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , honduras , nicaragua , panama , peru , suriname , and venezuela .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common but patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 13 . 7 - 15 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : saltator grossus . jpg\nas hidden on the\nridgway , 1901\npage .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : saltator grossus . jpg\nas untrusted on the\nridgway , 1901\npage . reasons to untrust : incorrect / misleading\nkatja schulz commented on an older version of file : saltator grossus . jpg :\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nsaltator grossus grossus : e colombia to venezuela , the guianas , amaz . brazil and n bolivia\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 736 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options ."]}
{"id": 1554, "summary": [{"text": "kris kin ( 5 march 2000 \u2013 august 2012 ) was a retired thoroughbred race horse , and active sire .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he was bred in the united states but was trained in england during his racing career .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in a career that lasted just over a year , from october 2002 to october 2003 , he ran seven times and won three races , most notably the epsom derby in 2003 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "kris kin stood as a stallion in italy , before being exported to stand in libya , where he died in 2012 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "kris kin", "paragraphs": ["third - placed alamshar . the latter trounced his king george rivals , including kris kin , who ran the race of his life to be third .\nthe most recent case , heard at central london county court on dec 8 , involved david elsworth , one of the most gifted and best known trainers in britain , and charlie gordon - watson , a highly successful bloodstock agent , whose recent purchases included kris kin , winner of last year ' s derby .\nkris kin won last year ' s derby only because the race comes too early in the season for it to be a true championship test . the dee stakes winner , trained by sir michael stoute , scored well enough at epsom , but he never won again and the best horse in the field turned out to be\na son of deceased kris s . and bred by flaxman holdings , kris kin won the epsom derby in his first start after winning the philip leverhulme dee stakes ( eng - iii ) in his season opener for owner saeed suhail . following the derby , he ran third in both the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes ( eng - i ) and prix neil casino barriere d ' enghien les bains ( fr - ii ) . overall , he won three of seven races and earned $ 1 , 641 , 792 .\nkris kin , this year ' s epsom derby ( eng - i ) winner , was retired from racing several days after his unplaced effort in the oct . 5 prix de l ' arc de triomphe lucien barriere ( fr - i ) . he will stand at sheikh hamdan ' s derrinstown stud in ireland for 8 , 000 euros ( approximately $ 9 , 400 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbritain ' s \u00a3250 million bloodstock industry finds itself in the dock today after another court case exposed how everyday customs and practices carried out by some trainers and horse traders are flagrantly illegal .\nan investigation by the daily telegraph has confirmed the kind of transactions described by a judge as amounting to\nfraud\n,\nbribery\nand\nsecret profits\nare widespread within the bloodstock world but are not regarded as anything untoward by many people in the industry .\nit is a world where ' sweeteners ' and ' kick - backs ' , often worth tens of thousands of pounds , are commonplace and wealthy owners , unknowingly ripped off by unscrupulous trainers or agents , are the unwitting victims .\nthe level and type of corruption are confirmed elsewhere on these pages by justin wadham , a newmarket - based lawyer and former bloodstock agent , and a trainer who has close dealings with horse sales .\nthe latest example of how bloodstock dealings can be so at odds with the law of the land came four years after another court case exposed the shady side of horse sales .\nin november 1999 , a high court judge awarded an owner \u00a351 , 000 in damages after concluding that oliver sherwood , a trainer , and paul webber , a former bloodstock agent turned trainer , had been guilty of\ncollusive bidding\nat doncaster sales .\nthe case centred on the proposed sale in october 2001 of foodbroker fancy , a talented three - year - old filly trained by elsworth , via gordon - watson to richard duggan , an american - based bloodstock agent . gordon - watson said the sale price was \u00a3275 , 000 . duggan said he was paying \u00a3300 , 000 .\ndays after the sale was agreed verbally , the filly was injured . she was subsequently sold in february 2003 for \u00a3275 , 000 to a french stud and the court case was aimed at determining who should pay veterinary and assorted costs of around \u00a320 , 000 accumulated between the collapse of the original sale and her departure to france .\nhowever , the case took on a very different complexion after judge michael dean qc read legal papers concerning the original sale and was clearly appalled by what he discovered .\nin a written witness statement in support of foodbrokers ltd , the claimants , elsworth said :\nat goff ' s [ sale in ireland ] , charles gordon - watson made a firm offer to buy the horse for the sum of \u00a3275 , 000 . he also said that i would be paid the sum of \u00a310 , 000 commission by him . this was to be in addition to the normal vendor ' s commission of five per cent of the purchase price paid which i would receive from the owners in any event .\njamie mccalmont , an associate of gordon - watson , said in a separate witness statement in support of his boss that the \u00a310 , 000 for elsworth was\nan incentive to get the deal done\n.\nalthough neither witness was cross - examined , the official transcript of court proceedings shows how the judge seized on their evidence during a series of exchanges with william mccormick , the barrister representing foodbrokers .\njudge dean : well , this adds a little complication . that means that two agents . . . your agent was defrauding you .\njudge dean : i do not care whether you are making it or not , it seems to me that he was taking a secret profit if you did not know about it .\nmccormick : your honour , he was taking that money without our knowledge . yes , that is right .\nsoon afterwards , judge dean said : so you are relying on a witness [ elsworth ] who you can see was defrauding you .\njudge dean : well , i am using it because that is what it amounts to .\nthe judge went on :\nall right , i have given you due warning . if i think it necessary to make remarks about the practices of these two agents [ elsworth and gordon - watson ] i shall have no hesitation in doing so whatsoever . you can all bear that in mind .\nas the proceedings drew to a climax , judge dean continued :\nanyway , your case is that you had a contract for the sale of this filly for \u00a3275 , 000 .\njudge dean : and whoever agreed to buy it off you had agreed to buy it for \u00a3275 , 000 and you knew nothing about the fate of the \u00a325 , 000 . were your clients [ foodbrokers ltd ] paying a commission at all for the trainer ?\nmccormick : we were to pay a five per cent commission , five per cent of \u00a3275 , 000 .\nmccormick : i think it is slightly more , but that sort of order , yes . there is no doubt he was taking commission from both parties .\njudge dean : that is illegal , it is quite illegal . and if that is the way this business is conducted the sooner the people involved change their ways the better . that is what is called bribery and secret profits .\nwith the judge in full flow , the denouement came in a court scene reminiscent of rumpole of the bailey .\nmccormick intervened to tell the judge :\ni hear a whisper from my right suggesting it might be an idea if your honour would give us a little time . could i ask for 15 minutes ?\nthe judge responded :\ni think you all ought to think about this very , very carefully . in this case there is \u00a325 , 000 , which is exactly the sum of the secret profits that the agents [ elsworth and gordon - watson ] apparently , certainly so far as the claimant [ foodbrokers ltd ] were concerned , were splitting between themselves , and so far as mr duggan is concerned that is the same position .\ni appreciate that that is not accepted by gordon - watson , they say mr duggan was perfectly well aware that , to use mr gordon - watson ' s words , he was going to pay \u00a310 , 000 to the trainer to ensure that he kept the price , which seems clear fraud on his principal .\nnow , if you all want to think about it i would advise you to do so . i will give you as long as you like .\nduring the subsequent short break , gordon - watson settled the claims . he agreed to pay \u00a340 , 000 to foodbrokers ltd and \u00a310 , 000 to duggan .\nafter hearing details of the settlement , judge dean said :\nin the circumstances of this case i do not propose to say anything more about it . but i think that is an extremely wise settlement .\nsince the case , the daily telegraph has had confirmation that foodbrokers ltd knew nothing about the proposed \u00a310 , 000 sweetener at the time of the proposed sale and did not become aware of it until\nconsiderably\nlater on .\ncharlie gordon - watson is threatening to sue the daily telegraph for alleged libel following the publication of an article last month , headlined\nhorsetraders must clean up their act\n, which first highlighted the foodbroker fancy case .\nhe says his decision to settle the civil claims was completely unconnected with judge dean ' s remarks at the start of the trial .\na letter from his lawyers to the editor , dated dec 15 , copies of which gordon - watson circulated with a covering note to various racing people , stated :\nas you will know , it is not uncommon practice for parties to litigation to settle at the door of the court on commercial grounds and this is what happened in this case .\nwith regard to the proposed \u00a310 , 000 payment to elsworth , gordon - watson says he fully expected the trainer to tell the court that foodbrokers knew about it . because elsworth was due to appear as a witness for foodbrokers\nclearly therefore they knew about mr elsworth receiving this commission and were at ease with the fact\n.\nin a later letter , it was stated gordon - watson had no reason to believe elsworth had not informed foodbrokers and , because no evidence was given in court ,\nwe do not know what the position was\n.\nthe judge made no ' findings ' that the arrangements surrounding the proposed sale of foodbroker fancy were\nillegal\nor involved\nsecret profits\n, the bloodstock agent ' s lawyers said .\nsubsequently , they said the judge ' s remarks\nwere made in respect of a hypothetical situation and were not made on the basis of any finding of fact . the hypothetical situation was one that did not pertain to the facts of this case .\nafter being provided with the official transcript of the legal proceedings by the daily telegraph , it was argued the judge ' s comments concerning the illegality of agents taking a commission from both sides were\nplainly wrong\n.\ngordon - watson claims the purpose of the additional \u00a310 , 000 was to compensate elsworth for lost training fees and prize money flowing from foodbroker fancy leaving his yard .\nthe writer of the article is criticised for\nhis failure to contact our client who could have put the record straight as to the nature of the payment to mr elsworth and apprised him of what the judge had actually said\n.\na letter dated jan 21 declined the daily telegraph ' s offer to interview gordon - watson and concluded :\nwe will give you a further seven days in which to reconsider your position , failing which our instructions are to issue proceedings without further notice to you .\ndavid elsworth contacted the daily telegraph following the initial story and said :\ni am phoning about that s * * * you wrote in the paper the other day . haven ' t you got no better f * * * * * * style of copy than that . i mean , the fact was the judge did not award anybody everything . there was a dispute about ownership and it was settled out of court .\nyou have to go raking up all that s * * * . how do you know ? you weren ' t even there . i should change your occupation . it ' s a s * * * job you ' ve got if you ' ve got nothing better to do than this .\njust do me a favour , richard . distance yourself from me . i don ' t want to see you again .\nthe financial corruption exposed in the foodbroker fancy court case is\nsadly the tip of a rotten iceberg\n, according to justin wadham , a newmarket lawyer who specialises in racing issues .\nas a former chairman of the federation of bloodstock agents who is married to a national hunt trainer and has worked for sheikh mohammed ' s british bloodstock empire , wadham speaks - albeit reluctantly - from a position of knowledge .\nhe helped the jockey club last year to produce a code of conduct for trainers aimed at deterring impropriety .\ni hate it when racing receives adverse publicity , particularly as most attempts by the media to put the sport in the dock get it wrong ,\nwadham said .\nhowever , i am very disheartened when client upon client - and many others who are not clients - come into racing and then leave almost as soon as they become involved not only because they have been cheated but because nobody , seemingly , gives a damn about their plight .\nsome of my clients are agents and trainers and they , too , are just as sickened as i am by some of the things that go on unchecked and unpunished .\nthere is a belief among many operators that they are entitled to take a cut out of a commercial transaction and call it ' commission ' . however , commission is a percentage rate agreed with a client and charged for a service to that client .\nwhat a lot of people think is that , if they shift a horse from one person to another , without any regard for who their client may be , and nick some money out of the deal en route , they are charging a legitimate commission . in some cases , their actions amount to nothing less than theft .\nwadham identified a number of areas where wrongdoing regularly takes place , including at the numerous high - profile sales .\na well - known scenario occurs when someone receives an order from a client to buy a horse for a specified sum . he then finds a horse which , say , has a reserve on it for half that amount .\nbefore the horse enters the sales ring , he agrees with the vendor that the two of them will split whatever the amount is by which the eventual price exceeds the reserve price . thus ' our agent ' ends up charging his client five per cent commission on a price which he has deliberately inflated and also pockets the ' kick - back ' he negotiated with the vendor .\nthe variations on the theme are endless and , while it ' s important to stress that numerous trainers and agents are as appalled by these practices as i am , any idea that the auction market is transparent , or that this kind of thing happens just occasionally , is myth .\nextracting a ' commission ' from both seller and buyer is also common in private transactions .\nthat amounts , at best , to a serious conflict of interest , and is fundamentally dishonest because ' the agent ' is misrepresenting his position to one or other party or both ,\nwadham said .\ni have also come across cases where the amount paid by the ultimate buyer of a horse is almost double the amount received by the original vendor - the difference being swiped by one or more ' facilitators ' en route .\nsometimes , a client comes to see me with what he believes to be an ordinary commercial dispute only to discover , once the facts are probed , that he was the victim of fraud .\ni cannot discuss individual cases . although , ironically , i am constrained not so much from client confidentiality - many would be delighted for me to proclaim their grievances from the rooftops - but by confidentiality clauses in settlement agreements whereby wrongdoers have purchased the silence of a client and thus avoided disciplinary scrutiny .\na lot of people are being stitched up and , unfortunately , no one seems to care . i think someone in a position of authority needs to say , ' we do care and we want to stamp it out . '\ni ' m not naive enough to believe that you can prevent cheating . what you can tackle , however , is a culture in which cheating is so endemic and so rarely questioned , let alone punished , that some people do not recognise as wrong what a court of law would , in some cases , judge to be criminal .\nwadham believes that the jockey club , as regulators of racing , should become more aggressively involved and\ndemonstrate a determination to deal with cases of impropriety\n.\nwith trainers , it has everything it needs . not only is there a code of conduct but every trainer has to apply for a new licence annually . there ' s every opportunity for the jockey club repeatedly to warn trainers of the dire consequences of financial impropriety .\nthe jockey club has less authority and jurisdiction over bloodstock agents but , surely , they could take the initiative by seeking to negotiate with the federation of bloodstock agents an arrangement whereby , through the federation , each member voluntarily submitted to jockey club disciplinary jurisdiction . after all , the reluctance of any agent to submit might tell its own story .\na trainer who rejected a ' sweetener ' worth more than \u00a325 , 000 to ensure the sale of a horse from his yard has spoken of the corruption and\nenormous can of worms\nsurrounding britain ' s bloodstock industry .\nthe guys who are being ripped off are the owners , those who pay the bills , and it ' s all down to greed . it ' s robbery without violence ,\nhe told the daily telegraph .\nin an interview , he gave examples of the various methods used by some bloodstock agents to\nrip off\nowners - and he provided names of those who allegedly\nare up to their necks in it\n.\nthe trainer , who asked for anonymity , highlighted the modus operandi of one particular bloodstock agent when it came to buying and selling horses .\nhe targets the smaller trainers and offers them what he calls sweeteners to get a deal done .\nwhat he does at the sales is to approach a vendor beforehand to say he would like to buy their yearling . ' how much do you want for him ? '\nthe vendor says he ' s hoping to make , say , \u00a350 , 000 and the agent says , ' i ' ll give you \u00a350 , 000 and anything it makes over and above that is mine ' .\nhe already has an owner lined up for the horse and has people around the sales ring who will bid it up to \u00a3150 , 000 . he cops \u00a3100 , 000 and some unsuspecting owner pays the bill .\ni ' ve followed horses into the ring with a view to buying them and they make 10 times what they ' re worth - because it ' s all sorted out before the horse goes into the ring . it ' s all done outside .\nthe law defining what constitutes bribery of an agent is contained in a legal tome which matches racing ' s bulky form book in size .\nchitty on contracts cites mr justice slade :\nfor the purpose of the civil law a bribe means the payment of a secret commission , which only means : that the person making the payment makes it to the agent of the other person with whom he is dealing ; that he makes it to that person knowing that that person is acting as the agent of the other person with whom he is dealing ; that he fails to disclose to the other person with whom he is dealing that he has made that payment to the person who he knows to be the other person ' s agent .\nonce the bribe is established it is conclusively presumed against the donor of the bribe that his motive was corrupt and against the agent that he was affected and influenced by the payment .\nthe onus on an agent is underlined in chitty ' s summary of a string of legal precedents , ' secret profits ' .\na further consequence of the agent ' s fiduciary position is that unless he informs his principal and obtains his consent , he may not use his position as agent nor his principal ' s property or confidential information to make a profit for himself .\nbloodstock agents are not licensed or subject to the rules of racing which are enforced by the jockey club to police the sport .\nthe only form of self - regulation involves members of the 48 - strong federation of bloodstock agents having to abide by a bland code of working ethics introduced after oliver sherwood and paul webber were ordered to pay \u00a351 , 000 damages for\ncollusive bidding\nat doncaster sales in 1999 .\nnot only is the six - point code vague , the jockey club are the first to admit the fba have no real teeth . membership is optional and some of the most successful agents , including charlie gordon - watson , are not fba members and therefore not subject to the code ' s provisions . however , all are subject to laws governing ' secret profits ' .\nofficially , the fba say no complaints have been received against any of their members since the code was introduced . however , privately there is acknowledgement that it is flouted .\nagents , according to one industry source , do not appreciate having to pay off what they regard as grasping trainers who can prevent deals being done .\none agent , who asked not to be identified , said :\nwe do not give , out of the goodness of our heart , a trainer \u00a310 , 000 , \u00a320 , 000 or whatever the figure might be because he ' s a nice bloke . the implication is always , ' if you don ' t look after me , the deal won ' t get done ' .\nagents hand this money over somewhat under duress . it ' s a bloody nightmare .\na code of conduct for trainers , covering dealings with owners , was introduced by the jockey club last year which seeks to reflect what has been the strict legal position for decades .\na trainer who acts as an agent in a purchase or sale of a horse must inform an owner\nif he is aware that he will benefit financially from any third party from such a transaction\n.\nhe is also forbidden from acting\nsimultaneously for the vendor or purchaser\nunless an owner has been informed in advance .\nrupert arnold , chief executive of the national trainers federation , confirmed that the circumstances of the foodbroker fancy case were not exceptional .\nit is not highly unusual . i would hope , given the jockey club code of conduct , trainers appreciate that the onus is on them to be transparent ,\nhe said .\nthe reality is that trainers make precious little out of training fees because it ' s such a competitive business with operating margins that are miniscule . so trainers need to find alternative ways of making money .\ni don ' t think there ' s anything wrong with that but what needs to happen is that the process has to be transparent .\nthe rarity of a sporting victory over australia \u2013 be it at cricket or tiddlywinks \u2013 means that every drop of essential oil has to be distilled from the celebrations . you have no idea how long the bottle might have to last . so , 20 years on last monday , the miracle of headingley ' 81 was invoked , with mark butcher ( ian botham ) and nasser hussain ( mike brearley ) cast as heroes of the remake .\njust one little difference . in 1981 , the game mattered and england won it . in 2001 , the ashes were gone and australia lost it . any other interpretation of a thunderingly gratifying , but ultimately futile , victory is a wanton distortion of the truth , a confirmation of just how deep the acceptance of aussie dominance has burrowed into the national psyche .\nthis is , of course , an appropriate week to be reflecting on ancient national rivalries and the indefinable hold that history can take on a mere sporting contest . bat and ball at headingley and the oval , boot and ball in the olympic stadium in munich next saturday evening when england ' s hopes of automatic qualification for the 2002 world cup will depend on sven goran eriksson ' s ability to press the delete button on the nation ' s video . all england know what happens when we play germany at football \u2013 one scrappy victory in euro 2000 apart \u2013 just as they know what happens when england play australia at cricket . very occasionally and dramatically we win , mostly we lose . but does a swedish coach know or care ? eriksson was professing ignorance last week , preferring a little light background music to the wagnerian thunder and lightning which generally accompany the reunion of england and germany .\nneutrality is probably the wise approach , not least with young multi - millionaires who are not prone to belting out the words of the national anthem like terry butcher , but eriksson might like to compare notes with duncan fletcher , his opposite number at lord ' s , who has spent his summer sweeping up the pieces of shattered illusions , not least his own .\nwhy is it , fletcher must have wondered on those long , hot , afternoons , that a team moulded by 18 months of success , against zimbabwe , his own country , west indies , pakistan and sri lanka , a team that had developed resilience , team spirit , a sense of community , mateship even , should go weak at the knees at the first whisper of\ng ' day\n? he must have known something inexplicable and very english was afoot when he heard nasser hussain , an otherwise hard and impressive captain , talk of\nearning the respect\nof the aussies before a ball had been bowled . respect is earned by winning , and is an aim only for those who believe they will lose .\ni doubt if fletcher , himself an inspirational leader in the days when zimbabwe were a non - test playing nation , ever took to the field with\nearning respect\nheading his list of ambitions . nor does it claim much of a place in eriksson ' s recently published thoughts on football . and it was , presumably , this sort of attitude which steve waugh was alluding to when he spoke last week of his surprise at the country ' s culture of negativity .\nwaugh promised a more detailed analysis of the failings at the end of the series which , at the time , australia looked set to take 5 - 0 . one hopes he will not be diverted from keeping his word by one setback because , from the moment he confronted the england batsmen with a row of slips , a gully and a short - leg at the start of a one - day international at old trafford , waugh has conducted a summer - long master class in psychology . his debrief will be compulsory listening . a tape might even be mailed to the headquarters of the football association .\nby late on saturday , eriksson too might be dimly aware , like fletcher , of forces at work beyond his objective understanding . the incalculable benefit for our national football team is that eriksson ' s england will go to munich stripped of the phony patriotism which has repeatedly been used to mask the inadequacies of our preparation . the additional bonus , for all of us , is that england ' s fate on saturday will not be decided by a penalty shoot - out .\nwhy is the start of the premiership season like the start of a horse race ? because in both cases , the commentator cries :\nand they ' re off\n. nine red cards in the first five days , including two each from tottenham ( david elleray ) and leeds ( jeff winter ) has hardly been an auspicious start to the new era of professional referees , unless a productivity clause has been secretly inserted in their contracts .\nthis season , referees will be fitter , better prepared , more in tune with the demands of the modern game , at least that is what we have been promised in return for \u00a360 , 000 a year . yet already the paying punter \u2013 armchair or live \u2013 has once again had to suffer football ' s equivalent of the peace process , a well - rehearsed ritual which involves a lot of whingeing by players and managers , a whole pack of red cards and , finally , an uneasy deal on the decommissioning of certain tackles which could have been brokered before a player had been kicked .\nthis season , referees have been instructed to referee safely , which means keeping strict hold of the reins of authority . on paper , that is a logical instruction . on the field , it leads to untold frustration . admittedly , leeds against arsenal requires the deployment of a un peace - keeping force , but nothing is designed to upset players , managers and fans more than the wilful refusal by referees to play advantage . on tuesday night at highbury and at anfield last saturday , jeff winter dismally failed to apply the law , notably in blowing up for a foul on patrick vieira which the frenchman ' s skill had already punished . arsenal lost a good field position ; leeds happily regrouped for the free - kick . no one was booked .\nfootball has already adopted rugby union ' s idea of penalising dissent by moving a free - kick 10 yards forward \u2013 winter penalised paolo di canio twice for the offence at anfield \u2013 so why not also apply rugby ' s interpretation of advantage by allowing play to continue beyond the foul so that the extent of the advantage can be calculated ? any more of this safety - first refereeing and the premiership will be reduced to seven - a - side .\nthis is the fa speaking :\ndue to circumstances entirely within the remote control of television , third round fa cup ties will be played on a rolling 24 - hour basis starting at midnight on saturday , 5 january , 2002 and ending at midnight on monday , 7 january , 2002 .\nwe apologise for any inconvenience caused to the undesirable minority who might want to watch their teams live at a reasonable hour of the day or those dreadful stick - in - the - muds who prefer their football served up exclusively at 3pm on saturdays . but , what can you do ? i mean , television pays all this money and who are we to say to stop them doing what they want ?\nwhat ' s that ? yes , i know we are the game ' s governing body , but , with the best will in the world , i don ' t see what that ' s got to do with it . oh yes , the fa cup final ? that has been moved to kuala lumpur . live , peak time for the asian market . they ' re suckers for tradition out there , you know .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\n\u00a359 . 70 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a345 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units\n\u00a329 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bel , 1\u00bdl time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 2\u00bdl , nk , \u00bel time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 4l , \u00bel , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bcl , 2\u00bel time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %\nwas keen early but made some good late progress and looks one for nurseries .\n\u00a3144 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a363 , 971 . 93 - 323 . 42 winning units\n\u00a324 . 00 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 618 . 12 - 141 . 81 winning units\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , 1\u00bdl , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , 1\u00bcl , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %\ndistances : nk , 18l , 8l time : 2m 34 . 18s ( slow by 2 . 68s ) total sp : 108 %\ndistances : nk , 4l , nk time : 2m 2 . 05s ( slow by 1 . 75s ) unplaced fav : lamloom 9 / 4j total sp : 109 %\ndistances : 7l , 9l , nk time : 1m 38 . 94s ( slow by 1 . 24s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %\ndistances : hd , 2\u00bcl , 1\u00bcl time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 1\u00bcl , nk time : 2m 11 . 38s ( slow by 3 . 38s ) unplaced fav : check your pockets 9 / 4f total sp : 112 %\npick six : not won . 24 , 281 . 38 carried forward to roscommon tuesday . tote aggregates : 2017 ; 296 , 281 . 2018 ; 128 , 518\n\u00a320 . 90 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a388 , 688 . 16 - 3 , 097 . 60 winning units\n\u00a311 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a36 , 385 . 65 - 424 . 16 winning units\ndistances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bcl , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 2l , nse , 2l time : 1m 48 . 09s ( slow by 7 . 49s ) total sp : 122 %\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , nk , 1l time : 2m 32 . 25s ( slow by 8 . 75s ) total sp : 113 %\n\u00a3134 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a370 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units\n\u00a331 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a37 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units\ndistances : 1\u00bel , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bel , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %\ndistances : \u00bdl , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %\n\u00a3294 . 80 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a364 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units\n\u00a354 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a35 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units\ndistances : 6l , shd , 4\u00bdl time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %\nnewton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , hd , 2\u00bdl time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : nk , 2l , 1\u00bel time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , \u00bdl , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90\ndistances : \u00bel , \u00bdl , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , \u00bdl time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00\ndistances : nse , 1\u00bdl , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60\ndistances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50\ndistances : snk , 1\u00bcl , 1\u00bel time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60\npick 6 : unbeaten morston tops six worst derby winners . - free online library\nmla style :\npick 6 : unbeaten morston tops six worst derby winners . .\nthe free library . 2004 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . pick 6 : unbeaten morston tops six worst derby winners . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\napa style : pick 6 : unbeaten morston tops six worst derby winners . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nit would be idle to pretend that the derby roll of honour consists entirely of superstars , for in only 23 of the 58 post - war seasons has the epsom winner been the champion three - year - old colt .\nthe others owe their place in history to luck , precocity or opportunism in taking advantage of a weak field .\nthe following six underline that point with great emphasis , for , based on the quality of their best career performances , they are the worst horses to win the derby since world war ii .\non the face of it , a colt who retires as an unbeaten derby winner deserves an honoured place in racing history , but strictly on form morston , who won both his career starts , was the worst horse to triumph in the premier classic since spion kop in 1920 .\nmorston scored decisively on his racecourse debut in the godstone plate at lingfield in may , 1973 , and , in a very poor field for the derby the following month , the 25 - 1 shot led approaching the final furlong and held on by half a length from cavo doro . he was the second derby winner for owner - breeder - trainer arthur budgett - the first had been the colt ' s half - brother blakeney - but injury prevented him from running again and fulfilling his potential .\nthe 1999 derby field contained a great champion - not the winner , oath , who recorded his only pattern victory when beating daliapour by a length and three - quarters , but the favourite , dubai millennium , who suffered his only defeat when finishing ninth . the henry cecil - trained oath , who had previously won the listed dee stakes , had only one more race - when he injured a knee in the king george and beat only one home .\nthe first of arthur budgett ' s derby winners , blakeney was lucky to score in 1969 because the best horse in the field , prince regent , finished third after receiving an incompetent ride . that french colt subsequently had blakeney back in fourth when winning the irish derby . if blakeney had not improved as a four - year - old - coming second ( to nijinsky ) in the king george and fifth in the arc - then he , and not his half - brother morston , would have headed this list .\nquest for fame was only the second - or third - best three - year - old colt trained by roger charlton for khalid abdullah in 1990 ( behind deploy and , perhaps , sanglamore ) and was beaten on merit by belmez in the chester vase , but he met a poor field in the derby and won by three lengths from blue stag . he was kept in training until the age of five and twice finished third in the breeders ' cup turf .\nthe worst overseas - trained derby winner of all time ( narrowly from larkspur and empery ) , lavandin failed to brighten a wet day at epsom in 1956 when he held off montaval by a neck . alec head ' s colt , who had started favourite on the strength of an unlucky defeat in the prix hocquart , flopped on his only subsequent start , in the grand prix de paris .\ncopyright 2004 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters\nshare your knowledge with the community . information will be published after a short review .\nthe history of former names is compiled automatically from ais signals and gives insight into vessel owner changes , charter name changes and reflaggings .\nthe report will be sent to your email address within 12 hours after your payment has been completed ."]}
{"id": 1557, "summary": [{"text": "aeolidia loui is a species of sea slugs , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family aeolidiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it has been regarded as the same species as the ne atlantic aeolidia papillosa but is now known to be a distinct species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "aeolidia loui", "paragraphs": ["california all the california material from the paper ended up being a . loui , so if you choose accept their level of sampling from this region , i guess you would call californian slugs a . loui , but see the caveats below .\nbut a . papillosa , a . filomenae and a . loui all have relatively smooth cerata . check this photo by gary mcdonald : urltoken\nbertsch , hans . 1974 . descriptive study of aeolidia papillosa with scanning electron micrographs of the radula . the tabulata ( santa barbara malacological society ) 7 ( 1 ) : 3 - 6 .\nkienberger et al . ( 2016 ) have split aeolidia papillosa into at least three species based on molecular and morphological evidence . they can be roughly separated geographically , as shown in this figure from the paper :\naeolidia papillosa ( linnaeus , 1761 ) is a well - known aeolidiid species that has been reported to have a worldwide distribution in cold\u2013temperate waters , mainly from the northern hemisphere . molecular tools have recently shown that most . . . more\nthe abstract and figures are on researchgate . the map with the distribution of a . papillosa , a . loui and a . filomenae should be clarifying for those not too familiar with nudibranchs . urltoken\nsorry , i meant to say the rhinophores . separating loui from papillosa seems to hinge on that , if i ' m reading the paper correctly . i ' m looking for something to compare with urltoken\noregon a . papillosa : rhinophores relatively smooth , may appear rough but not warty ( photos from russia , norway , but also see this rather warty individual from british columbia ) . a . loui : rhinophores obviously warty ( photo ) .\nkienberger , karen , leila carmona , marta pola , vinicius padula , terrence m . gosliner & juan lucas cervera . 2016 . aeolidia papillosa ( linnaeus , 1761 ) ( mollusca : heterobranchia : nudibranchia ) , single species or a cryptic species complex ? a morphological and molecular study . zoological journal of the linnean society 177 : 481 - 506 .\nlooking at alexander semenov ' s photos , i think we can call those rhinophores\ntextured\nor\nrough\nbut not\nwarty\n: urltoken so i guess distribution and the warts on the rhinophores make good criteria to identify the observations of a . loui .\nian smith did a first draft on visually distinguish a . papillosa from a . filomenae in the overlapping areas ( uk , ireland , atlantic coast of france and the netherlands ) : urltoken @ n08 / 27695072175 / observations for the iberian peninsula should all be a . filomenae . observations for the nw atlantic should all be a . papillosa . observations for the n pacific in the sea of okhotsk , bering sea and alaska , british columbia and washington should all be a . papillosa . observations for california should all be a . loui ( oregon is likely to have a . papillosa and a . loui overlapping ) .\nkienberger k . , carmona l . , pola m . , padula v . , gosliner t . m . & cervera j . l . ( 2016 ) . aeolidia papillosa ( linnaeus , 1761 ) ( mollusca : heterobranchia : nudibranchia ) , single species or a cryptic species complex ? a morphological and molecular study . zoological journal of the linnean society . 177 : 481 - 506 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 499 [ details ]\nfor example , here ' s an observation from northern california that certainly isn ' t\ncovered by irregular warts\nas kienberger et al . describe a . loui in their paper : urltoken . if those individuals look like what kienberger describe as a . papillosa , then i ' d like to make sure californians know to be on the lookout for a . papillosa sensu stricto and check those rhinophores .\ni now realized you meant rhinophores and not cerata . i ' m not sure if ian ' s suggestion on the warty / smooth rhinophores distinguishing a . loui from a . papillosa is valid . check this photo of a . papillosa by alexander semenov ( from russia ) : urltoken and i was looking at details of my photos of a . filomenae and although they may be less warty , they do show some small papillae .\nkienberger , carmona , pola , padula , gosliner & cervera , 2016 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 880372 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nduring the past decade or so , dna - based research from multiple laboratories ( including those of juan lucas cervera , \u00e1ngel vald\u00e9s and terry gosliner ) has resulted in numerous taxonomic changes to the heterobranch fauna of the eastern pacific and elsewhere . the majority of these studies have re - examined species with wide or even disjunct distribution patterns , resulting in specimens from previously - identified species now considered species in their own right . this is a case in point .\n( linnaeus , 1761 ) had traditionally been known as a single , wide - ranging species in the northern hemisphere and from chile . shallow water specimens from california were assigned to this species ( marcus , 1961 ; macfarland , 1966 ) , and deep water specimens were considered\n. kienberger et al . ( 2016 ) have shown that these animals are actually part of a species complex of sibling species . the chilean species is\n( kienberger et al . , 2016 ) occurs in the northeast atlantic from scotland to portugal . the amphiboreal\nis restricted to the northern atlantic and northern pacific . in the northeast pacific it ranges from cook inlet , alaska , to washington . both\nhave papillate ( or rugose ) rhinophores ; the other three species have smooth rhinophores .\nalaska ; see behrens , 2004 : 26 ) . kienberger et al . ( 2016 ) reported the distribution of\nfrom cape arago , oregon , to san diego , california ( type locality , duxbury reef , central california ) . steve gardner\u2019s images in bow 407 from la jolla shores are of\nis rather variable , ranging from translucent white to bright orange or brown . there are opaque white marks on the dorsum ; some may be covered with light - ochre or brown spots / flecks . distinguishing this species from the other shallow water species of\nare the rugose , warty rhinophores , and the bristly , flattened cerata , which are broader at their base . bertsch ( 1974 ) published the first sems\ndiffers from its deep - water californian congener by possessing a cleioproctic , not pleuroproctic , anus .\nbehrens , david w . 2004 . pacific coast nudibranchs , supplement ii . new species to the pacific coast and new information on the oldies . proceedings california academy of sciences 55 ( 2 ) : 11 - 54 .\nbergh , rudolph . 1894 . reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201calbatross , \u201d during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xiii . die opisthobranchien . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college 25 ( 10 ) : 125 - 233 .\nbertsch , hans & luis e . aguilar rosas . 2016 . invertebrados marinos del noroeste de m\u00e9xico / marine invertebrates of northwest mexico . instituto de investigaciones oceanol\u00f3gicas , uabc , ensenada , xxxii + 432 pp .\ncunningham , robert oliver . 1871 . notes on the reptiles , amphibia , fishes , mollusca , and crustacea obtained during the voyage of m . s . \u201cnassau\u201d in the years 1866 - 69 . transactions linnean society london 27 : 465 - 502 .\ngosliner , terrence m . & david w . 1996 . two new species of nudibranch mollusks from the gulf of the farallones and cordell bank national marine sanctuaries , central california . the veliger 39 ( 3 ) : 348 - 353 .\nlinnaeus , carolus . 1871 . fauna svecica sistens animalia sveciae regni , ed . 2 . stockholm . 578 pp .\nmacfarland , frank mace . 1966 . studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america . memoirs of the california academy of sciences 6 : 1 - 546 .\nmarcus , ernst . 1961 . opisthobranch mollusks from california . the veliger 3 ( supplement ) : 1 - 85 .\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 2016 . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\npermission is granted to copy , distribute and / or modify this document according to the terms in creative commons license , attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 . the full text of this license may be found here : cc by - sa 3 . 0\n. this happens when we can ' t automatically assign an identification to one of the output taxa .\nobservations from the iberian peninsula should all be a . filomenae . observations from the nw atlantic should all be a . papillosa . observations from the n pacific in the sea of okhotsk , bering sea and alaska , british columbia and washington should all be a . papillosa . observations from chile should all be a . campbellii .\nnorthern europe see ian smith ' s breakdown , but briefly : a . filmonae : cerata flattened , broader at the base a . papillosa : cerata not flattened , uniform diameter until tip .\nthe ambiguity left by the authors means i can no longer id any of these slugs to species without a dna sequencer or dissection , so i will regretfully just be re - identifying all my own observations to genus level . however , that ' s just my opinion . the paper ' s taxonomic changes have been accepted by worms so we accept them here on inat too . use your own judgement in updating your own data .\ndo you have a good pic of the cerata of a . papillosa sensu stricto showing that they are relatively smooth ?\nunfortunately a . papillosa doesn ' t occur around these parts , only a . filomenae . and even then . . . i know of only about half a dozen observations here in portugal in the past 15 years , two of them by me .\ncool , thanks for that pic . the rhinophore texture may or may not be valid , but it is something kienberger et al . point out , so i am just trying to communicate what they wrote for people who don ' t have access to their closed - access paper . imo , all pics i can find show somewhat papillose rhinophores , but there does seem to be a difference in degree between californian specimens like urltoken and photos like urltoken .\ni think the shallow warts on a . papillosa ( even in alexander semenov ' s photo ) and a . filomenae are definitely smoother than the relatively conspicuous papillae of gary ' s photo . let me see if i can find some photos from norway and sweden . christian skauge must have some , surely .\nsigh , and here ' s a really warty one from british columbia : urltoken . i ' m becoming less and less satisfied with this paper . if there are no macroscopic , external morphological differences , i wish they had just said so .\ni was trying to remember a case of a species which sometimes appeared to have ringed rhinophores , other smooth and even warty . went to christian ' s website and voil\u00e1 , a flabellina pedata which appears to have warty rhinophores . . . although often described as smooth : urltoken\nwe report eulima panamensis ( bartsch , 1917 ) ( gastropoda : eulimidae ) for the first time in indian waters . the morphological characters , species description and its distribution are presented in this paper .\nthis paper describes and provides information on the species of the genus conus ( neogastropoda : conidae ) preserved in the laboratorio de biolog\u00eda y sistem\u00e1tica de invertebrados marinos de la facultad de ciencias biol\u00f3gicas ( labsim ) y el . . . more\ncontina , a new name for the genus vacekia conti & szabo\u0301 , 1989 ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , preoccupied by vacekia buckman , 1904 ( mollusca : ammonoidea ) .\na case of homonymy between the genera vacekia buckman , 1904 and vacekia conti & szab\u00f3 , 1989 has been highlighted . vacekia buckman , 1904 ( p . 156 ) is an ammonite ranging from the upper toarcian ( aalensis zone ) to the middle aalenian . . . more\nwe describe a new fossil littorinid species , echinolittorina nielseni sp . nov . , from the quaternary caldera strata , regi\u00f3n de atacama , northern chile . fossils of littorinids are globally rare because of their high - intertidal habitat on . . . more\nhermaea bifida ( montagu , 1815 ) is the most widespread of the species of hermaea lov\u00e9n , 1844 known in the eastern atlantic . its distribution ranges from sweden to spain and the mediterranean sea . in europe , any translucent hermaeidae with . . . more\nthe bulimulid genus bostryx troschel , 1847 is the most species - rich genus of land snails found in chile , with the majority of its species found only in the northern part of the country , usually in arid coastal zones . this genus has been . . . more\na new member of troglobitic carychiidae , koreozospeum nodongense gen . sp . n . ( gastropoda , eupulmonata , ellobioidea ) is described from korea\na new genus of troglobitic carychiidae jeffreys , 1830 is designated from nodong cave , north chungcheong province , danyang , south korea . this remarkable find represents a great range extension and thus , a highly distant distribution of . . . more\ngastropoda adalah salah satu kelas moluska yang sangat mudah ditemukan di ekosistem mangrove . di ekosistem ini , gastropoda berperan dalam membantu proses dekomposisi serasah . informasi tentang struktur komunitas gastropoda pada ekosistem . . . more\ngastropoda adalah salah satu kelas moluska yang sangat mudah ditemukan di ekosistem mangrove . di ekosistem ini , gastropoda berperan dalam membantu proses dekomposisi serasah . informasi tentang struktur komunitas gastropoda pada ekosistem mangrove di kawasan desa parang belum ada , sehingga perlu adanya kajian tentang struktur komunitas gastropoda di kawasan tersebut sebagai acuan untuk pengelolaan . pada bulan juni - desember 2012 telah dilakukan penelitian tentang struktur komunitas gastropoda di kawasan desa parang . hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di ekosistem mangrove kawasan desa parang ditemukan 29 jenis dari 16 famili gastropoda . kelimpahan rata - rata gastropoda berkisar antara 2 , 10\u201318 , 85 ind / m 2 . indeks keanekaragaman berkisar antara 0 , 35\u20131 , 45 yang termasuk dalam kategori rendah sampai sedang . nilai indeks keseragaman masuk dalam kategori rendah sampai tinggi dengan nilai berkisar antara 0 , 12\u20130 , 62 dan kisaran indeks dominasi antara 0 , 50\u20130 , 84 masuk dalam kategori terdapat spesies yang mendominasi . littoraria scabra adalah jenis gastropoda yang mendominasi di ekosistem mangrove kawasan desa parang .\nnew samples of freshwater molluscs collected by the second author in the east mediterranean region of turkey revealed three new species of the genus pseudamnicola paulucci , 1878 , i . e . , p . goksunensis n . sp . , p . merali n . sp . , and p . . . . more\nnew samples of freshwater molluscs collected by the second author in the east mediterranean region of turkey revealed three new species of the genus pseudamnicola paulucci , 1878 , i . e . , p . goksunensis n . sp . , p . merali n . sp . , and p . marashi n . sp . descriptions and photos of the species as well as the type localities are presented .\nthe influence of quarternary glacial cycles on the extant diversity of holarctic species has been intensively studied . it has been hypothesized that palaeoclimatic changes are responsible for divergence events in lineages . a constant . . . more\neighteen million , eight hundred and nineteen thousand , seven hundred and thirty - two researchers use this site every month . ads help cover our server costs .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\n( linnaeus , 1761 ) ( mollusca : heterobranchia : nudibranchia ) , single species or a cryptic species complex ? a morphological and molecular study .\nthe first janolus fuscus ( white - and - orange - tipped nudibranch ) i ' ve ever found , just about 1 . 5\nlong .\nfound in a tide pool , under a giant rock . i ' ve also seen green ones hiding inside kelp ."]}
{"id": 1560, "summary": [{"text": "agaronia acuminata , common name the pointed ancilla , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "agaronia acuminata", "paragraphs": ["agaronia acuminata by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\n( of agaronia acuminata acuminata ( lamarck , 1811 ) ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\nolividae \u00bb agaronia acuminata , id : 178115 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\na new javan species of agaronia gray , 1839 ( neogastropoda , olividae ) .\n( pdf ) a new javan species of agaronia gray , 1839 ( neogastropoda , olividae ) .\n( of agaronia acuminata acuminata ( lamarck , 1811 ) ) lamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 323 , species 48 . [ details ]\nagaronia ( anazola ) acuminata boavistensis ( burnay & concei\u00e7\u00e3o , 1986 ) live taken , fine + + + , small nick on the lip ; beautiful ! ; 20 . 4 mm ; cape verde islands , boavista , praia de cabral ; scuba diving at 6 - 8m . ; july 2013 . [ oli116 ]\na new species of olivid neogastropod from west java , agaronia johnabbasi sp . nov . , is described according to conchological characters . it is distinguished from congeners by means of its distinctive morphology and colouration .\nteso v . & pastorino g . ( 2011 ) a revision of the genus olivancillaria ( mollusca : olividae ) from the southwestern atlantic . zootaxa 2889 : 1\u201334 . [ details ]\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 323 , species 48 . [ details ]\nburnay & conceicao ( 1986 ) . contribuicao para o estudo da fauna malacol\u00f3gica do arquip\u00e9lago de cabo verde . familia olividae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . urltoken orta s\u00e9r . zool . 2 ( 1 - 2 ) page 25 - 39 , tav . 1 - 6 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nteso v . & pastorino g . ( 2011 ) a revision of the genus < i > olivancillaria < / i > ( mollusca : olividae ) from the southwestern atlantic . < i > zootaxa < / i > 2889 : 1\u201334 .\nvervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january ( 2010 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nst . thomas and principe islands . sao tome . northwest of lagoa azul . in sand . october 2014 .\nfrom quite to the south and offshore , highly selected , these are fine + to gem .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 822 seconds . )\nsenegal . casamance . from fisherman , trawled on a sand bottom . 1990 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325e44fa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32634421 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 38483098 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 9732ef74 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nolividae a semi - precious family with about 400 species , subspecies and forms . olividae thank their success among collectors to the high brilliance of the shells and to the large degree of variability within one species . their taxonomy is difficult and the nomenclature chaotic . because members of the genus oliva , apart from a few exceptions , all live in shallow water , usually in colonies . very popular among collectors are large porphyria and rubrolabiata .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 055 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nnov . , is described according to conchological characters . it is distinguished from congeners by\nwest java , in late 2009 , at a depth of about 60m . their\nsize as two of the paratypes ( figs 7 - 8 ) . a closer\npp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl . virginia ( coastal\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) , east pangandaran bay , java , indonesia , 31mm ( juvenile ) .\nclassification of the caenogastropoda and heterostropha\u2014a list of the family - group names and higher taxa . mala - cological review\nsterba , g . h . w . , 2004 . olividae a collectors guide . pp . 1 - 172 . hackenheim ( conchbooks ) .\nparatype 1 , dpc r . ga1000 , 41mm ; 5 - 6 . paratype 4 , nmnh unreg\nholotype , mnhn 23267 , 38mm ; 3 - 4 . paratype 1 , dpc r . ga1000 , 41mm ; 5 - 6 . paratype 4 , nmnh unreg . , 31mm .\nolsson , a . a . , 1956 . studies on the genus olivella . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 108 : 155 - 225 .\nnew caribbean molluscan faunas . pp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl\npetuch , e . j . , 1987 . new caribbean molluscan faunas . pp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl . virginia ( coastal education and research foundation ) .\nstudies on alien and invasive species of molluscs in the maltese islands , with a particular focus on lessepsian immigrant bivalves and non - marine gastropods .\na new species of chloritis beck , 1837 ( pulmonata : camaenidae ) from sulawesi , indonesia .\nthe camaenid pulmonate chloritis johannisi n . sp . is described from the island of peleng , sulawesi , indonesia , by means of conchological characteristics . it can be distinguished from the sympatric congener chloritis gruneri by the presence of periostracal hair and from the similar chloritis talabensis by size , colour , hair density and whorl number .\ndescription of a new species of amphidromus albers , 1850 from sumba , indonesia ( gastropoda pulmonata . . .\nthe camaenid amphidromus ( syndromus ) iunior n . sp . from an isolated forest in the east of sumba island in the indonesian archipelago is described . its closest named relative is amphidromus ( syndromus ) abbasi chan et tan , 2010 , and some conchological features are common for both species . however , the new species is smaller , with consistent differences in shell thickness , pattern and pigmentation .\non the presence of the alien freshwater gastropod ferrissia fragilis ( tryon , 1863 ) ( gastropoda : plan . . .\nan established population of the north - american freshwater gastropod ferrissia fragilis ( tryon , 1863 ) is recorded from the island of malta ( central mediterranean ) for the first time . this population was found in an anthropogenic habitat at the northeast of malta . ferrissia fragilis is an invader of several freshwater habitats throughout europe and beyond . if released into the wild , it could . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncontributions to the malacology of malta , iii : first record of planorbella duryi ( wetherby , 1879 ) ( g . . .\nthe freshwater and allochthonous species planorbella duryi ( wetherby , 1879 ) ( gastropoda planorbidae ) ( = helisoma duryi wetherby , 1879 ) is reported from the island of comino ( maltese archipelago ) . this is the first record of a freshwater species and also of an allochthonous species for the third largest island of the maltese archipelago .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken"]}
{"id": 1561, "summary": [{"text": "the red-vented barbet ( psilopogon lagrandieri ) is a species of bird in the family megalaimidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in cambodia , laos and vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red - vented barbet", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . red - vented barbet 2 . red - vented barbet 3 . red - vented barbet\nred - vented barbet ( psilopogon lagrandieri ) is a species of bird in the megalaimidae family .\nc . 29\u201334 cm . large , green to bronzy - green barbet . both sexes of nominate race with head mostly brown , greyish on sides and throat , blue line over eye ; red undertail - . . .\nshort , l . l . & horne , j . f . m . ( 2018 ) . red - vented barbet ( psilopogon lagrandieri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis article is part of project megalaimidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each asian barbet , including made - up species .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : psilopogon lagrandieri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\npsilopogon lagrandieri ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus megalaima .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to locally common ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nallied to p . virens , but not particularly closely . races not particularly well defined . two subspecies currently recognized .\nj . p . verreaux , 1868 \u2013 s laos , e cambodia and s vietnam .\nloud song or call of \u201ckyaa\u201d , \u201ckyow\u201d or \u201cyowt\u201d notes , singly , or . . .\nevergreen and semi - evergreen forest ; occurs in lowlands and on forested slopes and ridges , to 2100 . . .\neats fruits such as figs , and insects , but details poorly known . food carried to nestlings in s vietnam included fleshy fruits ( mainly\ndata from specimens suggest season jan\u2013jul . male and female of pair probably sing together in territorial formation or maintenance ; . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon to common ; often one of commonest barbets in its rather limited range , where it appears to be widespread . this species . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nreplaces megalaima ; recent study found psilopogon to be nested within megalaima # r and former has priority . incorporates xantholaema and mesobucco .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 510 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\ndo you want to translate into other languages ? have a look at our english - portuguese dictionary .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project piciformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each woodpecker and ally , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
{"id": 1569, "summary": [{"text": "dangerous ( foaled 1830 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from june 1829 to july 1830 he ran six times and won three races , although two of his wins were walkovers .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "by far his most important win came on his first appearance as a three-year-old when he won the derby as a 30/1 outsider .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "dangerous was retired to stud at the end of his three-year-old season and was shortly afterwards exported to france . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "dangerous ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["euthanasia of dangerous horse . . . . . insurance info needed ! ! !\n\u201cdealing with the dangerous horse / dangerous rider\u201d denise e . farris , reprint courtesy of hoofprint magazine pp . 39 - 49 ( spring 2017 )\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for dangerous light . dangerous light is a mare born in 2010 september 26 by dangerous out of dance for us\nre : euthanasia of dangerous horse . . . . . insurance info needed ! ! !\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for dangerous danica . dangerous danica is a mare born in 2011 august 31 by masked assassin out of bijou\ncrazy horse story 2 - horse runs off with little girl & mr . t follows\ndangerous ( ch c 1830 ) , bred by isaac saddler , won the derby stakes .\noften , it\u2019s very obvious that the rider isn\u2019t suitable for the horse . and very often , the situation is dangerous for the rider .\nmany people own horses that are dangerous and unsuitable for them . time and time again i\u2019m asked how to overcome problems that people are having with their horse . often , it\u2019s very obvious that the rider isn\u2019t suitable for the horse . and very often , the situation is dangerous for the rider .\ndna - based testing has proven its worth in detecting the presence of one of the most dangerous horse parasites and should now be considered a routine diagnostic method , according to scientists .\nhorseback riding is one of the world\u2019s most dangerous sports , and mongolia might be one of the more dangerous places to do it . for those reasons alone , the mongol derby could be one of the craziest adventures voluntarily undertaken in the world .\nthe current race record for dangerous danica is 8 wins from 41 starts with prizemoney of $ 69 , 300 . 00 .\n[ it is ] more forgiving on horse ' s skeletal system ,\nsaid espn horse racing reporter jeannine edwards .\nit gave me no pleasure to be right . i\u2019m sure these people didn\u2019t realise the risks involved and just how dangerous horses can be .\nif a horse is truly dangerous , euthanasia s better than passing the problem to someone else . even if that someone else can deal with the issues , you would have no guarantee that the next person wouldn ' t pass the horse along to a dealer / killbuyer at some future point . there truly are some horses that are so mentally nqr that they are dangerous . human safety takes precedence , or should .\njust as often nowadays , beginners will think a competitive forward horse is a problem horse , and turn it into one by bad correctional measures .\nhe says it is critical that the right horse is matched to the right person , ' it can be a dangerous situation if you put the wrong person on the wrong horse . you have to know what you are doing and have the right help and point out the dangers , ' he said\nfirst published in 1977 , horse illustrated has been a one - stop destination for latest horse news . catering to all aspects of horse and equine care such as nutrition , grooming and training , the digital and print edition of horse illustrated has been serving hands - on horse owners and riders for over 40 years now . the articles in the magazine covering life with horses , advice on horse riding and a lot more are curated by industry experts .\nhonestly , if we are talking biting , and only twice in the four years you ' ve had her , i would not say she is a rogue or dangerous horse . i would say she is a rude one . .\ncan your trainer or other professional not help you address her ground manners ? this is typical spoiled young horse behavior and is dangerous if not addressed , but really . . . if the horse is nice to ride , why not just do some training on the ground ( or have a professional do it , while you watch and learn ) and have a nice horse afterward to enjoy ?\nthe nyclass\nhorseless ecarriage\nis a significantly safer alternative to horse carriages .\nq : one of the film ' s most memorable scenes is a woman arriving at one of your clinics with a horse that ' s so dangerous , so violent that even you couldn ' t even help it . the next day when someone inquires about the horse , you get very emotional - - almost angry - - and state that\nhumans failed that horse .\nwhat was going on inside you at the time ?\nwhen the first filly to run in the kentucky derby in nearly a decade shockingly broke two ankles and was euthanized shortly after taking second place in saturday ' s race , it reignited the debate of whether horse racing is too cruel and dangerous for the animals .\nwhen you buy a horse , the first and foremost consideration must be your safety . forget about the breeding , the colour , the amount of ribbons and trophies that the horse has won \u2013all these things are pointless if the horse isn\u2019t safe for you to ride .\ngen ' s armed and dangerous and the late david kranich ' hitting a lick ' , the morning after the celebration . p j wamble was there to photograph the informal event .\nbecause horse drawn carriages do not meet basic motor vehicle safety standards , any crash involving a horse drawn carriage and a motor vehicle would result in the occupants of the horse carriage being placed at considerably greater risk for injury and death , \u201d according to the report .\nwhen thompson and gen ' s armed and dangerous were named world grand champion it was a first , not only for thompson , but for the world grand championship title . it was the first time for a horse from california and trained in california to receive this prestigious award .\nhave you seen the documentary\nbuck\n? if not i highly recommend it . there is one horse in the documentary . it was an orphaned foal that was bottle fed in the owners kitchen ( if i am remembering correctly ) and kept intact . the horse was crazy dangerous and they were able to work with it a bit on day one of the clinic , but on day 2 it viscously attacked . buck recommended that they put the horse down and that the imprinting that the horse had as an orphan foal f - ' d him up .\nthis was an extremely helpful article for my research paper about horse abuse . it gives novices great facts about why their horse is acting \u201crogue\u201d and the best way to solve that problem : patience , calmness , love , and care for that horse . i thoroughly enjoyed reading it .\nif you\u2019re an inexperienced rider , you must find an old , quiet horse to begin with . it doesn\u2019t matter what breed the horse is or what he or she looks like . all that matters is that the horse is quiet , reliable and safe for you to ride and handle .\ni ' m afraid insurance will only pay out for loss of horse if the horse was pts for humane reasons , and there are quite tight restrictions on what these reasons are . i would be surprised if your horse fall into this category . is he insured for loss of use ?\njust because someone says a horse is crazy , dangerous , oxygen deprived , stubborn or some other negative term , does not make it so . what that usually means is they are too stupid to get the horse to do what they want . note : all video clips used in this video are used under the fair use act for education and critique purposes and not for profit . urltoken\nbiting is serious , especially when it comes from what i assume is a large horse , tb / percheron . i feel so sorry for you op since it sounds like out have a lovely horse under saddle , but that is too dangerous to hold on to . is there any hope of finding a retirement / rough board option where she can live outside and only be handled by you ?\nit ' s hard to figure out from your post if your horse is simply spoiled and you haven ' t corrected her properly , or if she is one of the true dangerous horses that just needs to be put down . which , of course , would affect my suggested advice to you .\ni have a horse who is exhibiting dangerous behaviour at horse shows in the show ring \u2013 rearing to avoid completing patterns . i am working with him with a trainer and outside the ring , we have all but eliminated the problem . inside the ring is a different story ! reading your article has encouraged me that we can correct the problem , and that i am probably going about it the right way !\nhe did feel that the horse needs to be retrained to the bit . turns out that this horse has been ridden by kids who did not know how to ride and he has bucked plenty of them off ! being a rather smart horse , he just got good at it . it was recommended that i go back to the round pen training using techniques to get him back to responding better to the bit ( after seeing an equine dentist ) . and he said that i should work on the mount / dismount in the round pen where the horse understands not to move at all . he said that i will have to put the time into the horse and if i ' m not willing to do so , then don ' t expect much . he insisted that the horse is a very , very good horse and worth the time and effort but that if he does not get what he needs now , he could be dangerous to inexperienced riders in the future . he said the respect factor must always be there when handling this horse and that children don ' t often understand this so he would not want a child to ever ride this horse . he also said that the horse may be proud cut because he looks and acts like a stallion .\nsnowrider , i disagree with your recommendation to simply find someone who will tolerate the biting . this is a horse with a known , documented history of biting . this owner no longer wants to deal with it , so suppose she finds an ambitious and strong willed adult amateur who is willing take in the behavior and brings it to a facility where it bites an injures another boarder or employee ? or that new owner needs to sell for whatever reason and now the dangerous horse falls into new hands . the op could do the right thing and be honest and up front about the problem , but what happens when the next owner tries to ditch the horse fast and doesn ' t disclose it ? or the horse goes through an auction with ho history ? the hard part about dangerous horses is that they get passed around and suffer in the process .\noften , by the time its eggs are detected in horse faeces , the damage has already been done .\nif you like polish arabians you need to . . . - marin horse council , inc . | facebook\ni critique two videos were sent to me with questions . the first is about lunging a dangerous horse and the second is talking about rearing horses , what causes rearing and how to stop it . this video is being used under the fair use act for education and critique purposes when you use pain to train a horse you force the horse to fight back or react to pain or avoidance of pain . if you hit a horse in the butt with a whip and pull back on the reins with a pain bit - the horse can ' t go forward from bit pain and is getting pain from behind with a whip - it will go up . i do not like or recommend riding with whips , bits , spurs or chains . here is link to rearing horse video : urltoken here is the link to the lunging a horse that only likes one side : urltoken here is the photo of talk about at the start of this video . urltoken my website : urltoken\nso you would have to have the vet agree that the vet was a danger to either itself or others before they would allow you to claim . if for example the horse was dangerous to ride but safe to handle etc the vet can ' t recommend euthanasia as a option . however if you had lou you could claim that\nunless there\u2019s an underlying physical problem , most rogue behavior can eventually be turned around with patience and cautious , consistent training at a pace determined by the horse\u2019s comfort level . as john lyons states , proper training should leave the horse calmer at the end of a lesson than he was at the beginning of it . recognize that in certain cases , reforming a rogue may be a dangerous undertaking best left to a calm , experienced and patient professional .\nshe would outrun a horse and swim across the moskva river even when it rose in violent high tide . '\nif you\u2019ve ruled out physiologic problems and you\u2019re still left with a dangerous horse , try to figure out the cause . can you uncover a history of abuse in your horse\u2019s past ? has the horse been neglected ? was he a victim of training shortcuts and brought along too fast ? understanding the nature of the problem can help you form a successful training program to solve it . honestly assess your own capabilities . do you have the patience , knowledge base , physical ability and time to solve the problem yourself ? if not , seek out a reputable trainer with the experience your horse needs . don\u2019t sell the horse until the problem is resolved , unless the buyer is completely aware of the horse\u2019s problems and has both the experience and the commitment to work them through . remember , \u201cproblem\u201d horses usually get passed from hand to hand without getting fixed , ending up mistreated , put down or worse\u2014killing someone .\nthompson had good stock to work with . sired by pride ' s generator and out of melana ebony , gen ' s armed and dangerous has a bloodline traceable to the foundation stock of the tennessee walking horse including three world grand champions - ebony masterpiece , merry go boy and midnight sun . the training went well and came easy according to thompson . he describes gen ' s as being just\nabout the most natural horse i ' ve ever seen .\nowned by susan arthur gordon of orange county , california , gen ' s armed and dangerous was bred by b . g . alford , jr . of oxford , mississippi . first owned by claude crowley , thompson purchased gen ' s armed and dangerous as a colt after seeing him at the walking horse trainers ' auxiliary show on the celebration grounds . he then sold him to the gordons . normally a prospect at the end of a lead strap would be a chancy proposition , but thompson could see the future in this particular colt . he felt there were no limitations as to what the horse could do , as long as he as a trainer could do his job , and do it well .\ni hate it that you are having to deal with this . i think it is good , though , that you are able to think logically about it . locally we have a university equine program which requires advanced students be assigned to a\nspecial problems\nhorse . it is the student ' s job to work with that horse exclusively to retrain said horse . you might try such a program as a last resort . if that fails , i would probably choose to have him humanely put down . even if he were not gelded , i would not want to breed a horse of his temperment . i know this must be a tough decision , and hope you all the best . i also know that it doesn ' t take long to get badly hurt trying to salvage a dangerous horse . good luck .\nwhen trying to correct an aggressive horse , especially in the beginning , it ' s not going to be pretty .\nevery year about 20 people die and over 3000 people are admitted to hospital as a result of a horse accident .\nwith nicholas evans\u2019 best - selling novel the horse whisperer and robert redford\u2019s movie adaptation , \u201crogue\u201d horses like the fictitious pilgrim got quite a bit of attention . pilgrim was described as a horse with such overwhelming psychological problems that it was dangerous to approach him for fear of attack . while there aren\u2019t many real horses with such \u201cin - your - face\u201d aggressive tendencies , a few such creatures do exist , although generally they\u2019re not created by a run - in with a semi truck . the point is that rogue is a label typically used to describe a horse with significant and potentially dangerous behavior problems , such as deliberate and consistent charging , kicking and biting on the ground , or intractable bucking , rearing or bolting while under saddle . what this all boils down to is that a rogue horse is a serious threat to human safety . and unfortunately , these horses often end up with novices in search of affordable horses , who don\u2019t yet know how to evaluate a horse\u2019s training . what can you do if you find yourself faced with this kind of an equine nightmare ?\nbut the vast majority of rogue behavior is not a consequence of nature . instead , it results from severe mistreatment , the lack of human handling , or by realizing that bad behavior causes good things to happen\u2014in other words , bad training . abusive treatment brings out a horse\u2019s fight - or - flight tendencies , so many horses cope by behaving desperately and often aggressively . similarly , extreme fear in a \u201cwild\u201d horse unaccustomed to human handling can lead to desperate and dangerous behavior .\nhorses will never be fully \u201csafe\u201d . but i feel that the best way to make a socalled \u201csafe\u201d horse , is to let a horse be a horse . don\u2019t back them too early . take it slow but don\u2019t shelter them too much and understand how a horse ticks and do things in a way that a horse is going to recognise and pick up on . we alter horses by makeing thier flight response almost nonexistance , we force a prey animal to face \u201cpreditores\u201d . the least we can do is teach them that you have it all under controll by doing things in a way that a horse will understand . as for the horse with special needs , i think letting them be a horse goes double , but there are always exceptions . we got a paso fino stallion about a year and a helf ago as a severely nurotic horse . they had to run him from the trailer into the round pen and you didn\u2019t dare go within 10ft of the pen becuase he would charge and try to attack . in trianing he was nippy so his socalled trainer beat him day after day in the head with a 2\u00d74 . then when he went back home he was put in a dark stall with minimal human contanct and no horse contact , so he bacame horse agressive as well as human agressive . when he went after the owners girlfriend she said \u201cit\u2019s me or the horse\u201d and thats how we got him , we got him for free . if he was never beat and was well trained , he would sell for over $ 50000 in today\u2019s economy . now after being at our farm for 1yr and a half he is finally out in the pastrue with geldings and doing very well , but he is skiny from sever ulcers and he\u2019s still pretty nurotic . but he\u2019s not as poeple agressive , granted we wouldn\u2019t tell just any person to go in his pasture and get a horse out . only 3 of us are allowed to handle him . he has gotten this good by being allowed to just graze and be a horse with other horses and has been shown that we don\u2019t want to hurt him , but don\u2019t hurt us because we wont take that . i hated that horse when he first showed up , but over time watching him get better and learn iv\u2019e began to love him becuase he is a great example of what letting a horse be a horse can do for a horse . so there is my whole novle that could be summed up by just saying \u201clet a horse be a horse ! \u201d\nif you don\u2019t have the skill and experience , don\u2019t try to ride or re - train \u201cproblem horses\u201d . rearing , bolting , bucking and other extreme behaviours are dangerous enough when you\u2019re experienced . if you\u2019re inexperienced , these behaviours are a recipe for disaster .\nshe said that in the nsw tafe incident , the horse had only just retired from racing , and was inappropriate . ' basically it was a systems failure and lack of risk assessment . a beginner rider should not have been put on that horse . '\na lot of people seem oblivious to the danger they\u2019re in when they ride or handle a \u201cproblem horse\u201d . people may ride such a horse for months or even years , without serious incident . however , every day is a day closer to catastrophe . and if you have to ask how to deal with problems like rearing , bolting or bucking , you probably shouldn\u2019t be riding the horse .\ni only ask this because when i am personally dealing with an aggressive horse or a biting horse , you are darn right i am going to defend myself . if i ' ve got to smack them several times with a whip to get my point across and\nif you have to ask how to deal with problems like rearing , bolting or bucking , you probably shouldn\u2019t be riding the horse .\nnz connemara soc . nz farriers assn . aust / nz friesian soc . nz hanoverian soc . irish draught horse soc . advertising options\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nthey were the first to enter the show ring for the final class of the 56th annual tennessee walking horse national celebration . as the other 17 contenders entered the ring , the trainer and his horse waited under the star - strewn , black sky . he watched with a keen eye as each horse entered the ring one by one to the exciting cheers of the more than 28 , 000 fans in attendance . as the gate closed and the cheers began to subside he realized the opportunity that laid before him and his partner . when it was all over the waiting brought the spotlight to that very first pair , number 34 russ thompson and gen ' s armed and dangerous .\nmy horse definitely isn\u2019t rogue but i have learned that he is petrified of a crop , stick , bat , lunge whip , whatever you want to call them . he will stop dead , back up , and pull on the lead . it can be very dangerous if he thinks he is going to get hit . apparently he was abused before i got him at least judging by the way he reacts .\nare you saying that you let her dictate her behavior to you ? because that just might be where this mare started to become dangerous . by figuring out she could be a bully and get away with it . i ' ve found it very hard to correct in a big , mature horse that has already figured out that by acting the alpha in the equation , they can get away with a lot .\ngreat article . i have a horse with a behavior problem , you have gave me some insight to fixing the problem . thank you .\nvery good article with some great points ! i particularly like the warning of not just fobbing off your problem horse to some unknowing mark .\ndespite months of therapy and efforts to rehabilitate the horse , the thoroughbred couldn ' t overcome the injuries and was euthanized in january 2007 .\na : no one was more sad about that horse than me . that horse was never gonna be a complete horse because of the brain damage he had at birth . but humans had failed in their responsibility to help that horse learn right from wrong at an early enough stage before he became lethal . it ' s like a handicapped child that maybe doesn ' t have that internal ability to be able to tell right from wrong . someone could have helped that horse understand right from wrong , how to fit in and how to get along in the world . but nobody had been there for the horse to teach him that . it ' s about taking responsibility and being a responsible parent or a caretaker of an animal , and helping them to learn because you can really have a great effect on them right off the bat .\ni had a horse several years ago that was born on my property from my mare and stallion . he was beautiful , but was so afraid of everything he was dangerous . after 3 vets advised me to put him down , i hired a trainer just for him . she made very little progress , so i sent him to a horse whisperer who kept him for 2 years and he finally gave up on him and gave him to a young woman who just loved him to bits . he put her in the hospital shortly after with several broken ribs . he was kind of lucky that people liked the look of him so much , that he kept getting 2nd chances instead of being put down . it makes me very sad to know how much time and money was wasted on this horse , when a good horse could have been saved from slaughter .\nquite a story . thank you for sharing it with me and with the others who may read this . it is a dilemma for you i understand . i would completely re - start this horse . i would stop riding him and totally take him back to the very beginning of his training and re - do him . his behavior is habitual and quite crafty . this does make him dangerous at this time . but it is not hopeless . if you love him and you have already put two years into him , how about taking another 3 - 4 months maximum and retrain him . it may not take that long . that is what i would suggest . if he is attractive , moves well , has good conformation and the other good points you have mentioned , it sounds like he is a good candidate for re - hab . if he were rid of this behavior would he be terrific ? it sounds like you are no slouch and have a lot of horse sense . i also understand you are angry and frustrated . do you think you have the skills to really go back to the beginning ? that is what it will take . i have re - trained horses more dangerous than this . i take on horses that most other trainers give up on . i work with dangerous stallions . i have yet to give up on a horse . i have yet to not be successful when i go back to the beginning with the horse . imagine the skills you will be practicing if you do this . you will become like a professional trainer and be able to do this for others as well . this horse can be your doctorate thesis in horse training . it is so much more than showing them who is boss or keeping the horse out of your space or even being sensitive to his ' moves ' . i know you know how to do all that .\nfirst and foremost , i do not want to send my horse somewhere where she will injure someone and / or where she will be beaten .\nfollowing barbaro ' s death , the california senate passed a bill that compelled major horse tracks in the state to install polytrack or something similar .\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\nhe ' s a triple crown winner . to those not in the know , in the horse racing business that ' s a big deal .\nmy question : should i sell this horse or put him down ? training is not an option - i ' ve done all that i could do . and if i sell him , am i responsible to tell the prospective buyer what this horse is capable of ? who would buy him ?\nanyone , including an amature can handle a problem horse . go slow , use common sense , consult a trainer in your area and get them to work with you on a regular basis to correct the horse\u2019s handling . with a little bit of time and patience , most ( not all ) horses become wonderful friends for years to come . when all else fails , its worth the time and money to send the horse to a trainer .\nthank you so much for answering me ! i had a professional trainer look at this horse this weekend and he discovered the horse has a teeth problem . apparently , when i turned the horse , the snaffle put pressure where it hurt and when he bolted , my pulling on one rein made it even worse . i don ' t know if this is a common problem but it is certainly something that will always be on my checklist from now on .\nagreed . don ' t want to assume but in case the rogue horse thing was directed at my story , i was hoping my craptastic experience would be helpful in seeing a different perspective . = ) besides , my horse was older , a gelding , and not acting like a cow - more like a schizophrenic mule .\nwherever man has left his footprint in the long ascent from barbarism to civilization , we will find the hoofprint of the horse beside it .\n~ john moore\npeta us has made headlines with its searing undercover investigation into cruel and illegal industry practices among horse trainers in the us . but here in the uk , horses hardly face better odds . here are a few home truths about horse racing , which make it clear that the grand national and races like it are a national disgrace :\nwell , i would get the vet to give him the once over first as i doubt the insurance company would pay out otherwise . anyone could say there horse is dangerous just to get the money off the insurance company ( would have to be callous but it is still a possibility ) to me the only thing that springs to mind is possible brain tumor ( like that racehorse ) but your vet would be the best to advise , also i would ring the insurance and ask how you would stand .\nthe british equine veterinary association guidelines state that euthanasia should be carried out if \u2018the insured horse sustains an injury or manifests an illness or disease that is so severe as to warrant immediate destruction to relieve incurable and excessive pain and that no other options of treatment are available to that horse at that time\u2019 . the insurers should be notified as soon as possible . they will require a veterinary certificate confirming the identity of the horse and the reason why it was destroyed and may also ask for a post mortem .\ni think that is about as likel , or in fact less likely , as the horse being fairly represented but green and a mare and the op is simply overhorsed .\nbut working and playing with horses has its dangers . every year about 20 people die and over 3000 people are admitted to hospital as a result of a horse accident .\nis a fun read with a serious message . ( it\u2019s open access so you can read the whole thing \u2013 i recommend it . ) nutt points out that the way in which we think about the harms of illegal drugs , such as ecstasy , is unlike the way in which we think about other dangerous things such as horseriding \u2013 or \u201c\nhonestly , if we are talking biting , and only twice in the four years you ' ve had her , i would not say she is a rogue or dangerous horse . i would say she is a rude one . i wouldn ' t be talking euthanasia just yet . if your finances can afford it , i ' d send her to someone who is experienced with this type of horse on training or consignment - disclose she bites and that is the reason you are selling her . be honest and truthful with the trainer about both of your shortcomings and experience and list her on the market . good luck ! imho i would take a biter over a kicker any and every day .\nthis cruelty will end only when the public realises that there is no such thing as a \u201charmless flutter\u201d when it comes to funding the cruel and exploitative horse - racing industry .\na : exactly . i ' m very interested that you said that . you want people to understand that . hopefully because of this film that horse will always have value .\ni went yesterday and yes , it was wet and sticky but my horse loved it . as sc said , i would have withdrawn if i had been on a green horse or one who couldn ' t cope with the wet but the conditions suit some horses . personally i didn ' t feel the 90 degree turns were too bad , i ' d rather do that in the mud than on rock hard slippery ground . i actually thought the big corner at the penultimate fence off a turn was more taxing on a tired horse .\nmy friend ran her horse on very wet ground recently . the horse did a tendon and is now out of work for at least a year . : ( makes you think . : ( personally it gives me the courage of my convictions to run my horse only when i know the conditions suit him . not to be swayed by anyone else ' s opinion , be they be , event organiser , rider rep , other competitors etc etc . after all you are the only one with the power to wd if you want to .\nhe wants me to 1 . ) get the horses teeth looked at 2 . ) round pen train as often as i can . 3 . ) send the horse to a local professional for two weeks . he said that this trainer he is recommending will carefully push the horse to see if he will bolt ( not cowboy him or anything like that ) . just work him until he ' s tired and had enough ( not exhausted ) . that ' s when this horse will do his thing - when he ' s had enough .\nq : sounds like you are talking about your own childhood . you were upset because that horse was you . . . . up until betsey shirley came in to your life .\nfinally , if a horse does something dangerous and finds it gets him out of an aversive situation ( such as work ) , he may be inclined to try it again . as with people and in particular children , if inappropriate behavior has a rewarding outcome , it will stay in the animal\u2019s behavioral repertoire . for example , as the director of the riding program at a children\u2019s summer camp some time ago , i was responsible for the care and maintenance of the 50 - horse riding string . many of these horses were leased out to private homes over the winter , and i had to collect them and return them to the camp in preparation for the summer season . frosty was one such horse who was being maintained by a family at a boarding stable a few miles away . there were beautiful riding trails connecting that boarding stable and the summer camp , so i had someone drop me off at the barn so i could ride the horse back to camp . little did i know my charge had learned a few nasty tricks to avoid working for a living and was known as something of a terrorist around the barn .\ncoolmore stud is part of a horse - breeding empire with stables , farms and breeding facilities in ireland , kentucky in the us , and jerry plains in nsw ' s hunter valley .\ni ' d just like to reiterate , it wasnt me who was saying dauntsey was dangerous ! no , the course was not for me and my confidence levels , so i ' ll take it as a learning experience . its amazing how different each 100 course can be , so would def support some kind of grading system to make it easier for grass roots people like me .\ni am an experienced adult amateur . if the horse is gold under saddle , i would be interested in such a horse but would need more information about the biting . if it a random bite here and there , i think i would be willing to work with that . actually , my current horse is a bit grumpy and will bite here and there . however , if the biting is very aggressive , or accompanied by charging in a paddock , that would be a different story . however , i would not be interested in buying such a horse . depending on the severity of the issue rehoming with full disclosure to an appropriate home might be the best course of action . in that case , i would consider a first right of refusal or some kind of buy back clause so that if the new owner cannot keep her , or the problem becomes worse , the horse can be put to sleep and not be passed around to unknowing owners .\noriginally , cadet was deemed dangerous and unrideable by many of new zealand ' s top trainers . but under vicki\u2019s gentle guidance he went on to become one of new zealand ' s most successful competitors , showing fantastic scope , technique and talent . he won and placed in many grand prix , world cup and speed classes and was consistently in the winners ' circle . cadet ' s career highlights include winning the coveted premier stakes grand prix at the horse of the year show in 2014 , and vicki ' s first world cup title at the taupo christmas classic that same year .\nthe races can be taxing on the animals ' delicate bodies . a 1 , 000 - pound horse will place the equivalent of 100 times the force of gravity on each hoof with very stride .\nwatch the movie buck . . . what you need to understand is sure if you rehome this mare to someone who says they will work with her or whatever . but what happens when they get bit and then they pass her on to someone else who will just pass her on to whoever and she might get beaten or abused . imo these are you options , 1 put her down . 2 find some farmer with a field he ' ll rent to you and let her live out . keep her . or as a last ditch effort like if its paying for food or the horse , call a local rescue . but you need to realize they may just put her down if she is dangerous . to anyone , when you buy a rescue you don ' t know their past . i see this all the time of ottbs and the like . when you look at a horse that you want to rescue or give a new career you not only need to see what the horse need physically but mentally .\ntroy palmer runs a horse stud , binnia performance horses , at coolah , in central nsw . he breeds horses , droves , and competes on his horses . he won the 2013 world campdraft championship .\ni speak as someone who was seriously hurt as a result of a horse bite . i walked out into the pasture to get another horse and was picked up by my shoulder and tossed to the ground by a horse that i never saw coming . he ran across the pasture and bit me . i was wearing many layers under my winter jacket and still have a scar . that horse ( affectionately known as jaws from them on ) continued to have intermittent biting issues , aggressive lunging biting episodes . the barn owner did her best to accommodate him , private turn out and only handled by certain barn staff . that horse went on to bite 5 more people ( including his owner ) over several years before the barn owner said he could only stay if the owner did self care . it was too great a liability knowing he had this aggressive tendency that would come and go , sometimes years with no biting . the owner decided to being him home and he lived in a field with a shed so he wasn ' t handled .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nditto td : i took a second timer intro horse round yesterday & thought that while testing in places it was v educational for the horse to learn to cope with imperfect going at this stage of its career . fwiw i walked v carefully & was v surprised at where some people had run before me ( i . e line between fences ) but such is : each to their own . . . ; )\nover the years , i trained many horses . without a doubt , the most common cause of dangerous behavior was overfeeding either with grain , alfalfa hay or vitamin supplements . horses do very well on grass hay , free - choice minerals and a salt block . repeatedly , people who overfeed keep going through horses convinced each time that they were cheated , instead of accepting that they are creating the problems with their feeding program .\nif you do not want to do this and you are not too far from aspen , co . , i would be happy to take the horse on and retrain him for you here . you could even come and do it with me . i live on a lovely boarding / guest ranch just outside of aspen . i could also come there and get you going if you like . it all depends on if you want to give up on the horse or not . please do not send him to the killers or just drop him . that is not necessary . he is not nearly as bad as many i have worked with . you are hurt and angry , but the truth is , the horse is not really doing anything for you to take personally . it is just being a horse , a horse with a behavioral issue that can be corrected . he is smart and sensitive . you are pretty good and i really think you have it in you to retrain this guy , if you want to . i can help you do this .\nso what is the best course of action to take if your horse\u2019s behavior qualifies him as a rogue ? the first step is to rule out any physical causes for the behavior . this can best be achieved through a thorough examination by a veterinarian . the cause of many behavior problems can be identified by careful palpation and blood screening tests . once the source of the problem is found , there may be a medical solution that your veterinarian can bring to your attention . if the cause of the dangerous behavior is related to reproductive hormones , the solution may be as simple as castration for non - breeding stallions or hormone therapy for mares .\nthis is such a hard thing to deal with . . . it is so incredibly hard to be the one to make a decision to put an animal down . but i do think that putting him down is probably the right choice to make unless he can be a pasture ornament like portia suggested . i knew of a horse that was very aggressive and was sold to someone for cheap . he ended up pinning this woman in a roundpen and attacking her . luckily she was okay , but had the horse put down . i think that was the best thing to do , since this horse could have killed her . visit urltoken\nan article everyone should read i had a horse i was going to sell then realized that the problem could be fixed with a little work . if i had sold hime he would of hurt someone or got hurt .\na native of hartsville , alabama , thompson grew up in woodbine , tennessee and although his family enjoyed going to horseshows and often encouraged thompson to join them , he had other interests . . . cars . at the young age of 17 he headed to california and opened an automotive shop . his interest in horses began while there when he traded his motorcycle for a horse , a tennessee walking horse . my midnight melody was the horse and thompson says that walking horses are the only kind he has ever ridden . in 1973 he began his training career , a career which 17 years later would lead him to a handsome , sorrel colt in tennessee .\nit may be too late to change the events of a horse\u2019s past , but you can certainly influence his future . the behavior you see today does not have to continue . bad habits can be changed , training mistakes can be resolved . believe in the ability of your horse to adapt and reform . horses , like humans , are never too old to learn , and generally , unlike some humans , horses seem more willing to forgive ."]}
{"id": 1579, "summary": [{"text": "alucita wamenaensis is a moth of the alucitidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gielis in 2009 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in papua new guinea . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "alucita wamenaensis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for wamenaensis definition . you find here wamenaensis meaning , synonyms of wamenaensis and images for wamenaensis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word wamenaensis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word wamenaensis and , of course , wamenaensis synonyms and on the right images related to the word wamenaensis .\n\u2014 a\u00b7l\u00f9\u00b7ci\u00b7ta s . f . ts entom . farfalla del genere alucita | con iniz . maiusc . , genere della famiglia degli pteroforidi { { line } } { { / line } } varianti : alucida . data : 1829 . etimo : dal lat . scient . al\u016bc\u012dta , da alucita zanzara \u2026\n^ some cite zeller , 1841 as author ; this is incorrect , as zeller ' s\nalucitina\nis a junior synonym of the family alucitidae , not the genus alucita .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : only known by the holotype . probably the smallest species from new guinea .\npapua localities : new guinea : wamena ( baliem valley ) . details in gazetteer .\ngielis , c . , 2009 . additions to the alucitidae of papua , indonesia ( lepidoptera ) . bolet\u00edn sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa 44 : 15 - 33 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nalucitina\nredirects here . as used by zeller in 1841 , this refers to\nrhipidophora\nredirects here . in botany , this refers to a genus of\na genus in its own right , and it remains so until today . however , some subsequent authors believed linn\u00e9 ' s name to be invalid , and established alternate names for this genus . but while the oldest of these ,\n. version of 2004 - nov - 05 . retrieved 2011 - oct - 15 .\n\u2014 \u25ba sustantivo femenino zoolog\u00eda mariposa nocturna de peque\u00f1o tama\u00f1o cuya larva da\u00f1a los cereales . ( sitotroga cerealella . ) \u2026\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\nthis category is maintained by wikiproject stub sorting . please propose new stub templates and categories here before creation .\nthis category is for stub articles relating to moths of the superfamily alucitoidea . you can help by expanding them . to add an article to this category , use { { alucitoidea - stub } } instead of { { stub } } .\nthe following 200 pages are in this category , out of approximately 213 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nheterocera papua and west - papua ( indonesian new guinea ) w . a . s . world archives of sciences auto - completed monograph | christophe avon - urltoken\nheterocera papua and west - papua ( indonesian new guinea ) w . a . s . world archives of sciences auto - completed monograph\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1582, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) is a species of songbird in the family nicatoridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in kenya , malawi , mozambique , somalia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , dry savanna , and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it occurs south to around mtunzini in northern kwazulu-natal , south africa , and is regularly reported from lowland areas north through to east africa , including inland areas along the zambezi river .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this species was formerly called the \" yellow-spotted nicator \" although this is no longer the case , with that name now belonging solely to the central african western nicator . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "eastern nicator", "paragraphs": ["eastern nicator ( previously called \u2013 yellow - spottted nicator ) geelvleknikator nicator gularis this eastern nicator made my day when i spotted it on a recent birding trip to the kruger . . . more\neastern nicator , kruger national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\nlike bush - shrikes , eastern nicator has a hook to the tip of the upper mandible .\nthe eastern nicator , with its heavy bill and curved tip almost like a shrike , could possibly be closer to the shrikes as to the bulbuls .\nh . chittenden and g . upfold . 2008 . eastern nicator . [ online ] ( updated 14 june 2008 ) available at : urltoken [ accessed 12 march 2009 ] .\nthe shy and elusive eastern nicator is one of the most interesting sand forest birds in lowland forest in southern africa . the status of the nicator family has been the subject of much debate and has been placed in both the shrike and bulbul families in the past . indeed , the name given to the southern african representative nicator gularis in the 1940 edition of the birds of south africa by austin roberts was yellow - spotted shrike ! it was subsequently moved from the shrike family to that of the bulbuls and given the name yellow - spotted nicator . with three different nicator species in africa , all with yellow spots , the current name eastern nicator is a far better one . the nicators are probably best placed in a family of their own as they have morphological and behavioral similarities to both the shrike and bulbul families .\nthis eastern nicator made my day when i spotted it on a recent birding trip to the kruger national park where it was foraging in the underbrush and thickets . i first recorded this bird when it was still called yellow - spotted nicator . i liked the name as it is quite an apt description of the bird . during this recent trip at punda maria , i spotted the bird now going by its new name \u2013 eastern nicator \u2013 and thus it is sort of also a first . the beautiful call of this bird is quite striking .\nthe eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) , a member of the bulbuls family , is a shy and elusive bird that inhabits the lowland forest in southern africa . it was previously called the yellow - spotted shrike , then the yellow - spotted nicator and recently renamed the eastern nicator due to three different nicator species in africa , all with yellow spots . . . nicators are known to follow animals and catch prey as they are flushed out by the moving animals . the zulu name for the bird is \u2018loosa\u2019 which means ' the one that keeps watch over animals ' . view this sighting on tracking the wild here : urltoken subscribe for more interesting videos : urltoken follow us on : tracking the wild : urltoken facebook : urltoken twitter : urltoken google + : urltoken instagram : urltoken download our wildlife social media app : iphone app : urltoken android app : urltoken\nfishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndistribution of eastern nicator in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\noccurs in the lowlands of east africa , extending from kenya to northern mozambique and zambia , south to southern africa . here it is uncommon and retiring , silently descending to the undergrowth if disturbed although it sometimes perches prominently near its nest to call . it is found across mozambique , swaziland , northern and south - eastern zimbabwe , eastern limpopo province and kwazulu - natal . it generally prefers lowland secondary , evergreen and coastal forest , dense undergrowth of miombo ( brachystegia ) woodland , moist thornveld and riverine forest .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nicator gularis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\neastern nicator is one of those frustrating shy birds that sticks to dense vegetation and is more easily heard than seen , eluding many an experienced birder . on the 10th january 2008 , i ( gu ) was fascinated to witness a bird flapping on the ground like an injured butterfly . this species adapts this strategy when disturbed near a nest to distract and lure intruders away from any possible threat to their eggs or chicks . i was standing less than 2 m from the nest that had a young chick less than 4 days old . the nest was placed about half a meter above the ground on a lateral branch of a jackal - coffee tricalysia lanceolata shrub . the habitat was sandforest , in bonamanzi game reserve just south east of hluhluwe , kwazulu - natal , south africa .\nthe call of eastern nicator is loud and explosive , unlike that of any of the shrikes or bulbuls in the region so is an easy bird to locate in dense lowland woodland , their preferred habitat . they regularly use call posts , and these are normally in large emergent woodland trees . surprisingly , their nests are built down low , usually under one , or one and a half meters above the ground . they closely resemble the flimsy flat twig structures of telophorus bush - shrikes , and are unlike the cup - shaped nests of bulbuls . on finding a nest , one would be forgiven for thinking it could be that of a either a bush - shrike or wood - dove , so frail is the structure that one is frightened the eggs or small chicks would slip through the thin twig platform .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the population in southern mozambique has been estimated to number over 10 , 000 birds ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nmap updated : added a dot in munyati river ( zimbabwe ) ; enlarged shade in middle zambezi valley ( zambia ) and zambezi region ( namibia ) . eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22713100a118717050 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbird glimpsed flying between perches , 5 - 7m high , in mature brachystegia woodland .\na surprisingly confiding individual , interspersing calling with foliage bathing . foliage bathing would be done whilst emitting a typical contact call . was one of two individuals .\nwas tape recording a large red colobus feeding party ( a few jumps and a few high pitched sounds can be heard ) , when i afterwards noted this species of bird ! a bradypterus ' s ' tick - click ' calls may be heard . towards the end a tauraco can be heard in the distance\nsome imitations - e . g . the square - tailed drongo ( the ' pitch ' - call ) which again resemble the call of the african goshawk\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nan adult bird typically skulking deep in the subcanopy cover of damp coastal forest .\nlindsay hansch , paul van giersbergen , morten venas , steve garvie , markus lilje , mauriravasini .\noften considered conspecific with n . chloris . populations of zambezi valley ( from zambia e to c mozambique ) described as race phyllophilus , based on paler and browner forecrown , more greyish - yellow hindcrown and neck , and brighter upperparts , but differences slight . monotypic .\ns somalia , se kenya , ne & e tanzania ( including zanzibar , also scattered records farther w ) , s zambia , extreme ne namibia ( zambezi region ) # r , parts of n , e & se zimbabwe , and much of malawi and s mozambique s to ne south africa ( kwazulu - natal ) and e swaziland ; disjunct population in extreme se drcongo and adjacent nw zambia .\n20\u201323 cm ; male 40\u201363 g , female 29\u201341 g . distinctive , shrike - like bulbul with relatively heavy hooked bill , conspicuous pale yellow spots on wings , . . .\nsong , from high well - concealed perch , less frequently from exposed one , starts with a few low notes . . .\ncoastal forest and lowland rainforest , riparian forest , evergreen and deciduous thickets , . . .\narthropods , including large orthopterans , beetles ( coleoptera ) and caterpillars . occurs singly or in pairs ; occasionally joins mixed - . . .\nnesting recorded in jun and nov\u2013dec in kenya and tanzania , and birds in breeding condition oct\u2013may ( from beginning of short . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon and locally common to common in different parts of range . population in s mozambique estimated to be at least 10 , 000 birds . . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsystematic position long debated ; traditionally classified within a broad family laniidae based on similarities in coloration and bill morphology , or placed with malaconotidae ( formerly part of laniidae ) or with pycnonotidae on morphological grounds . analyses of feather proteins and early studies of dna - dna hybridization both favoured placement in pycnonotidae , but genus unique in several morphological and other features ( including nest structure ) . recent dna studies place it in a separate family , probably close to alaudidae and panuridae # r # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthe source of much debate , it is has been placed with the bush - shrikes ( malaconotidae ) and with bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ) . as it resembles both of these families in many aspects , it might also be best to place it in its own family .\nit eats insects , mainly foraging in the tree canopy , gleaning prey from leaves and branches while occasionally flicking its wings . it may also descend to the ground to feed , occasionally plucking ectoparasites from large mammals or hawking the insects they disturb . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nadult at nest with a skink to give to the chick . [ photo hugh chittenden \u00a9 ]\nadult removing a faecal sack from the nest . [ photo guy upfold \u00a9 ]\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference : vog . ost . - afr . [ finsch & hartlaub ] p . 360\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 664 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\ndtd / xhtml1 - transitional . dtd\nwe photographed and watched the bird for most of the day . it was overcast and quite cool so the bird spent most of the time brooding the naked chick and occasionally feeding for short spells . food for the young chick consisted of mainly of invertebrates such as mantids and grasshoppers , but did also bring in caterpillars and an unidentified small skink .\ndistraction display by the female on the ground near the nest , and a young featherless chick on the nest .\nphotographing at a nest like this has its challenges . light , or rather the lack of light in the under canopy can either be an advantage or disadvantage . we used two large flashes to fill in shadows and light the bird , but also tried to use ambient light to get a natural looking background . later the dark undercanopy had the advantage of little ambient light so that flight and action shots were possible with flash as the only light source . with an hour of photographing at the nest , the bird became extremely tame and allowed us to enter or exit our hides without being frightened off its nest .\nlizard prey fed to the young chick ; invertebrate prey was however most commonly brought to the nest .\nnicators often follow animals such as warthog and nyala to catch prey flushed by these moving animals . the zulu name for the bird is an extremely apt one \u2018loosa\u2019 which means one that keeps watch over animals , describing the habit very well .\npilanesberg national park is a malaria free big 5 game reserve , located in north west province and is about two hours\u2019 drive from johannesburg .\nthrough the years , with intervals , i have successfully raised 3 orphaned southern fiscals / common fiscals \u2013 in those days still called fiscal shrikes . the last one a male , lived in my house per . . . more\nthere is a rich diversity of birdlife in southern africa and more than 850 bird species , which is roughly 8 % of the world\u2019s bird population , can be found in south africa alone . the total bird sp . . . more\nthe spotted eagle - owl is a medium sized species of owl , one of the smallest of the eagle - owls and is a very successful hunter . it has a length of 45 centimetres , weight 480 \u2013 850 g , a wingspan o . . . more\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern ."]}
{"id": 1588, "summary": [{"text": "the taiwanese gray shrew ( crocidura tanakae ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "previously believed to be endemic to taiwan , it is now also known to occur in vietnam . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "taiwanese gray shrew", "paragraphs": ["crocidura grandis miller , 1911 \u2013 greater mindanao shrew , mount malindang shrew , mt . malindang shrew\ncrocidura religiosa ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1827 ) \u2013 egyptian pygmy shrew\ncrocidura viaria ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1834 ) \u2013 savanna path shrew\ncrocidura flavescens ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1827 ) \u2013 greater red musk shrew\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbones and genes : resolution problems in three vietnamese species of crocidura ( mammalia , soricomorpha , soricidae ) and the description of an additio . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nbones and genes : resolution problems in three vietnamese species of crocidura ( mammalia , soricomorpha , soricidae ) and the description of an additional new species .\npmid : 23840165 pmcid : pmc3701231 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 313 . 4823\ngeographical distribution of sampling localities in vietnam : 1 lao cai province , ngai tio 2 lao cai province , sa pa district 3 lao cai province , van ban district 4 lao cai province , thai nien 5 lao cai province , pa kha 6 ha giang province , mt . tay con linh ii 7 tuyen quang province 8 vinh phu province , tam dao 9 hai phong province , cat ba island 10 ha tinh province , huong son district 11 quang binh province , phong nha - ke bang national park 12 quang tri province , huong hoa nature reserve 13 quang nam \u2013 da nang provinces , ba na nature reserve 14 kon tum province , ngoc linh mt . 15 kon tum province , dak to 16 lam dong province , da lat 17 lam dong province , bi doup - nui ba nature reserve 18 khanh hoa province , hon ba mt .\ncomparison of crania of crocidura wuchihensis ( amnh 274153 ) , crocidura sapaensis ( zin 96433 ) and crocidura indochinensis ( zin 97668 ) . top row from left to right : dorsal views of the skulls of crocidura wuchihensis , crocidura sapaensis and crocidura indochinensis , ventral views of the skulls in the same order . lower row : left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of crocidura wuchihensis , crocidura sapaensis and crocidura indochinensis .\nocclusal ( left ) and lingual ( right ) views of right lower third molar to show differences in development of the talonid . upper row left crocidura wuchihensis amnh 274168 ; upper row right crocidura sapaensis zin 96439 ; lower row crocidura indochinensis zin 97671 . scale equals 1 mm .\nbivariate plot to show differences in skull size and relative tail length . horizontal axis : condyloincisive length ; vertical axis : ratio of tail length to condyloincisive length .\ncomparison of crania of crocidura tanakae ( zin 91190 ) and crocidura attenuata ( amnh 274152 ) . top row from left to right : dorsal views of the skulls of crocidura tanakae and crocidura attenuata , ventral views of the skulls in the same order . lower row : left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of crocidura tanakae and crocidura attenuata .\nabove : occlusal view of left upper premolar of crocidura tanakae ( zin 91205 ) left and crocidura attenuata ( amnh 274232 ) right . below : palatal sutures of the same specimens in the same order . scales equal 1 mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its fairly wide distribution in south china and indochina , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nit occupies grassland , secondary forest , bamboo thickets and pastures ( smith and xie 2008 ) .\nthere are no known conservation measures in place for this species . in china , it has been regionally red listed , as c . attenuata , as least concern ( wang and xie 2004 ) . this species is found in many protected areas in vietnam including tam dao national park , phong nha - ke bang national park , bi doup - nui ba national park , ba vi national park , huong hoa nature reserve , and bu gia map nature reserve ( a . v . abramov pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is endemic to taiwan , province of china ( smith and xie 2008 ) . it occupies elevations from sea level up to 2 , 200 m asl ( smith and xie 2008 ) .\nkatja schulz merged another page with < i > crocidura tanakae < / i > kuroda , 1938 .\nkatja schulz moved the classifications by ncbi taxonomy from < i > crocidura tanakae < / i > kuroda , 1938 to crocidura .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ncomments : eurasian species revised by jenkins ( 1976 ) , indomalayan and philippine species by heaney and ruedi ( 1994 ) and ruedi ( 1995 ) , chinese species by jiang and hoffmann ( 2001 ) . phenetic and phylogenetic relationships of african and palearctic species studied by butler et al . ( 1989 ) , maddalena ( 1990 ) and mclellan ( 1994 ) , and of asian and indomalayan species by heaney and ruedi ( 1994 ) , ruedi ( 1996 ) , and ruedi et al . ( 1998 ) . karyotypes of se asian species described by ruedi and vogel ( 1995 ) , those of . . .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n\u00a9 2002\u20132012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . \u00a9 2012\u20132018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488"]}
{"id": 1601, "summary": [{"text": "sepiola knudseni is a species of bobtail squid native to the eastern atlantic ocean , specifically northwest and west africa , from the canary islands to the gulf of guinea .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it lives on the inner continental shelf .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "s. knudseni lives at depths of 32 to 90 m. females of this species are on average considerably larger than males .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "they grow to 18 mm and 8.5 mm in mantle length , respectively .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected in the atlantic ocean ( 06 \u00b0 17 \u2032 n 03 \u00b0 27 \u2032 e ) and is deposited at the zoologisk museum of the kobenhavns universitet in copenhagen . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "sepiola knudseni", "paragraphs": ["sepiola knudseni is a species of bobtail squid native to the eastern atlantic ocean , specifically northwest and west africa , from the canary islands to the gulf of guinea .\nthese characteristics are from naef ( 1921 - 23 ) . naef places inioteuthis as a subgenus of sepiola .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\ntaxon validity : [ fide nesis ( 1987a : 132 ) ] . repository : zmuc holotype [ fide kristensen and knudsen ( 1983 ) ] . type locality : 6 17 ' n , 3 27 ' e ( atlantic ocean )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nleach w . e . ( 1817 ) . synopsis of the orders , families and genera of the class cephalopoda . the zoological miscellany ; being descriptions of new or interesting animals . 3 ( 30 ) : 137 - 141 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 140 [ details ]\n( of heterosepiola grimpe , 1922 ) grimpe g . ( 1922 ) . systematische \u00fcebersicht der europ\u00e4ischen cephalopoden . sitzungsberichte der naturforschenden gesellschaft zu leipzig . 45 - 48 : 36 - 52 . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n3 - 4 suckers at the base of the hectocotylus ( left arm i ) .\nstalks of the subsequent 4 suckers form tubercules of the copulatory apparatus which can be transformed into hooks or lobes .\ndistally the arm is thickened and suckers and stalks of the two series are somewhat separated forming a basket ; some suckers often enlarged .\nfigure . oral views of arms i of mature males of s . aurantiaca ( a ) , s . steenstrupiana ( b ) , s . ligulata ( c ) , s . robusta . drawings from naef ( 1921 - 23 ) .\nanterior margin of ventral mantle with narrow indentation for funnel and adjacent rounded projections .\nfigure . ventral view of the mantle of s . aurantiaca , mature female , 13 mm ml . compare with title illustration . drawing modified from naef ( 1921 - 23 ) .\nalong the eastern margin of the atlantic ocean from norway to western africa ; along the western margin of the pacific ocean from sakhalin and the south kuril islands off russia , japan , philippines and singapore ( nesis , 1982 / 87 ) .\nnaef , a . 1921 - 1923 . die cephalopoden . fauna e flora del golfo di napoli , monographie 35 , vol i , parts i and ii , systematik , pp 1 - 863 .\nnesis , k . n . 1982 / 87 . abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world ' s ocean . 385 + ii pp . light and food industry publishing house , moscow . ( in russian . ) . translated into english by b . s . levitov , ed . by l . a . burgess ( 1987 ) , cephalopods of the world . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , nj , 351pp\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 2 / 17 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1610, "summary": [{"text": "eosqualiolus is an extinct genus of sharks in the family dalatiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by sylvain adnet in 2006 , and the type species is e. aturensis , which existed during the middle eocene of what is now france .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "a new species , e. skrovinai , which existed in what is now slovakia during the miocene period , was described by charlie j. underwood and jan schlogl in 2012 , and named in honour of michal \u0161krovina .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "e. skrovinai was described from 14 fossil teeth ; 9 upper and 5 lower , some of which were partial and some were complete . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "eosqualiolus", "paragraphs": ["miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from . . . | download scientific diagram\nfig . 6 . miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from cerov\u00e1 section in mal\u00e9 karpaty , slovakia . a\u2013g . eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . a . snm z 27455 , bed 8\u20139 , lower tooth in labial ( a 1 ) and lingual ( a 2 ) views . b . holotype , snm z 27456 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( b 1 ) and lingual ( b 2 ) views . c . snm z 27457 , bed 8\u20139 , lower tooth in labial ( c 1 ) and lingual ( c 2 ) views . d . snm z 27458 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( d 1 ) and lingual ( d 2 ) views . e . snm z 27459 , bed 20\u201321 , upper tooth in labial ( e 1 ) and lingual ( e 2 ) views . f . snm z 27460 , bed 17\u201318 , upper tooth in labial ( f 1 ) and lingual ( f 2 ) views . g . snm z 27461 , bed 8\u20139 , upper tooth in labial ( g 1 ) and lingual ( g 2 ) views . h . squaliodalatias sp . , snm z 27462 , bed 8\u20139 , lower tooth in labial ( h 1 ) and lingual ( h 2 ) views .\nteeth assigned to the species eosqualiolus skrovinai from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b\u2081 ) and lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d\u2081 ) and lingual ( d\u2082 ) views . ( e ) upper tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) upper tooth in labial ( f\u2081 ) and lingual ( f\u2082 ) views . ( g ) upper tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\nsampling of latest burdigalian ( miocene ) silty clays from the mal\u00e9 karpaty mountains in the slovakia revealed a deep\u2212water , low diversity shark fauna . the fauna is dominated by teeth of very small squaliform sharks , including two new species , eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . and paraetmopterus horvathi sp . nov . the generic composition of the squaliform fauna is more similar to that known from the eocene than that of today , suggesting a post\u2013early miocene faunal turnover within this clade , at least locally . nectobenthic , non squaliform sharks are rare , but include the new sawshark species pristiophorus striatus sp . nov . , while minute teeth of an enigmatic taxon described here as nanocetorhinus tuberculatus gen . et sp . nov . probably indicate the presence of a previously unrecorded planktivore . the unusual composition of the fauna , with the complete absence of taxa known to be of medium to large size , suggests an unusual , and probably very stressed , palaeoenvironment .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nkey words : squaliformes , dalatidae , etmopteridae , pristiophorus , sharks , miocene , slovakia , paratethys .\ncharles j . underwood [ c . underwood @ urltoken ] , department of earth and planetary science , birkbeck , malet street , london wc1e 7hx , uk ; jan schlogl [ schlogl @ urltoken ] , department of geology and palaeontology , faculty of natural sciences , comenius university , mlynsk\u00e1 dolina g1 , bratislava 842 15 , slovakia .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( for details please see urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\n\u2020 protosqualus sigei ( cappetta , 1977 ) locality : st . dizier / wissant , france cen . : westfalen , germany\n\u2020 squalus alsaticus ( andreae , 1892 ) oligocen locality : gellik , belg . ; espenhein , germany ; szczein , poland ; france ;\n\u2020 squalus crenatidens ( arambourg , 1952 ) paleog\u00e9n locality : khouribga , morocco ; ypr . : stafford county , va\n\u2020 squalus huntensis ( case & capetta , 1997 ) locality : hunt co . ,\n\u2020 squalus serriculus ( jordan & hannibal , 1923 ) miocen locality : kern co . , ca ; ishikawa , japan\n\u2020 centrophoroides latidens ( davis , 1887 ) locality : san . / maast . : europe , sahel alma , lebanon\n\u2020 centrophoroides worlandensis ( case , 1987 ) locality : worland , washakie co .\n\u2020 isistius triangulus ( probst , 1879 ) upper miocen locality : venezuela ; plio . : beaufort co .\n\u2020 squaliolus schaubi ( smith & radcliffe , 1912 ) miocen locality : s . france ; tortona , n . italy ; gumma , japan\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncompagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed . , 1999 : checklist of living elasmobranchs . sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . 471 - 498 .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .\nnelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 357 - 374\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nexplore extinct life by family groupings ( i . e . , cladistic relationships )\nexplore extinct life by geological time period ( i . e . , when the life form lived )\nexplore extinct life by geographic location ( i . e . , where the fossils were found )\nexplore extinct life by paleontologist / author ( i . e . , person ( s ) who named the life form )\nexplore fantasy life forms shaped by the human mind and experience ( i . e . , fictional creatures & monsters )\nthe ' cross ' symbol indicates that this life form is globally extinct whereas the ' heart ' symbol indicates that at least one species of this life form still exists today .\nimages of collectibles ( scans / photos of cards , stickers , etc . ) are available in the detail page\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nchimaera ( edaphodon ) bucklandi , edaphodon bucklandii , edaphodon cf . bucklandi , ganodus bucklandi\nchimaera ( psittacodon ) sedgwickii , edaphodon cf . sedgwicki , edaphodon sedgwicki , psittacodon sedgwickii\ncarcharias subulata , carcharias subulatus , cretolamna subulata , lamna subulata , lamna ( odontaspis ) cf . subulata , lamna ( odontaspis ) subulata , odontaspis subulata , scapanorhynchus cf . subulatus , scapanorhynchus subulata , scapanorhynchus ( odontaspis ) subulatus\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nsharks appear in the fossil record between 450 and 420 million years ago ( all possible specimens older than 420 million years old are fragmentary and disputed ) , and have been important marine ( and in the carboniferous and permian , freshwater ) predators ever since . they form an important part of the marine fossil record in many areas , and are occasionally used for stratigraphy ( dating rocks ) , though often they are usually only represented by their teeth , which are mineralized and grown and shed throughout their lives , rather than their skeletons , which are comprised entirely of cartilage , and consequently have poor preservational potential .\nin a paper published in the journal acta palaeontologica polonica on 12 january 2012 , charles underwood of the department of earth and planetary science at birkbeck college and jan schlogl of the department of geology and paleontology at comenius university describe a collection of deepwater shark ' s teeth from the cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality in the mal\u00e9 karpaty mountains in slovakia . this is a claypit noted for a broad range of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the early miocene of the central paratethys sea . these fossils are thought to be important , as while shark teeth are well represented in the fossil record , deepwater sharks are relatively poorly known .\nten incomplete specimens are referred to the genus galeus ( sawtooth catsharks ) , though not assigned to any species . these are small specimens , the largest being about 0 . 7 mm . the genus galeus first appears in the fossil record in the early miocene of france , and is widespread in the atlantic and pacific today .\nteeth assigned to the genus galeus from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) anterolateral tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( c ) posterior tooth in labial view . ( d ) anterior tooth in labial view . ( e ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( f ) a nterolateral tooth in labial view . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\na single , 2 . 2 mm , broken tooth is assigned to the genus squatina ( angel sharks ) . modern angel sharks are found globally in tropical and temperate seas ; most species are restricted to shallow waters , though one species , the sand devil ( squatina dumeril ) is known to migrate seasonally into deep water . angle sharks are flattened sharks resembling skates and rays ( to which they are not closely related ) and living on the sea bottom . angel sharks are considered to belong to a separate order ( squaliformes ) which first appears in the fossil record in the late jurassic , with members of the modern genus ( squatina ) known from the middle cretaceous .\npartial tooth assigned to the genus squatina from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\nthree oral and one incomplete rostral teeth ( rostral teeth are projections on the side of the snout of a sawshark or sawfish ) are referred to the genus pristiophorus ( five - gilled sawsharks ) , and assigned to a new species , pristiophorus striatus . sawsharks resemble sawfish ( which are also sharks ) , but are found in deepwater , while the sawfish are shallow - water dwellers . the two groups are not closely related , sawfish being related to skates and rays ( batoidea ) . the oldest sawsharks appear in the lart cretaceous of the lebanon , about 85 million years ago , modern sawsharks are found in the indian and pacific oceans as well as the caribbean , though their fossil record suggests they were more widely distributed for much of the tertiary .\nteeth assigned to the species pristiophorus striatus from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( h ) l ateral tooth in labial ( h\u2081 ) , occlusal ( h\u2082 ) , and basal ( h\u2083 ) views . ( i ) partial rostral tooth in lateral view . ( j ) a nterior tooth in labial ( j\u2081 ) , occlusal ( j\u2082 ) , and basal ( j\u2083 ) views . ( k ) lateral tooth in labial ( k\u2081 ) and basal ( k\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\na large number ( 236 ) of teeth are assigned to the genus squaliolus ( pygmy sharks or deep - sea dogfish ) , and tentatively to the species squaliolus schaubi , a species previously described from the miocene of france . modern pygmy sharks are small deepwater species with specialized organs that house bioluminescent bacteria . they are a form of kitefin shark ( dalatiidae ) , a group that first appear in the fossil record in the early cretaceous of germany .\nteeth tentatively assigned to the species squaliolus schaubi from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b\u2081 ) and lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) male lower tooth in labial view . ( e ) lower symphyseal tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f\u2081 ) and lingual ( f\u2082 ) views . u pper tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in labial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views . ( i ) u pper tooth in labial ( i\u2081 ) and lingual ( i\u2082 ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in labial view . ( k ) upper tooth in la bial ( k\u2081 ) and lingual ( k\u2082 ) views . ( l ) upper posterior tooth in labial ( l\u2081 ) and lingual ( l\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n, which is named after michal \u0161krovina , described as the first person to encourage jan schlogl in to pursue an interest in palaeontology .\n, though not assigned to a species due to its poor condition . fossils assigned to this genus have previously been found from the late cretaceous of lithuania and the eocene of france .\ntooth assigned to the genus squaliodalatias from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . in labial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n( lantern sharks in the family etmopteridae ) , small , deepwater sharks with light producing organs , found more - or - less globally today . the earliest known lantern sharks are from the eocene of france .\nteeth assigned to the genus etmopterus from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b\u2081 ) and lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial view . ( g ) u pper tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n( rasptooth dogfish ) , a second type of lantern shark . the genus is previously known from a single modern species from the pacific and some teeth from the eocene of france .\nteeth tentatively assigned to the genus miroscyllium from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( h ) lower symphyseal tooth in la bial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views . ( i ) lower tooth in labial ( i\u2081 ) and lingual ( i\u2082 ) views . ( j ) lower lateral tooth in labial ( j\u2081 ) and lingual ( j\u2082 ) views . ( k ) lower tooth in labial ( k\u2081 ) and lingual ( k\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\nteeth assigned to the species paraetmopterus horvathi from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b\u2081 )\nand lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d\u2081 ) and lingual ( d\u2082 ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f\u2081 ) and lingual ( f\u2082 ) views . ( g ) upper anterior tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in la bial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views . ( i ) upper tooth in labial ( i\u2081 ) and lingual ( i\u2082 ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in la bial ( j\u2081 ) and lingual ( j\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\na single tooth is assigned to the family somniosidae ( sleeper sharks ) , a widespread group of sharks that first appear in the fossil record in the late cretaceous of germany .\ntooth assigned to the family somniosidae from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . in labial ( k\u2081 ) and lingual ( k\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n( butterfly rays ) . modern butterfly rays are typically shallow water species , often found in brackish estuarine waters . the genus has a sparse fossil record , but is known from the palaeocene of india , spreading around europe , the middle east and africa in the eocene and reaching the americas in the oligocene .\ntooth assigned to the genus gymnura from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . in occlusal ( i\u2081 ) and basal ( i\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n, of uncertain affinities , but considered to probably be a neoselachian ( the group that includes all extant sharks , skates and rays ) . the genus name\nteeth assigned to the species nanocetorhinus tuberculatus from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) tooth in labial ( b\u2081 ) and lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) tooth in labial ( d\u2081 ) and lingual ( d\u2082 ) views . ( e ) tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) tooth in labial ( f\u2081 ) and lateral ( f\u2082 ) views . ( g ) tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . ( h ) tooth in labial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views , detail ( h\u2083 ) . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\nwhile the majority of these sharks belong either to extant genera or extant families , the assemblage is on the whole closer to the deepwater sharks of the eocene than to modern shark assemblages , suggesting that there has been more turnover in deepwater shark populations since the miocene than between the eocene and the miocene . one remarkable feature of this assemblage is the small size of all the sharks present ; based upon the available material underwood & shlogl estimate that none of the sharks were more than 40 cm in length , though they do not offer any hypothesis as to why this was the case .\nsee also a new species of eagle ray from the northwest pacific , a hybodont shark from the middle permian of northern arizona , fossil tapeworm eggs from the permian , satellite tracking manta rays off the coast of mexico and new species of catshark from the galapaagos .\nstudied palaeobiology & evolution at the university of portsmouth , geosciences via the open university & ecology and conservation at christchurch university , canterbury . have worked in wildlife based tourism , mineral exploration , development , conservation , education & environmental chemistry . occasionally write articles for papers and magazines .\ndolichothele mottai & dolichothele camargorum : two new species of tarantula from brazil and bolivia .\nmagnitude 7 . 1 earthquake in puebla state , mexico , kills at least 225 people .\nselenium , arsenic and molybdenum in the bowland shale and related deposits in england , wales and ireland .\nthis blog would be impossible without the work of countless scientists ( and others ) throughout the world . where possible i do my best to credit them , but there will always be many more who remain unmentioned ; this does not imply i am ungrateful for their contributions . any errors or inaccuracies are , of course , my own .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies ."]}
{"id": 1614, "summary": [{"text": "the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) , also known as the brown hare , is a species of hare native to europe and parts of asia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is among the largest hare species and is adapted to temperate , open country .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "hares are herbivorous and feed mainly on grasses and herbs , supplementing these with twigs , buds , bark and field crops , particularly in winter .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "their natural predators include large birds of prey , canids and felids .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they rely on high-speed endurance running to escape from their enemies ; having long , powerful limbs and large nostrils .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "generally nocturnal and shy in nature , hares change their behaviour in the spring , when they can be seen in broad daylight chasing one another around in fields .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "during this spring frenzy , they sometimes strike one another with their paws ( \" boxing \" ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this is usually not competition between males , but a female hitting a male , either to show she is not yet ready to mate or as a test of his determination .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the female nests in a depression on the surface of the ground rather than in a burrow , and the young are active as soon as they are born .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "litters may consist of three or four young and a female can bear three litters a year , with hares living for up to twelve years .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the breeding season lasts from january to august .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the european hare is listed as being of least concern by the international union for conservation of nature because it has a wide range and is moderately abundant .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "however , populations have been declining in mainland europe since the 1960s , at least partly due to changes in farming practices .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the hare has been hunted across europe for centuries , with more than five million being shot each year ; in britain , it has traditionally been hunted by beagling and hare coursing , but these field sports are now illegal .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the hare has been a traditional symbol of fertility and reproduction in some cultures , and its courtship behaviour in the spring inspired the english idiom mad as a march hare . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "european hare", "paragraphs": ["currently , european hares are limited to south - eastern australia ' s temperate climate that replicates the climate of the european hares cool european origins .\nschai - braun s , hackl\u00e4nder k . home range use by the european hare (\nmarboutin e , peroux r . survival pattern of european hare in a decreasing population .\nvaughan n , lucas ea , harris s , white pcl . habitat associations of european hare\n( 2003 ) : population dynamics in european hare : breeding parameters and sustainable harvest rates .\nhistory of the brown hare ( hare - preservation - trust . co . uk )\nhackl\u00e4nder k , arnold w , ruf t . postnatal development and thermoregulation in the precocial european hare (\nhansen k ( 1992a ) reproduction in european hare in a danish farmland . acta theriol 37 : 27\u201340\n( 1965 ) : studies on the european hare . ix . helminth fauna in the annual cycle .\nof hare found close to farmland and open forests worldwide . the hare is a very adaptable\nlindl\u00f6f b ( 1978 ) aggressive dominance rank in relation to feeding by european hare . viltrevy 10 : 145\u2013158\nlindl\u00f6f b ( 1978 ) aggressive dominance rank in relation to feeding by european hare . viltrevy 10 : 146\u2013157\n( 2007 ) : actual health state of european brown hare from hunting grounds of south - western slovakia .\nbonino , n . , a . montenegro . 1997 . reproduction of the european hare in pantagonia , argentina .\nthe european hare grows to about 50 \u2013 70 centimetres and has a tail length of 7 \u2013 11 centimetres .\nlamarque f , barratt j , moutou f . principle diagnoses for determining causes of mortality in the european hare (\nhillgrove , a 1981 , studies of the european brown hare ( lepus capensis l . ) , la trobe university school of agriculture . jurasovic , anton date unknown , hunting european brown hare , viewed 11th november 2009 at url : urltoken\nraczynski j . studies on the european hare . v . reproduction . acta theriol . 1964 ; 919 : 305\u2013352 .\nedwards pj , fletcher mr , berny p . review of the factors affecting the decline of the european brown hare ,\nhave even noticed the hare . the hare then hops very quickly , in a similar way to a\nhackl\u00e4nder k , tataruch f , ruf t . the effect of dietary fat content on lactation energetics in the european hare (\nis a huge pest , with introduction resulting in agricultural disaster ( dragg , 1974 ; bonino and montenegro , 1997 ) . other common names for the european hare : common hare , brown hare ( caillol and meunier , 1989 ; poli\nthe european hare was introduced to australia in the late 1830s in tasmania , although this initial attempt to establish wild populations failed .\ngrigera de , rappoport eh ( 1983 ) status and distribution of the european hare in south america . j mamm 64 : 163\u2013166\ngrigera d , rapoport e ( 1983 ) status and distribution of the european hare in south america . j mamm 64 : 163\u2013166\nthe european hare or brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) is a species of hare native to northern , central and western europe and western asia . the european hare is a mammal adapted to temperate open country . it is related to the rabbit , which is in the same family but a different genus . the european hare breeds on the ground rather than in a burrow and relies on speed to escape . in comparison to the rabbit , it is larger in size , has longer ears and longer legs .\ngavier - widen d . european brown hare syndrome . in : gavier - widen d , duff jp , meredith a , editors .\nhamill r . m , doyle d , duke e . j . spatial patterns of genetic diversity across european subspecies of the mountain hare ,\nfrylestam b ( 1976 ) effect of cattle grazing and harvesting of hay on density and distribution of a european hare population . in : pielowski z , pucek z ( eds ) ecology and management of european hare populations . proceedings of the international symposium , poznan , 1974 , pp 199\u2013203\nbroekhuizen , s . , f . maaskamp . 1980 . behaviour of does and leverets of the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) whilst nursing .\nsmith rk , jennings nv , robinson a , harris s . conservation of european hares\nty - book ti - taxonomic status of the european hare in ontario / ur - urltoken pb - royal ontario museum , cy - toronto : py - 1954 n1 - cover title . au - peterson , randolph l . au - royal ontario museum . kw - european hare kw - ontario er -\nlepus europaeus ( brown or european hare ) ; two adults , feeding in a field margin . wykeham , north yorkshire , england . may , 2011 .\ngrigera de , rapoport eh , 1983 . status and distribution of the european hare in south america . journal of mammalogy , 64 : 163 - 166 .\np\u00e9pin d ( 1986 ) spring density and daytime distribution of the european hare in relation to habitat in an open field agrosystem . z s\u00e4ugetierk 51 : 79\u201386\nreid n , 2011 . european hare ( lepus europaeus ) invasion ecology : implication for the conservation of the endemic irish hare ( lepus timidus hibernicus ) . biological invasions , 13 ( 3 ) : 559 - 569 . urltoken\nchroust k . dynamics of coccidial infection in free living and cage - reared european hares .\nstories , however , cast the fox as an evil agent of possession . european tricksters include\nstott p , 2008 . comparisons of digestive function between the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) and the european rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus ) : mastication , gut passage , and digestibility . mammalian biology , 73 ( 4 ) : 276 - 286 pp .\nsmaller hares native to southern europe previously regarded as european hares have been divided as a separate species in recent years , including the broom hare in northern spain .\nfrom apperances in aesop ' s fables to alice in wonderland , the european hare ' s widespread range has made it into a cultural icon throughout many nations .\nschmidt nm , asferg t , forchhammer mc . long - term patterns in european brown hare population dynamics in denmark : effects of agriculture , predation and climate .\neuropean hares are generally shy mammals , however , their behaviour changes in springtime . many are seen in broad daylight chasing one another in meadows . this behaviour appears to be competitions between the male european hares to attain dominance which allows them more access to breeding female european hares .\nthe european hare is declining in europe due to changes in farming practices . its natural predators include the golden eagle and carnivorous mammals like the red fox and wolf .\nvalencak t , arnold w , tataruch f , ruf t . high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle phospholipids of a fast runner , the european brown hare (\n, with hares being able to move at speeds of around 45mph . the strong hind legs of the hare , combined with the large feet of the hare give the hare the ability to run so quickly . the hare is also able to jump over large distances with great ease .\nkrupka j , dziedzic r ( 1976 ) determination of digestibility coefficients of feeds ingested by european hares . in : pielowski z , pucek z ( eds ) ecology and management of european hare populations . proceedings of the international symposium , poznan , 1974 , pp 101\u2013103\n, are generally smaller than european continental individuals which commonly reach 3 . 8 - 4 kg (\nthe study was funded by the european commission directorate general for health and consumers and the iarc .\nthe male european hare is called a ' jack ' while the female is called a ' jill ' . offspring under one year are referred to as ' leverets ' .\nlepus europaeus ( brown or european hare ) ; close view of an adult , feeding in a field margin . wykeham , north yorkshire , england . may , 2011 .\np\u00e9pin d , angibault jm ( 2007 ) selection of resting sites by the european hare as related to habitat characteristics during agricultural changes . eur j wildl res 53 : 183\u2013189\n( 1 ) hare dl , toukhsati sr , johansson p , jaarsma t . depression and cardiovascular disease : a clinical review . european heart journal 2013 november 25 . (\nsyrj\u00e4l\u00e4 p , nylund m , heinikainen s , 2005 . european brown hare syndrome in free - living mountain hares ( lepus timidus ) and european brown hares ( lepus europaeus ) in finland 1990\u20132002 . journal of wildlife diseases , 41 ( 1 ) : 42 - 7 .\ntry and get a hare that has been hung only but not frozen . although both are delicious the unfrozen hare delivers a better taste and texture .\nlong - term ultrasonographic evaluation and characterisation of embryonic and foetal development as well as embryonic mortality , experimental investigations of superfoetation , ultrasound - guided biopsy techniques in european brown hare .\nanonymous ( 1979 ) convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . council of europe , strasbourg\nsmith rk , harris s , jennings nv . a quantitative analysis of the abundance and demography of european hares\nsmith rk , jennings nv , harris s . a quantitative analysis of the abundance and demography of european hares\nbonino n , coss\u00edos d , menegheti j , 2010 . dispersal of the european hare , lepus europaeus in south america . folia zoologica , 59 ( 1 ) : 9 - 15 .\nchiari m , ferrari n , giardiello d , avisani d , zanoni m , alborali g , et al . temporal dynamics of european brown hare syndrome infection in northern italian brown hares (\nchiari m , ferrari n , giardiello d , avisani d , zanoni m , alborali gl , et al . temporal dynamics of european brown hare syndrome infection in northern italian brown hares (\nhare - bell ,\nso called because it grows in thickets haunted by hares ;\nhare - parsley\n, because it is eaten by hares .\nbill oddie tries a bit of hare whispering to get closer to his subject .\naccording to jewish tradition , the hare is among four mammals deemed not kosher .\ncornwall\u2019s white hare warns the fisherfolk of tempests when not haunting a faithless lover .\nthe european hare ' s , or brown hare\u2019s , fur coat is brown - russet , and its underside is white . it resembles a rabbit , but has a larger body , longer hind legs , and longer , black - tipped ears . its adult length from its head to its rump is between 52 and 59 . 5 centimeters , according to arkive initiative . the european hare\u2019s 8 - to 12 - centimeter tail is black on its upper surface , and white underneath . on average , a mature european hare weighs 3 to 4 kilograms , according to the mammal society ( ms ) . these hares ' irises are golden , and their pupils black .\neuropean hares can cause significant damage when gnawing the bark of young trees and shrubs . european hares also chew off the stems of young trees , damaging or killing the plant . hares can cause severe damage to revegetation sites .\nultrasonographic characterisation of prenatal development in european brown hares ( lepus europaeus pallas , 1778 ) : an evolutionary approach .\npoli , a . , m . nigro , d . gallazi , g . sironi , a . lavazza . 1991 . acute hepatosis in the european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) in italy .\nin finland the hare must never be called\nbad\nduring the hunting season .\nit appears that the hare was once a common embodiment of the corn - spirit .\nand the princess who solves the riddles does so by the help of a hare .\n( 1990 ) : some remarks on the prevalence and species composition of hare coccidia .\n, as is nanabozho , the hare , who in the southeast is called rabbit .\nalthough european hares are not considered a major pest to agriculture , there have been times in the past where hare density has been high . for example , in the 1930s and 1940s when land in the mallee region of victoria was being cleared for farming , european hare density became very high . this example along with others suggests that hares will look to make use of land recently cleared of tree cover .\npage a , kirkpatrick w , massam m , 2008 . european hare ( lepus europaeus ) risk assessment for australia . western australia , australia : department of agriculture and food , 1 - 21 pp .\neuropean hares are prone to several different types of parasites and disease which cause a higher proportion of deaths than predators .\nthe hare also appears in folk tales . in african folk tales , the hare is a trickster ; some of the stories about the hare were retold among african slaves in america , and are the basis of the brer rabbit stories . many cultures , including the indian and japanese , see a hare in the pattern of dark patches in the moon . one of aesops fables tells the story of ' the tortoise and the hare ' .\nhewson r ( 1991 ) mountain hare / irish hare . in : corbet gb , harris s ( eds ) the handbook of british mammals . blackwell , oxford , pp 161\u2013167\nfromsejer p ( 1992 ) critical factors in the population dynamics of brown hare . in : polish hunting association ( eds ) zajac hare , international symposium , czempin , pp 139\u2013142\nlavazza a , guberti v , ferri m , zanni ml , poglayen g , nardin a et al ( 1997 ) epidemiology of european brown hare syndrome ( ebhs ) in modena province ( north italy ) . in : proceedings of the 4th international congress of the european society for veterinary virology . edinburgh , uk , pp 34\u201337\ndora e . grigera , eduardo h . rapoport ; status and distribution of the european hare in south america , journal of mammalogy , volume 64 , issue 1 , 28 february 1983 , pages 163\u2013166 , urltoken\nlepus europaeus the european brown hare share the order lagomorpha with the rabbit , but is physically larger and has black - tipped ears and longer legs . both were introduced from the united kingdom to australia by early settlers for sport and recreational hunting . hares live above ground in \u2018forms\u2019 or \u2018scrapes\u2019 and in their native habitat in the uk and europe they are at the point of extinction . this is due to european brown hare syndrome virus ( like rabbit calici but hare specific ) and generations of hunting pressure .\nsince it is a nocturnal animal , the european hare feeds at night . during the day , it spends its time in a small depression it digs in the ground within long grass , and these are referred to as\nform\n. european hares are also generally solitary , except for when they come together for mating . still , there are certain instances when european hares may band together in clusters when feeding , according to the mammal society . to evade predators like foxes , coyotes , owls , wildcats or hawks , the european hare relies on its sharp senses . if threatened , these animals will usually opt to run away , sometimes achieving speeds of up to 70 kilometers an hour ( 43 miles per hour ) . though the european hare is usually quiet , it occasionally makes low grunts , as well as shrills when caught or injured , according to animal diversity .\nkronfeld n , shkolnik a . adaptation to life in the desert in the brown hare (\nsmiddy p ( 1994 ) hare species in co cork . ir nat j 24 : 417\u2013418\ntapper s , yalden d ( 2010 ) the brown hare . the mammal society , southampton\nthe timing of crops and their growth is critical for farmland wildlife such as the hare .\nthe rise and fall of the brown hare in wales ( ccw . gov . uk )\ngoszczynski j , waseilewski m . predation of foxes on a hare population in central poland .\nvan wieren se , wiersma m , prins hht . climatic factors affecting a brown hare (\ndavid l . hare ( with tiny jaarsma , peter johansson , samia r . toukhsati )\nnovaro aj , capurro af , travaini a , funes mc , ravinovich je ( 1992 ) pellet - count sampling based on spatial distribution : a case study of european hare in patagonia . ecol aust 2 : 11\u201318\nsmith rk , jennings nv , tataruch f , hackl\u00e4nder k , harris s . vegetation quality and habitat selection by european hares\nbray y , marboutin e , p\u00e9roux r , ferron j . reliability of stained placental - scar counts in european hares .\npopulations of european hares ( lepus europaeus ) have experienced a dramatic decline throughout europe in recent decades . european hares are assumed to prefer weeds over arable crops , and weed abundance was reduced by the intensification of agriculture . therefore , modern agriculture has been blamed as a major factor affecting european hare populations . however , it is questionable whether european hares select weeds at all , as previous studies had major methodological limitations . by comparing availability and use of plants with chesson\u2019s electivity index , we investigated whether the european hare actually feeds selectively on different plants in arable land . food availability and use were dominated by cultivated crops ( e . g . winter wheat , spring barley and sugar beet ) . diet selection analysis revealed that in autumn and winter , european hares predominantly preferred cultivated crops ( winter wheat ) and food items provided by hunters ( tubers of sugar beet and carrot ) . in spring and summer , apart from soy , only weeds ( e . g . clover and corn poppy ) were positively selected , especially after cereal crops were harvested . we suggest that the decline in european hare populations throughout europe was facilitated by the decrease in weed abundance . wildlife - friendly set - asides in arable land have the potential to reconcile the european union\u2019s common agricultural policy with wildlife conservation .\nas an herbivore , the european hare grazes on young grass shoots , herbs , and agricultural crops . it also nibbles on the bark of young trees and bushes , according to the wildlife trusts . in the winter period , the european hare feeds on twigs , buds , shrub bark , small trees , and young fruit tree bark , according to animal diversity ( ad ) . since its nocturnal , it primarily feeds at night . during feeding , two to three adults can eat as much vegetation as one sheep . the european hare re - ingests its green , soft fecal pellets , a practice called coprophagia , in efforts to maximize nutrient extraction from their diets .\nbern convention ( 1979 ) convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . bern convention , council of europe , strasbourg\nhare flanking sequence 1 was pcr amplified using platinum pfx ( invitrogen ) according to manufacturer\u2019s instructions and primers forward gt464 5\u2032 - gtgttagagagttagaagcag - 3\u2032 and reverse rel13 5\u2032 - ccccttatatacagtttctagaggc - 3\u2032 . for hare flanking sequence 2 primers were forward gt469 5\u2032 - ggcacttatcacgcagaagtg - 3\u2032 and reverse gt460 5\u2032 - gtttacagcgtctgagggtccc - 3\u2032 . hare pol sequence was amplified using primers rel9 and rel2rev as described above . hare gag sequence was amplified using the primers forward rel1fwd 5\u2032 - tgttagggaaccattcacagagaaagtaattg - 3\u2032 and reverse hare seq + 2045 5\u2032 - ccccctaggtttacctttaaggtagg - 3\u2032 . hare env sequence was amplified using the primers forward rel5fwd 5\u2032 - acctttgaacaaaacaggggagtccaaatagggtagggacaagaaaag - 3\u2032 and reverse rel5rev 5\u2032 - aagcatacaagaaccatacaaaatattgctcc - 3\u2032 . pcr amplifications were repeated on dna extracted from a kidney cell line derived from a european brown hare ( a gift from jean francois vautherot ) .\nlincoln , g . 1974 . reproduction and march madness in the brown hare , lepus europaeus .\n; and it is customary in many parts of the country\nto place a figure of the hare among the easter eggs , when given as a present , either a hare in a basket of eggs , or a small figure of a hare in one of the fancy eggs\n.\ntapper sc , barnes rfw . influence of farming practice on the ecology of the brown hare (\ndavid l . hare , samia r . toukhsati , peter johansson , tiny jaarsma ; depression and cardiovascular disease : a clinical review , european heart journal , volume 35 , issue 21 , 1 june 2014 , pages 1365\u20131372 , urltoken\noberle also concludes that the hare which lay the particoloured easter eggs was sacred to the same goddess .\nthe fact that many plants are named after the hare may also , as oberle thinks , have a mythological significance ; though the origin of such names as\nhare - bell\nand\nhare - parsley\nappears sufficiently explained in hone ' s table - book upon other grounds . [ 78 ]\nthe story of ' jack ' and \u2018jill\u2019 : a female brown hare finding a suitable male match .\nhalf human half hare figure sculptures by sophie ryder displayed outside the pump rooms and abbey in bath .\ngiannoulis t , stamatis c , tsipourlianos a , mamuris z , 2017 . mitogenomic analysis in european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) proposes genetic and functional differentiation between the distinct lineages . mitochondrial dna part a . 18 : 1 - 8 .\nthe weight of a full grown adult hare varies between 2 . 5 and 6 . 5 kilograms . because of its longer legs , it can run at speeds of up to 70 kilometres per hour . european hares are herbivores and their diet consists of grasses and herbs during summer months and changes to twigs and bark in the winter . the european hare is known as a pest to orchard farmers as it also feeds upon buds of young orchard trees during the end of winter .\nthe european hare ( lepus europaeus ) has declined throughout its native range but invaded numerous regions where it has negatively impacted native wildlife . in southern sweden , it replaces the native mountain hare ( l . timidus ) through competition and hybridisation . we investigated temporal change in the invasive range of the european hare in ireland , and compared its habitat use with the endemic irish hare ( l . timidus hibernicus ) . the range of the european hare was three times larger and its core range twice as large in 2012\u20132013 than in 2005 . its rate of radial range expansion was 0 . 73 km year \u22121 with its introduction estimated to have occurred ca . 1970 . both species utilised improved and rough grasslands and exhibited markedly similar regression coefficients with almost every land cover variable examined . irish hares were associated with low fibre and high sugar content grass ( good quality grazing ) whilst the invader had a greater tolerance for low quality forage . european hares were associated with habitat patch edge density , suggesting it may be more suited to using hedgerows as diurnal resting sites than the irish hare . consequently , the invader had a wider niche breadth than the native but their niche overlap was virtually complete . given the impact of the european hare on native species elsewhere , and its apparent pre - adaption for improved grasslands interspersed with arable land ( a habitat that covers 70 % of ireland ) , its establishment and range expansion poses a significant threat to the ecological security of the endemic irish hare , particularly given their ecological similarities .\nthe european hare is native to great britain and central and western europe . it\u2019s also found in parts of the middle east and central asia . within these territories , it inhabits agricultural cropland or grasslands in temperate and open habitats , as well as in pastures bordered by hedgerows and woodlots , according to animal diversity . the international union for conservation of nature ' s ( iucn ' s ) 2008 red list of threatened species classified the european hare as a species of\nleast concern\namong . nonetheless , its population is in decline in certain areas due to poaching , intensification of commercial agriculture within their habitats , diseases such as the european hare syndrome and tularaemia , and changes in cropping regimes which affect their food sources .\nfour species of nematodes , six species of coccidian , liver flukes and two species of dog tapeworms are all internal parasites that infect european hares in australia . several species of external parasites have also been observed on european hares in australia including the european rabbit flea ( spilopsyllus cuniculi ) the stickfast flea ( echidnophaga myrmecobii ) , the lice ( haemodipsus setoni and haemodipsus lyriocephalus ) , and the mite ( leporacarus gibbus ) .\nsmall group of hares of russian origin reported on islets of oahu but by 1963 this could not be confirmed . probably confusion with european rabbits\np\u00e9pin d , cargnelutti b ( 1994 ) individual variations of daily activity patterns in radiotracked european hares during winter . acta theriol 39 : 399\u2013409\na marked increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase four days after inoculation in a hare that died ; a more moderate , transient increase in a hare that survived . ( b22 . 30 . w17 )\n) . we probed hind3 cut genomic dna from 2 rabbit cell lines ( sirc , erep ) and a european brown hare with radioactively labelled dna derived by pcr from rabbit genomic dna . the southern blot revealed the presence of multiple insertions in the rabbit genome and at least 5 insertions in the hare genome . next , we sought relik orthologues in the\nadditionally single disease incidents were found during necropsy . these included an approximately walnut - sized abscess in the mammary gland area of one adult female hare , a suppurative bronchitis in a sub - adult male hare , and a moderate pyometra with multiple cysts in an adult female hare . these altered organs were sampled for bacteriology .\nroedenbeck ia , voser p . effects of roads on spatial distribution , abundance and mortality of brown hare (\nthe european hare is an opportunistic feeder and as well as grazing predominately on grasses , it will also consume crops , such as vegetables , lucerne and cereal crops . this can cause significant economic loss to land owners that have european hares on or adjacent to their land . hares can travel significant distances , so the potential for one animal to cause widespread damage to plants is relatively high . european hares can also be a problem in forestry , ornamental or fruit producing plantations as they can gnaw back the bark of young trees and vines .\nthe brown or european hare ( l . europaeus ) is a highly adaptable medium - sized mammal , commonly 3 . 8 - 4 kg in weight with the exception of some individuals reaching 5 kg , although there is much regional and sexual . . .\npopescu f , hackl\u00e4nder k , arnold w , ruf t . effects of season and reproductive state on lipid intake and fatty acid composition of gastrointestinal tract contents in the european hare . j comp physiol b . 2011 ; 181 : 681\u2013689 . pmid : 21328065\nsevere leucopaenia evident at 24 hours post inoculation in a hare which developed severe disease ; in a hare which survived , a more modest , temporary reduction in leucocyte count was recorded . ( b22 . 30 . w17 )\n@ book { bhl111741 , title = { taxonomic status of the european hare in ontario / } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - cover title . } , publisher = { toronto : royal ontario museum , } , author = { peterson , randolph l . and royal ontario museum . } , year = { } , pages = { 20 } , keywords = { european hare | ontario | } , }\nhackl\u00e4nder k , zeitlhofer c , ceulemans t , suchentrunk f . continentality affects body condition and size but not yearly reproductive output in female european hares (\nin other parts of germany there are traces of a similar tradition . thus , the children in south germany are told that a hare lays the pasche eggs , and a nest is made for the hare to lay them in\nfreitas , h . 2006 natural hybridization between the iberian hare ( lepus granatensis ) and the brown hare ( l . europaeus ) in northern iberian peninsula . msc thesis , faculdade de ci\u00eancias do porto , porto , portugal .\n, as hares spend most of their time resting and foraging for food . the hare mainly eats plant matter ( grass being one of the favourite foods of the hare ) but hares also eat seeds , vegetables and fruit in\n. we have already noticed the very old and close connection between the hare and the moon . a large category of hare - myths have arisen out of the supposed likeness of the spots upon the moon ' s face to the figure of a hare . the story of the hare offering himself as a meal to the hungry buddha , who in return translated him to the moon , is well known , and occurs with many variations in eastern legend .\npikula , j . , beklova , m . , holesovska , z . and treml , f . 2004 . ecology of european brown hare and distribution of natural foci of tularaemia in the czech republic . acta veterinaria brno 73 ( 2 ) : 267 - 273 .\nthe european hare , lepus europaeus , is a well known sight across the open fields of the uk . with the mating season just beginning and running from january all the way until august we are likely to see this usually shy and nocturnal lagomorph much more frequently .\ncaravaggi a , leach k , santilli f , rintala j , helle p , tiainen j , bisi f , martinoli a , montgomery wi , reid n , 2017 . niche overlap of mountain hare subspecies and the vulnerability of their ranges to invasion by the european hare ; the ( bad ) luck of the irish , biological invasions , 19 ( 2 ) : 655 - 674 pp\nposch r ( 2012 ) use of selective media for direct isolation of francisella tularensis from european brown hares . university of veterinary medicince , vienna ; master thesis\npublished on behalf of the european society of cardiology . all rights reserved . \u00a9 the author 2013 . for permissions please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken\nsuchentrunk f , willing r , hartl gb . on eye lens weights and other age criteria of the brown hare (\npierpaoli m , riga f , trocchi v , randi e . species distinction and evolutionary relationships of the italian hare (\nthe story of a ' jill ' , a female brown hare , finding her suitable male match ' jack ' .\nbelovsky ge ( 1984 ) moose and snowshoe hare competition and a mechanistic explanation from foraging theory . oecologia 61 : 150\u2013159\nhow to allure the hare .\nfacsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of phoebus ( fifteenth century ) .\nsuchentrunk f , willing r , hartl gb . on eye lens weights and other age criteria of the brown hare (\ncowan dp , 2004 . an overview of the current status and protection of the brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) in the uk ; a report prepared for european wildlife division . london , uk : department for environment , food and rural affairs , 1 - 30 pp . urltoken\neec 43 / 92 ( 1992 ) directive on the conservation of natural habitats of wild fauna and flora . official journal of the european union l 206 , 7\nfr\u00f6lich k , wisser j , schm\u00fcser h , fehlberg u , neubauer h , grunow r , et al . epizootiologic and ecologic investigations of european brown hares (\n\u2018 coffee drinking and mortality in 10 european countries \u2019 by gunter , m . j . et al , is published in the journal annals of internal medicine .\nlike the rabbit , the hare ' s hind limbs are longer than its front limbs . the fur of the european hare has a flecked appearance , made up of tan , black and white hairs , ruddy brown or grey above and white below . this allows the hare to blend in well with dry grass . like rabbits , hares have 28 teeth with the lower tooth rows being closer together than the upper rows . in the upper jaw , the hare has two pairs of continuously growing , enamel covered upper incisors ; the front long pair has a cutting edge , while the peg teeth located behind these do not have a cutting edge . at birth , the hare has three sets of incisors , but the outer pair is lost soon after birth .\nlev\u00e4nen r , kunnasranta m , pohjoism\u00e4ki j , 2015 . abundance and distribution of hare hybrids in finland . in : angerbj\u00f6rn a , dal\u00e9n l , elmhagen b , werdelin l ( eds ) proceedings of the 7th european congress of mammalogy . stockholm university , stockholm , 54 pp .\nlamarque , f . , barrat , j . and moutou , f . 1996 . principal diagnoses for determining causes of mortality in the european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) found dead in france between 1986 and 1994 . gibier faune sauvage 13 ( 1 ) : 53 - 72 .\neuropean hares are herbivorous , eating grasses , herbs , and field crops during summer . during winter european hares feed on twigs , buds , shrub bark , small trees , and young fruit tree bark . they also commonly re - ingest their green , soft fecal pellets . this is known as coprophagia . two or three adult\neuropean hares are widespread throughout europe , where they are called common hares . european hares have done well in north america , with population numbers quickly rising to the current density . in ontario population density has been as high as 100 per square mile , and has leveled to about 25 per square mile ( bansfield , 1974 ; dragg , 1974 ) . in recent decades there have been outbreaks of increased mortality due to disease , particularly in europe . this syndrome includes acute hepatosis , enteritis , nephrosis , general jaundice , congestion , and hemorrhage of internal organs , and has been called european brown hare syndrome ( poli\nthulin c . g , jaarola m , tegelstrom h . the occurrence of mountain hare mitochondrial dna in wild brown hares .\nthe role of vuk . s . karadzic in the history of serbian nationalism ( in the context of european linguistics in 1 . 1 / 2 19 . century )\nthe hare has given rise to local place names , as they can often be repeatedly observed over many years in favored localities . an example in scotland is ' murchland ' , the scots for a hare being\nmurchen\n( warrack 1986 ) .\nneumann f , schai - braun s , weber d , amrhein v ( 2011 ) european hares select resting places for providing cover . hystrix it j mamm 22 : 291\u2013299\nalso appear to have abstained from eating this animal . in india hare ' s meat was specially permitted by the laws of manu\nhart s . d , kropp p r , hare r . d . performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison .\neuropean hares are usually quiet animals . they make low grunts from time to time and\nguttural\ncalls from the doe ( female ) to her leverets . it has been suggested that european hares grind their teeth as an alarm call . they also emit a shrill call when hurt or caught ( peterson , 1966 ; bansfield , 1974 ) .\ncitation : schai - braun sc , reichlin ts , ruf t , klansek e , tataruch f , arnold w , et al . ( 2015 ) the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) : a picky herbivore searching for plant parts rich in fat . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0134278 . urltoken\nin some parts of ayrshire the cutting of the last corn is called ' cutting the hare ' , and in germany the name for the last sheaf is ' the hare ' . in east prussia they say that the hare sits in the last patch of standing corn , and must be chased out by the last reaper .\nthe reapers hurry with their work , each being anxious not to have to\nchase out the hare\n; for the man who does so\u2014that is , who cuts the last corn\u2014is much laughed at . at birk , in transylvania , when the reapers come to the last patch , they cry out ,\nwe have the hare .\nat aurich an expression for cutting the last corn is\nto cut off the hare ' s tail\n.\nhe is killing the hare ,\nis commonly said of the man who cuts the last corn in germany , sweden , holland , france , and italy . in norway , the man who is thus said to\nkill the hare\n, must give\nhare ' s blood\n, in the form of brandy , to his fellows to drink . [ 83 ]\n3 . the leading motive of both processions is a hare . in the one case , the hare is followed to the mayor ' s house , where a feast is eaten . whether this feast originally comprised hare ' s flesh , i have not been able to ascertain , though , from an entry in the chamberlains ' accounts , it appears that at one easter hunting a great many hares were caught , [ 107 ] and these would presumably be used for the mayor ' s banquet . at hallaton , the hare is carried in procession ( sometimes in the shape of hare - pies , sometimes also mounted on a pole ) from the parson ' s house to a sacred spot on the boundary of the parish , where the feast of hare - pies is eaten .\nin holtzmann ' s german mythology she is also referred to as the goddess of dawn . [ 15 ]\nthe easter hare is unintelligible to me\n, he adds ,\nbut probably the hare was the sacred animal of ostara .\n[ 16 ]\nthe hare\u2019s geographical limits in australia are limited to the south east of the continent and tasmania . individual range is 5 - 50 hectares ( rabbit is 5 hectares ) . the hare is very mobile and will range far to seek out the \u2018best\u2019 food sources .\npallas ) in agricultural areas of northern germany . in : hofer h , arnold w ( eds ) the decline in european hares , international symposium , berlin , 18\u201322 april 2001\n1620 , april 2 . thos . fulnety solicits the permission of lord zouch , lord warden of the cinque ports , to kill a hare on good friday , as huntsmen say that those who have not a hare against easter must eat a red herring .\nthe brown hare is widespread throughout central and western europe , including most of the uk , although it is absent from the northwest and western highlands in scotland , where the species is replaced by the mountain hare ( lepus timidus ) ( 5 ) . it is likely that the romans introduced the brown hare to britain , as there are no records of this species before roman times ( 5 ) .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the hare article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nbroekhuizen s , maaskamp f , 1981 . annual production of young in european hares ( lepus europaeus ) in the netherlands . journal of zoology , 193 : 499 - 516 pp .\nalves p . c , melo - ferreira j , branco m , suchentrunk f , ferrand n , harris d . j . evidence for genetic similarity of two allopatric european hares (\nadd the hare pieces back to the pot and pour in the wine or ale with the juice and peeled rind of half a lemon .\nhares hide and can accelerate to high speed when disturbed or threatened . when approached , the hare will remain still in its form until the predator is within 1 - 2 metres . the hare will then break cover and sprint away at high speed . a hare will confuse predators by doubling back on its tracks to leave a disarrayed trail . this will often involve a large leap sideways to break its scent trail .\nanother example of possible erroneous taxonomic inferences due to phylogenetic assessments based only on mtdna is found in the arctic hare complex . this complex includes\nif few town - based people are fortunate enough to see a hare in the wild , there can be no britons unfamiliar with its appearance . today hare mythology has extended and the hare motif is to be found on fabric , wallpaper , cushions , lampshades and ties ; it has been used as a letterhead , a heraldic device and in the design of stock pins , cuff - links , brooches and charms for bracelets .\nvalencak t , tataruch f , ruf t . peak energy turnover in lactating european hares : the role of fat reserves . j exp biol . 2009 ; 212 : 231\u2013237 . pmid : 19112142\nin hare mythology , the hare is a creature with pagan , sacred and mystic associations , by turns benign , cunning , romantic or , most famously , in its march courtship rituals , mad . it is largely silent , preferring to feed at night or , in summer , as the last light fades from the day , a shadowy existence which adds to its mysteriousness in hare mythology . in alison uttley\u2019s little grey rabbit stories the character of hare is superior and strutting , occasionally pernickety , always aloof \u2013 a rendering for children of the animal\u2019s natural reserve as well his appropriateness as a denizen of that world of aristocratic entitlement evoked by sackville - west . for example , it is hare who keeps grey rabbit up to scratch in the matter of housekeeping : \u201cwhere\u2019s the milk , grey rabbit ? \u201d asked hare . \u201cwe can\u2019t drink tea without milk . \u201d\nin western brittany the peasants , not many years ago ,\ncould hardly endure to hear the hare ' s name\n. [ 51 ]\n( 2 ) the hare portends a fire . there are reports of this superstition from south northamptonshire [ 60 ] and from ely , [ 61 ] and also from hungary . [ 62 ] in the wheal vor mine the appearance of a hare presages a fatal accident . [ 63 ]\n,\nwill i say as to the commendation of the hare , and of the defence of the hunter ' s toyle , that no one beast , be it never so great , is profitable to so many and so divers uses in physicke as the hare and partes thereof .\nand to the instances there collected by mr . black i may add a belief of the ancient romans , that eating hare ' s flesh for\nin china , the hare appears , as in kaffirland , as the guardian of the wild beasts , and defends the lamb from the wolf .\ngortazar c , millan j , acevedo p , escudero ma , marco j , fernandez luco dde , 2007 . a large - scale survey of brown hare lepus euroapeus and iberian hare l . granatensis populations at the limit of their ranges . wildlife biology , 13 : 244 - 250 .\nhughes m , montgomery wi , prod\u00f6hl p ( 2006 ) population genetic structure and systematics of the irish hare . environment and heritage service , belfast\neuropean roe deer , european brown hare and guinea pigs are kept and bred in an area of about 4ha . a small number of arctic hare , marmots , sheep , goats and donkeys are kept as well for comparative studies . the frs consists of several semi - natural enclosures of different sizes and cages allowing observation , capture and handling of individuals . furthermore , the frs offers the infrastructure needed for maintenance and modern animal husbandry , i . e . examination and residence rooms . three animal keepers and two animal keeper apprentices are continuously working at the frs . we offer the opportunity for taking a gap year as a volunteer in the environmental sector ( freiwilliges \u00f6kologisches jahr ) .\nfickel , j . , schmidt , a . , putze , m . , spittler , h . , ludwig , a . , streich , w . j . and pitra , c . 2005 . genetic structure of populations of european brown hare : implications for management . journal of wildlife management 69 ( 2 ) : 760 - 770 .\nthe brown hare is britain\u2019s fastest land mammal . propelled by those powerful hind legs which define its shape as surely as its long , black - tipped ears , the hare has been known to run at speeds exceeding 40mph . added to its shyness , this astonishing turn of speed accounts for the apparent elusiveness of the hare . sighted only rarely in some areas for much of the year , it retains a mystique long forfeited by rabbits .\neuropean hares have become an important and challenging game animal , especially in north america . the meat is said to be white and delicious ( william and whitaker , 1943 ; bansfield , 1974 ) .\nvalencak t , ruf t . energy turnover in european hares is centrally limited during early , but not during peak lactation . j comp physiol b . 2009 ; 179 : 933\u2013943 . pmid : 19533150\nthanks for taking time to summarise this . i agree that hare taxonomy is a real pigs - ear at the moment , and its often virtually impossible to distinguish the species in the field based on current morphological descriptions . i don\u2019t know much about hares in other areas , but i agree that on the african continent there are probably only three species : l . capensis ( cape hare ) , l . starcki ( starck\u2019s hare ) , and what i call l . victoriae ( scrub hare or african savanna hare ) , which is part of the l . saxatilis complex . the problem is that even the cape and scrub hares can be fiendishly difficult to tell apart \u2013 unless you can find a dead one and examine their teeth .\neuropean hares , lepus europaeus , exhibit an interesting reproductive phenomena known as superfetation , whereby a late pregnancy female can mate , ovulate , and be impregnated and thus have two litters of different ages in her uterus at one time ( smith 2004 ) . the european hare also has an elaborate courtship pattern involving large mating groups that aggregate , from which animals pair off , and are faithful and live together for about one month ( smith 2004 ) . there is an extended courtship ritual , followed by brief copulation ( less than ten seconds ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brown hare ( lepus europaeus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brown hare ( lepus europaeus )\ntitle =\narkive species - brown hare ( lepus europaeus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nusing game bag records and county mammal reports , past changes in the numbers of hares in britain are described . there appears to have been a widespread decline in hare numbers following the introduction of the ground game act 1880 , with declines occurring even earlier in parts of the west , where hare numbers have shown little signs of recovering thereafter . in central and eastern areas , hare numbers increased at various rates up to the second world war .\nplace in a plastic bag the flour , powdered ginger , large pinch of salt and hare pieces . twist the top of plastic bag closed with some air trapped inside and shake bag around . oh ! do choose a strong bag or prepare to witness the hare bolt in a puff of white .\nthe adult hare is a medium sized mammal , about the size of a domestic cat , with considerable plasticity in size and fur coloration . it has distinctive long ears and hind legs and large hind feet which produce a typical hare footprint in snow . brown hares from england , often referred to as\nlike rabbits , caecotrophy ( the reingestion of faecal material from the caecum ) is a behaviour that is used by european hares in order to gain the maximum amount of nutrients from their food as possible .\neuropean hares are mainly solitary animals except during mating season . they are crepuscular and nocturnal , mostly foraging at night ( between 7 p . m . and 7 a . m . ) . european hares remain active all year round . during the day they crouch in a depression called a ' form ' , partially concealed with their back showing ( bansfield , 1974 ) . european hares posess an excellent sense of sight , smell , and hearing . upon detection of a predator , european hares will run to escape , and can dodge and change direction quickly if needed . they are very fast and have been clocked at up to 35 mph ( about 60 kph ) running in a straight line . they will also dive into streams if needed as they are decent swimmers ( william and whitaker ; bansfield , 1974 ) .\nin teutonic myth , the earth and sky goddess holda , leader of the wild hunt , was followed by a procession of hares bearing torches . although she descended into a witch - like figure and boogeyman of children\u2019s tales , she was once revered as a beautiful , powerful goddess in charge of weather phenomena . freyja , the headstrong norse goddess of love , sensuality , and women\u2019s mysteries , was also served by hare attendants . she traveled with a sacred hare and boar in a chariot drawn by cats . kaltes , the shape - shifting moon goddess of western siberia , liked to roam the hills in the form of a hare , and was sometimes pictured in human shape wearing a headdress with hare\u2019s ears . eostre , the goddess of the moon , fertility , and spring in anglo\u2013saxon myth , was often depicted with a hare\u2019s head or ears , and with a white hare standing in attendance . this magical white hare laid brightly colored eggs which were given out to children during spring fertility festivals - - an ancient tradition that survives in the form of the easter bunny today ."]}
{"id": 1622, "summary": [{"text": "lichine ( foaled 5 may 1979 ) was an american-bred , french-trained thoroughbred racehorse who sold for a record-setting $ 1.7 million ( $ 4.9 million inflation adjusted ) as a yearling in 1980 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "although he never threatened to repay his auction price , he was a useful racehorse , winning the listed prix de suresnes as a three-year-old and finishing placed in several group races . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "lichine ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["lichine ( 1979 ) \u2013 sold for record - setting $ 1 . 7 million at keeneland sales in july 1980 [ 3 ]\ngr1 , gr1 pl x2 , gr2 , gr2 pl , gr3 x2 , l pl . horse of the year\nmanila ( 1983 ) \u2013 won the 1986 breeders ' cup turf , was voted u . s . champion male turf horse , and was ranked the best long - distance turf horse in american racing history by steve davidowitz of daily racing form\nlyphard was the damsire of hatoof , winner of the 1992 1 , 000 guineas and the 1994 u . s . champion female turf horse . lyphard was also the grandsire of 1993 epsom derby winner commander in chief . among his other descendants are deep impact , japan ' s horse of the year in 2005 & 2006 , and the no . 1 ranked horse in the world in 2006 , invasor .\nnigrita ( lichine ) . 2 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m in germany , bremen suchard sprint cup , l , 2d munich grosser sprint preis , l . dam of -\nthe prieur\u00e9 - lichine vineyard , created in the 12th century by the former benedictine monks or\nprieurs\n( superiors ) of cantenac , was awarded on several occasions from 1444 . in 1745 , the cru was classified third growth of margaux and cantenac by the bordeaux royal administration and in 1855 the prieur\u00e9 growth was promoted to the rank of fourth classified growth . in 1951 , alexis lichine took over ch\u00e2teau prieur\u00e9 - cantenac .\nhis dam glorious song was canadian horse of the year & north american champion and she produced jet master\u2019s sire rakeen , leading sire rahy and of course the great singspiel .\ndespite fertility problems and a premature death he was the sire of 13 gr1 winners and 6 champions including horse of the year moon ballad who also won the dubai world cup .\nheerman arrived in kentucky at a time when sales would skyrocket . one year after lichine set a record at $ 1 . 7 million , the sale - topper at keeneland july more than doubled in price . in 1985 , seattle dancer sold at that sale for $ 13 . 1 million .\nas in previous years , a panel of experts reports post - gallops on what they saw . the amazing thing is how these experienced horsemen ( where were the horse - women , mick ? ) differ in opinion .\nseptember 5 , 2014 in \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 \u2655 , bugs bunny , merrie melodies , warner bros . films | tags : 1957 , backgrounds , bugs bunny , chuck jones , david lichine , elmer fudd , maurice noble , michael maltese , opera , richard wagner , tatania riabouchinska , what ' s opera doc | 1 comment\nmiesque\u2019s approval ( miesque\u2019s son ) lightly raced middle distance winner ( 46 ) faerie gold ( eton lad ) is full sister to zim horse of the year goldie , their dam a multiple stakes winner . the 2yo on offer is a colt .\nin 1980 , the year nureyev was named champion miler in france , niarchos again purchased yearlings in kentucky . this time his expenditures included a record $ 1 . 7 million for french stakes winner lichine , a son of lyphard - - stylish genie ; and $ 45 , 000 for stakes winner pasadoble , a filly by prove out\u2014santa quilla .\nallowed to pick a shortlist of three fillies and three colts , the eight - man strong panel came up with seventeen different fillies and thirteen different colts \u2013 nineteen of the thirty selections had only one vote ! the old adage \u2018it\u2019s difference of opinion that makes horse racing\u2019 still holds true .\nhis success in the horse business , producing good race horses and doing well at the sales , gave him the greatest satisfaction in his life ,\nleslie heerman said .\nhe found great pleasure in literature and fine sporting art , good wine , antiques , splendid cars , and well - bred dogs ; but his first love was the horse .\nheerman said her father enjoyed working with industry leaders like george f . getty ii , paul hexter , w . t . young , patsy pope , paul little , mervyn leroy , anne jackson , connie ring , and many others .\nbut heerman eventually returned his focus to kentucky and in 1973 with partner susan proskauer purchased buck pond farm in versailles , ky . spectacular bid , dual classic winner in 1979 and horse of the year in 1980 , was born at buck pond in 1979 . heerman acted as agent when spectacular bid sold as a yearling .\ni think the horses miesque met today were better than last year but she was fresher than last year and that could have made a difference ,\nboutin added .\nmiesque is not the best horse i have trained but definitely the most constant and easiest to train as a champion because she is so regular .\ntale of the cat ( storm cat ) unraced us - bred mare ( 66 ) hampton rover ( miswaki ) is half sister to four winners out of australian horse of the year research . the mare has produced two multiple winners ( from 2 runners ) and has a 2yo half brother to those . the youngster is inbred 3\u00d73 to mr prospector .\nthe animation is outstanding throughout , especially in the ballet and love duet between bugs and elmer . indeed , for the ballet sequence the animators studied tatania riabouchinska and david lichine from the original ballet russe , and there\u2019s a genuine seriousness about this scene . yet , the main attraction of the cartoon lies in maurice noble\u2019s extreme background layouts and bold color designs . especially when elmer gets furious , there is a startling emotional use of colors that has not been seen on the animated screen since \u2018 bambi \u2018 ( 1942 ) .\nit ' s true that i was fearing very much the soft ground for the filly ,\nboutin ' s daughter translated after the race ,\nbut even though it rains a lot here , the ground remains much drier than it would in europe . the horse i was fearing the most was warning . i respect warning very much , but i knew that warning wouldn ' t like it ( the rain - soaked turf ) either .\nthe opening sequence , with elmer casting a mighty shadow is a straight homage to \u2018the night on bold mountain\u2019 sequence from \u2018fantasia\u2019 ( 1940 ) , while the shots of bugs being dressed as br\u00fcnnhilde and riding an oversized horse are retaken from \u2018herr meets hare\u2019 from 1945 ( which , like \u2018what\u2019s opera , doc ? \u201d was also penned by michael maltese ) . in this sense the cartoon is as much a homage to animation history as it is to opera .\ndylan thomas ( danehill ) what a horse ! this sire was champion 3yo and older horse , won a derby , the king george and the arc , and rated 132 with timeform . his first crop are 2yo\u2019s in uk in 2011 , and includes aiden o\u2019brien\u2019s highclass furner\u2019s green ( rated 113 ) , who placed in the gr1 irish national stakes . from his first australian crop comes the 2yo filly out of multiple gr1 placed sprint / miler ( 97 ) madonna ( rigoletto ) . the mare has three winners to date , of which one is in turn the dam of a stakes placed multiple winner . the female line is irish , going to multiple classic placed arkadina ( half sister to the dam of successful sire elusive quality ) . interesting pedigree make - up , and one to note . so , too , apparently thought ready - to - run panellist mike de kock : he added her to his shortlist .\nthirty - three years ago , when nashua was acquired through sealed bid by a syndicate headed by leslie combs ii for a record $ 1 , 251 , 200 , niarchos was an underbidder . the following year , on jan . 6 , 1956 , niarchos bought nashua ' s dam at auction for a record $ 126 , 000 . the late humphrey s . finney , agent for niarchos , opened the bidding on segula at $ 100 , 000 . he was immediately engaged in a bidding duel by ohio harness horse breeder walter michaels , but finney won .\nfor two years in a row , the sale has produced equuschampions . sale graduates have an opportunity to compete for a prize of r2 million early in their 3yo career \u2013 in that ready - to - run race now is the third richest race in the land , and there only are 185 tickets in the draw . when you buy at the sale , you get special payment deals . your horse is properly broken in , and you are already ahead on the cost of keep compared to buying a yearling . add all that up , and you\u2019d be a fool not to bid , come the first sunday in november .\ntwo opinions are worth noting . mike de kock says he likes to see the horses move , but in the end it\u2019s at the sale when real decisions are made , based on conformation , pedigree , and his team\u2019s opinions . american visitor kip elser , certainly an expert on the ready - to - run concept in his country , added an interesting view . \u201ceyes\u201d , he said , \u201ccan be deceiving . \u201d what he meant was that a horse that strides out well and seems to be going fast may in reality not be going as fast as it seems . conversely , an easy galloper who seems to be loafing may actually be going much faster than it seems . you need a stopwatch to note the differences . and even then the difference between great , good , and moderate is measured in fractions of a second . kip , needless to say , was the only expert with a stopwatch at the gallops .\nhussonet ( mr prospector ) american bred mare ( 95 ) colonial dancer ( pleasant colony ) has 2 winners in aus , and is represented here by a half brother . the mare is bred on the his majesty x danzig affinity cross . the youngster was sold as a weanling for a $ 30 . 000 and went at the same price as a yearling last january . the filly out of aus mare ( 88 ) charybdis ( royal academy ) is a half sister to singapore\u2019s 2007 horse of the year why be , who won 19 . the youngster was bought as a weanling in 2006 , for a $ 67 . 000 . winning american mare ( 57 ) thursday island ( sky classic ) is a half sister to khumba mela , a gr3 winner in fr & usa , who bred a french stakes winner . the colt on offer is half brother to a winner in korea . bred on the mr prospector x nijinsky affinity cross ( 2x3 ) , he was bought last january for a $ 24 . 000 .\ncataloochee ( al mufti ) winning sprinter ( 53 ) gavelette ( albarahin ) is half sister to three winners , incl gr3 placed stakes winner nondweni . the 2yo filly is her second foal , and is inbred to roberto ( sire of al mufti and of silver hawk ) . twice winning sprinter ( 98 ) mafaatin ( fahal : 1r / 1w ) is half sister to the stakes placed dam of an english gr3 placed stakes winner ( rated 118 ) . the 2yo offered is a colt . six - time winning sprinter ( 62 ) greet the greek ( lichine ) has produced six winners to date , from a variety of sires . she has a 2yo colt here . this is the female line also of leading us 2yo of 2011 , union rags ( grandson of terpsichorist , out of glad rags ) . graeme hawkins identified the colt as a \u2018value\u2019 selection for his shortlist . the colt out of ( 182 ) any dream ( muhtafal : 5r / 1w ) is the first foal of his dam , who is half sister to eight winners , incl guineas winner marlin bay . three - time winning sprinter ( 112 ) national feature ( national assembly : 1r ) hails from the potent agrentine e - family . the mare\u2019s seven winning siblings include gr3 winner russian pioneer . her 2yo filly is a first foal . three - time winning miler ( 28 ) dance on silver ( rambo dancer : 3r / 2w ) is dam of two winners , and comes with a half brother to those . lightly raced ( 119 ) once in a while ( rambo dancer : 3r / 2w ) is half sister to six winners , incl gr2 winner boston blues and gr3 placed amabutho . her 2yo is a filly .\nel prado ( sadler\u2019s wells ) here are three argentine bred 2yo\u2019s by a son of sadler\u2019s wells who was champion 2yo in ireland , and subsequently made champion sire in the usa . he\u2019s a sire of sires to boot , notably of medaglia d\u2019oro . stakes placed multiple winning us sprinter ( 109 ) my american lady ( gold tribute ) has a filly , her first foal . the mare\u2019s dam is half sister to a host of us stakes winners . the youngster was a strong pick at the ready - to - run gallops , especially for us - visitor kip elser . graeme hawkins , jehan malherbe and dean kannemeyer concurred . five - time winning sprint / miler ( 71 ) hopeitsadiamond ( housebuster ) is half sister to winners and dams of winners in the us . her 2yo filly is a first foal . michael roberts picked her out at the gallops . gr3 placed 6 - time winner ( 45 ) exact ( twining ) is dam of winners in italy & canada . the mare is half sister to a stakes winner ( who is dam of a stakes horse ) . her 2yo is a grey filly , which mike de kock shortlisted at the ready - to - run gallops . graeme hakins added her ( optimistically ? ) as a \u2018value\u2019selection .\ntop spin ( 03g , strategic , dalmacia ) . horse of the year & champion older male miler in singapore in 2008 . 15 wins from 1100m to 2000m , 609 , 300rgt . , s $ 2 , 025 , 973 , singapore derby , sgp - 1 , singapore tc kranji mile , sgp - 1 , singapore derby trial , sgp - 2 , singapore 4yo mile , sgp - 3 , chairman ' s trophy , sgp - 3 , three rings trophy , sgp - 3 , selangor tc piala emas sultan selangor , l , singapore tc kranji b s . , panasonic toughbook s . , raffles resort canouan island caribbean h . , progressive s . , progressive h . , initiation p . , novice s . , benchmark 97 h . , 2d singapore tc 3yo challenge ( 1st leg ) , sgp - 3 , open h . , graduation s . , 3d singapore gold cup , sgp - 1 , singapore tc raffles cup , sgp - 1 , 3yo challenge ( 2nd leg ) , sgp - 2 , 3yo challenge ( 3rd leg ) , sgp - 2 , queen elizabeth ii cup , sgp - 2 , perak derby , l , singapore tc kranji a s . , 4th singapore tc patrons ' bowl , sgp - 1 .\ntiger ridge ( storm cat ) five time winning sprinter ( 143 ) seeking the wind ( jallad : 2r / 1w ) is 3 - part sister to gr1 winner divine jury . she\u2019s the dam of five winners , including gr3 placed 5 - time winner martial eagle and a full brother to the 2yo colt on offer . 1400m winner ( 135 ) refined gold ( rich man\u2019s gold : 1r / 1w ) is half sister to three winners by fort wood , including gr3 placed stakes winner loupe . this is the female line of horse chestnut . the 2yo colt is the mare\u2019s second foal . he landed on the shortlist of ready - to - run panellists michael roberts , sean tarry and graeme hawkins . gr2 placed gr3 winner ( 150 ) sporting model ( sportsworld : 7r / 5w ) has produced three winners to date , including a full sister to the 2yo filly on offer . tiger ridge and the mare\u2019s sire sportsworld are from the same female line . two - time middle distance winner ( 153 ) subtle reminder ( zabeel ) is half sister to the dam of new zealand gr1 placed gr2 winner kerry o\u2019reilly , and hails from a gr1 producing us female line . the mare is dam of two multiple winners , one a 9 - timer . on offer a 2yo colt .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nwith a deep , intense and sustained colour , this wine develops very concentrated aromas of dark frand coffee roasting . on the palate , this consequential wine is racy and weighty with supple tannins giving it attractive elegance and a long fruity finish .\nthrough a strict renovation program , this pioneer added new terroirs to his estate and rebuilt the ancient priory home . today it is the safe hands of the ballande group . a new page of its history is being written while new impetus has been injected .\nwine connection is the leading chain of wine shops and wine - themed restaurants in south - east asia . established in 1998 , wine connection has been developing expertise in wine for over 20 years .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\njavascript is disabled on your browser . to view this site , you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nsign up to be the first to learn about new product introductions , restocks and events .\nafter many years in business , i have decided to close bordeaux undiscovered ' s doors and have retired . i would just like to thank all my customers for their support over the years and for all the emails , calls , cards and good wishes i have received . if you need to contact me , please email nick . stephens @ urltoken\nnegresca f , 1993 { 8 - j } dp = 2 - 1 - 13 - 2 - 0 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 12 cd = 0 . 17\none of the most celebrated animated cartoons of all time , \u2018what\u2019s opera , doc\u2019 places the typical elmer fudd - bugs bunny chase routine into the world of wagnerian opera .\nthe cartoon\u2019s masterstroke is that it uses all the cliches of the chase , which go all the way back to the first bugs bunny cartoon \u2018a wild hare\u2019 ( 1941 ) , but that they are carried out in the most serious , wagnerian fashion . the result is ridiculously pompous , mocking wagnerian opera , as well as playing homage to it . milt franklyn\u2019s score quotes music from five wagner operas : \u2018der fliegende holl\u00e4nder\u2019 , \u2018die walk\u00fcre\u2019 , \u2018siegfried\u2019 , \u2018rienzi\u2019 and \u2018tannh\u00e4user\u2019 .\nthe cartoon\u2019s operatic character is emphasized not only by operatic singing , but also by featuring wagnerian magic ( a magic helmet ) , a ballet ( a staple of french opera , but only employed by richard wagner in his very first operas ) , and a sad ending , a cliche of 19th century opera in general . michael maltese provided new lyrics to wagner\u2019s pilgrim chorus from \u2018tannh\u00e4user\u2019 and made it into a rather hollywood musical - like love duet between elmer and bugs .\n\u2018what\u2019s opera , doc ? \u2019 is a brilliant cartoon of pure grandeur and one of chuck jones\u2019s all time masterpieces . what\u2019s most striking is that it was made during the normal grind of a commercial animated cartoon studio . the film took much longer than normal to make , which jones and his unit could only manage to do by cheating on their schedule , stealing time from a much more ordinary short , the road runner cartoon \u2018zoom and bored\u2019 ( 1957 ) .\nthis is bugs bunny cartoon no . 131 to the previous bugs bunny cartoon : piker\u2019s peak to the next bugs bunny cartoon : bugsy and mugsy\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nanimated review a great blog on new and independent animation films , with lots of embedded films .\ncanadian cinephile jordan richardson\u2019s great blog on feature films old and new , including many animated ones .\ncartoon modern amid amidi\u2019s blog on modern design cartoon art from the forties , fifties and sixties .\nlikely looney , mostly merry young steven hartley analyses every warner bros . cartoon in chronological order\ntr\u00e9sor disney an excellent blog on classic disney , if you can read french . contains lots of production artwork .\nthe encyclopedia of disney animated shorts a comprehensive online encyclopedia of every short animated film the walt disney studio ever released .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nlast friday and monday some 150 young thoroughbreds were confronted with the first great excitement of their tender careers : public gallops . experts , self - proclaimed and otherwise , will scrutinize the video footage of those events in the coming week . their object is to decide who can and who can\u2019t , and mark their catalogues before the hammer falls on sunday november 4th . although the gallops will provide the extra information buyers of \u2018normal\u2019 yearlings do not have , a sale is still a sale \u2013horses are still unproven , anything can happen . the three highest earners from last year\u2019s sale weren\u2019t the most expensive by any stretch of the imagination ( see next page ) . that\u2019s why every serious bidder needs to study the printed catalogue as much as the hyped - up dvd . karel miedema has done some of the groundwork , grouping his thoughts by sire .\nalami ( danzig ) ( 21 ) ranavalona ( ankara ) is a half sister to indian ruby , a stakes winner of 7 ; she has a filly inbred 3x3 to northern dancer . this is an interesting family , third dam malagasy coming out of the blue with a bunch of highly talented offspring . the colt out of 7 - time winner ( 145 ) lovely bird ( bog trotter : 2r ) is his dam\u2019s first foal . the mare is half sister to 3 other winners . ( 100 ) crystal keys ( crystal de roche : 2r ) is dam of a winner by shamikh . the mare , who won 3 herself , is a half sister to 2 dams of graded stakes winners , from a strong female line . another daughter of crystal de roche is winning mare ( 144 ) lady shamrock , whose filly is a half sister to 2 winners . the filly out of ( 49 ) summer mistress ( rocky marriage : 7r / 6w ) is the product of a successful sire x broodmare sire combination . the mare is a winning half sister to gr1 winner golden taipan , from a highclass female line . ( 41 ) smokey dreams ( shoe danzig ) is an unraced half sister to three winners out of 4 - time winner blue line . her filly is inbred 2x3 to danzig and should be a 12 / 1400m performer . winning mare ( 143 ) kitty brown ( west man : 1r ) comes from a strong black - type us female line . the mare has five winning siblings and is represented by a filly , her 1st foal .\nalbarahin ( silver hawk ) four - time winner ( 98 ) cornish fair ( jungle warrior ) is the dam of 2 winners to date ( from 3 previous foals ) . she\u2019s from an irish sire producing female line and is represented by a filly here . the first foal of winning mare ( 133 ) hello gorgeous ( national emblem ) is a colt . the mare has 5 winning siblings and comes from an american female line . speed is the recurring theme in the family background of ( 91 ) civil affair ( northern guest : 10r / 4w ) , dam of 2 winners to date from 3 runners . she has a half sister to those . ( 51 ) sun fields ( northfields ) is the dam of 3 winners ( and grandam of another ) . the mare is a daughter of champion race filly grey sun , from a top female line . on offer is a filly . stakes pl 5 - time winner ( 11 ) particular passion ( rambo dancer ) has a filly , her 1st foal . the mare is half sister to 2 other stakes horses , their dam a gr3 pl winner of four races .\nannounce ( n . assembly ) ( 7 ) on the rocks ( icelander ) , winning half sister to gr1 pl gr2 winner sovereign seas , is represented by a colt , her third foal . the grandam is a half sister to guineas winners vistula & muscovy .\ncaesour ( nureyev ) multiple stakes pl stakes winner of 5 races ( 107 ) divine heights ( divine force ) has a colt , her 1st foal . the mare is a half sister to 4 other winners . interesting mating in terms of pedigree elements , and one to take note of .\ncamden park ( ap indy ) three - time winner ( 1 ) nasdaq ( jallad : 1r / 1w ) has a black - type argentinian family background . she\u2019s a half sister to four other winners and has a filly on offer .\ncaptain al ( al mufti ) ( 16 ) private fantasy ( jallad ) has a black - type american female line . the mare is half sister to a us stakes winner of 17 . her colt is a 3rd foal , and half brother to a winner .\nchoctaw ridge ( mr prospector ) stakes placed multiple winner ( 35 ) self made ( thundering force ) is brazilian , and the dam of 3 stakes pl winners there . her colt is a full brother to a 2 - time winner , bred on the notable mr prospector x nijinsky cross ( 2x3 ) .\nclash by night ( conquistador cielo ) ( 77 ) belisha beacon ( complete warrior ) is a daughter of gr1 sprinter sounds of light ( whom the catalogue incorrectly credits with wins up to 1700m ) . the filly on offer is a 2nd foal . three - time winner ( 78 ) bella diva ( eli\u2019s star ) also has her second foal , a filly . the mare\u2019s seven winning siblings include stakes placed bel bimbo . the only previous foal of ( 82 ) call cassie ( gallic league ) is a winner . the mare is a full sister to gr3 pl gallic ring and half sister to 2 stakes performers and to the dam of another . the bottom female line is english . ( 140 ) jarita ( icelander ) is the dam of 2 winners to date , and has a half sister to those on offer . the mare is a daughter of gr1 winner miss averof . ( 142 ) joybird ( kentucky slew ) , winning full sister to a stakes winner and half sister to 2 other black type runners , has a filly , her third foal .\ncopperbelt ( mr prospector ) ( 120 ) fort victoria ( fort wood ) is a daughter of sa oaks winner victoria bay . the colt on offer is the mare\u2019s 2nd foal .\ncrimson tide ( sadler\u2019s wells ) american bred ( 27 ) roswitha ( manila ) scored 2 wins in brazil before going to stud there . the mare is a half sister to 3 stakes performers in the usa , their dam a half sister to sire cormorant . on offer is a filly , full sister to a winner in brazil .\ndanehill dancer ( danehill ) australian mare ( 80 ) biloba ( timber country ) is an unraced half sister to three winners ( one a stakes winner of six , from a black - type american female line . on offer is her first foal , a colt acquired for a $ 32 . 000 last january . he\u2019s inbred 1x3 to danehill . interesting .\ndeep sleep ( rahy ) gr1 pl 4 - time winner ( 104 ) dancer\u2019s choice ( royal prerogative ) is the dam of 5 winners from 7 runners ( two of the winners in turn dams of multiple winners ) . this is a highclass anglo - irish female line . on offer a colt .\ndoowaley ( sadler\u2019s wells ) three - time winner ( 108 ) double deception ( elliodor : 1r / 1w ) is a daughter of gr3 pl stks winner close friend , from a successful female line . the filly offered is her 2nd foal . ( 47 ) starbright ( fluorescent light ) is the dam of two multiple winners , and has a half sister to those . the mare is a winning full sister to stakes winner aura of light and stakes pl brightsight ( dam of stakes filly harem\u2019s secret ) .\ndubai destination ( kingmambo ) winning aus mare ( 125 ) glory days ( bletchingly ) has bred 7 winners to date , incl . gr3 pl stakes winning stayer cockade . the mare\u2019s own dam was runner - up in the gr1 ajc oaks . on offer a colt , acquired for a $ 26 . 000 as a weanling last year .\nfan club\u2019s mister ( mr greely ) ( 30 ) sailor\u2019s token ( golden thatch ) is a winning dam of 3 multiple winners incl . gr2 winner royal mariner . on offer a half brother to those . the colt out of multiple winner ( 105 ) decoder ( northern guest ) is a first foal . the mare is a half sister to another winner ( their dam\u2019s only foals ) , and from an american female line .\nfantastic light ( rahy ) both the previous foals of aus mare ( 22 ) rhianna louise ( woodman ) are winners , one of them stakes pl . the mare\u2019s dam is a half sister to gr1 allan robertson winner sydney\u2019s dream , from a strong black type family . on offer is a colt , acquired for a $ 4k last january \u2013 that was before his stakes pl winning half brother had raced .\nhawk wing ( woodman ) the colt out of 5 - time winning australian mare ( 8 ) onwards ( zeditave ) is a half brother to a 4 - time and 7 - time winner down under . the mare herself is full sister to a gr3 pl winner . the youngster was bought as a weanling last year ( a $ 30 . 000 ) .\nindigo magic ( gone west ) gr2 pl 4 - time winner ( 63 ) vin fizz ( qui danzig ) is the dam of 4 - time winner singles bar . on offer is her third foal , a filly , with an intriguing pedigree in terms of combining elements . the female line is english .\njallad ( blushing groom ) ( 99 ) cousin linda ( badger land : 8r / 5w ) is a winning half sister to 2 gr1 pl stakes winners by jallad . she\u2019s the dam of gr1 pl gr2 winner rebel king and comes with a jallad filly who is 3 - parts related to cousin john and lucy\u2019s lad . she represents paddock value , if nothing else ! ( 43 ) spacious skies ( n . assembly : 21r / 13w / 1sw ) is a winning full sister to gr1 winner ndabeni and 3 - part sister to gr1 winner grand emporium \u2013 among others ! she has a colt , her 2nd foal . take note .\nkitalpha ( mr prospector ) multiple winner ( 130 ) hall\u2019s creek ( hallgate : 1r / 1w ) has had one previous foal to race , a winner . she comes with a half sister . the mare herself is half sister to zim champion summer silence , their dam finefields voted broodmare of the year , north of the limpopo . this is the sun lass female line . ( 97 ) coo\u2019er ( jallad ) is a winning half sister to us gr3 winner stark south . her colt is a first foal , inbred 3x4 to raise a native . ( 84 ) cartron ( northern guest : 2r ) , half sister to gr3 winner beautiful stranger , comes with a half brother to a winner in zim ( 54 ) tantalica ( tilden : 2r / 1w ) is an unraced full sister to 3 stakes winners , two of them voted champions in zimbabwe . her offering is a colt . ( 110 ) dupa dear ( tilden : 2r / 1w ) , full sister to gr2 winner dupa dice and 3 other winners , has a colt , her 1st foal .\nlavery ( royal academy ) winning mare ( 79 ) beyond the call ( braashee : 1r / 1w ) has had one previous foal , the gr2 natal guineas winner dynamite mike . on offer a half sister . three - time winner ( 103 ) dance on silver ( rambo dancer ) is represented by her 1st foal , a filly . the family background is american . six previous foals , 6 runners , 6 winners incl a stakes winner \u2013 that is the record to date of winning mare ( 73 ) amabokoboko ( sunny north ) , who hails from a sire - producing us family . on offer is a colt .\nlondon news ( bush telegraph ) four - time winning mare ( 90 ) chorus line ( jallad : 13r / 7w / 1sw ) has a nz pedigree background . her colt is a 2nd foal , and is bred on an apparently successful sire x broodmare sire cross . the same goes for the colt out of another jallad - mare , ( 115 ) faithful promise , full sister to gr1 runner - up truthofthematter and 2 other multiple winners . nz bred winner ( 134 ) high on life ( zabeel ) is the dam of a winner by jallad . on offer is a half brother . the mare ' s a half sister to the dam ( and grandam ) of stakes horses , from a potent family .\nmanshood ( mr prospector ) ( 129 ) hail to rule ( al mufti : 3r / 2w / 1sw ) is a gr2 placed gr3 winner of six races , and is the dam of four winners to date , all by different sires . on offer is a half brother to those . the mare is a half sister to two black - type producers .\nmodel man ( elliodor ) ( 39 ) sintra ( n . assembly : 5r / 2w ) is an unraced half sister to 3 stakes horses , and to the dam of another . the mare own dam won twice in france . the colt on offer is the dam\u2019s 2nd foal .\nmogok ( storm cat ) gr1 fillies guineas winner bombarda is the dam of ( 65 ) vulcan bomber ( northern guest : 2r / 1w ) . the mare , who is a half sister to 5 winners , has a filly on offer , her 2nd foal .\nnational emblem ( national assembly ) both runners to date for unraced mare ( 124 ) glitz ( coastal : 11r / 5w ) are winners , incl . stakes winner nondweni . on offer is a half brother . ( 62 ) verve cliquot ( northern guest : 36r / 20w / 1sw ) , full sister to very useful mercury rising , is the dam of a winner and has a half sister to that one here . from the same successful sire x broodmare cross comes a filly out of ( 109 ) dress code ( northern guest : 36r / 20w / 1sw ) . the mare , who is a half sister to champion 2yo imperial despatch , has bred two multiple winners from 3 runners to date . gr3 winner of 5 races ( 23 ) ring the changes ( tete a tete ) has made her mark at stud . she\u2019s dam of 10 winners ( two of them dams of winners ) , incl . 2 stakes winners . there\u2019s a half sister on offer this time . ( 67 ) western flash ( west man : 2r / 1w ) is a half sister to 3 stakes performers , one the dam of gr1 winner divine jury . the only runner to date for the mare is a 3 - time winner . on offer a half brother , her 3rd foal .\npissaro ( green desert ) ( 3 ) nerina\u2019s joy ( fard ) is a winning half sister to stakes winner press king , and comes from an american female line . the colt offered is his dam\u2019s first foal . also with her first foal , a filly , is winning mare ( 136 ) hope and glory ( hallgate ) . the mare\u2019s own dam is a half sister to zim champion hachiman and to two dams of stakes winners . winning stayer ( 44 ) splendid chalice ( royal chalice ) is a daughter of sa oaks winner turndor . her filly offered is her second foal .\nportrush ( storm cat ) winning mare ( 53 ) supreme dancer ( qui danzig ) has bred a multiple winner and comes with a half sister to that one .\nrambo dancer ( northern dancer ) five - time winner ( 87 ) celestial flame ( all fired up : 5r ) is the dam of four winners from different sires . on offer is a half sister to those . bred on the same sire x broodmare sire cross is the filly out of multiple winner ( 118 ) fidelity bond ( all fired up : 5r ) . the youngster is a half sister to four winners ( from 4 foals by different sires ) , including gr1 pl sprinter fanyana . ( 96 ) competitive edge ( n . emblem : 2r ) is a winning half sister to 3 winners , two of those with black type . the filly on offer is her dam\u2019s 2nd foal .\nrussian revival ( nureyev ) the filly out of winning mare ( 122 ) free trade ( al mufti : 2r / 1w ) is her dam\u2019s first foal , and inbred 4x4 to hail to reason through the bottom female line of russian revival . that female line has a great record with roberto ( sire here of al mufti , the dam\u2019s sire ) . could be interesting . winning sprinter ( 86 ) catch me ( argosy : 2r / 1w ) is the dam of a winner and comes with a colt , her third foal . all three previous foal of winning mare ( 61 ) veritas ( braashee ) are winners . the female line is black - type american . on offer is a filly . nz bred ( 12 ) passionate love ( college chapel ) has her 2nd foal on offer , a colt . the mare has a black - type european pedigree background . ( 116 ) fast tracks ( desert team : 1r / 1w ) comes from the american female line which gave us home guard and peaceable kingdom . she\u2019s represented by a colt . unraced mare ( 85 ) caspian lady ( rami ) is half sister to 2 dams of graded stakes winners , from the female line of champion wolf power . she\u2019s herself dam of 2 winners and comes with a half sister to those . nz bred mare ( 9 ) oriental queen ( volksraad ) has had 2 runners , both winners , and comes with a half brother to those .\nsecond empire ( fairy king ) three - time winner ( 42 ) south quay ( fine edge ) has seven winning siblings , four of them with black type . she has a colt on offer . ( 127 ) gold index ( golden thatch ) is the dam of 3 winners , including stakes placed etched in gold ( herself dam of a multiple winner ) . she has a half sister to those at this sale .\nshow a heart ( brave warrior ) australian mare ( 37 ) she sizzles ( snippets ) won twice down under before going to stud . she is represented by a colt , her second foal . he was bought as a yearling earlier this year for a $ 30 . 000 .\nsilvano ( lomitas ) ( 68 ) western truth ( west man ) is a winning half sister to gr1 pl truthofthematter and 4 other winners , from a highclass female line . the filly on offer is her 3rd foal .\nslew the red ( red ransom ) the filly out of 4 - time winner ( 119 ) forest edge ( complete warrior ) is the dam\u2019s 2nd living foal . the youngster is inbred to damascus , the pedigree a variation on the cross of another son of roberto ( al mufti ) with complete warrior mares . gr2 pl sprinter ( 15 ) power steering ( golden thatch ) is the dam of 6 winners from 7 runners ( two of them now dams of winners as well ) . she is out of a half sister to gr1 sprinter military song and comes here with a colt . unraced mare ( 114 ) facination ( muhtafal : 1r ) is half sister to two winners , and from an american female line . she has a colt , her first foal . lightly raced mare ( 83 ) cariad ( northern guest ) , a daughter of gr1 pl gr3 winner fastoll , is represented by her 2nd foal , a colt . also lightly raced was mercury rising\u2019s full sister ( 123 ) gamalakhe ( northern guest ) who also comes with a colt , her first foal . all four runners to date for multiple winning mare ( 137 ) how about now ( red ryder ) are winners ( two of them 6 - timers ) . her youngster on offer is a colt . the potent party time female line is represented here by a colt out of ( 154 ) my lady furness ( west man ) . he\u2019s the first foal of his dam .\nstreet cry ( machiavellian ) bound to kick up a storm at this sale is the colt by current world - wide sire sensation street cry , out of aus mare ( 33 ) scenic storm ( scenic ) . she is a half sister to a stakes winner in hong kong , and from a black - type english female line . he was bought as a yearling earlier this year for a $ 14 . 000 .\nsuper magic ( harry hotspur ) two - time winner ( 50 ) summer pud ( badger land : 1r ) , half sister to 3 other winners , comes from an english female line . her filly is a second foal . three - time winner ( 75 ) antiqua ( jungle warrior ) is the dam of a winner . her own dam is half sister to a host of topclass winners . on offer is a colt . ( 112 ) elimina ( the eliminator : 1r / 1w ) , 3 - time winning full sister to gr3 winner final solution , has bred two winners to date . on offer is a half sister to those .\ntale of the cat ( storm cat ) australian mare ( 31 ) santee ( zabeel ) , full sister to the dam of a gr3 winner , is herself the dam of a multiple winner down under . the bottom female line is french . on offer a filly , purchased as a yearling for a $ 50 . 000 .\ntop size ( roy ) unraced brazilian mare ( 149 ) miss scold ( hostage ) is the dam of 5 multiple winners in brazil , 2 of them stakes pl . she comes with a half sister to those .\nwoodborough ( woodman ) three - time winning stayer ( 70 ) yellow peril ( royal flo ) hails from the potent corn - family . she has a filly on offer , her first foal , inbred to 3 - part brothers the minstrel & nijinsky ( 3x4 ) . another multiple winner over ground is ( 46 ) star look ( shoe danzig ) , whose 1st foal ( a colt ) is inbred to mr prospector 3x4\nlyphard ( may 10 , 1969 \u2013 june 10 , 2005 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and an important sire .\namerican bred in pennsylvania , lyphard was a son of northern dancer out of the mare goofed . [ 1 ] he was auctioned as a weanling at november ' s keeneland sales to tim rogers , a horseman from ireland , who then put him up for sale at newmarket in england . there , renowned french trainer and breeder alec head purchased him on behalf of madame germaine wertheimer , widow of the prominent french horseman and owner of the famous house of chanel , pierre wertheimer . germaine wertheimer gave lyphard his name in honor of the ukrainian - born french ballet dancer and choreographer serge lifar .\non the track , lyphard competed in france , ireland , and england , winning six of his twelve starts , including the group one prix jacques le marois and prix de la for\u00eat .\nretired after the end of the 1972 racing season , he was sent to stand at stud at the haras d ' etreham near bayeux in normandy . there , his offspring included the filly durtal ( foaled 1974 ) , who won the cheveley park stakes , plus the colt pharly ( 1974 ) , who won several important races in france , including the group one prix de la for\u00eat , prix lupin and prix du moulin de longchamp .\nmadame wertheimer died in 1974 . in 1978 , lyphard was sent to stand at gainsway farm in lexington , kentucky , where he became famous as the sire of a number of important horses . [ 2 ] in all , he produced 115 graded stakes race winners , including :\njolypha ( 1989 ) \u2013 champion 3 - year - old filly in france , who won the 1992 prix de diane and prix vermeille and was a strong third in that year ' s breeders ' cup classic behind eclipse award champion pleasant tap and the race winner , the future u . s . hall of fame colt a . p . indy\nat maturity , he reached 15 . 2 hands ( 62 inches , 157 cm ) high . [ 4 ]\nin 1996 , lyphard was pensioned from stallion duty at age 27 and lived another nine years . he was one of the oldest horses in the world at the time he was humanely euthanized on june 10 , 2005 as a result of the infirmities of his very old age .\namong all the records of foaling and death dates for thoroughbred horses , lyphard is recognized as one of the longest lived ever . at 36 years and 31 days , he is the second longest lived known stallion behind bargain day at 37 years and 17 days ( june 7 , 1965 - june 24 , 2002 ) . other longer lived thoroughbreds include the gelding merrick ( january 25 , 1903 - march 13 , 1941 ) and the supposed australian tango duke legend ( october 8 ( ? ) , 1935 - january 25 , 1978 ) and stop the music ( march 23 , 1970 \u2013 july 8 , 2005 ) .\nthis page was last modified on 11 september 2015 , at 16 : 09 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\non the grand scale of things , the annual ready - to - run sale for 2yo\u2019s is as good as it gets . by far .\nseeing the youngsters gallop in the flesh is a whole new experience ( you can watch them on the summerhill website urltoken ) . this year all horses galloped on their own , being asked to show their mettle over about 400m . they came in all shapes and sizes , some laid - back and experienced , others still as green as grass . the good movers impress , but those that don\u2019t aren\u2019t necessarily inferior \u2013 with time , everything will change .\nin the evaluation of the 2yo\u2019s that follows , the expert\u2019s opinions have been added where appropriate , including some \u2018value\u2019 selections volunteered by graeme hawkins , who pulled a fast one over his fellow panellists , each of which only had three of each sex .\nas usual , karel miedema comments on the pedigrees ( in sire - order ) , while sporting post\u2019s own panel also gives its views on what they saw at the gallops . now all it needs is a bit of courage on your part !\nalphabet soup ( cozzene ) this us - bred sire won the g1 breeders cup classic ( 2000m ) as a 5yo . he\u2019s sire of champion sprinters our new recruit and phantom light in uae and canada , and gr1 filly alphabet kisses in usa . the 2yo colt out of brazilian gr3 winning miler ( 177 ) aliysa ( music prospector ) was foaled in argentina . he\u2019s the first foal of his dam , who raced with success in usa and is full sister to three multiple winners in brazil .\nany given saturday ( distorted humor ) us - bred g1 winning stallion , with his first crop of juveniles in the us in 2011 . the 2yo colt out of unraced ( 121 ) our dizzy raine ( danehill ) was sired in australia , from his first southern hemisphere crop . the youngster is half brother to five winners from a variety of sires , incl a stakes placed filly by galileo .\naussie rules ( danehill ) gr1 winning miler , who won the french guineas and sired four stakes winners in his first crop in 2010 . shuttled to australia , where his first crop includes the 2yo filly out of unraced ( 99 ) mariana sunset ( fantastic light ) . she\u2019s the second foal of her dam , who is a daughter of multiple gr1 winner juanmo . the latter is by flying spur , like aussie rules a son of danehill , giving the youngster a double of that champion sire .\nblack minnaloushe ( storm cat ) twice - winning miler ( 185 ) arrester bed ( jet master ) is half sister to two dams of stakes winners , out of gr1 winner saintly lady . the 2yo filly is her dam\u2019s first foal . six - time winning miler ( 129 ) princess polly ( royal chalice ) is half sister to champion young rake and six other winners , three of which are dams of stakes performers . the youngster is half sister to a winner . gr3 winning sprinter ( 170 ) wendys ( victory speech ) is a daughter of argentine champion sprinter wally . she\u2019s half sister to two dams of graded stakes horses in her country of birth . the 2yo on offer is a colt , who appears on the shortlist of ready - to - run panellist joey ramsden .\ncaesour ( nureyev ) the sire x dam combination of caesour and ( 23 ) colombe d\u2019or ( elliodor : 15r / 10w / 1sw ) has so far given four winners , incl stakes placed 7 - timer roman eagle . the mare also has a gr2 placed winner by dominion royale and two other winners by sportsworld . grandam kiss of peace , a gr1 winning champion as 3yo , is dam of caesour\u2019s gr2 winning daughter kiss me quick . on offer a 2yo colt ."]}
{"id": 1623, "summary": [{"text": "epichorista siriana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10.5 \u2013 12 mm for males and about 14 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings deep brownish ochreous , mixed with dark fuscous in males .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "in female , the forewings are reddish ochreous , with a few dark fuscous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of the females are whitish . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "epichorista siriana", "paragraphs": ["epichorista siriana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in new zealand .\n( tortrix siriana , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1881 , 521 . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nparva , alis ant . m . ochreo - brunneis , fusco - sparsis , f . saturate ochreis , puncto disci nigro ; post . m . nigrescentibus , f . albidis .\ntaken in plenty in january amongst long grass near hamilton , on the skirts of the forest . this , as well as the other species , appears to be very local .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npalpi subascending . thorax with posterior crest . forewings with 7 to termen , separate . hindwings without basal pecten , 3 and 4 connate , 5 rather approximated , 6 and 7 closely approximated at base .\namongst examples of this species from karori sent by mr . hudson is a female , which is quite similar in colouring to the male . when , however ,\ni originally described the species , from a series taken by myself at hamilton , i treated a widely different female specimen with reddish - ochreous forewings and whitish hindwings as being the other sex of the species ; after reconsideration of the specimens , all taken together in the same locality , this still seems to me to be probably correct . i desire to direct the attention of collectors to this peculiar case ; it ought not to be difficult to determine whether the species has a dimorphic female ( which would be unprecedented in this group ) , or whether there is some error .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1627, "summary": [{"text": "anoura is a genus of leaf-nosed bats from central and south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "note that anoura , the bat genus , should not be confused with neither ' anura ' , an order of amphibians , nor ' anoures ' , the original spelling of this order . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "anoura", "paragraphs": ["anoura caudifer ( e . geoffroy , 1818 ) \u2013 tailed tailless bat , tailed tailless bat\nbaumgarten , j . , e . vieira . 1994 . reproductive seasonality and development of anoura geoffroyi ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) in central brazil .\ngeographie distribution of anoura fistulata ( black triangles ) on eastern and western slopes of andes , ecuador . type locality is marked with a square .\nanoura was a female cerean information broker for the bothan businessman elwis bontraar . her death caused her sister zascha to enact revenge on elwis and kidnap his daughter .\nheideman , p . , p . deoraj , f . bronson . 1992 . seasonal reproduction of a tropical bat , anoura - geoffroyi , in relation to photoperiod .\nto cite this page : fackler , k . 2005 .\nanoura geoffroyi\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nlip morphology of anoura fistulata . a ) lateral view of noseleaf , lip , and partially extended tongue with papillae ; and b ) dorsal view of noseleaf and lip .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and body masses ( in g ) of specimens of adult anoura fistulata , a . caudifer , a . geoffroyi , and a . cultrata .\ncranial and dental morphology of anoura fistulata ( from holotype , epn 9713 ) . a ) dorsal and b ) palatal view of skull , and c ) lateral view of skull and mandible .\nduring the reign of the galactic republic , anoura worked as an information broker for the bothan elwis bontraar , a wealthy businessman who lived on the planet coruscant and was best known for the annual galactic costume extravaganza , a costume party where guests would swap information anonymously . anoura was eventually killed on a routine mission for elwis which brought much grief to her force - sensitive sister , zascha .\ndiagnosis . \u2014 this is a medium - sized species of anoura ( forearm 35\u201340 mm ) . distinguishing characteristics include an elongated , tubelike lower lip ( extending 3 . 3\u20134 . 8 mm beyond upper lip ; fig . 2 ) and an extremely long tongue ( 6\u20138 cm in fresh individuals ) . the interfemoral membrane is relatively wide ( 3 . 3\u20137 . 5 mm ) with an inverted v - shaped margin ( versus narrow and u - shaped in other anoura ) . the tail , which is normally absent or rudimentary in other anoura , protrudes slightly beyond the edge of the interfemoral membrane .\nmantilla - meluk , h . and baker , r . j . 2006 . systematics of small anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from colombia , with description of a new species . occasional papers museum of texas tech university 261 .\necology . \u2014 anoura fistulata inhabits midelevations of outer slopes of the andes . one specimen was captured in the numbala caves , where it was roosting with 4 other individuals . all specimens have been collected in mature cloud forest habitat .\nnathan muchhala , mena v . patricio , albuja v . luis ; a new species of anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from the ecuadorian andes , journal of mammalogy , volume 86 , issue 3 , 6 june 2005 , pages 457\u2013461 , urltoken ; 2\nmantilla - meluk , h . and baker , r . j . 2010 . new species of anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from colombia , with systematic remarks and notes on the distribution of the a . geoffroyi complex . occasional papers museum of texas tech university 292 .\nwe examined approximately 300 museum specimens of anoura . of these , we measured 16 individuals of the new species , 25 of a . caudifer , 25 of a . geoffroyi , and 10 of a . cultrata ( appendix i ) . in addition , we have external measurements and information on collection locality for 4 individuals of the new species , which were captured with mist nets and released . the museum specimens listed above include 9 anoura n . sp . and 5 a . caudifer that we collected ; these were captured with mist nets and euthanized by cervical dislocation . all procedures were in accordance with guidelines of the american society of mammalogists for the capture , handling , and care of mammals ( urltoken ) .\ncomments : includes lonchoglossa ; see cabrera ( 1958 ) . keys to species of anoura were provided by tamsitt and nagorsen ( 1982 ) and handley ( 1984 ) , but usefulness of these keys has been reduced by subsequent descriptions of new species ( i . e . , by handley [ 1984 ] and molinari [ 1994 ] ) and suggestions that other undescribed species exist ( emmons , 1997 )\nin a study of the bat fauna of cloud forests in the cordillera del c\u00f3ndor and cordillera de cutuc\u00fa in southwestern ecuador , one of us ( pmv ) collected a series of 8 anoura that he could not identify . muchhala independently encountered individuals of this species during studies of bat pollination in several cloud forest sites on the eastern and western slopes of the andes . subsequent research in museum collections ( appendix i ) revealed additional individuals misidentified as either a . caudifer or a . geoffroyi .\nanoura geoffroyi ( 25 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : gruta de rumichaca , 2 , 690 m , 00\u00b049\u2032n , 77\u00b040\u2032w ( epn 1616\u20131624 ) . provincia manab\u00ed : san sebasti\u00e1n , 350 m , 01\u00b036\u2032s , 78\u00b042\u2032w ( epn 732 ) . provincia pichincha : amagua\u00f1a , 2 , 650 m , 00\u00b022\u203222\u2033s , 78\u00b030\u203214\u2033w ( epn 1676\u20131685 ) ; antisana , 3 , 250 m , 00\u00b025\u2032s , 78\u00b022\u2032w ( epn 1674 , 1675 ) ; el palmito , 1 , 600 m , 00\u00b006\u203236\u2033n , 78\u00b037\u203212\u2033w ( epn 1670 , 1671 , 1673 ) .\ncranium and mandibles similar in shape to those of a . caudifer , with most measurements approximately 10 % larger ( table 1 ) . mandibular suture protrudes anteriorly ( fig . 1 ) . gap ( 0 . 54 mm , n = 6 ) often present between 1 st and 2nd lower premolar . dental formula identical to that of other species of anoura ( i 2 / 0 , c 1 / 1 , p 3 / 3 , m 3 / 3 , total 32 ) . postpalatal spine relatively short ( 0 . 3 mm , n = 6 ) , although length is highly variable . zygomata complete in all specimens examined .\nanoura cultrata ( 10 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : el pail\u00f3n , 1 , 450 m , 01\u00b002\u2032n , 78\u00b015\u2032w ( epn 1583 ) . provincia esmeraldas : km 3 on road to lita , 600 m , 00\u00b052\u203248\u2033n , 78\u00b028\u203212\u2033w ( epn 1580 , 1581 ) ; luis vargas torres , 10 km south of r\u00edo santiago , 300 m , 00\u00b049\u2032n , 78\u00b045\u2032w ( epn 1582 ) . provincia morona - santiago : uuntsuants , 1 , 000 m , 02\u00b033\u203201\u2033s , 77\u00b054\u203237\u2033w ( epn 9855 ) . provincia orellana : alto coca , 450 m , 00\u00b005\u2032s , 77\u00b015\u2032w ( epn 1585 ) . provincia pastaza : mera , 1 , 150 m , 01\u00b026\u2032s , 78\u00b006\u203207\u2033w ( epn 1579 ) ; cavernas mera , 1 , 150 m , 01\u00b027\u2032s , 78\u00b007\u203207\u2033w ( epn 1584 ) . provincia pichincha : estaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica maquipucuna , 1 , 200 m , 00\u00b007\u203230\u2033n , 78\u00b037\u203236\u2033w ( epn 1586 ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : mayaicu alto , 900 m , 03\u00b058\u203257\u2033s , 78\u00b037\u203247\u2033w ( epn 9856 ) .\nanoura fistulata ( 17 plus 4 released ) : ecuador : provincia morona santiago : uuntsuants , 1 , 300 m , 02\u00b033\u20329\u2033s , 77\u00b053\u203248\u2033w ( epn 9806 ) ; rio cristalino , 1 , 061 m , 03\u00b031\u203212\u2033s , 78\u00b025\u203248\u2033w ( epn 9700 ) . provincia napo : cotundo , 1 , 870 m , 00\u00b038\u203230\u2033s , 77\u00b050\u203215\u2033w ( epn 9539 ) ; el salado , alto coca , 1 , 800 m , 00\u00b015\u2032s , 77\u00b041\u2032w ( epn 1531 , 1537 ) . provincia pichincha : , bellavista , 2 , 200 m , 00\u00b000\u20328\u2033s , 78\u00b041\u20322\u2033w ( qcaz 7500 plus 2 released ) ; guajalito , 2 , 000 m , 00\u00b013\u20329\u2033s , 78\u00b048\u20320\u2033w ( qcaz 3427 , 3424 ) ; pahuma , 2 , 275 m , 00\u00b001\u20324\u2033s , 78\u00b038\u2032w ( 1 released ) ; yanayacu , 2 , 075 m , 00\u00b035\u20323\u2033s , 77\u00b052\u20328\u2033w ( 1 released ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : la herradura , 1 , 750 m , 04\u00b002\u203202\u2033s , 78\u00b034\u203212\u2033w ( epn 9714\u20139716 ) ; chinapinza , 1 , 700 m , 04\u00b002\u203219\u2033s , 78\u00b035\u203240\u2033w ( mecn 572 ) ; cuevas de numbala , 1 , 890 m , 04\u00b032\u203248\u2033s , 79\u00b004\u203205\u2033w ( epn 1561 ) ; destacamento militar condor mirador , 1 , 750 m , 03\u00b038\u20328\u2033s , 78\u00b023\u203222\u2033w ( epn 9710\u20139713 ; holotype and paratypes ) .\nanoura caudifer ( 25 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : el pail\u00f3n , 1 , 450 m elevation , 01\u00b002\u2032n , 78\u00b015\u2032w ( epn 1522 ) . provincia esmeraldas : r\u00edo piedras , 1 , 400 m , 00\u00b032\u2032n , 78\u00b038\u2032w ( epn 1519 ) . provincia morona santiago : destacamento militar etza , 1 , 440 m , 03\u00b003\u203241\u2033s , 77\u00b056\u203240\u2033w ( epn 9805 , 9806 ) . provincia napo : archidona , 1 , 600 m , 00\u00b038\u203248\u2033s , 77\u00b049\u203225\u2033w ( epn 1105 ) ; cavernas jumandi , tena , 650 m , 00\u00b056\u2032s , 77\u00b050\u2032w ( epn 5053 ) ; cascada san rafael , 1 , 400 m , 00\u00b054\u203254\u2033s , 77\u00b034\u203228\u2033w ( epn 1515 ) ; el salado , alto coca , 1 , 700 m , 00\u00b011\u2032s , 77\u00b042\u2032w ( epn 1537 ) ; guaman\u00ed , 900 m , 00\u00b043\u203206\u2033s , 77\u00b036\u203242\u2033w ( epn 1526\u20131528 ) . provincia pastaza : mera , 1 , 150 m , 01\u00b026\u2032s , 78\u00b006\u2032w ( epn 1516 ) ; mera , 1 , 200 m , 01\u00b027\u2032s , 78\u00b007\u2032 w ( epn 1518 ) ; arajuno , 400 m , 01\u00b028\u203215\u2033s , 77\u00b026\u2032w ( epn 1577 ) . provincia sucumbios : marian , 300 m , 00\u00b001\u2032s , 76\u00b019\u2032w ( epn67 ) . provincia orellana : tarapoa , 180 m , 01\u00b005\u203255\u2032s , 75\u00b038\u203258\u2033w ( epn 831 ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : tiink , 1 , 150 m , 03\u00b019\u203240\u2033s , 77\u00b027\u2032 21\u2033w ( epn 9807 ) ; la herradura , 1 , 750 m , 04\u00b002\u203202\u2033s , 78\u00b034\u203212\u2033w ( epn 9857\u20139861 ) ; mayaicu alto , 900 m , 03\u00b058\u203257\u2033s , 78\u00b037\u203247\u2033w ( epn 9862\u20139864 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n( \u00e9 . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1818 ) [ orth . error ]\naccording to the code of the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( simmons 2005 ) .\nbased on morphological and distributional differences between a . caudifer caudifer and a . c . aequatoris , mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2006 ) elevated the latter to specific level .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in colombia , venezuela , the guianas , suriname , brazil , ecuador , peru , bolivia , paraguay and northwestern argentina ( simmons 2005 , griffiths and gardner 2008 ) . although the species definition by simmons ( 2005 ) was challenged by mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2006 ) , its distribution remains almost unchanged . further studies are necessary to establish the taxonomic and geographic limits in regard to a . aequatoris .\nover most of its geographic range , northern and central andes , the species is not rare , at the brazilian cerrado capture rates are often reported to be low ( zort\u00e9a 2003 ) . it is rare in argentina and the abundance of this species seems to decrease southwards , becoming difficult to capture ( barquez et al . 1999 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbased on the morphological distinction observed between a . g . peruana and a . g . geoffroyi , as well as the ecological differentiation of the areas inhabited by these two taxa , mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2010 ) elevated a . peruana to specific level .\narroyo - cabrales , j . , mantilla - meluk , h . & molinari , j .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas and because the population is likely to be stable .\nthis species is common and widespread ( emmons and feer 1997 ) , and broadly tolerant of human disturbance ( handley 1976 ) .\nthere are no major threats to this species . cave mining and tourism could be a threat . there is habitat loss in mexico ( j . arroyo - cabrales pers . comm . ) .\nit occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range . recommended conservation actions include the identification and protection of caves where this species is found . also , further research on the taxonomic distinction among putative species and subspecies of this species - complex should be enforced ( jarrin and kunz 2008 ) .\nmedell\u00edn , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence .\nthis species occurs throughout the ecuadorian andes , including the eastern and western slopes of the andes of northern ecuador , and the slopes of the cordillera de c\u00f3ndor and cordillera del cutuc\u00fa in southern ecuador . its known distribution is restricted to higher elevations ( 1 , 300 - 1 , 890 m on the eastern and 2 , 000 - 2 , 275 m on the western slopes ) , where it inhabits montane cloud forests ( muchhala et al . , 2005 ) .\nalthough widespread , this species is uncommon , as demonstrated by the low rate of capture in mist nets and its relative rarity in museum collections ( muchhala et al . , 2005 ) .\nthe ecosystem on which it is highly dependant is very fragile and the rate of destruction is high ( mantilla pers . comm . ) .\nthe species range is within two protected areas in which it is likely to occur although there are no records ( burneo pers . comm . )\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas and as it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species has a discontinuous range . it occurs in venezuela , guyana , colombia and peru ( simmons 2005 ) . the elevation range is 50 to 2 , 100 m asl in venezuela ( linares 1998 ) .\nin venezuela and colombia , it is not common ( linares 1998 , mantilla pers . comm . ) .\nit is strongly associated with tropical evergreen forest ( handley 1976 ) . it feeds on nectar , insects , fruit and pollen . it roosts in small groups in caves or tree hollows and is found in lowland rainforest , deciduous forest , gardens and plantations . it is common only where there are caves or rock crevices , and rare or perhaps absent from lowland amazonian forests lacking high ground , rocks and caves ( emmons and feer 1997 ) .\nthere are no major threats but the habitat is under threat in some areas ( molinari pers . comm . ) .\nprovides high - quality tailored services & products by adding value through creativity , analysis and result .\n, geoffroy ' s tailless bat , is found from central mexico to central south america and in trinidad and grenada .\nhave been reported occur in tropical rain forests and in savanna - like cerrado near trees .\n( baumgarten and vieira , 1994 ; heideman , et al . , 1992 ; zortea , 2003 )\ngeoffroy ' s tailless bats have a dull - brown color when viewed from above and a gray - brown color when viewed from below . they usually have a silvery - gray color on the shoulders and neck . no tail is present . nowak ( 1999 ) describes the calcar as rudimentary and the cheek teeth as narrow and elongate . the tongue is long and has papillae , and the muzzle is elongate . the average mass for\nis 15 . 2 g . in peru body length ranges from 61 to 71 mm , skull length ranges from 24 . 3 to 26 . 6 mm , and forearm length ranges from 41 to 45 mm .\nin central brazil , males and females were reported to be about the same size . mean male mass , forearm length and wing area were 14 . 9 g , 42 . 1 mm and 91 . 43 cm2 respectively ; mean female mass , forearm length and wing area were 14 . 7 g , 42 . 3 mm and 91 . 77 cm2 respectively . however , in central trinidad , heideman observed that \u201cfemales had slightly longer forearms than males ( females 42 . 3 \u00b1 0 . 1 mm , males 39 . 9 \u00b1 0 . 3 mm ) . \u201d this difference in forearm length may be related to reproduction , since females carry a single pup until it is ready to fly on its own .\n( baumgarten and vieira , 1994 ; heideman , et al . , 1992 )\n. this may be because they are small , nocturnal , and fly - - making it difficult to observe mating and courtship .\nin trinidad may have evolved to accommodate the simultaneous occurrence of lactation and food abundance .\nhad a seasonal monoestrous cycle . however , birthing and pregnancy timing differed between the two study sites . both study sites had wet and dry seasons , but the sites experienced the seasons in different months . nowak ( 1999 ) stated that pregnant\nhave been collected in nicaragua during july , in costa rica during march , and inperu during june , and that lactating females have been collected july , november and december in mexico . unless lactation lasts for more than 6 months , this may indicate that in some places the bats undergo two reproductive cylces per year , having young both in summer and late autumn months .\nlikely breeds once a year , although females in some populations may have two young per year .\nmore research is needed to understand the father\u2019s role ( if any ) in postpartum care of offspring . adult males may sometimes use different roosts than females and young . baumgarten et al . ( 1994 ) found that the number of adult male bats decreased in the cave when pregnant females or females with young were present .\nit is likley that like all microchiropterans , these bats live longer than other mammals of similar size . although there are no data on maximum lifespan , or population age composition , one member of this species in captivity is known to have lived longer than 10 years .\nis a dexterous flier and is able to hover . members of this species may roost alone or in groups . roosting groups may include both sexes or may seasonally include colonies of different sexes . heideman et al . ( 1992 ) reported\nin a cave in trinidad that left the cave \u201cwithin 40 minutes of sunset\u201d and \u201creturned from midnight to about dawn . \u201d\n( heideman , et al . , 1992 ; nowak , 1999 ; tamsitt and nagorsen , 1982 )\n. a tracking study in central brazil suggests that individual bats roost in the same cave for more than a year .\nphyllostomids use calls for echolocation and communication . heideman et al . ( 1992 ) described the eyes of\nas large and suggested that the bat relies on vision in addition to echolocation . in addition to use of echolocation , these bats likely have some vocal communication , as is common in the family . scent probably plays some role in communication , as it does in most mammals , during reproduction . tactile communication undoubtedly occurs between mothers and their offspring as well as between mates . this for of communication may occur between bats in the roost .\neats insects , fruit , nectar and pollen . although this bat is a generalist , it prefers fruit and arthropods in central brazil .\ncan be considered a foliage gleaner because it eats insects that are on leaves , nectar and flowers .\n. it is likely that small mammals , snakes , and birds of prey could take these bats as prey items . because they are gleaners , taking isects from surfaces , and feeders on fruit and nectar , they are relatively slow in flight , making them more susceptible to aerial predators .\neats insects and pollinates plants . in brazil it is sympatric with two other nectarivorous bats ,\nhost macronyssid mites that cause periodontal disease . this may result in the first premolars being lost .\neats insects and pollinates plants . however , whether it polinates crops or controls pest populations is not known .\ndoes not appear on the iucn red list . no data were returned on searches for\nkim fackler ( author ) , university of alaska fairbanks , link e . olson ( editor , instructor ) , university of alaska fairbanks , nancy shefferly ( editor ) , animal diversity web .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\ngould , e . 1977 . echolocation and communication . pp . 247 - 279 in r baker , k jones , jr . , d carter , eds .\nzortea , m . 2003 . reproductive patterns and feeding habits of three nectarivororus bats ( phyllostomidae : glossophaginae ) from the brazilian cerrado .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nthese are far from the tiniest bats , but an individual at the top of the weight range weighs only about half an ounce ( 18 g ) . unlike many bats , they have hairy legs and feet and small , hairy tail membranes , which undoubtedly collect pollen - to eat , but also to spread from plant to plant . they have long , narrow muzzles and no lower incisor teeth , which probably helps them stick their tongues way into a blossom to gather nectar . they also eat insects and fruit .\nthese bats are found in lowland forests and fruit groves and at elevations as high as 2 , 500 meters . they roost in caves and tunnels ; about 75 were counted roosting in small clusters in one tunnel .\ngray , j . e . , 1838 . magazine of zoology and botany ( jardine ) , 2 : 490 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\ncould contain two species ( l . davalos pers . comm . ) . includes brevirostrum and werckleae ; see nagorsen and tamsitt ( 1981 ) .\njustification : this species is assessed as least concern because of its wide distribution throughout is geographic range ; although it might be locally rare , there are no specific requirements for its occurrence . this species is highly dependent on very fragile ecosystems , with a high rate of transformation ; however , these impacts are not noticeable on their populations or distribution .\nthis species occurs in humid high montane cloud forest in costa rica , panama , venezuela , colombia , ecuador , peru , and bolivia ( simmons 2005 ) .\nthe species seems to be rare in colombia , peru and bolivia , but locally common in costa rica and panama .\nit is strongly associated with humid montane cloud forest ( minimum 1 , 000 m throughout most of the andes , but can occur lower where this habitat is present ) ( h . mantilla - meluk , pers . comm . ) . it feeds on nectar , pollen occasionally insects and fruit . it roosts in small groups in caves , commonly found with other species in the genus . it also roosts in tunnels or tree hollows ( tamsitt and nagorsen 1982 ) .\nthere are no major direct threats throughout its range , but as with other species from andean forest , there is a great risk because of reduction of forest cover associated to expansion of agriculture and human populations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncirranello , andrea , nancy b . simmons , sergio solari , and robert j . baker\nmammals of south america , vol . 1 : marsupials , xenarthrans , shrews , and bats\nnogueira , marcelo r . , isaac p . lima , adriano l . peracchi , and nancy b . simmons\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of biology , university of miami , p . o . box 249118 , coral gables , fl 33124 , usa\nmass was taken in the field with a pesola scale ( pesola ag , baar , switzerland ) and rounded to the nearest 0 . 5 g . external dimensions also were measured in the field with a plastic ruler , to the nearest 0 . 5 mm , or to the nearest 0 . 1 mm with dial calipers . external measurements include forearm length , from the elbow ( tip of the olecranon process ) to the wrist ( including the carpals ) ; total length , from tip of muzzle to tip of tail ; tail length , from base of tail to tip of last caudal vertebra ; uropatagium width , from base of tail to center of margin of interfemoral membrane ; vibrissae length , length of longest rostral vibrissa ; ear length , length of pinna from base of antitragus ; and hind foot length , from ankle to tip of claw .\ncraniodental dimensions were measured from cleaned skulls with dial calipers , to the nearest 0 . 1 mm . these include total skull length , from the posteriormost point of the occiput to the anteriormost point of the premaxillae ; condylobasal length , a line connecting the posterior margins of the occipital condyles to the anteriormost point of the premaxillae ; zygomatic breadth , greatest breadth across the zygomatic arches ; postorbital breadth , least breadth across the frontals posterior to the postorbital process ; braincase breadth , greatest breadth of the globular part of the braincase ; palatal length , from the posteriormost margin of the upper medial incisor alveolus to the posteriormost point of the palate ( including the postpalatal spine , when present ) ; maxillary tooth - row length , from the anteriormost face of the canine to the posteriormost face of the crown of the 3rd molar ; mandible length , from the anteriormost point of the mandible to the posteriormost point of the mandibular condyle ; mandibular tooth - row length , from the anteriormost face of the canine to the posteriormost face of the 3rd molar ; breadth across molars , greatest breadth across the outer edges of the crowns of the 3rd upper molars ; and breadth across canines , greatest breadth across the outer edges of the crowns of the upper canines .\nholotype . \u2014 adult male ( epn 9713 ) , preserved in alcohol with skull removed ( fig . 1 ) , collected 6 may 2003 by p . mena v . ( original number cm009 ) , on the condor mirador ( near the destacamento militar ; 3\u00b038\u203208\u2033s , 78\u00b023\u203222\u2033w ) of the cordillera del condor , 1 , 750 m , zamora chinchipe province , ecuador .\nparatypes . \u2014 the 3 paratypes were collected by p . mena v . at the type locality , and include an adult female ( epn 9710 ) , skin and skull , collected 24 june 2003 ; an adult male ( epn 9711 ) , skin and skull , collected 5 may 2003 ; and an adult female ( epn 9712 ) , preserved in alcohol , collected 6 may 2003 .\ndistribution . \u2014 we recorded a . fistulata in 10 localities throughout the ecuadorian andes ( fig . 3 ) , including the eastern and western slopes of the andes of northern ecuador , and the slopes of the cordillera de condor and cordillera del cutuc\u00fa in southern ecuador . its known distribution is restricted to higher elevations ( 1 , 300\u20131 , 890 m on the eastern and 2 , 000\u20132 , 275 m on the western slopes ) , where it inhabits montane cloud forests . although widespread , this species is uncommon , as demonstrated by the low rate of capture in mist nets and its relative rarity in museum collections . given the proximity of several collection sites to the peruvian border , it is highly likely that a . fistulata also occurs to the south in peru , and it may occur to the north in colombia , as well .\netymology . \u2014 the specific epithet for this species is derived from the latin word for tube ( fistula ) , and refers to the characteristic tubelike lower lip . an appropriate common name for the species is the tube - lipped nectar bat .\nspecimens examined . \u2014 the following specimens used in this study are preserved in the escuela polit\u00e9cnica nacional , quito , ecuador ( epn ) ; the museo de zoolog\u00eda of the pontificia universidad cat\u00f3lica del ecuador , quito , ecuador ( qcaz ) ; and the museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales , quito , ecuador ( mecn ) . sample size is given in parentheses .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 1638, "summary": [{"text": "acanthinucella spirata is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "acanthinucella spirata", "paragraphs": ["so it appears that in this ecosystem at least , the pieces are not interchangeable . the players in an ecosystem have a shared history . spot - bellied rock crabs , acanthinucella whelks , and olympia oysters have had a long time to work things out . the crabs have evolved an effective predatory strategy ; the whelks have evolved a well - founded fear of crabs .\nto the native whelk acanthinucella , a crab is a crab . they avoid the exotic green crab as they do the native rock crab . when the green crabs are in the oyster beds , the whelks opt to feed on barnacles instead . but the oyster drills had evolved in a habitat free of competently predatory crabs . they were , as the researchers put it , na\u00efve ; they had no idea how to react to a crab .\n( of purpura spirata blainville , 1832 ) blainville h . m . d . de . ( 1832 ) . disposition m\u00e9thodique des esp\u00e8ces r\u00e9centes et fossiles des genres pourpre , ricinule , licorne et concholepas de m . de lamarck , et description des esp\u00e8ces nouvelles ou peu connues , faisant partie de la collection du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle de paris . nouvelles annales du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle . 1 : 189 - 263 , pls 9 - 12 . page ( s ) : 252 , pl . 12 fig . 8 [ details ]\n( of acanthina spirata ( blainville , 1832 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmicrobes represent the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on this planet . they are also known to impact everything from organismal physiologies and metabolism to the functioning of ecological systems and biogeochemical processes . yet we still know very little about the microbial communities associated with marine invertebrate species . we have recently initiated a research project that will quantify ( i ) how the microbiomes of marine mollusks vary across large spatial and environmental gradients ( ii ) how such patterns have evolved and ( iii ) how they are affected by anthropogenic impacts such as coastal eutrophication and climate change .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\npurpura lapilloides aurantia dall , w . h . , 1908 : s california , usa\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]\njessie kai : acidic mucus\u2026 do native c . gracilis crabs care ? trait - mediated interaction between a native crab and an introduced sea slug\njennifer panlilio : size - based predation of cancer spp . on the invasive european green crab , c . maenas\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . 0453251 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nbodega marine laboratory | 2099 westshore rd | po box 247 | bodega bay , ca 94923 | 707 . 875 . 2211\ncopyright \u00a9 the regents of the university of california , davis campus . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncrabs , whelks , and oysters : life in tomales bay\u2019s food chain . category : columns from the berkeley daily planet\nwe\u2019re surrounded by non - native plants and animals , most of which would qualify as what biologists and resource managers call invasive exotics . the thistles in your garden , the possum in your garage , the house sparrows nesting under your eaves , the argentine ants in your kitchen , the blue gum eucalyptus up the hill\u2014all are invasives . san francisco bay has been called the world\u2019s most invaded estuary , the adopted home of aquatic creatures native to the east coast , europe , asia , and elsewhere . many have displaced native species that filled a similar ecological niche .\nyou might wonder what difference that process makes in terms of overall ecosystem function . are exotic and native species interchangeable parts in the great machine ? what happens when one kind of ant or clam or shrub replaces another ?\nit has become pretty clear that such substitutions can have far - reaching consequences . exotic species can change what ecologists call the trophic flow\u2014the way nutrients travel from primary producer to secondary consumer to predator to scavenger - within natural systems . they can increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires . they can affect human health and livelihood .\nsome references call it the angular unicorn snail or spotted thorn drupe . the whelk in turn was preyed on by the spot - bellied rock crab ( cancer antennarius ) , which peels open the shells of its victims .\nkimbro and his co - authors posit that the crabs are indirect benefactors of the oysters . on one hand , a large enough crab population will keep the whelks in check and reduce predation pressure on the tasty bivalves . on the other , the whelks have evolved anti - crab defensive behavior , namely avoiding areas - including oyster beds\u2014where the rock crabs are likely to be .\nenter the invasives . years ago , when the native oyster population had been depleted , growers introduced eastern oysters to supplement them . with the eastern oysters came another predatory whelk , the oyster drill ( urosalpinx cinerea ) . the founding oyster drills at tomales bay originated in long island sound . the european green crab ( carcinus maenas ) arrived in san francisco bay in 1989 and spread north to tomales . both the drill and the green crab can tolerate fresher water than their native counterparts and are more common in the inner portion of the bay , near creek outflows .\nthat would make the drills easy pickings for the rock crabs . but the green crabs were another story . they\u2019re more generalist feeders , augmenting their mollusk diet with seaworms and algae . instead of peeling off the shells of their prey , they use their claws to crush them . this works for juvenile whelks of both species , but not for adults . once a whelk grows large enough , green crabs are no longer a threat .\nthe na\u00efve oyster drills , then , are not deterred from preying on oysters by crab avoidance . the rock crabs could potentially control them , but where the green crabs have replaced the native rock crabs , the top - down pressure is off and the oysters bear the brunt . the effect of removing a top tidal - zone predator in tomales bay is similar to what happens on land when , say , coyotes are killed off and foxes , freed from their own predator , wipe out ground - nesting birds .\nswitch whelks and the oyster beds are no longer a no - go zone . switch crabs and you get a top predator that\u2019s incapable of controlling the lesser predator ; to paraphrase marx , the big bully is no longer picking on the little bully . ( groucho in night at the opera , that is . ) either of those changes is bad news for the oysters , and for anyone who\u2019s trying to raise them .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nandrew v . suarez , neil d . tsutsui ; the value of museum collections for research and society , bioscience , volume 54 , issue 1 , 1 january 2004 , pages 66\u201374 , urltoken ; 2\nthe strongest link between museum collections and national security is probably in the realm of public health and safety . collections are often used to track the history of infectious diseases and identify their sources or reservoirs . the most obvious examples are collections of known viruses and bacteria that are stored for comparison with emerging infections . for example , researchers from the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) compared isolates from the 2001 anthrax attack in the united states with stored specimens collected from the 1960s and 1970s to differentiate and identify the strain used ( hoffmaster et al . 2002 ) .\nthe enormity of the 1918 influenza outbreak is difficult to comprehend by today ' s standards : 20 million to 40 million people were killed worldwide , including 675 , 000 people in the united states ( crosby 1989 ) . at its peak , people were dying at a rate of more than 10 , 000 per week in some american cities ( crosby 1989 ) . how can we protect ourselves from such devastating pandemics in the future ? one of the most important steps is to identify the origin and causes of previous pandemics .\nin 1993 , a mysterious pulmonary syndrome appeared in the southwestern united states , killing 70 percent of afflicted individuals . the causative agent was quickly identified as a hantavirus , but its origin remained less certain . although the virus had been found in deer mice in the southwest before the human outbreak , little was known about its abundance in natural populations or the causes for its sudden jump into human populations ( yates et al . 2002 ) . some citizens expressed concern that the new human infections might be linked to military weapons testing at nearby fort wingate ( horgan 1993 ) .\nthe financial impact of agricultural pests is enormous : in the united states , arthropod crop pests cost growers over $ 14 billion per year , and arthropod pests of lawns , gardens , and golf courses add another $ 1 . 5 billion to this figure ( pimentel et al . 2000 ) . deliberate introductions of highly damaging species could lead to a frightening jump in agricultural damage , agricultural costs , and lost revenue . these potential costs , coupled with the vulnerability of agricultural resources , have led to a recent appreciation of the threat posed by agricultural bioterrorism ( gewin 2003 , nrc 2003 ) .\nnatural history collections have long been indispensable resources for studies of earth ' s biodiversity , and the need to maintain them has recently taken on greater urgency ( davis 1996 , ponder et al . 2001 ) . museums offer a unique perspective , providing data over a vast time span ranging from millions of years ago ( paleontological collections ) to the present . three broad areas of study related to species decline and the loss of biodiversity have become crisis disciplines and depend heavily on the baseline information that museum collections offer : species ' response to habitat loss and fragmentation , biological invasions , and the consequences of global climate change .\nthere is widespread agreement that global climate change threatens the survival of ecological communities and individual species , including humans ( hughes 2000 , ipcc 2001 , mccarty 2001 , walther et al . 2002 ) . by examining museum specimens , researchers have documented the effects of climate change on a variety of organisms and furnished a glimpse of future impacts . the contributions of these studies fall primarily into two categories : ones that document changes in the distribution of species through time ( including their extinction ) and ones that document changes in the biology of particular species in response to climate changes .\nmuseum collections have also shown that the effects of global warming have altered the biology of some species . for example , dunn and winkler ( 1999 ) examined 3450 nest records of tree swallows ( tachycineta bicolor ) in north america ( from a survey of over 21 , 000 nest record cards in museums , universities , and ornithological societies ) and found that the egg - laying date advanced by about 9 days between 1959 and 1991 , most likely as a result of higher air temperatures during the spring breeding season .\nthe use of museum collections is so widespread , and the scope of research they benefit is so varied , that it would be impossible to review even a small fraction of individual cases . only by considering the frequency with which museums are used can their vast contributions to the biological sciences be properly appreciated ( tables 1 , 2 ) .\nscientists often travel to museums to use their collections , and museums loan many specimens to interested researchers ( table 1 ) . for example , in 2002 , the entomology department of the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history hosted 266 visitors , for a total of 3663 visitor days ( scott miller , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , personal communication , 10 february 2003 ) . between 1976 and 1986 , the smithsonian ' s entomological collection loaned , on average , over 100 , 000 specimens each year ( miller 1991 ) . the california academy of sciences ' entomological collection currently has about 750 , 000 specimens on loan to over 40 countries ( norman penny , california academy of sciences , san francisco , personal communication , 4 april 2003 ) .\nthe knowledge disseminated by the curators of these museums is immense and often stems from the reference collections themselves . for example , one curator ( philip s . ward ) from one museum ( bohart museum , university of california\u2013davis ) studying one family of insects ( formicidae\u2014ants ) typically identifies 3000 to 4000 specimens each year for other institutions ( philip s . ward , university of california\u2013davis , personal communication , 9 january 2003 ) . when extrapolated across curators of all museums in the united states , how many hundreds of thousands of such identifications are made each year ?\nmuseums save time and money . first , as centralized storehouses of reference material , museums act as \u201cbiological libraries\u201d\u2014sites of accumulated knowledge and resources that eliminate the need for costly , time - consuming ( and sometimes dangerous ) fieldwork . given the costs of traveling to remote locales to collect specimens , it is easy to believe that museum collections save the scientific community many millions of dollars , a savings that is passed on to citizens whose tax dollars often support scientific research .\nsecond , as with literary libraries , museums eliminate the wastefulness of duplication and redundancy . just as a library liberates borrowers from the expense of purchasing every book they wish to read , museums free researchers from the time and expense of curating all the specimens necessary for a functional reference collection . although a fiscal analysis of the savings achieved by the nation ' s biological collections is not available , a comparison with other collections provides an insightful approximation . the us library of congress , which curates a large collection of reading material , saves the nation ' s libraries $ 268 million a year by cataloging more than 250 , 000 books and serials annually and supplying the bibliographic record ( librarian of congress 2000 ) .\nhow can the survival of these assets and the untapped knowledge they contain be guaranteed ? first , these collections must be well curated and maintained , which will require a commitment to support and train taxonomists and to maintain modern facilities . second , the benefit of these collections to society must be maximized by stepping up the rate at which this information is entered in databases and made accessible .\nwe would like to thank colin favret , dina fonseca , richard grosberg , penny gullan , scott miller , craig moritz , norman penny , george roderick , ted schultz , david wake , phil ward , and two anonymous reviewers for support and insightful discussion . we would also like to thank chip clark for providing the wonderful images that accompany this article . financial support was provided by the university of california\u2013davis , center for population biology ( n . d . t . ) , and the miller institute for basic research in science ( a . v . s . ) .\ntable 1 . examples of some of the largest entomological collections in the united states , including approximate collection size ( number of processed specimens ) and a yearly estimate of loaned material .\ntable 2 . the number of articles from some leading journals that relied on museums for support and data .\nornithologist roxie laybourne amid the bird collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . photograph : chip clark .\negg collections such as these from the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) have provided insight into the effects of toxin accumulation in the environment ( ratcliffe 1967 , hickey and anderson 1968 ) . photograph : chip clark .\nmuseum collections of small mammals have been used to identify reservoirs of hantavirus ( yates et al . 2002 ) , reconstruct community structure in relation to habitat modification ( pergams and nyberg 2001 ) , and even build a predictive framework for crop pests ( sanchez - cordero and martinez - meyer 2000 ) . photograph : chip clark .\na section of the fish collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . stored specimens such as these have allowed scientists to reconstruct the history of contaminants ( such as mercury ) in our food supply ( e . g . , barber et al . 1972 , miller et al . 1972 ) . photograph : chip clark .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 1641, "summary": [{"text": "the geelvink imperial pigeon ( ducula geelvinkiana ) is a bird in the family columbidae formerly considered conspecific with the spice imperial pigeon ( ducula myristicivora ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to the islands of biak , numfoor and mios num in the indonesian province of papua . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "geelvink imperial pigeon", "paragraphs": ["islands of numfor , biak and mios num , in geelvink bay ( nw new guinea ) .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . geelvink imperial - pigeon ( ducula geelvinkiana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nnot globally threatened . common on islands in geelvink bay . presence on nearby mainland ( see movements ) , whether as a wanderer or , presumably scarce , resident remains to be . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nducula myristicivora and d . geelvinkiana ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as d . myristicivora following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhitherto considered conspecific with d . myristicivora , but differs on account of its lack of black knob on bill ( 3 ) ; lack of pale vinous wash on hindneck ( 2 ) ; yellow iris , based on photographic evidence ( at least 2 ) ; darker grey head , breast and mantle , with dirtier , darker lower underparts ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; greener - glossed vs bluer - glossed rump ( inconstant character ; entire upperparts of geelvinkiana tend to be more strongly green [ ns ] ) ; smaller size ( wing length effect size \u20131 . 636 ; score 1 ) . also closely related to d . rubricera ; a close relationship with d . concinna has also been suggested . monotypic .\n( see taxonomy comments ) but smaller ( wing 227\u2013232 mm , versus 257\u2013260 mm ) . lacks pink on hindcrown , ear - coverts . . .\nadvertising call a medium - pitched , coarse \u201ccrwwooo\u201d repeated incessantly at rate of one per second . . .\noccurs in forest of all types , including secondary and logged areas , from sea - level to 500 m .\nno information available , although presumably exclusively frugivorous , gathering at fruiting trees , usually alone or in pairs .\nprobably mainly resident , but there is at least one mainland record , from hill forests at c . 400 m . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ducula geelvinkiana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 053 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy"]}
{"id": 1643, "summary": [{"text": "bucculatrix solidaginiella is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from florida , louisiana , maine , missouri , new jersey , mississippi and ohio .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11-12.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , marked with pale ocherous to brownish ocherous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish ocherous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on solidago species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they feed in the growing tips of young shoots of their host plant , destroying the terminal bud , but barely boring into the tip of the stem .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "pupation takes place in a white cocoon . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "bucculatrix solidaginiella", "paragraphs": ["most authors recognize just a single large genus , bucculatrix , although two australian species , cryphioxena notosema and the scribbly gum moth ( ogmograptis scribula ) are sometimes placed in this family rather than in elachistidae .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nbucculatricidae or ( bucculatrigidae ) is a family of moths . this small family has representatives in all parts of the world . some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family lyonetiidae .\nadults of this family are easily overlooked , being very small with narrow wings wrapped around the body at rest . when small , the larvae are leaf - miners , forming distinctive brown blotches on leaves . when larger , they usually feed on the leaves externally . many species have specific host plants . the pupal cases have distinctive longitudinal ridges , leading to members of the family commonly being called ribbed cocoon makers .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthe wingspan is about 7 . 5 mm . the forewings are white , sparsely dusted with pale ocherous - tipped scales . the markings are formed by groups of ocherous and black - tipped ocherous scales . the hindwings are silvery , faintly ocherous tinged .\nthe wingspan is 22\u201325 mm . the head is pale yellow - ocherous . the antennae are pale ocherous . the thorax and abdomen are pale yellowish - ocherous . the forewings are light brownish - ocherous , often more or less suffused with whitish - ocherous . the hindwings are gray .\nthe wingspan is about . the head is light yellow - ocherous sprinkled with whitish . the antennae are whitish - ocherous , with a dark fuscous line above . the thorax is brownish - ocherous sprinkled with whitish and the abdomen is whitish - ocherous , faintly streaked with brownish . the forewings are brownish - ocherous , slightly sprinkled with whitish , although the dorsal half is suffused with pale whitish - ocherous from the base to the cleft . the hindwings are ferruginous - fuscous .\nthe wingspan is 7\u20138 mm . the forewings are pale ocherous to dark brownish ocherous , with brilliant silvery marks . the hindwings are pale brownish or reddish ocherous to dark fuscous . adults have been recorded on wing from june to july .\nthe wingspan is 11 - 12 . 5 mm . the forewings are white , marked with pale ocherous to brownish ocherous . the hindwings are brownish ocherous . adults are on wing from april to august .\nthe wingspan is 5\u20136 mm . the forewings are ocherous white with brownish ocherous patches . the hindwings are grey .\nthe wingspan is 6 . 5 mm . the forewings are whitish with a slight ocherous tinge and dusted with scattered brownish ocherous scales . the hindwings are pale greyish , faintly ocherous tinged . adults have been recorded on wing in july .\nthe wingspan is about 9 mm . the forewings are pale straw - colour , the marks formed by ocherous brown - tipped scales . the hindwings are pale greyish ocherous , somewhat irrorated .\nthe wingspan is 14 mm . the forewings are white with ocherous - fuscous . the hindwings are pale brownish ocherous . adults have been recorded on wing in may .\nthe wingspan is 9 . 5\u201312 mm . the forewings are white , with scattered minute brown - tipped pale ocherous scales . the hindwings are white or whitish ocherous ."]}
{"id": 1652, "summary": [{"text": "thalpomys is a genus of south american rodents in the tribe akodontini of family cricetidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "two species are known , both found in the cerrado tropical savanna ecoregion of central brazil .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they are as follows : cerrado mouse ( thalpomys cerradensis ) hairy-eared cerrado mouse ( thalpomys lasiotis )", "topic": 29}], "title": "thalpomys", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkarvakorvahiiru\nto\nthalpomys lasiotis thomas , 1916\n.\nthalpomys lasiotis type specimen belongs to the genus bolomys , the correct name for this species should be t . reinhardti ( bonvicino and marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmarinho filho , j . , bonvicino , c . r . & vieira , e .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , tolerance to some degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .\nthis species occurs in a wide range of habitat , including open grasslands , cerrado , and wet grasslands ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nalthough habitat destruction is occurring , it is not considered a major threat to this species ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nmarinho filho , j . , bonvicino , c . r . & vieira , e . 2017 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern , although the species is not abundant and is patchy within its wide distribution , it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( eisenberg and redford 1999 ) .\nthe species is very difficult to capture in surveys , although it is commonly found in owl pellets ( bonvicino and marinho - filho pers . comm . ) . the species is rare relative to other species in the genus ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nthis rodent occurs in open grasslands areas , in campo cerrado transition zones ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) . its distribution is patchy .\nsome populations are threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nwe thank to the programa de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em ecologia , coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de aperfei\u00e7oamento de pessoal de n\u00edvel superior ( capes ) and the conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient\u00edfico e tecnol\u00f3gico ( cnpq ) for the graduate scholarships to rs and crr ; cnpq also provided a research grant to jmf and undergraduate scholarships to the people who helped in the field : marina de carvalho , leonardo gomes , leonardo henriques , and david cho . we also thank the funda\u00e7\u00e3o de empreendimentos cient\u00edficos e tecnol\u00f3gicos ( finatec ) for the funding and the personnel at \u00e1guas emendadas ecological station for their help with capture licenses .\nalho cjr ( 2005 ) intergradation of habitats on non - volant small mammals in the patchy cerrado landscape . arq museu nac rio janeiro 63 : 41\u201348\nalho cjr , pereira la ( 1985 ) population ecology of a cerrado rodent community in central brazil . rev bras biol 45 : 597\u2013607\nalho cjr , pereira la , paula ac ( 1986 ) patterns of habitat utilization by small mammal populations in cerrado biome of central brazil . mammalia 50 : 447\u2013460 . doi :\n( rodentia , cricetidae ) in an atlantic forest area , santa catarina island , southern brazil . biotemas 22 : 143\u2013151\nlangguth , 1975 ( rodentia , cricetidae ) . mamm chromosom newsl 24 : 176\u2013182\narnason an , schwarz cj ( 1999 ) using popan - 5 to analyse banding data . bird study 46 ( suppl ) : 157\u2013168 . doi :\nbonvicino cr , cerqueira r , soares va ( 1993 ) habitat use by small mammals of upper araguaia river . rev bras biol 56 : 761\u2013767\n) for inventorying small mammals in the cerrado of central brazil . stud neotrop fauna environ 38 : 1\u20135 . doi :\nwaterhouse ( rodentia , sigmodontinae ) from the cerrado of central brazil . rev bras zool 20 : 301\u2013307 . doi :\nburt wh ( 1943 ) territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals . j mammal 24 : 346\u2013352 . doi :\nc\u00e2mara t , murta r ( 2003 ) mam\u00edferos da serra do cip\u00f3 . puc minas , museu de ci\u00eancias naturais , p 129\ncarmignotto ap ( 2005 ) pequenos mam\u00edferos terrestres do bioma cerrado : padr\u00f5es faun\u00edsticos locais e regionais . phd thesis , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo .\ncerqueira r ( 2005 ) fatores ambientais e a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de marsupiais e roedores no leste do brasil . arq museu nacional rio janeiro 63 : 29\u201339\ncolli gr , bastos rp , ara\u00fajo ab ( 2002 ) the character and dynamics of the cerrado herpetofauna . in : oliveira ps , marquis rj ( eds ) the cerrados of brazil . ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna . columbia university press , new york , pp 266\u2013284\nd\u2019\u00e9lia g ( 2003 ) phylogenetics of sigmodontinae ( rodentia , muroidea , cricetidae ) , with special reference to the akodont group , and with additional comments on historical biogeography . cladistics 19 : 307\u2013323\ndietz jm ( 1983 ) notes on the natural history of some small mammals in central brazil . j mammal 64 : 521\u2013523 . doi :\neisenberg jf , redford kh ( 1999 ) mammals of the neotropics . the northern neotropics , the central neotropics ecuador , peru , bolivia , brazil . university of chicago press , chicago\neiten g ( 1972 ) the cerrrado vegetation of brazil . bot rev 38 : 271\u2013292 . doi :\nfernandez fas ( 1995 ) m\u00e9todos para estimativas de par\u00e2metros populacionais por captura , marca\u00e7\u00e3o e recaptura . in : perez - neto pr , valentin jl , fernandez fas ( eds ) oecologia brasiliensis , vol 2 . t\u00f3picos em tratamento de dados biol\u00f3gicos , rio de janeiro , pp 01\u201326\n( rodentia : muridae ) in an amazonian savanna . j trop ecol 11 : 419\u2013428 . doi :\ngaines ms , mcclenaghan lr jr ( 1980 ) dispersal in small mammals . ann rev ecol syst 1 : 163\u2013196 . doi :\n( sigmodontinae , cricetidae ) with description of a new species . j nat hist 24 : 763\u2013783 . doi :\njaksic fm ( 1986 ) predation upon small mammals in shrublands and grasslands of southern south america : ecological correlates and presumable consequences . rev chil hist nat 59 : 201\u2013221\nkrebs cj ( 1999 ) ecological methodology , 2nd edn . addison weasley longman , ny , usa , p 605\nlacher te jr , mares ma , alho cjr ( 1989 ) the structure of a small mammal community in a central brazilian savanna . in : eisenberg jf , redford kh ( eds ) advances in neotropical mammalogy . sandhill crane press , gainesville , pp 137\u2013162\nlidicker wz jr ( 1975 ) the role of dispersal in the demography of small mammals . in : golley f , pretrusewicz k , ryskowski l ( eds ) small mammals : their productivity and population dynamics . cambridge university press , cambridge , pp 104\u2013120\nlima jefw , silva em ( 2008 ) hidrografia . in : fonseca fo ( ed ) \u00e1guas emendadas . seduma , bras\u00edlia , pp 110\u2013116\nmaia jmf , baptista gmm ( 2008 ) clima . in : fonseca fo ( ed ) \u00e1guas emendadas . seduma , bras\u00edlia , pp 101\u2013109\n( rodentia : muridae ) in an amazonian savanna . j trop ecol 11 : 179\u2013188 . doi :\nmares ma , braun jk , gettinger d ( 1989 ) observations on the distributions and ecology of the mammals of the cerrado grasslands of central brazil . ann carnegie mus 58 : 1\u201360\nmarinho - filho js , rodrigues fhg , juarez km ( 2002 ) the cerrado mammals : diversity , ecology , and natural history . in : oliveira ps , marquis rj ( eds ) the cerrados of brazil . ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna . columbia university press , new york , pp 266\u2013284\n( rodentia : cricetidae ) in southern chile . j anim ecol 55 : 281\u2013293 . doi :\nmyers n , mittermeier ra , mittermeier cg , da fonseca gab , kent j ( 2000 ) biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities . nature 403 : 853\u2013858\no\u2019connell m ( 1989 ) population dynamics of neotropical small mammals in seasonal habitats . j mammal 70 : 532\u2013548 . doi :\noliveira - filho at ( 1992 ) floodplain \u201cmurundus\u201d of central brazil : evidence for the termite - origin hypothesis . j trop ecol 8 : 1\u201319\noliveira - filho at , ratter ja ( 2002 ) vegetation physiognomies and woody flora of the cerrado biome . in : oliveira ps , marquis rj ( eds ) the cerrados of brazil . ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna . columbia university press , new york , pp 91\u2013120\n( rodentia , sigmodontinae ) in a grassland among atlantic forest fragments . mamm biol 75 : 270\u2013276 . doi :\nprevitali ma , mauricio l , meserve pl , kelt da , guti\u00e9rrez jr ( 2009 ) population dynamics of two sympatric rodents in a variable environment : rainfall , resource availability , and predation . ecology 90 : 1996\u20132006 . doi :\nredford kh , eisemberg jf ( 1992 ) mammals of the neotropics . the southern cone , vol 2 . university of chicago , chicago , p 429\nribeiro jf , walter bmt ( 1998 ) fitofisionomias do bioma cerrado . in : sano sm , almeida sp ( eds ) cerrado : ambiente e flora . embrapa , bras\u00edlia , pp 89\u2013166\nsantos ral , henriques rpb ( 2010 ) varia\u00e7\u00e3o espacial e influ\u00eancia do habitat na estrutura de comunidades de pequenos mam\u00edferos em \u00e1reas de campo rupestre no distrito federal . biota neotropica 10 : 31\u201338 . doi :\nsilveira l ( 2004 ) ecologia comparada e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da on\u00e7a - pintada ( panthera onca ) e on\u00e7a - parda ( puma concolor ) no cerrado e pantanal . 235 p . phd thesis , universidade de bras\u00edlia , bras\u00edlia\nsimonetti ja ( 1989 ) microhabitat use by small mammals in central chile . oikos 56 : 309\u2013318 . doi :\nvieira mv ( 1997 ) dynamics of a rodent assemblage in a cerrado of southeast brazil . rev bras biol 57 : 99\u2013107\nvieira em , baumgarten lc ( 1995 ) daily activity patterns of small mammals in a cerrado area from central brazil . j trop ecol 11 : 255\u2013262 . doi :\nwhite gc , garrot ra ( 1990 ) analysis of wildlife radio - tracking data . academic , new york , p 383\nwilson de , reeder dm ( eds ) ( 2005 ) mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd edn . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland , p 2142\nwolda h ( 1980 ) seasonality of tropical insects . i . leafhoppers ( homoptera ) in las cumbres , panama . j anim ecol 49 : 277\u2013290\nlangguth , 1975 ( rodentia , cricetidae ) . rev bras gen\u00e9tica 10 : 199\u2013208\nzar jh ( 1999 ) biostatistical analysis , 4th edn . prentice hall , upper saddle river , new jersey , p 663\nribeiro , r . , rocha , c . r . & marinho - filho , j . acta theriol ( 2011 ) 56 : 275 . urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : akodontini . recognized as a genus , as initially diagnosed , by gyldenstolpe ( 1932 ) ; reclassified as a subgenus of akodon by ellerman ( 1941 ) and so observed by cabrera ( 1961 ) , or considered a subjective synonym of bolomys ( reig , 1987 ) . see hershkovitz ( 1990a ) for availability of genus - group name , its differentiating characters from typical akodon , and definition of included species\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( musser and carleton , 2005 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 1657, "summary": [{"text": "trematocara kufferathi is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 6.8 centimetres ( 2.7 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "trematocara kufferathi", "paragraphs": ["mar\u00e9chal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . trematocara . p . 511 - 514 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5708 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , trematos = hole + greek , kara = head , face ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5708 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\npronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake tanganyika where it is thought to be widespread with no major widespread threats identified .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun .\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1659, "summary": [{"text": "angwantibos are the two species of strepsirrhine primates that are classified in the genus arctocebus of the family lorisidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are also known as golden pottos because of their yellow or golden coloration .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "angwantibos live in tropical africa and their range includes nigeria , cameroon north of the democratic republic of congo .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "angwantibos grow to a size of 22 to 30 cm , and have almost no tail at all .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they only weigh up to 0.5 kg .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "their fur is yellow brown to golden in color .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "their snout is more pointed than that of the other lorids and this , along with their round ears , gives it the bear-like appearance that lends them their name in german : b\u00e4renmaki , \" bear lemur \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "solitary , nocturnal and arboreal , they prefer the underbrush and the lower layers of the forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "they spend the day hidden in the leaves .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "like all lorisids they are characterized by slow movements .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "the diet of angwantibos consists predominantly of insects ( mostly caterpillars ) , and occasionally fruits .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "owing to their careful movements and their good sense of smell , they can quietly stalk and close-in on their prey and catch it with a lightning-quick movement .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the males mate with all available females whose territory overlaps with theirs .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "copulation takes place hanging onto a branch .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "gestation lasts 130 days and births are of a single offspring .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the juvenile clasps itself first to the belly of the mother and later she may park her offspring on a branch while she goes searching for food .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "within three to four months the young are weaned , at about six months it leaves its mother , and at an age of eight to ten months it becomes fully mature .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the life expectancy of angwantibos is at most 13 years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "a subplot in gerald durrell 's first book the overloaded ark centres on his attempts to secure an angwantibo for zoological study . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "angwantibo", "paragraphs": ["calabar angwantibo - arctocebus calabarensis the calabar angwantibo is found in cameroon and nigeria . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwhat made you want to look up angwantibo ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - golden angwantibo ( arctocebus aureus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - golden angwantibo ( arctocebus aureus )\ntitle =\narkive species - golden angwantibo ( arctocebus aureus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe golden angwantibo is closely related to the calabar angwantibo , arctocebus calabarensis , and was previously considered a subspecies of the latter . however , it can be distinguished by its smaller size , more slender build and shorter , brighter red - orange fur ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe golden angwantibo is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nthe calabar angwantibo ( arctocebus calabarensis ) , also known as the calabar potto , is a strepsirrhine primate of the family lorisidae . it shares the genus arctocebus with the golden angwantibo ( arctocebus aureus ) . it is closely related to the potto ( perodicticus potto ) and to the various lorises . the calabar angwantibo lives in the rain forests of west africa , particularly in tree - fall zones . in areas where the forest has been cleared , it has been known to live on farmland .\nthe main threat to the golden angwantibo is habitat loss , due to logging and cultivation ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . in addition , although it is thought to be too small and cryptic to face much danger from human hunters ( 4 ) , traps are not selective , meaning the golden angwantibo may be threatened by traps set for other species , particularly in light of its habit of coming down to the ground ( 8 ) . the opening up of previously inaccessible areas for logging may lead to increased hunting pressure ( 9 ) , and there may also be indirect effects of poaching of other species ; for example , forest elephants help create the areas of secondary growth favoured by the golden angwantibo , and the loss of these elephants may therefore reduce golden angwantibo habitat ( 8 ) . the relatively limited distribution of the golden angwantibo makes it more vulnerable to these threats than more widespread species ( 10 ) .\nthe golden angwantibo ( arctocebus aureus ) is a small , nocturnal primate with thick , woolly fur , which , as its name suggests , is golden - red or orange in colour . the underparts are creamy or greyish , and fine guard hairs on the back , shoulders and haunches have crinkled tips , giving the fur a frosted appearance . the head is rounded , with a pointed , narrow muzzle , the ears are small and rounded , and the eyes are large , giving the golden angwantibo excellent night vision ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the golden angwantibo has no tail , and , instead , its extremely powerful grip , made possible by a specialised arrangement of blood vessels in the wrists and ankles , aids it in moving securely through the trees ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . in common with other loridae ( lorises , pottos and angwantibos ) , the golden angwantibo has nails on all digits except for the second digit of each foot , which possesses a \u2018toilet claw\u2019 , used in grooming ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . interestingly , the index finger is reduced to a mere stub ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe golden angwantibo has a widespread but patchy distribution in the tropical forests of west africa , in cameroon , congo , gabon , equatorial guinea , angola and central african republic ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . it occurs south of the sanaga river in cameroon , and east as far as the congo and ubangui rivers in congo ( 7 ) .\n\u2026but much smaller primates called angwantibo s ( arctocebus calabarensis and a . aureus ) live only in the rainforests of west - central africa . they measure 24 cm ( 9 . 5 inches ) long and are yellowish in colour , with a long , thin snout . like the potto , they are tailless , but the third finger as well as the\u2026\nactive mainly at night , the golden angwantibo sleeps by day in thick foliage or in the shelter of tree crevices . it moves through the trees on all fours , using a slow , deliberate , \u2018hand - over - hand\u2019 movement , and crosses between trees by stretching between terminal branches , rather than by leaping or jumping ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . on the ground , the golden angwantibo shows a unique defensive behaviour . if threatened , it stands with limbs rigid , widely spaced and fully extended , and the head tucked into the chest . if touched , it may lunge at the attacker from between the legs , with a quick , slashing bite ( 4 ) . alternatively , when in the trees , it may simply roll into a ball while clinging tightly to a branch ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe golden angwantibo feeds mainly on insects and other invertebrates , particularly caterpillars , which it supplements with fruit ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . it may even rear onto its hind legs and use the hands to catch moths in flight ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the golden angwantibo eats many unpalatable and even poisonous invertebrates ( 4 ) , and is thought to have an unusually slow metabolism which may allow undesirable chemicals to be neutralised in the gut ( 6 ) . although mainly solitary , the golden angwantibo may occasionally meet with other individuals with whom its home range overlaps ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . most communication is through scent ( 4 ) ( 6 ) , particularly through urine marks ( 7 ) . the female gives birth twice a year , to a single infant ( 1 ) , after a gestation of between 131 and 136 days . births may occur at any time of year , but are most often recorded during the wet season ( 7 ) . the infant clings to the female\u2019s belly for the first three to four months , after which it is weaned , and begins to follow the female or ride on her back . individuals become sexually mature at around eight to ten months and may live for up to thirteen years ( 2 ) .\nthe golden angwantibo is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning international trade in the species should be carefully controlled ( 3 ) . it is also protected by law in gabon , and is listed under class b of the african convention , which only allows it to be legally hunted , killed or captured with special authorisation ( 1 ) ( 11 ) . it is presumed to occur in a number of the new national parks in gabon ( 1 ) , and its ability to live in secondary forest may help the golden angwantibo to survive in habitats that have been disturbed by humans ( 2 ) . however , the species is difficult to census thoroughly because of its nocturnal and secretive habits , and it has been understudied in the wild , meaning more research is needed to more fully understand the ecology and social organisation of this poorly known primate ( 10 ) and to better establish its true conservation status ( 1 ) .\nthe golden angwantibo inhabits moist evergreen , lowland forest , preferring areas with fallen trees or young secondary growth . it is generally found in the understorey , below five metres , and may also venture onto the forest floor in search of food . it avoids climbing higher than about 15 metres , where the risk of predation , competition with birds , and exposure to wind and sun is higher , and also avoids climbing larger branches which its small , narrow hands and feet are not suited to grasping ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nauthenticated ( 12 / 10 / 10 ) by dr elizabeth pimley , senior ecologist , worcestershire wildlife consultancy . urltoken\nevergreen forest forest consisting mainly of evergreen trees , which retain leaves all year round . this is in contrast to deciduous trees , which completely lose their leaves for part of the year . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . guard hair in some mammals , long , coarse hairs that protect the softer layer of fur below . home range the area occupied by an animal during routine activities , which is not actively defended . invertebrates animals with no backbone . nocturnal active at night . secondary forest forest that has re - grown after a major disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nnowak , r . m . ( 1991 ) walker\u2019s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london .\nkingdon , j . ( 1997 ) the kingdon field guide to african mammals . academic press , london .\nankel - simons , f . ( 1999 ) primate anatomy : an introduction . academic press , san diego , california .\nmacdonald , d . w . ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .\nblom , a . , alers , m . p . t . , feistner , a . t . c . , barnes , r . f . w . and barnes , k . l . ( 1992 ) primates in gabon - current status and distribution . oryx , 26 ( 4 ) : 223 - 234 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmittermeier , r . a . , rylands , a . b . and wilson d . e . 2013 . handbook of the mammals of the world : volume 3 primates . lynx edicions , barcelona .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its tolerance of some degree of habitat modification and since it persists quite well in secondary degraded forest . however , in eastern nigeria , there is some hunting pressure which if continues unabated may place this species in a higher category of threat .\nthis species is found in western equatorial africa , with a very patchy and localised distribution within the lowland rainforest block between the niger river and the sanaga river in nigeria and cameroon .\na cryptic species that is thought to be locally abundant within its patchy distribution . originally , they were particularly adapted to clearings in the forest and towards the forest edge .\nconfined to areas of very dense , low undergrowth with abundant lianas and vines within the understorey of primary , secondary , and coastal rainforest . this species particularly favours the growth that springs up in clearings , trees falls , and along forest edges . wherever it is already established , small - scale clearances , selective tree - felling , and road - making probably favour this species . in such areas it is likely to become abundant in thickets and patches of dense secondary growth . it feeds mainly on caterpillars ( which are found by smell ) , and also on beetles and fruits . this species is able to produce two young in a year .\nmajor threats are habitat destruction from forestry and clearance for cultivation , as well as some hunting for meat in nigeria . this species will not be affected by low - level habitat disturbance , since it is able to inhabit secondary forests as long as dense undergrowth remains and inter - tree distance are not too great . however , broader clearances ( e . g . those made for plantations , clear - felling , and agriculture ) are likely to eliminate it because of its weak capacity to disperse .\nthis species is listed as class b under the african convention , and under appendix ii of cites . it is known to occur in cross river national park ( nigeria ) and korup national park ( cameroon ) . it probably occurs in a few others in the area , although its presence is not confirmed . further surveys are needed to determine its true conservation status .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : listed as least concern as the species is relatively widespread in central africa , and there are no known major threats resulting in a significant population decline .\nthis species may occur from the sanaga river to the congo river / ubangi river , but with a very localized and patchy distribution . the range limits of this species are poorly known .\nthis cryptic species is considered rare in gabon , where densities of 2 individuals / km\u00b2 were found in dense primary forest and 7 / km\u00b2 in thickets in secondary forest . normal census methods are impossible because it hides its head and eyes at the least disturbance .\nconfined to vine tangles and areas with abundant young ( or slow - growing ) leafy stems in the understorey of moist evergreen , lowland rainforests . large vertical branches are never climbed because the small , narrow hands and feet of this species are adapted only to close around stems less than 6 cm in diameter . this species avoids climbing higher than 15 m ( it mostly lives below 5 m ) due to heightened competition from birds , less consistent insect resources , more exposure to wind , sun , and predators , and fewer thin - branched tangles to shelter in . it frequently descends to the forest floor for fallen fruits and invertebrates . caterpillars of all species are eaten , including hairy and distasteful species that are avoided by other insect - predators . the females give birth to one infant twice per year .\nthis species is too small and cryptic to face much danger from human predation . clear - felling and large - scale clearances are the only major threat to their habitat .\nthis species is protected by law in gabon . it is listed as class b under the african convention , and under appendix ii of cites . it is presumably in a number of the new national parks in gabon . this is a poorly known species in need of further research .\n, are endemic in western equatorial africa , and are found in cameroon , equatorial guinea , nigeria , and zaire .\ncan be found in primary and secondary forests , where it prefers tree fall zones . this species also resides within forestry and agricultural plantations .\nis adapted to undergrowth , foraging within the lower canopy of the forest . it will spend most of its time within 5 m of the ground .\ncan range from 266 to 465 grams . the head - body length ranges from 229 to 305 mm . this species has a reduced , nub - like tail that measures from 4 to 10 cm , along with a reduced index finger . the second digit on each toe is used as a grooming claw .\npelage coloration ranges from orange to yellow to brown on the dorsal side , with white or buff pelage on the ventral side . facial markings include a white stripe above the nose .\nmales mate polygynously , copulating with the females whose home ranges overlap their territories . a female signals to a male that she is ready to mate by suspending herself upside down from a branch . both male and female suspend themselves upside - down from a branch during copulation .\nfemales have an estrous cycle of 36 to 45 days . gestation lasts between 131 and 136 days . they are capable of breeding more than one time per year , although details on interbirth intervals are not available .\nthe breeding season typically begins in the middle of the dry season and lasts until the start of the wet season . because of this , golden pottos can breed more than once per year . golden pottos copulate only at the end of the estrous cycle , when the female is about to ovulate . the female signals to the male that she is ready to mate by suspending herself upside down from a branch . both male and female suspend themselves upside - down from a branch during copulation .\nfemales give birth to a single offspring . the young potto clings to the belly of the mother for about 4 months . young are weaned between three and four months of age , at which time they begin to ride on their mother ' s back . young leave the mother ' s home range around six months of age . they reach sexual maturity around 18 months .\nbreeding season breeding begins in the middle of the dry season and ends at the beginning of the wet season .\nmales are not known to provide parental care in this species . at birth , the young are able to cling to the mother ' s fur , and have their eyes open . they are not able to climb or walk well on their own . the female cares for the young , carrying the infant first on her belly and later on her back . females nurse their offspring for 3 to 4 months , and forage with them in the underbrush for another 2 months . at about 6 months of age , the young disperse .\nin the wild , golden pottos can be expected to live anywhere from 12 to 15 years with an average life expectance of 13 years . when kept in captivity the lifespan of\nmales have home ranges which overlap the home ranges of 2 to 3 females . pottos are solitary animals who forage and sleep alone , although throughout the year , a male makes contact with females resident in his home range .\nthis species moves slowly and is a quadrupedal climber . while climbing , three of a golden potto\u2019s limbs are always grasping for support while swinging from branch to branch . golden pottos are nocturnal and arboreal , sleeping within thick foliage cover . ( nowak , 1999 )\ncommunication in this species has not been well described . vocalizations are recorded . in addition , the visual signal of a female positioning herself for copulation is important in breeding . presumably , as in other prosimians , there is scent marking of territories . tactile communication is important between mother and offspring , as well as between mates .\ngolden pottos are primarily insectivorous , eating mainly insects that are rejected by other insectivores . caterpillars are among the most common insects consumed by\n. other insects consumed include beetles , ants , moths and crickets . before eating a caterpillar , golden pottos will rub the caterpillar in their hands to remove any hair the caterpillar may have . this prevents irritation from defensive hairs on the caterpillars . golden pottos will also eat fruit and gums .\nthis species tends to forage alone within the lower canopy or on the ground within the undergrowth . although golden pottos generally move slowly , they have been observed quickly rearing on their back legs in order to snatch moths from the air .\ndetails on predation of these pottos are not available , although they presumably fall victim to small carnivores , and the standard nocturnal predators of equatorial africa .\nis known to roll up into a ball when threatened , keeping the face under the armpit . if attacked , golden pottos will bite the predator on the snout , not letting go . infants cling to the mother if she appears alarmed . newborns are born with eyes open and can cling to their mothers ' fur or to tree branches . in order to avoid birds of prey , these primates rarely climb higher than 15 m . ( charles - donimique , 1977 )\ngolden pottos help to disperse seeds of the fruit they have eaten by defecation ( nowak , 1999 ) .\ngolden pottos are hunted for their meat by humans ( kingdon , 1997 ) .\nis a cites appendix ii species , which means there are restrictions and guidelines pertaining to the trade and exploitation of this species . this species also faces habitat destruction as the rainforests are cut down for timber and to open up farmland . although these pottos are adapted to secondary vegetation , they are unable to disperse across unforested areas . ( kingdon , 1997 )\ntaryn olson ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nto cite this page : olson , t . 2003 .\narctocebus calabarensis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nprimate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center ( wprc ) library at the university of wisconsin - madison . wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311 , national primate centers program , national center for research resources , the national institutes of health .\ndisclaimer : the wisconsin primate research center provides primate info net as an informational service . we are not responsible for the content of linked sites , nor does inclusion of a link imply endorsement of the views expressed in that content .\nthis entry lacks etymological information . if you are familiar with the origin of this term , please add it to the page per etymology instructions . you can also discuss it at the etymology scriptorium .\nthis page was last edited on 26 may 2017 , at 02 : 11 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\nrecord longevity in captivity belongs to one male specimen that lived for 13 years at london zoo [ 0671 ] . there are unverified reports of animals living nearly 20 years in captivity .\n[ 0036 ] savage et al . ( 2004 ) , the predominance of quarter - power scaling in biology\n[ 0455 ] virginia hayssen et al . ( 1993 ) , asdell ' s patterns of mammalian reproduction : a compendium of species - specific data\n[ 0731 ] zullinger et al . ( 1984 ) , fitting sigmoid equations to mammalian growth curves\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed february 01 , 2010 at urltoken \u2666 2 de magalhaes , j . p . , and costa , j . ( 2009 ) a database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life - history traits . journal of evolutionary biology 22 ( 8 ) : 1770 - 1774 \u2666 3 hamish wilman , jonathan belmaker , jennifer simpson , carolina de la rosa , marcelo m . rivadeneira , and walter jetz . 2014 . eltontraits 1 . 0 : species - level foraging attributes of the world ' s birds and mammals . ecology 95 : 2027\necoregions provided by world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) . wildfinder : online database of species distributions , ver . 01 . 06 wwf wildfinder\nprotected areas provided by biological inventories of the world ' s protected areas in cooperation between the information center for the environment at the university of california , davis and numerous collaborators .\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are 10 species of small primates in this family . lorises are found in asia . pottos and angwantibos are found in africa . lorises , pottos and angwantibos have thick , wooly fur ; short or no tails ; and big , round eyes .\nthe primates in this family live in trees , but unlike other primates , they do not swing or leap from branch to branch . they slowly crawl around on tree branches .\nthey can crawl on the top of a branch , or hang upside down and crawl on the underside of a branch . lorises , pottos , and angwantibos are nocturnal . they spend the day resting in tree hollows or on tree branches . at night the slowly crawl around the tree branches searching for fruit and insects .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .\nbengal slow loris - nycticebus bengalensis the bengal slow loris is found in bangladesh , cambodia , china , india , laos , myanmar , thailand , and vietnam . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbornean slow loris - nycticebus menagensis the bornean slow loris is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , and the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngray slender loris - loris lydekkerianus the gray - slender loris is found in india and sri lanka . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngreater slow loris - nycticebus coucang the greater slow loris is found in indonesia , malaysia , singapore , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngreater slow loris - nycticebus coucang greater slow lorises are covered with short , thick , woolly fur in a variety of colors and patterns . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngreater slow loris - nycticebus coucang the greater slow loris stays motionless for hours . source : los angeles zoo intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngreater slow loris - nycticebus coucang the greater slow loris eats eat snails , insects , lizards , birds , small mammals , and fruit . source : woodlands park zoo intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\njavan slow loris - nycticebus javanicus the javan slow loris is found in indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npotto - perodicticus potto the potto is found in angola , benin , burundi , cameroon , central african republic , congo , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , equatorial guinea , gabon , ghana , guinea , kenya , liberia , nigeria , rwanda , sierra leone , togo , and uganda . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npotto - perodicticus potto pottos have long , slender bodies , large eyes , and small , round ears . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npotto - perodicticus potto pottos leave urine trails along branches to communicate with each other through scent . source : cincinnati zoo intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npygmy slow loris - nycticebus pygmaeus the pygmy slow loris is found in cambodia , laos , and vietnam . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nslender loris - loris tardigradus the slender loris is found in sri lanka . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nslender loris - loris tardigradus the slender loris is nocturnal and lives in trees . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes"]}
{"id": 1674, "summary": [{"text": "abdera is a genus of false darkling beetles , in the family melandryidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains three species , two of which are extinct and were discovered in 2014 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species are : abdera flexuosa abdera hoffeinsorum ( extinct ) abdera rikojotensis ( extinct )", "topic": 29}], "title": "abdera ( beetle )", "paragraphs": ["the flat bark beetle pediacus depressus was last recorded in the area in 1889 and is normally found south of the line between the river severn and the wash . the nationally scarce false darkling beetle abdera quadrifasciata was last reported at dunham in 1867 and is also at the northern limit of its range .\nanother member of false darkling beetle family ( melandryidae ) emerged from inonotus fungus . they are running like crazy . . .\nthere were also two new discoveries for the site from the survey . the nationally scarce darkling beetle pseudocistela ceramboides was the furthest north it ' s ever been found and the nationally scarce hister beetle aeletes atomarius has not previously been recorded in the north west of england .\non july 10 th , 2010 one specimen of the false darkling beetle abdera affinis was found in the forest ' bienwald ' near b\u00fcchelberg by using a light trap . the stenotopic , 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 mm large species develops in fungi , especially in alder bracket ( inonotus radiatus ) . it ' s known to occur from spain over central and northern europe till northern russia , but is missing in southeastern europe . a . affinis is recorded from virtually all federal states of germany , but is rather rare ( rl 2 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n( both in the nominate subgenus ) , 7 spp . in 2 subgenera total\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n17 species of small to medium - sized ( 3 - 16mm ) , oval to elongate - oval beetles , found in association with fungi and fungoid bark , particularly in ancient woodland . generally black or brown in colour , some are brightly coloured or patterned : conopalpus testaceus ( olivier ) has a bright orange pronotum while osphya bipunctata ( fabricius ) have a red and black striped pronotum and legs . all the british species are rare , and all but orchesia undulata kraatz have conservation designations .\nthe tiny insects were last seen in dunham park during the reign of queen victoria .\nhowever following a new survey by the national trust , new species were discovered in the area as well as some of insects last seen in the park at the end of the 19th century .\njohn hooson , national trust nature conservation adviser , said the creatures are often very difficult to find .\nthe techniques most often employed by surveyors is to beat dead branches and look for what drops out - but this relies on beating the right branches at the right time . otherwise traps can be put in place for weeks at a time to catch the beetles .\nmr hooson said :\ndunham is one of the most studied parklands in the uk , making this a very special discovery . these beetles are small and finding so many that haven ' t been seen since queen victoria was on the throne is remarkable and confirms that this is a special place for wildlife .\ndunham park is famous for its veteran trees , which makes the area an ideal location for wood - decay beetles and it has been a popular area for scientists since the 1860s . the park is the fifth richest site for such specialist beetles in the british isles , supporting national and international rarities .\nmr hooson added :\nall species go through periods of relative scarcity or abundance due to a range of factors , such as a sudden abundance of habitat or lack of predators or parasites . it ' s possible that this latest survey coincided with a population peak for these species at dunham \u2013 they ' ve been here all of the time but just hiding away from the countless entomologists that have been looking for them .\nseven rare , scarce and endangered species of fly were also found during the survey . this includes a fungus gnat , scythropochroa quercicola , which is only found at two other sites in britain , and a milichiid ( also known as freeloader flies as they share the prey of spiders ) , madiza britannica , previously recorded at three sites in somerset and cambridgeshire .\nthe false darkling beetles ( melan\u00addryidae ) are oblong to oval , small to medium - sized beetles . the species are found under the bark of old trees and on branches which are overgrown with fungi . some species are also found on flowers . worldwide approx . 1200 species in 100 genera have been described , thereof 32 species from germany .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 1687, "summary": [{"text": "isichthys henryi is a species of freshwater elephantfish in the family mormyridae and the only member of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it occurs in coastal river basins in west africa , ranging as far southeast as the kouilou-niari river .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it reaches a length of about 29 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "isichthys henryi", "paragraphs": ["mormyrus cobitiformis peters ( = isichthys henryi ) tooxlong river , west africa . syntypes zmb 11891 ( 2 ) .\nisichthys henryi is a demersal species . it possesses electroreceptor ' s over the entire head , the dorsal region and some parts of the ventral region ; absent from the side and the caudal peduncle where the electric organ is located . the electric organ discharge ( eod ) rates are of low frequency and sexually dimorphic as to waveform ( m\u00f8ller 1995 ) .\ncentral africa assessment : isichthys henryi is distributed throughout lower guinea , including the cross river of nigeria / cameroon ( kadem toham and teugels 1998 ) , the sanaga , the kribi , the ntem , the ogowe , the ivindo , the coastal streams around mayumba , and in the coastal drainages in congo - brazzaville , including the kouilou . elsewhere it is known from the coastal rivers of guinea , sierra - leone , liberia , and from the niger .\nthis species is known from guinea , sierra leone and liberia , and then from nigeria to the democratic republic of congo . central africa : isichthys henryi is distributed throughout lower guinea , including the cross river of nigeria / cameroon ( kadem toham and teugels 1998 ) , the sanaga , the kribi , the ntem , the ogowe , the ivindo , the coastal streams around mayumba , and in the coastal drainages in congo , including the kouilou . western africa : it is found in west africa from the coastal basins of guinea , sierra leone and liberia , and from ogun as well as from coastal reaches of rivers in western nigeria and the lower niger .\ngreek , isos = equal + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 0 - ? . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 )\nafrica : coastal basins of guinea , sierra leone and liberia ( ref . 81274 ) and the niger basin through cameroon and gabon to the kouilou river basin ( ref . 81635 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 28 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2915 )\npossesses electroreceptors over the entire head , the dorsal region and some parts of the ventral region ; absent from the side and the caudal peduncle where the electric organ is located . electric organ discharge ( eod ) rates are of low frequency and sexually dimorphic as to waveform ( ref . 10011 ) .\nbigorne , r . , 1990 . mormyridae . p . 122 - 184 . in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux saum\u00e2tres d ' afrique de l ' ouest . tome 1 . faune trop . 28 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , and orstom , paris . ( ref . 2915 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00471 - 0 . 01537 ) , b = 2 . 68 ( 2 . 52 - 2 . 84 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 32 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central and western africa .\nthis species is harvested for human consumption , as well as the aquarium trade .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsnoeks , j . , brummett , r . , nicanor , a . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , stiassny , m . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . , smith , k . & allen , d .\njustification : the species is widespread within the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndaget , j . , j . - p . gosse , and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde , eds .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nurltoken offers up - to - date information and background reports about aquaristics , terraristics , vivaristics .\nas known from world ' s famous aqualog and terralog reference books , our goal is to offer a photo and information about the care and breeding of every tropical fish . in close co - operation with the highly renown wholesaler aquarium glaser , we always extend and update our ornamental fish lexicon with new varietys , rarities und imports .\nour blog features many exciting news ; natural habitats as well as respective biotope tanks and aquarium plants will be presented . in additon , we cover topics for experts such as biology , technology and how to breed all kind of species .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ngill , t . n . 1863 . description of a new generic type of mormyroids and note on the arrangement of the genus . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 14 ( 9 ) : 443 - 445 .\nbigorne , r . ( 1990 ) mormyridae . : p . 122 - 184 . in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux saum\u00e2tres d ' afrique de l ' ouest . tome 1 . faune trop . 28 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , and orstom , paris .\ncastelo , r . ( 1994 ) biogeographical considerations of fish diversity in bioko . : biodiversity and conservation 3 : 808 - 827 .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ndaget , j . , j . - p . gosse , and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde , eds . , 1984 : null . check - list of freshwater fishes of africa . vol . 1 . 410 .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k ( 2001 ) \u010desk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivo\u010dich\u016f v . ryby a rybovit\u00ed obratlovci ( pisces ) ii . , nozdrat\u00ed ( sarcopterygii ) , paprskoploutv\u00ed ( actinopterygii ) [ chrupav\u010dit\u00ed ( chondrostei ) , kostnat\u00ed ( neopterygii ) : kostl\u00edni ( semionotiformes ) - bezostn\u00ed ( clupeiformes ) ] . : n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 odd\u011ble\u00ed ) , praha .\niscandari , n . ( 1977 ) a list of the freshwater fishes and some shrimps of sierra leone with their vernacular names in mende , temne and limba . : bull . inst . mar . biol . oceanogr . , fourah bay coll . , univ . sierra leone , 2 ( 1 ) : 54 - 56 .\nkamara , a . b . ( 1977 ) a list of the estuarine and marine fishes and some shellfishes of sierra leone , with their common names in either krio or english . : bull . inst . mar . biol . oceanogr . , fourah bay coll . , univ . sierra leone , 2 ( 1 ) : 47 - 53 .\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ndescription of a new generic type of mormyroids and note on the arrangement of the genus p . 444 .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\nif you respond to an existing comment , please click on the reply link under the corresponding text .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nupload attachment ( allowed file types : jpg , gif , png , maximum file size : 8mb ."]}
{"id": 1717, "summary": [{"text": "ruler ( 1777 \u2013 4 february 1806 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he won three of his five starts , including the two-mile st. leger stakes in 1780 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was bred and owned by william bethell . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "ruler ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["bold ruler is the first horse to have been given radiation therapy for cancer .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for military ruler . military ruler is a gelding born in 2011 september 8 by universal ruler out of general ' s delight\niron ruler was sired by tertian out of the dam bon trio iron ruler was foaled on 01 of august in 1998 .\nvegas ruler was sired by casino prince out of the dam dancer vegas ruler was foaled on 11 of october in 2011 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for universal ruler . universal ruler is a stallion born in 2004 september 3 by scenic out of rulings\ntycoon ruler was sired by last tycoon out of the dam sweet delight tycoon ruler was foaled on 29 of october in 1999 .\nthe training of racehorses , simply expressed , is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run . exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved . a good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and , perhaps more important , enters the horse in suitable races . a trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day , which is the most difficult art of all .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for hard ruler . hard ruler is a filly born in 2014 november 14 by all too hard out of legislature\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for pompeii ruler . pompeii ruler is a gelding born in 2002 october 19 by genuine out of west with night\niron ruler has a 7 % win percentage and 7 % place percentage . iron ruler ' s last race event was at ipswich .\ntycoon ruler has a 16 % win percentage and 34 % place percentage . tycoon ruler ' s last race event was at caulfield .\nvegas ruler has a 9 % win percentage and 41 % place percentage . vegas ruler ' s last race event was at warwick .\nif a horse\u2019s race record is anything to judge his progeny by , you can expect the first of victorian stallion jungle ruler\u2019s yearlings to be as hard as nails .\niron ruler is a 18 year old bay gelding . iron ruler is trained by a a swindley , at doomben and owned by mrs a s clarke & p j ford .\nhorse racing at the galway race course , ballybrit , county galway , connaught ( connacht ) , ireland .\nbold ruler was by claiborne\u2019s epoch - making stallion , nasrullah , and his dam was the classy sprint mare , miss disco , by the great broodmare sire discovery . just short of a championship at 2 , bold ruler was the horse of the year at 3 , topping a formidable crop that included round table , gallant man , and iron liege . at 4 , bold ruler remained near the top and was named champion sprinter , but bowed to round table as horse of the year .\nbruechert is relying on a tried - and - true formula in standing jungle ruler at stud .\nruby ruler has managed to win 1 race in her career so far . on 13th may 2011 at timaru , ruby ruler scored her most significant win to date , getting the money in the\nruby ruler has concluded her racing career , last running on the 6th jul 2012 at ashburton .\nprice said that he ' d been monitoring the gelding closely in the past week and although x - rays had cleared the horse there was an area of swelling on the horse ' s off - front leg that troubled him .\ntycoon ruler is a 17 year old brown horse . tycoon ruler is trained by g marconi , at mornington and owned by ms f marconi , rancho ranch p / l ( g & mrs p marconi ) , c & mrs m marconi , j & mrs l marconi & g & mrs t barclay .\norganizations have long criticized horse racing . activists have sought to expose horse doping , institute a ban on horse whipping by jockeys , limit the number of races a horse ( especially three years old and younger ) can run in a season , and eliminate dirt tracks in favour of safer synthetic surfaces . two notable tragedies in the early 21st century helped propel calls for reform : the shattering of bones in one of kentucky derby champion barbaro\u2019s legs just seconds after the start of the preakness stakes in 2006 ( the horse was euthanized eight months later ) and the death of three horses during production of the tv series\nruler of france made a successful debut in handicap company when landing the nursery at gowran park this afternoon .\nwhen bold ruler died in 1971 , the search began for his successor - for the one throughbred stallion whose bloodlines would most faithfully perpetuate the qualities that made bold ruler the most influential sire in recent racing history .\nmeanwhile sheikh mohammed pledged to\nlock down\ngoldophin ' s moulton paddocks stables and test every horse at its newmarket operation .\nfrance galop is the organization governing french horse racing . the organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities : the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019encouragement et des steeple - chases de france , the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de sport de france , and the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sportive d\u2019encouragement .\njungle ruler will stand at bombora downs stud in 2015 for a fee of $ 2 , 750 inc gst .\niron ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 0 - 6 - 0 - 0 .\ntycoon ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 9 - 1 - 8 .\nvegas ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 3 - 5 - 1 .\npompeii ruler has had 22 starts for eight wins and six placings and more than $ 2 million in prizemoney .\nin france the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen . during the reign of\nthe trainer at the center of a major horse doping scandal has been charged with multiple breaches of the rules by the british horseracing authority .\nknowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory . both four - hitch chariot and mounted ( bareback ) races were held in the\nmaudlin magdalen enjoyed the mile trip in bellewstown once more as she prevailed by half a length from ruler of france .\nruler of the world is from the outstanding sire producing family of a . p . indy & duke of marmalade .\nan improving colt who clearly appreciates a distance of ground , ruler of the world is now unbeaten in three starts .\n\u2026from the late 18th century , horse racing in kentucky has roots as deep as those of the hardy perennial bluegrass that has long nurtured the thoroughbreds raised on the state\u2019s famous horse farms , especially in the lexington area . frontiersman daniel boone was responsible for introducing colonial legislation in 1775 \u201cto\u2026\n\u201cthis horse ( jungle ruler ) is the same . he hated losing , hated horses getting in front of him and i\u2019m already seeing that in his babies in the paddock . whether it be at the feed bin or whatever , they just hate losing . \u201d\nthe news that spring hopeful pompeii ruler was heading to the paddock after fears that the seven - year - old was on the cusp of further leg problems was tempered slightly yesterday when trainer mick price was told the horse was a realistic chance of racing again .\nbold ruler wintered in florida that year , exchanging blows with calumet farm ' s incredibly talented gen . duke , often called the horse time has forgotten . many people believe that gen . duke was the fastest horse ever produced by calumet , and considering some of the other horses produced by the famous farm , the triple crown winners citation and whirlaway to name just two , this is quite a compliment .\na discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in saratoga springs , new york , from the documentary horse power : the national museum of racing .\nsecretariat , sired at the close of bold ruler ' s stud career and certainly his best son as a race horse , was expected to fill the job . but although secretariat has turned out to be a solid sire , his offspring have had only modest success .\nthe current race record for hard ruler is 3 wins from 10 starts with prizemoney of $ 46 , 724 . 00 .\nthe current race record for military ruler is 5 wins from 31 starts with prizemoney of $ 311 , 700 . 00 .\niron ruler\u2019s last race event was at 07 / 02 / 2007 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\niron ruler career form is 2 wins , seconds , thirds from 28 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\ntycoon ruler\u2019s last race event was at 16 / 10 / 2004 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nvegas ruler\u2019s last race event was at 09 / 03 / 2018 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nin 1966 , bold ruler became the first stallion with progeny earnings of over us $ 2 million in a single season .\nafter winning the flamingo stakes , and running second to gen . duke in the florida derby , bold ruler headed to new york . in april , bold ruler won the wood memorial from gallant man , and it was on to churchill downs .\nfrom 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse\u2019s breeding ( and thereby , at least to some degree , its racing qualities ) . in france the\npaddy twomey ' s ruler of france made it three wins from three visits to ballinrobe when making all in the apprentice handicap .\nbold ruler quickly became mrs . gladys phipps favorite horse . she went as far as to have a st . christopher ' s medal braided into his forelock before each race , and she wasn ' t even catholic . when bold ruler won the futurity at belmont , it was not his winning performance that caught the attention of charles hatton , but rather his behavior . as he wrote in the daily racing form :\nas camelot is led away from his box , the horse rears up , his forelegs rising into the air in what appears to be a mating call .\naidan o\u2019brien has indicated ruler of the world will now been given a break , following his fifth place finish in the irish derby .\ntycoon ruler career form is 5 wins , 4 seconds , 2 thirds from 32 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nbold ruler is profiled in chapter 8 of avalyn hunter ' s american classic pedigrees 1914 - 2002 ( 2003 , eclipse press ) .\nseattle slew traces to bold ruler through his sire , bold reasoning , a son of boldnesian , who was a son of bold ruler . bold reasoning won eight of 12 starts . boldnesian and bold reasoning both died early in their careers as stallions . syndicate owns rights\nmongolian warrior and ruler genghis khan created the largest empire in the world , the mongol empire , by destroying individual tribes in northeast asia .\nvegas ruler is a 6 year old bay gelding . vegas ruler is trained by r j hilton , at texas and owned by r hilton , mrs r hilton , mrs d white , s white , mrs m irwin , mrs k belford , k hobbs & j dieckman .\nbold ruler is the 24th book in the thoroughbred legends series from eclipse press . it was written by edward bowen and published in 2005 .\nthe now 11 - year - old horse is certainly stamping his mark on his earliest progeny , with \u2018eight of every 10 yearlings\u2019 sired inheriting his distinctive grey colouring .\nthe use of anabolic steroids is now prohibited at all times for any horse registered as\nin training\nunder the care of a trainer licensed by the bha .\n\u2014involve jumping . this article is confined to thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps . racing on the flat with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged argentina , artemis agrotera , colic , fusaichi pegasus , haras vacacion , haskell , hill ' n ' dale , homeboykris , laminitis , roman ruler , rule , ruler on ice , shuttle stallions by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\nafter the belmont and it ' s resulting layoff , bold ruler ' s wins included a six length romp in the jerome handicap , as well as victories in the queen ' s county handicap and the ben franklin handicap , carrying 133 pounds in one and 136 in the other . in a muddy vosburgh handicap , bold ruler shattered the great sprinter roseben ' s fifty year old track record with his nearest rival ten lengths behind . finally , bold ruler beat both gallant man and round table in the trenton handicap , despite carrying 130 pounds , earning horse of the year honors for the 1957 season .\ni have been involved in british horse racing for 30 years and have deep respect for its traditions and rules . there can be no excuse for any deliberate violation .\ncolourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing , and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century . though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport , their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public - address systems . to this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours ( worn on the jockey\u2019s jacket and helmet cover ) with a regulatory board .\n( 2011\u201312 ) , a drama about horse racing . ( the deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season . ) such events\u2014augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public\u2014contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century .\nafter race at ballinrobe tue , 23rd jun , 2015 ( 1st ) he is a nice horse and jack gave him a good ride . he came well recommended . p twomey\nover the course of his career , roman ruler earned $ 1 . 2 million with five wins from 10 starts . his major victories included the haskell and and g2 dwyer for owner fog city stable and trainer bob baffert . roman ruler began his stallion career at hill \u2018n ' dale in 2006 , shuttling to the southern hemisphere frequently during the offseason . his best offspring in the u . s . include belmont winner ruler on ice , multiple g1 winner artemis agrotera , g1 - winning juvenile homeboykris , and multiple graded stakes winning millionaire rule . overall , roman ruler has sired 50 stakes winners .\nvegas ruler career form is 3 wins , 7 seconds , 4 thirds from 34 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 61 , 906 .\nthis entry was posted in bloodlines archive , bloodstock and tagged aidan o ' brien , ballydoyle , coolmore , dawn approach , epsom derby , galileo , horse racing , investec derby , lane ' s end weekender pedigree , ruler of the world , ryan moore , sadler ' s wells , thoroughbred by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .\nalthough he got several runners , including secretariat , who won at 10 furlongs or more , bold ruler was better known as a sire of precocious 2 - year - olds . his progeny earned a reputation for unsoundness , many being big - bodied horses on fragile legs , driven by that generous bold ruler heart .\nal zarooni , who has admitted using the banned substances in error , faces charges relating to the use of prohibited substances , keeping medication records and conduct\nprejudicial to horse racing\n.\ni can assure the racing public that no horse will run from that yard this season until i have been absolutely assured by my team that the entire yard is completely clean .\n. written by racing historian jim bolus with illustrations and commentary by noted equine artist richard stone reeves , the book was released by the blood - horse , inc . , in 1994 .\nafter race at leopardstown thu , 9th jul , 2015 ( 1st ) i ' m happy with that . conor gave him a good ride and the horse seemed to enjoy it . p twomey\nthe late natal sire , stronghold , has also got off to a strong start with his first crop . the danehill horse has had four winners , to date , from just seven runners .\n' ' raja baba in 1976 and roberto in 1977 had spectacular first years , but nothing like this , ' ' says bill oppenheim , whose statistical analyses of sire trends in racing update , a newsletter , are widely considered the most thorough in the industry . ' ' as a race horse , seattle slew may rate a pound lower than secretariat , but in his speed and brilliance and style slew was bold ruler ' s truest descendant . at this rate , he could be the next bold ruler . ' '\nson of nasrullah beat the talented clem in a fiercely fought suburban handicap . giving away a remarkable twenty five pounds , bold ruler caught the lightly weighted clem at the half mile . at the top of the stretch , bold ruler was ahead by two , but clem made a run on the outside , catching and passing him . bold ruler gamely fought back , when most horses would have quit , and regained the lead in time to earn a trip to the winner ' s circle . after one more win in the monmouth handicap , in which he carried 134 pounds , bold ruler badly injured his fetlock , finishing seventh in the brooklyn handicap .\nmodestly bred and foaled at boorowa\u2019s newhaven park in 2003 , jungle ruler amassed a cult following in his incredible 115 - start career for mornington - trainer peter white .\nthe bold ruler handicap was inaugurated in 1976 . it is currently a grade iii stakes for ages 3 and up run over 7 furlongs on dirt at belmont park .\nbold ruler was blessed with speed and courage that allowed him to succeed despite infirmities , from a tender mouth to chronic arthritis and soreness . during his title year , when he was also voted champion 3 - year - old male , bold ruler set or equaled four track records and was able to stretch his speed to 10 furlongs .\nthe first progeny of jungle ruler hit the ground with a grey thud in september of 2013 , with 49 mares supporting the consistent stallion in his maiden season at stud .\nslewpy has won three of his six starts , including the empire stakes for new york - breds , and may be sent to california to face landaluce in the hollywood futurity . better horse in barn ?\nat stud , bold ruler was even more impressive , siring such champions as speedwell , queen empress , successor , bold hour , bold lad , bold bidder , boldnesian , vitriolic , wajima , what a pleasure , and most importantly the 1973 triple crown winner and two time horse of the year secretariat . he led the american sire ' s list eight times , and seven of the ten kentucky derby winners of the 1970 ' s traced directly to bold ruler in their tail male lines . bull hancock found his offspring to share a unique trait :\non the night of april 6 , 1954 , two foals were born on claiborne farm , one about a half hour after the other . the first was round table , who later earned over a million dollars and was named horse of the year in 1958 . the second was bold ruler , a skinny , accident prone colt who overcame numerous injuries to become a champion himself .\nhorse racing is one of the oldest of all sports , and its basic concept has undergone virtually no change over the centuries . it developed from a primitive contest of speed or stamina between two horses into a spectacle involving large fields of runners , sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment , and immense sums of money , but its essential feature has always been the same : the horse that finishes first is the winner . in the modern era , horse racing developed from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public - entertainment business . by the first decades of the 21st century , however , the sport\u2019s popularity had shrunk considerably .\nglory boy came through in the final half furlong to collar ruler of france and win by half a length in the seven furlong two - year - old maiden at listowel .\nwe will be locking down the moulton paddocks stables with immediate effect , and i have instructed that i want a full round of blood samples , and dope testing done on every single horse on that premises .\n\u2026out of town for the horse races\u2014as they do by the thousands in june for the derby on epsom downs and the royal week at ascot near windsor and in july for the goodwood races in west sussex . \u2026\narguably the world ' s most sought - after stallion , the powerfully built horse takes it all in his stride as he parades in the luxurious surroundings of his irish home at the coolmore stud in county tipperary .\njungle ruler will stand his third season at bombora downs stud in 2015 and bruechert is confident his popular grey can again attract a quality book of mares , despite his unconventional background .\nbold ruler is profiled in chapter 22 of abram hewitt ' s sire lines ( 1977 , the thoroughbred owners and breeders association ; updated and reprinted by eclipse press in 2006 ) .\nduring the next season , bold ruler won the toboggan handicap and the carter handicap , carrying 133 pounds in each , before he met gallant man in the metropolitan mile . bold ruler , giving up five pounds , ran second , and was forced to redeem himself with a five length victory in the stymie handicap . then , in his greatest effort , the brave\nafter race at killarney tue , 12th jul , 2016 ( 1st ) leigh seemed to use his head and gave him a very good ride and the horse seemed to put his head down and try there . p twomey\none major type of thoroughbred horse race is the handicap race , in which the weights horses must carry during a race are adjusted in relation to their age ( the more immature the horse , the less weight it carries ) . in this system , a two - year - old , the youngest racer , competes with less weight to carry than a horse that is three years or older . in general , a horse is reckoned as being fully aged at five years and is handicapped accordingly . there are also sex allowances for fillies , so that they carry slightly lower weights than males . weight penalties or allowances are also provided on the basis of individual horses\u2019 past performance . such handicaps may be set centrally where racing is so controlled or by individual tracks , the goal being to render all horses as nearly equal as possible by establishing what is called racing form . the handicap race thus represents an outright repudiation of the classic concept that the best horse should win . instead , handicaps are assigned with the specific objective of giving all the horses in a race an equal chance of winning .\nhowever , it is appropriate to charge the trainer with breaches of the rules related to medication records and conduct prejudicial to horse racing related to these horses , and therefore the trainer now faces 15 counts of these charges .\nthe bha said there has only been one other case of anabolic steroids being found in a tested horse in recent years , which was when british trainer howard johnson allowed horses to run under the substances in 2008 and 2009 .\nthere has been no shortage of compelling horse racing storylines in recent years but patch could top them all when the one - eyed underdog sets off in the kentucky derby for the first leg of us thoroughbred racing\u2019s triple crown .\nthey love it and every horse here has the ultimate care . they get the best feed , best attention , fantastic stables and facilities , best land in the world to graze on ,\nadds o ' loughlin .\nit has been named champion british owner eight times , including last year , while dubai ruler sheikh mohammed and his family have also taken the title on multiple occasions going back to the 1980s .\n' ' the horse had injury problems in the past after he had troubles with a suspensory ligament , but this time i just thought i ' ll ease him up and send him to the paddock , ' ' he said .\nbold ruler ' s owner , mrs . gladys mills phipps of the wheatley stable , was one of the most successful owners of thoroughbreds in the nation . her horses were trained by the great sunny jim fitzsimmons , who had conditioned the only sire - son triple crown winners , gallant fox and his son omaha , for the belair stud . mrs . phipps kept her stallions and broodmares at claiborne farm , which was owned and run by her close friend bull hancock . bold ruler was by * nasrullah , a european champion at two and a leading sire on both sides of the atlantic . his dam was miss disco , a stakes winning daughter of the leading broodmare sire in america , 1935 horse of the year discovery . in fact , the horse of the year in 1954 was native dancer , who was out of the discovery mare geisha .\nonce the penny dropped ruler of the world showed a good turn of foot to wear down manalapan in the three - year - old maiden and give aidan and joseph o\u2019brien a double at the curragh .\nunlike the bevy of blue - blooded gallopers entering australia\u2019s stallion ranks this season , jungle ruler never won a group 1 race . in fact , he never won a black - type race full stop .\nin the next of the classics it was a different story . at pimlico , bold ruler beat the kentucky derby winner and won the preakness stakes by two lengths . then came the belmont stakes , where gallant man avenged his own derby loss by winning in 2 : 26 3 / 5 . bold ruler ran a game third , and it was later discovered that the effort had strained his heart muscle .\nfederal hill gained the lead at the break , and held it until the top of the stretch , where iron leige took over . federal hill faded to fifth , passed by round table and bold ruler as gallant man moved past iron leige . then came the famous incident in which bill shoemaker misjudged the churchill downs finish line and began to rise in the stirrups . he realized his error instantly , but it was too late . he threw off gallant man ' s momentum just enough for iron leige to nose them out . bold ruler was fourth behind round table , the horse foaled only a half hour before him in the broodmare barn at claiborne .\nwhile he may not have the glamorous cv some of his hunter valley counterparts boast , bruechert said that as a victorian stallion , jungle ruler\u2019s vobis eligibility gave him an edge on his new south wales counterparts .\nemployed by the ruler of dubai ' s prestigious godolphin operation - - sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum - - trainer mahmood al zarooni has been summoned to attend a disciplinary hearing in central london on thursday .\nthere ' s excitement and nerves in the air . o ' brien , whose four derby winners include last year ' s hero ruler of the world , has indicated australia is the best he has trained .\nthe third traditional sport , horse racing , is in many ways the most exciting . young boys and girls race cross - country over various distances up to 20 miles ( 32 km ) , depending on the ages of their mares and geldings . \u2026\nwhen x - rays were taken , it was discovered that bold ruler had been running with a two and a half inch bone splinter lodged in his tendon , and had probably been in a great deal of pain for some time . he had also suffered arthritis , nerve problems , torn back muscles , and a heart problem during his career . when the bone splinter was detected , the game horse was sent back to his birthplace to begin his stud career .\nbold ruler led the american general sire list eight times ( 1963 - 1969 and 1973 ) , more than any other stallion in the 20th century ; he also led the juvenile sire list a record six times .\n. horse racing , both of chariots and of mounted riders , was a well - organized public entertainment in the roman empire . the history of organized racing in other ancient civilizations is not very firmly established . presumably , organized racing began in such countries as\nas you approach the stud from the small nearby town of fethard , the hedges begin to take on a more manicured look . the navy blue branding of the coolmore empire is everywhere - from the staff ' s jackets to the horse lorries and water buckets .\nruler of france showed no ills effects of his defeat at killarney yesterday when winning the the celtic steps the show at killarney racecourse rated race at killarney today , under an enterprising front - running ride from jockey leigh roche .\nconnor king continues to chip away through his claim and the former champion apprentice moved to within seven winners of that 95 winners mark when steering the paddy twomey trained ruler of france to win the leopardstown handicap at leopardstown today .\nonce upon a time there was a brave young prince named bold ruler , who became the greatest stallion of his time . he led the american sire lists for eight years in the 1960s and \u201970s , and his sons and grandsons dominated until new fashion pushed them aside . with the rise of a . p . indy as a sire of sires , this male line has rebounded after four generations , but bold ruler survived in other important ways .\nbold ruler pops up in other prominent spots , too . besides bold reasoning , boldnesian sired canadian leading sire bold ruckus , as well as the dams of smile and skywalker . raja baba got is it true , who sired\nmrs . phipps was out at the gap to get him [ bold ruler ] and lead him down that silly victory lane they had there . and she must have weighed all of ninety pounds , and here is this big young stud horse - and she walked right up to him and held out her hand , and he just settled right down and dropped his head so she could get ahold of the chin strap , and bold ruler just walked like an old cow along that lane and she wasn ' t putting any pressure on him to quiet him down or make him be still . it was one of the most amazing sights i ' ve ever seen . it was incredible to me because anyone else reaching for that horse - and he was hot ! - you ' d have had to snatch him or he ' d throw you off your feet or step all over you . but not with her . for her he was just a real chivalrous prince of a colt . he came back to her and stopped all the monkeyshines , ducked down his head and held out his chin , and here was this little old lady with a big young stud horse on the other end and he was just as gentle as he could be .\nsundridge . he is a full brother to stakes winner nasco and the good steeplechaser independence . bold ruler ' s half sister foolish one ( by tom fool ) is the second dam of 1982 st . leger stakes ( eng -\nbold ruler died of a tumor on june 12 , 1971 , after cancer treatments failed , and was buried near nasrullah and miss disco in the claiborne farm cemetery . his obituary began\nthe king is dead . . .\nbold ruler is one of 205 stallions whose accomplishments at stud are profiled in great thoroughbred sires of the world ( 2006 , the australian bloodhorse review ) , a massive reference work written by jennifer churchill , andrew reichard and byron rogers .\nin which those who bet horses finishing in the first three places share the total amount bet minus a percentage for the management . the pari - mutuel was perfected with the introduction in the 20th century of the totalizator , a machine that mechanically records bets and can provide an almost instant reflection of betting in all pools . it displays the approximate odds to win on each horse and the total amount of wagering on each horse in each of various betting pools . the customary pools are win , place , and show , and there are such specialty wagers as the\nwinning racehorses has always been best expressed as \u201cbreed the best to the best and hope for the best . \u201d the performance of a breeding horse\u2019s progeny is the real test , but , for horses untried at stud , the qualifications are pedigree , racing ability , and physical conformation . what breeders learned early in the history of horse racing is that crossing bloodlines can potentially overcome flaws in horses . if , for example , one breed is known for stamina and another known for speed , interbreeding the two might result in a healthy mix of both qualities in their offspring .\nthe same historical progression was followed for wagers , with the bets in early ( two - horse ) races being simply to win and modern bets being placed on the first three horses ( win , place , and show ) . from private bets , wagering was extended in the 19th century to\n\u2026against children , were replaced by horse races in which fleeter steeds were handicapped , a notion of equality that led eventually to age and weight classes ( though not to height classes ) in many modern sports . although the traditional sport of boxing flourished throughout the 18th century , it was not until 1743\u2026\nstallion groom robert broderick says :\ngalileo is a very quiet horse , he ' s very easy to handle . he ' s very professional in his job - that ' s what makes him so good in my eyes . he ' s just a gentleman to have anything to do with .\nbold ruler was the sixth and last of jockey eddie arcaro ' s record six preakness stakes winners . the others were whirlaway ( 1941 ) , citation ( 1948 ) , hill prince ( 1950 ) , bold ( 1951 ) and nashua ( 1955 ) .\nnow , however , there are indications that bold ruler ' s successor as a sire may have arrived in the form of a great - grandson who brought a bid of only $ 17 , 000 when sold as a yearling in 1975 . outstanding racing career\nit was a case of d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu as ruler of france repeated the front running tactics that carried him to a narrow success at killarney last week when again coming out on the right side of a short - head verdict in the featured urltoken handicap at ballinrobe .\nowner : wheatley stable breeder : wheatley stable winnings : 33 starts : 23 - 4 - 2 , $ 764 , 204 futurity stakes , preakness stakes , bahamas stakes , flamingo stakes , wood memorial , queens county handicap , stymie handicap , carter handicap , suburban handicap , toboggan handicap . u . s . 3 - yr - old champion male ( 1957 ) u . s . horse of the year ( 1957 ) u . s . champion sprint horse ( 1958 ) leading sire in north america ( 1963 - 1969 , 1973 ) u . s . racing hall of fame ( 1973 ) . ( close )\nduring bold ruler ' s first two years of life , he developed a reputation for being accident prone , and bull hancock had such a hard time keeping him in good condition that he was kept in a back paddock so that farm visitors wouldn ' t see him . as a yearling , bold ruler came close to losing his tongue in a barn accident , and as a result , he always had a sensitive mouth . not long after that , he just missed breaking a leg in a tangle with a water trough .\nhe was built similarly to his sire , being a big , leggy horse , standing 16 . 1 hands with a great shoulder , powerful hindquarter , and a distinctive long , sloping hip going down to a straight hind leg . this conformation still appears in the gene pool , especially through the seattle slew line .\na champion horse can earn millions in prize money . but that ' s nothing compared with what it can make at stud . as sea the stars - one of the greatest thoroughbreds of all time - retires at the peak of his career to an irish stud farm , what does the future hold for him ?\njack kennedy had some formidable forces in the saddle in conor hoban and sean corby chasing him down , but the kerry teenager again displayed his strength and skill to get ruler of france home by a head and a neck in the urltoken kateappleby apprentice handicap at ballinrobe .\na . p . indy was a suitable scion to bold ruler , being inbred 4x3 to him through boldnesian and secretariat . secretariat wasn\u2019t such a genetic dud after all , becoming a vastly influential broodmare sire through a . p . indy , storm cat , gone west ,\nso while a . p . indy brings this male line back to prominence , it doesn\u2019t mean that bold ruler\u2019s influence was nearly extinct . his great genes were weaving their way down through the generations , passing on the brilliant speed and gameness that make a true thoroughbred .\nnotable are the horse - racing venues at laurel , bowie , and pimlico , the latter the home of the annual preakness stakes ( may ) . baltimore has a professional baseball team , the orioles , and gridiron football team , the ravens . restaurants present a plethora of cuisines , but the traditional gastronomy of maryland tends to\u2026\ncolor : br ( usa ) breeder / owner : wheatley stable 33 - 23 - 4 - 2 , $ 764 , 204 . won : futurity stakes , preakness stakes , bahamas stakes , flamingo stakes , wood memorial , queens county handicap , stymie handicap , carter handicap , suburban handicap , toboggan handicap . u . s . 3 - yr - old champion male ( 1957 ) , u . s . horse of the year ( 1957 ) , u . s . champion sprint horse ( 1958 ) , leading sire in north america ( 1963 - 1969 , 1973 ) u . s . racing hall of fame ( 1973 ) ( close )\nbold ruler made his first season in 1959 at claiborne alongside nasrullah , who died that may . he was an immediate success , topping the leading sire list first in 1963 , through 1969 , and picking it up again in 1973 when his son secretariat won the triple crown .\nafter a brief fertility scare , secretariat produced a first crop of 28 foals . he got off to a good start when his first crop included the g1 winner dactylographer ( william hill futurity ) . secretariat\u2019s 16 crops included 22 graded winners , including champions risen star ( belmont stakes ) and lady\u2019s secret ( horse of the year ) .\nthe group of three year olds that were aimed at the kentucky derby in 1957 are considered to be one of the most talented group of colts in modern history . they included gallant man , gen . duke , bold ruler , round table , clem , barbizon , and federal hill .\nnamed foals . he was often categorized as a sire of precocious juveniles that did not train on or stay despite siring bold bidder , gamely , lamb chop , secretariat and wajima , all champions at 3 or older and all winners of major races at 1\u00bc miles or more . bold ruler is a\nfusaichi ruler ( usa ) gr / r . c , 2003 { 4 - r } dp = 13 - 4 - 17 - 0 - 0 ( 34 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 88 - 0 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : unraced\nsome of bold ruler ' s other sons , notably bold bidder , raja baba and what a pleasure , have been outstanding sires , but have fallen short of capturing all the brilliance and dominating influence of their father , whose offspring made him the leading sire in the country eight times between 1963 and 1973 .\nyou can pick the bold rulers out on their conformation . i see the same musculature as nasrullah . they all had an extra layer of muscle beside their tail running down to their hocks . it is a good sign when you see it in a bold ruler . it means strength and speed .\nroad ruler ( usa ) gr . h , 2002 { 1 - x } dp = 5 - 8 - 6 - 3 - 2 ( 24 ) di = 2 . 00 cd = 0 . 46 - 15 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 5 shows career earnings : $ 81 , 596\nlegondary ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . m , 1998 { 11 } dp = 10 - 5 - 15 - 0 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 83 - 9 starts , 1 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 5 , 050\nuniversal ruler ( aus ) b . h , 2004 { 3 - i } dp = 6 - 0 - 7 - 5 - 0 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 12 cd = 0 . 39 - 12 starts , 6 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : a $ 306 , 950\nbold ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1954 { 8 - d } dp = 26 - 8 - 8 - 11 - 1 ( 54 ) di = 2 . 38 cd = 0 . 87 - 33 starts , 23 wins , 4 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 764 , 204\nunfortunately , none of these grandsons made a strong mark at stud , and their role was taken over by raise a native\u2019s sons mr . prospector and exclusive native , and others . nothing did more to push bold ruler\u2019s male line out of favor than the stud career of secretariat , which was below his lofty expectations .\nalomas ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1979 { 9 - h } dp = 13 - 10 - 6 - 1 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 6 . 50 cd = 1 . 17 - 13 starts , 7 wins , 4 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 498 , 883\nit is a depressing town in many ways , where stable staff on the minimum wage service horses worth hundreds of thousands for men ( and i suppose a few women ) worth millions , or billions in the case of sheikh mohammed , ruler of dubai . in one sense , he is ruler of newmarket , too , with his vast darley stud farm and clutch of subsidiary studs , stretching across 2 , 000 - plus acres . he has just spent \u00a3600 , 000 on a new cricket pavilion close to the gallops , and his subjects are grateful . without sheikh mo ' s millions , newmarket would be far more bedraggled than it is .\nin 2007 and 2008 , suspensory ligament problems thwarted the stayer from winning the cox plate . pompeii ruler ran third to fields of omagh in the 2006 cox plate and went on to win twice at group 1 level , in the 2007 australian cup , run that year at caulfield , and the 2009 queen elizabeth stakes at randwick .\nroman ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 2002 { 8 - h } dp = 12 - 7 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 4 . 45 cd = 1 . 03 - 10 starts , 5 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 220 , 800\nclassic sire roman ruler died in argentina on monday , reports urltoken . the 15 - year - old from the first crop of fusaichi pegasus developed laminitis after severe colic , and was unable to be saved . the grade 1 haskell winner had stood at haras vacacion in buenos aires since 2015 , resultant of his success as a shuttle stallion in that country .\nthe winner with a dramatic finish was ruler of the world , a half - brother to the international racing star duke of marmalade ( by danehill ) , who won g1 races in england , france , and ireland . he comes from a top - class family made famous at lane ' s end by leading sires a . p . indy and summer squall .\nthe line faded with one major exception . in 1977 boldnesian\u2019s grandson seattle slew , by bold reasoning , won the triple crown and went on to sire greatness . he led the sire list in 1984 , when his son swale won the derby and belmont . in 1992 his son a . p . indy was horse of the year and reigned as leading sire in 2003 and \u201906 . a . p . indy\u2019s top sons and grandsons include\nhat an odd town newmarket is . a town that runs on expensive horseflesh and cheap alcohol . a town of nightclubs and early - morning gallops , with the same very thin men sometimes managing to attend both .\na one - horse town with 3 , 000 horses ,\nas residents like to say . and certainly the only place where i have ever seen , in a bookshop in the high street , a calendar devoted to ferrets .\nas racing became big business , governments entered wagering with offtrack betting , which was very beneficial to racing in australia , new zealand , and france and less so in england and new york city . in the united states , illegal bookmaking offtrack became the province of organized crime . legal offtrack betting parlours proliferated during the late 20th century but were less prevalent in the 21st because of the growth of online gambling and the general decline in horse racing\u2019s popularity .\nhis first crop of offspring are 2 - year - olds this year . only eight of them have raced , but they have earned more than $ 650 , 000 , getting seattle slew off to the richest start of any first - crop sire in thoroughbed history . three of them - landaluce , slewpy and slew o ' gold - have prompted these early comparisons to bold ruler .\nbold ruler stands at the head of one of two three - generation chains of preakness stakes winners in american racing history . after winning the preakness in 1957 , he sired 1973 winner secretariat , who in turn sired 1988 winner risen star . the other such chain begins with 1945 preakness winner polynesian , who sired 1953 winner native dancer , in turn the sire of 1966 winner kauai king .\n7 . contrary to popular myth , catherine died a fairly mundane , uneventful death . given the empress\u2019 shocking reputation , it\u2019s perhaps not surprising that gossip followed her wherever she went , even to the grave . after her death on november 17 , 1796 , her enemies at court began spreading various rumors about catherine\u2019s final days . some claimed that the all - powerful ruler had died while on the toilet . others took their lurid storytelling even further , perpetuating a myth that has endured for centuries : that catherine , whose lustful life was an open secret , had died while engaging in a sex act with an animal , usually believed to be a horse . of course , there is no truth to this rumor . though her enemies would have hoped for a scandalous end , the simple truth is that catherine suffered a stroke and died quietly in her bed the following day ."]}
{"id": 1725, "summary": [{"text": "the texas ( gray ) wolf ( \u2020 canis lupus monstrabilis ) is a possible extinct subspecies of gray wolf , distinct from the texas red wolf ( canis rufus var . \" rufus \" ) , whose range once included southern and western texas and northeastern mexico .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is darker than its more northern cousins , and has a highly arched frontal bone .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "as of 2005 , it is considered a valid subspecies by msw3 , though it is classed as either a synonym of c. l. nubilus or c. l. baileyi by the united states fish and wildlife service . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "texas wolf", "paragraphs": ["get instant insider access to exclusive texas history content and a free texas almanac .\n\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeffamerica\u2019s \u2018other wolf\u2019 was reintroduced to the wild after a last - ditch roundup in texas .\ntexas will have to watch the recovery from afar . wendy connally of tpwd\u2019s wildlife diversity program says the agency considers the red wolf extirpated in texas with no plans for recovery here .\nuploaded on june 15 , 2010 . published by the texas state historical association .\nglynn riley , a government trapper who witnessed the red wolf\u2019s final days in texas , sees something wild and majestic in the red wolf . he is known for saying that \u201ca mountain with a wolf on it stands a little taller . \u201d\nat one time , there were two species of wolves in texas : the southeastern red wolf ( canis rufus ) and the once more widespread gray wolf ( canis lupus ) . the favorite among southwest conservationists is a subspecies of the gray wolf called the mexican gray wolf ( canis lupus baileyi ) .\ntexas was wolf country and the wolf is as much a part of texas natural history as the armadillo . but while armadillos are thriving , the future of the mexican wolf in texas is not secure . in the late 90s , mexican wolves were released into the greater gila area into arizona and eventually new mexico . these wolves have struggled to survive for a variety of reasons - - most of them because of conflict or perceived conflict between humans and wolves .\ncopyright 2018 texas wolfdog project . \u0003all rights reserved . privacy policy\u0003 website design by keystone resources .\nwhat did texas lose when the red wolves were carried away ? some might say good riddance .\nthe texas gray wolf was classified as subspecies canis lupus monstrabilis in 1937 by biologist edward a . goldman . it became extinct just 5 years later in 1942 .\nour guide reminded us several times that the greatest enemy of the wolf is man . wolves have been hunted to extinction in many regions ( including texas ) . the destruction of the wolf population has been a huge conservation issue for decades .\nwolf / wolfdog assistance : if you need assistance with a wolf or wolfdog , see our wolfdog help page . if you are thinking about a wolf or wolfdog as a pet , please read this page .\nreleasing wolves in texas will not be an easier sell than it was in new mexico and arizona . still , there are many reasons why wolves should be released in texas , and especially in big bend country . the first reason is that wolves belong in the lone star state . they are part of the natural heritage of texas , and should be returned to their rightful place .\nstatus though the texas gray wolf is considered by many to be a distinct subspecies , other versions of wolf taxonomy recognized the subspecies as belonging to either canis lupus baileyi or canis lupus nubilus . as stated above , they became extinct just 5 years after first being recognized as a separate subspecies .\nin the canid family , the red wolf seems to suffer from middle child syndrome .\nsome folks in southeast texas still report seeing red wolves or something like them roaming the prairies and marshes of the area . certainly , some red wolf genes would have been passed down through the years so that a little bit of the red wolf still lives on in the coyotes of the bayou country .\nafter the red wolf roundup , a captive breeding program was set up at the point defiance zoo in tacoma , wash . the breeding program was expanded to zoos across the country , and in texas , fossil rim wildlife center in glen rose , the texas zoo in victoria and the fort worth zoo have captive red wolves and participate in the program .\nhabitat it could once be found from southeastern new mexico throughout central texas , all the way down to the mexican border and into louisiana .\noriginally listed as endangered march 11 , 1967 . mexican gray wolf listed as an endangered subspecies april 28 , 1976 . reintroduced population of mexican gray wolf listed as experimental nonessential in portions of az and nm on jan . 12 , 1998 . minnesota population reclassified as threatened march 9 , 1978 . currently extirpated from texas .\nwhy is there a dog at a wolf sanctuary ? evidently once the label \u201cwolf\u201d is slapped onto a canine it can be incredibly difficult to remove , even if it is incorrect .\nso , of course , with less than two weeks left in texas , one of my main missions was to meet some wolves face to face .\ndistribution in texas . the gray wolf formerly ranged over the western two - thirds of the state , but now is extirpated over all of the west , including texas . the last authenticated reports of gray wolves in texas are of two males , the skulls of which were donated to sul ross state university . according to james scuddy , one wolf was shot december 5 , 1970 , on the cathedral mountain ranch , 27 km south of alpine , brewster county . the other was trapped several days before december 28 , 1970 , on the joe neal brown ranch located at about the point where brewster , pecos , and terrell counties meet .\nin south central texas the wolf hunt survives as a living fragment of a wild past . dogs , pickup trucks , campfires and an occasional howl in the desolate night are the background for hunters ' tales of wily predators made even more clever by civilization\nmexican wolves once roamed across west texas , new mexico , arizona and northern mexico . after a century of persecution , poisonings , trapping and a great deal of ignorance , the last wolves were recorded in arizona , new mexico and in texas in 1970 . all three of these remaining mexican lobos were killed .\nevery donation , no matter the size , helps tremendously . to financially support saint francis wolf sanctuary ,\nsaint francis wolf sanctuary is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit charity in montgomery , texas , whose mission is to rescue and provide a loving , exceptional home to non - releasable wolves and wolfdogs , and to educate the public about these animals .\nphoto of captive mexican gray wolf m968 at sevilleta courtesy of the u . s . fish and wildlife service\nin 1962 , an austin college professor named howard mccarley sounded the alarm about the red wolf and its unexpected spiral toward extinction . he pointed out that what people thought were wolves were actually coyotes or wolf - coyote hybrids .\nthe wolf\u2019s howl helped reveal the dire situation . in the mid - 1960s , biologists went in search of the red wolf in places across the southeast where the wolf was thought to live . they drove back roads at night playing taped wolf howls \u2014 a sound the wolves can\u2019t resist answering \u2014 and listened for a response . the choruses of answering howls came from both wolves and coyotes , and they focused in on the howls that were distinctly wolfish .\na mountain without a wolf on it , then , must stand a little shorter , and a state without a wolf , well , will have to settle for the long - faded howls of a misunderstood creature of the night .\nthe injustice of removing wolves with the desire of making this permanent has been a tragedy on many levels . that last wolf wandering across brewster county had to wonder what was happening .\nwhere have all the others gone ?\nit must have wondered . yet that was not the last wolf to die in texas . sul ross state university ( srsu ) in alpine , texas , picked the wolf ( also known as the lobo ) as their mascot as early as 1924 when there still had to be a number of wolves wandering across the borderlands . the first lobo mascot was given to the university in 1925 . it was kept in captivity and appeared at games . history does not record what happened to this individual .\nthe extirpation of the wolf over most of its former range released predator pressure on such big game as deer , which in part created a serious problem of overpopulation of this game animal in several localities in texas . that wolves play a valuable role in the economy of big game animals is frequently overlooked .\nadditionally , many of the wolfdogs who wind up in sanctuaries were once pets . the legality of owning a wolfdog varies from state to state ( and in texas , from county to county ) .\ngray wolf . the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , popularly called the\nloafer\nor the\nlobo ,\nonce flourished in texas but is now practically extinct there . the male of this large , doglike carnivore weighs some 130 pounds and reaches six feet from tail - tip to nose . the gray wolf is an intelligent social animal with powerful jaws and a distinctive mournful howl . its young are born in late winter in litters of five to fourteen , after a sixty - three - day gestation period . the lobo typically dens in a crevice of a rocky bluff ; the rugged eastern edge of the llano estacado afforded a favorite location . the geographical range of the gray wolf was confined to south and west texas , southeast new mexico , and northeast mexico . the lobo , styled the marathon runner of texas fauna , can reach speeds of twenty - two to twenty - eight miles an hour for the first two miles , and thereafter trot at eleven or twelve miles an hour for the next five to eight miles . thus it can outrun its prey in an extended chase .\nthe second and last lobo mascot arrived at srsu in 1966 . reports say this wolf arrived from tucson and was given the name sully . they later discovered that the wolf was a female and was thereafter referred to as miss sully . i remember seeing miss sully in a small cage on the main drive through the campus . the cage had virtually no shelter , and was small and confined . in my eyes , this was a terrible way to treat any animal . miss sully died in 1974 . some coward decided they didn\u2019t even like this one captive wolf in texas and they threw poisoned meat into her cage . no doubt miss sully died a horrible death and the killer was never brought to justice . she deserved better , as did the thousands of wolves in west texas that went before her .\nthe fish and wildlife service con\u00adsiders the red wolf a distinct species , though its taxonomic status isn\u2019t completely clear and debate is ongoing .\nall of us at texas wolfdog project hope to provide current and potential new owners with the information and resources to better care for their wolfdog and / or wolfdogs they may share their life with in the future .\nnot far from the urban sprawl of houston , nestled among rural farms and untouched fields , lies what is known as the best kept secret of montgomery , texas : a safe haven for wolves and wolfdogs alike .\nthe coyote is the trickster in native american lore \u2014 clever and highly adaptable . the gray wolf is a cunning , fearsome creature . the red wolf is \u2026 what , exactly ? the problem was that red wolves had mostly died off before anyone could study them in the wild . the red wolf is somehow considered less \u201cwolfy\u201d than the gray wolf , yet it\u2019s more than just a large coyote . like other wolves , red wolves live in small packs . they feed on rabbits , raccoons and nutria ; they are elusive and generally avoid humans .\nthe wild population now clocks in at 100 to 130 animals , with 175 more in captivity . reintroduction of the red wolf stands as a true conservation triumph \u2014 it was the first predator restored after being declared extinct in the wild and paved the way for future wolf reintroductions .\nall copyrighted materials included within the handbook of texas online are in accordance with title 17 u . s . c . section 107 related to copyright and \u201cfair use\u201d for non - profit educational institutions , which permits the texas state historical association ( tsha ) , to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship , education , and inform the public . the tsha makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law .\nfor generations , wolves have evoked hatred and fear in people . it was government policy to eradicate red wolves until people realized there were hardly any left . passionately persecuted with gun , trap and poison , they almost disappeared . once , red wolves roamed as a top predator across the southeastern u . s . , from florida to texas and as far north as pennsylvania . by the 1960s , through predator control and habitat loss , they were reduced to a sliver of marginal habitat in the bayou country along the gulf coast . in texas , the red wolf had its last stand .\nof course , it isn\u2019t all bleak . while wolves have yet to be reintroduced into the wild in texas , other parts of the united states , such as yellowstone national park , have enjoyed huge successes in their programs .\nthey were dismayed by what they found . the red wolf no longer roamed its familiar territory . the biologists determined that the only red wolves remaining were hemmed in along a stretch of coast in southeastern texas and southwestern louisiana . it seemed to be an unlikely final redoubt for the forest - loving wolf \u2014 coastal prairies and marshes that are a stone\u2019s throw from hous\u00adton , galveston and beaumont , in the shadow of one of the most industrialized areas of the country , an area of rice farms , cattle ranches and oilfields .\nour human woman - chasing wolves come well by their names . the male wolf has an exceptionally strong sex drive , and before his lifetime mate has arrived on the scene , he will sometimes go prospecting among the young ladies of the nearest domestic canine community . in red river county in northeast texas the offspring of one of these clandestine trysts had all the physical characteristics of a wolf but the head of a bulldog . wolves have been known to break into shacks housing female dogs in heat , spend long happy hours under the texas moon and leave their female friends with gaudy , purple memories . earl needham knows a man who mated a wolf with a black and tan , a hound dedicated with every fibre of its being to the slaughter of wolves . the offspring was a house divided .\nhe didn ' t know whether to hunt himself ,\nsays needham ,\nor hunt himself !\na 1970 texas parks and wildlife department survey of red wolves , using a hand - cranked air - raid siren on the back of a pickup to elicit howls , found at least 100 wolves , mainly in jefferson , cham\u00adbers and liberty counties .\nit is this adaptability , this extrasensory survival instinct , that makes the red wolf so formidable a quarry . even when 40 or 50 hounds jump a wolf , the odds remain strongly in the wolf ' s favor .\nsome people say the dogs has the same chance the wolf has ,\nsays needham ,\nbut experience has showed that ' s just not true .\nthe wolves will sometimes relay the dogs . with the pack in hot pursuit , a second wolf will cut across the trail and take the whole pack of hounds with him . after an hour or so at a 15 - to 20 - mile - an - hour pace , the second wolf will hand the pack back to the first wolf , now well rested . after four or five hours of this , the hounds will be so exhausted that they will lose all chance of making a kill . sometimes three or four wolves will separate a hound from the pack and make a kill of their own , first nipping the dog ' s hamstring to immobilize him and then applying the coup to the dog ' s throat .\nsaint francis wolf sanctuary could always use an extra set of helping hands . if you want to help make a difference we have multiple positions available . see our\nthe gray wolf is a close relative of domestic dogs . its thick fur ranges in color from creamy white , reddish - brown , to shades of gray and black . gray wolves are the largest species of wolf and range between 50 - 90 pounds and 4 - 5 feet long . adult males are larger than adult females .\nwolves bark , whimper and growl , too , but it\u2019s the howl that fascinates us . in texas , the red wolf\u2019s howl echoed for the last time across the forests and plains more than 30 years ago , when biologists rounded up the final ragtag group of wolves in a last - ditch effort to save the species . today , the howls of wild red wolves can be heard only on a marshy peninsula of eastern north carolina , where they were reintroduced after being declared extinct in the wild . this past summer i joined about 30 people there for a red wolf \u201chowling safari\u201d and heard their wild call .\nthe hero of this melodrama set to music is , of course , the noble wolf , and no one respects the tawny reddish animal more than earl needham .\nhe is the galliest critter and the smartest critter you ever seen , and it takes a mighty smart hound dog to keep up with him ,\nsays needham , who speaks in a wondrously clear and simple texas twang that would have gladdened the ears of george bernard shaw .\nyou could live on a acre of land with a wolf family for years and years and you ' d never even know they was there .\none reason is that the wolf does not hunt near his den , lest he give away the whereabouts of his defenseless pups . says needham :\nsometimes i ' ll get a call from some rancher that wolves is chewing up his turkeys or his sheep , and will i come out with my hounds and catch him . first thing i do is i don ' t even bother looking for the wolf within three , four miles of that ranch . if a wolf is killing on a ranch , that means his den is nowheres near .\nsaint francis wolf sanctuary is growing thanks to the amazing support of people like you , and will need to relocate by 2019 . for more info and to help , visit our\ngray wolves were once found throughout north america . historically , gray wolves were found over the western 2 / 3 of the state . today , none remain in texas . its status in mexico is unknown , and it may be extirpated ( no longer exists in mexico ) .\nthe saint francis wolf sanctuary is the only facility of its kind in the area , and houses fifteen gorgeous animals ( as of september 2015 ) , all with varying degrees of wolf and dog in them . it\u2019s truly a unique haven for these animals : a place where they are given lives as close as possible to those they would have in the wild .\nit\u2019s been a rough journey for america\u2019s \u201cother wolf , \u201d full of cliffhangers and near - catastrophes . as a species , it has been to the brink of oblivion and back . today , the red wolf is an endangered species success story , though many challenges still stand in the animal\u2019s way . this year marked the 25th anniversary of its reintroduction into the wild .\nin the case of the wolf , a few of the traits they look for include muzzle shape , forehead slope , ear shape , and , of course , that distinctive eye color .\nto understand wolf hunters like needham , one first has to throw out all previous conceptions of hunting . wolf hunting is a visual and an auditory experience , an affair of the senses . no shots are fired , and there is no ridiculous stomping through jungles and forests . mainly , wolf hunters spectate . in the absence of train whistles they drive their pickups to the outback , sound loud police sirens across the night , listen for answering cries from wolves and then release their hounds as close to the wolves as possible , all in the hope of starting a\nrace ,\nthe long run that may take wolf and hounds 100 miles in diminishing circles before the quarry goes down in a frenzy of snapping teeth or , as is more commonly the case , until the wolf gets away . while this is transpiring , the hunters sit alongside their pickups , drinking coffee , telling wolf - and - bull stories and reveling in the cacophony of a pack of hounds hot on the scent .\nthat is the real reason we are here ,\nsays burly earl needham .\nthe sounds and the hounds .\nred wolves , lanky predators native to the southeast , are smaller than gray wolves and larger than coyotes . their coats aren\u2019t truly red but range from tan to black with reddish highlights . in texas , red wolves lived in the eastern part of the state and gray wolves in the west .\ntwo issues , however , continue to plague the red wolf recovery . the coyote continued its eastward march and since the mid - 1990s has taken up residence near the red wolf . the constant crush of coyotes is like that throbbing headache that won\u2019t go away . worried about hybridization , wildlife managers have been sterilizing the coyotes and putting them back as placeholders to keep other coyotes out .\njust take a look at this fabulous video by sustainable human about the long - term influence wolf reintroduction has had on yellowstone . yes , they have actually changed the geography of the park .\nanswer : though all of our animals are fed a balanced raw diet , if that cannot be properly maintained by any potential adopters or owners , texas wolfdog project recommends a high quality , grain free kibble for normal , everyday feeding . some wolfdogs , usually high contents , can be intolerant to certain grains / processed foods .\nour tour guide helped to dispel some common myths about wolves ( myth # 1 : wolves are openly aggressive toward humans ) , as well as provided a brief history lesson , explaining how dogs came to be . he also talked a bit about the modern laws regarding the ownership of wolfdogs , which vary by county in texas .\nneedham ' s own wolf dogs come in all shapes and sizes , for the test of a wolf dog is not his pedigree but whether , when the issue is joined , the hound will tangle willingly with the slashing teeth of a wolf . as needham puts it ,\nsome hunters won ' t use anything but a registered dog ; the pedigree got to be three feet long . but that paper don ' t run that wolf . trial and error is what you use till you got the right dog . i ' ve used all kinds of hounds : walkers , julys , blue ticks , triggs , black and tans , goodmans and what we call ' potlickers , ' mixed breeds . they cost me about $ 150 apiece , and if i get one good dog out of every coupla dozen i buy i figure i ' m lucky .\nafter a dog has learned how to hunt wolves , he must be kept in shape , like any other athlete , and the only way to keep him in shape is to keep him running wolves .\nit ' s like trainin ' a fighter to fight ,\nsays needham .\nyou got to have those dogs hard as arn to catch wolves . so you got to hunt ' em . they won ' t exercise , and if you don ' t hunt ' em for a few weeks they get fat and sloppy and short in the wind .\nthe discerning reader already will have noted a strong similarity between wolf hounds and baseball pitchers , in matters other than appearance . both can function like machines so long as they keep in motion , but as soon as they stop for any appreciable length of time they stiffen up and become useless . fay autry , a county commissioner in east texas , learned this the painful way and is still paying a stiff price in smart remarks by his friends . autry ' s dogs had spent four hours catching a wolf and working it over , and now the animal was presumed dead . autry had roped the wolf and dragged it out of the brush when he noticed that one of his dogs was lagging behind as though injured . he let go of the wolf to administer to the dog , and when he turned around the\ndead\nwolf was gone . not one of the dogs in the pack had deigned to give chase .\nthey were so tired and sore ,\nsaid the rueful autry ,\nthat they wouldn ' t even look for the trail .\nneedham had a similar experience . a wolf , certified dead by a coroner ' s jury of wolf hunters , was pitched over a barbed - wire fence toward needham .\nthat wolf came down on his four feet and took right off into the cedar brush ,\nneedham recalls .\nlucky i had one big old dog left with enough energy to go catch him again . the rest of my hounds had cooled out .\nto any but close friends , these insinuations about the dogliness of a man ' s pack would be fighting words , but these men are old hunting partners , and no blood is drawn . soon the hour , the wind and the temperature are deemed correct , and the hunters file out , load their pickups with hounds and listen to commander in chief earl needham ' s final words of advice , spoken in a pure texas idiom :\ny ' all go to whar you blowed the sireen the other night . carl , you know whar you blowed the other night ? we goin ' up to ernie bee ' s and listen . i ' m just gonna go back in on that hill so if they howl i can turn loose on ' em . and y ' all ' ll know whar we at if we don ' t come down outa there now ?\nin a cloud of exhaust fumes the convoy of dog - carrying trucks takes off into the black texas night , and another wolf hunt is on . till dawn it continues , like a battle , with needham deploying his troops , reassembling his dogs , sending his hunters far up backcountry roads to sound their\nsireens\nand occasionally joining them all around a camp - fire , there to chew some coffee and some fat . observing this frustrating night , when not a wolf is heard or seen but only miles and miles of wolf tracks that might have been made by phantoms , an outsider gets the impression that the prospect of executing a wild animal is just a peg to hang the evening on , a texas way of staying up all night with the boys and getting away with it .\ncharacteristics on average , they had a small to medium build . though they were not quite as small as the mexican wolf . most were of a rather dark color , though some specimens have shown that they were occasionally white .\nanswer : 12 - 18 years , though this can largely depend on the dog breeds in the mix and the wolf content . either way , wolfdog ownership is a serious commitment for several years / the duration of their life .\nthe red wolf program broke new ground again when it started a program called pup fostering , where captive - born pups are placed in dens with wild litters and raised as wild wolves \u2014 an innovation that helped increase the population .\nanswer : there is no simple answer for this because this greatly depends on the individual animal and the amount of wolf that has been inherited . generally speaking , your lower content or animals that express more dog like traits overall will be more easily adaptable to home type living , possibly even being inside full time without any incidents . an animal that has inherited and expresses more wolf like traits , tend to require an owner experienced with these behaviors as well as proper containment and enrichment outside . short , supervised sessions in a \u201cwolf proofed\u201d environment is usually the extent of a higher content wolfdogs inside time due to their nature to investigate with their mouths , despite all attempts to curb this behavior .\npublic outcry for establishing populations of mexican wolves in the american southwest actually began in texas . in the 70s , rick lobello , an employee at big bend , began gathering support for the release of the species in the park . that has yet to happen , but a debt is owed to rick for starting the process . now is the time to do this .\nbut the ultimate offense against the code of the hunt is the dog that gets too smart , the so - called\ncutting dog .\nhe ' ll chase that wolf with the rest of the pack for a while ,\nsays needham ,\ntill he figures out the pattern the wolf ' s runnin ' in . wolves usually run in circles , five or six miles around , and they keep passin ' the same checkpoints over and over again during the race . now this smart dog ' ll dope this out , and he ' ll find a spot where the wolf is crossin ' and lay there waitin ' for him , and when that wolf comes by the dog ' ll take out after him ahead of the pack . now we consider that downright unfair . we try to make the race equal to all the dogs , and this cuttin ' dog is cheatin ' because he ' s not makin ' the whole race . so we get rid of him .\nthe wolf sanctuary itself is not a huge complex . you can see most of the enclosures without moving , if you\u2019re standing in the right spot . as a result , the tour is more heavily geared towards educating visitors and introducing them to the animals .\nwhile all the organizations participating in urltoken share the common goal of recovering the mexican gray wolf , individual groups can , and sometimes do , differ in their approaches to specific issues . \u00a9 2016 - view our privacy policy - contact us : info @ urltoken\nthe ever - adaptable coyote had been increasingly taking over territory from the shattered red wolf . red wolves had lost their foothold so badly that they were interbreeding with coyotes . and in the delirium of disaster , the resulting \u201chybrid swarm\u201d was threatening to overtake the species .\nhabits . the gray wolf inhabits forests , brushlands , or grasslands , preferring broken , open country in which suitable cover and denning sites are available . formerly , wolves occurred commonly in the grassland plains of the buffalo on which they relied for their chief food supply .\npart of the reason it has become so easy to ban or regulate wolfdogs is because there is no usda approved rabies vaccine for wolfdogs crosses in the united states . this is used as leverage against owners to ban , regulate or otherwise deny vet care to many wolfdogs . avoiding the use of the words wolf , hybrid , wolfdog or wolf mix on any paperwork could save your animals life . finding a vet that will provide your wolfdog with all the proper vaccinations ( including rabies ) as well as a legal rabies certificate is extremely important .\neach of the animals comes with its own story . some were brought here from the houston area , while others come from as far away as alaska . each has found a safe , secure home under the attentive care of the volunteers at the saint francis wolf sanctuary .\nwith homo sapiens slowly vanishing from the landscape , wildlife has moved back in . wildcats and gophers abound , blackbirds blot out the sun in flights of tens of thousands , roadrunners and larks and hawks wheel about . the armadillo , once a rare sight , considers the area around flatonia to be his levittown and provides the wolf with a steady staple of diet . sometimes hunters will find as many as 50 vacant armadillo shells around wolf dens . but few men share the wolf ' s enthusiasm for the flavor of the\npoverty pig .\nsays hunter bill stulting :\nwe barbecued a armadiller once , but it was a old one and the longer i chewed it the bigger it got . i threw it away .\non wolf hunts at night one sees armadillos gnawing away at roots in the fields ; they look like miniature knights of yore all dressed for the lists but , unlike knights , they are easily frightened . sometimes their first reaction to danger is a jump straight up in the air , right out of the terrytoons , followed by a 50 - yard dash that would do credit to bob hayes .\nandrew sansom , former tpwd executive director , says he led an effort to get red wolves released on matagorda island in the 1990s . he liked the idea of having the wolf back near its final stronghold , but federal officials , pointing to the threat of coyotes , thought differently .\nthen , he went on to discuss the different phenotypes ( science word of the day ! a phenotype is a fancy word for a physical trait , like eye color ) that help the volunteers determine whether an animal is a wolf , a dog , or a mix of the two .\nit has been argued that the lobo ' s impact on the frontier range was a good one because it reduced the numbers of old , weak , and infirm animals . this view was likely true when the lobo ' s main prey was the buffalo . by the late 1870s , after hide - hunters had reduced the southern buffalo herd to near extinction , stockmen introduced herds of the domestic cow . the lobo ' s role then changed dramatically . the wolf apparently liked the best available cows as well as the sick ones . stockmen complained bitterly . it was not unusual for a rancher to find a prime cow missing ten pounds of flesh from a rear loin . furthermore , the wolf had a reputation for blatant overkill ; once , eight cows were found dead or dying , and evidence suggested that a single wolf had been there . recent books have confirmed that the lobo killed beyond its needs .\nanswer : wolfdogs are any cross of a wolf bred to a dog , a wolfdog bred to another wolfdog or a wolfdog bred to a dog with varying amounts of wolf heritage . the majority of wolfdogs being produced now are from wolfdog to wolfdog pairings . pure wolves are not as common for private ownership breeding in recent years . wolfdogs are purposely bred and sold by breeders in many states across the united states . wolves are not pulled from the wild for stock . most foundation animals have been captive bred and raised for over 40 years , dating back to the fur farms in the 60\u2019s and 70\u2019s .\nanswer : this is also a question that would be dependent on the individual animal\u2019s temperament and experience with children . texas wolfdog project generally advises that wolfdogs should not be in homes with children under 12 . due to the size of most wolfdogs , sometimes heightened drives and resource guarding , placing an animal in an experienced home or one without kids is usually the best option for all parties involved , especially if that animal has never previously been raised around or exposed to younger children .\nat one point , several red wolves got it into their heads that when needham loaded his hunting dogs into his truck and drove off into the night the safest place to be was right there at the camp house , the jumping - off spot .\ni ' d come back from huntin ' all night , without a sign of any wolf , and my dogs ' d be all whupped out , and we ' d find wolf tracks all around the camp house . while we was off huntin ' ' em , them scouns was back there tryin ' to dig under the fence and get the dogs ' dinner .\nearl needham , a middle - aged cattleman from the little cow town of flatonia , texas , is in no immediate peril of being mistaken for a werewolf , though even his best friends would have to admit that there are points of resemblance . at night long strings of empties rattle through flatonia , and when the engineers whistle for the crossing there often is heard an answering call from out on the range . the wolves of texas , after all these years , are still inclined to think of the night trains as brethren , and their answering howls easily could be taken from the sound track of a werewolf movie . no hair grows on earl needham ' s face when these cries are heard across the prairie , but in other respects he is likely to emulate our movie hero . carefully remembering to open the door first , needham rushes into the night , jumps into his pickup truck , drives out to his camp house , assembles his pack of hounds and rides to the hunt .\nwolf hunters can tell exactly what ' s going on during a hunt by the sounds made by their dogs , by what they call the dog ' s\nmouth .\nwe got all kinds ,\nneedham says ,\nand you just have to learn to tell ' em apart , one by one . we got dogs that on a cold trail they may be bawlin ' , wailin ' and squallin ' . then they get on up there close to that wolf and they ' ll begin to chop a little bit , shorter barks . they ' re changin ' their mouth now , and you can tell from this how things are goin ' . course , there ' s different mouth dogs\u2014some of them are squallin ' mouth dogs till they start runnin ' , but a squallin ' mouth dog don ' t usually give as much mouth when he starts to runnin ' a wolf . there ' s chop mouth , coarse mouth , fine mouth , horn mouth that sounds like a horn , and bawlin ' dogs . we got a dog that ' s a goose - mouth dog and another one is a turkey - mouth dog : talk , talk , talk , talk , like a old turkey gobbler . we got dogs with high screamin ' mouths that gives a lot of mouth , very loud , and they scare a wolf and make ' em move out and tire their - selves . when my dogs take out after a wolf , i can tell each dog and what he ' s doing and what his mouth means . you get to know ' em . it ' s just like you listenin ' to a crowd of people and you can recognize different voices .\nwith time running out , the government took desperate and drastic action : it decided to remove the red wolves and put them in captivity with hopes of reintroducing them into the wild someday . despite the hope and intent of the endangered species act , wildlife managers decided to make the red wolf extinct in the wild in order to save it .\nthe gray wolf eats animals ranging from mice to cows and spends around one - third of its time in search of food . it becomes engorged by eating a fifth of its weight at a single meal , then goes three or four days without food . though it usually runs in packs , pioneer texans also noted that the lobo hunts in pairs . the female snaps at a cow ' s nose , while the male watches for an opportunity to dart in and sever the victim ' s hamstring . because the gray wolf often eats its victims alive , one stockman called it the\ncruelest predator .\nin the 1880s in dakota country , theodore roosevelt called it the\nbeast of waste and desolation .\nthe demise of mexican wolves in texas was complete by 1970 . in that year , two were killed in december at separate locations in brewster county where big bend national park is located . under natural conditions , wolves fed on a large variety of animals , with deer making up a large percentage of the total . opportunistically , they will feed on just about anything , including rabbits , squirrels , birds and reptiles . when natural game is scarce , wolves may take livestock , but in a functioning , healthy ecosystem this is the exception , not the rule .\nas if the poor hound dog doesn ' t have enough problems , he is expected to follow a code of ethics as strict and inflexible as the rules for admission to the junior league .\nsilent trailing ,\nfor example , is a major breach of the code . a silent trailer will jump a wolf track and go off in quiet pursuit , single - o , leaving the pack far behind . if he catches up to the wolf , he won ' t be able to make the kill alone and may well pay the supreme penalty for his rashness . the proper behavior for a dog that cuts a wolf ' s trail is to bark bloody murder , thus bringing the whole pack into the chase and improving the odds . the converse of the silent trailer is the dog that begins barking just for the sheer dizzy joy of being out in the country of a pleasant evening .\nwe call this kind of dog a babbler ,\nsays needham .\nhe shoots off his mouth for nothin ' and drags the whole rest of the pack with him .\na smart wolf will run straight for a hole in a barbed - wire fence in the dead of night ; the hounds will come caterwauling up , slam into the barbed wire , then waste time trying to find the hole . in the meantime , the wolf has come back through the fence via another hole . wolves even have learned to run along the highway , a most unnatural place for so wild an animal . the pavement does not hold scent as well as brush , and auto fumes make it hard for the hounds to pick up what little scent there is . wolves will run through herds of cattle , confusing the issue still more , or take a shortcut through a backyard , mixing scents with the local watchdogs .\nin 1973 , congress passed the endan\u00adgered species act , and the red wolf was one of the first animals listed . the first goal was to protect the wolves in their remaining territory , and the government started trapping coyotes to prevent the red wolves from being genetically swamped . the effort didn\u2019t work . the wolves were surrounded by an ever - encroaching sea of coyotes .\nwolf dogs are trained and treated like scholarship athletes at ucla . needham ' s own pack runs from 15 dogs up ; the number is always changing , because hounds are killed by wolves and new dogs are brought in and others die when they get to be about 6 , old age for a working wolf hound . needham has no stomach for training his own dogs ; he has found the necessary techniques too offensive to his own gentle nature .\nthe way they train dogs to fight wolves ,\nhe says ,\nis they ' ll catch coyotes in traps and they ' ll tie the coyotes ' mouths , which is cruel , and i ' ve never been able to do anything like that in my life . then they ' ll turn the coyote loose and let the young dogs catch him and kill him . when the dogs learn how to do that , they ' ll let one coyote go without his mouth being tied , and then the dogs ' ll learn a little more . they get some of those hounds so highly trained they ' ll tear through a screened wire so they can get at a wolf .\n\u201cred wolves , which are big - eared and short - coated , slender , spindly , stilt - legged for coursing through the southern marshes or under tall forests , have always impressed observers as being rather rudimentary and unemphatic for wolves , \u201d writes edward hoagland in his essay \u201clament of the red wolf . \u201d \u201cbehaviorally they resemble gray wolves ; ecologically they are more like coyotes . \u201d\nthese wolfdogs are sold as pets to individuals who do not have a full understanding of what they are getting themselves into . often , the owners realize very quickly that wolfdogs do not make ideal pets . they have the wary instincts of a wolf , dislike feeling trapped indoors , and may not easily trust humans . as a result , they are often abandoned , through no fault of their own .\nseriously , there aren\u2019t words to express the beauty of these animals . she made three whole passes , and seemed to love having her back scratched \u2014 her leg even motored a little , like my pups at home . it was definitely possible to see her more wolf - like traits , though . her long , athletic legs , narrow chest , and those yellow - tinted eyes are a dead giveaway .\n\u201cit seems like you\u2019re going backward , \u201d says david rabon , coordinator of the red wolf recovery program for the u . s . fish and wildlife service . \u201cyou\u2019re given this new piece of legislation to go out there and save the planet , save these species . and one of the first things you do is go : \u2018we\u2019ll extirpate them in the wild . \u2019\u201d but , he added , it was the right thing to do .\nsoon the excuse may be gone . civilization , that implacable enemy of hunter and hunted alike , is approaching flatonia ; a freeway is inching across from san antonio to houston , and earl needham reckons that it will pass\nright behind my dog pen .\nnothing would kill wolf hunting faster than an uncrossable modern turnpike . earl talked to the authorities about this encroachment on his constitutional right to foray all over the country in search of the red wolf ,\nand i told them they ' re agonna have to build them a underpass for my dogs to run .\nthen , with the look of a stubborn old texan digging in for a long range war , needham added :\nyes sir , that ' s all they are to it !\nwith his code of ethics , his faithful hound dogs and his chili pateens all going for him , needham would seem to be the favorite .\nalso like major league pitchers , wolf hounds are expected to perform as specialists , not as all - round stars . their job is to find , chase and kill wolves , and nothing else but wolves . and if their attention wanders off to other forms of wildlife , they are sent back to the minors . to chase anything but wolves is called\ntrashing ,\nand a dog that\ntrashes\nis subjected to stiff punishment .\na lot of hunters will whup the whey out of a dog that trashes ,\nsays needham ,\nand i ' ve even known ' em to shoot their own dogs in the tail with a light load of no . 7 shot from a . 410 . it ' s like a sharp spray , but the noise scares ' em , and pretty soon they learn that they ' re gonna get hurt if they open on anything but a wolf trail ."]}
{"id": 1728, "summary": [{"text": "kikihia is a genus of cicada in the family cicadidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "most species contained in the genus are endemic to new zealand , with a single australian species ( k. convicta ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was established in 1972 by dugdale with eleven species formerly classed within the genus cicadetta . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "kikihia", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for kikihia yet . learn how to contribute .\nkikihia subalpina is a small new zealand endemic cicada ( body length : . . .\nno one has contributed data records for kikihia angusta yet . learn how to contribute .\nnew zealand cicadas ( troutbum . co . nz ) large photos of kikihia and amphipsalta .\nkathy hill added text to\ntext\non\nkikihia subalpina ( hudson 1891 )\n.\nkikihia peninsularis voucher 01 . mc . bpt . 11 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence\nkikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . sd . cul . 02 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence\nkikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence\nkikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit ii ( coii ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nkikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit ii ( coii ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nkikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nkikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nthe cicada genus kikihia dugdale ( hemiptera , homoptera ) : the new zealand green foliage cicadas . national museum of new zealand\nnotes : \u201cx\u201d indicates crosses for which intermediate song phenotypes have been observed and recorded . kikihia species for which putative hybrids have not yet been identified are not included in the table . boxes shaded in gray indicate taxa within the kikihia muta species complex .\nkikihia scutellaris voucher 97 . to . ope . 60 _ scu elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia cauta voucher 94 . wn . haw . 72 _ cau elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia horologium voucher 11 . mc . car . 01 _ hor elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia scutellaris voucher 07 . ri . ran . 01 _ scu elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia cauta voucher 06 . nd . kau . 01 _ cau elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia paxillulae voucher 06 . nc . loe . 01 _ pax elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nmarie - claude lariviere added an association between\nidentification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae )\nand\nkikihia\n.\nkikihia ( dugdale ) ( hemiptera , homoptera ) . part 1 . the new zealand green foliage cicadas . natl . mus . n . z . rec\nkikihia sp . ' westlandica south ' voucher 02 . nc . apv . 01 _ wes elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\ncases of putative song hybrids in the genus kikihia ( e . g . , see fig . 3 ) observed at locations of geographic contact or overlap between the proposed parental species\nthere\u2019s a new paper from sarah e . banker , elizabeth j . wade , and chris simon titled \u201cthe confounding effects of hybridization on phylogenetic estimation in the new zealand cicada genus kikihia\u201d .\nsecond , there\u2019s cicada central\u2019s new zealand cicada website , which features an electronic field guide of new zealand cicada species , a specimen database , and a photo gallery featuring kikihia , amphipsaltas and maoricicada .\nkikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 trna - asp gene , partial sequence ; atp synthetase subunit 8 gene , complete cds ; and atp synthetase subunit 6 gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nkikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 trna - asp gene , partial sequence ; atp synthetase subunit 8 gene , complete cds ; and atp synthetase subunit 6 gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nsarah e . banker , elizabeth j . wade , chris simon , the confounding effects of hybridization on phylogenetic estimation in the new zealand cicada genus kikihia , molecular phylogenetics and evolution , volume 116 , november 2017 , pages 172 - 181 , issn 1055 - 7903 , urltoken urltoken\ndavid c . marshall , kathy b . r . hill , john r . cooley , chris simon ; hybridization , mitochondrial dna phylogeography , and prediction of the early stages of reproductive isolation : lessons from new zealand cicadas ( genus kikihia ) , systematic biology , volume 60 , issue 4 , 1 july 2011 , pages 482\u2013502 , urltoken\nhaplotypes representing individuals from three other kikihia species ( or putative species ) nested within sections of the k . muta tree . specifically , one k . paxillulae sequence was found within the t1 clade , the k . longula ( chatham is . ) haplotype grouped with the ae1 clade ( fig . 2a ) , and both tasmani sequences grouped with the wn1 clade ( fig . 2b ) .\na ) chronogram of kikihia ingroup phylogeny with kikihia muta complex haplotypes included ( indicated by gray bars ) . order of taxa is the same as the phylogram in figure 2 . b ) ltt plot for chronogram in a . dotted line highlights apparent recent shift in the rate of lineage splitting expected to correspond to the transition from between - to within - species coalescence patterns ( see methods section ) . this shift corresponds to lineages that diverged during the middle pleistocene ( ca . 1 ma ) according to the divergence time analysis of marshall et al . ( 2008 ) . black stars indicate splits that correlate with species - specific song differences . text discusses evidence that all splits younger than the recent diversification rate shift that correlate with song differences are due to hybridization and mtdna introgression .\nthree of the six loci were found to violate the hwe in no more than 2 of the 15 populations tested . heterozygote deficiency increases due to factors such as inbreeding , population stratification , null alleles , and genotyping errors . it is not surprising that species of kikihia display high levels of inbreeding or population stratification since field observations suggest low dispersal rates . however , these were not explicitly tested here .\nthe large number of potential hybrid zones between multiple species of kikihia makes this genus uniquely suited for the study of hybrid zones . many of these potential hybrid zones are between nonsister species that vary in their divergence times from less than 1 million years to more than 3 million years ( marshall et al . 2008 , 2011 ) . the markers developed in this study will be useful for investigations of the evolutionary past and future of this interesting species radiation .\ncurrent taxonomy and putative species diagnosed by dna - based methods ( see text ) contrasted with putative species diagnosed by male song characters . letter plus number codes refer to mtdna clades shown in figure 2 . type locality information suggests that mtdna clade m1 corresponds to true kikihia muta . gmyc analysis of mtdna branching - rate patterns ( monaghan et al . 2009 ) . statistical parsimony = method of templeton et al . ( 1992 ) with a 95 % reconnection limit .\nnotes : ml ( gtr + i + \u03b3 ) pairwise distances ( substitutions / site ) from the partitioned garli analysis are below the diagonal and p distances ( uncorrected pairwise percentage / 100 ) are above . cells in gray correspond to comparisons of clades with the same song phenotype predominating . outlined cells indicate contrasts for which haplotypes were excluded due to hybridization in contact zones . note that the wn1 , wn2 , and ws clades are only distantly related to the remaining k . muta complex clades in the kikihia mtdna tree ( fig . 1 ) .\nml ( fig . 2 ) analysis of the extended kikihia mtdna data set yielded a tree that differed from the previous results of marshall et al . ( 2008 ) mainly at deeper poorly supported nodes joining major species groups . these deeper level relationships were estimated in marshall et al . ( 2008 ) with a combined nuclear plus mtdna genetic data set and they are not considered further here . the likelihood score of the final ml tree , shown in figure 2 , was \u2212 8501 . 614 , and the total tree length was 1 . 380 substitutions / site ( s / s ) . the estimated substitution model and relative rate parameters are shown in table 2 .\nrecent studies ( e . g . , monaghan et al . 2005 , hart and sunday 2007 ) have applied statistical parsimony using the program tcs ( clement et al . 2000 ) , usually under default settings , as a means to identify candidate taxa . for comparison purposes , we analyzed the complete data set ( k . muta group unique haplotypes plus single exemplars for other kikihia species ) each using tcs version 1 . 2 . 1 under the default ( 95 % ) reconnection limit . statistical parsimony ( templeton et al . 1992 ) uses maximum parsimony to join haplotypes into an unrooted network until the chosen limit of confidence is exceeded ( \u201cparsimony connection limit\u201d ) , depending on sequence length and variability .\na total of 1467 bases were amplified from most of the k . muta complex specimens , 789 from coi and 678 from coii ; 107 unique mitochondrial haplotypes were observed in the concatenated k . muta complex data set and 209 parsimony - informative sites were found across the entire data set ( including the other kikihia taxa and outgroups ) . the alignment was unambiguous and contained no gaps . the tests of homogeneity of base frequencies were nonsignificant in all four tests ( p = 1 ) . gard tests on the two halves of the data set found no evidence of recombination . genbank accession numbers are given in table 1 , and the data matrix has been deposited with treebase at the following address : urltoken : s11130 .\nexamples of putative hybrid songs observed in contact zone sites , with the two proposed parental species . a ) aotea west ( upper song ) , aotea east ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . b ) kikihia muta ( upper song ) , nelsonensis ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . arrows and brackets in a and b highlight characters showing intermediate states and combinations . c ) nelsonensis ( upper song ) , tuta ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . note that tuta lacks an introductory section . the introductory section of the putative hybrid combines qualities of the nelsonensis introduction and the two - part song cue of tuta , and the putative hybrid produces the two - part cue of tuta inconsistently .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarivi\u00e8re m - c , larochelle a 2013 - 2015 . identification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae ) .\neach factsheet includes more than one species , i . e . species that are most closely similar morphologically but not necessarily closely related phylogenetically ( not necessarily descendants from a single immediate ancestor ) . the geographic areas listed in the range of each species follow crosby\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 - present : m - c larivi\u00e8re , a larochelle , and landcare research new zealand ltd .\nphylogenetic signal and pattern differ dramatically among nuclear genes but always weak on south island .\nthree nuclear species trees support major north island but not south island mitochondrial clades .\nfirst , there\u2019s the new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide which features photographs and extensive information about the cicadas of new zealand . the site has an abundance of information , and a wonderful design & layout .\ni asked david marshall of urltoken , \u201cwhen does new zealand cicada season start and end ? \u201d his answer essentially is that it depends on the location , elevation and species , but the best months are between december and april . interestingly , in certain locations k . muta sing every month of the year .\ndavid also mentioned the amphipsalta zelandica ( feb - march ) which calls using wing - clicks ! here is a video .\nread the downloadable article chorus cicada , amphipsalta zelandica ( boisduval ) , males calling with only wing - clicks by kathy b . r . hill , the weta ( 2012 ) 43 ( 1 ) : 15\u201320 , for more information .\nupdate : here\u2019s some google trends data . more people search for cicada & cicadas in february in new zealand .\nurltoken is an excellent source of cicada photos , and it is where i go for cicada photos from new zealand . this is a sample of the cicada photos you will find on urltoken .\nphoto by sid mosdell . auckland new zealand . cc by 2 . 0 .\nphoto by nuytsia @ tas . punakaiki , paporoa national park , new zealand . cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 .\nphoto by rosino . auckland , new zealand . cc by - sa 2 . 0 .\nphoto by aliceskr . new zealand . cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 .\nphotos by jon sullivan . auckland , new zealand . cc by - nc 2 . 0 .\nphoto by jon sullivan . auckland , new zealand . cc by - nc 2 . 0 .\nvisit new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide for in - depth information about the cicadas of new zealand .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 cicada mania - 22 years of providing cicada information and fun on the web ! all content on urltoken is owned and copyrighted by the content ' s creator . site map | terms & conditions , privacy policy , and help\nflies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes\ninsects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) ( brown shield bug ) ( dictyotus caenosus ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) ( brown marmorated stink bug ) ( halyomorpha halys ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) ( brown soldier bug ) ( cermatulus nasalis ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) schellenberg ' s soldier bug ( oechalia schellenbergii ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) ( yellow spotted stink bug ) ( erthesina fullo ) .\nbug ( shield bug 5th instar ( brown shield bug ) ( dictyotus caenosus ) .\nreptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .\nthe adult male cicada possesses two ribbed membranes called tymbals , one on each side of its first abdominal segment . by contracting the tymbal muscle , the cicada buckles the membrane inward , producing a loud click . as the membrane snaps back , it clicks again . the two tymbals click alternately . air sacs in the hollow abdominal cavity amplify the clicking sounds . the vibration travels through the body to the tympani , which amplify the sound further .\n\u00a9 copyright 2008 - 2018 - t . e . r : r . a . i . n . all rights reserved . last update : 11 - apr - 18 . site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\ndb = nuccore | term = % 22kikihia % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 38 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 268768777 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531167446 _ 863710040 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nmarie - claude lariviere added an association between\nidentification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae )\nand\nnotopsalta\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n1 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of connecticut , 75 north eagleville rd . , ct 06269\n2 corresponding author , e - mail : ude . nnocu @ edaw . htebazile\ncopyright \u00a9 the author 2015 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the entomological society of america .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) , which permits non - commercial re - use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken\nphylogenetic and phylogeographic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences have provided insight into the evolutionary history of the genus ( arensburger et al . 2004a , b ; marshall et al . 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ) . extensive field study and molecular investigation into this genus identified 20 contact zones between different species that are possible sites of hybridization ( marshall et al . 2011 ) . individuals found in these proposed hybrid zones possess morphological and acoustic traits that are intermediate between parental species found away from the hybrid zones . although species in the genus are estimated to have diverged more than 6 million years ago , hybridization seems confined to species that diverged 2 million years ago or less ( marshall et al . 2008 ) .\ncicada specimens were identified in the field based on morphology and song traits . taxonomic descriptions are pending for many\nspecies as denoted by informal names in quotes . populations located as far from putative hybrid zones as possible were chosen as species - typical or \u201cparental\u201d populations . subsequently , 24\u201336 individuals per species from 1 to 5 largely species - typical populations were investigated to test these new microsatellite markers (\n) . whole body specimens were placed in 95 % ethanol or three legs were removed and stored in 95 % ethanol and the bodies were pinned . all ethanol specimens are stored at \u221220\u00b0c .\n2 . 5 km n . of opawa river on sh1 , s . of grovestown\nspecies nw , k . \u201cnorthwestlandica\u201d ; sw , k . \u201csouthwestlandica\u201d ; mur , k . \u201cmurihikua\u201d ; muta , k . muta , k . \u201cnelsonensis , \u201d k . \u201ctuta , \u201d k . angusta ; n , number of specimens per population ; site code , the first two letters represent new zealand district codes and the last three letters are unique collecting location codes ; lat , latitude ; long , longitude ; e , elevation in meters\n) . pcr amplifications were performed in 15 \u00b5l reactions containing 0 . 4 u\npopulations for the six described primer pairs were multiplex amplified using the qiagen type - it microsatellite pcr kit according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions ( qiagen , boston , ma ) , including an annealing temperature of 57\u00b0c for all multiplexed pcrs .\nf , forward primer sequence ; r , reverse primer sequence ; label , fluorescent label on 5\u2019 - end of forward primer ; s a , amplicon size range ; mm , multiplex mix ; n a , total number of alleles .\ngenemarker v2 . 2 . 0 ( softgenetics , llc , kalamazoo , mi ) was used to visualize and score alleles .\nfiles were converted between different formats using convert v1 . 31 ( glaubitz 2004 ) . arlequin v3 . 5 . 1 . 2 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) was used to assess the number of alleles per locus , the allele frequencies , and expected and observed heterozygosity . deviations from hardy\u2013weinberg equilibrium ( hwe ) for each locus in each population were tested with genepop v4 . 2 . 1 ( rousset 2008 ) using the markov chain method . microchecker v2 . 2 . 3 ( van oosterhout et al . 2004 ) was used to test for the presence of null alleles and large allele dropout . microsatellite neutrality was tested using the fst - outlier method implemented in lositan ( beaumont and nichols 1996 , antao et al . 2008 ) . lositan was run for 100 simulations using the neutral mean fst and force mean fst settings for a 0 . 99 confidence interval and infinite alleles model .\n. only one marker , a553 , showed stutter patterns that made scoring of some individuals difficult . the largest peak was used , and individuals that were ambiguous because of stutter were marked as missing data . the other five markers had minimal stuttering that did not influence peak calling . the number of alleles per locus varied from 14 to 47 in a total of 213 individuals from seven species .\nn a , number of alleles ; n p , number of private alleles ; h o , observed heterozygosity ; h e , expected heterozygosity ; x , missing data . h e cells colored gray represent loci that violate hwe .\nantao t . , lopes a . , lopes r . j . , beja - pereira a . , luikart g . 2008 .\nlist of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part 1 , british museum ( natural history ) , london\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nin this paper , we examine a related question\u2014the degree to which clades identified using mtdna exhibit divergence in phenotypic traits functionally connected to reproductive isolation , a central process for many species concepts . in one of the few studies directly addressing this question , monaghan et al . ( 2006 ) found that morphological species of rivacindela beetles diagnosed using male genitalic traits were only loosely correlated with a classification obtained by dna barcoding and that several morphological species were incongruent with the mtdna phylogeny . pons et al . ( 2006 ) also compared results from dna taxonomy ( based on analysis of branch length patterns ) in beetles to results obtained from morphological analyses that included genitalia , and their results suggest that mtdna - based barcoding may be conservative compared with morphology - based methods . in a related analysis , hickerson et al . ( their fig . 5 2006 ) summarized a range of empirical studies and found that pairwise mtdna genetic distances were poor predictors of the degree of reproductive isolation .\nwhen mate - attracting signals can be easily measured ( mainly acoustic , vibratory , visual\u2014and typically of males ) , the characters comprising these signals often distinguish closest relatives more effectively than do genitalia or other morphological attributes , an observation that may be related to ( 1 ) greater evolutionary lability of behavioral traits and ( 2 ) the fact that sexual signals function earlier in the mating sequence ( alexander 1964 , alexander et al . 1997 ) . these qualities make sexual pair - forming signals attractive as taxonomic indicators and potentially useful for examining the correspondence of mtdna phylogeography with early stages of phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation ( e . g . , salzburger et al . 2002 ) .\nphylogenetic analysis was conducted using maximum likelihood ( ml ) because of the need for good branch - length estimates . maximum parsimony methods do not correct for multiple hits , and branch lengths in bayesian likelihood\u2013based analyses can be strongly affected by choices of prior probability distributions ( e . g . , marshall et al . 2006 , brown 2010 , marshall 2010 ) . we used garli - part version 0 . 97 ( see zwickl 2006 ) to obtain our phylogenetic tree . garli - part allows data partitioning , which has been shown to lead to improvements in phylogenetic inference in bayesian likelihood - based analyses ( e . g . , nylander et al . 2004 , brown and lemmon 2007 ) as well as in genetic distance estimates ( papadopoulou et al . 2010 ) .\nin the ml analysis , five independent partitioned garli runs from random starting trees , using the best - fit model for each data partition , were conducted to verify repeatable convergence on a single best topology and branch length solution . node support was estimated by a nonparametric bootstrap of 100 pseudoreplicates , implemented in a separate garli analysis .\nfield recordings of cicada song were made using a sony tcd - d8 dat digital recorder , a marantz pmd - 660 compact flash recorder , or a marantz pmd - 670 compact flash recorder , combined with a sennheiser me - 62 omnidirectional microphone mounted in a sony pbr - 330 parabolic reflector . songs were sampled at 44 . 1 or 48 khz . canary version 1 . 2 . 1 ( cornell bioacoustics laboratory , ithaca , ny ) was used to visualize song patterns in the form of oscillograms ( plots of sound intensity over time or waveforms ) .\nhomology assessments of song characters are facilitated by knowledge of which male song element elicits female replies ( song structure across the genus is shown in fig . 1 ) . ad hoc trials using simulated female wing - flick replies ( e . g . , finger snaps ) and free - flying males allowed us to determine the correct placement of the female reply for each of the song types . males of all taxa flew readily to the observer when simulated wing flicks were made only after the correct cueing component of the song ( see the caption of fig . 1 ) . in many species , the cue is repeated several times in series and / or alternated with an additional song element ( minor - cue ) that does not elicit female replies .\nthe statistical correlation between song phenotype and mtdna haplotype was examined using arlequin v 3 . 1 . 1 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) . individual sequences were grouped according to song phenotype ( as coded in fig . 2 of results ) , and an analysis of molecular variance was conducted to estimate the fraction of genetic variation explained by the resulting song groupings . significance was assessed using a null distribution of the test statistic obtained using 1000 random permutations of the data .\nthe gmyc model was fitted to the resulting chronogram in r across the interval range from 0 to 10 ( wider interval settings were explored to confirm that this did not change the outcome ) . both single - and multiple - threshold models were examined using the log - likelihood test provided in the gmyc package . because initial results identified nearly all the tip branches as putative species , we re - ran the analyses with identical haplotypes reduced to single exemplars following ahrens et al . ( 2007 ) . the gmyc package also produced a lineage - through - time ( ltt ) plot , which we visually evaluated for changes in branching rate .\nto compare dna divergence levels of candidate species , pairwise genetic distance values were calculated in paup * for all the mtdna clades identified using the gmyc technique plus three geographically coherent clades identified visually and diagnosed in some preliminary analyses . for each clade , two sequences were selected to represent the maximum and minimum root - to - tip distance within the group . then , the distance between two clades was estimated using the average of the four interclade distances measured between the representative sequences . uncorrected ( p ) pairwise distances were calculated as well as with model - corrected ml distances using the model parameters estimated from the garli analysis . finally , the same pairwise distance relationships were calculated by summing path lengths on the ml tree for comparison with the paup * distances . for these comparisons , haplotypes corresponding to isolated cases of hybridization in contact zones ( see below ) were excluded .\nthe best - fitting model for the first data partition ( first - and second codon positions ) was gtr + i + \u03b3 , whereas gtr + \u03b3 was best fitting for the third codon positions . the akaike information criterion weights for the best - fit model were 0 . 895 and 0 . 760 , respectively , for the first - and second position sites combined and for the third position sites alone .\nnotes : descriptions of characters are as follows : a , introductory section present : 0 = no , 1 = yes ; b , introductory section form : 0 = syllable rate uniform ( \u201cbuzz\u201d ) , 1 = syllable rate accelerating ( \u201czeet\u201d ) ; c , delay before cueing section : 0 = equal to delay between major song cues , 1 = half as long ; d , minor - cue : 0 = absent , 1 = present ; e , primary doublet form : 0 = out - click suppressed , much quieter than in - click , 1 = in - and out - clicks both loud , often equal amplitude . this song character is correlated with a morphological difference in the timbal ( 0 = five ribs , 1 = four ribs ) ; f , extended cueing section : 0 = absent , 1 = present . species with an extended cueing section produce more than 50 repeated cues in the average cueing phrase ; g , amplitude modulation pattern of introductory section : 0 = absent ( steady amplitude ) , 1 = high\u2013low\u2013high , 2 = low\u2013high .\nadditional gmyc analyses conducted with congeneric sequences removed ( all k . muta complex data only , muta group only , and westlandica group only ) did not give the same results as the whole - genus analysis . some tests failed to find a statistically significant shift in branching rate , and all yielded different sets of diagnosed mtdna clades ( data not shown ) .\nthe tcs analysis diagnosed 9 geographically coherent mtdna clades ( fig . 5 ) , 5 of them matching song - defined groups ( note that the clade containing groups m1 and m2 is geographically coherent when the distribution of alluvial lowlands is considered ) . six of these ( n1 , n2 , n3 , aw , t , and ws1 ) corresponded to clades diagnosed using the gmyc method .\nuncorrected mtdna sequence divergence ( concatenated coi + coii ) within the k . muta complex ranged up to 6 . 7 % for comparisons between individuals of the most divergent k . muta groups ( table 6 ) . this maximum corresponds to an ml model\u2013corrected distance of 0 . 104 expected substitutions / site . pairwise distances inferred by summing branch lengths on the ml tree were larger than the paup * - corrected pairwise distances , with the maximum contrast reaching 0 . 116 s / s ( data not shown ) , presumably because of the influence of topological information on model parameter estimates .\nwhen individual cases of likely hybridization and introgression were excluded from consideration ( see below ) , average uncorrected distances between mtdna clades within individual song species ranged from 0 . 7 % to 2 . 4 % in most cases ( 0 . 008\u20130 . 028 s / s , model - corrected distance ) ( see gray cells in table 6 ) . contrasts involving likely hybridization in contact zones ( not shown , and excluded from outlined cells in table 6 ) , involved much larger pairwise distances ranging up to 0 . 060 uncorrected s / s ( 0 . 087 s / s corrected distance ) . no genetic \u201cgap\u201d or break - separated values of within song\u2013species contrasts from between song\u2013species contrasts , and identical values were observed in comparisons of some within - and between - species contrasts ( e . g . , n1 or n2 vs . t3 in table 6 ) .\ncomparatively few species have been described solely on the basis of sexual mate attracting signals . the taxonomic significance of songs in the \u201csinging insects\u201d ( crickets , katydids , and cicadas ) was not recognized until the early 20th century ( e . g . , fulton 1915 , davis 1922 , alexander 1964 ) , and the use of songs in taxonomic studies has been steadily increasing ( e . g . , lloyd 1990 , henry 1994 , otte 1994 , marshall and cooley 2000 , percy et al . 2006 , sueur and puissant 2007 , sueur et al . 2007 , gogala et al . 2008 , tobias et al . 2010 ) . our results validate the anticipated utility of sexual signals for identifying clades in the earliest stages of population differentiation .\nthe genetic distance estimates suggest no clear genetic \u201cbreak , \u201d or bimodal distribution , to support a threshold that could be applied to distinguish \u201cintraspecific\u201d and \u201cinterspecific\u201d comparisons in our mtdna trees ( see also mallet et al . 2007 ) . early studies suggesting that such gaps are prevalent may have suffered from insufficient geographic or population sampling within species ( moritz and cicero 2004 ) , so there may be little hope for automated species delimitation based on such thresholds ( see also meyer and paulay 2005 , vogler and monaghan 2007 ) .\ninterestingly , the gmyc single - threshold model also grouped six of the non - k . muta congeners into three clusters of two species each . one of these splits , k . cutora exulis and k . cutora cutora , involves a kermadec islands subspecies with minimal , if any , song divergence from its north island relative and another , k . rosea rosea and acoustica , involves two taxa with minimal song divergence . the third , murihikua and k . angusta , is a suspected case of recent mtdna introgression ( see above ) . although additional refinements of the gmyc technique are apparently needed before it can be applied in a repeatable manner across data sets , it does appear that the single - threshold method can serve as a useful heuristic tool for detecting independent lineages when used in combination with other information .\nalthough songs in the k . muta complex seem to change reliably soon after lineages begin to diverge ( fig . 4b ) , we know from other groups that song evolution does not always precede significant morphological and / or ecological divergence . for example , r . leptomera , a beach - grass cicada of north island , and r . microdora , a shrub cicada of the eastern north and south islands , are morphologically and ecologically distinctive , yet their complex songs are all but identical ( see also maoricicada iolanthe and m . campbelli \u2014 buckley et al . 2006 ) . failure of advertisement signals to distinguish some morphologically identifiable species was also noted in a recent study of neotropical frogs ( padial et al . 2009 ) . such examples are rare ; however , we are aware of fewer than 10 cases out of the hundreds of morphologically distinctive species that we have recorded .\nthis work was supported by the national science foundation [ deb 05 - 29679 , deb - 04 - 22386 , deb - 06 - 19012 ( reu ) , deb 07 - 20664 , deb 09 - 55849 ] ; the university of connecticut research foundation faculty large grants program ; and the new zealand marsden fund .\nasymmetric viability of reciprocal - cross hybrids between crested and marbled newts ( triturus cristatus and t . marmoratus )\nthe promise of dna taxonomy . philos . trans . r . soc . lond\nrapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial dna evolution . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a\nevolution of new zealand ' s terrestrial fauna : a review of molecular evidence . philos . trans . r . soc . lond\nthe fate of clades in a world of recurrent climatic change : milankovitch oscillations and evolution . ann . rev . ecol\nlohse k . 2009 . can mtdna barcodes be used to delimit species ? a response to pons . ( 2006 ) . syst . biol . 59 : 439\u2013442\nreverse taxonomy : an approach towards determining the diversity of meiobenthic organisms based on ribosomal rna signature sequences . philos . trans . r . soc . lond\nglacial refugia and reticulate evolution : the case of the tasmanian eucalypts . philos trans . r . soc . lond\npapadopoulou a . , monaghan m . t . , barraclough t . g . , vogler a . p . 2009 . sampling error does not invalidate the yule - coalescent model for species delimitation . a response to lohse ( 2009 ) . syst . biol . 58 : 442\u2013444\nthe nature of the lower north island floristic gap . n . z . j . bot\nenvironmentally - induced modification of the chirp length of males of the true katydid , pterophylla camellifolia ( f . ) ( orthoptera : tettigoniidae )\nconflict between nuclear and mitochondrial dna phylogenies of a recent species radiation : what mtdna reveals and conceals about modes of speciation in hawaiian crickets . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a\nusing new zealand examples to teach darwin ' s \u201corigin of species : \u201d lessons from molecular phylogenetic studies of cicadas . n . z . sci . rev\npaup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4\na cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and dna sequence data . iii . cladogram estimation\n\u00a9 the author ( s ) 2011 . published by oxford university press , on behalf of the society of systematic biologists . all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ncicada season in new zealand begins in november and lasts throughout their summer months .\nthe species maoricicada hamiltoni ( myers , 1926 ) aka hamilton\u2019s cicada , in particular , emerges in november . m . hamiltoni is known for its abundant hair - like setulae ( see an image on this page ) .\nnew zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide ( landcareresearch . co . nz ) a wonderful web site . includes a visual identification guide , checklist , and image gallery . photos of dozens of species .\ncicada central : new zealand ( uconn . edu ) cicada central\u2019s new zealand cicada pages .\nsuzy\u2019s world cicada page ( suzy . co . nz ) fun , kid - friendly presentation of cicada information .\nan encyclopaedia of new zealand ( teara . govt . nz ) three paragraphs of information .\nintroducing cicadas ( teara . govt . nz ) photos , sounds and 4 paragraphs of information .\nwe have around 40 species of cicada in new zealand , and probably the most familiar to us is the clapping cicada , which is actually two very closely related species that form the basis of our summer soundtrack in much of the country .\nawesome cicada photos from new zealand : steve reekie is a great nature photographer . take a look at some of his cicada photos : gone but not forgotten , chorus cicada , cicada nymph , and little grass cicada\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment ."]}
{"id": 1729, "summary": [{"text": "chlamydogobius is a genus of gobies from australia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all but one coastal species ( c. ranunculus ) are found in inland waters , such as springs , pools , creeks and streams .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "most species live in extreme environments ; for example , several species of chlamydogobius are found in the water that emerges from geothermal springs , such as the dalhousie goby , found in the waters around dalhousie springs .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "these fish can live in water with a wide range of temperatures , ph , salinity , and oxygen levels ; for example they are found in water with a ph between 6.8 and 9.0 , and temperatures between 3 and 43 \u00b0c ( 37 \u2013 109 \u00b0f ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they can tolerate salinity as high as 60 parts per thousand ( almost twice that of sea water ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they have been found in water with extremely low oxygen levels ( as low as 0.8 ppm ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "their water habitats often exhibit oxygen levels below 5 milligrams of oxygen per litre .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "to cope with extremely low oxygen levels , they will emerge from the water to \" gulp \" air ( known as aerial respiration ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they also will position themselves over beds of algae to capture the produced oxygen .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "they will hide in the mud and silt at the bottom of a stream , or in a plant or under a rock to avoid more extreme water temperatures .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "sometimes they will emerge from very hot water for brief periods to take advantage of evaporative cooling .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "they can survive even if there are drought conditions that reduce the size of their habitat .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "if there is a flood that results in drastically increased water flow , they anchor themselves to rocks with their pelvic fins .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "chlamydogobius fish are able to change their colours to blend in with their environments .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "human drilling activities in australia have often reduced the pressure of the aquifers that feed the australian hot springs that chlamydogobius rely on , so some species are endangered . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "chlamydogobius", "paragraphs": ["the desert goby differs from all other chlamydogobius species in lacking scales on the head a breast .\nunmack , p . j . ( 2003a ) . chlamydogobius micropterus larson 1995 elizabeth springs goby . available from : urltoken .\nthe genus chlamydogobius currently contains 6 described species , of which the relatively widespread c . ranunculus is also known in the aquarium hobby .\na male desert goby , chlamydogobius eremius , courting a female . source : t . k . lehtonen . license : cc by attribution\ndepartment of the environment and heritage ( 2006aba ) . chlamydogobius micropterus in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . canberra : deh . available from : urltoken .\nglover , c . j . m . 1971 . the taxonomy and biology of chlamydogobius eremius ( zietz , 1896 ) : masters thesis , department of zoology , university of adelaide .\nunmack , p . j . & r . wager ( 2006 ) . threatened fishes of the world : chlamydogobius micropterus larson , 1995 ( gobiidae ) . environmental biology of fishes . available from : urltoken .\nmiller , p . j . 1987 . affinities , origin and adaptive features of the australian desert goby chlamydogobius eremius ( zietz , 1896 ) ( teleostei : gobiidae ) . journal of natural history 21 ( 3 ) : 687 - 705 .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . chlamydogobius micropterus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 39 : 50 + 1000 .\nthompson , g . g . , and p . c . withers , 2002 - comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular & integrative physiology 131 ( 4 ) : 8717 - 879 aerial and aquatic respiration of the australian desert goby , chlamydogobius eremius .\nlarson , h . k ( 1995 ) . a review of the australian endemic gobiid fish genus chlamydogobius , with description of five new species . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory . 12 : 19 - 51 .\nlarson , h . k . 1995 . a review of the australian endemic gobiid fish genus chlamydogobius with descriptions of five new species . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory 12 : 19 - 51 figs 1 - 14 pls 1 - 2\nthe following is an abbreviated summary of the extent of impacts largely drawn from summaries by harris ( 1992 ) and ponder ( 1986 ) .\nthe water in the great artesian basin ( gab ) was first tapped in the late 1870 ' s when the first bores or wells were sunk . this caused an initial period of drawdown or loss of pressure in the aquifer which resulted in a decline in spring discharge . this probably affected most springs within the gab to some degree . virtually all springs in the bogan and bourke supergroups are extinct or nearly so ( pickard 1992 ) , many in the eulo supergroup are extinct ( ponder 1986 ) , and only 1 spring , elizabeth springs ( which flows at < 95 % of its original rate ) remains active in the springvale supergroup ( habermehl 1982 ) . many of the lake eyre supergroup springs are also reduced in flow based on comparisons between descriptions by early explorers . today , the gab is in equilibrium between recharge and discharge ; that is , no further decrease in spring flow is expected providing no new developments occur . in an effort to reduce the wastage of water , there is an active program underway to control or cap flowing bores . this should hopefully improve the situation somewhat and may actually enhance spring flows . one development that threatens the lake eyre supergroup is the olympic dam mining venture . presently , the mine with draws 15 megalitres ( 4 , 000 , 000 gal ) per day , however , it is planned to expand this to 33 megalitres ( 8 , 700 , 000 gal ) per day ( harris 1992 ) . present levels of extraction has impacted several nearby springs , the impacts of increased extraction are difficult to accurately predict . further , there is a proposal to establish an iron smelting plant near coober pedy . this will presumably use artesian water in considerable amounts , if not for industrial processes then certainly for the proposed township . there is also another mining proposal at cloncurry ( near julia creek , queensland ) that hopes to use gab water ( r . wager pers . comm . ) .\nvirtually every spring has cattle or sheep grazing on it except those at dalhousie springs where grazing ceased in 1985 ( harris 1989 ) . a few of the lake eyre springs were fenced in 1986 - 1988 ( harris 1992 ) , and a few springs are protected within carnarvon gorge national park ( ponder & clark 1990 ) . due to the lack of water and fodder , stock tend to congregate around springs . this results in considerable trampling of the surrounding area as well as disturbance to the spring itself . faeces tend to pollute springs by causing high ammonia concentrations . occasionally , stock get trapped in soft mud and die , or they just happen to be in a spring when they die . in very small springs this results in the complete loss of fauna , in larger springs the total biomass tends to be reduced .\nmany springs in queensland have been dug out by pastoralists to improve water supply for stock ( ponder & clarke 1990 ; r . wager pers . comm . ) . why primarily in queensland ? this is probably because many of the springs there are fairly small and it has a higher density of people and pastoral properties ( ranches ) . none of the springs have been channelised or diverted primarily because of their small size , no irrigation has occurred in central australia , and the springs were generally easily accessible to stock .\nthe only recorded introduced species is damnbusia , which occurs in a few springs in the neales river and frome creek portions of the lake eyre supergroup , and a few scattered queensland springs . they are gradually expanding their range primarily through flood dispersal . they are a major problem at edgbaston springs where they threaten redfinned blue eye and edgbaston goby ( unmack & brumley 1991 ; wager & unmack in prep . ) . no efforts have yet been made to eradicate damnbusia from any spring . fortunately , due to its isolation , dalhousie springs remains free of exotic fish . however , this could easily change with increased tourist numbers , and the large warm pools ( 32 - 38\u00b0c ) ( 90 - 100\u00b0f ) may make ideal environments for some tropical fish species .\nthere is considerable debate as to whether fencing springs to prevent animal grazing is threatening or protecting them . the few lake eyre supergroup springs which have been fenced have become overgrown with phragmites australis . this may result in a change to the plant and animal communities of unknown proportions . if the springs are not fenced , then they risk being destroyed by cattle trampling and pollution . there is also disagreement as to how much grazing occurred on the springs prior to european settlement . did the spring flora and fauna ever experience grazing ? have the springs had time to come into equilibrium with cattle grazing ? have the springs changed to the point where they are dependent upon grazing to maintain aquatic habitats ? for example , p . australis tends to decrease water depth by collecting sediment , but they were present before cattle grazing . also , what was the water depth then ? ( although the flow rate was higher then too ) . we also don ' t know how the aborigines managed the springs . it is thought that they may have used fire to maintain access to the springs or to catch game , etc . another historical question is , what where the springs like when the mega - fauna roamed around the springs before their extinction around 10 , 000 years ago ? these are challenging management questions , which no one has attempted to answer yet .\nhabermehl , m . a . 1982 . springs in the great artesian basin , australia - their origin and nature . bureau of mineral resources , geology & geophysics , australia report no . 235 .\nharris , c . 1989 . dalhousie springs - an introduction . in , natural history of dalhousie springs . eds . zeidler , w . & ponder , w . f . south australian museum , adelaide . pp 1 - 4 .\nharris , c . 1992 . mound springs : south australian conservation initiatives . the rangeland journal . 14 ( 2 ) : 157 - 173 .\npickard , j . 1992 . artesian springs in the western division of new south wales . the graduate school of environment working papers series , macquarie university . paper no . 9202 . pp 123 .\nponder , w . f . 1986 . mound springs of the great artesian basin . in , limnology of australia . eds . dedeckker , p . & williams , w . d . csiro , australia and w . junk , the hague . pp 403 - 420 .\nponder , w . f . & clark , g . a . 1990 . a radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western queensland . records of the australia museum . 42 ( 3 ) : 301 - 363 .\nunmack , p . & brumley , c . 1991 . initial observations on the spawning and conservation status of the redfinned blue - eye , ( scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis ) . fishes of sahul . 6 ( 4 ) : 282 - 284 . ( journal of the australian new guinea fishes association , australia ) .\nwager , r . n . e . & unmack , p . j . ( in prep ) threatened fishes of the world , scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis .\nthe background to these pages . please don ' t reuse this image without her permission .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek , chlamys , - idos = cloak , cape + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19 . temperate ; 10\u00b0c - 35\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 ) , 136\u00b0e - 137\u00b0e\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )\noccurs in pools and streams associated with artesian springs and bores ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . lives in shaded areas around plants or rocks ( ref . 44894 ) . found in harsh environment characterized by rapid fluctuations in temperature and salinity ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . field observations and laboratory experimentation indicate that it can withstand wide ranges of temperature ( 5\u00b0 - 41\u00b0c ) , salinity ( 0 - 60 p . p . t . ) , ph ( 6 . 8 - 11 . 0 ) and very low dissolved oxygen level ( ref . 44894 ) . feeds on insects , crustaceans , filamentous algae and detritus ( ref . 5259 ) .\nfemale deposits eggs on the ceiling of a rocky crevice . male guards the nest until hatching , which requires 10 to 17 days at temperatures ranging from 27\u00b0 - 30\u00b0 c .\nlarson , h . k . , 2001 . a revision of the gobiid fish genus mugilogobius ( teleostei : gobioidei ) , and its systematic placement . rec . west . aust . mus . ( suppl . no . 62 ) : 1 - 233 . ( ref . 43716 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00323 - 0 . 01625 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 \u00b10 . 31 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tm = 0 . 5 ; fec = 20 - 250 ; assuming multiple spawning ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .\n' the bubbler ' is an artesian mound spring located near the type locality of c . eremius . a population of gobies inhabits the overflow channel of the spring .\nunlike many gobies the fry do not undergo a pelagic stage as part of the life cycle . . .\n. . . rather they settle directly onto the substrate and begin to forage almost immediately .\nthis slightly older juvenile has recently had a meal of artemia , visible as an orange mass inside the stomach .\nanother view of ' the bubbler ' . the overflow channel where the fish are found is visible in the top right of the image .\ndespite lacking a swim bladder this species does make forays away from the substrate at times .\ntype locality is \u2018coward spring , in a small pool of water around an artesian well , central australia\u2019 , and this species is endemic to the lake eyre drainage basin , south australia .\nit\u2019s quite widely - distributed in southern and western parts of the basin , with a range extending southwards from the neales river to clayton bore , west of the small town of marree .\nlake eyre is a vast endorheic basin within which lies the lowest point in australia at some 15 m bmsl . it only fills with water occasionally and when it does so forms the country\u2019s largest salt lake .\nc . eremius does not occur in the lake itself since no fishes are able to survive there , rather it inhabits isolated freshwater springs , flowing artesian bores ( wells ) , and ephemeral waterholes where it tends to be associated with rocks and other submerged cover .\nit\u2019s capable of withstanding extreme variations in temperature ( 5 - 41\u00b0c / 41 - 105 - . 8\u00b0f ) , ph ( 6 . 5 - 11 . 0 ) , salinity ( 1 - 37 . 5 ppy ) and dissolved oxygen ( down to 0 . 8 ppm o2 ) .\nalthough not an amphibious species , it can also survive in hypoxic conditions via a method of aerial respiration in which a bubble of air known as a buccal bubble is held against the roof of the mouth .\none example of a natural habitat is \u2018the bubbler\u2019 , an artesian mound spring comprising a central pool measuring a few metres across , plus a short overflow . it\u2019s located a few kilometres away from the type locality in the wabma kadarbu conservation park and c . eremius is restricted to the overflow channel where it can be found among algae and marginal vegetation .\na sandy substrate is ideal though fine - grade gravel will also work , and in soft water areas coral sand or gravel may be required in order to maintain ph and hardness .\nother d\u00e9cor should consist of rocky structures and / or terracotta pipes or plant pots forming a network of crevices and caves .\nfiltration should not be too strong but a degree of water movement is appreciated .\nmarine salt can also be added at a rate of around 1 teaspoon per litre should you wish , though the fish will survive and breed in pure freshwater provided it isn\u2019t too soft or acidic .\ntemperature : a value between 20 \u2013 28 \u00b0c seems best for general care .\nthis species is an opportunistic omnivore by nature and an unfussy feeder in captivity . it will accept most dried foods but for best colour and condition should be offered meals of small live and frozen invertebrates such as artemia , daphnia , bloodworm , etc .\nit also has a long , elaborately - coiled intestine suggesting a natural predilection for algae and other herbivorous matter , so we suggest offering greenstuffs on a regular basis .\nnot an ideal community fish and in most cases is best maintained alone . if you do want to keep it with other fishes choose robust but peaceful species that dwell in the upper part of the water column and enjoy similar water conditions .\nmales can be aggressive when in spawning condition and should be observed closely , especially in smaller aquaria , as they may attack and even kill conspecifics . for this reason it\u2019s essential to provide sufficient cover ( see \u2018maintenance and decor\u2019 ) so that subdominant or non - breeding individuals can seek shelter .\nadult males have have relatively larger jaws than females and are much more colourful when in good condition , with a yellow to brownish body and bands of blue , black , and white pigment in the dorsal , caudal , anal and ventral fins .\nmales can , however , change colour to a surprising extent and may appear very similar to females when newly - introduced to an aquarium , or in the presence of a dominant male or other stressor . if in doubt the fish can easily be sexed by examining the urogenital papillae , which in males is longer and more slender than in females .\nthis species deposits its eggs in crevices or caves and they\u2019re defended aggressively by the male until hatching . in nature it\u2019s been recorded to spawn when water levels are highest , between november and march , but in captivity will breed year - round .\nin a well - structured set - up you may find a few fry survive alongside the parents but in most cases it\u2019s best to spawn the fish in a separate tank , or have somewhere else to move the adults to once eggs have been laid .\nonce in spawning condition males attempt to attract passing females via a courtship display involving jerky body movements and flaring of the dorsal and anal fins . a receptive female will eventually enter the spawning site and deposit the eggs on the roof , after which she is ejected .\nat this point the female ( s ) are best - removed for their own safety while the male can be left in place to tend the eggs . incubation is temperature - dependant to an extent but normally 10 - 17 days , and once the eggs have hatched the male can also be removed as he will prey on fry given the opportunity .\nthe fry settle directly onto the substrate with no pelagic larval phase as in some other gobies , and are large enough to accept artemia nauplii or similarly - sized live foods immediately .\nthis species is sometimes traded as c . eremius \u2018gold\u2019 or \u2018gold desert goby\u2019 , but both names appear to refer to the natural form of the species .\nthe grouping is often included in the subfamily gobionellinae alongside genera such as brachygobius , mugilogobius , pseudogobiopsis , rhinogobius , schismatogobius , and stigmatogobius .\nallen , g . r . , h . midgley , and m . allen , 2002 - csiro : i - xiv + 1 - 394 field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia .\nsymons , n . , p . a . svensson , and b . b . m . wong , 2011 - plos one 6 ( 6 ) : e20576 do male desert gobies compromise offspring care to attract additional mating opportunities ?\ni currently have 3 remaining female gobies from a batch of eggs hatched dec 2013 , originally it was only 4 females and 1 male that grew to adulthood but a the male and a female died a few weeks ago . sine then i have noticed 1 of the remaining females has gradually changed in colour and has taken on the appearance of a male and is now darker in the fins but not quite as vibrant blue as a male would be and without the white trim . she looks very different to the other two females who are still of a pale mottled sandy colour . i\u2019m sure she is still physiologically a female but is it possible for a female goby can transform to \u2018appear\u2019 like a male ? . . and has there been any record of this happening ? can supply photo if needed .\na small sexually dimorphic goby found in the lake eyre catchment in south australia . desert gobies are greyish - brown with 7 - 8 darker saddles along the back , and marbled brown markings on the upper sides . the first dorsal fin has a bright blue median band and a yellow submarginal band , and the underside of the head is yellow .\nthe brightly - coloured breeding males have vivid yellow and blue markings on the first dorsal fin , and white margins on the second dorsal , anal and caudal fins .\nthese little gobies are remarkably well adapted to life in the desert . they occur in a wide range of habitats \u2013 from permanent desert springs to ephemeral rivers and streams where water temperatures and dissolved oxygen levels fluctuate greatly . when oxygen levels in the water are low , they survive by gulping air at the water surface .\nendemic to the western and southern parts of the lake eyre drainage basin , south australia , from north of the flinders ranges to the neales river .\ndesert gobies inhabit both permanent and ephemeral water bodies , including spring - fed pools and bores , and desert streams . they live on the bottom , preferring shaded areas around plants or rocks . during the day , they mostly shelter under rocks and in crevices .\nindividuals can tolerate extreme variations in temperature ( 5 - 41\u00b0c ) , ph , salinity and dissolved oxygen levels .\ndorsal fin iv - vi + i , 6 - 8 ; anal fin i , 5 - 8 ; pectoral fin 12 - 15 ; caudal fin ( segmented rays ) 16 - 17 ( branched rays ) 14 - 16 ; pelvic fin i , 5 ; vertebrae 10 - 11 + 16 - 18 = 27 - 29 ; gill rakers 2 - 3 + 5 - 10 = 7 - 13 ; horizontal scale rows 13 - 19 ; midlateral scales 32 - 57 ( usually 40 - 51 ) .\nbody cylindrical anteriorly , compressed posteriorly . head short , somewhat rounded , length 2 . 8 - 3 . 5 in sl . snout rounded to rather flattened . anterior nostril in short tube , placed on edge of preorbital , tube oriented down and forward , preorbital sometimes curved forward slightly to accommodate nostril . posterior nostril small , oval , placed halfway between front centre margin of eye and edge of preorbital .\neyes lateral , high on head , top usually part of dorsal profile , 2 . 6 - 5 . 6 in hl . interorbital broad , flat to very slightly convex ; top of head , from rear of interorbital space up to snout tip , with scattering of very fine villi . lips usually fleshy , smooth , lower lip free at sides , fused across front .\nmouth terminal to subterminal , slightly oblique , upper jaw slightly overhanging lower jaw ; generally reaching to below mid - eye in males and front half of eye in females ; teeth of upper jaw in 4 - 6 rows , outermost usually larger than others , stout and curved or almost upright , others slightly smaller ; teeth of lower jaw in 5 - 6 rows ; teeth not differing much between males and females ; tongue thick and fleshy , usually blunt to rounded . gill opening restricted to pectoral base ; inner edge of shoulder girdle either smooth and fleshy , or hard - edged . ctenoid scales on side of body at least as scattered scales on caudal peduncle and patch behind pectoral fin . predorsal scales usually absent , when present , midline of nape naked with scales extending forward at sides to above opercle , or 0 - 10 small scales immediately before first dorsal fin or scattered unevenly over nape ; operculum generally naked , occasionally a few dorsally ; cheek naked ; pectoral fin base naked ; prepelvic area usually naked ; belly sometimes with naked mid - line , otherwise covered with cycloid scales and isolated patch under pelvics of weakly ctenoid scales . lateral line absent ; lateral scale series 33 - 57 . head pores absent . two dorsal fins , first low , rounded , spines not reaching second dorsal when depressed ; second dorsal and anal fins low , last rays barely reaching caudal fin in largest males . pectoral fin broad , rounded . pelvic fins united into complete disc , small , rounded to oval , occasionally reaching half distance to anus . caudal fin oval to rounded or nearly truncate .\nhead and body greyish - brown with 7 - 8 brown clearly defined square saddles or highly marbled patches across the back , saddles not extending past the mid - side , replaced below by marbled blotches , square blotches or irregular spots merging ventrally with background ; caudal fin base with 1 - 3 dark brown to greyish brown spots , sometimes forming y - shape or vertical bar , with yellowish brown background surrounding spots ; silvery white peritoneum usually evident through body wall .\ntop and sides of head marbled and spotted with brown , sometimes 1 - 2 dark brown bars from eye to upper lip ; lips bluish grey ; iris deep golden , with dark brown margin .\nfirst dorsal fin greyish brown with deep yellowish submarginal band , above narrow blue line that widens posteriorly to form bright blue spot ; second dorsal fin with pale greyish brown membrane , dark brown fin rays and darker brown blotches along base .\ncaudal fin pale greyish brown with irregular , vertically oriented rows of fine brown spots . pectoral fin pale greyish brown to hyaline , fin base with brown blotch on upper half .\nbreeding males with diffuse markings ; first dorsal fin very dark grey , with vivid yellow and blue ; second dorsal and anal fins dark grey to blackish with broad bright white margin ; fins speckled basally with blue ; caudal fin dark grey with narrow dull whitish fin margin .\ndesert gobies are omnivores and feed on insect larvae , crustaceans , fish eggs , algae and detritus . larvae consume zooplankton .\nthe territorial males establish nests beneath rocky crevices , and attract females with conspicuous courtship displays . during the breeding season from november to march , females lay 150 - 300 demersal eggs onto the underside of the rock in the nest . males aggressively guard and constantly fan the eggs until they hatch after 10 - 17 days . the larvae measure 5 . 7 mm tl at hatching , and settle directly onto the bottom with no pelagic larval phase .\na number of behavioural studies on desert gobies have been undertaken in recent years - see references below .\ngobius eremius zietz , a . h . c . ( 1896 ) . pisces . pp . 176\u2013180 pl . 16 in spencer , b . ( ed . ) report on the work of the horn scientific expedition to central australia . part 2 . zoology . london [ 180 , pl . 16 ( 5 ) ] . central australia .\nallen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls .\nallen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .\nglover , c . j . m . 1973 . adaptations of a central australian gobiid fish . bulletin of the australian society for limnology 5 : 8 - 10\nhammer , m . p . & walker , k . f . 2004 . a catalogue of south australian freshwater fishes , including new records , range extensions and translocations . transactions of the royal society of south australia 128 ( 2 ) : 85 - 97\nlarson , h . k . 2001 . a revision of the gobiid fish genus mugilogobius ( teleostei : gobioidei ) , and its systematic placement . records of the western australian museum , supplement 62 : 1 - 233 .\nlehtonen , t . k . , svensson , p . a . & wong , b . b . m . 2011 . both male and female identity influence variation in male signalling effort . bmc evolutionary biology 11 : 233 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 233 pdf\nlehtonen , t . k . , svensson , p . a . & wong , b . b . m . 2016 . the influence of recent social experience and physical environment on courtship and male aggression . bmc evolutionary biology 16 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 . doi : 10 . 1186 / s12862 - 016 - 0584 - 5 pdf open access\nmerrick , j . r . & schmida , g . e . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes biology and management . sydney : j . r . merrick 409 pp . figs 280 col . figs .\nmichelangeli , m . , tuomainen , u . , candolin , u . & wong , b . b . m . 2015 . habitat alteration influences male signalling effort in the australian desert goby . behavioral ecology 26 ( 4 ) : 1164 - 1169 . doi : 10 . 1093 / beheco / arv060 pdf open access\nmichelangeli , m . & wong , b . b . m . 2014 . a recent predatory encounter influences male courtship in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology 25 ( 4 ) : 928 - 932 . doi : 10 . 1093 / beheco / aru056 pdf open access\nmossop kd , adams m , unmack pj , smith date kl , wong bbm , and chapple dg ( 2015 ) dispersal in the desert : ephemeral water drives connectivity and phylogeography of an arid - adapted fish . journal of biogeography . doi : 10 . 1111 / jbi . 12596 abstract\nscott , t . d . , glover , c . j . m . & southcott , r . v . 1974 . the marine and freshwater fishes of south australia . adelaide : government printer 392 pp . figs .\nsvensson , p . a . , lehtonen , t . k . & wong , b . b . m . 2010 . the interval between sexual encounters affects male courtship tactics in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 64 : 1967 - 1970 . abstract pdf\nsvensson , p . , lehtonen , t . k . & wong , b . b . m . 2010 . the interval between sexual encounters affects male courtship tactics in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 64 ( 12 ) : 1967 - 1970 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 010 - 1007 - z abstract\nsvensson , p . a . , lehtonen , t . k . , wong , b . b . m . 2012 . a high aggression strategy for smaller males . plos one 7 ( 8 ) : e43121 . pdf\nsymons n , svensson pa , wong bbm ( 2011 ) do male desert gobies compromise offspring care to attract additional mating opportunities ? plos one 6 ( 6 ) : e20576 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0020576 pdf open access\nwong , b . b . m . & svensson , p . a . 2009 . strategic male signalling effort in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 63 : 543\u2013549 . abstract\nunmack , p . j . 2001 . biogeography of australian freshwater fishes . journal of biogeography 28 : 1053 - 1089 .\nvan lieshout , e . , svensson , p . a . , wong , b . b . m . 2013 . consequences of paternal care on pectoral fin allometry in a desert - dwelling fish . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 67 ) 3 ) : 513 - 518 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 012 - 1470 - 9 abstract\nzietz , a . h . c . 1896 . pisces . pp . 176\u2013180 pl . 16 in spencer , b . ( ed . ) report on the work of the horn scientific expedition to central australia . part 2 . zoology . london .\noccurs in pools and streams associated with artesian springs and bores ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . lives in shaded areas around plants or rocks ( ref . 44894 ) . found in harsh environment characterized by rapid fluctuations in temperature and salinity ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) . field observations and laboratory experimentation indicate that it can withstand wide ranges of temperature ( 5\u00b0 - 41\u00b0c ) , salinity ( 0 - 60 p . p . t . ) , ph ( 6 . 8 - 11 . 0 ) and very low dissolved oxygen level ( ref . 44894 ) . feeds on insects , crustaceans , filamentous algae and detritus ( ref . 5259 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhey guys , new pair i recently got about a week and half ago . already settled and have their own cave , female has already layed eggs , but the bristlenose and loaches got to them : (\ntopfin 5 gallon aquarium fish tank from pet smart . 39 . 99 . neon tetras , bumblebee goby , guppies\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 )\ninhabits marshy , vegetated shallow pools ( 1 - 10 centimeters in depth ) fed by mound springs . captive breeding populations have been established to ensure its survival ( ref . 44894 ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00312 - 0 . 02670 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 71 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .\n. report to department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra . queensland department of environment and resource management , brisbane . available from :\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 4\n( department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nelizabeth springs goby ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013s ) [ database ] .\nenhancing biodiversity hotspots along western queensland stock routes ( queensland department of environment and resource management ( qld derm ) , 2009a ) [ management plan ] .\nlisted as critically endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthe elizabeth springs goby is a freshwater fish growing to 6 . 2 cm ( unmack 2003a ) .\nformerly distributed throughout the elizabeth springs complex and the outflow stream , spring ck ( wager & jackson 1993 ) . now only found in elizabeth springs and associated pools on springvale station , 80 km se of boulia in sw qld in the great artesian basin ( wager & jackson 1993 ; larson 1995 ; unmack & wager in prep . ) . it occurs in an area 1600 m by 600 m alongside spring ck ( unmack & wager in prep . ) . population size based on area of suitable habitat has been estimated at between 1000 and 2000 individuals ( unmack & wager in prep . ) .\nelizabeth springs is a group of about 40 low freshwater mound springs associated with the great artesian basin ( unmack & wager in prep ) . the springs consist of dry or non - flowing mounds with little or no vegetation ; vegetated marshy soaks with no surface water ; springs with small outflows among marshy vegetated areas ; and well - vegetated springs with many short , well - defined outflows . the wetted area of the springs range in diameter up to about 140 m . maximum water depth is 100 mm . this species only occurs in some of the larger springs . during daylight they shelter in or near emergent vegetation , while at night they can be observed some distance from cover and are apparently foraging ( unmack & wager in prep ) .\nthis species appears to be omnivorous ( unmack & wager in prep . ) .\nreproductive information is only available for captive populations . spawning sites have not been found in the wild . spawning and hatching has been recorded at temperatures over 26\u00b0c ( unmack & wager in prep ) . males select a site , often a cave beneath a rock . male display involves extension of all fins and jerky swimming movements around the site . the male guides an attracted female to the site . spawning usually occurs at nights and lasts about one hour . 40 - 100 eggs are attached to the ceiling of the cave . elongate , water - hardened eggs are between 2 . 5 - 3 mm in length and hatch after 10 days . newly hatched larvae are 5 - 6 mm in length ( unmack & wager in prep ) .\naustralian fish collection records ( undated ) . collation of records from australian fish collections .\nwager , r . & p . jackson ( 1993 ) . the action plan for australian freshwater fishes . canberra , act : australian nature conservation agency .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nthe desert goby occurs in the western and southern lake eyre drainage in australia , in freshwaters fed by artesian springs . it can withstand large fluctuations in temperature , salinity , ph and dissolved oxygen .\nthe desert goby is brown - grey to yellowish with darker mottling and sometimes 7 or 8 darker saddles across the back . the head is yellow below . the first dorsal fin of males is black with blue and yellow bands .\nthe desert goby occurs in the western and southern lake eyre drainage , australia .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nthe desert goby can withstand large fluctuations in temperature , salinity , ph and dissolved oxygen .\nallen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications . pp . 240 .\nallen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & m . allen . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . western australian museum . pp . 394 .\nmerrick , j . r . & g . e . schmida . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes . biology and management . john r . merrick . pp . 409 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nfennah , r . g . 1969 ,\nfulgoroidea ( homoptera ) from new caledonia and the loyalty islands\n, pacific insects monographs , vol . 21 , pp . 1 - 116\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0fab53f8 - 02e0 - 4459 - 83a5 - a506933e1a3f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ff273fe - b41d - 4328 - a099 - f644ad2f214f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 409283\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : a4363ed7 - 34fd - 4760 - a4d5 - 581a5ca1e53e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 336aa15c - 682f - 4798 - 92fb - 53556a1ab4f1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2583572e - f56c - 453a - 85cc - ab9974dd748d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 409281\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1733, "summary": [{"text": "gopherus is a genus of fossorial tortoises commonly referred to as gopher tortoises .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the gopher tortoise is grouped with land tortoises that originated 60 million years ago , in north america .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "a genetic study has shown that their closest relatives are in the asian genus manouria .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the gopher tortoises live in the southern united states from california 's mojave desert across to florida , and in parts of northern mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "gopher tortoises are so named because of their ability to dig large , deep burrows ; those of the gopher tortoise can be up to 40 feet ( 12 m ) in length and 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) in depth .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "these burrows are used by a variety of other species , including mammals , other reptiles , amphibians , and birds .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "gopher tortoises are 20 \u2013 50 cm ( 7.9 \u2013 19.7 in ) in length , depending on the species .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "all five species are found in xeric habitats . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "gopherus", "paragraphs": ["gopherus agassizii can hybridize with gopherus berlandieri ( edwards et al . 2010 ) .\ns1 fig . divergence summary of repetitive elements in the genome of gopherus agassizii .\nconservative estimate of the distribution of gopherus evgoodei in mexico indicated by diagonal lines . desert tortoise range limit , modified based on our field sampling , from . squares indicate museum and literature records of occurrence of gopherus spp . circles are sample locations from for both gopherus morafkai ( black ) and gopherus evgoodei ( white ) . localities in the sinaloan thornscrub - sonoran desertscrub ecotone indicated by split circles , which indicate the occurrence of both gopherus evgoodei and gopherus morafkai genotypes and / or hybrids .\ndetailed view of the anal scutes of the holotype of gopherus morafkai , cas 33867 .\ncontributions of private landowners to the conservation of the gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) .\nparentage assignment among breeding adult bolson tortoises ( gopherus flavomarginatus ) for yearly cohorts of hatchlings .\ns6 table . enriched go categories using unique , fixed variants per taxon for gopherus agassizii .\ns7 table . enriched go categories using unique , fixed variants per taxon for gopherus morafkai .\ns8 table . enriched go categories using unique , fixed variants per taxon for gopherus evgoodei .\nventral surface of the right rear foot of the holotype of gopherus evgoodei , amnh r64160 .\nright , lateral view of the head of the holotype of gopherus morafkai , cas 33867 .\ngopherus agassizii ( cooper 1861 ) ( partim ) . generic reassignment by stejneger ( 1893 )\nlongevity and growth strategies of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) in two american deserts .\nwhat ' s in a name ? gopherus by mary cohen & michael j . connor - cttc\ndorsal view of the lectotype of gopherus agassizii , usnm 7888 . black bar is 3 cm .\nventral view of the holotype of gopherus agassizii , usnm 7888 . black bar is 3 cm .\nanterior view of the holotype of gopherus agassizii , usnm 7888 . black bar is 3 cm .\nimplications of anthropogenic landscape change on inter - population movements of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) .\nmojave population of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) . 5 - year review : summary and evaluation\nregional - scale estimation of density and habitat use of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) in arizona .\ngenetic and morphological assessment of an unusual tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) population in the black mountains of arizona .\ncontributions of private landowners to the conservation of the gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\ndorsal view of the holotype of gopherus evgoodei , amnh r64160 . scale bar 50 mm in 10 mm increments .\nventral view of the holotype of gopherus evgoodei , amnh r64160 . scale bar 50 mm in 10 mm increments .\nhabitat use by desert tortoises ( gopherus agassizii ) on alluvial fans in the sonoran desert , south - central arizona .\nthe desert tortoise trichotomy : mexico hosts a third , new sister - species of tortoise in the gopherus morafkai\u2013g . agassizii group\ns3 dataset . assigned 1 : 1 orthologs between agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) and chicken ( gallus gallus ) .\ns5 dataset . assigned 1 : 1 orthologs between agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) and human ( homo sapiens ) .\nphysical characteristics and patterns of utilization of cover sites used by gopherus agassizi in southern nevada . desert tortoise council , proc . symp\nclass : reptilia order : chelonia suborder : cryptodira super family : testudinoidea family : testudinidae genus : gopherus species : g . agassizii\ns4 dataset . assigned 1 : 1 orthologs between agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) and green anole ( anolis carolinensis ) .\nmertens and wermuth ( 1955 ) and wermuth and mertens ( 1961 ) were unimpressed by the extent of morphological differentiation among north american gopherus and impressed by the reports of hybrids . while recognizing long - term isolation , they recognized only one species , gopherus polyphemus , stating \u201cda sich die einzelnen formen der gopherschildkr\u00f6ten \u00e4u\u00dfberlich nur wenig unterscheiden , deutlich geographisch vikariieren und mehreren ver\u00f6ffentlichungen zufolge auch zu verbastardieren scheinen , sind sie hier als unterarten aufgef\u00fchrt\u201d ( wermuth and mertens 1961 : 172 ) . in doing so , they considered gopherus agassizii to be a subspecies of gopherus polyphemus , gopherus polyphemus agassizii ( cooper ) . their taxonomic arrangement was rarely , if ever , followed .\ngopherus evgoodei edwards , karl , vaughn , rosen , mel\u00e9ndez - torres & murphy 2016 xerobates agassizii cooper 1861 ( partim ) gopherus agassizii \u2014 stejneger 1893 ( partim ) scaptochelys agassizii \u2014 bramble 1982 ( partim ) xerobates lepidocephalus \u2014 ottley & vel\u00e1zques - solis 1989 ( in error ) xerobates lepidocephalus \u2014 crumly & grismer 1994 ( in error ) gopherus morafkai \u2014 murphy et al . 2011 ( partim )\ns2 dataset . assigned 1 : 1 orthologs between agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) and chinese softshell turtle ( pelodiscus sinensis ) .\nto evaluate the validity of gopherus lepidocephalus and to confirm the geographic origin of gopherus agassizii , we obtained mitochondrial dna sequences from both type specimens . this kind of analysis could not detect hybrids because the mitochondrial genome is inherited only maternally . however , if gopherus lepidocephalus has its origin in the mojave desert , then the name will persist as a junior synonym of gopherus agassizii regardless of whether it is a hybrid or not . alternatively , if the maternal lineage is from a sonoran desert tortoise , then the possible hybrid state would create another problem to be solved . finally , if the lineage was new and divergent , then perhaps gopherus lepidocephalus was native to the peninsula .\nmushinsky , h . , d . wilson , e . mccoy . 1994 . growth and sexual dimorphism of gopherus polyphemus in central florida .\ns1 dataset . assigned 1 : 1 orthologs between agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) and western painted turtle ( chrysemys picta bellii ) .\nthe desert tortoise trichotomy : mexico hosts a third , new sister - species of tortoise in the gopherus morafkai - g . agassizii group .\ndistribution : see map in murphy et al . 2016 : 133 . hybridization : gopherus evgoodei hybridizes with g . morafkai in c sonora .\nin terms of generic allocation , crumly ( 1994 ) aptly notes that the genus xerobates cannot be diagnosed morphologically owing to intraspecific variation . thus , he refers xerobates agassizii back to gopherus agassizii ( cooper , 1861 ) . symplesiomorphies are used by bramble ( 1982 ) to define scaptochelys , a practice that contravenes the principles of phylogenetic systematics . although morphological evidence does not unite gopherus agassizii and gopherus berlandieri , molecular evidence does ( lamb and lydeard 1994 ) . and although it is possible to recognize xerobates for the extant species gopherus agassizii and gopherus berlandieri , the phylogenetic relationships among extinct species ( reynoso and montellano - ballesteros 2004 ) preclude monophyly of the two genera . thus , xerobates should not be recognized .\nwirt , b . 2011 . desert tortoise - gopherus agassizii . sonoran herpetologist 24 ( 6 ) : 56 - 58 . - get paper here\nstitt , e . , c . schwalbe , d . swann . 2004 . gopherus agassizii ( desert tortoise ) . association with africanized bees .\ngene diversity ( a ) and allelic richness ( b ) per locus and population of bolson tortoises ( gopherus flavomarginatus ) for 11 str loci .\nvan dijk pp , flores - villela o ( 2007 ) gopherus flavomarginatus iucn 2013 : iucn red list of threatened species . urltoken : iucn .\nedwards , t . , e . stitt , c . schwalbe , d . swann . 2004 . gopherus agassizii ( desert tortoise ) . movement .\nthe genus name gopherus was coined by the naturalist c . s . rafinesque in 1816 but first published in 1832 to describe the north american tortoises . gopherus is derived from the word gopher , which was already in common use in the us to describe burrowing animals such as the gopher tortoise at the time .\nwoodbury , angus munn ; hardy , ross 1948 . studies of the desert tortoise , gopherus agassizii . ecological monographs 18 ( 2 ) : 146 - 200\n2013 .\ngopher tortoise : gopherus polyphemus\n( on - line ) . florida fish and wildlife conservation commission . accessed november 29 , 2013 at urltoken .\nthe desert tortoise trichotomy : mexico hosts a third , new sister - species of tortoise in the gopherus morafkai - g . agassizii group . - pubmed - ncbi\negg size and annual egg production by female desert tortoises ( gopherus agassizii ) : the importance of food abundance , body size , and date of egg shelling .\nauffenberg , w . , and r . franz . 1978 . gopherus flavomarginatus . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles 214 : 1 - 2 . - get paper here\nmiller , loye 1955 . further observations on the desert tortoise , gopherus agassizi , of california . copeia 1955 ( 2 ) : 113 - 118 - get paper here\nsullivan , brian k . and elizabeth sulivan . 2014 . gopherus morafkai ( sonoran desert tortoise ) drinking behavior . herpetological review 45 ( 3 ) : 483 - 484\nsullivan , brian k . and elizabeth sullivan . 2016 . gopherus morafkai ( sonoran desert tortoise ) drinking behavior . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 123 - 124\ns4 fig . representation of gene ontology terms for biological processes shared by genes with ka / ks > 1 in the pairwise comparison of gopherus agassizii and gallus gallus .\ndesert tortoises ( testudines ; testudinidae ; gopherus agassizii group ) have an extensive distribution throughout the mojave , colorado , and sonoran desert regions . not surprisingly , they exhibit a tremendous amount of ecological , behavioral , morphological and genetic variation . gopherus agassizii was considered a single species for almost 150 years but recently the species was split into the nominate form and morafka ' s desert tortoise , gopherus morafkai , the latter occurring south and east of the colorado river . whereas a large body of literature focuses on tortoises in the united states , a dearth of investigations exists for mexican animals . notwithstanding , mexican populations of desert tortoises in the southern part of the range of gopherus morafkai are distinct , particularly where the tortoises occur in tropical thornscrub and tropical deciduous forest . recent studies have shed light on the ecology , morphology and genetics of these southern ' desert ' tortoises . all evidence warrants recognition of this clade as a distinctive taxon and herein we describe it as gopherus evgoodei sp . n . the description of the new species significantly reduces and limits the distribution of gopherus morafkai to desertscrub habitat only . by contrast , gopherus evgoodei sp . n . occurs in thornscrub and tropical deciduous forests only and this leaves it with the smallest range of the three sister species . we present conservation implications for the newly described gopherus evgoodei , which already faces impending threats .\nour investigation of the taxonomy of agassiz\u2019s land tortoise resolved many issues . the publication date has been given in error as 1863 since its first citation . the type series was likely collected by cooper from near soda lake , california , and not elsewhere . only one of the three original cotypes exists , usnm 7888 , and it was designated as the lectotype . our mtdna sequence data from the lectotype confirmed that it was from california , not arizona . further , mtdna sequence data from the holotype of gopherus lepidocephalus placed its origin to the mojavian population , rather than the sonoran desert of either arizona or mexico . genetic , morphological and ecological data confirmed the existence of at least two species contained within gopherus agassizii . the sonoran population is named as a new species , gopherus morafkai , morafka ` s desert tortoise . the recognition of gopherus morafkai reduces the range of gopherus agassizii to occupying about 30 % of its former range . given drastic population declines in gopherus agassizii during the past few decades , it might be endangered .\n2012 .\nanage entry for gopherus polyphemus\n( on - line ) . anage : the animal ageing and longevity database . accessed december 01 , 2013 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : lazzari , a . 2017 .\ngopherus polyphemus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nauffenberg w ; franz r 1978 . gopherus agassizii ( cooper ) . desert tortoise . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 212 : 1 - 2 - get paper here\nto cite this page : crozier , g . 1999 .\ngopherus agassizii\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndiversity indices for 11 microsatellite loci in 3 sample populations of bolson tortoises , gopherus flavomarginatus ; appleton ranch , durango mexico , and hybrid population at the el paso zoo .\ninnes , r . 2009 .\ngopherus polyphemus\n( on - line ) . usda forest service : fire effects information system . accessed december 02 , 2013 at urltoken .\nwinchell , s . 2006 . tortoises of north america - an overview of the genus gopherus . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 9 - 15 - get paper here\nbruekers , jaco 2004 . in der sporen van de amerikaanse woestijnschildpad , gopherus agassizii ( cooper 1863 ) . lacerta 62 ( 5 ) : 198 - 2005 - get paper here\ncrumly , c . r . 1994 . phylogenetic systematics of north american tortoises ( genus gopherus ) : evidence for their classification . fish and wildlife research 13 : 7 - 32\ndna was extracted a minimum of three times for the lectotype of gopherus agassizii and once for the holotype of gopherus lepidocephalus . to avoid any possibility of cross contamination , final extractions were done in isolation of one another . amplification and sequencing were also done independently for both strands . desert tortoise sequences were confirmed using a blast search of the ncbi database .\nphylogenetic systematics of north american tortoises ( genus gopherus ) : evidence for their classification . in : bury rb , germano dj ( eds ) , biology of north american tortoises .\na new giant turtle of the genus gopherus ( chelonia : testudinidae ) from the pleistocene of tamaulipas , m\u00e9xico , and a review of the phylogeny and biogeography of gopher tortoises .\ngonz\u00e1lez tr\u00e1paga , r . & aguirre l\u00e9on , g . 2006 . gopherus flavomarginatus - the bolson tortoise . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 22 - 27 - get paper here\npeterson , charles c . 1994 . different rates and causes of high mortality in two populations of the threatened desert tortoise gopherus agassizii . biological conservation 70 ( 2 ) : 101 - 108\naverill - murray , r . , a . averill - murray . 2005 . regional - scale estimation of density and habitat use of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) in arizona .\nnomenclatural stability for gopherus agassizii was maintained until bramble ( 1982 ) revised the genus using both extant and extinct species . he discovered two groups and erected the genus scaptochelys for gopherus agassizii and gopherus berlandieri . the type species was designated as xerobates agassizii cooper , 1863 [ sic ] . thus , gopherus agassizii was referred to as scaptochelys agassizii . shortly thereafter , bour and dubois ( 1984 ) reported that scaptochelys was a junior synonym of genus xerobates agassiz , 1857 , whose type species was xerobates berlandieri agassiz , 1857 , by subsequent designation ( brown 1908 ) . because bramble ( 1982 ) resolved scaptochelys agassizii as the sister group of xerobates berlandieri , bour and dubois ( 1984 ) referred scaptochelys agassizii back to xerobates agassizii cooper , 1863 [ sic ] .\nfemale gopherus morafkai mature at larger sizes ( 220 mm carapace length ) ( averill - murray 2002 ) than does gopherus agassizii ( 176\u2013190 mm carapace length ) ( turner et al . 1986 ; germano 1994a ; karl 1998 ) . clutch sizes between the two species are similar ( averill - murray 2002 ) , but gopherus morafkai only produces 1 clutch every 1\u20132 yr ( averill - murray 2002 ) while gopherus agassizii may produce 1\u20133 clutches every year ( turner et al . 1986 ; wallis et al . 1999 ) . harsher , more arid climates in the mojave desert may have led to increased female reproductive investment to offset hatchling and juvenile mortality ( heppell 1998 ; hellgren et al . 2000 ) , but information is limited for juvenile tortoises of both species .\nburke , r . , m . ewert , j . mclemore , d . jackson . 1996 . temperature - dependent sex determination and hatching success in the gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) .\ngonz\u00e1lez tr\u00e1paga , r . & aguirre le\u00f3n , g . 2006 . gopherus flavomarginatus , die mexikanische gopherschildkr\u00f6te . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 11 ( 62 ) : 28 - 34 - get paper here\nspencely , ashley , jeremy mack and kristin h . berry . 2015 . gopherus agassizii ( agassiz ' s desert tortoise ) attempted predation . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 422 - 423\n( a ) estimated divergence of gopherus agassizii and chrysemys picta bellii without constraint . ( b ) fixed age of node 9 ( see s2 fig . ) at 74 . 2 million years .\nlegler , john m . ; webb , robert g . 1961 . remarks on a collection of bolson tortoises , gopherus flavomarginatus . herpetologica 17 ( 1 ) : 26 - 37 - get paper here\nmorafka , d . j . 1982 . the status and distribution of the bolson tortoise ( gopherus flavomarginatus ) . u . s . fish and wildlife service research report 12 : 71 - 94 .\nberry , kristin h . , shields , tim and jacobson , elliott r . 2016 . gopherus agassizii ( mohave desert tortoise ) probable rattlesnake envenomation herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 652 - 653\nmartin , b . 1996 . the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) in a desert grassland community in southern arizona . sonoran herpetologist 9 ( 4 ) : 31 - 35 . - get paper here\nthe generic allocation of the agassiz land - tortoise , the desert tortoise , has occasionally changed . cope ( 1875 ) transferred xerobates agassizii to the genus testudo , as testudo agassizii , in his checklist of north american amphibians and reptiles but without comment or justification . presumably , this determination followed the generic allocation of gray ( 1870 ) and certainly this was not an oversight as cope ( 1880 ) repeated the generic allocation for gopherus berlandieri . the next taxonomic change was made by stejneger ( 1893 ) in his discussion of the fauna of death valley . he considered the californian tortoise to be distinct from gopherus berlandieri and to belong to the north american genus gopherus rafinesque 1832 , as \u201c gopherus agassizii ( cooper ) \u201d ( stejneger 1893 : 160 ) . this generic allocation was stable for almost 100 years .\nwinchell , s . & love , b . 2006 . die landschildkr\u00f6ten nordamerikas . ein \u00fcberblick \u00fcber die gattung gopherus . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 11 ( 62 ) : 20 - 27 - get paper here\nlovich , jeffrey e . 2011 . gopherus agassizii ( desert tortoise ) and crotalus ruber ( red diamond rattlesnake ) burrow co - occupancy . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 421 - get paper here\nwalde , andrew d . , angela m . walde and a . peter woodman . 2016 . gopherus agassizii ( mojave desert tortoise ) burrow associate . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 121 - 122\nvaughn sl ( 1984 ) home range and habitat use of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) in the picacho mountains , pinal county , arizona . m . sc . thesis , arizona state university .\nmartin be ( 1995 ) ecology of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) in a desert - grassland community in southern arizona . m . sc . thesis , university of arizona , tucson , az .\nto determine gopherus evgoodei was in fact a new species , edwards sampled 233 wild desert tortoises of both the sonoran and sinaloan lineage and performed dna analysis on these reptiles and compared dna with that of the gopherus evgoodei and found distinct differences in the dna . edwards said that the tortoise species changes with the vegetation . those to the north are the sonoran desert tortoises while the south holds the thornscrub tortoise .\nzylstra , e . 2007 . the bolson tortoise ( gopherus flavomarginatus ) : king of the ( re - ) wild frontier . sonoran herpetologist 20 ( 5 ) : 50 - 54 . - get paper here\n(\nanage entry for gopherus polyphemus\n, 2012 ;\ngopher tortoise management plan\n, 2012 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; ernst and lovich , 2009 ; mushinsky , et al . , 1994 )\nmoll , e . o . 2004 . gopherus agassizi ( cooper , 1863 ) \u2013 desert tortoise . patronyms of the pioneer west . sonoran herpetologist 17 ( 5 ) : 50 - 53 . - get paper here\nsmith , amanda l . , laura a . tennant and terence r . arundal . 2015 . gopherus agassizii ( agassiz ' s desert tortoise ) mechanical injury . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 423 - 424\nhenderson , r . a . , s . r . puffer and j . e . lovich 2016 . gopherus agassizii ( mohave desert tortoise ) nest depredation . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 446 - 447 .\nwalde , andrew d . , meagan l . harless , david k . delaney and larry l . pater . 2006 . gopherus agassizii diet . herpetological review 37 ( 1 ) : 77 - 78 - get paper here\nwalde , angela m . , andrew d . walde and charlie jones . 2014 . gopherus agassizii ( mohave desert tortoise ) and crotalus mitchelli ( speckled rattlesnake ) burrow associate . herpetological review 45 ( 4 ) : 688\nwebster , timothy h . ; greer a . dolby , melissa wilson sayres , kenro kusumi 2017 . improved draft of the mojave desert tortoise genome , gopherus agassizii , version 1 . 1 peerj preprints - get paper here\nseveral observations suggested the absence of dna contamination . first , amplification of dna from the two type specimens resulted in differing fragment lengths . primers used for the lectotype of gopherus agassizii did not amplify dna from the holotype of gopherus lepidocephalus . thus , it is exceptionally unlikely that contamination occurred between these two species . neither type specimen had dna extracted along with other samples of gopherus ; all comparative samples were downloaded from genbank . thus , cross - contamination outside of this project was not possible . finally , dna extracted in isolation of the other type precluded the possibility of contamination . consequently , all evidence suggested that the sequence data were obtained from the respective specimens .\nberry et al . ( 2002 ) summarize data suggesting that the desert tortoise , gopherus agassizii ( cooper ) , of the southern united states and northwestern mainland mexico is a composite of at least two and possibly four species . they note that much work remains to be accomplished before formally recognizing any new species . this task is more complex than originally imagined , in part because of a convoluted taxonomy plagued with uncertainties and problems . our reviews of several conundrums obtain the background data required to untangle a knot of confusion and make some decisions and recommendations . the greatest problem concerns the identities of true gopherus agassizii and the enigmatic gopherus lepidocephalus ( ottley et vel\u00e1zques solis ) .\nlegler , j . m . 1959 . a new tortoise , genus gopherus , from north - central mexico . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 11 : 335 - 343 . - get paper here\nwalde , andrew d . ; andrea currylow 2015 . gopherus agassizii ( mojave desert tortoise ) and coleonyx variegatus variegatus ( desert banded gecko ) . spring burrow cohabitation . herpetology notes 8 : 501 - 502 - get paper here\nsullivan , b . k . , and e . a . sullivan . 2015 . winter basking by hatchling sonoran desert tortoises , gopherus morafkai . sonoran herpetologist 28 ( 1 ) : 10 - 11 . - get paper here\ncurrylow , andrea , andrew d . walde and angela m . walde . 2016 . gopherus agassizii ( mojave desert tortoise ) and coluber flagellum piceus ( red racer ) burrow associates . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 122 - 123\ncurtin , a . j . ; g . r . zug ; j . r . spotila 2009 . longevity and growth strategies of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) in two american deserts . journal of arid environments 73 : 463\u2013471\nthe questioned identity of gopherus lepidocephalus has now been sufficiently answered to address its taxonomic status . the name is a junior synonym of gopherus agassizii . whether the holotype is a hybrid or not is taxonomically irrelevant because the maternal lineage had an origin in the mojave desert population . nevertheless , three questions remain . first , is the holotype of gopherus lepidocephalus a hybrid individual ? this could explain its uniqueness ( ottley and vel\u00e1zques solis 1989 ) as well as it association with sonora , mexico ( crumly and grismer 1994 ) . second , the question remains as to whether gopherus morafkai consists of two forms that warrant recognition at the species level : morafka\u2019s desert tortoise and a potentially new sinaloan thornscrub tortoise ( lamb et al . 1989 ) . currently , we are examining the spatial overlap of several genotypes at the eastern and southern boundaries of sonoran desert scrub in sonora , mexico to better understand the evolutionary drivers responsible for shaping the genetic diversity of gopherus morafkai , and to evaluate the possibility that the species is a composite of two cryptic species . finally , it is critical to evaluate ontogenetic development in both species . this may vary geographically within species as well as with nutrition and other environmental parameters .\nwe investigate a cornucopia of problems associated with the identity of the desert tortoise , gopherus agassizii ( cooper ) . the date of publication is found to be 1861 , rather than 1863 . only one of the three original cotypes exists , and it is designated as the lectotype of the species . another cotype is found to have been destroyed in the 1906 san francisco earthquake and subsequent fire . the third is lost . the lectotype is genetically confirmed to be from california , and not arizona , usa as sometimes reported . maternally , the holotype of gopherus lepidocephalus ( ottley & vel\u00e1zques solis . 1989 ) from the cape region of baja california sur , mexico is also from the mojavian population of the desert tortoise , and not from tiburon island , sonora , mexico as previously proposed . a suite of characters serve to diagnose tortoises west and north of the colorado river , the mojavian population , from those east and south of the river in arizona , usa , and sonora and sinaloa , mexico , the sonoran population . species recognition is warranted and because gopherus lepidocephalus is from the mojavian population , no names are available for the sonoran species . thus , a new species , gopherus morafkai sp . n . , is named and this action reduces the distribution of gopherus agassizii to only 30 % of its former range . this reduction has important implications for the conservation and protection of gopherus agassizii , which may deserve a higher level of protection .\nauffenberg , w . , & franz , r . 1978 . gopherus rafinesque : gopher tortoises . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 211 ) : 1 - 2 [ species accounts in nos . 212 - 215 ] - get paper here\nure\u00f1a - aranda , cinthya alejandra ; de los monteros , alejandro espinosa 2012 . the genetic crisis of the mexican bolson tortoise ( gopherus flavomarginatus : testudinidae ) . amphibia - reptilia 33 ( 1 ) : 45 - 53 - get paper here\nthe new species is a patronym for the late professor david joseph morafka in recognition of his many contributions to the biology and conservation of the species of gopherus and his unsurpassed way of facilitating research , even among researchers with very different perspectives .\ngray , k . m . , and r . steidl . 2014 . effects of buffelgrass invasion on density and condition of sonoran desert tortoises ( gopherus morafkai ) . sonoran herpetologist 27 ( 4 ) : 91 - 95 . - get paper here\narizona - sonora desert museum ' s tortoise adoption program , 2003 .\nthe desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) : a natural history\n( on - line ) . arizona - sonora desert museum . accessed september 27 , 2005 at urltoken .\n( a ) commands used for the various steps in the genome assembly process . ( b ) commands used to filter the variant file ( . vcf ) from freebayes using snpsft , and to intersect it with the gopherus agassizii annotation using bedtools .\nus fish and wildlife service . range - wide monitoring of the mojave desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) : 2013 and 2014 annual reports . report by the desert tortoise recovery office , us fish and wildlife service , reno , nevada . 2015 .\ncommon names do not enjoy precedence and they can create much unnecessary confusion . historically , the species of gopherus were commonly referred to simply as gophers , a word that normally refers to mammals . now that gopherus morafkai is recognized , the desert tortoise requires two common names . gopherus agassizii could be referred to as the mojavian desert tortoise , yet this is inaccurate because the species also occurs within the sonoran desert of california . therefore , we prefer to call it agassiz\u00b4s desert tortoise . this name also serves to retain the original designation of cooper ( 1861 ) . similarly , gopherus morafkai occurs in the mojave desert of arizona , the sonoran desert of arizona , usa and sonora , mexico and in sinaloan thornscrub , but not in the mojave and sonoran deserts of california . therefore , the term sonoran desert tortoise is inaccurate . consequently , we prefer to call this species morafka\u00b4s desert tortoise . these common names will serve to exclude the species from other desert tortoises in the genus testudo .\nhowever , when the texas and desert tortoises were first described in the nineteenth century they had been given the genus name xerobates ( from the greek xero meaning\ndry\nand bates meaning\none who walks or haunts\n) . under the rules used in assigning scientific names xerobates took priority over scaptochelys because it had been used first . so , the\nnew\nname of the texas tortoise became xerobates berlandieri and the desert tortoise became xerobates agassizii . the florida gopher tortoise and the closely related mexican bolson tortoise remained in the genus gopherus . however , not all authorities accept the new genus ( it took 100 years or so before even gopherus was widely recognized as valid ! ) . this confusion explains why the desert tortoise is sometimes listed as gopherus ( xerobates ) agassizii , a technically\nuntidy\nmoniker because it suggests that xerobates is a sub - genus of gopherus and not a separate genus . no doubt this will be clarified in the future when more is known about these tortoises .\nhagerty , b . e . ; peacock , m . m . ; kirchoff , v . s . & tracy , c . r . 2008 . polymorphic microsatellite markers for the mojave desert tortoise , gopherus agassizii . molecular ecology resources 8 : 1149\u20131151\nllamas , macario ; christina la croix , elizabeth williams , and william perry baker 2017 . hematological values in captive desert tortoises ( gopherus agassizii ) from maricopa county , arizona . ircf reptiles & amphibians 24 ( 3 ) : 187\u2013190 - get paper here\nmoll , d . 2008 . dietary characteristics and seed germination influences of desert tortoises ( gopherus agassizii ) in a very wet year ( 1998 ) in northeastern sonoran desert . sonoran herpetologist 21 ( 8 ) : 86 - 89 . - get paper here\nbabb , randall d . , thomas c . brennan , david d . kandiyeli , christina m . akins and thomas r . jones . 2013 . geographic distribution : gopherus morafkai ( sonoran desert tortoise ) . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 623\ndistribution of the desert tortoises aligned with gopherus agassizii . the locality of byu 39706 from baja california sur is shown as a black dot . the location of the hybrid population described in mcluckie et al . ( 1999 ) is shown as a star .\nthe evolutionary species concept ( simpson 1961 ; wiley 1978 ) suggests that the sonoran population of the desert tortoise should be recognized as a new taxon . frost and hillis ( 1990 ) effectively argue that subspecies should not be recognized for continuously distributed species ; we agree . given these two observations , at least two species of desert tortoise should be recognized . the dna sequence data exclude application of the available name gopherus lepidocephalus for the sonoran desert population of gopherus that occurs west and south of the colorado river and they confirm that the lectotype of gopherus agassizii is from the mojave desert , and not arizona . because no names are available for the tortoise population occurring in the sonoran desert south and east of the colorado river , we describe it as a new species .\ncurtin , amanda j . ; , george r . zug , , philip a . medica , james r . spotila 2008 . assessing age in the desert tortoise gopherus agassizii : testing skeletochronology with individuals of known age . endang species res 5 : 21 - 27\ngopherus evgoodei differs from other species of desert tortoises in often having yellow / orange integument ( skin ) and shell . i rancho el divisadero ii\u2013iii rancho las cabras ; and iv\u2013v rancho la sierrita near alamos , sonora , mexico ( in tropical deciduous forest ) .\nmorafka dj , adest ga , aguirre g , recht m ( 1981 ) the ecology of the bolson tortoise gopherus flavomarginatus . in : barbault r , halffter g , editors . ecology of the chihuahuan desert : mexico df : instituto de ecolog\u00eda . pp . 35\u201378 .\nadest , g . a . ; aguirre , g . ; morafka , d . j . ; jarchow , j . v . 1989 . bolson tortoise ( gopherus flavomarginatus ) conservation : i . life history . vida sylvestre neotropical 2 ( 1 ) : 7 - 13\nwalde , andrew d . ; andrea currylow , angela m . walde 2015 . discovery of a new burrow associate of the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) , the long - nosed leopard lizard ( gambelia wislizenii ) herpetology notes 8 : 107 - 109 - get paper here\njamie c . moon , earl d . mccoy , henry r . mushinsky , stephen a . karl ; multiple paternity and breeding system in the gopher tortoise , gopherus polyphemus , journal of heredity , volume 97 , issue 2 , 1 march 2006 , pages 150\u2013157 , urltoken\naverill - murray , roy c . and bridgette e . hagerty 2014 . translocation relative to spatial genetic structure of the mojave desert tortoise , gopherus agassizii . chelonian conservation and biology jul 2014 , vol . 13 , no . 1 : 35 - 41 . - get paper here\ncitation : edwards t , cox ec , buzzard v , wiese c , hillard ls , murphy rw ( 2014 ) genetic assessments and parentage analysis of captive bolson tortoises ( gopherus flavomarginatus ) inform their \u201crewilding\u201d in new mexico . plos one 9 ( 7 ) : e102787 . urltoken\nthe flat shell profile / shape of carapace generally distinguishes gopherus evgoodei from other species of desert tortoises . live , wild - caught individuals from ( i\u2013iv ) rancho las cabras and ( v\u2013vi ) rancho la sierrita near alamos , sonora , mexico ( in tropical deciduous forest ) .\ngopherus evgoodei differs from other species of desert tortoises in having a very short tail . i rancho el chupadero east of guaymas ( in thornscrub habitat ) ; ii rancho las cabras ; and iii\u2013i rancho la sierrita near alamos , sonora , mexico ( in tropical deciduous forest ) .\ntortoises are any of the land - dwelling turtles of the family testudinidae . the desert tortoise is one of four species of the genus gopherus , known collectively as gopher tortoises . gopher tortoises are characterized by brown shells 8 - 15 inches long with flattened front limbs adapted for burrowing .\nmurphy , r . w . 2011 . the dazed and confused identity of agassiz\u2019s land tortoise , gopherus agassizii ( testudines : testudinidae ) with the description of a new species , and its consequences for conservation . sonoran herpetologist 24 ( 7 ) : 71 - 72 . - get paper here\nbridges , andy ; heather l . bateman , audrey k . owens , cristina a . jones and william miller 2016 . microhabitat selection of juvenile sonoran desert tortoises ( gopherus morafkai ) in central arizona . chelonian conservation and biology 15 ( 2 ) : 219 - 230 - get paper here\ns8 dataset . output from ka / ks analysis for all genes compared between agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) and western painted turtle ( chrysemys picta bellii ) , chinese softshell turtle ( pelodiscus sinensis ) , green sea turtle ( chelonia mydas ) , and chicken ( gallus gallus ) .\ntake the desert tortoise , known to many of us as gopherus agassizii . gopherus is a uniquely north american genus consisting of tortoises that are structurally adapted to a burrowing and digging lifestyle . three other species of gopher tortoise are alive today - the texas tortoise ( berlandieri ) , the mexican bolson tortoise ( flavomarginatus ) , and the florida gopher tortoise ( polyphemus ) . over the years , experts in the field came to realize that the genus gopherus includes two sorts of tortoise , separable on the basis of differences in their bone and shell structure . the desert and texas tortoises fall in one group and the gopher and bolson tortoise in the other . in 1982 , john bramble suggested that these differences were great enough to warrant recognition of two separate genera and proposed the genus scaptochelys ( from the greek meaning digger - tortoise ) that would include the desert and texas tortoises .\nhazard , lisa c . ; danielle r . shemanski , and kenneth a . nagy 2010 . nutritional quality of natural foods of juvenile and adult desert tortoises ( gopherus agassizii ) : calcium , phosphorus , and magnesium digestibility . journal of herpetology 44 ( 1 ) : 135\u2013147 - get paper here\na desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) diet is comprised mainly of safe grasses and weeds , leafy greens , with small amounts of hard vegetables and moist fruits . a good basic salad can be prepared a week in advance and fed daily with selections from the following served in addition to it .\nberry , kristin h . ; lisa m . lyren , julie l . yee , and tracy y . bailey 2014 . protection benefits desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) abundance : the influence of three management strategies on a threatened species . herpetological monographs , 28 : 66 - 92 - get paper here\nmedica , philip a . ; kenneth e . nussear , todd c . esque , and mary b . saethre 2012 . long - term growth of desert tortoises ( gopherus agassizii ) in a southern nevada population . journal of herpetology 46 ( 2 ) : 213 - 220 . - get paper here\nmorafka dj ( 1988 ) part iii . historical biogeography of the bolson tortoise . in : morafka dj , mccoy cj , editors . the ecogeography of the mexican bolson tortoise ( gopherus flavomarginatus ) : derivation of its endangered status and recommendations for its conservation : annals of carnegie museum . pp . 47\u201372 .\ns6 dataset . ortholog groups shared between agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) , western painted turtle ( chrysemys picta bellii ) , chinese softshell turtle ( pelodiscus sinensis ) , chicken ( gallus gallus ) , alligator ( alligator mississippiensis ) , green anole ( anolis carolinensis ) and human ( homo sapiens ) .\nmcluckie , ann m . ; lamb , trip ; schwalbe , cecil r . ; mccord , robert d . 1999 . genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) population in the black mountains of arizona . journal of herpetology 33 ( 1 ) : 36 - 44 - get paper here\ngopherus morafkai occurs naturally east and south of the colorado river in arizona , as well as in sonora , including tiburon island , and sinaloa on the west side of the sierra madre occidental , mexico ( berry et al . 2002 ) . the species appears to have been recently introduced from sonora into at least one home in la paz , baja california sur , mexico as pets , where it successfully reproduced ( patricia galina , personal communication to rwm ) . it likely occurs as introduced individuals or populations in north america and possibly elsewhere , although in this case many individuals are likely hybrids of gopherus morafkai x agassizii .\nmurray , roy c . ; schwalbe , cecil r . ; bailey , scott j . ; cuneo , s . peder ; hart , scott d . 1996 . reproduction in a population of the desert tortoise , gopherus agassizii , in the sonoran desert . herpetological natural history 4 ( 1 ) : 83 - 88\nennen , joshua r . ; jeffrey e . lovich , katherin p . meyer , curtis bjurlin , and terence r . arundel 2012 . nesting ecology of a population of gopherus agassizii at a utility - scale wind energy facility in southern california . copeia 2012 ( 2 ) : 222 - 228 . - get paper here\nriedle , j . daren , roy c . averill - murray , clayton l . lutz and darren k . bolen . 2008 . habitat use by desert tortoises ( gopherus agassizii ) on alluvial fans in the sonoran desert , south - central arizona . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 414 - 420 - get paper here\nlovich , jeffrey e . ; roy c . averill - murray , mickey agha , joshua r . ennen , and meaghan austin 2017 . variation in annual clutch phenology of sonoran desert tortoises ( gopherus morafkai ) in central arizona herpetologica dec 2017 , vol . 73 , no . 4 : 313 - 322 . - get paper here\ntissue samples ( leg muscle ) were dissected from the lectotype of gopherus agassizii ( cooper , 1861 ) ( usnm 7888 ) and the holotype of gopherus lepidocephalus ( ottley & vel\u00e1zques solis , 1989 ) ( brigham young university [ byu ] 39706 ) . genomic dna was extracted from approximately 10 mg of tissue . the lectotype of gopherus agassizii was likely preserved in ethanol yet the holotype of gopherus lepidocephalus was initially well - preserved in formalin . subsequently , both specimens were stored in 70 % ethanol . to remove fixatives , tissues were washed twice in pbs , ph 7 . 2 ( 50 mm potassium phosphate , 150 mm nacl ) as recommended in the dna easy extraction kit ( qaigen ) for tissue exposed to formalin . subsequently , higher yields of dna were achieved using our standard extraction method , rather than the dna easy extraction kit , as follows : digestion of the tissue was carried out at 52 \u00b0c in a lysis buffer ( tris 6 . 06g , na2edta 0 . 93g , nacl 5 . 85g and sds 1 . 0g , 500ml ddh2o , ph 8 . 5 ) and spiked daily with 12 . 5 \u00b5l of proteinase k ( roche ) until the tissue sample was completely digested ( 5\u20137 days ) . purification used two washes with phenol : chloroform : isoamyl alcohol followed by a final wash of chloroform : isoamyl alcohol .\nberry , kristin h . ; julie l . yee , ashley a . coble , william m . perry , and timothy a . shields 2013 . multiple factors affect a population of agassiz ' s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) in the northwestern mojave desert . herpetological monographs 27 ( 1 ) : 87 - 109 - get paper here\n( a ) phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of three desert tortoise species . total rna was sequenced for three individuals per taxon and mapped to the gopherus agassizii assembly . ( b ) representation of gene ontology terms shared by genes with fixed unique single nucleotide polymorphisms in each species of desert tortoise . treemap boxes are sized according to uniqueness .\ns9 dataset . biomart results for human ensembl gene id and gene ontology categories for accelerated genes with ka / ks > 1 between agassiz\u2019s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) and western painted turtle ( chrysemys picta bellii ) , chinese softshell turtle ( pelodiscus sinensis ) , green sea turtle ( chelonia mydas ) , and chicken ( gallus gallus ) .\nedwards t , karl ae , vaughn m , rosen pc , torres cm , murphy rw 2016 . the desert tortoise trichotomy : mexico hosts a third , new sister - species of tortoise in the gopherus morafkai\u2013g . agassizii group . zookeys 562 : 131 - 158 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 562 . 6124 - get paper here\naguirre g , morafka dj , adest ga ( 1997 ) conservation strategies for the bolson tortoise , gopherus flavomarginatus , in the chihuahuan desert . in : abbema jv , pritchard pch , editors . proceedings : conservation , restoration , and management of tortoises and turtles\u2013an international conference . new york : new york turtle & tortoise society . pp . 333\u2013338 .\nthe rounded ventral surface of the rear feet ( i\u2013ii ) and multiple enlarged , raised scales present on surface of forelegs generally ( iii\u2013iv ) diagnose gopherus evgoodei in relation to other species of desert tortoises . i\u2013ii same individual in figure from rancho las cabras near alamos , sonora , mexico ( in tropical deciduous forest ) iii\u2013iv two individuals from rancho las cabras .\nscientific names consist of the genus ( generic name ) followed by a specific or species name . occasionally a third name is added to designate so - called sub - species , populations of the species with distinct characteristics . for more precision , the scientific name is often followed by the name of the person who first assigned the name and description . for example , the desert tortoise may be referred to as xerobates agassizii cooper . if the scientific name has undergone changes since the original description , then the describer ' s name is placed in parenthesis . for example , if the desert tortoise is in the genus gopherus then the name becomes gopherus agassizii ( cooper ) because cooper designated it as xerobates in his original description .\ngopherus morafkai occurs in upland habitats in the sonoran desert scrub ( brown et al . 1979 ) with rocky outcrops and palo verde - saguaro cactus communities and ecotonal desert grasslands ( van devender 2002 ) . within these habitats , gopherus morafkai is generally found along rocky slopes , or bajadas , of desert mountain ranges , with breeding populations occurring as high as 1 , 420 m elevation and individual observation records occurring to 2 , 380 m ( flesch et al . 2010 ) . the species typically occupies excavated or eroded burrows underneath rocks or boulders . consequently , geology and resultant burrow availability among mountain ranges is an important determinant in regulating population density ( averill - murray et al . 2002a , b ) . low density populations of gopherus morafkai also occur along alluvial fans and in intermountain valleys , where individuals utilize desert washes and associated caliche caves as shelter sites ( riedle et al . 2008 ; grandmaison et al . 2010 ) . these peripheral populations provide important genetic linkages between disjunct mountain ranges ( edwards 2003 ; edwards et al . 2004 ; averill - murray and averill - murray 2005 ) .\nsullivan , brian k . ; roy averill - murray , keith o . sullivan , justin r . sullivan , elizabeth a . sullivan , and j . daren riedle 2014 . winter activity of the sonoran desert tortoise ( gopherus morafkai ) in central arizona . chelonian conservation and biology jul 2014 , vol . 13 , no . 1 : 114 - 119 . - get paper here\nmack , jeremy s . ; kristin h . berry , david m . miller , and andrea s . carlson 2015 . factors affecting the thermal environment of agassiz ' s desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) cover sites in the central mojave desert during periods of temperature extremes journal of herpetology sep 2015 , vol . 49 , no . 3 : 405 - 414 . - get paper here\ni ask because as soon as i announced having adopted a male gopherus , a guy i know through work connections posted on my facebook saying his family has a female\nif i ever wanted to breed them\n. i kinda wanted to slap the guy for suggesting it , what with so many existing gopherus in ca needing homes and the fact that captive hatchlings can ' t be returned to the wild . i want to say the adoption cttc adoption agent who helped us told me breeding them is illegal , but now i can ' t recall exactly . i already told the\nmatch maker\nno thanks , but i wondered if breeding them is frowned upon if i should tell him so he isn ' t throwing that offer around to anyone else and creating more homeless tortoises .\nrepresentation of gene ontology terms for biological processes shared by genes with pairwise ka / ks > 1 in comparisons of gopherus agassizii to ( a ) chrysemys picta bellii and ( b ) chelonia mydas . treemap boxes are both sized and colored by uniqueness . abbreviations in ( a ) : rb , receptor biosynthesis , lcfacb , long chain fatty acyl - coa biosynthesis , mtmd , membrane to membrane docking .\nedwards , taylor ; mercy vaughn , philip c . rosen , cristina mel\u00e9ndez torres , alice e . karl , melanie culver and robert w . murphy 2016 . shaping species with ephemeral boundaries : the distribution and genetic structure of desert tortoise ( gopherus morafkai ) in the sonoran desert region . journal of biogeography43 ( 3 ) : 484\u2013497 , doi : 10 . 1111 / jbi . 12664 - get paper here\nmurphy , robert w . ; kristin h . berry , taylor edwards , alan e . leviton , amy lathrop , j . daren riedle 2011 . the dazed and confused identity of agassiz\u2019s land tortoise , gopherus agassizii ( testudines , testudinidae ) with the description of a new species , and its consequences for conservation . zookeys 113 : 39\u201371 ; doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 113 . 1353 - get paper here\nusing the alignment of murphy et al . ( 2007 ) , primers were designed for a 423 bp fragment that was diagnostic for haplotypes of gopherus agassizii . the forward primer gocytl ( 5\u2019 - caattcgattcttcctagtagc - 3\u2019 ) was located in the nadh3 gene and reverse primer gocyth ( 5\u2019 - ggctgagaaggatagtattagtattgg - 3\u2019 ) located on nd4 . attempts to amplify the holotype sample of gopherus lepidocephalus ( byu 39706 ) failed after numerous attempts using these two primers . because dna exposed to formalin is prone to degradation and fragmentation ( bucklin and allen 2004 ) , several internal primers were designed and used in various combinations until amplification was successful . eventually we amplified a 225 bp fragment using the original gocytl forward primer and a new internal reverse primer ( lepidond3h3 : 5\u2019 - ttggtgtcattttgatagccgtgaag - 3\u2019 ) that straddles the trnaarg and nd4l genes ; one bp was not confidently resolved .\na new species of desert tortoise has been discovered and described by a conservation geneticist with the university of arizona . the turtle , called the goode ' s thornscrub tortoise ( gopherus evgoodei ) was discovered in sinaloa , mexico , in thorn scrub and tropical deciduous forests . it is only found in these areas , according to ua geneticist taylor edwards and because of this , it has the smallest range of the three other known desert tortoises .\nottley and vel\u00e1zques solis ( 1989 ) described a new species , xerobates lepidocephalus , from the cape region of baja california sur , mexico . ecologically , the species occurs on sloped or hillside areas and it is not reported to live in burrows . this habitat choice closely resembles that of tortoises living in the sonoran desert , specifically those tortoises occurring east and south of the colorado river . these tortoises , called sonoran desert tortoises ( van devender 2002 ) , differ substantially from tortoises in the mojave desert . in general , sonoran tortoises live in rock crevices on steep slopes and hill tops ( riedle et al . 2008 ) and mojave desert tortoises live in burrows in valleys and on alluvial fans ( berry et al . 2002 ) . morphologically , gopherus lepidocephalus is most similar to tortoises on tiburon island off the coast of sonora , mexico and the species was considered to be a junior synonym of gopherus agassizii by crumly and grismer ( 1994 ) ."]}
{"id": 1745, "summary": [{"text": "cyanoramphus is a genus of parakeets native to new zealand and islands of the southern pacific ocean .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the new zealand forms are often referred to as k\u0101k\u0101riki .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are small to medium-sized parakeets with long tails and predominately green plumage .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "most species are forest species , although several of the subantarctic species live in open grassland .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus formerly had a disjunct distribution , with two species found in the society islands and the majority of the genus ranging from new caledonia to macquarie island , but absent from the 4100 km in between .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "despite many fossil birds being found in the islands between these two areas being found none of these were of undescribed cyanoramphus species .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "like many other species of birds the cyanoramphus parakeets have suffered from changes brought about by humans .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the two species from the society islands , the black-fronted parakeet and the society parakeet , have become extinct as have the subspecies from lord howe island and macquarie island , as well as an undescribed form from campbell island .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "one species , the malherbe 's parakeet ( c. malherbi ) , is critically endangered while most other species are endangered or vulnerable .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "habitat loss and introduced species are considered responsible for the declines and extinctions . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cyanoramphus", "paragraphs": ["cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae : north i . , south i . , stewart i . and auckland is . ( new zealand )\nvoice : characteristic parakeet chatter , with variety of softer tur - tur - tur calls . calls are similar to other cyanoramphus species of similar size .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor )\ntitle =\narkive species - antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - red - fronted parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - red - fronted parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae )\ntitle =\narkive species - red - fronted parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ntaylor , r . h . 1985 . status , habits and conservation of cyanoramphus parakeets in the new zealand region . icbp tech . publ . 3 : 195 - 211 .\nit has been treated variously ; either as a distinct species ( birdlife australia 2013 ; christidis & boles 2008 ; juniper & parr 1998 ; mcallan & bruce 1988 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) or as cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii , a subspecies of the red - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) ( christidis & boles 1994 ; del hoyo & collar 2014 ; higgins 1999 ; schodde & mason 1997 ) . a phylogenetic study reported a high degree of genetic divergence between it and other cyanoramphus , thus warranting its treatment as a distinct species ( boon et al . 2001 ) .\noritz - catedral , l . ( 2013 ) . the population and status of green parrot ( tasman parakeet ) cyanoramphus cookii on norfolk island . unpublished report to the director of national parks .\nit has been suggested that the lord howe island parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae subflavescens ) be included with the norfolk island green parrot ( christidis & boles 2008 ) , however , further taxonomic investigation is required .\nwest , r . , tisdall , c . and aviss , m . ( 1995 ) captive management plan antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor ) . threatened species occasional publication , 7 : 1 - 6 .\nmotte , k . & e . hall ( 1988 ) . report and recommendations on the green parrot cyanoramphus novaezealandiae cookii captive breeding program . report to the australian parks and wildlife service . sydney : taronga zoo .\nboon , w . m . , j . c . kearvell , c . h . daugherty , & g . k . chambers ( 2001 ) . molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki ( cyanoramphus spp . ) .\ngreene , t . c . ( 2003 ) breeding biology of red - crowned parakeets ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) on little barrier island , hauraki gulf , new zealand . notornis , 50 ( 2 ) : 83 - 99 .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . cyanoramphus cookii in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 01 : 36 + 1000 .\ngreene , t . c . 1999 . aspects of the ecology of antipodes island parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor ) and reischek\u2019s parakeet ( c . novaezelandiae hochstetteri ) on antipodes island , october - november 1995 . notornis 46 : 301 - 310 .\noritz - catedral , l . & d . h . brunton ( 2008 ) . clutch parameters and reproductive success of a translocated population of red - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) . australian journal of zoology . 56 : 389 - 393 .\nlane , b . a . , m . r . bezuijen , d . greenwood , g . w . carr & r . ward ( 1998 ) . 1998 recovery plan for norfolk island parrot ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii ) . melbourne : ecology australia pty ltd .\nreischek\u2019s parakeets are more abundant than antipodes island parakeets in most habitats . significant differences in diet between the two parakeet species have been observed . strong seasonal and annual dietary differences related to food availability are also apparent . reischek\u2019s parakeets are strong fliers and have been observed flying between islands within the antipodes group . social behaviour is similar to other species of cyanoramphus parakeets , but they have been noted spending considerable periods basking and preening in sheltered areas . like other cyanoramphus species they are strongly territorial around nests , and call loudly and chase intruders from immediate vicinity .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanoramphus malherbi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nboon , w . m . ; kearvell , j . c . ; daugherty , c . h . ; chambers , g . k . 2000 . molecular systematics of new zealand cyanoramphus parakeets : conservation of orange - fronted and forbes ' parakeets . bird conservation international 10 : 211 - 239 .\nother synonyms catalan : cotorra front - roja czech : kakariki rudo\u010del\u00fd danish : gedeparakit german : ziegensittich english : red - crowned parakeet , red - fronted parakeet , red - fronted , macquarie or lord howe parakeet spanish : perico maor\u00ed cabecirrojo , perico maor\u00ed rojo estonian : suur - maooripapagoi finnish : uudenseelanninviherkaija french : perruche de sparrman , perruche de sparrman , p . de macquarie ou p . de lord howe hungarian : piroshomlok\u00fa kecskepapag\u00e1j italian : kakariki fronterossa , parrocchetto fronterossa japanese : aohashiinko japanese : \u30a2\u30aa\u30cf\u30b7\u30a4\u30f3\u30b3 latin : cyanoramphus [ novaezelandiae , erythrotis , subflavescens ] , cyanoramphus novaezelandiae , cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae , psittacus novae zelandiae lithuanian : raudonkakt\u0117 \u0161oklioji pap\u016bga maori : kakariki , ka - ka - riki dutch : roodvoorhoofdkakariki , roodvoorhoofdkarakiri norwegian : r\u00f8dkroneparakitt polish : modrolotka czerwonoczelna portuguese : kakariki - fronte - vermelha russian : \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044b\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0439 , \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044b\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0439 slovak : kakariki cervenocel\u00fd , kakariki \u010derveno\u010del\u00fd swedish : r\u00f6dpannad parakit chinese : \u7ea2\u989d\u9e66\u9e49 chinese ( traditional ) : \u7d05\u984d\u9e1a\u9d61\nrelatively little is known about breeding for reischek\u2019s parakeets . they appear to nest from october to march within tunnels modified or constructed within the bases of clumps of tussocks or ferns . clutch size in the wild is unknown . it is likely that their breeding ecology and behavior are similar to those of other cyanoramphus parakeets .\nhill , r . ( 2002 ) . non - current recovery plan for the norfolk island green parrot cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii - may 2002 . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 13 - oct - 2003 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 18 - aug - 2010 .\ntaylor , j . ( 2014 ) . archived 2014 discussion : red - fronted parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) , norfolk island parakeet ( c . cookii ) and new caledonian parakeet ( c . saisseti ) are being lumped as c . novaezelandiae : list as near threatened ? . birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums . birdlife international . available from : urltoken .\ncyanoramphus auriceps is found throughout much of the north , south , stewart and auckland islands , new zealand , and on several offshore islands . it is generally considered uncommon throughout its range ( heather and robertson 2015 ) , however , it may become abundant on offshore islands and in mainland forests during periods of heavy seed production ( elliott 2013 ) . the population is estimated as being in the tens of thousands ( elliott 2013 ) but trends are unclear ( higgins 1999 ) .\nalso known as the antipodes green parakeet , this parakeet is a plump bird with a green head and body , but with purplish - blue wing - coverts and some flight feathers ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the forehead and face are a bright emerald green , while the rest of the plumage is a more olive colour , being yellower below ( 4 ) . this bird is the largest of its genus ( 5 ) , and produces a wide range of chattering calls , lower - pitched than other cyanoramphus species ( 2 ) .\nreischek\u2019s parakeet is one of two cyanoramphus parakeet species that inhabit the remote antipodes islands . it is a medium - sized , brightly coloured , green parrot with a red crown , that looks very similar to other \u2018red - crowned\u2019 parakeets ( e . g . c . novaezelandiae ) . but appearances can be deceiving . genetic studies reveal that crown colour may not be a good indicator of parakeet taxonomy , and that the diminutive orange - fronted parakeet may be the closest relative of reischek\u2019s parakeet . it is common throughout the antipodes islands , particularly in more open areas and coastal fringes close to penguin colonies .\nwhile building and maintaining a resilient population on norfolk island is seen as the priority , to reduce the risk of a single event wiping out the species , it is planned to establish an insurance population of green parrots . phillip island is a small island six kilometres off the southern coast of norfolk island which is part of norfolk island national park and is free of introduced mammalian predators . an initial assessment of the island as a suitable site has established that , due to almost 20 years of rehabilitation work , the green parrot\u2019s former range has sufficient feed trees to accommodate a small population ( a . smith 2014 ) . a plan for the translocation of a small founder population is currently being developed . numerous translocations of closely related cyanoramphus species to predator - free islands have been undertaken in new zealand and have largely been successful ( a . smith 2014 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n23 cm . bright blue - green parrot with diagnostic orange frontal band and orange patch on sides of rump . also has pale lemon - yellow forecrown . female slightly smaller with proportionally smaller bill .\ngreene , t . , hitchmough , r . , kearvell , j . & van hal , j .\nthis species is listed as critically endangered because , subsequent to serious declines since the 1800s , it underwent a population crash following rat invasions in 1990 - 2000 , and it now has a very small population that has declined during the last decade .\nspp . ) forest valleys in the south island : the hawdon and poulter valleys in arthur\u2019s pass national park and the south branch of the hurunui valley in lake sumner forest park . they are patchily distributed within these valleys ; absent in many parts but in some places can be quite common ( kearvell 2013 ) . they have been translocated to four islands : maud and blumine islands in the marlborough sounds , chalky island in fiordland , and tuhua / mayor island in the bay of plenty . releases of captive - raised birds to the south branch of the hurunui to augment the population in 2015 and 2016 appear to have been successful with released birds having successfully paired and 9 - 10 nests located in 2016 ( j . kearvell\n. the population appeared to stabilise at low levels since then , and it is likely that in 2016 the mainland populations remain at an extremely low level of around 100 birds in total ( j . kearvell\ntranslocations to islands began in 2005 , with 46 birds now released onto chalky , 61 on blumine , 68 on maud and 95 on tuhua ( j . c kearvell\n2016 ) . these releases all appeared highly successful at first with positive signs of breeding and population establishment - however , population growth has now slowed on all islands and the persistence of these populations appears to still be tenuous ( a . grant\nalthough the population numbered several hundreds prior to 2000 , a prolific increase in the population of rats and stoats within its restricted south island range induced a rapid population decline and the total population has remained well below its previous levels . successful translocations on four islands have boosted the population of this species , but decreases may have continued on the mainland . overall , the global population was estimated at\n290 - 690 individuals in early 2013 , with the mainland populations estimated to total 130 - 270 individuals and the island populations totalling 160 - 420 individuals ( j . c . kearvell\n2013 ) . obtaining accurate population estimates is extremely challenging for the species , but recent counts indicate that the mainland population may have declined to around 100 birds , and the offshore island populations to around 250 birds in total ( j . c . kearvell\n2016 ) . the population has a skewed sex ratio of males to females , probably due to higher predation on incubating females ( kearvell and farley 2016 ) .\nthe population fell from 500 - 700 birds prior to 2000 , to 100 - 200 by 2004 . increased conservation efforts ( especially predator control ) in its small south island range and a successful translocation of birds to four islands suggest its rapid decline has ceased and some recovery has taken place . however , 2013 estimates suggest further declines on the mainland , and during a three generation ( 14 year ) period the species has still experienced a reduction in the number of mature individuals , which is precautionarily estimated to have been extremely rapid , as latest population estimates include an unknown but potentially significant proportion of non - mature individuals ( translocated birds yet to have bred ) .\nit is restricted to nothofagus beech forest , although it may not have been so historically . on maud island it uses areas with a high canopy cover and low understory and ground cover ( ortiz - catedral 2012 ) . it requires mature trees with natural hollows or cavities for nesting . monitoring has revealed that 80 % of nests are in mature living trees , with the remaining 20 % in dead trees ( j . c . kearvell in litt . 2012 ) . of those nests found in mature trees , 68 % are in red beech nothofagus fusca . breeding is linked with the irregular seeding of nothofagus when numbers can increase substantially , and it seems that populations may fluctuate significantly in line with breeding / seeding events ( t . greene in litt . 2016 ) . in mast years , many pairs will lay a second clutch , and some may lay a third clutch , with breeding continuing through the austral winter . first clutches may average more than eight eggs , with second clutches averaging over seven in 2011 . a study on maud island has shown that birds form pairs at around seven years of age , and nest in a variety of natural cavities where beech is unavailable ( j . kearvell in litt . 2011 , 2012 ) . it feeds on seeds , fruits , leaves , flowers , buds and invertebrates ( kearvell 1999 , kearvell 2013 ) .\n, with recent population crashes being due to rat irruptions . the species ' s hole - nesting behaviour leads to a reduced ratio of females in the population due to predation of birds on the nest ( elliott\n. 2011 ) and in time , this problem may affect other island populations . population growth in island populations , especially on maud island , may also be limited through predation by falcons ( falconidae ) , and displacement of two nesting pairs by introduced common starlings\nhas now been documented ; the overall impact of this recently - identified threat is uncertain , but may be minimal ( j . c . kearvell\non little barrier island were suffering from psittacine beak and feather disease ( pbfd ) . the virus has been sequenced and appears very similar to the strain found in crimson rosella\n, in which the disease is known to be endemic within the captive population . in 2009 , some individuals of\non maud island were showing some symptoms consistent with pbfd . in reaction , testing of the entire captive population has been undertaken , as well as more limited sampling of individuals in all three island populations , as well as other parrot species . results indicate that antibodies for pbfd were detected in\n. 2012 , 2013 ) . monitoring for the disease in the captive population continues and the main captive breeding unit has now been declared disease - free ( t . greene\nimmunosuppression may also be involved , either because of small population size and / or because of post pbfd issues ( j . c . kearvell in litt . 2013 ) .\ncites appendix ii ( 1981 ) . hawdon and poulter valleys are located within arthur ' s pass national park and the hurunui south branch is in lake sumner conservation park (\n. monitoring of nests will verify whether this is allowing numbers to stabilise and expand . the hawdon population received\ncontrol only during plague years , which occur , on average , every four years ( j . c . kearvell\n. all three valleys are now part of the\nbattle for our birds\ninitiative targeting rats and stoats in south island beech forest sites . the control of\nis now continuous , whereas control measures against rats are implemented when populations reach trigger points ( j . c . kearvell\n2008 , 2009 ) , and since 2003 only one nest out of 153 has been lost to invasive predators ( j . c . kearvell\nsince 2003 , the captive facility at isaacs construction wildlife centre , peacock springs ( christchurch ) , has released , in conjunction with department of conservation , a total of over 250 individuals ( j . c . kearvell\n. the reintroduction of birds to maud island has been underway since 2007 , and wild - bred birds are now nesting on the island . translocations to tuhua island have been taking place since december 2009 , and in early 2011 it was expected that all birds produced in the next captive breeding season would be released there to provide a sufficient founder population ( j . c . kearvell\n. translocations have also been carried out on blumine island ( j . c . kearvell\n. 2012 ) . a second captive - breeding group was being set up at mount bruce but has been discontinued due to a lack of capacity ( j . c . kearvell\n. 2013 ) . another attempt to set up a second captive breeding population has been initiated with the auckland zoo with the hope that a 5th island population will be started on rotoroa island ( t . greene\n2016 ) . a study to assess the genetic diversity of the remnant mainland population , with the aim of ensuring that any new founder populations on islands are as genetically diverse as possible , has been completed ( j . c . kearvell\n2013 ) . an analysis of breeding data is also due to be started . a comprehensive testing programme for psittacine beak and feather disease ( pbfd ) in parrots throughout new zealand was initiated ( t . greene\ndevelop a technique to accurately monitor numbers . continue to study the species ' s breeding biology and ecology . stabilise and increase numbers in the mainland valley populations through predator control , and monitor effectiveness . train people in the identification of the species ( j . c . kearvell\n. establish further populations on predator - free offshore islands and develop captive breeding programmes to assist with this . closely monitor the threat from pbfd ( j . c . kearvell\n. continue research into methods of controlling introduced predators ( j . c . kearvell\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n25 cm . small bright green parakeet . yellow - green body ; yellow crown ; red band from forehead to billl ; red patches on flanks ; violet - blue on wing coverts .\nthis species is thought to have suffered declines in the past to the point that it now has a moderately small population , and as a result it is listed as near threatened . if predator control continues within parts of its range , habitat recovers and remaining forests are protected , it may warrant downlisting in the future .\nthe population has decreased in numbers in the past and the species is generally uncommon throughout its range , although it may be common on offshore islands and in some mainland forests ( elliott 2013 ) . the population is estimated as being in the tens of thousands ( elliott 2013 ) but trends are unclear ( higgins 1999 ) . trend justification : this species is thought to have been adversely affected by forest clearance , introduced predators and hybridisation . consequently , slow to moderate declines are suspected in the past .\n, or , where the two occur sympatrically on small islands it is found in denser unbroken forest .\n. breeding occurs mainly in october - december . it feeds on seeds , berries , flowers , and roots . insects taken from trees are a significant part of its diet ( greene 1998 ) . in predator - free areas , the species will often feed on the ground .\nand roots . insects taken from trees are a significant part of its diet ( greene 1998 ) . in predator - free areas the species will often feed on the ground .\non solander island . on auckland island , there is an unnaturally high rate of hybridisation between the two species . beak and feather disease virus ( bfdv ) has been identified from birds in the eglinton valley , fiordland ( massaro\ncites appendix ii . this species occurs within a number of national parks and reserves where forest habitat is protected , but predators still pose a threat . it is benefiting from efforts to eradicate introduced predators from mainland forests and offshore islands . successful translocations to offshore islands ( mana , long island and motuara island in queen charlotte sound ) have taken place and translocations to mainland sites ( maungatautari , boundary stream ) are underway ( elliott 2013 ) .\nensure that remaining primary forest is not logged . re - vegetate islands that have historically been overgrazed . maintain and / or increase control of invasive predators within mainland forests .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 366 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe red - fronted parakeet is immediately recognisable by its distinctive , brightly coloured plumage . vivid crimson feathers appear on the forehead , crown and behind the eye , earning this bird its alternative common name of \u2018red - crowned parakeet\u2019 ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this conspicuous red marking on the head contrasts with the predominantly green colour of the rest of the body , though yellow mutations are occasionally found in the wild ( 5 ) . the underside of the wings are blue - violet , the beak is grey - blue , getting darker at the tip , and the eyes are orange ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this bird has a unique and unusual voice , which is sometimes likened to the bleating of a goat ( 5 ) .\nthe omnivorous red - fronted parakeet feeds mainly on plant material , including seeds , fruits , flowers , nectar , leaves and shoots , but also on invertebrates and will occasionally scavenge animal carrion ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\nthese parakeets live in permanent pairs that frequently join with other pairs and their young , and have been observed to form small flocks in the autumn and winter ( 8 ) . in studies on little barrier island , breeding activity was recorded from november to march , with peak egg - laying in december ( 9 ) . clutches were usually large , ranging from four to nine ( average of seven ) eggs , and female parakeets took total responsibility for their incubation , which lasts from 19 to 23 days ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . hatchlings are covered with a white down that changes to grey within a few days ( 5 ) . fledglings leave the nest after 32 to 49 days ( 9 ) .\nhistorically abundant in mainland new zealand , the red - fronted parakeet is now effectively extinct in this area ( recent sightings are now believed to be cage escapes or releases or vagrants from offshore island populations ) . populations currently remain on offshore islands , including the kermadec islands , three kings , some hauraki gulf islands , kapiti island , stewart island and surrounding islands , chatham islands , snares , antipodes islands , auckland islands , and norfolk island ( self - governing australian territory ) . now extinct on lord howe island and macquarie islands ( 6 ) .\nfound in a wide variety of habitats , including dense temperate rainforests , coastal forest , scrubland , forest edges and open areas . this bird prefers nesting in hollow limbs , holes or stumps of trees , but , where suitable trees are lacking , will also use holes , burrows and tunnels in the ground , cliffs and tussock grass ( 6 ) .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) . listed under appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nthe red - fronted parakeet has been upgraded from least concern to vulnerable on the iucn red list due to its apparent extinction from the mainland , leaving only fragmented populations across off - shore islands . european settlement and conversion of forest to farmland probably contributed significantly to this bird\u2019s decline , with clear - felling , logging and burning of forests drastically reducing available habitat . the disappearance of this species from the mainland is also attributed to nest predation from introduced predators , such as rats , cats , stoats and weasels , in addition to competition for food and breeding sites from introduced birds . formerly persecuted for damaging crops and gardens ( 6 ) .\nthe red - fronted parakeet is fully protected from trade across international boarders by its listing on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 3 ) . a captive breeding programme has also been established on norfolk island for this bird . the ability of this species to breed well in captivity , and its popularity in aviculture collections , is likely to prevent this bird from ever becoming completely extinct . future priorities advocated in the conservation of the red - fronted parakeet include preserving important habitat of remaining populations , carrying out research to determine current population size and trends , and performing predator control measures if found to be appropriate ( 6 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nforbes , h . o . & robinson , h . c . 1897 ,\ncatalogue of the parrots ( psittaci ) in the derby museum\n, bulletin of the liverpool museum , vol . 1 , pp . 5 - 22\ngray , g . r . 1862 ,\na list of the birds of new zealand and the adjacent islands\n, ibis , vol . 4 , no . 15 , pp . 214 - 252\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 21c4d485 - 7561 - 44d4 - 96f2 - 8036b253a9a5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5006e1ba - 0db4 - 43f7 - b005 - 8c89eb725421\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ed4140e1 - 1524 - 4941 - 9ced - 4eb26f6b543b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c7a65f65 - b704 - 495f - 844f - c31f7a06a7c7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 358761\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\na fully searchable database of articles published in notornis and birds new zealand is provided on the publications page .\nnew issues ( < 1 year old ) are password protected . each member of birds new zealand has been sent a password . institutional subscribers have been contacted for their ip address to give their computers direct access . please contact roger sharp to update your information or if you experience any problems accessing the articles .\nthe society ' s quarterly scientific journal . this peer - reviewed journal has been publishing ornithological research relevant to new zealand and the south pacific since 1943 ( originally as new zealand bird notes ) . all birds new zealand members are encouraged to submit original papers or short notes on their bird observations or studies to the notornis editor : dr craig symes .\nnotornis has a wide circulation within new zealand and overseas , and is provided to all members of birds new zealand . pdfs for each volume will be made available online as close as practicable to the standard publication dates ( last day in march , june , september , december ) . .\nthe society offers 2 notornis awards : a\nnotornis - student award\nand a\nnotornis - new author award\n.\nthe society ' s quarterly news magazine . this magazine provides a forum for members to report back on trips , society schemes , interesting bird sightings and to advertise coming trips , meetings and events . to submit an article or item for publication in birds new zealand , please contact the birds new zealand editor : michael szabo .\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration . please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\nthis entry lacks etymological information . if you are familiar with the origin of this term , please add it to the page per etymology instructions . you can also discuss it at the etymology scriptorium .\ngill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , \u2192isbn\nthis page was last edited on 4 may 2016 , at 21 : 46 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2006 . 12 . 13 , website ( version 13 - dec - 06 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) .\n. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra . available from :\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .\n. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened birds . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 2\n( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nthe action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthe norfolk island green parrot is one of 20 birds that the australian government has prioritised resource allocation to support the species recovery effort . this species was prioritisied because it is important to the people of nortfolk island . recovery of the species is achievable ; actions to protect breeding sites have proven successful in the past and will aid its recovery . zoos victoria is actively involved in the recovery of the parrot , as are the norfolk island national park staff and the community . expertise is in place and the australian government and others have committed financial support . management of feral predators like feral cats and rats will not only help the green parrot , but all of the native animals on the island . reducing the impact of feral cats is a key area of focus in the bird action plan , as well as creating safe havens for threatened species .\nthe threatened species strategy webpage includes information on other projects that may be supporting the species .\nthe norfolk island green parrot is bright green with a red forehead and forecrown , a red stripe across each eye , a dark blue region on the leading edge of each wing and a small patch of red on either side of the rump . the sexes are similar in appearance , but the female can be distinguished by her smaller size , smaller red forehead and forecrown patches , and a smaller , narrower bill . juveniles are similar to the adults , but green colouring is duller and red colouring is less extensive ( forshaw 1981 ; higgins 1999 ) .\nthe norfolk island green parrot is confined to norfolk island . its distribution is concentrated in the north - western region of the island around mount pitt , which lies in norfolk island national park . it is believed that breeding is largely confined to suitable habitat in the national park ( hill 2002 ; moore 1985 ; schodde et al . 1983 ; smith 2014 ) .\nthe extent of occurrence of the norfolk island green parrot is estimated , with high reliability , to be 35 km\u00b2 ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the species was probably widespread on norfolk island , and present on the nearby phillip island , and perhaps nepean island , before the arrival of european settlers and subsequent clearing of endemic forest ( hill 2002 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) .\nthe area of occupancy of the norfolk island green parrot is estimated , with medium reliability , to be 8 km\u00b2 ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the area of occupancy declined following the arrival of european settlers and the species distribution had become concentrated around the mount pitt area by 1908 ( hull 1909 ) .\na captive breeding program implemented from the 1980s ended in 2009 when remaining birds were released ( garnett et al . 2011 ) .\nthe norfolk island green parrot population was surveyed intensively during 2013 and 2014 and from 1977to 1997 . surveys included ( hermes et al . 1986 ; hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 ; oritz - catedral 2013 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) :\nthis species occurs as a single , contiguous breeding population ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the abundance of green parrots has undergone episodic fluctuation since human settlement on norfolk island . surveys conducted in winter 2013 confirmed a dramatic decline in the population , with an estimated population of between 46 and 92 individuals compared to an estimated 240 birds in 2010 . however , as the methodologies employed in these two surveys differ , comparison of results is problematic . there were only 10 confirmed records of adult females in winter 2013 with the maximum number of breeding pairs estimated to be unlikely to exceed 23 ( ortiz - catedral 2013 ) .\nsince the 2013 winter survey an intensive recovery program has been implemented throughout the national park which resulted in 58 chicks successfully fledging in the 2014 calendar year , of which 27 were female ( a . smith 2014 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe population is estimated to have consisted of about 190 pairs before the arrival of european settlers ( hill 2002 ) . the population declined substantially between 1774 , when the species was first recorded ( hoare 1974 ) , and 1908 , when the distribution had become largely confined to suitable habitat around mount pitt ( hull 1909 ) . in 1937 , a large number of birds were collected by an expedition from the smithsonian institute , and when no individuals were recorded in the two years following the expedition , the species was feared extinct ( hill 2002 ) . however , by the 1950s residents of the island claimed that the species was reasonably common ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ) . the following population estimates have been published :\nin 1977\u201378 , three to five breeding pairs and 17\u201330 individuals in total ( forshaw 1981 ; schodde et al . 1983 )\nin 1988 , four breeding pairs and 32 individuals in total ( hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 )\nin 1989\u20131995 , three to ten breeding pairs , and 25 to 44 individuals in total ( hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 )\nin 2006\u201307 , a minimum six breeding pairs and more than 200\u2013400 individuals ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . )\nin 2013 , a population of between 46 and 92 individual birds with only 10 adult females ( oritz - catedral 2013 ) .\nhistorically , the decline in the number of breeding pairs has been attributed to successive years of dry ( and unfavourable ) conditions . only 10 young were produced from known nests in 2005\u201306 , but the reproductive output of known pairs doubled in the 2006\u201307 season following increased rainfall in the preceding year ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the recent decline can be attributed to predation by cats and rats , a lack of safe nesting hollows and competition for nesting hollows from the introduced crimson rosella ( platycercus elegans ) , common starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) and honeybee ( apis mellifera ) ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) .\nnorfolk island national park contains most of the suitable foraging habitat and is thought to contain the entire suitable breeding habitat of the norfolk island green parrot ( hill 2002 ) with the exception of one nest site discovered in 2013 on private land adjoining the national park ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) .\nthe norfolk island green parrot primarily occurs in remnant norfolk island pine ( araucaria heterophylla ) tall closed rainforest , as well as in other native vegetation , eucalypt plantations and adjacent to native forest in orchards and gardens ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) .\nnorfolk island national park encompasses 465 ha ( 12 % of norfolk island land ) . this national park has been classified into five habitats : weed infested native forest ( 161 ha , 35 % ) ; dense african olive ( olea europaea subsp . cuspidata ) forest ( 129 ha , 28 % ) ; native forest ( 97 ha , 21 % ) ; dense red guava ( psidium cattleianum var . cattleianum ) forest ( 41 ha , 9 % ) ; and plantation forest ( 32 ha , 7 % ) . native vegetation consists of palm forest , hardwood forest and norfolk island pine forest .\nnesting and roosting habitat the norfolk island green parrot usually nests in a hollow or cavity in the limb , trunk or stump of living or dead trees , especially in larger native trees , including ironwood ( nestegis apetala ) , bloodwood ( corymbia spp . / eucalyptus spp . ) , cordyline and norfolk island pine , but now also using tree ferns ; nests are typically within 2 m of the ground ( garnett et al . 2011 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .\nthe norfolk island green parrot generally roosts in concealed areas , including holes in trees , and thick vegetation such as epiphytes , tussocks , sedges and ferns . it often roosts in nesting sites ( higgins 1999 ) . inexperienced fledglings often roost in exposed sites ( higgins 1999 ) .\nthe norfolk island green parrot perches in trees when in forest , but may perch on the ground in open habitats , or when feeding on the ground ( higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .\nfemale norfolk island green parrots may begin laying eggs from 10\u201312 months of age , or even shortly after reaching independence . the age at which males become sexually mature is not known . longevity in the wild is expected to be 7 . 3 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . one wild breeding female was thought to be at least nine years old ( lane et al . 1998 ) , whilst the oldest known captive individual was 14 ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the generation length of this species is estimated , with low reliability , to be 4 . 6 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . the norfolk island green parrot is not known to cross - breed with any other species .\nreproduction the norfolk island green parrot breeds in all months of the year with a notable increase in breeding late summer and autumn ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) . average age of first breeding is expected to be approximately 2 . 0 years ( garnett et al . 2011 ) . clutch size has been recorded between 1 - 9 eggs ( dnp 2010 ) however clutches are more commonly around 3 or 4 ( a . smith . 2014 pers . obs . ) . females do all the incubation whilst both males and females share in rearing the chicks . females spend a larger amount of time in the nest feeding , visit the nest site more frequently and stay for longer than males , making them more susceptible to predation ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) .\nthe norfolk island green parrot exhibits double - clutching ( i . e . it has two nests concurrently at different stages of development ) . as the chicks reach around two weeks of age , the female parrot may leave the nest and commence a new nest , leaving the original nest to be tended by the male ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . thus , pairs can fledge up to four broods of young during a single year . eggs are laid at two - day intervals , and the incubation period ( 21 days ) commences after the second or third egg is laid ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . young birds leave the nest six to seven weeks after hatching , and generally become independent three to five weeks after fledging ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .\nin 1987\u20131998 , a mean of 13 wild nesting attempts per year ( range 1\u201327 , n = 12 years ) was recorded in norfolk island national park , from a total of 52 known nest hollows ( lane et al . 1998 ) . during this period a mean clutch size of 4 . 9 eggs ( range 1\u20139 , n = 161 clutches ) was recorded and a mean of 1 . 77 eggs ( range 0\u20136 , n = 161 clutches , or 35 . 5 % of clutch ) hatched per clutch . during this study , up to four chicks successfully fledged per nest with a total of 46 male and 44 female parrots fledged on the island . of fledged individuals , 18 ( 39 % ) males and eight ( 18 % ) females survived their first year ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . the 1987\u20131998 figures equate to 4 . 6 males and 4 . 4 females fledging per year , and 1 . 8 males and 0 . 8 females surviving to their first year .\nfrom 2001\u201307 , a total of 213 young fledged from known nests ( r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe norfolk island green parrot is adversely affected by competition for nesting sites with introduced species , such as common starling , crimson rosella and honeybee ( hill 2002 ) . while in the nest , females brooding eggs and birds tending chicks are vulnerable to predation by feral cats ( felis catus ) and black rats ( rattus rattus ) . inexperienced females may also select nest sites that are easily accessible to predators ( lane et al . 1998 ) .\nadult norfolk island green parrots primarily eat seeds , fruits , flowers and leaves of native and introduced trees and shrubs , including norfolk island pine , ironwood , norfolk island palm ( rhopalostylis bauerri ) , bloodwood , cordyline and white oak ( lagunaria patersonia ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; higgins 1999 ) . they are reported to prefer the blossum and seeds of bloodwood and wild maple ( elaeodendron curtipendulum ) , but also eat seeds , fruits and bark of introduced species including wild tobacco ( solanum mauritianum ) , red guava , african olive , peach ( prunus persica ) and lantana ( lantana camara ) ( forshaw & cooper 1978 ; lane et al . 1998 ) .\nnorfolk island green parrots forage in all vegetation strata , depending on the location of seasonally available food items ( higgins 1999 ) . adults prefer to feed in the canopy in forested areas . however , for three to five weeks after fledging , juveniles feed extensively on the ground eating fallen seeds of african olive , norfolk island pine and red guava ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; higgins 1999 ; lane et al . 1998 ) . during the summer months birds have been observed largely feeding in the canopy of trees , whilst in the winter months a large proportion of foraging time appears to be on the ground ( a . smith 2014 pers . obs . ) . they will also feed in modified habitat , disturbed habitat and on exotic plants ( fruit trees ) , especially where native vegetation has been removed ( forshaw & cooper 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) .\nthe norfolk island green parrot is regarded as sedentary or resident , and occurs in most habitat types throughout the year . adults display little movement before or after breeding ( higgins 1999 ) . this species descends to lower altitudes when fruit trees in orchards and gardens are fruiting ( hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ) . this species is gregarious and it usually occurs in pairs , family parties or small groups ( higgins 1999 ) .\nthe majority of sightings of parrots outside of the national park are recorded during december and january . it has been suggested that some sightings may be excess males that are forced out of the park ( lane et al . 1998 ) .\ndistinctiveness there are no other species on norfolk island that are similar to the norfolk island green parrot .\nrecommended methods various techniques are employed to assess the status of the norfolk island green parrot population including nest inspections , visual and aural surveys , distance sampling and general observations ( a . smith 2014 pers . comm . ) .\nnest surveys are also undertaken in addition to the overall population census . predator - resistant nest sites constructed throughout the national park are monitored monthly for signs of nesting activity . active nests are monitored twice weekly ; motion sensor cameras are also used to both record activity and to detect possible interference from other species .\nthe clearance of suitable forest habitat , particularly hollow - bearing trees such as ironwood , to provide timber and land for agriculture and pine plantations was a major factor in the decline of the norfolk island green parrot ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hicks & greenwood 1989 ; higgins 1999 ; hill 2002 ; lane et al . 1998 ; r . ward 2007 , pers . comm . ) . the widespread clearance of endemic forest has now ceased on norfolk island ( garnett et al . 2011 ) , and most of the remaining habitat is protected through its inclusion in norfolk island national park or through the listing of vegetation under local government legislation . however , patches of forest continue to be cleared on private land : this threat is being addressed through agreements between conservation bodies and landholders to conserve endemic forest ( hill 2002 ) ."]}
{"id": 1757, "summary": [{"text": "princaxelia jamiesoni is a species of amphipod crustacean described in 2010 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the type material of princaxelia jamiesoni was collected on september 30 , 2008 from a depth of 7,703 metres ( 25,272 ft ) in the japan trench ( 36 \u00b0 14.96 \u2032 n 142 \u00b0 49.01 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "further material was collected in 2009 from the izu-ogasawara trench ( 27 \u00b0 22.09 \u2032 n 143 \u00b0 13.49 \u2032 e ) at a depth of 9,316 m ( 30,564 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is named after alan jamieson , a marine biologist from the university of aberdeen . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "princaxelia jamiesoni", "paragraphs": ["this new species , the jamiesoni , is only the fourth species of princaxelia to be discovered .\nit\u0092s a new species of shrimp and it\u0092s been named princaxelia jamiesoni after the university of aberdeen scientist who discovered it in trenches at the bottom of the north west pacific ocean .\ndr . jamieson and his hadeep colleagues head off to japan again tomorrow ( march 4 ) where , among other things , they hope to observe and collect further specimens of princaxelia jamiesoni .\nl\u00f6rz , a . n . ( 2010 ) . trench treasures : the genus princaxelia ( pardaliscidae , amphipoda ) . zool . baetica , 21 : 65 - 84 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthe genus princaxelia was named after prince axel of denmark ( 1888 - 1964 ) in 1959 after the great danish galathea expeditions recovered the first specimens of this kind of shrimp . the last species to be found was in 1977 .\nwhats wrong with secretary kim \uc601\uc900\uc774 \uc7ac\ub2a5\uad50\uc721 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2c8 ? ( \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c . . . \ud558\uc9c0\ub9c8 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nand it\u0092s almost four decades since the last \u0092new\u0092 member of this shrimp family was discovered .\ndr . alan jamieson from the university\u0092s oceanlab was on a \u0091hadeep\u0092 research cruise when the shrimp - or amphipods - were filmed and caught in the japan trench in 2008 at 7703m deep and then again in 2009 at the nearby izu - bonin trench at depths of 9316m .\nthe research fellow is research manager of the hadeep project \u0097 a collaboration involving the universities of aberdeen and tokyo which is investigating life in the deepest parts of the ocean .\ndr . jamieson said : \u0093we caught lots of the usual animals on both research cruises however in amongst our haul were these long white creatures which no - one knew anything about .\n\u0093the samples eventually came back to aberdeen and those unknown species sat under my desk for over two years until our next hadeep trip took us to new zealand where i met amphipod taxonomist dr . anne - nina loerz .\n\u0093i told her about these long white spiky things that we had filmed and caught and was delighted when she said she was an expert in such creatures . \u0094\ndr . jamieson sent the samples to dr . loerz who then established that they were a new species .\nthe taxonomist then named them after dr . jamieson saying his \u0093dedication to trench research is greatly advancing the scientific knowledge about deep sea biology . \u0094\ndr . jamieson , who is originally from edinburgh , added : \u0093it is an extraordinary creature with a long elongated body thought to facilitate swimming over great distances . yet it is extremely manoeuvrable at short ranges , capable of fast predatory attacks .\n\u0093it is another example of the extraordinary creatures that inhabit the most extreme depths of the oceans and to have this one named after me is a great honor , both for me , and my family . \u0094\nand the specimens themselves are currently residing in the national science museum of tokyo .\nscientists investigating in one of the world\u0092s deepest ocean trenches - - previously thought to be void of fish - - have discovered an entirely new species .\na scientist from the university of aberdeen is leading a team of international researchers whose work will continue our understanding of life in the deepest oceans , and contribute to the global census of marine life .\n( physorg . com ) - - a new species of dinosaur is named somewhere in the world every two weeks . but are they all new species , or do the newly - discovered bones really belong to a dinosaur already identified ?\n( physorg . com ) - - evidence from the challenger deep - - the deepest surveyed point in the world ' s oceans - - suggests that tiny single - celled creatures called foraminifera living at extreme depths of more than ten kilometres . . .\nhe ' s not well known like president bush and musician neil young , but philadelphian frank gallagher now has something in common with them : he has a new species named after him .\nrare footage of marine creatures putting on deep sea ' lightshows ' on the floor of the atlantic ocean has been captured by scientists using the latest technology . so many animals were squirting luminescence into the water . . .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\na new species of shrimp found several miles below the ocean has been named after the university of aberdeen scientist who made the discovery .\nthe creature , which is white and about 6cm long , was discovered at the bottom of the north west pacific ocean .\ndr jamieson said :\nit is another example of the extraordinary creatures that inhabit the most extreme depths .\nhe was on a research mission , in conjunction with colleagues based in toyko , when the shrimp were caught on camera .\ndr jamieson said :\nwe caught lots of the usual animals . however , in amongst our haul were these long white creatures which no - one knew anything about .\ndr jamieson said :\nit is an extraordinary creature with a long elongated body thought to facilitate swimming over great distances .\nyet it is extremely manoeuvrable at short ranges , capable of fast predatory attacks .\nto have this named after me is a great honour , both for me and my family .\ntheresa may names a new uk foreign secretary after boris johnson quits over her brexit strategy .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\n) at a depth of 9 , 316 m ( 30 , 564 ft ) . it is named after alan jamieson , a marine biologist from the university of aberdeen .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . the most recent information on amphipods from the north - west pacific area come from the results of the sojabio expedition to the sea of japan ( golovan et al . , 2013 ) . up to now in north - west pacific 50 benthic and demersal amphipod species from 24 families have been recorded ( bellan - santini , 1990 ; birstein andvinogradov , 1955 , 1958 ; birstein and vinogradova , 1960 ; bulycheva , 1936 ; golovan et al . , 2013 ; gurjanova , 1951gurjanova , , 1955kamenskaya , 1977kamenskaya , , 1980kamenskaya , , 1981kamenskaya , , 1995kamenskaya , , 1997l\u00f6rz , 2010a , 2010b margulis , 1967 ; narahara et al . , 2012 ; pirlot , 1933 ; stebbing , 1888 ; thurston , 2000 ; vinogradov , 1993 ) . . . .\nthe marine fauna of new zealand and the ross sea : amphipoda , synopiidae ( crustacea ) .\ninvestigate the taxonomy of described species of oedicerotidae and dexaminidae ( lepechinellids ) using an integrated morphological and molecular approach .\nepimeria horsti sp . nov . , collected from new zealand seamounts at 970\u20131156 m depth , is described in detail . this increases the number of known species of new zealand epimeriidae to four . additionally epimeria bruuni barnard , 1961 , previously known only from the kermadec trench at 2470 m depth , is redescribed using new material collected from young nicks seamount , hikurangi plateau . a key is . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsynopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria . . .\n59 zootaxa issn 1175 - 5326 ( print edition ) issn 1175 - 5334 ( online edition ) abstract two recent voyages to the ross sea in 2004 and 2008 collected over 3000 benthic amphipoda . the composition of 30 amphipod families is presented , and a focus is given to the family epimeriidae from which a new species described . epimeria larsi sp . nov . from 1950 m depth , is the deepest occurring species of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndeep - sea rhachotropis ( crustacea : amphipoda : eusiridae ) from new zealand and the ross sea with key t . . .\nthe amphipod genus rhachotropis has a worldwide distribution . four species new to science are described , increasing the total number of rhachotropis species to 59 . only one species was previously known from new zealand and none from the ross sea . two species rhachotropis chathamensis sp . nov . and r . delicata sp . nov . were collected at the same station in 420 m depth off eastern new zealand ; r . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe eusirid genus rhachotropis s . i . smith , 1883 has a worldwide distribution and the largest bathymetric range known from any amphipod genus . a large , charismatic , colourful species was collected below 800 m at two sites 1000 km apart on the southern kermadec ridge and on the chatham rise in the south - western pacific off eastern new zealand . the new species , rhachotropis oweni is described , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsynopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria . . .\nl\u00f6rz , anne - nina ( 2009 ) : synopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria ( epimeriidae , amphipoda , crustacea ) . zootaxa 2167 : 59 - 68 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 189125\ntip : right - click and select\nsave link as . .\nto download video\nall the youtube media you download are downloaded directly from youtube cdn . \u00a9 2018 downloadyoutubehd"]}
{"id": 1775, "summary": [{"text": "a prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus ( karyon ) , mitochondria , or any other membrane-bound organelle .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the word prokaryote comes from the greek \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc ( pro ) \" before \" and \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd ( karyon ) \" nut or kernel \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "prokaryotes can be divided into two domains , archaea and bacteria .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "in contrast , species with nuclei and organelles are placed in the domain eukaryota .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "in the prokaryotes , all the intracellular water-soluble components ( proteins , dna and metabolites ) are located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane , rather than in separate cellular compartments .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "bacteria , however , do possess protein-based bacterial microcompartments , which are thought to act as primitive organelles enclosed in protein shells .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "some prokaryotes , such as cyanobacteria may form large colonies .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "others , such as myxobacteria , have multicellular stages in their life cycles .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "molecular studies have provided insight into the evolution and interrelationships of the three domains of biological species .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "eukaryotes are organisms , including humans , whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus ( containing chromosomal dna ) and organelles .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens ; these are common in some extreme environments . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "prokaryote", "paragraphs": ["a prokaryote is a single - celled organism that doesn ' t have a nucleus . bacteria are one familiar type of prokaryote .\nprokaryote - eukaryote relationship and the amino acid sequence of plastocyanin from anabaena variabilis .\nbrown jr , doolittle wf . archaea and the prokaryote - to - eukaryote transition .\n' candidatus magnetoglobus multicellularis ' , a multicellular , magnetotactic prokaryote from a hypersaline environment .\npoole am , phillips mj , penny d ( 2003 ) prokaryote and eukaryote evolvability .\ncell adhesion , multicellular morphology , and magnetosome distribution in the multicellular magnetotactic prokaryote candidatus magnetoglobus multicellularis .\na prokaryote is a cell without a distinct nucleus . bacteria and some other simple organisms are prokaryotic . the genome of a prokaryote is in the form of a single dna molecule , like a single chromosome .\n' candidatus magnetoglobus multicellularis ' , a multicellular , magnetotactic prokaryote from a hypersaline environment . - pubmed - ncbi\ndagan t , martin w . ancestral genome sizes specify the minimum rate of lateral gene transfer during prokaryote evolution .\ngenetic variation within prokaryotic organisms is accomplished through recombination . in recombination , genes from one prokaryote are incorporated into the genome of another prokaryote . recombination is accomplished in bacterial reproduction by the processes of conjugation , transformation , or transduction .\n) had counterpart segments with a significant level of sequence homology in the mt genomes of a minimum of nine of the ten examined green plants and one or both of the two prokaryote genomes , supporting the interpretation of their prokaryote origin .\nprokaryote . provided by : wikipedia . located at : urltoken . license : cc by - sa : attribution - sharealike\nprokaryote . provided by : wiktionary . located at : urltoken . license : cc by - sa : attribution - sharealike\n] - it is possible to constrain some nodes in the prokaryote timescale , but only in a coarse sense . however , most information on the timescale of prokaryote evolution has come from analysis of dna and amino acid sequence data with molecular clocks [\ncell adhesion , multicellular morphology , and magnetosome distribution in the multicellular magnetotactic prokaryote candidatus magnetoglobus multic . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ndagan t , artzy - randrup y , martin w . modular networks and cumulative impact of lateral transfer in prokaryote genome evolution .\n) branch basally in the tree . these groups and relationships are similar to those found previously with analyses of prokaryote genome sequences [\ndoolittle rf , feng df , anderson kl , alberro mr . a naturally occurring horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryote to a prokaryote .\ntransformation is a type of prokaryotic reproduction in which a prokaryote can take up dna found within the environment that has originated from other prokaryotes .\na ) five green plant and a prokaryote species were used in the analysis : oryza sativa ( monocotyledon ) , arabidopsis thaliana ( dicotyledon ) , cycas taitungensis ( gymnosperm ) , physcomitrella patens ( bryophyte ) , chlorokybus atmophyticus ( green alga ) , and prochlorococcus marinus ( prokaryote ) .\nwhat made you want to look up prokaryote ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ntransduction is a type of prokaryotic reproduction in which a prokaryote is infected by a virus which injects short pieces of chromosomal dna from one bacterium to another .\nthe tnt score heat maps for different functional classes of gene from the 100 analyzed prokaryote species . the order of and numbering of the species are as in\nthree mechanisms for the origin of ctdna - homologous mtdna segments : ( 1 ) vertical transmission of a prokaryote dna segment ( orthology ) , ( 2 ) interorganellar dna transfer from the ct to mt genome ( xenology ) and ( 3 ) amplification of an orthologous or xenologous dna segment in the mitochondrion ( paralogy ) . circle : prokaryote genome and plant organellar genome . thick arc on dna molecule : homologous dna segment descended from the prokaryote genome or by xenology or paralogy .\n] . the detection of evolutionary patterns in metabolic innovations , as a consequence of a phylogeny not dominated by hgt events , allows more detailed constraints on a prokaryote timescale .\nslesarev ai , stetter ko , lake ja , gellert m , krah r , kozyavkin sa . dna topoisomerase v is a relative of eukaryotic topoisomerase i from a hyperthermophilic prokaryote .\nbinary fission is a type of reproduction in which the chromosome is replicated and the resultant prokaryote is an exact copy of the parental prokaryate , thus leaving no opportunity for genetic diversity .\nall prokaryote and eukaryote cells also have cytoplasm ( or cytosol ) , a semiliquid substance that composes the volume of a cell . essentially , cytoplasm is the gel - like material enclosed by the plasma membrane .\n. we assume that present day bacteria were derived from a single ancestral prokaryote . in addition , the diagram assumes that the ct and mt genomes of green plants originated from a cyanobacterium and an \u03b1 - proteobacterium , respectively .\ntemporal information concerning prokaryote evolution has come from diverse sources . for eukaryotes , the fossil record provides an abundant source of such data , but this has not been true for prokaryotes , which are difficult to identify as fossils [\ndion p . ( 2008 ) extreme views on prokaryote evolution . in : dion p . , nautiyal c . s . ( eds ) microbiology of extreme soils . soil biology , vol 13 . springer , berlin , heidelberg\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' prokaryote . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\ndoolittle rf , anderson kl , feng d - f ( 1989 ) estimating the prokaryote - eukaryote divergence time from protein sequences . in : fernholm b , bremer k , jornvall h ( eds ) the hierarchy of life . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 73\u201385\na search of the distribution of ctdna - homologous mtdna sequences among the mt genomes of a wide range of green plants , including the reference prokaryote genomes , will provide insights into the phylogenetic origin of ctdna transfer in plant evolution . for this purpose , the mtdnas of 10 green plant species of diverse taxa and the two prokaryote reference genomes were blast searched for sequences with homology to the 52 wheat mtdna segments of orthologous or xenologous origin . to confirm the validity of the present method , the presence of homologous sequences to the wheat ct -\nreproduction in prokaryotes is asexual and usually takes place by binary fission . the dna of a prokaryote exists as as a single , circular chromosome . prokaryotes do not undergo mitosis ; rather the chromosome is replicated and the two resulting copies separate from one another , due to the growth of the cell . the prokaryote , now enlarged , is pinched inward at its equator and the two resulting cells , which are clones , separate . binary fission does not provide an opportunity for genetic recombination or genetic diversity , but prokaryotes can share genes by three other mechanisms .\nthe genome fluidity statistic \u03d5 as a function of synonymous core genome nucleotide variation \u03c0 for 90 free - living prokaryote species on a ln - ln scale . white dots : proteobacteria , black dots : terrabacteria ( actinobacteria , firmicutes and cyanobacteria ) , grey dots : other taxa .\nprokaryote , any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes . bacteria are among the best - known prokaryotic organisms . the lack of internal membranes in prokaryotes distinguishes them from eukaryotes . the prokaryotic cell membrane is made up of phospholipids and constitutes\u2026\n] . the following settings were used : numsamp ( 10 , 000 ) , burnin ( 100 , 000 ) , and sampfreq ( 100 ) . this method permitted rates to vary on different branches , which was necessary given the known rate variation among prokaryote and eukaryote nuclear protein sequences [\nmodes of prokaryote reproduction : besides binary fission , there are three other mechanisms by which prokaryotes can exchange dna . in ( a ) transformation , the cell takes up prokaryotic dna directly from the environment . the dna may remain separate as plasmid dna or be incorporated into the host genome . in ( b ) transduction , a bacteriophage injects dna into the cell that contains a small fragment of dna from a different prokaryote . in ( c ) conjugation , dna is transferred from one cell to another via a mating bridge that connects the two cells after the pilus draws the two bacteria close enough to form the bridge .\nbacteria and radiation tolerance : deinococcus radiodurans , visualized in this false color transmission electron micrograph , is a prokaryote that can tolerate very high doses of ionizing radiation . it has developed dna repair mechanisms that allow it to reconstruct its chromosome even if it has been broken into hundreds of pieces by radiation or heat .\ngenes , respectively ; both genes encode an nadh dehydrogenase subunit . neither of the two prokaryote genomes had sequences with significant homology to the no . 22 segment , indicating the non - orthologous origin of these segments in the mt and ct genomes . homologues of the no . 22 mtdna segment were found only in the monocotyledon species ( ref . table\nthe evolution of the eukaryote cell was probably spurred by the benefits that the engulfed bacteria provided . if an anaerobic prokaryote engulfed an aerobic bacteria , it would have acquired the ability to generate energy from nutrients and oxygen . a prokaryote that took up a cyanobacteria would acquire the ability to make energy utilizing sunlight . the engulfed aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria would benefit from the protection and nutrients supplied by the host cell . the extra energy produced by the bacteria may have allowed the primitive eukaryotic cell to enlarge and acquire other bacteria , resulting in a more complex cell . without the extra energy provided by the bacterial organelles , the primitive eukaryotic cell may not have been able to develop into a multicellular organism .\na timescale of prokaryote evolution . letters indicate nodes discussed in the text . the last common ancestor was arbitrarily placed at 4 . 25 ga in the tree , although this placement was not part of the analyses . the grey rectangle shows the time prior to the initial rise in oxygen ( presumably anaerobic conditions ) . mtb : methanothermobacter , tab : thermoanaerobacter , tsc : thermosynechococcus .\nin transformation , the prokaryote takes in dna found in its environment that is shed by other prokaryotes . if a nonpathogenic bacterium takes up dna for a toxin gene from a pathogen and incorporates the new dna into its own chromosome , it , too , may become pathogenic . in transduction , bacteriophages , the viruses that infect bacteria , sometimes also move short pieces of chromosomal dna from one bacterium to another . transduction results in a recombinant organism . archaea are not affected by bacteriophages , but instead have their own viruses that translocate genetic material from one individual to another . in conjugation , dna is transferred from one prokaryote to another by means of a pilus , which brings the organisms into contact with one another . the dna transferred can be in the form of a plasmid or as a hybrid , containing both plasmid and chromosomal dna .\nif you take a biology class , you ' re likely to learn about prokaryotes , tiny organisms without a distinct nucleus bound by a membrane , like most other living things . prokaryotes are often contrasted with the single - celled or multicellular eukaryotes , which do have a nucleus . the word prokaryote is rooted in greek \u2014 it combines the word pro ,\nbefore ,\nwith karyon ,\nnut or kernel .\nthank you for submitting your article\nmembranes , energetics , and evolution across the prokaryote - eukaryote divide\nfor consideration by elife . your article has been reviewed by two peer reviewers , and the evaluation has been overseen by paul falkowski as the reviewing editor and patricia wittkopp as the senior editor . the following individual involved in review of your submission has agreed to reveal his identity : ron milo ( reviewer # 2 ) .\nphylogenetic trees of individual genes of prokaryotes ( archaea and bacteria ) generally have different topologies , largely owing to extensive horizontal gene transfer ( hgt ) , suggesting that the tree of life ( tol ) should be replaced by a \u201cnet of life\u201d as the paradigm of prokaryote evolution . however , trees remain the natural representation of the histories of individual genes given the fundamentally bifurcating process of gene replication . therefore , although no single tree can fully represent the evolution of prokaryote genomes , the complete picture of evolution will necessarily combine trees and nets . a quantitative measure of the signals of tree and net evolution is derived from an analysis of all quartets of species in all trees of the \u201cforest of life\u201d ( fol ) , which consists of approximately 7 , 000 phylogenetic trees for prokaryote genes including approximately 100 nearly universal trees ( nuts ) . although diverse routes of net - like evolution collectively dominate the fol , the pattern of tree - like evolution that reflects the consistent topologies of the nuts is the most prominent coherent trend . we show that the contributions of tree - like and net - like evolutionary processes substantially differ across bacterial and archaeal lineages and between functional classes of genes . evolutionary simulations indicate that the central tree - like signal cannot be realistically explained by a self - reinforcing pattern of biased hgt .\nthe concept of evolvability covers a broad spectrum of , often contradictory , ideas . at one end of the spectrum it is equivalent to the statement that evolution is possible , at the other end are untestable post hoc explanations , such as the suggestion that current evolutionary theory cannot explain the evolution of evolvability . we examine similarities and differences in eukaryote and prokaryote evolvability , and look for explanations that are compatible with a wide range of observations . differences in genome organisation between eukaryotes and prokaryotes meets this criterion . the single origin of replication in prokaryote chromosomes ( versus multiple origins in eukaryotes ) accounts for many differences because the time to replicate a prokaryote genome limits its size ( and the accumulation of junk dna ) . both prokaryotes and eukaryotes appear to switch from genetic stability to genetic change in response to stress . we examine a range of stress responses , and discuss how these impact on evolvability , particularly in unicellular organisms versus complex multicellular ones . evolvability is also limited by environmental interactions ( including competition ) and we describe a model that places limits on potential evolvability . examples are given of its application to predator competition and limits to lateral gene transfer . we suggest that unicellular organisms evolve largely through a process of metabolic change , resulting in biochemical diversity . multicellular organisms evolve largely through morphological changes , not through extensive changes to cellular biochemistry .\none of the mechanisms that produced homology between the ct and mtdna segments is the vertical transmission of an ancestral prokaryote dna segment ( or gene ) to both the ct and mt genomes via a cyanobacterium or an \u03b1 - proteobacterium , respectively ( \u201corthology\u201d ) . the second mechanism is interorganellar dna transfer between the ct and mt genomes ( \u201cxenology\u201d ) . 32 ) the third mechanism is amplification of a dna segment of orthologous or xenologous origin in an organelle ( \u201cparalogy\u201d ) .\nrecently , we reported a comparative analysis of approximately 7 , 000 phylogenetic trees for prokaryote genes that jointly constitute the \u201cforest of life\u201d ( fol ) and showed that the fol does gravitate to a single - tree topology . this statistically significant trend was particularly prominent among nearly universal trees ( nuts ) , that is , trees for highly conserved genes that are represented in all or almost all prokaryote genomes ( puigbo et al . 2009 ) . here , we describe a quantitative measure of the tree and net signals in evolution that is derived from an analysis of all quartets of species in all trees of the fol . we find that , although diverse routes of net - like evolution jointly dominate the fol , the pattern of tree - like evolution that recapitulates the consensus topology of the nuts is the single most prominent coherent trend . evolutionary simulations suggest that the central tree - like signal cannot be realistically explained by a self - reinforcing pattern of biased hgt .\n) . these observations support my conclusion on the orthology of the 16 wheat mtdna segments and their ctdna counterparts . orthology of two other mtdna segments , nos . 24 and 31 , was not supported by the presence of orthologous gene sequences . however , they did show high sequence homology to the wheat ct genome and to one or other of the prokaryote genomes . they also had significant and high sequence homology to the mtdnas of the 10 green plant species examined later ( ref . table\nthe timescale of prokaryote evolution has been difficult to reconstruct because of a limited fossil record and complexities associated with molecular clocks and deep divergences . however , the relatively large number of genome sequences currently available has provided a better opportunity to control for potential biases such as horizontal gene transfer and rate differences among lineages . we assembled a data set of sequences from 32 proteins ( ~ 7600 amino acids ) common to 72 species and estimated phylogenetic relationships and divergence times with a local clock method .\ncertain prokaryotes move independently by using flagella , long structures that rotate in a propeller - like fashion . prokaryotic flagella consist of intertwined fibrils ( small fibers ) of the protein flagellin . a prokaryote may have a single flagellum , a group of flagella at one or both poles of the cell , or may be covered with flagella . many species of prokaryotes also have pili ( singular , pilus ) \u0096slender , hairlike extensions used for attachment to soil , rocks , teeth , or other structures .\ncocci ( the plural of coccus , from the greek kokkus = berry ) are round bacteria . spherical is a safe shape since it gives the maximum surface area for a given volume . however , spherical doesn\u2019t necessarily mean small . thiomargarita namibiensis is a spherical bacterium , but it is the second largest prokaryote we know of . if an e . coli cell was the size of a tic tac , t . namibiensis would have a diameter a bit larger than the barringer meteor crater in arizona ( see picture above ) .\neleven mtdna segments showed high sequence homology ( ca . 70 % or higher ) to sequences in all genomes of wheat ct , pm and pu . additionally , five mtdna segments , nos . 2 , 18 , 28 , 40 and 51 , showed high sequence homologies ( ca . 60 % or higher ) to ct sequences and also to either pm or pu sequences . in addition to their high sequence homologies , most of the wheat mtdna segments and their corresponding wheat ct and prokaryote dna segments included complete or partial sequences of orthologous genes ( table\nall prokaryote and eukaryote cells have plasma membranes . the plasma membrane ( also known as the cell membrane ) is the outermost cell surface , which separates the cell from the external environment . the plasma membrane is composed primarily of proteins and lipids , especially phospholipids . the lipids occur in two layers ( a bilayer ) . proteins embedded in the bilayer appear to float within the lipid , so the membrane is constantly in flux . the membrane is therefore referred to as a fluid mosaic structure . within the fluid mosaic structure , proteins carry out most of the membrane\u2019s functions .\nthe aims and materials of the present investigation were very similar to those of wang et al . 41 ) with the following exceptions : ( 1 ) i surveyed sequence homologies between all the ct and mtdna segments , irrespective of the presence / absence of genes , to obtain an entire picture of ctdna transfers ; ( 2 ) the ctdna - homologous mtdna segments were classified with respect to origin as orthologous ( prokaryote origin ) , xenologous ( ctdna origin ) and paralogous ( amplification of orthologs or xenologs ) using prokaryotic genome sequences as a reference ; ( 3 ) the dynamics of recurrent ct - to - mt transfers were analyzed in detail with respect to the transfer of ctdna segments in the same ct genome region to different sites of the mt genome , in order to assess directionality of the transfer ; and ( 4 ) the evolutionary timing of transfer of most of the xenologs to the mt genome was estimated , based on the results of a homology search between the ctdna - derived wheat mtdna segments and the mt genomes of ten green plant species and two reference prokaryote genomes . these analyses identified new aspects of the dynamics and phylogenetic origins of interorganellar dna transfers .\nthe analyses presented here are based on the assumption , still under debate , that historical information ( phylogenies and divergence times ) can be retrieved from genes in the prokaryote genome that have not been affected by horizontal gene transfer . our prokaryotic timeline shows deep divergences within both the eubacterial and archaebacterial domains indicating a long evolutionary history . the early evolution of life ( > 4 . 1 ga ) and early origin of several important metabolic pathways ( phototrophy , methanogenesis ; but not oxygenic photosynthesis ) suggests that organisms have influenced the earth ' s environment since early in the history of the planet ( fig .\nin contrast , the dna of prokaryotic cells is distributed loosely around the cytoplasm , along with the protein synthesis machinery . this closeness allows prokaryotic cells to rapidly respond to environmental change by quickly altering the types and amount of proteins they manufacture . note that eukaryotic cells likely evolved from a symbiotic relationship between two prokaryotic cells , whereby one set of prokaryotic dna eventually became separated by a nuclear envelope and formed a nucleus . over time , portions of the dna from the other prokaryote remaining in the cytoplasmic part of the cell may or may not have been incoporated into the new eukaryotic nucleus ( figure 3 ) .\ndifferences in the mechanisms of inheritance across the prokaryote\u2013eukaryote divide generate , over long time frames , different patterns of variation . in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes , there are clonally propagating species that seem never to undergo recombination . because mutation is inevitable ( 45 ) , prokaryotic or eukaryotic species that never undergo recombination will continuously accumulate sublethal mutations , which they cannot purge from their genomes . this process continuously increases genetic load , for which reason they will eventually go extinct , a process known as muller ' s ratchet ( 46 \u2013 49 ) . recombination has an important role in evolution in that it rescues genomes from muller\u2019s ratchet .\nnotwithstanding the ubiquity of hgt , trees remain the natural representation of the histories of individual genes given the fundamentally bifurcating character of gene replication and the low frequency of intragenic recombination compared with intergenic recombination at long evolutionary distances ( koonin and wolf 2009 ; koonin , wolf , and puigbo 2009 ) . therefore , although no single tree can fully represent the evolution of prokaryote genomes , the complete picture of evolution will necessarily combine trees and nets ( gogarten et al . 2002 ; koonin and wolf 2008 ) . taken together , the results of the present analysis reveal a complex landscape of tree - like and net - like evolution of prokaryotes . the signals from these two types of evolution are distributed in a highly nonrandom fashion among lineages of archaea and bacteria and among functional classes of genes . overall , within the fol , the net - like signal is quantitatively dominant , vindicating the concepts of \u201clateral genomics\u201d or net of life ( hilario and gogarten 1993 ; doolittle 1999a , 2009 ; gogarten et al . 2002 ; gogarten and townsend 2005 ; doolittle and bapteste 2007 ; koonin and wolf 2008 ) . by no account , are these results compatible with the representation of prokaryote evolution as a tol adorned with thin , random \u201ccobwebs\u201d of hgt ( kurland et al . 2003 ; ge et al . 2005 ; kunin et al . 2005 ) . however , the tree - like signal compatible with the consensus topology of the nuts is also unmistakably detectable and strong as by our measurement up to 40 % of the evolution in the prokaryote world conforms with the \u201cstatistical tol . \u201d the reality of prokaryote evolution appears to be that , although net - like processes are quantitatively dominant , the single strongest trend is the tree - like evolution characteristic of the nuts that also partially recapitulates the rrna tree ( pace 1997 ; puigbo et al . 2009 ) . of course , the tree - like and net - like processes of evolution are entangled : when we consider a \u201ctree - like\u201d signal , we actually mean the topology of the supertree of the nuts that is affected not only by the coherent central trend but also biased routes of hgt . however , the strong coherence between the topologies of the nuts , the quasi - random distribution of hgt events in this set of trees , and the substantial topological similarity between the nuts and a large fraction of the trees in the fol , taken together , seem to justify the use of the supertree as the best available standard of tree - like evolution .\nthe early eukaryote cell evolved more than a billion years ago . the endosymbiosis theory of the evolution of eukaryotes was first proposed by biologist lynn margulis in the 1960s . over the years , many scientists have gathered evidence in support of endosymbiosis . the endosymbiosis theory states that the eukaryotic cell developed from a larger prokaryotic cell engulfing a smaller prokaryotic cell without digesting it . the smaller prokaryotic cell or bacteria lived on in the larger prokaryote , providing it with extra energy , while the larger cell protected the small bacteria , allowing it to survive . engulfed aerobic bacteria eventually developed into mitochondria , while photosynthetic bacteria became the chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells .\nthe majority ( 81 % ) of the 32 proteins that were used are classified in the\ninformation storage and processes\nfunctional category of the cog . the other categories represented are\ncellular processes\n( 10 % ) ,\nmetabolism\n( 3 % ) , and\ninformation storage and processing\n+\nmetabolism\n( proteins with combined functions ; 6 % ) . other studies that have analyzed prokaryote genome sequence data for phylogeny have found a similar high proportion of proteins in the\ninformation storage and processes\nfunctional category , presumably because hgt is more difficult with such genes that are vital for the survival of the cell [\nin principle , the fol encompasses the complete set of phylogenetic trees for all genes from all genomes . however , a comprehensive analysis of the entire fol is computationally prohibitive , so a representative subset of the trees needs to be selected and analyzed . previously ( puigbo , wolf , and koonin 2009 ) , we defined such a subset by selecting 100 archaeal and bacterial genomes representative of all major prokaryote groups and building 6 , 901 ml trees for all sufficiently conserved genes in this set of genomes ; for brevity , we refer to this set of trees as the fol ( see details in supplementary materials and methods and supplementary fig . s1 , supplementary material online ) .\nmany prokaryote species are known to have fluid genomes , with different strains varying markedly in accessory gene content through the combined action of gene loss , gene gain via lateral transfer , as well as gene duplication . however , the evolutionary forces determining genome fluidity are not yet well understood . we here for the first time systematically analyse the degree to which this distinctive genomic feature differs between bacterial species . we find that genome fluidity is positively correlated with synonymous nucleotide diversity of the core genome , a measure of effective population size n e . no effects of genome size , phylogeny or homologous recombination rate on genome fluidity were found . our findings are consistent with a scenario where accessory gene content turnover is for a large part dictated by neutral evolution .\na prokaryotic host cell incorporates another prokaryotic cell . each prokaryote has its own set of dna molecules ( a genome ) . the genome of the incorporated cell remains separate ( curved blue line ) from the host cell genome ( curved purple line ) . the incorporated cell may continue to replicate as it exists within the host cell . over time , during errors of replication or perhaps when the incorporated cell lyses and loses its membrane separation from the host , genetic material becomes separated from the incorporated cell and merges with the host cell genome . eventually , the host genome becomes a mixture of both genomes , and it ultimately becomes enclosed in an endomembrane , a membrane within the cell that creates a separate compartment . this compartment eventually evolves into a nucleus .\nthe tnt score heatmaps for the 100 analyzed prokaryote species . ( a ) the 102 nuts . ( b ) the fol without the nuts ( 6 , 799 trees ) . the tnt increases from red ( slow tnt score , close to random , an indication of net - like evolution ) to green ( high tnt score , close to the supertree topology , an indication of tree - like evolution ) . the species are ordered in accord with the topology of the supertree of the 102 nuts . in ( a ) , the major groups of archaea and bacteria are denoted . the complete species names are given in the supplementary table s1 ( supplementary material online ) . for additional tnt heatmaps , see supplementary figs . s12 , s13 , and s24 ( supplementary material online ) .\nmany bacterial species have been shown to exhibit extensive variation in gene repertoires , where a set of core genes shared by all strains are supplemented with a set of accessory genes that are only present in a subset of strains ( ochman et al . , 2000 ; gogarten et al . , 2002 ; tettelin et al . , 2005 ) . although accessory genome analyses are routinely performed in prokaryote genomics studies , whether certain genome characteristics are associated with particularly low or high genome fluidity has not been systematically tested . we here make use of the increasing availability of whole - genome sequences to , for the first time , perform a meta - analysis to ( 1 ) gauge the extent to which genome fluidity varies among different species and ( 2 ) test which genome characteristics best explain genome fluidity .\nnaturally occurring horizontal gene transfers between nonviral organisms are difficult to prove . only with the availability of sequence data from a wide variety of organisms can a convincing case be made . in the case of putative gene transfers between prokaryotes and eukaryotes , the minimum requirements for inferring such an event include ( 1 ) sequences of the transferred gene or its product from several appropriately divergent eukaryotes and several prokaryotes , and ( 2 ) a similar set of sequences from the same ( or closely related organisms ) for another gene or genes . given these criteria , we believe that a strong case can be made for escherichia coli having acquired a second glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase gene from some eukaryotic host . ancillary observations on the general rate of change and the time of the prokaryote - eukaryote divergence support the notion .\nsince there are no fossil records on the evolution of eukaryotes , most of the evidence is based on the study of present - day cells . evidence for endosymbiosis comes from dna sequencing and the comparison of bacterial , mitochondrial and chloroplast characteristics . dna analysis reveals that eukaryotes contain many bacterial genes . mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in size and divide independently of the eukaryote host cell by a process called binary fission . bacteria also replicate by binary fission , while eukaryotes multiply by mitosis or meiosis . mitochondria and chloroplasts inside the eukaryotic cell have single , circular dna molecules just like bacteria . the inner membrane of bacteria , mitochondria and chloroplasts contains the electron transport chain , which provides chemical energy . mitochondria and chloroplasts also have a second membrane surrounding their inner membrane , which is thought to have arisen from the host cell membrane indenting and surrounding the early prokaryote to take it up .\nphylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characterization were used to assign a multicellular magnetotactic prokaryote the name ' candidatus magnetoglobus multicellularis ' . ' candidatus magnetoglobus multicellularis ' lives in a large hypersaline coastal lagoon from brazil and has properties that are unique among prokaryotes . it consists of a compact assembly or aggregate of flagellated bacterial cells , highly organized in a sphere , that swim in either helical or straight trajectories . the life cycle of ' candidatus magnetoglobus multicellularis ' is completely multicellular , in which one aggregate grows by enlarging the size of its cells and approximately doubling the volume of the whole organism . cells then divide synchronously , maintaining the spherical arrangement ; finally the cells separate into two identical aggregates . phylogenetic 16s rrna gene sequence analysis showed that ' candidatus magnetoglobus multicellularis ' is related to the dissimilatory sulfate - reducing bacteria within the deltaproteobacteria and to other previously described , but not yet well characterized , multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes .\nalthough a few basic trends stand out ( e . g . , that motile cells are usually rods ) , we know exceedingly few morphological rules . this means that , except for the simplest cases , it is difficult or impossible to answer the question , \u201cwhy does a bacterium have a particular shape ? \u201d consider , for example , the bacterium pelagibacter ubique , which constitutes ~ 25 % of all ocean microorganisms and is possibly the most successful , most numerous single prokaryote on earth [ 49 ] . even for such a plain bacterium in a relatively uncomplicated environment , we have no clue as to why it is a tiny curved rod instead of a small straight rod ; and beyond this , everything else is even more uncertain . in short , at our present level of understanding , when given an organism\u2019s environment we cannot predict its shape , nor when given its shape can we confidently infer the characteristics of its environment [ 5 ] .\nbiology of termites : a modern synthesis ( bignell de , roisin y , lo n , ( editors ) , springer , dordrecht , 576pp , isbn 978 - 90 - 481 - 3976 - 7 , e - isbn 978 - 90 - 481 - 3977 - 4 , doi 10 . 1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 3977 - 4 ) was published in 2011 . with the agreement of the publishers , we give a taxonomic index of the book comprising 494 termite entries , 103 entries of other multicellular animal species mentioned as associates or predators of termites , with 9 fungal , 60 protist , and 64 prokaryote identities , which are listed as termite symbionts ( sensu stricto ) . in addition , we add descriptive authorities for living ( and some fossil ) termite genera and species . higher taxonomic groupings for termites are indicated by 25 code numbers . microorganisms ( prokaryotes , protists , and fungi ) are listed separately , using broad modern taxonomic affiliations from the contemporary literature of bacteriology , protozoology , and mycology .\ncandidatus magnetoglobus multicellularis is an uncultured magnetotactic multicellular prokaryote composed of 17 - 40 gram - negative cells that are capable of synthesizing organelles known as magnetosomes . the magnetosomes of ca . m . multicellularis are composed of greigite and are organized in chains that are responsible for the microorganism ' s orientation along magnetic field lines . the characteristics of the microorganism , including its multicellular life cycle , magnetic field orientation , and swimming behavior , and the lack of viability of individual cells detached from the whole assembly , are considered strong evidence for the existence of a unique multicellular life cycle among prokaryotes . it has been proposed that the position of each cell within the aggregate is fundamental for the maintenance of its distinctive morphology and magnetic field orientation . however , the cellular organization of the whole organism has never been studied in detail . here , we investigated the magnetosome organization within a cell , its distribution within the microorganism , and the intercellular relationships that might be responsible for maintaining the cells in the proper position within the microorganism , which is essential for determining the magnetic properties of ca . m . multicellularis during its life cycle . the results indicate that cellular interactions are essential for the determination of individual cell shape and the magnetic properties of the organism and are likely directly associated with the morphological changes that occur during the multicellular life cycle of this species .\nwhen these endosymbiotic events occured is subject to much debate , but it must have been early in life ' s history , perhaps as early as the archean eon more than 2500 million years ago . the heterotrophic prokaryote used cellular respiration to intake oxygen and convert organic molecules to energy . the prokaryotic cells that were too small to be digested continued to live inside the host eukaryote , eventually becoming dependent on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds . importantly , the host cell could have acquired , by the addition of the aerobic function , an increased output of atp for cellular activities , leading to its improved selective advantage . was the\nengulfer\na eubacteria or an archaean - yes - it depends on which of competing theories you choose ? other theories hold that the prokaryotes that gave rise to early eukaryotes were probably from the domain archaea , both because of several key characteristics and because dna sequence comparison suggest that archaeans are more closely related to the eukaryotes than are eubacteria . this is the so - called serial endosymbiosis theory of a monophyletic origin of the mitochondrion from a eubacterial ancestor . that fact that mitochondria have their own dna , rna , and ribosomes , supports the endosymbiosis theory , as does the existence of the amoeba , a eukaryotic organism that lacks mitochondria and therefore requires a symbiotic relationship with an aerobic bacterium .\na second development is the recognition that the origin of the roughly 2 , 000 gene families that underpinned the origin of eukaryotic - specific traits in the eukaryote ancestor required the biochemical power of internalized bioenergetic membranes that mitochondria provided ( 3 ) . mitochondria , not oxygen , made the energetic difference that separates eukaryotes from prokaryotes . that is because anaerobic mitochondria generate about five atp per glucose and fermentations in eukaryotes generate two to four atp per glucose ( 11 ) , such that the meager 5 - to 10 - fold increase in atp yield per glucose conferred by oxygen respiration is dwarfed by the 10 4 to 10 5 increase in atp yield per gene manifest in cells with mitochondria ( 3 ) . the key to the orders of magnitude increase in energy available for evolutionary invention that mitochondria conferred is the eukaryotic configuration of internal , compartmentalized bioenergetic membranes relative to genes ( 3 , 5 ) . after all , had oxygen been the key to eukaryote complexity , escherichia coli would have become eukaryotic for the same reason . furthermore , eukaryotic aerobes and anaerobes interleave across eukaryote phylogeny ( 11 ) , and bioenergetics point to a mitochondrion ancestor with a facultatively anaerobic lifestyle ( 12 ) . only those cells became complex that experienced the increased energy per gene afforded by mitochondria , and the long puzzling lack of true intermediates in the prokaryote\u2013eukaryote transition has a bioenergetic cause ( 3 ) .\nthe \u03d5 estimate only provides a general indication of genome fluidity as it ignores genome rearrangements or plasmids , and we cannot exclude the fact that elevated or decreased levels of genome fluidity are associated with some of the many phyla that could not be included in this analysis due to a lack of data . these caveats aside , the positive relationship of genome fluidity with synonymous diversity is highly significant . the synonymous nucleotide diversity equals two times the product of the mutation rate \u03bc and effective population size n e for haploid species . as variation in prokaryote mutation rate is believed to be relatively small ( lynch , 2010 ) , \u03c0 syn can be taken as a proxy for n e . large effective population size is expected to result in generally higher levels of genetic diversity due to neutral evolution ( kimura , 1984 ) . the result of our cross - species meta - analysis is therefore consistent with the expectation that large n e species exhibit greater accessory genome variation . a variety of studies have suggested that many gene content changes have only minor effects on fitness and are effectively neutral ( gogarten and townsend , 2005 ; baumdicker et al . , 2012 ; haegeman and weitz , 2012 ; kn\u00f6ppel et al . , 2014 ) , although it is clear that a proportion of gene gains and losses will be significantly deleterious or beneficial . to gain a full understanding of selection on the accessory genome , it will be vital to collect data on the distribution of fitness effects of gene content changes ( vos et al . , 2015 ) .\ntwo mtdna segments , nos . 52 and 53a , maintained a high level of sequence homology to the mtdna segments of all 10 green plants , with no or a low level of homology to prokaryote genomes . this finding indicated that these two mtdna segments were transferred from the ct genome at an early stage of green plant evolution . four wheat mtdna segments , nos . 16 , 29 , 36 and 37 , appeared to have been transferred at an early stage of angiosperm evolution , because their homologues were found in almost all of the monocotyledons and dicotyledons examined , but not in the lower plant taxa , including the gymnosperm . three other mtdna segments , nos . 17 , 22 and 34 , showed highly significant sequence homology to all monocotyledons examined , but not to other plant taxa , suggesting they were transferred at an early stage of monocotyledon evolution . nine mtdna segments , nos . 3 , 4 , 21 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 39 , 42 and 49 , showed highly significant homology to the mtdnas in various combinations of two or three monocotyledons , including wheat , suggesting their transfer occurred during divergence of the cereal species . our previous phylogenetic studies on the organellar genomes indicated that genetic distances between the organellar genomes of wheat , rice and maize were similar , suggesting that the phylogenetic divergence of their organellar genomes occurred at almost the same time . 31 ) as a result , i could not conclude with any certainty whether the observed ctdna transfer occurred in a common ancestor of the two to three cereal species or if it occurred independently in these species . transfer of eight mtdna segments , nos . 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 15 , 32 , 50 and 54 , undoubtedly occurred only once in the wheat lineage .\nusing the logic germane to supernumerary phylobiont inference , the findings in dataset s1 and figs . s2 and s3 would be interpreted as evidence that neither the mitochondrion nor the plastid arose via endosymbiosis ; rather , each would be the product of 43 and 124 independent gene transfers , respectively , from different donors , thus one at a time , to the eukaryotic ancestor and the archaeplastidan ancestor , but the transfers would have to be directed to some kind of preexisting compartment , not dissimilar to gray ' s premitochondrion , where rrna operons and trnas also became donated , enabling the result of such transfer to morph into a bioenergetic organelle , but only mimicking a bona fide endosymbiotic origin , the real mechanism being lgt : so say the single - gene trees . we say : that scenario cannot possibly be true . however , why can it not be true ? it cannot be true because exactly the same kinds of transfers\u2014one at a time and from independent donors\u2014for exactly the right kinds of genes to support the function of the bioenergetic membrane in mitochondria and the bioenergetic membrane in plastids ( in addition to the other biochemical and physiological functions of the organelles ) would have to be going on to the nucleus as well , the crux being that , until the whole organelle is assembled through such imaginary lgt , none of the transferred genes have a selectable function . without selection for function , they would all become pseudogenes , and no organelle would emerge at all . a free - living prokaryote brings along the complete and selectable functional unit , which can then be transferred a chunk at a time to the host , but from a continuously selected and replicating functional source . there is something very wrong with the supernumerary phylobiont stories , and the core of the problem is rooted in trees .\nlike eukaryotes , the origin of sex also counts as one of the major evolutionary transitions ( 1 ) and remains one of evolutionary biology\u2019s toughest problems . existing theories seek the origin of sex in a haploid cell with fully fledged eukaryotic mitosis ( 104 ) , but it is more likely that mitosis and sex arose in a cell that had a mitochondrion ( 3 , 5 ) . during the prokaryote - to - eukaryote transition , eukaryotes seem to have lost the standard mechanisms that prokaryotes use to escape muller\u2019s ratchet\u2014transduction , transformation , and conjugation\u2014because they are lacking in all eukaryotic groups . had eukaryotes retained one or all three of those mechanisms , it seems unlikely that they would have evolved sex on top of them , and , indeed , cells that never had mitochondria ( prokaryotes ) never evolved sex . the machinery involved in eukaryotic recombination was surely present at the time of mitochondrial symbiosis because the main enzymes involved are homologous to their prokaryotic counterparts : spo11 , mre11 , dmc1 , rad51 , mlh1 , and pms1 ( 105 , 106 ) . did a simple form of eukaryotic recombination , catalyzed by enzymes that are homologous to the enzymes of prokaryotic recombination , rescue nascent eukaryotes from muller\u2019s ratchet ? the basic machinery required might have been a property of the host . it is a curiously underpublicized observation that various archaea can fuse their cells ( 55 , 107 ) and that , in some haloarchaea , fusion is accompanied by recombination ( 108 ) whereas , in others , only recombination is observed ( 109 ) . one needs to be careful not to ( over - ) state that \u201carchaea have sex , \u201d but , in some rare documented examples , they do undergo outright cell fusion ( an otherwise curious property of gametes ) and , in some rarer cases , recombination and fusion are observed ( 108 ) .\n1 center for biofilm engineering , montana state university , bozeman , mt 59717 , usa .\n2 department of microbiology , university of iowa , iowa city , ia 52242 , usa .\nscience 21 may 1999 : vol . 284 , issue 5418 , pp . 1318 - 1322 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 284 . 5418 . 1318\ncenter for biofilm engineering , montana state university , bozeman , mt 59717 , usa .\ndepartment of microbiology , university of iowa , iowa city , ia 52242 , usa .\naaas login provides access to science for aaas members , and access to other journals in the science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions .\ndownload and print this article for your personal scholarly , research , and educational use .\nbacteria that attach to surfaces aggregate in a hydrated polymeric matrix of their own synthesis to form biofilms . formation of these sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents are at the root of many persistent and chronic bacterial infections . studies of biofilms have revealed differentiated , structured groups of cells with community properties . recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of bacterial community behavior point to therapeutic targets that may provide a means for the control of biofilm infections .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 ."]}
{"id": 1777, "summary": [{"text": "bornella anguilla is a species of sea slug , a nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family bornellidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is widely distributed throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can grow up to a length of 8 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "bornella anguilla", "paragraphs": ["bornella anguilla from reunion is . from : yves coze , july 31 , 2003\nworms - world register of marine species - bornella anguilla s . johnson , 1984\nits name ( anguilla = eel ) refers to its method of swimming . while most species of\nrelatively large species of bornella , growing up to 80mm . it has a very characteristic mosaic - like colour pattern . its name [ anguilla = eel ] refers to its method of swimming . while most species of bornella can swim by a lateral flexion of their body , in b . anguilla a muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion . it is reported by johnson to feed on the hydroid plumularia .\nthe rhinophores are on long stalks which bear a ring of long pointed papillae . the oral tentacles are very elaborate sensory appendage , shaped like a hand with long fingers . the name\nanguilla\nmeaning eel , refers to its method of swimming . most species of bornella can swim by a lateral flexion of their body . b . anguilla uses a muscular wave that travels down the body to produce an eel - like swimming motion .\n. i looked up\nanguilla\nand discovered that it means\neel .\nthis had to be it . i also noticed it was described by johnson in 1985 . i emailed scott and he answered right away :\njohnson , scott . 1984 . a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 .\njohnson , s . ( 1984 ) . a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia with anguilliform swimming behavior . micronesica . 19 , 17 - 26 . [ details ]\nreference : \u2022 johnson , s . ( 1984 ) a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . [ for 1983 ]\na key diagnostic for this species is the characteristic mosaic - like color pattern on the body . this relatively large species of bornella , grows up to 80mm in length . this species is found throughout the indo - pacific being reported from south africa to australia , including myranmar , indonesia and fiji .\nthe genus bornella belongs to the dendronotina . the genus has many similarities in shape and natural history to members of the aeolids . members have a series of cerata - like structures on each side of its elongate body and they feed on hydroids . the cerata - like gills do not carry nematocysts like most aeolids .\njohnson , s . ( 1984 ) a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . [ for 1983 ] yonow , n . and hayward , p . j . ( 1991 ) . opistobranches de l ' \u00eele maurice , avec la description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles ( mollusca : opistobranchia ) revue fran\u00e7aise d ' aquariologie herp\u00e9tologie , 18 ( 1 ) , 1 - 30\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit has a very characteristic mosaic - like colour pattern with orange , yellow and white spots .\na muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion . when disrupted , it swims with a sideways ondulation of its entire body .\nthe anus opens on the right side just below and between the first and second cerata .\nthe reproductive opening is further forward on the right side , below and between the rhinophore and the first cerata .\n) , 18 october 1985 , size : 45 mm . one other from belle mare (\n) , 27 february 1990 , size : 49 mm . and one other from trou aux biches (\na muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion .\nscottburgh - 20m - south coast kwazulu - natal , south africa . 21 may 2000 . size : 80mm . photo of head . photo : valda fraser\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe color pattern of this impressive dendronotid is a mosaic of orange , brown and white spots against a black reticulate background . each of the six pairs of cerata , as well as the rhinophoral sheaths , possess a distinctive flap shaped like a rabbit ear with black , white and orange streaks .\nis a rare species , having been reported only twice . it was found in highly exposed locations , both times during the day . one of those occasions was on a basalt cliff at 6 m ( 20 ft ) . though other bornellids can swim using a side - to - side flapping motion ,\nthis species was first recorded in hawaii from south point , big island by john hoover in july , 1998 . it was named for its eel - like swimming motion . it ' s referred to as the\neel nudibranch\nin hoover , 1998 & 2006 .\npola , m . ; rudman , w . b . ; gosliner , t . m . ( 2009 ) . systematics and preliminary phylogeny of bornellidae ( mollusca : nudibranchia : dendronotina ) based on morphological characters with description of four new species . zootaxa . 1975 : 1 - 57 . page ( s ) : 26 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nyonow n . ( 2017 ) . results of the rumphius biohistorical expedition to ambon ( 1990 ) . part 16 . the nudibranchia - dendronotina , arminina , aeolidina , and doridina ( mollusca : gastropoda : heterobranchia ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde . 146 ( 1 ) : 135 - 172 . [ details ]\ngosliner t . m . , behrens d . w . & vald\u00e9s a . ( 2008 ) indo - pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs . sea challengers natural history books and california academy of sciences . 426 pp . page ( s ) : 320 [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 2 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nhow would you greet this\ntrick - or - treater\nif it came to your door this halloween ? man \u2013 i think i\u2019d just die . this amazing species looks like something you would see at a chinese new year parade . just look at the facial expression . makes you wonder whos behind that mask .\njohn greenamyer has been diving some twenty - four years with a macro u / w photography pursuit using both still photography and video . his favorite diving areas are png and indonesia with an emphasis on png , especially the milne bay region so popularized for its\nmuck\nphotographic opportunities . as of late he has been keeping company with roger steene and neville coleman on his travels to png and will be diving with them again in the next couple of weeks .\nalan grant and myself took a sunday off in august to travel up to visit john and immerse ourselves in some four hours of still and video photography of branchs . john has some outsanding macro video footage of branchs that hopefully will appear in the near future on a sister site this webmaster is in the process of setting up for streaming video .\nwhen he ' s not diving , john and his wife reside in running springs , california , in the los angeles area . he has his own graphic arts business in cerritos , california .\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 2004 . all rights reserved .\nwhile diving at south point on the island of hawai ` i ( the southernmost point of land in the u . s . a . ) , i noticed this unusual nudibranch on the basalt cliffs at a depth of about 20 ft . ( 7 m . ) patterned somewhat like a giraffe , with paddle - like cerata protruding from its back . not recognizing it , i popped it into a clear ziplock bag for a later photography session in anticipation of a new record for hawai ` i .\nimmediately the animal began swimming actively against the side of the bag with the fluid wriggling motions of a tiny eel . confused , i thought for a moment that it was actually a strange fish that mimicked a nudibranch . yet the animal definitely possessed a molluscan foot ; it had to be a slug after all . after taking pictures i let it go . regretfully , there was no way to bring it home to o ` ahu alive . i could only hope that the pictures came out .\ni sent a slide to hawaii ' s reigning nudibranch queen , pauline fiene - severns , and she confirmed the id and also confirmed that it was indeed a new record for hawai ` i .\nalthough scott states that it is primarily a nocturnal species , the specimen i found was out in the open in broad daylight .\nlives in honolulu . he has published two books on marine life of the hawaiian islands . his third , a field guide to the marine invertebrates of the hawaii , will be available approximately february 1999 . with over 600 photographs , it will cover 500 species , including 66 of hawaii ' s most colorful and interesting opisthobranchs .\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 1998 . all rights reserved .\nthe nudibranch , flabellina exoptata , is often found on hydroids and is known to feed on them . the nematocysts from hydroids are transfered and stored in cerata , which , when disturbed , are able to release these nematocysts for defense .\nvimeo gives control freaks the power to tweak every aspect of their embedded videos : colors , buttons , end screens , and more ."]}
{"id": 1782, "summary": [{"text": "balaena is a genus of cetacean ( whale ) in the family balaenidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "balaena is considered a monotypic genus , as it has only a single extant species , the bowhead whale ( b . mysticetus ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first described in 1758 by linnaeus , who at the time considered all of the right whales ( and the bowhead ) as a single species .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "historically , both the family balaenidae and genus balaena were known by the common name , \" right whales \" , however balaena are now known as bowhead whales .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "throughout history , the family balaenidae has been the subject of great taxonomic debate .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "authorities have repeatedly recategorized the three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale , as one , two , three or four species , either in a single genus or in two separate genera .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in the early whaling days , they were all thought to be a single species , balaena mysticetus .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "eventually , it was recognized that bowheads and right whales were in fact different .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "later , morphological factors such as differences in the skull shape of northern and southern right whales indicated at least two species of right whale \u2014 one in the northern hemisphere , the other in the southern ocean .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "as recently as 1998 , dale rice , in his comprehensive and otherwise authoritative classification , marine mammals of the world : systematics and distribution , listed just two species : balaena glacialis ( the right whales ) and balaena mysticetus ( the bowheads ) .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "a dna study by rosenbaum in 2000 , and another study by churchill in 2007 finally provided clear evidence to conclude that the three living right whale species do comprise a phylogenetic lineage , distinct from the bowhead , and that the bowhead and the right whales are rightly classified into two separate genera .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the right whales , therefore , are now officially in the eubalaena genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the fossil record of balaena , dating to the late miocene , encompasses ten species known from finds in europe , north america , and south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "balena , described by scopoli in 1777 , and leiobalaena , described by eschricht in 1849 , are junior synonyms of balaena . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "balaena", "paragraphs": ["balaena may be derived from the genus balaena , which contains the bowhead whales .\nthe bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) is a species of the family balaenidae , in suborder mysticeti , and genus balaena , which once included the right whale .\n' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland .\nblue balaenas are blue with yellow gas bags . they can drop big balaena sand bags .\n' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland . - youtube\nmix - ' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nshelden , k . , d . rugh . 1995 . the bowhead whale , balaena mysticetus : its historic and current status .\n[ 0021 ] george et al . ( 1999 ) , age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( balaena mysticetus ) via aspartic acid racemization\nkovacs m . k . , bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) . environmental monitoring of svalbard and jan mayen . retrieved on 27 may 2014\nwhat made you want to look up balaena ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\n[ 0890 ] zeh et al . ( 2002 ) , survival of bowhead whales , balaena mysticetus , estimated from 1981 - 1998 photoidentification data ( pubmed )\nkrutzikowsky , g . , b . mate . 2000 . dive and surfacing characteristics of bowhead whales ( * balaena mysticetus * ) in the beaufort and chukchi seas .\npurple balaenas are mauve and reddish - purple in coloration with blue gas sacs . they can drop big balaena water bags . they are only found in primordia waters .\nbalaena prisca , one of the five balaena fossils from the late miocene ( ~ 10 mya ) to early pleistocene ( ~ 1 . 5 mya ) , may be the same as the modern bowhead whale . the earlier fossil record shows no related cetacean after morenocetus , found in a south american deposit dating back 23 million years .\nto cite this page : justice , j . 2002 .\nbalaena mysticetus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nsearch for ' balaena mysticetus ' returned 9 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]\neuropean cetacean society . bowhead whales ( balaena mysticetus ) sighting in the franz josef land area . archived 23 may 2014 at the wayback machine . . retrieved on 24 may 2014\ngeorge , j . , j . bada , j . zeh , l . scott , s . brown . 1999 . age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( * balaena mysticetus * ) via aspartic acid racemization .\nbowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) scientific name : balaena mysticetus higher classification : balaena rank : species , kingdom : animalia , phylum : chordata , class : mammalia , order : cetacea , suborder : mysticeti , family : balaenidae , genus : balaena , species : b . mysticetus , type : mammal , diet : carnivores , size : about 14 m ( 46 ft ) to 18 m ( 59 ft ) in length , weight : as much as 100 tons , lifespan : live for more than 100 years , possibly up to 200 years , * * balaena mysticetus , is a species of the right whale family balaenidae , in suborder mysticeti , and genus balaena . a stocky dark - colored whale without a dorsal fin , it can grow 14 m ( 46 ft ) to 18 m ( 59 ft ) in length . this thick - bodied species can weigh from 75 tonnes ( 74 long tons ; 83 short tons ) to 100 tonnes ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) . [ 3 ] they live entirely in fertile arctic and sub - arctic waters , unlike other whales that migrate to low latitude waters to feed or reproduce . the bowhead was also known as the greenland right whale or arctic whale . american whalemen called them the steeple - top , polar whale , [ 4 ] or russia or russian whale . the bowhead has the largest mouth of any animal . more info : urltoken\nford jr , t . j . ; werth , a . j . ; george , j . c . ( 2013 ) .\nan intraoral thermoregulatory organ in the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the corpus cavernosum maxillaris\n.\ngross a . , 2010 background document for bowhead whale balaena mysticetus . the ospar convention and mus\u00e9e des mat\u00e9riaux du centre de recherche sur les monuments historiques . isbn 978 - 1 - 907390 - 35 - 7 . retrieved on 24 may 2014\nclark , c . , w . ellison . 2000 . bioacoustics ( 80 ) - calibration and comparison of the acoustic location methods used during the spring migration of the bowhead whale , balaena mysticetus , off pt . barrow , alaska , 1984 - 1993 .\nwe had a fantastic time at cafe balaena , dean really creates a fabulous atmosphere and his humor that is infectious . my husband thoroughly enjoyed having a banter and laugh with him . the setting on these cool june evenings was warm and inviting with gas heaters . . .\nthe okhotsk sea bowhead is a subpopulation of balaena mysticetus linnaeus , 1758 . see also global assessment for the bowhead whale . genetic analyses have confirmed that the okhotsk sea bowheads are distinct from the bering - chukchi - beaufort sea bowheads and are a separate , isolated subpopulation ( leduc et al . 2005 ) .\ncarl linnaeus first described this whale in the 10th edition of his systema naturae ( 1758 ) . [ 8 ] seemingly identical to its cousins in the north atlantic , north pacific and southern oceans , they were all thought to be a single species , collectively known as the\nright whale\n, and given the binomial name balaena mysticetus .\nthis song , ' the balaena ' , is a whaling song from old dundee ( sung here by lowland folk ) and is taken from a vinyl album i ' ve had for many years . my great grandfather was apparently a whaler from dundee , but i have no idea if he ever sailed on this ' balaena ' ! what i do know is that on one of his trips to greenland he got iced in for so long that when he got back home he walked in and frightened my great grandmother who , of course , had given up hope for his safe return , and took him for a stranger . if he happened to return today he would ( no doubt ) be very disappointed to find that this great grandchild is very anti - whaling ! but the world & its situations have changed greatly in the last 100 or so years ! anyway , i hope you like this great old song & the visuals .\nreilly , s . b . , bannister , j . l . , best , p . b . , brown , m . , brownell jr . , r . l . , butterworth , d . s . , clapham , p . j . , cooke , j . , donovan , g . , urb\u00e1n , j . & zerbini , a . n . ( 2012 ) . balaena mysticetus . the iucn red list of threatened species doi : 10 . 2305 / iucn . uk . 2012 . rlts . t2467a17879018 . en\nhistorical range could have been broader and more southern than that of currently regarded as bowheads had been abundant among labrador and newfoundland ( strait of belle isle ) , and northern gulf of st . lawrence at least until 16th and 17th century although it is unclear this was whether or not due to colder climate of those periods . [ 36 ] distributions of balaena during pleistocene were far more southerly as fossils have been excavated from italy and north carolina , and thus could have overlapped between those of eubalaena based on locations where fossils have been excavated . [ 37 ]\ncurrently , three species of right whales are recognized by scientists . they are the north pacific right whale ( eubalaena japonica ) , the north atlantic right whale ( eubalaena glacialis ) and the southern right whale ( eubalaena australis ) . while recent genetic data supports this three - species taxonomy , right whales in the north atlantic and north pacific are still listed under the endangered species act as a single species ( balaena glacialis ) . separate listing of the north pacific right whale would force the preparation of a recovery plan and other actions to protect the species and its habitat .\nbalaena vista is a development of self catering apartments located in st . helena bay along the west coast of south africa . we offer a combination of one , two and four bedroom units in a rustic location . the apartments offer an unspoilt 180 degree view of the bay , a haven for dolphins and whales throughout the year . the apartments have easy access to shops , restaurants and numerous tourist attractions , including the west coast and boland wine routes , while still within driving distance of the family holiday havens of langebaan and saldanha . more information is provided under the local information section . take a look at our accomodation page to find out more about what we can offer you and your family on your holiday !\nwhat other hervey bay cafe can offer you the stunning views over the marina to fraser island ? at night you can enjoy the beauty as the moon rise over the water or see the raw power of nature as storms light up the sky over fraser island . whether you choose to come for breakfast , lunch or dinner you will be able to choose from an extensive menu that showcases the freshest and finest ingredients that hervey bay and the fraser coast has to offer . we cater for all tastes and all dietary requirements . no matter what time you choose to visit cafe balaena you will always find the atmosphere to be relaxed and easy going . soft music in the background . . . warm sun and gentle breezes in summer . . . cozy warmth on our cool winter nights . . . and the very best that hervey bay has to offer . . . you simply won ' t find a cafe with a better atmosphere in hervey bay .\nshow me : neomonachus schauinslandi arctocephalus pusillus arctocephalus tropicalis arctocephalus forsteri arctocephalus australis arctocephalus galapagoensis arctocephalus philippii a . p . philippii a . p . townsendi callorhinus ursinus zalophus japonicus zalophus californianus zalophus wollebaeki eumetopias jubatus neophoca cinerea phocarctos hookeri otaria byronia odobenus rosmarus erignathus barbatus phoca vitulina phoca largha pusa hispida p . h . ladogensis p . h . saimensis pusa caspica pusa sibirica halichoerus grypus pagophilus groenlandicus histriophoca fasciata cystophora cristata monachus tropicalis monachus monachus monachus schauinslandi mirounga leonina mirounga angustirostris leptonychotes weddellii ommatophoca rossii lobodon carcinophaga hydrurga leptonyx ursus maritimus enhydra lutris lontra felina neovison macrodon eubalaena glacialis eubalaena japonica eubalaena australis balaena mysticetus caperea marginata eschrichtius robustus megaptera novaeangliae balaenoptera acutorostrata balaenoptera bonaerensis balaenoptera edeni b . e . brydei balaenoptera omurai balaenoptera borealis balaenoptera physalus b . p . physalus b . p . quoyi balaenoptera musculus b . m . brevicauda physeter macrocephalus kogia breviceps kogia sima ziphius cavirostris tasmacetus shepherdi indopacetus pacificus hyperoodon ampullatus hyperoodon planifrons mesoplodon hectori mesoplodon mirus mesoplodon europaeus mesoplodon bidens mesoplodon grayi mesoplodon perrini mesoplodon peruvianus mesoplodon bowdoini mesoplodon traversii mesoplodon carlhubbsi mesoplodon ginkgodens mesoplodon stejnegeri mesoplodon layardii mesoplodon densirostris mesoplodon hotaula platanista gangetica inia geoffrensis inia boliviensis lipotes vexillifer pontoporia blainvillei monodon monoceros delphinapterus leucas cephalorhynchus commersonii cephalorhynchus eutropia cephalorhynchus heavisidii cephalorhynchus hectori c . h . hectori c . h . maui steno bredanensis sousa teuszii sousa chinensis sousa plumbea sousa sahulensis sp . nov . sotalia fluviatilis sotalia guianensis tursiops truncatus tursiops aduncus stenella attenuata stenella frontalis stenella longirostris stenella clymene stenella coeruleoalba delphinus delphis delphinus capensis lagenorhynchus albirostris lagenorhynchus acutus lagenorhynchus obliquidens lagenorhynchus obscurus lagenorhynchus australis lagenorhynchus cruciger lissodelphis borealis lissodelphis peronii grampus griseus peponocephala electra feresa attenuata pseudorca crassidens orcinus orca globicephala melas globicephala macrorhynchus orcaella brevirostris orcaella heinsohni neophocaena phocaenoides phocoena phocoena phocoena sinus phocoena spinipinnis phocoena dioptrica phocoenoides dalli trichechus manatus trichechus senegalensis trichechus inunguis dugong dugon hydrodamalis gigas or\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe taxonomy of the bowhead whale is not in doubt . there are four identified subpopulations two of which ( okhotsk sea and east greenland - svalbard - barents sea ) have separate iucn red list assessments .\nthe global ( pan - arctic ) population of the bowhead whale appears to be increasing , due primarily to the well - documented increase in the large bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas subpopulation ( also known as the western arctic population or stock ) . the global population size , at over 25 , 000 animals , is well above the iucn red list vulnerable threshold for a non - declining population . the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort subpopulation ( estimated to be over 16 , 000 and increasing at 3 % per year or more ) may have recovered to near or even above its level prior to commercial whaling . the east canada \u2013 west greenland subpopulation is estimated to exceed 4 , 000 , and has probably been increasing but is still below its pre - whaling level . bowhead whale numbers in the east greenland \u2013 svalbard \u2013 barents sea subpopulation remain at a small fraction of pre - whaling abundance with no estimate of trend . the main reduction in the global population occurred before the three - generation time window that would trigger the red list population reduction ( a ) criterion . the east greenland \u2013 svalbard \u2013 barents sea and okhotsk sea subpopulations have separate red list assessments , in addition to being included in this global assessment .\nbowhead whales are found only in arctic and subarctic regions . until recently they have spent much of their lives in and near sea ice and they migrate seasonally to avoid ice entrapment and to take advantage of food concentrations ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . with the reduction of sea ice cover , bowhead whales now occur increasingly in open water during the summer ( moore 2016 ) . the scientific committee of the international whaling commission ( iwc ) has traditionally recognized five stocks named for the regions in which bowheads occur : bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas ; hudson bay \u2013 foxe basin ; davis strait \u2013 baffin bay ; svalbard \u2013 barents sea ( spitsbergen ) ; and okhotsk sea ( rugh et al . 2003 ) . movements of tagged bowheads indicating somewhat overlapping ranges , and lack of clear genetic differences , has discredited the traditional distinction between the hudson bay \u2013 foxe basin and the davis strait \u2013 baffin bay populations ( heide - j\u00f8rgensen et al . 2006 , postma et al . 2006 , alter et al . 2012 , iwc 2012 ) . four main subpopulations are now recognized : bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas ; east canada \u2013 west greenland ; east greenland \u2013 svalbard \u2013 barents sea ; and okhotsk sea . the boundary between the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas and eastern canada \u2013 west greenland subpopulations is liable to become more porous as sea ice cover diminishes ( heide - j\u00f8rgensen et al . 2012 ) .\nwith the exception of the okhotsk sea , genetic divergence between bowhead whales in different parts of their range appears to be low , and there is some evidence of movement between the main areas of occurrence ( iwc 2013 ) . the okhotsk sea subpopulation appears to be genetically and geographically isolated .\nbased on direct observations and telemetry , the summer range of the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas subpopulation extends from chaunskaya guba ( russian federation ) in the western chukchi sea through the beaufort sea and east to amundsen gulf ( canada ) and viscount melville sound ( heide - j\u00f8rgensen et al . 2012 ) . most of the whales appear to migrate into the bering sea in winter ( iwc 2013 , quakenbush et al . 2012 , citta et al . 2015 ) . in the 19 th century , substantial catches were also taken in summer in the bering sea , but the climatic conditions were quite different then than at the present ( iwc 2013 )\nbowhead whales belonging to the east canada \u2013 west greenland subpopulation are observed in hudson bay , foxe basin , hudson strait , davis strait , baffin bay , gulf of boothia , prince regent inlet , and other waters of the canadian arctic archipelago . tracking of satellite - tagged whales has confirmed movements from foxe basin through fury and hecla strait into the gulf of boothia and prince regent inlet , and from cumberland sound into prince regent inlet , gulf of boothia , foxe basin , and hudson strait , while animals tagged in west greenland moved to prince regent inlet and hudson strait ( heide - j\u00f8rgensen et al . 2012 ) . the whales move out of the summering areas as ice forms in autumn to wintering areas in polynyas ( holst and stirling 1999 ) , unconsolidated pack ice , and open water near the ice edge off west greenland ( reeves and heide - j\u00f8rgensen 1996 ) and eastern baffin island . sightings and strandings have occurred in recent years in the western north atlantic as far south as newfoundland ( ledwell et al . 2007 ) and the gulf of maine ( accardo et al . in press ) .\nthe east greenland \u2013 svalbard \u2013 barents sea subpopulation occurs from the east coast of greenland across the greenland sea , including the northeast water polynya off northeastern greenland , in the barents sea , in the franz josef land archipelago , and in the kara sea at least as far as far as severnaya zemlya . there have also been sightings further south , exceptionally reaching iceland and the coast of finnmark . vagrants have been observed as far south as the western british isles and france ( de boer\n. 2014 ) . there is no evidence of migration into or out of the okhotsk sea .\n. 2011 ) . bowheads also commonly feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods , and the diet includes at least 60 species ( lowry 1993 ) .\nthe seasonal distribution of bowhead whales is strongly influenced by prey availability and pack ice conditions ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . during the winter , they occur within areas of sea ice ( stafford\n2015 ) . during the spring , they use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage . during the summer and autumn , they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large - scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods ( finley 1990 , finley\n2017 ) . nearly all life history data come from the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas population . female age at sexual maturity is estimated at 18 - 33 years ( rosa\n. ( 2007 ) estimated the mean generation time for bowhead whales to be about 52 years , assuming an age at first reproduction of 20 years . females give birth every 3 - 7 years ( rugh\nlimited subsistence whaling on the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort subpopulation by indigenous people of alaska and chukotka is permitted by the iwc on the basis of advice from its scientific committee ( under its aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure ) . small hunts are also authorized in canadian waters under co - management agreements between federal agencies and indigenous communities , and in west greenland under the iwc management procedure . the reported average annual take in alaska and chukotka during 2006 - 15 was about 55 animals struck of which about 75 % were successfully landed ( allison 2017 , suydam et al . 2017 ) .\nextensive commercial hunting , beginning in the 1500s , depleted bowhead whales throughout their range . commercial whaling for the species has been prohibited under international conventions since the 1930s . the limited subsistence whaling by indigenous communities mentioned above has not impeded the recovery of the affected populations .\naccidental human - caused deaths are relatively few . during 2010 - 15 , two dead - stranded and one live bowhead were observed to be entangled with fishing gear but it was unclear whether the entanglement was the cause of death . of the bowhead whales taken in alaskan hunts during 1990 - 2012 , 12 % showed scars or wounds from fishing gear and 2 % showed scars or wounds from ship strikes ( george et al . 2017a ) .\nthere has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the arctic region would affect bowhead whales . effects on diving behavior ( robertson et al . 2013 ) and calling rates ( blackwell et al . 2015 ) in the vicinity of seismic surveys have been observed , but to date there has been no discernible population - level impact . examination of whales taken in subsistence hunts off alaska since 1980 found relatively low levels of morbidity , which would be consistent with an increasing population and good individual animal health ( george et al . 2017b ) .\nduring this century , a profound reduction in the extent and thickness of sea ice in the arctic has occurred and this reduction is predicted to continue , possibly leading eventually to the complete disappearance of sea ice in summer as mean arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average ( frey et al . 2015 ) . the short - term effects of reduced ice cover on bowhead whales in the western arctic appear to be positive , due to increased feeding opportunities ( george et al . 2015 , moore 2016 ) . however , the long - term effects are less clear . the emergence of bowheads as a separate , ice - adapted species may have coincided with the appearance of sea ice in the late pliocene , and bowheads could lose out to non - ice - adapted species in the long term , but no projections of the time scale of such an eventuality are available ( harington 2008 , iwc 2016 ) .\nthere is also concern that , as the sea ice diminishes , the opening up of the arctic to increased vessel traffic , fishing activities , and extractive industries will increase human - caused impacts on bowhead whales ( reeves et al . 2012 , 2014 ) .\nbowhead whales were legally protected from commercial whaling under the international convention for the regulation of whaling ( icrw ) since its entry into force in 1948 , and by its predecessor the convention on the regulation of whaling since the 1930s . all range states except canada are parties to the icrw . limited aboriginal subsistence whaling of bowhead whales is allowed by the iwc ( the regulatory body established under the icrw ) from the bering - chukchi - beaufort seas stock and off west greenland on the basis of scientific advice ( see threats section ) . hunting by indigenous people in canada is co - managed by the federal government and regional bodies created under land - claim agreements . the bowhead whale has been included in the convention on international trade in endangered species appendix i since 1975 and it is listed on the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals appendix i . bowhead whales are managed under national threatened species legislation in the u . s . a . , canada , and the russian federation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) once inhabited oceans throughout the northern hemisphere . over the last hundred years the population of bowhead whales has been greatly reduced into five geographically secluded stocks . these stocks are : the spitsbergen stock , which inhabit the north atlantic ; the davis strait and hudson bay stocks , which both inhabit the west - northern atlantic ; the okhotsk stock , which are found in the okhotsk sea ; and bering sea stock , found in the area of the bering sea ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . bowhead whales inhabit the arctic ocean and associated seas . they are rarely found below 45 degrees north latitude ( nowak 1999 ) .\nlives in the colder waters of the northern hemisphere . of the current total population , approximately 700 are found in the north atlantic while 7 , 000 are located in the north pacific .\nusually follow the receding ice drifts ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . during summer they can be found in bays , straits , and estuaries ( nowak 1999 ) .\n) . the name\nbowhead\ncomes from their bow - shaped mouth . the lower jaw makes a u - shape around the upper jaw . this lower jaw is usually marked with white spots , contrasting with the rest of the whale ' s black body ( nowak 1999 ) . baleen in the bowhead whale ' s mouth is the largest of any cetacean with 300 baleen plates measuring 300 - 450 centimeters in vertical length . the skull makes up almost one - third of the total body length , is curved and asymetric ( lanier 1998 ) . bowhead whales , on average , are sixty feet in length and weigh around 100 tons . contributing to the whale ' s mass is a two foot thick layer of insulating blubber ( nicklen 2000 ) .\nalso has a small pectoral fin for its size , less than 200 centimeters in length ( nowak 1999 ) . bowhead whale females measure between 16 and 18 meters in length , males measure between 14 and 17 meters in length . bowhead whales weigh from 75 , 000 to 100 , 000 kg .\nthrough songs . it is unknown how long these pair bonds last or how many matings male bowhead whales take part in during mating season .\nusually occurs during late winter and early spring . spring migration takes place soon after this and the female gives birth between april and june , with most births occurring in may . it takes twenty years for a bowhead whale calf to reach sexual maturity . at this time , they can be between 12 . 3 and 14 . 2 m in length ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . females usually reach sexual maturity before males and are also 1 to 2 meters larger than males at this time ( george et al . 1999 ) . in some cases pseudohermaphroditism can occur , leaving a whale to appear female , but also having male sex organs ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\n( george , et al . , 1999 ; shelden and rugh , 1995 )\nbreeding interval typical calving intervals are every 3 to 4 years in bowhead whales .\nwhen a calf is born , its average length is 4 . 25 to 5 . 25 m . calves grow approximately 1 . 5 cm a day . the calf is fed with its mother ' s milk until it is weaned , which occurs between nine and fifteen months after birth . after weaning , growth rate decreases . after births occur , whales segregate into groups in order to migrate . calves and mothers are in the front group . perhaps this is to allow them to be the first to feed on food aggregations that are encountered . for the most part it seems that females take care of the young , although there have been some cases of\ntravelling in groups of three : a mature male , a mature female , and a calf ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\nhas a remarkable lifespan . the average age of animals captured during whaling is estimated at 60 to 70 years old , based on examination of changes in the nucleus of the eye over time . however , several individuals have been discovered with ancient ivory and stone harpoon heads in their flesh and examination of their eye nucleus has resulted in estimated lifespans up to 200 years ( george et al . 1999 ) , making bowhead whales the longest lived mammalian species . there is little knowlege of diseases in\nwhen migrating , bowhead whales divide into three smaller groups in which to migrate during the spring and fall . the groups they segregate into are : subadults , intermediate mature whales , and large adults . each of the five stocks show distinct migration patterns dependent on the supply of food and the extension or recession of the polar ice cap ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\nis a baleen whale , which means that they filter water through baleen plates , feeding on the organisms caught in the plates and pushing the rest of the water out .\ncan sometimes feed opportunistically during the spring migration , but mostly feed during the winter months on their feeding grounds . they eat crustacean zooplankton , epibenthic organisms , and some benthic organisms . crustacean zooplankton , such as copepods , are not important food sources for young\n, but increase in importance with age ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . copepods are small crustaceans , which a bowhead whale can filter at approximately 50 , 000 per minute ( stover 2001 ) .\nsometimes form groups of up to fourteen individuals , in which they make a v - shape formation . in this formation they travel at the same speed and filter feed together ( nowak 1999 ) .\nbowhead whales are protected from predators by their large size . they are also known to take shelter under ice drifts . as the oceanic waters of the polar regions become frozen , bowhead whales will swim beneath the extending polar ice cap . in order to survive under the ice cap ,\ncan break through the ice in order to breathe without making themselves accessible to other marine predators ( stover 2001 ) . in a study in 1995 , it was found that one - third of the animals of the davis strait stock showed scars from killer whale attacks ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\nas both a mode of transportation and a way to encounter fresh food supplies ( lanier 1998 ) . bowhead whales play an important role as predators of plankton in the arctic ocean .\nis a benefit to the whaling industry . because of their large size , one whale can bring a large bounty of whale meat , massive baleen , and the blubber for which it is primarily hunted . in fact ,\nis the most economically valuable of all cetaceans ( nowak 1999 ) . many native people such as eskimos also depend on these resources for the survival of their communities economically by using baleen for tools , blubber for fuel , and whale meat for food and trade ( nicklen 1995 ) .\nmay interfere with humans is in marine fishing . the large bowhead whale has been known to collide with sailing vessels on rare occassions as well as get caught in nets fishing for other oceanic life ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\ninvolve reducing or ending the hunting of this species . agencies who are playing parts in the conservation of the species are the alaskan eskimo whaling commission ( aewc ) and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . native people have been allowed to take only one whale every two years ( nicklen 2000 ) . whale populations plummeted as a result of a huge expansion in the whaling industry from the 1600s to the early 1900s ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\njames justice ( author ) , university of northern iowa , jim demastes ( editor ) , university of northern iowa .\nthe body of water between europe , asia , and north america which occurs mostly north of the arctic circle .\nthe body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals . ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\na method of feeding where small food particles are filtered from the surrounding water by various mechanisms . used mainly by aquatic invertebrates , especially plankton , but also by baleen whales .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles , from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nanimal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )\nraloof , j . 2000 . cetacean seniors : whales that give new meaning to longevity .\nstover , d . 2001 . science and technology : the wisest whale of the sea .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\newan maccoll & a . l . lloyd - south australia ( sea shanty )\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations , attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers .\ngreat food & vibe . i had dinner & breakfast there . coral trout was very tasty as was the salad that accompanied it . will be back .\nwhile the atmosphere and service was lovely our 2 main meals were like a step back in time when restaurants served frozen fish , tinned pineapple and flavourless , chewy octopus . i\u2019m sorry but i just can\u2019t recommend this place for dinner .\nwe were a group of 12 originally booked as 8 for dinner . we turned up without letting them know and although the restaurant was close to full that went out of there way to fit us in . the menu is quite extensive with tapas options . . .\nwent here twice because it was handy to our apartment and the food and service and cocktails were all good . . . i liked that i could get a sandwich when my partner wanted oysters or a steak ! would definitely go here again . . . we didn ' t book as . . .\ni went with my partner we had scallops and salmon a lovely meal and reasonably priced . lovely place on the water at the boat harbour in hervey bay\ngreat venue , good atomsphere , but grilled prawns with a salad were ice cold and soggy from the freezer , such a shame .\na reasonable fish meal for a little more than we had planned to spend but that is obviously the going price in this area . few gf options . friendly service .\ngreat freshly made food , couldn\u2019t fault it . will definitely be back . wait time took a little bit long .\nlove this place for breakfast , lunch and dinner ! food is always amazing and cocktails are great too ! seafood chowder is delicious and always my choice for dinner . staff are friendly and very helpful . five stars - definitely recommend\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nwhy does your owner feel that calling people boring is funny or in his words it was a joke sir ? why does he feel he has the right to touch people with out first introducing himself is his right ? why does he offer hostile justification for poor judgement and appalling customer interaction ? your owner needs to re think his role in a customer focused industry . not everyone see ' s you as you see yourself\ni and my friends have never experienced what you describe . it seems a friendly staff there as to the owner i don ' t think i know who he is .\nit can take awhile for them to put the reviews up worst luck . i know i have waited for up to a week .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more . claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 75 [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( 2001 ) . tetrapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 375 - 376 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nuniversity of michigan museum of zoology . animal diversity web . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmead , j . g . ; brownell , r . l . jr . ( 2005 ) . cetacea . in wilson , d . e . & d . m . reeder ( eds ) . mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed ) , johns hopkins university press , 2 , 142 pp . 723 - - 743 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrice , d . w . ( 1998 ) . marine mammals of the world . systematics and distribution . society for marine mammalogy special publication . 4 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhershkovitz , p . ( 1966 ) . catalog of living whales . bulletin of the united states national museum . ( 246 ) : 1 - 259 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njefferson , t . a . , m . a . webber and r . l . pitman . ( 2008 ) . marine mammals of the world . academic press , amsterdam . [ details ]\nperrin , w . f . ; w\u00fcrsig , b . ; thewissen , j . g . m . ( 2009 ) . encyclopedia of marine mammals . second edition . academic press : london . isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 373553 - 9 . xxix , 1316 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntype specimen type locality greenland seas . no type specimen ; based on the greenland right whale of whalers and authors . [ details ]\nthese whale - like creatures ' dorsal sacs house vaporized biofluid that swells the organs like hot - air balloons , granting them aerial mobility . in rare cases , these dorsal sacs remain inflated after death , resulting in the carcass remaining airborne for years , and causing unique ecologies to form around them .\nthough generally slow , jet mechanisms near their tails allow for high - speed locomotion . they can also shell foes from afar with a kind of biological mortar . monogamous in nature , balaenas produce a single offspring every three years , the rearing of which is handled by both partners . this period of raising young is streaked with irritability , resulting in the predation of creatures that the usually gentle balaenas would typically regard as symbionts .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nmead , james g . , and robert l . brownell , jr . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 1\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\nstatus : cites - appendix i ; u . s . esa - endangered ; iucn - critically endangered ( spitzbergen population ) , endangered ( okhotsk sea subpopulation and baffin bay - davis strait stock ) , vulnerable ( hudson bay - foxe basin stock ) , lower risk ( cd ) ( bering - chukchi - beauf . . .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe taxonomy is not in doubt . there are five traditionally recognised geographical populations . the species was once commonly known in the north atlantic and adjacent arctic as the greenland right whale . however , the common name bowhead whale is now used almost exclusively for the species .\njustification : this species is assessed as not applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the european mammal assessment region .\nbowhead whales are found only in arctic and subarctic regions . they spend much of their lives in and near the pack ice , migrating to the high arctic in summer , and retreating southward in winter with the advancing ice edge ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . the iwc recognises five stocks : bering - chukchi - beaufort sea ; hudson bay - fox basin ; davis strait - baffin bay ; spitsbergen ; and the okhotsk sea ( rugh et al . 2003 ) . the spitsbergen stock extends from the east coast of greenland across the greenland sea , the barents sea and the kara sea as far as severnaya zemlya , and going as far south as the ice front , exceptionally reaching iceland and the coast of finnmark ( norway ) .\ncurrent population size the range - wide abundance is not known with precision but numbers over 10 , 000 individuals , with 10 , 500 ( 8 , 200 - 13 , 500 ) ( in 2001 ) in the bering - chukchi - beaufort seas ( zeh and punt 2005 ) , and a provisional estimate of 7 , 300 ( 3 , 100 - 16 , 900 ) for a part of the range of the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks ( cosens et al . 2006 ) . there are no reliable abundance estimates for the small okhotsk sea and spitsbergen stocks . population trends the bering - chukchi - beaufort ( bcb ) population has been monitored for more than 30 years and has been increasing over this period at an estimated rate of 3 . 4 % ( 1 . 7 % - 5 % ) per year in the presence of subsistence hunting ( zeh and punt 2005 ) . no quantitative estimates of trends in the other bowhead populations are available , but inuit hunters and elders report that they are observing more bowheads in the eastern canadian arctic than they did in the 1960s - 1970s , and that the geographic distribution of the whales has expanded in recent years . no estimates of population trend are available for the svalbard - barents sea and okhotsk sea stocks . pre - whaling population sizes all bowhead populations were severely depleted by commercial whaling , which was established in the north - eastern atlantic by 1611 ( ross 1993 ) . basque whalers took bowheads in the north - west atlantic ( labrador ) in the 16th century , but ambiguities over the species identity of whales taken in early commercial whaling make pre - 1600 catch records difficult to interpret . minimum pre - whaling stock sizes are estimated to have been 24 , 000 for the svalbard - barents sea stock , 12 , 000 for the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks , and 3 , 000 for the okhotsk sea stock ( woodby and botkin 1993 ) . the spitsbergen and okhotsk sea stocks are at a small fraction of their pre - whaling levels . demographic parameters a high longevity ( > 100 years ) is suggested by biochemical methods and the finding of old - fashioned stone harpoon heads in harvested animals ( george et al . 1999 ) . if this high longevity is confirmed , it would be among the longest known for a mammal .\nthe seasonal distribution is strongly influenced by pack ice ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . during the winter they occur in areas near the ice edge , in polynyas , and in areas of unconsolidated pack ice . during the spring these whales use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage . during the summer and autumn they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large - scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods ( finley 1990 , finley et al . 1998 ) . small to medium - sized crustaceans , especially krill and copepods , form the bulk of the bowhead ' s diet ( lowry et al . 2004 ) . they also feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods , and the diet includes at least 60 species . bowheads skim feed at the surface and feed in the water column . it has recently been suggested that they also feed near the bottom , but probably do not directly ingest sediments as gray whales routinely do . during surface skim feeding , coordinated group patterns have been observed , including whales feeding in echelon ( v - shaped ) formation .\nheavy commercial hunting , beginning in the 1500s , depleted all populations of bowheads . the bering - chukchi - beaufort sea stock has recovered substantially since the end of commercial hunting in the early 20th century to around 10 , 000 animals , while recent provisional estimates of the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks suggest that a significant recovery has probably occurred . there is no reliable evidence of recovery of the svalbard - barents sea and okhotsk sea stocks . limited aboriginal subsistence whaling on the bcb stock ( by native peoples of alaska and chukotka ) is permitted by the iwc on the basis of advice from its scientific committee ( most recently under its new aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure ) . these takes have not impeded the recovery of the stock . very small takes by indigenous hunters are allowed in canadian waters , so far too few to seriously impede recovery of the stocks , but there will be pressure to increase these takes given the recent , higher population estimates for the eastern canadian arctic . there has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the arctic region might affect bowhead whales . there is also evidence of incidental mortality and serious injury caused by entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes ( philo et al . 1992 , 1993 ; finley 2000 ) . environmental threats , such as pollution ( bratton et al . 1993 ) , and disturbance from tourist traffic ( finley 2000 ) may affect bowhead whales but the impacts have not yet been well characterized or quantified . during this century , a profound reduction in the extent of sea ice in the arctic is expected , and possibly a complete disappearance in summer , as mean arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average ( anonymous 2005 ) . the implications of this for bowhead whales are unclear but warrant monitoring ."]}
{"id": 1786, "summary": [{"text": "anabarilius macrolepis is an extinct species of ray-finned fish in the genus anabarilius that was endemic to yilong lake .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is believed that it became extinct when yilong lake dried up in 1981 , as a result of water abstraction for agriculture .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the species was not observed in 1983-4 , and was declared extinct in 2011 . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "anabarilius macrolepis", "paragraphs": ["zhou , w . and g . - h . cui , 1992 . anabarilius brevianalis , a new species from the jinshajiang river basin , china ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 3 ( 1 ) : 49 - 54 . ( ref . 26693 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : considered to have gone extinct when the yilong lake dried up as a result of water abstraction for agriculture in 1981 . the species was surveyed for in 1983 and 1984 , but was not found , and recent surveys by the kunming institute of technology have also not found the species ( w . zhou pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthe water level of the lake declined since the 1950s . in 1981 the lake completely dried up ( for about 20 days ) as a result of water abstraction for agriculture . the lake is also polluted by increased organic pollution caused by sedimentation from the surrounding catchment .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 33784 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00342 - 0 . 01933 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1789, "summary": [{"text": "acryptolechia torophanes is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1935 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( henan , shaanxi , zhejiang , hubei ) and korea . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "acryptolechia torophanes", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for torophanes definition . you find here torophanes meaning , synonyms of torophanes and images for torophanes copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nacryptolechia torophanes ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word torophanes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word torophanes and , of course , torophanes synonyms and on the right images related to the word torophanes .\ncryptolechia torophanes meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 81\nacryptolechia facunda ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255\nacryptolechia malacobyrsa ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n= meleonoma ; park & park , 2016 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 485\nassam , japan , n . china , e . china . see [ maps ]\nleptosaces facunda meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis\njapan , korea , china ( fujian , henan , jiangxi , shaanxi , sichuan ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\n= ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 35 ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\nchina ( henan , shaanxi , zhejiang , shanghai ) , korea . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwang , 2003 a study of cryptolechia zeller ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) in china ( i ) , with descriptions of fifteen new species ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195 - 213\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about acrylat ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for acrylat ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1791, "summary": [{"text": "dissolophodes is a genus of moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it contains only one species , dissolophodes curvimacula , which is found in new guinea . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dissolophodes", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for dissolophodes definition . you find here dissolophodes meaning , synonyms of dissolophodes and images for dissolophodes copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dissolophodes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dissolophodes and , of course , dissolophodes synonyms and on the right images related to the word dissolophodes .\nparsons et al . ( 1999 ) included only 1 species in the genus dissolophodes .\ngenus : dissolophodes warren , 1907 . novit . zool . 14 : 155 . [ bhl ]\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : tephroclystia curvimacula warren , 1906 . novit . zool . 13 : 129 . [ bhl ]\ntype specimens : type ( s ) new guinea : [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na number of errors have been located in the treatment of the sterrhinae and larentiinae in part 10 , and also some comments are made on material that came to hand when the text was virtually complete . the following are typographical errors :\nparatypes should be 3 , 1 as holotype ; 3 , 3 as holotype but site 25 ; 1 as holotype but site 7 .\nis misspelt galastis ( also on pp . 215 , 229 and plate and figure legends ) .\nwarren ( chloroclystis ) and a . thaumasta prout ( chloroclystis ) should be added as new combinations .\nthe specimen tentatively identified as a female of scopula pallidiceps warren is illustrated in plate 7 of this volume .\nthe phthonoloba species taken by herbulot is illustrated in plate 8 and fig 312 of this volume . more material is needed to enable it to be described .\na synonym of eupithystis infuscata warren was not listed . it is tephroclystia foedatipennis warren ( 1901 , novit . zool . 8 : 32 )\na strongly marked female of this form of the variable s . usta prout was taken on the slopes of g . kinabalu ( colln herbulot ) . the forewing fasciation is more grey - green than in typical specimens , with a strongly blackened medial band . the male genitalia are as in usta .\nwalker , 1862 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 27 : 21 .\nthe wings are fasciated greenish - grey on pale grey as illustrated . the strong antemedial of the forewing and the rather dentate central part of the hindwing postmedial are distinctive .\nthe slender valves , well - developed saccus , single cornutus of the aedeagus in the male genitalia of this species and its close australian relative , g . bryodes turner comb . n . , suggest placement in gymnoscelis . g . fragilis warren comb n . ( new guinea ) has the same facies type and is also probably related .\nsri lanka , india , hong kong , peninsular malaysia , borneo , java , and possibly the philippines and sulawesi ( not dissected ) .\nthe only bornean specimen is a female in colln herbulot from kundasang at 1200m on the southern slopes of g . kinabalu .\nprout was consistently misspelt percrinata ( pp . 81 , 283 , 304 ) .\nyazaki ( 1994 , moths of nepal 3 : 23 ) placed pogonopygia xanthura prout as a synonym of p . pavida bastelberger ( himalaya , taiwan , japan ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1795, "summary": [{"text": "\u2020 placostylus cuniculinsulae was a species of large air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family bothriembryontidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was endemic to lord howe island , australia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is now extinct . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "placostylus cuniculinsulae", "paragraphs": ["syn . bulimus bivaricosus var . cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , bulimus cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , placostylus bivaricosus var . cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae ( cox )\nscientific name : placostylus bivaricosus . common name : lord howe flax snail . other names : lord howe placostylus . three subspecies of the lord howe flax snail are currently recognised on the basis of shell morphology ( australian museum 2001 ) ; placostylus bivaricosus bivaricosus , p . bivaricosus cuniculinsulae and p . bivaricosus etheridgei .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2005bn ) . non - approved commonwealth conservation advice on lord howe placostylus ( placostylus bivaricosus ) . available from : urltoken .\nleft : rabbit island flax snail ( placostylus cuniculinsulae ) depiction from ' james c . cox : descriptions of new land - shells from australia and the south - sea islands . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1872 , 18 - 20 ' urltoken\nlord howe placostylus placostylus bivaricus ( gaskoin , 1855 ) recovery plan ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) , 2001b ) [ state recovery plan ] .\nnew south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 2001a ) . lord howe placostylus placostylus bivaricosus ( gaskoin 1855 ) recovery plan . hurstville , new south wales : new south wales national parks and wildlife service .\nlord howe island placostylus - profile ( nsw office of environment and heritage ( nsw oeh ) , 2012ap ) [ internet ] .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : placostylus bivaricosus j . s . gaskoin , 1854 - id : 3884965709\nblackburn island ( also named as rabbit island ) is a tiny islet within the lagoon of lord howe island . the flax snails of this island were described as a distinct species in the year 1872 . but they are sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the lord howe flax snail ( placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae ) . the flax snails of blackburn island died out already in the 19th century . after the islet ' s vegetation was destroyed by feral animals , the snails and their eggs were eaten by introduced rats ( rattus rattus ) .\nponder , w . & r . chapman ( 1999 ) . survey of the land snail placostylus bivaricosus on lord howe island . unpublished report to new south wales national parks and wildlife service .\nplacostylus bivaricosus ( a large land snail ) - endangered species listing . nsw scientific committee - final determination ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 1997e ) [ internet ] .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . placostylus bivaricosus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 52 : 50 + 1000 .\nparrish , r . , g . sherley & m . aviss ( 1995 ) . giant land snail recovery plan placostylus spp . , paraphanta sp . threatened species recovery plan series no . 13 . new zealand : threatened species unit , department of conservation .\nsherley , g . , i . a . n . stringer , g . r . parrish & i . flux ( 1998 ) . demography of two land snail populations ( placostylus ambagiosus , pulmonata , bulimulidae ) in relation to predator control in the far north of new zealand . biological conservation . 84 : 83 - 88 .\nsherley , g . ( 1994 ) . translocations of the mahoenui giant weta deinacrida n . sp . and placostylus land snails in new zealand : what we have learnt ? . in : reintroduction biology of australian and new zealand fauna . serena , m : 57 - 63 . surrey beatty and sons , chipping norton , new south wales .\nthe age of sexual maturity and lifespan of the lord howe flax snail are unclear , but related placostylus species in new zealand reach sexual maturity at three to five years and may live for 20 years or more ( parrish et al . 1995 ) . the lord howe flax snail lays small clutches of round eggs in the soil beneath leaf litter , probably during late spring and summer . the eggs hatch into small - shelled snails about 7 mm in length and 5 mm in width . hatchling and juvenile mortality is high ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .\n. department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) , sydney . available from :\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .\n. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nlisted as critically endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nlisted as extinct ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthe lord howe flax snail is a large land snail . it has a pointed , conical shell up to 8 cm long , is medium to dark brown in colour ( weathering to white in older specimens ) and has a thickened lip in mature adults . the soft body parts are black ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2006 ) .\nthe total population of the lord howe flax snail is estimated to be less than 1000 mature individuals . the abundance of dead snail shells provide an indication of the historical widespread abundance of the lord howe flax snail in the mid - island lowlands . in some areas , shells occur in densities of up to 30 shells / m\u00b2 in many parts of the settlement area ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .\np . bivaricosus etheridgei has declined in range and abundance . it may survive as a number of small , isolated local populations , based on the identification of hatchling snails collected from leaf litter in the 1970s ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) . given the persistent threats to the species , it is suspected the lord howe flax snail will continue to undergo a reduction in numbers .\nthe two populations of the lord howe flax snail are included in permanent park preserve and environment protection areas ( lord howe island board 1986 ) . however , the majority of recent records are outside the island ' s formal reserve system , with many occurring in the settlement area where they may be at risk from development ( nsw npws 2001a ) .\nthe lord howe flax snail is believed to feed on the fallen dead leaves of broadleaf trees ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .\nadult lord howe flax snails are readily identifiable due to their large size and pointed , conical shell . however , juvenile snails may be easily confused with other species and generally require expert identification .\npreparing and distribute educational brochures and erect signage to inform the local community and tourists about the species .\na captive breeding program for the lord howe flax snail has commenced , which engages the help of the local school on lord howe island . the program involves the construction of a number of rat - proof pens , which are provided with shade and appropriate leaf litter , in which breeding populations of the lord howe flax snail may be established and maintained . adult snails reared in the program are released back into natural populations to maintain genetic diversity ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .\ndocuments relevant to the management of the lord howe flax snail can be found at the start of the profile .\naustralian museum ( 2001 ) . threatened and endangered land snail species . page ( s ) 2001 . australian museum invertebrate zoology internet site .\nbilling , j . ( 1999 ) . the management of introduced rodents on lord howe island . unpublished report by lord howe island board .\nbrazier , j . ( 1889 ) . mollusca . the general zoology of lord howe island ; containing an account of the collections made by the australian museum collecting party , aug . - sept . , 1887 . etheridge , r . , ed . memoirs of the australian museum . 2 : 3 - 42 .\ncurtis , h . s . ( 1998a ) . snail collection - lord howe island . unpublished report to lord howe island board .\ndepartment of environment and climate change ( nsw ) ( 2007 ) . lord howe island biodiversity management plan . department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) , sydney . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - may - 2008 .\nhutton , i . ( 1991 ) . birds of lord howe island : past and present . coffs harbour , nsw : author published .\niredale , t . ( 1944 ) . the land mollusca of lord howe island . australian zoologist . 10 ( 3 ) : 299 - 330 .\nlord howe island board ( 1986 ) . lord howe island regional environmental plan 1986 .\npickard , j . ( 1983 ) . vegetation of lord howe island . cunninghamia . 1 : 133 - 265 .\nsmithers , c . , d . mcalpine , p . colman & m . gray ( 1977 ) . lord howe island . special issue of australian natural history . page ( s ) 23 - 26 . sydney : the australian museum .\nsutherland , l . & a . ritchie ( 1977 ) . defunct volcanoes and extinct horned turtles . in : smith , n . , ed . lord howe island . page ( s ) 7 - 12 . australian museum , sydney .\naustralian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2005b ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 37 ) ( 26 / 10 / 2005 ) . f2005l03547 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - nov - 2005 .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\niredale t . ( 1944 ) .\nthe land mollusca of lord howe island\n. australian zoologist 10 ( 3 ) : 299 - 334 , plates 17 - 20 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nsmith , b . j . 1992 ,\nnon - marine mollusca\n, ed . houston , w . w . k . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia . non - marine mollusca , vol . 8 , australian government publishing service , canberra\niredale , t . 1944 ,\nthe land mollusca of lord howe island\n, the australian zoologist , vol . 10 , pp . 299 - 334\ngaskoin , j . s . 1855 ,\ndescriptions of two new species of land shells\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1854 , p . 152\ncox , j . c . 1872 ,\ndescriptions of new land - shells from australia and the south - sea islands\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1872 , pp . 18 - 20\nhedley , c . 1891 ,\nthe land and freshwater shells of lord howe island\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 1 , pp . 134 - 143\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b525af06 - 7e8a - 4744 - 858a - 56f04065230e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e1dbbc77 - b9b0 - 4250 - 82c3 - 62f45c6029db\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a1e6b79a - 3238 - 4401 - 9765 - 0ea2968c5627\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 468264\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\npoint radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1799, "summary": [{"text": "brycon insignis , the tiete tetra , is a species of fish in the family characidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is endemic to the para\u00edba do sul river basin in southeast brazil .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "b. insignis migrates upstream to spawn and has traditionally been important to fisheries , but it is now a threatened species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some authorities recognize b. acuminatus as a separate , possibly extinct species , but recent authorities treat it as a synonym of b. insignis . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "brycon insignis", "paragraphs": ["figure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 in a revision of the cis - andean species of the genus brycon m\u00fcller & troschel ( characiformes : characidae )\nstructural analysis of oocytes , post - fertilization events and embryonic development of the brazilian endangered teleost brycon insignis ( characiformes ) .\nfigure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 in a revision of the cis - andean species of the genus brycon m\u00fcller & troschel ( characiformes : characidae ) | zenodo\nfigure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 mm sl : brazil , rio de janeiro , rio para\u00edba do sul .\nstructural analysis of oocytes , post - fertilization events and embryonic development of the brazilian endangered teleost brycon insignis ( characifor . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nbrycon insignis is a species of fish in the characidae family . it is endemic to the para\u00edba do sul river basin in southeast brazil . 1999 research suggests it may actually be extinct but no status changes have been made .\nworld conservation monitoring centre 1996 . brycon acuminatus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 4 august 2007 .\ngreek , ebrykon , brykomai = to bite , to gnaw ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 36 . 9 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 38504 )\nlima , f . c . t . , 2003 . characidae - bryconinae ( characins , tetras ) . p . 174 - 181 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 38504 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01202 ( 0 . 00558 - 0 . 02589 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257b0c4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325d0972 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32ab226b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75c78437 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nisa\u00fa za 1 , rizzo e , amaral tb , mourad nm , viveiros at .\ndepartment of animal science ( dzo ) , federal university of lavras ( ufla ) , mg , brazil ."]}
{"id": 1809, "summary": [{"text": "betta albimarginata is a species of betta endemic to the island of borneo , where it is only found in the indonesian province of kalimantan timur .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it inhabits the shallows ( 5 to 10 cm ( 2.0 to 3.9 in ) ) of forest streams amongst vegetation and debris along the shores .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 2.8 cm ( 1.1 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is a mouthbrooding species . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "betta albimarginata", "paragraphs": ["maggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata 060311 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata maennchen . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata 060311 7 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata 060311 8 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata 060311 1 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nthis forum is for all discussions of betta fish . let ' s see some pictures of your beautiful betta . be sure to tell us your betta ' s name and talk about it ' s personality . our friendly betta keepers are always eager to see new threads about bettas . so don ' t be shy , start a new thread about your betta , with your betta questions , betta breeding , and other betta stories .\ni\u2019ve got a new mouthbrooding betta \u2013 now what ? michael hellweg . 2003 .\noriginal wild betta imbellis premium quality for sell now . if interesting , please pm\nhow to build infusoria free cultre , easy ,\nfor baby fries .\nbetta fries\nsimilar species would be channoides . note , there has been discussion about breaking albimarginata into 3 species based upon their local data .\nalbimarginata males normally are more intensely colored then females . females tend to have a washed out male look . females ovaries might be visible via spotlighting .\nbetta albimarginata can be housed in pairs , species tanks , and community tanks . pairs can be housed in a 10 gallon tank , groups should be housed in a 20 gallon tank or larger . pairs should be given cover such as caves and plants . in a pair or species situation it is possible that fry could be discovered in the tanks . for best results remove a brooding male .\nalbimarginata is a paternal mouthbrooder and the male incubates from 10 to 15 days with 12 days being very consistent . incubation time can vary with water temperature . females normally initiate spawning . normally between 3 to 40 fry are released .\nnot critical , albimarginata is very tolerant of water chemistry and thrives in almost any type of water as long as it is clean and well filtered however soft acidic water is best . they should be kept at cool to mid 70s f .\ncurrent grow out / breed tanks waiting to cycle . i will wait a good two to three weeks before adding any betta . right now all of my stock are in a ten gallon , and two three gallons .\ncopyright \u00a92004 - 2007 international betta congress inc . all rights reserved . the ibc & ibc - smp logo used on these pages are the registered property of the ibc inc . and can not be used without permission . for questions in regards to this website , contact the smp chairperson last update :\ni just happened to be near my lfs and thought i ' d drop in . they ' ve had a pair of wild caught betta albimarginata that i ' ve had my eye on for a month , but i couldn ' t bring myself to pay 80 bucks for this pair ( they weren ' t the greatest ) . when i went in today the rotting corpse of the female was on the bottom of the 2 gallon tank they were in ( she must have been dead at least three days ) and the male was next . he is painfully thin ( they were trying to feed just flake ) . so although i shouldn ' t have i paid 30 bucks to take the male . i hope some live blackworms and some time in a good sized tank ( the ten gallon ) will whip him back into shape and i can add a touch more wild genes to my stock . i think he was way too expensive for a dying fish ( talked down from 40 ) , but i couldn ' t just leave him there to die . i love these guys too much .\nhere are some questions i ' ve gotten along the way and my answers . q : how long from when the eggs hatch to the point the male spits out the babies ? i ' m asking because i ' m at the point where i can see the babies wiggling through his gills . a : if you see wriggling when it first starts you ' ve got two to three days till he spits them out . the moment i spot eyeballs i move my male into a breeder net ( not a box , the slots in the boxes are too big and the babies slip out ) . once they are spat out the male will only remember them for a day or so . . . and then they will become lunch . so if you want high yield you need to keep babies and parents apart . i had one male spit out too early and all the babies had egg yolk sacs ( it was his second batch ) so i placed them in a cup of water with java moss and they just laid in the moss , three days later they were free swimming ! if you catch them mating or you notice that one day he eats and the next day he doesn ' t , mark that date on the calandar since that they tend to hold for 12 - 15 days ( although i had one dad hold on for 22 days ) and that way you don ' t have worry about spotting wriggling you can just place them in the breeder net on the 11th day . q : what is their adult size ? a : a little over two inches . q : are these passive betta ? a : yes , in fact they do best in schools . they are peaceful to community fish although a regular betta splendid may beat up on them . q : what is the smallest take size ? a : i have heard of people keeping them in two gallons , i suggest at least 10 for adults . q : do they jump ? a : yup . q : how much do you sell them for ? a : i sell full adult sexed pairs for 45 $ . single adult female for 25 . single adult male for 30 ( so just buy the pair . . . giggle ) . sub - adult unsexed single for 20 $ with discounts on schools of 4 or more . 4 unsexed for 75 , 6 unsexed for 100 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nkottelat , m . and ng , p . k . l . 1994 . [ 56 ]\nsungei sanul , trib . of sungei tikung , sungei sebuku basin , kalimantan timur , borneo .\ncmk 9549 ( 4 ) , mzb 5897 ( 1 ) , rom uncat . ( 1 ) , zrc 35121 - 22 ( 2 )\noccurs in forest streams with moderate current , in shallow water ( 5 - 10 cm deep ) in plant roots and leaf litter along the shores . [ 126 ]\nlatin ; albus meaning white and margo meaning margin in allusion to the white margin on the fins .\nlast modification submitted by gerald griffin 02 . 10 . 08 ( mm . dd . yy )\neitjes overgeven schitterend , beetje lang maar aan het eind komt er een ander mannetje ff buurten dat is ook mooi om te zien wat er dan gebeurt .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncomponent of the ubiquinol - cytochrome c reductase complex ( complex iii or cytochrome b - c1 complex ) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain . the b - c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c . contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for atp synthesis .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section provides information relevant to cofactors . a cofactor is any non - protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active . some cofactors are inorganic , such as the metal atoms zinc , iron , and copper in various oxidation states . others , such as most vitamins , are organic . < p > < a href = ' / help / cofactor ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nto view links or images in signatures your post count must be 10 or greater . you currently have 0 posts .\nfry care : albi fry are fairly hardy . however , there are a few things they hate . number one : large water changes . never change more than 10 % of their water , and don ' t change their water for the first month . when i move them from the breeder net to the fry tank i take an airline hose and drip acclimate them to the fry tank for over an hour , after that i float them for fifteen minutes to make sure the temp is the same before moving them . in a perfect world the male would be in the fry tank and you ' d move him and not them . . . but i don ' t have enough tanks to do this . do not use breeding boxes , the slits are too large . use a breeding net . do not raise them in the net , there is not enough circulation and they get caught under the plastic frame and die . my first batch of f1 day one ( note the box . . . i lost nearly this whole batch into the tank ) f1 one week later ( belly full of food ) : f1 three weeks later ( albi grow slow , 4 - 6 months to reach adult ) : f1 five weeks old : f1 two months old : f1 two months old showing male colours :\nfry food : i feed live micro / walter / banana worms that i have in one big culture . easy to care for worms , just place them in a container ( with lid ) with some wet oatmeal and a sprinkle of yeast . to collect the worms spray water onto of the oatmeal and sides of container the night before , next morning they will be up on the sides and you can rub them off with a q - tip . i also feed fresh hatched brine shrimp . all live food for a few weeks then i start introducting frozen daphina , and cyclopseze . later crushed micro wafers by hikari . adults / sub - adults get frozen , hikari , and live blackworms . i feed small amounts twice a day .\nfry tank : my current fry tank is a bare bottom picotope stuffed with pellia with a few pieces of slate ( they like to hang out on the slate ) . there is a small hob filter with a sponge over the intake .\nnew born f1 i lost this whole batch to a 50 % water change . learned a hard lesson with that one .\nthis is what happens if you have too much space for your fry tank . these two are the same age . these guys were in a ten gallon and since these are wait and grab predators they tend to stay in once place and wait for food to come to them . which is why i now raise them in a three gallon till they are 1 / 2 inch .\nf2 in a row ! i ' ve since removed the sand . i ' ve made a lot of mistakes along the way , but i ' ve finally gotten to a point where i seem to sort of know what i ' m doing . i currently have 18 fry . five adults . eight sub - adults . i have seven diffrent blood lines from swaping albi with other breeders . in about six months i should be a fully established breeder . i welcome questions ! i spent nearly an hour on the phone with a guy who had just brought home a pair only to find that the male was already holding .\nspeedie 408 just sent me a pic of a pair of albi that they are breeding . . . that just happen to be my babies ! ebichua let them borrow them for breeding . i ' m so proud .\nlooks like you ' re getting a really nice setup going ! congrats on all the fry ! and best of luck with that rescued male . . . hopefully he pulls through . i ' d pp any equipment that you put in that tank with him , though . it ' d be horrible if he brought something in that took out any of the rest of your stock .\nin order to be able to post messages on the the planted tank forum forums , you must first register . please enter your desired user name , your email address and other required details in the form below .\nplease enter a password for your user account . note that passwords are case - sensitive .\noccurs in forest streams with moderate current , in shallow water ( 5 - 10 cm deep ) in plant roots and leaf litter along the shores .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe most chatters online in one day was 17 , 09 - 12 - 2012 . no one is currently using the chat .\ni ' ve macrostoma tastes on a veiltail budget .\nif i drew it it ' d look like a monkey eating a horsradish on the moon or something\nyou need camera help ! ! ! ! they aren ' t much in the looks department .\nhahaha , yes i do . but in my defense , they moved . alot . and the fry were sooooo tiny .\nit is hard to see , but i love that picture of the two looking out from the cleft in the rocks . their little faces look like turtles !\nhaha , they are hard to see . very small fish , crappy camera . i do however have a few new shots of some . here is a male showing off . i believe he was flaring or possibly brooding . i cannot remember . two males , establishing dominancy .\nlol photographing wild bettas of any species seems nearly impossible . i can never seem to get decent shots of mine . i take 50 pictures and i get two where you can actually see the fish .\nin order to be able to post messages on the aquarium forum forums , you must first register . please enter your desired user name , your email address and other required details in the form below ."]}
{"id": 1810, "summary": [{"text": "lachesis acrochorda is a venomous pitviper species found in panama , colombia , ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was formerly considered synonym of lachesis stenophrys .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "its common name is chocoan bushmaster . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "lachesis acrochorda", "paragraphs": ["key words : snake venom , lachesis , lachesis acrochorda , enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay .\nsnake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms of adult lachesis melanocephala and lachesis acrochorda .\nno one has contributed data records for lachesis acrochorda yet . learn how to contribute .\naffinity purification of rabbit igg anti - l . acrochorda without anti - b . asper crossreactivity\nthe authors thank prof . bruno lomonte ( instituto clodomiro picado , costa rica ) for identification of peaks of lachesis acrochorda venom ( la sf ) .\nsnake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe anti - l . acrochorda igg purified by several affinity chromatography steps was highly specific . the sandwich elisa reactivities for known concentrations of l . acrochorda , b . asper , b . schlegelii and p . nasutum whole venoms are shown in figure 1 . concentrations of 2 . 0 ng / ml of l . acrochorda venom gave measurable absorbance signals . no cross - reactivity was observed with other venoms evaluated in the concentration range of 3 . 9 to 1000 ng / ml . ( p < 0 . 01 ) . similar results were observed using b . atrox and c . d . cumanensis venoms ( data not shown ) . higher quantities of l . acrochorda venoms produced dose - dependent absorbance values . similar results were obtained when known concentrations of lachesis venom were put in pooled human serum from healthy individuals ( data not shown ) .\nin the present work the specific igg used in the elisa was employed in affinity chromatography to isolate a specific fraction of lachesis acrochorda venom that did not cross - react with b . asper venom ( i . e . la sf ) . the main components present in this fraction were identified as a lectin and a metalloproteinase .\ngeographical variation in the venom composition of the different lachesis species may explain differences in the frequency and type of clinical features observed ( 8 ) . lachesis genera are frequently distributed in the same regions inhabited by bothrops genus ( 3 ) . the lack of treatment for lachesis bites is still a health problem in some regions , since some clinical observations suggest that bothrops antivenoms are not efficacious at neutralizing lachesis toxins ( 9 ) . thus , as reported by jorge et al . ( 4 ) , patients bitten by lachesis muta muta snakes may die or have persistently incoagulable blood after being treated with bothropic / crotalic antivenoms .\nhohmeister , a . ( 2004 ) der zentralamerikanische buschmeister ( lachesis stenophrys cope 1876 ) im terrarium . : reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 50 ) : 56 - 62\ndistinguishing between bothrops and lachesis bites depends on the identification of the snake or on enzyme immunoassay diagnosis . enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) is a method that has been demonstrated to be efficient for the detection of snake venom ( 10 , 11 ) . thus , the aim of the present study was to develop an enzymatic immunoassay as a basis for immunodiagnostic envenomations caused by lachesis .\n5 . silva j . accidentes humanos por las serpientes de los g\u00e9neros b othrops y lachesis . mem inst butantan . 1980 / 81 ; 44 - 5 : 403 - 23 . [ links ]\n24 . heneine lg , catty d . species - specific detection of venom from snakes of the bothrops and lachesis genera . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 5 ) : 591 - 603 . [ links ]\n16 . diniz mr , oliveira eb . purification and properties of a kininogenin from the venom of lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) . toxicon . 1992 ; 30 ( 3 ) : 247 - 58 . [ links ]\nenvenomations by lachesis spp . are characterized by severe coagulopathy with fibrinogen depletion , edema , hemorrhaging , pain and necrosis which may result in permanent sequelae or even death ( 4 ) . these symptoms are very similar to those of bothrops asper and b . atrox , whereas such distinctive symptoms as profuse sweating , nausea , vomiting , abdominal cramps , diarrhea and hypotension may not be manifested by all victims of lachesis bites ( 4 - 7 ) .\nthe data were subject to non - parametric statistical analysis . results are presented as mean \u00b1 standard error . significant differences between observed absorbance values of l . acrochorda and other venoms were determined by the kruskal - wallis test . a mann - whitney u test was used to determine the detection limit by comparing absorbances at each concentration of all venoms . differences were considered significant at p < 0 . 05 .\n15 . arag\u00f3n - ort\u00edz f , brenes - brenes jr , gubensek f . characterization of a lectin - like protein isolated from lachesis muta snake venom . rev biol trop . 1989 ; 37 ( 1 ) : 79 - 83 . [ links ]\n19 . fuly al , de miranda al , zingali rb , guimar\u00e3es ja . purification and characterization of a phospholipase a 2 isoenzyme isolated from lachesis muta snake venoms . biochem pharmacol . 2002 ; 63 ( 9 ) : 1589 - 97 . [ links ]\ncolombini et al . ( 14 ) showed considerable antigenic cross - reactivity between b . asper / atrox and lachesi s venoms . however , they showed by using species - specific monoclonal antibodies that some molecules were particular to l . m . muta venom in some regions . several proteins had been reported from lachesis species such as a lectin - like dimer protein , with molecular mass of 28 kda , isolated from l . muta venom ( 15 ) . an acidic kininogenin from lachesis muta venom was purified and shown to be a highly stable serine protease with a molecular mass of 27 . 9 kda , and capable of releasing bradykinin from bovine kininogen ( 16 ) . giovanni - de - simone et al . ( 17 ) isolated a kalikrein - like protein from lachesis muta rhombeata from brazil with a molecular mass of 32 kda . several reports about phospholipases a 2 have been published ( 18 - 20 ) . sanchez et al . ( 21 ) identified a serine proteinase of 33 kda , denoted lv - pa , from lachesis muta muta venom ; this toxin selectively converts plasminogen into plasmin in vitro . lv - pa , detected at the rate of 1 . 5 ng of venom per assay , was used to develop a specific elisa to detect lachesis muta muta venom ( 13 ) .\n13 . felicori lf , chavez - olortegui c , s\u00e1nchez ef . specific identification of lachesis muta muta snake venom using antibodies against the plasminogen activator enzyme , lv - pa . toxicon . 2005 ; 45 ( 6 ) : 803 - 06 . [ links ]\n6 . bola\u00f1os r , rojas o , ulloa flores ce . biomedical aspects of 4 cases of snake bites by lachesis muta ( ophidia : viperidae ) in costa rica . rev biol trop . 1982 ; 30 ( 1 ) : 53 - 8 . [ links ]\n7 . otero r , tob\u00f3n gs , g\u00f3mez lf , osorio rg , valderrama r . bites from the bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in antioquia and choc\u00f3 , colombia . report of five accidents . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 2 ) : 158 - 9 . [ links ]\n14 . colombini m , fernandes i , cardoso df , moura - da - silva am . lachesis muta muta venom : immunological differences compared with bothrops atrox venom and importance of specific antivenom therapy . toxicon . 2001 ; 39 ( 5 ) : 711 - 9 . [ links ]\n18 . fuly al , machado ol , alves ew , carlini cr . mechanism of inhibitory action on platelet activation of a phospholipase a 2 isolated from lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) snake venom . thromb haemost . 1997 ; 78 ( 5 ) : 1372 - 80 . [ links ]\n11 . chavez - olortegui c , lopes cs , cordeiro fd , granier c , diniz cr . an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) that discriminates between bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta venoms . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 4 ) : 417 - 5 . [ links ]\npurified igg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper was labeled with biotin according to the instructions of the manufacturer ( sigma - aldrich , usa ) . briefly , 2 mg of igg was diluted in 1 ml of carbonate buffer , ph 9 . 6 , and mixed with 100 \u00b5l of biotin ( 2 . 2 mg / 1 ml dmso ) . the mixture was incubated at room temperature for four hours . biotin - igg conjugate was separated from free biotin by dialysis against pbs .\nplates of 96 wells ( nunc inc . , usa ) were coated overnight at 4\u00bac with 100 \u00b5l of igg per well at 100 \u00b5g / ml . the anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper was diluted in 50 mm carbonate / bicarbonate buffer , ph 9 . 6 . the plates were then washed five times with washing buffer ( pbs ph 7 . 2 : 0 . 12 m nacl , 0 . 04 m sodium phosphate and 0 . 05 % tween 20 ) . the remaining binding sites were blocked with pbs ph 7 . 2 , containing bovine serum albumin 1 % for two hours at 37\u00bac ( 100 \u00b5l / well ) . afterwards , the plates were washed again five times with washing buffer . next , different concentrations ( 2 up to 1000 ng / ml ) of l . acrochorda , b . asper , b . schlegelii and p . nasutum venoms in sample buffer ( pbs and bovine serum albumin 1 % ) were added to the plates ( 100 \u00b5l / well ) and incubated for one hour at 37\u00bac .\n4 . jorge mt , sano - martins is , tomy sc , castro sc , ferrari ra , ribeiro la , et al . snakebite by the bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in brazil : case report and review of the literature . toxicon . 1997 ; 35 ( 4 ) : 545 - 54 . [ links ]\n21 . sanchez ef , santos ci , magalhaes a , diniz cr , figueiredo s , gilroy j , et al . isolation of a proteinase with plasminogen - activating activity from lachesis muta muta ( bushmaster ) snake venom . arch biochem biophys . 2000 ; 378 ( 1 ) : 131 - 41 . [ links ]\n22 . otero r , furtado mf , gon\u00e7alves c , n\u00fa\u00f1ez v , garc\u00eda me , osorio rg , et al . comparative study of the venoms of three subspecies of lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) from brazil , colombia and costa rica . toxicon . 1998 ; 36 ( 12 ) : 2021 - 7 . [ links ]\nsnakebite is a common and frequently devastating environmental and occupational pathology , especially in rural areas of tropical developing countries ( 1 ) . according to the national health institute of colombia , 3405 snakebite cases occurred in the country during 2009 , of which 3 . 2 % were induced by verrugoso ( lachesis spp . ) ( 2 ) .\n8 . pardal pp , sousa sm , monteiro mr , fan hw , cardoso jl , fran\u00e7a fo , et al . clinical trial of two antivenoms for treatment of bothrops and lachesis bites in the north eastern amazon region of brazil . trans r soc trop med hyg . 2004 ; 98 ( 1 ) : 28 - 42 . [ links ]\n20 . damico dc , lilla s , de nucci g , ponce - soto la , winck fv , novello jc , et al . biochemical and enzymatic characterization of two basic asp49 phospholipase a 2 isoforms from lachesis muta muta ( surucucu ) venom . biochim biophys acta . 2005 ; 1726 ( 1 ) : 75 - 86 . [ links ]\n23 . sanz l , escolano j , ferretti m , biscoglio mj , rivera e , crescenti ej , et al . snake venomics of the south and central american bushmasters . comparison of the toxin composition of lachesis muta gathered from proteomic versus transcriptomic analysis . j proteomics . 2008 ; 71 ( 1 ) : 46 - 60 . [ links ]\ncnbr - activated sepharose 4b was incubated overnight at 4\u00bac with l . acrochorda venom ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in pbs , ph 7 . 2 , and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . previously obtained unbound protein solution was loaded into the column and washed with pbs . the proteins bound to the column were eluted with 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl buffer , ph 3 . 0 . the bound fraction was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris , ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against distilled water , lyophilized , and conserved at - 20\u00bac until use . this fraction was denominated\nigg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper\n.\n9 . bard r , de lima jc , de sa neto rp , de oliveira sg , dos santos mc . inefficacy of bothropic antivenin in the neutralization of the coagulation activity of lachesis muta muta venom . report of a case and experimental confirmation . rev inst med trop s\u00e3o paulo . 1994 ; 36 ( 1 ) : 77 - 81 . [ links ]\n17 . giovanni - de - simone s , aguiar as , gimenez ar , novellino k , de moura rs . purification , properties , and n - terminal amino acid sequence of a kallikrein - like enzyme from the venom of lachesis muta rhombeata ( bushmaster ) . j protein chem . 1997 ; 16 ( 8 ) : 809 - 18 . [ links ]\ncnbr - activated sepharose 4b was incubated overnight at 4\u00bac with igg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in phosphate buffer ( 0 . 02 m pbs ph 7 . 2 ) and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . the venom of l . acrochorda ( 20 mg / 2 ml ) was loaded in the column and washed with pbs . proteins bound to column were eluted with of 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl , buffer ph 3 . 0 . the bound fraction was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against distillated water , lyophilized , and conserved at - 20\u00bac until use . this fraction was denominated\nl . achrochorda specific fraction\n( la sf ) .\none rabbit ( female 1 . 8 to 2 kg body mass ) was subcutaneously ( sc ) immunized with 1 ml containing 0 . 5 mg / ml of the l . acrochorda venom emulsified in complete freund ' s adjuvant . after 20 days , the animal was sc injected with 1 . 0 mg / ml of venom in incomplete freund ' s adjuvant . two venom boosters of 2 . 0 and 3 . 0 mg , each diluted in incomplete freund ' s adjuvant , were injected at 20 - day intervals . blood was collected from the rabbit one day before immunization ( preimmune sera ) and ten days after the last booster dose . the serum was separated and stored at - 20\u00bac until use .\nhyperimmune sera produced against l . acrochorda venom were used for the purification of rabbit igg by means of a protein a sepharose column ( amersham biosciences ab , sweden ) . three milliliters of rabbit hyperimmunized sera was loaded into the column . the column was washed with 0 . 12 m nacl , 0 . 04 m sodium phosphate and ph 7 . 2 buffer ( pbs ) . the bound protein was eluted with 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl buffer , ph 3 . 0 . the fraction containing total igg was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris , ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against pbs , and conserved at 4\u00bac until use .\nplates were washed five times with washing buffer , and then 100 \u00b5l / well of biotinylated ig g anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper ( diluted in sample buffer 1 : 100 ) was added and incubated for one hour at 37\u00bac . after washing , streptavidine ( sigma , usa ) diluted in sample buffer ( 1 : 1000 ) was added and incubated for one hour at 37\u00bac . immediately after washing , 100 \u00b5l / well of abts ( sigma , usa ) diluted in citrate 0 . 1 m , ph 5 . 0 , containing 30 % hydrogen peroxide was added and incubated for 30 minutes at 37\u00bac while protected from light . subsequently , the absorbance was obtained at 405 nm in an elisa plate reader ( awareness technology , usa ) . serum samples from people not bitten were included as controls . the assay was repeated six times in duplicate .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmadrigal m 1 , sanz l , flores - d\u00edaz m , sasa m , n\u00fa\u00f1ez v , alape - gir\u00f3n a , calvete jj .\ninstituto clodomiro picado , facultad de microbiolog\u00eda , universidad de costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , costa rica .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nb . asper venom was coupled to cnbr activated sepharose 4b . for this , cnbr - activated sepharose 4b ( amersham biosciences ab , sweden ) was incubated overnight at 4\u00bac with b . asper venom ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in pbs , ph 7 . 2 , and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . the fraction of total igg was loaded into the column and washed with pbs . unbound protein was collected with pbs , ph 7 . 2 . the fraction was dialyzed against pbs , and conserved at 4\u00bac until use .\nthe whole venoms or the fraction la sf was analyzed by sds - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sds - page ) using 12 % acrylamide gels ( 12 ) . respective samples of 40 \u00b5g were separated under non - reducing conditions and the gels were stained with coomassie brilliant blue r - 250 . molecular weight markers were run in parallel .\ntwo milligrams of the fraction la - sf was dissolved in 200 \u00b5l of 0 . 1 % trifluoroacetic acid ( tfa ) , centrifuged for five minutes at 13 , 000 rpm , and loaded into a c 18 column ( 250 x 4 . 6 mm , 5 \u00b5m particle ; teknokroma , spain ) using an agilent 1200 chromatograph ( usa ) . elution was performed at 1 ml / minute by applying a gradient towards solution b ( acetonitrile , containing 0 . 1 % tfa ) as follows : 5 % b for five minutes , 5 - 15 % b for ten minutes , 15 - 45 % for 60 minutes , and 4570 % b for 12 minutes . absorbance was monitored at 215 nm , and fractions were manually collected and dried in a vacuum centrifuge ( savant , usa ) for subsequent characterization .\nthe major fractions obtained were separated by sds - page under reducing conditions , using 12 % gels . protein bands were excised from coomassie blue r - 250 - stained gels and subjected to reduction with dithiothreitol and alkylation with iodoacetamide . this was followed by in - gel digestion with sequencing grade bovine trypsin on an automated processor ( progest digilab , usa ) , according to the manufacturer ' s instructions . the resulting peptide mixtures were analyzed by maldi - tof - tof mass spectrometry on an applied biosystems 4800 - plus instrument ( usa ) . the resulting spectra were analyzed using proteinpilot v . 4 ( absciex , usa ) to identify proteins using the uniprot / swissprot database ( 20100622 ) and the paragon \u00ae algorithm method , at a confidence level of 99 % .\n2 . heredia m . informe anual de accidente of\u00eddico . instituto nacional de salud . colombia : sivigila - subdirecci\u00f3n de vigilancia y control en salud p\u00fablica ; 2009 . [ links ]\n3 . campbell ja , lamar ww . the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere . ithaca , ny : cornell university press ; 2004 . 436 - 47 p . [ links ]\n10 . theakston rd . the application of immunoassay techniques , including enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) , to snake venom research . toxicon . 1983 ; 21 ( 3 ) : 341 - 52 . [ links ]\n12 . laemmli uk . cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4 . nature . 1970 ; 227 ( 5259 ) : 680 - 5 . [ links ]\n25 . brunda g , sashidhar rb , sarin rk . use of egg yolk antibody ( igy ) as an immunoanalytical tool in the detection of indian cobra ( naja naja naja ) venom in biological samples of forensic origin . toxicon . 2006 ; 48 ( 2 ) : 183 - 94 . [ links ]\ncorrespondence to : vitelbina nu\u00f1ez rangel programa de ofidismo / escorpionismo , universidad de antioquia medell\u00edn , colombia phone : 574 219 65 35 email : vitelbina . nunez @ urltoken .\nreceived : september 8 , 2011 . accepted : december 20 , 2011 . abstract published online : january 25 , 2012 . full paper published online : may 31 , 2012 . conflicts of interest : the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest . financial source : universidad de antioquia ( codi project ) , and colciencias ( project 1115 - 459 - 21441 and programa de j\u00f3venes investigadores ) provided the financial grants for this project . ethics committee approval : the present study was approved by the ethics committee of antioquia university , medellin , colombia .\ncaixa postal 577 18618 - 000 botucatu sp brazil tel . / fax : + 55 14 3814 - 5555 | 3814 - 5446 | 3811 - 7241 jvat @ urltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncampbell , jonathan a . and william w . lamar ( 2004 ) the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere , 2 vols . : comstock ( cornell university press ) , ithaca , ny , 962 pp . [ review in science 305 : 182 ]\ncarrera , c . et al . ( 2009 ) gu\u00eda de campo de los peque\u00f1os vertebrados del distrito metropolitano de quito ( dmq ) . : publicaci\u00f3n miscel\u00e1nea n\u00b0 5 . serie de publicaciones del museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) \u2013 fondo ambiental del mdmq . 1 - 89 pp . imprenta nuevo arte . quito - ecuador .\ncastro , f . ; ayerbe , s . ; calder\u00f3n , j . j . & cepeda , b . ( 2005 ) nuevo registro para colombia de bothrocophias campbelli y notas sobre b . colombianus y b . myersi ( serpentes : viperidae ) . : novedades colombianas 8 ( 1 ) : 57 - 64\ncastro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . ( 2008 ) anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . : biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277\ngarcia , e . ( 1896 ) los ofidios venenosos del cauca . m\u00e9todos emp\u00edricos y racionales empleados contra los accidentes producidos por la mordedura de esos reptiles . : cali : librer\u00eda colombiana , xv + 102 pp .\ngeneral shape very large in length , moderately stout bodied snake with a short tail and laterally compressed tail spine . can grow to a maximum of over 3 . 00 metres . head is somewhat broad and elliptical when viewed from above and distinct from neck . eyes are moderately small with vertically elliptical pupils . snout not elevated . dorsal scales are broad with rounded apices and lack apical pits . mid dorsals have prominent knob - like keels , the height of these keels decrease laterally with the first 3 to 5 scale rows being smooth . distal 13 to 18 subcaudals finely divided into 4 or 5 rows of spine - like scales .\nhabitat elevations up to about 1600 metres in tropical moist to tropical wet forest .\ndescription : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .\ntreatment summary bites likely to cause major local & systemic effects , require urgent assessment & treatment . admit all cases . antivenom important therapy . iv fluids important , avoid hypovolaemic shock .\ngeneral approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .\nantivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .\naddress : calzada de tlalpan no . 4687 toriello guerra c . p . 14050 mexico , d . f . ,\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher ."]}
{"id": 1811, "summary": [{"text": "environment friend ( foaled 19 march 1988 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for his win in the 1991 running of the eclipse stakes , one of the united kingdom 's most important weight-for-age races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after winning the second of his races as a two-year-old he established himself as a top-class colt with a five length win in the dante stakes in may 1991 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he ran poorly in the epsom derby but then defeated a strong field to win the eclipse as a 28/1 outsider .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "environment friend never won again , but remained in training until the age of seven , and was placed in several important races including the coronation cup ( twice ) , the champion stakes and the irish champion stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "from 1993 until 1995 his time was divided between standing as a breeding stallion and competing as a racehorse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "environment friend died in 2012 at the age of twenty-four . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "environment friend", "paragraphs": ["here are 20 ways that you can live green and be a better friend to the environment .\nour best friend award is designed to recognise volunteers who make an outstanding contribution through exceptional dedication as a friend .\ncourse - specialist was privileged to speak with james fanshawe recently , to recall the early career of environment friend .\nnyanza environment friend coop produces plants in tree nursery about 76000 of\nmaracuja , papayer , agrume\nper year .\nann maine , senior lecturer in biology , won the friend of the environment award for the 10th congressional district of illinois .\nwith neither rival giving way , a thrilling race reached its conclusion with environment friend just getting his head in front for a second surprise victory .\nseeman te , mcewen bs . impact of social environment characteristics on neuroendocrine regulation .\nnext to the rails , sanglamore went into the lead with three furlongs to race , with stagecraft his closest pursuer . to the wide outside , environment friend began to creep closer .\nputting a nail in bathroom is not environment friendly because it could be stepped on .\ncozzene sired canadian champions cozzene\u2019s prince , hasten to add , and santa amelia ; english champion environment friend ; italian champion grey way ; and admire cozzene , a three - time champion in japan .\non a warm , sunny afternoon , the pacemaker green\u2019s ferneley cut out the early running , tracked by sanglamore and marju , with stagecraft to the outside , while george duffield and environment friend raced last .\nnote that environment sound is not an option . it\u2019s clearly ungrammatical , i guess because sound doesn\u2019t take any kind of complement : policies that are sound to the environment is wrong .\nnicro , s . , friend , r . , and pradubsuk , s eds . 2011 . environmental governance in asia : independent assessments of national implementation of rio declaration\u2019s principle 10 thailand environment institute : nonhtaburi .\nbetween the two usages , environmentally - friendly carries the greater risk of morphing into this improves the environment , while environment - friendly just may or may not be factual , where provable .\nafter such an anti - climax at epsom downs , james considered giving environment friend a confidence - boosting run in a conditions race at doncaster . however , the colt was entered in the group 1 coral eclipse stakes and having worked well at home , and will mr gredley keen to take his chance at sandown park , environment friend was set to take on his peers and the cream of the older horses that first saturday in july .\nlowry ' s efforts on behalf of the environment won him endorsements and awards . the league of conservation voters , friends of the earth , and the sierra club all endorsed his 1988 candidacy . in 1984 the seattle audubon society named him an\nenvironment friend\nand , in 1990 ,\nenvironmentalist of the year .\nhaving shown promise on his debut when sixth in a sandown park maiden , environment friend won a division of the westley maiden stakes at newmarket\u2019s cambridgeshire meeting in september 1989 , a race with a history for producing high class racehorses .\nthe race on the knavesmire gave the public a very different insight into environment friend\u2019s ability , as he caused an upset , coming from off the pace to beat hailsham and two sir henry cecil fancies in peter davies and perpendicular .\nsubsequent group one winners to have contested this race in the last three years are elmaamul , environment friend and selkirk , the first two showing that if this mile event is an indicator , it is , rather strangely , to the eclipse stakes .\nthe trainer , in his first season of training , won the second division with sapieha for good measure \u2013 and while that horse went on to land the horris hill stakes at newbury the following month , environment friend was put away for the year .\nwhen the conservatives came to power in 1979 , mrs thatcher appointed mr heseltine secretary of state for the environment .\nstagecraft soon passed sanglamore and it was environment friend that came to challenge the new leader . at the furlong pole , stagecraft still held a clear advantage , but duffield rousted the grey along and he responded well , turning the final furlong into a fascinating battle .\nreed , s . o . , friend , r . m . , vu , c . t . , thinphanga , p . , sutarto , r . and singh , d . , 2013 . shared learning for urban climate resilience . environment and urbanization .\nword choice -\nenvironmentally - friendly\nvs .\nenvironment - friendly\n- english language & usage stack exchange\npost the hugely successful soccer career , he was appointed as a un ambassador for ecology and the environment in 1992 .\n\u201ca friend said to me i\u2019d never turn up at royal ascot looking like that , so we had a bet , and i did it . \u201d\ni hesitate to ask\nwhat ' s so special about the environment ?\n, but there it is being asked .\nwikipedia redirects\nenvironment friendly\nto\nenvironmentally friendly\nand points out\neco - friendly\nas a synonym .\n\u201cthe following year we were busy getting the place sorted out and it operated as a livery yard for sir michael . i also managed to break my neck that year . our first yearlings arrived in the autumn of 1989 and environment friend was among them , \u201d he recalls .\n\u201cbill and i set off in the dreadful beige stretch limousine lincoln with the velour seats ! environment friend had worked well but went there as an outsider , but even so , i felt he would run a good race and he had come to himself , \u201d james recalls .\na friend of mine has seen him and declared him\nvery nice !\n. i ' m sure he is because smallwood only stands nice stallions !\nsomething that is not principally a solution or spray but may be an annoyance or danger might be labelled\nenvironment friendly\n.\nin 1991 , a grey three year old called environment friend , made his mark with a first group 1 success for his young trainer . the horse gained a popular following over the ensuing years and became a regular fixture in the eclipse stakes , competing on no fewer than four occasions .\ni agree that there is a nicer rhythm / meter to the first but i think there is only one stressed syllable in environment .\nspeaking for myself , i ' d any day prefer a battery that claims to be environment - friendly , not environmentally - friendly .\ntaylor se , repetti rl , seeman t . health psychology : what is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin ?\na friend and colleague who was at nasa at the time told me they were just starting to replace their original pcs in the mail room with 12mhz 286 systems in 1991 .\naccording to google , i ' m in good company . at least , the ' allies ' massively outnumber those who say\nenvironment - friendly\n.\na superb field assembled for that 1991 coral eclipse stakes , with environment friend facing a formidable challenge : marju , who had beaten environment friend in the craven stakes , has since finished second in the derby before landing the st james\u2019s palace stakes ; sanglamore had won the previous year\u2019s prix du jockey club and after injury , had made a winning return in the group 1 prix d\u2019ispahan ; in the groove had won the previous year\u2019s irish 1 , 000 guineas , juddmonte international stakes and champion stakes ; terimon had finished second to nashwan in the 1989 derby and sir michael stoute\u2019s progressive four year old stagecraft had won his last four races , including the group 2 prince of wales\u2019s stakes at royal ascot .\nhenceroth , j . , friend , r . m . , thinphanga , p . , tran , p . v . g . and nghiem , t . p . , 2015 . lessons from self - assessments within urban climate resilience programs . international journal of disaster resilience in the built environment , 6 ( 1 ) , pp . 86 - 101 .\nboth environment - friendly and environmentally - friendly are not only correct , but in fact required , so they ' re both bound to show up on google .\nthe paint in the can itself might be environment - friendly , if it has so much lead , so much tin , so much phosphorous , and so on . this here means this product will not damage the environment . ( well , ' not any more than we ' re legally permitted to ' at least . )\nfriend , r . m . , 2009 . fishing for influence : fisheries science and evidence in water resource development in the mekong basin . water alternatives , 2 ( 2 ) , p . 167 .\nthe thompsons have always been horse farmers rather than horse fanciers . like their friend and competitor in new zealand , sir patrick hogan , they\u2019ve relied on the stock they produce and the stallions they stand .\n\u201clooking back it was a fantastic day ; but environment friend had a tough race that day and never won again . but he did run very well to finish second to suave dancer in the irish champion stakes and was also twice second in the coronation cup when bill and nigel wright took over his career as both a stallion and a racehorse , \u201d he concludes .\nhe admits to making mistakes , and plenty of them . he didn\u2019t see why environment friend should retire from racing when the horse took up stallion duties : after the eclipse he ran 24 times over four seasons without winning . and for a brief spell in the early 1990s he had his horses trained at stetchworth park stud . his desire to challenge convention became evident .\nwhy is this ? environment seems like a straightforward noun . all the other - friendly constructions i can think of just bolt on to the uninflected noun . . .\nlater . . . note that my focus is on why the inflected form apparently ' just happens ' to be used with environment , but not with other nouns .\nnorth fm , syme sl , feeney a , shipley m , marmot m . psychosocial work environment and sickness absence among british civil servants : the whitehall ii study .\nfriend , r . and moench , m . , 2013 . what is the purpose of urban climate resilience ? implications for addressing poverty and vulnerability . urban climate , 6 , pp . 98 - 113 .\nthis is probably also informed by the fact that your\nenvironment\ncan be any number of things from your immediate surroundings up , but\nenvironmental\nas an adjective pretty much always refers to something that takes care of\nthe environment\n. we call conservationists\nenvironmentalists\n, not\nenvironmentists\n. when you ' re\nenvironmentally aware\n, you ' re aware of how your actions affect the environment and are aware of ways to minimize your damages . when you ' re\nenvironment - aware\n, you simply are aware of your surroundings - that is a term i see passed around my school ' s computer science labs concerning their robots .\ni offer no evidence to the following , but there may also be a cadence - preference to separate stress in syllables . consider environmentally friendly vs . environment - friendly .\nwhen you start seeing\nenvironment - friendly\non any number of american products , you ' ll see my point . sorry you didn ' t find this helpful .\njarvie , j . and friend , r . m . , 2016 . \u201curbanization , inclusion and social justice\u201d in accelerating the transition to sustainable cities : the state of the world report 2016 worldwatch institute : washington dc\nagreed ; hyphens aren ' t needed to attach an adverb to the adjective that follows it - - it ' s assumed that the adverb is modifying the adjective . it ' s needed in\nenvironment - friendly\n, however , to explicitly tie the noun to the following adjective , as an abbreviation of\nfriendly towards its environment .\nsend your nominations by email to friendsvic @ urltoken or by post to : victorian environment friends network , c / o vnpa , level 3 , 60 leicester st carlton 3053 .\nb\u00e9n\u00e9 , c . and friend , r . m . , 2009 . water , poverty and inland fisheries : lessons from africa and asia . water international , 34 ( 1 ) , pp . 47 - 61 .\nfriend , r . and moench , m . , 2015 . rights to urban climate resilience : moving beyond poverty and vulnerability . wiley interdisciplinary reviews : climate change , 6 ( 6 ) , pp . 643 - 651 .\nb\u00e9n\u00e9 , c . and friend , r . m . , 2011 . poverty in small - scale fisheries old issue , new analysis . progress in development studies , 11 ( 2 ) , pp . 119 - 144 .\nfriend , r . m . , thinphanga , p . , macclune , k . , henceroth , j . , tran , p . v . g . and nghiem , t . p . , 2015 . urban transformations and changing patterns of local risk : lessons from the mekong region . international journal of disaster resilience in the built environment , 6 ( 1 ) , pp . 30 - 43 .\nthe first top - class horse he bred and raced was 1991 eclipse stakes winner environment friend . the grey was followed a year later by user friendly , who won three classics before she surrendered her unbeaten record by a scant neck in the 1992 prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . in big orange , gredley now has another homebred to point at the big races \u2013 starting with the gold cup at ascot .\nrichard friend joined the environment department in 2016 . he has a background in social anthropology and development studies , with a phd from the university of bath ( uk ) based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in southern thailand . he has over twenty - five years experience working in asia \u2013 thailand , cambodia , laos , myanmar , vietnam , bangladesh , india and nepal . he speaks thai fluently and is proficient in lao .\nwhether it ' s a general rule or not , the hyphen is not commonly used with the sequence of words environmentally friendly , whereas it is typically used with the sequence environment friendly .\ni don\u2019t think there\u2019s anything grammatically wrong with environment friendly . it sounds a little funny only because we hear environmentally friendly so much more often , and i think the reason for that is historical .\nhis best friend and roommate at tottenham was the captain gary mabbutt . the pair make for an interesting contrast . mabbutt stayed loyal to tottenham , turning down offers from manchester united , liverpool and arsenal . klinsmann was loyal to his own ambitions .\na year after her defeat in the oaks , in the groove returned to contest the coronation cup over the same course and distance . cauthen sent her into the lead approaching the final furlong and she won the race from terimon , rock hopper and the 1990 epsom derby winner quest for fame . in the following month she started second favourite for the eclipse stakes , but finished fourth of the seven runners behind the 28 / 1 outsider environment friend .\narthur , r . i . and friend , r . m . , 2011 . inland capture fisheries in the mekong and their place and potential within food - led regional development . global environmental change , 21 ( 1 ) , pp . 219 - 226 .\n\u201cnobody makes me do anything i don ' t want to do . it ' s my decision . so the biggest devil is me . i ' m either my best friend or my worst enemy . and that ' s how i have to deal with it . \u201d\nfriend , r . m . and blake , d . j . , 2009 . negotiating trade - offs in water resources development in the mekong basin : implications for fisheries and fishery - based livelihoods . water policy , 11 ( s1 ) , pp . 13 - 30 .\nsmallwood farm is now standing the tb stallion friend or foe . does anyone know much about him as he is relatively new off the track ? yes , i did send an email of inquiry to smallwood , but interested to see what anyone else knows about him as well .\ni am australian and environment - friendly sounds wrong to me , i can ' t recall ever hearing it in common speech . however a google search revealed several reputable sources using it , including an australian government information page .\nenvironmentally - friendly\nsounds completely normal to me . so does\nenvironment - friendly\n. but i ' m pretty sure i favour the former ( despite the fact that i normally prefer the shorter of any two equivalent terms ) .\nappointed iran ' s first woman vice - president by president khatami in 1997 , massoumeh ebtekar , 47 , later became an inspired environment minister . she made a name for herself in 1979 as the 19 - year - old revolutionary student who became chief interpreter in the 444 - day us embassy siege in tehran . she left government office in 2005 , is now a tehran city councillor and heads the centre for peace and the environment . anything green has taken a back seat since mahmoud ahmadinejad took power , and iran ' s cities are choked with incredible pollution - but because of ebtekar there are now thousands of environment groups led by women seeking change . ' we need to put spiritual and ethical values into the political arena . . . you don ' t see the power of love , you don ' t see the power of the spirit , and as long as that goes on , the environment is going to be degraded and women are going to be in very difficult circumstances ,\nshe says .\nfriend , r . , jarvie , j . , reed , s . o . , sutarto , r . , thinphanga , p . and toan , v . c . , 2014 . mainstreaming urban climate resilience into policy and planning ; reflections from asia . urban climate , 7 , pp . 6 - 19 .\nbut the climate stakes have risen with every new scientific report , and the politicians and environment groups have moved on . as the urgency for a global agreement has grown , so c & c has emerged as one of the favourites to break the international impasse .\n' i had at the end my personal battles with christian gross , but that was also because the environment was very tense . spurs were struggling against relegation , and i thought it had to go this way and he thought it had to go that way .\nfriend , r . , choosuk , c . , hutanuwatr , k . , inmuong , y . , kittitornkool , j . , lambregts , b . , promphakping , b . , roachanakanan , t . , thiengburanathum , p . and siriwattanaphaiboon , s . , 2016 . urbanising thailand : implications for climate vulnerability assessment .\nmy first west ham game was a 1 - 1 draw against newcastle on 1 april 1960 . i went with my friend next door and his father . we stood high up on the north bank corner . there was no one in front of us so we had a great view . i was hooked and have been going ever since .\nwhat you say may very well be true , but i didn ' t ask about - friendly . i ' m interested to know why in this particular case we mostly precede it by environmentally , rather than just environment , following the pattern of similar constructions as given in op .\nthe mountain access project is an initiative of comhairle na tuaithe , the national body with responsibility for outdoor recreation , which is resourced through the department of environment , community and local government . the macgillycuddy reeks , along with binn shl\u00e9ibhe in co . galway , is one of two pilot areas where a permissive access model is being piloted , based on awareness of , and respect for , private land . this project is being supported by the department of the environment , community & local government - rural recreation section and the interreg ivb rural alliances programme , through south kerry development partnership .\nsince karasek introduced the \u201cdemand / control\u201d model to characterize the psychosocial work environment ( karasek and theorell , 1990 ) , many empirical studies have tested the predictive validity of the model with respect to the physical health of workers . job strain\u2014the combination of a psychologically demanding workplace and low job control\u2014is hypothesized as leading to adverse health outcomes . studies using both dimensions generally have provided better predictions than studies using either dimension alone . however , job control\u2014the opportunity to use and develop skills and to exert authority over workplace decisions\u2014 emerged as the more robust component of a health - promoting work environment .\nin the spring of 1991 , peter davies was regarded as a serious contender for the derby stakes and began his season in the dante stakes ( a major trial for the epsom classic ) over ten and a half furlongs at york racecourse . ridden by lester piggott he started favourite and led from the start , but after being overtaken three furlongs from the finish he dropped back quickly and finished seventh of the eight runners behind environment friend . after a break of four month he returned in a minor race over one mile at newbury racecourse in september . he took the lead in the last quarter mile but was outpaced in the closing stages and finished fourth .\nsince 1990 , ccrf and superior surgical have been working with warner bros . in bringing the looney tunes characters to the medical setting . bugs bunny , daffy , sylvester and their friends are bringing smiles to all children in hospitals . matti knew she had reached her goal of creating a friendly and warmer environment when ucla medical center reported that the kids loved the gowns and were\nstealing\nthem ! continuing matti ' s efforts to create a warmer medical environment , bugs bunny and daffy duck are now on the\nwhat ' s up doc ?\ndoctor ' s lab coats .\nthe forum was set up after more than ten months of intensive consultation with key partners such as the landowners , responsible local and statutory agencies and authorities - kerry county council , national parks & wildlife service , department of the environment , community and local government , community groups , recreational users , etc .\neta : rereading , i realize this could be taken as a knock on reputed testamony . i was not referring to him in any way , more just addressing the objection to friend or foe ( who i know nothing about except what i ' ve read here and seen online . ) rt is an interesting horse , but not particularly fashionable for a track - producing stallion .\nthe first steps were really to talk to women ,\nshe explains ,\nand to convince them that we could do something about their environment . they didn ' t have firewood , they didn ' t have clean drinking water and they didn ' t have adequate food . a tree brings transformation .\ni only put the gay one in to humour a gay friend who remembers the old days when gays would be well advised to check such attitudes before ordering a pint and settling down . today ' s youngsters would probably think it ' s a bit like talking about drinker - friendly bar .\nwow ! - is it really ? we really must go and check it out !\n.\nken livingstone , 62 , has dragged the capital to the top of the major world cities ' environment league . he shocked the more timid tony blair and gordon brown when he set an ambitious 60 % co2 reduction target by 2025 - and now he is championing renewables , energy from waste , heat and power systems , and ways\nbut it ' s what germany does at home that gives merkel authority . a quantum chemistry researcher brought up by a lutheran pastor in communist east germany , she was made german environment minister in 1994 . the country now leads the world in turning away from coal and oil , and setting the highest targets for renewables and emission cuts .\neven so , pan ' s warnings that the economic miracle will end soon because the environment can no longer keep pace have goaded china ' s leadership into action . he has also warned that 26 % of the water in the seven biggest river systems is so polluted that it has\nlost the capacity for basic ecological function\n.\npeter garrett , 54 , is the former punk lead singer of the disbanded australian rock group midnight oil , who continued his weird journey from radical muso to establishment politician when he was appointed australia ' s environment minister in november . he began with gigs outside exxon offices and protests at the sydney olympics about aboriginal rights , and found himself labelled a turncoat by some at the election . however , he was nominated here by jonathon porritt , for being\ninstrumental in shaping the australian labour party ' s climate change and environment policies\n. within days of his taking office , australia signed up to the kyoto climate change treaty , and has broken with the obstructivist policies of president bush .\nccrf was started with the inception and implementation of a remarkable project that would help change the medical environment for all children . through the combined efforts of ccrf , superior surgical mfg . co . , inc . , and the walt disney company , mickey and minnie mouse along with other disney characters were imprinted on pediatric hospital gowns throughout the country .\nfriend , r . m . , anwar , n . h . , dixit , a . , hutanuwatr , k . , jayaraman , t . , mcgregor , j . a . , menon , m . r . , moench , m . , pelling , m . and roberts , d . , 2016 . re - imagining inclusive urban futures for transformation . current opinion in environmental sustainability , 20 , pp . 67 - 72 .\ntewolde egziabher , 67 , a slight , gandhian figure , is a uk - trained biologist who runs ethiopia ' s environment protection agency and has proved himself an extraordinarily effective negotiator . at 2am at the 2002 earth summit , he made one of the most impassioned speeches heard at a global meeting . it had looked certain that the world ' s politicians would back a us proposal giving the world trade organisation the power to override international environment treaties , but he shamed the ministers into voting it down . no one could remember a personal intervention having such an impact , and his battles on behalf of developing countries to protect them from patents , unfettered free trade and gm crops are legendary . he was nominated by vandana shiva .\nthe reason why i referred to 1991 earlier as a year of transition is that while we had windows , most people who were using pc ' s considered it brand spanking new , as 3 . 0 was the first version that was considered to be actually usable . windows wasn ' t the predominant application environment . no , that honor went to ms - dos .\nmy guess is that it ' s not that you ' re being friendly to the environment . it ' s that you ' re being friendly in an environmental way . it ' s actually odd for me to see the dash in\nenvironmentally - friendly\n, because the first word in the pair is simply the adverb explaining in what way you are being friendly .\nno one can doubt the persuasive powers of wangari maathai , nobel peace prize - winner and 67 - year - old former assistant minister of the environment in kenya . it is she who has coaxed the mexican army , japanese geishas , french celebrities , 10 , 000 malaysian schools , the president of turkmenistan and children in rotherham to roll up their sleeves , dig a hole and plant a tree .\nthe consultation was carried out by slr consulting ireland ( slr ) as part of a mountain access development assessment for the reeks , initiated on behalf of south kerry development partnership , dept . of environment , community and local government and failte ireland . the slr report , finalised in march 2014 , identified the need for the establishment and resourcing of an appropriate local management structure to oversee the macgillycuddy reeks mountain access scheme .\nthere was also debate over leonardo dicaprio . it would be easy to sniff at someone who seemed to have merely pledged to forgo private jets and made a couple of films about the environment , but we felt the hollywood superstar who has grabbed the green agenda had to be included because of the worldwide influence he is expected to have . thanks to his massive celebrity status dicaprio could be a crucial figure in persuading and leading the next generation .\nicebergs are becoming a recurring theme in the life of 33 - year - old leonardo dicaprio . first , his acting career went stellar after playing the lead in titanic . now it is dramatic footage of icebergs and polar bears , both threatened by climate change , that is a striking feature of his documentary the 11th hour ( released in the uk next month ) , a powerful call to arms for our species to protect the environment a great deal better .\nhaving seen the courage , strength and need of the children , matti found a new way to bring fresh hopes and more than a few smiles to the children with cancer and their families . founded in 1987 by contopulos , children ' s cancer research fund ( ccrf ) is a non - profit organization dedicated to two important goals : to provide support on a national level for clinical research in pediatric cancer and to improve the medical environment for all children .\nmohammed valli moosa , 50 , was south africa ' s environment minister from 1999 to 2004 . he has campaigned for transnational african\npeace parks\nfor wildlife and pushed for reduced use of plastic bags . but he may play a much greater role in the global environment debate as chairman of eskom , the state - owned power company that runs south africa ' s only nuclear plant and , starting in 2008 , is hoping to build dozens of fourth - generation small - scale nuclear stations . known as pebble bed modular reactors , these are smaller , cheaper and reportedly safer than other designs and valli moosa says they could be the base of the 21st eco - economy - ideally for desalination plants and creating the raw material for the heralded but slow to appear hydrogen economy . south africa has some of the world ' s greatest reserves of uranium : put them with the technology and it could start looking like a superpower .\nthen the guardian ' s science , environment and economics correspondents met to add their own nominations and establish a final 50 . great names were argued over , and unknown ones surfaced . should al gore be on the list ? he may have put climate change on the rich countries ' agenda , but some felt his solution of trading emissions is not enough and no more than what all major businesses and western governments are now saying . but in the end he squeaked through .\nhe has played a prominent role in conducting research and facilitating participatory processes and multi - stakeholder dialogues around water resource management , hydropower , fisheries and local livelihoods in the mekong region \u2013 acting as a consultant and advisor to the asian development bank ( adb ) in the 3s river basin ( reta 6367 ) , the mekong river commission and the world bank , and as theme leader on fisheries and livelihoods for the mekong programme on water , environment and resilience ( m - power ) research network .\npatriarch bartholomew i , archbishop of constantinople and new rome , is the spiritual leader of 300 million orthodox christians around the world . he ' s also extremely green , each year taking church leaders of all denominations to areas of the world beset with environmental problems - including the amazon , the arctic and the danube . after announcing , on an island in the aegean , that attacks on the environment should be considered sins , he called pollution of the world ' s waters\na new apocalypse\nand led global calls for\ncreation care\n. way ahead of his time , he has made the environment an increasingly powerful strand of christian thinking in britain - and latterly the us , where traditionally right wing churches have followed his lead and now openly counter president bush ' s stance . bartholomew , 67 , is now heavily influencing the pope and has shared a green stage with him several times in rome . it all suggests institutional christianity is greening up fast after centuries of ambivalence and outright hostility .\nhis professional work has involved a range of responsibilities - programme management , capacity building , and policy - oriented action research . he has worked in senior management and advisory positions for the thailand environment institute ( tei ) , the institute of social and environmental transition , the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) and the worldfish centre , and taken on consultancy roles for a range of ngos ( including oxfam , save the children ) , un agencies ( undp , fao and uncdf ) and bilateral donors ( including dfid , danida and sida ) .\nfamily characteristics that could undermine the health of children and adolescents include a family environment that is conflictual , angry , violent , or abusive ; parent / child relationships that are unresponsive and lacking in cohesiveness , warmth , and emotional support ; and parenting styles that are either overly controlling and dominating or that offer little imposition of rules and structure ( taylor et al . , 1997 ) . long - term exposure to such conditions contributes to deficits in emotional understanding , difficulties with appropriate expression of emotion , increased emotional reactivity to conflict , and maladaptive coping strategies for managing stressful events in general .\nwell , i can only give one upvote to your answer , but i have to say it looks pretty convincing to me . the environment became more of an issue to forward - thinkers thru the 70 ' s and 80 ' s , but marketing departments only really started pushing their products '\ngreen\ncredentials in the last couple of decades . by the time they got on the bandwagon , responsible , sensitive , concious , etc . , had already staked out the lexical territory . most of those earlier conjunctives required - ally anyway , so the ad - men were just going with the tide of linguistic history . . .\nto come up with a list of the 50 people most able to prevent the continuing destruction of the planet , we consulted key people in the global environment debate . our panel included scientists - former world bank chief scientist and now the british government ' s scientific adviser on climate change , bob watson , indian physicist and ecologist vandana shiva , kenyan biologist and nobel prize - winner wangari maathai ; activists - guardian columnist george monbiot and head of greenpeace international gerd leipold ; politicians - green party co - leader and mep caroline lucas , and london mayor ken livingstone ; sustainable development commissioner for the uk government jonathon porritt and novelist philip pullman .\nshe ' s not so popular with greens , who accuse her of being a lackey to nuclear power and a friend of bush , but they accept that she gets things done . ten years ago , she shocked people when she said germany should aim to raise the proportion of its electricity generated from renewable energy to 50 % by 2050 . it ' s now 12 % - compare britain ' s 3 % - and is on track to be 20 % in 12 years ' time . she asked germans to believe her when she said renewables would provide more jobs . there are now nearly 250 , 000 people working in the sector . and at the un meeting at bali last month , she told the eu it had to stick together and be ambitious . it led the fight against president bush .\nwith regard to specific disease outcomes , the relationship between ses and cardiovascular disease has received the most attention . ses appears to be an important factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease ( kaplan and keil , 1993 ) , the leading cause of death in this country ( national center for health statistics , 1992 ) . the british whitehall study of civil servants found that those in the lowest grades of employment were at highest risk for heart disease ( marmot et al . , 1991 ) and that low levels of personal control in the work environment could explain much of this association ( bosma et al . , 1997 ; marmot et al . , 1997 ) .\nyet just a few weeks later he had the english media , and the nation at large , queuing up to praise his self - deprecating wit , his multilingual sophistication and his sublime talent . he was no longer a mercenary thespian , but a down - to - earth guy who drove a vw beetle , gave money to charity and was concerned about the environment . the transformation was perfectly captured by two pieces in the guardian . one , written , in june 1994 , was entitled ' why i hate j\u00fcrgen klinsmann ' . the other , published a couple of months later , was headed ' why i love j\u00fcrgen klinsmann ' . they were written by the same writer , and that writer was me .\nseveral experimental studies have investigated the link between the social relationship and cardiovascular reactivity . kamarck et al . ( 1990 ) found that participants asked to complete a laboratory task alone exhibited significantly greater systolic blood pressure and heart rate reactivity than did those who were allowed to have a friend with them . lepore et al . ( 1993 ) varied the degree of social support available to participants asked to give a speech . the three social conditions were to give the speech alone , to give it in the presence of a nonsupportive confederate , and to give it in the presence of a supportive confederate . participants in the last group exhibited the smallest increase in systolic pressure , followed by participants who gave their speeches alone . links between neuroendocrine measures , cardiovascular reactivity , and blood pressure and social relationships might constitute potential pathways by which social networks , support , and engagement influence important health outcomes .\ncarlo petrini , 58 , is the only anti - mcdonald ' s activist who has been welcomed to the offices of david cameron , david miliband , prince charles , al gore and barack obama . the founder of the international slow food movement , nominated here by vandana shiva , is idolised by rich and leisured foodies for promoting high - quality , small - scale farming and organising a relaxed life around long lunches . but petrini , an italian leftie of the old school , has a far more serious purpose than saving the pilchard or parma ham . the slow food movement has now expanded across 100 countries and is throwing poisoned darts at the whole fast food culture and the multinational food producers that between them have wrecked so much of the environment .\njockin arputham , 60 , has lived in a slum outside mumbai since 1963 . as president of the national slum dwellers association and slum dwellers international , he is rallying the world ' s poorest city dwellers to improve their environment . urban squalor is one of the biggest problems of the age , and by 2030 the number of slum dwellers is projected to reach two billion - a recipe for poverty , disease and political instability . arputham has pioneered a way to help the poor negotiate with city authorities to secure land ownership - the greatest barrier to improving slums . dozens of other new urban groups are working in 70 countries and hundreds of thousands of people have benefited . global urbanisation is inevitable , and these new federations will have more and more ecological influence .\nmichael\nmike\nlowry served 21 years in elective offices in washington - - 1976 to 1978 in the king county council , 1979 to 1989 representing the 7th district in congress , and 1993 to 1997 as governor . a vociferous , table - pounding liberal , he came from a family of new deal democrats in the palouse , and he was respected by friend and foe because they knew where he stood . he was variously described as\nmercurial ,\nfrumpy ,\nearthy ,\nand\nirascible\n( anderson ) . in 1995 , a former staff member charged him with sexual harassment and he did not seek re - election as governor . he remained active in a range of public - sector projects , primarily in migrant housing and the homeless . he also served in various volunteer capacities , such as co - chair of the king county charter review commission and co - chair of the washington wildlife and recreation coalition .\nin some cases it ' s also sometimes tough to take a call on which is more correct . is an\nelectric car\nenvironmentally - friendly , or is it environment - friendly ? there ' s as much semantics in r & d as in marketing & advertising . company a might claim the former , while company b might object . and while the government , the companies and the scientists go about interminably to reach a consensus , marketing and q3 targets cannot wait . so , a convenient eco - friendly is used instead . this doesn ' t make it explicit if it means ecologically - friendly , or ecology - friendly , so the guys in legal like it . it ' s also shorter , so adland likes it . run with it .\nandrew kimbrell , 51 , was a concert pianist and music teacher in new york before he joined an emerging breed of activist lawyers forcing governments to take the environment much more seriously . last year in the us supreme court , he defeated the bush administration ' s policy of refusing to regulate global warming . it was a defining moment in the american debate and forced bush to regulate carbon dioxide pollution from motor vehicles under the clean air act . kimbrell is now working with others to devise a new concept of ' natural law ' based on the idea that humans are just one part of a wider community of beings and that the welfare of each member of that community depends on the welfare of the earth as a whole . it sounds heretical now , but is traditional in many societies and one to watch in the west .\nmany of these saplings may not survive more than a few weeks , and the numbers are not to be trusted , but the billion tree campaign shows that maathai - a professor of biology and mother of three children - has gone from being almost unknown in 2003 to a global treasure in just a few years . there is now barely a president or prime minister in europe , asia or africa who has not invited maathai to endorse their plans or tried to sign her up as a goodwill ambassador to show off their newfound enthusiasm for the environment . she has addressed the un general assembly , carried the flag at the olympic games , and received sackfuls of citations and awards . maathai has succeeded in putting deforestation high on the agenda in developing countries , just as al gore made people in rich countries aware of climate change .\ndespite enormous improvements in sanitary engineering , which have contributed to the sharp increase in life expectancy observed among all socioeconomic groups during the past century , the socioeconomic gradient in health status persists . it has been proposed that the ses gap is still attributable to effects of crowded and unsanitary housing , air and water pollution , inadequate food supply , poor working conditions , and other such deficits that disproportionately affect those in the lower socioeconomic strata . studies that incorporate assessments of material deprivation and the physical environment will be important to sort out the degree to which this is an important pathway . however , inasmuch as the gradient in morbidity and mortality persists even between middle - class and well - to - do men and women and even in societies in which material conditions are very good , it seems unlikely that gradients are solely the result of these material circumstances .\nunderstanding why \u201cpoor people behave poorly\u201d ( lynch et al . , 1997a ) requires recognition that specific behaviors once thought of as falling exclusively within the realm of individual choice occur in a social context . the social environment influences behavior by shaping norms ; enforcing patterns of social control ( which can be health promoting or health damaging ) ; providing or not providing environmental opportunities to engage in particular behaviors ; and reducing or producing stress , for which engaging in specific behaviors might be an effective short - term coping strategy ( berkman and kawachi , 2000 ) . environments , especially social contexts , place constraints on individual choice . incorporating the social context into behavioral interventions led to a new array of clinical trials that take advantage of communities , schools , and worksites to achieve behavioral change ( see sorensen et al . , 1998 ; chapter 6 , this volume ) .\njia zhangke , 37 , is among the most prominent artists raising awareness about the environment . his film still life , which won the 2006 golden lion award at venice , is a tale of social upheaval and ecological destruction set against the backdrop of the three gorges dam in china - one of the world ' s biggest hydroelectric projects which has forced millions of people to move . it tells the story of a man and a woman who are searching for their spouses in a town that has been flooded by the rising waters of the mighty reservoir behind the barrier . the film was passed by the chinese censors despite its portrayal of official corruption , land seizures and thuggish violence . this is the best - known cinematic critique of the ecological destruction in china , but many other artists and film - makers are now addressing the problems of the country ' s breakneck race for economic growth .\nmarina silva , 49 , is brazil ' s environment minister . the daughter of a brazilian rubber tapper , she spent her childhood collecting rubber from the amazon forest and demonstrating against the destruction wrought by illegal loggers . in one of the great political journeys , she rose from being illiterate at 16 to become brazil ' s youngest senator , and is now the woman most able to prevent the amazon ' s wholesale ruin . under her watch , deforestation has reduced by nearly 75 % and millions of square miles of reserves have been given to traditional communities . last year 1 , 500 companies were raided and one million cubic metres of illegally felled timber were confiscated . but the future , says silva , is peril ous . the only way that long - term loss will be averted is with foreign help .\nwe don ' t want charity , it ' s a question of ethics of solidarity ,\nshe says .\nthe aim of the mas was to formally agree recreational access with landowners on a mountain / mountain range or in selected uplands area , to facilitate recreational access to those uplands . the mas would map out designated access points , provide indemnity to landowners against specified claims , provide adequate parking and related facilities and any additional infrastructure required to support the specified recreational activities . access to upland areas should be carried out only in a manner that protects and enhances the natural environment , local habitats and ecosystems , while supporting rural development and development of the economic potential of local assets for the benefit of landowners , local communities and other stakeholders . the mas should also leverage the available public and private funding resources , including investigation of user charges / licensing / donations / philanthropy , commercial sponsorship and / or levies or contributions from commercial operators and beneficiaries . the overall aim is to ensure that use of the mountain access area and its associated facilities and services can be marketed and promoted , with clarity and confidence .\nat the moment , he is making his own meticulous study of coaching methods . hence his appearance at his friend bruce arena , the us team coach ' s training session . ' i always look at coaches and think what can i learn from them . many american coaches actually know far more than some european coaches because they ' re constantly studying and learning . they use the resources of the university system , and get the update on speed and psychology . i know some coaches in europe who still do the same sprint training as 15 years ago because they were successful then . but these coaches are looking at new developments . that ' s why it ' s very exciting to live here . if i want to look at ucla research , i can . i know that no club in europe will do that . ' he thinks football should learn from us sports , such as basketball . ' look at how they react as soon as they shoot a basket . they defend right away . they don ' t even think about it . but soccer players lose a ball and start thinking\nwhat do i have to do now ?\n. . . i think in europe we ' re a little bit too football focused ."]}
{"id": 1816, "summary": [{"text": "mallosia graeca is a species of beetle in the lamiinae subfamily , that can be found only in greece .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the species is 13 \u2013 30 mm long , and brown coloured . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "mallosia graeca", "paragraphs": ["dorcadion tomentosum sturm , 1843 mallosia graeca var . cardoriensis pic , 1900 saperda graeca sturm , 1843\noggetto del messaggio : re : mallosia ( s . str . ) graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) - cerambycidae - greece\nlonghorn beetles ( cerambycidae ) of the west palearctic region [ mallosia _ graeca ] hoskovec m . , rejzek m . : longhorn beetles ( cerambycidae ) of the west palearctic region [ urltoken ]\nrenvaze f . and renvaze j . - p . : note sur la biologie de mallosia graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) ( coleoptera , cerambycidae ) . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de mulhouse 601 : 4 - 7 , ( 2004 ) .\nfauna europaea 2 . 4 [ 113972 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) : fauna europaea [ urltoken ] [ as mallosia graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) ] data retrieved on : 9 march 2012\nthe point for mallosia is marked with a\nyellow pin\n. that data were taken in field - notes when being in the field on the lake shore . . . searching for dragonflies . . . not rechecked the coordinates at home . . . even if do that normally . sorry for that\ncosmin , it is no problem ! this is a normally procedure in terrain . . . . . i ' ve checked this from my own curiosity . moreover yours massage is very interesting as form communication between us . googleearth is very useful tool to sending coordinates . cheers ! jacek ps . a yellow pin have : urltoken 37 . 847092 , 22 . 465857 below is screen from google earth : this is very beatiful place ! ! ! ! urltoken in down - central zone is exactly yours locality ( locus mallosia )\n( sturm , 1843 ) is a species endemic to greece . it is mainly known from peloponnese peninsula but can also be found in atica , the greek mainland . the host plant of this spectacular european longhorn beetle has long been unknown . in 1967 carl von demelt [ \u2756 ] observed a number of specimens of this insect and suggested that the species developed in\n( in root system of a small thistle species , asteraceae , transl . and note by authors ) . this information has then been repeated in later works ( e . g . bense , 1995 ) . the correct host ,\n( apiaceae ) , has only been discovered by a french group ( renvaze & renvaze , \u2727 ) in 2004 . also another species of genus\nvon demelt c . : beitrag zur kenntnis der cerambycidenfauna griechenlands ( col . ) . entomologische zeitschrift 77 : 57 - 66 , 1967 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\n24 . v . 2010 - grecia - ee , peloponneso ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) , cosmin manci leg .\nraccolti nel sud della grecia , peloponese ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) , in 24 . maggio . 2010 , leg . cosmin manci .\n. good species . can you put the more precise locality ? peloponnes is vague . . . .\n: ok : . good species . can you put the more precise locality ? peloponnes is vague . . . .\nyes cosmin , my opinion is that coordinates are the most precise instrument to identify a locality , but have also a toponym , like a province , or a big city is better , in this way you can identify the locality without search on google earth , for example , and understand immediatly if the specimen is interestring or new for the country .\nso\ngreece : korinthia : kionia ( near ) : stimfalia lake\nis on my label .\nyou have the exact coordinates there . . . ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) . . . more precise than that but if you really need a toponym . . . near stimphalia lake .\ncosmin , i ' ve checked this coordinates simply paste into google maps . locality is in center of lake : - )\nwrite please , how do you obtain the reading measurements ? simply from gps ? check it please .\nambienti costieri ( spiagge sabbiose , scogliere , foci , paludi costiere , stagni salmastri etc . )\nforum entomologi italiani viene aggiornato in maniera casuale e assolutamente non periodica . pertanto , ai sensi della l . 7 marzo 2001 , n . 62 sull ' editoria , questo portale non pu\u00f2 essere in alcun modo una testata giornalistica .\ncopyright \u00a9 2009 - 2017 forum entomologi italiani , ove non diversamente specificato . tutti i diritti degli autori sono riservati .\n2004 - 05 - 07 by prof . paolo audisio & by mr . gianfranco sama\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 andre gorodinski . the insects from the palaearctic region . web design by mrs . l . gorodinski ."]}
{"id": 1818, "summary": [{"text": "dancing maid ( 29 april 1975 \u2013 1982 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "after winning one of her two races as a two-year-old she emerged as one of the best fillies in europe in 1978 , winning the prix vanteaux , poule d'essai des pouliches , prix chloe and prix vermeille .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she also finished a close second in the classic epsom oaks and third in europe 's most prestigious all-aged race , the prix de l'arc de triomphe .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was retired from racing after one unsuccessful start as a four-year-old .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was not a success as a broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "dancing maid", "paragraphs": ["all comments can be found from here : comments for dancing _ maid . swf\nlonely maid dancing with a broom dressed as a man . full body isolated .\npennywise the clown dancing t . . . pennywise dancing uploaded by derptastic derp man\nlonely housewife or maid dancing with her broom , imagining it is a man . full body isolated on white .\nmaid cleaning up and dancing on gray background royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 7022610 .\ndr . giy ' s pre - made me is a 52 cm tall dancing robot maid ( photo : dr . giy )\nperformance of the maid of the mill - international team white , newcastle festival , 2007 .\nperformance of the maid of the mill - ladies international team , newcastle rscds festival , 2016 .\n7 . red tracer ( dane shadow - kisma ) australasian foundation mare hebrew maid 13 - b .\ndutch maid ( f . 1963 - 1992 ) , mr . billy b . ( 1959 - 1982 )\nperformance of the maid of the mill - scottish country dance international team black , newcastle festival , 2010 .\nleisure : theatre royal bath - thu , the tragedy of\noroonoko\n, with\nthe musical lady\n& dancing ; sat ,\nthe west indian\nwith\nthe ghost\n& dancing .\ndjebellica has both dr devious ( epsom derby ) and dancing rain ( epsom oaks ) decending from her .\nthe boss claims she filmed the ordeal in case she was accused of killing the maid , according to the independent .\ndancing rain is a daughter of danehill dancer and pierro ' s dam is by daylami from the mill reef sireline .\ngould , j . e . themiller ' s maid . oliver ditson , boston , monographic , 1846 . notated music . urltoken\npsychobarney : i ' ll be honest . i was hoping for a dancing mad pun . and that the maid was actually kefka . i feel like he ' d be into that kind of thing ( november 3 , 2012 , 1 : 06 am )\npennywise dancing , also known as pennywise can dance to anything , is a video remix series featuring a camera - recorded clip of the antagonist pennywise from the 2017 supernatural horror film it dancing with a variety of humorous songs dubbed over the background audio .\nthen you have the dancing show cross . one could be one world from the 5 - h family and carrying a line of 5 - i . you find danehil 3m x 4m bletchingly 5m , 5f x 4m and dancing show 4m x 5f .\none of the maid groups\u2019 key assertions has been that rather than being a \u201cburden\u201d , domestic helpers are a key backbone of the economy .\n\u201cour role is to mould them to become more patient , more understanding , more responsible with regards to their employers . employers want a truthful maid\u201d\nstallions : hail to reason ( c . 1958 - 1976 ) , stymie ( c . 1941 - 1962 ) broodmares : dancing maid ( f . 1975 - 1982 ) , gold river ( f . 1977 - 1986 ) , pistol packer ( f . 1968 - 1986 )\ntrue , one must give credit to shergar for his record - breaking derby win at epsom but he still did not display the breath taking acceleration dancing brave produced against the type of opposition dancing brave beat in the arc . debatably , shergar also was simply not the same horse in september and it was to dancing brave ' s credit that he won the arc after 4 breath taking big races .\nuhn began receiving requests for maid in march 2016 , after it had been decriminalized but before bill c - 14 became law . in the first year , march 8 , 2016 to march 8 , 2017 , there were 74 maid inquiries at uhn , says an article , co - authored by dr . li and published in the new england journal of medicine . a total of 29 of those inquiries proceeded to assessment , 25 were approved and 19 received maid .\nin late july . as a group one winner she carried a seven pound weight penalty and finished second , beaten two lengths by dancing rocks .\nwhatever you call it , there\u2019s no argument about the artistry of this amazing new robot . the robot\u2019s build is based on a popular disney character called drossel , from the fireball anime . and what\u2019s with the maid outfit , you ask ? well , maid outfits are popular and considered very cute in japanese culture .\nwe know that the bulk of maid requests are on the basis of psychological suffering ,\nsays dr . li , noting that the public expectation was that pain would be the primary motivator .\ni think there ' s just a kind of patient who wants maid , who is actually going to be helped by maid because there isn ' t either time , or they ' re not able to explore death and dying in a way that will relieve their psychological distress .\ndancing brave was now firm favorite for the 2000 guineas . his chief opponents were huntingdale , the dewhurst stakes winner and green desert , the season ' s subsequent champion sprinter . hail to roberto set the pace from green desert till three furlongs from home where green desert took up the running . up to this point dancing brave lay a handy fourth . with two furlongs to go dancing brave quickened in magnificent style to win by 3 lengths from green desert .\ndancing brave is the only horse in racing to win the combination of the 2 , 000 guineas , the king george , the eclipse and the arc .\ndr . giy ' s maid - like robot pre - made me was built entirely by hand and took more than a year to complete ( photo : dr . giy )\ngould , j . e . ( 1846 ) themiller ' s maid . oliver ditson , boston , monographic . [ notated music ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\ngould , j . e . themiller ' s maid . oliver ditson , boston , monographic , 1846 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\na terrified maid pleaded for help as she dangled from a seven - story building , but her employer just filmed as she lost her grip and plummeted down , the shocking footage shows .\nas a preliminary to the arc , dancing brave was entered in the goodwood stakes . he lay in fourth place for most of the race and with two furlongs to go , greville asked his mount to respond . dancing brave overtook the long - time leader ozo paulo to win by merciless 12 lengths . the colt had broken the course record .\nhowever , dr . li , who conducts separate debriefs with families , caregivers and uhn staff after maid has been administered , says the reality for most families is not as straightforward as that .\nalthough dancing brave had equal natural ability and possibly greater finishing speed ( like he showed in the arc ) to mill reef he did not equal mill reef ' s consistency , ability to win in all types of going ( dancing brave never won on soft ground ) and ability to run away from a top - class field over a mile and a half .\naustralasian blue hen - has dancing show been mentioned ? dam of umatilla and hurricane sky and 2nd dam of redoute ' s choice , manhattan rain , platinum scissors and al maher .\nsee above for star of giselle and red tracer both belonging to the hebrew maid family which is closely related to the 13 - a of juliet and 13 - c of wilkes or mr prospector .\nit is possible that race goers may never witness the likes of dancing brave again . he was simply a horse that came once in a lifetime - the closest to a complete racehorse .\ndancing brave made a winning debut in the dorking stakes trouncing the opposition by 3 lengths . he followed this with a victory in the soham house stakes . he accelerated brilliantly furlong and a half from home to defeat northern amethyst and lassagne . however , at the end of the season , dancing brave was rated 11 lb . below huntingdale , the william hill dewhurst stakes winner .\nin the blue riband , dancing brave was settled three from rear for most of the race . normrue set the pace followed by aracara , miss naas , faraway dancer and vice - chancellor , with shahrastani tucked in fifth place . up to tattenham corner the placing ' s remained the same with dancing brave still lying three from the rear and more than 12 lengths behind the leader .\nblumenschein , w . l . thedairy maid . newhall & co . , geo . d . , cincinnati , monographic , 1880 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\ndancing brave now became a firm 5 - 2 favorite for the epsom derby . a lot of racing experts could not believe a horse possessing the colt ' s speed could stay the derby course .\n25 weanlings include siblings to russian revolution , unencumbered and black minx , plus the progeny of stakes - winning dams including dorf command , echo maid , impetuous , lilakyn , lovemelikearock , sweet sanette and walk alone .\ndancing brave was schooled at guy harwood ' s stable in pulborough . harwood started preparing the colt as a two year old in may and in august 1985 started a rigorous training programme for his colt .\nthe only colt which nijinsky beat which compared in stature to dancing brave ' s middle - distance opponents in the king george and arc in stature was gyr , whom nijinsky vanquished in the epsom derby .\nhis sire lyphard , was an outstanding miler by the great northern dancer , the greatest sire if the century . lyphard , had already produced stalwarts like 1979 arc winner , three troikas , as well as , 1978 prix vermeille winner , dancing maid . on his dam side navajo princess had won eight grade races while her sire drone produced 44 stakes winners . these included , lady capulet , the irish 1 , 000 guineas winner .\ni believe in the arc he could have been beaten by dancing brave . even had nijinsky been fully fit and beaten sassafras by 3 lengths in the arc that win could not be rated on par to dancing brave ' s conquering of the french champion bering , who was a far superior horse to sassafras ( sassafras won the french derby by only 3 / 4 of a length and was a 20 to one outsider in the arc in contrast to bering who won the french derby in record time and was second favorite - an equivalent for france to what dancing brave was to in in the middle - distance races in britain ) .\npeople are curious ,\nshe says , noting that she ' d love to tell her family ' s story more publicly , without anonymity , but feels public opinion is so polarized on maid that a backlash would ensue .\nvery few people could predict at that time that this colt would emerge as a superstar . the colt was to be called dancing brave who went on to become one of the 20th century ' s racing legends .\ndancing brave beat superior opposition to mill reef as a three year old but in the epsom derby ( pulled away by 2 lengths from linden tree ) , eclipse ( beat caro by 4 lengths a superior horse to tryptich ) and king george ( beat ortis by 6 lengths compared to dancing brave ' s 3 / 4 length win over shardari ) , the reef was more impressive , showing greater staying ability . only in the arc did dancing brave perhaps stage a more impressive performance . mill reef was vastly superior as a two year old and his prix ganay performance as a 4 year old was amongst the best victories ever scored in europe .\ni believe that on merit when evaluating the record ' s of great horses , dancing brave should be regarded as the epsom derby winner , as it lost due to what was possibly not his fault ( jockey greville starkey gave him no chance placing him more than 12 lengths behind at the bend . dancing brave would have had to perform a miracle to win . i can ' t believe even sea bird could have won from there ) .\nyet recruiters , or their affiliate loan agencies , sometimes charge fees equivalent to 90 per cent of a maid ' s monthly pay , says tellez , who holds seminars on sundays with hong kong helpers victimised by aggressive and unlicensed loan sharks .\nhong kong\u2019s housing crunch has also squeezed families into smaller flats , leaving little space for helpers to sleep in . providing adequate accommodation is a prerequisite to hiring a maid under the labour contract , but labour advocates say many employers flout this .\nhe was always very clear . he didn ' t look back and he wasn ' t going to change his mind .\nthe thing he was most upset about was that he had to wait 10 days after requesting maid .\n\u201cas soon as they enter the training centre , they have different attitudes , \u201d she says . \u201cour role is to mould them to become more patient , more understanding , more responsible with regards to their employers . employers want a truthful maid .\naccomplishments : the leesley\u2019s established a dynasty by breeding their greyhound wild queen cannon to john pesek\u2019s hall of famer just andrew * . one of the descendants , wilful maid , produced several outstanding litters for the haughn kennel . the kennel set a record of six victories in a single 10 - race program on april 8 , 1939 in st . petersburg . in 1951 , the kennel produced a \u201cmiracle\u201d litter of 11 grade a greyhounds . there were no current , dancing maid , free speech , worry free , recording , extra copy , no funds , low cost , no design , time control , and dance fund . other outstanding racers were jubilant judge , jovial judy , jacob\u2019s jacket , jambar joe and jay - jay .\nthe amahs\u2019 loyalty and service to multiple generations of the family formed part of the notion of a \u201csuperior servant\u201d , according to american professor of anthropology nicole constable , who wrote maid to order , a seminal and authoritative account of hong kong domestic helpers .\nthe programme for fleadh nua 2012 will include concerts , c\u00e9ilithe , sessions , street and gig - rig entertainment , irish language classes , set dancing competitions , sean - n\u00f3s dancing competitions and performances , story telling , singers club and much more . most of the activities are as always free of charge with the main concerts taking place in glor and cois na habhna where the opening also takes place at 7 . 30 p . m . on sunday 20th may .\nbook . print | 118 p . illus . 16 cm . | by elias howe , assisted by several eminent professors of dancing . ( statement of responsibility ) . available also through the library of congress web site as . . .\nlaw cites other downsides to helpers living outside the employer\u2019s home : the employer having to worry about a helper ' s safety as she is unsupervised , the high cost of paying for her rent and a maid finding time for romance and then getting pregnant .\nthe obvious choice would be denman from your female line which crosses sir tristram 5m x 5f and market maid 3f x 4f and biscay 5m x 5m . this is a dearer option though but does give you the vain and lonhro missing in your pedigree .\nbold inn and vouch safe set the pace a long way ahead of dahistan ( pacemaker for shahrastani ) , shardari , shahrastani , with dancing brave three from the rear alongside petoski . trypitch lay last struggling to cope with the pace . on coming into the straight dahistan had taken the lead followed by shahrastani with shardari making a challenge on the inside . a furlong and a half from home , shardari had moved into the lead at which point pat eddery pushed dancing brave .\nthus , dancing brave was possibly superior in natural ability having beaten better opponents in a more impressive manner at his best but in most of the races nijinsky performed marginally better ( like in the guineas , epsom derby and king george ) .\nbiography . book . print | 130 p . 18 cm . | comp . by e . h . kopp . containing , in addition to explanations of all modern dances in general use , full directions for calling and dancing . . .\non september 11th , youtuber except uploaded a compilation of pennywise dancing remixes ( shown below , left ) . meanwhile , youtuber jynn uploaded a montage of clips in which pennywise dances to various children ' s songs ( shown below , right ) .\nthe footage shows the maid gripping the balcony and crying , \u201chold me , hold me , \u201d but her kuwaiti boss just replies , \u201ccrazy , come , \u201d before the woman\u2019s hand slips and she falls , landing on a metal awning not far from the ground .\nit ' s that time of the year again when ennis comes alive to the sound of traditional music , song and dance as it plays host to the 20th ennis trad festival . as always there is a huge programme of events with master classes returning this year in fiddle , flute , banjo , accordion and whistle . for the dancers there is a c\u00e9il\u00ed with the four courts c\u00e9il\u00ed band , a sean - n\u00f3s dancing workshop with suzanne leahy and a set - dancing workshop with geraldine greene .\ndancing in ilmington underwent a series of revivals , with resulting variations in the dancing : hence the alternative versions .\nthe modern side was started in 1974 largely with men with connections with the village , or from shipston - on - stour . in 1899 sam bennett had the horse made which the side still uses . it was preserved in the village by the village school during the period before the current side was started . this is the only traditional horse with close connections to traditional morris .\non returning home , dancing brave got a tremendous reception - that of a superstar . he was next to run in the breeders championship in america , the equivalent of a world championship in flat racing . dancing brave was such a superstar that it was the question of by how much he would win , rather than whether he would win . his trainer described him to be in great shape . it appeared that nothing could stop the emperor from seizing the crown , who now had the image of a hollywood star .\nafter another long break , gay mecene returned on 10 september for the prix niel over 2200m at longchamp . on this occasion , freddy head employed different tactics , restraining the colt towards the rear of the ten runner field before making his challenge in the straight . he moved up to contest the lead in the last 200m and won by a short head from noir et or , with the pair finishing five lengths clear of the prix du jockey - club runner - up frere basile in third . gay mecene was regarded as a major contender for france ' s most valuable and prestigious race , the prix de l ' arc de triomphe over 2400m at longchamp on 1 october and starting the 4 / 1 third favourite , coupled in the betting with his stable companion dancing maid . ridden by jean - claude desaint ( freddy head opted to ride dancing maid ) , gay mecene was held up at the back of the field and was still only sixteenth of the eighteen runners on the final turn . he made steady progress in the straight but never threatened the leaders and finished eighth behind alleged .\nshe was speaking at a helpers\u2019 training camp in paranaque city , manila , on a hot afternoon in late february , where she was preparing for a job in hong kong , following a two - year stint in 2012 as a maid in abu dhabi , capital of the united arab emirates .\nthe 78 - year - old patient , diagnosed two years earlier with advanced lung cancer and told two months prior that it had metastasized to his brain , was in palliative care at princess margaret cancer centre , surrounded by his loving family , when medical assistance in dying ( maid ) was administered .\nground harper set the pace from bold arrangement for most of the race with dancing brave settled comfortably in fifth place . triptych lay in the rear till the straight . on entering the straight , bold arrangement seized the lead and two furlongs from home , trypitch came with a devastating run to snatch the lead with dancing brave on the inside . greville switched his colt now to the outside to give him room and urged him . dancing brave effortlessly burst into the lead and spared 4 lengths to trypitch at the winning post . it was a magnificent sight for racegoers to watch this colt ' s great acceleration and effortless strides . it was reminiscent of mill reef beating caro , by the same margin , 15 years ago . the colt ' s trainer guy harwood was now convinced that he was the best horse he had ever trained .\nwith her dad ' s death set for a monday , the focus became on saying goodbye . he loved saturday nights , music and dancing , so on his final saturday night she brought her ipad to his hospital room . they played his old favourites from the 1950s and ' 60s , including guy lombardo and his royal canadians , and reminisced about when he was a boy , his parents and dancing with her mom . she also fed him chocolate cake , something he ' d been unable to eat over the past decade or more due to his diabetes .\none registered nurse tells the group how she decided to work as a maid when her father got sick . she clutches her piece of paper with quivering hands as if what she has drawn - a small house , a happy family , money to go around \u2013 might never materialise if she lets it go .\nfleadh nua will celebrate the year of the gathering with a special concert , honouring brendan mulkere , a musician and teacher who has played a major role in the promotion and development of irish traditional music in london for more than 30 years . this concert will take place at the west county on sat 25th may at 8pm . also included on the programme for fleadh nua 2013 will be the usual concerts , c\u00e9ilithe , sessions , street and gig - rig entertainment , irish language classes , set dancing competitions , sean - n\u00f3s dancing competitions and performances , story telling , singers club and much more .\nwhile her dad may not have wanted the reflection period , she says it was vital to the family . she admits , even though he made clear on several occasions that he supported maid , to being\nstunned\nwhen her dad called the family together in his hospital room one afternoon and calmly told them his decision .\nstallions : nearctic ( c . 1954 - 1973 ) , your host ( c . 1947 - 1961 ) , t . v . commercial ( c . 1965 - 1996 ) broodmares : maid of flight ( f . 1951 ) , venomous ( f . 1953 - 1976 ) other : kelso ( g . 1957 - 1983 )\nin the one month notice period she had left working with the couple , maricel had just one day off each week to find a new employer . agencies told her employers did not want to hire a maid who \u201cbroke contract\u201d as it could be seen as a sign she is problematic or could again quit after just a few months .\nanother , sheila , used to be a maid in taiwan but was forced to work in a factory by her employer without extra pay , and sleep just four hours a night . she took the case to a labour tribunal and received compensation . hoping to have better luck in hong kong , she draws on paper her dream home and money for her parents .\ndr . madeline li , a psychiatrist in the department of supportive care at princess margaret cancer centre and an architect of uhn ' s maid framework , acknowledges the black and white nature of public discourse \u2013 strong opinions in favour and opposed with little middle ground \u2013 on the subject of medical assistance in death as federal legislation was being drafted and put into effect .\nas a three - year - old , he made a winning debut as a three - year - old , despite facing heavy going . syllvene set the pace from illuminer and flying dancer with dancing brave lying in 5th place . with two furlongs to go the colt flew past the leaders to win by 2 1 / 2 lengths .\nuhn ' s maid framework consists of three teams \u2013 clinical , assessment and intervention \u2013 and includes a 10 - day reflection period for the patient following the request . death is by injection of intravenous drugs in the hospital . a multidisciplinary quality committee provides oversight , reports metrics annually to the medical advisory committee , and stewards data for use in quality assessment and research .\non the monday , two members of the intervention team , who had been in regular contact throughout the maid process explaining it , answering questions and offering support , were in the room . with the family gathered around his bedside , holding hands , the doctor who gave him the injection asked her dad to tell a joke\nand midway through he went to sleep .\nas the race started , darara was the first to lead from baby turk , nemain , dahistan and aracara . after two furlongs , archenango stormed into the lead with dancing brave lying third from rear tracking bering . as the race progressed , baby turk went on to set the pace from nemain , archenango , darara , shahrastani and shardari .\nthe presentation on prizes will be made on saturday night at 9 . 30 pm in the clubhouse and all are welcome . john giles will be on hand to present the prizes and will be only too willing to sign autographs or pose for photographs . there will be finger food and dancing so come along to what promises to be a great night .\nthis beautiful filly is the full sister to hrh prince charles who had an outstanding show record last year as a two year old with two high finishes at the celebration . she is out of former successful show mare generator\u2019s maid of honor . her 2nd dam also produced such show horses as nine ladies dancing , o\u2019hare , pick up line , and prize money . her 3rd dam produced multi world and world grand champion she\u2019s legal tender , cashed , cashew , generator\u2019s ode to joy , and miss lady liberty . this filly has an outstanding mare line production record . walk time charlie\u2019s first crop made a huge impact in the show ring in 2016 . all the guess work is done here . this filly will make a top prospect for any owner and trainer .\nsundays are a happy occasion for many helpers as they get to enjoy one day off from work , singing , dancing , eating food from their homeland and telling stories . filipinos typically congregate in parks and overpasses in central , while many indonesian maids mass in victoria park and kowloon . maids of other nationalities meet in smaller parks , ngo centres and market districts in hong kong .\nswigert burials : prince charlie ( c . 1869 , unmarked ) , salvatore ( 1886 - 1909 ) , virgil ( c . 1864 - 1886 , unmarked ) , zorilla ( 1882 ) gluck burials : honor maid ( f . 1972 - 1995 ) , newfoundland ( 1978 - 1996 ) , protagonist ( c . 1971 - 1976 ) , speak john ( c . 1958 - 1980 ) , verbatim ( c . 1965 - 1991 )\nsea bird ' s beating of great horses like reliance , diatome , alinin , meadow court etc . . . by a devastating 6 lengths in the 1965 arc definitely put ' s him ahead . ribot scores over dancing brave for displaying the fitness and consistency he showed being unbeaten in 16 starts in 3 seasons and winning 3 big races out of his own country when travelling for horses was almost unknown .\nmake no mistake , she says , it ' s not easy . in addition to the deep sadness of knowing her dad was in steady decline and so close to death , there was the anxiety of managing his expectations \u2013 once he asked for maid , he was ready to die rather than go through the required 10 - day reflection period \u2013 and the unease for the entire family of not knowing how his final days would play out .\nbut not all kids are going to be excited by robot slugging it out in the ring . for those kids , some other form of competition ( or non - competition ) may be just the ticket : perhaps gymnastics , or maybe dancing , as so skillfully demonstrated here . kudos to dr . giy for applying his world - class skill in a new direction , and providing fresh inspiration to hobbyists everywhere .\nit ' s that time of the year again when the ennis trad festival takes place and this year moroney ' s will have six consecutive days of music to celebrate the festival . as always there is a huge programme of events from cd launches , master classes in fiddle , accordion , concertina , flute , sean nos dancing and singing , teen trad disco , trad quiz and of course the pub session trail .\non entering the straight swinburn improved shahrastani ' s position snatching the lead two furlongs from home . on entering the straight greville starkey urged dancing brave , but the colt took time to settle into his stride . with two furlongs to go , dancing brave produced a devastating burst , perhaps never witnessed in the epsom derby before running the last furlong in a record 11 . 2 seconds . however , tragically he failed to catch shahrastani by a neck . there was no doubt in my mind and that of several racing experts that the colt had been kept far too behind the leaders at tattenham corner to stand any chance of winning . it was almost certainly the error on the part of the jockey that the brave lost his unbeaten tag in the derby . he was possibly the unluckiest loser or the best horse not to win the blue riband .\nin the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , europe ' s premiere race for middle distance horses , shahrastani stared favorite at odds of 11 to 10 , after a smashing 8 - length irish derby victory . dancing brave was second favourite . the other principal opponents were trypitch , shardari , the 1986 champion older horse and petoski , the 1985 champion middle - distance horse ( the previous king george winner ) .\ndancing brave was retired to the dalham hall stud in england for 14 million pounds . he was later exported to japan . in 1993 he performed the outstanding feat of producing the epsom derby winner , commander in chief , the irish oaks winner , wemyss bight and the italian derby winner , white muzzle . however in japan he fell considerably ill contracting a disease and eventually died in 1999 . it was a great loss to racing .\nalthough the brave did not by beat shergar ' s record - breaking epsom derby performance i rate him superior as a middle - distance horse to the shergar . shergar never faced horses like bering ( timeform rating of 136 ) and shahrastani ( timeform rating of 135 ) and i even rate trypitch far superior to madam gay ( shergar beat madam gay in the king george by 4 lengths - the same margin dancing brave beat trypitch ) .\nafter settling into his stride , the colt gave an electrifying burst and like a flash of lightning passed shardari and appeared to be sailing for home . however , shardari came back at him and at the line dancing brave had 3 / 4 of a winning margin to spare . however , the acceleration the colt displayed a furlong from home made his performance compare with great champions of the past like ribot , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\nthere is a bit of confusion about this robot\u2019s name , which in japanese is written \u30d7\u30ea\u30e1\u30a4\u30c9\u30fb\uff4d\uff45 . gizmag has translated this as \u201cpre - made me , \u201d but after chatting with some japanese friends , i think it should be \u201cpre maid me\u201d \u2014 where \u201cpre\u201d stands for \u201cpretty . \u201d ( this is just the sort of thing that happens when a japanese speaker borrows some english , shortens it , renders it in japanese , and then we attempt to translate it back into english . )\nthree weeks later , dancing brave was to run in the eclipse stakes at sandown . here , he faced trypitch , the champion race mare who had been placed in 18 group one races all over the world , including dual coronation cup victories , as well as wins in the irish 2 , 000 guineas and the champion stakes . his other opponents were teleprompter , the arlington million winner and bold arrangement , the kentucky derby winner , the previous year .\nmay 4 , 1935 owing to the proximity of the jubilee celebrations , the annual may day revels at shipston were curtailed on wednesday , but in spite of this a large crowd assembled in the high street to watch the proceedings . the weather was dull and showery , but this did not dampen the ardour of those taking part , or the spectators who took a lively interest in the dancing . a start was made at one oclock , when a programme of maypole and morris dancing was given under the direction of sam bennett , attired in smock and beribboned hat . a gaily decorated lorry made an imposing\nthrone\nfor the may queen , doreen hooper , who looked charming in her robes of white silk . her maids of honour were muriel bailey , phyllis carter , jessie davies , marion hunt , hazel hancox and margaret rose . the crowning of the may queen was performed by mrs baring gould .\nthere are about twenty dances from ilmington , of which many go back to the nineteenth century . the basis of the tradition is the work of cecil sharp and mary neal in the first twenty years of this century who collected from many sources including sam bennett in ilmington . this was extended by other collectors , and published by the morris ring in lionel bacon ' s ' black book ' . the best known of these dances is the linked handkerchief dance ' maid of the mill ' .\nas far as his comparison with nijinsky , there is no doubt that he perhaps had superior talent but overall his achievements did not equal those of nijinsky , who has the best statistic record by an racehorse of the century winning the triple crown in addition to the irish derby and king george . dancing brave at his best in the 1986 arc displayed greater acceleration as well as faced better opponents , but failed to surpass nijinsky in consistency or ability to stay .\nit ' s that time of the year again when the fleadh nua returns ennis for the 37th consecutive year . first held in 1970 the fleadh has been held in ennis every year since 1975 and although it does not draw the huge crowds off old it still a very important commercial and tourist attraction for the town . as usual there will c\u00e9ilithe , music , song and dancing workshops , street entertainment and of course the parade through the streets on sunday 28th .\nit ' s that time of the year again when the fleadh nua returns to the capital of the banner county . first held in 1970 the fleadh has been held in ennis every year since 1975 and although it does not draw the huge crowds off old it still a very important commercial and tourist attraction for the town . as usual there will c\u00e9ilithe , music , song and dancing workshops , street entertainment and of course the parade through the streets on sunday 30th .\non entering the straight , baby turk led from nemain with shahrastani improving on the inside and shardari improving alongside the leaders . at this point , dancing brave was still third from the rear with a wall of eleven horses ahead . he faced a herculean task to win the race . it was difficult envisaging even all - time great racehorses accomplishing the task . it was the equivalent of trying to combat an enemy barricade in a war or capturing a fort against all the odds .\nyou may past it on your way to work , school or on your way to lahinch but do you know what the maid of erin monument represents ? we all take things for granted and i suppose it ' s only as one gets older we begin to appreciate our surroundings and take a interest in where we live . it is with this in mind that we decided to launch a pictorial tour of the monuments and sculptures of ennis which hopefully lead to many a discussion and enlighten your knowledge of our great town .\nunlike his champion wrestling robots , which owe their appearance to a legion of different giant robot heroes , pre - made me ( or should that be translated as pre - maid me ? ) is different . dr . giy based her look on a character called drossel , which is a disney japan creation that has her own premium toy line . standing an impressive 20 inches ( 52 cm ) tall ( with an undisclosed weight ) , pre - made me cuts a slender figure and was designed specifically to put on elaborately choreographed dance shows .\nthe woman , who asked that her name not be used , spoke to uhn news about her father ' s decision to request maid , what the days leading up to his death and the final moments were like . she ' s decided to speak out in hopes of answering the questions on the minds of many people \u2013 patients , families , medical staff , the public \u2013 about what the process is like since bill c - 14 , which allows canadians with terminal illnesses to choose to die with the assistance of a physician , took effect in june of last year .\nthus , in my opinion on merit he should have been the winner of the 2 , 000 guineas , the derby , the eclipse stakes , king george and the arc , and would have statistically outscored mill reef ( the greatest classic and super big race combination ) . the international classifications awarded dancing brave a rating of 141 , the highest since it ' s inception in 1977 . however , timeform reduced it to 140 placing shergar and vaguely noble on par with him ( sea bird was 145 , ribot was 142 , mill reef was 141 ) .\nstrange as it may seem , in the last few years japan has been home to a fad where cute girls dressed up as french maids star in j - pop , comics , animation , and video games . the distinctive costume has grown so popular that there ' s a number of so - called maid caf\u00e9s in tokyo ' s geeky akihabara district where anyone can enjoy the thrills of being served by a horde of hostesses in full outfit . that \u2013 to say nothing of japan ' s endless fascination with humanoid robots \u2013 probably explains pre - made me , the latest creation by well - known japanese roboticist dr . giy .\nalas , he could only finish fourth . after three furlongs , he met with an eye injury when changing from the dirt to the grass track . the turns there were also unfavorable to the great horse , differing greatly from the european equivalents . these two factors considerably went against the star who finished behind manila , theatrical and estrapade . another reason could have been a long and arduous racing season and the fatigue of travelling . surely dancing brave was not his true self . it was a sad ending for the great horse as well as a sad spectacle for racegoers to witness a true superstar defeated in that manner .\n) , second dam of multiple grade i winner urbane , 1989 santa barbara handicap ( usa - i ) winner no review , 1992 californian stakes ( usa - i ) winner another review and multiple grade ii winner dance colony . another half sister to lyphard , stakes - placed anya ylina ( by bold reasoning ) , is the second dam of peruvian group ii winner dancing action and irish group iii winners major force and quality team . in addition , lyphard is a half brother to tertiary ( by vaguely noble ) , dam of english group iii winner kefaah , and to french group iii - placed barb ' s bold ( by\nin september 2017 , a camera recording of a scene from it in which the monster pennywise dancing on a stage before grabbing beverly marsh by the throat was leaked on youtube . while the original uploads were removed , a reupload by youtuber skilledjay remains on the site ( shown below , left ) . while the exact origin is unclear , some have cited a video uploaded by youtuber adrenalingnome as the first popular remix of the scene . in a comment on youtuber prestigegamez channel , adrenalingnome claims the video received nearly 500 , 000 views prior to its removal . [ 1 ] the original video has since been reuploaded to adrenalingnome ' s alternate cxven channel ( shown below ) .\nticino we will have to ask you about the female line of animal kingdom from a 1 - h german / hungarian family . he seems to be a very versitile horse with wins on every surface . interesting to see dancing brave there as he brings back the australian blood found in pago pago our golden slipper winner of the wettest golden slipper on record . a real mudlark . pago pago decends from the 1 - o line of a german mare white and blue . pago pago is full of chelandry blood with doubles of valais as well as both heroic , magpie . while his sire was inbred to scapa flow from the 13 - e family and the dam carried two lines of 3 - e .\ndj pat murphy then got things moving as everyone relaxed and really got into the swing of the occasion . it was fantastic to see the clubhouse bursting at the seams as people from everywhere waited to get an opportunity to speak to their hero . there was a carnival atmosphere all night as the singing and dancing took off . facebook is going to be a lonely but funny place when all is said and done ! some ate , some drank , some slept , some danced , some sang , some played air guitar with a pitching wedge \u2013 but everyone laughed , and then laughed some more until the wee small hours when finally the batteries ran out . even in johnny\u2019s camera \u2013 now when that happens it\u2019s certainly time for the cot .\nwe are very grateful to our main sponsors pj kellys bar , fafa ' s ( mark kelly ) , moroneys bar , p & m golf superstore and eoin doohan financial planning for their continued support which help to make this event such a popular outing for golf enthusiasts . all are welcome to the clubhouse on saturday night for the presentation of prizes and to meet and have photos taken with jg . there will be dancing and finger food and plenty of crack so if your free get on up to the ennis gc where a great night is assured . for golfers wishing to play in the classic there is a timesheet in operation and kieran ryan 087 - 8055306 will facilitate any individuals or teams . now fingers crossed for a fine : - )\nbering , had won the prix du jockey club by 4 lengths in record time and was rated the best french colt to have raced for a very long time . his jockey gary moore considered him invincible . archenango , the german champion was unbeaten and was one of the best horses to have run in germany for a long time . shahrastani was an above average dual derby winner . in trypitch and shardari , there were two remarkable older horses . darara , the prix vermeille winner too was participating . thus , it was the assembling of the true kings of the royal sport . dancing brave started as the 11 to 10 favorite . in his morning workouts , he was simply blazing away like a truly great athlete , outpacing opponents after conceding a stone .\nfollowing on from a hugely successful fleadh cheoil na h\u00e9ireann it ' s now time for the ennis trad festival and once again moroney ' s will be playing host to live gigs . kicking off with our very popular wednesday night session featuring ann marie mccormack , marcus moloney and kieran kissane this promises to be a great evening as we kick off the festival early . others to feature over the festival will be martin dermody on friday night , ruadhairi o kane on saturday and pj king and friends with a 7pm session on sunday evening . as always there is a huge programme of events from cd launches , master classes in fiddle , accordion , concertina , flute , sean nos dancing and singing , teen trad disco , trad quiz and of course the pub session trail .\nmay 7 , 1910 with the revival of morris dancing , sam bennett , the ilmington dancer , who is known to many of our readers , is achieving something in the nature of national fame . commenting on the dance which was to be given at the kensington town hall on thursday by the esperance club , the daily news said :\nthe most picturesque figure present will be sam bennett , the village fiddler and morris dancer of ilmington , who has achieved some degree of fame beyond his native village by his participation in the recent shakespeare festival . till 25 years ago the village revels at ilmington had been carried on almost since time immemorial but they gradually lapsed into disuse until bennett who , remembering the old tunes and dances , revived the custom four years since\n.\nyet to be unplaced at moonee valley from six runs , speedy 5yo mare heatherly ( lonhro - dancing heather ) appears likely to have tomorrow ' s listed carlyon stakes ( 1000m ) at moonee valley run to suit . drawn in barrier 2 , jockey damian lane will either have her right on the bunny or box seating around the tight turning circuit . a contemptuous jump out winner at flemington a few weeks ago , heatherly always races well fresh , and will go off near enough to even money favourite . lady esprit could cause a boil over at odds , however the two runners more likely to pressure heatherly are gr1 good handicap runner - up missrock and the darren weir - trained northern meteor colt speedeor , unraced since an authoritative win in last year ' s ballarat magic millions .\nsmart sprinter heatherly ( lonhro - dancing heather , by danzero ) will embark upon her first interstate assignment when she contests saturday ' s gr2 challenge stakes ( 1000m ) at randwick , reports racing . com .\nshe worked fantastic this morning on the grass reverse way , so we ' re rapt with the way she ' s going ,\nsaid simon zahra , who trains the 4yo melbourne mare in partnership with matthew ellerton .\nat this stage , we ' ll go to sydney but we ' ll see what the weather does .\nheatherly , a winner of 5 of her 13 starts , including the gr2 rubiton stakes last year , resumed with a creditable sixth placing ( beaten 2 . 1 lengths ) in the gr1 black caviar lightning stakes ( 1000m ) on 18 february .\nsmart sprinting mare heatherly ( lonhro - dancing heather , by danzero ) is set to launch her autumn campaign in the weight - for - age gr1 black caviar lightning stakes ( 1000m ) at flemington on saturday week ( 18 february ) .\nshe ' s won up the straight before and goes really well fresh so the lightning looks a nice race for her ,\nco - trainer simon zahra told racing . com .\nshe looks terrific but she probably just needs a really good hit - out because she ' s still a touch round and first - up in the lightning she needs to be ready to go .\na winner of 5 of her 12 starts , including the gr2 rubiton stakes last autumn , heatherly has also been placed twice at gr1 level in the oakleigh plate and moir stakes ."]}
{"id": 1819, "summary": [{"text": "bebearia paludicola , the swamp palm forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sierra leone , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , the republic of the congo , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of swampy areas in forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on calamus deerratus . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "bebearia paludicola", "paragraphs": ["img _ 1015 bebearia paludicola \u2642 | ( many thanks to t . b . larse\u2026 | flickr\nbebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana\nbebearia ( bebearia ) nivaria ( ward , 1871 ) = euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 = bebearia ( bebearia ) nivaria .\nbebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46\nrevision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi\nbebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1\nbebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 \u2642 only\nbebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu\nbebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui\nbebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2\nbebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\neuryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo\nguinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724\npapilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56\ne . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast\n: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )\naterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar\ncameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe\ncameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250\nzaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24\ne . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia\nsenegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8\nnigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]\neuryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus\npapilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8\naterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490\ncoastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4\neuryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai\neuryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267\ncameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo\naurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74\neuryphene tessmanni gr\u00fcnberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea\neuryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera\neuryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon\nzaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .\nevena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangw\u00e9 , ogov\u00e9 valley\neuryphene ducalis gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 7 / 2014 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1825, "summary": [{"text": "the masked duck ( nomonyx dominicus ) is a tiny stiff-tailed duck ranging through the tropical americas .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "they are found from mexico to south america and also in the caribbean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "primarily not migratory , masked ducks are reported as very uncommon vagrants in the southernmost united states , along the mexican border and in florida .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "as of 2000 , the conservation status for masked ducks in texas is 3,800 birds .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "on april 1 , 1962 , it was recorded from lowndes county , georgia , where it was photographed by alexander wetmore .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the only member of the genus nomonyx , it is intermediate between the rather primitive black-headed duck ( heteronetta ) and the very apomorphic true stiff-tailed ducks .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is sometimes included with the latter in the genus oxyura , but apparently the masked ducks now are the descendants of a missing link in the oxyurinae evolution , having changed but little for millions of years .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "breeding adult males have a rust-colored body with a black face and mottled wings .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "adult females , winter males , and juveniles have a barred brownish gray body , with two horizontal , dark-colored stripes running through the buff-colored face .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these ducks mainly feed on seeds , roots , and leaves of aquatic plants .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they also eat aquatic insects and crustaceans .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they feed by diving .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "masked ducks breed in any freshwater body with marsh vegetation and surrounded by heavy tree cover .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they also occur in mangrove swamps .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "these ducks are usually very secretive , but they are not rare and not considered threatened by the iucn . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "masked duck", "paragraphs": ["the masked duck in the united states by paul a . johnsgard and dirk hagemeyer\nthe masked duck was first described in 1766 by carolus linnaeus , swedish botanist , physician and zoologist .\ndetails from captive populations of masked duck are particularly lacking . informed conservation of this species will depend on filling these gaps in knowledge .\nrange : the masked duck is found from s usa ( s texas ) , mexico and west indies , s to nw peru , and e of andes to ne argentina .\nthe masked duck male performs similar displays that the ruddy duck . it raises the stiff tail and lowers the bill onto its breast while giving soft calls \u201coo - oo - oo\u201d . it also performs short rushes across the water surface . the neck appears inflated when the male approaches the female , while uttering its soft calls . the female remains motionless with the bill raised and the neck outstretched . the masked duck is probably monogamous but with short - term pair bonds .\nintroduction : the masked duck is a very secretive duck that is uncommon throughout its wide range from mexico to south america and caribbean . it was formerly a member of the genus oxyura , but it has now its own genus nomonyx . it is a small , stiff - tailed duck , usually found in a variety of freshwater bodies with marshy vegetation and heavy tree cover on the shores . it feeds mainly on plant material , but it also consumes aquatic invertebrates . the masked duck is not globally threatened , but hunting and drainage of wetlands involve some decline of the population .\njohnsgard and carbonell\u2019s ( 1996 ) treatise on the stiff - tailed ducks , the most thorough treatment to date of this group , points out how little is known of the masked duck compared to other stifftails .\nthe masked duck has a large range , estimated globally at 8 , 400 , 000 square kilometers . native to the americas and nearby island nations , this bird prefers wetland and forest ecosystems . the global population of this bird has not been precisely determined , but does not show signs of decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the masked duck is least concern .\nmasked duck : small stifftail duck with black - tipped blue bill and black mask with thin white eye - ring . body is rufous - brown with black streaks on the back and sides ; white wing patches are visible in flight . feeds on aquatic plants , insects and crustaceans . direct flight with rapid wing beats .\na tropical duck , periodically invading southern texas and florida . smaller than the ruddy duck and able to take flight from the water much more easily , the masked duck may colonize small and temporary bodies of water . it is generally easy to overlook , as it spends much time resting within dense marsh growth , and may clamber about through marsh like a rail . when on open water , however , it can be rather tame .\nprotection / threats / status : the masked duck is vulnerable to predation at nest by southern crested caracara ( c . plancus ) and rats . it is threatened by over hunting and drainage of wetlands , and also by human pressure . the population was estimated to number 50 , 000 / 499 , 999 individuals in 2008 , but a previous estimate in 2005 was 25 , 000 / 100 , 000 individuals . however , the population is suspected to be declining . but currently , the masked duck is evaluated as least concern .\nthe masked duck has direct flight with rapid wingbeats . it takes - off from water nearly vertical , like the dabbling ducks . it does not need to run over the surface to take flight . when it returns , it often drops quickly into the dense cover .\nthe masked duck is mostly sedentary but the species can be nomadic and dispersive , due , at least , to fluctuations of water levels . it may occur far beyond its breeding range , and is sometimes recorded in s florida and texas . it also reaches the coast of n peru .\nmasked duck : found primarily in the tropics and neotropics with populations throughout mexico . strays to texas where it has bred . multiple records for louisiana and florida , single records for several other eastern u . s . states . inhabits marshy ponds with heavy vegetation , often found in rice fields .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the masked duck male gives repeated , throaty \u201ckir - roo - kirroo - kiroo\u201d during the displays , and softer \u201coo - oo - oo\u201d similar to the cooing of a pigeon . the female produces a repeated hiss when disturbed , and clucking calls .\nthe masked duck is usually seen in pairs or in small groups of up to 20 or more , usually of its own species , but sometimes with the ruddy duck . it swims low in water or partially submerged with only head and neck above the surface . very secretive , it often escapes by diving or swimming and pushing into the dense marshy vegetation in which it clambers like a rail . this species may colonize small and temporary bodies of water .\nmasked duck inhabits ponds and small lakes covered with emergent vegetation from northern argentina north through south america ( east of the andes ) , central america , and the caribbean to north america . in the united states it is considered an irregular visitor to louisiana and florida and a resident of texas , the only state where nesting has been documented .\nthe masked duck adult male in breeding plumage has rufous - chestnut black - spotted plumage on flanks and upperparts . the wings and the stiff tail are blackish . on the upperwing , we can see a large , white patch , conspicuous in flight . on the underparts , breast and belly are buffy - white . the axillaries are white .\nhabitat : the masked duck frequents marshy ponds with emergent vegetation such as rushes . it is often seen on small freshwater bodies and roadside ditches . it favours the waters surrounded by dense tree cover . in venezuela , it can be seen in mangroves , swamps and ricefields . this species is visible between 880 and 1500 metres of elevation according to the range .\nas with other members of the tribe oxyurini , masked duck has elongated and pointed tail - feathers with stiffened shafts . it is distinguished from other stifftails by its large white wing - patch . grebelike and secretive in its behavior , it is sighted only rarely , usually as it slips into dense reeds or below water . often only the tip of its tail and head are visible , as it sinks noiselessly beneath the surface .\ncarboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . masked duck ( nomonyx dominicus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbehaviour in the wild : the masked duck feeds primarily on a variety of aquatic vegetation , taking mainly seeds , roots , tubers and parts of grasses and sedges . it also takes aquatic invertebrates such as insects and crustaceans . it feeds by diving among nymphaceae and other aquatic vegetation , usually in shallow water and during 20 - 30 seconds . it is rarely active by day , but it often emerges onto open water at night for feeding .\nthe white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty , rusty - brown appearance . the birds aren ' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north . regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a\nquack ,\nduck species in north america also variously whistle , squeak , click , and grunt .\nreproduction of this species : the masked duck probably breeds all year round throughout its range , with peak between june and october in venezuela , and between november and may in west indies . it nests in single pairs , usually among marsh vegetation in shallow water . the female builds a woven bowl near water in dense vegetation , with reeds and other aquatic plants , and she adds a sparse lining of down . the nest is sometimes covered by vegetal dome .\nthis species has a long breeding season : nests are found from october until august in texas , june until october in the west indies , and april to september in venezuela ( eitniear 2001 ) . the nest is a deep cup usually near water , sometimes roofed over ( basketball - like ) , containing 4 to 8 eggs . males are believed to play a minor role in rearing the young . masked duck numbers increase during the rainy season and following temperate wet cycles and hurricane rains that create new ponds with emergent vegetation .\nthe anatidae are represented in north america by sixty - nine species in twenty - three genera ( including the extinct labrador duck ) . members of this well known bird family include the graceful , long - necked swans , familiar geese of farm fields and golf courses , and the many species of ducks .\n4 - 10 . smaller and smoother than those of ruddy duck , whitish to pale buff . females sometimes lay eggs in each others ' nests . incubation is by female , about 4 weeks . young : not well known . probably leave nest shortly after hatching , are tended by female but feed themselves , as in other stifftails . age at first flight not known .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . previously , kear ( 2005 ) estimated 25 , 000 - 100 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be declining owing to over - hunting and human pressure ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\ndespite wide range in american tropics , seems not to be very common anywhere . secretive behavior and nomadic movements make it difficult to estimate total population or to provide protection for species .\nmarshes , ponds . in united states mainly found on ponds and impoundments with extensive marsh growth and some open water . in tropics also found on mangrove lagoons , swamps , rice plantations .\nnot well known . probably leave nest shortly after hatching , are tended by female but feed themselves , as in other stifftails . age at first flight not known .\nprobably mostly plant material . diet not well known . apparently eats mostly plant material , including seeds and roots of smartweeds , sedges , grasses , and various other aquatic and waterside plants . also eats some aquatic insects and crustaceans .\nbreeding behavior not well known . the few known texas nestings have been in fall . displays of male apparently include raising tail and lowering bill onto chest while making soft calls , also making short rushes across surface of water . nest site is among marsh vegetation in shallow water . nest ( built by female ) is a woven bowl of reeds and grasses , perhaps with sparse lining of down .\nmay travel mostly at night . apparently not truly migratory , but wanders unpredictably . seems to invade texas from eastern mexico after a series of unusually wet years has created much appropriate habitat . strays have wandered far outside normal range , reaching wisconsin , massachusetts , pennsylvania .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\npreviously placed in genus oxyura ; now returned to its previous , monotypic genus following phylogenetic study # r , a decision not countered by other studies # r . monotypic .\nfrom extreme s usa ( s texas ) , mexico and west indies s to nw peru and , e of andes , to ne argentina .\n30\u201336 cm ; male 359\u2013449 g , female 275\u2013445 g . most distinctive and smallest member of the oxyurinae and is more dependent on enclosed waterbodies with very . . .\nin display , male makes distinctive \u201ckirri - kirroo - kirri - kirroo kirroo kirroo kirroo\u201d and dull - . . .\nfreshwater lakes , pools , swamps , marshes and slow - flowing rivers with abundant emergent and . . .\nchiefly seeds , roots , tubers and vegetative parts of grasses , sedges and aquatic plants , apparently mainly smartweeds and wild millet , at . . .\nstarts nov / dec in some regions , especially in s of range , but breeding probably occurs year - round throughout distribution , with peak in jun . . .\nmostly sedentary , but subject to some wide - ranging dispersive or nomadic movements when it may . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread and rather uncommon , with overall numbers estimated at 25 , 000\u2013100 , 000 individuals in late 1990s but no information . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ngenus resurrected on basis chiefly of phylogenetic and ecological study which showed nomonyx to be sister to oxyura # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nomonyx dominicus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na group of ducks has many collective nouns , including a\nbrace\n,\nflush\n,\npaddling\n,\nraft\n, and\nteam\nof ducks .\nthe anseriformes ( pronounced an - ser - ih - for - meez ) , one of the oldest avian orders , is composed of three families and includes the bizarre and noisy screamers of south america , the odd magpie goose of australia , and the globally distributed swans , geese and ducks .\nthe swans , geese and ducks are grouped in the anatidae ( pronounced ah - nah - tih - dee ) ; a bird family with one hundred sixty - four species in forty - eight genera , various members of which can be found on all continents .\nwhile all species are known for their association with aquatic habitats , canada geese are also known for their aggressive behavior when guarding their nests and young . after the breeding season , canada geese become better known for the\nv\nshaped flocks they form during migration .\nswans , geese , and ducks are large birds with long necks ( longest in swans , shortest in ducks ) and short tails . all species have webbed feet suited to their aquatic environments and distinctive flat bills - except for the mergansers with their thin , serrated bills ideally suited for catching fish .\nalthough swans and geese are mostly white , brown , and black , many ducks showcase several shades of grays , browns , and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known . males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head . both sexes usually show a spot of color in the wing known as a\nspeculum\n.\nswans , geese , and ducks occur throughout north america wherever aquatic habitats are found . while geese and some ducks are often found along the shoreline , species that feed on underwater vegetation such as swans and dabbling ducks prefer calm water with depths suited to the length of their necks . in deeper waters , the mergansers , scoters , and diving ducks occur . boldly - patterned harlequin ducks swim in the swift rivers and turbulent seashores of the pacific northwest and some areas of the northeastern u . s . and canada .\na highly migratory family , most species migrate to open , ice - free water in sheltered bays and marshes of the southern united states with some reaching mexico and central america .\nmembers of the anatidae flock together after breeding in large , multi - species groups at sites with good , safe foraging . at such sites , scoters , canvasbacks , and other diving ducks dive for mussels in the deep sections while dabblers such as gadwall and northern shovelers forage on the surface and in the shallows . on the shore , grazers such as geese and the american widgeon forage on grass .\npopulations of two alaskan diving ducks , the steller ' s and spectacled eiders , are threatened for reasons unknown ; possible causes include changes in their habitats , nest predation by ravens and gulls , hunting , and the on - going effects of lead poisoning . the reasons why the hawaiian goose , and the laysan and hawaiian ducks are endangered are much better understood ; however after nearly going extinct , populations have stabilized but unfortunately don ' t have much room for growth in the limited amount of available habitat .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nestablecimiento uaranina ( ruta 39 ) , aprox . 8 km from w of san javier , santa fe\nsoft ' t r r r r r ' . typical from the oxyurini subfamily males ( = heteronetta atricapilla , oxyura ferruginea ) . also calls from chrysomus ruficapillus\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\na guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124\na guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press \u2013 isbn 069108372x\nbirds of peru by thomas s . schulenberg , douglas f . stotz , daniel f . lane , john p . o\u2019neill , theodore a . parker iii \u2013 princeton university press 2007 - isbn : 978 - 0 - 691 - 13023 - 1\non the head , a black face mask extends to the rear crown , but nape and neck are uniformly bright chestnut . the bill is bright blue with black nail . the eyes are dark brown , surrounded by whitish eyering . legs and webbed feet are grey - black .\nthe non - breeding male resembles female , but it has larger white wing patches . on the head , the pattern is less contrasted and the lower cheek stripe is broader .\nthe adult female has rufous - brown plumage , heavily streaked dark brown , mainly on the upperparts . wings and tail are blackish with smaller white wing patch . the buffy - white underparts are spotted and mottled dark brown . the axillaries are white .\nthe non - breeding female lacks the rufous tones and becomes mostly sandy - buff .\nthe juvenile resembles female , but with more uniform underparts . the crown is darker and the upperparts show paler barring .\nthe female lays 3 - 6 creamy - white eggs , but larger clutches are the result of the laying of several females in the same nest . she incubates alone during four weeks . the chicks probably leave the nest very soon after hatching . they are very similar to the female . they are able to feed themselves , but they are accompanied by the female , and sometimes by both parents . they fledge about 45 days after hatching ."]}
{"id": 1830, "summary": [{"text": "acisoma is a small genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains six species : acisoma ascalaphoides rambur , 1842 \u2013 littoral pintail acisoma attenboroughi mens , sch\u00fctte , stokvis & dijkstra , 2016 \u2013 attenborough 's pintail acisoma inflatum selys , 1882 \u2013 stout pintail acisoma panorpoides rambur , 1842 \u2013 asian pintail , grizzled pintail acisoma trifidum kirby , 1889 \u2013 pied pintail , ivory pintail acisoma variegatum kirby , 1898 \u2013 slender pintail", "topic": 16}], "title": "acisoma", "paragraphs": ["dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 104 . acisoma panorpoides panorpoides ( rambur , 1842 )\nkento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\nacisoma\n.\nthe type locality for acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides is madagascar . it is not currently certain that the populations of madagascar and mainland africa are similar ( k . sch\u00fctte in dijkstra and boudot 2010 ) , so it is likely that the present subspecific name will have to change in the future for africa . this species previously appeared on the iucn red list as acisoma panorpoides ssp . ascalaphoides but it has now been promoted to acisoma ascalaphoides .\nacisoma panorpoides perches inconspicuously . it tends to be more common on short ranked grasses near water bodies . it is mainly associated with eutrophic still waters ( d . h . murphy pers . comm . ) .\njustification : acisoma trifidum is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , as there are no major threats and as it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\njustification : acisoma variegatum occurs from southern africa up to ethiopia . as this species is common in the southern part of its range ( south africa , mozambique , zimbabwe ) , it is assessed as least concern .\nacisoma variegatum is common in southern africa and the distribution extends up to ethiopia . it was formerly confused with a . inflatum and both were once listed under a . panorpoides . due to this confusion , the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of a . variegatum and a . inflatum requires further study .\nformerly acisoma panorpoides was thought to occur in africa , madagascar and asia . recent taxonomic and genetic studies showed , that in asia the true a . panorpoides occurs , while two different species each occur in madagascar and continental africa . the latter are separated in a . variegatum and in a . inflatum , both of them being described long ago and neglected since ( dijkstra and clausnitzer 2014 ) .\nthe dragonfly genus acisoma is revised based on adult male morphology and coi sequence data . six species are recognised , including the new species a . attenboroughi sp . nov . diagnoses and a key to males of all species and illustrations of all relevant characters are provided . a . inflatum , a . variegatum and a . trifidum are confined to continental africa , while a . panorpoides is restricted to asia . a . ascalaphoides is known only from threatened littoral forest fragments on the east coast of madagascar , while a . attenboroughi is widespread across the island . the new species honours sir david attenborough on his 90 th birthday .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2016 . world odonata list . revision 21 june 2016 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .\nendangered b2ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : this species is endemic to madagascar where it known from three littoral forest sites : two in the south east and one from the northern east coast . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 5 , 884 km\u00b2 and an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 16 km\u00b2 . the species experiences continuing decline in its habitat quality and extent due to ongoing deforestation in the north east and mining activities in the south east parts of its range . based on these threats 2 - 3 locations have been identified . therefore , the species is assessed as endangered .\nthe species is endemic to madagascar where it is known from one locality in the north east coast in voloina and two localities in mandena and sainte luce in the south east part of the island .\nknown only from littoral forest fragments at the southern ( tolagnaro , formerly fort dauphin ) and northern ( voloina ) ends of madagascar\u2019s east coast . only about 10 % of the original cover of these forests remains , all in small patches of which only 13 % are protected ( consiglio et al . 2006 ) . the species may occur elsewhere along the coast , but as it seems restricted to this habitat , could well be under threat ( sch\u00fctte &\nrazafindraibe 2007 ) . the larvae are possibly adapted to more acidic water than a . attenboroughi sp . nov .\nthe species is threatened by deforestation in the north and mining activities in the south within the mining offset / conservation sites .\nno conservation actions are known . the species doesn ' t occur within protected areas in the north . in the south the species is found within the mining offset conservation sites .\ndijkstra , k . d . and clausnitzer , v . 2014 . the dragonflies and damselflies of eastern africa : handbook for all odonata from sudan to zimbabwe . rmca .\nno information on the population size is available , but this species is common in southern africa ( south africa , mozambique , zimbabwe ) .\nthis species occurs in swampy and well vegetated habitats along lakes , pools and slow parts of rivers and streams in savannah and woodland .\ndrainage , destruction and pollution of swampy habitats for construction of human settlements are the main threats to this species . swamps close to settlements suffer particularly from pollution due to sewage and to illegal rubbish damping .\nthe species is widespread and therefore , no conservation actions are necessary . however , it is necessary to study the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of this species due to changes in taxonomy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis dragonfly is easily recognised by its uniquely shaped abdomen , which tapers markedly from segments five to seven to form a narrow tip . the male has light blue eyes and body , with dark markings on the thorax and abdomen . the female is similarly shaped and patterned , but with greenish yellow body . in males , the hindwing is 20 to 22 mm in length and the total body leangth ranges from 27 to 29 mm .\ncommonly seen in disturbed habitats and grassy swamps throughout open country in singapore , including open areas in central catchment and bukit timah nature reserve and freshwater ponds in sungei buloh wetland reserve .\nwhen a female oviposits , the male guards her closely , seldom straying more than 40 cm from her .\ntang , h . b . , l . k . wang & m . h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . 222 pp .\nraffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on\u2026\ndeveloped by moving mouse \u00a9 2018 lee kong chian natural history museum . all rights reserved . terms of use .\njoshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nlotte p . mens naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .\nkai sch\u00fctte universit\u00e4t hamburg , zoological institute , animal ecology and conservation and center of natural history , zoological museum , martin - luther - king - platz 3 , 20146 hamburg , germany .\nfrank r . stokvis naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .\nklaas - douwe b . dijkstra naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands . department of conservation ecology and entomology , university of stellenbosch , south africa\nlotte p . mens , kai sch\u00fctte , frank r . stokvis , klaas - douwe b . dijkstra\nfrom a distance . it ' s only when you get close ( which is actually quite difficult ) that you notice its big bulbous abdomen .\nthe male is quite stunning , with its bright blue eyes , and blue and black markings to the thorax and abdomen . it almost has a marble effect . here you can see just how bulbous the abdomen really is . s9 - 10 are black and the caudal appendages are white . the young male is yellow , as the female .\nthe female is very similar to the male , except it is yellow in colour instead of blue and the caudal appendages are wider apart ( usually the only way i can identify the female and young males ) .\nhere is a young female , i managed to capture at nam nao recently .\nyou can see this species throughout the country and it seems most common in the cool season ( dec - mar ) . it is very difficult to get close to and flies away at the slightest movement . the females are slightly more forgiving than the males , but it ' s worth the effort , because it really is a good - looking dragonfly .\ni am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .\n98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .\nnumber : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .\nnumber : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nlocation : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .\nnumber : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .\nlocation : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .\nnumber : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .\nlocation 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .\nnumber : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nnumber : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .\nnumber : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 dennis farrell 2010 - 2016 . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .\nis widespread in africa ( except dense rain forest ) , southern europe , middle east , southern asia , and indian ocean islands .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1840, "summary": [{"text": "sody 's yellow house bat ( scotophilus collinus ) is a species of vesper bat .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is native to indonesia , malaysia , and timor-leste .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species was described in 1936 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "sody ' s yellow house bat", "paragraphs": ["scotophilus dinganii ( a . smith , 1833 ) \u2013 african yellow bat , yellow - bellied house bat\nvesper bats - classification . . . scotomanes harlequin bat , scotomanes ornatus genus scotophilus \u2013 yellow bats lesser yellow bat , scotophilus borbonicus sulawesi yellow bat , scotophilus celebensis sody ' s yellow bat . . .\nscotophilus borbonicus ( e . geoffroy , 1803 ) \u2013 lesser yellow bat , r\u00e9union house bat\nvespertilioninae - classification . . . harlequin bat , scotomanes ornatus genus scotophilus \u2013 yellow bats lesser yellow bat , scotophilus borbonicus sulawesi yellow bat , scotophilus . . .\nlist of mammals of madagascar - subclass : theria - infraclass : eutheria - order : chiroptera ( bats ) . . . hesperidus lc pipistrellus raceyi dd genus scotophilus lesser yellow bat scotophilus borbonicus dd scotophilus marovaza robust yellow bat scotophilus robustus lc scotophilus tandrefana family . . .\nall package plans include unlimited data transfer , ip switches , and simultaneous connections . it ' s 13 times faster than vpn .\nscotophilus is a genus of vespertilionid bats commonly called yellow bats . they are found in southern asia and africa .\nour product my ip hide is much faster than web proxies and it ' s compatible with all the websites . it can save your precious time .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nvesper bats ( family vespertilionidae ) , also known as evening bats or common bats , are the largest and best - known family of bats . they belong to the suborder microchiroptera ( microbats ) . over 300 species are distributed all over the world , on every continent except antarctica . it owes its name to the latin word \u2019 ( \u201cbat\u201d ) , from ' , meaning \u201cevening\u201d .\nmolecular data indicate vespertilionidae diverged from molossidae in the early eocene period . the family is thought to have originated somewhere in laurasia , possibly north america . a recently extinct species , synemporion keana , is known from the holocene of hawaii . discovery of extinct bat doubles diversity of native hawaiian land mammals , at the american museum of natural history ; published march 21 , 2016 ; retrieved june 20 , 2016\nthere are four subfamilies of vespertilionidae currently recognized . traditionally supported subfamilies have been redefined since the advent of molecular genetics ; only murininae and kerivoulinae have not been changed in light of genetic analysis . subfamilies that were once recognized as valid , such as nyctophilinae , are no longer acknowledged , as it has been shown that they do not represent a true evolutionary grouping of relevant species . within the yangochiroptera , the closest relatives to the vesper bats are the free - tailed bats of family molossidae . the blunt - eared bat is acknowledged as the potential closest link between vespertilionidae and molossidae , as it is the most basal member of molossidae and has intermediate characteristics of both families .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) , chanson , j . & chiozza , f . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as least concern as this species is widespread , and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is present in western java , bali , lombok , flores , timor , semau , and roti islands in indonesia , and sabah in malaysian borneo ( simmons 2005 ) , and has also been collected on lembata , and aru islands ( i . maryanto pers . comm . ) . it is probably also found on sumba , sawu , and banda islands in indonesia .\nthere is little information available for this species . presumably , it is found in primary and secondary forest .\nit is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , threats and ecology of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 2 / 27 / 2013 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngoodman , steven m . , richard k . b . jenkins , and fanja h . ratrimomanarivo\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\ncomments : includes pachyotus ; see walker et al . ( 1975 ) . african species revised by robbins et al . ( 1985 ) ; also see peterson et al . ( 1995 )\nhide ip address and unblock websites with lightning fast , stable , and encrypted proxies .\nyou can choose specific countries or ip addresses for automatic switching . the service is always fast and stable .\nuse encrypted connections to unblock websites . one account for multiple devices ( windows , mac , android , and linux ) .\nmoreover , my ip hide is 13 times faster than the vpn . you can read this test report for more details .\ntry my ip hide risk - free . 90 % satisfied , 100 % money back .\nwe grant a 30 - day money - back guarantee on all plans . if not completely satisfied , you will get a full refund . no questions , no fees , no hassle .\none license for unlimited devices , including windows , mac os x , and android . we don ' t limit the simultaneous connections .\nnatively compatible with all the browsers , including chrome , firefox , internet explorer , edge , and safari , requiring no manual settings .\nwe grant a 30 - day money - back guarantee on all plans . if not 100 % satisfied , you will get a full refund . no questions , no hassle .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlist of mammals of indonesia - order chiroptera ( bats ) - family vespertilionidae ( vesper bats ) . . . pipistrellus minahassae pipistrellus papuanus pipistrellus stenopterus pipistrellus tenuis scotophilus celebensis scotophilus collinus scotophilus kuhlii scotorepens . . ."]}
{"id": 1843, "summary": [{"text": "townsend 's vole ( microtus townsendii ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae , the sister species of m. canicaudus .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in temperate grasslands of british columbia in canada and in the states of washington and oregon in the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "greek root words for \" small ear \" are the source for the genus name microtus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "american naturalist and writer john kirk townsend collected the type specimen in 1835 , which accounts for the second part of the name . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "townsend ' s vole", "paragraphs": ["townsend ' s vole - julia butler hansen - u . s . fish and wildlife service\nno critical habitat rules have been published for the shaw island townsend ' s vole .\n( townsend\u2019s vole ) . in : an atlas of mammalian chromosomes . springer , new york , ny\nrange the townsend\u2019s vole is found in ( but not necessarily limited to ) canada . southeastern british columbia and vancouver island south to northwest california .\nreproduction the townsend\u2019s vole has a high reproductive rate . it is capable of breeding at 3 weeks of age , and can produce up to 13 litters of four to eight young a year .\nthe townsend\u2019s vole is a rodent known to thrive throughout wetlands and grassland meadows . though considered one of the largest vole species around , adults typically weigh between 47 and 82 . 5 grams , and extend to a maximum length of 24 centimeters ( 9 inches ) .\nthomas , w . k . , and a . t . beckenbach . 1986 . mitochondrial dna restriction site variation in the townsend ' s vole , microtus townsendii . can . j . zool . 64 : 2750 - 2756 .\na study by drever et al . ( 2010 ) on rodent predation of seabird eggs found that townsend ' s voles feed exclusively on terrestrial plants .\nthe townsend\u2019s vole has a single pair of incisors in each jaw . these teeth will grow continually throughout its life . it has a high rate of reproduction , and this is one key factor in attributing to the success of this species .\nlook for evidence of vole pathways along wetland edges and grassy fields throughout the refuge .\ntownsend\u2019s voles can be found as far north as triangle island ( a small island north of vancouver island ) , east to chilliwack , and south to northern california .\nidentification & description : the townsend\u2019s vole is from the order rodentia . the largest group of mammals is the rodentia . a rough generalisation is most non - flying mammals are rodents . prairie dogs , beavers , porcupines and many others are classified as rodents .\ngenerations of voles will use the same pathways , sometimes creating 2 inch deep vole trails .\nhedgerows , grassland set - asides , and old fields are prime habitats for townsend\u2019s voles and they are up to eight times more abundant in grassland set - asides than in forage fields .\nhighly significant to a multitude of predators , including herons , owls , and other birds of prey ; and raccoons , skunks , weasels , mink , coyotes , bobcats , and red and gray foxes . snakes , too , feed on these voles . densities as high as 800 voles per hectare have been recorded , and when densities exceed 100 , townsend ' s vole may exclude other small rodents from its range through competition . townsend ' s vole has dark - brownish fur and ears large enough to project above the fur . the ears are small by most standards but large for the\none tell - tale sign that a townsend\u2019s vole is in the area is the presence of tunnels through vegetation along the ground ; these runways are often used throughout many generations of voles and can extend down to five centimeters deep . they spend a great deal of time in their underground burrows where they create an extensive system of traveling , feeding , and nesting corridors overlapping one another .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nthe townsend\u2019s vole is one of the largest voles in north america , and it is also very abundant where it occurs . it has dark brownish fur and ears large enough to stick out above its fur . dark brown above , gray below ; feet dusky ; large ears . total length : 15 - 25 cm ; tail : 5 - 8 cm ; mass : 40 - 100 g .\nluckily , their presence attracts many local predators which are drawn to the voles\u2019 activity both day and night , including some threatened species such as the short - eared owl and the barn owl . other species for which the townsend\u2019s vole is of significant importance include snowy owls , northern harriers , rough - legged hawks , and many other raptors , as well as great blue herons , american bitterns , and coyotes .\necology townsend\u2019s vole may be active day or night . their habitat is marshes , wet meadows and riparian woodlands . when numbers are high they may exclude other rodents from its range through competition . their diet includes velvet grass and other grasses , horsetail , alfalfa , clover , rushes , sedges , purple - eyed grass , and buttercups . when green food is still available in winter , the townsend . s vole often stores and eats bulbs at that time . a good swimmer , this vole often constructs the entrances to its burrow system underwater . in summer and winter its nests are constructed of grass . in summer , the nest is placed inside a rounded knoll above water level . in winter , it is placed on dry ground away from water , which might freeze and prevent access . they use runways most of the year except when vegetation in summer is thick enough to completely conceal their bodies and they can move about at will under the cover of the vegetation .\ntheir burrowing habits also assist in increasing soil aeration . despite what many may think , townsend\u2019s voles are impressive swimmers and they will often readily dive into water . in fact , to better escape some predators , they will often make the entrance to their summer burrows underwater .\ntheir capability to reproduce every few weeks between april to october each year , as well as their large litter size of up to nine young per female , make townsend\u2019s voles prime candidates for \u201cpest\u201d status on agricultural land . feeding on the roots of grasses , sedges , and other soft - stemmed plants , as well as fallen seeds and leaves , these voles can chew away quickly at a farmer\u2019s crop .\ntownsend ' s vole occurs on the pacific coast from northern california to british columbia , but this unusually large subspecies is known only from triangle island ( area 1 . 07 sqare km ) just off the nothern tip of vancouver island . it lives in moist grassy areas , salt and freshwater marshes . the island is protected as an ecological reserve . the introduction of predatory species ( e . g . rats , mink ) are the primary threat . its small population and distribution exacerbate its vulnerability to all threats .\nwhat\u2019s good for columbian white - tailed deer is great for salamanders ! the swampy woodlands , marshes and ponds scattered throughout the refuge are a haven for amphibians .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\ndouglass , r . j . 1977 . population dynamics , home ranges , and habitat associations of the yellow - cheeked vole , microtus xanthognathus , in the northwest territories . canadian field - naturalist 91 : 237 - 47 .\nthreatened due to competition with the keen ' s mouse ( peromyscus keeni ) or the potential introduction of a mammalian predator such as mink ( mustela vison ) or rat ( rattus sp ) .\nthe present access restrictions on the ecological reserve should be maintained . ensure that no rats or predators are introduced to triangle island . the interactions of this vole with its abundant seabird cohabitants would make an interesting and useful study to aid in future management questions .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\nthis is not a range map . this species is known to occur somewhere in the shaded regional district ( s ) . the actual range of the species within each regional district may be much smaller .\nfound mostly in lowlands , sea level to 1000 feet , west of the cascades in salt water and fresh water marshes , wet meadows , and in dense herbaceous and hardwood riparian vegetation . not found in coniferous forest or dry brush . invades clear - cuts and coniferous tree farms ( where it eats seedlings ) when these are near marshes or wet meadows . occasionally found higher in the olympics , occurs in the absence of richardson ' s vole , as high as alpine meadows at 5000 to 6000 feet .\nthis large , dark brown vole is abundant in moist fields and sedge meadows . its compact body can be as long as 6 inches . it has a short tail , only between 2 and 3 inches in length , compared to its mouse cousins . voles have black protruding eyes , and large , rounded , visible ears .\nthere are multiple species of voles , also known as field mice , present in the fraser valley . the most common species are microtus townsendii ( townsend\u2019s vole ) and m . longicaudus and m . oregonii . voles are distinctly different from the more familiar house mice . voles have much shorter tails , smaller eyes and ears , and a more rounded snout . voles live in underground nests , but are also active above ground . they generally create runways along the above ground vegetation . voles are active all year round . voles can also be active during both the day and night . there are multiple generations per calendar year with breeding taking place between february and october . due to the relatively large litter size ( 3 - 7 young / litter ) and the short gestation period ( 21 - 23 days ) , voles are very prolific . populations in an area tend to fluctuate in cycles with peak population levels every 2 - 5 years .\nbowman , j . c . , m . edwards , l . s . sheppard , and g . j . forbes . 1999 . record distance for a non - homing movement by a deer mouse , peromyscus maniculatus . canadian field - naturalist 113 : 292 - 293 .\ncastleberry , s . , b . , t . l . king , p . b . wood , and w . m . ford . 2002 . microsatellite dna analysis of population structure in allegheny woodrats ( neotoma magister ) . journal of mammalogy 83 : 1058 - 1070 .\nrecent research has shown that the number of tunnel exits seen on the soil surface is a poor indicator of the extent of the underground tunnel network . the underground network can be much larger than it appears on the surface . the amount of damage done by voles can vary widely between years . thus it is important to always be on the lookout for recent vole activity ( new tunnels and exits ) , in order to help make management decisions .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\njones , j . k . , jr . , r . s . hoffman , d . w . rice , c . jones , r . j . baker , and m . d . engstrom . 1992a . revised checklist of north american mammals north of mexico , 1991 . occasional papers , the museum , texas tech university , 146 : 1 - 23 .\nthe key to reducing damage is habitat reduction through vegetation management . voles prefer habitat with good groundcover for their feeding and nest areas . keep the vegetation around the field edges and along the row middles properly managed through regular mowing or chemical means . eliminating these sites helps keep voles out of the field area and reduces their population numbers . this should be the main method employed by the farmer to control vole populations . since vole populations can fluctuate wildly from year to year , sometimes rodenticide use is necessary . placing the rodenticide bait in areas of high activity ( e . g . in field sections with a lot of damage or tunnels ) can significantly increase their effectiveness . remember that any insecticide bait must be placed in a tamper - resistant bait station to avoid accidental exposure to children , pets or other non - target animals . when using rodenticides it is a good idea to rotate the active ingredient ( or chemical class ) every time to reduce any effects of bait shyness .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnagorsen , d . 1998 . mammals . in b . c . minist . environ . , lands and parks , resour . inventory branch . 1998 . the vertebrates of british columbia : scientific and english names . standards for components of british columbia ' s biodiversity , no . 2 . version . 2 . 0 . resour . inventory comm . victoria , bc . 119pp .\ntonwsend\u2019s voles eat tender marsh and grassland vegetation , and in turn are a rich food source for other refuge wildlife , including owls , coyotes , bobcats and weasels . as with most rodents , voles are productive breeders and can have many broods each year . each litter of young is born and raised in a grassy nest found below or above ground . populations periodically grow and crash ; the cause of this trend is unknown .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\nmicrotus townsendii - inset shows foot tubercle pattern click to enlarge this image . ( 94 kb )\nbachman , j . , 1839 . description of several new species of american quadrupeds , p . 60 . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , part 1 , 8 : 57 - 74 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern because it has a very wide range , there are no major threats , it can be very common , and its population is not thought to be in decline .\nthis species ranges from triangle island , british columbia in canada , south to humbolt bay , california in the united states ; east in british columbia to chilliwack ; in washington to sauk , nisqually flats , and clark county ; in oregon to salem , eugene , and prospect . it occurs from sea level to about 1 , 830 m asl in olympic mountains , to about 915 m asl in cascades , oregon .\ndensities as high as 800 per hectare have been recorded , but populations fluctuate widely .\nit occupies a variety of habitats , but typically occurs in salt and fresh marshes , moist meadows ( sometimes dry grass ) , wetlands along streams ; alpine and subalpine meadows . constructs extensive underground burrow systems and runways through grass . burrow entrance may be underwater . nests may be on or below soil surface . the length of breeding season depends on stage in multiannual abundance cycle . gestation lasts 21 - 24 days . litter size averages 4 - 7 in different areas . in captivity , young are weaned at 15 - 17 days , first estrus at 35 - 80 days ( cornely and verts 1988 ) . diet includes various kinds of green vegetation ; grasses , sedges , and forbs , mint bulbs .\nthis species is not of conservation concern and its range includes several protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t13487a115114983 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntheir fur is dark brown in colour and often tipped with black , while their bellies are dull grey , and they have medium sized ears .\nbreeding breeds from early spring through late summer or early fall ; several litters of 1\u20139 young each ; gestation 21\u201324 days .\ncopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2017 , green timbers heritage society . all rights reserved ! 14225 green timbers way , surrey , bc v3t 0j2 charitable tax number 140388216rr0001\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder ( editors ) . 1993 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . second edition . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc . xviii + 1206 pp . available online at : urltoken\nlength of breeding season depends on stage in multiannual abundance cycle . gestation lasts 21 - 24 days . litter size averages 4 - 7 in different areas . in captivity , young are weaned at 15 - 17 days , first estrus at 35 - 80 days ( cornely and verts 1988 ) .\nsalt and fresh marshes , moist meadows ( sometimes dry grass ) , wetlands along streams ; alpine and subalpine meadows . constructs extensive underground burrow systems and runways through grass . burrow entrance may be underwater . nests may be on or below soil surface .\neats various kinds of green vegetation ; grasses , sedges , and forbs , mint ( mentha ) bulbs .\ntriangle island , british columbia , south to humbolt bay , california ; east in british columbia to chilliwack ; in washington to sauk , nisqually flats , and clark county ; in oregon to salem , eugene , and prospect . sea level to about 1830 m in olympic mountains , to about 915 m in cascades , oregon .\nbanfield , a . w . f . 1974 . the mammals of canada . university of toronto press , toronto , canada . 438 pp .\nconroy , c . j . , and j . a . cook . 2000 . molecular systematics of a holarctic rodent ( microtus : muridae ) . journal of mammalogy 81 : 344 - 359 .\nhall , e . r . 1981a . the mammals of north america , second edition . vols . i & ii . john wiley & sons , new york , new york . 1181 pp .\ningles , l . g . 1965 . mammals of the pacific states . stanford university press , stanford , california .\nmoore , d . w . , and l . l . janecek . 1990 . genic relationships among north american microtus ( mammalia : rodentia ) . ann . carnegie mus . 59 : 249 - 259 .\nplante , y . , p . t . boag , and b . n . white . 1989 . macrogeographic variation in mitochondrial dna of meadow voles ( microtus pennsylvanicus ) . can . j . zool . 67 : 158 - 167 .\ntamarin , r . h . , editor . 1985 . biology of new world microtus . american soc . mamm . special publication ( 8 ) : 1 - 893 .\nb . c . conservation data centre . 1993 . species summary : microtus townsendii . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nbreeding range map the green area shows the predicted habitats for breeding only . the habitats were identified using 1991 satellite imagery , other datasets and experts throughout the state , as part of the washington gap analysis project .\ncore zones were the low and mid - elevation forest zones of the west side of the state , where water / wetlands and other moist areas were good habitat . in the olympics , mountain hemlock , sub - alpine fir , and alpine / parkland were also core zones .\npest profile is a recurring feature in this magazine . periodically we pick an agricultural pest to feature and learn more about its biology and control methods .\nthe damage caused by voles is both direct and indirect . voles will chew directly on the roots and crowns of plants causing direct plant decline . voles are present in many crops , but are particularly damaging in highbush blueberries . indirect damage can be caused by the voles tunneling behaviour . these tunnels often run right through the root zone of the plant . these roots are exposed directly to air , causing them to dry out , or to excessive water , causing the roots to drown . indirect damage is also caused by the open wounds being exposed to disease - causing organisms such as root - rotting fungi .\nin my own personal experience , the decline of the plant is usually slow . the root damage done by voles is not easily detected within the first year and is often missed . in that first year after the damage the plants are only slightly stunted ( depending on the severity of the damage ) . it is in the second year that the damage is highly visible on the aboveground plant growth . you will see shorter stems , smaller leaves , and often a slight discolouration of the leaves as the plant struggles to maintain all its normal physiological processes . usually after the third year , the plant is stunted enough for the grower to pull it out and replace it .\ngreg has an intense interest in biology and agricultural systems . plant and insect dynamics have always been in passionate focus . armed with a bsc degree and years of experience in agricultural research , monitoring , and technical sales , greg brings a wealth of knowledge to our writing team .\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 modern media ltd . all rights reserved . responsive web design by raize digital .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe entire area of all regional districts in which the species occurs somewhere is shaded . the actual species range may be much smaller .\nplease note that some recommendations or photographs appearing in this section may not apply to this particular species .\nplease cite these pages as : pearson , mike and healey , m . c . 2012 . species at risk and local government : a primer for bc . stewardship centre of british columbia , courtenay bc .\nalthough its habitat is not threatened , m . t . cowani is restricted to a small , isolated island where unforeseen events such as the introduction of mammalian predators or competitors could cause its extinction .\nknown only from triangle island , a small island with an area of approximately 1 . 07 km2 found 46km off northern tip of vancouver island ( nagorsen 1990 ) .\nm . t . cowani is an endemic species , only occurring on triangle island . there has been no inventory on the species although it is assumed that its area of occupancy encompasses all of triangle island .\ntriangle island has an area of approximately 1 . 07 km2 . the occurrence separation distance has not been assessed for this species , but given the small area of triangle island , at this time it is believed to be the only occurrence of m . t . cowani .\ncowan , i . mct . , and c . j . guiguet . 1965 . the mammals of british columbia . handb . no . 11 , b . c . prov . mus . , victoria . 414pp .\nguiget , c . j . 1955 . undescribed mammals ( peremyscus and microtus ) from the islands of british columbia . b . c . prov . mus . rep . b64 - 76 .\nmaser , c . , b . r . mate , j . f . franklin , and c . t . dyrness . 1981 . natural history of oregon coast mammals . pacific northwest forest and range expt . sta . , usda , forest service , gen tech . rep . pnw - 133 : 1 - 496 .\nnagorsen , d . 1990 . the mammals of british columbia : a taxonomic catalogue . mem . no . 4 . royal b . c . mus . , victoria . 140pp .\nfor information on how the cdc determines conservation status ranks . for global conservation status reports and ranks , please visit the natureserve website\nb . c . conservation data centre . 2014 . conservation status report : microtus townsendii cowani . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .\nfor more information on habitat issues , please contact the wdfw habitat program . habitatprogram @ urltoken phone : 360 - 902 - 2534\nstate monitor species are not considered species of concern , but are monitored for status and distribution . they are managed by the department , as needed , to prevent them from becoming endangered , threatened , or sensitive .\nthe wildlife diversity division maintains a state monitor species list that includes animal species for which we monitor status and distribution . little is known about many of these species , but biologists are concerned about their well being .\nthey were classified as endangered , threatened , or sensitive within the previous five years .\nthey require habitat that is of limited availability during some portion of their life cycle .\nthere are unresolved taxonomic questions that may affect their candidacy for listing as endangered , threatened , or sensitive species .\nstate monitor species will be managed by the department , as needed , to prevent them from becoming endangered , threatened , or sensitive .\nspecies already classified in a category that provides adequate management emphasis , survey work , and data maintenance ( e . g . , game animals , game birds , furbearers , etc . ) will not be designated as state monitor species .\nhelp hints : click the links in the column headers to change ascending / descending order of a column .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nnote : range depicted for new world only . the scale of the maps may cause narrow coastal ranges or ranges on small islands not to appear . not all vagrant or small disjunct occurrences are depicted . for migratory birds , some individuals occur outside of the passage migrant range depicted . for information on how to obtain shapefiles of species ranges see our species mapping pages at urltoken\nevidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding .\nseparate sites separated by less than 1000 meters should be mapped as separate polygons .\nbarriers include : wide highways with heavy traffic ( subjective determination ) and highways with continuous solid barriers that prevent rodent passage ; major water bodies , arbitrarily set at those greater than 50 meters across in ice - free areas and those greater than 200 meters wide if frozen regularly .\ngroup contains most members of the family muridae : mice , voles , lemmings , woodrats , etc .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbanks , e . m . , r . j . brooks , and j . schnell . 1975 . a radiotracking study of home range and activity of the brown lemming ( lemmus trimucronatus ) . journal of mammalogy 56 : 888 - 901 .\nbrooks , r . j . , and e . m . banks . 1971 . radio - tracking study of lemming home range . communications in behavioral biology 6 : 1 - 5 .\ngarland , t . , jr . and w . g . bradley . 1984 . effects of a highway on mojave desert rodent populations . american midland naturalist 111 : 47 - 56 .\njike , l . , g . o . batzli , l . l . geta . 1988 . home ranges of prairie voles as determined by radiotracking and by powdertracking . journal of mammalogy 69 : 183 - 186 .\nkrohne , d . t . , and g . a . hoch . 1999 . demography of peromyscus leucopus populations on habitat patches : the role of dispersal . canadian journal of zoology 77 : 1247 - 1253 .\nmacmillen , r . e . 1964 . population ecology , water relations and social behavior of a southern california semidesert rodent fauna . university of california publications in zoology 71 : 1 - 59 .\nmaier , t . j . 2002 . long - distance movements by female white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus , in extensive mixed - wood forest . canadian field - naturalist 116 : 108 - 111 .\noxley , d . j . , m . b . fenton and g . r . carmody . 1974 . the effects of roads on populations of small mammals . journal of applied ecology 11 : 51 - 59 .\nparks canada . 2000 . vertebrate species database . ecosystems branch , 25 eddy st . , hull , pq , k1a 0m5 .\nrehmeier , r . l . , g . a . kaufman , and d . w . kaufman . 2004 . long - distance movements of the deer mouse in tallgrass prairie . journal of mammalogy 85 : 562 - 568 .\nsmith , m . h . 1965 . dispersal capacity of the dusky - footed wood rat , neotoma fuscipes . american midland naturalist 74 : 457 - 463 .\nstorer , t . i . , f . c . evans , and f . g . palmer . 1944 . some rodent populations in the sierra nevada of california . ecological monographs 14 : 166 - 192 .\nwilkins , k . t . 1982 . highways as barriers to rodent dispersal . southwestern naturalist 27 : 459 - 460 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nnagorsen , david w . 2005 . rodents and lagomorphs of british columbia . royal bc museum handbook . royal bc museum , victoria .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\ndisclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information ."]}
{"id": 1845, "summary": [{"text": "goniobranchus collingwoodi , common name collingwood 's chromodoris , is a species of very colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "goniobranchus collingwoodi", "paragraphs": ["chromodoris collingwoodi from sydney from : a . lumnitzer & d . piotrowska , may 22 , 2000\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 4 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 )\nforster , l . c . ; whinters , a . e . ; cheney , k . l . ; dewapriya , p . ; quezada , m . ; capon , r . j . ; garson , m . j . , spongian - 16 - one diterpenes and their anatomical distribution in the australian nudibranch goniobranchus collingwoodi .\nforster , l . c . ; pierens , g . k . ; white , a . ; cheney , k . l . ; dewapriya , p . ; capon , r . j . ; garson , m . j . , a cytotoxic spiroepoxide lactone and its putative biosynthetic precursor from goniobranchus splendidus .\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) debelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 150 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) rudman , w . b . ; darvell , b . w . ( 1990 ) . opisthobranch molluscs of hong kong : part 1 . goniodorididae , onchidorididae , triophidae , gymnodorididae , chromodorididae ( nudibranchia ) . asian marine biology . 7 : 31 - 79 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) gosliner , t . m . ; behrens , d . w . ; vald\u00e9s , \u00e1 . ( 2008 ) . indo - pacific nudibranchs and seaslugs . a field guide to the world ' s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books , washington . 426 , pp . page ( s ) : 217 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1987 ) . the chromodorididae ( ophistobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicura , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 90 ( 3 ) : 305 - 407 . page ( s ) : 358 [ details ]\nthis species has been confused with c . aureopurpurea collingwood . in fact it differs markedly in colour from c . aureopurpurea , in which the mantle is white with yellow spots , except at the edge , where there is a submarginal row of dark purple spots and a diffuse purple band right at the edge . in c . collingwoodi there is an irregular purple border and then a broad region in which there are small yellow and larger purple spots . the central part of the mantle is usually a translucent red - brown with brownish spots and fine white specks . another species with a similar colour pattern is c . tennentana . in that species the border is bluish purple and the white region inside it has yellow spots . it has a large orange - brown central patch as in c . collingwoodi but differs in having large purple spots each surrounded by a white ring and these are restricted to the central part of the mantle with an orange - brown background colour .\nbelow is a list of publications that have been published as a result of this grant . we antipicitate that we have at least another 8 publications that will be submitted from this project ( as per july 2017 ) : winters , a . e . , green , n . f . , wilson , n . g . , how , m . j . , garson , m . j . , n . justin marshall , n . j . , & cheney , k . l . relaxed selection on individual pattern elements may allow phenotypic divergence of aposematic signals ( accepted , proceedings of the royal society , lond b ) forster , l . c . , pierens , g . k . , white , a . m . , cheney , k . l . , dewapriya , p . , capon , r . j . , and garson , m . j . ( 2017 ) , cytotoxic spiroepoxide lactone and its putative biosynthetic precursor from goniobranchus splendidus acs omega 2 (\njohnson r . f . & gosliner t . m . ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njensen kr . ( 1998 ) . zoogeographic affinities of hong kong opisthobranchia ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the third international conference on the marine biology of the south china sea , the marine biology of the south china sea . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 43 - 55 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupper right : split solitary is . , 15m , off coffs harbour , nsw , australia , march 1988 , on food sponge . 17mm long alive . lower : a , r\u00e9cif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b035 . 8 ' s , 164\u00b012 . 7 ' e , 9 m , inner side of reef , 15 october 1993 , 38mm long alive . b , c . r\u00e9cif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b037 . 1 ' s , 164\u00b014 . 7 ' e , 1 m , diverse substrate , 22 october 1993 , 2 specimens ( 23 & 44mm long alive ) . photos : bill rudman .\nthe mantle has a purple border of irregular width . inside this is a broad white region surrounding a large central translucent reddish or orange - brown patch extending from in front of the rhinophores to just behind the gills . there are many bright yellow spots scattered over the outer half of the white region . also in the white region are dark purple spots , usually larger than the yellow ones but not always , and they are more numerous on the inner half . the dark spots are found not only in the white region but also in the central region where they are obscured by the orange - brown pigmentation and appear as shadowy brown regions . one characteristic feature of the central brown region is the scattering of fine white specks all over . in some specimens in which parts of the red - brown region are very pale , the white specks are concentrated over the shadowy brown spots . there is considerable variation in the intensity of the reddish brown central patch as can be seen in the photos on this page .\nthe rhinophore stalk is translucent and the club is a dark reddish brown with white specks along the edge of the lamellae and a white tip . the gills are sub - quadrangular in section . they are translucent with a dark brown , almost black , line down the two edges of each of the outer and inner sides , the pigmentation extending a little out on to both sides of the gill lamellae .\nthe underside of the mantle is white with a purple edge , as dorsally , and there is a purple spot on each oral tentacle . the foot is white with a row of bright yellow spots all around the edge . posteriorly there are some purple patches and sometimes more widespread yellow spots .\nreference : \u2022rudman , w . b . ( 1987 ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicuria , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society , 90 : 305 - 407 .\nphotos : lower : a , r\u00e9cif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b035 . 8 ' s , 164\u00b012 . 7 ' e , 9 m , inner side of reef , 15 october 1993 , 38mm long alive . b , c . r\u00e9cif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b037 . 1 ' s , 164\u00b014 . 7 ' e , 1 m , diverse substrate , 22 october 1993 , 2 specimens ( 23 & 44mm long alive ) . photos : bill rudman .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nuncommon in the solitary islands marine park . found throughout the south pacific . in australia recorded from darwin in the northern territory , coffs harbour and port stephens in nsw .\nfound in rock pools and down to 25m on rocky reef . feeds on sponges .\nmany colour variations exist . one of the larger chromodorids , it lays its eggs on the food source . grows to 80mm .\nall information was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice . copyright 2014 , solitary islands underwater research group inc . ( abn : 38 104 639 980 ) - all rights reserved .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nlocation : nelson bay , port stephens . east coast nsw , australia . pacific ocean\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nf\u00e9d\u00e9ration fran\u00e7aise d ' \u00e9tudes et de sports sous - marins . donn\u00e9es d ' observations pour la reconnaissance et l ' identification de la faune et la flore subaquatiques doris : 2034\nchromodoris coi ( risbec , 1956 ) : h\u00e9ros et al . ( 2007 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ] h\u00e9ros , v . , lozouet , p . , maestrati , p . , von cosel , r . , brabant , d . , bouchet , p . 2007 . mollusca of new caledonia . in : payri , c . & richer de forges , b . [ eds ] . compendium of marine species of new caledonia . doc . sci . tech . ird , noum\u00e9a . ii7 ( 2 ) : 199 - 254 . [ urltoken ]\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions for enabling javascript in your web browser . orcid uses cookies to improve your experience and to help us understand how you use our websites . learn more about how we use cookies .\n{ { ( work . sourcename = = null | | work . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? work . source : work . sourcename } }\nsource : { { ( work . sourcename = = null | | work . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? work . source : work . sourcename } }\nless than a year after a life - threatening accident , steve plain began his journey to climb the world\u2019s seven summits .\nthis month we celebrate an event 50 years ago in western new south wales that changed the course of australian history : the discovery of mungo woman .\nphotographer james dorey offers advice on capturing the perfect shot of our native bees .\nwith a hefty body , a massive wingspan , and a loud , low - pitched buzz , the tropical carpenter bee can be a pretty intimidating sight .\nco - founder of the sea slug census program , stephen smith , a professor from southern cross university\u2019s national marine science centre , says there\u2019s more to the event than just a chance for divers to photograph these colourful , charismatic molluscs . instead , these creatures are proving to be reliable indicators of global climate change .\nafter months of competing to find as many species of nudibranch as possible , in 2013 stephen smith and tom davis decided to take a seemingly casual pastime to a whole new level , launching the nelson bay sea slug census : a 24 - hour competition where particpants capture the kaleidoscopic colours of various different nudibranch species .\nbut after running for several years now the competition has become much more than a chance to capture these colourfully - armoured slugs . stephen told australian geographic that after consolidating a comprehensive record of different species of nudibranchs in port stephens , these slugs , which have a maximum lifespan of just one year , are sensitive indicators of climate change .\n\u201cone of the important things about nudibranchs is that they\u2019ve got a very rapid turnover , which means they respond very quickly to changes in the quality of the environment including pollution and loss of habitat , \u201d stephen said .\n\u201cnudibranchs have specific eating habits , and so they are sensitive to any disruption to their food source . this means we have a fantastic group of organisms , which are likely to respond very quickly to environmental change . and we have all these wonderful divers who want to look for them and photograph them . when you combine this there\u2019s huge potential to monitor the human impacts on marine environments . \u201d\nthe bright patterns of the nudibranch also play an important role for indicating these changes to scientists . \u201cthe good thing about nudibranchs is that they\u2019re so visible . one of the problems when you\u2019re looking for indicators of climate change is that , if you haven\u2019t got much information about a species distribution in the first place , how do you know you\u2019ve found something that\u2019s never been seen at that location before ? with the conspicuous nudibranchs , they\u2019re not hidden . if they\u2019re around we would have seen them and would have documented them , \u201d stephen explained .\nearlier this year the group of nudibranch fanatics identified 12 species that had extended their range to port stephens from tropical waters . \u201cwe\u2019re starting to get a feel for what is a natural seasonal variation\u2026 and we\u2019re looking for signals of change , \u201d stephen explained .\nin 2015 , the nudibranch census was brought to sydney by popular demand and it\u2019ll be back in 2017 . the gold coast has been quick to follow . \u201cthe gold coast is one of our biggest events because there\u2019s a passionate group of organisers there that have found sponsorship from a range of local businesses . but we\u2019ve also got expressions of interest from melbourne , south australia and western australia .\nhaving just returned from three and a half week trip to indonesia , stephen is also eyeing the prospect of the sea slug census going global .\nwe ' re anticipating a sea slug census in indonesia next year . we ' re getting interest from all over the place . . . it ' s been an organic process . we haven ' t pushed it but people have been asking to get involved .\nanimals frequently use dazzling colour patterns to find food , attract mates and avoid predation . aposematic signals are used to warn predators that a species contains chemical or other defense mechanisms . nudibranchs ( marine shell - less molluscs ) store secondary metabolites from dietary sources for their own chemical defenses , and also exhibit a variety of colour patterns , ranging from those that are highly camouflaged against their background to those that display highly conspicuous colour patterns . using a multidisciplinary approach , we investigated the evolution of visual signals in this intriguing model system by evaluating the conspicuousness of colour patterns . we also identified and determined the relative strength of chemical compounds used to deter predators in a range of nudibranch species .\ntheoretical and experimental models predict that warning signals in animals evolve from defended inconspicuous ( cryptic ) species that mutate to produce conspicuous morphs ( leimar et al . , 1986 ) . secondary defenses deter predators during an attack , and once a predator has associated bright coloration with unprofitability of prey , they avoid similarly - coloured prey in future encounters . however , in evolutionary terms , it is unclear whether visual signals in aposematic species are \u2018quantitatively honest\u2019 , in the sense that conspicuousness correlates positively with levels of toxicity and thus conveys reliable information . or whether signals reach a threshold over which predators avoid all signals , irrespective of how conspicuous a signal is ( speed et al . , 2010 ) .\none intriguing , understudied model system to study how aposematic signals have evolved are nudibranchs , which appear strikingly exposed to predation , yet they are avoided by most predators . the majority of nudibranchs have evolved to sequester secondary metabolites from dietary sources , or produce chemicals de novo , which they then use as chemical deterrents . many nudibranchs also use cryptic color patterns or camouflage to blend into their surroundings , opting to avoid detection altogether rather than promote predator recognition ( marin et al . , 1997 ; cheney et al . , 2014 ) . this variation in predator avoidance strategies makes nudibranchs an ideal model system to test theories about the evolution of visual signaling and chemical defenses .\nusing our combined expertise in marine and visual ecology ( karen cheney ) , natural product chemistry ( prof . mary garson ) , and animal vision and signaling ( prof . justin marshall ) . over the course of this grant , we have :\ncollected over 80 species of nudibranch , and have identified the chemistry in approximately 50 species . we have conducted experimental assays on fish and shrimp to examine the strength of these chemical defenses for over 35 nudibranch species ;\ntested key evolutionary hypotheses on the relationship between the conspicuousness of visual signals and the strength of their chemical defenses . we found that those which have the strongest visual signal are generally the most toxic and camouflaged nudibranchs have little chemical defense ;\nhighlighted the significance of this intriguing , emerging model system to the fields of evolution , ecology and sensory neurobiology .\nappeared on tv shows scope ( channel 10 ) and totally wild ( channel 11 ) to explain our work on nudibranchs .\ngiordano , g . , carbone , m . , ciavatta , m . l . , silvano , e . , gavagnin , m . , garson , m . j . , cheney , k . l . , mudianta , i . w . , giovanni fulvio russo 2 , guido villani , g . , zidorn , c . , cutignano , a . , fontana , a . , ghiselin , m . t . , mollo , e . ( 2017 ) volatile secondary metabolites as aposematic olfactory signals and defensive weapons in aquatic environment\nfigure 2 . secondary metabolites from nudibranchs that provide chemical defense from predators ( mary garson , unpublished data ) .\ntan , l . ; cho , k . - j . ; neupane , p . ; capon , r . j . ; hancock , j . f . , an oxanthroquinone derivative inhibits rasd plasma membrane localisation and function .\nmcalpine , j . b . ; chen , s . - n . ; kutateladze , a . ; macmillan , j . ; appendino , g . ; barison , a . ; beniddir , m . ; weber biavatti , m . ; bluml , s . ; boufridi , a . ; butler , m . s . ; capon , r . j . ; choi , y . h . ; crews , p . ; crimmins , m . ; csete , m . ; garson , m . j . ; gerwick , w . ; gross , h . ; hook , j . ; kingston , d . ; koshino , h . ; linington , r . ; mcphail , k . ; molinski , t . ; moore , b . ; nam , j . - w . ; niemitz , m . ; nuzillard , j . - m . ; oberlies , n . ; quinn , r . ; renault , j . - h . ; robien , w . ; schmidt , t . ; seger , c . ; shen , b . ; steinbeck , c . ; stuppner , h . ; taglialatela - scafati , o . ; tantillo , d . ; wang , b . - g . ; williams , c . ; williams , p . ; wist , j . ; ye , y . ; simmler , c . ; bisson , j . ; pauli , g . ; dewapriya , p . , the value universally available raw nmr data for transparency , reproducibility , and integrity in natural product research .\nwei - hua , j . ; salim , a . a . ; dewapriya , p . ; khalil , z . g . ; lin , h . - w . ; capon , r . j . , trichodermides a - e : acyclic nonapeptides from the australian termite nest - derived fungus trichoderma virens cmb - tn16 .\nmohamed , o . g . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , prolinimines : n - amino - l - pro - methyl ester ( hydrazine ) schiff bases from a fish gastrointestinal tract - derived fungus , trichoderma sp . cmb - f563 .\nprasad , p . ; zhang , a . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , pursuing sesterterpene lactams in australian irciniidae sponges .\nxu , x . ; yang , h . ; khalil , z . g . ; yin , l . ; xiao , x . ; neupane , p . ; bernhardt , p . ; salim , a . a . ; song , f . ; capon , r . j . , chemical diversity from a chinese marine red alga , symphyocladia latiuscula .\nquezada , m . ; licona - cassani , c . ; cruz - morales , p . ; salim , a . a . ; marcellin , e . ; capon , r . j . ; barona - gomez , f . , diverse cone - snail species harbor closely related streptomyces species with conserved chemical and genetic profiles , including polycyclic tetramic acid macrolactams .\nkhalil , z . g . ; salim , a . a . ; vuong , d . ; crombie , a . ; lacey , e . ; blumenthal , a . ; capon , r . j . , amycolatopsins a - c : new anti - mycobacterial glycosylated polyketide macrorolides from the australian soil amycolatopsis sp . mst - 108494 .\nshang , z . ; raju , r . ; salim , a . a . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , cytochalasins from an australian marine sediment - derived phomopsis sp . ( cmb - m0042f ) : acid - mediated intra - molecular cycloadditions enhance chemical diversity .\novery , d . p . ; correa , h . ; grote , m . ; prigoda - lee , n . ; roullier , c . ; chi , w . - c . ; pang , k . - l . ; rateb , m . e . ; ebel , r . ; shang , z . ; capon , r . j . ; bills , g . f . ; kerr , r . g . , does osmatic stress affect natural product expression in fungi ?\nacs omega 2017 , 2 ( 6 ) : p . 2672 - 2677 . ( open access ) \u200b\nprasad , p . ; dewapriya , p . ; damodar , r . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , talarolide a , a cyclic heptapeptide hydroxamate from an australian marine tunicate - associated fungus , talaromyces sp . ( cmb - tu011 ) .\nshang , z . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , chaunopyran a : co - cultivation of marine mollusk - derived fungi activates a rare class of 2 - alkenyl - tetrahydropyran .\ntingley , r . ; ward - fear , g . ; greenlees , m . j . ; schwarzkopf , l . ; phillips , b . l . ; brown , g . ; clulow , s . ; webb , j . ; capon , r . j . ; sheppard , a . ; strive , t . ; tizard , m . ; shine , r . , new weapons in the toad toolikit : a review of methods to control and mitigate the biodiversity impacts of invasive cane toads ( rhinella marina ) .\nthe quarterly review of biology , 2017 , 92 ( 2 ) : p . 123 - 149 .\nquezada , m . ; shang , z . ; kalansuriya , p . ; salim , a . a . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , waspergillamide a , a nitro depsi - tetrapeptide diketopiperazine from an australian mud dauber wasp - associated aspergillus sp . ( cmb - w031 ) .\nfontaine , f . ; overman , j . ; moustaqil , m . ; mamidyala , s . ; salim , a . a . ; narasimhan , k . ; prokoph , n . ; robertson , a . a . b . ; lua , l . l . ; alexandrov , k . ; koopman , p . ; capon , r . j . ; sierecki , e . ; gambin , y . ; jauch , r . ; cooper , m . a . ; zuegg , j . ; francois , m . , small molecule inhibitors of the sox18 transcription factor .\nkalansuriya , p . ; quezada , m . ; esposito , b . p . ; capon , r . j . , talarazines a - e : non - cytotoxic fe ( iii ) chelators from an australia mud dauber wasp - associated fungus , talaromyces sp . ( cmb - w045 ) .\noverman , j . ; fontaine , f . ; moustaqil , m . ; mittal , d . ; sierecki , e . ; sacilotto , n . ; zuegg , j . ; robertson , a . a . b . ; holmes , k . ; salim , a . a . ; mamidyala , s . ; butler , m . s . ; robinson , a . s . ; johnston , w . ; alexandrov , k . ; black , b . ; hogan , b . m . ; de val , s . ; capon , r . j . ; carroll , j . s . ; bailey , t . l . ; koopman , p . ; jauch , r . ; smyth , m . j . ; cooper , m . a . ; gambin , y . ; francois , m . , pharmacological targeting of the transcription factor sox18 delays breast cancer in mice .\ncho , k . - j . ; casteel , d . e . ; prakash , p . ; tan , l . ; van der hoeven , d . ; salim , a . ; kim , c . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; cunha , s . ; gorfe , a . ; hancock , j . f . ,\nmolecular and cellular biology , 2016 \u200b . 36 ( 24 ) : p . 3086 - 3099 .\nmarasini , n . ; giddam , a . k . ; hussain , w . m . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . ; batzloff , m . r . ; good , m . f . ; skwarczynski , m . ; toth , i . , double adjuvanting strategy for peptide - based vaccines : trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of lipopeptide vaccine against group a streptococcus .\nmarasini , n . ; khalil , z . g . ; giddam , a . k . ; ghaffar , k . a . ; hussein , w . m . ; capon , r . j . ; batzloff , m . r . ; good , m . f . ; toth , i . , lipid core peptide / poly ( lactic - co - glycolic acid ) as a highly potent intranasal vaccine delivery system against group a streptococcus .\nchandrudu , s . ; bartlett , s . ; khalil , z . g . ; jia , z . ; hussein , w . m . ; capon , r . j . ; batzloff , m . r . ; good , m . f . ; monteiro , m . j . ; skwarczynski , m . ; toth , i . , linear and branched poly - acrylates as a delivery platform for peptide - based vaccines .\nkhalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , innovations in microbial biodiscovery , targeting silent metabolism and new chemical diversity .\nshang , z . ; salim , a . ; khalil , z . g . ; bernhardt , p . ; capon , r . j . , fungal biotransformation of tetracycline antibiotics .\nsong , f . ; he , h . ; ma , r . ; xiao , x . ; wei , q . ; wang , q . ; ji , z . ; dai , h . ; zhang , l . ; capon , r . j . , structure revision of the penicillium alkaloids haenamindole and citreoindole .\nsalim , a . ; tan , l . ; huang , x . - c . ; cho , k . - j . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . ; capon , r . j . , oligomycins as inhibitors of k - ras plasma membrane localization .\ncheney , k . l . ; white , a . ; mudianta , i . w . ; winters , a . e . ; quezada , m . ; capon , r . j . ; mollo , e . ; garson , m . j . , choose your weaponry : selective storage of a single toxic compound , latrunculin a , by closely related nudibranch molluscs .\nbooth , t . j . ; alt , s . ; capon , r . j . ; wilkinson , b . , synchronous intramolecular cycloadditions of the polyene macrolactam polyketide heronamide c .\nbokony , v . ; moricz , a . ; toth , z . ; gal , z . ; kurali , a . ; miko , z . ; pasztor , k . ; szederkenyi , m . ; t\u00f3th , z . ; ujszegi , j . ; uveges , b . ; kruzselyi , d . ; capon , r . j . ; hoi , h . ; hettyey , a . , variation in chemical defense among natural populations of common toad ( bufo bufo ) tadpoles : the role of environmental factors .\nshang , z . ; salim , a . ; khalil , z . ; quezada , m . ; bernhardt , p . v . ; capon , r . j . , viridicatumtoxins : expanding on a rare tetracycline antibiotic scaffold .\nvijayasarathy , s . ; prasad , p . ; khalil , z . ; fremlin , l . j . ; capon , r . j . , c3 and 2d c3 marfey\u2019s methods for amino acid analysis in natural products .\nzhang , f . ; wang , b . ; prasad , p . ; capon , r . j . ; jia , y . , asymmetric total synthesis of ( + ) \u2013dragmacidin d reveals unexpected stereo complexity .\nshang , z . ; li , l . ; esposito , b . p . ; salim , a . ; khalil , z . ; quezada , m . ; bernhardt , p . ; capon , r . j . , new pks - nrs tetramic acids and pyridinones from an australian marine - derived fungus , chaunopycnis sp .\nqin , t . ; joiner , s . ; khalil , z . ; johnson , r . p . ; capon , r . j . ; porco , j . a . j . , atropselective syntheses of ( - ) and ( + ) rugulotrosin a utilizing point - to - axial chirality transfer .\nkhalil , z . ; ritesh , r . ; salim , a . ; piggott , a . m . ; blumenthal , a . ; capon , r . j . , aranciamycins i and j , antimycobacterial anthracyclines from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp .\nghaffar , k . a . ; hussain , w . m . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . ; skwarczynski , m . ; toth , i . , levofloxacin and indolicidin for combination antibiotic therapy .\ncurrent drug delivery , 2015 . 12 ( 1 ) : p . 108 - 114 .\nazmi , f . ; elliot , a . g . ; khalil , z . g . ; hussein , w . m . ; kavanagh , a . ; huang , j . x . ; quezada , m . ; blaskovich , m . a . t . ; capon , r . j . ; cooper , m . a . ; skwarczynski , m . ; toth , i . , self - assembling lipopeptides with a potent activity against gram - positive bacteria , including multidrug resistant strains .\nschmidt , j . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . ; stark , c . b . w . , heronapyrrole d : a case of co - inspiration of natural product biosynthesis , total synthesis and biodiscovery .\nsalim , a . ; xiao , x . ; cho , k . - j . ; piggott , a . m . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . ; capon , r . j . , rare streptomyces polyketides as modulators of k - ras localization .\nsalim , a . ; cho , k . - j . ; tan , l . ; quezada , m . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . ; capon , r . j . , rare streptomyces n - formyl amino - salicylamides inhibit oncogenic k - ras .\nritesh , r . ; khalil , z . ; piggott , a . m . ; blumenthal , a . ; gardiner , d . l . ; skinner - adams , t . s . ; capon , r . j . , mollemycin a : an antibacterial and antimalarial glyco - hexadepsipeptide - polyketide from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp . ( cmb - m0244 ) .\nplisson , f . ; prasad , p . ; xiao , x . ; piggott , a . m . ; huang , x . - c . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , callyspongisines a - d : bromopyrrole alkaloids from an australian marine sponge , callyspongia sp .\nkhalil , z . ; salim , a . ; lacey , e . ; blumenthal , a . ; capon , r . j . , wollamides : antimycobacterial cyclic hexapeptides from an australian soil streptomyces .\nkhalil , z . ; kalansuriya , p . ; capon , r . j . , lipopolysaccharide ( lps ) stimulation of fungal secondary metabolism .\nmycology : an international journal of fungal biology , 2014 . 5 ( 3 ) : p . 168 - 178 .\nkhalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; ritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , shornephine a : structure , chemical stability and biological activity of a diketomorpholine from an australian marine - derived aspergillus sp .\nhuang , x . - c . ; xiao , x . ; zhang , y . ; talele , t . t . ; salim , a . ; chen , z . - s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarin o , a pyrrole alkaloid from an australian marine sponge , ianthella sp . , reverses bcrp mediated drug resistance in cancer cells .\nfarrugia , m . ; trotter , n . ; vijayasarathy , s . ; salim , a . a . ; khalil , z . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , isolation and synthesis of n - acyl adenine and adenosine alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , phoriospongia sp .\nding , x . - b . ; furket , d . p . ; capon , r . j . ; brimble , m . a . , total synthesis of heronapyrrole c .\nwang , q . ; song , f . ; xiao , x . ; huang , p . ; li , l . ; monte , a . ; abdel - mageed , w . m . ; wang , j . ; guo , h . ; he , w . ; xie , f . ; dai , h . ; liu , m . ; chen , c . ; xu , h . ; liu , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; liu , x . ; capon , r . j . ; zhang , l . , abyssomicins from a south china sea deep - sea sediment verrucosispora sp . : natural thioether michael addition adducts as antitubercular prodrugs .\nstandish , a . j . ; salim , a . ; capon , r . j . ; morona , r . , dual inhibition of dna polymerase polc and protein tyrosine phosphatase cpsb uncovers a novel antibiotic target .\nritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; quezada , m . ; capon , r . j . , nocardiopsins c and d and nocardiopyrone a : new polyketides from an australian marine - derived nocardiopsis sp .\nliu , x . ; song , f . ; ma , l . ; chen , c . ; xiao , x . ; ren , b . ; liu , x . ; dai , h . ; piggott , a . m . ; av - gay , y . ; zhang , l . ; capon , r . j . , sydowiols a - c : mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors from an east china sea marine - derived fungus , aspergillus sydowii .\nhuang , x . - c . ; sun , y . - l . ; salim , a . ; chen , z . - s . ; capon , r . j . , parguerenes : marine red alga bromoditerpenes as inhibitors of p - glycoprotein ( abcb1 ) in multidrug resistant human cancer cells .\nbalansa , w . ; islam , r . ; gilbert , d . f . ; fontaine , f . ; xiao , x . ; zhang , h . ; piggott , a . m . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , australian marine sponge alkaloids as a new class of glycine - gated chloride channel receptor modulator .\nbalansa , w . ; islam , r . ; fontaine , f . ; piggott , a . m . ; zhang , h . ; xiao , x . ; webb , t . i . ; gilbert , d . f . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , sesterterpene glycinyl - lactams : a new class of glycine receptor modulator from australian marine sponges of the genus psammocinia .\nzhang , h . ; xiao , x . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , spiralisones a\u2013d : acylphloroglucinol hemiketals from an australian marine brown alga , zonaria spiralis .\nzhang , h . ; khalil , z . ; conte , m . m . ; plisson , f . ; capon , r . j . , a search for kinase inhibitors and antibacterial agents : bromopyrrolo - 2 - aminoimidazoles from a deep - water great australian bight sponge , axinella sp .\nzhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; capon , r . j . , new dictyodendrins as bace inhibitors from a southern australian marine sponge , ianthella sp .\nzhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; huang , x . - c . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , a search for bace inhibitors reveals new biosynthetically related pyrrolidones , furanones and pyrroles from a southern australian marine sponge , ianthella sp .\nxu , x . ; piggott , a . m . ; yin , l . ; capon , r . j . ; song , f . , symphyocladins a - g : bromophenol adducts from a chinese marine red alga , symphyocladia latiuscula .\nstandish , a . j . ; salim , a . ; zhang , h . ; whitfield , c . ; capon , r . j . ; morona , r . , chemical inhibition of bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase suppresses capsule production .\nsong , f . ; liu , x . ; guo , h . ; ren , b . ; chen , c . ; piggott , a . m . ; yu , k . ; gao , h . ; wang , q . ; liu , m . ; liu , x . ; dai , h . ; zhang , l . ; capon , r . j . , brevianamides with antitubercular potential from a marine - derived isolate of aspergillus versicolor .\nsalim , a . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , structural and stereochemical investigation into bromotyrosine - derived metabolites from southern australian marine sponges , pseudoceratina spp .\nritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; bernhardt , p . ; capon , r . j . , heronamycin a : a new benzothiazine ansamycin from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp .\nplisson , f . ; huang , x . - c . ; zhang , h . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins as inhibitors of p - glycoprotein - mediated multidrug resistance in a human colon cancer cell line .\nplisson , f . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , kinase inhibitors scaffolds against neurodegenerative diseases from a southern australian ascidean , didemnum sp .\nheinrich , n . ; banwell , m . g . ; willis , a . c . ; cade , i . a . ; capon , r . j . ; huang , x . - c . , probing for the pharmacophore of the cytotoxic neoclerodane salvileucalin b .\ncrossland , m . r . ; haramura , t . ; salim , a . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , exploiting intraspecific competitive mechanisms to control invasive cane toads ( rhinella marina ) .\ncho , k . - j . ; park , j . - h . ; piggott , a . m . ; salim , a . ; gorfe , a . ; parton , r . j . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . , staurosporines disrupt phosphatidylserine traficking and mislocalize ras proteins .\ncapon , r . j . , microbial biodiscovery : back to the future .\ncurrent topics in med . chem . , 2012 . 12 : p . 1508 - 1515\n. alexandrov , k . ; k\u00f6hnke , m . ; schmitt , s . ; ariotti , n . ; piggott , a . m . ; parton , r . g . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . ; abankwa , d . , design and application of in vivo fret biosensors to identify protein prenylation and nanoclustering inhibitors .\nzhang , h . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , fascioquinols a - f : bioactive meroterpenes from a deep - water southern australian marine sponge , fasciospongia sp .\nraju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; huang , x . - c . ; capon , r . j . , nocardioazines : a novel bridged diketopiperazine scaffold from a marine - derived bacterium inhibits p - glycoprotein .\nrae , j . ; fontaine , f . ; salim , a . a . ; lo , h . p . ; capon , r . j . ; parton , r . g . ; martin , s . , high - throughput screening of australian marine organism extracts of bioactive molecules affecting the cellular storage of neutral lipids .\nfremlin , l . ; farrugia , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , reveromycins revealed : new polyketide spiroketals from australian marine - derived and terrestrial streptomyces spp . a case of natural products vs artefacts .\najala , o . s . ; piggott , a . m . ; plisson , f . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; adesegun , s . a . ; coker , h . a . b . ; capon , r . j . , ikirydinium a : a new indole alkaloid from the seeds of hunteria umbellata ( k . schum ) .\nzhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; capon , r . j . , franklinolides a - c from an australian marine sponge complex : phosphodiesters dramatically enhance polyketide cytotoxicity .\nwang , s . - c . m . ; myers , s . ; dooms , c . ; capon , r . j . ; muscat , g . e . o . , an err\u03b2 / \u03b3 agonist modulates gr\u03b1 expression and glucocorticoid responsive gene expression in skeletal muscle cells .\nsalim , a . a . ; rae , j . ; fontaine , f . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; martin , s . ; parton , r . g . ; capon , r . j . , heterofibrins : inhibitors of lipid droplet formation from a deep - water southern australian marine sponge , spongia ( heterofibria ) sp .\n. raju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . m . ; capon , r . j . , heronamides a - c , new polyketide macrolactams from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp . a biosynthetic case for synchronized tandem electrocyclization .\nraju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . ; tnimov , z . ; alexandrov , k . ; capon , r . j . , nocardiopsins : new fkbp12 binding macrolide polyketides from an australian marine - derived actinomycetes , nocardiopsis sp .\nraju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; barrientos diaz , l . x . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , heronapyrroles a - c : farnesylated 2 - nitropyrroles from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp .\npeng , c . ; gunaherath , g . m . k . b . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; conte , m . ; capon , r . j . , 9 - ( 5 ' - deoxy - 5 ' - thio - \u03b2 - d - xylofuranosyl ) adenine disulfide from the southern australian marine sponge trachycladus lasvispirulifer : the first natural occurrence of a nucleoside disulfide .\ncapon , r . j . ; el - naggar , m . ; conte , m . , mirabilins revisited : polyketide alkaloids from southern australian marine sponge , clathria sp .\ncapon , r . j . , australian microbial biodiscovery : from bugs to drugs .\ncapon , r . j . , marine natural products chemistry : past , present , and future .\nbalansa , w . ; islam , r . ; fontaine , f . ; piggott , a . m . ; zhang , h . ; webb , t . i . ; gilbert , d . f . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , ircinialactams : subunit - selective glycine receptor modulators from australian sponges of the family irciniidae .\nraju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . ; aalbersberg , w . g . l . ; feussner , k . ; capon , r . j . , naseseazines a and b : a new dimeric diketopiperazine framework from a marine - derived actinomycete , streptomyces sp .\nhayes , r . a . ; piggott , a . m . ; dalle , k . ; capon , r . j . , microbial biotransformation as a source of chemical diversity in cane toad steroid toxins .\nhayes , r . a . ; crossland , m . r . ; hagman , m . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , ontogenetic variation in the chemical defences of cane toads ( bufo marinus ) : toxin profiles and effects on predators .\nhagman , m . ; hayes , r . a . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , alarm cues experienced by cane toad tadpoles affect post - metamorphic morphology and chemical defences .\nfremlin , l . j . ; piggott , a . m . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , cottoquinazoline a and cotteslosins a and b , metabolites from an australian marine - derived strain of aspergillus versicolor .\nel - naggar , m . ; capon , r . j . , discorhabdins revisited : cytotoxic alkaloids from southern australian marine sponges of the genera higginsia and spongosorites .\nzhang , h . ; major , j . m . ; lewis , r . j . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins g - k : new cytotoxic diterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas sp .\nzhang , h . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins d - f : diterpenyl - taurines from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas sp .\nratnayake , r . ; fremlin , l . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , acremolides a - d , lipodepsipeptides from an australian marine - derived fungus , acremonium sp .\nel - naggar , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , bistellettazines a - c and bistellettazole a : new terpenyl - pyrrolizidine and terpenyl - imidazole alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , stelletta sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; peng , c . ; dooms , c . , trachycladindoles a - g : cytotoxic heterocycles from an australian marine sponge , trachycladus laevispirulifer .\nratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , kibdelones : novel anticancer polyketides from a rare australian actinomycete .\nclark , b . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , the effect of halide salts on the production of gymnoascus reessii polyenylpyrroles .\ncapon , r . j . ; stewart , m . ; ratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , citromycetins and bilains a - c : new aromatic polyketides and diketopiperazines from australian marine - derived and terrestrial penicillium spp .\nratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , isokibdelones : novel heterocyclic polyketides from a kibdelosporangium sp .\nmiller , r . e . ; stewart , m . ; woodrow , i . e . ; capon , r . j . , a galloylated cyanogenic glycoside from the australian endemic rainforest tree elaecarpus sericopetalus ( elaeocarpaceae ) .\nclark , b . r . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , citrinin revisited : from monomers to dimers and beyond .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , quinolactacins revisited : from lactams to imide and beyond .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , polyenylpyrroles and polyenylfurans from an australian isolate of the soil ascomycete gymnoascus reessii .\nstewart , m . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , calbistrin e and two other new metabolites from an australian isolate of penicillium striatisporum .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; bulheller , b . ; bringmann , g . , gymnoascolides a - c : aromatic butenolides from an australian isolate of the soil ascomycete gymnoascus reessii .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , roquefortine e , a diketopiperazine from an australian isolate of gymnoascus reesii .\ncapon , r . j . ; vuong , d . ; mcnally , m . ; peterle , t . ; trotter , n . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , ( + ) - echinobetaine b : isolation , structure elucidation , synthesis and preliminary sar studies on a new nematocidal betaine from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; vuong , d . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , ( - ) - echinobetaine a : isolation , structure elucidation , synthesis and sar studies on a new nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; trotter , n . , n3 , 5 ' - cycloxanthosine , the first natural occurrence of a cyclonucleoside .\ncapon , r . j . ; singh , s . ; sadaquat , a . ; sotheeswaran , s . , spongosoritin a : a new polyketide from a fijian marine sponge , spongosorites sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; ratnayake , r . ; stewart , m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , aspergillazines a - e : novel heterocyclic dipeptides from an australian strain of aspergillus unilateralis .\nstewart , m . ; capon , r . j . ; white , j . m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; shaddock , m . p . , rugulotrosins a and b : two new antibacterial metabolites from an australian isolate of penicillium sp .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; stewart , m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , blanchaquinone : a new anthraquinone from an australian streptomyces sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , nematocidal thiocyanatins from a southern australian marine sponge , oceanapia sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , esmodil : an acetylcholine mimic resurfaces in a southern australian marine sponge raspalia ( raspailia ) sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; stewart , m . ; ford , j . ; o ' hair , r . a . j . ; williams , l . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , aspergillicins a - e : five novel depsipeptides from the marine - derived fungus aspergillus carneus .\nmazzaouri , s . a . ; burrow , m . f . ; tyas , m . j . ; rooney , f . r . ; capon , r . j . , long - term quantification of the release of monomers from dental resin composites and a resin - modified glass ionomer cement .\ngoodger , j . q . d . ; capon , r . j . ; woodrow , i . e . , cyanogenic polymorphism in eucalyptus polyanthemos schauer subsp . vestita l . johnson and k . hill ( myrtaceae ) .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; vuong , d . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , equilibrating isomers : bromoindoles and a seco - xanthine encountered during a study of nematocides from the southern australian marine sponge hymeniacidon sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; ford , j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , phoriospongin a and b : two new nematocidal depsipeptides from the australian marine sponges phoriospongia sp . and callyspongia bilamellata .\nallan , a . r . ; capon , r . j . ; brown , w . v . ; elgar , m . a . , mimicry of host cuticular hydrocarbons by the salticid spider cosmophasis bitaeniata that preys on the larvae of tree ants oecophylla smaragdina .\nvuong , d . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , onnamide f : a new nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , trachycladus laevispirulifer .\nmcnally , m . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins b and c : novel diterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas species .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , the isolation and synthesis of novel nematocidal dithiocyanates from an australian marine sponge , oceanapia sp .\n. capon , r . j . ; miller , m . ; rooney , f . , mirabilin g : a new alkaloid from a southern australian marine sponge , clathria species .\ncapon , r . j . ; jenkins , a . ; rooney , f . ; ghisalberti , e . l . , structure revision and assignment of absolute stereochemistry of a marine c21 bisfuranoterpene .\ncapon , r . j . , marine bioprospecting : trawling for treasure and pleasure .\nvuong , d . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasin a : a novel diterpene from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas species .\nford , j . ; capon , r . j . , discorhabdin r : a new antibacterial pyrroloiminoquinone from two latrunculiid marine sponges , latrunculia sp . and negombata sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; wicker , j . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , lorneamides a and b : two new aromatic amides from a southern australian marine actinomycete .\ncapon , r . j . ; rooney , f . ; murray , l . m . , 1 , 9 - dimethylhypoxanthine from a southern australian marine sponge , spongosorites species .\ncapon , r . j . ; miller , m . ; rooney , f . , clathrins a - c : metabolites from a southern australian marine sponge , clathria species .\novenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; friedel , t . ; wadsworth , d . , amphilactams a \u2013 d : novel nematocides from southern australian marine sponges of the genus amphimedon .\novenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , nuapapuin a and sigmosceptrellins d & e : new norterpene cyclic peroxides from a southern australian marine sponge , sigmosceptrella sp .\novenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , echinosulphonic acids a - c and echinosulphone a : novel bromoindole sulphonic acids and a sulphone from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; wadsworth , d . ; friedel , t . , geodin a magnesium salt : a novel nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , geodia .\novenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , trunculins g - i : new norsesterterpene cyclic peroxides from a southern australian marine sponge , latrunculia sp .\nmckee , t . c . ; galinis , d . l . ; pannell , l . k . ; cardellina ii , j . h . ; laakso , j . ; ireland , c . m . ; murray , l . ; capon , r . j . ; boyd , m . r . , the lobatamides , novel cytotoxic macrolides from southwestern pacific tunicates .\ncapon , r . j . ; rooney , f . ; murray , l . m . ; collins , e . ; sim , a . t . r . ; rostas , j . a . p . ; butler , m . s . ; carroll , a . r . , dragmacidins : new protein phosphatase inhibitors from a southern australian deep - water marine sponge , spongosorites sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; rooney , f . , callyspongynes a and b : new polyacetylenic lipids from a southern australian marine sponge , callyspongia sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; rochfort , s . j . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; metzger , r . p . , mycaperoxides f and g and a related norterpene ketone from southern australian marine sponges , mycale species .\ncapon , r . j . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; dargaville , t . , cis - 3 - hydroxy - n - methyl - l - proline : a new amino acid from a southern australian marine sponge , dendrilla sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; barrow , r . a . ; rochfort , s . ; jobling , m . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; friedel , t . ; wadsworth , d . , marine nematocides : tetrahydrofurans from a southern australian brown alga , notheia anomala .\ncapon , r . j . ; barrow , a . b . , acid - mediated conversion of methylene - interrupted bisepoxides to tetrahydrofurans : a biomimetic transformation .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , a new lipid from an australian marine sponge , callyspongia sp .\nrochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , cyclic peroxides and related norterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , mycale sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; barrow , r . a . ; skene , c . ; rochfort , s . , the biomimetic synthesis of marine epoxylipids : bisepoxides to tetrahydrofurans .\nbassett , s . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; gable , r . w . ; capon , r . j . , sigmosceptrins a - c : new norterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , sigmosceptrella sp .\nurban , s . ; hobbs , l . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , deoxyspongiaquinones : new sesquiterpene / quinones and hydroquinones from a southern australian marine sponge , eurospongia sp .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , absolute stereochemistry of puupehenone and related metabolites .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarin - s : a new aromatic metabolite from an australian tunicate , didemnum sp .\nrochfort , s . j . ; watson , r . ; capon , r . j . , dictyosphaerin : a novel bicyclic lipid from a southern australian marine green alga , dictyosphaeria sericea .\nrochfort , s . j . ; metzger , r . ; hobbs , l . ; capon , r . j . , new chromenols from a southern australian tunicate , aplidium solidum .\nrochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , parguerenes revisited : new brominated diterpenes from the southern australian marine red alga , laurencia filiformis .\nrochfort , s . j . ; atkin , d . ; capon , r . j . ; hobbs , l . , hippospongins a - f : new furanoterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , hippospongia sp .\nrochfort , s . ; gable , r . ; capon , r . j . , mycalone : a new steroidal lactone from a southern australian marine sponge , mycale sp .\nbarrow , r . a . ; murray , l . ; lim , t . k . ; capon , r . j . , mirabilins ( a - f ) : new alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , arenochalina mirabilis .\nallan , r . a . ; elgar , m . a . ; capon , r . j . , exploitation of an ant chemical alarm signal by zodariid spider habronestes bradleyi walckenaer .\nproc . r . soc . b , 1996 . 263 ( 1366 ) ( series b ) : p . 69 - 73 .\nurban , s . ; wilton , h . ; lu , c . c . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesquiterpene alcohol from an antarctic sponge .\nurban , s . ; hobbs , l . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins q and r : new aromatic metabolites from an australian marine sponge , dendrilla cactos .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , a new furanoditerpene from a southern australian marine sponge , thorectandra choanoides .\ntran , n . h . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , new oxygenated sesquiterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , dictyodendrilla sp .\nmurray , l . m . ; lim , t . k . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , isobromotopsentin : a new bis ( indole ) alkaloid from the deep water marine sponge spongosorites sp .\nmurray , l . ; lim , t . k . ; currie , g . ; capon , r . j . , aplidites ( a to g ) : macrocyclic orthonitrites from an australian tunicate , aplidium sp .\nmurray , l . ; hamit , h . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; hobbs , l . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesterterpene tetronic acid from an australian marine sponge , psammocinia sp .\nmurray , l . ; currie , g . ; capon , r . j . , a new macrocyclic \u03b3 - pyrone from a southern australian marine red alga .\nbeveridge , a . a . ; hill , m . ; anderson , a . p . ; capon , r . j . , the effect of the marine natural product variabilin on contractile activity of the guinea - pig ileum .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . ; hooper , j . n . a . , a new alkaloid from an australian marine sponge , spongosorites sp .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , marine sesquiterpene quinones and hydroquinones : acid - catalysed rearrangements and stereochemical investigations .\nurban , s . ; butler , m . s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins o and p : new aromatic metabolites from the australian marine sponge , dendrilla cactos .\nrochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesquiterpene / phenol from the australian marine brown alga perithalia caudata .\ndavis , r . ; capon , r . j . , two for one : structure revision of the marine sesterterpene tetronic acid strobilinin to ( 8z , 13e , 20z ) - strobilinin and ( 8e , 13e , 20z ) - strobilinin .\ncardamone , m . ; puri , n . k . ; sawyer , w . h . ; capon , r . j . ; brandon , m . r . , a spectroscopic and equilibrium binding analysis of cationic detergent - protein interactions using soluble and insoluble recombinant porcine growth hormone .\ncapon , r . j . ; dargaville , t . r . ; davis , r . , the absolute stereochemistry of variabilin and related sesterterpene tetronic acids .\nbonny , m . l . ; capon , r . j . , a sesquiterpene quinone and hydroquinone from the southern australian marine sponge , thorecta choanoides .\nbarrow , r . a . ; capon , r . j . , carduusynes ( a - e ) : acetylenic acids from the great australian bight marine sponge phakellia carduus .\nanderson , a . p . ; beveridge , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , pharmacological properties of the natural marine product furospongin - 1 ."]}
{"id": 1857, "summary": [{"text": "crucibulum striatum , common name the striate cup-and - saucer , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "crucibulum striatum", "paragraphs": ["calyptraeidae \u00bb crucibulum striatum , id : 297925 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nkatja schulz added an association between\ncrucibulum stratium , from above . 1903 . crepidula .\nand\ncrucibulum striatum ( say , 1826 )\n.\ncup - and - saucer limpets ( crucibulum striatum ) stuck to rocks and shells brought up from the ocean bottom .\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 014406 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; north atlantic ocean ; many localities . eastport , maine to off martha ' s vineyard , ma\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 000059 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; 1864 - 10\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 000005 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; 1864 - 10\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 010052 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; a . e . verrill expedition of 1868\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 070988 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\nastraeus hygrometicus bovista limosa bovista nigrescens bovista plumbea bovista aestivalis bovista pusilla calvatia excipuliformis calvatia gigantea calvatia utriformis clathrus archeri crucibulum crucibuliforme cyathus olla cyathus striatus geastrum elegans geastrum campestre geastrum coronatum geastrum fimbriatum geastrum minimum geastrum pectinatum geastrum quadrifidum geastrum saccatum geastrum schmidelii geastrum striatum geastrum triplex geastrum rufescens handkea excipuliformis handkea utriformis langermannia gigantea lycoperdon foetidum lycoperdon molle lycoperdon perlatum ( var . perlatum ) lycoperdon perlatum ( var . bornodeni ) lycoperdon pyriforme lycoperdon lividum mutinus caninus mutinus ravenelii mycenastrum corium myriostoma coliforme nidularia deformis phallus impudicus scleroderma areolatum scleroderma bovista scleroderma cepa scleroderma citrinum scleroderma verrucosum sphaerobolus stellatus tulostoma brumale tulostoma fimbriatum tulostoma melanocyclum vascellum pratense thankgiving colophon & copyrights top\ndistribution range : 45\u00b0n to 2\u00b0n ; 82\u00b0w to 51\u00b0w . nova scotia to both sides of florida\ndistribution range : 45\u00b0n to 2\u00b0n ; 82\u00b0w to 51\u00b0w . nova scotia to both sides of florida [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntrott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbromley , j . e . c . , and j . s . bleakney . ( 1984 ) . keys to the fauna and flora of minas basin . national research council of canada report 24119 . 366 p . [ details ]\ngosner , k . l . ( 1971 ) . guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates : cape hatteras to the bay of fundy . john wiley & sons , inc . 693 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nlinkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]\npollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthomas , m . l . h . ( ed . ) . 1983 . marine and coastal systems of the quoddy region , new brunswick . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences 64 . 306 p . [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nrange : 45\u00b0n to 2\u00b0n ; 82\u00b0w to 51\u00b0w . nova scotia to both sides of florida\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 yale university . all rights reserved . privacy policy its , campus community technologies , web technologies\ndescription : f + , very ribbed ! rare species from p . williams collection !\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nunited states of america . seashore of long islands , new york . on sea scallops , trawled by fishermen .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 773 seconds . )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\natlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay , north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal , 66 - 66 ft\ngray museum ; number 70988 ; lot count 1 ; original catalog number gm 2879 ; original catalog number ypm no . 31704\nastyris lunata ; ypm iz 078769 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\nastyris lunata ; ypm iz 079018 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\nedotea triloba ; ypm iz 076119 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\ncancer irroratus ; ypm iz 033944 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\nastarte castanea ; ypm iz 062127 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 1967 academic press inc . ( london ) ltd . published by elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthe following 10 pages are in this category , out of 10 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthere are mycologists knowing dunal earthstars so well that they even recognise earthstar species just born or almost worn . about the photo ' s tjerk nawijn wrote :\nwithout the help of luc knijnsberg it was not possible to name the right species ; i ' m gratefull for what he did .\n.\nmistakability : striate earthstar has been seen in the past in the urban amsterdam area , and the best chance to find back is to know how this earthstar looks like , where this earthstar could be found , and what species are mistakable . older and more mature beaked earthstar is the best candidate for a wrong name . how about the just born species ? duhno . . .\nhabitat : in forests and wood , coastal dunes , river dunes , road - sides , sandy parks and gardens . as well in calcareous as well as in calcareous - poor areas .\nregional : urban amsterdam area : 6 square kilometers until 1999 ( including amsterdamse bos , bijlmerpark , amsterdam - north ) pleistocene area : no . northsea dunal area : in calcareous and calcareous - poor dunes\nliterature : chrispijn , r . ed . ( 1999 ) , champignons in de jordaan ( de paddenstoelen van amsterdam ) , schuyt en co , 162 - 163 . hansen l . & h . knudsen ( 1997 ) , nordic macromycetes , vol . 3 , heterobasidioid , aphyllophoroid and gasteromycetoid basidiomycetes , kopenhagen , 1997 , 444 pp . jalink , leo m ( 1995 ) de aardsterren van nederland en belgi\u00eb , coolia 38 supplement . urltoken\nmolluscs are a group of invertebrate animals that have soft bodies and generally a ' head ' and ' foot ' region . often the body is covered by shells or plates . molluscs can be found in marine , freshwater and terrestrial environments . below are a sampling of the molluscs that students find with us while exploring the intertidal and subtidal habitats around st . andrews .\nslipper limpets ( crepidula fornicata ) are often found stacked . the largest one on the bottom is female and the smaller ones on top are male . if the female on the bottom dies the largest male will become a female .\nthe underside of the slipper limpet showing the ' deck ' from which the animal gets its common name .\nsmooth periwinkles ( littorina obtusata ) are usually found amongst knotted wrack on the beach .\nnote how well camouflaged the smooth periwinkles are to match the reproductive receptacles and air bladders of the seaweed .\ncommon periwinkles ( littorina littorea ) are the largest and most abundant periwinkle in passamaquoddy bay . their original habitat was europe but they have been here for over 100 years .\nmoon snail ( lunatia heros ) are found on muddy beaches and can grow quite large .\nthe spotted moon snail ( lunatia triseriata ) is a smaller species than the one above and can be distinguished by bluish or purplish spots on the shell .\nthe mud dog whelk ( nassarius obsoletus ) is found on rare occasions in the intertidal zone .\nwaved whelks ( buccinum undatum ) and their masses of egg capsules are pulled up in the scallop drag .\ndogwinkles ( thais lapillus ) are carnivorous and prey on other intertidal animals such as blue mussels , periwinkles and barnacles as they are doing in this picture .\nthe ten - ridged whelk ( neptunea decemostata ) is a large snail found on the ocean floor .\nthe stimpson ' s whelk ( colus stimpsoni ) is a rare find in the scallop drags .\nthese shell - less molluscs lay their eggs in ribbons on the underside of rocks in the intertidal zone .\nthe red - gilled nudibranch ( coryphella rufibranchialis ) is a beautiful and delicate sea slug found in the lower intertidal zone .\nscallops are fished commercially in this area and are a favourite at the local restaurants .\nblue mussels ( mytilus edulis ) attach tightly to each other using byssal threads , called the beard by mussel lovers .\nthe horse mussel ( modiolus modiolus ) is much larger than the blue mussel and has a brown , flaky covering . not a commercial species .\nthe waved astarte ( astarte undata ) is a small bivalve we pull up in the scallop drag .\nthe northern cardita ( cyclocardia borealis ) is another small bivalve that lives on the bottom .\nthe quahog ( mercenaria mercenaria ) is easily identified by the purple stain in the shell . locally , these can only be found in sam orr pond . the latin name is derived from the fact that these shells were used in making native american money or wampum .\nsoft - shelled clams ( mya arenaria ) are dug by clam diggers on the many muddy beaches in our area .\nthis picture shows the siphon openings of the soft - shelled clam ; all that you see when the clam is buried in the mud .\nthe macoma clam ( macoma balthica ) is a small bivalve with a pink interior .\nthe razor clam ( ensis directus ) burrows deeply on muddy bottoms in the subtidal zone . its long foot is used to burrow and swim .\nshort - finned squid ( illex illecebrosus ) swim in large schools and die after spawning .\nthis octopus ( bathypolypus arcticus ) is distinguished by the warty horns above its eyes . they are occasionally collected in our fish trawls in deep water .\nthe education department of the huntsman marine science centre offers unique , hands - on marine field courses for students of all ages . over 30 , 000 students have created life - long memories and friends through their experiences with us . to learn more about our courses visit urltoken and click on education .\nthe oldest students joined me in the lab first to explore if size affects how much heat you lose . we compared ' mice ' and ' whales ' during our experiment and were surprised to find the smaller animals lose heat faster because of surface area .\nthe kindergarten to grade 2 students started their exploration of whales by looking at porpoise and dolphin teeth , as well as baleen from a number of different whale species . then they conducted an experiment testing teeth vs . baleen at catching plankton and fish . the group concluded that teeth were only good at catching fish but the baleen could collect both . the final activity was to make a humpback whale food chain craft .\nthe grade 3 to 5 group were a little grossed out by their experiment using olives , shortening and staples to test whale buoyancy . they were troopers through and i think they enjoyed the lab despite all the ' ewwws ' . now they will always think of whales when they see an olive !\nstudents that take part in field courses with us in the summer and fall usually get a chance to go whale watching in the bay of fundy . some of the whales that frequent our area include minkes , humpbacks , fin whales , northern right whales , harbour porpoises , and atlantic white - sided dolphins . below are some pictures of the dorsal fins of these species to aid in identification in the field .\nopods have joints ) . below are some pictures of arthropods we commonly find while exploring passamaquoddy bay with students .\ncrenate barnacles ( balanus crenatus ) are a large barnacle found in the subtidal zone . in this picture they are releasing larvae .\nsideswimmers ( gammarus sp . ) are frequently found squiggling under seaweed and rocks on the beach .\nskeleton shrimp ( caprella sp . ) can be found in great numbers on tunicates and sponges pulled from the bottom of the bay .\nacadian hermit crabs ( pagurus acadianus ) are a delight to find in our scallop drags .\nthe hairy hermit crab ( pagurus pubescens ) is occasionally found in the bay .\nthe toad crab ( hyas araneus ) is collected from the bottom by our scallop drag .\neuropean green crabs ( carcinus maenas ) are an invasive species that have been in north america since the 1950s . they are the most commonly found crab on our beaches ."]}
{"id": 1869, "summary": [{"text": "rheocles is a genus of madagascar rainbowfish .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "rheocles has a restricted distribution , being found only in certain forested freshwater habitats in the central and eastern highlands of madagascar including the nosivolo river .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the genus appears to feed almost exclusively on allochthonous material , primarily insects falling onto the water surface . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "rheocles", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rheocles ( rheocles vatosoa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rheocles ( rheocles vatosoa )\ntitle =\narkive species - rheocles ( rheocles vatosoa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrheocles is an exclusively freshwater genus of madagascan bedotiid ecologically restricted to heavily forested streams ( stiassny 1990 ) .\nrheocles vatosoa begins to spawn in late october and early november and is believed to have an extended breeding season ( 2 ) . based on the reproductive behaviour of a closely - related species , rheocles alaotrensis , along with an absence of aquatic plants in its habitat , it is thought that rheocles vatosoa deposits its eggs in patches of coarse gravel ( 2 ) .\nbased on recent work , rheocles alaotrensis is now considered to be restricted to alaotra and the surrounded lakes and maningory system .\nrheocles species belong to the family bedotiidae and are closely related to the madagascar rainbowfishes . many of the differences that separate the genera rheocles and bedotia are skeletal and are difficult for the average hobbyist to detect . externally , the presence of a bedotia notch on the premaxillae ( upper jaw ) of malagasy rainbowfish helps to readily distinguish bedotia from rheocles in all known species . cichlids of madagascar > >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - katrana ( rheocles alaotrensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - katrana ( rheocles alaotrensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - katrana ( rheocles alaotrensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - zono ( rheocles wrightae )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - zono ( rheocles wrightae )\ntitle =\narkive species - zono ( rheocles wrightae )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na freshwater species , rheocles vatosoa occupies clear waters of both rapidly flowing rivers and small brooks , over gravel or coarse sand bottoms ( 2 ) .\nrheocles wrightae is distributed along mangoro catchment in madagascar . a subpopulation is also found in the upper reaches of the lakato river ( ravelomanana unpublished data ) .\nnot much is known about the captive husbandry of rheocles species , which is both bad news and good news . this is bad news because not only are rheocles species hard to get hold of , but the little that we know about them shows that they can be finicky when it comes to captive care .\ndescription of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031\nthis species is known from lac alaotra , upstream of maningory and betsiboka rivers , in madagascar . a recent ambatovy project study discovered that the rheocles alaotrensis occurring in mangoro system is a new species , and the rianila subpopulation is also a new species . therefore , rheocles alaotrensis is restricted to alaotra and the surrounded lakes and maningory system .\nalthough there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for rheocles vatosoa , the catchment of streams in the lokoho basin is now protected by the marojejy national park ( 1 ) .\nmales defend a small territory that is typically centered around a landmark , such as a rock or collection of mops . they display rapid up - down swimming motions when ripe females approach . rheocles species lay small sticky eggs on the aquarium substrate . unlike bedotia species that typically lay their eggs in tight clusters , rheocles species lay their eggs singly and prefer a firm substrate to spawning mops .\ndetails - description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 - biodiversity heritage library\nthe type series and all available specimens of rheocles vatosoa have been collected in upper reaches of the lokoho river in the general vicinity of the town of andapa ( stiassny et al . 2002 ) .\nvery little information is available on the biology of rheocles vatosoa . its diet appears to be somewhat opportunistic , consisting of both terrestrial insects , likely to have fallen into the water from overhanging trees , and aquatic insect larvae ( 2 ) .\nrheocles derhami only known from amboaboa and mangarahara rivers in the sofia drainage . recent surveys ( 2013 - 2014 ) only found one specimen in amboaboa near the marotandrano village . no other subpopulations are found elsewhere ( pers . obs . ) .\neggs hatch in six to eight days at temperatures near 80 degrees fahrenheit . rheocles fry are small and will have trouble consuming brine shrimp nauplii as their first food so have an infusoria culture or some vinegar eels for starting foods . keep in mind that rheocles fry are extremely fragile for the first few months of life , and attempting to move young ones to a rearing aquarium often leaves you with nothing to rear . it is best to move the parents and leave the fry where they hatch .\nrheocles alaotrensis was caught in the middle of alaotra lake where the depth was about one metre . the water was coloured between red or yellow . the lake substrate was silt . it is found is forested and semi - forested streams and small lakes .\nrheocles species grow to an average total length of 3 inches with larger individuals reaching close to 3\u00be inches . two species \u2014 r . vatosoa and r . derhami \u2014 show constant sexual dichromatism while the other five species are monochromatic outside the reproductive season .\nwhat the heck are silversides from madagascar , you might ask . well , these small sleek fishes belong to the genus rheocles and are found , for the most part , in cooler faster flowing waters around madagascar\u2019s northern territories . however , just to make things difficult , paul loiselle , ph . d . , recently discovered a new species of rheocles in the far south near ft . dauphin . there are currently seven species recognized in this genus , which was first described in 1891 . killifish of madagascar > >\nstiassny , m . l . j . ( 1990 ) notes on the anatomy and relationships of the bedotiid fishes of madagascar : with a taxonomic revision of the genus rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) . american museum novitates , 2979 : 1 - 33 .\nstiassny , m . l . j . , rodriguez , d . m . and loiselle , p . v . ( 2002 ) rheocles vatosoa , a new species of freshwater rainbowfish ( atherinomorpha : bedotiidae ) from the lokoho river basin in northeastern madagascar . cybium , 261 : 71 - 77 .\nloiselle , p . v . and stiassny , m . l . j . ( 2003 ) rheocles , malagasy rainbowfish , aona . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ( eds . ) the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago .\nty - book ti - description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 ur - urltoken py - 1992 au - reinthal , peter . au - stiassny , melanie l . j . er -\nstiassny , m . l . j . and d . m . rodriguez , 2001 . rheocles derhami , a new species of freshwater rainbowfish ( atherinomorpha : bedotiidae ) from the ambomboa river in northeastern madagascar . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 12 ( 2 ) : 97 - 104 . ( ref . 39832 )\nthroughout its range , rheocles vatosoa is found predominately in clear streams over gravel or coarse sand bottoms . such streams are characterized by soft , slightly acidic to moderately alkaline water , total and carbonate hardness value < 1\u00b0dh , electrical conductivity between 23 and 30\u00b5s / cm and ph values between 6 . 8 and 7 . 5 .\nfiltration was easily supplied with undergravel filter plates covered in small - diameter gravel and supplemented with air - driven sponge filters . this filtration was sufficient for 15 specimens in a 50 - gallon aquarium . i see no reason to forego canister or hang - on filters if that is your preference , and rheocles species might appreciate the increased flow rate .\nmalagasy silversides live in waters ranging from 5 . 0 to 8 . 5 ph , low hardness ( less than 3 dkh ) and cool temperatures usually lower than 73 degrees fahrenheit . analysis of gut contents shows that , like pachypanchax and bedotia species , rheocles species are somewhat opportunistic feeders that prey on both aquatic insects and terrestrial insects that fall into the water .\nrheocles vatosoa is currently known only from the lokoho river in north - eastern madagascar , where it occurs in the upper and middle reaches of the main river channel in the general vicinity of the town of andapa ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it typically occurs between 400 and 940 metres above sea level ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe second challenge with rheocles species is disease . like the malagasy cichlids , malagasy silversides are highly susceptible to ich ( ichthyophthirius multfiliis ) infection and it can be deadly if not caught in time . treatment with an over - the - counter ich medication ( malachite and formalin - based , if possible ) coupled with increased temperatures between 78 and 82 degrees does the trick .\nin andreba village , the rheocles alaotrensis fishery is very important . they use mosquito nets as seine . significant quantities of this species go to ambatondrazaka , moramanga and antananarivo markets . the alaotra lake habitat loss is well studied by moreau ( 1977 ) . continued deforestation throughout its range is a threat . the species is also threatened by the alien invasive species of channidae and xiphophorus helleri .\njustification : based on recent survey work this species is more widespread than previously hypothesized . the eoo is still less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 , it is known from four separate locations , and the habitat quality is declining , largely due to the impacts of deforestation . rheocles wrightae is therefore assessed as endangered . it should however be noted that taxonomic work is required to confirm the species range .\nmore worrisome is the rheocles susceptibility to a bloatlike condition , at least in wild - caught specimens . the founder population i worked with in denver developed bloat after one year in captivity . abdominal swelling with sudden listlessness defied both water parameters adjustment and pharmaceutical use and eventually caused 100 - percent mortality in the population . subsequent generations seem less prone to bloat and no definitive cause was ever identified .\nrheocles alaotrensis males undergo a dramatic color change when coming into breeding condition , with unpaired fins becoming a deep red with the main body a dark , sooty black . i would hazard a guess that in the four other species that are normally monochromatic ( r . wrightae , r . pellegrini , r . sikorae and r . lateralis ) , a distinct change in coloration is associated with spawning .\n@ book { bhl170907 , title = { description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { reinthal , peter . and stiassny , melanie l . j . } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }\nrheocles alaotrensis , r . vatosoa and r . wrightae have all been kept in aquaria for varying lengths of time . the lake alaotra silverside ( r . alaotrensis ) was bred at the denver zoo for four generations before populations stopped breeding and began showing severe signs of physical malformation . during that time , we found that although our r . alaotrensis were collected in soft acidic waters with an average temperature of 66 degrees , they reproduced quite readily in our tap water ( ph of 7 . 2 , 8 dgh , 3 dkh ) with temperatures ranging from 75 to 82 degrees . we were never able to determine what caused the malformations and die off of our populations ; hypotheses included inbreeding depression and mercury poisoning of the founders .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 19 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 21 ; vertebrae : 35 - 38 . rheocles derhami is readily distinguished from r . sikorae and r . wrightae by length of upper jaw ( 32 - 41 % hl versus 46 - 58 ) and absence of black pigmentation of genital papilla , from r . pellegrini by number of gill rakers on lower limb of first arch ( 9 - 10 versus 6 - 7 ) , from r . lateralis by caudal peduncle length ( 67 . 3 - 78 . 6 % sl versus 84 . 6 - 96 . 7 ) , and from r . alaotrensis by absence of chest and belly scales and paired predorsal scale rows ( ref . 39832 ) . in life males normally light grey , the second dorsal , anal and caudal fins are bright silvery blue , the throat region is orange - red , light grey females are not brightly colored ; preserved specimens are creamy yellow , scale rows in dorsal midline heavily pigmented and darkened ( ref . 39832 ) .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > reinthal , peter . < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > stiassny , melanie l . j . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1992 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5 : 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\nthe science computer cluster facility is a major resource used to advance and support our research and educational initiatives . the science clusters are used by museum research scientists , postdoctoral fellows , graduate and undergraduate students whose work relies heavily on high - end capability computing in areas of biology , genomics , astrophysics , and anthropology .\namnh scientists are at the forefront of developing and utilizing cutting - edge approaches in computing paradigms to address problems of broad application in the biological and physical sciences . for instance , researchers in invertebrate zoology have developed and implemented phylogenetic algorithms that are used by scientists around the world . while those in astrophysics , in collaborations with scientists world - wide , use high - resolution numerical simulation techniques to bring life to the hayden planetarium space shows .\nfurther , as part of the core mission of the museum , to educate , train and disseminate information , the clusters are leveraged to promote the significance of high - performance computing within today ' s society for science and engineering through our educational programs .\nthe richard gilder graduate school embraces graduate training , post - doctoral fellowships , and undergraduate training programs at the museum , through both independent activities and partnerships with universities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\na recent study done by the ambatovy project revealed that the rianila and mangoro subpopulations are genetically different from the alaotra subpopulation .\njustification : the species has a restricted eoo ( 170 km\u00b2 ) , is found in a single location threatened by the spread of invasive alien species , and suffers an ongoing decline and loss of habitat , primarily due to conversion to rice fields . the species is therefore assessed as endangered .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is still abundant in nosivolo tributaries and around anosibe an ' ala and mangabe . it is rarer in the upper reaches of the mangoro river to the north of moramanga ( ravelomanana , unpublished data ) .\nthe main threats are habitat loss and degradation through siltation caused by deforestation of a small remaining forested region ; and competition / predation from exotic invasive species .\nsome populations of this species are inside of different protected areas : corridor ankeniheny zahamena , couloir forestier anjjozorobe angavo , marolambo and nosivolo .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39832 )\nreinthal , p . n . and m . l . j . stiassny , 1997 . revision of the madagascan genus ptychochromoides ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with description of a new species . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 7 ( 4 ) : 353 - 368 . ( ref . 26236 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nafrica : central east madagascar , lake alotra , maningory river system ; anjozorobe and in the tributaries of betsikiboka on the west slope of madagascar .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4114 )\nmaug\u00e9 , l . a . , 1986 . atherinidae . p . 277 - 279 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4114 )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nendangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : a recently described species known from the lokoho and andapa river basins , madagascar . even though the catchment of the streams in the lokoho basin is protected by the marojejy and anjanaharibe sud national parks , the restricted range ( eoo less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 ) , single location ( based on the threat from invasive alien species ) , and a continued decline in habitat extent and quality outside the national park ( mainly due to deforestation and rice farming ) , lead to an assessment of endangered for this species .\nin forested streams within portions of its range , this species is still abundant . within the andapa basin and in andrakata river , this speces is now very rare .\nfishery activity using mosquito net is common in the andapa rice fields . during the time period of our observations , this species was completely extirpated from this area ( ravelomanana , pers . obs . )\nongoing deforestation , mosquito net fishery activity and the presence of the exotic species : gambusia holbrooki , xiphophorus hellerii and channa maculata pose the principal threats to the long - term survival of r . vatosoa . the central part of the species range has also been converted into extensive areas of rice fields where this species is no longer present .\nraminosoa , n . , randrianizahaisa , h . , rasoloariniaina , r & velosoa , j .\njustification : this species is very restricted in the mandolotra river where it is only found in the clear running headwaters . it has an eoo of approximately 10 km\u00b2 is found at a single location and suffers from the impacts of ongoing habitat decline and invasive species resulting in a continuing decline in the quality of habitat . the species is therefore assessed as critically endangered .\nthis species is known only from the mandolotra river affluent of nosivolo river in madagascar .\nit was still abundant at the two places where it was found in 2007 ( ravelomanana pers comm . ) at the headwaters and confluence of the mandolotra and the nosivolo rivers .\nloss of habitat quality following significant levels of deforestation . competition and predation from gambusia holbrooki and xiphophorus maculatus are also threats . overfishing with mosquito nets is also a threat .\nraminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .\njustification : until the past decade , this species had not been collected since the 1930s , largely because its exact type locality was not known . in the past decade , additional specimens have been collected from the region of the type locality . however , there are little data available upon which to base statements about the quality of its habitat or the size of its population . it is assessed as data deficient .\nthe single known locality for r . pellegrini is given by nichols and lamonte ( 1931 ) as being\none day west of andapa .\nthe fish were collected by a . l . rand and p . a . dumont who were participants in the\narchibold expedition\nto the island ( stiassny , 1990 ) . subsequent specimens have been collected from this region in the past decade . it is endemic to madagascar .\nsubpopulations in the region of the type locality are extant and appear relatively stable .\ndeforestation and resulting habitat degradation in the region is a threat to this species .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthe nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of h2a , h2b , h3 and h4 assembled in one h3 - h4 heterotetramer and two h2a - h2b heterodimers . the octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of dna .\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nauthenticated ( 17 / 08 / 10 ) by dr . paul v . loiselle , curator of freshwater fishes , new york aquarium . pvl2413 @ urltoken\nkiener , a . ( 1963 ) poissons , p\u00eache et pisciculture \u00e0 madagascar . centre technique forestier tropical , nogent - sur - marne .\ndr . paul v . loiselle curator of freshwater fishes new york aquarium surf ave . and west 8th st . brooklyn ny 11224 united states of america tel : ( 718 ) 265 - 3406 fax : ( 719 ) 265 - 3420 ploiselle @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nraminosoa , n . , randrianizahaisa , h . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .\nthis species is only known from a single location , a tributary of the sofia river in madagascar . the species was formerly abundant in this area as recorded by stiasnny et al . ( 1992 ) but surveys in 2013 ( tsilavina ravelomanana , brian zimmerman et al . ) found only one specimen despite extensive survey .\nthe species was formerly found in clear , pristine river habitat . it occurs in the upper part of the catchment where the water is relatively cool .\nthis species is facing a significant degree of habitat loss , which is the main cause of its decline . sedimentation changes the main river facies into shallow pools and runs . this kind of habitat is not suitable for this species especially when it is exposed to the sun , as the temperature climbs .\nthis species also faces huge overfishing pressure . local fishers use mosquito nets for fishing in the shallows and they practice poisoning in deep sections .\ncr\u00e9\u00e9e le 28 janvier 1976 , la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d\u2019ichtyologie s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et internationalis\u00e9e rapidement . malgr\u00e9 un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n\u2019ont pas vari\u00e9 depuis 1976 . c\u2019est pour r\u00e9pondre au quatri\u00e8me point de ses objectifs \u2013 assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d\u2019une publication sp\u00e9cifique \u2013 que la revue cybium fut cr\u00e9\u00e9e d\u00e8s 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l\u2019initiative de publier ou d\u2019aider \u00e0 publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l\u2019objet ou non de num\u00e9ros sp\u00e9ciaux de la revue .\ncybium , \u00e9dit\u00e9e par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d\u2019ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synth\u00e8se , des r\u00e9sum\u00e9s de th\u00e8se , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations int\u00e9ressant les membres de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ou l\u2019ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets trait\u00e9s doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l\u2019ichtyologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale , fondamentale ou appliqu\u00e9e , qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de poissons d\u2019eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .\nthe europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite\nvous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des r\u00e9sum\u00e9s et quelques photos .\nseminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )\nphysiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki\ng . prestes - carneiro , p . b\u00e9arez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki\nnamed for patrick de rham , director of the aquatic conservation network ( ref . 39832 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39832 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 40 se ; based on food items .\nbonus content from the november 2009 fama magazine article fishes from the red island .\naquarium d\u00e9cor and lighting should attempt to mimic forested streams , so save the compact fluorescents and bubble curtains for other species . spawning mops or live plants can provide appropriate cover and subdued lighting is best for these somewhat skittish fishes .\nthe katrana is one of a family of small , colourful fish , the bedotiidae or madagascan rainbowfish , which inhabit the waters of madagascar . this species is one of the largest in the family , with an attractive yellow , pink and brown body ( 3 ) . male and female katranas can be distinguished by the colour of their fins ; while the male\u2019s fins are bright red , those of the female have a pale rose colouration ( 4 ) .\nthe katrana is a schooling fish ( 5 ) , which feeds primarily on insects that have fallen into the water from the surrounding vegetation , as well as aquatic insect larvae ( 6 ) .\nthe eggs of the katrana are adhesive and attach to the stream banks and vegetation , preventing them from being swept away to unfavourable habitats . after spawning , the katrana leaves its eggs unguarded ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . the eggs hatch in 10 to 14 days , and the resulting fry ( young fish ) are capable of swimming and feeding as soon as they hatch ( 9 ) .\nendemic to madagascar , the katrana is found in lake alaotra , the largest lake on the island , as well as the maningory and rianila river systems and tributaries of the betsiboka river ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nthis freshwater species inhabits small rivers and streams that are clean , silt - free and well oxygenated , often with over - hanging vegetation ( 5 ) , as well as the open waters of lake alaotra ( 4 ) .\nthis small , colourful fish is threatened by an increase in human activities in the areas surrounding its habitat . large - scale slash - and - burn deforestation , such as that occurring around lake alaotra ( 10 ) , results in soil erosion and run - off into the surrounding rivers and streams . the increased silt suspended in the water disrupts water flow , smothers fish eggs , and generally creates an unfavourable environment ( 6 ) .\nthere is also an active fishery for this species in lake alaotra ( 4 ) . heavy fishing pressure has resulted in the katranas in the lake having a much smaller average length than that of populations inhabiting rivers ( 9 ) .\ninvasive fish species , introduced by humans to increase fishery productivity , are an ever - increasing problem to the native fishes of madagascar . it is not known how precisely these species displace the native fishes , but it is suspected a mix of predation and competition is responsible ( 6 ) .\nalthough there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the katrana in its natural environment , denver zoo is working on a captive breeding programme ( 11 ) and there are several broad - spectrum projects working on wetland preservation in the region ( 12 ) . while this species is currently doing much better than previously expected , like the other species in its family the katrana is still under considerable threat ( 1 ) .\nmaug\u00e9 , l . a . ( 1986 ) atherinidae . in : daget , j . , gosse , j . p . and thys van den audenaerde , d . f . e . ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa . volume 2 . orstom , paris and mrac , tervuren .\nreinthal , p . j . , riseng , k . j . and sparks , j . s . ( 2003 ) water management issues in madagascar : biodiversity , conservation and deforestation . in : crisman , t . l . , chapman , l . j . , chapman , c . a . and kaufman , l . s . ( eds . ) conservation , ecology and management of african fresh waters . university press of florida , florida .\nbreder , c . m . and rosen , d . e . ( 1966 ) modes of reproduction in fishes . natural history press , new york .\nmutschler , t . ( 2003 ) lac alaotra . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ( eds . ) the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago .\nandrianandrasana , h . t . , randriamahefasoa , j . , durbin , j . , lewis , r . e . and ratsimbazafy , j . h . ( 2005 ) participatory ecological monitoring of the alaotra wetlands in madagascar . biodiversityand conservation , 14 : 2757 - 2774 .\ninformation on the zono is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1872, "summary": [{"text": "tephris cyriella is a species of snout moth in the genus tephris .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by erschoff in 1874 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in spain , romania and turkmenistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 20 \u2013 23 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "tephris cyriella", "paragraphs": ["tephris verruculella is a species of moth in the family pyralidae . it was described by ragonot in 1887 . it is found in russia ( transcausia ) , morocco and israel . . . .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / es\nurltoken\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 1878, "summary": [{"text": "new world orioles are a group of birds in the genus icterus of the blackbird family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "unrelated to old world orioles of the family oriolidae , they are strikingly similar in size , diet , behaviour , and strongly contrasting plumage , a good example of convergent evolution .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "as a result , the two have been given the same vernacular name .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings , females and immature birds duller .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they moult annually .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "new world orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they mainly eat insects , but also enjoy nectar and fruit .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the nest is a woven , elongated pouch .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "species nesting in areas with cold winters are strongly migratory , while subtropical and tropical species are more sedentary .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name \" oriole \" was first recorded ( in the latin form oriolus ) by albertus magnus in about 1250 , which he stated to be onomatopoeic , from the song of the european golden oriole .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the genus name icterus as used by classical authors , referred to a bird with yellow or green plumage .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "in modern times this has been identified as the golden oriole .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "brisson re-applied the name to the new world birds because of their similarity in appearance . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "new world oriole", "paragraphs": ["the remaining old world and new world species of caprimulgus represent two separate lineages . the new world species\nhere are all the possible meanings and translations of the word new world oriole .\nnew world oriole .\ndefinitions . net . stands4 llc , 2018 . web . 9 jul 2018 . < urltoken world oriole > .\nare we missing a good definition for new world oriole ? don ' t keep it to yourself . . .\nburu oriole ( oriolus bouroensis ) is split into two species , buru oriole ( oriolus bouroensis ) and tanimbar oriole ( oriolus decipiens ) , following rheindt and hutchinson ( 2007 ) .\nchange the english name of emberizidae from buntings , sparrows and allies to buntings and new world sparrows .\nnew zealand robin ( north island ) \u2013 > new zealand robin ( north i . )\nnew zealand robin ( south island ) \u2013 > new zealand robin ( south i . )\nbefore the discovery of the americas there was the known world of europe , africa and asia . then came the new world , with its promise , its riches , its plenty .\nare repositioned at the end of the sequence of caprimulgus , since the new world species are more closely related to other new world genera ( such as hydropsalis ) than they are to old world caprimulgus . future revisions to the nomenclature and to the sequence of genera and species of these nightjars are almost guaranteed .\nthe new world orioles occur naturally in the americas , from canada south to southern america ; as well as the caribbean islands .\nferguson - lees , j . and d . a . christie . 2001 . raptors of the world . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts , and new york , new york .\ntaylor , p . b . 2006 . family muscicapidae ( old world flycatchers ) . pages 56 - 163 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 . old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nk\u00f6nig , c . , and f . weick . 2008 . owls of the world . second edition . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .\ncorrect the scientific name of the polytypic group hooded oriole ( eastern ) from icterus cucullatus [ cucullatus group ] to icterus cucullatus cucullatus / sennetti .\nonley , d . j . , and p . scofield . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nappendix a . new subspecies groups as we mentioned above , a very large number of new subspecies groups were added this year , thanks to a global review of phenotypic characters conducted as part of the handbook of the birds of the world project .\nrevise the range statement from \u201cknown from 2 specimens ca 1900 from mts . of se new guinea\u201d to \u201cpatchily distributed in central and eastern new guinea . \u201d\ndickinson , e . c . ( editor ) . 2003 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . third edition . princeton university press , new jersey .\ndickinson , e . c . ( editor ) . 2003 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . third edition . princeton university press , new jersey .\nthe enigmatic ( and extinct ) piopio ( turnagra capensis ) long has defied classification . recent editions of clements checklist have included it in petroicidae ( australasian robins ) , but new research ( zuccon and ericson 2012 ) reveals that in fact piopio is an oriole ( oriolidae , old world orioles ) . position this species at the end of the oriolidae .\nsibley , c . g . , and b . l . monroe , jr . 1990 . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .\nthe brown - headed cowbird may lay its eggs in the oriole nest . this practice is commonly referred to as\nbrood parasitism .\nmany birds will raise those as their own ; however , the oriole will eject the eggs of the brown - headed cowbird from its nest ( sealy and neudorf 1995 , condor 97 : 369 - 375 ) .\nseparate the two species of ground - hornbills ( bucorvus ) into a new family , bucorvidae .\ngenetic evidence indicates that these two species are not embedded within old world buteo , but instead are sister to old world species . consequently we reposition ferruginous and rough - legged hawks between red - tailed hawk ( buteo jamaicensis ) and common buzzard ( buteo buteo ) .\ncoates , b . j . , g . c . l . dutson , and c . e . filardi . 2006 . family monarchidae ( monarch - flycatchers ) . pages 244 - 329 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 . old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nthe altamira oriole ( icterus gularis ) is a new world oriole . the bird is widespread in subtropical lowlands of the mexican gulf coast and northern central america , the pacific coast and inland . it also can be found in the extreme south of texas ( locally called the rio grande valley ) . at 25 cm ( 9 . 8 in ) and 56 g ( 2 . 0 oz ) , this is the largest oriole of the icterus genus . this bird nests in open woodlands . the nest is a very long woven pouch , attached to the end of a horizontal tree branch , sometimes to telephone wires . this bird forages high in trees , sometimes in the undergrowth . they mainly eat insects and berries . these birds are permanent residents , and unlike the migratory orioles that breed in the us , the species is sexually monomorphic\u2014both the males and the females have elaborate coloration and patterning .\nhorned parakaeet eunymphicus cornutus is split into two species , with horned parakeet eunymphicus cornutus occurring through most of the rage on new caledonia and ouvea parakeet eunymphicus uvaeensis being restricted to the island of ouvea off new caledonia\u2019s north coast .\nwe have harvested some of that bounty to create a distinctive and original range of cocktails that evoke a once - distant world just beyond the horizon .\ndelete subspecies melidectes fuscus gilliardi ; this is a synonym of melidectes fuscus fuscus . revise the range of subspecies fuscus from \u201cse new guinea ( scratchley and wharton mts . ) \u201d to \u201cmountains of central and southeastern new guinea . \u201d\ndelete subspecies melidectes rufocrissalis gilliardi ; this name is preoccupied , and is replaced by melidectes rufocrissalis thomasi . revise the range of thomasi from \u201cmts . of e new guinea\u201d to \u201csouthern slopes of the eastern highlands of new guinea . \u201d\nthey are often seen feeding at hummingbird feeders . oriole feeders are similar to hummingbird feeders , except they are orange instead of red and have larger perches since orioles perch while feeding , while hummingbirds mostly hover in front of it .\nrange : santa cruz is . and vanuatu ( including torres and banks is . ) , new caledonia and loyalty islands\nkemp , a . j . 1995 . the hornbills . bucerotiformes . oxford university press , oxford and new york .\nweller ( 2011 ) reviewed variation in purple - throated sunangel , and described a new species , brilliant sunangel ( heliangelus splendidus ) . he further proposed that there was an additional new subspecies , pyropus , in the new species . brilliant sunangel is very similar to purple - throated sunangel , and , although weller reported some apparent overlap between the two , we are not certain that this proposed new species will be accepted by sacc . provisionally we enter these two taxa as subspecies of purple - throated sunangel , and also as a new polytpic group , purple - throated sunangel ( brilliant ) ( heliangelus viola splendidus / pyropus ) .\ndutson , g . 2011 . birds of melanesia : bismarcks , solomons , vanuatu , and new caledonia . princeton university press .\nrobson , c . 2000 . a guide to the birds of southeast asia . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nthe sequence of genera within thraupidae ( tanagers and allies ) is revised , to agree with that currently adopted by sacc . this sequence perhaps is provisional . thraupidae recently has been expanded considerably by the inclusion of many new genera previously classified in emberizidae ( buntings and new world sparrows ) ( see families ( composition ) ) , but the sequence adopted here does not yet completely reflect phylogenetic relationships within the expanded version of thraupidae .\nit signified a bird in the plumage of which yellow or green predominated , and hence brisson did not take an unhappy liberty when he applied it in a scientific sense to some birds of the new world of which the same could be said . these are now held to constitute a distinct family ,\nin view of the many changes in recent years to the composition of sylviidae , change the english name of the family from old world warblers to sylviids , parrotbills and allies .\ndutson , g . 2011 . birds of melanesia . the bismarks , solomons , vanuatu and new caledonia . christopher helm , london .\nto correct this , we add one new monotypic group , green - backed camaroptera ( green - tailed ) ( camaroptera brachyura harterti ) .\nrocamora , g . j . , and d . yeatman - berthelot . 2009 . family dicruridae ( drongos ) . pages 172 - 226 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 14 . bush - shrikes to old world sparrows . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ngill , f . & donsker , d . ( eds ) . 2017 . ioc world bird list ( v 7 . 1 ) . available from urltoken ( accessed january 2017 ) .\nmurphy , r . c . 1936 . oceanic birds of south america [ page 754 ] . american museum of natural history , new york .\nholmes , d . , and k . phillipps . the birds of sulawesi . oxford university press , oxford , singapore , and new york .\nzuccon , d . 2011 . a new name for the monserrat forest thrush . bulletin of the british ornithologist\u2019s club 131 : 199 - 200 .\nfrith , c . b . , and d . w . frith . 2009 . family paradeisaeidae ( birds - of - paradise ) . pages 404 - 492 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 14 . bush - shrikes to old world sparrows . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nnorth island robin is split from south island [ new zealand ] robin p . australis ( gill et al . 2010 , h & m4 ) .\nto download a copy of the irish list in pdf format click here . document will open in a new window . note : file size : 79kb\nthey are not related to the old world orioles which are in the family oriolidae , but are somewhat strikingly similar in plumage coloration ( yellow / orange and black ) , size , diet and behavior .\nlack , d . 1958 . a new race of the white - rumped swift . journal of the bombay natural history society 55 : 160 - 161 .\ndiamond , j . m . 1969 . preliminary results of an ornithological exploration of the north coastal range , new guinea . american museum novitates number 2362 .\ndeignan , h . g . 1957 . a new flycatcher from southeastern asia , with remarks on muscicapa latirostris raffles . ibis 99 : 340 - 344 .\nsinclair , i . , and p . ryan . 2003 . birds of africa south of the sahara . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\ncarduelis sp . : the genus carduelis has been slowly eroded , with first all new world species being moved to other genera ( mostly spinus ) and also old world taxa mostly being moved ( e . g . , greenfinches to chloris , linnet and twite to linaria , etc . ) . the only remaining species are now european goldfinch carduelis carduelis , citril finch carduelis citrinella , and corsican finch carduelis corsicana , which are not species that are particularly similar or sources of common confusion . because of this , the entry for carduelis sp . is removed . in the new world , records of carduelis sp . are moved to spinus sp . , but since it is not clear what is intended for european entries , most of these records are moved to finch sp . fringillidae sp . if you know , for example , that your records refer to linaria sp . , you can move your records to twite / eurasian linnet linaria flavirostris / cannabina .\nrevise the range of subspecies accipiter albogularis gilvus from \u201ccentral solomon islands\u201d to \u201ccentral solomon islands ( vella lavella , kolombangara , new georgia , and rendova ) \u201d .\nrevise the range statement for pachycephala caledonica littayei from \u201cnew caledonia and loyalty islands ( lifou and mar\u00e9 ) \u201d to \u201cloyalty islands ( lifou and mar\u00e9 ) . \u201d\nmagnificent riflebird ptiloris magnificus is split into two species , which differ primarily in vocalizations : magnificent riflebird ptiloris magnificus , which occurs in ne . australia ( n cape york peninsula ) and lowlands of w and w - central new guinea , and growling riflebird ptiloris intercedens , restricted to lowlands of central and se papua new guinea .\nnew species described on the basis of morphology and vocalizations from the island of rote in the lesser sundas ( eaton et al 2016 , prawiradilaga et al . 2017 )\nfry , c . h . , and k . fry . 1992 . kingfishers , bee - eaters , & rollers . princeton university press , princeton , new jersery .\nbaltimore oriole ( icterus galbula ) french : oriole de baltimore german : baltimoretrupial spanish : turpial de baltimore other common names : northern oriole ( when treated as conspecific with i . bullockii ) taxonomy : c . [ oracias ] galbula linnaeus , 1758 , america = virginia , usa . dna data indicate that this is sister - species of i . abeillei . formerly treated as conspecific with latter and with i . bullockii ; hybridizes extensively with i . bullockii in a belt from s canada ( alberta and saskatchewan ) s in great plains to s usa ( oklahoma and texas ) , but assortative mating ( or selection against hybrids ) evident at several locations . monotypic . distribution : breeds in s canada from ne british columbia and alberta e to s ontario , s quebec and nova scotia , s in c & e usa to c texas , c mississippi , nw georgia , w virginia and n delaware ; winters mostly in florida , coastal california , cuba and jamaica , and mexico s to n colombia and venezuela .\nthe three north american species of carpodacus are not closely related to old world species of carpodacus , and are transferred to the genus haemorhous . this action is based on nacc proposal 2011 - c - 12 , following arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007 ) , lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . move haemorhous to a new position , immediately preceding carpodacus .\nlerner , h . r . l . , and d . p . mindell . 2005 . phylogeny of eagles , old world vultures , and other accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial dna . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 37 : 327\u2013346 .\nsuperb bird - of - paradise is split into three species , including vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda ( restricted to far western papua ) ; greater superb bird - of - paradise lophorina superba ( of central new guinea ) , and a lesser superb bird - of - paradise lophorina minor ( of easternmost papua new guinea ) . note also that the name superba , previously applied to the population in the mountains of the bird\u2019s head peninsula , instead should refer to the population of the central highlands of new guinea .\nsouza\u2019s shrike is closely related to the recently split southern fiscal ( lanius collaris ) , and is moved to a new position between southern fiscal and newton\u2019s fiscal ( lanius newtoni ) .\nthese two species of campephaga cuckooshrikes are transferred to the genus lobotos , following j\u00f8nsson et al . 2010 ( and note the change in the english name , from \u201ccuckoo - shrike\u201d to \u201ccuckooshrike\u201d ) . the species name changes from lobata to lobatus ( ghana cuckooshrike ) , and from oriolina to oriolinus ( oriole cuckooshrike ) , to match the gender of the genus .\nthe critically endangered and poorly known new zealand storm - petrel is not a member of the genus oceanites , but rather belongs with the genus fregetta . change the scientific name of new zealand storm - petrel to fregetta maoriana , and position this species between white - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta grallaria ) and black - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta tropica ) .\nthe order falconiformes is moved to a new position , immediately following cariamiformes and preceding psittaciformes ; all three of these orders occupy new positions , adjacent to each other and immediately preceding passeriformes . this rearrangement is based on recent phylogenetic analysis of dna sequence data , especially ericson et al . ( 2006 ) and hackett et al . ( 2008 ) , which is summarized in sacc proposal 491 .\nridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001 . the birds of ecuador : status , distribution , and taxonomy . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .\nfry , c . h . , d . j . pearson , and p . b . taylor . 1992 . motacillidae , wagtails , pipits and longclaws . pages 197 - 263 in s . keith , e . k . urban , and c . h . fry ( editors ) , the birds of africa . volume iv . academic press , london and new york , new york .\noriginal file name : baltimore oriole , icterus galbula _ male . jpg resolution : 1158x1464 file size : 247160 bytes date : 2007 : 05 : 04 03 : 51 : 02 camera : nikon d50 ( nikon corporation ) f number : f / 5 . 7 exposure : 10 / 2000 sec focal length : 4000 / 10 upload time : 2007 : 09 : 27 03 : 30 : 28\na suite of subspecies ( whitneyi , bougainvillei , orioloides , cinnamomea , sanfordi , pavuvu , centralis , melanoptera , melanonota , and christophori ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , oriole whistler ( pachycephala orioloides ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) , dickinson ( 2003 ) , and j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2010 ) .\nmayr , e . 1967 . family muscicapidae , subfamily pachycephalinae . pages 3 - 51 in r . a . paynter , jr . ( editor ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume xii . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\narnaiz - villena , a . , j . moscoso , v . ruiz - del - falle , j . gonzalez , r . reguera , m . wink , and j . i . serrano - vela . 2007 . bayesian phylogeny of fringillinae birds : status of the singular african oriole finch linurgus olivaceus and evolution and heterogeneity of the genus carpodacus . acta zoologia sinica 53 : 826 - 834 .\nreferences : hekstra , g . p . 1982 . description of twenty four new subspecies of american otus ( aves , strigidae ) . bulletin zoologisch museum , universiteit van amsterdam 9 : 49 - 63 .\nkrabbe , n . , and r . s . ridgely . 2010 . a new subspecies of amazilia hummingbird amazilia amazilia from southern ecuador . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club 130 : 3 - 7 .\nformerly considered one of the many call \u201ctypes\u201d of red crossbill loxia curvirostra , the recently described monotypic group , red crossbill ( south hills or type 9 ) loxia curvirostra sinesciuris is elevated to species rank as cassia crossbill loxia sinesciuris . this split is based on evidence for premating reproductive isolation in the face of sympatry with red crossbill and on genomic differences . this new species is endemic to just two counties in idaho ( its namesake cassia county , and also twin falls county ) and is already of high conservation concern . although this is the predominant crossbill in the south hills of idaho , other red crossbills occur there as well ( especially type 5 ) so any identifications should ideally include sound recordings of the flight call to confirm the species . it seems safe to say that more surprises can be expected in the red crossbill complex , which is just as diverse in call types and habitats in the old world as it is in the new world .\nthe order psittaciformes is moved to a new position , immediately following falconiformes and preceding passeriformes ; these two orders , as well as cariamiformes , occupy new positions , adjacent to each other and immediately preceding passeriformes . this rearrangement is based on recent phylogenetic analysis of dna sequence data , especially ericson et al . ( 2006 ) and hackett et al . ( 2008 ) , which is summarized in sacc proposal 491 .\nbretagnolle , v . , and h . shirihai . 2010 . a new taxon of collared petrel pterodroma brevipes from the banks islands , vanuatu . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club 130 : 286 - 301 .\ndonegan , t . m . 2012 . geographical variation in immaculate antbird myrmeciza immaculata , with a new subspecies from the central andes of colombia . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club 132 : 3 - 40 .\nmayr , e . 1967 . family zosteropidae , white - eyes . indo - australian taxa . pages 289 - 325 in r . a . paynter , jr . check - list of birds of the world . volume xii . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\nzuccon , d . , and p . g . p . ericson . 2102 . molecular and morphological evidences place the extinct new zealand endemic turnagra capensis in the oriolidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62 : 414\u2013426 .\nthiollay , j . m . 1994 . family accipitridae ( hawks and eagles ) . pages 52 - 205 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( editors ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 2 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\npyle , p . , a . j . welch and r . c . fleischer . 2011 . a new species of shearwater ( puffinus ) recorded from midway atoll , northwestern hawaiian islands . condor 113 : 518\u2013527 .\nmay perhaps be named as the most remarkable . they are nearly all gregarious birds , many of them with loud and in most cases , where they have been observed , with melodious notes , rendering them favourites in captivity , for they readily learn to whistle simple tunes . some have a plumage wholly black , others are richly clad , as is the well - known baltimore oriole , golden robin or hangnest of the united states ,\nvan balen , s . 2008 . family zosteropidae ( white - eyes ) . pages 402 - 485 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 13 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ndeignan , h . g . 1964 . subfamily timaliinae , babblers . pages 240 - 427 in e . mayr and r . a . paynter , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume x . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\no\u2019neill , j . p . , d . f . lane , and l . n . naka . 2011 . a cryptic new species of thrush ( turdidae : turdus ) from western amazonia . condor 113 : 869\u2013880 .\nwoodall , p . f . 2001 . family alcedinidae ( kingfishers ) . pages 130 - 249 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 6 . mousebirds to hornbills . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nfry , c . h . 2001 . family coraciidae ( rollers ) . pages 342 - 376 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 6 . mousebirds to hornbills . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nremsen , j . v . , jr . 2003 . family furnariidae ( ovenbirds ) . pages 162 - 357 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\npaynter , r . a . , jr . 1970 . subfamily emberizinae , buntings and american sparrows . pages 3 - 214 in r . a . paynter , jr . ( editor ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume xiii . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\nshiridai , h . , g . m . kirwan , and a . j . helbig . 2011 . a new taxon in the mourning wheatear oenanthe lugens complex . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club 131 : 270 - 291 .\nouvea parakeet , eunymphicus uvaeensis is a newly - split species that occurs on a small remote island ( ouvea ) off the north side of a larger , extremely remote island ( new caledonia ) . only a few intrepid ebirders have made the trek to find this species , but their efforts are now rewarded with an addition to their life list ( presuming they also saw the more widespread horned parakeet on new caledonia itself ) . photo tommy pedersen / macaulay library .\neach year , a few newly described species or populations newly recognized for their distinctiveness are named and added to the ebird / clements taxonomy . this just goes to show how much remains to be learned about the birds of the world ! full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page .\ncarant\u00f3n - ayala , d . , and k . certuche - cubillos . 2010 . new species of antpitta ( grallariidae : grallaria ) from the northern sector of the western andes of colombia . ornitolog\u00eda colombiana 9 : 56 - 70 .\nbravo , g . a . , r . t . chesser , and r . t . brumfield . 2012 . isleria , a new genus of antwren ( aves : passeriformes : thamnophilidae ) . zootaxa 3195 : 61 - 67 .\nnote : this review list will be updated periodically as new species are added to the provincial and / or provisional lists , and as our understanding of annual occurrences increases . check the bcfo website to ensure you have the latest version .\nwithin ebird , we also have forms for taxa that are field identifiable ( or likely potential species ) and worth tracking , but are not formally described . these include undescribed species and undescribed subspecies groups ( both noted with \u201cundescribed form\u201d ) , slashes at a level between subspecies group and species ( e . g . , \u201cwhimbrel ( white - rumped ) \u201d below ) and miscellaneous other options . this year\u2019s update includes a number of unique birds from new guinea ( many illustrated in the new field guide ) , as well as new taxa for great cormorant and subalpine warbler which will be useful in eurasia and africa . forms are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .\ncollar , n . j . 2006 . family turdidae ( thrushes ) . pages 514 - 807 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 . cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nnorthern shrike lanius excubitor is split into two species . as with harriers , the familiar common names are retained for the new world and old world , with the species of europe and western asia referred to as great gray shrike lanius excubitor and also retaining the scientific name . the species of the new world , northern shrike lanius borealis has a scientific name change but shows no change in english name , retaining the preferred name in the americas . however , northern shrike is very much a species of the old world too , since it breeds west of central siberia and northern mongolia and winters widely in northern china , japan , and korea . exact movements of the two species are complex and not well known , and field identification is very challenging , so great gray / northern shrike lanius excubitor / borealis should be used liberally in siberia , eastern kazakhstan , and nearby areas . to add to the complexity , northern shrike has occurred as a trans - atlantic vagrant to western europe ( e . g . , the azores ) and also as a vagrant or rare winter visitor ( lanius borealis sibiricus ) to ukraine at least . [ note : for those that prefer \u201cgrey\u201d over \u201cgray\u201d , just change your ebird language to english ( malaysia ) , which shows the exact names from clements with this spelling conversion . other languages include other local modifications , but also spell it \u201cgrey\u201d , such as english ( india ) , english ( united kingdom ) , or english ( australia ) . see more in this story ) \u2014 if you make this change in your preferences , all bird names will be spelled in that way , including the below links . in this text story , we obviously use the american english names ( e . g . , great gray shrike ) .\nreference : weller , a . - a . 2011 . geographic and age - related variation in the violet - throated sunangel ( heliangelus viola , trochilidae ) : evidence for a new species and subspecies . ornitolog\u00eda neotropical 22 : 601 - 614 .\nadd the newly described subspecies myrmeciza immaculata concepcion donegan 2012 , with range \u201cboth slopes of the central andes of colombia\u201d . this subspecies is inserted immediately after myrmeciza immaculata immaculata , and also represents a new monotypic group , immaculate antbird ( concepcion ) .\ntaylor , p . b . 2005 . family campephagidae ( cuckoo - shrikes ) . pages 40 - 122 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 . cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions . barcelona .\ngregory , p . a . 2008 . family melanocharitidae ( berrypeckers and llongbills ) . pages 322 - 338 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 13 . penduline - tits to shrikes . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ntaylor , p . b . 2005 . family campephagidae ( cuckoo - shrikes ) . pages 40 - 122 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 . cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nthe order cariamiformes is moved to a new position , immediately following picidae ( woodpeckers ) . this rearrangement is based on recent phylogenetic analysis of dna sequence data , especially ericson et al . ( 2006 ) , which is summarized in sacc proposal 491 .\nkrabbe , n . , and d . c . cadena . 2010 . a taxonomic revision of the paramo tapaculo scytalopus canus chapman ( aves : rhinocryptidae ) , with description of a new subspecies from ecuador and peru . zootaxa number 2354 : 56\u201366 .\ncollar , n . j . , and c . robson . 2007 . family timaliidae ( babblers ) . pages 70 - 291 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume12 . picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions , barcelona .\npeters , j . l . , e . mayr , and h . g . deignan . 1960 . family campephagidae . pages 167 - 221 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume ix . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\ncollar , n . j . , and c . robson . 2007 . family timaliidae ( babblers ) . pages 70 - 291 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume12 . picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nebirders who do not speak english as their first language will see updated names to reflect the new taxonomy . remember that the language you choose for bird names needs to be selected separately from the language of the website ( read more about common name translations ) .\nnorman , j . a . , w . e . boles , l . christidis , l . 2009b . relationships of the new guinean songbird genera amalocichla and pachycare based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences . journal of avian biology 40 : 640 - 645 .\ncollar , n . j . , and c . robson . 2007 . family timaliidae ( babblers ) . pages 70 - 291 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 12 . picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nthe following new subspecies groups are now available for data entry . when you are certain you have seen representatives of these groups , and ideally have identified them critically based on their field marks , please report them to ebird . please do not guess based on the name , such as \u201cnorthern\u201d and \u201csouthern\u201d or \u201cafrican\u201d and \u201casian\u201d ; make sure you understand the differences being represented before reporting at so specific a level . many new subspecies groups were added this year , largely because we reviewed the work by nigel collar and the birdlife international team , who assessed a large number of avian taxa based on morphological and acoustic information and scored their relative distinctiveness ( also known as the tobias criteria ) . while we don\u2019t necessarily follow the species - level splits from handbook of the birds of the world , these were useful for helping identify distinctive subspecies groups , resulting in the large number of additions this year .\na suite of subspecies ( littayei , cucullata , chlorura , intacta , and vanikorensis ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are transferred to new caledonian whistler ( pachycephala caledonica ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) and dickinson ( 2003 ) .\nthese two species are not members of the genus myrmotherula , as summarized in sacc proposal 518 ; they are classified in the newly described genus isleria , and moved to a new position between spiny - faced antshrike ( xenornis setifrons ) and spot - winged antshrike ( pygiptila stellaris ) .\nkennedy , r . s . , p c . gonzalez , e . c . dickinson , h . c . miranda , jr . , and t . h . fisher . 2000 . a guide to the birds of the philippines . oxford university press , oxford and new york .\nsubspecies balim , previously classified as a subspecies of black - tailed whistler ( pachycephala melanura ) , is transferred to golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , following dickinson ( 2003 ) . this subspecies also forms a new monotypic group , golden whistler ( balim valley ) ( pachycephala pectoralis balim ) .\nshrike identification in the old world has never been easy , and recent taxonomic revisions have added to the challenge . great gray shrike used to be considered one widespread species , breeding as far south as northern africa , but now great gray shrike is restricted to northern areas of europe and western asia , with southern gray shrike being the species of southern europe , northern africa , and much of the middle east . a new challenge is the separation of northern shrike from great gray shrike . this adult great gray shrike in germany shows classic and crisp gray , black , and white plumage , without the buff or ochre tones usually present on northern shrike . photo by christoph moning / macaulay library .\nvaurie , c . h . , c . m . n . white , e . mayr , and j . c . greenway , jr . 1960 . family motacillidae . pages 129 - 167 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume ix . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\nthe clements checklist 2017 updates & corrections provides details ( including references ) for all species splits and lumps , new species descriptions , revisions to subspecies groups ( issfs ) or subspecies , and other changes relevant to the clements checklist . we refer anyone wishing to learn more about these splits to that page .\ngray - headed whistler ( pachycephala griseiceps ) is lumped with gray whistler ( pachycephala simplex ) , following dickinson ( 2003 ) and christidis and boles ( 2008 ) . we continue to recognize this group of subspecies as a new polytypic group , gray whistler ( gray - headed ) pachycephala simplex [ griseiceps group ] .\nseeholzer , g . f . , b . m . winger , m . g . harvey , d . c\u00e1ceres a . , and j . d . weckstein . 2012 . a new species of barbet ( capitonidae : capito ) from the cerros del sira , ucayali , peru . auk 129 : 551 - 559 .\nunitt , p . , and a . m . rea . 1997 . taxonomy of the brown creeper in california . pages 177 - 185 in r . w . dickerman ( editor ) , the era of allan r . phillips : a festshrift . r . w . dickerman , privately printed , albuquerque , new mexico .\nlara , c . e . , a . m . cuervo , s . v . valderrama , d . calder\u00f3n - f . , and c . d . cadena . 2012 . a new species of wren ( troglodytidae : thryophilus ) from the dry cauca river canyon , northwestern colombia . auk 129 : 537 - 550 .\nurrao antpitta ( grallaria urraoensis ) is a newly described species , with range \u201cnorthern part of western andes of colombia ( antioquia ) . \u201d remarkably , this species was described in two different publications , by separate teams of investigators , so there are two competing names for this new species . this kind of complication has happened many times before in the history of ornithology , but is rare in the modern era . we follow sacc in adopting the names urrao antpitta ( grallaria urraoensis ) ; see sacc proposal 479 for one discussion of the nomenclatural issues . these names also were adopted by the ioc world bird list , but birdlife international uses a different name , antioquia antpitta grallaria fenwickorum . insert urrao antpitta between tawny antpitta ( grallaria quitensis ) and brown - banded antpitta ( grallaria milleri ) .\nthe ebird taxonomy update is essentially complete . all major changes have occurred , and we have only a small number of minor changes yet to make . this may affect the lists of a very small number of users as we implement these over the next few days . we do this update once each year , taking into account the past 12 months worth of recent taxonomic knowledge on splits , lumps , name changes , and changes in the sequence of the species lists as of this point , all ebird data will be reflecting the new taxonomy . this includes your my ebird lists , range maps , bar charts , region and hotspot lists , and data entry . ebird mobile should also be updated to the new taxonomy . if you see unfamiliar bird names in the list , please refer to the story below to understand the change and why it happened . in addition , we list a number of new options for data entry ( hybrids , spuhs , slashes , etc . ) , all of which are listed below .\ncarneiro , l . s . , l . p . gonzaga , p . s . r\u00eago , i . sampaio , h . schneider , and a . aleixo . 2012 . systematic revision of the spotted antpitta ( grallariidae : hylopezus macularius ) , with description of a cryptic new species from brazilian amazonia . auk 129 : 338 - 351 .\nkundu et al . ( 2012 ) demonstrated that the extinct mascarene parrot ( mascarinus mascarinus ) is embedded within the genus coracopsis ; since mascarinus is the older name , the scientific name for the combined genus is mascarinus . resequence mascarene parrot to a new position immediately following vasa parrot ( coracopsis vasa ; now greater vasa - parrot mascarinus vasa ) .\nrange : n moluccas , n sulawesi , sangihe , siau , talasea and talaud islands , central and southern sulawesi , banggai and sula islands , south moluccas ( to kai islands ) , and aru islands , salayar , bonerate , tanahjampea and kalao is . ( n flores sea ) , new guinea and adjacent islands , bismarck archipelago , and solomon islands\nthe sequence of genera within paradisaeidae ( birds - of - paradise ) is revised , following irestedt et al . ( 2009 ) . in some cases , the sequence of species within a genus also is revised , and one new genus ( drepanornis ) is recognized . the current sequence of genera within paradisaeidae ( birds - of - paradise ) is :\nebird\u2019s rarities alert together with narba and the facebook aba rare bird alert meant that i heard about rarities very quickly . perhaps the greatest advantage came with non - rarities . without ebird i could have spent days trying to track down gray vireo , american three - toed woodpecker , spot - breasted oriole , crissal thrasher , sprague\u2019s pipit\u2026 using ebird not only meant i could find birds faster , but i\u2019m sure also resulted in my not missing some . and that saved time also meant that i could be home for christmas . so \u2013 thank you ebird for giving me some time off last year and for putting me within sight of the record . maybe i should split my prize money with you guys ?\nthis year , for the first time , corrections are super easy to make with our new \u201c change species \u201d functionality . if we miss a correction , or you want to assign a record to a certain species , you can do this with a single button now . since it changes all media and notes , these changes are easier than ever before .\nan extinct species piopio turnagra capensis is split into two species , each of which was formerly an endemic to each of the two main islands of new zealand . the north island piopio turnagra tanagra was last seen 1902 and south island piopio turnagra capensis just three years later in 1905 . sadly , with both species extinct , the entire genus was also lost .\nall species of penelopoides formerly were included within a single species , tarictic hornbill ( penelopides panini ) . when tarictic hornbill was split into six species , most species took new english names but \u201ctarictic hornbill\u201d was retained for penelopides panini . to stem the inevitable confusion that this has caused , change the english name of penelopides panini from tarictic hornbill to visayan hornbill .\nnorthern fantail subspecies groups are revised : the polytypic group northern fantail ( plain ) rhipidura rufiventris [ rufiventris group ] , which included subspecies cinerea , assimilis , and gularis , is partitioned . subspecies assimilis and subspecies finitima , formerly included in the polytypic group northern fantail ( cream - bellied ) rhipidura rufiventris [ rufiventris group ] , form a new group , northern fantail ( kai ) rhipidura assimilis / finitima . subspecies gularis is transferred , with subspecies vidua ( formerly included in the polytypic group northern fantail ( slaty ) rhipidura rufiventris vidua / kordensis ) to the polytypic group northern fantail ( melanesian ) rhipidura rufiventris [ setosa group ] . subspecies cinerea is recognized as a new monotypic group , northern fantail ( seram ) rhipidura rufiventris cinerea .\ndumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) documented that the genus pitohui , formerly of the pachycephalidae ( whistlers and allies ) , contains several different , unrelated clades ( lineages ) . j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2010 ) showed that the \u201ctrue\u201d pitohuis ( hooded pitohui , pitohui dichrous , and the type species for the genus , variable pitohui , pitohui kirhocephalus ) belong with the oriolidae ( old world orioles ) , not with the pachycephalidae . position these two species at the beginning of oriolidae .\nthe sequence of genera within maluridae ( fairywrens ) is revised , to bring the sequence closer in line with the results of recent genetic evidence on the phylogenetic relationships of these birds ( driskell et al . 2011 , lee et al . 2012 ) . the sequence of species within some genera ( amytornis , malurus ) also is revised . the new sequence of genera is\nincludes albicapilla , albiceps , atrata , sanghirensis , sedecima , balim ( ng et al . 2016 ) . \u201csultan\u2019s\u201d is proposed as a fitting name with a historic connection for a range of new splits from the northern moluccan archipelago , which has historically been known best as the seat of the powerful sultanate of ternate ( to the present day ) ( eaton & rheindt ) .\nmagnificent hummingbird eu genes fulgens is split into two allopatric species : rivoli\u2019s hummingbird eugenes fulgens occurs from arizona and new mexico to n . nicaragua , while talamanca hummingbird eugenes spectabilis is found in costa rica and western panama . talamanca hummingbird has also been known recently ( e . g . , by the ioc ) as admirable hummingbird . no overlap in their ranges is known .\nsharp - shinned hawk ( madrensis ) is a new subspecies group for ebird , with its very pale throat and upper breast and washed out underparts coloration establishing it as a unique and field - identifiable form , as compared to the \u201cnorthern\u201d group in sharp - shinned hawk , which has a uniform breast that is barred with reddish . photo by nigel voaden / macaulay library .\nbullfinches ( pyrrhula ) are sister to the genus pinicola and are moved to a new position between pinicola and haemorhous ( a newly recognized genus , the species of which formerly were included in carpodacus : see below ) . this action is based on nacc proposal 2011 - c - 13 , following lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) .\nirestedt , m . , j . fuchs , k . a . j\u00f8nsson , j . i . ohlson , e . pasquet , and p . g . p . ericson . 2008 . the systematic affinity of the enigmatic lamprolia victoriae ( aves : passeriformes ) \u2014an example of avian dispersal between new guinea and fiji over miocene intermittent land bridges ? molecular phylogenetics and evolution 48 : 1218\u20131222 .\nthe genus buteogallus is expanded to include two species formerly classified in the genus leucopternis , and both species of harpyhaliaetus ; also , the sequence of species within buteogallus is revised slightly . these rearrangements follow nacc ( proposal 2011 - b - 5 ) and sacc ( proposal 492 ) , and are based primarily on raposo do amaral et al . ( 2009 ) . the new sequence of species within buteogallus is\nbefore this update , if you observed a northern harrier circus cyaneus from attu island , alaska , or other areas right at the contact zone , it would be considered in ebird as hen / northern harrier\u2013the only difference now is that the taxa involved are now considered species instead of subspecies . if you know which one you saw , we encourage you to update your records . if you are not sure ( and this is one of the tougher identification issues in the world , so don\u2019t feel bad ! ) , then your observation is best listed as the slash option .\nblack - billed thrush : we remove turdus ignobilis murinus from black - billed thrush ( drab ) turdus ignobilis [ ignobilis group ] and recognize it as a new monotypic group , the polytypic group black - billed thrush ( drab ) changes includes only black - billed thrush ( drab ) turdus ignobilis ignobilis / goodfellowi . thus , any reports from the range of murinus should be reported as that group , not as black - billed thrush ( drab ) .\nfollowing j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2010 ) , new guinea cuckoo - shrike ( coracina melas ) is removed from coracina , and repositioned . j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2010 ) proposed placing this species in the genus lalage , but that would result in a large and heterogenous assemblage . therefore , we place this species in the genus edolisoma , for which marescoti [ = melas ] is the type species ( peters et al . 1960 ) ; the species name changes from melas to melan .\nsubspecies chilensis originally was described by murphy ( 1936 ) , but long has been dismissed as a synonym of nominate oceanicus . recent authors regard chilensis as a valid subspecies , however , with range \u201crange incompletely known . breeds tierra del fuego ; ranges north to peru\u201d . this subspecies also constitutes a monotypic group , wilson\u2019s storm - petrel ( fuegian ) ( oceanites oceanicus chilensis ) . the two other subspecies form a new polytypic group , wilson\u2019s storm - petrel ( wilson\u2019s ) ( oceanites oceanicus oceanicus / exasperatus ) .\nthe bc bird records committee solicits information on the following 157 species on the review list , as well as species unrecorded in the province . in general , review species average two or fewer occurrences per year over the past ten year period . given that the committee is relatively new , some species exceed this threshold , but are included so that we can get a better idea of occurrence in the province . documentation should be sent to nathan hentze , brc chair , by email to bcbrc dot chair at gmail dot com\nthe irish list to the most recent irish rare bird report on 31st december 2015 is available to download as a pdf by following the link in the right - hand panel . the irish list consists of all species included in categories a , b & c ( see below for a description of the category system ) . the sequence and scientific nomenclature largely follows the ioc world list version 7 . 1 ( gill & donsker 2017 ) , replacing the previously referenced bou british list ( british ornithologists\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 union 2013 ) . new species are added to the irish list following their publication in the irish rare bird report . species may occasionally be removed from the list when the evidence no longer supports their inclusion . in addition , new data emerges from time to time which can recommend the splitting or lumping of existing species as well as revising the list order . details of any changes in the irish list are included in the announcement pages . please note that the list includes four records which are not specifically identified , i . e . madeiran , monteiro & apos ; s or cape verde storm - petrel , zino & apos ; s , fea & apos ; s or desertas petrel , frigatebird species and black or white - crowned wheatear . when known , the relevant subspecies is included in the list . monotypic species are indicated by a dash in the ' subspecies ' column . at sea records are those that are observed outside of 30 km ( approx . 16 . 2 nautical miles ) from the nearest point of land but within the exclusive economic zone which extends to approximately 370 km ( 200 nautical miles ) offshore or where relevant , the median point between ireland and great britain are assessed and published by the irbc in the irish rare bird report , but are excluded from the main list .\nbuff - vented bulbul iole olivacea was formerly considered monotypic , but recent studies show that the borneo form is unique and should be split . adding to confusion , the name iole olivacea was not valid , and the correct name before the split should have been iole charlottae . after the split , the name iole charlottae is applied to the borneo species , charlotte\u2019s bulbul iole charlottae and the species of the malay peninsula , sumatra , and adjacent islands retains its english name , but uses a new scientific name : buff - vented bulbul iole crypta\nalmost all south american subspecies of american kestrel now are included in a single polytypic group . consequently , the group american kestrel ( colombian ) ( falco sparverius ochraceus / caucae ) is expanded to also include subspecies isabellinus , aequatorialis , peruvianus , fernandensis , cinnamonimus , and cearae ; the english name for this group changes to american kestrel ( south american ) ; and the scientific name is revised to falco sparverius [ cinnamonimus group ] . the sole exception , fernandensis , forms a new monotypic group , american kestrel ( juan fernandez ) ( falco sparverius fernandensis ) .\nthe species below were split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click \u201cmap\u201d . to see your personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click \u201cmy records\u201d . if you have seen the species but don\u2019t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! full details for all below accounts can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page . we encourage all birders to carefully review the below splits and check your personal records and to update them if you think we made an error . below are the splits for this update :"]}
{"id": 1881, "summary": [{"text": "zebras ( / \u02c8z\u025bbr\u0259 / zeb-r\u0259 or / \u02c8zi\u02d0br\u0259 / zee-br\u0259 ) are several species of african equids ( horse family ) united by their distinctive black and white striped coats .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "their stripes come in different patterns , unique to each individual .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are generally social animals that live in small harems to large herds .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "unlike their closest relatives , horses and donkeys , zebras have never been truly domesticated .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "there are three species of zebras : the plains zebra , the mountain zebra and the gr\u00e9vy 's zebra .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the plains zebra and the mountain zebra belong to the subgenus hippotigris , but gr\u00e9vy 's zebra is the sole species of subgenus dolichohippus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the latter resembles an ass , to which it is closely related , while the former two are more horse-like .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "all three belong to the genus equus , along with other living equids .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the unique stripes of zebras make them one of the animals most familiar to people .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they occur in a variety of habitats , such as grasslands , savannas , woodlands , thorny scrublands , mountains , and coastal hills .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "however , various anthropogenic factors have had a severe impact on zebra populations , in particular hunting for skins and habitat destruction .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "gr\u00e9vy 's zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "while plains zebras are much more plentiful , one subspecies , the quagga , became extinct in the late 19th century \u2013 though there is currently a plan , called the quagga project , that aims to breed zebras that are phenotypically similar to the quagga in a process called breeding back . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "zebra", "paragraphs": ["zebra love mating reproduction . zebra facts ( zebra information ) funny clip zebra love mating reproduction | zebra facts i african zebra facts | zebra mating\nsome experts say that there are three species of zebras \u2014 grevy ' s zebra , plains zebra and mountain zebra \u2014 and that hartmann ' s zebra is a subspecies of mountain zebra . other experts say hartmann ' s zebra is a separate species .\ns zebra is about 13 months , one month longer than other species of zebra .\nthis page features zebra paintings & zebra sculptures by leading nature artist members of artists for conservation .\nthis zebra art ( zebra paintings & zebra sculptures - wildlife art / nature art ) site by leading wildlife artists and zebra artists at artists for conservation , is optimized for java - enabled browsers .\nmale zebra finches have red bills ; female zebra finches have orange bills . male zebra finches also have more striking colors , like bright orange cheek patches\nzebra paintings & zebra sculptures ( zebra ) - wildlife art and nature art for sale by leading wildlife artists and nature artists . zebra - ( zebra ) wildlife paintings and wildlife sculptures for sale by wildlife artist and nature artist members of artists for conservation .\n, mountain zebra equus zebra , and grevy ' s zebra equus grevyi . they all have black and white stripes that set them apart from other equidaes .\nthe plains zebra , also known as the common zebra , is the most abundant of three species of zebra , inhabiting the grasslands of eastern and southern africa .\neach species of zebra has its own conservation status . according to the iucn ' s red list of threatened species , the plains zebra is not endangered , while the mountain zebra is considered vulnerable and the grevy ' s zebra is endangered . the red list also lists hartmann ' s zebra ( as a subspecies of mountain zebra ) as vulnerable .\nthe zebra has tapped kayak veteran keith melnick to run the insurance comparison company . ( photo credit : the zebra )\nthe grevy\u2019s zebra ( equus grevyi ) is also called the \u2018imperial zebra\u2019 . the grevy\u2019s zebra is the largest species of zebra and is found in kenya , somalia and ethiopia in eastern africa . in certain regions of kenya , the plains zebras and grevy\u2019s zebras coexist ( live together ) . the grevy\u2019s zebra was the first zebra to emerge as a species .\nzebras having narrower stripes and white undersides , while the common zebra has broad stripes that cover its entire body . the grevy ' s zebra is not only the largest of the zebra\nresembling the stripes of a zebra ; having stripes running along the sides : as , the zebra markings on certain spiders .\nzebra are found in increasingly isolated regions and their numbers continue to fall throughout their natural ranges . the common zebra is an\ns mountain zebra of namibia . the cape mountain zebra has a dewlap under the lower jaw , which other zebras do not have .\ns zebra and the cape mountain zebra are both endangered . as of 2003 , there were from 3 , 000 to 3 , 500 grevy\nall about zebra hybrids - this site from the american donkey and mule society ( adms ) contains information and pictures about zebras and zebra hybrids .\nseveral other species of zebra are threatened or endangered , such as grevy ' s zebra ( equus grevyi ) in kenya , ethiopia , and somalia ; hartmann ' s mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) in angola and namibia ; and the mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) in south africa . the cape mountain zebra has adapted to life on sheer mountain slopes and ravines where usually only wild goats and sheep can survive . in 1964 , only about 25 mountain zebra could be found in the area , but after two decades of protection , the population had increased to several hundred in cradock national park in the cape province ' s great karroo area .\nthe only data on plains zebra from rwanda are from a 2013 aerial survey that estimated 999 plains zebra in akagera national park ( african parks website ) . it is unlikely that there are many plains zebra outside this protected area .\nblack and white stripes make the zebra one of the most recognizable animals in the world . the plains zebra , also known as the common zebra , is the most abundant of three species of zebra , inhabiting the grasslands of eastern and southern africa . the other two species are grevy\u2019s zebras and mountain zebras .\ns zebra ( e . burchelli granti ) has wide rump stripes , the chapmann\ns zebra had reddish brown stripes , and became extinct in the early 1900s .\n3 before we can spray , we need to sand down the zebra stripes .\neach zebra has a unique stripe pattern , like a person ' s fingerprint .\nzebra in the grasslands of the serengeti at dawn in tanzania , east africa .\nzebra stripes and millions of other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\nif you would like to help the plains zebra , you can donate to the african wildlife foundation , whose initiatives help preserve critical zebra habitat and wildlife corridors .\ni have to send data to a zebra printer ( gc420t ) using rs232 .\nplease share your feedback , favorite zebra facts and observations via the comments below .\nwhy is it so hard to tame the zebra ? survival of the fittest .\nfor grevy\u2019s zebra ( equus grevyi ) in kenya ( 2012 - 2016 ) .\nwith the headline : finding a way to put a zebra in your tank .\nzebra tattoo guy ( 2016 ) by cindy billingsley zebra guy 16 x 13 x 10 ( inches ) clay original available price : $ 2 , 000 . 00 usd\nsix races occur , including grants zebra ( serengeti - mara ) , burchell\u2019s zebra ( southern africa ) , and crawshay\u2019s zebra ( malawi and parts of zambia ) . adults stand up to 1 . 3m at the shoulder and weigh up to 350kg .\nso long as i am not called zebra , i really don ' t mind .\nfirst , zebra is able to detect and correct photometric offsets in the input catalogue .\ngrevy ' s zebra is the largest of the zebras and has the narrowest stripes .\nzebra stripes and over 2 million other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\nin this post we will look at the world of the zebra in the wild .\nhelp our zebra find his stripes ! a whimsical song by little angel . subscribe for more videos : urltoken educational kids show . popular songs for children . lyrics : help me find my zebra stripes black and white zebra stripes ! help me find my zebra stripes , i ' ve lost my zebra stripes . are they here ? are they here ? help me find my zebra stripes black and white zebra stripes ! help me find my zebra stripes , i ' ve lost my zebra stripes . have you seen them ? oh my ! cheetah is so fast ! help me find my zebra stripes black and white zebra stripes ! help me find my zebra stripes , i ' ve lost my zebra stripes . mr turtle , have you seen them ? yes , yes , they went that way ! and mr skunk , have you . . ? oh my ! that ' s really stinky ! mr skunk that ' s really stinky ! will i ever find my stripes ? help me find my zebra stripes black and white zebra stripes ! help me find my zebra stripes , i ' ve lost my zebra stripes . i wonder if they are in this big puddle of water . . oh ! the water ' s washed off the mud ! there were my stripes all along ! i found them ! guys i found them ! ! ! animation by : lou rigoudy : urltoken music & lyrics by : ben rawles : urltoken jemma johnson : urltoken copyright 2016 valnet\ns zebra has only faint shadow stripes between the black stripes . a subspecies known as the\ns zebra is protected in a game reserve in kenya . there are about 1 , 200 cape mountain zebras , most of which live in mountain zebra national park in south africa .\nnot all wristbands are created equal . discover why the country\u2019s top hospitals use zebra wristbands .\n\u00a9 2018 insurance zebra . all rights reserved . use of insurance zebra insurance services ( dba thezebra . com ) is subject to our terms of service , privacy policy and licenses .\nonce a zebra got its leg broke in swinging one of the big poles in place .\nsisal is a sort of small oxen striped like a zebra and spotted like a leopard .\nto gain the nutrition that it needs to survive . the majority of the zebra ' s\nthe mountain zebra is considered vulnerable because its population is low and susceptible to decreasing . according to the iucn , the mountain zebra has a population of only around 9 , 000 adults .\nwhile attempts at domestication have failed , some individuals have had success training and even hybridizing zebras ! common zebra hybrids : zorse ( horse + zebra ) and zonkey ( donkey + zebra ) . zebra hybridization has actually been in existence at least a century . one of the pioneers in the field was j . c . ewart , author of the penycuik experiments in 1899 .\nif a zebra passes or attempts to pass another zebra that is more dominant than themselves then they will be bitten or kicked ferociously by the more dominant animal . passing is a challenge .\nthe sustained decline in grevy\u2019s zebra numbers and range has been a major concern to stakeholders in grevy\u2019s zebra conservation in kenya . it was recognised that the conservation of grevy\u2019s zebra and its semi - arid ecosystem in kenya and ethiopia will require commitment and coordination among all stakeholders to ensure the future survival of this species . this led to the formation of a grevy\u2019s zebra task force in 2004 chaired by the kenya wildlife service to coordinate grevy\u2019s zebra conservation efforts in kenya . a major output of its meetings was the need to develop a national grevy\u2019s zebra conservation strategy . the task force has since evolved into the grevy\u2019s zebra technical committee which provides guidance to ongoing and proposed grevy\u2019s zebra research and conservation efforts . the following organisations sit on the technical committee :\nzebra , in medical terminology , refers to a rare condition or situation . it can refer to either the patient with the condition or the condition itself . ( e . g . :\nthis guy has a real zebra\nor\nthis guy ' s a zebra\n)\nfeature facts : subtle variations in a zebra ' s stripes allow each individual to be recognized .\nwith our mobile computers , printers , scanners and services , zebra provides smart , visionary solutions that let you see the big picture . for unprecedented visibility into your enterprise , it is zebra .\nalways after , the colts of those mares bore the marks of the zebra on their skins .\nmark the zebra stripes round his legs , miss ; and the black stripe on his backbone .\nothers , such as the zebra , remain for a lifetime possessed of their original savage nature .\nbalakrishnan c , et al . gene duplication and fragmentation in the zebra finch major histocompatibility complex .\nthe grevy\u2019s zebra have long heads and necks and a bristly mane running from the top of its head , downwards to the top of its back . the grevy\u2019s zebra is tall compared to the other zebra species and also differs from the other species with its primitive characteristics and different behaviour .\nlearn how the saint louis zoo is conserving the grevy ' s zebra in kenya and ethiopia .\nbhoora , r . , buss , p . , guthrie , a . j . , penzhorn , b . l . , & collins , n . e . ( 2010 ) . genetic diversity of piroplasms in plains zebra ( equus quagga burchellii ) and cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) in south africa . veterinary parasitology , 174 ( 1 ) , 145 - 149 . urltoken\nin order to get them to draw a carriage , rothschild must have realized something important about wild zebra behavior . zebra herds are made up of groups of females and young with one adult male .\npenzhorn , b . l .\nequus zebra .\nmammalian species no . 314 , 1988 .\nbut this doesn ' t mean the zebra stripes mystery has finally been solved , according to larison .\nthe plains zebra is the most abundant and the smallest of the three zebra species . some subspecies have a stripe pattern different from all others : brownish \u201cshadow\u201d stripes between the black stripes on their coat .\nthe lighthouse is striped with black and white bars , like a zebra , and we entered it .\nthis is very much like the zebra in size , shape , and in fact everything except colour .\nbut with the power and resilience of a zebra . as with other cross - breed offspring though ,\nrelationship between total expression levels and tissue specificity in expression ( \u03c4 ) for zebra finch immune genes .\nstapley j , birkhead tr , burke t , slate j . a linkage map of the zebra finch\nzebra\u2019s gk\u2122 series and gt800 desktop printers combine dependable printing with fast print speeds and network manageability . with their easy - to - use design , zebra\u2019s advanced desktop printers enable you to improve operational efficiencies .\nthe study , published in the journal plos one , found stripes are not used for camouflage , or a means of breaking up the outline of the zebra to make it less conspicuous , as at the point at which predators can see zebra stripes they will already have heard or smelled the zebra prey .\nmale grevy\u2019s zebra are highly territorial and mark their territories with urine and piles of dung called \u2018middens\u2019 . male grevy\u2019s zebra usually live solitary in their territories until females pass through during mating season . the male grevy\u2019s zebra differs from other zebras in mating behaviour as other zebra species form harems that remain in the males territory all year round . non - territorial males travel together in groups of 7 or 8 .\npenzhorn , b . 1982 . habitat selection by cape mountain zebras in the mountain zebra national park .\nzebra and other african game evolved characteristics to help them survive one of the harshest environments on earth .\nlearn more about the grevy ' s zebra and other endangered wildlife by visiting the saint louis zoo .\nzebra dung contains a special bacterium that is capable of breaking down cellulose and converting it to biofuel .\nthere are several subspecies of the common zebra , distinguishable by the pattern of stripes on the rump . grant\ncontrary to popular belief , zebra stripes are not for camouflage , a university of calgary study has found .\nunlike humans , animals don ' t see very well \u2014 including lions , hyenas and other zebra predators .\na zebra ' s eyesight at night is thought to be about as good as that of an owl .\nplains zebra were likely eradicated from south - western mozambique during 22 years of war ( 1964 - 1974 ; 1980 - 1992 ) . between 2002 and 2008 , 1361 zebra were ( re - ) introduced to the western section of the newly created limpopo national park ( lnp ) , from the adjoining kruger national park ( knp ) in south africa . subsequent aerial surveys ( 2010 , 2013 ) indicate a sharp reduction in zebra abundances in lnp and restriction of zebra distribution to the western boundary . recent ground surveys ( 2014 ) documented natural range expansion of zebra into central lnp . illegal hunting is widespread in lnp and may explain reduced zebra abundances . zebra were not detected in banhine national park during 2004 , 2007 , 2009 and 2014 surveys .\nohio sea grant . 1992 . boaters : take action against zebra mussels . ohsu - fs - 054 .\nzebra mussel information system ( zmis ) . 1996 . cd - rom version 3 . 0 , zebra mussel research program , u . s . army corps of engineers , waterways experiment station , vicksburg , ms .\nthree pelts \u2014 an impala , zebra and wildebeest \u2014 set up for nighttime observations . ( tim caro )\nlemon wc ( 1991 ) fitness consequences of foraging behaviour in the zebra finch . nature 352 : 153\u2013155 .\n, and is the largest of the wild horses , characterized by large ears , narrow stripes , and a thick neck . the third species is the mountain zebra ( e . zebra ) found in the hill country of\ngrevy\u2019s zebra usually mate in august , september and october and produce foals during the rainy seasons . grevy\u2019s zebra mate year - round . gestation of the female zebra lasts 350 \u2013 400 days , with a single foal being born . a newborn zebra will follow anything that moves and therefore , new mothers are highly aggressive towards other mares a few hours after they gave birth . this prevents the foal from acquiring another female as its mother .\ns zebra is quite different in both appearance and behavior from the common zebra . it stands about 5 ft ( 1 . 5 m ) tall at the shoulder and weighs about 990 lb ( 450 kg ) . its stripes are very narrow , do not cross over the lower back as they do in the cape mountain zebra .\nthough they all live in africa , each species of zebra has its own home area . plains zebras live in the treeless grasslands and woodlands of eastern and southern africa . the grevy ' s zebra lives in in the arid grasslands of ethiopia and northern kenya . the mountain zebra is found in south africa , namibia and angola .\ns large , rounded ears turn in every direction and are able to pick up the slightest sound . the zebra\nzebra ( ze - t & ze2 - t ) zebra ( zurich extragalactic bayesian redshift analyzer feldmann et al . 2006 ) is a freely available , open source photometric redshift code based on a sed template - \ufb01tting approach .\nand although the common zebra is more widespread and numerous , there have been sharp population declines in certain areas .\nlorenzen ed , arctander p , siegsismund hr . high variation and very low differentiation in wide ranging plains zebra (\ngriffith sc , buchanan kl . the zebra finch : the ultimate australian supermodel . emu . 2010 ; 110 .\nin low - nutrient lakes is associated with exotic zebra mussels . limnology and oceanography 49 : 482 - 487 .\nzann ra ( 1996 ) the zebra finch ; m . pc , editor . oxford : oxford university press .\nthroughout history there have been various attempts to domesticate zebra for a number of reasons , both wacky and serious .\nas with so many other african species , poaching is a large reason for the reduction . zebra hides can fetch big bucks , and both zebra fat and bone marrow have purported medicinal values in some traditional kenyan medicine practices .\neach species of zebra has a different general pattern of stripes . the grevy ' s zebra has very thin stripes . the mountain zebra has vertical stripes on its neck and torso , but horizontal stripes on its haunches . some subspecies of plains zebras have brownish\nshadow\nstripes between the black stripes , according to the san diego zoo .\n\u00a92018 zih corp and / or its affiliates . all rights reserved . zebra and the stylized zebra head are trademarks of zih corp . , registered in many jurisdictions worldwide . all other trademarks are the property of their respective owners .\n\u00a92018 zih corp and / or its affiliates . all rights reserved . zebra and the stylised zebra head are trademarks of zih corp . , registered in many jurisdictions worldwide . all other trademarks are the property of their respective owners .\ngrevy\u2019s zebra is listed as endangered on the world conservation union\u2019s ( iucn\u2019s ) red list of threatened animals partly due to hunting for its skin , which fetches a high price on the world market . the grevy\u2019s zebra also suffers habitat destruction , human disturbances at water holes and competition with domestic grazing animals . there are estimated to be 1 , 500 \u2013 2 , 000 grevy\u2019s zebra still living in the wild . the grevy\u2019s zebra is however , common in captivity .\nekblom r , balakrishnan cn , burke t , slate j . digital gene expression analysis of the zebra finch genome .\nharris , rob .\nhow much does a fully grown zebra weigh ?\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nwe can halter - train your zebra and / or train your horse to do just about anything you can imagine .\nthe social structure of the grevy\u2019s zebra is well - adapted for the dry and arid scrubland and plains that it primarily inhabits , less for the more lush habitats used by the other zebras . the grevy\u2019s zebra communicates over long distances .\nburley nt ( 2006 ) an eye for detail : selective sexual imprinting in zebra finches . evolution 60 : 1076\u20131085 .\nboth subspecies of mountain zebra are herbivorous . the primary diet consists of grass but also includes browse . in mznp ,\nbeyond conditioned - response by rick harper - there is a section on training zebras and zebra hybrids in this paper .\nthis vision and goal will be achieved through five strategic objectives that focus on mitigating the threats to grevy\u2019s zebra survival , increasing their numbers , and building a solid foundation upon which to sustain grevy\u2019s zebra conservation in the long - term .\nsmith , r . k . , marais , a . , chadwick , p . , lloyd , p . h . & hill , r . a . ( 2008 ) monitoring and management of the endangered cape mountain zebra equus zebra zebra in the western cape , south africa . african journal of ecology , 46 : 207 - 213 ( pdf )\nthough the population of the grevy ' s zebra is stable , it is considered endangered because its numbers are so small . the grevy ' s zebra has a population of just 1 , 966 to 2 , 447 , according to iucn .\nthe researchers collected the trapped flies every two days , and found that the zebra - striped horse model attracted the fewest .\nuniversity of calgary anthropologist amanda melin measures the luminance of zebra stripes at the calgary zoo . ( tim caro / ucdavis )\nin a paper called the function of zebra stripes , caro found striped animals were more common in areas with biting flies .\nthe new zebra ' s li3608 - er / li3678 - er scanners give your workers unstoppable performance in the toughest environments .\nand so rely heavily on the open plains for their survival . although the common zebra has been least affected , all three\na total of 144 chicken\u2013zebra finch immune genes orthologs were found using our manual annotation ( appendix 1 and 2 ) . pairwise\na total of 119 zebra finch\u2013chicken orthologs for immune genes were identified without using any a priori information from automated zebra finch gene predictions . for 95 of these zebra finch\u2013chicken orthologs , gene pairs had also been identified by the automated ensembl gene prediction pipeline . we found a very strong positive correlation between \u03c9 values obtained from the manual annotation and those from automated gene prediction (\nharris , rob .\nhow much does a fully grown zebra weigh ?\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / much - fully - grown - zebra - weigh - 2274 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nto learn more about the secrets of zebra ' s stripes and other animals , visit the links on the next page .\ncaro in a zebra pelt ( top ) and a wildebeest pelt ( above ) . ( photo courtesy of tim caro )\nhow a stallion will choose his females and how they will mate as well as a few other zebra facts and trivia .\nlikewise , the iucn says a 2008 study of 17 plains zebra populations that represented five of the six subspecies found very little differentiation among them and concludes that the subspecies splits may be arbitrary . itis , however , lists six subspecies of plains zebra .\nharris , rob . ( n . d . ) . how much does a fully grown zebra weigh ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / much - fully - grown - zebra - weigh - 2274 . html\nplains zebra ( equus quagga ) is the commonest of africa\u2019s three zebra species and the one familiar to most safari goers . whether it is migrating in thousands across the serengeti , grazing the bushveld of the kruger or crowding the dusty waterholes of etosha .\nthe kick of a zebra can break a lion\u2019s jaw . they can be savage biters and possess a \u201cducking\u201d reflex that helps them avoid being caught by lasso . familiarity with human hunter gatherers may also have fostered a strong avoidance response in the zebra .\nin many ways , zebra appear very like horses ( or ponies , given their size ) . yet underlying differences in behaviour have meant that while horses and donkeys have been successfully domesticated , the zebra remains predominantly wild . so how did the zebra avoid the load bearing , farm working , fence jumping fate of its cousins ? and which animal ended up with the better deal ?\nbut the narrower ( and more zebra - like ) the stripes , the less attractive they were to the flies .\nis the smallest zebra , standing about 4 ft ( 1 . 2 m ) at the shoulder and weighing about 600 lb ( 272 kg ) . the stripes of the cape mountain zebra are slightly wider and shorter than those of the other subspecies , hartmann\ncontrary to popular belief , zebra stripes are not for camouflage , a study by scientists at the university of calgary has found .\nmelin conducted the study with university of california , davis professor tim caro , who has spent his entire career studying zebra stripes .\nzebra ' s manufacturing vision study reveals what global manufacturing executives report as key trends for ensuring quality in the next five years .\nhere , since zebra participates only in phat0 , it is run in its basic maximum likelihood mode and with the provided templates .\n, in contaminant cycling : ii . zebra mussel contaminant accumulation from algae and suspended particles , and transfer to the benthic invertebrate ,\nnel , p . j . , bertschinger , h . , williams , j . , & thompson , p . n . ( 2006 ) . descriptive study of an outbreak of equine sarcoid in a population of cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) in the gariep nature reserve . journal of the south african veterinary association , 77 ( 4 ) , 184 - 190 . urltoken\nmate call as reward : acoustic communication signals can acquire positive reinforcing values during adulthood in female zebra finches ( taeniopygia guttata ) .\nprivacy policy | return policy | shipping policy | site map | related info able zebra communications \u00a9 2009 , all rights reserved .\nclayton ns ( 1990 ) mate choice and pair formation in timor and australian mainland zebra finches . anim behav 39 : 474\u2013480 .\nwitte k , caspers b ( 2006 ) sexual imprinting on a novel blue ornament in zebra finches . behaviour 143 : 969\u2013991 .\nriebel k ( 2009 ) song and female mate choice in zebra finches : a review . adv stud behav 40 : 197\u2013238 .\ngalton uses the zebra as an example of an unmanageable species , stating that the dutch boers repeatedly tried to break zebra to harness . although they had some success , the wild , mulish nature of the animals would frequently break out and thwart their efforts .\nultimately , crosses between any species of zebra and a horse , pony , donkey or ass , reffered to as\nzebroids\nare a preferred method of achieving a patient and willing ridable zebra , a cross - species creation made famous by queen charlotte .\nmountain zebras are loated in south western parts of south africa . classification of a zebra mountain zebras are herbivorses they are also consumers . zebras are worm - blooded . facts about zebras zebras are a single - toed hoofed animal . it helps them run faster on hard ground . 5 interesting facts about a mountin zebra in south america there is a project to bring back the qugga an extinct subspecies of the mountain zebra . odd fact zebra ' s kindom : animalia phylum : chordata class : mammalia order : perissodactyla family : equidae genus : equus species : equus zebra there stripes make it hard for a predetor to pick out one zebra to chase . zebras live up to 20 - 30 years old . in a zoo they live up to 40 years when chased , a zebra will zigzag from side to side it makes it more difficult for the predetor to catch them where are they at ? !\none is the\ncooling eddy\ntheory . when air hits a zebra , the currents are stronger and faster over the black parts ( since black absorbs more heat than white ) and slower over the white . at the juncture of these two opposing airflows , little eddies of air may swirl and serve to cool a zebra ' s skin . ( download zebra - stripes desktop wallpaper . )\nherds of the common zebra readily mix with herds of wildebeest , but cape mountain zebras tend to keep apart from other animals . hartmann\nnew applications in 2d imaging are enhancing productivity and efficiency across industries . zebra provides cutting - edge scanning technology for any size business .\nschoverling put down another oryx and a zebra , whose flesh the masai delighted in , though it was too tough for the others .\nfirst , there is the true zebra , perhaps the most beautiful of all quadrupeds , and of which no description need be given .\nthe \ufb01rst fasr prototype observation of the zebra pattern radio burst ( chen et al . , 2011 ) is a very promising result .\nsecond , zebra can use spectroscopic redshifts on a small fraction of the photometric sample to iteratively correct the original set of input templates .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the zebra article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nzann ra . the zebra finch : a synthesis of field and laboratory studies . oxford , uk : oxford university press ; 1996 .\nhowever , the common consensus that zebra stripes are used as camouflage to protect them from predators has been refuted in a new study .\nso the zebra became our symbol to mean , \u201csometimes when you hear hoofbeats , it really is a zebra . \u201d ehlers - danlos syndromes are unexpected because they\u2019re rare . hypermobile spectrum disorders are common , but are unexpected because they remain misdiagnosed or under - diagnosed .\nthe life span of mountain zebras in the wild is usually 20 or more years . the oldest documented mountain zebra in captivity is an\nthe quagga project - the quagga project committee is reintroducing the quagga ( an extinct zebra ) back into south africa using hybridization techniques .\nmaking alcohol from sugars is easy ; maybe the third oldest profession in the world . making butanol from zebra droppings is another story .\nthe manes and tails of zebra are in fact more similar to those of asses ( donkeys ) and reflect the evolutionary history of the genus equus . although horses , assess and zebra all evolved from a common ancestor ( hyracotherium ) which lived in europe and north america around 55m years ago , divergence meant that the zebra and donkey are more closely related to each other than either is to the horse .\nwith a wild population of about 25 , 000 , the mountain zebra is classified as threatened . the cape mountain zebra came very close to extinction as a result of hunting and competition with domestic cattle . in 1937 , mountain zebra national park was established in south africa , where only 47 cape mountain zebras remained . their numbers have now increased to several hundred , with the majority still in the national park .\nwhich live on rough , rocky highlands , but once also occurred in large numbers in the grassy lowland plains . the cape mountain zebra of\ncopyright terms of use privacy policy supply chain transparency \u00a92018 zih corp and / or its affiliates . all rights reserved . zebra and the stylized zebra head are trademarks of zih corp . , registered in many jurisdictions worldwide . all other trademarks are the property of their respective owners .\nthe zebra , which has always described itself as the kayak of car insurance , has hired a longtime kayak executive as its new ceo .\neach species having a characteristic pattern of black or dark - brown stripes on a whitish background : all zebra species are threatened or endangered .\n, zebra stallions are known to curl their top lips up which is thought to heighten their sense of smell . this so - called\niucn classification zones concord with , but underestimate , the population genetic structure of the zebra shark stegostoma fasciatum in the indo - west pacific .\neach zebra ' s stripes are unique . just as no two human fingerprints are alike , no two zebras have the same stripe pattern .\nthe grevy\u2019s zebra is considered an endangered species , mainly due to the hunting for its skin which fetches high prices on the world market .\ncopyright terms of use privacy policy supply chain transparency \u00a92018 zih corp and / or its affiliates . all rights reserved . zebra and the stylised zebra head are trademarks of zih corp . , registered in many jurisdictions worldwide . all other trademarks are the property of their respective owners .\nsimpson hb , vicario ds ( 1990 ) brain pathways for learned and unlearned vocalizations differ in zebra finches . j neurosci 10 : 1541\u20131556 .\ni know how to use the send _ ptp block , but i have some doubts about the zebra commands that i need to use .\nzann ra ( 1996 ) the zebra finch : a synthesis of field and laboratory studies . oxford , new york : oxford university press .\nhey , if you want some zebra poop , show up at the barn with yr boots and gloves . it\u2019s time for spring cleaning !\nit might seem like a zebra is a zebra , but there are three different species : plains , mountain , and grevy\u2019s zebras . different zebra species have different types of stripes , from narrow to wide . in fact , the farther south on the african plains you travel , the farther apart the stripes on the zebras get ! the basic form of zebras\u2014a large head , sturdy neck , long legs , a dorsal stripe along the spine and down a tasseled tail , and bristly mane\u2014is universal . no zebra , or other wild equid , has a forelock .\nall three species of zebra have bold black and white stripes that stand out among more drab - looking african grazers , like buffalo and antelope , especially against a plain savanna background . and standing out would seem to make a zebra more likely to become a lion ' s lunch .\nthe endangered grevy\u2019s zebra\u2019s population has been ravaged by anthrax outbreaks , dropping its ranks to an estimated wild population of 2 , 250 . san diego zoo global is a member of the grevy\u2019s zebra trust , an independent wildlife conservation organization in kenya , and our researchers are working with other conservation groups to help preserve the population . as of august 2012 , we ' d had 128 grevy ' s zebra births at our facilities .\nwith the support of the saint louis zoo and others , the grevy ' s zebra trust ( gzt ) was registered as an independent charitable wildlife conservation trust based in kenya in early 2007 . its mission is to conserve the endangered grevy ' s zebra and its fragile habitat in partnership with communities . it operates in the samburu and marsabit districts of northern kenya and provides technical support to grevy ' s zebra conservation in ethiopa .\nto evaluate the automatic gene annotation in ensembl , the \u03c9 values for zebra finch\u2013chicken comparisons of immune genes were compared with our manually calculated omega values for the same genes . for the zebra finch immune genes that were annotated without using a priori information from automated zebra finch gene predictions , we downloaded d n and d s values from the ensembl database ( release 54 ) using the biomart web interface ( urltoken ) . for genes with more than one zebra finch ortholog on ensembl , the pair with least sequence difference ( minimum d n + d s ) was selected .\nzebras lazy day . by david prescott young zebra . 16 x 20 acrylic / canvas original available price : $ 2 , 500 . 00 usd\nthe researchers then went a step further , using the two temperature variables to predict the striping patterns of zebra populations not included in the study .\nwhat made you want to look up zebra ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nma jor predators of zebra , buf falo , kongoni , toki and thomson\u2019s gazelle are hyena , wild dog , lion , leopard and cheetas .\n2012 ) . plains zebra are the most abundant wildlife species in this area , yet like all wildlife are experiencing a decline since the 1980s .\nklerks , p . l . , p . c . fraleigh , and j . e . lawniczak . 1996 . effects of zebra mussels (\na zebra grazing on the grassy plains gazes at the researchers ' chart used for color - calibrating images . ( tim caro / uc davis )\nrutstein an , brazill - boast j , griffith sc ( 2007 ) evaluating mate choice in the zebra finch . anim behav 74 : 1277\u20131284 .\ndeerenberg c , overkamp gjf ( 1999 ) hard work impinges on fitness : an experimental study with zebra finches . anim behav 58 : 173\u2013179 .\nthe recently extinct zebra - like quagga ( e . quagga ) looked like a combination of wild ass and zebra and had a reddish coat and stripes only on the head , neck , and shoulders . the name quagga is derived from the odd bray of this species , which was described as\ntwo allopatric subspecies of mountain zebra have traditionally been recognized , the nominate race e . z . zebra ( cape mountain zebra ) and e . z . hartmannae ( hartmann ' s mountain zebra ) . groves and ryder ( 2000 ) proposed that the two be treated as distinct species , and groves and bell ( 2004 ) presented morphological evidence for separating the two subspecies as distinct species based on the diagnosability criterion of the phylogenetic species concept . recent genetic analyses indicate that the two populations have a high incidence of mitochondrial haplotype sharing ; the hypothesis that cape and hartmann ' s mountain zebra mitochondrial lineages were reciprocally monophyletic was not supported . however , the presence of private alleles at nuclear loci rendered the two subspecies genetically distinct evolutionary significant units ( moodley and hartley 2005 ) . we continue to recognize mountain zebra as a single species comprising two subspecies following penzhorn ( in press ) .\nclosely related to horses and donkeys , the zebra ( subgenuses hippotigris and dolichohippus ) is best known for its black and white striped body . in fact , zebra stripe patterns are unique to each individual . these stripes are believed to be camouflage devices that help zebras hide well in the grass .\nalthough it appears possible to tame individual zebra , this species was not a good candidate for domestication . in addition to the intractable nature of the zebra and its strong survival instinct , the fact that this species is \u201clion fodder\u201d may also have made them appear less attractive \u201cpartners\u201d to early humans .\nspeed and accuracy . you need them . zebra excels in them . any type of data . any condition . scan it right . scan it fast . the first time , every time . and that\u2019s just the start . zebra goes beyond the barcode and delivers an unparalleled overall scanning experience , from configuring to deploying , from managing and troubleshooting to utilization and insights . that\u2019s why zebra\u2019s barcode scanners and imagers have led the industry for years .\nyou can also help conserve grevy ' s zebra by supporting a kenyan boy or girl to attend secondary school . in kenya , the future of the grevy ' s zebra and other endangered wildlife depends on the attitudes of the local people , including the children\u2014the next generation of decision makers for their country . most kenyans cannot afford to attend secondary school ( grades 9 - 12 ) . to increase the education opportunities available and to reinforce the value of conserving grevy ' s zebra to kenyan children and their parents , we offer grevy ' s zebra bursaries , or scholarships . the grevy ' s zebra bursaries pay for the tuition , uniform and board for girls and boys to complete secondary school , thus offering them greater opportunities for their future .\ns , or plains zebra ( e . burchelli ) lives throughout much of eastern and southern africa , and is the best - studied species . grevy\na wild zebra in tanzania is photographed with a colorchecker card , used to calibrate image processing software used by researchers . ( tim caro / ucdavis )\n) used the large size of giant cape zebra fossils ( estimated 400 kg and 150 cm height at the withers ) to support conspecific status with grevy ' s zebra , the largest extant wild equid . however , skulls are considered to be the best taxonomic indicators for equids at the morphological level (\nfanslow , d . l . , t . f . nalepa , and g . a . lang . 1995 . filtration rates of zebra mussels (\ncaryl pg ( 1976 ) sexual - behavior in zebra finch taeniopygia - guttata - response to familiar and novel partners . animal behaviour 24 : 93\u2013107 .\nslater pjb , eales la , clayton ns ( 1988 ) song learning in zebra finches : progress and prospects . adv stud behav 18 : 1\u201334 .\n\u201cthe video above shows a pair of zebra ducks concentrating plankton by creating a water vortex . the typical head to tail position can be seen here .\nthe governments of kenya and ethiopia agreed last week to develop a new action plan to help protect the endangered grevy ' s zebra ( equus grevyi ) , the rarest zebra species and the largest equid species on the planet . the previous five - year conservation strategy for the species expired last year .\nthe goal is : to ensure increasing populations of grevy\u2019s zebra and work towards fostering ecological , socio - cultural and economic sustainability within their natural range .\ncontribute to the zoo ' s conservation programs in the horn of africa and help us save the rare zebra and other wildlife . protecting the people and the wildlife in the community areas of the horn of africa is essential to successful conservation . by helping to support the grevy ' s zebra trust ' s scout program , you will help to preserve the last remaining wild populations of the grevy ' s zebra . scout support provides salary , uniforms , vehicles , and equipment\u2014all necessary for the scouts who are working hard every day to create a safe haven for grevy ' s zebra and other endangered wildlife .\nthe grevy\u2019s zebra is the largest , weighing from 770 to 990 pounds ( 350 to 450 kilograms ) and measuring up to 5 feet ( 1 . 5 meters ) at the shoulder . its thick neck and large , round ears give the grevy\u2019s zebra the most mule - like physique . the grevy\u2019s zebra also has the thinnest stripes , extending all the way down to their white belly ; on the hindquarters the stripes are vertical until above the hind legs .\ndark water ( 2015 ) by john banovich zebra herd 9 x 12 limited edition giclee on canvas ltd . edition available price : $ 275 . 00 usd\na new analysis of the plains zebra\u2014the most common species , which ranges from ethiopia to south africa\u2014doesn ' t tease out one theory as the definitive winner .\njust as important as opportunities for physical activity , the play area also has a quiet zone that overlooks the lagoon with views of grazing giraffe and zebra .\nwithin the crater rim a daily wildlife drama is played out as large herds of zebra and wildebeest graze nearby lions , leopards , elephants and black rhinos .\nwhat i meant by a zebra not sounding like a horse , necessarily , was that mother zebras make a whinny ing sound when separated from their foal .\nforstmeier w . quantitative genetics and behavioural correlates of digit ratio in the zebra finch . proc biol sci . 2005 ; 272 : 2641\u20132649 . pmid : 16321787\ntschirren b , postma e . quantitative genetics research in zebra finches : where we are and where to go . emu . 2010 ; 110 : 268\u2013278 .\ntschirren b , postma e . quantitative genetics research in zebra finches : where we are and where to go . emu . 2010 ; 110 : 268\u2013278 .\nwhile plains zebra remain numerous in kenya the population appears to be declining . in 1995 the population was estimated as 152 , 490 from aerial surveys ( hack\nthe largest zebra is the grevy ' s zebra , according to the san diego zoo . it weighs 770 to 990 lbs . ( 350 to 450 kilograms ) and is around 5 feet ( 1 . 5 meters ) tall from shoulder to hoof . their thick bodies make them look like mules with stripes .\nbruner , k . a . , s . w . fisher , and p . f . landrum . 1994 . the role of the zebra mussel ,\nroditi , h . a . , d . l . strayer , and s . e . g . findlay . 1997 . characteristics of zebra mussel (\nthe zebra ' s biggest threats are habitat loss due to ranching and farming and competition for water with livestock . they are also hunted for their skins .\nmate call as reward : acoustic communication signals can acquire positive reinforcing values during adulthood in female zebra finches ( taeniopygia g . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nwitte k , sawka n ( 2003 ) sexual imprinting on a novel trait in the dimorphic zebra finch : sexes differ . anim behav 65 : 195\u2013203 .\nwitte k ( 2006 ) time spent with a male is a good indicator of mate preference in female zebra finches . ethol ecol evol 18 : 195\u2013204 .\nusing the zebra to do the work of horses , mules , and donkeys was a very popular idea , and there were widespread attempts to do so .\nthe vision of this strategy is : to have viable populations of grevy\u2019s zebra in their natural habitat , functioning in healthy ecosystems and valued locally and globally .\nbut it does show that temperature is the factor most strongly linked to striping : more specifically , the warmer it is , the more stripes on the zebra .\nthird , when run in bayesian mode zebra computes the prior in redshift - template space in a selfconsistent manner from the input catalogues and the redshifttemplate likelihood functions .\nkobiela me , cristol da , swaddle jp . risk - taking behaviours in zebra finches affected by mercury exposure . anim behav . 2015 ; 103 : 153\u2013160 .\nscheuhammer am . chronic dietary toxicity of methylmercury in the zebra finch , poephila guttata . bull environ contam toxicol . 1988 ; 40 : 123\u201330 . pmid : 3345357\nbastviken , d . t . e . , n . f . caraco , and j . j . cole . 1998 . experimental measurements of zebra mussel (\nmolloy , d . p . 2002 . biological control of zebra mussels . proceedings of the third california conference on biological control . university of california , davis .\nbill clicking . bill clicking is beak clattering that have already been described in zebra finches searching for a nest site and performing nest ceremony ( zann 1996 ) .\nboogert nj , giraldeau l - a , lefebvre l ( 2008 ) song complexity correlates with learning ability in zebra finch males . anim behav 76 : 1735\u20131741 .\nburley n , krantzberg g , radman p ( 1982 ) influence of colour - banding on the conspecific preferences of zebra finches . anim behav 30 : 444\u2013455 .\nzebra finches are frequently available in large pet stores , avian - retail stores as well as from bird breeders . they come a in a few color mutations .\nbox - and - whisker plot of d n / d s ( \u03c9 ) values between zebra finch and chicken orthologs for immune genes and whole - genome comparison ( all genes ) . whole - brain transcriptome comparisons ( est ) between chicken and zebra finch ( axelsson et al . 2008 ) are also included as reference .\nawf\u2019s grevy\u2019s zebra research has made considerable progress in gaining a greater understanding of the population . until awf and its partners intensified their work on the grevy ' s zebra over the last several years , there was little awareness about its conservation status at the local , national , and international levels . armed with data on just where the grevy\u2019s zebras live and roam in the landscape , the awf team is now working closely with local communities and authorities to secure key areas for grevy\u2019s zebra conservation ."]}
{"id": 1885, "summary": [{"text": "skania is a middle cambrian fossil arthropod that is closely related to the early cambrian primicaris larvaformis from the chengjiang biota , china .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it bears a superficial resemblance to the ediacaran organism parvancorina .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "a single specimens of skania are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise < 0.01 % of the community . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "skania", "paragraphs": ["other deposits : skania sundbergi lin et al . 2006 from the kaili formation , china .\nskania \u2013 from skana , the name of a glacier near mount robson , british columbia , canada .\nskania fragilis was first described by walcott ( 1931 ) in a posthumous monograph published by his assistant charles resser . resser compared skania to the trilobites and naraoia . however in a redescription by delle cave and simonetta ( 1975 ) , it was suggested instead that skania was closely related to the ediacaran taxon parvancorina minchami glaessner 1958 . this affinity has been much discussed ( gehling , 1991 ; conway morris , 1993 ; simonetta and insom , 1993 ; lin et al . 2006 ) , and skania has also been compared extensively with primicaris zhang et al . 2003 . skania and primicaris have also been interpreted as juveniles ( protaspides ) of naraoiids ( hou and bergstr\u00f6m , 1997 ) .\nthe ecology of skania is poorly known because the details of its morphology remain enigmatic . the form of the appendages is assumed to be biramous based on the overall similarity with primicaris , which possesses biramous appendages , meaning that both animals may have walked on the seafloor , using their filamentous appendages for oxygen exchange and occasional swimming . skania lacks eyes , so it likely used its antennae to sense the environment . the feeding strategy is unknown .\nthe m / f skania is a modern passenger and freight unit , of a service standard comparable to the polonia ferry . it has been in the unity line colours since 2008 . it can take on board up to :\nskania fragilis ( rom 60752 ) \u2013 part and counterpart ( first and second rows ) . complete specimen showing antennae . specimen length = 11 mm . specimen dry \u2013 polarized light ( left column ) and wet ( right column ) . raymond quarry .\ndelle cave , l . and a . m . simonetta . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic position of aysheaia ( onycophora ? ) and of skania ( undetermined phylum ) . monitore zoologico italiano new series , 9 : 67 - 81 .\nthe skania ferry guarantees a high comfort of travelling . on the unit there are 194 cabins : for 2 , 3 or 4 persons , de - luxe class included . every cabin is air conditioned , it has its own bathroom and extra facilities for passengers . the guests travelling on the ferry may also use comfortable airplane style armchairs .\ntime for a meal ? on the skania ferry everyone will find something suitable for their needs and tastes . at the travellers disposal there are , amongst others , an \u0105 la carte restaurant , a self - service restaurant and snacks and drinks bars . over 400 people can be served there at the same time . dishes for gourmets are exquisite and sophisticated , and for people looking for a fast meal - tasty and cheap . bon appetite !\non the skania ferry there is no place for boredom . 85 members of the crew take care to make the journey as pleasant as possible . during the cruise one may dance in a disco , play in a casino with a roulette and slot - machines or admire sea views on the open deck . it is also worth doing shopping in a well - stocked shop . the highest quality cosmetics , sweets , alcohol one can buy at very reasonable prices . and the kids will be thrilled by a playground room and the holiday club of the little viking . what a cruise it is going to be !\nthe skania ferry is a perfect place for organising a conference or a company trip . on the ferry there are two conference rooms - for 60 and 48 persons . the rooms are separated with a sliding door so if there is such a need , there could even be a meeting organised for 110 people ! at your request we can prepare individual decoration of the rooms and extra attractions . and if there is such a need , there is also a possibility of prolonging the conference in one of the hotels in ystad , trelleborg , malm\u00f6 , \u00e4ngelholm or copenhagen . so let ' s get to work !\nskania has a single , undifferentiated , soft dorsal shield that is roughly kite - shaped . the dorsal shield is rounded at the front of the head , and tapers towards the posterior of the body , ending in a pair of short margin spines at the posterior end . at the point of maximum width there are sharp genal spines directed posteriorly . the posterior margin of the head is delineated by a narrow rim that is strongly arched forward , with the cephalic region occupying one - quarter of the exoskeletal length . a midgut is preserved in the axial region of the body trunk . appendages are poorly preserved but consist of a pair of anterior antennae and ten or more paired body limbs .\nthe affinity of skania is controversial , but most agree it is related to the arthropods . it is similar to primicaris ( lin et al . , 2006 ; zhang et al . , 2007 ) , and both taxa have been compared to soft - bodied trilobites like naraoia ( walcott , 1931 ; zhang et al . , 2007 ; hou and bergstr\u00f6m , 1997 ) . other researchers suggest these taxa are related to the enigmatic ediacaran taxon parvancorina ( delle cave and simonetta , 1975 ; gehling , 1991 ; conway morris , 1993 ; simonetta and insom , 1993 ) , with all three taxa forming a clade in sister group position relative to the trilobites ( lin et al . , 2006 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncurrent links for doi : 10 . 2110 / palo . 2003 . p05 - 070r\nthis article is available from multiple sources . please click on the service to which you have a subscription to obtain access . if you don ' t have a subscription , clicking will allow you to obtain pay - per - view access .\nthe society for sedimentary geology is an international not - for - profit society based in tulsa , oklahoma . through its network of international members , the society is dedicated to the dissemination of scientific information on sedimentology , stratigraphy , paleontology , environmental sciences , marine geology , hydrogeology , and many additional related specialties .\nmega rc model truck collection vol . 1 ! rc mb arocs , rc scania , rc man , rc trucks , rc us truck\nscania r620 v8 longline p . van den blucke ( sth ) france interior - black amber replica ( hd )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfragilis \u2013 from the latin fragilis , \u201cbrittle , \u201d referring to the delicate nature and small size of the animal .\nholotype \u2013 usnm 83950 in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .\nmiddle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .\nconway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossil in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america . palaeontology , 36 : 593 - 635 .\ngehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , p . 181 - 223 . in b . p . radhakrishna ( ed . ) , the world of martin f . glaessner . geological society of india , bangalore .\nhou , x . and j . bergstr\u00f6m . 1997 . arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china . fossils and strata , 45 : 1 - 116 .\nlin , j . , s . m . gon iii , j . g . gehling , l . e . babcock , y . zhao , x . zhang , s . hu , j . yuan m . yu and j . peng . 2006 . a parvancorina - like arthropod from the cambrian of south china . historical biology , 18 : 33 - 45 .\nsimonetta , a . m . and e . insom . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria . bolletino di zoologia , 60 : 97 - 107 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 85 : 1 - 46 .\nzhang , x . , d . shu and d . h . erwin . 2007 . cambrian naraoiids ( arthropoda ) : morphology , ontogeny , systematics , and evolutionary relationships . palaeontological society memoir , 68 : 1 - 52 .\nthanks to numerous facilities and entertainment spots the journey passes fast and in a very pleasant way . in the gastronomy and entertainment areas travellers may have a meal in a bar or a restaurant , dance in a disco , do some shopping and play in a casino .\na great advantage of the ferry is a night departure from the ports and the alternating journey times with the polonia ferry . it offers the opportunity for convenient , even one - day long trips to sweden . on the way to scandinavia , travellers may have a nap - and then they wake up relaxed and ready for the rest of the journey or sightseeing .\ncafeteria : 128 places , open : 05 : 30 - 07 : 00 , 11 : 30 - 19 : 30 ( low season : 11 : 30 - 15 : 00 , 17 : 00 - 19 . 30 ) 21 : 30 - 24 : 00\nunity line limited sp . z o . o . oddzia\u0142 w polsce raiffeisen bank polska s . a . 34 1750 1077 0000 0000 2287 7647\nunity line limited sp . z o . o . oddzia\u0142 w polsce raiffeisen bank polska s . a . 10 1750 1077 0000 0000 2293 3272\nenter your e - mail address and gain access to information about unity line ' s new offers , promotions and special offers . newsletter . regulations . link . content newsletter . regulations\nyou share the above data ( especially your e - mail address ) for the purposes of receiving commercial information from unity line limited based in limassol ( republic of cyprus ) .\nyour address has been added to our database . we have just sent you an e - mail with instructions how to confirm your booking .\nwe would like to be able to notify you about new products and offers prepared especially for you .\nyour address has been added to our database . we have sent you an e - mail with instructions on how to confirm your registration .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n> > t h e m e b y r o x i e < < < theme by roxie | urltoken 2016 \u24d2 all rights reserved . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >\nyooo ! i ' m kanae and this is my multi - fandom blog . it ' s heavy on my otps and favorite characters , so please do check them out before following . buy me a coffee ? | |\nholy crap , the cg fandom is every bit as delusional if not worse then i remembered it to be . can\u2019t believe that in year of the lord 2k18 there\u2019s still people that deny how dear shirley was to lelouch\u2019s heart and even people that try to defend rolo\u2019s character and make him out to be something he was not at all or cling to lelouch being the cart driver . like ? ? it\u2019s been a decade since the series ended ? ? ?\n\u201cthat\u2019s right , harry\u2026 come on , think of something happy\u2026\u201d \u201csomething happy ? \u201d he said , his voice cracked . \u201cwe\u2019re all still here , \u201d she whispered , \u201cwe\u2019re still fighting . come on , now\u2026\u201d there was a silver spark , then a wavering light , and then , with the greatest effort it had ever cost him , the stag burst from the end of harry\u2019s wand .\nand there you\u2019d be wrong about the rebuilds but right about the manga . though i wouldn\u2019t say i\u2019m a bigger fan of it ; i take each of them as their own canon , so while i have my preferences the original nge comes before everything else .\nrc to sebastian : \u201ca servant shall not open their mouth without the master\u2019s permission . you are an earsore . \u201d\n1 second later , rc to oc : \u201caww , i\u2019m so glad that i was able to meet you , my only family in this world , again . * smile * \u201d\nif lizzy shows up to draw a sword on the shinigami again when / if they threaten r ! ciel , all these months without her will have been worth it .\nhonestly , i\u2019ve been expecting r ! ciel to call her and for her to reveal she\u2019s been there all along , just like tanaka and undertaker were . and for her arrival to be the cliffhanger of the chapter , since o ! ciel seeing her and knowing that she knows and lizzy seeing him with r ! ciel in the room is going to be everything .\nbut badass lizzy ? lizzy vs the otherwordly again ? ohhh man . even if it\u2019s just a couple of panels before undertaker gets the situation under control , i\u2019m so here for it .\nhereditary was pretty good . really heavy on eerie atmosphere and not ridiculous jump scares with bad sound design . my only grievance is that it really goes out of it\u2019s way to be subtle and focus on visual story telling until the very end betrays that . it just randomly turns into a big exposition dump right before credits roll . not sure if that was the producers wanting to spell it out to dummies or what . would recommend it though , especially if you\u2019re all about slow burns and atmosphere .\nas always , i haven\u2019t watched the movie myself , these are what i got from various fan accounts online . the plot development generally remained the same , but there are several brief ( relative to overall plot ) but major changes . ( source : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 with the twitter ones can only be viewed from pc if you don\u2019t have the fusetter account )\nnow that\u2019s out of my chest , i seriously hope to be more active this summer ! ! not only for free ! 3rd season but also because lizzy should hopefully already be back in the manga by then . maybe even some darlifra depending on how that ends lol\nharurinharu , mc x aigis , cielizzy , eruri & kiznaiver . with a dash of eren / annie and stony .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01\nlegg , d . a . 2015 , the morphology and affinities of . . . bulletin of geosciences , 90 , 509 - 518 .\nbulletin of geosciences published by \u00a9 czech geological survey , w . bohemia museum pilsen individual sponsors issn : 1802 - 8225 ( online ) , 1214 - 1119 ( print )\n, from the middle cambrian ( series 3 , stage 5 ) burgess shale formation ( yoho national park , british columbia , canada ) , is redescribed based on 14 new specimens reposited at the royal ontario museum . these specimens provide a clearer picture of the morphology of this taxon and help to resolve conflicting opinions regarding potential homology of particular features . specifically , the anchor - shaped anterior , which has been compared to a similar structure in the putative precambrian arthropod\n, weakening claims that crown - group arthropods were present in the neoproterozoic . the removal of these taxa from arthropoda is in keeping with recent molecular clock analyses , which demonstrate a cambrian diversification of euarthropoda . a phylogenetic analysis resolved\n, united by the presence of a cordiform dorsal shield . similarities between these taxa and marrellids may indicate that the elongate posterior spines of\nand related taxa , and the dorsal shield of acercostracans have a common origin akin to the carapace anlagen of extant crustaceans .\nbengtson , s . 2000 . teasing fossils out of shale with cameras and computers .\nbeurlen , k . 1930 . vergleichende stammesgeschichte grundlagen , methoden , probleme unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der h\u00f6heren krebse .\nconway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossils in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america .\ncrabb , p . 2001 . the use of polarised light in photography of macrofossils .\ndelle cave , l . & simonetta , a . m . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic positon of\n( arthropoda , marrellomorpha ) from the middle cambrian burgess shale , british columbia , canada .\ngehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , 181 - 223 .\ngoloboff , p . a . 1999 . analysing large data sets in reasonable times : solutions for composite optima .\ngoloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . & nixon , k . c . 2008 . tnt , a free program for phylogenetic analysis .\nharrington , h . j . 1968 . general description of trilobita , o38 - o117 .\ngen . et sp . nov . and heterochronic events in early crustacean evolution .\nhou , x . g . & bergstr\u00f6m , j . 1997 . arthropods from the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china .\nhou , x . g . , ramsk\u00f6ld , l . & bergstr\u00f6m , j . 1991 . composition and preservation of the chengjiang fauna - a lower cambrian soft - bodied biota .\nlee , m . s . y . , soubrier , j . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . rates of phenotypic and genomic evolution during the cambrian explosion .\nlegg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies .\nlegg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . , edgecombe , g . d . & caron , j . - b . 2012 . cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization .\nlin , j . p . , gon iii , s . m . , gehling , j . g . , babcock , l . e . , zhao , y . l . , zhang , x . l . , hu , s . x . , yuan , j . l . , yu , m . y . & peng , j . 2006 . a\nnixon , k . c . 1999 . the parsimony ratchet , a new method for rapid parsimony analysis .\nolesen , j . 2013 . the crustacean carapace : morphology , function , development , and phylogenetic history , 103 - 139 .\nortega - hern\u00e1ndez , j . & brena , c . 2012 . ancestral patterning of tergite formation in a centipede suggests derived mode of trunk segmentation in trilobites .\nrota - stabelli , o . , daley , a . c . & pisani , d . 2013 . molecular timetrees reveal a cambrian colonization of land and a new scenario for ecdysozoan evolution .\nschram , f . r . & koenemmann , s . 2004 . are the crustaceans monophyletic ? , 319 - 329 .\nsimonetta , a . m . & delle cave , l . 1981 . an essay in the comparative and evolutionary morphology of palaeozoic arthropods . origine dei grandi phyla dei metazoi . accademia\nsimonetta , a . m . & insom , e . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria .\nsiveter , d . j . , briggs , d . e . g . , siveter , d . j . , sutton , m . d . , legg , d . & joomun , s . 2014 . a silurian short - great - appendage arthropod .\nsiveter , d . j . , fortey , r . a . , sutton , m . d . , briggs , d . e . g . & siveter , d . j . 2007 . a silurian \u2018marrellomorph\u2019 arthropod .\nstormer , l . 1944 . on the relationships and phylogeny of fossil and recent arachnomorpha .\ntreatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda vol 4 ( 1 ) .\nvan roy , p . , orr , p . j . , botting , j . p . , muir , l . a . , vinther , j . , lefebvre , b . , el hariri , k . & briggs , d . e . g . 2010 . ordovician faunas of burgess shale - type .\nvannier , j . & chen , j . y . 2002 . digestive system and feeding mode in cambrian naraoiid arthropods .\nwaggoner , b . m . 1996 . phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of arthropods to precambrian and cambrian problematic fossil taxa .\nwalcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils .\nwills , m . a . , briggs , d . e . g . , fortey , r . a . , wilkinson , m . & sneath , p . h . a . 1998 . an arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and recent taxa , 33 - 105 .\nzhang , x . l . , han , j . , zhang , z . f . , liu , h . q . & shu , d . g . 2003 . reconsideration of the supposed naraoiid larva from the early cambrian chengjiang lagerst\u00e4tte , south china ."]}
{"id": 1886, "summary": [{"text": "the pseudogarypidae are a small family of pseudoscorpions .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "most recent species are found in north america , while one species is endemic to tasmania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pseudogarypidae", "paragraphs": ["the family pseudogarypidae includes two genera , pseudogarypus with several extant species in north america and several baltic amber ( eocene ) species from europe , and neopseudogarypus from tasmania .\nmuchmore , w . b . 1981 . cavernicolous species of larca , archeolarca , and pseudogarypus with notes on the genera , ( pseudoscorpionida , garypidae and pseudogarypidae ) . journal of arachnology 9 : 47 - 60 .\nmuchmore , w . b . ( 1981 ) . cavernicolous species of larca , archeolarca and pseudogarypus with notes on the genera , ( pseudoscorpionida , garypidae and pseudogarypidae ) . journal of arachnology 9 : 47 - 60 .\nbenedict , e . m . and malcolm , d . r . 1978 . the family pseudogarypidae ( pseudoscorpionida ) in north america with comments on the genus neopseudogarypus morris from tasmania . journal of arachnology , 6 : 81 - 104 .\nbenedict , e . m . and malcolm , d . r . ( 1978 ) . the family pseudogarypidae ( pseudoscorpionida ) in north america with comments on the genus neopseudogarypus morris from tasmania . journal of arachnology 6 : 81 - 104 .\nhenderickx , hans , veerle cnudde , bert masschaele , et al . \u201cdescription of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . \u201d zootaxa 1305 ( 2006 ) : 41\u201350 . print .\nhenderickx h , cnudde v , masschaele b , dierick m , vlassenbroeck j , van hoorebeke l . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa . 2006 ; ( 1305 ) : 41\u201350 .\nhenderickx , hans , veerle cnudde , bert masschaele , manuel dierick , jelle vlassenbroeck , and luc van hoorebeke . 2006 . \u201cdescription of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . \u201d zootaxa ( 1305 ) : 41\u201350 .\nhenderickx , h . , cnudde , v . , masschaele , b . , dierick , m . , vlassebroeck , j . , and van hoorebeke , l . 2006 . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa , 1305 : 41 - 50 .\nhenderickx , h . , cnudde , v . , masschaele , b . , dierick , m . , vlassenbroeck , j . , & van hoorebeke , l . ( 2006 ) . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa , ( 1305 ) , 41\u201350 .\npseudogarypidae chamberlin : kishida , 1929 : 124 ; chamberlin , 1931a : 230 ; beier , 1932a : 239 ; beier , 1932g : 185 ; roewer , 1937 : 271 ; petrunkevitch , 1955 : 82 ; dubinin , 1962 : 442 ; benedict and malcolm , 1978b : 82 - 85 ; muchmore , 1982a : 99 ; harvey , 1985b : 150 ; harvey , 1991a : 232 ; harvey , 1992c : 1405 - 1406 .\nthe pseudogarypinae were first recognized by chamberlin ( 1923 ) who removed the genus pseudogarypus from the family garypidae , where it had previously been placed . chamberlin ( 1923 ) proposed a close relationship with the feaellinae , which he later recognized as a distinct family ( chamberlin 1929 ) . these two taxa have generally been considered each other\u2019s closest relatives , although muchmore ( 1982 ) suggested that the pseudogarypidae were more similar to garypidae and its relatives , whilst the feaellidae were retained in the feaelloidea which was placed within the monosphyronida . harvey ( 1992 ) demonstrated that pseudogarypids and feaellids were sister taxa , which were referred to the feaelloidea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npseudogarypus synchrotron sp . n . , a new eocene fossil pseudoscorpion from baltic amber is described , propagation phase - contrast x - ray synchrotron microtomography and surface crack restoration with epoxy are used to visualize the morphology , and notes on the other fossil members of the genus are given .\nthis email address is being protected from spambots . you need javascript enabled to view it .\neurope ( benedict and malcolm , 1978 ; harvey , 1996 , 1998 ) . four fossil species have been described from baltic amber ( harvey , 2011 ; henderickx et al . , 2006 ) . the fossil inclusions are often only partially preserved or only partially visible (\nexamined here are two pieces of eocene baltic amber , obtained from a dealer in lithuania ( holotype ) and in the united states ( paratype ) .\nthe holotype is an inclusion embedded near the surface in a dark yellow ovoid amber stone , 3 . 1 gram , 24 x 16 x 15 mm ( figure 2 . 1 ) .\nthe dorsal side and one chela are obscured , due to distortions in the amber . the ventral side is turned towards the surface of the amber piece , however , the specimen holds an air bubble , which obscures the larger part of the coxa ( figure 2 . 2 ) .\nin order to solve some details of the anatomy of the holotype more clearly , the specimen was observed at the european synchrotron radiation facility in grenoble ( france ) , using a propagation phase contrast protocol at different resolutions . the first scan was performed in id19 beamline at 2 . 14 \u03bcm of voxel size and consisted of 1999 projections , acquired through 360 degrees rotation , with pink beam at 19 . 1 kev , 0 . 3 seconds of exposure time and 120 mm of propagation between the sample and the detector ( figure 4 ) .\noptically visible details of both specimens were observed and measured using reflected and translucent illumination on a leitz microscope and a canon mp - e objective in combination with zerene stacker image processing software . all measurements are in mm ; ( length = l x width = w ) , the ratio is the length / width index of an article .\nmale holotype ( figure 5 ) in baltic amber , matrix dimensions 24 x 16 x 15 mm . the holotype is deposited in the mrac , royal museum for central africa , tervuren , belgium ( sample nr 236 934 ) . male paratype in baltic amber , matrix dimensions 26 x 18 x 10 mm , in coll . henderickx .\nthe word\nsynchrotron\nis used here as a noun in opposition . the species epithet refers to the equipment that allowed detailed visualization of the optically hidden parts of the fossil .\na medium - large sized pseudogarypus with slender pedipalps . the posterolateral protuberances anterior of the pleural alae are extending very wide . femur length is more than 1 . 0 mm with pedipalpal fingers with moderately spaced regular teeth .\nadult male . habitus figure 5 . opisthosoma ventrally covered with areas of thin , white emulsion , cuticular structure visible . colour overall orange - yellowish due to the amber matrix . ventral side turned towards amber surface , right chela partially missing , distal tip of fixed finger of left chela missing , left leg i and ii holding an air bubble which obscures the coxa and genital region , pleural folds visible , tergites and carapace invisible .\ncarapace wider than long ( 0 . 87x as long as width , medial measurement ) , irregular in outline , widened by two large posterolateral protuberances anterior of pleural alae . anterior margin with relatively deep notch between anterolateral and median protuberances , the latter slightly longer than the anterolateral . posterior margin elevated into a ridge . first and second pair of eyes about the diameter of one eye spaced , posterior eyes covered with cuticle , anterior eyes facing forward . cucullar furrow weak , a broad , shallow central depression , which becomes obsolete anteriorly , extending forward from an elevated median disk . carapace , sclerites , chela and leg cuticle reticulated with an irregular cellular structure . chaetotaxy of carapace and opisthosoma not visible , chelicerae not observable .\nabdomen longer than wide , ovate ( l / w = 1 . 21 ) . pleural membranes raised into three folds ( figure 4 . 1 and figure 2 ) , no pleural plates , plaques or sclerite chaetotaxy observable .\nthe ventral side was only partially observable in visible light , but reconstructed with ppc - sr\u00b5ct ( figure 2 . 4 ) . figure 6 . 1 shows the coxa and sternites .\npedipalp ( figure 3 . 1 ) with reticulated cuticle , the distal part of the fingers ( trichobothrial zone ) is smooth . palpal articles cylindrical in cross - section . maxilla 2 . 45 x , trochanter 1 . 00 x , femur 6 . 88 x , patella 3 . 52 x , chela ( with pedicel ) 5 x , hand ( with pedicel ) 2 . 19 x longer than broad . femur 1 . 82 x as long as carapace . movable finger with 4 trichobothria , 4 trichobothria could be observed on the antiaxal side of the fixed chelal finger , position illustrated on figure 6 . 5 . fixed finger with 34 , movable fingers with 24 pointed teeth . the teeth in the distal part of the fingers are pointed , moderately spaced , and the most proximal teeth are reduced to small projections ( figure 1 . 1 , 1 . 4 ) . the teeth on the movable finger are triangular , pointed and on the fixed finger slightly curved proximally . the movable finger is 1 . 28 x as long as the hand . each finger has a large terminal or apical tooth ( not visible on figure 1 ) .\nleg i ( figure 6 . 2 ) with trochanter 1 . 15 , femur 1 . 00 , patella 2 . 33 , tibia 3 . 25 , and tarsus 5 . 42 x longer than broad . leg iv ( figure 6 . 3 ) with trochanter 1 . 86 , femur 1 . 90 , patella 2 , 52 , tibia 5 . 37 and tarsus 10 . 5 x longer than broad . arolium shorter than claws .\nmeasurements ( mm ) . body length 2 . 52 . pedipalp : trochanter 0 . 26 / 0 . 26 ; femur 1 . 17 / 0 . 17 ; patella 0 . 60 / 0 . 17 ; chela ( with pedicel ) 1 . 30 / 0 . 26 ; hand ( with pedicel ) 0 . 57 / 0 . 26 ; movable finger l = 0 . 73 .\ncarapace 0 . 64 / 0 . 74 ; cucullus l = 0 . 19 ; anterior ocular diameter 0 . 06 , posterior eyes covered , diameter with cuticle 0 . 07 . leg i : trochanter 0 . 15 / 0 . 13 ; femur 0 . 12 / 0 . 12 ; patella 0 . 28 / 0 . 12 ; tibia 0 . 26 / 0 . 08 ; tarsus 0 . 38 / 0 . 07 .\nthe shape of the pedipalpal teeth was interpreted from optical microscopy . on the ppc - sr\u00b5ct reconstruction there are artefacts at the teeth apex , giving them a longer appearance , especially on the fixed finger . this appearance is probably caused by turbulence in the amber caused by movements of the freshly trapped specimen .\nopisthosoma ventrally covered with a thick white emulsion , dorsally partially obscured with white opaque amber . carapace wider than long ( 0 . 55 x 0 . 72 , 0 . 76 x ) , irregular in outline as in holotype , the posterolateral protuberances anterior of the pleural alae typically extending wide ( w = 0 . 72 , 0 . 74 in holotype ) .\ndimensions . total length 2 . 53 , dimensions of chela ( figure 3 . 3 , figure 6 . 5 ) femur 1 . 19 / 0 . 19 ( 6 . 2 x ) ; patella 0 . 56 / 0 . 17 ( 3 . 29 x ) ; chela ( with pedicel ) 1 . 30 / 0 . 26 ( 5 x )\nwe are grateful to the esrf , id19 and bm05 beamlines that provided the beamtime necessary for these investigations .\nthanks are due to m . harvey ( perth ) , v . mahnert ( gen\u00e8ve ) , j . bosselaers ( beerse ) and the anonymous referees for correcting the manuscript ; to m . veta ( lithuania ) for the cooperation in the search for new amber inclusions .\nbeier , m . 1937 . pseudoscorpione aus dem baltischen bernstein . festschrift zum 60 . geburtstage von professor dr . embrik strand , 2 : 302 - 316 .\nbeier , m . 1947 . pseudoscorpione im baltischen bernstein und die untersuchung von bernstein - einschl\u00fcssen . mikroscopie , 1 : 188 - 199 .\nchamberlin , j . c . 1923 . the genus pseudogarypus ellingsen ( pseudoscorpionida \u2013 feaellidae ) . entomological news , 34 : 146 - 149 , 161 - 166 .\nharvey , m . s . 1996 . the biogeography of gondwanan pseudoscorpions ( arachnida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , vol . hors s\u00e9rie : 255 - 264 .\nharvey , m . s . 1998 . pseudoscorpion groups with bipolar distributions : a new genus from tasmania related to the holarctic syarinus ( arachnida , pseudoscorpiones , syarinidae ) . the journal of arachnology , 26 : 429 - 441 .\nharvey , m . s . 2011 . pseudoscorpions of the world , version 2 . 0 . western australian museum , perth . urltoken\nhenderickx , h . 2005 . a new geogarypus from baltic amber ( pseudoscorpiones : geogarypidae ) . phegea , 33 ( 3 ) : 87 - 92 .\nkoch , c . l . and berendt , g . c . 1854 . die im bernstein befindlichen myriapoden , arachniden und apteren der vorwelt . in berendt , g . c . ( ed . ) die im bernstein befindlichen organischen reste der vorwelt gesammelt in verbindung mit mehreren bearbeitet und herausgegeben 1 ( 2 ) . nicolai , berlin .\nlak , m . , neraudeau , d . , nel , a . , cloetens , p . , perrichot , v . , and tafforeau , p . 2008 . phase contrast x - ray synchrotron imaging : opening access to fossil inclusions in opaque amber . microscopy and microanalysis , 14 : 251 - 259 .\nlangenheim , j . 2003 . plant resins : chemistry , evolution , ecology and ethnobotany . timber press , portland , cambridge .\nlyckgaard , a . , johnson , g . , and tafforeau , p . 2011 . correction of ring artifacts in x - ray tomographic images . international journal of tomography & statistics , 18 ( f11 ) : 1 - 9 .\nperreau , m . and tafforeau , p . 2011 . three new species of leiodidae ( coleptera ) from baltic amber : pushing further the paleoentomological descriptions by virtual dissection of fossils using phase - contrast x - ray synchrotron microtomography . systematic entomology , 36 : 573 - 580 .\nsoriano , c . , archer , m . , azar , d . , creaser , p . , delclos , x . , godthelp , h . , hand , s . , jones , a . , neraudeau , d . , ortega - blanco , j . , perez - de la fuente , r . , perrichot , v . , saupe , e . , solorzano - kraemer , m . , and tafforeau , p . 2010 . synchrotron x - ray imaging of inclusions in amber . comptes rendus palevol , 9 : 361 - 368 .\ntafforeau , p . , boistel , r . , boller , e . , bravin , a . , brunet , m . , chaimanee , y . , cloetens , p . , feist , m . , hoszowska , j . , jaeger , j . j . , kay , r . f . , lazzari , v . , mariva , l . , nel , a . , nemoz , c . , thibault , x . , vignaud , p . , and zabler , s . 2006 . applications of x - ray synchrotron microtomography for non - destructive 3d studies of paleontological specimens . applied physics a : materials , science and processing , 83 : 195 - 202 .\nmorris , j . c . h . ( 1948 ) . a new genus of pseudogarypin pseudoscorpions possessing pleural plates . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 1947 : 43 - 47 .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\n\u2020 pseudogarypus hemprichii ( c . l . koch & berendt , 1854 ) \u2014 fossil ; baltic amber\npseudogarypus pangaea henderickx n . sp . , a new fossil pseudoscorpion from baltic amber , is described . epoxy embedding and x - ray micro - ct are used to visualize the morphology of the single available specimen .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 1891, "summary": [{"text": "the family saturniidae , commonly known as saturniids , by most measures include the largest species of moths .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are a family of lepidoptera , with an estimated 2,300 described species worldwide .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the saturniidae include such lepidoptera as the giant silkmoths , royal moths and emperor moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "adults are characterized by large size , heavy bodies covered in hair-like scales , lobed wings , reduced mouthparts , and small heads .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they lack a frenulum but the hind wings overlap the forewings , producing the same effect of an unbroken wing surface .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these moths are sometimes brightly colored and often have translucent eyespots or \" windows \" on their wings .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "sexual dimorphism varies by species , but males can generally be distinguished by their larger , broader antennae .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "most adults possess wing spans between 1 and 6 in ( 2.5 and 15 cm ) , but some tropical species , such as the atlas moth ( attacus atlas ) , may have wing spans up to 12 in ( 30 cm ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "together with certain noctuidae ( chiefly calpinae and catocalinae , such as the genera ascalapha , erebus , or thysania ) , the saturniidae contain the largest lepidoptera , and some of the largest insects alive today . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "saturniidae", "paragraphs": ["saturniidae of prince edward island livestock for sale . pictures of and information about the saturniidae of prince edward island\nthibaud decaens saturniidae collection this site features images of live saturniidae adults and their caterpillars from around the world .\nsince we have accumulated many different saturniidae and sphingidae pupae and saturniidae cocoons this fall , we decided to compare them .\nmoths of western north america . 1 . distribution of saturniidae of western north america\nbalcazar lm , wolfe lk . cladistics of the ceratocampinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae )\nsaturniidae , butterflies and moths of north america . accessed january 10 , 2013 .\nsaturnia homepage . wolfgang n\u00e4ssig ' s pages about saturniidae and other bombycoid moths .\n( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : unique origin and repeated reduction of the aeropyle crown .\n( graells 1849 ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . eos . 1975 ; 49 : 285\u201392 .\ntree of life web project . 2010 . saturniidae . version 02 december 2010 ( temporary ) .\nfamily saturniidae - giant silkworm and royal moths , bugguide . net . accessed january 10 , 2013 .\nmoths of western north america . 1 . distribution of saturniidae of western north america ( 32 . 49mb )\nracheli l , racheli t ( 2006 ) phylogenetic hypothesis and classification : theoretical and methodological issues with reference to some studies on saturniidae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 34 ( 133 ) : 5\u201312 .\nwhat you see here is the amazing caterpillar of saturniidae moth . the family saturniidae includes the largest species of moths which generally feature heavy bodies covered in hair - like scales , lobed wings , reduced mouthparts , and small heads .\nsaturniidae ( bombycoidea ) ; [ nacl ] , 108 ; van nieukerken et al . , 2011 , zootaxa 3148 : 217\nsaturniidae caterpillar , it was\nserved\nas breakfast by the locals on one of the jobs we did in central africa .\n( graells , 1849 ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap soc hispano luso am lepid . 1992 ; 20 : 29\u201349 .\nthe cecropia moth is one of the large , showy moths of the family saturniidae . getty images / corbis documentary / darrell gulin\nsystematic monography of the palaearctic species of saturniidae , brahmaeidae , eupterotidae and endromididae ( lepidoptera ) ( w . a . n\u00e4ssig )\nwlss contributer of the year is bart coppens , who has provided great images of many saturniidae adults and larvae from around the world .\nsaturniidae , pieridae , noctuidae and nymphalidae were the more species consumed with 16 , 11 , 9 , and 8 species , respectively .\n( graells , 1849 ) ( lepidoptera , saturniidae ) en la provincia de cuenca . espa\u00f1a graellsia . 2010 ; 66 : 9\u201320 .\nskipper larvae ( hesperiidae ) , and those of moth families including lasiocampidae , arctiidae , saturniidae , notodontidae and zygaenidae pupate within cocoons .\n[ larvae - pupae parasitoids of hylesia metabus cramer ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) in northeastern venezuela : a case of natural biological control ] .\nadult feeding moths ( sphingidae ) differ from non - adult feeding ones ( saturniidae ) in activity - timing overlap and temporal niche width .\nwhat made you want to look up saturniidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nstudies on summer diapause in pupae of antheraea yamamai ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : i . shortening of the ' pupal ' duration under certain environmental conditions\npupa and other smerinthinae pupae are not very typical sphingidae , resembling saturniidae pupa more since it lacks a proboscis and not excessively elongated and pointy . o\nconstructed a molecular phylogeny of the moth genus hemileuca ( saturniidae ) and the h . electra species complex to examine patterns of character evolution and conservation implications\nthis site hosts pages for over 2500 saturniidae species / subspecies from around the world with over 1550 species / subspecies depicted in over 10 , 000 images .\nbombycidae ) have been used for centuries for the production of silk . several species in the family saturniidae including antheraea mylitta also produce silk of commercial quality .\n[ larvae - pupae parasitoids of hylesia metabus cramer ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) in northeastern venezuela : a case of natural biological control ] . - pubmed - ncbi\nadult feeding moths ( sphingidae ) differ from non - adult feeding ones ( saturniidae ) in activity - timing overlap and temporal niche width . - pubmed - ncbi\ni am personally committed to sharing information about all of the world ' s saturniidae . hence , this site will continue to be a work - in - progress .\n, but many saturniidae pupae are even easier to sex because the male antennae are much more pectinate than the female ones , and this can be seen clearly on the pupa .\nrubinoff , d . 1998 . field observations on mating behavior and predation of hemileuca electra ( saturniidae ) . the journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 52 : 212 - 214\nto coordinate the studies on bombycoidea , a small \u201cinformal annual meeting of saturniidae researchers\u201d for employed and amateur lepidopterists is organised on occasion of the annual frankfurt insect exchange in early november each year .\n( graells , 1849 ) , una nueva especie para la fauna lepidopterol\u00f3gica de almer\u00eda ( espa\u00f1a ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . shilap soc hispano luso am lepid . 2008 ; 36 : 427\u201330 .\ni am constantly seeking natural setting images of saturniidae in all stages of development from around the world . as images become available , they will be woven into html text format for your viewing and enjoyment .\nthe wild silk moths of north america : a natural history of the saturniidae of the united states and canada , by paul m . tuskes , james p . tuttle , and michael m . collins .\nthe family saturniidae contains many of the largest and most spectacular moths on earth including the giant atlas moth attacus atlas which measures up to 25cms across the wings , and the amazing madagascan comet moth argema mittrei which has 15cm long tails extending from the hindwings . the name of the family saturniidae is derived from the ' saturn ' s rings ' ocelli on the wings . click on the images below for more photos and detailed descriptions .\nthis is the first number of a series of atlases detailing the distributional occurrence of the moths of north america . the atlas of saturniidae by richard peigler and me covers the documented distribution of a well - known group .\nrubinoff , d . m . san jose and r . peigler . 2017 . multi - gene phylogeny of the hemileuca maia complex ( saturniidae ) across north america suggests complex phylogeography and rapid ecological diversification . systematic entomology .\nmichener , c . d . 1952 . the saturniidae ( lepidoptera ) of the western hemisphere - morphology , phylogeny , and classification . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 98 ( 5 ) : 341 - 501 .\ndeml , r . and k . dettner . 2002 . morphology and classification of larval scoli of saturniinae and hemileucinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 40 ( 2 ) : 82 - 91 .\nrubinoff , d and f . a . h . sperling . 2004 . mitochondrial dna sequence , morphology and ecology yield contrasting conservation implications for two threatened buckmoths ( hemileuca : saturniidae ) . biological conservation 118 : 341 - 351 .\nrubinoff , d . and f . a . h . sperling . 2002 . evolution of ecological traits and wing morphology in hemileuca ( saturniidae ) based on a two gene phylogeny . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 25 : 70 - 86 .\ntuskes , p . m . , j . p . tuttle , and m . m . collins . 1996 . the wild silk moths of north america : a natural history of the saturniidae of the united states and canada . cornell university press .\nthis moth is a member of the family saturniidae - or giant silk worm moths . members of this family are responsible for the production of silk for use in fabrics , rugs and other items . they are among the largest and most beautiful of all moths .\nfurther , the results of the travel to bolivia shall be used as basis for a planned \u201cfield guide\u201d of the saturniidae of the bolivian department of santa cruz . further research travels are intended for the coming years to close gaps in the knowledge of special questions .\nthis article is a step by step guide to the rearing of large numbers of saturniidae in outdoor sleeves . one can start at any one of the four metamorphic stages : 1 ) ova , 2 ) larva , 3 ) pupa / cocoon , 4 ) moth .\nregal moth , , ( subfamily citheroniinae ) , any of a group of moths in the family saturniidae ( order lepidoptera ) that are large and brightly coloured and occur only in the new world . the ferocious - looking but harmless hickory horned devil caterpillar ( larva of the royal walnut moth , citheronia\u2026\nregier , j . c . , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and t . p . friedlander . 2002 . monophyly , composition and tribal relationships of saturniinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : evidence from two nuclear genes . insect systematics and evolution 33 : 9 - 21 .\nelizabeth a . blake , michael r . wagner ; collection and consudlption of pandora moth , coloradia pandora lindseyi ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) , larvae by olvens valley and mono lake paiutes , bulletin of the entomological society of america , volume 33 , issue 1 , 1 march 1987 , pages 22\u201327 , urltoken\nregier , j . c . , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and t . p . friedlander . 2002 . monophyly , composition , and relationships within saturniinae ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : evidence from two nuclear genes . insect systematics and evolution 33 ( 1 ) : 9 - 21 .\nthe atlas moth ( attacus atlas ) is one of the largest moths in the world , with a wingspan of over 9 . 8 inches . females are slightly larger than males . like other moths in the family saturniidae , adults do not have working mouth parts and only live for a few days to a week .\nsince we have begun to accumulate quite a lot of different saturniidae and sphingidae pupae lately , we decided to compare some of them side by side . above are ventral , lateral , and dorsal views of seven different pupae , the five on the left being satuniidae and the two on the right sphingidae . from left to right : \u2640\nregier , j . c . , m . c . grant , r . s . peigler , c . mitter , c . p . cook , and r . rougerie . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships of wild silkmoths ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) inferred from four protein - coding nuclear genes . systematic entomology 33 : 219 - 228 .\nfriedlander , t . p . , k . r . horst , j . c . regier , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and q . q . fang . 1998 . two nuclear genes yield concordant relationships within attacini ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . mol . phyl . evol . 9 : 131 - 140 .\nfriedlander , t . p . , k . r . horst , j . c . regier , c . mitter , r . s . peigler , and q . q . fang . 1998 . two nuclear genes yield concordant relationships within attacini ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 9 ( 1 ) : 131 - 140 .\n\u2026asiatic giant silkworm moths ( family saturniidae ) . the larvae and sometimes the adults of a few species are used for food . the larvae of one skipper ( rhopalocampta libeon , or caeliades libeon ) are collected in large quantities in the congo , and the 10 - cm ( 4 - inch ) caterpillars of giant skippers ( family megathymidae ) , known in\u2026\nsince these are silk moths of family saturniidae they should be relatively easy to sex as pupae . the female pupa will have an extra pore compared to the male one , and also if the antennae of male and female adults are different ( in many species the males have much broader antennae ) you should be able to see this difference in the pupal case .\nin this paper , we reported the butterflies and moths that are consumed in mexico . we identified 67 species of lepidoptera that are eaten principally in their larval stage in 17 states of mexico . these species belong to 16 families : arctiidae , bombycidae , castniidae , cossidae , geometridae , hepialidae , hesperiidae , lasiocampidae , noctuidae , nymphalidae , papilionidae , pieridae , pyralidae , saturniidae , sesiidae , and sphingidae .\nlarvae pass through growth stages called instars . they have to shed old skins to make room for new growth . it is generally not a good idea to move larvae while they are reparing or attempting to shed skins . most saturniidae larvae spend about 6 - 8 days in their first instar and that is why i like to move larvae outdoors after only 3 - 4 days in their indoor hatching containers .\nthousands of people , all over the world , have reared saturniidae . for most , the experience has largely been one of finding a few larvae , taking them home , feeding them some leaves in an aquarium , large jar , etc . , watching them spin their cocoons , and then waiting for the adult emergence . many people have found an h . cecropia larva on an ornamental tree in the yard .\neven people with no particular love of insects find the giant moths ( and caterpillars ! ) of the family saturniidae fascinating . the name is thought to refer to the large eyespots found on the wings of some species . the eyespots contain concentric rings , reminiscent of the planet saturn ' s rings . these showy moths are easy to rear in captivity if you can find enough foliage to keep their very hungry caterpillars fed .\nmost females of the large saturniidae lay tiny eggs , either singly or in small rows on the underside of leaves . trying to find these eggs would be like looking for a needle in a haystack . most people obtain ova in the following ways : 1 ) obtain them from a dealer , 2 ) capture a gravid female at a light , 3 ) obtain cocoons from a dealer or from the wild and secure a mating .\nsaturniidae larvae are usually left in the sleeves to spin cocoons . some species ( cynthia and promethea ) always use a leaf wrap and remain attached to branches . other species sometimes use a leaf wrap , ( luna , cecropia , polyphemus ) , while others either spin attached to branches or trunks ( cecropia , columbia ) or in the folds of the sleeve - - a most annoying practice : polypphemus , cecropia , luna , io .\ni raise mostly cecropia and polyphemus moths , but i\u2019ve been trying other species too . this year i\u2019ve been raising prometheas , and i have some buck moth pupas that i\u2019m hoping will hatch so i can try raising them . in 2011 , i\u2019ve been raising luna moths . one advantage of these giant silk moths ( the family saturniidae ) is that the adults don\u2019t eat , so it\u2019s possible to keep them for a day or two to try to mate them and get eggs .\nthere are about 1 , 400 species world - wide in the moth family saturniidae . for over thirty years , the author has been studying more than three hundred of them . furthermore , he has professionally photographed the stages of development from the egg , through the larval stages and pupation , to the adult moth . the result is a unique documentation of the metamorphosis of these fascinating animals . with 2 , 949 illustrations , the author unfolds to us the unexpected variety and beauty of saturniid larvae .\nthis is one of those books that , once you see a copy , you will have to have it . books like this go a long way to encourage young naturalists to become entomologists . as a professor , i know that many young people do not collect books , thinking that they can get everything they need on the internet . but this book is not expensive considering its attributes , so i hope that every admirer of saturniidae will acquire it . when your computer crashes or the power goes out , you can immerse yourself in lampe\u2019s beautiful book using natural daylight or candlelight until those things get fixed .\nthe saturniidae are members of the superfamily bombycoidea . these species are medium to very large in size , and this family includes the largest moths in north america . adults have a wingspan of 3 to 15 centimeters , relatively small heads , and densely hairy bodies . larvae are usually very fleshy , with clumps of raised bristles . buck moth and io moth caterpillars have sharp , stinging hairs . caterpillars mostly feed on leaves of trees and shrubs ; some cause severe damage . pupa develop in silken cocoons or in the soil . this family does not contain the commercial silkworm moth ( bombyx mori ) , which is not native to north america .\nrudolf lampe has produced an excellent contribution that will be both scientifically useful and aesthetically enjoyable for those who rear and study saturniidae . for more than 30 years , lampe has reared and photographed saturniids , and this book is a wonderful culmination of his efforts . each [ of the more than 300 species ] is documented in an appendix giving the locality data , dates of the rearing , and what hostplant was used . close - up views of eggs , all larval stages , pupae , cocoons ( for those species that make cocoons ) , and pinned adults are given , usually of both sexes , and sometimes live adults are also shown in natural repose .\n2010 , in english and german , 368 pages , 336 color plates ( 2 , 949 photos ) , 9 color & 2 b / w figures . there are ~ 1 , 400 species world - wide in the moth family saturniidae . for over 30 years , the author has been studying more than 300 of them . he has professionally photographed the stages of development from the egg , through larval stages and pupation , to the adult moth . the result is a unique documentation of the metamorphosis of these fascinating animals . the unexpected variety and beauty of saturniid moths is extensively portrayed in this remarkable book . hardcover ; 8 - 1 / 2 x 12\n.\nmales and females of most large saturniidae are attracted to lights , especially mercury vapour or black lights . i have purchased both types of lights from hardware stores and use them regularly to attract females . mercury vapour lights are often used as floodlights or security lights on large buildings : schools , warehouses , car dealerships , etc . i have a five mile circuit that i make quite regularly during prime flight times in the spring and summer to visit such sites from 11 : 00 pm to 1 : 00 am looking for moths . police are notified and landowners ' permission is obtained in advance . a warm , overcast , moonless or at least\ndark\n, night offers the best collecting .\nactually the metamorphosis of lepidoptera ( from ovum to imago ) is strongly governed by their environment ( temperature , humidity , air flow , photo period , available resources , etc ) . that ' s why i designed all of my rearing / breeding cages and plant storage methods so i could control all of the environmental factors to match the normal conditions during the peak seasons of a species . short photo period slows them down , can induce early aestivation / hibernation , both that can result in smaller livestock / imago ' s . how sever is dependent on the species and the conditions . i ' ve reared a lot of different species of saturniidae since 1964 , and they are a product of their environment same as they are from all lepidopteran families . fwiw - hth\n( luna month ) actias luna classification kingdom : animalia class : insecta order : lepidoptera family : saturniidae genus : actias species : actias luna environmental information habitat : forested areas of north america . description of identifying characteristics / physical appearance food habits : caterpillar feeds on foliage of various species of hickory , walnut , sweet - gum , persimmon , and birch trees . luna moths predators : birds , bats , and spiders . moths are large , with a 4 to 5 inch wingspan . wings are light green , transparent spots and a pink - purple or yellow , hind wings bearing long twisted tails and antennae are feathery , luna moths have often been used in classrooms to help teach insect life cycles . economic importance for humans : positive importance to humans and / or the environment resources used urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\nthe female emperor moth is above , and the male below . this moth is considered by some to have the best sense of small of any animal . a male can smell the pheromone the female releases to attract him to mate from seven miles away ! this moth is found throughout the paleartctic , and is the only member of the saturniidae family found in the u . k . , it is normally seen in moorland and open country . the two specimens here are preserved , but in life the males have much brighter orange hindwings , the female colouring is similar , but less bright . males fly by day especially on sunny days , and their flight is rapid . females by night . the flight period is april and may . male wingspan is 60 mm , and female 80 mm . male forewing length is 27 - 32 mm , and female is 35 - 41 mm .\nlarvae pupate in different ways depending on which family they belong to . a larva from the family nymphalidae for example will spin a tiny button of silk on a leaf or stem , and anchor itself to it by its tail . the tail has an appendage called a cremaster , which is equipped with microscopic hooks to hold it securely to the silk . larvae of papilionidae and pieridae do the same , but additionally spin a silken girdle around their waist . lycaenidae and riodinidae don ' t possess cremasters so they either pupate on the ground , or attach themselves by a silk girdle to a leaf or stem . hesperiidae pupate loosely , usually within a flimsy silken tent . the larvae of most moths pupate loosely in a chamber just below the surface of the ground . others , including saturniidae , bombycidae and lasiocampidae pupate inside a tough silk cocoon spun on the leaves , stems or branches of their foodplants .\nactually if you use a hand lens it is really quite obvious , much clearer than in the photo . the only difference between the sexes is in the one segment i indicated , presence or absence of the pore . this difference is present in all lepidoptera , but you need to familiarise yourself with each species , as pupae can look quite different , and the shape of the female pore varies between specimens of the same species ( sometimes quite short , sometimes there ' s a slit across the whole segment ) as well as between species , but the principle is the same : male no pore , female with a pore in the position indicated . you will soon get the hang of the difference between sexes , and be able to spot it for different species . the hemileuca you are rearing will have basically the same difference between sexes . i do know that some of the saturniid breeders will deliberately cut open the cocoons , check the sex of the pupae and put them back inside . if done carefully it has no effect on the pupae at all . i ' m not sure if this applies to hemileuca , but many saturniidae pupae are even easier to sex because the male antennae are much more pectinate than the female ones , and this can be seen clearly on the pupa . adam .\naccording to classic ecology , resource partitioning by segregation along at least one of the three main niche axes ( time , food , and space ) must take place for the coexistence of species with similar ecological requirements . we used nocturnal light traps to investigate the assemblage structuration of two moth families : sphingidae ( 23 species ) and saturniidae ( 13 species ) . because competition for food among adults potentially occurs only among sphingids , only for this family did we expect less overlap of diel activity patterns than expected by chance and also a greater temporal niche width compared to saturniids . moreover , we expected a greater number of sphingid species pairs to differ in activity timing compared to saturniid pairs . we also hypothesized that in the case of a lack of temporal structuration , sphingids would be morphologically structured in relation to proboscis length . contrary to what we expected , both families overlapped their activity patterns more than expected by chance alone and sphingid moths were not morphologically structured . nevertheless , there were 173 significant pairwise differences in temporal activity between sphingids , contrasting with no interspecific differences between saturniids . sphingid species also showed a wider temporal niche width than saturniids , as expected . predation risk and abiotic factors may have caused the overall similarities in activity patterns for both families . the temporal niche seemed not to be determinant for the assemblage structuration of moths as a whole for either of the studied families , but segregation along the temporal niche axis of some potentially competing species pairs can be a relevant factor for the coexistence of nectar - feeding species .\nwhile we were at it , we also decided to compare some of our saturniidae cocoons . below are five different species , the three on the left being in the saturniinae tribe and the two on the right in the attacini tribe . from left to right : antheraea mylitta , antheraea polyphemus , actias luna , samia ricini , and hyalophora cecropia . all are unopened except the a . luna cocoon since it was from a brood reared in 2013 ; the rest are unopen and were obtained or reared this year . despite the close relation between the two antheraeas , their cocoons are surprisingly different . the mylitta is huge and perfectly smooth and ovular , made of extremely tough and thick beige colored silk . there also is a long silk stalk at the top for hanging to branches . in comparison , polyphemus is less perfectly shaped and flatter , with a tough but thinner shell . there is not stalk since they are either affixed to the tree or in the leaf litter . the a . luna cocoon resembles the a . polyphemus cocoon very much but is brown and the shell is much thinner , shinier , and smoother . the s . ricini cocoon is far less compact and the silk is softer and white . the shape is sort of irregular , being flat and tapered at the ends . the h . cecropia cocoon is also tapered at the ends - - very much so at the top , but the silk is very course and thick , though not as compact a the antheraeas ' . it is the largest cocoon by far and is like a bag , with a little escape hole at the top for when the moth ecloses . between the three saturniinaes and two attacini cocoons the former have more or less ovular cocoons while the attacini cocoon are more irregular shaped , but are usually tapered at the ends with a escape hole at the top .\ninsects have been a good and natural source of human diet for long periods of time . the tradition has been actively pursued in a number of continents where the collection of insects as food is an essential part of the people\u2019s livelihoods .\nthe concept of ingesting insects has only been acknowledged and researched very recently due to exposure and interests . publications found on the topic are spread across many journals in a lot of disciplines , varying from biochemistry , nutrition , food science , anthropology , history , entomology , agriculture , health , ecology , and sociology .\nsuch publications have started dealing with studies in order to understand the biology and ecology of edible insects , along with other factors to determine their availability , significance as food sources to sustain livelihoods , and their importance of ethno - entomological knowledge .\nin addition , these publications also showcase technology transfer\u2019s role to help people in utilizing their traditional knowledge for improving the worth of insects as food sources in their lives . the works created by fran\u00e7oise malaisse , jun mitsuhashi , and gene defoliart deserve special attention and applause in this field .\nedible insects carry a high quality of amino acids , proteins , and vitamins for human beings . these insects also contribute to a higher rate of food conversion than regular livestock . for instance , cricket needs 6 times lesser feed quantity than regular cattle , 4 times lesser than a sheep , and two times lesser than a pig or a broiler chicken , in order to generate the equivalent sum of protein .\nwhat\u2019s more , edible insects also emit lesser ammonia and greenhouse gases than the traditional livestock . edible insects are capable of growing on organic wastes too . as a result , these insects are potential sources for the regular production of protein , both for direct consumption by humans or for indirect recomposed food items , and as protein sources to be used in feedstock mixtures .\nthere are many numerous advantages of eating edible insects as a natural source of food . breeding of such insects in comparison to livestock is , in fact , a better step towards being environmentally friendly . this is due to the lesser amount of land occupancy , water pollution problems , and much lesser greenhouse gas emissions . eating house cricket has actually been proven as a more resourceful form of feed conversion .\nmoreover , the tremendous augmentation in population around the world has necessitated the need for a good source of protein , which is hardly met by reason of the limited quantity of available farmlands .\nin addition , it is most noteworthy to mention the economic advantages of eating insects in relation to the plant cultivations . for example , in mexico , collecting insects for human use led to a considerable shrinking in the degree of pesticides , which are usually used in an agricultural production . this has also lessened the economic burden for the cultivating farmers . among the many dangers , faced by everyone across the world , is the food diversity loss . hence , the utilization of a varied choice of insects as food would count as a big step in alleviating the problem .\nat present , there are almost 2 billion people , who consume a large range of edible insects on a regular basis both raw and cooked .\nfollow the list of insects , which have been authorized as edible and safe to eat by the u . n . :\nbeetles : these insects turn cellulose in trees to digestible fat , and contain more protein quantities than other insects .\nants : ants are low on carbs , and contain all essential proteins , calcium , iron , etc .\ngrasshoppers : these are a tremendous source of protein , and are usable in any curry flavor .\nstinkbugs : this edible insect tends to put in an apple - like flavor to any sauce , and is a good iodine source .\nthere is a large variety of edible insects , which can be used for regular consumption . a number of edible insects are in fact packed with good fats , fundamental minerals , proteins , and fibers , which amount to an equivalent of any other food source . other than an \u2018icky\u2019 factor , there is no real issue in consuming insects for an all round diet .\nhave you ever wondered insects can be a great source of nutrition ? well , some people will say \u2013 oh my god , how could we eat insects , given the fact , we have so many fine foods and vegetables for ourselves ? and some will argue by saying \u2013 from an ancient time , people have been eating insects to get nutrition and vitamins , which are not present in our body .\nin this article , we are going to take the support of the second types of people who believe insects are in fact , a fantastic way to provide nutritional value to our body . we will talk about what kind of nutrition you can get from insects and which insects provide the best value . so , let us have a look at the article . before going to the depths of the topic , we want you to know that there has been a constant debate as to whether the insects are a good source of nutrition . this debate has grown over the years because of lack of knowledge . for example \u2013 have you observed how birds feed insects to their young ?\nbasically , the young birds become ready to fly and leave their nest in just three weeks . so , how do they get the strength in such short time ? the answer is insects have a combination of nutritional elements and fluids , which provides the necessary nutritional value to the birds , making them strong enough to fly .\nas we have said earlier that insects are a genuine source of food for birds and animals , humans can also get benefits by eating them . you will see many articles and research studies , citing the significance of eating insects . even from different archaeological explorations , you will find out people in ancient time had eaten them on a regular basis . for example \u2013 one painting from an archaeological site depicts that mankind had utilized tools to collect termites from the mounds for food .\nif we talk about recent times , you will be amazed to know around 80 % people of the world are eating insects every day . in mexico , more than 200 edible insects have been used as foods and in thailand , there are more than 20 , 000 insects firms . not to mention , cambodia is the top exporter of edible insects .\nso , what do you understand from this information ? insects contain protein and other nutritive elements such as vitamins , mineral , prebiotic fiber , beneficial fats , etc . in that case , you could say that insects are the new frontier in nutrition and we have much more to discover from them .\nfrom a health point of view , insects contain a high amount protein with vitamins and minerals in abundance . there is also beneficial fats and different amino acids . besides , one vitamin , name vitamin b12 is not found in plant sources . in fact , nuts and pulses don\u2019t simply have this vitamin . however , insects can provide this vitamin easily . even insects include the combination of unsaturated omega - 3 and omega - 6 fatty acids , which are high in fish , pork , and cattle .\nfurthermore , when you will eat insects , you have to eat them in whole , meaning that the complete exoskeleton , vital organs , and muscle tissues will be consumed by you . this fact is the most significant fact as you will be able to enjoy the high micro - nutritional value of insects .\n1 . grasshoppers and crickets : grasshoppers and crickets are two of the best edible insects . a 3 . 5 - ounce grasshoppers can provide you with 14 - 28 grams of protein . this amount of protein is significant , given the fact , the grasshopper is a small insect . in relation to this fact , 30 - 60 % of women need 46 grams of protein daily and 25 - 50 % of men need 56 grams of protein each day . in that case , a grasshopper can meet this protein demand of men and women smoothly .\nadditionally , crickets and grasshoppers contain unsaturated fats . according to the food and agriculture organization of the united nations , unsaturated fats are essential for reducing the risk of heart disease . on a side note , humans cannot synthesize essential fatty acids as they have to obtain this health nutritional element via diet . therefore , crickets can easily deliver this nutrition as they have a fantastic omega 3 : 6 balance .\n2 . ants : according to national geographic website , a 3 . 5 - ounce red ants are enough to provide 14 grams of protein . the same amount of red ants can supply 5 . 7 milligrams of iron . now , men need 8 milligrams of iron each and women need 18 milligrams every day . thus , these red ants can cover almost 71 % of the men\u2019s iron demand . they can also meet one - third of iron demand of the women as well . not to mention , red ants along with other types of ants are a great source of calcium .\nthe fact of the matter is insects have certainly nutritional value and you can grow them just anywhere you want . along with other food items , you can add them to your food list because when you start eating insects for nutrition , you are putting less pressure on nature , meaning that we can have a sustainable environment altogether . so , if you have any questions regarding our opinion , please share your thoughts in the comments section .\ninsects are a good source of food supply in both humans and animals . this is why reports of various nutrient contents are often researched and found in fields of most disciplines varying from zoology to anthropology . a primary application of such nutrient contents of insects , especially the house cricket , is utilized as an essential nutritional food source for human beings .\nmore than 2 , 000 species in the insect world are acknowledged to be fit to be eaten . a number of evidence from ancient archeological sites proves that such insects have always been and are still an essential human food resource . in this article , we will primarily study about the nutrient content of the house cricket , also called acheta domesticus in latin .\nthere are a number of advantages to taking up insects as a source of food . in comparison to livestock , breeding of insects is a better environment - friendly action , due to land use , water pollution , and lesser greenhouse gas discharges .\nconsumption of house cricket proves to be a more efficient form of feed conversion . the increase in population growth all over the world augments the requirement of good sources of protein but is hardly met due to the limited amount of on hand farmland .\nadditionally , the economic advantages of consuming insects in comparison to the plant\u2019s cultivation must be taken into account . for instance , collecting insects in mexico for human eating decreased the extent of pesticides being used in agricultural production , along with a lessened economic burden on the farmers .\nalthough the tradition of using insects is not much common in every country nowadays , these insects continue to be a good source of nutrition in many cultures over the world .\nthe house cricket or acheta domestica is mostly found to be bred and eaten through appropriate farming conditions in europe . whilst the house cricket is sometimes eaten in its raw form , most of the time they are processed and consumed by human beings typically by roasting , drying , frying , or boiling .\nin addition , the dietary composition of such cultured insects like the house cricket has been researched and used as a food source to captivated insectivorous reptiles , mammals , or birds , which are kept in the zoos .\nthe nutritional elements in different insects and their different stages differ . hence , there is no generalization of such data relating to their nutritional content . analysis of the insects is made based on their level of protein , moisture , fat , fiber , and ash .\nit has been found that whole and raw insects by and large hold 55 - 85 % of moisture . on the other hand , the whole insects containing a lower content of moisture are normally the ones that have a higher fat content . the insects developed for human eating , in general , hold lesser moisture in comparison to the raw insects due to their processing , which typically engages some form of drying so as to prolong their shelf life .\nhouse crickets are one of the most commonly consumed insects all over the world . these are more commonly farmed by cultivators in thailand . this breed of house crickets is more well - liked than the native breed of cricket species attributable to its better quality texture and taste . the house cricket is typically consumed as a deep fried food snack and is sold off as a protein extract or as a protein powder .\nto conclude , the house cricket or acheta domesticus is a completely well rounded edible insect and can be relied on for long periods . due to the overpopulation issue all over the world , most people have taken to the consumption of alternatives to livestock and plant - based food sources . insect farming is quite a popular concept nowadays , which has driven a number of farmers to a better crop cultivation , devoid of fertilizers .\ngun safety is always a foremost concern . before indulging in a personal gun , you must be assured of your pre - chosen gun safe and secret zones . to responsibly use a gun is easy , provided you have your checks and balances ready and in control . the tool is used by people of all genders and races for protection against an unknown and surprising force .\nmore often than not , the gun is typically kept in the car because anyone can experience an unintentional mishap from an outside force , and hence you need to have a defensive stance at all times . people often experience burglary or crime cases while traveling in their cars and the display of the gun can thwart such a confrontation .\nwhile the gun is a good defense mechanism to be kept in the vehicle ; at the same time , one must be aware of the dangers of keeping such a powerful weapon on hand . if the gun is kept in the car , the owner must have a good way to lock and secure the weapon . this is so that further unwanted accidents or incidents are prevented . a loose firearm must be adhered to and should not be taken lightly .\nmost gun owners use a gun safe for keeping their guns safe . the gun safe is used by most law enforcement officials for keeping their guns safe . we have hence provided some very well researched and noteworthy pointers on the benefits of having a gun safe for your gun in regular and emergency needs .\nsecurity : in a gun safe , the gun is sealed in stealing cases and locked securely .\nstrength : a gun safe has enough strength in its security to prevent any illicit or unwanted entry by children , thieves , or other non - permitted persons .\neasy to use and fast in functionality : you can easily and effortlessly access and close your gun safe readily in times of an urgent need for a limited time .\nthere are a few common places in a car , which people commonly use to protect their guns . however , such places are not always safe as anyone can find the weapon , risking both you and your co - passengers in the car .\nto mention an unsafe place , the console or glove compartment is a good example . it is the first place that a thief or an unwanted party would look into and is basically an insecure place to hold a gun . additionally , the glove box or the console is not discreet at all . such areas for keeping your gun can make it very obvious as to the existence of the gun and may pose problems from thefts or threats . plus , it is too far away from the driver , in case he or she should need to make a defensive move .\ninstead of keeping your gun in an inaccessible area in your car , you could find more inventive ways to keep your gun safely in your car . it is very important to keep your gun within your hand\u2019s reach . you can simply have your gun kept out in the open while concealing it well inside the car . you could use the space provided beneath your steering column or beneath your seat .\nthere are a number of seat holster companies for cars , which have recently manufactured products , meant to be used for attaching the gun beneath your car seat . through such a way , your gun remains cleverly hidden out of sight , and you can access it without any difficulty .\ngun safety is a prior concern and should not be taken lightly . it is very important that you act responsibly so that no one else is harmed accidentally in the venture . thus , these are the points that you should keep in mind while keeping your gun in the car . do use a gun safe in your car so that your gun remains safe and secure . and , avoid the places where you should not keep your gun .\nbathroom ceiling fans are the most efficient must - haves in any regular bathroom . these bathroom fans can not only provide your home with a good ventilation system but also help save your bathroom walls from moisture and humidity . these ceiling fans are less costly and very useful for personal hygiene and proper flow of air around the house .\nceiling fans are used in bathrooms as a good way to air the bathroom space and protect the walls and corners . more often than not , the humidity stuck in any regular bathroom space can ultimately give rise to a batch of whole other problems like mildew and mold . bathroom fans tend to remove the extra moisture from such walls , thus preventing wallpapers and paints to peel off or become warped .\nthe bathroom ceiling fans add ventilation , improve airflow , and reduce the excess humidity in a bathroom space . in addition , these bathroom fans can serve well to remove unwanted odors from the body or products to create a well - ventilated environment . these fans are of tremendous use for times when a homeowner may wish to take a steam bath or spa in their bathrooms , which otherwise wreak havoc on the air quality . thus , they maintain the utmost air quality indoors and keep the homeowner comfortable .\nthe pressure cooker is the most useful and time saving tool among all the other inventions by humankind . it is a tool to be used for easy cooking in the day to day purposes . in the present millennium , this apparatus is a common and everyday object used in almost every household around the world .\nwhether you wish to make a luxurious and scrumptious meal or a simple home cooked meal , the pressure cooker can come to assist in the most simple and innovative recipes . these recipes can range from the toughest food items like chickpeas and beans to the most complex roasts or stews . we have made a list of the best and easy food items that you can cook in a pressure cooker , along with good tips to get the optimal results while using it and if you are looking for a high quality pressure cooker the instant pot ip - duo60 7 - in - 1 programmable pressure cooker review is a product we can\u00b4t recomment enough .\nchicken with tomatoes , chickpeas , and chorizo : this recipe is a common meal in all american households . the pressure cooker helps elevate and intensify the smoky flavors of the ingredients while the chicken is roasted inside it .\nbeef american stew : this is another classic dish , which cuts more than half time through the use of the pressure cooker . the cooker is used mainly for easy tenderizing of a tough piece of beef meat and takes about 45 minutes .\nsmoky beans : the pressure cooker can be used to bring out the earthy smell of the beans . you can additionally use some more ingredients while cooking beans in a cooker and gain the optimal tang .\nchicken and bean stew : while preparing a meat - based stew , the pressure cooker can be of ultimate convenience in saving a load of the cook\u2019s time and bringing out the best zest . a cooker can efficiently make your chicken tender by making it fall off the bone level ."]}
{"id": 1892, "summary": [{"text": "parvulastra vivipara , the tasmanian live-bearing seastar , is a tiny , uniformly orange-yellow seastar , up to 15 mm across .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the species usually has five short arms and is a rounded , pentagon shape .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "morphological variation is common and three , four or six arms are occasionally present .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is endemic to coastal waters in southeast tasmania . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "parvulastra vivipara", "paragraphs": ["parvulastra vivipara ( tasmanian live - bearing seastar ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014wb ) [ state action plan ] .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . parvulastra vivipara in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 36 : 25 + 1000 .\npatiriella vivipara . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nthis tiny seastar , called patiriella vivipara is listed as endangered under the threatened species protection act 1995 .\nscientific name : patiriella vivipara common name : tasmanian live - bearing seastar other names : live - bearing seastar , cushion star the species is conventionally accepted ( dartnall 1969 ) .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 2001b ) . salinity tolerance of patiriella vivipara , a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . the tasmanian naturalist . 123 : 36 - 46 .\nbyrne , m . ( 1996 ) . viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive asterinid sea stars patiriella vivipara and p . parvivipara . marine biology . 125 ( 3 ) : 551 - 567 .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 1999a ) . will the introduced european green crab impact upon patiriella vivipara , the rare endemic seastar ? . the tasmanian naturalist . 121 : 26 - 28 .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 1999b ) . will the introduced northern pacific seastar impact upon patiriella vivipara , the rare endemic seastar ? . the tasmanian naturalist . 121 : 29 - 32 .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 2001a ) . updated information and previously unpublished observations on patiriella vivipara , a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . the tasmanian naturalist . 123 : 24 - 35 .\nthreatened species survey of patiriella vivipara and gazameda gunnii in southport lagoon for the southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) .\nrowland , m . ( 2001 ) . education and monitoring program for the endangered tasmanian seastar - patiriella vivipara : project report & action plan for the woodbridge environment group . woodbridge , tasmania : marine and coastal research tasmania .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 1998 ) . the distribution and biology of patiriella vivipara ( echinodermata : asteroidea : asterinidae ) a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . records of the australian museum . 50 : 161 - 170 .\nbyrne , m . & a . cerra ( 1996 ) . evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid sea stars patiriella vivipara and p . parvivipara with an overview of development in the asterinidae . biological bulletin . 191 : 17 - 26 .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2009av ) . commonwealth listing advice on patiriella vivipara . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009k ) . approved conservation advice for patiriella vivipara ( tasmanian live - bearing seastar ) . canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .\n( of patiriella vivipara dartnall , 1969 ) dartnall , a . j . ( 1969 ) . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea , asterinidae ) from tasmania . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 93 ( 3 ) : 294 - 296 , 1 plate . page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\ntasmania department of primary industries & water ( tas . dpiw ) ( 2006a ) . threatened species survey of patiriella vivipara and gazameda gunnii in southport lagoon for the southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 . hobart , tasmania : marine environment section , marine farming branch ( tas . dpiw ) .\nit is a tiny orange - yellow seastar , with adults only reaching up to 13mm across . it is endemic to tasmania which means it is only found here . the name p . vivipara comes from the seastar ' s ability to produce live young instead of eggs . this is known as viviparity . the newborn seastar is a tiny replica of its parent . this is tasmania ' s only known endemic , vivaparous seastar so it is very special .\np . vivipara is threatened because it only occurs in a limited area . all the known populations occupy less than 3 hectares . they are restricted to rocky reefs in the tidal zone and seem to prefer living under rocks near the high tide mark . this puts them at great risk from changes to their habitat . for example , they are at risk from pollution such as eutrophication or sedimentation which are threats at pittwater . another threat to seastars is from collectors who collect specimens for aquariums . it is also thought that the introduced nz seastar p . regularis could be competing with it . this seastar came to australia in a batch of oysters earlier this century .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .\n. canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nrecovery plan not required , a recovery plan will have limited benefit for the species . the actions covered by the conservation advice are considered to be sufficient at this time ( 17 / 06 / 2009 ) .\nguidelines for natural values surveys - estuarine and marine development proposals ( natural and cultural heritage division , 2015a ) [ management plan ] .\ndartnall , a . j . 1969 . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 93 ( 3 ) : 294 - 296 fig . 1 pl . 29 [ 294 , pl . 29 ( a - f ) ] .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar is endemic to south - east tasmania . it is known from 13 isolated subpopulations within the south tasmanian natural resource management region ( tssc 2009av ) .\nthe extent of occurrence for the tasmanian live - bearing seastar has been estimated to be approximately 2600 km 2 , in the sheltered waters of south - east tasmania from d ' entrecasteaux channel to norfolk bay . however , much of the area is considered unsuitable for the species due to inappropriate substrate and depth of water ( deeper than 1 . 2 m ) ( m . wapstra 2007 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe area of occupancy is estimated to be 1000\u00962000 m 2 . this figure is based on relatively accurate estimates of the extent of most extant subpopulations totaling approximately 1024 m 2 . however , published accounts of the extent of the largest subpopulation ( pitt water ) , the most recently discovered subpopulation ( southport lagoon ) and historical accounts of subpopulations considered extinct , are not available . given the extent of all other subpopulations , it is highly unlikely that the inclusion of these subpopulations would result in more than a doubling of the estimated area of occupancy . this is due to the restriction of the species to specific substrates within the very narrow littoral zone ( m . wapstra 2007 , pers . comm . )\nthe species is known reliably from 13 locations ( prestedge 2001a ) , however , the subpopulations at two , or possibly three , of these locations are believed to be extinct ( prestedge 2001a ; rowland 2001 ) .\nit is believed that the colony at woodbridge was introduced there in late 1995 . they originally came from pitt water and had been on display at the marine discovery centre at woodbridge . this colony was released from their small aquarium onto the shore at woodbridge , due to concerns for adequate care over the christmas period . this proved to be an unplanned , but successful relocation . no tasmanian live - bearing seastars had been recorded from this site prior to the relocation ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nthe species ' distribution is severely fragmented as all known subpopulations are small and isolated . the sites are separated by distances that exceed the presumed dispersal capacity of the species ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nin dartnall ' s ( 1969 ) original survey , the species was recorded from three localities ( pitt water , roches beach and eaglehawk neck ) .\nhoggins ( 1976 cited in rowland 2001 ) estimated the size of subpopulations at midway point , tinderbox and eaglehawk neck .\nprestedge ( 1998 ) also monitored subpopulations of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar on the shore at pitt water between 1976 and 1982 , and eaglehawk neck , roches beach and fortescue bay in february 1998 .\nduring the 1990s additional new colonies were recorded mainly as a result of unsystematic private surveys ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nrowland ( 2001 ) undertook an assessment of the abundance of tasmanian live - bearing seastars at a number of locations in south - east tasmania , excluding the pitt water subpopulations .\npolanowski ( 2002 ) undertook surveys and population counts at several of the known sites , and located a new subpopulation at mays point , lauderdale .\nin 2006 a survey of the species at southport lagoon ( for the purpose of developing a management plan for the area ) was conducted over five days from october to december . seven colonies , varying from a few individuals to several hundred seastars , were recorded ( tas . dpiw ) 2006a ) .\nthe discovery of a subpopulation during the 2006 survey at southport lagoon ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) , extended the known distribution for the species , and is the most southerly record known . the results from this survey indicate that there may be other subpopulations of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar not yet discovered in similar habitat in the surrounding area , but these are unlikely to significantly extend the distribution of the species ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) .\nthe estimated population size ( excluding the pitt water subpopulation ) is approximately 27 000 individuals ( rowland 2001 ) . no comprehensive surveys have been undertaken to estimate the subpopulation size at pitt water . however , an approximate estimate of 326 000 tasmanian live - bearing seastars in the pitt water subpopulation , has been made on the basis of existing data and the total length of inhabited shoreline . this estimate is based on limited data , and more detailed surveys would be required to confirm its accuracy ( polanowski 2002 ) .\nthe species is known from 13 isolated subpopulations which vary in abundance from less than 20 to several thousands ( tas . pws 2003 ) . these are considered subpopulations due to the extent of their geographical separation and the limited dispersal potential of the species ( prestedge 1998 ) .\nmateria ( 1994 ) suggests that the oyster cove subpopulation became extinct because of eutrophication of their habitat due to surrounding aquaculture practices , however , there are indications that the species never existed there ( rowland 2001 ) .\n1 . prestedge 1998 2 . prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 3 . polanowski 2002 ; prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 4 . polanowski 2002 5 . polanowski 2002 6 . rowland 2001 7 . prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 8 . prestedge 2001a 9 . polanowski 2002 ; prestedge 1998 , rowland 2001 10 . prestedge 2001a ; rowland 2001 11 . rowland 2001 12 . prestedge 2001a 13 . materia 1994 ; rowland 2001 14 . rowland 2001 15 . tas . dpiw 2006a\nthere is insufficient information available to determine if this species undergoes extreme natural fluctuations in population numbers . however , there has been an increase in the number of colonies and in population numbers since 1990 and the species is thought to experience a boom - bust cycle ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar is believed to live for 8\u009610 years ( prestedge 1998 ) .\nnone of these reserves are actively managed for the species , although the southport lagoon conservation area subpopulation is within an area covered by a management plan ( tas . dpiw 2006b ) that has made recommendations for the species , and the pitt water nature reserve subpopulation has been actively managed and monitored as part of the redevelopment of the sorell causeway ( aquenal 2001 ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar lives in rocky areas in the upper intertidal zone , usually under rocks or in crevices . they appear to have a water depth limit , being found from just below the high water mark to a depth of approximately 1 . 2 m at high water ( prestedge 2001a ) . the species prefers gently sloping , sheltered shores , characterised by rocks often no more than 20\u009630 cm high . the species was originally believed to have a strong affinity with sandstone , however it has been found to inhabit a variety of substrates including dolerite , sedimentary rock , basalt , concrete and house bricks ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar does not overlap with any epbc act - listed threatened ecological communities ( tssc 2009au ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar feeds , unselectively , on the film of algae and microbes coating the surface of submerged rocks ( bryant & jackson 1999b ; polanowski 2002 ) . the tasmanian live - bearing seastar feeds at night and on dull , overcast days ( prestedge 1998 ) . it is an extra - oral ( outside of the mouth ) feeder and can evert ( push out ) its voluminous cardiac stomach to a diameter larger than that of its body . tasmanian live - bearing seastars often have their stomach fully everted and in contact with the substratum , indicating that digestion is likely to take place outside the body ( polanowski 2002 ) .\ninsufficient information is available to determine daily seasonal patterns of movement for this species . it is unknown whether the species has a home range or territory .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar is distinctive in the field due to its orange - yellow colour , making it easily detected even against a background of similar coloured substrate . it can be distinguished from similar species of patiriella spp . by its orange - yellow underside ( bryant & jackson 1999b ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar can be surveyed at low tide , by walking the littoral zone and searching for the species by visual assessment of the substrate . lifting rocks by hand ( where possible ) to search for the species may also be undertaken ( prestedge 1998 ; tas . dpiw 2006a ) . surveying at night , or on overcast days , is recommended because the seastars are more visible as they emerge from hiding and move onto the top of rocks to feed ( polanowski 2002 ) .\nminister ' s reasons for recovery plan decision a recovery plan is not considered to be necessary for this species as a recovery plan will have limited benefit for the species . the actions covered by the conservation advice are considered to be sufficient at this time .\nin 2001 , part of the pitt water subpopulation of tasmanian live - bearing seastars came under threat from the necessary replacement of the bridge spanning the sorell causeway . the tasmanian department of infrastructure energy and resources undertook a relocation exercise during april\u0096may 2001 . the tasmanian live - bearing seastars were removed from the causeway and placed at a number of relocation sites chosen during a relocation survey . a total of 21 368 seastars were relocated and a number of monitoring sites were established for future ongoing monitoring of seastar subpopulations ( aquenal 2001 ) .\nensure infrastructure or development activities in areas where the tasmanian live - bearing seastar occurs do not adversely impact on known subpopulations .\nprotect subpopulations of the listed species through the development of conservation agreements and / or convenants .\ndevelop and implement a management plan for the control and eradication of the northern pacific seastar and new zealand seastar in the local region .\nprestedge ( 1998 , 2001a ) published articles on a study into the biology and distribution of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .\nprestedge ( 1999a , 1999b ) published articles on two separate experiments investigating the impact of the european green crab ( carcinus maenas ) and the northern pacific seastar on the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .\nprestedge ( 2001b ) published an article on the salinity tolerance of the species .\nrowland ( 2001 ) undertook population surveys and produced an education and monitoring program for the species .\npolanowski ( 2002 ) submitted an honours thesis on the feeding behaviour , distribution and population genetics of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .\nbyrne and cerra ( 1996 ) conducted a study on the evolution and development of the species ( and one other closely related species ) .\naquenal ( 2001 ) . tasman highway sorell causeway bridge and approaches design and construction seastar relocation plan . report on relocation june 2001 . hobart , tasmania : department of infrastructure energy and resources .\nbryant , s . & j . jackson ( 1999b ) . tasmania ' s threatened fauna handbook : what , where and how to protect tasmania ' s threatened animals . hobart , tasmania : threatened species unit , parks and wildlife service .\ndartnall , a . j . ( 1969 ) . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania . in : proceedings of the linnaean society of nsw .\nmateria , c . j . ( 1994 ) . a study of native asteroids in south eastern tasmania . wildlife report 94 / 9 . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service , and the tasmanian museum and art gallery .\npolanowski , a . ( 2002 ) . the feeding behaviour , distribution and population genetics of the endangered seastar . hons . thesis .\ntasmania department of primary industries & water ( tas . dpiw ) ( 2006b ) . southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service , department of primary industries and water . available from : urltoken .\ntasmania parks and wildlife service ( tas . pws ) ( 2003 ) . seastars endemic to tasmania . threatened species fact sheet . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service . available from : urltoken .\nwapstra , m . ( 2007 ) . personal communications . hobart , tasmania : environmental consulting options tasmania .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2009j ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 80 ) ( 17 / 06 / 2009 ) . f2009l02541 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ndartnall , a . j . 1969 ,\na viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 93 , no . 3 , pp . 294 - 296 fig . 1 pl . 29\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0ba1dcbb - 295a - 4ace - 9f97 - e5f483eec9e3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 14881b18 - 098e - 43c4 - 8895 - 118476526e13\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 91092607 - 3f20 - 4e4a - be1b - 3fbbb90f4fa0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c1ddef26 - 4a09 - 4c23 - b1d7 - 5459d754dcb1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ef8cbfc1 - 545b - 4e8c - 9845 - ec2938bc7960\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 591036\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntasmania ' s first signal station has been restored more than 200 years since it began operation on mount nelson .\nplanned ecological burns in southwest national park will help regenerate important habitat areas for the critically endangered orange - bellied parrot .\np . vivapara was first described from the pittwater area by a . j . dartnall in 1968 . the seastar is only known to have been recorded in five locations in tasmania . these are : roches beach , lauderdale ; pittwater lagoon , midway point ; tesselated pavement , eaglehawk neck ; fortescue bay and powder jetty , howden . despite searching it has not been seen at howden since the development of an aquaculture farm and changes to the foreshore occurred .\nresearch has been undertaken by christine rowland of marine and coastal research tasmania . a number of people have been researching the seastars abundance and current distribution as well as physico - chemical factors such as temperature , salinity and habitat type . this type of research is necessary so that suitable recovery plans can be developed and implemented to prevent this species from becoming endangered or extinct .\nit is very important that local people are educated about marine species , especially about the importance of not collecting specimens . many of our invertebrates are becoming threatened through over collection , especially butterflies , coral and other marine life .\nanother seastar we may soon see included on tasmania ' s threatened species list is smilasterias tasmaniae . there are 3 dried specimens at the australian museum in sydney , believed to be all that remained of a species last seen in the 1960s . then in 1994 the species was ' rediscovered ' by c . rowland here in tasmania . she considers them likely to be listed as vulnerable .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >"]}
{"id": 1906, "summary": [{"text": "isurus hastalis or carcharodon hastalis , the broad-tooth white shark , is an extinct white shark that lived from the eocene epoch to the pleistocene epoch .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "its teeth can reach lengths up to 3.5 in ( 7.5 cm ) and are found worldwide , especially in miocene and pliocene marine deposits .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is believed to be an ancestor to the great white shark , a fact supported by the transitional species carcharodon hubbelli , and most likely would have been one of the top predators in its ecosystem ; preying upon small whales and other mammals .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "a study by ehret et al. in 2012 has suggested that i. hastalis belongs to the genus carcharodon , rather than isurus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "fossil evidence suggests carcharodon is derived from carcharodon ( cosmopolitodus ) hastalis .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "specimens from the piasco formation show an evolutionary mosaic of characters between c. hastalis and c. carcharias . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "isurus hastalis", "paragraphs": ["click the button below to add the shx037 - our largest ever 3 inch fossil isurus hastalis ( extinct white shark ) tooth to your wish list .\nthis giant and spectacular fossil tooth is of the extinct mako shark called isurus hastalis . this prehistoric shark is a member of the white shark family . teeth from isurus hastalis look remarkably similar to the modern great white shark less the serrations . little is known about this species and it is classified in the genus isurus ( mako ) due to its characteristic smooth edges . some consider this shark the\ngrandfather of the great white\n.\nshortfin mako sharks ( isurus oxyrinchus ) . credit : mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program . [ public domain ]\ntagged shortfin mako shark ( isurus oxyrinchus ) . credit : mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program [ pubilc domain ] .\nthe white shark is a member of the family lamnidae , which includes three genera : carcharodon , isurus , and lamna . in oligocene deposits about 30 million years old , teeth have been found that are very similar to those of the white shark but lack the serrations that characterize the genus carcharodon . since the extant mako sharks of the genus isurus have teeth that are always smooth - edged , these fossils have traditionally been classified as isurus hastalis . miocene deposits , about 23 million years old , in italy have yielded very similar teeth , but with faint serrations near the tip of the blade . these teeth were classified as isurus escheri , and were regarded as ' proof ' that the modern saw - toothed great white evolved gradually from smooth - toothed mako sharks of the genus isurus .\nthere are two living species of mako sharks today . the shortfin mako ( isurus oxyrinchus ) and the less common longfin mako ( isurus paucus ) . both makos are very similar , but the long - fin mako has a slimmer body and larger fins .\nbut nature is often subtler than human ideas about how it ' works ' . paleoichthyologist henri cappetta , one of the most distinguished researchers on fossil sharks , noticed that fossil teeth of ' isurus ' hastalis are very similar to those of the modern white shark . in fact , cappetta has remarked that the two are so similar that fossil carcharodon carcharias teeth in which the serrations have been abraded away by geological activity are virtually impossible to differentiate from specimens of hastalis . in 1995 , paleoichthyologist mikael siverson began to question the assignment of hastalis to the genus isurus . based on striking similarities between the root shape and overall structure of the tooth blade , siverson now believes that hastalis and escheri are not makos at all , but direct ancestors of the modern white shark . siverson has therefore suggested that they should be re - assigned to the genus cosmopolitodus . this view has also been adopted by paleontologist david ward and seems to be gaining acceptance in at least some paleontological and fossil collecting circles .\nisurus oxyrinchus teeth are very similar to the fossil i . desori teeth . many believe it should be assigned to the same species .\nshortfin mako shark , isurus oxyrinchus , off catalina island , california , eastern pacific ocean . credit : jidanchaomian via cc by - sa 2 . 0 .\nthe assumption that saw - toothed carcharodon evolved from smooth - toothed isurus is based on the idea that the appearance of serrations coincides with the origin of the genus carcharodon . but it ' s relatively easy to serrate a tooth , as shown by many clearly separate shark lineages which have independently evolved serrated teeth . a newer interpretation of the lamnoid fossil record holds that the carcharodon lineage was originally smooth - toothed and is actually older than that of isurus . according to this scenario , the carcharodon lineage can be traced back to the smooth - toothed isurolamna inflata , which lived about 65 to 55 million years ago . i . inflata gave rise to macrorhizodus praecursor , which lived about 55 million years ago and had smooth edged but broader teeth than its ancestor . praecursor gave rise to cosmopolitodus hastalis , which lived about 35 million years ago and developed even braoder teeth . hastalis , in turn , gave rise to cosmopolitodus escheri , which lived about 25 to 20 million years ago and had weak serrations on its teeth . and finally , escheri gave rise to the modern white shark , carcharodon carcharias , which appeared some 11 million years ago and had the coarsely serrated teeth for which the genus is renowned today . therefore , carcharodon and isurus both descended from isurolamna inflata and many smooth - edged fossil teeth originally named isurus are in fact part of the carcharodon lineage .\nisurus oxyrinchus , an extant mako shark is thought by some to be the same as i . desori , an extinct mako shark . therefore , i oxyrinchus may be synonymous with i desori . these teeth are also very similar to i . paucus , the other extant mako shark . it is currently being debated wether or not some isurus tooth forms are of i paucus . if i paucus is to be differentiated from i oxyrinchus in the fossil specimens , the differences are very slight , and will not be discussed here . i oxyrinchus upper teeth are have long , slender crowns . their roots are long in the anterior section of the mouth and become more squarish as the teeth transition to laterals . also the crowns of upper laterals tend to be broader than the upper anteriors . lower teeth also have long , slender crowns that have a lingual bend . the crowns however remain more peg - like as the teeth transition to laterals . below are two diagrams , one of an upper anterior tooth , and one of a lower anterior tooth .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\na new fossil discovery has helped quell 150 years of debate over the origin of great white sharks .\ncarcharodon hubbelli , which has been described by us scientists , shows intermediate features between the present - day predators and smaller , prehistoric mako sharks .\nthe find supports the theory that great white sharks did not evolve from huge megatooth sharks .\npalaeontologists have previously disagreed over the ancestry of the modern white sharks , with some claiming that they are descended from the giant megatooth sharks , such as megalodon ( carcharocles megalodon ) .\nwhen the early palaeontologists put together dentitions of megalodon and the other megatooth species , they used the modern white shark to put them together , so of course it ' s going to look like a white shark because that ' s what was used as a model ,\nexplained professor dana ehret of monmouth university in new jersey who lead the new research .\nmodern day white sharks show similarities in the structure of their teeth with the extinct megatooth sharks .\nas they both sport serrations on the cutting edges , early scientists working on the animals used this as evidence for the sharks being closely related .\nbut we actually see the evolution of serrations occurring many times in different lineages of sharks and if you look at the shape and size of the serrations in the two groups you see that they are actually very different from each other ,\nprofessor ehret told bbc news .\nwhite sharks have very large , coarse serrations whereas megalodon had very fine serrations .\nnow , additional evidence from the newly described species shows both white shark - like teeth shape as well other features characteristic of broad - toothed mako sharks that feed on smaller fish rather than primarily seals and other large mammals .\nit looks like a gradation or a transition from broad - toothed makos to the modern white shark . it ' s a transitional species , and you don ' t see that a whole lot in the fossil record ,\nprofessor ehret said .\nthe mako - like characteristics of the new species , named carcharodon hubbelli in honour of gordon hubbell - the researcher who discovered it in the field - were only found due to the incredible preservation of the fossil .\nthe pisco formation is in south western peru , along the pacific ocean , a five mile drive from lima on the transcontinental highway .\na very low energy environment with high depositional rates led to a large number of spectacularly well preserved finds from the area .\nthese have included whale skeletons complete with preserved baleen and preserved feathers on giant penguin fossils .\nthe formation has also preserved a shallow marine environment and fossils such as specialised marine sloths that swam in the ocean to feed on sea grasses , and the giant sperm whale relative leviathan melvillei .\nehret and his colleagues were able to discover the original excavation site due to the site being protected by the high salt content of the sediment , preserving the hole .\na big issue in shark palaeontology is that we tend to only have isolated teeth , and even when you find associated teeth very , very rarely are they articulated in a life position ,\ncontinued professor ehret .\nthe nice thing about this new species is that we have an articulated set of jaws which almost never happens and we could see that the third anterior tooth is curved out , just like in the tooth row of mako sharks today ,\nhe said .\ndavid ward , an associate researcher at the natural history museum , london , who was not involved in the study told bbc news :\neveryone working in the field will be absolutely delighted to see this relationship formalised .\nthe mosaic of both white shark - like and mako - like characters had been spotted by the researchers in an initial description of the fossil , but the age of the fossil meant their conclusion that the species was intermediate between a mako ancestor and modern white sharks wasn ' t fully accepted .\nsome folks said ' well , it makes a great story , but it ' s not old enough because by this time , the early pliocene , we see full blown white sharks in the ocean . '\nthis led ehret and his team to revisit the original site the fossil was taken from the pisco formation in peru to re - examine the geology of the area , guided by the original field notes of gordon hubbell .\nthere are only two species of mako shark today : the short - and long - finned mako sharks .\nthey are smaller than white sharks and eat primarily fish rather then mammals , whereas white sharks shift away from eating fish as they grow .\nmegalodon was the largest of the ' megatooth ' sharks reaching lengths of 15 - 20m .\na 2008 study found that its bite was one of the most formidable ever to have evolved .\nshark teeth are usually found isolated because they are continually replaced in a conveyor - belt - like fashion .\ngordon gave us two photographs from when he actually collected the specimen and then a hand drawn map with a little ' x ' on it . we tried to use the map and we didn ' t have much luck .\nbut using the two pictures of the excavation , my colleague tom devries was able to use the mountains in the background .\nwe literally walked through the desert holding the pictures up , trying to compare them . that ' s how we found the site .\nnot only did they find the site , but the team were able to discover the precise hole from which the fossil had been excavated in 1988 , before making a lucky escape from the desert .\nwe made it back to lima with about three hours to spare before an earthquake hit and shut down the transcontinental highway for two weeks . it was quite a trip .\nby analysing the species of molluscs found fossilised at the site , the team found that the shark was actually two million years older than had been thought , making it roughly 6 . 5 million years old .\nthat two million year push - back is pretty significant because in the evolutionary history of white sharks , that puts the species in a more appropriate time category to be ancestral or . . . an intermediate form of white shark .\nwe ' ve bolstered the case that white sharks are just highly modified makos . . . it fits the story now ,\nprofessor ehret told bbc news .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : l . agassiz . 1843 . recherches sur les poissons fossiles . tome iii ( livr . 15 - 16 ) . imprim\u00e9rie de petitpierre , neuchatel 157 - 390\nsee also agassiz 1843 , applegate and espinosa - arrubarrena 1996 , clark 1895 , fowler 1911 , jordan 1925 , jordan and gilbert 1919 , leriche 1942 , marsili et al . 2007 , purdy et al . 2001 , vicens and rodr\u00edguez - perea 2003 and woodward 1889\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbe the first to find out when we add items to this site ! join the lowcountry geologic mailing list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nas in any intellectual pursuit , reconstruction of evolutionary pathways can be tainted by inherent biases of the researchers . one of the most revealing examples of this tendency is provided by the fossil white sharks , carcharodon carcharias and its relatives . widely perceived as the ne plus ultra of sharkdom , the modern great white has long been assumed to be the grandest , most polished revision of lamnoid evolution .\nmorphological studies of modern lamnids by systematist leonard j . v . compagno and others provide another source of evidence useful for tracing the group ' s evolutionary history . such studies not only support that\n. intriguing new evidence from molecular genetics fully supports this evolutionary hypothesis . it is not yet clear from the fossil record which lamnoid was the common ancestor of\nor a similar as - yet undiscovered species . other circles favor a species called\n, known from fossil teeth dating from the late cretaceous to the mid - paleocene ( about 100 to 60 million years ago ) . the teeth of\n( small secondary cusps on either side of the main blade ) . in addition to being a possible ancestor of the mighty great white ,\nreefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations \u00a9 r . aidan martin copyright | privacy\nshortfin mako shark . photo by mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program . public domain via wikimedia commons\nmakos are pelagic , they prefer the open ocean , and live in tropical and temperate waters worldwide . they are also very hydrodynamic , and are among the fastest fish . depending on the source , they can attain speeds anywhere from 20 mph to 30 mph . according to the fmnh , the average adult size is around 10 feet ( 3 . 2 m ) . because of their size and speed , makos are a popular sport fish .\nthese are sample early mako shark teeth - isurolamna inflata - from the paleocene aquia formation . the fossils and photos are used by permission of bill heim .\ni would like to give special thanks to bill heim for clarifying some aspects of mako shark evolution and providing fossils for this article . reference : jurgen kriwet , heike mewis , and oliver hampe . ( 2015 ) a partial skeleton of a new lamniform mackerel shark from the miocene of europe . acta palaeontologica polonica 60 ( 4 ) , 2015 : 857 - 875 urltoken\ngreat white shark : myth and reality is a great book about great white sharks . this 144 page book is geared for a general readers and students and is full of great pictures . the author is a professional photographer who has been researching great whites for over 20 years .\ndesert sharks desert sharks , by mark renz , takes you to the deserts of peru in search of prehistoric sharks . this book is full of stunning images and interviews from paleontogists . it traces the the evolution of the great white shark , which evolved around 4 - 5 million years ago in what is now the deserts of peru . this 193 page book also contains a ton of beautiful photographs , just look at the one on the cover !\nskullduggery eyewitness shark casting kit this is a great educational and creative introduction into the world of sharks . kids create and paint casts of a great white , thresher , hammerhead shark , and the corresponding shark teeth . they learn basic shark information as well as differences between types of sharks !\nthis beauty ( a lower anterior ) is as big as my north carolina mako finds ! left is the lingual view , right is the profile view . it is 2\nin size and comes from the calvert formation of maryland .\nthis is a 2\nshortfin mako shark tooth found at the pcs mine in aurora . it ' s still in a little bit of matrix .\nthese are two other shortfin mako sharks tooth found at the pcs mine in aurora . the largest is 2\n. they are from the pungo river formation .\nyour guide to t rex . - all the research on social behavior , diet , speed , strength , types of tyrannosaur , skin and feathers , and much more !\nyour guide to c . megalodon - all the research is here ! size , diet , evolution and excintion , and much more !\nto ask questions about paleontology , fossil identification , image use , or anything else , email us . urltoken is very active on facebook , you can also message us there ! we don ' t buy or sell fossils , so please don ' t email us asking about the value of a fossil or fossil purchases .\nmassive maximum size tooth for this species . the rare equivalent of a 7 inch megalodon tooth .\nand this one does not disappoint ! this beautiful specimen is the largest in memory that we have had for sale . it is an honest 3 inches in length on the diagonal , and has excellent preservation with a needle sharp tip , complete root and sharp cutting edges on both sides with no lower blade chips . the enamel has a beautiful chatoyant greenish blue luster and hue . it has naturally shiny and has not been coated , dipped or oiled as is often the case . even a 2 . 5 inch tooth is impressive but one that hits the three inch mark is like a 7 inch megalodon shark tooth ! even damaged ones are hard to come by but this one offers no apologies . it ' s simply a must - have specimen for the serious collector wanting the biggest teeth !\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn ' t received any reviews yet . be the first to review this product !\nshx056 - fine quality large 2 . 15 inch great white fossil shark carcharias tooth\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor the best experience on our site , be sure to turn on javascript in your browser .\ncolor with exceptional gloss . the root shows very nice detail . absolutely great preservation and condition - extra sharp edges and tip - very clean . the\nnarrow form\nof the\ncolor and excellent preservation . this color is rarely seen - adding to the value of these makos . f\na must have color for any serious mako tooth collection . teeth from my old inventory - very difficult to find these teeth !"]}
{"id": 1909, "summary": [{"text": "coloconger canina is an eel in the family colocongridae ( worm eels/short-tail eels ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was described by peter henry john castle and solomon n. raju in 1975 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a marine , deep-water dwelling eel which is known from leptocephali collected from the indian ocean .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it is known to dwell at a minimum depth of 300 m.", "topic": 18}], "title": "coloconger canina", "paragraphs": ["coloconger canina coloconger canina is found in the eastern indian ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe following term was not found in genome : coloconger canina [ orgn ] .\nuniversal fish catalogue - coloconger saldanhai qu\u00e9ro 2001 archived 2013 - 12 - 15 at the wayback machine .\nthe colocongridae , the worm eels or short - tail eels are a family of eels , containing a single genus , coloconger .\n( of ascomana canina castle & raju , 1975 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nindo - pacific short - tail conger - coloconger scholesi the indo - pacific short - tail conger has a lateral line that runs the lenght of its body . source : fishes of australia intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngreek , kolos = short , truncated + latin conger = conger ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 300 - ? m ( ref . 56787 ) . deep - water ; 7\u00b0n - 6\u00b0n , 92\u00b0e - 94\u00b0e ( ref . 46206 )\neastern indian ocean : known from the type locality , 6\u00b038 ' n , 92\u00b044 ' e ( leptocephali ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 2003 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of march 2003 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in march 2003 . ( ref . 46206 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5098 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00093 ( 0 . 00036 - 0 . 00242 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 35 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 43 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthe species in this family of eels are found in warm tropical waters of the atlantic , indian , and west pacific oceans . compared to most other species of eel , they have short , stubby bodies . they also have blunt snouts , they are bottom - dwellers and most are found at depths of around 1 , 000 - 2 , 900 feet .\nstatus and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .\nthreatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .\nis found in the eastern atlantic off the coast of africa from senegal to gulf of guinea .\nthe froghead eel is a deepwater eel found in the indian and western pacific oceans .\nthe indo - pacific short - tail conger is found in the indian and pacific oceans .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : atlantic , indian , and western pacific oceans . body stubby and snout blunt ( least elongate anguilliform ) ; lateral line complete , most pores in short tubes ; anus well behind midlength ; pectoral fin well developed ; vomerine teeth absent ; vertebrae 142 - 163 . suggested new common name for this family from ref . 58418 .\ngreek , kolos = tail + latin , conger = conger ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\ncolongrids are found in tropical waters of the atlantic , indian , and west pacific oceans . they are bottom - dwelling fish , living in waters from 300 to 900 m ( 980 to 2 , 950 ft ) in depth . [ 1 ] compared with other eels , they have relatively short and stubby bodies , with blunt snouts .\nmcclosker , john f . ( 1998 ) . paxton , j . r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . , eds .\nfroese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2011 ) .\ncolocongridae\nin fishbase . june 2011 version .\nthis page was last edited on 21 march 2018 , at 21 : 17 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation ."]}
{"id": 1914, "summary": [{"text": "strobilops labyrinthicus , common name the maze pinecone , is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family strobilopsidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "strobilops labyrinthicus", "paragraphs": ["this website is about the snail strobilops labyrinthicus , its common name is maze pinecone . in this site you will find this snails classification , general habitat & distribution , what it eats , how it reproduces , and other general facts . there is also a photo gallery showing pictures of shells of this snail . i hope you enjoy the site !\nforsyth , r . g . , oldham , m . j . 2014 . distribution of strobilops aeneus pilsbry , 1926 , in canada , with two new ontario records ( mollusca : gastropoda : strobilopsidae ) . check list 10 ( 2 ) : 397 - 401 . link\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nassociate editors \u0097u . t . waterfall , harley p . brown , j . bennett clark ,\njohn d . naff , george gorin , fred w . allen , stephen m . sutherland , bryan p . glass\nd . s . borgaonkar and j . m . j . de wet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 10 - 13\nh . r . chheda and j . m . j . dewet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 14 - 19\nshamin a . faruqi and imy v . holt ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 19 - 22\njoyce g . sibley and helen b . burton ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 31 - 35\na . p . singh and j . m . j . de wet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 35 - 38\nthe recent gastropoda of oklahoma iii . terrestrial species : pupillidae , carychidae , strobilopsidae and oligyridae\nanne reynolds and virginia r . kelting ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 87 - 88\nbernard a . brown and l . vernon scott ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 88 - 94\nolen brown and j . b . clark ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 94 - 98\nnorman n . durham and lowell s . adams ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 98 - 100\nrichard mansfield , crockett page , bernard a . brown , danny hern , m . r . shetlar and l . v . scott ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 101 - 104\nsome cretaceous - eocene foraminiferal mutations from the u . s . gulf coastal plain\nphilip cox and james e . webster ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 122 - 124\nrobert a . jeffries and richard g . fowler ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 127 - 133\nzana skidmore and ruth cooper ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 151 - 156\nmethods of studying ribbon development in urban areas . study area : the oklahoma city - norman area\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nit occurs in eastern maine ( 73 of 101 sites ) throughout the study region across a wide assortment of habitats ( nekola , 2008 ) . in new york , hotopp and pearce ( 2007 ) report it from 16 counties including five recent sites . waggoner et al . ( 2006 ) found this species in 3 of 15 samples in surveys of the sipsey wilderness area , bankhead national forest , northwest alabama .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ndourson , d . c . 2015 . land snails of west virginia . goatslug publications , bakersville , north carolina . 412 pp .\nhotopp , k . and t . a . pearce . 2007 . land snails in new york : statewide distribution and talus site faunas . final report for contract # nyher 041129 submitted to new york state biodiversity research institute , new york state museum , albany , new york . 91 pp .\nnekola , j . c . 2008 . land snail ecology and biogeography of eastern maine . final report submitted to : maine department of inland fisheries & wildlife and the aroostook hills and lowlands inventory , january 27 , 2008 . 119 pp .\nwaggoner , j . , s . a . clark , k . e . perez , and c . lydeard . 2006 . a survey of terrestrial gastropods of the sipsey wilderness ( bankead national forest ) , alabama . southheastern naturalist , 5 ( 1 ) : 57 - 68 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncopyright template design \u00a9 2007 travel portal . all rights reserved . designed by free css templates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nestillfork , jackson county , alabama ( 1 . 97 mm . in maximum diameter ) . bob winters ! 17 march , 2015 .\nspecimens culled by h . g . lee , and sem produced in collaboration with dr . ann heatherington , dept . of geology , university of florida , gainesville , fl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe current name shown here must be accespted with caution in many cases . i have attempted to resolve differences between old and new taxonomy , as well as differences in opinion , but this is often my \u201cbest guess\u201d . few records have been verified by examining the material on which they are based .\nurltoken | \u00a9 2003\u20132018 robert forsyth , kamloops , bc , canada . accessed : july 9 , 2018"]}
{"id": 1922, "summary": [{"text": "orthosia cruda , the small quaker , is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe , morocco , algeria , tunisia , turkey , the caucasus , transcaucasia , kazakhstan , israel , lebanon , cyprus and jordan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "orthosia cruda", "paragraphs": ["habitat : orthosia cruda inhabits oak - rich forests , parks , and other woody locations .\nsmall quaker ( orthosia cruda ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nendangerment factors : orthosia cruda is widespread , but loses many habitats due to the decline of oaks in central europe .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\ntunnusraitay\u00f6kk\u00f6nen\nto\northosia gothica linnaeus 1758\n.\njamie mcmillan added an association between\nimage of diarsia mendica\nand\northosia gothica\n.\nhabitat : orthosia incerta is found in habitats of all kinds that are rich in woody plants .\nkatja schulz selected\nhebrew character\nto show in overview on\northosia gothica linnaeus 1758\n.\nhebrew character is a moth species , orthosia gothica , of the family noctuidae . it is found throughout europe .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .\nhint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]\nbeccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / cat\u00e1logo de las plantas hu\u00e9sped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monograf\u00edas tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeograf\u00eda y entomolog\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hern\u00e1ndez was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nmuch of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nour colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .\nbrummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .\nkartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .\nkitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .\nkitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .\nletourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .\nmabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .\nnye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .\nrawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .\nrobinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe adults fly in march and april , feed on sallow blossom , and are attracted to light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 24 22 : 03 : 24 page render time : 0 . 3483s total w / procache : 0 . 4302s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the larvae mostly feed on quercus species , besides also on other deciduous woods .\nlife cycle : the adults overwinter in the pupal skin and emerge in march or april . the caterpillars occur in a brown and a green version . i tapped them in may and june from oaks .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 25 - 30 mm . distinguished from other early noctuids by its small size , usually light colour and plain appearance of forewing which has a rough appearance caused by a dusting of black scales .\nthe adults fly in march and april , feed on willow and are attracted to light .\nthe larvae feed in the early summer on a number of deciduous trees , including oak and willow .\na fairly common species over much of britain . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .\nfairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )\nrecorded in 62 ( 90 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 03 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthe larva lives on different species of deciduous trees , like quercus and salix . the caterpillars are frequently eating other caterpillars . hibernates as a pupa in an underground cocoon , often close to a tree trunk .\nthe adults fly in march and april . they come to light , sugar and sallow catkins .\nbelgium , namur , lavaux ste . - anne , 30 march 2007 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nthe forewings of this species are greyish to rufous brown . typically these are marked with a black mark shaped like the hebrew letter nun \u05e0 ) . this is similar to the markings of the setaceous hebrew character although the two species are not closely related . in this species this mark is sometimes split in two or even absent . the hindwings are grey .\nis 30\u201340 mm . forewing sandy rufous , black - speckled , median area generally deeper rufous : lines browner , forewing purplish red - brown ; the lines pale , ill - defined , except by black spots at costa ; the cell black ; stigmata pale and large ; claviform connected with outer line by a black bar ; above which the base of vein 2 is often surrounded with rufous ; hindwing fuscous . the size of the orbicular stigma is variable , and the amount and shape of the black filling in of the cell is determined by this variation ; \u2014 in ab .\n] from amurland and japan has a more violet grey ground colour ; ab .\nthis moth flies at night in march and april ( sometimes later ) [ 1 ] and is attracted to light and various flowers .\nlarva green dotted all over with yellow ; dorsal and subdorsal lines yellowish white ; spiracular line broad , white , with dark upper edge ; head pale green . it feeds on a wide variety of plants ( see list below ) . this species overwinters as a pupa .\nseitz , a . ed . , 1914 die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , verlag alfred kernen , stuttgart band 3 : abt . 1 , die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes , die palaearktischen eulenartigen nachtfalter , 1914\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london .\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nstrate ( e . g . coley et al . , 1985 ; contra altermatt , 2010 ) ,\n, two of which are introduced from nearby regions . the overlap in occurrence in\nrathcke method , which tests phenological overlap and ( b ) petraitis method , which tests niche overlap . this indicated that insec\nfamilies partition seasonal time in a random and the entire assemblage in a regular way . all groups of insects partitioned seas\ndomly except for the pairs of monophagous - oligophagous and palearctic - eurosiberian species , which partition season regularly . o\n) and co - occurring deciduous trees . the hypothesis of complete general overlap is rejected for groups\nbased on feeding specialization , zoogeographical categories and taxonomic families . the same was the case when the entire insec\nphagous species ( 13 . 8 % ) and those with a mediterranean distribution ( 15 . 4 % ) . voltinism is not very important for this assemblag\nand only seven species are bivoltine of which four fed on a different species of oak in the second generation . the overall conc\nwhereas that of insect groups based on zoogeographical , taxonomic or feeding specialization are randomly dispersed in time .\nand high ( > 850 m ) . at each site four two hectare rectangular\nin the base plot at each site , up to five branches ( mean 3 . 7 ) at\nplots / site x 3 trees / plot x 4 ( crown heights ) / tree x 3 . 7\nas the seeds of these plants were collected from neighbouring areas of oak forest it is characterized as semi natural .\n1 . the species of oak found on mt cholomontas and used in this study . the subgenus and the taxonomic status are based on\nflora europaea ( schwarz , 1964 ) and personal observations ( km and pvp ) . plant cover classes are expressed in terms of the domin\nfoliage ( southwood et al . , 1985 ; ozanne , 2005 ) with cyper -\nthat used for oak insects by southwood et al . ( 2004 ) ( table 2 ) .\n1979 ; rathcke , 1984 ) was used ( appendix s3 ) . this method\n2 . list of the types of insects recorded in this study at sites on mt . cholomontas . [ a ] explanation of zoogeographical cate -\nseveral subgenera of the same genus , or feed on several genera in the same order ( e . g .\nspecific trait in common ( e . g . particular chemical compounds such as the\ndrawn from this node defines six other clusters . [ 2 ] this level of\nteam , 2008 ) and the packages clues ( chang et al . , 2010 ) , vegan\n( oksanen et al . , 2008 ) and past ( hammer & harper , 2006 ) .\noak are shown in fig . 1 . as a rule there are three peaks in\n3 . presentation of the results obtained when the poole - rathcke method was used to segregate the moths in time . the null\nthe two dispersions are not significantly different . panel [ a ] is for insect families , [ b ] is for feeding specialization and [ c\naffiliation with its host plant ( s ) . in this study the occur -\n& reynolds , 1988 ) adjusted value of 0 . 431 . when abso -\nassigned to six clusters ( fig . 3 ) . the results of the wald -\nsecond generation to another cluster , i . e . , 5 . in oligopha -\n( damesin et al . , 1998 , and references therein ) . this is\ntheir peak numbers were recorded . only presences are considered here . insects with two generations are shown as different speci\nfollowed by the number \u201c2\u201d . insect names are preceded with the affiliated cluster name marked with arabic numerals ( 1\u20266 ) as\nfor which the start and end date of appearance of its larvae were the same . congeneric species are shown against a grey backgro\nones , are the rule in insects ( denno et al . , 1995 ) and only\ngophagous ( o ) and one polyphagous ( p ) species ( table 2 ) .\nof the other two congeners ( cluster 3 ) ( fig . 3 ) , principally\n( fig . 3 ) . as seen in fig . 4 separation in time does not\n2009 ) . in terms of voltinism cizek et al . ( 2006 ) predict\n/ web / packages / clues / < accessed 25 . xii . 2010 > .\nhypotheses . in mcmanus m . l . & liebhlold a . m . ( eds ) :\nc . 1984 : entomofauna ( lepidoptera ) of oak ( quercus coccifera ) in sr macedonia .\nk . 1991 : zur biologie der eichenblattwespen caliroa cinxia klug . und caliroa annulipes klug . ( hymenoptera , tenthre -\npanel are listed all the species of insect recorded in the study plots on mt . cholomontas . the specialization status was based\nrecords in the literature ( e . g . schwenke , 1978 ) and personal observations .\napplications of the method using standard statistical tests ( rabinowitz et al . , 1981 ) ; [ 4 ] it is not limited by evenness or dom\nperennial plants in semi - arid scrub . the ability of the model to estimate the expected variances of a time sequence of biologic\nevents was exploited by sanders et al . ( 2007 ) who studied the assembly rules of co - occurrences of ground - dwelling ants in a var\nof habitats and by marchinko et al . ( 2004 ) who studied character displacement in two barnacle communities in a quest for eviden\no . 2001 : phenological patterns of nine perennial plants in an intertropical semi - arid mexican scrub .\nwald - wolfowitz tests of the larval phenologies ( mean of start and end date ) of oak foliage feeding insect clusters . an\n- the aim of this project is to study the woody biomass and technical wood ( timber ) production in plantations where fast growing trees are grown ( e . g . fraxinus angustifolia , paulownia spp . , populus\u2026\n[ more ]\ntemporal partitioning in an assemblage of insect defoliators feeding on oak on a mediterranean mount . . .\ninsects feeding on the foliage of oak were studied on a mountain where species of mediterranean deciduous and evergreen oak coexist . there were 58 insect species ( 54 lepidoptera , 1 coleopteran and 3 hymenoptera ) belonging to twenty families in the assemblage feeding on eight species of quercus , two of which are introduced from nearby regions . the overlap in occurrence in time and of feeding . . . [ show full abstract ]\nspace allocation in melanophila knoteki knoteki ( reitt . ) var . hellenica ( obenberger ) ( col . , bupresti . . .\nthe phloeo - cambiophagous buprestid melanophila knoteki knoteki ( reitt . ) var . hellenica ( obenberger . ) is not a primary factor of fir decline problem although the beetle substantially contributes to greek fir abies cephalonica loud . var . graeca ( fraas ) liu mortality . by using mapping depiction of the exit holes of the insect on a set of fir trees located on a line transect in a randomized . . . [ show full abstract ]\nlarval performance in relation to oviposition site preference in olive kernel moth ( prays oleae bern . . .\n1 the tri - voltine moth prays oleae bern . spends its larval stages on the native olive tree ( olea europaea l . var . sylvestris brot . and five cultivars , oleaceae ) mining the leaves , the flowers and the fruits in each generation ; it seldom switches to other native or introduced confamilial plant species . 2 in this study the pattern of oviposition of the olive moth was examined in olive fields and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nestimativa de receptividad ganadera mediante variables ed\u00e1ficas en salinas grandes ( catamarca , argen . . .\nel \u00e1rea de estudio de 4000 km2 se encuentra al sur de la provincia de catamarca . la actividad ganadera , esencial para la econom\u00eda regional , es dependiente de las condiciones clim\u00e1ticas y ed\u00e1ficas . el objetivo del trabajo fue obtener informaci\u00f3n de los sub - ambientes del \u00e1rea , a escala de campo , incluyendo suelos y vegetaci\u00f3n en el per\u00edodo 2007 - 2009 , y cuantificar las variables de suelo . . . [ show full abstract ]\nagassiz , d . , r . heckford , et al . ( 1991 ) . \u201cmicrolepidoptera review for 1991 . \u201d\nagassiz , d . j . l . ( 1988 ) . \u201cmicrolepidoptera \u2013 a review of the year 1986 . \u201d\nagassiz , d . j . l . ( 1989 ) . \u201cmicrolepidoptera \u2013 a review of the year 1987 . \u201d\nagassiz , d . j . l . , r . j . heckford , et al . ( 1996 ) . \u201cmicrolepidoptera review of 1994 . \u201d\nanders , s . , r . fox , et al . ( 2010 ) . millions of moths mapped !\nanderson , s . j . , k . f . conrad , et al . ( 2008 ) . \u201cphenotypic changes and reduced genetic diversity have accompanied the rapid delcine of the garden tiger moth (\nanderson , s . j . , d . a . dawson , et al . ( 2006 ) . \u201cisolation and characterisation of highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for the garden tiger moth\nanderson , s . j . , p . gould , et al . ( 2005 ) .\nposter \u2013 replicate flanking sequences ( refs ) : the characterisation of novel , universal nuclear markers in lepidoptera .\neuropean society for evolutionary biology ( eseb ) , krakow , 15th - 20th august 2005 .\nanderson , s . j . , p . gould , et al . ( 2007 ) . \u201crepetitive flanking sequences ( refs ) : novel molecular markers from microsatellite families . \u201d\nangell , w . moth catches in the guernsey trap 1973 - 1979 , the possible effects of unusual weather conditions \u2013 unpublished report : 1 - 23 .\nangell , w . ( 1984 ) . \u201ca list of the moths and butterflies recorded in the bailiwick of guernsey . \u201d\nanon . key indicators for british wildlife : rothamsted insect survey moth data \u2013 draft final report . york , university of york : 1 - 31 .\nanon . ( 1987 ) . \u201cncc 13th report : 1 april 1986 \u2013 31 march 87 . \u201d 39 .\nanon . ( 2005 ) . sir richard southwood . a near 60 year relationship with rothamsted . , rothamsted research .\nanon . ( 2006 ) . british moths fall by a third in 35 years \u2013 study .\nanon . ( 2006 ) . countryside crisis as vanishing moths break the food chain .\nanon . ( 2006 ) . \u201cdramatic decline in british moths . \u201d retrieved 21 . 02 . 2006 , 2006 , from urltoken .\nanon . ( 2006 ) . \u201cdramatic decline in british moths . \u201d retrieved 20 . 02 . 2006 , 2006 , from http : / / www . 4rfv . co . uk . nationalnews .\narcher , m . e . ( 1974 ) . \u201cthe bee and wasp survey . \u201d\narcher , m . e . ( 1975 ) . \u201cthe bee and wasp survey . \u201d\narcher , m . e . ( 1979 ) . provisional atlas of the insects of the british isles part 9 , hymenoptera : vespidae ( second edition ) . huntingdon , biological records centre , monkswood experimental station : 1 - 10 .\narcher , v . w . ( 1977 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narjen , e . v . t . h . , n . edmonds , et al . ( 2011 ) . \u201cindustrial melanism in british peppered moths has a singular and recent mutational origin . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1978 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1979 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1979 ) . \u201cmoths caught in rothamsted light traps in bedfordshire , 1969 - 78 . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1980 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1981 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1982 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1983 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1984 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1985 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1986 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1987 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1988 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1990 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1993 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1995 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . , c . r . b . baker , et al . ( 1997 ) .\naustin , r . ( 1988 ) . \u201cmoth trap summary for 1988 . \u201d\naustin , r . ( 1989 ) . \u201centomology section report for 1989 . \u201d\naustin , r . ( 1989 ) . \u201cmoths and butterflies of guernsey 1989 . \u201d\naustin , r . ( 2000 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2000 , la societe guernesiaise : 42 .\naustin , r . ( 2001 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2001 , la societe guernesiaise : 37 .\naustin , r . ( 2002 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2002 , la societe guernesiaise : 37 .\naustin , r . ( 2003 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2003 , la societe guernesiaise : 42 .\naustin , r . ( 2006 ) . moths & butterflies of guernsey 2006 , la societe guernesiaise : 57 .\naustin , r . ( 2007 ) . moths & butterflies of guernsey 2007 , la societe guernesiaise : 47 .\naustin , r . ( 2009 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2008 , la societe guernesiaise : 40 .\nbadmin , j . s . ( 1969 ) . \u201cinsect flight recorded by light trap . \u201d\nbadmin , j . s . ( 1988 ) . \u201clacewings recorded from east kent . \u201d\nbadmin , j . s . ( 1988 ) . \u201cmoths from perry wood , 1987 . \u201d\nbadmin , j . s . ( 1995 ) . \u201csite monitoring and lacewing diversity in perry woods . \u201d\nbadmin , j . s . and n . f . heal ( 1998 ) . \u201cbeetle diversity in a rothamsted trap , selling , kent . \u201d\nbanergee , s . n . and r . a . french ( 1952 ) . \u201ca note on the variability in the appearance of the brood in some british lepidoptera . \u201d\nbanham , p . r . ( 1977 ) . \u201cthree years\u2019 moth trapping at wells . \u201d\nbanham , p . r . ( 1987 ) . \u201cmoth trapping at wells \u2013 the next ten years . \u201d\nbanwell , j . l . and t . j . crawford ( 1992 ) . key indicators for british wildlife , report for d . o . e . ref . pecd 7 / 2 / 84 .\nbarlow , h . s . and i . p . woiwod ( 1989 ) . \u201cmoth diversity of a tropical forest in peninsular malaysia . \u201d\nbarlow , h . s . and i . p . woiwod ( 1990 ) . seasonality and diversity of macrolepidoptera in two lowland sites in the dumoga - bone national park , sulawesi utara .\n. w . j . knight and j . d . holloway . london , royal entomological society\nbarson , g . ( 1972 ) . \u201clight trap records for 1969 from farnborough , hants . \u201d\nbarton , e . , f . slater , et al . ( 2009 ) . \u201clong term change in a brecknock moth population . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1952 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1948 and 1949 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1954 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1950 and 1951 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1954 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1952 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1957 ) . \u201creport of lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1954 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1957 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1955 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1958 ) . \u201creport of lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1956 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1959 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1957 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1960 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1958 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1961 ) . \u201creport on the lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1959 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1962 ) . \u201creport on the lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1960 . \u201d\ntransactions of the hertfordshire natural history society , 25 ( 5 ) : 193 - 194 .\nbell , p . j . ( 1964 ) . \u201creport of the lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1961 , 1962 and 1963 . \u201d\nbibby , c . ( 1973 ) . \u201cthe red - backed shrike : a vanishing british species . \u201d\nbond , k . g . m . ( 1989 ) . \u201cenvironmental impact assessment , fota wildlife park \u2013 rothamsted insect trap assessment of lepidoptera recorded 1986 - 1987 . \u201d\n( steudel , 1873 ) ( lep . : yponomeutidae ) \u2013 records from ireland and the isle of man . \u201d\nbond , k . g . m . and a . m . emmett ( 1985 ) . \u201cfirst and second supplements to the butterfies and moths of the isle of man . \u201d\nboorman , j . ( 1969 ) . \u201cthe animal virus research institute report . \u201d\nboorman , j . ( 1974 ) . \u201csurvey of distribution of biting midges ( culicoides ) . \u201d\n( diptera : ceratopogonidae ) from southern england : new records , a new species and notes on two species of doubtful british status . \u201d\n( stephens ) ( neuroptera : chrysopidae ) , and the adjustment of light - trap catches to allow for variation in moonlight . \u201d\nbowden , j . ( 1982 ) . \u201can analysis of factors affecting catches of insects in light - traps . \u201d\nbowden , j . ( 1984 ) . \u201clatitudinal and seasonal changes of nocturnal illumination with a hypothesis about their effect on catches of insects in light - traps . \u201d\nbowden , j . , j . cochrane , et al . ( 1983 ) . \u201ca survey of cutworm attacks in england and wales , and a descriptive population model for\nbowden , j . , i . h . haines , et al . ( 1976 ) . \u201cclimbing collembola . \u201d\nbowden , j . and p . l . sherlock ( 1978 ) . \u201ccutworm biology and migration . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . ( 1977 ) . \u201cimmigrant species of lepidoptera at a light trap in west surrey in 1976 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1979 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1978 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1980 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1978 \u2013 a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1980 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1979 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1981 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1979 . a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1982 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1980 \u2013 a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1983 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1982 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1984 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1983 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1985 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 \u2013 a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1985 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1984 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1986 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1985 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1987 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1982 , 1983 , 1984 and 1985 - a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1987 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1986 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1988 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1987 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1989 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1988 . \u201d"]}
{"id": 1927, "summary": [{"text": "the long-tailed musk shrew ( crocidura dolichura ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in burundi , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , gabon , nigeria , and uganda . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "long - tailed musk shrew", "paragraphs": ["the asian house shrew ( suncus murinus ) grey musk shrew , asian musk shrew , or money shrew is a widespread , adaptable species of shrew found mainly in south asia but introduced widely throughout asia and eastern africa .\nit is a large shrew with a strong musk smell . it is related to the etruscan shrew .\nand long - nosed . the teeth are a series of sharp points to poke holes in insect\nthis species is associated with both lowland and montane tropical moist forest . it is a climbing shrew that probably uses its long tail for balancing ( happold 1987 ) .\nadvani r , rana bd ( 1981 ) .\nfood of the house shrew ,\nstudies on this shrew have suggested its suitability for use in laboratory studies of reproduction and nutrition .\nthe house shrew has a uniform , short , dense fur of mid - grey to brownish - grey color . the tail is thick at the base and a bit narrower at the tip , and is covered with a few long , bristle - like hairs that are thinly scattered . they have short legs with five clawed toes . they have small external ears and an elongated snout . they also emit a strong odor of musk , derived from musk glands that are sometimes visible on each side of the body . the odor is especially noticeable during the breeding season .\nthe house shrew has a habit of moving quickly along the edges of the walls when it enters human habitations . as it runs it makes a chattering sound which resembles the sound of jingling money , which has earned them the name \u201dmoney shrew\u201d in china . when alarmed , the house shrew makes an ear - piercing , high - pitched shriek , resembling the sound of nails scraping a chalkboard or a metal fork scraping glass , which repels house cats . predators also leave the house shrew alone because of its musky smell and even when they catch one by mistake they will rarely eat it .\nthis species is locally called chuchunder in india and is mentioned in rudyard kipling ' s jungle book , as a nocturnal inhabitant of houses in india , by the name of chuchundra . however , kipling ' s mistaken use of the name ' musk rat ' has led to confusion with the unrelated north american muskrat ( ondatra zibethicus ) , and the latter species , not found in india , was ( erroneously ) illustrated in the jungle book .\nanother remarkable habit of this shrew ( shared with the white - toothed shrews of europe ) is that it forms a \u201dcaravan\u201d with its young , that is , the young line up behind the mother and follow it while she walks . the first young will hold on to the mother ' s fur with its teeth , and the subsequent young will do the same with the sibling in front of it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is never abundant , but it is widely distributed . the species is infrequently found in surveys .\nthere is some localised habitat loss over much of this species range . in eastern parts of the species range , people displaced by social instability have established settlements within the forest .\nthis species has been recorded from several protected areas including the kongana forest in southern central african republic , korup national park in cameroon and kibira national park in burundi .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t40628a115176367 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about , follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nhas a wide distribution throughout the old world tropics . in most of its range , it was introduced by man . according to burton and burton , it was originally native to the forests of india .\nit has been introduced by man to sri lanka , eastern africa , madagascar , islands in the indian ocean ( reunion , comoros ) , pacific ocean ( guam , etc . ) , south - east asia , china , southern japan , malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) , kalimantan , brunei , indonesia , new guinea , and throughout iran and arabia to egypt and pakistan also .\ns . murinus is a commensal species . it is a voracious insectivore with little resistance to starvation . it is active during the night , spending the day in a burrow or hiding place in human habitations . they breed throughout the year , with each female averaging two litters per year . the gestation period is one month . one to eight young are born per litter , usually three young , in a nest made by both of the parents , wherein the young stay until they are nearly adult . it starts breeding when it is around one year old .\nit is widespread and found in all habitats , including deserts and human habitations .\nthe habitat of this species is normally near human settlement , specifically near the house . some also live on the ground in leaf litter and grass . it has been recorded up to 2825 m above sea level near\nstuffed specimens , exhibited in the national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan .\nit is often mistaken for a rat or mouse and killed as vermin . in general it is beneficial to humans because its diet consists mostly of harmful insects such as cockroaches , and even house mice . it can therefore be considered as a\ndespite its use as an insect control , it can be unpopular due to the strong odour of its droppings , which it may deposit in human dwellings behind kitchen cupboards , etc . it can also take to eating human food such as meat in kitchens , or dog or cat food . it is known to occasionally kill young chicks , making it unpopular with farmers , although rats probably kill more chicks , and more quickly . the way it is said to attack chicks , by first biting a tendon , immobilizing it and then killing and eating it ,\ncould indicate that it has a venomous bite that paralyses , as at least two other shrews species have ( i . e . the\nmaurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia \u201d , new york 2002 pp . 1709\u20131710 . available on google books .\nmaurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709\u20131710 ; see google books .\nmaurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709\u20131710 ; see google books .\nrobert h . schmidt , \u201cshrews\u201d , internet center for wildlife damage management , urltoken . retrieved 12 . 5 . 2013 .\nmaurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709\u20131710 ; available on google books .\nrachel sheremeta pepling , \u201cthe stunning saliva of shrews , \u201d on chemical & engineering news website , 2004 , urltoken . dr . werner haberl , \u201cpoisonous shrews\u201d urltoken\niucn . ( 1995 ) . eurasian insectivores and tree shrews - status survey and conservation action plan , iucn , gland , switzerland . 108pp\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 1936, "summary": [{"text": "rasbora is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are native to freshwater habitats in south and southeast asia , as well as southeast china .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "a single species , r. gerlachi , is only known from an old specimen that reputedly originated from africa ( cameroon ) , but this locality is considered doubtful .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "they are small , up to 17 cm ( 6.7 in ) long , although most species do not surpass 10 cm ( 4 in ) and many have a dark vertical stripe .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "several species are regularly kept in aquariums .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "as a common english name , \" rasbora \" is used for many species in the genus rasbora , as well as several species in genera brevibora , boraras , megarasbora , metzia , microdevario , microrasbora , rasboroides , rasbosoma , sawbwa , trigonopoma and trigonostigma .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some of these related genera were included in the genus rasbora in the past .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in a 2007 analysis , rasbora was found to not be a monophyletic assemblage .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however boraras and trigonostigma were determined to be monophyletic . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "rasbora", "paragraphs": ["if you are looking to introduce some rasbora into your aquarium fish tank , we have a collection of stunning rasbora fish available online .\njustification : rasbora rasbora is a widely distributed fish which breeds easily . there are no major threats to this species and so assessed as least concern .\ntype species : phycocharax rasbora , new species , by monotypy and original description .\nthere\u2019s a reason many rasbora and related families are so small \u2014 and it\u2019s evolutionary .\ns1 table . characters states of all characidae species analyzed herein plus phycocharax rasbora , new genus .\nmuch of the confusion abounds simply because the name rasbora is an eastern indian word that describes a fish .\netymology : from the bengali word \u201crasbora\u201d , the common name of the fish rasbora rasbora ( hamilton ) . rasbora is a generic name encompassed a great radiation of small cyprinids from southeastern asia , including the species currently allocated in the genus trigonostigma [ 21 ] , which possess a dark triangular blotch on body sides very reminiscent in shape and position similarly as found in the new species . gender masculine . a noun in apposition .\nrasbora kalochroma is a big boy and needs a larger home . at 10cm / 4\u201d in total length and , with a habit of displaying between males , this rasbora does much better in a tank of at least 120cm / 4\u2019 in length .\nmap of tapaj\u00f3s and xingu rivers and adjoining areas , indicating distribution and type - locality ( square ) of phycocharax rasbora .\nit also means that there are many fish trading as rasbora that do not make the grade , even though common names suggest otherwise . examples of ' fraudboras ' include the asian rummynose ( sawbwa resplendens ) , the galaxy rasbora ( danio margaritatus ) as well as microrasbora species .\nwhat is the true rasbora ? just as in the film epic many will make a claim and create even more confusion . nathan hill investigates .\nphycocharax rasbora , holotype , mzusp 119843 , 29 . 1 mm sl , male ; mzusp 115341 , 25 . 3 mm sl , paratype , female .\ncrucially with clown rasbora , the tank needs to be covered as they are prone to launching themselves at first fright . surface cover and floating plants will often help .\nthe beauty of the clown rasbora biotope is that you can have so many more fish in their tank and they are naturally found with a wealth of other species .\nso after much wonderful feedback i will only be getting some rasbora ( mosquito ) in my soon to be purchased 10 gallon fish tank . but i was wanting to know if i could get maybe 6mosquito and 6 emerald eye ( or 8 of both but space may be too small ) or just keep to 10 - 12 mosquito rasbora\nalthough some of them are more slow stream dwellers , the biotope habitat of a peaty swamp is acceptable to the mosquito rasbora and makes for an interesting and unusual project .\nif the scientific name boraras urophthalmoides sounds like an anagram of rasbora , it\u2019s because it is . boraras represent truly tiny members of the rasbora grouping and are among some of the most shy . however , given their fiercely bright coloration , they have a large fan base . i\u2019d guess that they are one of the uk\u2019s most popular biotope fish .\nnewer fishkeepers tend to be greeted by names that conflict from store to store . older fishkeepers will fondly recall species that used to be rasbora now belonging under some other heading .\nigarap\u00e9 do arnaldo , a tributary of rio bra\u00e7o norte , near bra\u00e7o norte hydroelectric dam , guarant\u00e3 do norte , mato grosso , brazil , type - locality of phycocharax rasbora .\nphycocharax rasbora , mzusp 119843 , paratype , 29 . 1 male ( a ) and mzusp 115313 , paratype , 26 . 4 mm sl , female ( b ) , immediately after collection .\nmosquito rasbora work best as a species - only shoal , due to their timid nature and small size . it\u2019s quite easy for them to end up in the belly of a normally peaceful tank mate .\nrasbora , at least those species commonly called rasboras , seem victims of a taxonomic gold rush , where researchers rush east , jam flags into species old and new , then ruminate over their exact biological origins .\nalong with other rasbora species , they will also happily co - exist with the icy - eyed brevibora dorsiocellata , some puntius species , chocolate gourami , and even some betta , such as b . pugnax .\nrasbora daniconius occurs in the mekong , chao phraya and salween basins , the northern malay peninsula , and westwards to the indus and sri lanka . in indonesia , this species is known from borneo and sumatra .\nthe harlequin ( trigonostigma heteromorpha ) has been a long - standing favourite in the trade and the rasbora most fishkeepers are likely to keep . they tolerate a wide range of water conditions , are attractive and active .\nthey struggle to get past 15mm / 0 . 7\u201d in length , which is why mosquito rasbora are appearing in so many nanos , although if kept in too small a set - up you can expect rivalry between males .\nof the more than five dozen species of rasbora , the harlequin is arguably the most popular of them all . often referred to as a red rasbora , the body is a reddish copper color which is accented by a striking black wedge covering the rear half of the body , like a characteristic black\npork chop\nshaped patch . the distinguishing triangular patch begins near the dorsal fin and comes to a point near the base of the caudal fin .\nthe harlequin rasbora is a shoaling fish , it should be kept in schools of 8 to 10 individuals . since the fish is rather peaceful , it makes a good community fish . schools of larger numbers make for a beautiful display .\nmales are more slender than females and exhibit a rounded extension at the bottom edge of the distinctive black wedge covering the posterior of the fish . the black wedge on females is perfectly straight . the female harlequin rasbora is also larger than the male .\ncitation : ohara wm , mirande jm , de lima fct ( 2017 ) phycocharax rasbora , a new genus and species of brazilian tetra ( characiformes : characidae ) from serra do cachimbo , rio tapaj\u00f3s basin . plos one 12 ( 2 ) : e0170648 . urltoken\nsuper tiny , extremely vibrant , and outgoing , the chili rasbora is an ideal inhabitant for a nano tank . they are one of my absolute favorites and a must have for any nano enthusiast . boraras brigittae - chili rasbora ph : 4 - 7 temperature - 68 - 82 hardness : 2 - 10 dkh adult size : . 7\u2033 maximum behavior : shoaling , keep in groups larger than 6 diet : micropredator , takes prepared foods well compatability : small and timid , does best with other small peaceful fish or invertebrates urltoken urltoken\nit\u2019s not uncommon to see shoals of harlequin rasbora ( trigonostigma heteromorpha ) used to devastating effect among thick beds of dense green foliage in the aquarium . aside the often gin - clear tint of aquascape water , such tanks aren\u2019t far off being ideal for these fish .\necological notes : phycocharax rasbora was collected primarily in dammed portions of the rio bra\u00e7o norte . contrasting from other tributaries of the rio tapaj\u00f3s basin , which are primarily clearwaters rivers , the rio bra\u00e7o norte is a blackwater tributary of the rio teles pires . in the site of occurrence of p . rasbora was build a small hydroelectric dam ( pch bra\u00e7o norte iv ) , and apparently the reservoir condition promoted the proliferation of algae . as consequence of the damming , the species thrived and can be considered as highly abundant at the dammed portion of the rio bra\u00e7o norte . in addition , p . rasbora seems to be uncommon in the lotic stretch of rio bra\u00e7o norte downstream of the dam , where only three specimens were collected . the type locality of the p . rasbora , the igarap\u00e9 do arnaldo , is a small tributary which was flooded during the damming of river , presenting muddy substrate with a great amount of decomposed organic matter with undergrowth marginal vegetation formed by grasses ( fig 4 ) . in this area , phycocharax rasbora was the most abundant species with 77 % of all specimens collected . the section of the rio bra\u00e7o norte downstream the dam present sandy bottom with pebbles and rocks . phycocharax rasbora occurs syntopically at bra\u00e7o norte reservoir with other characiformes species , such as cyphocharax cf . spilurus ( curimatidae ) , leporinus friderici ( anostomidae ) , serrapinus aff . micropterus , astyanax aff . bimaculatus ( characidae ) , hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus ( erythrinidae ) , gymnotiformes , as gymnotus diamantinensis ( gymnotidae ) , and cichliformes , i . e . , aequidens sp . and apistogramma sp . ( cichlidae ) . although little abundant downstream the dam , p . rasbora was found co - occurring with the following characiformes : leporinus desmotes ( anostomidae ) , hemiodus quadrimaculatus ( hemiodontidae ) , astyanax aff . bimaculatus , bryconops sp . , jupiaba polylepis , jupiaba paranatinga , moenkhausia hasemani , serrapinnus aff . micropterus ( characidae ) , and with a single species of siluriformes , hypostomus sp . ( loricariidae ) .\ndistribution : phycocharax rasbora is so far known only from its type locality at upper rio bra\u00e7o norte , a right - bank tributary of the rio peixoto de azevedo , part of rio teles pires drainage , rio tapaj\u00f3s basin ( fig 5 ) . the rio bra\u00e7o norte drains the serra do cachimbo at northern mato grosso state , brazilian amazon .\nphylogenetic analysis : the analysis gave relatively divergent hypotheses , especially by instabilities of some taxa whose relationships are not in the scope of this paper . however , in a broad range of values of k between 5 . 9 and 23 . 5 , most parsimonious trees ranging from 2750 to 2869 steps ( ci = 0 . 138\u20130 . 144 , ri = 0 . 652\u20130 . 669 ) , results are stable concerning the new taxon . in that range of parameters , phycocharax rasbora is recovered as the sister species of [ paracheirodon axelrodi ( schultz ) + hyphessobrycon elachys weitzman ] ( fig 6 ) . although far from conclusive , the clade recovered by p . rasbora disclosed positive gc value , suggesting a well - supported relationship . in most analysis the clade composed of phycocharax rasbora , paracheirodon axelrodi and hyphessobrycon elachys is sister group of clade formed by hyphessobrycon loweae + h . vanzolinii . it is worth noting that this latter clade is relatively little supported compared with its sister clade ( i . e . p . rasbora , p . axelrodi and h . elachys ) . the single synapomorphy found for the phycocharax clade is the abrupt expansion of the maxilla ventrally to the maxillary teeth ( character 107 , state 1 ) . the section of the phylogenetic tree where phycocharax is included , with clade supports and obtained synapomorphies provided ( fig 6 ) . the complete phylogenetic hypothesis including clade supports is available in s1 fig .\njustification : rasbora daniconius is assessed as least concern due to its wide distribution , ability to occupy a variety of habitats and the lack of any known major widespread threats . it is only fished locally and thus harvesting does not appear to be a threat to the species over its entire range , and it is a common species in at least one area of its range .\nthe anal - fin dimorphism observed in phycocharax rasbora , with males possessing a straight distal margin or almost so , is similar to the found in some species of hyphessobrycon durbin , primarily h . bifasciatus ellis , h . heliacus moreira , landim & costa , h . igneus miquelarena , menni , l\u00f3pez & casciotta , h . kayabi teixeira , lima & zuanon , h . loweae costa & g\u00e9ry , h . peugeoti ingenito , lima & buckup , and h . procyon pastana & ohara [ 27 , 28 ] . between the two hyphessobrycon species examined herein , h . bifasciatus and h . loweae , just this latter was herein recovered as close related to phycocharax rasbora . however , the referred clade includes both species that exhibit sexual dimorphism as those that not .\nharlequins are among the more difficult species to breed , however , spawning may be achieved if you provide the proper conditions . select young specimens and condition them with live foods such as daphnia and mosquito larvae prior to the spawning attempt . harlequin rasbora differ from other popular rasboras in the aquarium when it comes to breeding . while other rasboras are egg - scattering spawners , harlequin rasboras are egg layers .\ntechnically , one could quibble that only those fish within the rasbora genus could be classed as such . however , some of us prefer a broader definition that sees numerous genera all carrying the title , so i\u2019ll take the stance of many keepers in classing fish from several genera under the honorary title including , but by no means limited to , fish such as trigonostigma , boraras , and rasboroides all considered to be rasborin fish .\nthe black triangular blotch on posterior flank portion of the phycocharax is unique among the characids , but a similar - shaped blotch is present in hemigrammus pulcher . in contrast , h . pulcher is easily distinguished from phycocharax rasbora by having , as well as the remaining hemigrammus species , two rows of premaxillary teeth ( vs . single row ) . in addition , the premaxillary teeth of the new taxon are relatively compressed and distally expanded , while those of h . pulcher are relatively cylindrical with parallel lateral margins . furthermore , h . pulcher was obtained by phylogenetic analysis in a clade along with h . haraldi g\u00e9ry and h . aguaruna lima , correa & ota ( fig 6 ) , corroborating the hypothesis that h . pulcher belongs to the hemigrammus ocellifer ( steindachner ) species group [ 29 , 30 ] and , therefore , different from p . rasbora .\nfish hobbyists love the harlequin rasbora\u2014it has a beautiful metallic color and it is easy to care for . a large school makes an aquarium vivid and vibrant with movement . this is a great fish for a smaller - sized community tank , and its at peace with most . it is a smaller fish , so keep it with like - sized fish . larger fish might be attracted by its shimmer and make a meal out of it .\nphycocharax rasbora was collected during the rainy seasons ( april 2012 ; february 2014 ) and a dry season ( august 2015 ) . males and females presented gonads well developed in both seasons . oocytes with different sizes are present in the gonads , suggesting that females present multiple spawning , as well as several other small characids ( e . g . [ 19 , 20 ] ) . stomach contents of ten examined specimens contained mainly algae and vegetal matter .\nthe harlequin rasbora is a native of malaysia , singapore , sumatra , and southern thailand . it inhabits streams and waters that are characterized principally by low mineral content , high concentrations of dissolved humic acids , which is typical of water found flowing through peat swamp forests . the waterlogged soils of these forests inhibit the complete decay of leaf litter and result in the formation of peat , which leaches humic acids . these conditions resemble those found on in the blackwater habitats of south america .\nwater temperature is not critical , however , the ideal range is 74 to 78 f ( 23 to 26 c ) . the ph of the water should be slightly acidic , in the range of 6 . 0 to 6 . 5 . an aquarium intended to house harlequin rasboras should be planted with live plants , with some open areas for swimming provided between stands of plants such as cryptocoryne species , these being among the plants that inhabit the harlequin rasbora ' s native waters .\nphylogenetic relationships of the new taxon were supported only by a few characters in many analysis performed here . in most analysis , phycocharax rasbora was recovered as the sister group of paracheirodon axelrodi plus hyphessobrycon elachys , in a clade that also includes hyphessobrycon loweae and hyphessobrycon vanzolinii . the uncertainty about the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon , in addition to its unique combination of characters , lead us to erect a new monotypic genus in the characidae . the erection of a new generic name when there is a stable and well - supported sister - group relationship with some available genera is undesirable in most cases , mainly when the candidates are morphologically similar . however , in this particular case , neither the phylogenetic relationships are stable or even well supported , nor the candidate genera are similar enough to include this new taxon under a common diagnosis .\nnumbers above branches denote gc values ; negative values are not shown . synapomorphies . a : 243 ( 0 ) ; b : 68 ( 1 ) , 180 ( 1 ) , 253 ( 0 ) , 307 ( 0 ) ; c : 285 ( 0 ) ; d : 158 ( 1 ) , 224 ( 0 ) , 246 ( 0 ) ; e : 29 ( 1 ) , 65 ( 0 ) , 138 ( 1 ) ; f : 107 ( 1 ) ; g : 294 ( 0 ) , 365 ( 1 ) ; h : 331 ( 1 ) ; i : 141 ( 0 ) , 163 ( 1 ) ; j : 246 ( 0 ) , 325 ( 0 ) ; k : 93 ( 1 ) , 347 ( 1 ) ; l : 20 ( 1 ) , 29 ( 1 ) , 45 ( 0 ) ; m : 91 ( 0 ) , 235 ( 1 ) ; n : 293 ( 0 ) , 314 ( 1 ) ; o : 333 ( 1 ) ; p : 180 ( 1 ) ; q : 126 ( 1 ) , 182 ( 0 ) ; r : 164 ( 1 ) ; s : 29 ( 1 ) , 148 ( 0 ) , 307 ( 0 ) , 347 ( 0 ) ; t : 247 ( 0 ) , 370 ( 2 ) ; u : 96 ( 1 ) , 141 ( 1 ) , 163 ( 0 ) . autapomorphy of p . rasbora : 350 ( 1 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nyou can keep it with any fish as long it\u2019s not large and a predator .\nit will not nip at or quarrel with any other species . some potentially good tankmates may include cardinal tetras , neon tetras , dwarf gouramis , bettas , small barbs , danios , other small rasboras , and cory catfish .\nrasboras are a true freshwater fish and are never seen in brackish waters . they prefer the lowland waters of southeastern asia , where the water is soft and acidic . harlequins prefer an environment with areas of dense vegetation , an open area for swimming , a dark substrate , and subdued lighting .\nharlequins make excellent community fish and will not nip at or quarrel with any other species .\nrasboras are undemanding when it comes to diet ; they will readily accept flake , dried , frozen and live foods . a varied diet will ensure that digestive problems or susceptibility to disease do not occur .\nwhen spawned in groups , keep two males for every female . hobbyists intent upon simulating natural conditions as closely as possible may choose to filter the aquarium water over peat , thus replicating the humic acid concentrations found in the fish ' s native waters , though this is not absolutely necessary if the basic water chemistry parameters ( no higher than 4 dh hardness , ph around 6 . 4 ) are correctly maintained . optimum water temperatures are between 76 and 80 degrees f . you will need cryptocorynes or similar broad - leafed plants in the breeding tank .\nonce you prepare the breeding tank , introduce the breeding stock late in the day . spawning will usually being in the morning and is initiated by the male dancing and trembling before the female . this spawning behavior is intended to direct the female beneath a suitable plant for depositing the eggs . you may see the male nudging the sides of the female and rubbing his belly against her back in an effort to move her to the spawning location .\nwhen ready to spawn , the female will turn upside down and rub her belly against the underside of a leaf , signaling the male to join her . the male will approach her while continuing to tremble , then wrap himself around her body and fertilize the eggs as they are released . six to 12 eggs are laid at a time . the fertilized eggs rise and adhere to the underside of the leaves . over the course of one to two hours , as many as 300 eggs may be laid . although , 80 to 100 is more typical .\nwhen spawning is complete , remove the breeding stock from the aquarium , as they will consume the fry once they hatch . in water temperatures of about 80 degrees f , the eggs will hatch in approximately 24 hours . the fry is translucent , remain attached to the leaf upon which the eggs were laid for another 12 to 24 hours , during which time the yolk sac is absorbed . once this process is completed , the fishes become free - swimming , and at this stage , require very finely sized food such as live infusoria for a period of seven to 14 days , after which the fry are able to feed upon newly hatched brine shrimp .\nif infusoria are unavailable , commercially prepared foods for an egglayer fry may also be used . young harlequin rasboras reach sexual maturity in approximately six to nine months .\nsay hello to one of those complicated groups of fish where historically there seem to be more arguments over names than there are actual species .\nrasboras are cyprinids , that huge group carrying everything from huge koi carp to dinky paedocypris , and much in between . characteristically , rasboras are noted for not having any of the distinctive barbels associated with cyprinid fishes .\nrasboras , true or otherwise , are superb aquarium inhabitants and lend themselves to some stunning biotope set - ups .\ntheir typically small size , combined with only limited shyness and shoaling behaviour , makes them stunning additions to many communities , although their water chemistry requirements sometimes prevent them being kept this way .\nthe tiny boraras species , as well as bearing spectacular colours , require only small systems in which to thrive and are dominating nano tanks and micro - biotopes these days , despite the occasional high price for such a small fish . but when you see one of these close up you\u2019ll be hooked \u2014 and you\u2019ll soon be dusting off that old 45 x 25 x 25cm / 18 x 10 x 10\u201d tank .\ndifferent species frequent different tank levels , many capitalising on the mid - water layer .\nall are easy to feed , with every species adapting to flake foods and life in captivity superbly . they retain their ravenous instincts , despite aquarium life , and dashes of live food always create frenzied activity in the tank at mealtimes .\nanything goes , but daphnia , small bloodworms , glassworms , wingless fruit flies , and even insects such as garden ants will never be refused by these fish .\nit\u2019s thought there are two species of this fish , depending on the presence of an orange spot on the anal fin , but whichever harlequin you pick up will be rewarding .\nwild harlequins are a scarce find nowadays , and the vigilant or purist might want to avoid colourful morphs , such as the blacks and blues you can see around . good harlequins are available in the shops but , like so many mass - farmed fish , there can be runts .\nthese fish go well in a community , but to see them at their best , try to create a biotope , or perhaps a species - only tank .\nfound across indonesia , sumatra and thailand , they usually live in acidic but not deeply blackened streams , and sometimes peaty swamps . those streams tend to have a yellowed tinge , and this is something the home aquarist would want to replicate if possible .\ndecoration is easy and ideally there should be plenty of it . ample pieces of bogwood should litter a sandy base , and that sand should be fine and dark , such as aquarium - grade silica .\nleaf litter can be added and will help to release tannins into the water . alder cones may also be used , but be sparing as they can be quite powerful in releasing acid .\nthese fish prefer softer , acidic waters and although they can cope in a neutral or slightly alkaline community tank , it\u2019s worth remembering that some pathogens fare better in alkaline waters . aim for a ph of between 5 . 0 and 7 . 0 , with a hardness of below 12\u00b0dh .\nset the temperature somewhere between 22 - 25\u00b0c / 72 - 77\u00b0f to recreate wild conditions and keep water flow light . harlequins do not thrive in high , rushing water flows and may actively avoid areas in the tank where they get buffeted .\nplanting works well with harlequins , especially thick beds of cryptocoryne and java fern . don\u2019t be shy about going bonkers with numbers of plants and the harlequins will love you !\nto really promote their confidence , add floating plants to the tank . even a handful of duckweed will encourage them to be more brazen .\nthey only grow to 5cm / 2\u201d as adults but do enjoy being in shoals , so it\u2019s worth thinking of a tank no less than 60cm / 2\u2019 long , with at least 12 harlequins .\nthese fish are peaceful with everything , but to keep things region authentic , opt for tank mates like acanthopthalmus loaches , puntius species like p . pentazona , or maybe even chocolate gouramis .\nclowns prefer more flow , although the water should still be stained with tannins . to this effect , it\u2019s worth considering adding alder cones to a external canister filter , or some peat supplementation if these aren\u2019t available . tannins will help to bring out the red colours of the fish , which can be a washed - out orangey - yellow when kept in water that\u2019s too clear .\nunlike with harlequins , planting should be confined to the backs and sides of the tank and ample swimming space should be left in the middle where males will show off to each other . cryptocoryne is a good choice , but dense , bushy plants , like thick mats of java moss , are appreciated . the fish will often be seen \u2018rubbing\u2019 themselves in it .\nacclimatisation is essential and they are easily shocked as a result of changes in water quality . as imports go , they are riskily high on mortality , which is why they are not as commonly seen as other species .\nwhen adding them to your tank , try to match water parameters to the transport water , but don\u2019t be too surprised if they pale , pant , and rest on the tank base on arrival .\nthere\u2019s confusion about numbers to keep . some maintain that due to their pugnacious attitude towards each other , low numbers are best . however , it\u2019s generally accepted that these are shoalers and should be kept in groups of 12 or more .\nin the wild , these fish get everywhere . from streams and rivers , through pools and lakes , and into rice paddies and even ditches on the side of the road , these are a surprisingly versatile fish that should be given the chance to shine .\naim for a lowish ph between 6 . 0 and 6 . 5 . a hardness level somewhere about 6\u00b0dh seems to suit . given a temperature of about 25 - 28\u00b0c / 77 - 82\u00b0f and access to plenty of live foods and carotenoid rich dry foods , these are fish you\u2019ll quickly come to adore .\nb . urophthalmoides inhabit truly acidic waters . in fact , they\u2019re the archetypal swamp dweller , relishing blackened water , low light levels and relentless acid .\nacidity and blackness should be high . keepers like to use heavy leaf litter , especially oak and beech leaves , combined with spindly pieces of bogwood , such as the sumatran driftwood from unipac , and low lighting levels .\nsome keepers don\u2019t even opt for an aquarium light , instead using a small low wattage table lamp . although some plants like java fern might tolerate this , it could be wiser to go for a coating of floating plants instead . these fish are from regions of overhanging foliage and natural light is quite alien .\nwater chemistry should be completely soft and acidic . a ph value as low as 4 . 0 will be shrugged off , along with hardness levels of zero to 10\u00b0dh . aim for a ph of between 5 . 5 and 6 . 5 .\nthey don\u2019t do well in nitrogenous wastes , so ensure that any tank is established prior to adding the fish .\nwater flow should be negligible and a tank of b . urophthalmoides is the perfect excuse to dig out that old biofoam 45 air - driven filter , and an air pump .\nhowever , if wanting to keep them with another species , consider the equally timid parosphromenus varieties of tiny liquorice gourami . although you\u2019ll not see too much of either species , you\u2019ll be ecstatic when they do make an appearance through that deep red water .\nthe fish have gradually become smaller , it is suspected , through environmental pressures .\nall miniaturised fish inhabit slow moving or static bodies of water , often devoid of sources of nutrition , such as the conditions you might find in a boggy , peaty swamp .\nthis evolutionary niche loses its advantage anywhere that water flow is strong and nutrition widely available .\nusually , a miniaturised fish will be stunted and small , but perfectly formed .\nhowever some fish , like paedocypris \u2014 the world\u2019s smallest \u2014 stops short of forming fully adult organs . instead it retains a simplified , or truncated body in which even the skeleton isn\u2019t fully developed .\nwhy not take out a subscription to practical fishkeeping magazine ? see our latest subscription offer .\ndon ' t forget that pfk is now available to download on the ipad .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nfor the best experience on our site , be sure to turn on javascript in your browser .\nwe use cookies to improve your online experience . to accept these cookies continue browsing as normal . read our cookies policy here for more information\nyour company account is blocked and you cannot place orders . if you have questions , please contact your company administrator .\nall stock held on site is sourced from ethical breeders and are quarantined onsite and rigorously monitored for any signs of distress or ill health , to help ensure the best possible quality and wellbeing of our livestock . our selection is always expanding so keep checking back for new exciting species and varieties .\nasia : mekong , chao phraya and meklong basins ; also from northern malay peninsula .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 )\nhas 1 / 2 4 scale rows between the dorsal - fin origin and the lateral line ; a conspicuous , narrow , black longitudinal stripe along the sides , widening into a diamond - shaped blotch on the caudal peduncle ( ref . 27732 ) . scale margins outlined by reticulated dark pattern ; black tips on caudal lobes present or absent ; lateral line complete ( ref . 12693 ) .\nassociated with clear , usually shallow and moderately flowing streams ( ref . 27732 ) . occur near the surface in small to medium - sized streams in upland areas . individuals from high - gradient upland streams have a much darker stripe and often black tips on the caudal fin lobes . feed probably on exogenous insects ( ref . 12693 ) . spawning sites are found in rivers and ponds ( ref . 33813 ) . mature adults probably breed during the rainy season . not seen in the markets , but occasionally imported in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00537 ( 0 . 00245 - 0 . 01178 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 40 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbarbhuiya , a . h . , juffe bignoli , d . , rema devi , k . r . , dahanukar , n . & chaudhry , s .\nis known from the gangetic provinces and assam in india ; also present in bangladesh , myanmar , pakistan and thailand .\nthere is no information on the population and its trends for this species . more research is needed to investigate the population structure and trends .\nthe species is found in swamps and marshy areas . an attractive little purple - and - orange creature , it spawns readily but , if left to its own devices , will cannabilise its eggs .\nthis species attains a length of 13 cm . because of its beauty and hardiness , it has proved popular in small aquarium . it is also used for human consumption at a local level .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmukerji , 1935 was first described from darna river in upper godavari river basin , deolali , nasik district , maharashtra state , india ( hora and mukerji 1935 ) . the species is valid as\nrema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , shrikant , j . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .\nis distributed in maharashtra , karnataka and gujrat with localized threats to some populations . however , the species is assessed as least concern .\n. 2004 ) . it is currently known only from darna river in upper godavari river basin , deolali , nasik district , maharashtra state , india ( hora and mukerji 1935 , hora and misra 1937 , jayaram 1999 , menon 1999 ) . extensive surveys in the other tributaries of upper godavari river have not reveled this species indicating that the species is restricted to darna river ( s . jadhav pers . comm . ) . the species is also recorded from baroda ( now vadodara ) in gujarat ( ranade 1953 ) and mula - mutha river of krishna river system ( kharat\n, however , the population seems to be declining and it is rarely found in its type locality ( s . jadhav pers . comm . ) .\nis recorded from rivers and hill streams and it has a maximum length of 8 . 5 cm total length ( menon 1999 ) . the habitat of this fish , in its type locality , is threatened by organic pollution , agricultural pollution and introduced fishes ( n . dahanukar pers . obs . ) .\nbut it is caught by local fishermen and sold in the local market . it is also suggested as a good aquarium fish ( talwar and jhingran 1991 , mercy\nis recorded is threatened by organic pollution , agricultural pollution , introduced fishes and heavy harvesting ( n . dahanukar pers . obs . ) .\n, however , site protection is suggested for conservation of this threatened species . research is needed to understand population trends , life history , ecology and threats to this species .\nr . daniconius is reported to be common in the muthurajawela wetland sanctuary , sri lanka , but likely to have a variable abundance over its range .\nr . daniconius is a benthopelagic and potamodromous species . it occurs in a variety of habitats : ditches , ponds , canals , streams , rivers and inundated fields , but is primarily found in sandy streams and rivers . it is also found in brackish waters . it sometimes forms large schools .\nthis fish is often harvested with other smaller fish as food , locally , and for use in poultry feed . when they are small they can make attractive aquarium fish , and thus are captured for the aquarium trade .\nthreats to this species and its habitat are unknown at present , although it is collected for the aquarium trade and for poultry food but the scale does not appear to be causing a decline in the population .\nthere are no conservation measures currently known to be in action at habitat or species level .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 0 ; dh range : ? - 10 . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 )\nasia : mekong , chao phraya and mae khlong basins , malay peninsula to borneo , java and sumatra in indonesia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6398 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . preserved color yellowish brown with silvery sheen , darker dorsally ; scales margined by brown lines or dots . 12 - 13 scales between nape and dorsal . lateral line complete reaching caudal ; 9 ( rarely 8 ) scale rows between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle . origin of dorsal between tip of snout and caudal ; least depth of caudal peduncle 1 . 9 - 2 in its length . maxillary not reaching eye . thin lips , upper moderately protractile ; lower sometimes with external projecting knob at symphysis , fitting the notch on upper one .\noccurs mainly in rivers and enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . feeds on algae ( ref . 12975 ) .\ndoi , a . , 1997 . a review of taxonomic studies of cypriniform fishes in southeast asia . jap . j . ichthyol . 44 ( 1 ) : 1 - 33 . ( ref . 26580 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\njust get one type . they won ' t school together and this tank isn ' t big enough for 2 good sized schools .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\na new genus and species of characid fish is described from rio bra\u00e7o norte , a tributary of rio teles pires , tapaj\u00f3s basin , mato groso , brazil . the new taxa can be diagnosed from the remaining characids by a unique combination of characters that includes the presence of a single row of relatively compressed premaxillary teeth , large teeth with four to nine cusps on premaxillary and dentary , absence of pseudotympanum , incomplete lateral line with 7\u201313 pored scales , sexually - dimorphic males with distal margin of anal fin approximately straight , and presence of a nearly triangular and horizontally elongated blotch from the posterior half of the body to caudal peduncle . the most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis , using morphological data , recovered the new genus and species in a clade including paracheirodon axelrodi and hyphessobrycon elachys .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2017 ohara et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : all relevant data are within othe paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : part of the type series was collected during an expedition funded by the south american characiformes inventory ( fapesp 2011 / 502827 , urltoken ) . the authors are supported by fapesp ( wmo : grant # 2013 / 22473\u20128 ; fctl : grants # 2011 / 51532\u20127 and 2013 / 20936\u20120 ) , conicet ( jmm : pip\u20120301 ) , and foncyt ( jmm : pict 2011\u20120992 ) . a travel by the second author to zuec was funded by fapesp [ grant # 2011 / 51532\u20127 ,\nsystematics of tetras ( genera hemigrammus , hyphessobrycon , thayeria , parapristella and bryconella ) , with emphasis on the species from northern cis - andean south america\n] . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe characidae is one of the richest families among bony fishes , and depending of the alternative proposals followed [ 1 , 2 ] , the family comprise between 1 , 100 to over than 1 , 200 species [ 3 ] . although much advance to understand the relationships within characidae family has been accomplished , it still constitutes in an unsettled issue . a stable classification of the characidae is still far to be established , given the great diversity and complexity of the family and the lack of comprehensive analysis combining morphological and molecular data [ 4 ] . many members of the characidae have low variation either in molecular data [ 2 ] as in morphological [ 5 , 6 ] , and most deep relationships within the family are incongruent between different analysis or have low support .\nduring recent ichthyological field surveys in the northern of the brazilian state mato grosso , was discovered from the rio bra\u00e7o norte , a tributary of the rio teles pires ( serra do cachimbo , rio tapaj\u00f3s basin ) , an attractively - colored characid tetra that proved to be not assignable to any previously known genus . the new taxon is described herein due to its unusual combination of single row of compressed premaxillary teeth , pseudotympanum absent , and sexual dimorphism with males exhibiting a straight distal margin of the anal fin , while females present the more generalized condition among characids ( i . e . , an anal fin with a distinct anterior lobe ) . in addition , the new taxon shows a remarkable color pattern with a large and elongated triangular blotch extending along middle flanks from vertical through the base terminus of dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle end . such blotch is similar in shape and position to the one present in the neotropical characid hemigrammus pulcher ladiges and the asian cyprinids of the genus trigonostigma kottelat & witte . the aim of the present study is to describe this new taxon , assigned herein to a new genus , due to both phylogenetic position and unique combination of characters .\nphylogenetic relationships of the new taxon among characids were assessed by parsimony using tnt software [ 11 ] following the characters of mirande [ 1 , 10 ] and mirande et al . [ 12 , 13 ] . thirty - five additional species were included to the dataset to evaluate possible close relatives to the new taxon or to check its possible inclusion in some genus already known , as well as to have a most comprehensive framework within the characidae phylogeny . the coding of the new taxon plus 212 species analyzed herein are included in s1 table and the dataset is available online at morphobank [ 14 , 15 ] . the complete list of 387 characters analyzed herein , with comments on those added ( two new ) or modified ( 15 ) from mirande et al . [ 12 ] , is provided as s2 appendix .\nas in the mentioned papers ( i . e . [ 1 , 10 , 12 , 13 ] ) , analysis were performed under extended implied weighting [ 16 , 17 ] in a broad range of values of k ( concavity constant ) . differing from previous contributions , the phylogenetic analysis in a broad range of values of k was herein performed only to evaluate the possible relationships and generic assignments of the new taxon , rather than to reach to some general phylogenetic hypothesis for the family . support was calculated with symmetric resampling and results are expressed as gc values according to goloboff et al . [ 18 ] .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : d0fd20e4 - d2eb - 4e52 - 9094 - ddfe45ee0be0 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 27e0cd39 - ad63 - 4d08 - be0f - 60670b17406f\n, holotype , mzusp 119843 , 29 . 1 mm sl , male ; mzusp 115341 , 25 . 3 mm sl , paratype , female .\n, medial view of left side ; premaxilla , 29 . 8 mm sl ; dentary and maxilla , 29 . 1 mm sl , paratypes , both mzusp 115341 .\n, mzusp 119843 , paratype , 29 . 1 male ( a ) and mzusp 115313 , paratype , 26 . 4 mm sl , female ( b ) , immediately after collection ."]}
{"id": 1941, "summary": [{"text": "neorossia leptodons is a species of bobtail squid native to the southwestern pacific ocean , from new south wales ( 32 \u00b0 08 \u2032 s 153 \u00b0 07 \u2032 e ) to south australia ( 33 \u00b0 58 \u2032 s 131 \u00b0 22 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it lives at depths from 130 to 1,110 m. n. leptodons exhibits sexual dimorphism .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "females grow to 77.5 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 42 mm ml .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected in the great australian bight , south australia ( 37 \u00b0 18.81 \u2032 s 138 \u00b0 36.3 \u2032 e to 37 \u00b0 17.76 \u2032 s 138 \u00b0 35.01 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is deposited at the museum of victoria in melbourne . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "neorossia leptodons", "paragraphs": ["gps coordinates of neorossia leptodons , australia . latitude : - 32 . 1333 longitude : 153 . 1167\nneorossia leptodons occurs off australia ranging from new south wales to south australia ( reid and jereb 2005 ) .\nfigure . viscera of neorossia caroli . drawing modified from boletzky ( 1971 , p . 966 , fig . 1d ) .\nn . leptodons exhibits sexual dimorphism . females grow to 77 . 5 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 42 mm ml .\nreid , a . 1991 . taxonomic review of the australian rossiinae ( cephalopoda : sepiolidae ) , with a description of a new species , neorossia leptodons , and redescription of n . caroli ( joubin , 1902 ) . bulletin of marine science , 49 ( 3 ) ( 1991 ) : 748 - 831 . ( fig . 24a , b , p . 800 )\nboltezky , s . v . 1971 . neorossia n . g . pro rossia ( allorossia ) caroli joubin , 1902 , with remarks on the generic status of semirossia steenstrup , 1887 ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) . bulletin of marine science , 21 ( 4 ) : 964 - 969 .\ngeographical variation in the morphological characters of australian rossiinae were examined using principal component analysis ( pca ) , multivariate analysis of variance ( manova ) , discriminant function analysis ( dfa ) , analysis of variance ( anova ) and latitudinal and longitudinal regression analyses . the results show that morphological differences occur between populations of rossia from the north west shelf ( w . a . ) and populations from eastern and southern australia . evidence from these analyses suggest that these two populations are genetically distinct , the north west shelf specimens belonging to a possible new species , described as r . sp . 1 , the eastern and southern australian specimens identified as r . australis berry , 1918 and redescribed on the basis of new material . that all the latter specimens belong to a single species is further supported by electrophoretic evidence . a new species of neorossia , n . leptodons , is identified and described , differing from the only described representative of this genus , n . caroli ( joubin , 1902 ) , in the shape of the radular teeth . the two species were also shown to differ using multivariate statistical techniques . n . caroli is redescribed from the holotype and additional material . in addition , specimens of neorossia from southeastern australia are compared electrophoretically with r . australis . it was found that members of these two genera differed for 66 % of loci .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ntypical mantle - length 50 mm . lives in offshore waters in midwater . native . endemic to southeastern and southwestern australia ( nsw , tas , vic , sa and wa ) .\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nrespectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about this species . further research is recommended before an accurate assessment can be made .\nthis small species has a very wide depth range ( 130 to 1 , 110 m in depth ) ( reid and jereb 2005 ) . females attain a larger body size ( up to 77 . 5 mm in mantle length ) compared to males ( up to 42 mm in mantle length ) ( reid and jereb 2005 ) . members of the subfamily rossiinae are bottom living species that typically bury in soft sediments during the day , and emerge at night to feed ( norman 2003 ) .\nthis species is of no current interest to fisheries ( reid and jereb 2005 ) .\nbasic research is required on this species to elucidate its distribution , population size and life history characteristics .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\ntaxonomic review of the australian rossiinae ( cephalopoda : sepiol . . . : ingenta connect\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in ."]}
{"id": 1949, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia shirleyata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in southern california and arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from the end of november to late march or even early april . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eupithecia shirleyata", "paragraphs": ["this species in known from san diego . compare with locbf5723 - 15 , taken at torrey pines , in bold bin bold : aaf9455 . ( e . shirleyata is smaller but references omit measurements . ) references here . edit - wikipedia has ws = 23 mm for shirleyata and 22\u201326 mm for subapicata . packard ( 1876 ) has subapicata at 1 . 12\n( ~ 28 mm )\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29684 genus : eupithecia species : shirleyata sex : location : montara , mcnee ranch county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : mar 21 97 . . . more\nrevision of the north american species of the genus eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) james h . mcdunnough . 1949 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 93 ( 8 ) .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16619 genus : eupithecia species : interruptofasciata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 14 66 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 28261 genus : eupithecia species : intricata taylorata sex : location : golden gate park county : san francisco collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5869 genus : eupithecia species : macrocarpata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : in july specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 545 genus : eupithecia species : absinthiata sex : f location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : sep 19 98 specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5882 genus : eupithecia species : acutipennis sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 62 specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5865 genus : eupithecia species : maestosa maestosa sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3034 genus : eupithecia species : ravocostaliata sex : m location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : feb 4 95 speci . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5875 genus : eupithecia species : tripunctaria sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 12 61 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7999 genus : eupithecia species : nevadata nevadata sex : location : las trampas reg park county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16622 genus : eupithecia species : purpurissata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specime . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33651 genus : eupithecia species : agnesata sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : apr 4 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16601 genus : eupithecia species : karenae sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : wm . patterson coll _ date : oct 16 98 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7990 genus : eupithecia species : annulata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 8 96 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2067 genus : eupithecia species : bryanti sex : m location : point molate , richmond county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 10 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5884 genus : eupithecia species : graefii graefii sex : location : piedmont pines , ne oakland county : alameda collector : p . d . hurd coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29679 genus : eupithecia species : perfusca perfusca sex : location : costanea cg county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : sep 2 2007 s . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5883 genus : eupithecia species : subapicata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : mar 19 61 specimen _ loc : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5881 genus : eupithecia species : gilvipennata sex : location : berkeley , 2135 calif . st . county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : ma . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5886 genus : eupithecia species : implorata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5878 genus : eupithecia species : macdunnoughi sex : location : strawberry cyn county : alameda collector : j . a . powell coll _ date : mar 3 61 spec . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5879 genus : eupithecia species : cognizata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5867 genus : eupithecia species : longipalpata sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : oct 12 96 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7996 genus : eupithecia species : scabrogata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 97 spe . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33652 genus : eupithecia species : rindgei sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : 1989 - 9 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16623 genus : eupithecia species : mystiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : coll _ date : in may 71 specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20852 genus : eupithecia species : multiscripta sex : location : diamond mtn county : napa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 21 - 23 93 specime . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3033 genus : eupithecia species : mutata ( columbrata ) sex : m location : inverness ridge county : marin collector : c . e . griswold coll _ date : may . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16602 genus : eupithecia species : columbiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : mar 13 47 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16618 genus : eupithecia species : lachrymosa georgii sex : location : red hill county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : may 2 47 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5871 genus : eupithecia species : unicolor sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 13 62 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5877 genus : eupithecia species : sierrae sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 18 96 spec . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5876 genus : eupithecia species : rotundopuncta sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5874 genus : eupithecia species : bivittata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 4 55 specimen _ loc : u . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5866 genus : eupithecia species : subvirens sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 5 96 spe . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5868 genus : eupithecia species : sabulosata sex : location : albany county : alameda collector : r . a . belmont coll _ date : may 22 71 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16632 genus : eupithecia species : cestata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20856 genus : eupithecia species : appendiculata sex : location : spring mtn county : napa collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : aug 12 47 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16614 genus : eupithecia species : behrensata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : may 1 58 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5870 genus : eupithecia species : placidata sex : location : oakland county : alameda collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : oct 17 45 specimen _ loc : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5880 genus : eupithecia species : segregata sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : apr . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7993 genus : eupithecia species : zelmira sex : location : clayton county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : mar 11 72 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1888 genus : eupithecia species : olivacea sex : m location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 11 63 specimen _ l . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20863 genus : eupithecia species : plumasata sex : location : spring mtn , st helena county : napa collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : dec 29 8 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16629 genus : eupithecia species : gilata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : feb 27 52 specimen _ loc : . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris , c . d . , 2018 . geometridae : larentiinae : eupitheciini ( part ) . lepidoptera of north america , part 14 . contributions of the c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university ( over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nws : 22 - 26 mm according to wikipedia . packard ( 1876 ) has it as 1 . 12\n( ~ 28 mm )\nis smaller and the pale subapical costal is reduced to nearly obsolete . range : az .\nis smaller and temds to have duller wing colloration . range : southern ca .\nguenee , m . a . 1857 , uranides et phalentites . tome 2 . histoire naturelle des insectes . sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 10 : 331\npackard , a . s . 1876 . a monograph of the geometrid moths or phalaenidae of the united states . report of the united states geological survey of the territories . 10 : 62 ; pl . 8 , fg . 11\ncontributed by jason d . roberts on 17 may , 2008 - 2 : 08pm additional contributions by steve nanz , maury heiman , randy hardy last updated 6 november , 2016 - 5 : 35am\nwas this sent in to bold ? none of the examples so far have dna results back .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n\u00b0\u0083l\u0082\u00e3\u00f6\u0010y \u00b1\u00fa\u00a2\b\u00ed\u0010\u00fc\u00f3\u00f1 \u00ec\u001a \u00f3 ! \u009e ) 7 \u0083\u009a\u0081\u00e1\u0082\u00a6\u00e9\u00e9\u0090\u00f0\u0083p\u00be\u00b7i\u00fazh0b\u00e2 \u0015q\u000f\u000fy\u0004v\u0086\u0088la d ) \u00f4\u00fc \u00e1\u0010\u00fc\u00f7\u00f1 \u00faa\u001a\u0004\u00bd\u0010\u00b4d0 @ d * \u0001 } h\u0081y\u00bd\u0011\u000e\u00f0 nae \u0082wv\u00a41jm\u00e8 / j\u00b6\u00f3t\u00fe\u00e1\u0082j\b3p0 ` 4n\u00ba\u0018l \u00f4 \u00e1\u0006 \u00a2\u0016 ( 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\u00fd\u00ee\u00fd\u00df\u00e4\u00f3\u00fa\u00fd7\u00bf\u00ffp\u009a\u00f7\u00ff o\u00ff\u00ef ~ \u00fe\u007fi\u00ff\u00f2\u00fd\u00bf\u00ef\u00f5u\u00ef\u00ab\u00fb\u00f5\u00fd\u00fb\u00f2\u00ff\u00ff\u00bf\u00f7 ~ \u00bf\u00fd\u00fb\u00af\u00ebp\u00ff\u00f5m\u00b5\u00bfm + \u00ff\u00f3\u00ff\u00be\u0096\u00fd\u007f\u00a8a\u00ffj\u00f7\u00f7\u00f7\u00e4 ! wuu\u00ea\u00f5\u0087m\u0092\u00eb \u00fd\u00f8mom4\u00ee\u00d7\u00be\u00f3n\u00fd\u00b4 \u00e8\u008bmm\u00bf\u00ee\u00f4 ' \u00f7\u00eb\u000e\u00d7s\u00d7\u00fa\u00ee\u00bf\u00fbv\u00e3z\u00f0i\u00f5\u00fd\u00f4\u00f5\u00f5\u00fb \u00f8m5ot\u00b4\u00fb \u00fav\u0098v\u00f5 ? \u00b0\u009a\u00fa\u00fa\u00ebh \u0091\u009f\u00ad\u0094z\u007f\u00b0\u00eaz\u00ebr2\u00f2\u00b5t\u00f0\u00bbe\u0017u\u00eehw\u00f9\u0019\u00abf\u00b6\u00fa\u00eb\u00ff\u000f\u00ed ' ` \u00b7\u00b6\u009e\u0017\u00f3a\u00845\u00ed\u0006\u0098n \u008e\u0019p\u00ebm8a \u00b0\u0093 - \u00ae\u0081\u00b6\u0013 _ p\u00ae\u00ba\u00ed\u0084\u00ed { n\u00fd } \u00b4\u00f6\u00e2v\u00eb\u00a7a\u0006\u00bb ' w } * \u00a7\u00fd\u00f5 = \u0007a6\u001a\u00b0\u00e2\u00b1i\u00a6\u0083\u008aa\u0084 @ \u0084\b0\u00a9\u00b1\u00f8h\u00aa\u0086\u0080\u0081\u0084 \u008a\u00b0\u009b x\u008a\u0090\u00f8\u00905\u00b4\u00ee83\u0001\u0094\u009al0\u00b6\u0092l\u0018j\u00f2l\u00e0gt\u00ec\u0010\u00e1\u0082\u00ab $ \u00f3\u00b0\u00bam\u0084\u0093d\u0017\u00a2a n\u00e2\u0006\u009aj\u00df\u00bd\u0003b\u00ee\u0098k \u00100\u0081\u0084\u001b \u00e2m\u0082 \u00ea\u001ai\u0084\u0018a\u00eccb\u00b6 @ \u00ba\u0082 b \u00a6\u009f \u0084\u00e2\u00a1\u00a4\u009b \u0016\u001aq\u001aqli\u00b6\u0092h64\u00f6\u0018 * \u008aa\u00a4\u0013\u00e1\u0010\u00ecv\u00f4 0\u0094\u00b2\u008a \u0081\u00b9\u00985c\u0086\u00b0am\u0006\b0\u009c\u0086\u00e8a\u0006\u009b \u00f3d4e\u008d4\u00f3d4b \u00b4\u00f40\u00e5\u0004 \u0010a6\u009am0\u00f40h \u00f8\u00a8ip @ \u00fd \u009d\u00a4\u009a \u0083\b6 ( & \u00ed \u0090x & \u0083l \u00f9\u0007\u00b5b\u000e\u0082p\u00e2\u0083\u0015 \u00fd\u00faz\u00b4\u00f6\u00a1\u0090 ! \u00fd0\u009a ut\u00ec\u0086w\u0086\u0099 \u0010\u0098t\u009a\n\u00f4r\u001b \b0\u0083\u00a8 \u0083j ) \u00f3\u00a6\u0082\u0006\u0018 a\u0082t\u0098a\u00b4\u0010a\u00a6 ) : l\u00a7\u0006\u00e0\u0081\u0084\u00e2\u00a8 : \u00f9 \u0091i\u0084\u00e2n\u00b7a5\u00e1\u0082i\u00a7a5m4\u00e1\u0084\u00f3n\u00e2a ; \u0006\u00e2 ] za4\u009aa v\u0018p\u0099 \u00f6\u0093d4b\u00a4\u00f8i\u00fbi \u00fa\u00f8m & \u00fd\u00a7 ~ \u00fa\u00f8 ] 4\u00e8 = \u00152 \u00b3 \u00f3m4\u0018r \u00e8d\u0019 * \u00e2e\u00e0l\u00fb\u00f0\u0010a\u0010\u0082\u00e8r\u00e1b \u00f9\b z { m5\u00f80r $ \u0005\u00b5\n: a5\u0086 \u00e2\u00e3\u00fa\u0086 5 ' h0\u00b6\u009a\u00efa\u007fau\u0006 \u00aa \u008d\u00e2\u0011\u0012\u0097\u0088\u0088\u0088\u0088\u00e2 ! \u0084\u00e2\u0011 \u0087\u00fb\u0091t h4\u00f3 @ \u00e1\u0003\u0004\u001az * \u00f00xi\u00a7i\u00a6\u0081 a\u0082 4\u00f3n\u0018\n\u0004 @ \u00e894\u00f3b\u00f3u & : \u00b4\u00f3 _ \u00e2i\u0091t $ \u00e1\u0006b\u0081\u00199\u00ed\u00ebp\u0088\u0088\u0084\u00e3\bn\u00a1\b\u00e2\u0006\bc\u0004\n\u0019 \u00fa ! # e\u009a\u00180l\n\u0098m\u0006\u0013 = \u00a2\u0010q\u0006s a\b4a\u0090\u0091\u00b2\na\u0005\u00a1\n\u00185g\u00e2dda\u0093\u00f4\u00e9\u00f0h\u0081\u00e2\n\u0088\u009c\u00e4ddq dddda\u0094\u00ee\u00b0\u0086\n\u00f0\u008aa\u00bf\u0011\u008a\b \u00e9\u0011\u0081 > \u00bf\u00f2o\u00f4\u00ff\u00ba\u00d7\u00ff\u00ff\u00b6\u00bf\u00f2\u00be\u00fd\u0004\u00fb , 0\u0083\u00b1an\u00e1\u0003 < 0\u0089\u00b0\u00187n\u00f5\u00e3\u0086 \u00b9b\u00e2 ; \u00e1\u0094\u00e8h\u0014g\u00ff\u00f2\u0002 \u0011\u0019kh w % \u00a3 + \u00a5\u00117\u0006d\u00ba\u0004d @ 2n\u0004fxeu8\u00af\u00e6w\u00be\u0098m4\u00ea\u00ea5\u0004 \u00a4 \u00f3\b\u0018m\u0006\u009c ( ul\u0011\u0012j\u008d0\u0098a\u00a6\u0010as\u0005\u0096\u008d ` \u00a1st\u00e2\u00a7kj\u0013\u00b0\u00b0l ( ^ \u00f3\n\u00f0 ] sm4\u00e1uj\u0014\u0016\u00f5v\u00e2\u0017\u00a8 ' \u0099 * \u0086 \u00a7cy3\u00d7\u00ed ~ \u0097\u00f8r\u00b8\u0094\u00a9\u00a6\u00bf\u00fa\n\u00bc\u00e9ay \\ \u00f2\u009d\u0081\u00adav\u0093m\u00e9\u00ea\u009ai\u0090\u00ee\u00f4\u00f4g\u0014\u00e8 ' \u00bdo\u00f7v\u00b7\u00e8 4\u009do\u00b4\u009b\u0086\u00eb\u0083\u00f86\u00f58 ; [ mom ( 7\u00b0\u0083wp\u00ea\u00adsm\u0006\u00fapp\u00f2\u00b5\u0086\u0016\u001a\u00a7\u00fe\u00fd8a \u00e3 5 v\u0094w\u00f8o - \u0013 \u00af [ \u008bx\u00fe6\u00ba\u008b\u00ffu\u00e5\u00ae\u00d7\u00ff\u00bf\u00eb\u00eb\u00ff\u00a7\u00fdmo\u00fdu\u00f7\u00ea\u00ea\u00bf\u00fe\u00ae\u0097\u00b5\u00f4\u00bf\u00d7 ] w\u00fa\u00ff\u00eb\u00fa\u00fa \\ & \u0013\u00ec\u008b\u00a2\u0012\u00bd5\u00e2\u00eb\u00f3\n\u00e8 . iz\u009e\u00e2\u00e4 * ! \u0011\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncompiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .\nmany of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :\ntaxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .\nmany names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .\nacrolophus inquinatus ,\nwhich may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .\na full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .\nsource : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 22 2015 . ( link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of san francisco bay area\n.\nfile should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 1952, "summary": [{"text": "the genus sayornis is a small group of medium-sized insect-eating birds , known as phoebes , in the tyrant flycatcher family tyrannidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name sayornis is constructed from the specific part of charles lucien bonaparte 's name for say 's phoebe , muscicapa saya , and ancient greek ornis , \" bird \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the english phoebe is a name for the roman moon-goddess diana . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "phoebe ( bird )", "paragraphs": ["of the three phoebe species , the eastern phoebe\u2019s call most closely resembles its name .\nsome bird guides eschew words for more literal translations of a bird ' s song , but doing so ignores the point of mnemonic devices : aiding memory .\nthe eastern phoebe was the first bird to be banded in north america . in 1804 , john james audubon used a silver thread attached to its leg to note when the bird would return each year .\n@ parakeets : if the bird is capable of flight let it go . otherwise , small portions of ground beef ( you might have to force it into the bird\u2019s mouth until it learns to eat it ) until you can get the bird to a wildlife rehabilitater .\nin 1804 , the eastern phoebe became the first banded bird in north america . john james audubon attached silvered thread to an eastern phoebe ' s leg to track its return in successive years .\nanother\nfirst\n; the eastern phoebe was the first north american bird to be banded for study . john james audubon banded an individual with a silvered thread in 1804 , so he could document this bird ' s return the following spring .\nquestion : this seemingly unremarkable mystery bird is a remarkable\nfirst\nin north america . can you tell me about that\nfirst\n? this mystery bird will be challenging for you to identify from this image , but i think most of you can identify this bird ' s taxonomic family at least . can you identify this bird and tell me how to distinguish it from its family members ?\neastern phoebe , sayornis phoebe ( protonym , muscicapa [ ] phoebe ) , latham , 1790 , also known as the phoebe , as the bridge pewee or as the water pewee , photographed at white hall , virginia ( usa ) .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nresponse : this is an eastern phoebe , sayornis phoebe , the most common tyrant flycatcher ( family ; tyrannidae ) species that you ' ll see in the eastern united states . this migratory bird , which winters in central america , also pops up in western europe from time to time , giving the local birders a thrill .\nwhite breasted nuthatch , black phoebe and titmouse interacting at the birdbath at las pilitas nursery .\nsay\u2019s phoebe ( sayornis saya ) is the most colorful of the phoebes , gray above but a smart buffy orange below . it\u2019s also the hardiest , breeding as far north as the alaskan arctic , much further north , in fact , than any other flycatcher . looking at its range map , this phoebe seems to have split the u . s . with its eastern cousin . say\u2019s phoebe is named for the noted american naturalist , thomas say , who provided the first official descriptions of this bird and a number of other western species . one might find it ironic that say , considered the founder of descriptive entomology in the united states , has a bird named for him , but the fact that say\u2019s phoebe is a flycatcher seems rather poetic .\nmike is a leading authority in the field of standardized test preparation , but he ' s also a traveler who fully expects to see every bird in the world . besides founding 10 , 000 birds , mike has also created a number of other entertaining but now extirpated nature blog resources , particularly the nature blog network and i and the bird .\nthe black phoebe ( sayornis nigricans ) won\u2019t be mistaken for any other bird ; nothing else that size shows such dark plumage with a white belly to contrast . this phoebe is a fixture in the american southwest and central america and can be spotted all the way down to argentina . black phoebes eat bugs with the same gusto as any other flycatcher , but will also go after tiny fish .\nthe black phoebe hawks insects , usually over water or near water . it will occasionally eat small fish .\nthe black phoebe does not migrate . however , they will move around a little in spring and fall .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\nwhen the word \u201cphoebe\u201d comes up , most people automatically think of things like the outermost of saturn\u2019s known satellites , the greek titan - goddess of the moon , or the most fascinating and complex character from that happily departed sitcom , friends . anyone who has gone bird watching in north america , however , knows another kind of phoebe , a bold little genus that turns up with remarkable frequency from the arctic circle to the equator .\nthe eastern phoebe is a rather dull phoebe found in the east and across central canada . it frequently nests under eaves , bridges , or other overhangs on human - made structures . the eastern phoebe is most easily separated from other dull flycatchers by its characteristic habit of dipping its tail in a circular motion . monotypic . length 4 . 5\n.\ni haven\u2019t heard that before , rick , but can absolutely see why . vermilion phoebe isn\u2019t quite as catchy though !\nthanks , corey . as a matter of fact , i have seen a bird flying under the deck today , which is where the nest is , so mom & dad may be thinking about that second brood . couldn\u2019t tell if it was a phoebe , but i\u2019ll be on the lookout . we need them for bug control !\na few other exceptions to this color scheme are the frosty plumage of the scissor - tailed flycatcher highlighted by salmon pink underwings , the orangish coloration of the say\u2019s phoebe , and the black and white plumages of the eastern kingbird and black phoebe .\nthere\u2019s a good case to be made that vermilion flycatcher is also a \u201cphoebe , \u201d even though it\u2019s not a sayornis .\nif you have bird images , video or mp3 files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .\nthe sharp whistled call of the black phoebe is a typical sound along creeks and ponds in the southwest . the birder who explores such areas is likely to see the bird perched low over the water , slowly wagging its tail , then darting out in rapid flight to snap up an insect just above the water ' s surface . related to the familiar eastern phoebe of eastern north america , this species has a much wider range , living along streams from california to argentina .\nthe black phoebe builds a nest out of mud . this mud nest is placed on a cliff , bridge , or building .\neastern phoebes made ornithological history in 1804 when john james audubon tied silver thread on the legs of nestlings - the first north american experiment in bird banding . the next year he found two of his marked birds nesting nearby .\nweeks jr . , harmon p . 2011 . eastern phoebe ( sayornis phoebe ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe black phoebe needs a source of water . if there is water near your home you may be able to attract the black phoebe by planting appropriate plant material . they like trees , especially cottonwoods , for nesting and cover as well as a perch for hunting .\ndiet : black phoebe is mainly insectivorous . some birds are well adapted to capturing small fish . it may sometimes eat small berries .\nunlike most songbirds who must hear other birds to hone their vocalizations , an eastern phoebe raised in isolation will still sing a perfect song .\nthe eastern phoebe ( sayornis phoebe ) is common everywhere in the u . s . that might even vaguely be considered the east , and other parts besides . this bird is almost certainly the most common flycatcher within its range . it is also one of the most recognizable with its rounded head and telltale tail pump . bigger than an empidonax flycatcher and smaller than a myiarchus , the eastern phoebe is usually only mistaken for a pewee , and even that becomes unlikely with experience . this phoebe of phoebes is considered a loner as far as its own kind is concerned , but doesn\u2019t appear to mind human presence . in fact , this is one species that seems to thrive in the face of rampant development . because eastern phoebes are early migrants , they serve as a sweet harbinger of spring .\nthe eastern phoebe has a large range , estimated globally at 6 , 200 , 000 square kilometers . it is native to the nations of north america as well as belize , bahamas , cuba , and turks and caicos islands and prefers forest and shrubland ecosystems . the global population of this bird is estimated to be 16 , 000 , 000 individuals and it does not appear to meet population decline criteria that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . the current evaluation status of the eastern phoebe is least concern .\nhi heather , thanks for the information , it is much appreciated . my bird\u2019s name is cheerio and he is about 2 week\u2019s old now and he has almost all his feathers , he is a eastern phoebe , and i have had him for a week now . oh , and i was wondering about the ground beef , is there any special brand i need to get ?\ni was watching a chickadee create a nest when i heard the phoebe calling . i have seen them very often , but never heard them !\nthe black phoebe is found west of the sierra nevada range below 4000ft . there is also a small pocket of summer residents in inyo county .\nblack phoebe responds with alarm calls and flights to birds of prey and corvidae which threaten nests . it may swoop down at terrestrial predators and snap bill .\nnest under eve with four phoebe babies and babies died in nest fully feathered looking ready to fly . parent keeps coming to site , what would cause ?\nthe oldest known eastern phoebe was at least 10 years , 4 months old . it had been banded in iowa in 1979 , and was found in 1989 in alberta .\nscientific name : sayornis phoebe . family : flycatcher . length : 7 inches . wingspan : 10 - 1 / 2 inches . distinctive markings : white throat , long dark tail and a dark head . nest : mud and moss , lined with grasses , hair and feathers , under a bridge , deck or in a cave entrance ; holds two to six white eggs . voice : calls its name in rapid successions , \u201cphoebe , phoebe , phoebe . \u201d also , clear , whistled \u201cweew\u201d or \u201ctiboo . \u201d habitat : near water , woods with streams , farmyards and along wooded country roads with bridges crossing streams . diet : insects . backyard favorites : native plants to attract bugs .\nhi , just found few day old phoebe\u2019s . i\u2019m trying to get bugs into their tiny mouths \u2013 much more difficult than you\u2019d think . any suggestions ? can i feed them worms ?\nhi natalie , i just finished hand feeding 6 baby phoebes and i used kaytee exact hand feeding formula . you should be able to find it at any of your local pet supply stores , i just recently bought a container of it at petco . kaytee exact has all of the protein and nutrients that any baby bird needs . i am not sure how old your baby is but i use a small plastic syringe for feeding . good luck to you and your baby phoebe , let me know how it goes . heather : )\nrange : black phoebe breeds along pacific coasts , from southern oregon to central america into south america . it winters in most of breeding range , but northern populations may winter along gulf of california .\n@ renee : i would suggest contacting a wildlife rehabilitator : if you google search you should be able to find one near you . i imagine that if you can\u2019t get bugs into their mouths that chunks of earthworms can substitute until you can get the bird to a person who knows what they are about when it comes to raising birds .\nthe black phoebe is found in plant communities associated with water . they are almost always close to a water source . ( sometimes this water source can just be a lawn ) . they especially like cottonwoods\nwe have had the pleasure of having a black phoebe visit us every day for about the last two months . we have been feeding him mill worms . he will get very close , within 4 feet of us . he now calls us when we are indoors . on several occasions he has followed us to other friends homes . ( over 30 miles away ) our friends and relatives can not believe this is true , but we know it is . we feel very fortunate . he is a beautiful bird . please let me know if you have heard of this happening to others .\nthe use of buildings and bridges for nest sites has allowed the eastern phoebe to tolerate the landscape changes made by humans and even expand its range . however , it still uses natural nest sites when they are available .\nblack phoebe usually initiates flight from low perch after located prey , and it will pursue it until capture , in short and direct flight . it sallies from perch and hawks prey from the air , or gleans it from the ground or the water surface of a pond . it may skim floating insects on water . black phoebe rarely moves on ground , preferring to fly . it may occasionally land on ground near prey , and hop for capturing it .\nto give you an idea of their foraging behaviour , here ' s a brief video of an eastern phoebe hawking insects ( filmed at north carolina museum of life and science , durham , nc . uploaded 9 may 2008 ) :\nflight : black phoebe has direct flight with steady wing beats . it may hover while gleaning prey from various places , or within clouds of flying insects . it can perform some acrobatic flights with zigzags and spirals during flight displays .\nhello , i am raising a baby phoebe . i have been feeding him soaked dog food and fly\u2019s , but this morning he is not doing well . what do i feed him ? i have raised meney birds with the same thing .\nthe eastern phoebe\u2019s eponymous song is one of the first indications that spring is returning . it\u2019s also a great way to find phoebes as they go about their business in quiet wooded neighborhoods . just don\u2019t mistake the black - capped chickadee\u2019s sweet , whistled \u201cfee - bee\u201d call ; the phoebe\u2019s is much quicker and raspier . during early summer , a great way to find phoebes is to quietly explore around old buildings and bridges . look carefully under eaves and overhangs and you may see a nest .\ndespite its unobtrusive behavior and drab coloration , the eastern phoebe is a familiar bird to those who live within its range . its tendency to nest on human dwellings and under bridges has endeared it to many and earned it the common names of\nbridge pewee\nand\nbarn pewee\nin 19th century north america . indeed , this flycatcher ' s use of bridges has evidently been a key element in the spread of its breeding range into the great plains and the southeastern united states . unlike the barn swallow ( hirundo rustica ) , however , it has not totally abandoned its original nest sites and continues to nest on rock outcrops and other natural niches when available .\nmembers of the tyrannidae occur in most types of forested and non - forest habitats in north america except for the tundra . some species such as the willow flycatcher and black phoebe are associated with wetland habitats , others like the olive - sided and hammond\u2019s flycatchers need coniferous forests , and other species such as the cassin\u2019s kingbird and say\u2019s phoebe , occur in grasslands . related species often replace each other in different habitats or regions such as in the case of the eastern and western wood - peewees .\nan eastern phoebe has just built her nest around a ten penny nail on my front porch . it just happens to be right over the step down into the yard . it took me a couple of days to determine the kind of bird she was since i am not very well educated about the different kinds of birds in my area . i was worried about where she built the nest , but my coming and going hasn\u2019t seemed to deter her at all . she started spending the night in the nest even before she finished it completely . if i go out at night , she raises her head and watches me . i hope she continues to be tolerant of me .\nsauer , j . r . , d . k . niven , j . e . hines , d . j . ziolkowski , jr . , k . l . pardieck , j . e . fallon , and w . a . link ( 2017 ) . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966\u20132015 . version 2 . 07 . 2017 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md , usa .\ncall : typical call is a sharp tsip , similar to the black phoebe \u2019s . song : distinctive , rough whistled song consists of 2 phrases : schree - dip followed by a falling schree - brrr ; sometimes strung together one after the other .\nheather . if the birds still need to be cared for and you know where the parents are , leave the nest there . the parents are not at all put off by the scent of humans , but they probably won\u2019t approach the birds in your presence . if you\u2019re going to try to feed them , consider corey\u2019s suggestion above of ground beef . you should also consider contacting your local bird rehabilitation center for more information . good luck !\nyes heather , cheerio is doing much better , he is learning to sit on my finger now and is eating like crazy , i started feeding him a different kind of dog food , so that could have made the difference . have you raised any other birds , i have raised , a starling , and some kind of sparrow ( we never knew what he was ) and a few others , and now cheerio . i could send you some photos of them if you want . if so my email is backonthetrail @ urltoken i wold love to send you some photos of my last bird ( he was a phoebe to ) he was crippled but he was special . i would love to keep in touch .\none of our most familiar eastern flycatchers , the eastern phoebe\u2019s raspy \u201cphoebe\u201d call is a frequent sound around yards and farms in spring and summer . these brown - and - white songbirds sit upright and wag their tails from prominent , low perches . they typically place their mud - and - grass nests in protected nooks on bridges , barns , and houses , which adds to the species\u2019 familiarity to humans . hardy birds , eastern phoebes winter farther north than most other flycatchers and are one of the earliest returning migrants in spring .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto black phoebe\u2019s most common call is a \u201ctsip\u201d used all year round during flights , when foraging , or against nest predators . it is a sharp sound , more plaintive than eastern phoebe\u2019s call . we can also hear a loud \u201ctseee\u201d . song is a four syllable sound , a rising \u201cpee - wee\u201d followed by other descending \u201cpee - wee\u201d . also a bright \u201cpidl - eee\u201d or \u201cpi - ts - lee\u201d repeated several times . chatter vocalizations are used when male approaches female and during sexual behaviour .\nthe eastern phoebe is a loner , rarely coming in contact with other phoebes . even members of a mated pair do not spend much time together . they may roost together early in pair formation , but even during egg laying the female frequently chases the male away from her .\nflying insects make up the majority of the eastern phoebe\u2019s diet . common prey include wasps , beetles , dragonflies , butterflies and moths , flies , midges , and cicadas ; they also eat spiders , ticks , and millipedes , as well as occasional small fruits or seeds . back to top\njust curious\u2026we just had our annual phoebe visitation . they raised 3 chicks , and left today or yesterday . where do they go ? are they in the neighborhood , teaching the young ones how to hunt ? or have they moved on to a summer home ? thanks , michael in maine\neastern phoebe : breeds in eastern north america , although its normal range does not include the southeastern coastal united states . migratory , winters from the ohio river to the gulf coast . very rare vagrant to western europe . preferred habitats include open woodland , farmland and suburbs , often near water .\npewees are darker and they have longer wings , but they are most easily separated from phoebes by the phoebes\u2019 distinctive tail wagging . empidonax flycatchers have eye rings and wing bars , which are absent in the eastern phoebe . an empidonax flycatcher flicks its tail upward ; only the gray flycatcher dips its tail downward .\nhabitat : black phoebe favourite habitats are coastal cliffs , river banks , shorelines of lakes and ponds , creeks and streams , fountains in parks . it can be found from sea level to 3 , 000 metres of elevation . this species is associated with water , accompanied by source of mud required for nest construction .\nbehaviour : black phoebe sits and waits on exposed perches , waiting for preys . it takes prey in open areas and from air . it forages over grasslands , water , roads , gardens and parks . during breeding season , mates forage separately , male in open areas , and female inside and at canopy edge .\nthis phoebe is one of the earliest migrants to nest in the northern united states and southern canada , with pairs forming and building nests in late march in the southern reaches of its breeding range . a monogamous and typically double - brooded species , individuals usually keep the same mate for both broods . the unique character and scarcity of this phoebe ' s nest sites promotes strong site - attachment , so that the same pair occasionally occupies the same site in successive years\u00bfa fact first documented by john james audubon in 1804 when he tied a small circle of silver thread to the legs of nestling phoebes and then documented their return in successive years .\nmost eastern phoebes winter in the southeastern united states , although some winter as far north as the lower midwest and as far south as mexico . severe winters in the southern united states may cause periodic population crashes of this species . although strongly insectivorous , this phoebe can subsist on fruits when cold , windy weather makes insects scarce .\nbecause of its intimate association with humans and their edifices , there is a long history of anecdotal accounts and observational notes for the eastern phoebe . however , there is also a plethora of scientific studies , many focusing on aspects of reproductive biology and behavior . the earliest major work is that of klaas ( 1970 ) , in kansas , which is at the western limit of this phoebe ' s distribution ; yet other major works have followed in kansas , specifically those of murphy ( 1994 ) and schukman ( 1974 ) . weeks ( 1978 , 1979 ) conducted long - term studies in indiana ; conrad and robertson ( 1993a , b ) examined reproductive behavior in ontario , as did hill and gates ( 1988 ) in west virginia .\ndespite its plain appearance , this flycatcher is often a favorite among eastern birdwatchers . it is among the earliest of migrants , bringing hope that spring is at hand . seemingly quite tame , it often nests around buildings and bridges where it is easily observed . best of all , its gentle tail - wagging habit and soft fee - bee song make the phoebe easy to identify , unlike many flycatchers .\neastern phoebes are occasional , sometimes frequent , hosts , of the brown - headed cowbird ; that fact , coupled with the easy availability of nests , has led to several major investigations of cowbird / phoebe associations , beginning with klaas ( 1975 ) in kansas and followed by rothstein ( 1975 , 1986 ) in connecticut and michigan , and most recently hauber ( 2001 , 2003a , 2006 ) in new york .\nhello , i accidently ended up with a nest full of baby black phoebes . there are six of them and i would say they are maybe a day to 2 days old . i tried putting the nest up high where it was originally but the parents never approached the babies again , so i started feeding them . i have baby bird food that i feed my baby cockatiels . now i am finding out that they are insect eaters , what do i do now ? what do i feed them an how do i care for them ? ? incubator ? ? do you think the parents would of eventually come around and fed them ? please , any info will be very much appreciated ! thank you , heather : )\nthis soft - voiced flycatcher of the west is like the other two phoebes in its tail - wagging habit ; but unlike them , it often lives in very dry country , far from water . it is typical of prairies , badlands , and ranch country , often placing its nest under the eaves of a porch or barn . in open terrain where there are few high perches , say ' s phoebe may watch for insects in the grass by hovering low over the fields .\ni am so excited to have mr & mrs phoebe in my yard . we had a pond / waterfall put in last year and they have been visiting us since . and i think they like it because they have built a nest . up under an eave and hidden from all . made of mud and grass . i think she recently layed her eggs . i be keeping my eyes out for those little guys when they get here . and i think they are territorial because they chase other birds away from the pond . they think it\u2019s theres alone . funny birds to enjoy in the backyard .\ndescription : black phoebe is a small black and white flycatcher . adult has black upperparts , head and breast . belly and vent are white . wings show paler feathers\u2019 edges . head , breast and upper back are rather sooty black . lower back , wings and tail are brownish slate . white colour on belly form an inverted v . dark tail shows white outer edges of external coverts . thin , pointed bill is black . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are black . male and female show the same plumage , but during breeding season , male has cloacal protuberance and female has brood patch .\na black phoebe began visiting and perching on a chair near the pool several months ago . it seems to like hearing my voice , so i greet it each time it calls to me . it hasn\u2019t followed us that i know of , but we were away for 5 days last week and when i put the kitchen blind up the morning after returning he came fluttering very close to the window in a more excited manner than usual . today , i heard him chirping and there he was perched very close to the window with a moth fluttering in his beak . almost as if he wanted to show me his catch .\nthus best known aspects of this species ' life history are reproduction ( especially clutch size ) , nesting success , and impacts of nest parasitism . additionally , aspects of nestling growth ( stoner 1959 , mahan 1964 , murphy 1981 ) and behavioral displays and songs ( smith 1969 , 1970 ) are well described . in contrast , except for the work of beal ( 1912 ) and via ( 1979 ) , we know relatively little of the eastern phoebe ' s food habits and only a modicum about its energy budgets , relationships , and trade - offs . recently , substantial dna work has been done ( beheler 2001 ) , studies that have documented considerable extra - pair paternity and polygyny in this socially monogamous species .\nreproduction : black phoebe female selects nest - site . nest is situated above water , and above high - water mark . nests situated above the ground are higher than others . nest may be found in dirt ledges along streams , sheltered places on large rocks over water , or in tree under broken branch , walls\u2026 female throws mud pellets onto vertical surface , in order to form a line , horizontal or upwards arc . then , she builds an open cup cemented with mud to a wall or other support . mud is mixed with grass , dry vegetation or hair . interior is lined with woven plant fibres , feathers and hair . it is usually situated under a ceiling , in a sheltered place , such crevices , ledges\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nwelcome to oed online . if you or your library subscribes , dive straight in to the riches of the english language . if not , click on the images below to learn more about the oed , see what ' s new , or take a look at aspects of english , our language feature section .\nthis year sees the 90th anniversary of the publication of the completed first edition of the oxford english dictionary . find out more about our birthday celebrations >\nwhich english words are used where you are ? help us add more regional words to the dictionary . submit your word >\nwhat ' s new : more than 900 new words , senses , and subentries have been added to the oxford english dictionary in our latest update , including binge - watch , impostor syndrome , and silent generation . find out more >\nnew article : coinciding with the 90th anniversary of the publication of the house at pooh corner , several words from winnie - the - pooh have been added to the oed in this update . read more >\nonline access to the full oed , and now incorporating the historical thesaurus of the oed .\nany of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .\nconsider putting up a nest box to attract a breeding pair . make sure you put it up well before breeding season . attach a guard to keep predators from raiding eggs and young . find out more about nest boxes on our attract birds pages . you ' ll find plans for building a nest box of the appropriate size on our all about birdhouses site .\nunlike most birds , eastern phoebes often reuse nests in subsequent years\u2014and sometimes barn swallows use them in between . in turn , eastern phoebes may renovate and use old american robin or barn swallow nests themselves .\neastern phoebes breed in wooded areas ( particularly near water sources ) that provide nesting sites\u2014typically human - built structures such as eaves of buildings , overhanging decks , bridges , and culverts . before these sites were common , phoebes nested on bare rock outcrops and still do occasionally . they seem to choose nest sites with woody understory vegetation nearby , possibly to make the nest site less visible or to provide perches near the nest for the adult . on migration they use wooded habitats and show somewhat less of an association with water . during winter , eastern phoebes occur in deciduous woods , more often near woodland edges and openings than in unbroken forests . back to top\neastern phoebes build nests in niches or under overhangs , where the young will be protected from the elements and fairly safe from predators . they avoid damp crevices and seem to prefer the nests to be close to the roof of whatever alcove they have chosen . nests are typically less than 15 feet from the ground ( in a few cases they have been built below ground level , in a well or cistern ) .\nonly the female builds the nest , often while the male accompanies her . she constructs the nest from mud , moss , and leaves mixed with grass stems and animal hair . the nest may be placed on a firm foundation or it may adhere to a vertical wall using a surface irregularity as a partial foundation . the female may at first need to hover in place while she adds enough of a mud base to perch on . nests can take 5\u201314 days to build and are about 5 inches across when finished . the nest cup is 2 . 5 inches across and 2 inches deep . unlike most birds , nests are often reused in subsequent years\u2014and sometimes used by barn swallows in some years .\neastern phoebes sit alertly on low perches , often twitching their tails as they look out for flying insects . when they spot one , they abruptly leave their perch on quick wingbeats , and chase down their prey in a quick sally\u2014often returning to the same or a nearby perch . less often , they hover to pick insects or seeds from foliage . phoebes rarely occur in groups , and even mated pairs spend little time together . males sing their two - parted , raspy song throughout the spring and aggressively defend their territory from others of their eastern phoebes , though they tolerate other species . both sexes , but particularly the female , attempt to defend the nest against such predators as snakes , jays , crows , chipmunks , mice , and house wrens . back to top\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\npopulation probably increased as buildings and bridges provided many more potential nesting sites . current numbers are apparently stable .\nstreamsides , farms , woodland edges . in breeding season , typically found near water in woodland or semi - open country . may be limited mostly by availability of good nest sites , which are often along streams . in migration and winter , found around edges of woods , brushy areas , often near water .\nforages by watching from a perch and flying out to catch insects . most are caught in mid - air , some are taken from foliage while hovering briefly . also drops to the ground to pick up insects there . perches in shrubs or trees to eat berries .\n4 - 5 , sometimes 2 - 6 . white , sometimes with a few dots of reddish brown . incubation is by female only , about 16 days . young : both parents bring food for nestlings . young usually leave nest about 16 days after hatching . adults typically raise 2 broods per year .\nboth parents bring food for nestlings . young usually leave nest about 16 days after hatching . adults typically raise 2 broods per year .\nmostly insects , some berries . insects make up great majority of summer diet ; included are many small wasps , bees , beetles , flies , true bugs , grasshoppers , and others . also eats some spiders , ticks , and millipedes . small fruits and berries are eaten often during the cooler months , and are probably an important part of the winter diet .\nmale defends nesting territory by singing , especially at dawn . occasionally one male may have two mates , and may help to feed the young in two nests at once . nest : original sites were probably always on vertical streambanks or small rock outcrops in the woods , with a niche providing support below and some shelter above . now often builds nest under bridges , in barns , in culverts , or in other artificial sites . same site may be used repeatedly , and may build on top of old nest . nest ( built by female ) is an open cup with a solid base of mud , built up with moss , leaves , and grass , lined with fine grass and animal hair .\nmigrates quite early in spring and late in fall , especially compared to other flycatchers .\nclear phoe - be , repeated many times ; the second syllable is alternately higher or lower than the first . call note a distinctive , short chip .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nthanks to audubon vermont and others , the already green state is becoming even more proactive about preventing forest fragmentation .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\nnumbers apparently stable , possibly increasing in some areas where artificial ponds have added to nesting habitat .\nshady streams , walled canyons , farmyards , towns ; near water . occurs in a variety of semi - open habitats . rarely found away from vicinity of water , which may be natural streams or ponds , or irrigation ditches or even water troughs ; water ensures the availability of mud for nests .\nforages by watching from a perch and darting out to catch insects , often just above water . catches insects in mid - air , or may hover while picking them from foliage or sometimes from water ' s surface . may also take insects from the ground , especially in cool weather . indigestible parts of insects are coughed up as pellets . male and female maintain separate feeding territories in winter .\n4 , sometimes 3 - 6 . white ; some ( thought to be the last laid ) may have reddish - brown dots . incubation is by female only , 15 - 17 days . young : fed by both parents . may leave nest 2 - 3 weeks after hatching . usually 2 broods per year , rarely 3 .\nfed by both parents . may leave nest 2 - 3 weeks after hatching . usually 2 broods per year , rarely 3 .\nalmost entirely insects . feeds on a wide variety of insects including beetles , grasshoppers , crickets , wild bees , wasps , flies , moths , caterpillars . occasionally eats small fish .\nin courtship , male performs song - flight display , fluttering in the air with rapidly repeated calls , then descending slowly . nest : mud nests are usually plastered to sheltered spot such as cliff face , bridge support , culvert , or under eaves of building . occasionally in well a few feet below ground level . often returns to same nesting site year after year . nest ( probably built by female ) is an open cup , semi - circular if attached to vertical wall , circular if placed on flat beam . nest is made of mud mixed with grass and weeds , lined with soft materials such as plant fibers , rootlets , hair .\nmostly a permanent resident , but departs in fall from highest elevations and from northern edge of range in southwest .\nsong is a thin , buzzy pi - tsee , usually repeated . call is a sharp , down - slurred chip .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\n' s tweets and complete profile . click the\nfollow\nbutton to send a follow request .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsurprise ! i decided to give all of you a may day present ! fruit & flower enamel mugs are going to be available for pre - order tomorrow at 9am pst ! check my shop when the time comes : urltoken ! they will ship on / after may 12th .\nimage : pete myers , 2 march 2009 ( with permission ) [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d300 80 - 400mm f / 4 . 5 - 5 . 6 nikkor iso 320 focal length 400mm 1 / 500 at f / 6 . 3\neastern phoebes are consistently amongst the first migratory birds to arrive in the northeastern usa - - i ' ve seen them in central park in new york city in late march , which is at least three weeks before the first wave of neotropical migrants begins to arrive . they also are amongst the last migrants to leave in autumn .\neastern phoebes are fairly tolerant of humans and their structures , hence their alternative common names . this trait has probably contributed to the increase in this species ' population and range since historic times . however , these birds are not very tolerant of each other , and tend to spend most of their time alone , even when breeding .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nby downloading this nest box plan you will be subscribed to the cornell lab of ornithology and nestwatch enewsletters . you will receive a confirmation email with a link to complete subscription .\nthis species is in decline in certain regions . you can put up a nest box to help if you live in the right region and habitat .\nplace the platform close to overhead cover ( e . g . , overhangs , ledges ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 cornell university cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods rd ithaca , ny 14850 tel : 800 . 843 . 2473\nadapts well to changes in landscape , often nesting in residential areas . numbers apparently stable .\nscrub , canyons , ranches . found in open or semi - open terrain , often in dry country , avoiding forested areas . often in farmland , savannah , or prairie in south , dry upland tundra in northern part of range . unlike the other two phoebes , has no special attachment to vicinity of water .\nforages by perching on low shrub or rock and darting out to capture insects . may catch its food in mid - air , or take it from low foliage or from ground . also often hovers low over fields until prey is spotted , then drops to ground to capture it . indigestible parts of insects are coughed up as pellets .\n4 , sometimes 3 - 7 . white ; some ( thought to be the last laid ) may have small brown or reddish spots . incubation is by female only , 12 - 14 days . young : both parents bring food to nestlings . young leave nest about 14 - 16 days after hatching . 1 - 2 broods per year , sometimes 3 in the south .\nboth parents bring food to nestlings . young leave nest about 14 - 16 days after hatching . 1 - 2 broods per year , sometimes 3 in the south .\nalmost entirely insects . often feeds heavily on wild bees , wasps , winged ants . other insects in diet include beetles , moths , grasshoppers , crickets , and dragonflies . also eats spiders and millipedes , and occasionally eats berries .\nmales are thought to arrive on breeding grounds before females . male sings to defend nesting territory , usually from exposed perch , sometimes in flight - song display . nest site varies : on rocky ledge or crevices in cliffs or caves , in wells or mine shafts , under bridges or eaves ; occasionally in natural tree cavity or hole in bank . may take over old swallow nest . nest ( probably built by female , but details not well known ) is a flat open cup made of grass , weeds , moss , spiderwebs , wool , and other materials . unlike other phoebes , usually uses no mud in nest .\nmigrates north relatively early in spring . occasionally strays to atlantic coast ( once even to bermuda ) , mostly in fall .\nthe eastern is brownish gray above ; darkest on head , wings , and tail . its underparts are mostly white , with pale olive wash on sides and breast . fresh fall adult easterns are washed with yellow , especially on the belly . molt occurs on the breeding grounds . juvenile : plumage is briefly held and similar to the adult\u2019s but browner , with 2 cinnamon wing bars and cinnamon tips to the feathers on the upperparts .\ncommon . breeding : woodlands , farmlands , parks and suburbs ; often near water . migration : breeders return to the midwest mid - march\u2013late april and depart late september\u2013early october . rare in fall and winter to california . vagrant : casual west of the rocky mountains and northwestern great plains . accidental to southern yukon and northern alaska ; sight record for england .\nbill , legs , and feet are black . feeds on insects , small fish , berries and fruit . weak fluttering bouyant flight .\nsong is a raspy\nfee - bee\nor\nfee - b - b - bee\n.\na group of flycatchers has many collective nouns , including an\noutfield\n,\nswatting\n,\nzapper\n, and\nzipper\nof flycatchers .\nthe passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) , a large taxonomic order that includes antbirds , cotingas , and flycatchers , is composed of one hundred eighteen families of birds .\nthe tyrannidae ( pronounced tie - ran - uh - dee ) , or tyrant flycatchers , is a very large , successful family of four hundred and twenty - four species in one hundred genera only found in the americas .\nin north america , one hundred forty - seven species of tyrant flycatchers in fifty - eight genera have occurred . these include the brilliant vermillion flycatcher , the sassy kingbirds , and the bridge - loving phoebes .\nsome tyrant flycatchers are known for their bold , aggressive behavior , this family often called the tyrant flycatchers for this reason . the eastern kingbird in particular , seems to go out of its way to chase much larger birds ( such as turkey vultures ) away from its territory .\nsmall to medium in size , tyrant flycatchers have stocky heads with medium sized beaks , tails that vary in length , and long wings . they also have short legs suited to their arboreal lifestyles .\ntyrant flycatchers do not nest in colonies and mostly forage in pairs or alone although the eastern kingbird forms flocks during migration and on its wintering grounds in amazonia . most north american flycatchers share a similar foraging strategy that often varies by niche and prey item . this foraging strategy involves watching for insects from a perch , sallying out to catch one with a snap of the beak , and returning to the perch to eat it .\nmost tyrant flycatcher species have stable populations in north america . the olive - sided flycatcher , though , has sharply declined throughout its range possibly due to habitat destruction on its wintering grounds and has been listed as near - threatened ."]}
{"id": 1964, "summary": [{"text": "the apical flycatcher ( myiarchus apicalis ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to colombia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "apical flycatcher", "paragraphs": ["apical flycatcher is a songbird endemic to colombia . the species lives in gallery forest in vallies in western colombia below 1700 meters in elevation . it is an easy myiarchus flycatcher to identify , as it is the only member of that genus with conspicuous white tips to the tail feathers . otherwise it is a normal - appearing member of the genus with large size , slim shape , stout bill , and crest , and typical behavior , conspicuously hawking insects around woods and borders . apical flycatcher gives several call types , a dry whit call , stutters , and whistles .\njoseph , l . ( 2018 ) . apical flycatcher ( myiarchus apicalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species thrives in secondary and open habitats and is suspected to be expanding its range as deforestation continues ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nupper parts of four river systems in wc colombia : cauca valley ( valle and cauca ; recorded also in antioquia ) , pacific slope in arid valleys of upper r dagua ( valle ) , upper r pat\u00eda ( nari\u00f1o and valley of r calima ) , and magdalena valley ( santander and boyac\u00e1 s to huila ) .\nwith conspicuous pale whitish tail tips ; crest more bushy than on most congeners . crown is brownish - olive , darker feather . . .\nrepeated rolls , hiccups and whistles in response to intruding conspecifics ; typically , gives long . . .\nmost numerous in scrubby vegetation of dry to arid valleys ; also recorded in forest and lighter . . .\ninsects and small fruit ; a beetle ( coleoptera ) found in one stomach . singly or in pairs . forages by sallying from perch at middle and lower . . .\nlaying recorded in jul , sept and nov\u2013feb ; males with enlarged testes late jan to mid - apr . nests found in tree cavity 5 m up and in . . .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in colombian inter - andean valleys eba . uncommon to locally fairly common . common in upper dagua valley w of cali ( . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\nphylogenetic study based on mtdna # r found that , with exception of m . semirufus , this genus comprises two clades , one of predominantly caribbean and central and north american taxa , the other of south american taxa . see also rhytipterna ( above ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myiarchus apicalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmale singing and doing aggressive displays in a scrub adyacent to forest edge . i t was recorded for 5 minutes , but their calls and songs were between long pauses . this is the first cut .\nsame male as xc405882 . second cut after 3 minutes with respect to the first one .\nsame individual as xc405882 . in this case third cut with respect to the second one after 2 minutes .\nsame male as xc405882 . fifth cut , 2 and 34 minutes after fourth cut .\nsame male as xc405882 . sixth cut , 1 and 27 minutes after 5 cut .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 690 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of bird photos and video from around the world , or upload your own .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\ndo you want to translate into other languages ? have a look at our english - hungarian dictionary .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\nin english scientific usage , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\ntyran \u00e0 queue givr\u00e9e : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nen fran\u00e7ais , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage ."]}
{"id": 1970, "summary": [{"text": "negeta contrariata is a moth in the nolidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from the indo-australian tropics of india , sri lanka , borneo east to australia ( queensland ) and bismarck archipelago . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "negeta contrariata", "paragraphs": ["negeta contrariata ; [ poole ] ; [ mob18 ] : 180 , pl . 9 , f . 469 , 472\nnegeta abbreviata ; [ poole ] ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , f . 473\nnegeta aureata holloway , 2003 ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , 474 ; tl : brunei , 30 - 60m , labi\nnegeta montanata holloway , 2003 ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , f . 470 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , park h . q . , 1620m\nthe adult moths are brown with a large white spot near the tip of each forewing .\n1 - 3 & 4 - 6 , two \u2642\u2642 : data see label ( coll . & photos : egbert friedrich )\n1 - 3 , \u2640 : data see label ( coll . & photos : egbert friedrich )\n( 1862 : ) [ from copyright - free scan at www . biodiversitylibrary . org ]\ndoranaga apicalis m oore , [ 1887 ] [ synonym according to funet . fi ]\noriginal description : w alker , f . ( 1862 ) : list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum 24 : 1021 - 1280 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : a common species and widely distributed . it is found in lowland and at moderate altitudes . there is some variety in the apical triangle which usually is pure white but in some specimens is suffused with dark grey .\npapua localities : waigeo island : camp nok ; supiori island : nansfori ; roon island : yende ; new guinea : andai , fakfak ( kapaur ) , getentiri , landikma , lelambo , mabilabol , prafi , sabron camp ( cyclops ) , tuan wowi , wendesi , yasur , yongsu . details in gazetteer .\nexternal distribution : indo - australia , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , australia .\nthe adult moths are brown with a large white spot near the tip of each forewing . the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nnertobriga signata subterminalis gaede , 1938 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 11 : 449 - 450\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nwalker , 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )\ndescription : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases ."]}
{"id": 1982, "summary": [{"text": "the flores crow ( corvus florensis ) is a species of bird in the family corvidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to indonesia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "flores crow", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . flores crow 2 . flores crow 3 . flores crow 4 . flores crow > > adult 5 . flores crow 6 . flores crow 7 . flores crow 8 . flores crow 9 . flores crow 10 . flores crow\n40 cm . medium - sized , forest - dwelling crow . plumage all black , dark iris . feathering extends halfway along ridge of bill .\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in northern nusa tenggara eba . rare . formerly found throughout flores , but now virtually restricted to rainforests at extreme w . . .\nthis rather diminutive crow has a very small population , which is subject to a continuing decline in the face of rampant deforestation on its island home . it thus qualifies as endangered .\nmadge , s . ( 2018 ) . flores crow ( corvus florensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n40 cm ; c . 175 g . small crow with relatively short bill with gently curving culmen , nostrils very long but concealed by dense nasal tuft ( which extends half - way along side of . . .\nconduct further surveys in central and eastern flores ( particularly in northern ende , where moist , deciduous monsoon - forest is reported to be extensive ) to establish its current distribution and population size . conduct ecological research to assess its success in different forest - types and the impact of cuckoo parasitism . extend wolo tadho strict nature reserve and support the establishment of further protected areas in western flores ( including tanjung kerita mese , golo bilas and nanga rawa ) .\n, where it is known chiefly from the lowlands in the western half of flores ( birdlife international 2001 ) . it seems likely that it has always been relatively uncommon , although locally frequent in undisturbed habitat . overall , it is acknowledged to occur only at low densities , with most encounters involving single birds , and appears to have declined .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nrepeated 1 - 3 times , resonant popping or gurgling and wheezing contact call .\nthe population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : this species is suspected to be declining at a moderate rate , through forest loss ( and perhaps also brood parasitism by cuckoos ) .\nbeing a species targeted for study . it has been recorded in the wolo tadho strict nature reserve and wae wuul nature reserve .\nedited habitats and ecology information text . added new reference , new contributor and new facilitator / compiler .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22705956a110289015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : corvus florensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nalong with c . typicus sometimes separated in nesocorax . relationships uncertain , possibly a separate lineage # r # r ; earlier thought perhaps to be an ancient derivative of the \u201c c . enca complex\u201d , but differs fundamentally in bill structure and plumage texture . monotypic .\nusual call a high - pitched , but downwardly inflected rasping\ncwaaa\nor\nwaaaak\n, repeated up to . . .\ntall secondary and primary moist , semi - deciduous monsoon forest along watercourses ; chiefly in . . .\nno specific information on diet ; most likely to consist of small invertebrates and small fruits . forages in ones and twos , parties of up to . . .\nseason sept\u2013jan . nest constructed of sticks , built c . 12 m above ground ; one documented nest was in isolated tree amid wooded . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 683 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 12 . 31 , website ( version 31 - dec - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 1986, "summary": [{"text": "gamos ( 1867 \u2013 1893 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1870 epsom oaks .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "sold to william graham as a yearling , gamos won six out of eight starts as a two-year-old in 1869 , but failed to improve her racing form after the 1870 oaks .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "gamos raced until she was four-years-old and retired from racing in 1871 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "gamos was not successful as a breeding mare and died in 1893 after being sold for \u00a3 15 in 1890 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "gamos", "paragraphs": ["hieros gamos provides information on a wide range of topics pertinent to human resource professionals .\n30th november 2016 : new gamos release 5 . 1 . 0 ! ( see release notes >\n1600 los gamos dr . # 200 san rafael , ca 94903 p ( 415 ) 473 - 7250\ngamos is a geant4 - based framework that is at the same time easy - to - use and flexible .\nthe full sendjobs file can be found in your gamos distribution , under the directory tutorials / rttytorial / exercise2 .\nprof peter dunn - co - founder of gamos a great man and a good friend to all of us . urltoken\nfor comments or questions , please contact gamos webmaster . ciemat copyright 2009 . last updated : 08 / 07 / 2013 .\nhieros gamos is the sacred marriage of a human being with divinity ( the inner spirit ) and the unification between all life expressions .\nin summary , by using gamos you will be able to carry your geant4 - based simulation in an easy way without c + + coding and at the same time you will have the flexibility of using any of the geant4 components and mix with or substitute the gamos components .\n# # # run job in background gamos $ new _ inputfile\n. inn\n2 > & 1 | tee $ log _ inputfile & # # # run job in foreground # gamos $ new _ inputfile\n. inn\n2 > & 1 | tee $ log _ inputfile\nthe everyday disaster of gamos and gndr data the sendai conference is currently under way in japan . this is the 3rd world conference on disaster . . .\nfrom the very beginning gamos has had a strong focus on renewable energy technology and development . this has now grown into other parts of the energy sector , including energy efficient housing and the impact of the withdrawal of modern energy on the urban poor . into the energy sector gamos brings socio - economic and behavioural tools from other sectors . for example when assessing the impact of small scale wind generators in inner mongolia the gamos team used a combination of semi - structure interviews and participatory exercises to explore issues associated with affordability , awareness and priority .\nsaunterer was considered a failure in the stud , although he did get some good runners , including the oaks winner gamos ( ch f 1867 ) . he died in september of 1878 .\nthanks to its big flexibility , already a sensible fraction of the over 2 , 500 gamos users work in other fields than medical physics . if this is your case we recommend you to have a look at the ' histogram and scorer tutorial '\nthe plug - in technology , together with a careful modular design , a detailed documentation and a set of examples and tutorials that explain in detail how to extend the framework in different directions allows to exploit the full flexibility of geant4 , by creating new user code or by reusing any piece of geant4 code and mixing it seamlessly with the existing gamos components .\ngamos work in the water sector includes the research and production of an advocacy document arguing the case for participation of the poor in the development of urban water services . targeted at private companies engaged in the international water sector , the document points out commercial benefits of participation of the poor throughout various stages of the project cycle . it has been well received by commercial companies and influenced their strategies . view report\nfrom a background in renewable energy technology and development , gamos have recognised the importance of social factors toward the successful application of technology in solving problems . most of our work in recent years has concentrated on the socio - economic aspects of the application of technology in developing countries . we have applied expertise acquired and developed social monitoring and social evaluation techniques to various technologies including renewable energy , water and information and communication technologies ( icts ) .\nit may often happen that you have a multi - core machine and you want to run several jobs at the same time on it to accumulate statistics . the approach that is explained here is to send the same job several times with different random seeds . another possible approach , which will be available in future gamos releases , is to use multi - threading , what will spare the initialisation time and reduce the memory by sharing it among the different jobs .\nhe won the oaks in 1870 with gamos . sir george chetwynd of grendon , warwickshire was an owner of a different kind . he was primarily a gambler and his string consisted mainly of lower grade handicappers on which he could rely when the money was down . sir george left the stable in a serious financial position when he sent his string to joe dawson in 1879 . harry soldiered on with a much reduced string until the beginning of 1882 when he put the property up for auction .\nmuch of our work in recent years has focused on the importance of social factors towards the successful application of technology and infrastructure in developing countries . based on a broad understanding of rural and urban energy needs , power utility operations , and the impact of infrastructure development on poverty reduction , we believe that gamos has championed innovative methodologies to investigate the social factors that constrain technology transfer and infrastructure development . specific project areas have included : energy , water , smes , gender , livelihoods , privatisation , and poverty .\non rural water provision , gamos have published a series of policy advice documents based on field research into exit strategies when the operation and maintenance of water points passes from external agencies to local communities . the research project undertook a post - project impact evaluation comparing and contrasting the approaches of 3 ngos which had installed boreholes with hand pumps in africa . through an innovative analysis of socio - economic indicators ( using non - parametric statistics ) , the project identified those factors that influence long terms sustainability . view report\nformosa was trained at beckhampton by henry woolcott . william graham used pseudonyms when entering his horses in races . for formosa and his 1870 oaks winner gamos , he used the name g . jones . formosa was the first filly to win the epsom oaks , st . leger stakes and 1 , 000 guineas stakes , a series of races now designated as the fillies triple crown . formosa also tied with the colt moslem for the 2 , 000 guineas stakes , but moslem was declared the official winner after a run - off race was declined by formosa ' s connections .\n# # # substitute in the input file the variables from the command line awk - v energy = $ energy - v seed = $ seed - v nev = $ nev - v nj = $ nj - v suffix = $ suffix ' { if ( $ 1 = =\n/ run / beamon\n) { printf (\n% s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , nev ) } else if ( $ 1 = =\n/ gamos / random / setseeds\n) { printf (\n% s % s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , seed , seed + nj ) } else if ( $ 2 = =\nrtphasespaceua : filename\n) { printf (\n% s % s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , $ 2 ,\ntest .\nsuffix ) } else if ( $ 1 = =\n/ gamos / generator / addsingleparticlesource\n) { printf (\n% s % s % s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , $ 2 , $ 3 , energy\n* mev\n) } else { print $ 0 } } '\nurltoken\n> $ new _ inputfile\n. inn\nfrom the guardian perspective , spiritual ascension comprises the science of the spirit , encompassing the entire creational mechanics of how spirit and matter travel throughout time and space . at certain levels of frequency conjunction within the spiral of time , access is possible to new templates and therefore embodiments . the planet has reached that axis in time . hieros gamos is the sacrament that represents \u201csacred marriage\u201d at the individual level , to the relationship level , to the group level as a part of spiritual ascension , moving through the spiralling staircase of time to experience unification with ( or marry ) all aspects of god . when we marry god through this sacrament , christ returns .\nbut considering that his stud was by no means firstcla\u00dfs , consisting as it did , among other\u00df , and those the best , of gamos , formosa , regalis , the oaptivator , sabinus , digby grand , & 0 . , there was certainly very little to complain of on the winning bide . some of his horses were removed to newmarket and placed under tern brown ' s care . in 1872 sir george btarted breeding at grendon , but he very soon discovered that the land was not suitable for suoh a purpose , and being the last man in the world to persist in a mistake , however muoh it might have cost him , he very soon abandoned this unprofitable speoulation , and from that time forth\nformosa was purchased for 700 guineas at doncaster in the autumn of 1866 by william graham who had won the 1865 oaks with regalia and would win the 1870 oaks with gamos . william graham ( 1808 - 1876 ) was born in dufton wood and was a successful wrestler in the 1820s and 1830s and was a part owner of a gin distillery . an account of the doncaster yearling sale in the sportsman relates that cookson initially retained formosa with a bid of 700 guineas , thought better of his decision to keep the filly , and approached graham ( who had been the second highest bidder at 690 guineas ) about purchasing formosa while graham was eating breakfast . graham reportedly\nsigned a cheque for 700 guineas without more ado , and then resumed his egg .\nsaunterer was bred by mr r m jacques , who had leased birdcatcher ( ch c 1833 sir hercules ) during the 1849 and 1850 seasons to stand at easby abbey in yorkshire . his dam , ennui ( b f 1843 bay middleton ) , bred by lord george bentick , won the great four year old stake at goodwood in 1847 and was said to be a\nvery fair racer .\nlater acquired by mr jacques , she produced for him dear me ( b c 1850 melbourne ) , bravery ( br f 1853 gameboy ) , and saunterer before her sale to lord londesborough for the sum of 95 guineas . bravery became the dam of the ascot gold cup winner rupee ( br f 1857 the nabob ) and the prix du jockey club winner suzerain ( br c 1865 the nabob ) . another of ennui ' s daughters , lady roden ( br f 1856 west australian ) became the dam of the july stakes winner liddington ( b c 1862 orlando ) .\nsaunterer was purchased for \u00a350 as a foal by mr john osborne from the easby sale . he was sold to mr john jackson after his two year old racing season , and after his three year old season to mr james merry , a prominent owner , whose other horses included chanticleer ( gr c 1843 birdcatcher ) , and the derby winners , doncaster ( ch c 1870 stockwell ) and thormanby ( ch c 1857 windhound ) .\nstanding fifteen hands three inches he was described as an\naltogether handsome specimen ,\nhaving a well set , expressive head with a prominent eye , clean shoulders , deep girth and a good barrel . his roach back connected to muscular quarters , which were on the small side and drooped towards his tail , which hind end confomation was similar to that of chanticleer . his thighs were good and his hocks excellent , the\ntrue birdcatcher hocks ,\nwith fine forearms , small knees and clean legs . he was said to habitually twitch his thin wispy tail and pin back his ears .\nby modern standards he was campaigned fairly extensively for three years . of the same generation as the remarkable filly blink bonny ( b f 1854 melbourne ) , he had no success against her , and little against another rival , skirmisher ( br c 1854 voltigeur ) . although his three year old year was thought less than stellar by some , his win in the chester handicap was deemed memorable due to his\nelectric rush\nthrough the field for an easy win . he also won for mr jackson a large bet that claimed he would\nfinish within ten lengths of the leader\nin the cambridgeshire , beating twenty - nine others to third place .\nfollowing his purchase by mr merry he was sent to trainer mathew dawson and was familiarly referred to as\nmat ' s black\n. as a four year old he won the goodwood cup for merry , which win was thought to have driven a nobleman to suicide , due to his having bet heavily against saunterer in the belief that he lacked stamina , despite merry ' s assurances to the contrary .\nat 4 : won a \u00a350 plate at newmarket , beating eight others\nin a canter ,\nwon the \u00a3740 cup and sweep at goodwood , beating mr t parr ' s fisherman ( br c 1853 heron ) , schiedam ( br c the flying dutchman ) , ventre st gris ( b c 1855 gladiator ) , winner of the prix du jockey club , and four others , won \u00a3225 at brighton , beating tournament and one other , won the fitzwilliam stakes at doncaster , beating knight of kars , ignoramus and seven others , challenged successfully for the whip at newmarket , october , walked - over for the brighton cup , 2nd in the craven stakes at epsom , won by zuyder zee , beating ten others , unplaced in eight other starts .\ncrisis ( b f 1861 ) , dam of the magyar st leger winner hector ( bl c 1872 virgilius ) , and 3rd dam of the deutsches derby winner bono modo ( ch c 1900 bona vista ) .\nelegance ( br f 1877 ) , dam of the july cup winner worcester * ( ch c 1890 saraband ) , who was later exported to america where he proved a useful sire .\ngertrude ( b f 1867 ) , herself the winner of the great yorkshire stakes and the yorkshire oaks , and dam of charibert ( ch c 1876 thormanby ) , winner of the two thousand guineas , champagne stakes and the july cup ( twice ) . charibert sired the deutsches derby winner hagen ( ch c 1897 ) . gertrude was also the 2nd dam of the austria preis winner mindegy ( b c 1896 dunure ) , and of the magyar kancadij winner duchess ( ch f 1886 craig millar ) .\ninverness ( f ) , 3rd dam of breeders ' stakes winner melcha ( b f 1893 strathspey ) .\nlittle agnes ( b f 1869 ) , winner of the prix de diane , prix lupin and furstenberg - rennen , and 2nd dam of the magyar st leger winner duncan ( b c 1890 donovan ) .\nmerry bells ( ch f 1872 ) , 2nd dam of trollhetta ( b c 1893 kisber ) , winner of the deutsches derby and grosser hansa - preis .\nortolan ( ch f 1868 ) , dam of vanneau ( b c 1884 perplexe ) , winner of the prix hocquart , and of widgeon ( ch f 1885 king lud ) , winner of the poule d ' essai des pouliches and prix morny . ortolan was also the 2nd dam of the szent laszlo dij winner petrus ( ch c 1884 peter ) .\nprowess ( b f 1869 ) , ancestress of triple crown winner war admiral ( br c 1934 man o ' war ) .\nsomnambula ( br f 1876 ) , 3rd dam of national produce stakes winner silver fowl ( ch f 1904 wildfowler ) , she the dam of the derby and oaks winner fifinella ( ch f 1913 polymelus ) . silver fowl also produced silver tag ( ch f 1912 sundridge ) , winner of the cambridgeshire stakes , and silvern ( b c 1917 polymelus ) , winner of the coronation cup .\nsteppe ( br f 1868 ) , dam of the new zealand derby winner stepniak ( br c 1889 nordenfeldt ) . steppe was also the 2nd dam of bobadil ( br c 1895 bill of portland ) , winner of the caulfield futurity stakes , caulfield guineas and victoria st leger .\ntime test ( b f 1868 ) , dam of ebor handicap winner victor emanuel ( b c 1877 albert victor ) .\nvirgule ( b f 1865 ) , winner of the furstenberg - rennen , dam of vigilant ( b c 1879 vermouth ) , winner of the grand criterium and prix lupin , and sire of the very good french filly kasbah ( b f 1892 ) , winner of the prix de diane , and 2nd dam of ksar ( ch c 1918 bruleur ) . virgule was also the dam of vinaigrette ( b f 1873 patricien ) , winner of the grand prix de deauville , and of vizir ( b c 1878 vermouth ) , winner of the prix jean prat .\ndigby grand ( bl c 1868 ) , sired tartar ( br c 1880 ) , winner of the deutsches derby , union - rennen , oesterreichisches derby and the egyesitett nemzeti es hazafi dij , and dombrowa ( b f 1878 ) , winner of the preis der diana , trial stakes , egyesitett nemzeti es hazafi dij and the magyar kancadij .\ngreek game\u00een has been compared with an indo - european etymon meaning\nson - in - law\nor\nbrother - in - law ,\nhypothetically derived from a base * \u01f5emh - , * \u01f5m\u0325h -\nmarry ,\nwith various suffixes ( greek gambr\u00f3s , sanskrit j\u0101m\u0101tar - , latin gener , albanian dh\u00ebnd\u00ebrr , lithuanian \u017e\u00e9ntas , old church slavic z\u0119t\u012d , the latter two probably influenced by * \u01f5enh 1 -\ngive birth to\n) . however evidence for a verbal base alone , if it existed , would only be afforded by greek .\nwhat made you want to look up - gamous ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbeyond solar pv cooking after one year of investigating whether we have reached a tipping point , our ideas evolve and become . . .\nsome energy assumptions ( dr nigel scott ) in this piece i outline the thinking we went through in order to get a feel for the capacity of a sm . . .\nlighting ratio 6 : 4 ; cooking ratio 6 : 1 in trying to explain to my brother why solar electric cooking might have reached a tipping point , i . . .\nassumptions of solar electric cooking the following are the assumptions we are making when advocating research into , and strategic deploym . . .\nunexpected benefits - load smoothing ? i have come to realise that the proposition is not so much about solar home systems , but about batte . . .\noverheating ! so the first fail has occurred . having decided to set up ' battery cooking ' in his kitchen in relati . . .\nraw experiments so having started to discuss whether by 2020 a portion of the 3 billion who currently cook on solid . . .\neagriculture online forum the eag site are organising another online discussion based on ideas presented in the ict in agricul . . .\ndifference in differences finally ! ! ! after 30 years of seeking a robust method that can identify the added value of a com . . .\nin may 2013 we presented a concept note to dfid that argued that research should be conducted now , with the intention of creating an affordable solar electric cooking product to be rolled out at scale in africa starting 2020 . we continue on that path , but increasingly realise that it is a landscape changing idea , with implications at many levels and could strongly contribute to fulfilling sdg7 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe comprehensive scripting language makes it easy to implement the most common requirements of a medical physics application , without any need of c + + coding .\nplease enter your email address associated with your salem all - pass account , then click continue . we ' ll send you an email with steps on how to reset your password .\ngreek lexicon based on thayer ' s and smith ' s bible dictionary plus others ; this is keyed to the large kittel and the\ntheological dictionary of the new testament .\nthese files are public domain .\nfind out how you can support our cutting edge research , teaching and communication on development .\ninstitute of development studies library road brighton bn1 9re uk | \u00a9 institute of development studies 2017 . all rights reserved . e ids @ urltoken | t + 44 ( 0 ) 1273 606261 | ids is a charity registered in england and wales no . 306371\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ni ' m gonna nickname all my crushes\ncarbs\nso when i say\ni can ' t have carbs\nit ' ll sound like i ' m in control of my life .\none of my life goals is to meet someone who helps put together the weekly ad for @ target because i am a huge fan .\njust got the weather forecast for tomorrow and thought 96 degrees was low . this heat wave got me messed upppppp .\nyou call yourself ugly but you\u2019ve only seen yourself when you look at the mirror , a thread .\nmost of working an office job in la is hearing people say\noh no , i can ' t\nwhenever food is brought in .\nme : * thinks soccer player is hot * my mind : could be racist or homophobic . don ' t fall in love too easily . me : * thinks soccer player is hot suspiciously *\nif you want to know what it ' s like to be in your 30s , i just ordered an orange soda with my lunch and said\nthat ' ll be a nice little treat\nout loud .\nlol moviepass app is down , at a crucial time when they need to keep customers from jumping ship . this should be interesting . urltoken\ni ' ve noticed that the more leg days and cycling i do , the shorter my shorts get . also like it ' s hot out . so .\ni just like good people , if your heart\u2019s in the right place . i\u2019m definitely attracted to men . it\u2019s just people that i am attracted to . i guess this is me coming out as pansexual .\ni ' m done with tsum tsums ,\ni said .\ni ' m so over them ,\ni said . urltoken\npeople complaining that imagineers wanted pixar pier to be instagrammable . . . that\u2019s called smart marketing and nice pictures for us like i don\u2019t understand what\u2019s to be mad about ? ? ? ? ?\nwhen i notice someone has stretch marks i feel like we\u2019re part of a secret club but can\u2019t acknowledge it .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nthis spiritual family has accepted the guardianship role to support the foundation of cosmic citizenship as an evolutionary model for this planet and humanity , and this is a level of earth based advocacy designed for this specific group .\nlisa reads her newsletters every month so you can listen to them at your convenience .\nthe law of one is the universal truth that all is one . we are all direct expressions of the one source god source . the law of one expresses and acknowledges the interconnection , value and interdependence of the spirit and consciousness that animates all things . this is the path to gsf .\nto help stabilize your aura try using the 12d shield daily . spiritual housekeeping and deflection techniques are critical for empaths .\npractice five : service to others \u2013 upon firmly loving yourself and honoring your path while you amplify the energies of being in service to others , the more joy , harmony and fulfillment is brought into your life .\nthere is an all - out information war occurring in order to control the mainstream narrative and thus the general perception of the public , as we can see many areas of free speech and information access through an assortment of online mediums are becoming more and more restricted worldwide . why are the controller ' s so desperate to maintain control over public perception through the mainstream media narrative ?\nthe consciousness body of the earth has evolved beyond 3d frequencies , opening up new future timelines in higher dimensions .\nin the structure of harmonic universes there are two timelines per dimensional octave . so within the structure of the harmonic universe of 3d earth , called the first density , consciousness exists within three dimensions that manifest into six timelines . from now on these six timelines are being hijacked by the naa and inorganically pushed to manifest in the lowest third dimensional frequencies , through artificial intelligence technology . because the consciousness body of the earth plane has organically evolved to run higher than 3d frequencies , the only way to keep circulating these lower forces into the earth grid is through forced inorganic and artificial means .\nthe entire world collective soul is undergoing a deep alchemy process to reawaken its spiritual essence inside of its material body .\nthis renovation springs forth the essence of the original creator ' s exhaling breath to animate and inspirit its life force within the cells of earthly matter and elemental forces . inside the process of material creation there are many worlds of forces that are potentially used to shape intention and consciousness blueprint . these intentions are what bring forth into the external manifest what we see with our eyes as material substance . the material substance coexists within many combined forces , such as energy fields of elemental thoughtforms enmeshed with geometric symbols .\nas we are ending cycles within cycles , from planetary to galactic rounds , working hard to recover memory records of what has happened in these cycles .\ncollecting memory record is a process , somewhat like building a multidimensional puzzle with many pieces still missing . recently we have picked up a few more pieces , uncovering yet another example of naa manipulation of our time matrix , aimed at preventing us from knowing who we truly are . this is balanced with new support in the form of activations , bringing new substances in to assist with the healing process .\nthis is a time of being exposed to proverbial shocks and literal electrical shocks , as the universal\nlighting rod\nmoves us into the next stage of spiritual activation . our bodies may feel like a live wire , the electrical stimulation just pulsing and tingling through our nerve endings . some of these shocking waves may come in behaviors that form from perceived betrayals or relationship conflicts ; this is to surface previous hidden issues that have not yet been\nseen\n. to see something that was hidden when it was always in front of you , yet , was being perceived differently , can be greatly alarming . yet , the empowerment and wisdom is in recognizing the object , event or being for what it really is , when it is newly perceived in this changing energetic terrain .\nour lower energy centers are shifting . through the reconfiguration of these lower energy centers , known as the 1st chakra , 2nd chakra and 3rd chakra , we can feel their color wave spectrum changing frequency .\nthe lower chakras used to be etheric cones that were non - physical membranes , located in the top layer of our lightbody . the main energy centers are still present , yet are being elevated to run vital forces throughout our lower body glands , organs and meridians . the chakra cones will eventually become absorbed into the higher consciousness aspects of the body and reconfigured completely .\nthis is the split occurring between timelines which govern humanities continued evolution and direction on the earth plane as we move into future time . this is like a galactic superhighway access into the planetary architecture that acts similarly as an interdimensional routing network . this galactic network has allowed rapid soul transiting and dispersing of collective consciousness that is finally able to be elevated out of lower realms and moved into higher evolutionary pathways .\nmany of us have become aware that something incredibly profound is changing on our planet . we are sharing an amazing time of consciousness expansion on the planet which affects us all at very deep cellular levels . these times have been described in the sacred texts of ancient wisdom , as well as in many metaphysical and esoteric circles as the precession of equinoxes , great platonic year , or the ascension . what is ascension ? . . .\nthis is a basic primer to review the basic meaning and mechanics of the\nascension\nand discuss the various awakening symptoms that we as humans may encounter in our consciousness evolution process . i have many articles and tools on the website that will help support your awareness to investigate and explore the impacts this has upon human beings , our planet and all of consciousness . it is important to develop strong discernment of the energetic signatures that we interact with , while learning how to distinguish personal resonance to help guide you forward , so only take in what feels right for your personal journey and discard the rest .\nwe realize that there is so much variety in the individual ascension stages and our material compiled here may be overwhelming to navigate . please take in only what feels right for you and discard the rest . however , we have some quick suggestions on how to begin right now . take a 30 day challenge with the 12d shield and refocusing your ego mind and see the results you get with daily use !\nthe following is important information and steps to introduce you to the es material and provide tools to utilize right away ! please browse and try out all the material as you feel guided , however , please note : the ascension material is densely packed with information and often overwhelming for people newly acquainting with these terms . take it in at your own pace , however , remain consistent and dedicated with your practice and you will experience many improvements , such as in mental and emotional freedom .\nworld humanism is based in the re - education of human value which emphasize the importance of shifting anti - human ideological beliefs into humanist based ethics and related philosophical and egalitarian principles . all human beings deserve humane treatment in order to live upon the planet with dignity through having basic access to supply fundamental human needs . our goal is to apply humanistic ethical philosophy blended with the spiritual egalitarian principles of the law of one to expand consciousness which inspires direct knowledge or\ngnosis\nof direct consciousness and awakening experiences .\ndefenders of truth , sovereignty and liberation . guardian families , serving the one .\nfrom across all the multiverses i call upon my guardian families to join me now . my unification is demonstrated in the waves of omni love - i sound my heart tone to you now . my energy template updated , renewed and forever perpetuated in the eternally sustained light . my alchemical container is consecrated and dedicated to the purposes of one , and i endeavor to be the knower of god to then be the way shower of god . please sustain me in the eternal power of my consecration .\ni have asked for your gatekeeping in order to hold my mission , my highest purpose in service to the one light , my source , the living light code . my intention is unification - the cosmic christ principle - as an energetic reality , here and now .\nis the comprehension that all things are made of intelligent energy and are a part of the all - one . the law of one is a sacred science of the mechanics of\nand are the natural laws governing our universal creation . all - one is the recognition that eternal truth is eternal love and eternal love is the organic consciousness of infinite creator , or god . eternal love consciousness embodied in a form is unity intelligence , and simultaneously recognized as , the inner light of\n. unity consciousness is at one with god and unity consciousness ignites the inner light of christos . the inner light of\nwhen actualized in form , is the embodiment of an eternal god human . practice\nand one is directly reflecting the image of god\u2019s love , and is eternally protected . be at one with all , as one is all with god . every soul is taking the same journey , but each soul has evolved at a different level . the teachings of the\ndescribe the spiritual laws that govern our spiritual evolution for each dimension . it is a single philosophical system of\nthe content shared on this website is a chronology of direct experiences and telepathic communication and / or contact made with various levels of interdimensional intelligences that began for lisa renee in 1999 . these communications continue always evolving . as nothing in the movement of consciousness is static , the variation of material presented is a reflection of one human being\u2019s ascension initiation through a personal awareness of et contact and through a series of lower and higher dimensional planes to experience a variation of multiple group consciousness fields during the ascension cycle . this ascension pathway represented here is referred to as \u201cpolarity integration and synthesis modeling\u201d . lisa renee is not a new age channeler ( read the difference here ) . neither lisa renee nor the contents of this website endorse in any way and are not affiliated with the direct written study of - or relationship to - any other ascension modality , law of one doctrine , or human or nonhuman claiming to be a teacher or participating within a \u201cguru\u201d model in the physical plane . all content is presented to the reader as intended with the empowerment of the individual first and is for your personal discernment only . lisa renee does not endorse the use of any drug for purposes of spiritual growth , or otherwise . please honor this guardian consciousness work and take in only what resonates with you personally and discard the rest . there is no need for competition , enemy patterning or controlling sacred spiritual sciences or ascension technologies . these belong to all of humanity . this content is presented with the intention of unity , freedom , compassion and the sovereign right for all beings , to be the revelation of the direct inner experience of the intelligence fields , that are the eternal god source . purity of heart and listening to your inner god spirit is all there is . all paths ultimately lead to one . for one and for all : i am god ! i am sovereign ! i am free !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthere are many ways of sending many jobs together in a machine . here we propose a simple but flexible script that may facilitate this task . this script is written in the unix command language bash , and it just needs the utility awk , a data extraction and reporting tool which is available on any unix or macos operative system .\nthe example has four input parameters that the user has to give : energy , random seed , number of events , number of jobs . the four parameters will be converted to internal variables :\n# # # set the suffix of the output files suffix = $ 1\n.\n$ 2\n.\n$ 3\n.\n$ nj echo\nsuffix = $ suffix\n# # # copy the input file into a new one ( so that you can keep a track of the different files that are run ) new _ inputfile =\nexercise2 .\n$ suffix log _ inputfile = zz\n_\n$ new _ inputfile echo\nthe new input file =\n$ new _ inputfile\nyou can observe that each of the variables that are going to be used by awk have to be passed with the - v option . the awk will loop through the lines in the input file and will make the substitutions . for example the line\nelse if ( $ 2 = =\nrtphasespaceua : filename\n) { printf (\n% s % s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , $ 2 ,\ntest .\nsuffix ) }\nmeans that it looks for a line whose second word is rtphasespaceua : filename and then substitutes this line by three words ( three % s ) , the first two are left intact , and the third one is substituted by the value of the suffix , preceded by test . .\nfinally the job is sent in background . you may run it in foreground , what means that you have to wait until a job finish to start the next one :\nif , for example , you want to run 40 jobs in your 4 - core machine , you should not run them all in background at the same time , as they will have to share the cpu and memory , wasting your computer resources , or even saturating your memory . a smarter approach would be to type four times a sendjobs command running jobs in foreground :\nbackground profiles constantly reviews state and federal law relating to human resource issues and employment screening . we utilize several legal firms , whose focus is employment law , to keep us up - to - date on new and pending legislation that might have an impact on our clients . we pass this information on to our clients through several communication channels including e - mail bulletins , voice calls , and quarterly newsletters .\nurltoken business law center for human resources topics covered are hiring , firing , compensation and benefits , workers compensation and workplace safety .\nemployment law information network an employment law reference site for lawyers and human resource professionals .\nalexander hamilton institute ahi\u2019s employment law resource center and newsletter cover all aspects of employment law to keep managers and executives from making mistakes that could lead to fines and lawsuits .\nas a nationally recognized employee background check and employee screening service , background profiles understands the complexities of today ' s workplace . we provide easy , automated web - based access to verify employee identity , including social security number trace reports , e - verify and cbsv . we search criminal records history , previous employment history , education history , conduct reference checks , provide electronic form i - 9 , facis ( fraud and abuse control information system ) and many other pre - employment screening services . we know the needs of specific industries and we are strictly fcra - compliant . we are a one - stop shop providing everything from employee drug testing and criminal background checks to employment and education verifications on employees and potential hires . our web based system interfaces with most applicant tracking systems ( ats ) in use today . we are recognized as a top employee background check service company . whether you ' re in heathcare or education , government or non - profit , transportation or staffing or anywhere in the business world , reach out to us for a free consultation today ! sitemap | privacy\nthe marin county sheriff\u2019s office is committed to partnering with our communities to provide leadership and excellence in public safety . read more\nalthough we strive to maintain the accuracy , completeness , and timeliness of the information found on this site ; we cannot guarantee all of it . the information herein should be used only as a guide , and should not be construed as legal advice .\ni ' m not quite ready to enroll in the center but i am interested in continuing to hear about what is happening at the center . how can i get information more regularly ?\ni ' m interested in applying for a job at this center . is there someone i can contact ?\nyes , bright horizons has an open door policy . you are encouraged to visit your child anytime .\nwe suggest you register with bright horizons . you can select up to 3 locations to be registered at , including the center you are most interested in . by registering , you are confirming your strong interest in all 3 centers . we will add you to our wait list and you will be offered a space as soon as one becomes available . while waiting for a space to become available at your first choice location , many families will choose to enroll at their 2 nd or 3 rd choice temporarily until space becomes available at the center they are most interested in . in many centers , a child currently enrolled at a bright horizons location has priority over the general community so enrolling at another location will not only solve your care needs but will also give you additional priority in getting into your 1st preference . our goal is to accommodate families as soon as space allows . during the entire process , we will keep in touch with you regarding your status .\nyes , part - time care ia available as a monday , wednesday , friday option or tuesday , thursday option .\nyes , there is an infant / toddler playground , a twos playground and a preschool / pre - kindergarten playground .\nthe national association for the education of young children ( naeyc ) has developed standards to define and recognize quality child care programs . in order to be accredited , a child care program must meet a variety of strict criteria , including having a well - trained faculty , good staff - child ratios and group sizes , and a comprehensive curriculum , as well as meet stringent health and safety standards . the program must also provide meaningful opportunities for family involvement .\ntuition varies by center , schedule and by individual classroom . to find out more information about tuition , please contact the center directly .\nall bright horizons staff are trained regularly in cpr , even if not required by the state . first aid is taught as required by state licensing agency / regulations so that you can feel confident that your child is safe and receiving the best care possible at our center .\ncomprehensive , optimum development of each child : mind , body , social self , and character .\nbright horizons curriculum , the world at their fingertips , is our unique curriculum designed to engage children in active learning that prepares them for school while helping them achieve their individual potential and fostering a spirit of community . it includes curriculum elements such as language works , math counts , science rocks , artsmart , our world and well aware that cross all age groups . for more on information on our curriculum , click here .\nwe encourage any family interested in center information , regular updates and invitations to the many events we are planning , to contact us .\nbright horizons conducts a comprehensive background check on all prospective employees and frequent visitors . the background check consists of a county criminal record check for the past seven years performed in all counties that a person has lived , worked or attended school . in addition to the county criminal search , a sex offender search , ofac search and a social security verification trace are also conducted . for all location employees , program licensing background checks required by the state are also performed .\nbright horizons conducts a comprehensive background check on all prospective employees and frequent visitors . the background check consists of a county criminal record check for the past seven years performed in all counties that a person has lived , worked or attended school . in addition to the county criminal search , a sex offender search , ofac search and a social security verification trace are also conducted . for all location employees , program licensing background checks required by the state are also performed .\nto learn about our other locations , please find a child care center near you .\nwe suggest you register with bright horizons . you can select up to three locations to be registered at , including the center you are most interested in . by registering , you are confirming your strong interest in all three centers . we will add you to our wait list and you will be offered a space as soon as one becomes available . while waiting for a space to become available at your first choice location , many families will choose to enroll at their 2nd or 3rd choice temporarily until space becomes available at the center they are most interested in . in many centers , a child currently enrolled at a bright horizons location has priority over the general community so enrolling at another location will not only solve your care needs but will also give you additional priority in getting into your 1st preference . our goal is to accommodate families as soon as space allows . during the entire process , we will keep in touch with you regarding your status .\ntell us a little bit about your family to get started . come learn about the bright horizons experience and see what we ' re learning today !\nsubmit your information below and we ' ll send you an email soon . we ' re excited to meet you !\nwelcome ! this is an exciting stage in your child\u2019s early education , and our talented team of caring teachers is here . . . [ more ]\ndescription : welcome ! this is an exciting stage in your child\u2019s early education , and our talented team of caring teachers is here to inspire learning , encourage confidence , and nurture your child ' s growth and development . our world at their fingertips curriculum features an . . .\nwelcome to bright horizons at marin commons ! our talented teachers have been serving families in the community since 2009 , and . . . [ more ]\ndescription : welcome to bright horizons at marin commons ! our talented teachers have been serving families in the community since 2009 , and we believe hands - on learning is key in preparing your child for academic success . we offer dedicated spaces so children can . . .\nwe have also developed short courses in infrastructure and technology factors such as : - renewable energy for development , environmental risk assessment , wind energy , solar energy and hand pumps .\n, but was rated the best three - year - old filly of the season in europe . she was then retired to stud , where she had some success as a broodmare .\n, a british - bred stallion who was the top - rated two - year - old in europe in 1982 . diesis went on to become a successful breeding stallion , and though based at mill ridge stud in kentucky , he had his greatest successes in europe : his best winners included\ndiminuendo ' s dam , the american - bred mare cacti , also produced pricket , a filly who finished second in the 1996 epsom oaks .\ndiminuendo was bought by mohammed bin rashid al maktoum ( always known as\nsheikh mohammed\nin racing circles ) and was sent to be trained by henry cecil at his warren place stables in newmarket . the filly was ridden in all her major victories by the american jockey steve cauthen ."]}
{"id": 1988, "summary": [{"text": "the rainbow shark ( epalzeorhynchos frenatum ) is a species of southeast asian freshwater fish from the family cyprinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is also variously known as the ruby shark , red-fin shark , red-finned shark , rainbow sharkminnow , green fringelip labeo , whitefin shark and whitetail sharkminnow .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is a popular , semi-aggressive aquarium fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "unlike true sharks , which belong to the chondrichthyes ( \" cartilagenous fishes \" ) lineage , the rainbow shark is an actinopterygiian ( \" ray-finned fish \" ) . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "rainbow shark", "paragraphs": ["profile of the rainbow shark this profile contains interesting facts and information about the rainbow shark species .\nthe rainbow shark is probably easier to find in most pet stores than the black shark or the red tail shark . the rainbow shark may be found under different aliases like the red - finned shark or the ruby shark . the rainbow shark is usually the most affordable shark when compared to the black shark and the red tail shark . i have seen rainbow sharks retail anywhere from $ 3 . 00 to $ 6 . 00 apiece .\nanswer : the rainbow shark has red fins , the red tailed black shark has a red caudal fin .\nthere is actually another type of rainbow shark that is often more popular than the original : the albino rainbow shark . some pet stores may list this fish as the pink rainbow shark or the pink shark . this albino rainbow shark is popular with freshwater fish hobbyists for a couple of reasons . one reason is the rumor that this albino rainbow shark is less aggressive than the regular rainbow shark . this rumor is just that - a rumor . there is no evidence to suggest that a change in the rainbow shark ' s color would effect its temperament .\nmy rainbow shark is with my 2 angelfish and 1 rainbow and 1 gourami with another albino shark . today i saw my rainbow sharks kissing each other and dancing . my rainbow shark is light colored and the other one is dark colored , are they mates ?\nmany people have a tendency to confuse the rainbow shark with its cousin , the red tail shark . the rainbow shark is a more slender , streamlined fish than the red tail shark . the rainbow shark also has a more pointed snout than the red tail shark . however , the biggest difference is the sharks ' fins . while the red tail shark has a red tail and black fins , the rainbow shark has a red tail and red fins .\nas mentioned above , the rainbow shark isn ' t a true shark . the rainbow shark is part of the cyprinid family , the same family of fish that includes goldfish and minnows ! other members of this family include the black shark and the similar looking red tail shark .\nthe rainbow shark , also known as the ruby shark or red - finned shark , is great for the semi - aggressive community aquarium , as long as . . .\nthank you ! we will notify you when this item is in stock . rainbow shark\ngravel with sharp edges can scratch up and damage the rainbow shark . very fine gravel or , even better , sand should be used as a substrate . because the rainbow shark is territorial , you will also need plenty of places for the rainbow shark to hide .\nwhen at my local pet shop , i spotted the rainbow shark as well as another fish they just called a ' grey shark ' .\nwhen purchasing a rainbow shark , you should always make sure that you are getting a healthy fish . if the rainbow shark ' s fins aren ' t bright red or orange , odds are the fish is unhealthy . if the rainbow shark has pale fin coloration , it could be a sign of stress , malnutrition , poor water quality or bullying from another rainbow shark .\nthe rainbow shark , also known as the ruby shark or red - finned shark , is great for the semi - aggressive community aquarium , as long as they are the sole shark and the other tankmates are of similar size . the rainbow shark is a beautifully colored fish which is a dark gray to black with red fins .\nthe rainbow shark ' s aquarium should be set up to reflect its natural habitat . the rainbow shark is a native of thailand , mainly the mekong river . the rainbow shark is accustomed to swift moving waters filled with abundant hiding places and plant life . often an aquarium ' s filter will provide enough of a stream for the rainbow shark . even so , some hobbyists add a powerhead to the aquarium to provide even more of a stream for the rainbow shark .\nthe rainbow shark is a smaller fish than the black shark , but it is slightly larger than the red tail shark . while the black shark can reach a length of 2 feet and the red tail shark can reach a length of 4 to 5 inches , the rainbow shark usually reaches an adult length of 6 inches . because of this , one rainbow shark can easily be kept in a 20 gallon aquarium . however , if you plan on keeping 6 or more rainbow sharks , you will need at least a 55 gallon aquarium .\ndescription of the rainbow shark the rainbow shark is also known as the ruby shark , red - finned shark and rainbow sharkminnow . the rainbow shark is not recommended for the beginner as it is territorial and aggressive towards fish of the same species , it is however a very useful addition to the tropical freshwater tank due to its cleaning ability ! it feeds on leftover food that has sunk to the bottom of the tank and helps to keep the tank clean .\nthe rainbow shark ' s aggression is a direct result of this fish ' s territorialism . if you have a large enough aquarium , such as a 55 gallon tank , with plenty of hiding places for each rainbow shark to have its own territory , you should be able to keep more than one rainbow shark per tank . each rainbow shark will establish their own territories and then defend it against any intruders .\nthe rainbow shark is a hardy fish that has been known to live for several years . however , to keep the rainbow shark happy and healthy , care must be taken to keep its water in the proper condition . good filtration is a necessity for the rainbow shark . also , the rainbow shark ' s water will have to have a ph between 6 . 5 and 7 . 5 , with the temperature between 72 to 82 degrees . the rainbow shark is susceptible to ich , especially at lower water temperatures .\nif a sand shark or any of its variants enters water , it will behave like a normal shark .\nthe rainbow shark , otherwise known as the ruby shark , or red - finned shark , is a beautifully colored fish which is a dark gray to black with red fins . there is also an albino variety .\nwhile the other sharks of the cyprinid family earn their moniker because of large , shark - like dorsal fins , the rainbow shark may very well earn their name because of their aggression . fortunately , this aggression is usually limited to other rainbow or red tail sharks . for this reason , the rainbow shark is often considered to be a loner fish , meaning that only one rainbow shark or one red tail shark should be kept in an aquarium . however , there are a few things that you can do that might allow you to keep more than one rainbow shark per tank .\nboumis , robert .\ngood companion fish for a rainbow shark\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nanswer : rainbow sharks are territorial . any fish that they consider a competitor will be chased as long as the rainbow shark is stronger than the chased fish .\nit was very similar looking to the rainbow shark , only it ' s body was silver / grey and fins were dark grey . i did notice that his tail was a bit differently shaped to the rainbow shark .\nthat ' s not a rainbow shark . rainbow sharks are like red - tailed sharks except that all their fins are red instead of just the tail / caudal fin .\nlooking for premium rainbow sharks delivered right to your door ? well check out below for online vendors that are selling rainbow sharks and albino rainbow sharks with the highest quality .\nrainbow sharks will be less likely to fight with other fish who can defend themselves against the rainbow shark . however , you need more than two , or else those will fight among themselves all the time . the rainbow shark will be most likely to fight with members of its own species .\nas a member of the cyprinid family , the rainbow shark doesn ' t have any jaw teeth . the rainbow shark has pharyngeal teeth in their throats . these teeth are used to grind up the largest part of the rainbow shark ' s diet : algae . the rainbow shark will spend much of its time cleaning its aquarium walls , plants and other decorations using their tough lips to scrape up algae . however , a fish cannot live by algae alone . the omnivorous rainbow shark will readily accept flake foods , shrimp pellets , blood worms , black worms , tubifex worms and vegetable foods .\ni had rainbow shark , she is well with other fishes till the day when i had not brought albino rainbow shark . when i bought her in my aquarium , my rainbow shark started teasing albino rainbow shark , then she killed my albino rainbow shark . after that she started teasing my other fishes except gouramis , she also started teasing my common pleco . she became very aggressive after i had bought the albino rainbow shark . so my advice is to keep these fishes only with those which they are not be able to harass such as oscars , parrot fishes etc . they never tease gourami as far as i saw in my aquarium . thanks , this website is very useful to me and my other friends too .\nboumis , robert .\ngood companion fish for a rainbow shark .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / good - companion - fish - rainbow - shark - 5428 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nperhaps the reason why so many freshwater fish hobbyists buy the albino rainbow shark is this fish ' s unique and beautiful appearance . while the albino rainbow shark ' s body is pale , its fins remain a bright red , making this truly one uniquely colored rainbow to have in your home aquarium !\na rainbow shark needs to avoid several fish . other than loaches , rainbow sharks will pick on most bottom - dwelling fish like cichlids and catfish . you should also avoid long - finned fish , like freshwater angelfish , since the rainbow shark may nip at long - finned fish . at the same time , small , nippy fish like rasboras and certain tetras may nip at the rainbow shark . the rainbow shark ' s brightly colored fins make it a tempting target for fish with this proclivity . above all , avoid other aquarium\nsharks\nlike the black shark and the red - tailed shark . these species resemble each other enough to trigger their territorial response .\nmy rainbow shark likes to hide . he ' s not really aggressive and he will not eat flakes for some reason .\nboumis , robert . ( n . d . ) . good companion fish for a rainbow shark . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / good - companion - fish - rainbow - shark - 5428 . html\nhi , i currently have one rainbow shark and an algae eater in a 37 gallon tank ( planning on getting some tiger barbs and a few gourami ) , and the algae eater continually harasses the shark , and the shark doesn ' t come out from behind the plants anymore . but the algae eater isn ' t much bigger than the rainbow shark . is this normal behaviour ?\nthe rainbow shark can be kept in a large community tank if there is plenty of cover to hide in . this larger fish is too aggressive for beginners . very closely related to the red tailed black shark . hollows and hiding places are recommended . only one rainbow shark should be kept in each tank as they are intolerant of their own species . also try not to keep rainbow sharks with red tailed black shark as they will also fight .\nthe rainbow shark will eat most fish food including flakes , pellets and frozen foods . they will eat algae wafers as well .\na rainbow shark will almost universally get along fin with peaceful , mid - water schooling fish , such as rasboras and danios from their native range , and tetras from africa and south america . the smallest rasboras and tetras may be small enough for a rainbow shark to make a meal of them . however , only exceptionally small species will fit into a rainbow shark ' s little mouth .\nwe have had our tank for about a year now , it consists of platys , zebra danos , corys and now our one rainbow shark . when first setting up our tank we bought one rainbow and one albino rainbow shark . at first they were fine with each other but as they got bigger the albino became very dominate with the other fish and would harass the other shark . the rainbow wouldn ' t eat and stayed very small . i found a home for the albino and now my rainbow shark is growing , seems happier and is a bit more active with the other fish .\nthe red tailed shark is similar in most ways to the rainbow , it body is darker in colour and only the tail fin is coloured but it has the same aggressive tendencies as the rainbow .\nit requires a large aquarium with driftwood , rocks , and spots of dense vegetation . this shark may set up territories around the aquarium . the rainbow shark will become very aggressive towards its own species .\ni have a rainbow shark in with a betta , dalmatian molly and two glass fish and the shark seems to be protecting the glass fish when the betta gets it in his mind to chase them around . the shark is by far the most docile fish of all .\nthe albino rainbow shark is also known as the albino ruby shark and albino red - finned shark . it is great for the semi - aggressive community aquarium as long as they are the only shark and the other tankmates are of similar size . it is a beautifully colored fish that has a pink body with bright red fins and red eyes .\nwhile the rainbow shark ( eplazeorhynchos frenatum ) has a milder temperament than some other freshwater fished with\nshark\nin their names , the rainbow may still have trouble getting along with bottom - dwelling fish . however , the rainbow shark tends to get along with loaches , bottom - dwellers from its native range . however , individual rainbow sharks do vary in their temperament and age . some individuals may consider any interloper in their territory at the bottom of the tank fair game .\nyou will need a good tight fitting hood with no escape points because the rainbow shark has been known to jump out of the tank .\ndorsal fins - the dorsal fin is located on the backs of fishes . the rainbow shark has dorsal fins to lend stability in swimming .\ni ' ve been feeding my rainbow shark fish and albino shark fish tropical fish flakes , but i ' ve read that they also eat shrimp , tuna , etc . should i feed them shrimp and tuna ?\ni ' m going to get a rainbow shark with a couple glofish and a red tail shark , but will they die if i put them in the same tank ? btw , the tank is 30 gallons .\nwhat should i feed my rainbow to make it big ? i have a 30 liter tank and have a rainbow shark with eight small tetras . the rainbow is about 1 12 inches , it has a cave to itself . how should i make it aggressive ? please tell me .\nventral fins . the ventral fin is located on the pelvic area of fishes . the rainbow shark has ventral fins to lend stability in swimming .\ncaudal fins . the caudal fin is located on the tail area of fishes . the rainbow shark has caudal fins to propel through the water .\ni just bought an albino rainbow shark , he is in an aquarium with a bigger iridescent shark and an upside down catfish . the albino shark seems to just lie on the bottom . i have no hiding spots yet , i will have to get some , but is this normal behaviour ?\nmy rainbow shark is changing into a red tail shark , the dorsal fin is now reddish black , the other fins are already mostly black . i thought they were 2 different species ? i must have a cross between the 2 and as it ages , the red tail genes are starting to dominate ! he was very nice as a young rainbow shark , but is now more aggressive as a red tail shark , which matches their personality .\nif you do try to introduce another rainbow shark into the tank , you need at least a meter of separated territory for each of the sharks .\nwhat makes rainbow shark considered cool is also due to the fact that they can be relatively easy to care for . those who have experience looking after\n. be careful however , to choose the right tank mates or else your rainbow shark will end up being the dominant species eating all the foods .\ni have a 46g with an angelfish , 2 green severum cichlids , 2 fancy goldfish , 4 silver dollars , and recently , 1 rainbow shark .\nkeep in mind that when it comes to rainbow sharks , the rule of extremes comes into play . you should either keep one rainbow shark , or 6 or more rainbow sharks . the aggression won ' t be stopped , but with 6 or more rainbow sharks in the aquarium , the aggression will be evenly distributed . if you keep less than 6 rainbow sharks in one aquarium , the fish will almost always begin to fight amongst themselves .\ni have two albino corys , four loaches , one silver shark , one gold gourami , two sword tail fish , three mollys and one albino rainbow shark . they all seem to get along fine and they are doing well .\napprox . size 1 . 5 - 2 . 5\n; . the term\nshark\nis applied to many unrelated fish with a similar body shape . the rainbow shark is primarily a dark grayish black with bold red fins . should not be kept with other rainbow sharks or red tail sharks .\nthey were give the common name of albino rainbow shark when first introduced into the aquarium hobby due to their body shape and finnage which somewhat resembles that of a shark . they are of course not real sharks , but a type of ray finned fish common to the region in which they live . they have strong availability within the aquarium hobby and have been widely imported for a long time . they generally go by the common name of albino rainbow shark , but like most species are often sold under a variety of common names including : ruby shark , red - fin shark , red - finned shark , etc .\nthe rainbow shark is a freshwater cyprinid that comes from thailand and may not be a good choice for a community tank . the rainbow shark likes to stake out their own territory in the tank . this territory can be in the form of small caves , rocks and even plants . they will become aggressive with smaller fish that invade this territory . only keep one rainbow shark in your tank because they will not tolerate another rainbow or red tail sharks in the same tank . they may exist together for awhile , but one will end up chasing the other relentlessly until the other succumbs . you may also see an albino rainbow shark variety that is sometimes available at your local fish store .\npectoral fins . the pectoral fin is located on the breast area of fishes . the rainbow shark has pectoral fins to for locomotion and side to side movement\nif you are wanting to keep a group of rainbow sharks with pairs of sexes , it is relatively easy to distinguish between the males and females . the male rainbow shark tends to be a little smaller with the anal fin lined in black . however , if you are hoping to breed the rainbow sharks in the home aquarium , keep in mind that only chance spawnings have occurred over the years , thus little is known about the rainbow shark ' s breeding .\ni went to petco and bought the biggest rainbow shark i could find , as a target fish for my breeding pair of convict cichlids . you need a target fish to keep the convicts in constant protection mode so they don ' t focus their hostilities on each other . nevertheless , the shark is bigger than both convicts , yet they completely own him . they surely have my rainbow toeing the line . the rainbow shark has enabled my convict pairs ' bond to strengthen .\nthe rainbow shark is a brightly colored fish from southeast asia and a favorite for fish owners . although not technically a shark , the rainbow shark is as aggressive as its namesake . if you are willing to bend the truth a little bit , you can claim to be the proud owner of a shark . after setting up your freshwater tank , be sure to give the water a few weeks to cycle before introducing your fish . the most difficult part of maintaining a happy shark will be finding tank mates that this aggressive breed is willing to live with .\nis also called the silver shark , tricolor shark , or shark minnow , but don ' t be fooled by the word\nshark .\nthis fish ' s name is derived solely from its rigid , upright triangular dorsal fin and torpedo - shaped body , which make it superficially resemble that ferocious and predatory ocean fish .\ni recently bought 2 rainbow shark and i put them in my aquarium with 2 angel fish , 2 gold fish and 1 shubunkin . are they all compatible ?\nthe rainbow shark ' s aggression does not affect their tank mates . rainbow sharks make ideal additions to nearly any community aquarium . ideal tank mates for rainbow sharks can include bala sharks , red finned cigar sharks , iridescent sharks , catfish , corys , plecos , gouramis , danios , barbs , rainbowfish , loaches and eels . larger , more aggressive fish should not be kept with rainbow sharks .\nin order to keep multiple albino rainbow sharks or to keep a albino rainbow shark with a similar species like a red tail shark or bala shark , a much larger aquarium is required to provide each specimen with enough territory . a suitably large aquarium for multiple specimens would be a 6 foot long tank like a 125 gallon , which if aqua - scaped correctly could provide plenty of territory for multiple specimens .\ni was just wondering what would happen if i removed the cave for the rainbow . because i have never seen the rainbow eat as it ' s always inside the cave and will the rainbow shark ( correction 2 12 inches ) eat my half inch neon tetras if the rainbow is not fed well ? how long will the rainbow take to reach 6 inches ? i had an albino rainbow shark ( 4 12 inches ) which died after 2 years with us . it ' s lung was brown when it died . why ? i ' m guessing my 4 inch alligator gar must have bitten it ? i gave away the gar after that .\nthe rainbow , redfin and albino minnow sharks , epalzeorhynchos munense and e . frenatum\nmy rainbow shark named ottis lives with other fish and he only picks on the big bala shark , he is good with the other fish . the pet store said that rainbow sharks are calm and likes to be alone and clean the tank , so that is why i got him cause i thought that he will be nice .\ni just recently bought two rainbow sharks the bigger shark hides in a rock all day and the only time he comes out is when another fish inters the rock . i was wonder if my shark will become so aggressive it will eat my smaller guppies ?\nanswer : perhaps it ' s bala shark : bala shark - balantiocheilos melanopterus profile with pictures . let us know if it ' s not bala shark , eventually send us an email with the picture ( address is mentioned on the homepage of this website ) .\ni am planning to move my red tail shark from a 10 gallon tank which has guppies to a 50 gallon tank which has angels . will the shark bother the angels ? the shark has grown to about 6 inches long and is about 3 years old .\nbreeding this freshwater rainbow shark is rare in the home aquarium . this is most likely because of their intolerance of each other in the small confines of the home aquarium .\ndoes it look bloated at all ? does anything look wrong with it \u2013 patches of fuzz , etc ? if it looks fine , it may be hiding from the more dominant shark . it\u2019s generally a bad idea to keep two red tail sharks together , as one will become dominant and constantly harass the other shark . i\u2019d make sure the shark is still getting food , since a dominant shark will often prevent the other shark from feeding .\nepalzeorhynchos frenatus is great for the semi - aggressive community aquarium , as long as they are the sole shark and other tank mates are of similar size . it requires a large aquarium with driftwood , rocks , and spots of dense vegetation . this shark may set up territories around the aquarium . the rainbow shark will become very aggressive towards its own species .\nthe very popular bala shark is readily available in pet stores and online and moderately inexpensive .\nthe rainbow shark will appreciate a planted aquarium , not only as a source of food , but also as a source of hiding places , or territories . other ideal hiding places for the rainbow shark can include rock structures , driftwood or other cave - like structures . if you plan on keeping 6 or more rainbow sharks , make sure each fish has its own territory . in my experience , the rainbow sharks seemed to get along better when their\nterritories\nwere kept far apart , and out of sight from the other rainbow sharks . it was like a case of\nout of sight , out of mind .\nif the rainbow sharks couldn ' t see each other , there were no problems !\nthe albino rainbow shark is an omnivore and is not a finicky eater . flake food , freeze - dried bloodworms , tubifex , and a vegetable - based food should be fed .\nanswer : i would not add another rainbow shark to a 20 gallon tank . it would be very risky and it ' s highly probable that they won ' t get along .\ni ' m searching for potential algae eaters for my soon - to - be planted 10gal tank . will a rainbow shark tolerate sharing living space with 5 minnows and 3 platys ?\nan omnivore , the rainbow shark is not a particularly finicky eater . flake food , freeze - dried bloodworms and tubifex , as well as vegetable - based foods should be fed .\nif you decide to keep 6 or more rainbow sharks in one aquarium , you should also make sure that the fish are similar sized . the smaller , weaker rainbow sharks will often end up on the receiving end of larger , stronger rainbow sharks ' aggression . and when this happens , it ' s not pretty ! i have had rainbow sharks rip the fins and tails off of smaller , weaker rainbow sharks . in the end , the attacked rainbow sharks were unable to swim without their fins and tails , and they died !\nmore fish ready for the next shark ? check out the redtail black shark . , back to sharks \u2014 overview . , open the [ b ] main menu [ / b ] .\ni ' ve always had itleast one rainbow shark in my tank ( s ) for the past five years or so . they look like this : rainbow sharks grow up to about 6\nlong ( no more then that ) and are highly territorial from my experience .\nan omnivore , the rainbow shark is not a particularly finicky eater . flake food , freeze - dried bloodworms , and tubifex , as well as vegetable - based foods should be fed .\n: ) your tank sounds nice . well mine is a different story . i have a 20 gallon and i made a huge mistake . i put a rainbow shark in with these 3 ( unknown fish ) , 1 gourami and 1 dalmation molly . and yesterday i got a rainbow shark , now those are pretty good looking fish and like i was saying my tank is not big enough for my rainbow shark - only 20 gallon . well the rainbow shark keeps going after my 3 unknown fish , he now does it rarely , now only kind of nips at them but my real problem is i love that shark and if he grows to be 6 inches i mean then it would be the biggest fish , would it eat the gourami too . : ( should i sell it or just keep it and see what happens ? please , respond fast .\nthe bala shark has an elongated , torpedo - shaped body and big eyes , presumably adapted to help it find food . its dorsal fin is triangular and erect , making it resemble a shark .\ni think the dark coloured one is the dominant shark , at least it is in my tank .\ni got a regular rainbow fish a month ago . and now have just added another rainbow fish but this one is the albino rainbow fish . my regular rainbow fish that ' s grey is bigger than the albino and is being very territorial . i also bought a second home so that the albino can get shelter but , my regular rainbow fish is not letting the albino fish in . he ' s always chasing after the albino fish . what should i do ? please help !\nscientific classification of the rainbow shark definition : scientific classification , or biological classification , is how biologists group and categorize species of organisms with shared physical characteristics . scientific classification belongs to the science of taxonomy .\ni ' ve never had a rainbow shark before , but i peronsally would not try to have one in a community tank based only on information that i have read . below is one example : urltoken\ninteresting facts and information - how do you identify the sex of a rainbow shark ? the males and females of many fish species have different colors or different shaped bodies . but there are also other fish species where there is no visible difference . its sometimes tricky being an ichthyologist ! male rainbow sharks have thinner bodies than females with brighter coloring . interesting facts and information - why are rainbow shark slimy ? rainbow shark secrete a type of mucus , or slime , from their skin . this slime provides protection against parasites and infections and helps the rainbow shark to move through the water faster . some fish species also release toxins in their slime which ward off enemy attacks . other fish species use their slime to feed their young . interesting facts and information - why do rainbow shark have gills ? gills enable the rainbow shark to breathe . gills consist of thin sheets of tissue containing blood vessels . as water passes over the gills oxygen is absorbed into the blood stream carbon dioxide passes out into the water . the gills are protected by a large bony plate called an operculum . some fish species however have lungs and breathe air . interesting facts and information - why do the rainbow shark have fins ? a fin is an external appendage or\nlimb\nof a fish . fins are used for directing , stabilizing , or propelling the different fish species in water . numbers of fins vary between fish species , but there are usually seven . each of the fins on a fish are designed to perform a specific function :\ni have a 3 ft x 2 ft x 1 ft tank and have 25 fish in it . i have 2 rainbow shark , 2 silver shark , 10 gold fish , 2 angel , 4 bido , 4 red caps . they all are small to medium size . is the combination and quantity ok ?\nthis page is dedicated to raising rainbow sharks , the main focus is forum with questions , answers and experiences ! we ' d love to hear about your rainbow shark , so before leaving this page tell us your story - a form for this purpose can be found at the bottom of this page . a short summary of requirements of rainbow sharks can be found here : labeo frenatus profile with pictures .\nboumis , robert .\nhabitat of the freshwater rainbow fish\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nshields , brenton .\nhow to breed rainbow sharks\nlast modified october 19 , 2017 . urltoken\ni have a rainbow shark . mine does the same thing ( barrel rolls and swims upside down very briefly ) in a 39 gallon tank . i used to have him in a 10 gallon . all of my water levels are within it ' s normal range . upon observation it occurs to me that this is just normal behavior for the rainbow shark . the rainbow shark is kind of an acrobatic oddball . it does not float on it ' s sides and does not float on the surface . if that were the case then there would be a problem . my rainbow shark ( for most of the time ) chills out in a hollow log . he will eat algae that collects on the upper inside portion of the log , and will do so upside down . rainbow sharks are ( at least to me ) comical . so it ' s fair to say ( 3 years later ) that nothing is wrong with him .\nthe sand shark only appears in ordinary deserts . there are other variants for different versions of the desert :\nwhen you visit an aquarium shop it is very likely you find one of these guys . they can be either gray with orange - red fins or white with more red fins . sometimes you can see them under the name red tailed sharks , since some shops misidentify their fish . but red tailed shark is an entirely different fish . it has a black bulkier body with only one \u2013 tail - red fin and it will grow smaller , so watch out . rainbow sharks can be found under their latin names epalzeorhynchos frenatum and the white is epalzeorhynchos munense or under common names like the mentioned rainbow shark , but also as red finned shark or ruby shark and the albino form is mostly called simply albino rainbow shark or less often the golden shark . as most of the fish in aquatic trade , they are small and shy when you see them , but don ' t be fooled . they grow big and territorial even if the clerk tells you otherwise .\nanswer : no . goldfish are coldwater fish while rainbow sharks and angels are tropical . angels and rainbow sharks could live in one tank , however it should be large enough . 300 liters should be ok .\na large aquarium is required with rocks , driftwood , and spots with dense vegetation . the albino rainbow shark may set up territories around the aquarium . it will become very aggressive towards its own species when mature .\ni ' ve had my rainbow shark for about two years now , along with a massive goldfish and 6 mexican cave fish and he has made friends with the goldfish . he used to chase them everywhere , now just follows , it ' s kind of cute actually . i just wanted to know if i were to get another rainbow shark would it kill the one i got ? it ' s a 20 gallon tank .\nthe rainbow shark is originally described in 1934 by h . w . fowler and it was placed in the genus labeo under the species name frenatus . in 1998 the species was moved to the present genus epalzeorhynchos by yang & winterbottom . in fact , it is not really shark and actually belongs to the minnow family , cyprinidae under order cypriniformes of class actinopterygii . it has upright dorsal fin that gives them a shark like appearance .\n) was described by bleeker in 1851 . they are found in southeast asia in sumatra and borneo , and possibly the malayan peninsula . they have previously been described in most published literature as being found in the chao phraya basin in thailand as well as the mekong basin . however , in 2007 , ng and kottelat published a work confirming that they do not occur in the indochina regions . other common names they are known by include silver shark , tricolor shark , shark minnow , bala sharkminnow , tricolor shark minnow , and tri - colored shark .\ni have a rainbow shark in a 29 gallon aquarium with a opaline gourami , 2 giant danios , 2 black skirt tetra and 2 corys and i am wondering why my gourami hides in a corner and does not eat . i am also wondering if veggies improve the rainbow sharks colour like they do to red tails .\ni have a 30 gallon tank . i originally started with a rainbow shark , neon tetras , black skirt tetras and some platys . i also have one cory catfish and a beta . the tank is almost 2 years old now and my rainbow shark died a few months ago . he began swimming upside down and sideways . i was told he might have a problem with his swim bladder . since then , i tried to replace him with 3 or 4 other rainbow sharks but they keep dying . i first thought it was the pet store i used , so i went to another store . the rainbow shark was bigger from the second store . but again , it died . i ' ve had several water changes since my last attempt . yesterday , i bought another rainbow shark . again , it is dead this morning . it ' s not being attacked by my other fish . it was in perfect condition . it started swimming with its nose down similar to the original one . wondering if it ' s not the swim bladder and something off in my water ? the other fish are all doing very well . please help ? i ' d love another rainbow shark !\nhi . my 15 gallon tank is kinda crowded . it has 19 different kinds , koi , angel fish , goldfish , hammerhead , bala and rainbow shark , file snake . my rainbow shark is always hiding and would also come out if she sees i ' m watching them . no prob with my current set up , but i will purchase a 75 gal soon . i have placed plants so they can play in there .\ni have an albino rainbow fish and he seems to protect the smaller fish in my tank . i ' ve always had very good luck with the temperament of my fish . i honestly think the other fish help with the temperament of the rainbow shark . as i have 3 mollies and 3 glass fish in with him .\n. physically rainbow shark can only grow up to 6 inches in length and that means aquarium size measuring about 30 gallon is usually sufficient to house a single fish . avoid mixing two rainbow sharks together because although they will not attack other fish species , they can turn aggressive when there is more than one of the same kind .\ni have 1 siamese fighter , 2 gold gouramis , 1 rainbow shark , 1 clown loach and 6 black phantom tetras and they all get on fine in a 47 gallon aquarium , but i just recently added 2 silver sharks and the rainbow shark did not like it . every time they move he chases them back to the corner of the tank , they don ' t swim around because he won ' t let them . why is this ?\nmy rainbow shark hides and protects the smaller fish in the tank . he ' ll only come out of his cave for me , not anyone else unless they ' re really still and he doesn ' t see them .\ni ' m new to fish , and this is my first tank . i have a 10 gallon tank with heater , filter , airpump , gravel , and some plastic plants . today is the 3rd day i have had the tank . i have two guppies , an x - ray tetra , and a rainbow shark . today , i ' ve noticed that the rainbow shark hides perfectly still under a plastic plant any time the light is on . when i shut the light off , it immediately swims around freely . is this typical behavior of a rainbow shark ? and if not , what would you recommend to allow it to have more freedom in the tank ? thanks .\nrainbow sharks will be more hostile toward fish from the crossocheilus , garra and gyrinocheilus genera . small fish and bottom feeders , including catfish and cichlids , are also more likely to be disturbed by rainbow sharks . [ 20 ]\nthat ' s a bad idea . rainbow sharks are very solitary and become aggressive when placed with other fish .\nboumis , robert .\nhabitat of the freshwater rainbow fish .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / habitat - freshwater - rainbow - fish - 8294 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nshields , brenton .\nhow to breed rainbow sharks .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / how - to - breed - rainbow - sharks - 7808414 . html . 19 october 2017 .\ni have a rainbow shark along with 3 dwarf gouramis and dalmatian molly . i just have a 10 gallon tank right now while the 55 is cycling . but even in the cramped conditions it isn ' t aggressive at all .\ni love my rainbow shark ! i have him in a 55 gallon semi - aggressive tank and he is actually very peacful . always out and exploring the tank . this picture does not show the true color of the fish .\nbut every situation is different , and you should always watch the tank closely for a few days after adding the shark . if problems do develop , you need to be ready to reorganize the tank , or remove the shark completely .\nboumis , robert . ( n . d . ) . habitat of the freshwater rainbow fish . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / habitat - freshwater - rainbow - fish - 8294 . html\nhow is the shark\u2019s colour ? but you\u2019re probably right about the swim bladder . the best cure i\u2019ve found is feeding the shark lightly boiled , shelled peas . it normally clears it up pretty quickly . let me know how it goes .\nhi , i am just a newbie in having fish . i have 1 red crayfish , 1 blue crayfish , 2 orange crayfish and 1 gray crayfish . all of them live peacefully , the red crayfish is the biggest and is the dominant of the tank . i was thinking of adding 1 rainbow shark and 1 albino rainbow shark and 1 betta , will it be okay ? my tank is about 44cm x 28cm x 34cm , ( length x breath x height ) .\ni ' m curious about this too my red tail shark ( sometimes sold as a rainbow shark ) does the same exact thing . i will catch him sucking on the side of the tank or upside down sucking on rocks in his cave . i thought they were more about patrolling the tank . could this just be juvie behavior ? mine is still small .\ni ' ve had a rainbow shark for months , and he ' s gone through multiple tanks - and he always does this . he loves to browse on algae . i swear that ' s all he eats . . . : think\nanswer : neon tetras should always be kept in groups of 6 or more , additionally a 6 gallon tank will have to be upgraded because your rainbow shark is going to outgrow it ( we mention this at the top in the article ) . i wouldn ' t mix neon tetras with rainbow sharks unless it was a big planted tank with hiding places .\nshields , brenton . ( 2017 , october 19 ) . how to breed rainbow sharks . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / how - to - breed - rainbow - sharks - 7808414 . html\nkeep a single ruby shark to a tank , will be aggressive and territorial towards other shark - like fish . will be fine with more robust mid and top swimming fish . they are best kept with similar - sized fish and not smaller fish .\nthis fish can also be extremely aggressive , and should never be housed with another red tail shark , or any other fish with a \u201cshark - like\u201d body . docile tank mates with large bodies should also be avoided ( like mollies and platys ) .\nwritten by everyhingaquatic moderators photo taken by cichlidnut common name ( s ) : rainbow shark , red fin shark , ruby shark scientific name : epalzeorhynchus frenatum family : cyprinidae temperature temperament / behavior : semi - aggressive / territorial to smaller fish max size : 6 inches ( 16 cm ) min . tank size : 55 gallons ( 208 liters ) tank region : bottom - middle gender identification : males have their anal fin outlined in black compatibility : keep with similar size fish experience level : intermediate info\nthis is a freshwater fish and not a shark at all , though its form bears a resemblance to the voracious ocean predators .\nhi , i am im the process of cycling my 190l juwel trigon tank . i am planning to have rummy noses , the 2 female gbrs from my other tank , cardinals , cories , possibly a couple of platy or / and a pearl gourami . although i would love a redtail black shark i know these are aggressive and so would not be a good idea . someone suggested a rainbow shark instead as they apparently aren ' t as aggressive . i was wondering anyones experiences of keeping a rainbow shark as i really like the look of them . would one be ok ? what about my cories and gbr ? thanks , emz\nthe rainbow shark , sometimes called the red - finned shark , is a cyprinid that comes from the mekong river in southern asia . most of the specimens available in fish stores are captive - bred in large fish hatcheries of the region , and an albino variety is often seen as well . despite their shark - like appearance , freshwater sharks are not related to saltwater sharks at all and are , in fact , much more closely related to goldfish . their sleek appearance and bright coloration have made rainbow sharks very popular in the aquarium hobby . they are often mislabeled with red - tailed sharks due to their close coloration , but rainbow sharks have red coloration on all of their fins and have a gray body colored compared to the black body of red - tailed sharks . it is important to know the difference because rainbow sharks are the much more docile fish of the two species ."]}
{"id": 1990, "summary": [{"text": "conilithidae is a proposed taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails , specifically cone snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily conoidea , the cone snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "in 2009 , john k. tucker and manuel j. tenorio proposed elevating the subfamily conilithinae ( previously placed in the family conidae ) to the rank of family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this was based on a cladistic analysis of anatomical characters , including the radular tooth , the morphology ( i.e. shell characters ) , as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies , all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "in their phylogeny , tucker and tenorio noted the close relationship of the various species within the genera in the conilithidae ; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by puillandre et al. .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "tucker and tenorio \u2019s proposed classification system for the cone shells and their allies ( and the other clades of conoidean gastropods ) is set forth at tucker & tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "like other species in the superfamily conoidea , these snails are predatory and venomous , able to inject neurotoxins into their prey with their radula .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the species in this family are capable of \" stinging \" humans , therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "conilithidae", "paragraphs": ["conilithidae tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 thumbnails\nthe families conilithidae and conidae - the conus of the eastern pacific . - a conchological iconography # 18\nfive new species of jaspidiconus petuch , 2004 ( conilithidae : conilithinae ) from the caribbean mollus . . .\nbiodiversity and habitats of reef molluscs of families conidae and conilithidae ( neogastropoda ) off northern roatan island ( honduras ) .\nebscohost | 99118461 | biodiversity and habitats of reef molluscs of families conidae and conilithidae ( neogastropoda ) off northern roatan island ( honduras ) .\nkohniconus is a subgenus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the genus conasprella , family conilithidae , the cone snails and their allies .\nhome > journals & occasional publications > conchological iconography > the families conilithidae and conidae - the conus of the eastern pacific . - a conchological iconography # 18\nkohniconus is a subgenus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the genus conasprella , family conilithidae , the cone snails and their allies . [ 1 ]\nmolluscabase ( 2018 ) . conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 578794 on 2018 - 07 - 09\n[ synonyms : conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . taranteconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . puncticuliinae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . ]\nsix new gastropods , belonging to the families fasciolariidae , conidae , and conilithidae , recently have been discovered within the biogeographical boundaries of the brazilian molluscan province . these include : poremskiconus fonsecai n . sp . and poremskiconus smoesi n . sp . ( both conidae ) from the cearaian subprovince of northern brazil ; jaspidiconus josei n . sp . ( conilithidae ) from the bahian . . . [ show full abstract ]\na conchological iconography the families conilithidae and conidae - the cones of the eastern pacific : urltoken manuel jimenez tenorio , john k . tucker , henry w . chaney , guido t . poppe , klaus groh : 9783939767428 : books\ntucker , j . k . & tenorio , m . j . ( 2011 ) new species of gradiconus and kohniconus from the western atlantic ( gastropoda : conoidea : conidae , conilithidae ) . miscellanea malacologica 5 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 .\n( of conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp . page ( s ) : 136 [ details ]\npetuch , e . j . & sargent , d . m . ( 2011 ) new species of conidae and conilithidae ( gastropoda ) from the tropical americas and philippines . with notes on some poorly - known floridian species . visaya 3 ( 3 ) : 116 - 137 .\nsix new gastropods , belonging to the families fasciolariidae , conidae , and conilithidae , recently have been discovered within the biogeographical boundaries of the brazilian molluscan province . these include : poremskiconus fonsecai n . sp . and poremskiconus smoesi n . sp . ( both conidae ) from the cearaian subprovince of northern brazil ; jaspidiconus josei n . sp . ( conilithidae ) from the bahian subprovince of central brazil ; and fusinus damasoi n . sp . , fusinus mariaodeteae n . sp . ( both fasciolariidae ) , and lamniconus petestimpsoni n . sp . ( conidae ) from the paulinian subprovince of southern brazil .\nprior to 2009 , all cone species were placed within the family conidae and were placed in one genus , conus . in 2009 however , j . k . tucker and m . j . tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family . their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails , including the family conilithidae . this classification was based upon shell morphology , radular differences , anatomy , physiology , cladistics , with comparisons to molecular ( dna ) studies . published accounts of genera within the conidae ( or conilithidae ) that include the genus kohniconus include j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , and bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .\nprior to 2009 , all cone species were placed within the family conidae and were placed in one genus , conus . in 2009 however , j . k . tucker and m . j . tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family . their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails , including the family conilithidae . this classification was based upon shell morphology , radular differences , anatomy , physiology , cladistics , with comparisons to molecular ( dna ) studies . [ 2 ] published accounts of genera within the conidae ( or conilithidae ) that include the genus kohniconus include j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , and bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) . [ 4 ]\n( of conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) puillandre n . , duda t . f . , meyer c . , olivera b . m . & bouchet p . ( 2015 ) . one , four or 100 genera ? a new classification of the cone snails . journal of molluscan studies . 81 : 1 - 23 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis book present a new classification of the cone shells . it is based on radular morphology to define most of the suprageneric taxa . however , other features such as shell morphology , morphology of the periostracum and operculum and dietary habits are also factored in . the authors consider fossil taxa as well as recent taxa . the classification consists of five families , namely conorbiidae , hemiconidae n . fam . , taranteconidae n . fam . , conilithidae n . fam . and conidae . the family conidae is by far the most numerous in terms of genera both extinct and living , and comprises at least two subfamilies ( coninae and puncticuliinae ) and 64 genera , one of them fossil . the next family in number of genera is conilithidae , with two new subfamilies ( conilithinae and californiconinae ) and 19 genera , two of them extinct . the remaining three families are basal to the other two , and much less diverse : hemiconidae has only one fossil genus assigned , whereas taranteconidae has two extant genera , and conorbiidae consists of three genera , one fossil and two extant . thus , the resulting classification comprises 89 genera in total , from which 27 are introduced as new taxa .\nfive genera and eight species of gastropods of families conidae and conilithidae were observed in their natural habitats on the southernmost portion of the mesoamerican barrier reef , off the northern coast of roatan island , honduras . fifty per cent of species are widespread caribbean\u2013western atlantic species , whereas 50 % are endemic to the nicaraguan biogeographical subprovince and roatan island . multiple sightings during night scuba diving operations revealed that the reef off northern roatan supports a healthy and diverse population of conoidean gastropods . distribution of all recorded species by depth and habitat type revealed a distinct reef partitioning between the 4 most commonly occurring species .\nabstract : five genera and eight species of gastropods of families conidae and conilithidae were observed in their natural habitats on the southernmost portion of the mesoamerican barrier reef , off the northern coast of roatan island , honduras . fifty per cent of species are widespread caribbean\u2013western atlantic species , whereas 50 % are endemic to the nicaraguan biogeographical subprovince and roatan island . multiple sightings during night scuba diving operations revealed that the reef off northern roatan supports a healthy and diverse population of conoidean gastropods . distribution of all recorded species by depth and habitat type revealed a distinct reef partitioning between the 4 most commonly occurring species .\nthis book present a new classification of the cone shells . it is based on radular morphology to define most of the suprageneric taxa . however , other features such as shell morphology , morphology of the periostracum and operculum and dietary habits are also factored in . the authors consider fossil taxa as well as recent taxa . the classification consists of five families , namely conorbiidae , hemiconidae n . fam . , taranteconidae n . fam . , conilithidae n . fam . and conidae . the family conidae is by far the most numerous in terms of genera both extinct and living , and comprises at least two subfamilies ( coninae and puncticuliinae ) and 64 genera , one of them fossil . the next family in number of genera is conilithidae , with two new subfamilies ( conilithinae and californiconinae ) and 19 genera , two of them extinct . the remaining three families are basal to the other two , and much less diverse : hemiconidae has only one fossil genus assigned , whereas taranteconidae has two extant genera , and conorbiidae consists of three genera , one fossil and two extant . thus , the resulting classification comprises 89 genera in total , from which 27 are introduced as new taxa . 296 pp . , 17 figs , 15 b / w & 11 col . pls , hc 4 . bookseller inventory # w12444\nspecies sometimes referred to as \u2018cone snails\u2019 but allocated to artemidiconus ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , benthofascis ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , genota ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or borsoniidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) and genotina ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or mangeliidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) were excluded . within conorbidae , only benthofascis lozoueti has been sequenced and molecular analysis indicates that the family is separate from conidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . however , b . lozoueti is the only conorbid species that does not resorb the inner shell walls ( tucker , tenorio & stahlschmidt , 2011 ) . it thus cannot be excluded that the other conorbidae species\u2014which resorb them\u2014may in fact not be confamilial . likewise , as indicated above , molecular data place genota in the borsoniidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) and this clade is not further discussed here . fossil taxa ( hemiconus cossmann , 1889 ; cryptoconus koenen , 1867 ; conorbis swainson , 1840 ; conilithes swainson , 1840 ; eoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 and plagioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are not discussed either . consequently , only the conidae , conilithidae and taranteconidae ( sensu tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are discussed below , i . e . the cone snails as defined by bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nappendix 2 : list of all the family and subfamily names available for the conoidea .\na new genus - level classification of the conoidea is presented , based on the molecular phylogeny of puillandre et al . in the accompanying paper . fifteen lineages are recognized and ranked as families to facilitate continuity in the treatment of the names conidae ( for \u2018cones\u2019 ) and terebridae in their traditional usage . the hitherto polyphyletic \u2018turridae\u2019 is now resolved as 13 monophyletic families , in which the 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera are placed , or tentatively allocated : conorbidae ( 2 ( sub ) genera ) , borsoniidae ( 34 ) , clathurellidae ( 21 ) , mitromorphidae ( 8 ) , mangeliidae ( 60 ) , raphitomidae ( 71 ) , cochlespiridae ( 9 ) , drilliidae ( 34 ) , pseudomelatomidae ( = crassispiridae ) ( 59 ) , clavatulidae ( 14 ) , horaiclavidae new family ( 28 ) , turridae s . s . ( 16 ) and strictispiridae ( 2 ) . a diagnosis with description of the shell and radulae is provided for each of these families .\ncomparison of the last two conoidean classifications with the new classification proposed in this article . a . taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . 1 elevated to familial rank by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . 2 absent in taylor et al . ( 1993 ) . b . proposed classification . c . tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) . \u2020 fossil taxa .\nbased on a dataset of 57 genera and molecular sequences of fragments of one mitochondrial ( coi ) and three nuclear ( 28s , 18s and h3 ) genes , puillandre et al . ( 2008 ) published the first molecular phylogeny of conoidea . even though ranks differed , most of the lineages defined by taylor et al . ( 1993 ) were also retrieved in this molecular approach . the new molecular phylogeny of puillandre et al . ( 2011 ) is based on a dataset of 102 conoidean genera ( 87 \u2018turrids\u2019 , 5 cones and 10 terebrids ) and sequences of three gene fragments ( coi , 12s rrna and 16s rrna ) . because of the high congruency between the classification based on anatomical characters and the molecular tree obtained , we are inclined to think that our understanding of the phylogeny of the conoidea has now reached a stable position , and that a new classification is warranted . the classification presented below ( fig . 1 b ) aims to transform the molecular phylogeny into an operational classification by : ( 1 ) presenting revised morphological diagnoses for the now redefined families of conoidea ; ( 2 ) allocating ( sometimes tentatively ) all recent genera recognized or used in current literature to the corresponding family .\ngenus - group names have been allocated to the newly defined families based on the following critera : our aim was to provide an exhaustive list of conoidean genus - group names based on recent type species or reasonably recognized as recent in the literature . genera present exclusively in the fossil record are not included . in very few cases , obviously erroneous attribution of recent species to entirely fossil genera also excluded these genera from our listing . junior homonyms and nomina nuda are also not included because they are unavailable for nomenclatural purposes . when the status of a nominal genus is uncertain , we adopted a \u2018valid until synonymized\u2019 approach ; that is , a name is regarded valid ( irrespective of our opinion ) if it has not been synonymized in literature . the names of synonyms are placed after corresponding valid names ( the synonyms applied to the valid subgenus name are positioned after the subgenus name ) . all the genus and subgenus names are also listed in alphabetic order in appendix 1 .\n( 1 ) 224 genera were assigned to a family based on shell characters , and phenetic resemblance to those genera with radula and / or molecular characters available ; those are marked 1 .\n( 2 ) 103 genera were classified on the basis of radula morphology ( both our own and published data ) , and congruence between radula and molecular characters for those genera that were sequenced ; these are marked 2 .\n( 3 ) 98 genera were classified in a family on the basis of the molecular data ; these are marked 3 .\n( 4 ) 63 genera and subgenera do not fall easily into the morphological groups resulting from the preceding steps , but they have tentatively been assigned to a family as a working hypothesis ; these genera are preceded by a question mark .\n( 5 ) 173 subgenera and / or synonyms are also listed ; subgenera are in parentheses , synonyms in square brackets .\nto illustrate the range of radular types in the molecularly defined clades , the radulae were extracted as far as possible from the specimens used for the molecular analyses or from conspecific specimens ( after rehydration when soft parts had been dried ) , cleaned with diluted bleach , rinsed in distilled water , mounted on stubs , air dried , coated with gold - palladium , and investigated with a jeol jsm 840a scanning electron microscope . some of the previously photographed radulae ( examined by yuik and / or j . d . taylor ) were additionally illustrated .\nfor radular descriptions we mostly followed the terminology accepted and discussed by kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . in radular formulae , the parentheses indicate partial or complete fusion of lateral and rachidian teeth ( for more details , see kantor , 2006 ) .\nalthough the names conoidea and toxoglossa are used interchangeably in the taxonomic literature , we have avoided the name toxoglossa because ( i ) it is not typified and cannot be used for a family\u2013group name , and ( ii ) many of the included taxa do not have a toxoglossate radula . within the conoidea , ranking of the clades was determined by a conservative approach , thus retaining the names terebridae and conidae s . s . ( the latter including the cone snails profundiconus , californiconus , conasprella , conus and taranteconus ) in their accustomed usage at family rank . an alternative would have been to recognize only two families , conidae sensu taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and turridae ( including the turridae , terebridae , drilliidae and pseudomelatomidae ) , with the resulting inconvenience that conidae s . s . and terebridae , although monophyletic , would lose their traditional usage and the vast associated literature dealing with these names that largely ignores the taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) classifications .\nfourteen clades of rank equivalent to conidae s . s . and terebridae are recognizable from the molecular phylogenetic tree ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . forty - three family\u2013group names within conoidea are nomenclaturally available ( appendix 2 ) , of which five are based on a genus with a fossiltype species ( andoniinae vera - pelaez , 2002 ; cryptoconinae cossmann , 1896 ; hemiconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; johnwyattidae serna , 1979 ; siphopsinae le renard , 1995 ) . these five cannot be applied to a molecular clade and will not be used in our classification . names were applied to clades based on the position of their type genus in the tree . if more than one family\u2013group name was applicable , the valid name was determined by priority . if the type genus of a nominal family name was not sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar genus used in the analysis .\nbecause the molecular taxon sampling is still too patchy for such levels , we have abstained from extending the classification below family level ( i . e . subfamilies , tribes ) , even when some molecular clades obviously match previously recognized \u2018subfamilies\u2019 ( e . g . californiconinae , oenopotinae , zemaciinae , zonulispirinae ) . they are all included in a family ( appendix 2 ) , without precluding their usefulness and potential taxonomic validity .\neach family ( except the conidae and terebridae , already extensively covered and illustrated in other recent works , e . g . r\u00f6ckel , korn & kohn , 1995 ; terryn , 2007 ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) is illustrated by one or several shells , radulae and protoconchs , covering the morphological variability of the group . as far as possible , specimens used for the molecular analyses were used for illustration . however , since a substantial part of the morphological variability was not covered by our dataset , shells and radulae of other specimens are also illustrated .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized to large or very large , normally 20\u201350 mm , up to 170 mm high , conical or biconical , with narrow aperture and short siphonal canal . shell with considerable internal remodelling due to inner wall resorption . spiral sculpture usually developed , axial sculpture absent or in form of shoulder tuberculation . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , shallow to moderately deep . operculum present , small , with terminal nucleus . radula of marginal hypodermic teeth , generally harpoon - shaped , barbed at tip , often with complex inner structure of folds and serration , base small and swollen , tooth canal opening ( sub ) terminally , rarely laterally . subradular membrane vestigial . teeth can be attached to the membrane by long or very long flexible ligament . tooth wall forms several overlapping layers .\nremarks : in conidae and the other families that are included in this major clade ( family conidae sensu taylor et al . , 1993 ) , the radula consists only of marginal teeth that are usually enrolled with completely overlapping edges ( hypodermic ) . teeth at their formation in the radular sac are already enrolled and they are attached to the radular membrane only by their bases , sometimes through a long flexible ligament . in the \u2018turrids\u2019 with enrolled teeth , these are attached to the membrane along most of its length ( kantor & taylor , 2000 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the conidae is currently in preparation ( c . meyer , personal communication ) .\ndiagnosis ( from tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) : \u201cradular tooth : anterior fold is usually present ; basal spur is directed toward the apex of the tooth or parallel with the tooth base ; the waist , base and c - fold are absent ; terminating cusps , serratins and accessory process are also absent . shell characters : the interior of the shell is extensively remodelled including the columellar region ; nodules are absent but cords may be present . shells can be squatly conical to elongated or biconical . \u201d\nradulae . borsoniidae . a . genota mitriformis ( wood , 1828 ) * * , mnhn im200742293 ( shell : fig . 2 m ) . b . borsonia sp . * * , mnhn im200717932 ( shell : fig . 2 d ) . c . bathytoma neocaledonica puillandre et al . , 2010 * * , mnhn im200717857 ( shell : fig . 2 e ) . d . borsoniidae gen . 1 * * , mnhn im200717911 ( shell : fig . 2 b ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small to large ( 5\u201380 mm ) , fusiform to biconic , sometimes with strong to obsolete columellar pleats . sculpture usually well developed , axial ribs sometimes obsolete to absent . siphonal canal short to moderately long . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep . protoconch when multispiral with up to five whorls , initially smooth and then with arcuate axial riblets , when paucispiral up to two smooth whorls . operculum with terminal nucleus , fully developed to missing . radula of hypodermic marginal teeth that usually have a weakly developed solid basal part , often attached to the ligament ( marked by an arrow on fig . 3 c ) . tooth canal opening ( sub ) terminally or , sometimes , laterally . at their tip teeth can have weak to rather strong barb ( s ) ( genota , fig . 3 a ) . overlapping of the tooth edges is weak ( fig . 3 c ) . in zemacies , the radula is completely absent .\nremarks : this is a rather heterogeneous group . obviously , it is not fully resolved as it is based on molecular data and comprises rather conchologically different clades . this could be explained by the fact that many taxa of this group are among most ancient of conoideans , known since the palaeocene ( zemacies , borsonia , tomopleura ) or eocene ( bathytoma , genota , microdrillia ) . the loss of apomorphies by mutation could be more important for old taxa ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) .\nthe names borsoniinae bellardi , 1875 , and pseudotominae bellardi , 1875 , were established simultaneously . as first revisers , under art . 24 of the iczn code , we here give precedence to the former over the latter .\nshells . a\u2013f . clathurellidae . a . nannodiella ravella ( hedley , 1922 ) * , mnhn im200742350 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . t9 , 09\u00b033 . 5\u2032n , 123\u00b049 . 5\u2032e , 97\u2013120 m , sl 5 . 8 mm ( radula : fig . 5 a ) . b . comarmondia gracilis ( montagu , 1803 ) , mnhn , le brusc , cap sici\u00e9 , provence , france , 40\u2013100 m , sl 23 mm . c . etrema cf . tenera ( hedley , 1899 ) * * , mnhn im200717869 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s21 , 09\u00b041 . 7\u2032n , 123\u00b050 . 9\u2032e , 4\u201312 m , sl unknown ( broken ) . d . glyphostoma rostrata sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . dw896 , 20\u00b016\u2032s , 163\u00b052\u2032e , 315\u2013350 m , sl 21 . 5 mm . e . lienardia nigrotincta ( montrouzier , 1872 ) * , mnhn , touho , new caledonia , 20\u00b045 . 2\u2032s , 165\u00b016 . 3\u2032e , intertidal , sl 6 . 9 mm ( radula : fig . 5 b ) . f . strombinoturris crockeri hertlein & strong , 1951 , lacm 747\u201337 , off isabel island , mexico , 18\u201333 m , sl 47 . 5 mm . g\u2013i : mitromorphidae . g . lovellona atramentosa ( reeve , 1849 ) * , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . m2 , 09\u00b032 . 8\u2032n , 123\u00b045 . 9\u2032e , 0\u20132 m , sl 9 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 6 a ) . h . mitromorpha metula ( hinds , 1843 ) * , mnhn im200742339 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . b8 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b046 . 1\u2032e , 3 m , sl 3 . 1 mm ( radula : fig . 6 b ) . i . anarithma sp . * , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s5 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b046 . 1\u2032e , 2\u20134 m , sl 6 . 9 mm ( radula : fig . 6 c ) . abbreviation and symbols : sl , shell length ; * , sequenced species ; * * , sequenced specimen . photo credits : b . buge ( c ) , m . g . harasewych and d . tippett ( f ) , p . maestrati ( d , e ) .\nradulae . clathurellidae . a . nannodiella ravella ( hedley , 1922 ) * , mnhn im200742350 ( shell : fig . 4 a ) . b . lienardia nigrotincta ( montrouzier , 1872 ) * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 e ) . c . lienardia jousseaumei ( hervier , 1896 ) , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . b7 , 9\u00b035 . 9\u2032n , 123\u00b051 . 8\u2032e , 4\u201330 m . symbol : * , sequenced species .\ndiagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized ( 5\u201340 , usually 10\u201320 mm ) , fusiform to broadly fusiform , subsutural ramp usually unclearly separated . sculpture mostly strong , usually cancellate , subsutural fold lacking . shell surface often microgranular . apertural armature often well developed , in the form of pleats and denticles on both inner and outer lips ; no true columellar pleats . siphonal canal well expressed , moderately long . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep , often ( sub ) tubular . protoconch typically multispiral , up to six whorls , generally smooth with keeled last whorls ; when paucispiral , protoconch usually smooth or spirally striated , sometimes with remaining carination in last portion . operculum always absent . radula of hypodermic marginal teeth that usually have relatively small solid basal part ( fig . 5 ) . distinct ligaments not found . at their tip , teeth can have a weak barb .\nradulae . mitromorphidae . a . lovellona atramentosa ( reeve , 1849 ) * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 g ) . b . mitromorpha metula ( hinds , 1843 ) , mnhn im200742339 ( shell : fig . 4 h ) . c . anarithma sp . * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 i ) . symbol : * , sequenced species .\ndiagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized , 3\u201330 mm , usually 5\u201310 mm high , biconic , of mitriform shape . sculpture rather smooth , with dominant spiral elements . aperture narrow , with or without 1\u20133 columellar pleats , sometimes with denticles within . siphonal canal short or indistinct . anal sinus from indistinct to rather shallow indentation on weakly pronounced subsutural ramp . protoconch multispiral or paucispiral , up to 4 . 5 smooth whorls . no operculum . radula of hypodermic , marginal , relatively short , awl - shaped teeth with large swollen solid basal part ( fig . 6 ) . distinct ligaments present , short . tooth canal opening subterminally or laterally . at their tip , teeth can have a weak barb ( fig . 6 c ) .\nremarks : mitrolumninae was established as a substitute name for diptychomitrinae . mitromorphidae and mitrolumninae were published the same year but mitromorphidae ( 19 may 1904 ) has priority over mitrolumninae ( 31 august 1904 ) .\nradulae . mangeliidae . a . benthomangelia trophonoidea ( schepman , 1913 ) , mnhn im200717835 ( shell : fig . 7 c ) . b . toxicochlespira pagoda sysoev & kantor , 1990 * * , mnhn im200717925 ( shell : fig . 7 o ) . c . mangeliinae gen . 2 . mnhn im200910331 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s26 , 9\u00b041 . 50\u2032n , 123\u00b051 . 00\u2032e , 21 m , sl unknown ( broken ) . d . eucithara cf . coronata ( hinds , 1843 ) * * , mnhn im200717900 ( shell : fig . 7 f ) . e . anticlinura sp . * * , mnhn im200742513 ( shell : fig . 7 e ) . f . mangeliidae gen . sp . , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . t26 , 9\u00b043 . 3\u2032n , 123\u00b048 . 8\u2032e , 123\u2013135 m . g . mangelia powisiana ( dautzenberg , 1887 ) . plymouth , england , after taylor et al . ( 1993 ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small to medium size , 3\u201330 mm , usually 6\u201312 mm , oval to low - or high - fusiform , usually with comparatively low spire , often with a shoulder angulation . spiral and axial sculpture both well developed . shell surface often bearing microsculpture of spirally aligned granules . subsutural ramp usually not separated sculpturally . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , shallow to rather deep , rarely tubular . aperture normally not constrained with strong outgrowths or callus pads , rarely denticulate . siphon rather short to moderately long . protoconch typically multispiral , of up to five whorls , with axially ribbed protoconch ii ; spiral cords on protoconch ii present or absent . when paucispiral , protoconch usually spirally lirate . operculum present , with terminal nucleus ( oenopotinae ) , or normally absent . radula of marginal teeth of very variable morphology . teeth can be from semi - enrolled ( fig . 8 f , g ) to true hypodermic . frequently side projections around the base are present and there is large irregularly shaped \u2018root\u2019 projecting from the base . barbs may be present , from small to very large ( fig . 8 c ) or absent ( fig . 8 b ) . tooth canal opening laterally .\nradulae . raphitomidae . a . buccinaria pendula bouchet & sysoev , 1997 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . cp948 , 20\u00b033\u2032s , 164\u00b057\u2032e , 533\u2013610 m . b . daphnella pulvisculus chino , 2006 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . dw927 , 18\u00b056\u2032s , 163\u00b022\u2032e , 444\u2013452 m . c . gymnobela yoshidai kuroda & habe in habe , 1962 , mnhn , norfolk ridge , norfolk 2 , st . dw2058 , 24\u00b040\u2032s , 168\u00b040\u2032e , 591\u20131032 m . d . kermia irretita ( hedley , 1899 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . 1419 , 20\u00b055 . 6\u2032s , 167\u00b004 . 5\u2032e , 0\u20135 m . e . daphnella cladara sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn , norfolk ridge , lithist , st . cp09 , 24\u00b053\u2032s , 168\u00b022\u2032e , 518\u2013540 m . f . daphnella mitrellaformis ( nomura , 1940 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . dw1649 , 20\u00b054\u2032s , 167\u00b001\u2032e , 150\u2013200 m . g . miowateria sp . , mnhn , fidji , musorstom 10 , st . cp1354 , 17\u00b043\u2032s , 178\u00b055\u2032e , 959\u2013963 m . h . spergo fusiformis ( kuroda & habe in habe , 1962 ) , mnhn , tongatapu , tonga , bordau 2 , st . cp1566 , 21\u00b002\u2032s , 175\u00b018\u2032w , 530\u2013531 m .\nremarks : this is the largest and most variable taxon in the conoidea , as concerns the number of species , with the largest vertical range ( intertidal to hadal depths ) .\nradulae . cochlespiridae . a . cochlespira radiata ( dall , 1889 ) , mnhn , se brazil , after kantor & taylor , 2000 . b\u2013c . sibogasyrinx sp . * * , mnhn im200717701 ( shell : fig . 11 b ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell of moderate size , about 20\u201330 mm , up to 100 mm high , high - pagodiform to fusiform , with a tall spire and usually a long siphonal canal . axial sculpture poorly developed or absent , subsutural ramp usually smooth . anal sinus deep , on subsutural ramp . protoconch paucispiral , smooth . operculum with terminal nucleus . radula 1\u20130 - r - 0\u20131 . rachidian broad , subrectangular or arched , with a single rather large cusp ( fig . 12 ) , rarely absent ( some aforia ) . marginal teeth duplex , with well developed accessory limb .\nremarks : this is a clade with poor congruence between molecular and shell characters . the contents of most genera need revision and the family limits remain uncertain .\nsibogasyrinx was proposed as a subgenus of leucosyrinx for two species characterized by a low position of the peripheral angle . during our examination of radulae of species provisionally attributed to leucosyrinx , two distinct radulae types were found , differing in the presence of the rachidian , without apparent congruence with shell morphology . in sibogasyrinx pyramidalis , the type species of sibogasyrinx , as well as in the sequenced specimen ( fig . 11 b ) , the radula is characterized by the presence of a well - developed rachidian . although the sequenced specimen is conchologically closer to typical leucosyrinx , the molecular sequence suggests affinities to cochlespira .\nradulae . drilliidae . a\u2013b . splendrillia sp . * * , mnhn im200717847 ( shell : fig . 11 l ) . c . clavus exasperatus ( reeve , 1843 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . 1420 , 20\u00b047 . 7\u2032s , 167\u00b009 . 35\u2032e , 4\u20135 m . d . imaclava pilsbryi ( bartsch , 1950 ) , after kantor & taylor , 2000 . e . cruziturricula arcuata ( reeve , 1843 ) * * , nhmuk moea 20100541 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00\u201334 , 08\u00b026 . 24\u2032n , 79\u00b009 . 14\u2032w , 66\u201368 m ( shell : fig . 11 i ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized , usually 15\u201325 mm , up to 50 mm high , with a rather high spire and usually truncated base . spiral sculpture often obsolete . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep , ( sub ) symmetrical , sometimes tubular . protoconch usually paucispiral ( up to two whorls ) , smooth or abapically carinate . operculum with terminal nucleus . radular formula 1 - 1 - r - 1 - 1 , rarely 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 , central tooth small , from narrow unicuspid ( fig . 13 b ) to subrectangular with additional cusps ( fig . 13 c ) , rarely reduced to completely absent . lateral teeth broad , pectinate , and arched , marginal teeth from simple flat and sharply pointed ( fig . 13 a ) to duplex with slightly thickened edges and to loosely enrolled with the small barb near the tip ( imaclava , fig . 13 d ) .\nremarks : the genera cruziturricula and fusiturricula form an unsupported group that is sister to drilliidae . in the studied cruziturricula arcuata ( reeve , 1843 ) , the very characteristic radula differs from the drilliidae : 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 . marginal teeth are loosely enrolled with little overlap of the edges , with two barbs on the tip and a tongue - shape extension at the base ( fig . 13 e ) . the type species of fusiturricula , turris fusinella dall , 1908 , is different from what is currently conceived as belonging to that genus ( e . g . williams , 2006 ) , but those species are similar to cruziturricula sensu auctt . the only data on the radula was provided by powell ( 1966 : 31 ) , who stated ( without mentioning the species ) : \u201cradula of marginals only , wishbone - type , but long and narrow\u201d . although cruziturricula and fusiturricula definitely do not belong in drilliidae and may represent a new family , they are here provisionally placed in drilliidae for lack of a better alternative .\nradulae . pseudomelatomidae . a . tiariturris spectabilis berry , 1958 * * , nhmuk moea 20100540 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 34 , 08\u00b026 . 24\u2032n , 79 09 . 14\u2032w , 66\u201368 m ( shell : fig . 14 q ) . b . comitas onokeana vivens dell , 1956 , mnhn , new caledonia , montrouzier , st . 1269 , after kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . c , d . comitas sp . * * , mnhn im200717918 ( shell : fig . 14 a ) . e , f . crassiclava turricula ( sowerby , 1834 ) , off nacascola , west side of bahia culebra , costa rica , after kantor et al . ( 1997 ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\nradulae . pseudomelatomidae . a . leucosyrinx sp . * * , mnhn im200717846 ( shell : fig . 14 g ) . b . zonulispira sp . * * , nhmuk moea 20100536 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 18 , 08\u00b019 . 50\u2032n , 78\u00b047 . 71\u2032w , 25\u201332 m ( shell : fig . 14 v ) . c . carinodrillia dichroa pilsbry & lowe , 1932 * * , nhmuk moea 20100530 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 18 , 08\u00b019 . 50\u2032n , 78\u00b047 . 71\u2032w , 25\u201332 m ( shell : fig . 1 j ) . d . ptychobela suturalis ( gray , 1838 ) * * , det . j . a . todd , yk , nhmuk moea 20100560 , off southern hong kong , sta . 71 . e . cheungbeia robusta ( hinds , 1839 ) * , nhmuk moea 20100557 , coll . b . morton , off southern hong kong , sta . 70 ( shell : fig . 14 k ) . f . inquisitor sp . * * , mnhn im200717851 ( shell : fig . 14 e ) . symbols : * , sequenced species ; * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small to rather large , 15\u2013100 mm high , claviform to fusiform . spiral and axial sculpture generally well developed , often strong . subsutural fold often present . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , usually moderately deep to very deep , often constrained by callus rendering anal sinus subtubular . protoconch usually paucispiral , sometimes multispiral , with up to three whorls , smooth or sometimes axially or spirally sculptured on later whorls . operculum with terminal nucleus .\n1 - ( 1 - r - 1 ) - 1 \u2013 comitas type ( includes also knefastia and antiplanes ) . the central formation is rather variable in degree of development of the rachidian tooth and fusion of three teeth . in some comitas ( fig . 15 c , d ) , the central formation looks like single well - defined tooth [ as in comitas murrawolga ( garrard , 1961 ) ] , while in comitas onokeana vivens dell , 1956 , knefastia and antiplanes , the rachidian is totally reduced and the formation appears as two poorly developed paired plates ( reduced laterals ) ( fig . 15 b ) . marginal teeth in comitas and knefastia flat , broadly oval , with thickened edges and teeth tips and without pronounced accessory limb . in antiplanes marginal teeth narrowly elongate , with well - developed accessory limb .\n1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 \u2013 crassiclava type . differs from the comitas type by the better defined laterals ( fig . 15 e , f ) that are low , arcuate and sharply curved towards the midline of the ribbon .\n1 - 0 - r - 0 - 1 \u2013 pseudomelatoma type ( also includes hormospira and tiariturris , fig . 15 a ) . rachidian with strong cusp and subrectangular base ( contrary to the other types with a central formation formed by fused lateral and rachidian ) . despite neither ontogeny nor folding of the radula have been examined , we tentatively treat this structure as a true rachidian . marginal teeth simple , solid and strongly curved , attached to the membrane by rather a narrow base and free along most of their length .\n1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 \u2013 most genera of the family . marginal teeth elongated , narrow , flat , with thickened edge ( e . g . funa , carinodrillia , fig . 16 c ) , or trough - shaped in transverse section , sometimes with small barb near the tip ( cheungbeia , fig . 16 e ) , which may become semi - enrolled ( e . g . pyrgospira , pilsbryspira , zonulispira , fig . 16 b ) , to nearly hollow , where limbs overlap at significant length of the teeth ( ptychobela , fig . 16 d ) .\nremarks : anatomically , pseudomelatomidae is the most variable family of conoidea . most genera were formerly included in the subfamily crassispirinae , but the nomenclaturally valid name for this clade is pseudomelatomidae . its constituents includes several taxa that were previously recognized as separate ( sub ) families : zonulispirinae , characterized by semi - enrolled marginal radular teeth ( a character found in several branches of the clade ) , and pseudomelatominae , defined on the basis of the very characteristic solid marginal teeth and strongly developed rachidian .\nthe genus leucosyrinx has long been a convenient genus for placement of turreted - fusiform species , mostly from deep water of the atlantic and indo - pacific . currently , it is a mixture of species of probably different taxonomic position , and the membership of the genus needs revision . the type species from the northern atlantic , leucosyrinx verrilli ( dall , 1881 ) , has a radula consisting of only duplex , rather robust marginal teeth ( powell , 1966 : text fig . b12 ) , a radula type also found by us in indo - pacific species ( fig . 16 a ) . a second type of radula is found in sibogasyrinx , originally described as a subgenus of leucosyrinx , and which clusters in the molecular tree with the cochlespiridae ( see under that family ) . in our study , true leucosyrinx appears to be sister to the pseudomelatomidae , but this relationship has poor support . as a working hypothesis , we tentatively include leucosyrinx in the pseudomelatomidae . clavatulidae gray , 1853\nradulae . clavatulidae . a , b . turricula nelliae ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) * * , nhmuk moea 20100551 , danang , vietnam . c . pusionella compacta strebel , 1914 * * , mnhn im200717830 ( shell : fig . 17 b ) . d . toxiclionella tumida ( sowerby , 1870 ) , south africa , after kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . e . clavatula xanteni nolf & verstraeten , 2006 * * , mnhn im200717829 ( shell : fig . 17 c ) . f . gemmuloborsonia colorata ( sysoev & bouchet , 2001 ) * * , mnhn im200717849 ( shell : fig . 17 a ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen . arrow , see text .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized to rather large ( usually 15\u201330 mm , up to 85 mm high ) , broad - fusiform to turreted - fusiform , with high spire and usually moderately long siphonal canal . subsutural ramp usually well developed , with very shallow to rather deep anal sinus situated on its lower part or shifted abapically , with apex at almost a peripheral position . sculpture variously developed , from almost smooth shell surface to well - developed axial ribs and spiral cords . protoconch only known as paucispiral , up to c . 2 . 5 smooth whorls . operculum with medio - lateral nucleus . radular formula 1 - ( 1 - r - 1 ) - 1 . the central formation is composed of very thin , broad , plate - like lateral teeth and a small , but sometimes strong , narrow rachidian . the central formation is variously developed , sometimes appearing as a pronounced tooth ( fig . 18 b ) , sometimes clearly consisting of three elements ( clionella sinuata , see taylor et al . , 1993 ; fig . 18 a , b ) , to its nearly complete reduction ( fig . 18 c ) . marginal teeth usually duplex , with sharp - edged major limb and a deep socket where an accessory limb is inserted , often with angulation distal to the socket ( arrow in fig . 18 e ) . in toxiclionella the marginal teeth are hypodermic , loosely enrolled , attached along their length to radular membrane , having two barbs at the tip and a tooth canal opening subterminally ( fig . 18 d ) .\nremarks : the genus gemmuloborsonia represents a sister group to the ( clavatulidae + horaiclavidae ) clade , but this node is not well supported . because it resembles much more the clavatulidae than the horaiclavidae in terms of shell and radular characters ( fig . 18 f ) , gemmuloborsonia is provisionally included in the former family . if further studies support that hypothesis , then the diagnosis of the clavatulidae should be amended to account for the presence of weak columellar pleats and multispiral turridae - type protoconch present in gemmuloborsonia . horaiclavidae new family\nradulae . horaiclavidae . a . paradrillia sp . * * , mnhn im200742475 ( shell : fig . 17 n ) . b . inkinga sp . , mnhn ( shell : fig . 17 j ) . c . ceritoturris pupiformis ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) * * , mnhn im200717888 ( shell : fig . 17 i ) . d . horaiclavus splendidus ( a . adams , 1867 ) * * , mnhn im200717840 ( shell : fig . 17 h ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen . arrows , see text .\ndiagnosis : shell generally small , 5\u201325 mm , usually 7\u201315 mm high , shortly claviform , with relatively low spire and a short , truncated , poorly differentiated siphonal canal . subsutural ramp usually poorly differentiated . axial sculpture almost always present , usually as strong sinuate ribs . spiral sculpture normally weak or obsolete , often with glossy shell surface . anal sinus on subsutural slope , weak to moderately deep , often constrained by callus . protoconch of up to 3 . 5 medially carinate but otherwise smooth whorls when multispiral , but usually paucispiral and smooth . operculum with terminal nucleus . radular formula : 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 . marginal teeth duplex , with lanceolate major limb and usually narrow accessory limb , which is inserted in a shallow socket . major limb often with angulation lateral to the place of accessory limb insertion . rarely ( some paradrillia , cf . kilburn , 1988 , fig . 17 ; inkinga , fig . 19 b ) the additional limb is of similar size to the major limb and the teeth become trough - shaped in transverse section , with a collar near the base ( arrows in fig . 19 b ) . in several species of horaiclavus the radular apparatus is absent .\nremarks : this family shares many characters with pseudomelatomidae , conchologically differing by a small stout shell with short siphonal canal and usually poorly developed spiral sculpture .\nradulae also are rather similar to many representatives of pseudomelatomidae and no clear cut distinctions were found . genera currently included in horaiclavidae have been usually included in the crassispiridae ( = pseudomelatomidae ) , and the clear molecular - based division between the two clades seems to be not so clearly reflected in shell - based distinction . therefore , the generic composition of the family is somewhat provisional and needs confirmation by further molecular data and / or a detailed analysis of conchological and radular characters .\nshells . turridae . a . xenuroturris legitima iredale , 1929 * * , mnhn im200717684 , vanuatu , santo 2006 , st . dr087 , 15\u00b038 . 5\u2032s , 167\u00b015 . 1\u2032e , 13 m , sl 57 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 21 c ) . b . iotyrris cingulifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) * * , mnhn im200717685 , vanuatu , santo 2006 , st . fs84 , 15\u00b033 . 6\u2032s , 167\u00b016 . 6\u2032e , 8\u20139 m , sl 15 . 5 mm ( radula : fig . 21 d ) . c . decollidrillia nigra habe & ito , 1965 , zmmu uncatalogued , southern kurile islands , sl 12 . 8 mm . d . lophiotoma acuta ( perry , 1811 ) * * , mnhn im200717860 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . r44 , 09\u00b033 . 3\u2032n , 123\u00b043 . 9\u2032e , 2 m , sl 44 . 0 mm . e . turridrupa acutigemmata ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) , new caledonia , 46 m , sl 26 . 5 mm . f . turris babylonia ( linnaeus , 1758 ) * * , mnhn im200717754 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . r42 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b052 . 6\u2032e , 8\u201322 m , sl 79 . 4 mm . g . gemmula rarimaculata ( kuroda & oyama , 1971 ) * * , mnhn im200717838 , coral sea , ebisco , st . dw2533 , 22\u00b018\u2032s , 159\u00b028\u2032e , 360\u2013370 m , sl 13 . 7 mm . h . ptychosyrinx chilensis berry , 1968 , usnm 870005 , s of coquimbo , chile , 31 . 1\u00b0 s , 71 . 8\u00b0 w , 179\u2013187 m , sl 21 . 1 mm . i . lucerapex cf . casearia ( hedley & petterd , 1906 ) * * , mnhn im200742448 , philippines , panglao 2005 , st . cp2363 , 09\u00b006 . 0\u2032n , 123\u00b025 . 0\u2032e , 437\u2013439 m , sl 21 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 21 e ) . j . cryptogemma corneus ( okutani , 1966 ) , zin 58809 / 1 , off shikotan i . , kurile islands , 1450\u20131530 m , 12 . 3 mm . abbreviation and symbol : sl , shell length ; * * , sequenced specimen .\nradulae . turridae . a . turridrupa cf . armillata ( reeve , 1845 ) , mnhn im200740773 , coral sea , ebisco , st . dw2607 , 19\u00b033\u2032s , 158\u00b040\u2032e , 400\u2013413 m . b . gemmula kieneri ( doumet , 1840 ) , mnhn , vanuatu , musorstom 8 , st . cp1123 , 15\u00b007\u2032s , 166\u00b055\u2032e , 262\u2013352 m . c . xenuroturris legitima iredale , 1929 , mnhn im200717684 ( shell : fig . 20 a ) . d . iotyrris cingulifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) * * , mnhn im200717685 ( shell : fig . 20 b ) . e . lucerapex cf . casearia ( hedley & petterd , 1906 ) * * , mnhn im200742448 ( shell : fig . 20 i ) . f . turris crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) , mnhn , ile ouen - baie du prony , st . 80 , 22\u00b031s , 166\u00b028e , 33 m , ss 39 mm . symbols : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell of medium to large size ( usually 20\u201330 mm , up to 110 mm high ) , short - to high - fusiform , usually with a high spire and a long ( rarely short and truncated ) siphonal canal . axial sculpture weak or absent . anal sinus on whorl periphery . protoconch typically multispiral , up to six whorls , protoconch i smooth , protoconch ii with arcuate axial riblets ; reduced paucispiral protoconch usually smooth , may have arcuate axial riblets . operculum fully developed , with terminal nucleus . radular formula typically 1 - ( 1 : r : 1 ) - 1 . small and narrow rachidian and plate - like laterals are fused together , together constituting a central formation of different development ( kantor , 2006 ) , varying from a well - defined broad central tooth ( fig . 21 b ) to a tooth clearly formed of three elements ( fig . 21 a ) through a gradual reduction of rachidian and / or laterals to complete absence ( fig . 21 d ) . marginals duplex , of variable morphology , from broadly oval and flattened ( fig . 21 e , f ) with nearly equally developed limbs to awl - shaped and divided only in basal part ( fig . 21 a ) . in most cases , the major limb is large and knife - shaped , while the accessory limb is dorsal and more weakly developed ( fig . 21 ) . in iotyrris , marginal teeth have equally developed limbs that form a shallow broad trough ( fig . 21 d ) .\nremarks : this group is well defined by its usually narrowly fusiform shell with obsolete axial sculpture and peripheral anal sinus . however , the genus lucerapex , although fully conforming conchologically , occupies a position on the tree ( sister group to turridae + terebridae ) that excludes it from the turridae . it is nevertheless tentatively included here in turridae .\nradulae . a , b . strictispiridae . strictispira paxillus ( reeve , 1845 ) , british virgina islands , ansp . a . teeth detached from the membrane and showing the large median flange . b . two teeth , showing the large median flange attached to the membrane . photo submit : j . d . taylor ( a . b ) . c . conorbidae . benthofascis lozoueti sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn im200742331 ( shell : fig . 2 o ) .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized , to 20 mm , claviform . spiral and axial sculpture well developed , shoulder with a marked subsutural fold . anal sinus deep , laterally directed . parietal callus well developed . protoconch paucispiral in all species examined , smooth . operculum leaf - shaped , with terminal nucleus . radula consisting of a pair of solid awl - shaped marginal teeth that have a prominent flange , located above the base of the tooth and firmly attached to the radular membrane .\nremarks : we did not obtain any material of strictispiridae for molecular analysis and the position of the family group remains unclear . the shell resembles that of pseudomelatomidae and the shape of the radular marginal teeth is also somewhat similar to pseudomelatoma , hormospira and tiariturris , but it differs in the absence of the rachidian . among the examined species of strictispira , s . paxillus is characterised by rather unusual characters , such as the absence of the venom gland together with very large and powerful odontophore ( kantor & taylor , 1994 ) . until molecular data are available , we conservatively treat this family as valid , following taylor et al . ( 1993 ) .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized to large , 8\u2013270 mm , usually 30\u2013100 mm high , auger - shaped , with high to very high multiwhorled spire and flattened shell profile , aperture relatively small . siphonal canal short , anal sinus not pronounced . protoconch with up to 5 smooth whorls when multispiral . radular formula 1\u20130 - 0 - 0 - 1 but radular apparatus absent in many species . marginal teeth range from solid and curved to hypodermic , with or without small barb at the tip . hypodermic teeth without solid bases . in some species ( e . g . impages hectica ) the walls of the teeth are penetrated by numerous holes .\nthe authors thank b . a . marshall , m . g . harasewych , r . n . kilburn , m . j . tenorio , j . k . tucker and d . tippett for constructive comments and help in completing the lists of genera and subgenera . a . e . fedosov , j . d . taylor , j . mclean , m . g . harasewych and d . l . tippett supplied shell and radula pictures . j . a . todd provided specimens for dissection and photography . barbara buge curated and photographed the voucher specimens in mnhn .\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . subfamily turrinae\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 2 . subfamily clavatulinae"]}
{"id": 1992, "summary": [{"text": "parcoblatta fulvescens , the fulvous wood cockroach , is a species of cockroach endemic to the united states and possibly canada that measures around 13 mm ( 0.5 in ) long . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "parcoblatta fulvescens", "paragraphs": ["might be virginica or even fulvescens cause some of the males in the pics u posted look similar to fulvescens males .\nmoved from zebra wood cockroach . this one actually appears to be p . fulvescens , which is probably the most common species of parcoblatta in ok\ni guess this female is a parcoblatta uhleriana . they are the most common here .\n1 . female parcoblalta fulvescens feed selectively on diets differing in nutrient content when given a choice during the reproductive cycle .\nhello . i caught some parcoblatta and i cannot find pictures of many of the species . i might have four species of parcoblatta right now . can somebody post some pictures of p . zebra , p . lata , p . fulvescens , p . caudellia and p . notha ? if you can post pictures of any of the other species of parcoblatta i would love to see them too !\nps . male p . lata has black abdomen by the way . fulvescens look similar to p . lata but doesn ' t have black abdomen .\nlife history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .\njournal article : life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .\nlife history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . ( journal article ) | osti . gov\nhorn , scott , & hanula , james , l . life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . . united states . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nhorn , scott , and hanula , james , l . tue .\nlife history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .\n. united states . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 . urltoken\nhorn , scott , and hanula , james , l . life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . . united states : n . p . , 2002 . web . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nwood cockroaches are an important prey of the red - cockaded woodpecker , picoides borealis , an endangered species inhabiting pine forests in the southern united states . these woodpeckers forage on the boles of live pine trees , but their prey consists of a high proportion of wood cockroaches , parcoblatta spp . , that are more commonly associated with dead plant material . cockroach population density samples were conducted on live pine trees , dead snags and coarse woody debris on the ground . the studies showed that snags and logs are also important habitats of wood cockroaches in pine forests .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plug - in installed ( for example , a recent version of adobe acrobat reader ) .\nif you would like more information about how to print , save , and work with pdfs , highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs .\nalternatively , you can download the pdf file directly to your computer , from where it can be opened using a pdf reader . to download the pdf , click the download link above .\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by bryan e . reynolds on 17 july , 2016 - 11 : 28am last updated 21 july , 2016 - 8 : 33am\nthanks for the clarification , alan , and sorry for jumping the gun . these buggers sure look similar . next time i ' ll post into the family level .\na lot of the species in this genus look alike so it ' s hard to distinguish them from one another , even for the experts .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nbeccaloni g . w . ( 2007 - ) cockroach species file online . version 5 . 0\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n2 . diets high in carbohydrate and protein content are preferred early in the cycle , while a cellulose - containing diet is readily consumed toward the end of the cycle .\n3 . the total diet consumed by females given a choice contained about 16 % protein , and they did not excrete uric acid while on this diet .\n4 . females on diets high in carbohydrate or cellulose required longer to complete the reproductive cycle than females on high - protein diet or those given a dietary choice .\n5 . nitrogen - stressed females will consume urate - containing fecal pellets , but only if they have utilizable carbohydrate in their diet .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\natkinson , thomas h . , philip g . koehler , and richard s . patterson\nnomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america : vol . 4 : non - holometabolous orders\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe largest family of the order , with ~ 35 spp . ( incl . several adventive ) in 14 genera of 4 subfamilies in our area and ~ 2 , 300 spp . in ~ 220 genera of 7 subfamilies worldwide\namerican insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ngreat ! thank you for the pictures ! i took some picture today . here .\ni do not know if these orange males are p . uhleriana or p . lata .\ni am guessing that this one is a p . virginica male . they are a lot smaller ( just slightly bigger than the p . bolliana males ) than the other males and they have the dark head . they are faster too .\nhere is a p . bolliana or what i think is a p . bolliana . adult male .\ni do not know what these are . most of the big orange males i think came from black nymphs which i thought were i . deropeltiformis .\nhere are an adult female and adult male of what i think are p . bolliana .\ni know some of the big orange ones molted recently so maybe they are not the normal color yet .\nthis one i am not sure what it is . what is this adult female ? is it p . lata ? it molted over a day ago ( yesterday in the daytime ) .\nthis male was slightly different in color . a few of the big orange males are smaller than normal and some have different color like this ( did not get a good look so not sure exactly how ) .\ni caught this p . virginica in leaves with p . uhleriana . they are tiny ! she was chewing on me while i was taking a picture . . . . . so it was hard to take a pic without shaking so much\ni don ' t think u have any i . deropeltiformis in the pics . there might be some pseudomops nymphs in there by the way .\nvery interesting ! i do not think she is a p . virginica or a p . fulviscens . she is a lot bigger than the p . virginica ( close to p . uhleriana size ) . she has slightly different wings from p . fulviscens . yes , i can sell some p . uhleriana if they start breeding . it seems to be dryer now outside than it used to be a few months ago and because of that i think there are fewer roaches . i am having a hard time finding many roaches , i mean i can easily find some but just not very many . are the p . uhleriana common in your area ?\ni don ' t think p . uhleriana is present in my area ( they do occur in my state but i haven ' t seen any yet ) .\nhow much are you asking for a pair of p . uhleriana adults ? i ' m interested in about two pairs\nonly two pairs ? i think i can find more than that . i will look today . can you tell what the p . uhleriana adult males look like ? you live in alabama right ? just pay for the shipping and i will send them to you . how much do you think the shipping will be ?\ni found another adult female p . uhleriana today . it is harder than i thought . i do not think i can get very many . the places i go to do not have anymore roaches . i need to find other places . i have only one adult female ischnoptera deropeltiformis so i need a male and i hope one of them are i . deropeltiformis lol . i think i found some more of the ones that look like the pseudomops . do you want me to send some now or in the future if they breed ?\ni would love to get some adults soon so that i can not only breed them but i would be able to send some to zephyr on june . do you think it will be possible to send me 2 or more pairs of adults ?\nps this one might be the p . uhleriana male . was this specimen black when he was nymph ?\nokay . i do not know if that one was black as a nymph ( i got him as an adult ) . i have one sub - adult male nymph that is black and has that little brown spot close to the tip of the abdomen on top . another sub - adult male roach molted yesterday and it was dark rusty brown like this black one on top . it did not have that brown spot and it was less shiny . i found these p . uhleriana like roaches in thick white oak and red oak like leaves .\nperhaps you could put one of the specimen in the fridge for about 10 ~ 15 min . and take the pics of median segment under the wing ?\nsure i will do that ! but i am going to have a concert soon so maybe i cannot put the picture here this afternoon .\nthese are the best pictures i can get . i am scared that i am going to kill them holding them like this . are these two pictures good enough to find out what species they are ? this male is limping and his front legs do not work now . my hands a shaky . what are the p . uhleriana supposed to have ?\nhave a pair of structures on the median segment ( and not the first abdominal segment ) . these structures do not meet in the midline to form a ridge . the wings are markedly broader than the pronotum in\nplease could you explain what they mean ? like what the ridge looks like . i might be able to look at them quickly without out hurting them and see what they are .\ndo you see those two dot looking thing below the pronotum ? that ' s the pair of modified structure that we are looking for .\nthank you for the clear pictures . here are some more pictures i took .\nthis one is a strange one . it laid an ootheca that looked like the other p . uhleriana . but she has smaller and more round wings . i think she is the smallest of them all . cariblatta your p . uhleriana should be laying oothecae by now . have they ?\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\nabed , d . , brossut , r . , and farine , j . - p . 1993a . evidence for sex pheromones produced by males and females in\nabed , d . , chevied , p . , farine , j . - p . , bonnard , o . , le qu\u00e9r\u00e9 , j . l . , and brossut , r . 1993b . calling behaviour of female\natkinson , t . h . , koehler , p . g . , and patterson , r . s . 1991 . catalog and atlas of the cockroaches ( dictyoptera ) of north america north of mexico .\nbreed , m . d . 1983 . cockroach mating systems , pp . 268 - 284 , in d . t . gwyne and g . k . moris ( eds . ) .\ncharlton , r . e . , webster , f . x . , zhang , a . , schal , c . , liang , d . , sreng , i . , and roelofs , w . l . 1993 . sex pheromone for the brownbanded cockroach is an unusual dialkyl - substituted \u03b1 - pyrone .\nfarine , j . - p . , evaraerst , c . , abed , d . , ntari , m . , and brossut , r . 1996 . pheromonal emission during the mating behavior of\ngautier , j . y . , deleporte , p . , and rivault , c . 1988 . relationships between ecology and behavior in cockroaches , pp . 335 - 351 , in c . n . slobodchikoff ( ed . ) .\ngemeno , c . and schal , c . 2003 . sex pheromones of cockroaches . in r . t . card\u00e9 and j . millar ( eds . ) .\ngorton , r . e . , jr . 1980 . a comparative ecological study of the wood cockroaches in northeastern kansas .\ngorton , r . e . , jr . 1981 . behavioral and ecological correlations within a cockroach community .\nhanula , j . l . and engstrom , r . t . 2000 . comparison of red - cockaded woodpecker (\nhebard , m . 1917 . the blattidae of north america north of the mexican boundary .\nkurtti , t . j . and brooks , m . a . 1976 . the dissociation of insect embryos for cell culture .\nliang , d . and schal , c . 1993a . calling behavior of the female german cockroach ,\nliang , d . and schal , c . 1993b . ultrastructure and maturation of a sex pheromone gland in the female german cockroach ,\nnishino , c . , tobin , t . r . , and bowers , w . s . 1977 . electroantennogram responses of the american cockroach to germacrene d sex pheromone mimic .\nnoirot , c . and quennedey , a . 1974 . fine structure of insect epidermal glands .\nroth , l . m . and barth , r . h . , jr . 1967 . the sense organs employed by cockroaches in mating behavior .\nschal , c . and bell , w . j . 1985 . calling behavior in female cockroaches ( dictyoptera , blattaria ) .\nschal , c . , gautier , j . - y . , and bell , w . j . 1984 . behavioural ecology of cockroaches .\nschal , c . , liang , d . , hazarika , l . k . , charlton , r . e . , and roelofs , w . l . 1992 . site of pheromone production in female\nschal , c . , liang , d . , and blomquist , g . j . 1996 . neural and endocrine control of pheromone production and release in cockroaches , pp . 3 - 20 , in r . t . card\u00e9 and a . k . minks ( eds . ) .\nsmith , a . f . and schal , c . 1990a . corpus allatum control of sex pheromone production and calling in the female brown - banded cockroach ,\nsmith , a . f . and schal , c . 1990b . the physiological basis for the termination of calling in the female brown - banded cockroach ,\nsmith , a . f . and schal , c . 1991 . circadian calling behavior in the adult female brown - banded cockroach ,\nsreng , l . 1993 . cockroach mating behaviors , sex pheromones , and abdominal glands ( dyctioptera : blaberidae ) .\nsreng , l . 1998 . apostosis - inducing brain factors in maturation of an insect sex pheromone gland during differentiation .\ntokro , p . g . , brossut , r . , and sreng , l . 1993 . studies on the sex pheromone of female\nwendelken , p . and barth , r . h . 1971 . the mating behavior of\n( saussure and zehntner ) ( blattaria , blaberoidea , blattellidae , blattellinae ) .\nyang , h . - t . , chow , y . - s . , peng , w . - k . , and hsu , e . - l . 1998 . evidence for the site of female sex pheromone production in\ngemeno , c . , snook , k . , benda , n . et al . j chem ecol ( 2003 ) 29 : 37 . urltoken\nadvanced search queries use a traditional term search . for more info , see our\nyou must sign in or create an account in order to save documents to your library .\npresence and absence of bats across habitat scales in the upper coastal plain of south carolina .\nabstract during 2001 , we used active acoustical sampling ( anabat ii ) to survey foraging habitat relationships of bats on the savannah river site ( srs ) in the upper coastal plain of south carolina . using an a priori information - theoretic approach , we conducted logistic regression analysis to examine presence of individual bat species relative to a suite of microhabitat , stand , and landscape - level features such as forest structural metrics , forest type , proximity to riparian zones and carolina bay wetlands , insect abundance , and weather . there was considerable empirical support to suggest that the majority of the activity of bats across most of the 6 species occurred\neffect of habitat and foraging height on bat activity in the coastal plain of south carolina .\na comparison of bat activity levels in the coastal plain of south carolina among 5 habitat types : forested riparian areas , clearcuts , young pine plantations , mature pine plantations and pine savannas , using time expansion radio - microphones and integrated detectors to simultaneously monitor bat activity at three heights in each habitat type .\ntree - roost characteristics of subadult and female adult bats ( nyctieius humeralis ) in the upper coastal plain of south carolina .\ntree - roost of evening bats were identified by radio tracking of 14 individuals at the srs . bats roosted in longleaf pine cavities under exfoliating bark in snags near beaver ponds . the roosting occurred in open park like stands . no evening bats roosted in the more dense bottomland hardwood stands or mixed pine hardwood stands . none were observed in loblolly stands .\nassessment and comparison of richness , abundance and difference of herpetofauna at five small isolated wetlands located within a commercial forest landscape in the south carolina coastal plain . data indicates small isolated wetlands are focal points of herpetofaunal richness and abundance in managed coastal plain forest and contribute more to regional biodiversity than is implied by their small size or ephemeral hydrology .\nfactors limiting regeneration of quercus alba and cornus florida in formerly cultivated coastal plain sites , south carolina .\n[ cite : 595888 ] bg ' standard ' source covering roach & termite species of the world . navigate by classification tree\n[ cite : 1286620 ] link all of the nomenclatural , bibliographic , and specimen data accumulated in missouri botanical garden ' s ( mbg ) electronic databases during the past 30 years are publicly available here . this system has nearly 1 . 3 million scientific names and over 4 . 4 million specimen records . great resource for plant distribution beyond us & canada .\n[ cite : 1185947 the collection holds more than 3 . 5 million insect specimens and is one of the largest university insect collections in the world . all groups of insects are represented in the collection , and we are recognized for our holdings of leafhoppers ( cicadellidae ) , beetles ( coleoptera ) , and true flies ( diptera ) . the triplehorn insect collection is housed within the museum of biological diversity , located on the west campus of the ohio state university in columbus , ohio . on 29 april , 2005 , the ohio state insect collection was renamed in honor of dr . charles a . triplehorn , professor of entomology and curator at osu between 1962 and 1992 .\nkeys to the insects of the european part of the ussr . vol . i : apterygota , palaeoptera , hemimetabola\ntaxonomy outdated ; otherwise , a sound source with lots of useful info . english version : keys to the insects of the european ussr . ( keys to the fauna of the ussr no . 84 ) jerusalem : israel program for scientific translations , 1967 . 1214 pp .\nfull text hunter , w . d . , f . c . pratt , j . d . mitchell . 1912 . the principal cactus insects of the united states . usda bureau of entomology bulletin 113 : 1 - 71 .\nby furniss , r . l . and carolin , v . m . 1977 .\nu . s . d . a . forest service misc . publ . 1339 , 1977\nshorthouse j . d . , floate k . d . ( eds . ) arthropods of canadian grasslands , vol . 1 : 199 - 225 , 2010\n( translated by leigh e . chadwick ) one of the best books on insects ever written , period . lavishly illustrated by the author . a rare example of beautiful book design and typesetting work . written by a swiss naturalist and painter , an authority on chrysididae . many editions available .\n. each record tells when . see dataset links for citations & terms of use ."]}
{"id": 1994, "summary": [{"text": "the indian stingless bee or dammar bee , tetragonula iridipennis , is a species of bee belonging to the family apidae , subfamily apinae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it was first described by frederick smith in 1854 who found the species in what is now the island of sri lanka .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "many older references erroneously placed this species in melipona , an unrelated genus from the new world , and until recently it was placed in trigona , therefore still often mistakenly referred to as trigona iridipennis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "for centuries , colonies of t. iridipennis have been kept in objects such as clay pots so that their highly prized medicinal honey can be utilized . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "tetragonula iridipennis", "paragraphs": ["indian stingless bee ( tetragonula iridipennis ) collecting nectar and pollen from a table rose plant .\nsupplementary figure 1 : map indicating the sampling sites of tetragonula iridipennis . ( jpeg 151 kb )\nsupplementary figure 2 : scatterplot of the two first axis of the canonical discriminant analysis of the indian populations of tetragonula iridipennis . ( jpeg 134 kb )\nsupplementary figure 4 : nest structure of tetragonula iridipennis bees sampled in assam state , with the brood cells constructed as layers . ( jpeg 371 kb )\nsupplementary figure 3 : nest structure of tetragonula iridipennis bees sampled in kerala state , with the brood cells constructed as a cluster . ( jpeg 494 kb )\nkerala will host an indo - australian collaborative research project on deploying stingless bee ( tetragonula iridipennis ) as pollinators to increase the agricultural yield of fruits and vegetables .\nfloral sources for stingless bees ( tetragonula iridipennis ) in nellithurai village , tamilnadu , india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra04\nview from inside nest of tetragonula cf sarawakensis , you can see brood cells , food storage and queen . pemandangan dari dalam sarang tetragonula cf sarawakensis , anda boleh nampak sel telur , storan makanan dan ratu .\nstingless bees are a large and diverse taxon and more than 500 species are recorded worldwide . based on the previous reports , totally seven species are reported from india . the present study reports male and female morphological characteristics of tetragonula iridipennis belonging to tetragonula subgenus in nellithurai village , tamil nadu , india . the species of tetragonula group are extremely similar in the external morphology of the workers . the glabrous bands on mesoscutum of female bees and structure and arrangement of gonostylus and the penis valve of male bees are used to separate t . iridipennis from other species in this group . the identity of t . iridipennis is made based on the male and female key morphological characteristics in the previous literature .\n< p > stingless bees are a large and diverse taxon and more than 500 species are recorded worldwide . based on the previous reports , totally seven species are reported from india . the present study reports male and female morphological characteristics of < em > tetragonula iridipennis < / em > belonging to < em > tetragonula < / em > subgenus in nellithurai village , tamil nadu , india . the species of < em > tetragonula < / em > group are extremely similar in the external morphology of the workers . the glabrous bands on mesoscutum of female bees and structure and arrangement of gonostylus and the penis valve of male bees are used to separate < em > t . iridipennis < / em > from other species in this group . the identity of < em > t . iridipennis < / em > is made based on the male and female key morphological characteristics in the previous literature < strong > . < / strong > < / p >\n[ pooja singh and m . s . khan ( 2015 ) ; assessment of comparative foraging activity in queen right and queen less colony of stingless bee , tetragonula iridipennis smith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) int . j . of adv . res . 3 ( 7 ) . 498 - 502 ] ( issn 2320 - 5407 ) . urltoken\ndanareddi , c . s . & s . viraktamath ( 2009 ) . morphometrical studies on the stingless bee , trigona iridipennis smith karnataka journal of agricultural sciences 22 : 796 - 797 .\nfurthermore , a case of collapse of a managed colony of a stingless bee , tetragonula iridipennis , was reported in india ( vijayakumar et al . , 2013 ) . although the mite illustrated in this paper belongs to the family cheyletidae , the yellowish carpet of dust on the bottom of the nest ( figs . 2a , b ) may represent an astigmatid mite ( carpoglyphus ) .\nmohan , r . & s . devanesan ( 1999 ) . dammer bees , trigona iridipennis smith . ( apidae : meliponinae ) in kerala . insect environment 5 ( 2 ) : 79 .\nsakagami , s . f . ( 1978 ) . tetragonula stingless bees of the continental asia and sri lanka ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . journal of the faculty of science , hokkaido university , series vi , zoology 21 : 165 - 247 .\nrathor , v . s . , c . rasmussen & m . s . saini ( 2013 ) . new record of the stingless bee tetragonula gressitti from india ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) . journal of melittology 7 : 1 - 5 .\nsakagami , s . f . & t . inoue ( 1987 ) . stingless bees of the genus trigona ( subgenus trigonella ) with notes on the reduction of spatha in male genitalia of the subgenus tetragonula ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . konty\u00fb 55 : 610 - 627 .\nvijayakumar , k . , m . muthuraman & r . jayaraj ( 2012 ) . predation of stingless bees ( trigona iridipennis : apidae , meliponinae ) by centipede ( scolopendra hardwicki : chilopoda : scolopendramorpha ) . international journal of advanced life sciences 5 ( 2 ) : 156 - 159 .\ntrigona ( tetragonula ) iridipennis smith is the common stingless bee found in south india . they are domesticated in mud pots , bamboo bits , wooden boxes or coconut shells . meliponiculture is being popularized in the rural homesteads for poverty alleviation and additional income generation . the chapter discusses the studies conducted as part of all india coordinated research project ( aicrp ) on honey bees and pollinators at vellayani centre of kerala agricultural university . among the various types of hives with different volumes , bamboo bits with 1500 cc showed better brood development and storage of honey . due to scarcity of bamboo nodes , a wooden box with 1960 cc volume with two equal halves was designed which helped for easy division and mass multiplication of colonies . the technologies were disseminated to the public by imparting trainers\u2019 training in different districts of kerala in which 174 women and 322 men were trained . augmentation , conservation and management of t . iridipennis should be intensified for ensuring sustainable agriculture and the conservation of biological diversity resulting in food security for poverty eradication .\ndescription of biodiversity is often cited as one of the most important actions necessary for conservation programs . there are more than 600 species of stingless bees spread over the tropical regions of the world ; though for various species , little is known about their biology and taxonomy . we sampled bees from feral colonies from various regions of india and compared them using wing morphology . the results of population analysis of the patterns of wing venation , using geometric morphometric techniques , suggested the existence of at least two phenotypic clusters within our samples of the so - called tetragonula iridipennis complex . these findings were supported by other features , including differences in nest architecture . this helps to explain the patterns of variability found in stingless bees in india and also will be valuable for conservation planning .\nthree social bees accounted for 99 % of flower visitors : apis dorsata , the giant asian honey bee ( 47 % of visitors ) , apis cerana ( 24 % ) , and tetragonula iridipennis ( 27 . 9 % ) . all these bees were observed to carry pollen and contact the stigma during flower visits . two ceratina and one xylocopa species were occasional visitors to coffee flowers ( 1 % of visits ) . as bee diversity was low , we evaluated pollination and fruit set on the basis of overall bee abundance , assuming that each pollinator species is equivalent in terms of pollination effectiveness . as there is no information available on the equivalency of pollinator effectiveness of these flower visitors , we feel the assumption of equivalence is preferable to the introduction of potential errors based on speculation .\nstingless bees are good pollinator in tropical and sub - tropical regions in india and known to pollinate various plants of economic importance and generally better used in planned pollination . foraging performance by bees is a clear indicator of functioning and strength in colony . a various circumstances affect the normal foraging activity by bees . the queenless ness in the bee colony may be one of those reasons which alter the normal foraging activity in respect to foraging activity in a normal queen right bee colony . the present study was done with the aim to know how the absence of queen in a colony of stingless bee tetragonula iridipennis smith affects its foraging activity and to find out a comparative conclusion between foraging activity in a queen less and a queen right colony of t . iridipennis . the study revealed some important differences in foragging jobs in both types of colonies . number of outgoing forager bees and resin collector bees were remain almost similar in queen right ( 61 . 149 and 2 . 893 bees per 5 min ) and queenless colony ( 62 . 744 and 3 . 618 bees per 5 min ) , respectively , but pollen collector bees were found to be more active in queen less colony ( 20 . 560 bees per 5min ) then in queen right colony ( 1 . 814 bees per 5 min ) , respectively , and the activity of cleaner bees and nectar collecting bees were more in queen right colony ( 5 . 367 and 61 . 39 bees per 5 min ) than in queen less colony ( 2 . 569 and 44 . 957 bees per 5 min ) , respectively .\npeeking into the entrance of a stingless bee hive - kuala koh , taman negara , peninsular malaysia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .\nbiesmeijer , k . ( 1993 ) . stingless bees : discussion and paper at the international symposium on pollination tropics pegone , 1 : 6 - 8 .\nmichener , c . d . ( 2000 ) . the bees of the world . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , xiv + [ 1 ] + 913 .\nmichener , c . d . ( 2013 ) . the meliponini , pp . 3 - 17 . in : vit , p . , s . r . m . pedro & d . w . roubik ( eds . ) . pot - honey : a legacy of stingless bees . springer , new york .\nmuthuraman , m . & p . a . saravanan ( 2004 ) . utilization of stingless bees for crop pollination . indian bee journal 66 : 58 - 64 .\nrasmussen , c . a . ( 2013 ) . stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) of the indian subcontinent : diversity , taxonomy and current status of knowledge . zootaxa 3647 ( 3 ) : 401 - 428 ; urltoken\nroubik , d . w . ( 1989 ) . ecology and natural history of tropical bees . cambridge university press , new york , 514pp .\nsakagami , s . f . , s . yamane & g . g . hambali ( 1983 ) . nests of some southeast asian stingless bees . bulletin of the faculty of education , ibaraki university ( natural sciences ) 32 : 1 - 21 .\nschwarz , h . f . ( 1939 ) . the indo - malayan species of trigona . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 76 : 83 - 141 .\nvijayakumar , k . & k . r . jayaraj ( 2013 ) . geometric morphometry analysis of three species of stingless bees in india . international journal for life sciences and educational research 1 ( 2 ) : 91 - 95 .\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nthe authors are grateful to the department of biotechnology , ministry of science and technology , government of india , new delhi , for funding this study . acknowledgements are also due to dr . m . muthuraman , tamil nadu agricultural university , coimbatore , dr . a . j . solomon raju , andhra university , visakhapatnam , dr . k . v . lazar , calicut university , calicut , dr . s . devanesan , kerala agricultural university , thiruvananthapuram , dr . sushamachapalkar , vidyapratishtan\u2019s school of biotechnology , baramati and dr . a . rahman , assam agricutural university , jorhat , for making the material available for the study . the authors are grateful to fapesp ( proc . 2011 / 07857 - 9 to tmf and proc . 2013 / 20358 - 7 to vb ) and nap biocomp ( university of s\u00e3o paulo ) for financial support and to thibaut de meulemeester and an anonymous reviewer for suggestions . dr . david de jong helped us to improve the english of our manuscript .\nalves da , imperatriz - fonseca vl , francoy tm , santos - filho ps , billen j , wenseleers t ( 2011 ) successful maintenance of a stingless bee population despite a severe genetic bottleneck . conserv genet 12 : 647\u2013658\n( hymenoptera , apidae ) : incongruence between morphology and mitochondrial dna . apidologie 41 : 534\u2013547\n( hemiptera : reduviidae ) suggests phenotypic plasticity rather than adaptation . med vet entomol 27 : 247\u2013254\n( apidae , meliponini ) suggested by mtdna variability and geometric morphometrics of forewings . naturwissenschaften 101 : 17\u201324\nschwarz , 1939 ( hymenoptera , apidae , apinae ) : bionomia e biogeografia . rev bras entomol 47 : 311\u2013372\ncombey r , teixeira jsg , bonatti v , kwapong p , francoy tm ( 2013 ) geometric morphometrics reveals morphological differentiation within four african stingless bee species . ann biol res 4 : 93\u2013103\ncortopassi - laurino m , imperatriz - fonseca vl , roubik dw , dollin a , heard t , aguilar ib , venturieri gc , eardley c , nogueira - neto p ( 2006 ) global meliponiculture : challenges and opportunities . apidologie 37 : 275\u2013292\ndanforth bn , cardinal sc , praz c , almeida eab , michez d ( 2013 ) impact of molecular data on our understanding of bee phylogeny and evolution . annu rev entomol 58 : 57\u201378\ncockerell ( hymenoptera , melittidae ) based on geometric morphometrics of the wing . zookeys 389 : 35\u201348\nengel ms ( 2000 ) a new interpretation of the oldest fossil bee ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . am mus novit , number\nfrancisco fo , nunes - silva p , francoy tm , wittmann d , imperatriz - fonseca vl , arias mc , morgan ed ( 2008 ) morphometrical , biochemical and molecular tools for assessing biodiversity . an example in\n( holmberg , 1903 ) ( apidae , meliponini ) . insect soc 55 : 231\u2013237\nfrancoy tm , wittman d , drauschke m , muller s , steinhage v , bezerra - laure maf , de jong d , goncalves ls ( 2008 ) identification of africanized honey bees through wing morphometrics : two fast and efficient procedures . apidologie 39 : 488\u2013494\nfrancoy tm , silva rao , nunes - silva p , menezes c , imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2009 ) gender identification of five genera of stingless bees ( apidae meliponini ) based on wing morphology . genet mol res 8 : 207\u2013214\nfreitas bm , imperatriz - fonseca vl , medina lm , kleinert amp , galetto l , nates - parra g , quezada - eu\u00e1n jjg ( 2009 ) diversity threats and conservation of native bees in the neotropics . apidologie 40 : 332\u2013346\nheard ta ( 1999 ) the role of stingless bees in crop pollination . annu rev entomol 44 : 183\u2013206\nhebert pdn , cywinska a , ball sl , dewaard jr ( 2003 ) biological identifications through dna barcodes . p r soc b 270 : 313\u2013321\nhedtke sm , patiny s , danforth bn ( 2013 ) resolving the bee tree of life : bioinformatic approaches to apoid phylogeny . bmc evol biol 13 : 138\nkawakita a , ascher js , sota t , kato m , roubik dw ( 2008 ) phylogenetic analysis of the corbiculate bee tribes based on 12 nuclear protein - coding genes ( hymenoptera : apoidea : apidae ) . apidologie 39 : 163\u2013175\nkotthoff u , wappler t , engel ms ( 2013 ) greater past disparity and diversity hints at ancient migrations of european honey bee lineages into africa and asia . j biogeogr 40 : 1832\u20131838\nmao aa , hynniewta tm ( 2000 ) floristic diversity of northeast india . j assam sci soc 41 : 255\u2013266\nmao aa , hynniewta tm , sanjappa m ( 2009 ) plant wealth of northeast india with reference to ethnobotany . indian j tradit know 8 : 96\u2013103\nlepeletier 1836 ( hymenoptera : meliponini ) using relative warp analysis . biosc j 23 : 147\u2013152\nmichener cd ( 2000 ) the bees of the world . the john hopkins univ press , baltimore , p 913\nmoure js ( 1961 ) a preliminary supra - specific classification of the old world meliponine bees ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . stud entomol 4 : 181\u2013242\noleksa a , tofilski a ( 2014 ) wing geometric morphometrics and microsatellite analysis provide similar discrimination of honey bee subspecies . apidologie . doi :\n( apidae : meliponini ) : implications for the conservation of stingless bee populations in contrasting environments . insect conserv diver 5 : 433\u2013443\nrasmussen c ( 2013 ) stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) of the indian subcontinent : diversity , taxonomy and current status of knowledge . zootaxa 3647 : 401\u2013428\nrasmussen c , cameron sa ( 2010 ) global stingless bee phylogeny supports ancient divergence vicariance and long distance dispersal . biol j linn soc 99 : 206\u2013232\nrohlf fj ( 2007 ) tpsrelw version 1 . 45 . department of ecology and evolution state university of new york stony brook\nrohlf fj ( 2008 ) tpsdig version 2 . 12 . department of ecology and evolution state university of new york stony brook\nroubik dw ( 1989 ) ecology and natural history of tropical bees . cambridge university press , cambridge\nstingless bees of the continental asia and sri lanka ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . j fac sci hokkaido univ ser v i zool 2 : 165\u2013247\ntamura k , peterson d , peterson n , stecher g , nei m , kumar s ( 2011 ) mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony methods . mol biol evol 28 : 2731\u20132739\nvijayakumar k , jeyaraaj r ( 2013 ) geometric morphometry analysis of three species of stingless bees in india . int j life sci edu res 1 : 91\u201395\nsmith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) from india . j threatened taxa 6 : 6480\u20136484\nwappler t , de meulemeester t , aytekin am , michez d , engel ms ( 2012 ) geometric morphometric analysis of a new miocene bumble bee from the randeck maar of southwestern germany ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . syst entomol 37 : 784\u2013792\njournal of threatened taxa . 2014 ; 6 ( 11 ) : 6480 - 6484 doi 10 . 11609 / jott . o3773 . 6480 - 4\nlcc subject category : science : biology ( general ) : ecology | science : natural history ( general ) : general . including nature conservation , geographical distribution\nk . vijayakumar ( kongu nadu arts and science college ) r . jeyaraaj ( kongu nadu arts and science college )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nitems in dspace are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndepartment of zoology , kongu nadu arts and science college , g . n . mills , coimbatore , tamil nadu 641029 , india\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 0dada717 - 8726 - 4d19 - a5ca - 9e858669c072\n. creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . jott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium , reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .\nwe are grateful to dr . deborah smith from university of kansas , usa for helping in identifying the stingless bee species and useful comments . i also express my sincere thanks to dr . m . muthuraman , for his encouragement and motivation to pursue the research work . i would also like to thank beekeepers mr . k . udayakumar , mr . g . k . thangavelu , mr . navaneethan from nellithurai village for their participation during sample collection and documentation .\nstingless bees are a monophyletic group principally found in the tropical and subtropical areas of america , africa , australia and parts of asia ( roubik 1989 ) . the stingless bee species are taxonomically organized into\n( michener 2013 ) . taxonomic identification of stingless bees remains unclear and requires experienced taxonomists . the total number of species is estimated to be about 500 described species worldwide ( michener 2013 ) and 43 species occur in the asian region ( michener 2000 ) .\nis the single largest and most widespread genus in the indo - malayan regions , reported from india and extending to the solomon and caroline islands .\nrasmussen 2013 ) and this species was originally described from ceylon by smith in the year 1854 .\nin different parts of india are lacking . scarce literature is available on stingless bee species diversity in india . the distribution of\nwas reported in bengaluru , karnataka ( biesmeijer 1993 ) and in kerala ( mohan & devanesan 1999 ) .\nthe diversity of stingless bees in the indian subcontinent has been summarized by rasmussen ( 2013 ) .\n) of stingless bees by using relative warp analysis of the forewings from india . the present study reports the morphological key characteristics of male and female bees of\nmost of the researchers in india concentrated only on stingless bee biology , morphometry , natural enemies and its pollination biology ( muthuraman & saravanan 2004 ; danareddi & viraktamath 2009 ; vijayakumar et al . 2012 ) . the studies on stingless bee species diversity in india are rare and our understanding of their identification is at an early stage .\n53\u20196 . 24\u201de ) , tamil nadu , india ( image 1 ) and preserved in 90 % ethyl alcohol for further identification . taxonomic identification was based on the nest architecture and morphology according to sakagami et al . ( 1983 ) and schwarz ( 1939 ) . the preserved male and female stingless bees were dissected and the morphological characteristics of the worker and drone stingless bees were photographed by using a leica m165c stereo microscope with image analyzer . the male genitalia were cleared in a 0 . 5 % koh solution and examined in both wet and dry conditions . in addition , male sternum v and sternum vi were used as a key characteristic for distinguishing the\ndeborah smith , department of ecology and evolutionary , biology / entomology , the university of kansas , usa .\nsmith , depends strongly on the works of schwarz ( 1939 ) , sakagami ( 1978 ) and sakagami & inoue ( 1987 ) for the subgeneric characterization and for species recognition . these authors indicated that the size differences as well as male genitalia and sternal characters are important key morphological characteristics for identifying the species . the species descriptions are given below .\n. this species has formerly been regarded as very widespread from india to solomon island . the \u201c\nspecies group is the largest and most widespread group in the indo - pacific areas .\nthe malar space is vestigial and the scutellum is extended backward . the mandible with two well developed teeth on the inner half of its apex . the basal sericeous area positioned more than half of the length of basitarsus .\nthe total body length ranges from 3 . 5\u20134 . 0 mm , and head width ranges from 1 . 50\u20131 . 68 mm ; forewing length includes tegula ranging from 3 . 2\u20133 . 9 mm , bifurcation between vein\nranges from 0 . 90\u20131 . 12 mm and hind tibial length ranges from 1 . 29\u20131 . 57 mm .\nthe entire body is black to blackish - brown . the clypeus , tegula , legs and metasoma are dark in colour ( image 2a ) . the frontal hairs are fulvous to whitish and plumose ( image 2b ) . the mesoscutal hairs well banded and fulvous to testaceous in colour ( image 2c ) . the mesoscutellar fringes are fulvous to testaceous . the erect hairs of the mesopleura are silvery to white in colour . the frontal hairs are mostly fulvous to whitish ( image 2d ) . the anterior veins and stigma of forewings are dark brown .\nthe hairs fringing on the hind tibiae posterior are plumose and the outer surface of hind tibia with dark brown stout setae ( image 2e ) . the hairs on upper surface of thorax is mostly light in colour and the hairs fringing the anterior contour of the hind tibiae are black ( image 2f ) . the basal and apical half of the wings are uniform in colour and the anterior veins and stigma dark brown ( image 2g ) . the number of hamuli on hind wing is constantly five per wing ( image 2h ) .\nthe structural characteristics are more similar to female bees ( images 3a\u2013c ) . the posterior margin of basitarsus is imperceptibly angulate . the outer surface of the hind tibiae medially gently convex and apically slightly depressed ( image 3d ) .\nthe total body length ranges from 2 . 5\u20133 . 5 mm , head width ranges from 1 . 38\u20131 . 43 mm , forewing length including tegula ranges from 3 . 1\u20133 . 8 mm , bifurcation between m and cu ranges from 0 . 88\u20130 . 95 mm ; hind tibial length ranges from 0 . 96\u20131 . 23 mm .\nthe male stingless bees are similar to female bees in colour characteristics . the dense plumose hairs cover the posterior fringe of the mid tibia . the hairs on the outer surface of the hind tibiae are plumose and sparser ( image 3e , f ) . the sternum v ( s5 ) is small and the sternite vi ( s6 ) is antegladular area medially long and postgladular area short ( image 3g ) . the median depression of sternite vi with sparse hairs and the apex is narrowly and shallowly incised .\nthe male genitalia are one of the most important characteristics for taxonomic study . the gonostylus is long and slender , more or less sinuous with sparse hairs at apex , penis valve is very robust , tapering only at the apex , about as long as or slightly shorter than gonostylus .\nstingless bees are a tropical group of over 500 species worldwide ( michener 2013 ) . recently , rathor et al . ( 2013 ) referred to seven stingless bee species in india . rasmussen ( 2013 ) listed eight species from the indian subcontinent and\nis a wide spread species in india . he pointed out that the species of the\ngroup are extremely similar in external morphology of the workers and a taxonomic revision of the species of india should include morphological characteristics of the male genitalia . the present study reports the key morphological characteristics of worker bees and male genitalia .\ngroup is characterized by having a dark mesoscutum with four distinct hair bands separated by broad glabrous interspaces . the genital morphology and molecular data are needed for correctly describing the\ngroup in nellithurai village , tamil nadu , india . the female bees were morphologically similar and are marked with minor differences in hairs on head and thorax , sereceous space and marginal cell in forewing . the male genitalia are the best diagnostic characteristics for differentiating within\nis long and slender and sinuous with sparse hairs at apex . the penis valve is very robust and tapering only at the apex .\njohns hopkins university press , baltimore , xiv + [ 1 ] + 913 .\nthe meliponini , pp . 3\u201317 . in : vit , p . , s . r . m . pedro & d . w . roubik ( eds . ) .\nthe authors extend sincere thanks to dr . ( ms ) debjani dey , incharge , insect identification service , national pusa collection , division of entomology , iari , new delhi and dr . rajiv k . gupta , professor and former head , department of zoology , jai narain vyas university , jodhpur for confirming the identity of the bee specimens .\nrasmussen c ( 2013 ) stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) of the indian subcontinent : diversity , taxonomy and current status of knowledge . zootaxa 3647 ( 3 ) : 401\u2013428\nsmith f ( 1854 ) catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part ii , apidae . british museum ( natural history ) , london , pp 199\u2013465\nascher js , pickering j ( 2016 ) discover life : apoidea species guide .\nmichener cd ( 2013 ) the meliponini . in : vit p , pedro srm , roubik dw ( eds ) pot - honey : a legacy of stingless bees . springer , new york , pp 3\u201317\nstingless bees of the continental asia and sri lanka ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . j fac sci hokkaido univ ser vi zool 21 : 165\u2013247\nrasmussen c ( 2008 ) catalog of the indo - malayan / australasian stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) . zootaxa 1935 : 1\u2013802\nrasmussen c , cameron sa ( 2010 ) global stingless bee phylogeny supports ancient divergence , vicariance and long distance dispersal . biol j linn soc 99 : 206\u2013232\nfrom india ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) . j melittol 7 : 1\u20135\nabrol dp ( 2012 ) pollination biology : biodiversity conservation and agricultural production . springer , berlin , p 792\ncouvillon mj , wenseleers vl , fonseca vli , nogueira - neto p , ratnieks flw ( 2007 ) comparative study in stingless bees ( meliponini ) demonstrates that nest entrance size predicts traffic and defensivity . j evol biol 21 : 194\u2013201\nrahman a , das pk , rajkumari p , saikia j , sharmah d ( 2015 ) stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) : diversity and distribution in india . int j sci res 4 ( 1 ) : 77\u201381\ncubero of , crespo a , fatehi j , bridge pd ( 1999 ) dna extraction and pcr amplification method suitable for fresh herbarium - stored , lichenized and other fungi . plant syst evol 216 : 243\u2013249\nmichener cd ( 2007 ) the bees of the world , 2nd edn . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , p 992\nruttner f ( 1988 ) biogeography and taxonomy of honey bees . springer , berlin , p 284\nhebert pdn , cywinska a , ball sl , dewaard jr ( 2003 ) biological identifications through dna barcodes . proc r soc lond [ biol ] 270 : 313\u2013321\n( smith ) , a stingless bee ( hymenoptera , apoidea , apidae , meliponini ) , in the desert of thar in rajasthan . j environ bio sci 25 : 171\u2013174\nsmith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in jnanabharathi campus , karnataka , india . int res j biol sci 2 ( 2 ) : 44\u201350\nsmith . ( apidae : meliponinae ) in kerala . insect environ 5 ( 2 ) : 79\nsmith and physico - chemical characteristics of its honey . abstr no 183 . in : 40th apimondia , international apicultural congress , melbourne , australia . sept 9\u201314 , p 129\nbomfim iga , bezerra adm , nunes ac , aragao fas , freitas bm ( 2014 ) adaptive and foraging behavior of two stingless bee species ( apidae : meliponini ) in greenhouse mini watermelon pollination . sociobiology 61 ( 4 ) : 502\u2013509\npessarakli m ( 2016 ) handbook of cucurbits , 1st edn . crc press , boca raton , p 561\ncarpoglyphus robin , 1869 ( sometimes , the year is cited as 1860 , however , carpoglyphus robin , 1860 is not an available name ; robin , 1860 cites some collective characters for\ncarpoglyphus\nand other genera of mites , which does not constitute a valid description , and , thus , the name carpoglyphus robin , 1860 ( nom . nud . ) is unavailable ( iczn art . 12 . 1 ) ) .\nphoretic deutonymph : empodial claws arising from membranous ambulacra i - iv ( not from tarsal apices ) ( figs . 4 , 5 ) . leg iv with empodial claw present ( fig . 5 ) . leg iv generally similar in form to leg iii ( figs . 2 , 5 ) . posterior median ventral apodeme absent ( fig . 2 ) . ocelli present , widely separated on propodosoma ( fig . 3 ) .\nadult : prodorsum with setae ve absent ( fig . 8 ) . prodorsal sclerite absent ( fig . 8 ) . setae vi situated about half - way between anterior edge of propodosoma and setae si ( fig . 8 ) . ocelli present ( fig . 8 ) . supracoxal gland opening not associated with a large sclerotized region ( fig . 8 ) . tarsi i - ii elongate ( fig . 11 ) . pretarsi similar on all legs ( fig . 11 ) . pretarsi with long , thin condylophores ( figs . 11 , 13 ) . empodial claws present ( figs . 11 , 13 ) . dorsal setae smooth , not heavily barbed ( fig . 6 ) . males without paranal suckers or sucker - like setae on tarsus iv ( fig . 13 ) . coxal apodemes i fused medially with coxal apodemes ii closing coxal fields i in both sexes ( fig . 9 ) . condylophores asymmetrical in male ( fig . 12 ) . male with genital setae ( g ) and coxal setae 4b present ( fig . 10 ) .\na dichotomous key to adults ( males and females ) is available in fain and rack , 1987 . this key can be used to identify the two species found in associations with bees : carpoglyphus lactis and carpoglyphus munroi . one non bee - associated species , carpoglyphus wardleorum , was described later ( clark , 2010 ) .\ncosmopolitain . mites from honey bees have been reported from the holarctic , oriental , and australian regions .\nfeeding stages live in beehives of honey bees ( apis ) and probably in nests of stingless bees ( meliponini ) .\nthese mites live in a variety of habitats that often consist of sugary and fermenting materials . in honey bee hives , they feed on various components , including pollen stored in honeycombs ( bee bread or bee pollen ) , plant pollen , honey , and nest debris .\nphoretic deutonymphs disperse on adult insect hosts to suitable habitats . phoresy is known on lepidoptera and coleoptera but not on bees .\ncarpoglyphus lactis is a relatively common species in beehives , occurring in the debris on the bottom boards of beehives , honeycombs , dead bees , honey , and especially on the bee bread ( bee pollen with added honey and bee secretions that is stored in brood cells ) . this mite can penetrate the brood cells and make burrows in the stored pollen , consuming it and causing the pollen and the debris to spill from the cells . the infested bee bread , mixed with large quantities of dead and live mites , turns to a golden - brown or yellow powdery material covering honeycombs and bottom boards of beehives . the mite damage is especially severe in stored overwintering nests . for example , 250 honeycombs were destroyed by these mites over one winter in a single storage area in germany ( zander , 1947 ) . a similar case was reported in the usa ( alabama ) , where stored honeycombs were found heavily infested after winter storage ( baker and delfinado , 1978 ) . weak bee colonies are more susceptible to mite attacks ( zander , 1947 ) , while healthy bee colonies usually can clean up the infested pollen ( baker and delfinado , 1978 ) .\naside from beehives , carpoglyphus lactis is also found in old honeycombs , wine barrels in cellars , dried sweet fruits , canned fruits , fruits preserved in sugar , fermenting pulp , dairy products ( milk and cheese ) , and stored honey . it often infests products following substantial development of yeast . in the field , this species is found in fermenting tree sap flows , burrows of moles , and as phoretic deutonymphs on butterflies , moths , and scarabaeid beetles ( e . g . , gnorimus ) .\nwhen large numbers of c . lactis mites are ingested with infested food or beverages , they can cause dysentery . these mites also cause dermatitis to handlers of infested materials , such as dried plums ( o ' donovan , 1922 ) , and occupational allergies in the biological pesticide industry ( krop et al . , 2012 ) . however , they may be beneficial in the wine industry , as mite alarm pheromones enhance the aroma of pale and dry wines aged under flor yeasts ( marin et al . , 2009 ) .\nthe second mite species found in beehives , carpoglyphus munroi , is relatively rare and has been recorded from beehives from the czech republic .\nfig . 5 . carpoglyphus lactis phoretic deutonymph legs iii - iv , dorsal view .\nbiotechnological innovations in aquaculture ( p . 01 - 06 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ga01\nmangesh m . bhosale , r . r . mugale , pabitra barik , b . r . honnananda , h . k . vardia\nfour insectivorous birds in search of foraging niche in and around an agricultural ecosystem of nalgonda district of telangana , india ( p . 07 - 15 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra01\na virtual survey based debate on conservation strategies of indian giant flying squirrel ( petaurista p . philippensis ) ( p . 16 - 21 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra02\nectoparasites ( insecta and acari ) associated with bats in south and south - western caves of iran ( p . 22 - 28 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra03\northoptera fauna , it\u2019s habitat ecology and threats in barnawapara wildlife sanctuary , chhattisgarh , india ( p . 29 - 37 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra04\ndistribution and habitat preference of four - horned antelope ( chowsingha ) , tetracerus quadricornis in kumbhalgarh wildlife sanctuary , rajasthan ( p . 38 - 42 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra05\nestimation of dusty days using the model of time series : a case study of hormozgan province ( p . 43 - 48 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra06\nbreeding biology of critically endangered long - billed vulture ( gyps indicus ) at a unique site in telangana state , india ( p . 49 - 51 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . nn01\nhathipol : biodiversity of a tunnel \u2018cave\u2019 of chhattisgarh , india ( p . 52 - 54 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . nn02\nyoung ecologists talked and interacted in delhi ncr : culmination of yeti delhi 2016 / krem - puri : india\u2019s longest sandstone cave explored ( p . 55 - 57 )\nsystematic numbers for monte carlo integration doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ga01\ncloud computing : goals , issues , soa , integrated technologies and future - scope doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . rv01\nultrasound guidance in detection of pneumothorax and thoracentesis performance : a review doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . rv02\ntraditionally used medicinal plants in the treatment of kidney stone : a review on ethnobotanical studies in iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . rv03\nbest , useful and objective precisions for information retrieval of three search methods in pubmed and ipubmed doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta02\npreprocessing and optimization of smooth data - driven model for emergency conditions against air pollution doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta01\na . ardalan , h . mohammadi , a . massah bavani , k . naddafi , m . t . talebian\none - dimensional transport simulation of pollutants in natural streams doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta04\nproposed suitable methods to detect transient regime switching to improve power quality with wavelet transform doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta03\nahp - vikor bridge structural system selection in urban areas tehran : interchangescase study doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta05\ndiversity and habitat association of birds in a vindhyan gorge of kekariya , rajasthan , india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra01\ncogitation on routine drowned cases in mazandaran province : a case study in between the year 2008 to 2013 doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra02\neffect of glacial retreat on floral distribution and / or displacement in khersan glacier , central alborz mountain range , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra05\nfecal carriage of esbl types tem , shv , ctx producing genera proteus , morganella , providencia in patients of iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra06\ndiversity and habitat preference of odonata fauna ( insecta ) in kaziranga - karbi hills , central assam , northeast india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra03\nlocating of rural health centers equipped with telehealth using gis : a case study on khorramabad city , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra07\ngrowth and phytoremediation potential of watercress nasturtium officinale r . br . in ammonium - rich wastewater doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra08\nredescription of cadrema pallida var . bilineata ( de meijere , 1904 ) ( diptera : chloropidae ) and its role as pollinator and carrion feeder fromindiansunderbans doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . nn01\na report on resident , local migratory and migratory water fowl diversity in mayurbhanj district , odisha , eastern india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . nn02\nan analysis on views of iranian women about incentive policies on childbearing decision - making doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ga01\ninformationseeking behavior in blind people of iran : asurvey based onvariousexperiences faced by them doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ta01\nassessment of human resources performance in high - tech aviation industries by dematel technique and fuzzy - analytic network process doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ta02\nextracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral stones : a critiqueon success rate doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ta03\nthe role of cognitive dysfunction and behavioral activation system on life quality life of employees in iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ta04\ncogitation on occupational stress and social support among hospitalnurses : acasestudyof zanjanprovince , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra02\noccurrence of cleft lip and palate in terms of maternal health , parents ' kinship , and neonateweight : a case study in the infants of southeastern part of iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra01\neffect of mindfulness - based cognitive therapy on psychological sequels in hypertensive people ( hbp - patients ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra04\npower of stressmanagement skill training on levels of depression , anxiety and stress in patients suffering from type - 2 diabetes doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra05\nthe role of motivational interviewing in depression and psychological well - being in mothers of students having learning disabilities doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra06\ndental anxietyand pain perception related the appearance of dental injectors : a randomized clinical trial doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra07\nwomens psychological sexual disorder and hypertensive husbands doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra08\nconsequences of split shift work in indian traffic police personnel : day time sleepiness , stressors and psychological distress doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra09\npregnancy related anxiety questionnaire : reliability , validity and factor analysis doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra10\nrelation between emotion adjustment and perceived social support with quality of life of athletes with disability doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra11\npersonal and social predictors about safe sexual behavior inpatients with immune deficiency virus in ahwaz , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra12\nrelationship between job characteristics model and learning organization : a case study of a ceramic and tile company of maybod city , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra03\nthe relationship between lifestyle and pain in patients with spinal discherniation doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . nn01\na debate on haryngolaryngeal histopathologic examination of the cadaver suspected of pressure on vital elements of neck : death cause doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . nn02\noccupational causes related male infertility : a case study in iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . nn03\nthe effects of water crisis on food production in iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ga01\nresearch and development on optimal expenditures evaluation and prediction : case study of irans agricultural sector doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ta01\nanassessment of natural regeneration of non timber forest product ( ntfp ) species : a case study of mandla , india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ta02\nevaluating nitrogen efficiencies and accumulation in sugar beet ( beta vulgaris l . ) under tape - drip irrigation doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ra01\nthe assessment of sugar beet half - sib families based on some morphophysiological traits under drought stress conditions doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ra02\nevaluation of ceres - rice model in simulation of rice growth under constraint irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer conditions doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ra03\nphylogenetic analysis of medicagoid trigonella l . species based on its sequence data doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ra04\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 - 2018 national cave research and protection organization . all rights reserved\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nvirginie boreux , a , 1 cheppudira g . kushalappa , b philippe vaast , c and jaboury ghazoul a , 2\n2 to whom correspondence should be addressed . e - mail : hc . zhte . vne @ luozahg . yruobaj .\nedited by kenneth g . cassman , university of nebraska , lincoln , ne , and accepted by the editorial board september 18 , 2012 ( received for review june 22 , 2012 )\nauthor contributions : v . b . , c . g . k . , and j . g . designed research ; v . b . performed research ; v . b . , p . v . , and j . g . analyzed data ; and v . b . and j . g . wrote the paper .\n1 present address : institute of ecology , ecosystem functions , leuphana university , 21335 l\u00fcneburg , germany .\ncrop productivity is improved by ecosystem services , including pollination , but this should be set in the context of trade - offs among multiple management practices . we investigated the impact of pollination services on coffee production , considering variation in fertilization , irrigation , shade cover , and environmental variables such as rainfall ( which stimulates coffee flowering across all plantations ) , soil ph , and nitrogen availability . after accounting for management interventions , bee abundance improved coffee production ( number of berries harvested ) . some management interventions , such as irrigation , used once to trigger asynchronous flowering , dramatically increased bee abundance at coffee trees . others , such as the extent and type of tree cover , revealed interacting effects on pollination and , ultimately , crop production . the effects of management interventions , notably irrigation and addition of lime , had , however , far more substantial positive effects on coffee production than tree cover . these results suggest that pollination services matter , but managing the asynchrony of flowering was a more effective tool for securing good pollination than maintaining high shade tree densities as pollinator habitat . complex interactions across farm and landscape scales , including both management practices and environmental conditions , shape pollination outcomes . effective production systems therefore require the integrated consideration of management practices in the context of the surrounding habitat structure . this paper points toward a more strategic use of ecosystem services in agricultural systems , where ecosystem services are shaped by the coupling of management interventions and environmental variables .\necosystem services are widely used as an economic argument for the conservation of natural habitats , including forests ( 1 ) . one such ecosystem service , crop pollination by animals , is thought to benefit 75 % of the major crops , representing 35 % of the world crop production ( 2 ) . pollination services have received particular attention in view of the declines in honey bees , a major crop pollinator ( 3 ) . a current concern is that a continued loss of honey bees ( and perhaps other bees ) may undermine crop pollination services and hence crop production worldwide ( 4 ) .\nalthough insect pollinators have been shown to improve coffee crop productivity ( 5 ) , many studies have either limited the assessment of production to initial fruit set ( around 5 wk after pollination ) or overlooked the impact of environment and management system on production . assessment of fruit yield within a few weeks of flowering might be misleading as coffee has a 6 - to 10 - mo fruit maturation period . during this production cycle a range of management practices , including fertilization and pruning , are implemented that , together with environmental conditions , might play a major role in fruit development and early fruit loss . consequently , the early positive benefits of pollination for fruit set might have disappeared by fruit maturation and harvest ( 6 ) . in consequence , it is difficult to ascribe the degree to which pollination alone contributes to coffee production . at the same time , if pollinators do enhance initial fruit set ( as appears to be the case ) , then an improved understanding of management and environmental factors might allow pollination benefits to be retained through crop maturation . such information would facilitate the integration of pollination services within the management system , for instance through the provision of potential nesting sites and the management of alternative floral resources .\na further consideration for coffee farmers is whether interventions that maximize pollination service benefits ( e . g . , shade management ) incur trade - offs with other services or management priorities . it is thus conceivable that an intervention that increases pollination benefits might diminish production by , for example , reducing light or resource acquisition . a complete study of the potential benefits of pollination services to coffee production requires a more comprehensive evaluation of production at the time of fruit harvest , as well as an evaluation of the various trade - offs inherent to different management practices . ultimately , trade - offs should be presented in crop production or monetary terms , but here we seek to understand their ecological expression .\nin this study , we investigated the potential role of pollinators in promoting coffee production in the context of soil and tree management practices as well as environmental variables such as soil fertility , shade cover , and rainfall .\nagroforests in kodagu , south india , flowered between february 10 and march 20 , 2008 , with each agroforest flowering on a single day within this period . twenty - six farmers used irrigation to stimulate flowering ( irrigation is otherwise not used ) . two large postrainfall \u201cmass flowering\u201d events , covering nonoverlapping areas of 250 km 2 and 80 km 2 , occurred on february 19 and march 20 and included 75 and 16 agroforests , respectively . in the first region only four farmers had irrigated their crop before the february rainfall event . the intensity of the march flowering event was less than in february as many more agroforests had already been induced to flower by irrigation . all 19 agroforests that flowered between march 15 and march 31 received rain on the flowering day , which greatly reduced the number of insect visitors ( mean = 0 . 4 \u00b1 0 . 3 se insects per observation as opposed to 6 . 4 \u00b1 1 . 2 se insects per observation for agroforests that did not receive rain ) .\nthere was high variation in pollinator abundance , with 45 agroforests ( 40 % ) receiving no visitors at all during the observation periods . in such cases it was very obvious that there were almost no pollinators across the entire agroforest , and thus a \u201c0\u201d value is not simply an artifact of a limited observation time but is an accurate representation of extremely low bee visitation .\nshade varied from 15 % in the most open agroforests to 76 % in the most shaded , with an average at 45 % . densities of grevillea robusta and native shade trees differed at plot and agroforest scales due to uneven distribution of trees within agroforests ( fig . s1 ) . on the basis of data collected from the 113 agroforests we estimated shade tree species richness across a range of agroforest areas ( fig . s2 ) .\nwidespread rainfall throughout the study region triggered simultaneous flowering across multiple agroforests , whereas irrigation allowed farmers to control the timing of coffee flowering , which was often at times when few other agroforests were flowering . bee abundance varied as a function of the number of agroforests flowering simultaneously (\n) . agroforests flowering asynchronously via irrigation ( i . e . , only 1 , 2 or 3 agroforests flowering at any one time ) had significantly higher bee abundance ( 15 . 2 \u00b1 3 . 0 bees ) than agroforests that flowered following rain ( 16 or 75 agroforests flowering concurrently ; 2 . 3 \u00b1 0 . 7 bees ) ( kruskal\u2013wallis test : \u03c7\nbee abundance as a function of the number of agroforests flowering on the same day . all agroforests in categories 1\u20133 were irrigated , and the number of each category signifies the number of agroforests in flower at that time . the numbers at top of the graph indicate how many agroforests flowered under such conditions : agroforests flowering alone ( category \u201c1\u201d ) numbered 13 , those flowering simultaneously with one other agroforest ( category \u201c2\u201d ) totaled 6 , and those flowering with two other agroforests ( category \u201c3\u201d ) totaled 9 . four of the 16 coflowering agroforests ( category \u201c16\u201d ) were irrigated . flowering in the 75 coflowering agroforests was stimulated by rainfall .\nthe \u201csign\u201d column indicates the effect of the independent variable on bee abundance / presence .\nthe interaction between bee abundance and number of flowers had a positive impact on the number of coffee berries harvested . thus coffee production increased with increasing bee abundance , and this effect was amplified by an increase in the initial number of flowers ("]}
{"id": 1997, "summary": [{"text": "the pale chub , ( zacco platypus ) , also known as pale bleak or fresh-water sprat , is a species of fish native to rivers and streams from northern china and korea to northern vietnam .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they can grow up to 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) but usually grow up to 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its diet consists of zooplankton , invertebrates , fish , and debris .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "zacco platypus is called oikawa \u30aa\u30a4\u30ab\u30ef \uff08 \u8ffd\u6cb3 \u3001 opsariichthys platypus \uff09 in japan . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "zacco platypus", "paragraphs": ["huangshan population of chinese zacco platypus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) harbors diverse matrilines and high genetic diversity .\njapanische drachenfische ( zacco platypus ) laichen im gartenteich unseres kunden benedikt reisner ab . weitere informationen unter : urltoken\nsympatric fish species include sicyopterus japonicus , spinibarbus hollandi , acrossocheilus paradoxus , varicorhinus barbatulus , varicorhinus alticorpus , zacco pachycephalus , zacco platypus , aphyocypris kikuchii and hemimyzon taitungensis .\nhuangshan population of chinese zacco platypus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) harbors diverse matrilines and high genetic diversity . - pubmed - ncbi\nintron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development .\naggressive interactions between the dark chub , zacco temmincki , and the pale chub , z . platypus , in relation to their feeding behaviour\nintron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . - pubmed - ncbi\naggressive interactions between the dark chub , zacco temmincki , and the pale chub , z . platypus , in relation to their feeding behaviour\nit is important to make clear seasonal changes of fish habitat quality in rivers . there are still many unsolved question in fish habitat quality , because this consists of quite complex system . in this study , field surveys of seasonal changes of fish habitat quality were conducted through nine months in itabitsugawa river which belongs to class b river . it was found that carassius langsdorfi moves from pool to riffle through winter to summer . zacco temminckii and zacco platypus evade carassius langsdorfi in all seasons , because the body length of carassius langsdorfi is larger than that of zacco temminckii and zacco platypus . further , zacco temminckii evades zacco platypus which is larger than 8cm of body length .\naggressive interactions between the dark chub , zacco temmincki , and the pale chub , z . platypus , in relation to their feeding behaviour [ 1994 ]\nthe floods sometimes occur so that the discharge , velocity , flow depth are changed . in such situations , fish behaviors may be changed . however , there is little information on the fish behaviors in flood . in this study , the swimming behaviors of zacco platypus ( oikawa ) in the increasing discharge flows were recorded with a digital video camera . it was found that swimming speed of zacco platypus increased with an increase of velocity . in contrast , the ground speed of zacco platypus did not so change , irrespective of increasing discharge . the ground speed and swimming distance of zacco platypus did not change , even if the acceleration of velocity is changed . the effects of the acceleration on the swimming behavior of zacco platypus was smaller than that of the velocity .\nphylogenetic structure of zacco platypus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) populations on the upper and middle chang jiang ( = yangtze ) drainage inferred from cytochrome b sequences .\nreproduction of the oikawa , zacco platypus ( temminck and schlegel ) , a cyprinid i . sexual characters in the anal fin and maturation kenya mizuguchi and yoshio hiyama\nphylogenetic structure of zacco platypus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) populations on the upper and middle chang jiang ( = yangtze ) drainage inferred from . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nmatrix of pairwise genetic variation between matrilines ( a - j ) of z . platypus\ninfluence of glaciation on divergence patterns of the endemic minnow , zacco pachycephalus , in taiwan .\nberrebi p et al . intron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . heredity ( edinb ) . 2005 ; 94 : 589 - 98\nspawning characteristics between the two populations were not observed . bases on the biology characteristics of zacco platypus in beijing , we suggests to control the fishing amount , choose comfortable fishing season and protect living condition in order to maintain\nit is important to secure the rest area for fish . fish has the ordinary and dark muscle . when fish uses ordinary muscle , fish gets tired . in such a situation , fish needs a rest . in this study , vegetation density in open - channel is changed . the trajectories of zacco platypus ' s were observed . it was found that zacco platypus utilized a slow of the speed as rest space . stay in vegetation area increases with an increase of vegetation density . an approach rate to vegetation area rises with an increase of vegetation density . however , it was not found that clear relationship with a migration rate of zacco platypus and vegetation density .\nsix main mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) lineages have been described in minnow ( zacco platypus ) samples obtained from northern , western and southern china . perdices et al . ( 2004 ) predicted that further sampling of other tributaries might discover more lineages of this species . in this study , we collected 26 zacco platypus individuals in the huangshan area of eastern china and determined the cytochrome b ( cytb ) sequence variations . combined with reported data in genbank , we identified ten matrilines ( zacco a - j ) in a total of 169 samples , with relatively high molecular divergence found among them . the huangshan population had the greatest genetic variation among all sampled regions and hosted six of the ten matrilines . our results highlight the significance of the huangshan area for the conservation of zacco platypus .\nsix main mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) lineages have been described in minnow ( zacco platypus ) samples obtained from northern , western and southern china . perdices et al . ( 2004 ) predicted that further sampling of other tributaries might discover more lineages of this species . in this study , we collected 26 zacco platypus individuals in the huangshan area of eastern china and determined the cytochrome b ( cytb ) sequence variations . combined with reported data in genbank , we identified ten matrilines ( zacco a - j ) in a total of 169 samples , with relatively high molecular divergence found among them . the huangshan population had the greatest genetic variation among all sampled regions and hosted six of the ten matrilines . our results highlight the significance of the huangshan area for the conservation of zacco platypus .\nberrebi p & boissin e & fang f , et al . ( 2005 ) . intron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . heredity , 94 , pp . 589 - 98 .\nberrebi p et al :\nintron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development .\nheredity , vol . 94 , no . 6 , 2005 , pp . 589 - 98 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nberrebi p , boissin e , fang f , et al . intron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . heredity ( edinb ) 2005 ; 94 ( 6 ) : 589 - 98 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nwe examined the genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships of some chinese populations from the chang jiang ( = yangtze ) drainage of the cyprinid zacco platypus . we sequenced the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 64 individuals from 6 upper and middle tributaries of the sichuan and hunan provinces to assess their population structure and systematics . the combined analyses of the phylogenetic information and the population structure suggested that chinese z . platypus consist of four distinct mtdna lineages which exhibit high genetic variation and haplotypic diversity ( zacco a - d ) . the high molecular divergence observed among zacco a - d mtdna lineages ( trn + i ( 0 . 76 ) distance , mean 8 . 9 % + / - 1 . 7 % ) and their phylogeographic structure indicate that all four lineages have evolved independently . analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) indicates that most of the genetic variation observed is found among the four zacco mtdna lineages ( thetact = 0 . 94 ) suggesting restricted gene flow among the chang jiang populations . long - term interruption of gene flow was also evidenced by thetast values higher than 0 . 9 that could be favoured by the discontinuous distributions of the lineages inhabiting upper ( sichuan province ) and middle ( hunan province ) chang jiang tributaries . the significant correlation between the geographic and genetic distances provide support for the importance of geographic discontinuity in shaping the zacco genetic structure . nested clade analysis ( nca ) results were congruent with phylogenetic relationships recovered and confirm the genetic distinctiveness of four independent zacco groups . these four groups correspond to the four zacco a - d mtdna lineages recovered in the phylogeny and were defined by nucleotide synapomorphies permitting bootstrapped and bayesian confidence of 95 % or greater . the high level of mitochondrial sequence divergence separating all zacco mtdna lineages suggested that the z . platypus populations from the chang jiang drainage probably correspond to four different species .\nperdices et al . ( 2004 ) and perdices & coelho ( 2006 ) divided z . platypus sampled in southern , western and northern china into matrilines a\u2013f . they suggested that the long - term interruption of gene flow might have caused the diversification and an underestimation of the number of species . our analyses identified ten matrilines of z . platypus in chinese and some japanese populations . this confirms the prediction of perdices et al . ( 2004 , page : 9 ) that \u201cexhaustive sampling of other tributaries might evidence other zacco lineages\u201d . this is also in accordance with that found for opsariichthys bidens , a sympatric species of z . platypus ( perdices et al . , 2005 ) .\nzacco platypus , pale chub , is an indigenous freshwater fish of east asia including korea and has many useful characteristics as indicator species for water pollution . while utility of z . platypus as an experimental species has been recognized , genetic - level information is very limited and warrants extensive research . metallothionein ( mt ) is widely used and well - known biomarker for heavy metal exposure in many experimental species . in the present study , we cloned mt in z . platypus and evaluated its utility as a biomarker for metal exposure . for this purpose , we sequenced complete complementary dna ( cdna ) of mt in z . platypus and carried out phylogenetic analysis with its sequences . the transcription - level responses of mt gene following the exposure to cdcl 2 were also assessed to validate the utility of this gene as an exposure biomarker . analysis of cdna sequence of mt gene demonstrated high conformity with those of other fish . mt messenger rna ( mrna ) expression and enzymatic mt content significantly increased following cdcl 2 exposure in a concentration - dependent manner . the level of cdcl 2 that resulted in significant mt changes in z . platypus was within the range that was reported from other fish . the mt gene of z . platypus sequenced in the present study can be used as a useful biomarker for heavy metal exposure in the aquatic environment of korea and other countries where this freshwater fish species represents the ecosystem .\nzacco platypus is a common minnow that occurs in sympatry with most chinese cyprinids ( deng et al . , 2013 ) . topographical barriers may restrict its life history and drive cryptic diversity . the species\u2019 distribution encompasses all major river systems in mainl and china , as well as the korean peninsula and japan ( chen , 1998 ) . perdices et al . ( 2004 ) analyzed the genetic diversity of z . platypus sampled in the upper and middle changjiang ( yangtze river ) and found four major matrilines that may harbor multiple species . long - term interruption of dispersal is thought to have driven this diversity . perdices and coelho ( 2006 ) further studied samples from the pearl river and northern drainages , and obtained six matrilines in china . using nuclear dna data , berrebi et al . ( 2005 ) identified four genetic groups within z . platypus from sichuan , hunan and guangxi provinces in china .\nsome drainages still await sampling , such as the yellow river , one of the most important drainages in china . future research should detect additional matrilines of zacco , while morphological analyses may help differentiate morphological differences of taxonomic significance .\ninterpreted four basic population history scenarios based on haplotype and nucleotide diversities , which can also be used to clarify the history of z . platypus populations . our results revealed a pattern of high haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the huangshan population (\nthe present study aims at a phylogeographic description of zacco platypus from southeast china , in order to detect subdivisions within the nominal species . two main basins were sampled : the chang jiang ( yangstze river ) in central and east china ( hunan and sichuan provinces ) and the xi jiang , the more southern main tributary of the zhu jiang ( pearl river , guangxi province ) . a total of 27 intron systems were tested , five of them were informative and gave 12 interpretable and polymorphic loci . within the diversity of z . platypus , four genetic groups were identified by multidimensional ( fca ) analyses , corresponding to distinct genetic pools . the geographical distribution of the genetic groups corresponds neither with the drainage structure , nor the geographic distances between samples . it follows that isolation by distance and limited migration are insufficient to explain this geographic structure . the history of the river network therefore appears to have played an important role .\nty - jour t1 - intron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . au - berrebi , p , au - boissin , e , au - fang , f , au - cattaneo - berrebi , g , py - 2005 / 6 / 9 / pubmed py - 2005 / 9 / 15 / medline py - 2005 / 6 / 9 / entrez sp - 589 ep - 98 jf - heredity jo - heredity ( edinb ) vl - 94 is - 6 n2 - the present study aims at a phylogeographic description of zacco platypus from southeast china , in order to detect subdivisions within the nominal species . two main basins were sampled : the chang jiang ( yangstze river ) in central and east china ( hunan and sichuan provinces ) and the xi jiang , the more southern main tributary of the zhu jiang ( pearl river , guangxi province ) . a total of 27 intron systems were tested , five of them were informative and gave 12 interpretable and polymorphic loci . within the diversity of z . platypus , four genetic groups were identified by multidimensional ( fca ) analyses , corresponding to distinct genetic pools . the geographical distribution of the genetic groups corresponds neither with the drainage structure , nor the geographic distances between samples . it follows that isolation by distance and limited migration are insufficient to explain this geographic structure . the history of the river network therefore appears to have played an important role . sn - 0018 - 067x ur - urltoken l2 - urltoken er -\n) . the haplotypes were grouped into main clade 1 and 2 . clade 1 hosted individuals from huangshan , sichuan , hunan and guangxi and clade 2 contained specimens from huangshan , beijing and japan . we identified ten matrilines of z . platypus according to the topology of the phylogenetic tree and the genetic variation between the ten matrilines .\nwe used 916 bp out of 1 140 bp of the cytb sequences in the following analyses . the newly obtained sequences and those downloaded from genbank were aligned using clustal x ( thompson et al . , 1997 ) . for phylogenetic reconstruction , two closely related species , zacco temmincki and c and idia barbatus ( mayden et al . , 2007 ; wang et al . , 2011 ) , were chosen as outgroups .\nin view of modern genetics , genetic diversity in a given species is closely related to its adaptability , variability , and evolutionary potentiality , with genetic variation considered a prerequisite for organisms to cope with environmental uncertainty ( conrad , 1983 ) . herein , we report on the genetic diversity of z . platypus from eastern china based on extensive sampling of the huangshan area together with prior cytb sequence data from mainl and china , taiwan ( perdices et al . , 2004 ; perdices & coelho , 2006 ; wang et al . , 2007 ) , and japan ( he et al . , 2004 ; kawamura et al . , 2014 ; kitamura et al . , 2012 ; sasaki et al . , 2007 ; wang et al . , 2007 ) . we further evaluated the matrilineal diversity of z . platypus and revealed the possible ecological significance of the huangshan area .\nreproduction and organ structure of the pale chub , zacco platypus in isa stream were investigated by means of histological methods . the results of the study confirmed reproductive abnormality and histopathological features in the pale chub . the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) of the fish showed two peak in april and august . in summer season , gsi of the male was about two times of the female\u2019s gsi . monthly variation of the gonadal development was very irregular . from the histological analysis of the organ structure , epidermal atrophy , necrosis and hyperplasia of pigment cell were observed in the skin . epithelial layer lifting and clubbing of the lamella and bifurcation of the filament were observed in the gill . also histological changes as congestion , cytoplasmic degeneration of hepatic cell , degeneration of bile duct , glomerular dilatation , degeneration of renal tubule and pycnosis of interstitial cell were identified in the liver and kidney , respectively .\nvalues above branches represent the support level of ml ( bsp ) and values below branches represent the popularity rating of bi ( bpp ) . vertical bars indicate the mtdna lineage assignment ( a - j ) . < italic > zacco < / italic > a - f follow the nomenclature of < xref ref - type =\nbibr\nrid =\nb23 - zoolres - 37 - 2 - 103\n> perdices & coelho ( 2006 ) < / xref > and the others follow the alphabet . bold types are huangshan populations .\nthe oikawa , zacco platypus , is the popular game fish which widely inhabits the rivers and ponds all through japan except hokkaido . along with the study on the life - history , ecology and population of the species , which has been carried out since 1965 mainly in the water of the river aki ( a tributary of the river tama flowing into tokyo bay ) , the authors have studied the relationships between the maturity and sexual characters in the anal fin . based on the inspection of 1628 specimens collected monthly by a cast - net from november 1965 to september 1966 and in may 1967 , and by angling in august 1966 , the following results were obtained . 1 ) the males during the spawning season ( june to august ) were characterized by well - developed pearl organs , red and bluish green color on the side and enormously grown anal fin . these mature males , dominated by age group iii + and a half of males of age group ii + , exhibited breeding reactions and died out no later than september after spawning . 2 ) on the other hand , another half of males of age group ii + continued to grow in summer and became matured at iii + year old in the following summer . these ii + males were termed \u201cnon - mature\u201d males against the above mentioned mature males . these males showed no secondary sexual characteristics and having only thin thread - like testis through out the spawning season . 3 ) the morphological change of anal fin was observed also in mature females , but to a lesser extent as compared with mature males . mature females began to spawn at ii + years and died out after the second spawning at iii + years . 4 ) it is evident that zacco platypus more than 80 mm in total length can be sexed during spawning season and the degree of the sexual maturation , particularly in the males , may be quantitatively measured by the length of anal fin . 5 ) the cause of the condition that males of age group ii + are mature or \u201cnon - mature\u201d in spawning season was suggested through reading the history on the scales examined . the appearance of \u201cnon - mature\u201d males in age group ii + was discussed in relation to the population density .\nthe effects of effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant ( mwtp ) on population level responses of the pale chub ( zacco platypus ) , as sentinel species , were evaluated at four sites of the gap stream ( gs ) in june 2007 . at gs 7 . 2 and gs 2 . 7 , downstream of the municipal wastewater outfall , the response patterns of the pale chub population in the age at maturation were not changed ; mean age , fecundity , and condition factor were increased ; age distribution was shifted to older ; growth rate was increased / or not changed ; and the egg size and population size were decreased compared with reference site ( gs 26 . 6 ) . these observed responses of the pale chub population matched well with the characteristics expected from a fish population experiencing chronic recruitment failure , except for the decreased egg size due to the elevation in nutrients and pollutants by treated sewage discharge . the observed response pattern at the downstream sites might be caused by the deterioration of the spawning or nursery habitat , or by the contaminant - induced chronic spawning failures . thus , these results suggest that the effluent of the mwtp might impact on the fish population structure and health status of pale chub population .\ndivergence times among the main lineages of z . platypus were estimated using a bayesian mcmc approach implemented in beast v . 1 . 7 . 5 based on a strict molecular clock ( drummond & rambaut , 2007 ) . the parameters were : substitution model , tn93 + g ; tree prior , coalescent : constant size ; normal distribution ; 10 million generations ; parameters logged every 1 000 ; burn - in value = 1 000 . the molecular clock of cyprinids was assumed to be 1 . 52 % site - 1 ma ( million years ) - 1 ( doadrio et al . , 2002 ) for cyt b .\ntheory indicates that the anti - predation behavior of a fish species will depend on predation threats in a way that tends to improve the probability of surviving predation . pale chub ( zacco platypus ) , a small asiatic cyprinid , is widely distributed in both high - and low - predation reaches of the wujiang river . to test whether the anti - predator behavior of pale chub along the wujiang river varied in fish living in habitats under different levels of predation pressure , we measured spontaneous swimming activity , risk - taking behavior , utilization of shelter and boldness in pale chub collected from both high - and low - predation habitats in the wujiang river . the fish from high - predation populations showed less spontaneous swimming activity and risk - taking behavior compared with those of the fish from low - predation populations . however , neither utilization of shelter nor boldness exhibited any significant differences between high - and low - predation populations . one reason for this result may be that in their daily lives , the pale chub in the high - predation population primarily respond to the presence of predators by decreasing spontaneous swimming activity and risk - taking behaviors when threatened rather than increasing utilization of shelters and showing less bold behavior . the lack of an increase in shelter utilization and the lack of a decrease in boldness in response to predation pressure may be a compromise to allow foraging and growth .\nfish inhabit environments that vary greatly in terms of predation intensity , and these predation regimes are generally expected to be a major driver of divergent natural selection . to test whether there is predator - driven intra - species variation in the locomotion , metabolism and water velocity preference of pale chub ( zacco platypus ) along a river , we measured unsteady and steady swimming and water velocity preference among fish collected from both high - and low - predation habitats in the wujiang river . we also measured the routine metabolic rate ( rmr ) , maximum metabolic rate ( mmr ) and cost of transport ( cot ) and calculated the optimal swimming speed ( u opt ) . the fish from the high - predation populations showed a shorter response latency , elevated routine metabolism , lower swimming efficiency at low swimming speed , and lower water velocity preference compared with those from the low - predation populations . neither of the kinematic parameters fast - start and critical swimming speed ( u crit ) showed a significant difference between the high - and low - predation populations . the fish from the high - predation populations may improve their predator avoidance capacity primarily through an elevated routine metabolism and shorter response latency to achieve advanced warning and escape , rather than an improved fast - start swimming speed or acceleration . thus , the cost of this strategy is an elevated rmr , and no trade - off between unsteady and steady swimming performance was observed in the pale chub population under various predation stresses . it was interesting to find that the high - predation fish showed an unexpected lower velocity preference , which might represent a compromise between predation avoidance , foraging and energy saving .\nalthough perdices et al . ( 2004 ) predicted that exhaustive sampling of other tributaries might discover other lineages of zacco , few specimens have been sampled in eastern china . the huangshan area in eastern china is a mosaic of mountains with elevations lower than 2 000 m , and exhibits a complex geological history that includes tectonic movements , orogenesis , and periodic climatic change ( e . g . , ju et al . , 2007 ; r\u00fcber et al . , 2004 ; zhang et al . , 1990 ) . based on patterns of intraspecific genetic variation and buffer - zone models , huangshan hosts refugia of eastern asian conifers , frogs , non - migratory birds and asian salam and ers ( gao et al . , 2007 ; li et al . , 2009 ; murphy et al . , 2000 ; wu et al . , 2013 ; zhang et al . , 2008 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5258 ) ; common length : 13 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 )\nadults are common in streams and rivers with rapid water flow , but not deep or stagnant waters . feed on zooplankton , small crustaceans , macroscopic algae , small fish and detritus .\nman , s . h . and i . j . hodgkiss , 1981 . hong kong freshwater fishes . urban council , wishing printing company , hong kong , 75 p . ( ref . 5258 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00575 - 0 . 00955 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 3 . 05 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 43 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhead moderately large . eye moderately large , on upper side of head . mouth oblique ; posterior end of upper jaw reaches anterior margin of eye . body elongated , posterior laterally compressed ; dorsal and ventral profile slightly arched . barbels absent . scales moderately large , cycloid ; lateral line complete and curved above pelvic fin origin ; head naked . l . l . \uff1a43 - 45 ; predorsal scales\uff1a16 - 18 ; dorsal fin rays\uff1a3 + 7 ; pelvic fin rays\uff1a1 + 8 ; anal fin rays\uff1a3 + 8 - 9 . dorsal fin origin near midline between snout tip and caudal peduncle end ; pectoral fin end distant from pelvic fin origin ; pelvic fin at lower side of body ; anal fin rays long , the longest reaches caudal peduncle end ; caudal fin forked . dark grayish dorsally , side and belly silvery white . 10 or more vertically bluish stripes on side of spawning male .\nprimary freshwater fish , prefers running water at middle reaches . occasionally form schools . polyphagia , feeds on small aquatic animals and diatom .\nextensively distributed to eastern asia , including eastern china , korea , japan and taiwan . populations of taiwan were restricted in northwestern taiwan .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00575 - 0 . 00955 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 3 . 05 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref .\n) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 43 se ; based on food items .\n) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nopening hours monday - thursday : 7 . 00 am - 14 . 30 pm friday : closed\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncentro de biologia ambiental , departamento de zoologia e antropologia , faculdade de ci\u00eancias , bloco c - 2 , 3 piso , campo grande , 1749 - 016 lisbon , portugal . anabelperdices @ urltoken\nzheng x 1 , zhou tq 1 , wan t 2 , perdices a 3 , yang jq 4 , tang xs 5 , wang zp 6 , huang lq 7 , huang s 8 , he sp 9 .\nkey laboratory of exploration and utilization of aquatic genetic resources , shanghai ocean university , ministry of education , shanghai 201306 , china ; college of life and environment sciences , huangshan university , huangshan anhui 245041 , china .\nstate key laboratory of genetic resources and evolution , kunming institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , kunming yunnan 650223 , china .\nmuseo nacional de ciencias naturales , csic , c / jos\u00e9 guti\u00e9rrez abascal , 2 , 28006 madrid , spain .\nkey laboratory of exploration and utilization of aquatic genetic resources , shanghai ocean university , ministry of education , shanghai 201306 , china .\ncollege of life and environment sciences , huangshan university , huangshan anhui 245041 , china .\ncollege of life and environment sciences , huangshan university , huangshan anhui 245041 , china ; state key laboratory of genetic resources and evolution , kunming institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , kunming yunnan 650223 , china . snakeman @ hsu . edu . cn .\ninstitute of hydrobiology , chinese academy of sciences , wuhan hubei 430072 , china . clad @ ihb . ac . cn .\npmid : 27029868 pmcid : pmc4876827 doi : 10 . 13918 / j . issn . 2095 - 8137 . 2016 . 2 . 103\nthis article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .\nfound in shallow fast - flowing streams and rivers in asia from northern china to vietnam .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 09 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nsaurogobio lissilabris banarescu & nalbant 1973\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\npareuchiloglanis sinensis ( hora & silas , 1952 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax sinensis ( regan , 1908 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax fokiensis ( rendahl , 1925 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nhucho bleekeri kimura , 1934\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\njournal of japan society of civil engineers , ser . b1 ( hydraulic engineering )\nedited and published by : japan society of civil engineers produced and listed by : iword co . , ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n20 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5258 ) )\ncommon in streams and rivers with rapid water flow , but not deep or stagnant waters . feeds on zooplankton , small crustaceans , macroscopic algae , small fish and detritus .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nmitochondrial diversity of opsariichthys bidens ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) in three chinese drainages .\nmolecular phylogeography and population structure of a mid - elevation montane frog leptobrachium ailaonicum in a fragmented habitat of southwest china .\nexploring factors shaping population genetic structure of the freshwater fish sinocyclocheilus grahami ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) .\nchloroplast dna phylogeography of clintoniaudensis trautv . & mey . ( liliaceae ) in east asia .\nphylogeography of the endemic gymnocypris chilianensis ( cyprinidae ) : sequential westward colonization followed by allopatric evolution in response to cyclical pleistocene glaciations on the tibetan plateau .\nmolecular phylogeography of endangered sharp - snouted pitviper ( deinagkistrodon acutus ; reptilia , viperidae ) in mainland china .\nthis study was supported by the center for aquatic ecosystem restoration ( caer ) of eco - star project from ministry of environment ( moe , korea ) . s . lee is supported by the national research foundation of korea .\namiard , j . c . , amiard - triquet , c . , barka , s . , pellerin , j . , & rainbow , p . s . ( 2006 ) . metallothioneins in aquatic invertebrates : their role in metal detoxification and their use as biomarkers .\nbervoets , l . , knapen , d . , de jonge , m . , van campenhout , k . , & blust , r . ( 2013 ) . differential hepatic metal and metallothionein levels in three feral fish species along a metal pollution gradient .\ncoyle , p . , philcox , j . c . , carey , l . c . , & rofe , a . m . ( 2002 ) . metallothionein : the multipurpose protein .\nde martinez gaspar martins , c . , & bianchini , a . ( 2009 ) . metallothionein - like proteins in the blue crab\neaton , d . l . , & toal , b . f . ( 1982 ) . evaluation of the cd / hemoglobin affinity assay for the rapid determination of metallothionein in biological tissues .\nhall , t . a . ( 1999 ) . bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt .\nhaq , f . , mahoney , m . , & koropatnick , j . ( 2003 ) . signaling events for metallothionein induction .\n( siluriformes ) metallothionein cdna : molecular cloning and transcript expression level in response to exposure to the heavy metals cd , cu , and zn .\nlange , a . , ausseil , o . , & segner , h . ( 2002 ) . alterations of tissue glutathione levels and metallothionein mrna in rainbow trout during single and combined exposure to cadmium and zinc .\nlivak , k . j . , & schmittgen , t . d . ( 2001 ) . analysis of relative gene expression data using real - time quantitative pcr and the 2 ( - delta delta c ( t ) ) method .\nmathiessen , p . ( 2000 ) . biological effects quality assurance in monitoring programs ( belqualm ) . in centre for environment faasc , ed . , remembrance avenue , burnham - on - crouch , essex smo 8ha , uk .\nrodriguez - ortega , m . j . , alhama , j . , funes , v . , romero - ruiz , a . , rodriguez - ariza , a . , & lopez - barea , j . ( 2002 ) . biochemical biomarkers of pollution in the clam\nross , k . , cooper , n . , bidwell , j . r . , & elder , j . ( 2002 ) . genetic diversity and metal tolerance of two marine species : a comparison between populations from contaminated and reference sites .\ntsuda , t . , inoue , t . , kojima , m . , & aoki , s . ( 1996 ) . pesticides in water and fish from rivers flowing into lake biwa .\ntsuda , t . , kojima , m . , harada , h . , nakajima , a . , & aoki , s . ( 1998 ) . pesticides and their oxidation products in water and fish from rivers flowing into lake biwa .\nyeom , d . h . , lee , s . a . , kang , g . s . , seo , j . , & lee , s . k . ( 2007 ) . stressor identification and health assessment of fish exposed to wastewater effluents in miho stream , south korea .\nzrn\u010di\u0107 , s . , orai\u0107 , d . , \u0107aleta , m . , mihaljevi\u0107 , z . , zanella , d . , & biland\u017ei\u0107 , n . ( 2013 ) . biomonitoring of heavy metals in fish from danube river .\nlee , s . , kim , c . , kim , j . et al . environ monit assess ( 2015 ) 187 : 447 . urltoken\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of experimental biology .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the journal of experimental biology web site .\nphoto credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .\n\u201cone of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them , because you have to write and articulate your ideas . \u201d\nin our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .\na new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .\nphoto credit : ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals , so how do delphinids know when they are at risk ? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso\u2019s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls , including human screams . this article was featured in science magazine .\nat the heart of prelights is the community of early - career researchers who select and highlight interesting preprints in various fields . we are now ready to grow our team of prelighters who are passionate about preprints and enjoy writing and communicating science . find out more here and apply by the extended deadline , 20 july 2018 .\nfreshwater minnow is a primary freshwater fish usually found in clean streams and rivers . the fish has a long and compressed body . there is no barbel on its terminal mouth . its bosy is light to brownish yellow with 12 to 13 silvery vertical bars on its sides . ther male shows elongated rays in its anal fin and yellow peral organs on the jaws and opercula during breeding season\nlam , k . s . ( 2002 ) . freshwater fish in hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .\nlee , v . l . f . , lam , s . k . s . , ng , f . k . y . , chan , t . k . t . and young , m . l . c . ( 2004 ) . field guide to the freshwater fish of hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .\nman , s . h . and hodgkiss , i . j . ( 1981 ) . hong kong freshwater fishes . the urban council , hong kong .\nojima , y . , m . hayashi and k . ueno , 1972 . cytogenetic studies in lower vertebrates . x . karyotype and dna studies in 15 species of japanese cyprinidae . jap . j . genet . 47 ( 6 ) : 431 - 440 .\nvasil ' ev , v . p . , 1980 . chromosome numbers in fish - like vertebrates and fish . j . ichthyol . 20 ( 3 ) : 1 - 38 .\nman , s . h . and i . j . hodgkiss , 1981 . hong kong freshwater fishes . urban council , wishing printing company , hong kong , 75 p .\nhwang , h . c . , p . c . yueh and s . f . yu , 1982 . the freshwater fishes of china in colored illustrations . vol . 1 . shanghai sciences and technology press , shanghai , china . 173 p .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) .\ntakai , a . and y . ojima , 1984 . some features on the nucleolus organizer regions in the chromosomes of the cyprinid fishes . proc . japan acad . , ser . b : phys . biol . sci . 60 ( 10 ) : 410 - 413 .\nli , y . , k . li , y . hong , j . gui and d . zhou , 1985 . studies on the karyotypes of chinese cyprinid fishes . vii . karyotypic analyses of seven species in the subfamily leuciscinae with a consideration for the phylogenetic relationships of some cyprinid fishes concerned . acta genet . sin . 12 ( 5 ) : 367 - 372 .\nnagata , y . and y . nakata , 1988 . distribution of six species of bitterlings in a creek in fukuoka prefecture , japan . jap . j . ichthyol . 35 ( 3 ) : 320 - 331 .\nhureau , j . - c . , 1991 . la base de donn\u00e9es gicim : gestion informatis\u00e9e des collections ichthyologiques du mus\u00e9um . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas pr\u00e9liminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la p\u00eache , minist\u00e8re de l ' environnement , cemagref et mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .\nshao , k . - t . and p . l . lim , 1991 . fishes of freshwater and estuary . encyclopedia of field guide in taiwan . recreation press , co . , ltd . , taipei . vol . 31 . 240 p . ( in chinese ) .\nye , f . and p . song , 1991 . danioninae . p . 67 - 79 . in j . - h . pan , l . zhong , c . - y . zheng , h . - l . wu and j . - h . liu ( eds ) . 1991 . the freshwater fishes of guangdong province . guangdong science and technology press , guangzhou . 589 pp .\nshen , s . c . ( ed . ) , 1993 . fishes of taiwan . department of zoology , national taiwan university , taipei . 960 p .\nokiyama , m . , 1993 . an atlas of the early stage fishes in japan . koeltz scientific books , germany . 1154 p .\nbaensch , h . a . and r . riehl , 1995 . aquarien atlas . band 4 . mergus verlag gmbh , verlag f\u00fcr natur - und heimtierkunde , melle , germany . 864 p .\nklinkhardt , m , m . tesche and h . greven , 1995 . database of fish chromosomes . westarp wissenschaften .\nanonymous , 1996 . fish collection database of the university of british columbia fish museum fish museum . university of british columbia , vancouver , canada .\nkim , i . - s . , 1997 . illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of korea . vol . 37 . freshwater fishes . ministry of education , seoul , korea . 629 p .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication , california academy of sciences , san francisco . 3 vols . 2905 p .\nchen , y . y . and x . chu , 1998 . danioninae . p . 19 - 61 . in chen , y . - y . and et al . ( eds ) . fauna sinica . osteichthyes . cypriniformes ii . science press , beijing , 531p .\nendo , m . and y . iwatsuki , 1998 . anomalies of wild fishes in the waters of miyazaki , southern japan . bull . faculty agric . 45 ( 1 . 2 ) : 27 - 35 .\nswedish museum of natural history , 1999 . fish collection database of the naturhistoriska riksmuseet ( swedish museum of natural history ) . ichthyology section , department of vertebrate zoology , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) , 1999 . latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nanonymous , 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 1999 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of november 1999 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in november 1999 .\nanonymous , 2000 . the icthyological collection of the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . division of ichthyology and herpetology , zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) .\nanonymous , 2001 . fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . smithsonian institution - division of fishes .\nanonymous , 2001 . fish collection database of the zoological museum , university of copenhagen . zoological museum , university of copenhagen .\nkottelat , m . , 2001 . freshwater fishes of northern vietnam . a preliminary check - list of the fishes known or expected to occur in northern vietnam with comments on systematics and nomenclature . environment and social development unit , east asia and pacific region . the world bank . 123 p .\nanonymous , 2002 . fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa .\nanonymous , 2002 . freshwater fish collection database of the national science museum . national science museum , 3 - 23 - 1 hyakunin - cho , shinjuku - ku , tokyo 169 - 0073 , japan .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k , 2002 . ? esk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivo ? ich ? v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , malo\u00fast\u00ed ( gonorhynchiformes ) - m\u00e1loostn\u00ed ( cypriniformes ) . n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 odd ? len\u00ed ) , praha .\njang , m . - h . , j . - g . kim , s . - b . park , k . - s . jeong , g . - i . cho and g . - j . joo , 2002 . the current status of the distribution of introduced fish in large river systems of south korea . internat . rev . hydrobiol . 87 ( 2 - 3 ) : 319 - 328 .\nanonymous , 2003 . fish collection of the royal ontario museum . royal ontario museum .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences , 2003 . chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m , 2004 . kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nsado , t . and s . kimura , 2005 . developmental morphology of the indian cyprinid fish barilius canarensis . ichthyol . res . 52 : 360 - 363 .\nkim , i . s . , y . choi , c . l . lee , y . j . lee , b . j . kim and j . h . kim , 2005 . illustrated book of korean fishes . kyo - hak pub co . seoul . 615p . ( in korean ) .\nuonokai , t . nakajima and k . ohara ( eds . ) , 2005 . activities of uonokai ( fish survey group ) : fish distribution in the watershed of lake biwa . shiga , japan : lake biwa museum . 233 p .\nyamazaki , y . , s . haramoto and t . fukasawa , 2006 . habitat uses of freshwater fishes on the scale of reach system provided in small streams . environ . biol . fish . 75 : 333 - 341 .\nfisheries management division of the shiga prefecture agriculture and fisheries department , 2007 . shiga ' s fisheries ( fiscal year 2007 ) . shiga no suisan ( heisei 19 nendo ) , pp . 77 - 79 .\nfao - fies , 2008 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken 29 april 2008 .\nfao - fies , 2010 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken march 2010 .\nfao - fies , 2012 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken march 2012 .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 ( suppl . 27 ) : 1 - 663 .\nfao - fies , 2014 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken april 2014 ."]}
{"id": 2007, "summary": [{"text": "the african pitta ( pitta angolensis ) is an afrotropical bird of the family pittidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a locally common to uncommon species , resident and migratory in the west , and an intra-african migrant between equatorial and southeastern africa .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are elusive and hard to observe despite their brightly coloured plumage , and their loud , explosive calls are infrequently heard .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the plump , somewhat thrush-like birds forage on leaf litter under the canopy of riparian or coastal forest and thickets , or in climax miombo forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "they spend much time during mornings and at dusk scratching in leaf litter or around termitaria , or may stand motionless for long periods .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "following rains breeding birds call and display from the mid-canopy . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "african pitta", "paragraphs": ["stamps showing african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis 109 . 009 african pitta ioc v2 . 4 : 4217 links will open countrypage in new window - cambodia 01 . 12 . 1994 birds ms - gabon 15 . 10 . more\nafrican pitta ( pitta angolensis ) is a species of bird in the pittidae family .\nnsabagasani c . a migratory species , african pitta \u201cpitta angolensis\u201d passed buhanga relict forest .\nthe african pitta ( pitta angolensis ) also called angola pitta is certainly one of the top prizes for birdwatchers going for africa .\npittas of the world . a monograph on the pitta family | african bird club\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of african pitta were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of african pitta here .\nwe will dedicate 3 mornings and afternoons to try and photograph the elusive african pitta in the zambezi valley .\nthe interest for the african pitta migration of 2012 started with a possible siting on the pugu hills nature centre trail during the eastern holidays . due to doubts about this african pitta a query among the\ndar birders\nrevealed that actually an african pitta had landed in the\npeninsula\n, the part of dar es salaam with adequately invitive gardens .\nthe african pitta\u2019s are intra - african migrants and they migrate to the zambezi valley each year between late nov and early april to breed . one can only really locate the pitta\u2019s at the start of the rainy season when they begin their breeding cycle .\nthe untamed african wilderness \u2013 both south luangwa and kasanka national parks are unfenced with free roaming animals that offers the authentic african wilderness experience .\npossible hybrid with green - breasted pitta as breast more green than buff and voice was as pitta reichenowi . however shows . . .\nenglish : green - breasted pitta , black - headed pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve a capuchon ; german : kappenpitta ; spanish : pita encapuchada .\nthe african pitta is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nenglish : black - and - scarlet pitta , black - crowned pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve gacieuse ; german : granatpitta ; spanish : pita de corona negra .\nthe african pitta is a very special bird ; it is one of 32 other pitta species . it is very aggressive and will do anything to be the best pitta around . it is known as \u201cthe holy grail of african birds\u201d because it is very shy , even the best birdwatchers have a hard time catching a glimpse of this bright bird . it communicates in a repeating trail of two note whistles , trills , or grunts . they are often compared with thrushes because of the similarities . the african pitta is diurnal and migrates at night . this makes it hard for them to see buildings as they fly over african cities . this is the reason why in kenya , the number of african pittas have decreased because lighted buildings pose a threat at night . african pittas make themselves feel at home by using fallen trees and branches as perches because they are birds that stay on the ground rather than in the air . in the rare occasion that it is sighted , the african pitta will usually be seen in zimbabwe . when it walks , it flits its tail from side - to - side in a very arrogant way . in the zambezi valley , the breeding of the african pitta has been affected by the large number of elephants and also by increased farming .\nthe pitta did not allow anymore photographs in the\nwild\nafter being released .\nrheindt , f . e . , and j . a . eaton . 2010 . biological species limits in the banded pitta pitta guajana . forktail 26 , 86 - 91 .\nmalawi 1992 birds 75t african pitta used sg 892 watch this auction meet the seller seller not yet uploaded a picture . borucha feedback tier 5 ( 251 - > 750 rating ) address verified . more\nunique opportunities \u2013 this photo safari offers the only time and place where these three events , the elephants through reception , african pitta , and biggest mammal migration in the world , can be photographed .\nthe african pitta , pitta angolensis , is a species of bird in the pittidae family . it is found in angola , burundi , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , equatorial guinea , ethiopia , gabon , ghana , kenya , liberia , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , rwanda , sierra leone , south africa , tanzania , togo , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe . references - * birdlife international 2004 . pitta angolensis . more\nfrom 3000 m\u00b2 in the african pitta to 10 , 000m\u00b2 in the rainbow pitta . pittas will perform territory defence displays on the edges of their territories , although fights between rivals have only been recorded once . migratory species will defend non - breeding feeding territories in addition to their breeding ones . more\ndutson , g . , and j . newman .\nobservations on the superb pitta ( pitta superba ) and other manus endemics .\nbird conservation international 1 ( 1991 ) : 215\u2013222 .\nthe coming of the rains heralds \u201cchange\u201d . the african pitta arrives in the zambezi valley to breed . migrants abound in the bush and hundreds of migrants flock to feed on the new bounty that the rains bring in . come with us in search of one africa\u2019s most elusive bird species the african pitta , we will journey to the zambezi valley to try to locate it at the start of its breeding season .\nsouth african special forces ( elite ) and over 2 million other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\nbut i also want to take images . to photograph the african pitta is still a very different thing . i worked hard for one hour and more . i kept changing my positon with my guides support on the edges of the bush . unfortunately the african pitta seemed a bit reluctant . not really shy , but at least it could not be approached easily . i tried to stay under the bush , which was located on a termite mound . after a while laying calm in the heat , i really could take fabulous looks , took pictures and even flash the african pitta after some time . finally the pitta came so close to me that even the 300 - lens with its close focus was to big . really i was very impressed . a thrill experience !\nthe african pitta , pitta angolensis , is a species of bird in the pittidae family . it is found in angola , burundi , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , equatorial guinea , ethiopia , gabon , ghana , kenya , liberia , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , rwanda , sierra leone , south africa , tanzania , togo , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nafrikanpitta\nfrom\npitta angolensis vieillot 1816\nas trusted .\nthe southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\nmodern african wars vol . 2 : angola and mozambique , 1961 - 74 ( men - at - arms no 202 )\nenglish : black - backed pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve superbe ; german : mohrenpitta ; spanish : pita soberbia .\nenglish : angolan pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve d ' angola ; german : angolapitta ; spanish : pita africana .\njewel of the forest \u2013 it\u2019s not difficult to understand why the spectacular , elusive and rare african pitta is the most sought after bird for photographers in africa , and now for the first time you\u2019ll get a realistic chance to photograph it .\npittas are found alone or in pairs and are territorial . territories may vary widely in size depending on the species and habitat ; african pitta ( pitta angolensis ) territories may be as small as 0 . 75 acre ( 0 . 3 ha ) , rainbow pittas ( pitta iris ) defend areas larger than 2 . 5 acres ( 1 ha ) , and for some species only a single pair may be found in an area as large as 50 acres ( 20 ha ) .\nenglish : bengal pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve du bengale ; german : neunfarbenpitta ; spanish : pita de alas azules .\nenglish : black - breasted pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve iris ; german : rogenboenpitta ; spanish : pita arco iris .\nmodern african wars vol . 3 : south west africa ( men - at - arms series 242 ) : south west africa vol 3\nenglish : black - breasted pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve de gurney ; german : goldkehlpitta ; spanish : pita de gurney .\nafrican pitta pitta angolensis = described by : vieillot ( 1816 ) alternate common name ( s ) : angolan pitta old scientific name ( s ) : none known by website authors photographs no photographs are available for this species range w . , cw . and se . africa ; three populations ; ( 1 ) sierra leone , se . guinea and liberia e . to w . cameroon . ( 2 ) sw . cameroon to nw . angola . ( 3 ) e . zaire , c . and e . more\nerritzoe , j . ( 2018 ) . african pitta ( pitta angolensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe african pitta is an intra - african breeding migrant , arriving in southern and south - central africa to breed around november - december , then departing around march - april for its non - breeding grounds in equatorial africa . in southern africa it is scarce and localized , mainly occupying evergreen forest or dense thickets , often on the banks of rivers or streams , foraging for invertebrates in the leaf litter . more\nrozendaal , f .\nspecies limits within the garnet pitta - complex .\ndutch birding 16 ( 1994 ) : 239\u2013245 .\nlike humans . pitta chicks don\u2019t beg for food , they just wait with their mouth open until food is given to them .\nmodern african wars ( 1 ) : rhodesia 1965 - 80 : rhodesia , 1965 - 80 no . 1 ( men - at - arms )\nthis book provides a highly detailed account of the history , organisation , uniforms and insignia of south african special forces from their origins up to the early 90s \u2013 units such as the 44 parachute brigade , the hunter group and the infamous swa police coin unit ' koevoet ' . these elite units of the south african defence force and the special anti - terrorist units of the south african police forces comprised the largest , best trained and best equipped of any country in southern africa . robert pitta and jeff fannell provide the text in a volume packed with photographs and illustrations .\nthis book provides a highly detailed account of the history , organisation , uniforms and insignia of south african special forces from their origins up to the early 90s - units such as the 44 parachute brigade , the hunter group and the infamous swa police coin unit ' koevoet ' . these elite units of the south african defence force and the special anti - terrorist units of the south african police forces comprised the largest , best trained and best equipped of any country in southern africa . robert pitta and jeff fannell provide the text in a volume packed with photographs and illustrations .\ngretton , a . , m . kohler , r . lansdown , t . pankhurst , j . parr , and c . robson .\nthe status of gurney ' s pitta ( pitta gurneyi ) 1987\u20131989 .\nbird conservation international 3 ( 1993 ) : 351\u2013367 .\nit african pitta exclusively eats invertebrates , usually foraging in leaf litter , searching for prey . once it spots a prey item it stabs it with its bill , killing it instantly . its diet has not been studied very well , however it is thought to eat the following prey items :\nthe domed nest typical of the pitta family is the size and shape of a\nrugby football .\nboth the male and female participate\nthe asian mainland also has impressive pittas , including blue pitta ( above in an excellent shot by j . j . harrison ) . this pitta appears to be at the spot in khao yai where some elusive species become accustomed to being fed mealworms . we visited the spot in january 2013 \u2014 by then a rare orange - headed thrush geokichla citrina greeted us but the ' acclimatized ' blue pitta did not appear .\ni was there in the green season from december to march . this time is one of the prime birding season in malawi . summer is the best season to experience avian diversity to the max with visitors like palearctic migrants and even african pitta . the best month is said to be december \u2013 if there are abundant rains . i was lucky , as there are years with no sighting of the angola pitta in malawi at all .\non sunday april 29th , 2012\nan annual african pitta hunt in dar\nwas organised in the pugu forest and very successful with three sightings in a part of the forest which hardly deserves the name any longer . the picture shows one of this year ' s annual visitors to pugu .\nos - c checklist of the birds of east africa . ornithological sub - committee of the east african natural history society , nairobi ( in press ) .\npittas have always been thought of as a cohesive group of 24 - 32 species ( e . g . , lambert & woodcock 1996 , erritzoe 2003 ) . irestedt et al . ( 2006 ) used molecular evidence to show that there were three major clades within the family , and divided them into three genera . the first - named genus pitta had the 14 species . the two african species are in this genus , as is indian pitta p . brachyura . pittas in this genus have green upperparts with a blue wing - patch and contains all the migratory species , like blue - winged pitta p . moluccensis and noisy pitta . noisy pitta ( left , in a photo be arthur grosset ) breeds in eastern australia in the southern summer and then ' winters ' in new guinea . many of the island endemics are presumably derived from migratory species .\nafrican pitta is reliably found here in december when they migrate into riverine forests to breed . our zambia tour focuses on the zambezi endemics found primarily in the miombo woodlands cloaking large parts of the country . the tour also targets zambia ' s only two endemics , chaplin ' s barbet and black - cheeked lovebird . we have run a conservation tour for the african bird club . for more information on our zambia birding tour itineraries , please contact us . more\n[ african tailorbirding cc ( ck2003 / 020710 / 23 ) trading as birding africa ] p . o . box 22727 , scarborough , 7975 , south africa .\ndistribution of african pitta in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) .\na number of world checklists within the last 50 years listed as few as 24 species . this was after the great heydays of lumping in the mid - 20th century . this contrasts with the lists of of sclater and elliot at the end of the 19th century that contained 48 and 47 species , respectively ( erritzoe 2003 ) . now , in 2014 , we are back with the numbers envisioned by 19th century ornithologists . it began with the book on pittas and relatives ( lambert & woodcock 1996 ) that split sula pitta e . dohertyi from the widespread indo - pacific red - bellied pitta on morphological grounds . then rheindt and eaton ( 2010 ) split banded pitta hydrornis guajanus is split into three species : malayan banded - pitta h . irena , bornean banded - pitta h . schwaneri , and javan banded - pitta h . guajanus . these splits were widely accepted ( as was the split of black - headed e . ussheri from garnet pitta e . granatina in the sundaic region ) , bringing the list to 34 species .\nthe former\nred - bellied pitta\nwas widespread in range from the philippines to the solomon island . the other indo - pacific pitta with numerous races is hooded pitta ( left ; a photo from papua new guinea by steve wilson ) . there are at least 12 races , some black - crowned and some chestnut - crowned . no one has yet done a molecular phylogeny of this complex . are there still more\nnew\npittas to come ?\nmackworth - praed c . w . and grant , c . h . b . ( 1964 ) african handbook of birds . series 1 . vols 1 & 2 .\nthe pittidae is a fairly small family of mid - sized , short - tailed , long - legged ground - dwelling jewels in the old world tropics . i ' ve spent hours trying to track down calling birds inside bornean forests , and encounters there with blue - headed pitta hydrornis baudii , giant pitta h . caerulea , and black - headed pitta were absolute highlights ( see also the bottom of this page ) . here ( left ) is a very nice shot of black - headed pitta by gareth knass . if pressed , i ' d choose pittas as my favorite family of birds in the world .\nour guides are at least 6th generation african . who better to show you the african continent than people who live there ? they have explored their home and neighbouring african countires as travellers even before digital photography and workshops became popular , and with a camera have spent more than 10 years chasing the best light in south africa , namibia , botswana , zimbabwe , zambia , tanzania and kenya . therefore they know the people , the culture and we have developed relationships with the local people that gains them access to special places .\nsome years ago i spent 3 days at the end of the so - called green ( i . e . rainy ) season in the liwonde national park . i decided to stay in the mvuu lodge . one of the highlights of the area of the lodge and the mvuu camp is the irregular appearance of the enigmatic african pitta (\nirestedt et al ' s ( 2013 ) proposal of the 17 - way split was adopted by the clements and ebird world checklists in 2014 , bringing the world pitta total to 49 species . as there are several other endemic pittas in the philippines , e . erythrogaster was not called\nphilippine pitta\nbut , instead , the old name blue - breasted pitta was reasonably adopted for this new philippine endemic . personally , i had recorded 4 of the 17 taxa in the old\nred - bellied pitta\ncomplex , but one of those was\nheard only ,\nso my net was only two extra lifers , with some 14 still unseen .\nalmost all pittas breed seasonally , with breeding timed to coincide with the onset of the rainy season . an exception to this pattern is the superb pitta ( pitta superba ) , which apparently nests throughout the year on the island of manus . in most species there are relatively few unique displays prior to copulation , and most pittas probably are monogamous . however , the african pitta performs a unique display prior to the breeding season . during display bouts , this species repeatedly jumps about 10 in ( 25 cm ) into the air , parachuting back to the perch with several shallow wing - beats . during this display the red belly is prominently displayed and the birds often give a\nprrt - wheet\nvocalization .\ndeep in the gloom of an old world jungle a pitta stands motionless , giving a characteristic whistle . you , a potential observer , know that if you could see it , it will be a memorable experience , as pittas are wonderfully colorful . but they are also characteristically elusive , and more often than not , the pitta disappears unseen . photography would seem impossible . indeed , for all my visits to tropical rainforests , this shot of sulawesi pitta ( above ) is my best effort . [ sulawesi pitta is a recent split from red - bellied pitta ; more on that below ] . the collection of photos below are from other photographers \u2014 i stand in awe at their inspiring accomplishments . alas , much of my time in old world was pre - digital . digital photography has made pittas a bit more accessible \u2014 yet , still , each encounter is memorable .\nmost pittas are nonmigratory or make local movements outside the breeding season . however , indian pittas ( pitta brachyura ) , blue - winged pittas ( p . moluccensis ) , and fairy pittas ( p . nympha ) , as well as a subspecies of the african pitta ( p . a . longipennis ) and populations of hooded pittas ( p . sordida ) and red - bellied pittas ( p . erythrogaster ) are migrants . although most species migrate over land , it is believed that the fairy pitta may fly nonstop from vietnam across the ocean to borneo , a flight of approximately 620 mi ( 1 , 000 km ) ! given the short , rounded wings of pittas , it is somewhat surprising these birds make long migratory flights .\npittas are so wonderful that i list two pittas \u2014 gurney ' s pitta h . gurneyi and giant pitta h . caeruleais \u2014 among my\ntop 50 birds\nin the world . gurney ' s has an exceptionally limited range along the s . thailand - burma border and is gorgeous . it is critically endangered in thailand but there is more hope for the population in remote burma . a further eight species ( including the elusive giant pitta ) are listed by the iuc as vulnerable . the main threat to pittas is habitat loss by deforestation .\nreichenow , 1901 \u2013 se tanzania s to e zambia , n & e zimbabwe and s mozambique ; migrates n to region from s central african republic and n & ne drcongo e to s kenya and n tanzania .\nerritzoe , j . ( 2018 ) . superb pitta ( pitta superba ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\na very short summary of south african special forces with lots of photographs and illustrations showing the aforementioned forces . when read with other books about this time and place of conflict throughout southern africa it definitely enhances the knowledge base .\nit is an intra - african breeding migrant , arriving in southern and south - central africa to breed around november - december , then departing around march - april for its non - breeding grounds in the drc , uganda and kenya .\npitta joffe , a botanist by profession with a keen interest in horticulture , authored a number of popular books on indigenous plants , including the first edition of this book . pitta ' s plant photographs have appeared in numerous publications on the subject . tinus oberholzer holds a degree in horticulture and has had experience in propagation and production of nursery plants as well as plant marketing . he has contributed to the writing and editing of various gardening books , and also writes monthly articles for some south african gardening magazines . tinus is co - owner of plantae orchids , a nursery specialising in orchids and rare and unusual plants , with a special interest in indigenous flora .\nour image database has been created to bring together photographs taken in the african region of as many bird species as possible . we hope this will provide both a useful tool for researchers and a splendid collection of photographs for anyone to browse .\nexperience three once - in - a - life opportunities in one dedicated photo safari . join c4 photo safaris and specialist wildlife photographic guide , isak pretorius , to help you take world class photos of elephants walking through mfuwe lodge reception , the spectacular and elusive african pitta , and a bat migration where 10 million fruit bats creates the largest mammal migration on earth . what makes this even better is that you\u2019ll experience this in the wild and untamed wilderness of zambia\u2019s south luangwa and kasanka national parks .\nhistorically , this species was trapped for the cage bird trade . however , with increasing awareness of the dwindling population size , the economic value of gurney ' s pitta has begun to shift from illegal trade to conservation - based ecotourism .\nthe paoc12 scientific programme committee has nominated the following symposium topics for the 12th pan - african ornithological congress . to find out what each symposium incorporates click on the symposium title ; titles not hyperlinked do not have outlines at present but will be added in due course .\none of the ' new ' species accepted out of the split of the former\nred - bellied pitta\nis on sulawesi . my distant photo of a half - hidden adult is at the top of this page . here ( below , a photo by jason thompson from wiki - commons ) is a very fine photo of a sulawesi pitta in juvenal plumage , just started to molt into adult plumage with new green , blue , and red feathers appearing on the underparts .\nthe african pitta is an intra - african breeding migrant , arriving in southern and south - central africa to breed around november - december , then departing around march - april for its non - breeding grounds in equatorial africa . in southern africa it is scarce and localized , mainly occupying evergreen forest or dense thickets , often on the banks of rivers or streams , foraging for invertebrates in the leaf litter . its nest is a dome - shaped structure made of twigs , leaves and plant debris , usually placed in the uppermost branches of a tree sapling . it lays 2 - 4 eggs , which hatch into chicks with black skin and orange bills . strangely enough , the chicks do not beg for food , they just patiently wait with their mouths open until they are given something .\nonce we arrive at bilimungwe bushcamp , we\u2019ll have lunch and then a chance to unpack and settle into our rooms . after high tea we\u2019ll go on our first game drive in search of the african pitta and everything else that will make great photos . the afternoon game drives extend into the evenings for stunning night drives . here we\u2019ll have the chance to photograph nocturnal animals , like leopard , genets , owls and elephant shrews , using a spotlight . after the night drive we\u2019ll return to camp for dinner and bed .\nhandle seamlessly the logistical challenges that african touring presents . expertise , personalised service , attention to detail and best value tours are why , after 13 years , we ' re arranging more birding tours for top international companies and small groups than ever before . in sum , have a look at our\nearthworms figure prominently in the diets of many pittas , especially during the nesting season . in australia , the diet of the rainbow pitta varies seasonally ; earthworms comprise most of the diet during the wet season , while other invertebrates are more important during the dry season .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pitta angolensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nfamily of birds . it is an elusive bird with an unknown lifespan . it is unknown if they are good at camouflage since they are hard to find even by experienced birdwatchers . some think they may be very shy . . it is a special bird with very characteristic features , which include : very long legs , large feet , and sharp talons . they are 6 . 5 to 7 inches tall , they have a beak that is 1 inch long and looks like a pointy sunflower seed and they weigh 3 oz . with their scarlet belly , black stripe over their eye , green and blue feathers , orange - buff breast , and dark brown crown they are very colorful and most pittas will have up to 9 colors on it . even though they are so colorful , you rarely get to see an african pitta . interestingly , both the male and the female pitta look the same .\nthere are also two pittas in tropical africa . this one ( below ) is green - breasted pitta , in another fine shot by gareth knass . again , i have spent a day searching for it at a\nknown\nlocation in uganda , and again the great bird has eluded me .\nthe final genus , hydrornis , includes some variable oriental species that are sexual dimorphic in plumage and have a cryptic juvenile plumage in the species that have been studied . this genus includes eared pitta which had often been placed into its own genus [\nanthocincla\n] because of its alleged primitive characters .\nthen , irestedt et al . ( 2013 ) did a complete review of the entire red - bellied pitta set . they used both nuclear and mtdna , combined with vocal and morphological evidence , and\nbased on all available evidence\nthey proposed that the e . erythrogaster complex is composed of 17 species .\nat 6 : 00 all ( few ) guests of the lodge had booked a trip on foot . the guide was richard . we rattled the whole area with the scrub vegetation for the pitta and a broadbill ( smithornis sp . ) . unfortunately in vain . instead , for example we observed grey - headed kingfisher (\na late morning road transfer from mfuwe lodge to bilimungwe bushcamp means that we\u2019ll have time for a short morning drive at mfuwe lodge before we change camps . bilimungwe bushcamp is a three hour drive south from mfuwe lodge in the south luangwa national park , on the banks of the luangwa river . this is where we\u2019ll look for the african pitta . there are a number of breeding pairs in the thickets close to the camp , and although they are still elusive , their mating calls usually give their positions away . photographers in the past few years have had the best success their in photographing them than anywhere else in africa . the game viewing around bilimungwe bushcamp is great , so we will spend the next few days looking for these birds while on game drives , with a good chance of seeing and photographing more than just the bird . once we arrive at bilimungwe bushcamp , we\u2019ll have lunch and then a chance to unpack and settle into our rooms . after high tea we\u2019ll go on our first game drive in search of the african pitta and everything else that will make great photos . the afternoon game drives extend into the evenings for stunning night drives . here we\u2019ll have the chance to photograph nocturnal animals , like leopard , genets , owls and elephant shrews , using a spotlight . after the night drive we\u2019ll return to camp for dinner and bed .\nthis tour is tailored towards photographers who are keen on bird photography and passionate about birding in general . photographers can be from a beginner level to advanced dslr users . we will search for the pitta in its breeding location , and spend quite a bit of time specifically focussing on attempting to photograph this rare and special bird .\nwith its concentration and diversity of wildlife , south luangwa national park offers an unrivalled safari experience . during november and mid december , three \u201conce - in - a - lifetime\u201d opportunities present themselves to safari goers in zambia . go in search of the \u201cjewel of the forest\u201d \u2013 the rare , migratory african pitta , while also being able to witness the unique , annual phenomenon of elephants regularly walking through mfuwe lodge reception . another highlight will be when we are joined by renowned , dutch - born ornithologist , frank willems to watch the world\u2019s greatest migration \u2013 the highest density of mammals on earth \u2013 as 10 million straw - coloured fruit bats descend upon zambia\u2019s kasanka national park\u2026 just a short flight away .\nexperiences with species this much sought after bird is difficult to locate unless it is calling , which occurs in a small time window , which is usually shortly after the first rains in early december . it hops on the branch , making a loud sound with it ' s wings , followed by a frog - like squeak . once it lands , it looks around , quite proud of itself , as if to say\ndid you see what i just did ? !\n. click here to watch a video of the pitta displaying - be warned you may get seasick , a handheld video on a big lens does not work ! other names : angola pitta\nanother clade was named erythropitta . these are mostly small species with short tails , lots of red on the underparts , and greenish or bluish backs . there was initially six species in this genus , but that has now tripled when red - bellied pitta e . erythrogaster was split into 17 species ( more on that below ) .\nwith its concentration and diversity of wildlife , south luangwa national park offers an unrivalled safari experience . during november and mid december , three \u201conce - in - a - lifetime\u201d opportunities present themselves to safari goers in zambia . go in search of the \u201cjewel of the forest\u201d \u2013 the rare , migratory african pitta , while also being able to witness the unique , annual phenomenon of elephants regularly walking through mfuwe lodge reception . go one step further and extend your safari to join renowned , dutch - born ornithologist , frank willems to watch the world\u2019s greatest migration \u2013 the highest density of mammals on earth \u2013 as 10 million straw - coloured fruit bats descend upon zambia\u2019s kasanka national park\u2026 just a short flight away .\nserious climate change challenges for birds and other biodiversity in africa are much less well understood than those in europe , north america and australia . given the magnitude of these challenges in africa , especially as compounded by existing conservation threats from land use change , invasive species , pollution and harvesting , a focus on the vulnerability of african birds and bird habitats is critical . we propose drawing on the insights from detailed biodiversity / climate change work in europe and australia to kick - start a wave of accelerated , collaborative and more detailed demographic , behavioural , ecological , biogeographic and conservation research on the vulnerability of african birds and bird habitats to climate change . we also hope to supplement and follow the symposium with an in - depth round - table discussion on this theme .\nrobert pitta has been a writer and editor in the defence / aerospace industry for over sixteen years . he is a former professional photographer and holds an advanced university degree . he has given lectures to the military and written on the history , development , and use of camouflage clothing and concealment techniques . he lives and works in maryland , usa .\nin a recent visit to thailand , guide nik upton located a pair of eared pitta ( right ; photo by n . upton ) deep in the understory . like many pittas , it was not particularly shy but just cryptic and very difficult to view after each hop across the littered ground . this photo is of the adult female of the pair .\ncreative gardening with indigenous plants , now in its second edition , is an invaluable handbook for south african gardeners . in this comprehensive guide the authors set out to popularise the use of indigenous south african plants in gardens , parks , on roadsides and anywhere where previously exotic plants were preferred . this book covers more than 300 plants , all illustrated by stunning photographs in full colour showing the whole plant as well as selected features such as flowers , fruit , leaves and bark . the text comprises a description of each plant , its usages - including medicinal uses and snippets of folklore - and advice on cultivation . introductory chapters cover topics such as propagating plants from seeds and cuttings , gardening in the different climate regions , and using indigenous plants to attract birds and insects to the garden . taking a very practical approach , using symbols , distribution maps , plant size and flower colour , the authors lead the reader to the correct plant to choose for the application , whether this be tree , shrub , annual , perennial , climber or water - loving plant . this all - inclusive book is a must for gardeners , horticulturists , landscape designers and anyone involved in the south african nursery industry .\nbird interactions with industry e . g . power lines and aircraft is an important factor to consider both from a conservation as well as an industry safety and quality of supply perspective . little has been done on the african continent with respect to bird power line and bird aircraft interactions . in south africa the endangered wildlife trust has pioneered the establishment of two unique industry partnerships to forge relationships with industry and to establish programs to effectively deal with the issue . as more and more power lines are constructed across the african continent and airports adhere to international safety standards , knowledge needs to be shared and assistance provided on how to deal with bird industry interactions ! the aim of such a symposium will be to present papers from what has been achieved in africa and to plan what still needs to be done .\nthe ' fffffrrrt ' sounds on the recording , which are the displaying pitta ( rapid wing - flapping ? ) , were detected from xc419773 by michael mills of go - away - birding . recording made before dawn , but , as michael puts it , pittas quite often start displaying when it is still dark . many thanks to michael for this cute contribution !\nmy personal best memory was at danum valley , borneo , and i wrote of it in my daily notes that evening ( below , notes from 4 aug 2003 ) . i really really really wanted to see the endemic blue - headed pitta , so after a rainstorm one afternoon , i hike out a trail to a spot where we had heard one the day before . i sat down quietly near the end of a log , and briefly played a tape . to my shock ,\nthe male blue - headed pitta appeared at the end of the log where it looked around , shook itself , and puffed out breast / belly ( see sketch ) . absolutely crippling views . it hopped down log towards me a bit before flying off .\na late morning road transfer from mfuwe lodge to bilimungwe bushcamp means that we\u2019ll have time for a short morning drive at mfuwe lodge before we change camps . bilimungwe bushcamp is a three hour drive south from mfuwe lodge in the south luangwa national park , on the banks of the luangwa river . this is where we\u2019ll look for the african pitta . there are a number of breeding pairs in the thickets close to the camp , and although they are still elusive , their mating calls usually give their positions away . photographers in the past few years have had the best success their in photographing them than anywhere else in africa . the game viewing around bilimungwe bushcamp is great , so we will spend the next few days looking for these birds while on game drives , with a good chance of seeing and photographing more than just the bird .\nchris gooddie accomplished his goal of seeing all the pittas at the time when 32 species were widely accepted as the full set . now there are 49 species and counting . i wondered how many he still has left to see if he used the newest taxonomy . so i wrote him and the answer was that , except for the\nred - bellied\ngroup , none . he was aware of pending splits in\nbanded pitta\nand potential splits in elegant pitta , so he saw all of them except the vigorsii race of elegant [ tanimbar and kai islands in eastern indonesia ; this was once split by clements but is lumped again in recent editions ] . chris says that he has continued to travel and see additional races of several pittas , but he is still 12 short of the entire 17 - species - set of the now - split\nred - bellied pitta .\nhe agreed that it is likely there are some\ncryptic species\nin the complex , but thought that there is\nso much vocal variation\nwithin the known taxa , and so much to be learned about the remote island birds , that it was\ntoo early to split red - bellied complex .\nif i expanded by\ntop 50\nbirds in the world to a hundred , i ' d surely add several more pittas . so many are just drop - dead gorgeous , including rainbow pitta of northern australia ( right , in an exceptional shot by david fisher ) . they are all shy and secretive , with ethereal voices that draw one far from trails into primeval tropical forests in the old world .\nalthough classification at the family level is widely accepted , there are conflicting opinions regarding the appropriate number of genera and species . although as many as six genera have been proposed , and preliminary estimates of genetic divergence support these distinctions , most authors have chosen to recognize only the genus pitta . recent taxonomic treatments recognize 29\u201331 species . this number will undoubtedly change as molecular methods generate a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the pittidae .\nringing activities have been conducted in africa for 60 years , and ringing is an important tool in continuing studies on the biology , survival and movement of birds . ringing has often been used in survey work , particularly in forest habitats . this symposium endeavours to present overviews of some recent work , showing how ringing will still be relevant as a tool to study african birds for decades to come . 2008 marks the 60th anniversary of safring , thus the paoc is an appropriate time to review ringing activities .\nreturning home , i even tried to do a painting of the encounter with the blue - headed pitta ( below , now embedded in color among my field notes ) . still , i ' m far from chris gooddie in terms of success \u2014 i ' ve barely seen a quarter of the world ' s pittas . just another good reason to take yet another long trans - pacific flight to a forest in the lowlands of southeast asia . . . .\nphysical characteristics : african pittas have a black head with a yellow side stripe ; white throat with pink wash ; blackish brown bill with a reddish base ; deep buff breast and flanks ( sides ) ; whitish color under the bill and throat that turns yellow at breast ; bright olive green upperparts with blue and black banding on wings ; dark azure - blue rump ; blackish flight feathers with paler tips ; black tail with red underside and blue upperside ; and pinkish to grayish white feet . males and females look alike . more\nbreeds may to august . domed nest is located 3\u201310 ft ( 1\u20133 m ) above the ground , often in palm trees . nest constructed from dead leaves and twigs on a base of larger sticks ; lined with fine rootlets . clutch size usually three to four . eggs similar to those of the hooded pitta ; white with dark purple or brownish spots over gray markings , most numerous on widest end . female and male share incubation , brooding , and provisioning of young .\np . a . longipennis : migratory ; breeds in central tanzania , malawi , southeast democratic republic of congo , eastern zambia , zimbabwe , and possibly into northern south africa ; nonbreeding migrant in northern tanzania , rwanda , burundi , democratic republic of congo , central african republic , uganda , and coastal kenya . p . a . pulih : west africa ; resident in sierra leone lowlands , ghana , liberia , ivory coast , nigeria , and coastal cameroon . p . a . angolensis : west africa ; southern cameroon , guinea , congo , democratic republic of congo , and angola\npittas give short calls , usually one , two , or occasionally three syllables , which can be either whistled or buzzy . the role that these calls play in territorial defense is evidenced by the fact that many species can be drawn out of dense vegetation by playing a recording of their call . in a natural setting , such a response may lead to encounters between males on adjacent territories . for rainbow pittas and elegant pittas ( pitta elegans ) biologists have described displays in which males from adjacent territories face off and perform bowing displays sometimes in conjunction with\npurring\nvocalizations .\nmuch of avian life history theory has been developed from studies of birds in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere , where food availability is regarded as a critical driver of life history variation . yet , nearly two - thirds of the word\u2019s bird species are confined to the tropics and temperate regions of the southern hemisphere , where they exhibit life histories that differ from north - temperate birds . also , traditional life history theory regards age - specific survival as the key driver of life history variation . this symposium will highlight the insights that recent studies of \u2018southern\u2019 , particularly african birds , provide to our understanding of global drivers of avian life history variation , and the conservation implications thereof .\nbliimungwe\u2019s four raised thatched rooms have been carefully designed to ensure the height of comfort whilst still retaining that authentic bushcamp feel . the tangle of mature mahogany trees that surround camp are echoed in the rich , wood interiors and the beautiful wooden furniture , handmade by local artisans . bright african textiles bring splashes of colour to the elegant rooms . after an early morning game drive , head back to your room for a refreshing , open - air waterfall shower , or continue the wildlife spectacle from your private deck . two of the chalets have twin beds ( queen - sized beds ) , while the other two each have a king bed . bilimungwe sleeps up to eight guests and is open from may to december .\nwinter offers the only chance of malagasy pond - heron , mascarene martin and short - tailed pipit . it is also possible to see madagascar cuckoo in winter and all the resident species are available in winter . while there is no replacing the exciting rush of full activity in mid - summer , winter birding can be surprisingly good and we have had good views of great bittern , thick - billed cuckoo , african golden oriole , rufous - bellied heron , allen ' s gallinule and even black coucal in the winter period . carmine bee - eater , madagascar bee - eater , collared pratincole , black - winged lapwing , wattled crane , osprey , terek sandpiper , grey - rumped swallow , mangrove kingfisher are all regularly seen on winter trips .\nafrican pittas are monogamous like humans . that means , that they stay with one mate their entire life . they tend to usually breed between september and february . when it is mating season , the male pittas will show off their bright colors in a dance - like manner , spreading their wings and hopping on branches . their gestation period in unknown and it breeds once a year . there are typically 1 to 4 eggs in a litter . their eggs are glossy and round and their nest is usually hidden in a bush so that nothing can find it . the nest looks like a messy , leafy dome , which makes it even better for camouflage . when born , baby pittas are brown with pink legs and an orange beak . the baby pittas are\npittas are particularly associated with the islands of the indo - pacific . borneo , the philippines , new guinea , and many indonesian and melanesian islands host endemic pittas . the absolutely gorgeous ivory - breasted pitta ( right , a wonderful shot by rob hutchinson ) is endemic to halmahera and nearby moluccan islands . i was with rob when he called in this individual with a tape , and the bird appeared only briefly . rob managed this great shot ; mine was distant and marginal . it is truly remarkable how difficult these colorful birds are to see . unless they decide to fly briefly up to a perch ( as this one has done ) they seemingly melt away in the understory ."]}
{"id": 2013, "summary": [{"text": "chiayusaurus ( meaning \" chia-yu-kuan lizard \" , after where it was found ) was a genus of sauropod dinosaur known from teeth found in asia .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "two species have been named for this obscure genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was originally named as chiay\u00fcsaurus , but the iczn does not permit special characters , so it has become chiayusaurus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the old name can still be seen in older sources , though . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "chiayusaurus", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about chiayusaurus asianensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for chiayusaurus asianensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nphylogenetic relationships of asiatosaurus mongoliensis ( osborn , 1924 ) . chiayusaurus lacustris a junior synonym of asiatosaurus ( sauropoda )\nspecies : asianensis ( lee , yang & park , 1997 ) etymology : the species is named after asia , where the type material was collected . = chiayusaurus asianensis lee , yang & park , 1997\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nchiayusaurus\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nchiayusaurus is a highly dubious genus of sauropod dinosaur because the type species is based upon the description of a tooth crown . \u202d \u202cthe problem with such tooth taxons is that unless in exceptionally rare cases\u202d ( \u202clike with troodon \u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cit is next to impossible to assign further remains . \u202d \u202ceven a second species named c . \u202d \u202casianensis from south korea is only represented by a tooth . \u202d \u202cin the past the teeth of chiayusaurus have been noted to be similar to asiatosaurus and euhelopus .\nbohlin , b . , 1953 , fossil reptiles from mongolia and kansu : reports from the scientific expedition to the north - western provinces of china under leadership of dr . sven hedin . the sino - swedish expedition publication n . 37 , p . 9 - 113 . ( chiayusaurus lacustris )\nname : chiayusaurus \u202d ( \u202cchiayukuan lizard\u202d ) \u202c . phonetic : che - ah - yu - sore - us . named by : birgir bohlin\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1953 . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202creptilia , \u202d \u202cdinosauria , \u202d \u202csaurischia , \u202d \u202csauropoda . species : c . \u202d \u202clacustris\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cc . \u202d \u202casianensis\u202d ? diet : herbivore . size : impossible to know because no skeletal reamins exist only\u202d \u202cteeth . known locations : china\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202ckalazha formation . \u202d \u202csouth korea\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202chasandong formation . time period : late jurassic to early cretaceous . fossil representation : two teeth .\n' antarctosaurus jaxarticus is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' asiatosaurus kwanshiensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' asiatosaurus mongoliensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' borealosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' chiayusaurus asianensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' chiayusaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' dongbeititan belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' dongyangosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' euhelopus belongs to somphospondyli ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' fusuisaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' gobititan belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' helopus zdanskyi is recombined as euhelopus zdanskyi ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' huabeisaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' jiangshanosaurus [ misspelled as jianshanosaurus ] belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' jiutaisaurus xidiensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' mongolosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' nemegtosaurus pachi is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' nemegtosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' opisthocoelicaudia belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' phuwiangosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' pukyongosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' qingxiusaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' quaesitosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' sonidosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' tangvayosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' ultrasaurus tabriensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfurther reading - \u202d \u202cfossil reptiles from mongolia and kansu\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cthe sino - swedish expedition publication\u202d \u202c37\u202d ( \u202c6\u202d ) \u202c : \u202d \u202c1\u202d\u2013\u202c113 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cbirgir bohlin\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1953 . - \u202d \u202csauropod dinosaur remains from the gyeongsang supergroup korea . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cpaleontological society of korea , \u202d \u202cspecial publication\u202d \u202c2 : \u202d \u202c103\u202d\u2013\u202c114 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cyuong - nam lee , \u202d \u202cseong - young yang\u202d & \u202ceun - jun park\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1997 .\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also barrett et al . 2002 , park et al . 2000 and wilson and upchurch 2009\nan ongoing dinosaur encyclopaedia . by meig dickson ( she / her or ey / em ) , henry thomas ( he / him ) , jos\u00e9 c . cort\u00e9s ( he / him ) , \u2020jack wood ( he / him ) , scott reid ( he / him ) , and ripley cook ( she / her ) support us on patreon index faq\netymology : asiat - ( asia ) and greek , sauros , \u201clizard\u201d : \u201casiatic lizard\u201d .\netymology : for jiayuguan ( chia - yu - kouon ) in gansu province china , near where the specimen was found , and greek , sauros , \u201clizard\u201d : \u201cjiayu lizard\u201d .\nlocality : east end of red mesa , \u00f6\u00f6shinn nuur ( oshih basin ) , northern gobi , mongolia .\nage : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous . note : according to shuvalov , 1975 \u00f6nd\u00f6rukhaa svita of valanginian to late neocomian age .\nlocality : 3 miles east of red mesa , \u00f6\u00f6shinn nuur ( oshih basin ) , northern gobi , mongolia .\nage : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .\namnh 6533 : 2 anterior dorsal vertebrae , badly weathered , several ribs , and one chevron , 3 ribs and chevron collected .\nnumber : not given : single dorsal vertebrae , badly weathered , not collected .\nlocality : urhe region , junggar basin , wuerho , xinjiang uygur zizhiqu ( sinkang ) province , china .\nlocality : two volcanoes , 43\u00b049 . 503 ' n , 99\u00b019 . 546 ' e , dhous , bayanhongor , mongolia .\nage : aptian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .\nlocality : dacaotan , jalyuguan ( chia - yu - kuan ) , west kansu , gansu ( kansu ) province , china .\nage : late barremian - albian stage , gallic subepoch , early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous . note : according to sun , ailing , li jinling , ye xiangkui , dong zhiming and hou lianhai , 1992 late jurassic .\nlocality : nanhu , southeast of qiketai , shanshan district , turpan , eastern gansu ( kansu ) province , china .\nlocality : napan basin , fusui county , southwest of nanning , kwangsi , guangxi province , guangzi zhuangzu autonomous range , china .\nage : hauterivian stage , upper neocomian subepoch , middle early cretaceous epoch , early early cretaceous .\nwillkommen zur deutschen version von wordpress . dies ist der erste beitrag . du kannst ihn bearbeiten oder l\u00f6schen . und dann starte mit dem schreiben !\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nthis video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nrub\u00e9n d . f . mart\u00ednez , 1 , * matthew c . lamanna , 2 fernando e . novas , 3 ryan c . ridgely , 4 gabriel a . casal , 1 javier e . mart\u00ednez , 5 javier r . vita , 6 and lawrence m . witmer 4\nconceived and designed the experiments : rdfm mcl fen rcr gac jem jrv lmw . performed the experiments : rdfm mcl gac jem jrv . analyzed the data : rdfm mcl rcr gac lmw . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : rdfm mcl rcr gac jem jrv lmw . wrote the paper : rdfm mcl fen gac lmw .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ntitanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were extremely diverse and abundant in upper cretaceous continental paleoenvironments in the gondwanan landmasses , and have been discovered throughout the world [ 1 \u2013 6 ] . titanosauria currently includes more than 60 genera and is most abundantly represented in south america , particularly in argentina [ 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 ] . most currently recognized titanosaurian taxa are represented exclusively or almost exclusively by postcranial bones .\nhere we describe a new and plesiomorphic early late cretaceous ( cenomanian\u2014turonian ) titanosaurian sauropod represented by a superbly - preserved adult skull articulated with a partial cervical series . the taxon provides a wealth of new information on the early evolution of titanosauria and the cranial anatomy of basal members of the clade . the cranium and mandible are only slightly deformed , with most bones fully articulated and all teeth preserved in situ ; as such , the new form is one of the very few titanosaurs for which the totality of this anatomical information is available . furthermore , the unusual anatomy of the cervical series provides novel data on the construction of the neck and tendon system of a cretaceous sauropod .\nthe titanosaur was preserved in a green sandstone horizon that pertains to the upper part of the lower member of the bajo barreal formation . this section of the lower member is lithologically characterized by these green sandstones , which were deposited in multiepisodic , interlaced fluvial channel systems [ 83 ] . the vast majority of the tetrapod fossils from the bajo barreal formation have been recovered from these sandstones , which exhibit taphonomic and sedimentological properties that were conducive to vertebrate preservation [ 84 ] . the skull and cervical series of the titanosaur were articulated and preserved in a fluvial overflow deposit with a high sedimentary load composed of medium - grained sandstones with abundant pelitic matrix . the degree of articulation and lack of evidence of subaerial weathering of the specimen suggest that it was buried rapidly .\nthe specimen described in this paper ( specimen number mdt - pv 2 ) is permanently reposited and accessible to all qualified researchers in the fossil vertebrate collection of the museo desiderio torres in sarmiento , chubut province , argentina . detailed locality information for the specimen is on file at the museo desiderio torres and is available to qualified researchers upon request . all necessary permits were obtained for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .\namnh , american museum of natural history , new york , new york , united states of america ; ans , academy of natural sciences of drexel university , philadelphia , pennsylvania , united states of america ; ccmge , chernyshev\u2019s central museum of geological exploration , saint petersburg , russia ; cm , carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , pennsylvania , united states of america ; fggub , facultatea de geologie \u015fi geofizic\u0103 a universit\u0103 ii din bucure\u015fti , bucharest , romania ; gcp , grupo cultural paleontol\u00f3gico de elche , museo paleontol\u00f3gico de elche , elche , spain ; gsi , geological survey of india , kolkata , india ; isi , indian statistical institute , kolkata , india ; mal , malawi department of antiquities collection , lilongwe and nguludi , malawi ; mb , museum f\u00fcr naturkunde der humboldt - universit\u00e4t , berlin , germany ; mcf - pvph , museo \u2018carmen funes , \u2019 colecci\u00f3n de paleontolog\u00eda de vertebrados , plaza huincul , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina ; mcspv , museo de cinco saltos , cinco saltos , r\u00edo negro , argentina ; mcz , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts , united states of america ; mdt - pv , museo desiderio torres - paleovertebrados , sarmiento , chubut , argentina ; mgpifd - gr , museo de geolog\u00eda y paleontolog\u00eda del instituto de formaci\u00f3n docente continua de general roca , general roca , r\u00edo negro , argentina ; mml , museo municipal de lamarque , lamarque , r\u00edo negro , argentina ; mpca , museo provincial \u2018carlos ameghino , \u2019 cipolletti , r\u00edo negro , argentina ; mucpv , museo de geolog\u00eda y paleontolog\u00eda de la universidad nacional del comahue , neuqu\u00e9n , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina ; mzsp - pv , museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil ; tmm , university of texas memorial museum , austin , texas , united states of america ; unpsjb - pv , universidad nacional de la patagonia san juan bosco , colecci\u00f3n paleontolog\u00eda de vertebrados , comodoro rivadavia , chubut , argentina ; usnm , national museum of natural history , washington , district of columbia , united states of america ; zpal , institute of paleobiology , polish academy of sciences , warsaw , poland .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank life science identifiers ( lsids ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken . \u201d the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 3b8c51b9 - c0c2 - 4562 - 81d4 - 0af58e186b31 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 537dfe26 - 54ec - 4978 - ac86 - e83a04fa74de\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c1090b8d - d051 - 44f3 - b869 - 8b4a0c802176\nmdt - pv 2 , an originally articulated cranial and cervical skeleton consisting of the nearly complete skull , the partial axis associated with its rib from the right side and articulated with the cranial part of the third cervical vertebra , a fragment of the fifth cervical vertebra , the nearly complete sixth cervical vertebra and its right rib , the partial seventh cervical vertebra , and a section of ossified cervical tendon .\nsarmiento , for the patagonian town and the administrative department in which it is located , the latter of which has yielded numerous cretaceous dinosaur fossils ; saurus , greek , \u2018lizard . \u2019 the specific name honors the late dr . eduardo musacchio , a model scientist and educator at the universidad nacional de la patagonia san juan bosco in comodoro rivadavia , argentina .\nestancia laguna palacios ( 44\u00b054 ' 11 . 6 ' ' s , 69\u00b022 ' 56 . 7 ' ' w ) , sierra nevada anticline , golfo san jorge basin , south - central chubut province , central patagonia , argentina (\n) . uppermost section of the lower member of the upper cretaceous bajo barreal formation , chubut group . the specimen was found\nmap of chubut province , central patagonia , argentina , showing location of the estancia laguna palacios , the type locality of sarmientosaurus musacchioi gen . et sp . nov . ( modified from ibiricu et al . [ 232 ] ) .\nbasal lithostrotian titanosaurian sauropod diagnosed by the following autapomorphies : ( 1 ) maximum ( rostroventral\u2014caudodorsal ) diameter of orbit nearly 40 % rostrocaudal length of cranium ( as measured from tip of snout to occipital condyle ) ; ( 2 ) complex maxilla\u2014lacrimal articulation , with ascending ramus of maxilla embedded in and bordered laterally and medially by lacrimal dorsal process ; ( 3 ) medial edge of caudal sector of maxillary ascending ramus bordering bony nasal aperture with low but well - defined ridge ; ( 4 ) \u2018tongue - like\u2019 ventral process of quadratojugal that overlaps quadrate caudally ; ( 5 ) separate foramina for all three branches of the trigeminal nerve ; ( 6 ) absence of median venous canal connecting infundibular region to ventral part of brainstem ; ( 7 ) premaxillary teeth subvertical , maxillary teeth procumbent , and dentary teeth recumbent ; ( 8 ) middle cervical vertebrae with \u2018strut - like\u2019 ( as opposed to \u2018sheet - like\u2019 ) centroprezygapophyseal laminae ; ( 9 ) extremely elongate and slender ossified tendon extending along cervical series ventrolateral to vertebrae and ribs .\n) . nevertheless , during the course of laboratory preparation , we were only able to recover the skull , parts of the articulated axis and third cervical vertebra , most of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae , and pieces of the fifth cervical vertebra and the second and sixth cervical ribs from the right side . unfortunately , the remainder of the collected vertebrae ( the atlas and cervical four ) and ribs were too poorly preserved and damaged by weathering to be salvageable .\ngen . et sp . nov . ( mdt - pv 2 ) upon discovery .\n( a ) articulated skull in ventral view , showing close association of ossified cervical tendon ( arrow ) with occipital region of cranium . ( b , c ) two views of articulated skull and partial cervical series in ventral view , showing considerable craniocaudal extent and consistently narrow diameter of ossified cervical tendon ( arrows ) . ( d ) relationship of a cervical rib ( white arrow ) with the ossified cervical tendon ( black arrow ) .\n) . this structure extended from near the right occipital region of the skull and past several vertebrae without changing diameter . although we observed the structure on only the right side of the specimen , we assume that it was bilaterally symmetrical in the living animal . therefore , given that the right side of the specimen is generally better preserved than the left , the equivalent structure on the left side presumably eroded away prior to discovery .\nunlike the situation in nemegtosaurus [ 10 , 11 ] and tapuiasaurus [ 14 ] , the skull of sarmientosaurus was not strongly affected by taphonomic distortion . instead , the skull is only moderately deformed in its caudodorsal and dorsal areas . pressure applied to these regions apparently caused the jugal processes of both postorbitals to slide slightly rostrally over the postorbital processes of the corresponding jugals . nevertheless , these modest alterations demonstrate that the caudal part of the skull was not significantly rostrally displaced relative to more rostral regions . there is no evidence of dorsoventral compression of the snout ; indeed , in this area of the skull , only the dorsal parts of the premaxilla and maxilla are damaged , presumably due to pre - diagenetic erosion . the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae have suffered some lateral deformation , which has mainly affected parts of the neural arches such as the prezygapophyses .\nduring the excavation of the sarmientosaurus holotype , an abelisaurid tooth was discovered only a few centimeters from the occipital region of the skull , raising the possibility that this titanosaurian specimen was scavenged by this theropod . this is , however , ambiguous , as the sarmientosaurus bones do not exhibit tooth marks or other feeding traces .\nin our description of the dentition of sarmientosaurus , we employ the terms used by garc\u00eda and cerda [ 61 ] .\nis 43 cm in length as measured from the rostral tip of the articulated premaxillae to the occipital condyle . it is approximately 24 cm wide across the postorbitals and 24 cm tall from the dorsal margin of the frontal to the ventral end of the quadrate on the right side ( see\n] , indicates that the specimen probably corresponds to a skeletally mature ( and possibly very old ) individual .\nabbreviations : l , left ; r , right . * = element incomplete , measurement as preserved .\nin the cranium of sarmientosaurus , three large openings are clearly visible in lateral view : from rostral to caudal , these are the antorbital fenestra , the orbit , and the infratemporal fenestra . as preserved , the bony nasal apertures ( = \u2018external nares\u2019 of many paleontological works ) open rostrodorsally in a confluent fenestra , as in rapetosaurus ; nevertheless , it appears that , in life , these openings would have been separated by a bony lamina formed by the premaxillae and nasals ( the internarial bar ) . although this structure has been mostly destroyed by taphonomic processes , the caudally - incomplete narial flange of the premaxillae and a broken rostral projection of the nasals attest to its former existence . ventral to the rostral end of each antorbital fenestra is a minute , poorly preserved opening that we interpret as the homolog of the preantorbital fenestra ; this foramen is discussed further in of our description of the maxilla below .\nthe orbit of sarmientosaurus is proportionally very large , rostroventrally\u2014caudodorsally elongate , and rounded at its caudodorsal and rostroventral margins , with the caudodorsal end rostrocaudally longer than the rostroventral end . as in many dinosaurs , the orbit is regionally divisible into a dorsal ocular portion ( that housed the eyeball and its adnexa ) and a ventral non - ocular portion that was occupied by various soft - tissues ( e . g . , adductor muscles , vessels , nerves ) . the orbit differs from those of camarasaurus , giraffatitan , nemegtosaurus , rapetosaurus , and tapuiasaurus , which are smaller and shaped differently . although the orbit of abydosaurus is also proportionally large , it is not as large as in the new bajo barreal titanosaur ; furthermore , it is subtriangular rather than ovate in contour .\nthe supratemporal fenestra is bordered caudally by a prominent flange ( the transverse nuchal crest ) , and its long axis is oriented mediolaterally , as in europasaurus , giraffatitan , and rapetosaurus . the infratemporal fenestra is rostrocaudally narrow throughout its dorsoventral extent , and its long axis is oriented roughly parallel to that of the orbit , as in nemegtosaurus and tapuiasaurus . this contrasts the conditions in abydosaurus , camarasaurus , euhelopus , and giraffatitan , in which this fenestra is subtriangular and rostrocaudally wide , especially ventrally .\n] : fig . 4a ) , where the more vertical nasal process lends the rostral margin of the premaxilla a taller , straighter lateral profile . the premaxilla of\ncontinue caudodorsally to the bony nasal apertures ; only the left premaxilla preserves the rostral margin of the aperture , however . along this margin , the area of the interpremaxillary articulation shows remnants of a sagittal crest that probably corresponds to the rostroventral base of the internarial bar . the premaxillae articulate with the maxillae caudally ; in life , they would presumably have also contacted the nasals caudodorsally .\nphotographs ( a , c ) and interpretive drawing ( b ) in right lateral ( a , b ) and left lateral ( c ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .\ncomputed tomography - based digital visualization in dorsal view , showing locations of preantorbital , rostral maxillary , and subnarial ( blue star ) foramina ( a ) , and left bony nasal aperture ( blue overlay ) and narial fossa ( black line ) ( b ) . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .\nthe rostroventral end of the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla is clearly discernible toward the tip of the snout , far rostral to the bony nasal aperture . in malawisaurus [ 32 , 102 ] , narambuenatitan [ 40 ] , and probably isi r k 27 / 528 [ 31 , 102 ] , by contrast , this suture lies ventral to the rostral end of the nasal aperture , indicating that these apertures were not retracted in these titanosaurs . nevertheless , this condition may well have varied through titanosaurian ontogeny , as unretracted bony nasal apertures are also present in the embryonic skulls from auca mahuevo [ 15 \u2013 17 ] .\nare evident in more dorsal areas of the premaxillary\u2014maxillary contact . this fossa takes the form of a slight depression of the snout , the perimeter of which has been damaged by erosion . the narial fossa is better preserved on the right side , where it can be seen to reach rostrally to the region of the premaxillary\u2014maxillary contact (\n. the lateral surface of each premaxilla is rostrocaudally short and shows small , irregular traces , some of which may be artifacts of the erosion that has affected more dorsal regions of these bones . there is a bony lamina lateral to the premaxillary teeth that is also present in the maxilla . the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla should bear the subnarial foramen , an aperture that transmitted blood vessels between the narial region and palate . this foramen is found in virtually all saurischians [\n] . the relevant region is not well preserved in mdt - pv 2 , but it is present on the left side . here , gaps in the preserved bone fragments indicate the likely position of the subnarial foramen (\n) , which would be consistent with that in other sauropods . given that inferred position and the extent of the narial fossa , it is likely that , in life ,\neach premaxilla bears four alveoli , as in all other sauropods . medially , the ventral margin of the premaxilla exhibits a continuous ridge situated close to the teeth , which is contiguous with a similarly - positioned ridge on the maxilla .\nmovies ) is a stout , rostrocaudally elongate element . its gently convex lateral surface is pierced by neurovascular foramina that open into prominent grooves , rendering the surface slightly undulatory ; these grooves are mediolaterally oriented , as in\n, the ascending ramus of the maxilla forms a bar that separates the bony nasal aperture from the antorbital fenestra . the ramus arises near the rostrocaudal midline of the maxilla , further caudally than the ascending rami of\ncomputed tomography - based digital visualization in ventral view indicating palatal bones ( ectopterygoids , palatines , pterygoids , and vomers ) and the right suborbital fenestra . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .\nthe phylogenetic distribution of the preantorbital fenestra , a large accessory opening in the maxilla that is characteristic of diplodocidae [ 107 \u2013 109 ] , was widened considerably when wilson and sereno [ 103 ] homologized a neurovascular foramen that occurs in various sauropods with the definitive preantorbital fenestra of diplodocids . in taxa such as camarasaurus , europasaurus , and giraffatitan , the homologous structure is a relatively inconspicuous foramen , such that the term \u2018preantorbital fenestra\u2019 does not seem appropriate , even if the homologous foramen is elaborated into a large opening in other taxa . although witmer [ 109 ] and wilson and sereno [ 103 ] regarded the preantorbital fenestra of diplodocids as relating to the pneumaticity associated with the antorbital cavity , more recent studies [ 110 ] have suggested that the structure is vascular in origin . derived lithostrotian titanosaurs such as nemegtosaurus [ 11 ] , rapetosaurus [ 13 ] , and tapuiasaurus [ 14 ] apparently converged on diplodocids in expanding this neurovascular foramen into a relatively large opening that is here termed the preantorbital foramen .\nlacks a true preantorbital foramen or fenestra , but probably possesses the homologous neurovascular foramen . criteria for establishing the homologies of these openings have not previously been established , but include the following : ( 1 ) the foramen / fenestra is located dorsal to the maxillary palatal shelf , where it communicates with the canal for the maxillary neurovascular bundle ( traceable in computed tomographic [ ct ] scan data ) ; ( 2 ) the foramen / fenestra is in the vicinity of the suborbital fenestra , where the palatine and ectopterygoid unite with the maxillary palatal shelf ; and ( 3 ) the foramen / fenestra is generally just caudal to the alveolar tooth chamber ( and this chamber , housing the replacement teeth , may extend somewhat caudal to the most distal [ = caudal ] erupted tooth position ) . applying these criteria to\nwilson and sereno ( 1998 ) highlighted another neurovascular feature in sauropods : the rostral ( = anterior ) maxillary foramen , which opens within the narial fossa caudal ( or lateral , in diplodocids ) to the subnarial foramen . in a sense , this structure is a counterpart to the preantorbital foramen / fenestra in that both are associated with the canal for the maxillary neurovascular bundle and transmitted branches thereof in life [ 110 ] . the ct scan data of sarmientosaurus clearly show ( especially on the right side of the cranium ) the course of the maxillary neurovascular bundle through the maxilla and where this bundle gives off the branch that leads to the rostral maxillary foramen before continuing rostrally through the bone . the rostral maxillary foramen opens medially into the narial fossa just inside the rim of the fossa , near the base of the maxillary ascending ramus . as preserved , the foramen is modest in size , comparable in relative scale to that observed in camarasaurus ( cm 11338 ) and giraffatitan ( mb r . 2223 . 1 ) .\nthe medial surface of the maxilla is longitudinally concave and exhibits the same continuous bony flange that is present in the premaxilla . there are 12 teeth in the left maxilla of the sarmientosaurus holotype and 11 in the right . the tooth row encompasses 64 % of the length of the maxilla , a condition that is intermediate between those in camarasaurus and giraffatitan ( 75 % ) on one hand and abydosaurus ( 52 % ) , tapuiasaurus ( 46 % ) , and nemegtosaurus ( 34 % ) on the other . the relatively long tooth row in sarmientosaurus may relate to the plesiomorphic ( i . e . , unexpanded ) condition of the homolog of the preantorbital foramen as well as the intermediate condition of the \u2018postdental emargination . \u2019 in other words , the restriction of the teeth to the rostral end of the snout in more advanced titanosaurs may be correlated with the increased development of both these features .\nmovies ) is a planar bone that is roughly quadrangular in dorsal view . it is rostrocaudally longest medially , at the internasal articulation , and extends rostrally as a process that presumably would have articulated with the ascending ramus of the premaxilla to form the missing internarial bar . the curved rostrolateral edge of the nasal forms the caudal border of the bony nasal aperture , and continues to expand caudally at an approximately straight lateral margin that borders the prefrontal and frontal . the caudal margin of the nasal has a straight , mediolaterally - oriented suture with the frontal . the caudal ends of both nasals are damaged near their contact with the frontals .\nmovies ) is a dorsoventrally elongate and gently caudodorsally - inclined bone that separates the antorbital fenestra from the orbit . as observed in rostral view , the lacrimal is oriented dorsomedially\u2014ventrolaterally ( i . e . , its dorsal end is positioned slightly more medially than its ventral end in the articulated skull ) . the lacrimal is expanded rostroventrally at its contact with the jugal . caudodorsally , the lacrimal articulates with the ascending ramus of the maxilla , the prefrontal , and the nasal . its dorsal end possesses a very subtle rostral process that is comparable to those of\n] : fig . 1c ) . unlike in most macronarians ( e . g . ,\n) , the dorsal terminus of the lacrimal is not well exposed in lateral view due to a contact between the maxilla and prefrontal . the lateral surface of the lacrimal is relatively smooth compared to those of the premaxilla and maxilla .\nmovies ) is crescentic and rostrocaudally elongate in dorsal view . its dorsal surface is convex and its ventral surface is smoothly concave . the prefrontal articulates with the maxilla and lacrimal rostrally and rostromedially , the nasal caudomedially , and the frontal caudally . the ventral surface forms the rostrodorsal margin of the orbit . both prefrontals are well preserved , and their lateral surfaces are somewhat rugose , as in\n, the rostral process is triangular in dorsal view , with the concave medial margin articulating with the nasal and maxilla and the convex lateral edge forming part of the rostrodorsal sector of the orbit . the prefrontal is dorsoventrally thick laterally and becomes even thicker medially .\nmovies ) have suffered strong mediolateral deformation . this , coupled with the presence of cracks and rugosities on their dorsal surfaces , precludes us from determining whether these bones are coossified or simply firmly sutured . as our ct data do not provide evidence to resolve this matter , we will describe both frontals as a single unit . together , these bones comprise a transversely wide surface that extends between the orbits but that is much shorter in rostrocaudal dimension ( transverse width to rostrocaudal length ratio equals 3 . 5 to 1 ) . the frontals are bordered by the nasals and prefrontals rostrally , the parietals caudally , and the postorbitals laterally , and they also contribute to the dorsal margins of the orbits . unlike in\nis smooth , not ornamented . the frontal also appears to lack the rostrolateral process present in\nare probable but not definitive . nevertheless , the frontals appear to be proportionally rostrocaudally shorter than those of some other titanosauriforms ( e . g . ,\n) . ventrally there is a gap , bounded laterally by the orbitosphenoids , where the aperture for the olfactory tracts opens .\nphotographs ( a , c ) and interpretive drawings ( b , d ) in dorsal ( a , b ) and ventral ( c , d ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bars = 10 cm .\nmovies ) are difficult to establish due to the extreme fusion and deformation suffered by part of the caudal region of the skull . ct data show that the central interparietal / interfrontal zone forms a single triangular surface , the truncated apex of which arises from the parietal\u2014supraoccipital contact and the base from the nasofrontal suture . detailed examination of the cracked dorsal surface of the skull roof allows the identification of a probable frontoparietal suture , which suggests that the parietal contributes to the supratemporal fenestra . in contrast to the conditions in most other macronarians for which this region of the skull is known ( e . g . ,\n] ) . unlike in many of these forms ( e . g . ,\n, mgpifd - gr 118 ) , the long axes of these fenestrae are oriented approximately perpendicular to the sagittal plane instead of being aligned rostromedially\u2014caudolaterally . in these regards ,\n, usnm 5730 ) and derived lithostrotians . this compression and reorientation of the supratemporal fenestrae coincides with the lateral reorientation of the orbits in titanosaurs , both of which presumably evolved in response to the expansion of the nasal vestibule .\nphotographs ( a , c , e ) and interpretive drawings ( b , d , f ) in rostral ( a , b ) , caudal ( c , d ) , and caudodorsal ( e , f ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bars = 10 cm .\ncomputed tomography - based digital visualization in right lateral ( a ) , left lateral ( b ) , rostral ( c ) , caudal ( d ) , dorsal ( e ) , and ventral ( f ) views . scale bar = 10 cm .\nthere is no visible suture between the parietals , but together they have a wing - like contour comparable to that observed in camarasaurus and proportionally wider than those of giraffatitan , nemegtosaurus , and rapetosaurus . the parietal contacts the postorbital laterally , the supraoccipital caudoventrally , and the otoccipital more ventrally . there is no parietal foramen , in contrast to the condition in sauropods such as shunosaurus [ 113 ] and some diplodocoids ( see [ 114 ] ) . the parietal of sarmientosaurus lacks the bizarre dorsal excrescences of the isolated transylvanian braincase fggub 1007 [ 52 ] .\nhas the form of a caudally - reclined \u2018t . \u2019 its thick , convex caudodorsal ramus contributes to the dorsal margins of the orbit and infratemporal fenestra . the longer ventral ramus is rostroventrally directed to contact the dorsal process of the jugal , and it forms most of the boundary between the infratemporal fenestra and orbit . both postorbitals are well - preserved , though they have lost contact with their respective jugals ; furthermore , the end of the ventral ramus of the left postorbital has rotated laterally . the lateral surface of the postorbital is fairly smooth . the ventral ramus is thickened at its rostroventral end that articulates with the jugal . its flattened rostral surface is slightly concave in lateral view , whereas its caudolateral side is convex . the jugal articular surface of the postorbital is oriented caudomedially . the caudodorsal ramus is an expansion in the form of a convex anvil . it is pierced by a small but well - defined , caudolaterally - opening vascular foramen near the dorsal margin of the infratemporal fenestra and the dorsal base of the ventral ramus . the same or a very similar postorbital foramen occurs in the north american titanosauriform\n, though it may occur in other sauropods ( l . m . w . , pers . obs . ) . there is no evidence of the ornamentation of the orbital margin of the caudodorsal ramus that occurs in\n] . as best observed in rostromedial view , there are two small , probably vascular foramina situated close together at the rostroventral end of the right postorbital . their presence on the left postorbital cannot be verified due to damage . the postorbital of\nin having a dorsoventrally thinner caudodorsal ramus , the rostral projection of which is much longer than its caudal counterpart ( see suteethorn et al . [\nmovies ) are well preserved , but their surfaces exhibit small cracks caused by erosion . the jugal of\n] are similarly elongate but very different in shape , being tetraradiate rather than triradiate and comparatively dorsoventrally thick . within titanosauriformes , the jugal of\n, though the caudoventral ramus is sharply pointed and considerably longer in the latter taxon ( see chure et al . [\n, the subvertical dorsal ramus of the jugal contacts the postorbital and separates the ventral ends of the orbit and infratemporal fenestra . the rostroventral ramus is rostrodorsally projected and has a sigmoid contact with the caudal end of the maxilla . ventrally , near its caudal end , the rostroventral ramus makes a slight contribution to the large lateral embayment caudal to the tooth row . the jugal also forms the ventral margin of the orbit and the caudoventral corner of the antorbital fenestra , and contacts the lacrimal rostrodorsally . the dorsal and rostroventral jugal rami meet at a nearly right angle . the rostroventral ramus is laminar throughout its extent , and is dorsoventrally expanded at its contact with the lacrimal . more caudally , between the orbit and the caudalmost sector of the maxilla , the rostroventral ramus of the jugal narrows and intersects the dorsal ramus . the caudoventral ramus of the jugal is much shorter than the rostroventral ramus . the jugal has been disarticulated from the postorbital on both sides of the skull ; specifically , the articular end of the right postorbital is free and has been displaced laterally relative to the dorsal articular end of the jugal , and part of the postorbital overlaps the jugal on the left side . the articular surface of the right postorbital is rostromedially oriented and longitudinally twisted , suggesting that rostrocaudal pressures suffered by the skull during diagenesis have caused the bilateral displacement between the postorbitals and jugals .\nmovies ) is a rostrocaudally elongate and dorsoventrally oriented bone . along with the quadratojugal , it forms most of the caudoventral margin of the infratemporal fenestra . whether or not the squamosal participates in the supratemporal fenestra is not totally clear , although it probably does not given the seemingly considerable distance between these structures . the squamosal is excluded from the supratemporal fenestra in\n, the squamosal articulates with the quadratojugal ventrally , the postorbital caudodorsally , and the quadrate medially . its sutural contacts are not clearly delimited , despite the fact that the right squamosal is fairly well preserved ; the left is damaged laterally and caudally . the lateral surface of the right squamosal is fractured and cracked . the main body of the squamosal is flexed , forming a rostromedially - oriented convexity near its contact with the postorbital . this convexity divides two regions : a long rostrolateral sector that is wide and laminar at its contact with the quadratojugal , and a shorter caudomedial sector that has a concave surface and that is bordered medially by the quadrate . the squamosal is slightly sigmoid in lateral view .\nmovies ) is preserved . it is an \u2018l\u2019 - shaped bone with a dorsal process that is angled slightly caudally and that is shorter than the ventral process ; the latter is directed rostrodorsally to contact the jugal . the quadratojugal forms the rostroventral border of the infratemporal fenestra . it articulates with the jugal rostrodorsally , the squamosal caudodorsally , and the quadrate medially . its contact with the squamosal is difficult to define due to fracturing of the region in question , although that contact clearly occurs in a rostromedial plane . the rostral section of the ventral ramus that contacts the jugal is slightly cracked . a small bone fragment adhered to the lateral surface of the caudodorsal part of the coronoid eminence of the right mandibular ramus appears to be the rostralmost tip of the ventral ramus of the right quadratojugal . in contrast to\n] , the ventral edge of the ventral ramus is uniformly convex rather than sinuous in lateral view , and its rostral end is not ventrally expanded . in\n, there may have been some rostral displacement of the quadratojugal relative to the jugal , but if so , it does not appear to have been significant . as observed in ventral view , the ventral process of the quadratojugal is projected dorsomedially , forming a concave medial surface . in caudal view , the subvertical dorsal ramus of the \u2018l\u2019 comprises the lateral border of the quadrate fossa ; ventrally , this same margin is caudomedially projected as a \u2018tongue - like\u2019 process that caudally overlaps the quadrate . in\n] . the tongue - like process appears to be absent in other macronarians ( e . g . ,\nthe palatal region of the sarmientosaurus holotype was partially damaged by erosion , mainly on its midline . the vomers are incomplete , as is often the case in sauropod skulls [ 96 ] , and parts of the palatines , ectopterygoids , and pterygoids are also missing .\nmovies ) . the right palatine preserves part of the lateral region , primarily the elongate , rostrolaterally - directed maxillary process . the entire medial section of the bone where it articulates with the pterygoid has been lost , whereas the left palatine preserves most of the pterygoid contact . the body of the maxillary process is dorsomedially inclined and roughly tubular . its rostrolateral contact with the ectopterygoid is preserved , as is its more caudolateral contact with the rostral end of the pterygoid , although all of these bones are somewhat disarticulated . the rostral end of the maxillary process is fractured into pieces on both sides , but enough is preserved to suggest that its contact with the palatal process of the maxilla is typical for sauropods in that the palatine underlaps the maxilla ventrally . likewise , the arrangement of the maxillary process of the palatine , the ectopterygoid , and the pterygoid around the suborbital ( = postpalatine ) fenestra also resembles that of other sauropods in that this fenestra is small and bounded rostrally by the palatine , caudally by the ectopterygoid ( with the pterygoid nearby ) , and laterally by the palatal process of the maxilla . the maxillary process of the palatine narrows and expands again caudomedially as it approaches the pterygoid . as shown on the left side , although somewhat damaged and disarticulated , the pterygoid contact of the palatine is expanded and articulates in the fork between the medial vomerine ramus and the lateral transverse ramus of the pterygoid , as is common in sauropods [\nmovies ) is the largest bone of the palatal complex . neither pterygoid is complete , but enough is preserved of both to offer a reasonably comprehensive description . in general , the pterygoid of\nis typical for sauropods in that the bone has a complex shape , with three main processes\u2014the quadrate , vomerine , and transverse rami\u2014arising from the highly arched body . the pterygoid body , which is better preserved on the left side , is expansive , forming a distinct ventral fossa ( the postchoanal fossa ) that faces rostromedially . the quadrate ramus , also better preserved on the left pterygoid , branches off the caudolateral corner of the body and twists into a more vertical plane as it attaches to the medial aspect of the reciprocal pterygoid ramus of the quadrate . the vomerine ramus passes dorsomedially , contacting its counterpart at the midline to form a thin triangular wedge that approaches the roof of the nasal cavity , where it nearly contacts the subnarial processes of the premaxilla and maxilla . rostrally , the vomerine rami pass medial to the paired vomers . near the juncture of the vomerine and quadrate rami , the body of the pterygoid forms a shallow but distinct , caudomedially facing pocket for the articulation of the basipterygoid process .\nthe transverse ramus of the pterygoid is preserved on both sides , but is better preserved on the right side . as is true for most sauropods , the transverse ramus is slender and swept far rostrally , carrying the ectopterygoid with it . the lateral end of the transverse ramus is slender and curves ventrally . the ectopterygoid attaches broadly to its rostral surface , just caudal to the suborbital fenestra . together , these two bones form the \u2018pterygoid flange , \u2019 which is a strong , transverse projection in many other archosaurs , but is a relatively delicate structure in sarmientosaurus and most other sauropods . as noted above , the palatine articulates with the body of the pterygoid rostrally , between the vomerine and transverse rami of the latter ."]}
{"id": 2014, "summary": [{"text": "even stevens ( 1957 \u2013 1975 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won both the caulfield and melbourne cups in australia in 1962 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was ridden in both cups by his regular rider les coles . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "even stevens ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["melbourne cup 1962 national jockeys ' trust even stevens l . coles t . j . smith\neven stevens ( nz ) ch . h , 1957 { 12 - f } dp = 14 - 4 - 2 - 0 - 6 ( 26 ) di = 2 . 71 cd = 0 . 77 - ? starts , 8 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : 43 , 895 pounds\nthe first anniversary of the settlement of wellington in january 1841 included a hurdle race on the third day of the celebrations . it was won by henry petre riding his own horse , calmuc tartar . a jockey club was formed for the meeting but it lapsed after a few years . the first formal meeting was held at petone beach on 20 october 1842 , when the imported horse figaro beat calmuc tartar in a 10 - guinea sweepstake run in heats over a mile and a half . racing later took place at hutt park and burnham water ( the site of a former miramar lagoon ) . the latter was probably the first racecourse in new zealand and had a grandstand .\nthe growth of racing in the post - war years was even more marked than in the early 1920s . race permits were not restored immediately the war finished but over the two years following . the conference pressed for more permits , but these were not granted until after the report of the 1946 royal commission on gaming and racing had been considered by parliament and the gaming amendment act passed in 1949 .\nit could be expected that , in a colony settled by predominantly british people , horse racing in some form or other would soon begin . horses were a valuable necessity in the colonies . the first horses to be landed in new zealand were probably those brought from australia by the rev . samuel marsden to rangihoua in the bay of islands on 23 december 1814 from the ship active . they were from new south wales , the gift of governor macquarie to the maoris . horses from new south wales were to have an important place in the establishment of thoroughbred breeding in new zealand . there are few records of the very early importations . horses came with the military garrisons and it is recorded that the first horses arrived in wellington on 2 march 1840 . the first acknowledged thoroughbred horse , figaro , landed in wellington . he was bred by t . icely , of cooming , new south wales , a celebrated breeder of the time .\nthere was a meeting in wanganui on 28 december 1848 and there , too , the officers of the militia had a hand in starting the sport . the first races in dunedin were held on 23 march 1849 as part of the anniversary day celebrations , with the eccentric dr manning a prominent owner . following the gold discoveries in the province , otago was , for a time , the strongest racing centre in new zealand . the celebrations on the first anniversary of the canterbury settlement on 16 december 1851 included four horse races over a course in hagley park facing the road running from the riccarton hotel to the fendalton bridge . the course was still in its native tussock . there was also early racing on the west coast and in taranaki ; but not in hawke ' s bay ( a district later to play an important part in new zealand racing ) until 1 january 1857 .\nthis information was published in 1966 in an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock . it has not been corrected and will not be updated .\na hurdle race was run on the first anniversary of nelson \u201cthrough fern and flax , up hill and down hill\u201d . nelson first placed racing on a sound footing . there was a good course , with thoroughbreds imported for racing and breeding , and horses trained and brought out to race in something like \u201ccondition\u201d . the course was at stoke , 4 miles from nelson . it was first used on 3 february 1845 .\nthe early race meetings in the colony were controlled by local committees elected for the meeting only , generally at a public meeting of interested citizens . those elected made the arrangements , drew up the rules , and appointed the officials . in the larger towns the establishment of a racing club generally followed . these local clubs had their own locally varying rules , but based in common on those of the english jockey club . until the late 1860s each club was a separate identity , with little coordination because of the difficulties of travel and communication . consequently , disqualifications imposed by one club would not apply at another . the first attempts to introduce some form of unified control were made by the metropolitan clubs , a rather grandiose title for the times . it is not clear how certain clubs came to be so designated and to assume a limited control over the racing within their districts . but the metropolitan clubs of the 1860s and early 1870s did correspond with the main towns of the provincial districts . it is possible that there was some direction given from the colonial secretary at wellington , since at that time permits for race meetings were issued by his office , and programmes in each district were approved by the resident magistrate . in early minute books there are instances of the resident magistrate referring programmes back to the metropolitan club because they had not first had that body ' s approval . so probably the sheer need for a responsible body to give guidance on those matters and to settle disputes forced the metropolitan clubs to act as a miniature jockey club .\nafter racing had been established for 30 years , the metropolitan clubs realised the need for some governing body to obtain uniform rules of racing and a uniform scale of weights . the first recorded move was made by the canterbury jockey club in 1875 and , on 11 november 1876 , during the course of the canterbury jockey club race meetings , a meeting of delegates resolved \u201cthat it was desirable to establish a new zealand jockey club , to frame rules and make a scale of weights to be used by all clubs running under the rules\u201d . there was obviously some dissatisfaction at the time , for in 1877 the canterbury jockey club resolved to recognise only the dunedin , wellington , auckland , and hawke ' s bay clubs . this made wanganui and taranaki hostile .\nthe first truly constructive move came from the hawke ' s bay jockey club which , on 12 july 1883 , decided to set up a subcommittee , consisting of captain w . r . russell ( later to be the first president of the racing conference ) , r . u . burke , and c . b . winter ( the mover of the proposal ) , \u201cto consider the establishment of a new zealand racing association , and the drafting of rules for same , and that the matter be submitted to the clubs already mentioned and the taranaki and wanganui jockey clubs , which were to be the metropolitan clubs for the proposed districts the colony would be divided into\u201d . the proposal also suggested the monthly publication of a racing calendar , the registration of colours , and a turf register .\nthe only record of this meeting is a letter addressed by the chairman to the colonial secretary . the letter declared that the purpose of the meeting was to help racing as a whole , pointed out certain advantages to the country in using the totalisator confined within its lawful limits , and suggested ways of controlling the totalisator and of encouraging the breeding industry . the colonial secretary ' s reply pointed out to the chairman that legislation would be necessary to give metropolitan clubs a defined and legal status under the gaming and lotteries act before the suggestions could be acted on . the colonial secretary proposed that the delegates ' recommendations could best be carried out by formulating them in a bill , which might then be introduced into either house of the legislature by some member interested in racing . no bill has ever been introduced ; the authority of the racing conference is still not enforced by statute .\nfrom 1887 to 1891 metropolitan club representatives met every year and sometimes twice a year , with some meetings being attended by representatives of the greymouth , nelson , and marlborough clubs . many of the early meetings were held in parliament buildings , and several of those early delegates were members of either the house of representatives or the legislative council . the hon . g . mclean , m . l . c . , chaired the first meeting and , except for the hon . j . d . ormond , the hon . w . r . russell ( who became a member of the house of representatives ) chaired all the other early meetings . f . d . luckie , of hawke ' s bay , became the conference secretary . the hon . e . mitchelson , the hon . o . samuel , dr earle , freeman r . jackson , r . h . nolan , francis henry dillon bell , and , above all , sir george clifford , were prominent in helping the racing conference to gain its high standing as quickly as it did .\nin 1897 r . h . nolan succeeded in having adopted his scheme for appeals against decisions of metropolitan clubs ' committees being heard by three appeal judges appointed by the president . this system was acclaimed at the time and has stood the test of the present day . the first appeal was heard in 1898 , the judges being dr earle , geo . hunter , and nolan .\nin 1899 it had been decided that country clubs be allowed two representatives on metropolitan committees . the registration of all racing clubs was enforced in 1900 . a most important step for owners was the institution of accident fees in 1903 . an accident fund for trainers , jockeys , and stablehands was established to relieve owners of their liability under the statutory provisions of the employers ' liability and like acts . the jockeys ' and trainers ' provident funds controlled by each metropolitan committee continued , but on a gradually changing basis .\nwhen the first world war broke out , the racing conference was pressed first to stop all racing , and then to reduce the number of race days . following the lead given in england , racing continued , but in 1917 a special committee agreed with the government to reduce race days by a third . the racing clubs were soon active contributors to the various war funds , and a number of courses were taken over for military purposes , notably wellington ( trentham ) , wairarapa , and manawatu .\nin 1921 the appointment of racecourse inspectors was agreed to , the first appointments being a . ward , r . g . black , f . cullen , and j . torrance . all were ex - police officers . through the work of the racecourse inspectors ( who cooperate closely with the police ) , the racecourses in new zealand are kept remarkably free of undesirables and prohibited persons . the independent licensing of trainers and jockeys by each metropolitan district committee also ended in 1921 , when a licensing committee was appointed and all licences issued by the racing conference . the southland metropolitan committee was created in 1925 , all clubs in the southland province being separated from the otago district .\nfrom 1898 the affairs of the racing conference had been administered from christchurch . with the growth of racing after the first world war it was decided that the headquarters should be more central . in 1930 they were moved to wellington . the constitution of the conference was altered in 1928 when the executive committee was formed . this first consisted of the president , vice - president , and six representatives , but in 1929 this was changed to include one representative of each metropolitan district . the licensing committee and the dates committee were abolished in 1933 and their duties taken over by the executive committee .\nracing fell off during the depression of the 1930s . the racing conference was faced with many difficulties because of the plight of some of the smaller country clubs . some became defunct and their permits were taken up by other clubs . race days were again reduced during the second world war and many racecourses were taken over by the military . the restricted racing and lack of transport raised many problems , as the number of horses in training was not reduced , nor was there any loss of interest in race meetings . these were often held under great difficulties because of the military occupation of the courses being raced on . in the later years of the war the executive committee sanctioned race meetings to raise patriotic funds .\nthe conference considerably advanced steps in the interests of racing and the national bloodstock breeding industry when it set up its \u201cdope detection\u201d scheme in 1953 . racing expanded quickly in the auckland province ( especially in the waikato district ) with the great increase of population there . this led to the formation of the waikato metropolitan district in 1949 by the division of the auckland metropolitan district , then by far the largest and strongest in new zealand . there have been no changes in the metropolitan districts since . in 1962 the conference for the first time had its own building , in farish street , wellington .\nthus racing in new zealand is now controlled by the new zealand racing conference , which , consistent with its origin , is an association of the clubs registered under its rules . the racing conference does not run race meetings , as it is a purely legislative and administrative body . the year - to - year administration is done by an executive committee elected annually and comprising the president and vice - president , ex - officio , and one representative of each of the 10 metropolitan racing districts of new zealand . delegates of racing clubs meet annually in wellington in july , when legislative matters are dealt with by way of remits from the executive committee , district committees , or clubs . the racing conference registers all horses , issues all licences , administers the general trust fund ( accident fund ) , and publishes the new zealand stud book and the new zealand racing calendar . the secretary is the principal executive officer , and a staff of stipendiary stewards and racecourse inspectors attend all race meetings .\nin each metropolitan racing district a district committee generally supervises the racing in its district whether the meetings are run by totalisator , non - totalisator , or sports clubs . each district committee comprises one representative of each district totalisator club and an equal number of representatives of the senior club , which is known as the metropolitan club . each district committee must approve all programmes in its district and consider all applications for dates and licences before they are submitted with recommendations to the racing conference . it also hears all appeals against the decisions of racing club judicial committees and reviews all penalties imposed by the latter .\nthere are 71 racing clubs and 17 hunt clubs authorised to use the totalisator and a total of 259 days allocated to racing . all racing clubs are non - proprietary , and the committee and the stewards of each are elected from the club members . each racing club runs its own affairs and its own race meeting . on race day , the committee or the stewards ( or sometimes both according to the club ' s constitution ) control the meeting , and all judicial matters are dealt with by a judicial committee appointed by the club . this committee must investigate all matters submitted to it by a stipendiary steward or racecourse inspector , neither of whom has any judicial powers . most racing clubs own their own racecourses . hunt clubs do not , and they are not individually represented on a district committee .\nhow to cite this page : ' history - establishment and administration ' , from an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock , originally published in 1966 . te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand url : urltoken ( accessed 10 jul 2018 )\nall text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . \u00a9 crown copyright . 2005 - 2018 | disclaimer | isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 18451 - 8 ministry for culture and heritage / te manat\u016b taonga\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nthe new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more \u203a\nwelcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken\nfertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .\nindeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .\nprivacy policy / terms & conditions all content \u00a9 nztr 2012 . nztr holds the copyright in all material on this site . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for visiting british eventing . to enhance the security of our site we have made some changes which your browser will not support . to continue using our site please upgrade your browser .\ncookies are small text files held on your computer . they are used so that you can place orders and we can provide a better service . continue to use the site as normal if you ' re happy with this , or find out how to manage cookies ."]}
{"id": 2021, "summary": [{"text": "the black butterflyfish ( chaetodon flavirostris ) is a species of butterflyfish native to the pacific ocean where it can be found inhabiting reefs at depths of from 2 to 20 metres ( 6.6 to 65.6 ft ) extending from australia to pitcairn island .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species reaches a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this fish can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "black butterflyfish", "paragraphs": ["black - tailed butterflyfish can be found in shallow lagoons and the outer slopes of coral reefs , from the surface to 30 m below .\nchaetodon reticulatus is white - yellow on black with a red marking on . . .\nalso known as coralfishes , flavirostris butterflyfish , dusky butterflyfish , flavirostris butterflyfish , yellow - faced butterflyfish , yellownose butterflyfish , yellow - nosed butterflyfish , yellowsnout butterflyfish . found singly or in pairs over algae covered rocky areas of shallow lagoons , coral and rocky reefs rich in coral growth . adults develop a hump on forehead . they feed on algae , benthic invertebrates and coral . length - 20cm depth - 2 - 20m widespread pacific ocean butterflyfishes have very fine hair like teeth that enable them to pick out small organisms inaccessible to most other fish for eating . they thrive mainly on a diet of coral polyps , tentacles of featherdusters and christmas - tree worms . as these food sources all zap back into their shells , butterflyfishes need to be able to hover motionless while picking at the coral and to dart swiftly over short distances to get the worm before it retracts . they do this by using their pectoral fins as oars to brake , sprint , turn and even reverse .\nplease find below all the black butterflyfish are white with black _ _ answers which belongs to codycross amusement park group 204 puzzle 2 . codycross is a famous newly released game which is developed by fanatee . it has many crosswords divided into different worlds and groups . each world has more than 20 groups with 5 puzzles each . lately the developers have also released the spanish and portuguese language .\nit lives on its own or as a couple . it tends to be relatively sedentary and occupies a vast territory that it defends against other butterflyfish . the juveniles prefer branched corals in the shallows and will stay close to the same colony until they reach maturity .\nbutterflyfish eggs are spawned in the open water and hatch after a day . two months later , the larvae settle into the reefs , once they have reached a length of about 15 mm . the larval stage is characterized by the presence of bony plates covering their heads and the fronts of their bodies .\nshould there be a problem getting this species to feed , small human consumption clams / black mussels purchased in local grocery stores and placed on the half - shell in the aquarium may help entice it to begin feeding . over time , frozen foods like mysis and brine shrimp may be more readily accepted .\nshould be housed in larger peaceful fish - only aquariums , especially those with lots of open swimming space , and live rock hiding places . a meaty diet of live fortified brine shrimp , black worms ( lumbriculus variegatus ) , and / or various frozen meaty foods such as mysis , should be offered several times daily .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 24 - 27 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . overall color is blackish with broad rim of yellow on dorsal caudal and anal fins . the snout is yellow with white tips . a black bump is on the forehead .\nmorphology : dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 \u2013 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 24 \u2013 27 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 \u2013 21 . overall color is blackish with broad rim of yellow on dorsal caudal and anal fins . the snout is yellow with white tips . a black bump is on the forehead .\ngreek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 30 m ( ref . 89972 ) . tropical ; 0\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )\nfound in coral rich to algae - covered rocky areas of lagoon and seaward reefs including estuarine areas . usually paired ( ref . 9710 ) . omnivorous and feeds on algae , coral , and small benthic invertebrates . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . maintaining this species in captivity is difficult .\nform pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social ( ref . 52884 ) .\nsteene , r . c . , 1978 . butterfly and angelfishes of the world . a . h . & a . w . reed pty ltd . , australia . vol . 1 . 144 p . ( ref . 4859 )\n) : 23 . 9 - 28 . 1 , mean 26 . 4 ( based on 448 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02455 ( 0 . 01577 - 0 . 03820 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 41 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is widespread throughout the southern pacific and sometimes very abundant . it is not expected to be susceptible to coral reef degradation , and there are no other major threats to this species . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs throughout the southern tropical pacific ocean , from the great barrier reef to southern new south wales ( australia ) and lord howe island ( australia ) to easter island including new caledonia , fiji , tonga , vanuatu , samoa , rapa , and the pitcairn islands ( uk ) ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it has been recorded between 2 - 20 m in depth . the record at easter island is a vagrant based on a single record . range size ~ 61 . 2 million km\nthis species is generally common . there is no reason to suspect that populations are declining ( or increasing ) .\nthis species is found in a variety of marine habitats . it is usually encountered in outer and more sheltered inner reefs in areas of rich coral growth . it is occasionally found in estuaries , as well as rocky areas dominated by algal growth . juveniles prefer protected inner reef areas . this species is most commonly seen alone or in pairs , but forms larger aggregations at some localities ( e . g . lord howe island ) . this species is reported to feed on coral ( cole\n2008 ) , but appears to have limited reliance on live corals by virtue of its persistence in areas with no live coral ( m . s . pratchett pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species feeds on coral when available , but also occurs in areas with no coral cover . therefore , it is unlikely to be threatened by coral reef degradation . there appear to be no other major threats to this species .\nthere appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . it is present within marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nrange : south central pacific ocean : samoa , crook , fiji , rapa , and pitcairn islands , australia , great barrier reef , lord howe island , and new caledonia .\nnatural environment : inhabits coastal lagoon reefs , reef flats , and fore - reef slopes at depths between 6 to 65 feet ( 2 \u2013 20 m ) and mainly feeds on zooplankton and sessile invertebrates .\ngeneral husbandry : has a darkish blue - grey body , white mouth , thin yellow band on the snout , yellow dorsal , anal and tail , and a dark bump on the forehead . rarely seen in the trade since its known to be a poor shipper and / or often having a poor survial rate due to it usually refusing to eat common aquarium foods .\nnevertheless , this species is often found in the wild in areas having no coral growth , yet mostly covered with algae growths . this suggests it may also feed on algae , and if so , flake foods , especially those containing spirulina and / or nori should also be occasionally offered . once feeding well , they are reported to be very hardy .\npressing some soft foods into openings / crevices on a piece of old dead coral skeleton can sometimes encourage finicky eaters to begin feeding .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nrelatively common on exposed seaward reefs ; occasionally on shallow lagoon reefs in areas of rich coral growth and clear water . juveniles in protected coral areas ( ref . 48636 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . in pairs in indonesia but schools in some pacific locations ( ref . 48636 ) . often in pairs during breeding and feed mainly on scleractinian coral polyps . easily approached ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) , monogamous ( ref . 52884 ) .\njason coupal added text to\nmorphology\non\nchaetodon reticulatus cuvier , 1831\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmax . size : 20 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ref . 9710 )\nresilience : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . )\nvulnerability : low vulnerability ( 10 . 00 ) , based on lmax and k ( ref . 59153 )\nbiology : found in coral rich to algae - covered rocky areas of lagoon and seaward reefs including estuarine areas . usually paired ( ref . 9710 ) . omnivorous and feeds on algae , coral , and small benthic invertebrates . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . maintaining this species in captivity is difficult .\ncoordinator : main ref : steene , r . c . . 1978 . ( ref . 4859\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nby continuing browsing this site , you accept the use of cookies for statistical purposes .\nthis species can be found from the red sea to the gulf of aden . it is endemic to this zone .\nthis species feeds almost exclusively on hard coral polyps ( the living part of the coral ) and sometimes on anemone tentacles and gastropod eggs .\nit reaches sexual maturity at around 2 years . individual fish form couples , often for the rest of their life . during the breeding period , the male and female go up near the surface to simultaneously release their reproductive cells .\n\u00ab due to its special diet of coral polyps , it is very rare to find this fish in an aquarium . \u00bb\nremplissez le formulaire ci - dessous pour vous inscrire aux newsletters de l ' aquarium ."]}
{"id": 2037, "summary": [{"text": "sicydium is a genus of gobies native to fast-flowing streams and rivers of the americas ( central america , mexico , cocos island , the caribbean , colombia , ecuador and venezuela ) with a couple species native to middle africa . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "sicydium", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz added an association between\nsicydium caguitae evermann & marsh . 1902 . gobiidae ; sicydium .\nand\nsicydium plumieri ( bloch , 1786 )\n.\ncyndy parr set\nsicydium caguitae p05460 illustration\nas an exemplar on\nsicydium plumieri ( bloch , 1786 )\n.\ncyndy parr marked\nn354 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\nsicydium plumieri\npage .\nnotes on the biology of the gobiid fish sicydium plumieri in puer . . . : ingenta connect\nthe genus sicydium is in the family cucurbitaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .\nthe artisanal fishery industry in the caribbean for sicydium species is widespread and often intense ( bell et al . 1995 ) .\nthe plant list includes 14 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus sicydium . of these 8 are accepted species names .\nlyons , j . 2005 . distribution of sicydium valenciennes 1837 ( pisces : gobiidae ) in mexico and central america . hidrobiol\u00f3gica 15 : 239\u2013243 .\nbrock , v . e . 1942 . a new goby , sicydium fayae , from the tres marias islands , west coast of mexico . stanford ichthyological bulletin 2 ( 4 ) : 122\u2013125 .\nbussing , w . 1996 . sicydium adelum , a new species of gobiid fish ( pisces : gobiidae ) from atlantic slope streams of costa rica . revista de biologia tropical 44 : 819\u2013825 .\nthe artisanal fishery industry in the caribbean for sicydium species is widespread and often intense ( bell et al . 1995 ) . fishery declines in sicydium species have been reported in other regions ( bell et al . 1995 ) . the reason for these declines is not clear as no landing statistics are available . habitat degradation and over - exploitation have both been suggested as potential causes of these declines ( bell 1999 ) .\nchabarria , r . e . & f . pezold . 2013 . phylogeography and historical demography of sicydium salvini in the eastern pacific . ichthyological research 60 : 353\u2013362 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 013 - 0363 - x\nwe report collections of several specimens of sicydium in 2013 and 2014 from the jubones and santa rosa rivers in southwestern ecuador . these collections substantially expand the known range of the genus southward . the specimens are tentatively identified as sicydium cf . rosenbergii based on their morphology . small differences in morphology among specimens from the two rivers are noted , as are discrepancies with the type description . a museum database search uncovered two additional records of the genus south of their previously recognized range including one record from northwestern peru .\nfievet , e . & b . le guennec . 1998 . migration de masse de sicydium spp . ( gobiidae ) dans les rivieres de guadeloupe : implications pour le schema hydraulique des mini - centrales hydroelectriques \u2018au fil de l\u2019eau\u2019 . cybium 22 : 293\u2013296 .\nthe plant list includes a further 1 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus sicydium . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwestern atlantic species of this genus are in need of revision ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 , f . pezold pers . comm . 2010 ) .\njustification : this widely distributed , amphidromous species can be locally abundant where it occurs in rivers of coastal volcanic topography . it can recruit among streams of different islands due to its pelagic marine larvae . the subpopulation on dominica has suffered severe declines due to habitat degradation and overexploitation . these threats are not known to be impacting its global population , therefore , it is listed as least concern . improved management of its vulnerable habitat and exploited subpopulations is recommended .\nthis species has been recorded in the western atlantic in the antilles from jamaica to trinidad and tobago ( kullander 2003 ) , along the central american coast from honduras to panama ( murdy and hoese 2002 , matamoros et al . 2009 , tornabene and pezold pers . comm . 2011 ) , and along the south american coast from venezuela and in the coastal drainages of bahia state , brazil ( de lucena et al . 2013 ) .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; barbados ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; colombia ( colombian caribbean is . ) ; costa rica ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthis species has exhibited severe population declines in dominica ( bell pers . comm . ) . these declines have been attributed both to over - exploitation and habitat degradation / alteration ( bell 1999 ) . this species is prominent in puerto rican streams ( cook et al . 2009 , f . pezold pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthis is a demersal amphidromous species found in rivers of coastal volcanic topography ( bell 1994 ) . adults spawn in rivers with coarse substrate , building nests under stones ( bell 1999 ) . it excavates nests below the gravel bottom . males provide most of the parental care . newly hatched larvae emerge from nests upon hatching and enter the river plankton . they migrate to the sea where they stay for 50 - 150 days before re - entering the rivers as postlarvae . this species feeds on filamentous algae and other soft vegetation .\nspp . , support fisheries based on return migrations of postlarvae ( fry ) to rivers . in dominica , larva of this species contribute > 95 % to the goby fry fishery ( bell 1999 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures . additional research is needed into the impact of habitat degradation and exploitation on this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\naguirre , w . e . , v . r . shervette , r . navarrete , p . calle & s . agorastos . 2013 . morphological and genetic divergence of hoplias microlepis ( characiformes , erythrinidae ) in western ecuador . copeia 2013 ( 2 ) : 312\u2013323 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 12 - 083\naguirre , w . e . , r . navarrete , p . calle & g . c . sanchez - garces . 2014 . first record of iotabrycon praecox roberts 1973 ( characidae ) in the santa rosa river , southwestern ecuador . checklist 10 : 382\u2013385 . doi : 10 . 15560 / 10 . 2 . 382\naguirre , w . e . , r . navarrete , g . malato , p . calle , m . k . loh , et al . 2016 . body shape variation and population genetic structure of rhoadsia altipinna ( characidae : rhoadsiinae ) in southwestern ecuador . copeia 104 : 554\u2013569 . doi : 10 . 1643 / cg - 15 - 289\nanderson , e . p . & j . a . maldonado - ocampo . 2010 . a regional perspective on the diversity and conservation of tropical andean fishes . conservation biology 25 : 30\u201339 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1523 - 1739 . 2010 . 01568 . x\nbarnhill les , b . , e . l\u00f3pez le\u00f3n & a . les . 1974 . estudio sobre la biolog\u00eda de los peces del r\u00edo vinces . instituto nacional de pesca bolet\u00edn cient\u00edfico y t\u00e9cnico 3 ( 1 ) : 1\u201340 .\nbarriga , r . s . 2012 . lista de peces de agua dulce e intermareales del ecuador . revista polit\u00e9cnica 30 ( 3 ) : 83 - 119 .\nbell , k . n . i . 1999 . an overview of goby - fry fisheries . naga , the iclarm quarterly 22 : 30\u201336 .\nboulenger , g . a . 1899 . description of a new genus of gobioid fishes from the andes of ecuador . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 7 ) 4 ( 20 ) : 125\u2013126 .\nbussing , w . 1998 . peces de las aguas continentales de costa rica . san jose : editorial de la universidad de costa rica . 468 pp .\neigenmann , c . h . 1918 . eighteen new species of fishes from northwestern south america . proceedings of the american philosophical society 56 ( 7 ) : 673\u2013689 .\neschmeyer , w . n , . r . fricke , & r . van der laan ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . accessed at : urltoken 9 april 2016 .\nhubbs , c . l . , & k . f . lagler . 2004 . fishes of the great lakes region , revised edition . ann arbor : the university of michigan press . 276 pp .\njim\u00e9nez prado , p . , w . aguirre , e . laaz moncayo , r . navarrete amaya , f . nugra salazar , et al . 2015 . gu\u00eda de peces para aguas continentales en la vertiente occidental del ecuador . pontificia universidad cat\u00f3lica del ecuador sede esmeraldas ( pucese ) , universidad del azuay ( uda ) y museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) del instituto nacional de biodiversidad . 416 pp .\nkeith , p . & c . lord . 2011 . tropical freshwater gobies : amphidromy as a life cycle ; pp . 243\u2013277 , in : r . a . patzner , j . l . van tassell , m . kovacic & b . g . kapoor ( eds . ) . the biology of gobies . jersey : crc press .\nkeith , p . , c . lord , j . lorion , s . watanabe , k . tsukamoto , et al . 2011 . phylogeny and biogeography of sicydiinae ( teleostei : gobiidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes . marine biology 158 : 311\u2013326 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00227 - 010 - 1560 - z\nkullander , s . o . 2003 . family gobiidae ; pp . 657\u2013665 , in : r . e . reis , s . o . kullander & c . j . ferraris ( eds . ) . checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs .\nlujan , n . k . , v . meza - vargas & r . barriga - salazar . 2015 . two new chaetostoma group ( loricariidae : hypostominae ) sister genera from opposite sides of the andes mountains in ecuador , with the description of one new species . copeia 103 ( 2015 ) : 651\u2013663 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 15 - 246\nmiller , r . r . 2005 . freshwater fishes of m\u00e9xico . chicago : university of chicago press . 490 pp .\nortega , h . , m . hidalgo , e . correa , j . espino , l . chocano , et al . 2011 . lista anotada de peces de aguas continentales de per\u00fa . estado actual del conocimiento , distribuci\u00f3n , usos y aspectos de conservaci\u00f3n . lima : ministry of the environment , general bureau of biological diversity \u2014 national history museum , national university of san marcos ( unmsm ) . 48 pp .\nregan , c . t . 1914 . fishes from the condoto river , colombia , collected by dr . h . g . f . spurrell . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 8 ) 14 ( 79 ) : 31\u201333 .\nrevelo , w . & e . laaz . 2012 . cat\u00e1logo de peces de aguas continentales provincia de los r\u00edos ecuador . instituto nacional de pesca bolet\u00edn especial 3 ( 5 ) : 1\u201357 .\nrom\u00e1n - valencia , c . , r . i . ruiz - c . , d . c . taphorn b . & c . garc\u00eda - a . 2013 . three new species of bryconamericus ( characiformes , characidae ) , with keys for species from ecuador and a discussion on the validity of the genus knodus . animal biodiversity and conservation 36 ( 1 ) : 123\u2013139 .\ntan , m . & j . w . armbruster . 2012 . cordylancistrus santarosensis ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) , a new species with unique snout deplatation from the r\u00edo santa rosa , ecuador . zootaxa 3243 : 52\u201358 .\nwatson , r . e . 1995 . gobies of the genus stiphodon from french polynesia , with descriptions of two new species ( teleostei : gobiidae : sicydiinae ) . ichthyological explorations of freshwater 6 : 33\u201348 .\nis found in around the caribbean islands of the antilles , south of cuba .\ncyndy parr marked\nn354 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\naspidophoroides monopterygius\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsyntype specimens from british museum of natural history courtesy of james maclaine and kevin webb .\nsource for occurrence in ecuador : boulenger ( 1899 ) , barriga ( 2012 ) , jimenez et al . ( 2016 ) .\noriginal description : boulenger , g . a . 1899 . description of a new genus of gobioid fishes from the andes of ecuador . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 7 ) v . 4 ( no . 20 ) ( art . 12 ) : 125 - 126 .\nrange ecuador : type locality is described as paramba at 3500 feet ( 1066 . 8 m ) above sea level in northwestern ecuador ( boulenger , 1899 ) . listed as occurring in the santiago - cayapas and esmeraldas drainage systems ( barriga , 2012 ; jimenez et al . , 2016 ) . aguirre et al . ( 2017 ) recently reported collections from southwestern ecuador including the jubones and santa rosa rivers in el oro province ( close to peru ) , although the identification to species was only tentative and needs to be confirmed .\nrange outside of ecuador : historically , this species has been considered endemic to ecuador , however , a specimen collected in the chancay river in northwestern peru has recently been reported suggesting that s . rosenbergii may also occur in peru ( rom 91180 ; reported in aguirre et al . , 2017 ) . this record needs to be confirmed .\nmaximum size : 113 mm total length based on two specimens in species description ( boulenger , 1899 ) . fishbase ( 2016 ) lists a maximum size of 11 cm tl as well . probably grows to larger sizes .\neconomic importance : specific information on this species is not available although historically larvae of the genus were exploited as food by local inhabitants of western ecuador ( jimenez et al . , 2015 ) .\nconservation status : specific information on this species is not available although given its migratory life style and the state of many rivers in western ecuador , it may be under threat . research on its conservation status is needed .\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nwestern atlantic species of this genus are in need of revision ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . there are no separate catch statistics available on this species , but reports indicate that species within this genus are intensively exploited . fishery declines in\nspecies have been reported for other regions where fisheries are intensively exploited . fisheries target the larvae , which may cause serious declines in the adult population , but data on the adult population are lacking . pressures from\nfisheries are likely to continue while there are no limits on fishing effort or catch size .\nfurther research and monitoring of possible conservation measures , population numbers and harvest levels are needed to prevent this species becoming threatened . it is particularly important to gather data on the status of the adult population occurring in freshwater habitats ; without this information it is impossible to determine trends in population size or decline rates .\nis a demersal , diadromous goby . adults live in freshwater where they spawn and larvae migrate downstream into marine waters within the continental shelf . the congener ,\nis thought to be long - lived ( more than five years ) and iteroparous ( i . e . , it produces offspring in successive\u2014annual or seasonal\u2014batches ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , its distribution may cover a number of marine protected areas . monitoring of the population numbers and harvest levels of this species is needed . further research should be conducted on possible conservation measures such as closed seasons during peak spawning periods .\nsee\nstatus\n,\nconfidence level\n,\nsource\nfor definitions .\nbody elongate , square in cross - section , back broad and flat to slightly concave ; head blunt , somewhat depressed ; mouth opening angled downwards , overhung by snout , with thick lips ; inside top lip with a papillae covered ridge ; top teeth long and narrow , widely spaced , with tip curved , flattened and facing forwards , with a narrow longitudinal groove down its center , spatula like ( but notched when worn ) , in 1 row of 25 - 50 ; lower teeth canine - like in male ( 1 - 8 ) , conical in female ( 1 - 6 ) , in a single row ; dorsal and anal fins separate from tail fin ; dorsal fin vi + i , 10 ( 9 - 10 ) , 1st dorsal higher in adults , with spines 3 - 4 filamentous in males ; anal fin i , 10 ( 9 - 11 ) , directly opposite 2nd dorsal fin ; pelvic fins united in a broad oval disc that is mostly fused to belly by membrane , with 6 stout radiating ridges on its bottom ; pectoral rays 21 ( 19 - 22 ) ; tail fin rounded , 13 - 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; scales small , 55 - 60 ( 49 - 71 ) lateral scales ; scales rough along sides of body , upper and lower scales smooth ; head , breast , pectoral base and belly scaleless .\npreserved fish tan ; head with a dark bar from eye to rear of top lip ; usually 6 broad dark bars on side of body , darker above ; tail fin base with a dark bar or circular spot ; 1st dorsal fin dusky , 2nd dorsal with black margin ; anal fin with black edge in male ; juveniles with stronger dark markings ."]}
{"id": 2039, "summary": [{"text": "the orange-breasted falcon ( falco deiroleucus ) is a bird of the falcon family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is probably closely related to and looks like a larger version of the bat falcon .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "these two , in turn , are probably closest to the aplomado falcon and constitute a rather old american lineage of falcos .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found from southern mexico to northern argentina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it 's a medium-sized falcon at 35 \u2013 40 cm ( 14 \u2013 15.5 in ) long and a weight of 325 \u2013 700 grams ( 11 ounces \u2013 1 pound 9 ounces ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is a bird predator , with strong talons that enable it to catch prey in flight , and is considered by some \u2013 such as the german-brazilian ornithologist helmut sick \u2013 as filling the ecological niche of the peregrine falcon as a breeding species in tropical america .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the orange-breasted falcon , however , seems to favor more heavily wooded habitats than the peregrine , therefore the species does not seem to be in ecological competition with peregrine falcons wintering or breeding in south america .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the orange-breasted falcon has a similar plumage to the much smaller bat falcon and is generally considered most closely related to that species now . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "orange - breasted falcon", "paragraphs": ["read more about orange - breasted falcon biology , natural history , and conservation at the orange - breasted falcon account on neotropical birds .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for orange - breasted falcon ( falco deiroleucus ) yet .\nthe orange - breasted falcon looks very similar to the smaller bat falcon . people often confuse the two species , making it hard for biologists to confirm reports of the much rarer orange - breasted falcon .\nrelative to its body size , the orange - breasted falcon appears to have the largest feet of any falcon . it also has an unusually large beak .\norange - breasted falcons usually reach breeding age at around 2 - 3 years old .\nthe peregrine fund captive breeding / reintroduction project and field studies . orange - breasted falcon falco deiroleucus contains extensive information on the biology and status of this species . vireo orange - breasted falcon photos . aves de rapina do brasil species account wirh emphasis on brazil .\na female orange - breasted falcon flies around the temple of the grand jaguar under the light of the super moon in a heavy fog and mist .\nrecommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : orange - breasted falcon falco deiroleucus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018\norange - breasted falcon is a raptor of the neotropics whose range historically stretched from southern mexico through northern argentina . it now is found only locally throughout its expansive range , with most current observations coming from a few well - known nesting locations . never considered common anywhere , orange - breasted falcon\u2019s current abundance and distribution are clouded by confusion with the similarly - plumaged bat falcon ( falco rufigularis ) ; many purported records of orange - breasted falcons outside their known localities may pertain to that species .\nin central america , the orange - breasted falcon is absent everywhere south of belize and guatemala and found again only in panama . its absence from many countries that contain seemingly suitable habitat is one of the greatest mysteries of falcon and neotropical bird conservation .\nthe orange - breasted falcon is a brilliantly colored medium - sized falcon of the contiguous neotropical forest , arguably the most beautiful species of falcon , and the holy grail for many tropical birders . it has always been rare and may be the most sparsely distributed falcon in the world , with its abundance and distribution clouded by confusion with the much more common and similarly plumaged bat falcon . the international union for conservation of nature lists the orange - breasted falcon as \u201cnear threatened\u201d globally in its red list of threatened species . once ranging from southern mexico through middle and south america , the species is now regionally endangered or extirpated in central america ( berry et al . ) .\nrobert b . berry has been studying orange - breasted falcons since the early 1990s . a lifelong falconer , he played a significant role in the recovery of the north american peregrine falcon in the 1970s and \u201980s .\ncover image : bathed by a gentle breeze in the early morning light , a wild - born juvenile orange - breasted falcon waits for her captive - bred father to bring food . photo by robert b . berry .\nthe peregrine fund ' s world center for birds of prey is a great place to get a close - up look at the orange - breasted falcon , one of the most colorful falcons in the world . on display at our velma morrison interpretive center , orange - breasted falcons delight visitors with their bright orange breast , large yellow feet and slaty black backs . visit us to learn all about this neotropical raptor and the rainforest habitat in which it lives .\nthe black - and - white hawk - eagle might be the greatest threat to juvenile orange - breasted falcons , both wild and captive - bred . this spectacular species is widespread from mexico to argentina but is uncommon and secretive in the mountain pine ridge of belize . it is extremely rare in guatemala\u2014which , by itself , may account for the stability of the country\u2019s small orange - breasted falcon population .\ncall . overall colouration very dark . underparts mainly orange , with black barring . iris brown ; bill dark with yellow base and cere ; legs yellow - orange .\nthe orange - breasted falcon female is nearly twice the size of her mate \u2013 a greater size difference than that of all other 39 falcon species . you may be wondering why there is such a large gap between the sexes . this adaptation enables the pair to select different - sized prey . the male takes smaller quarry , and the female captures larger prey . relative to its overall body size , the female orange - breasted falcon has the largest feet of any falcon and also a particularly large beak . this heavy armament provides many advantages for the species . the female\u2019s large size , huge feet and talons and beak help her manage social relations in the family group and defend the nest from predators .\nbaker , a . j . , d . f . whitacre , o . a . aguirre - barrera , and c . white . 2000 . the orange - breasted falcon falco deiroleucus in mesoamerica : a vulnerable , disjunct population ? bird conservation international 10 : 29 - 40 ) .\norange - breasted falcon four - year - old superstar b1\u2019s calm demeanor assures his wild - born and adopted progeny that it is safe to \u201cplay . \u201d despite his constant vigil and aggressive defense , he is unable to protect all of the young falcons . photo by robert b . berry .\nberry , r . b . , c . w . benkman , a . muela , y . seminario , and m . curti . 2010 . isolation and decline of a population of the orange - breasted falcon . condor , vol . 112 , no . 3 : 479 - 487 .\nthere\u2019s a single chick in the nest , \u201d aaron radioed as he hung from a rope on a lofty cliff in belize . \u201cshould we take it ? \u201d he had climbed hundreds of feet down to an orange - breasted falcon eyrie to retrieve fledglings on behalf of the peregrine fund for experimental captive propagation .\nperegrine fund biologists have been studying the orange - breasted falcon since 1978 , initially in ecuador and peru and then in belize and guatemala . our biologists have worked very hard to find these falcons in central america , searching on foot , by plane and by helicopter . during one survey over a two - year period ( 1999 - 2000 ) , they checked nearly 400 cliffs but never saw a single orange - breasted falcon in honduras , nicaragua , el salvador , or costa rica . this confirmed that the small declining population in belize and guatemala is isolated by almost 1 , 000 miles from the larger population in south america .\nthe author feeds falcon chicks ranging in age from one day to 40 days old . photo by carol berry .\nimportant references : baker , a . j . , d . f . whitacre , and o . agruirre . 2012 . orange - breasted falcon . pp . 296 - 312 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny . berry , r . b . , c . w . benkman , a . muela , y . seminario , and m . curti . 2010 . isolation and decline of a population of the orange - breasted falcon . condor 112 : 479 - 489 . baker , a . j . 1998 . status and breeding biology , ecology , and behavior of the orange - breasted falcon ( falco deiroleucus ) in guatemala and belize . m . sc . thesis , brigham young university , provo , ut . baker , a . j . , d . f . whitacre , o . aguirre - barrera , and c . white . 2000 . the orange - breasted falcon falco deiroleucus in mesoamerica : a vulnerable , disjunct population ? bird conservation international 10 : 29 - 40 . bierregaard , r . o . 1994 . orange - breasted falcon . p . 268 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . boyce , jr . , d . a . 1980 . hunting and pre - nesting behavior of the orange - breasted falcon . raptor research 14 : 35 - 39 . brown , l . , and d . amadon . 1968 . eagles , hawks and falcons of the world . vol . 2 . mcgraw - hill , new york . cade , t . j . 1982 . falcons of the world . cornell university press , ithaca , ny . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .\ntoday , we are focusing our efforts on studying the behavior , breeding and hunting habits , threats , and habitat requirements of the only known orange - breasted falcon population in northern central america . because this rare falcon appears to be largely absent from much of central america , we recognized the need to begin a captive - breeding and release program to help maintain genetic diversity and to prevent further decline . we conducted our first experimental release for this species in 2005 . in 2006 , we began a captive breeding program at our facilities in sheridan , wyoming . by 2012 , 45 orange - breasted falcons had been produced in captivity and 30 released to the wild in belize .\nlike many other falcon species , orange - breasted falcons are primarily bird hunters . they prey on small - to medium - sized birds , particularly doves , parakeets , and swifts . however , they also take large insects and , during dusk and pre - dawn hours , bats . they are aerial hunters , so they take all of their prey while in flight .\nwe believe that the orange - breasted falcon\u2019s primary extinction drivers are habitat alteration and associated human activities , which include indiscriminate shooting , logging , agriculture , and development . these drivers interact with the impacts of human disturbance , such as increased access to remote habitat , hunting , tourism , selective logging , and collecting , further exacerbated by interactions with the bird\u2019s natural predators .\nthe orange - breasted falcon is not known to nest apart from mature forest , although we do not know the point at which fragmented habitat becomes uninhabitable or why . small farms , orchards , and cattle ranches caused the abandonment of at least one historic territory and threaten others . construction of three hydroelectric dams along the macal river are implicated in the loss of two of four falcon territories . the last of these construction projects was completed in 2012 , with human traffic limited , although a massive infrastructure of power lines presents a high risk of falcon collisions and electrocutions . even well - meaning tourists may have a negative impact by disrupting nesting .\nit is also helpful during the young birds ' first flights , as they often end up grounded in the dense tropical forest . if they are tame , biologists can pick them and place them in a safe spot high off the ground and away from predators . but this tameness doesn ' t last . after a week or two of flying wild , these young falcons quickly grow wary of any potential predator \u2013 including humans ! nonetheless , even wild orange - breasted falcons are naturally relatively unafraid of humans , to their detriment . another unique aspect of this falcon is the long period of time \u2013 about five months \u2013 that the juveniles depend on their parents for food . other falcon species , such as the peregrine falcon and aplomado falcon , are dependent for about half that time .\nour captive orange - breasted falcon colony consists of 28 birds\u201411 original founders from panama , 4 from belize ( including 2 botfly - infested juveniles we rescued in 2012 ) , and their captive - bred progeny . they are maintained in spacious climate - controlled aviaries in wyoming . this species is very difficult to breed in captivity , despite the ease in breeding the related bat falcon and many other falcon species . of the 56 young produced in captivity since 2006 , all have been the product of artificial insemination . thirty - nine have been released in the mountain pine ridge area , including 5 in 2014 ; of these , 23 are thought to have become independent through 2013 .\naaron spent the next six years studying the orange - breasted falcon . his field research became the seminal life - history study of the species . he concluded that the local population was probably stable\u2014but just barely\u2014and part of a larger unknown population ( baker et al . 2000 ) . it was not until the end of the decade that we concluded that the northern population was very small , isolated , and in steep decline .\nthe orange - breasted falcon\u2019s history in middle america is documented by only 10 museum specimens collected between 1867 and 1962 from mexico to costa rica , a few confirmed sightings , and a single breeding record . our surveys over several decades confirm that the species\u2019 northern population is limited to the maya mountains of belize and the mirador cordillera of guatemala\u2014an area comprising less than 4 percent of its former range in central america . orange - breasted falcons are isolated by some 1 , 500 kilometers from the closest population of not more than four pairs on the colombian border of panama , which we survey annually . despite a wide network of contributors , ebird has been unable to confirm a single central american record for this species outside our study area .\ncaptive - bred male b1 takes flight near the hack site , watched by his wild mate , caya . the pair made history in 2013 , fledging three beautiful youngsters and proving that captive - bred orange - breasted falcons can survive and breed successfully in the wild . photo by robert b . berry .\nmany tropical raptors\u2014including the closely related bat falcon\u2014hunt within the forest canopy . the orange - breasted falcon is unique in hunting above the canopy , the most challenging environment for a bird - eating specialist . the birds have long , narrow , pointed wings , a relatively short tail , and a heavy compact body with a deep sternum , supporting powerful flight muscles . these features maximize speed as opposed to maneuverability , for preying on a wide variety of small - to - medium - sized birds and bats , which are captured in high - speed stoops when they are briefly exposed above the forest canopy or while crossing a canyon , stream , or river valley . the female orange - breasted falcon is the most heavily armed of falcons , possessing a massive , laterally compressed beak , thick powerful legs , and enormous feet relative to its body size\u2014important attributes for grasping and quickly dispatching dangerous quarry such as parrots . males are half the size of their mates and lack their impressive armature , a difference that supports the female\u2019s dominant role in social relations , nest defense , and exploitation of a varied prey base .\nthe techniques used to release young orange - breasted falcons to the wild are similar to those used for releasing aplomado falcons and other birds of prey \u2013 with several important differences . the orange - breasted falcon chicks are hand - raised in small groups by a biologist . this is to help keep them tame while they are in the hack box , where the chicks become accustomed to their new surroundings , and for a short while after they are released to the wild . this is helpful because the chicks vary quite a bit in age when they arrive at the hack site . if the chicks are tame , biologists can release the older birds while still climbing up to the box in the evening to feed the younger birds that haven ' t yet flown for the first time .\nthough there were probably never lots of orange - breasted falcons , the species\u2019 range in central america today is limited to areas of belize , guatemala and panama \u2013 a very small portion of its historic range . biologists estimate the population in this region to be made up of only around 30 pairs . that isn ' t very many ! by looking at records for this species in south america since 1970 , biologists believe that this striking falcon ' s population is in trouble there , as well .\n\u201cno , \u201d i replied , feeling guilty about his arduous descent to the nest . \u201ccome on back up . \u201d taking the last young falcon from the nest would be unethical .\nperegrine fund president bill burnham asked me to visit baker to explain the breeding biology of the orange - breasted falcon . i had never seen the bird , but i had lots of experience breeding falcons in captivity . early in march of 1992 , aaron and i were sprawled on a massive boulder in the middle of the macal river , in the shadow of a gigantic cliff\u2014an irresistible ecological magnet for falcons and one of aaron\u2019s orange - breasted falcon territories . armed with binoculars and a spotting scope , we scanned the sky for raptors . as if by magic , a male orangebreasted falcon appeared above us , spiraling effortlessly upward in the noonday thermals until it became a tiny speck . an instant later , it came plummeting earthward in a blistering vertical stoop , climaxed by streaking across the cliff face , its defiant kak - kak - kak call echoing between the towering canyon walls . then it rocketed off in a different direction to chase a black vulture and next a plumbeous kite . it was the most spectacular and inspiring aerial performance i had ever seen in a lifetime of working with falcons . what bravado and courage he showed . surely the bird was reassuring his unseen mate and serving notice that this was his domain and he was invincible .\nthe maya mountains of western belize and the mirador cordillera of guatemala are home to the largest and densest known orange - breasted falcon population , which includes 32 territories . seven of them have been abandoned for more than a decade . aerial surveys in 2009 and 2010 located 10 additional eyries in the rugged and remote southern maya mountains , which are only accessible by helicopter . the massif is 75 miles long by 40 miles wide with a northeast - southwest orientation extending about 20 miles into heavily developed eastern guatemala , where the falcons are absent .\nperhaps the biggest threat that these falcons face is loss or change in their habitat because of practices like logging , agriculture , and development . another threat could also be the growing population of black vultures in the area . black vultures are scavengers that can eat just about anything . they are sometimes attracted to garbage dumps and tend to congregate there in large numbers , picking through the trash to find tasty morsels to eat . this means that black vultures can often be found in areas where humans are present . as people move closer and closer to orange - breasted falcon habitat , the vultures might be moving with them . black vultures might compete with these falcons for nesting cliffs and probably consume falcon eggs and young , too !\naaron spent the night at a medical clinic , soaking up antihistamines , while oscar and i sat at camp , removing each other\u2019s stingers like a pair of chimpanzees picking lice . we waited until after dark to collect our gear at the cliff , after the bees had settled down . unaware that highly aggressive africanized bees had displaced the mild - mannered european honeybees a decade earlier , we were fortunate to escape serious injury or worse . this episode took place at belize\u2019s thousand foot falls in 1994 , during the initial phase of our orange - breasted falcon research in central america .\nour core study population is in the mountain pine ridge of the northern mountains , a small granite plateau of about 200 , 000 acres , with an elevation between 600 and 900 meters . the plateau is dominated by pines and dissected by streams and deep hardwood canyons extending into valleys with abundant limestone and granite cliffs , a few of which are occupied by orange - breasted falcons . the forest life zone is borderline tropical - subtropical moist to wet forest . both the falcon and its prey breed during the dry season , from february through may , a period with the highest temperatures and lowest rainfall .\nmany authors have reflected on the orange - breasted falcon\u2019s rarity throughout its range . we believe that its specialized habitat requirements , low reproductive rate , and predation by a plethora of natural enemies are the primary causes for its historic scarcity . more recently , the cumulative effects of habitat alteration , fragmentation , human conflicts , and increasing predation may explain the catastrophic reduction in the species\u2019 range in central america and its declining population . given the species\u2019 ecological challenges and its apparent isolation from the little - known population in south america , the extirpation of the small population in belize and guatemala seems increasingly likely .\norange - breasted falcons have probably always been rare because of their specialized habitat : large cliffs where they nest and large areas of unbroken tropical forest where they live . historically , their range may have been from southern mexico to northern argentina . today , they occupy just 4 % of their former range in central america where a small population of fewer than 40 pairs persist in areas of belize , guatemala and panama .\nthere are three popular birding sites in central america where orange - breasted falcons are predictably seen : tikal national park , guatemala , and hidden valley inn & reserve and black rock river lodge in the mountain pine ridge area of belize\u2019s northwest maya mountains . fully two - thirds of ebird\u2019s citizen - science records in central and south america ( 292 of 427 ) come from these locations as part of our study population .\nonly a few decades ago , our knowledge of the orange - breasted falcon ( falco deiroleucus ) was limited to a few sight records in the literature and some sketchy notes attached to 19th and early 20th - century museum specimens and a single breeding record in tikal national park , guatemala . in 1978 , tom cade , founder and president of the peregrine fund , and biologist peter jenny assembled sparse geographic information and began searching for the species in ecuador , peru , and guatemala . from the early 1980s through 1991 , researchers conducted studies of newly located territories in guatemala and belize as part of the maya project , a nearly decade - long ( 1988 - 96 ) ecological raptor study ( see neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community ) . graduate student aaron baker was part of the project and began the first natural - history study of the orange - breasted falcon in 1992 . he searched for cliffs by questioning local people , examining topographical maps , and exploring river valleys and areas of high relief on foot , by car , and from fixed - wing aircraft . by 1996 baker had expanded his study population to 19 territories in belize and guatemala . our present - day research and restoration program builds upon this series of earlier investigations .\naaron baker calculated that 55 percent of orange - breasted falcon nesting attempts failed and that predators caused most of the failures . the list of potential predators is enormous , from jays and toucans to hawk - eagles , owls , forest - falcons , and vultures ; mammals such as the tayra ( a large mustelid ) and rats ; arboreal snakes , insects , and parasites . prominent on the list are the black - and - white hawk - eagle , stygian owl , and black vulture . of them , the black vulture is the most ubiquitous and is increasing in numbers along with the human population . a group of vultures can overpower a falcon\u2019s aggressive defense and consume its eggs or young . they also usurp prime nesting cliffs . more predatory than the turkey vulture and the much less common king vulture , they forage by sight , attacking and killing small animals and fledgling birds .\na group of vultures can overpower a falcon\u2019s aggressive defense and consume its eggs or young . black vulture is the most ubiquitous and is increasing in numbers along with the human population . black vulture by jordan rolen / macaulay library .\nscott newbold leads our current field team , aided by local naturalists jonathan urbina and rony jobel and our rock - climbing specialist matt allshouse . they visit orange - breasted falcon territories multiple times each season to assess occupancy and productivity . africanized bees limited our banding activities prior to 2011 , when we began using full - body bee suits despite the heat and discomfort . we use color - coded leg bands with white letters and numerals as safe and permanent markers for future demographic studies . we do not capture adults or use radio telemetry because of the inherent risks to the small , fragile population . we rely on old - fashioned fieldwork , with the aid of boots , binoculars , and bug spray !\norange - breasted falcons occupy their territories year - round and typically are found in areas of towering cliffs within vast expanses of moist tropical and subtropical mature forest in the vicinity of water . cliffs in belize and guatemala are large ( typically 125 meters high and 250 meters wide ) with obscure ledges , potholes , and crevices , which provide shade from the blazing tropical sun and safety from predators . there are few tree - nesting records , possibly because trees offer less protection from predators and the sun\u2019s heat . the species is not known to nest in tropical savannah\u2014suitable habitat for lookalike species such as bat and aplomado falcons . some researchers suggest that orange - breasted falcons are birds of edges , borders , and clearings adjacent to montane forest , which may offer more rewarding hunting opportunities . we have found that the species does frequent a mosaic of habitats , including farmed fields , orchards , and pasturelands\u2014but only if mature forest is the dominant community .\nthese falcons are extremely fast flyers and though no study has been done to measure their speed , biologists who have observed these birds in fast pursuit believe they could even be faster than the peregrine falcon , one of the fastest animals on earth ! orange - breasted falcons use several different hunting strategies to capture their prey . the most often perch on high , exposed snags , which give them a great view over the tree canopy or adjacent valleys . once prey is spotted , they might chase their quarry in direct pursuit over the canopy , sometimes making steep climbs into the air before falling in a short stoop onto their prey . they also may pursue their dinner in a very fast horizontal tail - chase or scan the sky for swifts and other high - flying birds and go up to meet them in the air .\nlike most other falcons , orange - breasted falcons do not build their own nests . instead , they often make small depressions in the substrate of ledges or in crevices of cliffs or sink holes . in guatemala , biologists found a pair nesting on a mayan temple in tikal national park , and they know of one instance of this species nesting in a palm tree . in south america , biologists have documented the falcons nesting under clumps of plants growing on large trees and in natural cavities of large trees , at the base of fronds of palm trees , and on cliffs .\ncaptive - release programs are typically employed only as a lastditch effort when species have been extirpated from all or much of their former range . but we believe that active species rescue is preferable to watchful waiting . our goal is to introduce unrelated captive - bred falcons to the local population . these individuals have the potential to enhance genetic variation , stabilize recruitment deficits , and help mitigate population declines . because dna fingerprinting indicates that the orange - breasted falcons in central and south america are a single population without subspecies , the risk of introducing maladaptive genes into the population is minimal .\nspecies that are highly specialized ecologically and have small , isolated populations are prone to population declines and local extirpation . both territorial occupancy and productivity in our core study population in belize have dropped by half since the 1990s . the number of eyries has fallen from 12 to 6 with only 2 failed attempts to reoccupy one of the eyries . productivity in belize and guatemala was close to one young per active eyrie in the 1990s but has declined to ~ 0 . 5 since 2003 ( berry et al . 2010 ) . productivity in both countries has been highly variable in recent years with a record low of only two young fledged in 2012 , 15 in 2013 ( including 5 young with a captive - bred parent ) , and back to a more typical 8 young in 2014 fledged from 15 eyries . the maintenance level for the well - studied peregrine falcon is more than double with one or more young per active eyrie . whether an extraordinary year now and then like the one we experienced in 2013 is sufficient to sustain a long - lived species such as the orange - breasted falcon is unknown . if that good year does not materialize , the risk of entering an extinction vortex is great .\nour research has revealed many of the orange - breasted falcon\u2019s mysteries , and yet we have barely scratched the surface when it comes to fully understanding its population dynamics , the carrying capacity of its environment , its fecundity , longevity , and recruitment needs , the impacts of weather , parasites , and predators , and the consequences of anthropogenic activities . we are banding chicks to help analyze population viability and increasing fledging success by applying prophylactic treatments for parasites . we have experimented with vulture exclusion nest boxes , and we are enhancing genetic variation by introducing unrelated captive - bred falcons . but none of these initiatives is likely to succeed unless the local people embrace a strong conservation ethic . in partnership with the cornell lab of ornithology and university of wyoming , we are developing elementary school education programs in central america , focusing on the important role of raptors in the environment . we are making a difference but our success will depend on public support and enlightened future management .\ntwo of six occupied territories in guatemala are located outside tikal national park and have no protection . they are threatened by rapidly expanding rural communities with a much higher rate of deforestation , colonization , agriculture , and subsistence hunting than in belize . even though falcon occupancy and productivity have been more stable in guatemala than belize , the inevitable correlates of human progress are likely to have a greater negative impact over time .\nconservation : friedmann ( 1950 ) summarized the known history of the orange - breasted falcon with the terse comment ,\napparently nowhere numerous ,\nand it remains poorly known and scarce to the present time . cade ( 1982 ) regarded it as probably the most sparsely distributed falcon in the world , and he suspected that the total population might be no more than a few thousand individuals . the reasons for its scarcity are not apparent , as noted by collar ( 1986 ) . it is clearly endangered in the northern mesoamerican portion of its range and very rare or extinct in central america south of belize and el pet\u00e9n , guatemala ( thorstrom et al . 2002 ) . there is little evidence to suggest that it was ever more than rare or uncommon there within historical times . it is probably more common , but still poorly known and locally distributed , in the humid lowlands and foothills of south america east of the andes . there appears to be no reason to suspect a population decline at this time , other than locally due to habitat loss , but the low population size in northern central america ( the only area where it has been relatively well studied ) and its absence from other apparently suitable areas are causes for vigilance . it is ominous that peter jenny visited many of the known specimen localities for this species in the early 1980s , but found suitable forest habitat remaining at only one of them ( cade 1982 ) . collar et al . ( 1994 ) considered this to be a globally near threatened species , but it iwas still categorized as a species of\nleast concern\nby birdlife international . in 2012 , however , birdlife changed its status to near threatened . more . . . .\nlike all birds of prey , orange - breasted falcons are visually oriented and their eyesight is eight times better than ours . how do we know this , since we cannot see through their eyes ? we know because they have eight times the numbers of visual cells ( rods and cones ) in their retinas than we do . even as young chicks , they pick up on small movements , such as a fly buzzing nearby , a rustle in the grass , or a passing bird flying overhead . biologists who were caring for young falcons prior to their release in our restoration program noticed that the young birds were fascinated with a ceiling fan . they focused intently on it , moving their heads in sync with the rotating blades ! their lives depend on their ability to locate and identify prey flying high up in the sky or moving deftly across open areas in the forest canopy or rivers where these falcons hunt .\nsix pairs reside in guatemala , all in the pet\u00e9n department , which includes tikal national park . the topography is gently rolling , broken in a few areas by steep karst terrain with few large escarpments , limiting the abundance of the falcons . elevations range from 100 to 300 meters . the climate is lowland tropical , warmer and wetter than the mountains of belize . the warm , moist tropical environment , coupled with a pronounced dry season for nesting , may be critical ingredients for the falcon\u2019s specialized niche .\nfollowing their first week of exploration , the young falcons begin aerial games of chase , which soon become spectacular high - speed mock attacks . they also play keep away , plucking a pinecone or small stick from a tree , or catching a hapless butterfly or a giant flying grasshopper , and carrying it aloft , daring the others to \u201ccatch me if you can . \u201d following an intense pursuit , the prize is dropped , triggering a mad dive by the participants to retrieve it and renew the game . these chases are thrilling to watch as the falcons twist and dodge between the trees , flying at speeds comparable to that of a major league fastball pitch . orange - breasted falcons may be among the fastest falcons in the world . although these games may look like play to us , they have deadly serious survival implications as the young falcons hone their hunting skills . losing a meal struck down over the canopy could later mean the difference between life and death by starvation .\nlike other falcons , orange - breasted falcons are also extremely agile flyers . when they are young , they develop amazing flying skills through hard work and practice in what appears to us like playing games . just as a cat\nplays\nwith a toy mouse , these young falcons play to hone their future hunting skills . we have had the privilege of watching these young birds in action ! in the first weeks after they fledge from the nest , the young falcons play \u201ctag\u201d by chasing one another , twisting , turning and diving after each other through the air . the wind makes a loud whooshing noise as they pass relatively low to the ground . another popular game is\nkeep away\nwith sticks or pine cones . they fly close to a pine tree and grab a pine cone with their talons . all the while , other young falcons are in hot pursuit . the bird carrying the cone eventually drops it , a buddy catches it in midair , and the chase continues . soon , they practice catching butterflies and large grasshoppers and eventually small migrating birds , such as swallows flying south over the forest canopy in the fall . eventually , these falcons no longer need parental care and feeding .\nalthough 2013 was a very good year , it was marred by the loss of three of seven young falcons\u2014two captive - bred young and one of b1 and caya\u2019s youngsters . overwhelming evidence points to predation by a black - and - white hawk - eagle , the first such losses in five years of releases at the current hack site . juveniles are vulnerable , especially when they are roaming the countryside . we witnessed one unsuccessful hawk - eagle attack , when one of the young falcons managed to dive into the canyon to pick up speed and maneuverability and escaped . in flat country , he would probably have been killed . black - and - white hawk - eagles hunt unseen from the clouds , stooping like a falcon to surprise their victims before they can react or sound a warning alarm .\nour hack - site attendants\u2014typically college students exploring options for graduate school\u2014care for the young falcons during daylight hours . our role is to provide food , guidance , and protection . the attendants quickly identify and bond with each falcon through its vocalizations , wing beat , appearance , and unique personality . some falcons are sociable and friendly ; others are withdrawn , cautious , or even grumpy like a spoiled child . the attendants are like surrogate parents , initially hand - feeding and then guiding the development of essential social and hunting skills , many of which the birds seem to learn by trial and error and by watching their parents . the best part of my job as manager , apart from being there at the site , is to interpret the falcons\u2019 behavior for the hack - site attendants and direct future activities in nightly emails .\nfood and feeding behavior : relative to its overall body size , this species probably has the largest feet of any falcon and also a particularly large beak , adaptations for capturing its prey , medium - sized to large birds ( particularly doves , parakeets , and swifts ) , bats , and large insects , in flight . in the well - studied nesting population in guatemala and belize , birds comprised 85 . 7 % and bats 14 . 3 % of the 105 observed prey items , and nearly half of the avian prey weighed between 25 - 75 g ( baker et al . 1998 ) . for unknown reasons , the observed hunting success ( only 4 % for 208 attempts ) is among the lowest documented for any raptor ( baker et al . op cit . ) . these falcons generally perch on high , exposed snags , sallying forth to pursue aerial prey in direct merlin - like pursuit over the canopy , either in steep climbs terminating in a short stoop or in a very fast tail - chase ; they may scan the sky for swifts and other high - flying birds and go up to meet them in the air ( jenny and cade 1986 ) . jenny saw birds stooping in peregrine fashion on two occasions , and haverschmidt ( 1968 ) also described the method of hunting , stooping on birds in flight , as like that of the peregrine . baker et al . ( 1998 ) observed three instances of cooperative hunting by pairs . more . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nbased on a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin , as well as evidence of declines elsewhere within its extensive range , it is suspected that the total population of this species is undergoing ongoing declines at the rate of 25 - 30 % over three generations , and it has therefore been uplisted to near threatened .\nhas a range covering much of latin america . the most northerly limit of its distribution is in southern\n, at calama , in 2007 ( jara 2008 ) . declines in territory occupancy , average annual fledgling production per pair and the overall breeding productivity of the population were noted between 1992 - 1997 and 2003 - 2009 in belize ( berry\n. 2011 ) . the small population ( c . 30 pairs ) in belize and guatemala appears to be isolated ( berry\npartners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) , thus it is placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals here . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 23 . 9 - 27 . 5 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 18 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it has some tolerance of forest degradation , but is poorly known and therefore suspected to decline by a rate approaching 30 % over three generations .\nthis species occurs in a range of habitats , including lowland forest , savanna edges , drier regions such as the chaco , and subtropical mountain slopes . it also occurs in human - modified landscapes , but only if mature forest is the dominant habitat ( berry\n. 2010 ) . it is found mostly up to 1 , 100 m , but has been recorded at c . 2 , 900 m ( carri\u00f3n and vargas 2008 ) . it is a highly specialised hunter of flying prey , mainly birds , but also bats . in guatemala and belize , courtship begins in february and offspring fledge in may and june . the nest is built on a cliff face , or rarely in a tree , often near water ( del hoyo\n2011 ) , although the clearance , fragmentation and degradation of its forest habitat is expected to be a significant threat to the species throughout much of its range . the species , however , exhibits some tolerance of forest fragmentation and degradation , being recorded in modified landscapes with cultivated fields , orchards and pastures ( berry\n. 2010 ) , and it has been found nesting in dead trees in cattle pastures ( a . lees\n2011 ) . this suggests that it is not in rapid decline as a result . a further problem associated with habitat loss appears to be its displacement from nest sites by black vulture\n. 2010 ) . the species may suffer a low level of direct persecution by humans , and average nesting success appears to be depressed by frequent predation , at least in some areas . the species may also be negatively impacted by the presence of africanised bees\nthis species occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its extensive range . fundaci\u00f3n proaves colombia has designated a reserve in the east andes specifically for the protection of this species ( t . donegan\ncarry out a periodic meta - analysis of all known records and conduct further surveys to study the species ' s range , population size and trends . monitor habitat trends across its range . encourage the protection of nests by land - owners . investigate methods for reducing the impacts of black vultures and other predators and nest competitors ( berry\n. 2010 ) . expand the protected area network to effectively protect ibas . effectively resource and manage existing and new protected areas , utilising emerging opportunities to finance protected area management with the joint aims of reducing carbon emissions and maximizing biodiversity conservation . conservation on private lands , through expanding market pressures for sound land management and preventing forest clearance on lands unsuitable for agriculture , is also essential ( soares - filho\n2006 ) . campaign against proposed changes to the brazilian forest code that would lead to a decrease in the width of the areas of riverine forest protected as permanent preservation areas ( apps ) , which function as vital corridors in fragmented landscapes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nauthors : robert berry , christopher l . wood , and brian l . sullivan\nthis species account is dedicated in honor of robert berry , member of the cornell lab of ornithology ' s administrative board .\nberry , r . , c . l . wood , and b . l . sullivan ( 2009 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nthough the young falcons are raised in wyoming , they are released far from there in the country of belize . when these young falcons are 20 - 40 days old , they are transported directly to belize , thanks to the generous support of lighthawk , a flying service for conservation . some of our released males have mated with wild females and produced eggs or young chicks .\nlittle is known about the species\u2019 density in south america other that it is rare but widely dispersed geographically . some biologists estimate that their total population may have never been more than a few thousand individuals \u2013 and there are even fewer today .\nwhen she is ready , the female typically lays three relatively large reddish - brown eggs over a six - day period . more than most other birds of prey , the female does most of the incubation for about 30 days and brooding of the chicks for about two weeks . while she is busy keeping the eggs and young at just the right temperature , the male works hard to provide all of her and the nestlings\u2019 food . should he perish , the chicks are not likely to survive , as the female seldom leaves the nest unprotected . this is hard work for the male and after the chicks hatch , he must be diligent in finding enough for his family to eat . several times a day , he returns to the nest site with prey \u2013 often a bird that he has prepared by removing all the feathers , wings and legs . he and the female will often exchange food in mid - air and the female will carry it back to the nest where she will delicately feed tidbits to her young .\nat around 40 days after hatching , the young fly for the first time . however , they stay in their parents ' territory for many months while they learn to hunt and live independently . during this important time in the young chicks ' lives , the parents continue to bring them food . but now , instead of tearing off small pieces to feed to them , the parents bring them whole prey so the young birds learn to tear the meat and feed on their own .\nthe peregrine fund is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization . our federal ein is 23 - 1969973\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nthore noernberg , fernando enrique , joselito nardy ribeiro , pieter de groot boersma , herve jacob , ciro albano , carlos cu\u00f1ado strelkov .\ncarlos cu\u00f1ado strelkov , joselito nardy ribeiro , thore noernberg , richardgreenhalgh031 , arthur grosset , anselmo d affonseca , joe tobias , lmarce , dusan m . brinkhuizen , gustavo magnago , mikko pyh\u00e4l\u00e4 , agustin carrasco , gustavo diniz mendes de carvalho , octavio rios , john f . kvarnb\u00e4ck , adam riley .\nread this article in its original magazine layout , from the autumn 2014 issue of living bird [ 2 mb pdf download ] .\na brief electrical storm delayed aaron\u2019s ascent and forced all three of us to hunker against the cliff . then we heard the muffled cry , \u201cbees ! \u201d as aaron emerged amid a cloud of angry africanized \u201ckiller\u201d bees that obscured his face . \u201ccut the damn rope ! \u201d he shouted , spitting bees from his mouth . free of the rope , aaron bolted for the safety of a nearby waterhole , with oscar and i close behind , tripping and stumbling in a futile effort to outrun the angry horde . we plunged into the water , but whenever we surfaced , the bees attacked , and no amount of splashing deterred them . a waterfall at the head of the pool was shallow enough for us to stand under its protective veil . we were safe , temporarily , but the choice was clear\u2014we must either escape from the bees or perish from hypothermia under the waterfall . i finally burst out the opposite side of the waterfall , scaled a small cliff , and crawled rapidly through the tall \u201cdumb grass , \u201d oblivious to stings from a few scouts . my comrades followed .\nin this1994 picture , aaron baker ( left ) , the author ( center ) , and oscar aguirre ( baker\u2019s guatemalan assistant ) prepare to climb the macal river eyrie cliff , which looms in the background . photo by robert b . berry ."]}
{"id": 2045, "summary": [{"text": "the sumba myzomela ( myzomela dammermani ) is a species of bird in the family meliphagidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to sumba in the western lesser sunda islands of indonesia , where it is found in forest with a significant component of deciduous trees . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "sumba myzomela", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . sumba myzomela > > female 2 . sumba myzomela > > male 3 . sumba myzomela > > male 4 . sumba myzomela > > male 5 . sumba myzomela > > male 6 . sumba myzomela > > male 7 . sumba myzomela > > male 8 . sumba myzomela > > male\nsumba myzomela ( myzomela dammermani ) is a species of bird in the meliphagidae family .\nthe rote myzomela has ( 31 december 2017 ) been described as a new species :\nmyzomela irianawidodoae\n, rote myzomela .\nthe rote myzomela has now ( 31 december 2017 ) been described as a new species :\nmyzomela irianawidodoae\n, rote myzomela .\nthe rote myzomela has now ( 31 december 2017 ) been described as a new species :\nmyzomela irianawidodoae\n, the rote myzomela .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in sumba eba . total population on sumba estimated at 129 , 600 individuals , based on density of 120 birds / km\u00b2 in . . .\nhiggins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . sumba myzomela ( myzomela dammermani ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsometimes treated as conspecific with m . kuehni and m . erythrocephala . population on roti ( off sw timor ) commonly treated within present species , but almost certainly an undescribed taxon ; perhaps a separate species , with vocalizations very distinct from those of sumba birds # r . monotypic .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myzomela dammermani . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n11 cm . male is distinctive , with dark red head and neck forming hood , sharply demarcated from blackish mantle , back and scapulars , and with narrow clear - cut black loral . . .\nmainly primary forest , especially deciduous forest , and often seen at forest edge ; recorded also in . . .\nno details of diet . seen mainly in middle storey to canopy levels of forest ; of 84 observations , 77\u00b74 % in canopy ( more than 15 m . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r , with a few modifications # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options ."]}
{"id": 2048, "summary": [{"text": "fastnet rock is an australian thoroughbred racehorse stallion .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "sired by danehill to dam piccadilly circus , he started his racing career in 2004 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "though he did not win any races as a two-year-old , he ran third in the group one ajc sires produce stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he found great success after turning three years old .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after being unplaced in the caulfield guineas , he proved himself as one of the top australian sprinters by winning the group 1 lightning stakes and oakleigh plate in february , 2005 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "trainer paul perry wished fastnet rock to repeat the successful english campaign by choisir , who is trained by perry , in 2003 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after he ran second in the t j smith stakes in march 2005 , fastnet rock was sent to the united kingdom to prepare for the group 1 golden jubilee stakes and july cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "unfortunately , he suffered from travel sickness and was unable to run in any race in the uk and was retired to stud . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "fastnet rock ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["the number of mares fastnet rock has been covering since coolmore stud decided to shuttle the horse to its irish base from 2010 is staggering .\nin - demand sire fastnet rock wins the 2005 oakleigh plate . photo : paul rovere\nfastnet rock ( c by danehill ( usa ) ) 6 wins . see below .\nfastnet rock had covered 257 mares in 2007 , behind only bel esprit ( 266 ) .\nproduced the best start , statistically , than any other sire - son of fastnet rock . ever .\nthe most dominant group one winning son of fastnet rock , sire of 27 individual gr 1 winners .\nhalf a lifetime ago : fastnet rock in his 2005 racing days before becoming a stud sensation for ireland ' s coolmore .\none person who didn\u2019t doubt fastnet rock was perry . he recognised a toughness in the youngster that others not so close to the stable didn\u2019t see .\ncoolmore stud , the big spending conglomerate that outlays a small fortune on the international search for stallions , must feel the irony that fastnet rock has fallen in its lap . this was a horse coolmore couldn\u2019t sell and retained in hope more than with great expectation .\na winning double at sha tin on sunday for champion sire fastnet rock highlighted his success in hong kong this season where he is the leading sire by individual winners .\nhis four - month - old colt foal from 2002 us horse of the year azeri fetched a mammoth $ 2 . 58 million to the bid of agent shigehisa tanabe , who described the colt as the ' ' perfect horse ' ' .\nlast year fastnet rock covered 391 mares , 17 more than in 2011 , and 105 more than in 2010 when he made a belated trip to ireland after his progeny achieved sensational racetrack performances .\nthe australian stud book has released covering figures for the just - completed breeding season and topping the list of busiest sires was coolmore ' s fastnet rock , who covered 248 mares at a fee of $ 82 , 500 .\nfastnet rock had one yearling catalogued , and the colt proved popular before being knocked down for $ 540 , 000 . he had great appeal on the mare ' s pedigree page , being closely related to epsom derby winner pour moi .\nthe icing on the cake for coolmore is that fastnet rock also is shaping as a sire of sires . his best sons are fast and tough\u2014much like him\u2014and in most cases better looking thanks to the astute selection of the mares he has covered .\n\u201c a spectacular grade one winning sprinter , your song is by fastnet rock from a powerful family that traces to a three - quarters sister to nearctic , the sire of northern dancer . your song is the leading freshman sire by individual winners . \u201d\nfastnet rock carries nijinsky ii through royal academy , a very close relative to storm bird and there are ten stakes winners by fastnet rock out of storm cat line mares , including group one winners out of daughters of forest wildcat , giant\u2019s causeway ( sire of shamardal ) and hennessy ( sire of johannesburg ) . storm cat should also be particularly good through tale of the cat and catrail . from the bluebird branch , fastnet rock has a group winner out of a mare by lake coniston , and this strain could also be brought in through dolphin street . the minstrel is three - quarters brother to nijinsky ii and closely related to storm bird , and can be brought in through palace music , naturalism and masterclass . doubling nijinsky ii through whiskey road might also pay dividends .\nthe yearling was sent to harry and arthur mitchell\u2019s yarraman park stud to be broken in and educated . even then , the horse was on the market but the interest in him was minimal .\nfor a horse most people doubted would race until he was a three - year - old , fastnet rock proved an incredibly durable juvenile , despite not winning a race . his golden slipper run was his sixth for his first campaign\u2014including seconds in the group 3 skyline stakes and group 2 pago pago stakes\u2014and it didn\u2019t finish there . he backed up a week after the slipper for his third run in 14 days to finish fifth behind dance hero in the group 1 ajc sires\u2019 produce stakes ( 1400m ) at randwick .\nfastnet rock\u2019s speed - oriented pedigree is a major factor in his success , but also his immense size means that he is throwing fillies with great strength and bone\u2014and a big advantage over their female rivals . atlantic jewel , irish lights and mosheen are group 1 winning fillies with a tremendous turn - of - foot .\nfastnet rock ' s irish service fee is about \u20ac60 , 000 ( $ 85 , 000 ) . should the rising 12 - year - old son of danehill get the same numbers this year as he did a year earlier , then coolmore could be looking at a $ 50 million - plus worldwide return from breeders .\nin the spring , fastnet rock , after finishing second behind charge forward\u2014dance hero third\u2014in the group 2 san domenico stakes ( 1000m , randwick ) , finally broke through with wins in the group 2 up and coming stakes ( 1200m , warwick farm ) and the group 3 roman consul stakes ( 1200m , warwick farm ) .\nin the autumn , fastnet rock , mature and primed , won the first two legs of the melbourne sprint treble\u2014the group 1 lightning stakes ( 1000m , flemington ) and the group 1 oakleigh plate ( 1100m ) \u2014before his terrific second behind the brilliant alinghi in a memorable group 1 newmarket handicap ( 1200m ) at flemington .\nfastnet rock sired the brilliant smart missile out of a mare by comic strip , who is by red ransom , who would be excellent through domesday . mares from the blushing groom line through such as orientate , housebuster , quest for fame , viscount , spectrum and fantastic light and with snippets line also look promising here .\nfastnet rock ( aus ) b . h , 2001 { 2 - f } dp = 7 - 8 - 16 - 2 - 1 ( 34 ) di = 2 . 09 cd = 0 . 53 - 19 starts , 6 wins , 7 places , 2 shows career earnings : a $ 1 , 724 , 100\nfascinating rock ( 11c , polar falcon , ela - mana - mou ) . joint champion older horse in europe in 2015 ( int . ) . champion older horse in ireland in 2015 ( long ) . champion older horse in ireland in 2016 ( int . ) . 8 wins from 1m to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3772 , 161 , \u20ac489 , 380 , ascot champion s . , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , mooresbridge s . , gr . 3 , leopardstown derrinstown stud derby trial , gr . 3 , kilternan s . , gr . 3 , navan ballysax s . , gr . 3 , leopardstown heritage s . , l , 2d curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , royal whip s . , gr . 3 , 3d curragh mooresbridge s . , gr . 3 .\nhis sire sons include danehill dancer ( 173 ) , redoute ' s choice ( 159 ) , exceed and excel ( 145 ) , fastnet rock ( 137 ) , dansili ( 129 ) , rock of gibraltar ( 122 ) , flying spur ( 99 ) , commands ( 77 ) , holy roman emperor ( 74 ) , oratorio ( 52 ) , tiger hill ( 49 ) , kodiac ( 43 ) , danzero ( 40 ) , blackfriars ( 38 ) , darci brahma ( 36 ) , etc .\nsurprisingly , because of his size and relative backward nature , fastnet rock emerged as a spring two - year - old . he finished second in a trial at randwick in september , but perry set him aside without a race . in the autumn , the big horse emerged as a golden slipper contender ; a race in which he finished a game fourth behind dance hero in record time\u2014splitting them was the outstanding eventual group 1 winners charge forward , now a leading sire , and the crack filly alinghi . it was a \u201chot\u201d slipper , because behind him were dane shadow and econsul .\n\u201ci\u2019ve been telling people since the day he retired , he\u2019ll make a stallion this horse . that\u2019s why myself and my father bred to him . he certainly looks the real deal right now doesn\u2019t he ? \u201d trainer , anthony cummings .\nbanstead manor also revealed frankel ' s owner - breeder khalid abdullah sent 24 of his mares to the son of galileo , and predicted a return of \u00a313 , 625 , 000 if all the other mares deliver healthy foals . it is a marvellous performance and only one season , but australia ' s established super - stallion fastnet rock has produced superior figures .\nyour song has first crop stakes winner split lip out of a mare by blevic , a son of scenic , from the sadler\u2019s wells line . fastnet rock has done extremely well with this line with successful sources including sadler\u2019s wells himself , as well as galileo ( sire of teofilo and new approach ) , el prado ( sire of medaglia d\u2019oro and artie schiller ) , barathea , entrepreneur and singspiel , also inviting daughters of such as montjeu and carnegie . there is a group winner by fastnet rock out of a mare by encosta de lago \u2013 a son of sadler\u2019s wells\u2019 brother fairy king \u2013 suggesting trying your song with other sons of fairy king , such as helissio and falbrav . from the line of nureyev \u2013 a three - quarters brother to sadler\u2019s wells \u2013 fastnet rock has two group one winners out of daughters of peintre celebre , a group one winner out of a mare by polar falcon ( sire of pivotal ) , and champion mosheen out of a daughter of stravinsky . mares by nureyev sons spinning world and fasliyev could also be tried here . fastnet rock a group winner out of a mare by al hareb , a son of el gran senor . this would encourage trying daughters of last tycoon ( by try my best , a brother to el gran senor ) , the sire of marju , monde bleu , bigstone , towkay , iglesia , and grandsire of written tycoon . mares by general nediym could also prove clever here .\nthe chart below tells the story of fastnet rock ' s performances , and there is no sign of him stopping . he ' s just completed another huge book of mares in ireland and will be back home in the hunter valley for another big harem , which will include many of the best mares in the country at an industry - leading fee of $ 275 , 000 .\nperry took the colt to england for the royal ascot carnival , but he didn\u2019t run there after developing travel sickness . it was a shame , because a win at royal ascot would have fulfilled coolmore\u2019s desire to \u201cmake\u201d fastnet rock a dual - hemisphere shuttle stallion\u2014maximising profits\u2014as he certainly was as good as , if not better than , choisir . his australian record certainly suggested he was .\ndue to equine influenza in 2007 , five of the six most used stallions were based in victoria but with a return to normality last year , god ' s own , who served 196 mares , was the sole victorian horse in the top 20 sires .\nbanstead manor stud , the home of england ' s super horse frankel , this week released the record of the unbeaten galloper ' s first breeding season . he commanded a \u00a3125 , 000 ( $ 205 , 000 ) service fee following his superb racing career .\nthe cross of fastnet rock and sons with mr . prospector line mares has yielded nearly 30 stakes winners , including group one winners out of mares by fusaichi pegasus , kingmambo ( sire of dubai destination and king\u2019s best ) , el moxie and lion cavern ( a brother to gone west who should be extremely good here through elusive quality , and through zamindar , zafonic and xaar ) . there are five fastnet rock stakes winners out of mares by woodman ( sire of timber country and hector protector ) , as well as stakes winners from daughters of distorted humor , jade robbery , machiavellian ( sire of street cry , grandsire of street sense ) , hussonet , thunder gulch , bachelor duke and his sire miswaki ( also sire of umatilla ) , and dash for cash and his sire secret savings .\nthe decision by john messara\u2019s iconic arrowfield stud to chase smart missile as a stallion should be recommendation enough for breeders . smart missile may not be a group 1 winner , but nobody will doubt he was a group 1 - class horse . at two , he was the only horse to beat the champion sepoy\u2014in the group 2 todman slipper stakes ( 1200m , rosehill ) \u2014and , of course , smart missile lost the chance to prove that form when he was withdrawn from the slipper at the barrier . sepoy went on to win .\nthe japan horse racing association yearling sales at hokkaido broke all records on monday when the progeny of the country ' s top stallion deep impact met phenomenal demand . day one turnover was $ 67 . 2 million for 226 lots sold at an average of $ 297 , 322 .\nfastnet rock was raced by the group from coolmore who owned piccadilly circus when she raced for trainer lee freedman , including sue magnier , wife of coolmore\u2019s principal john magnier , coolmore\u2019s bloodstock agent demi o\u2019byrne , and \\ three men from the australian arm of the irish - based outfit , michael kirwan and duncan grimley , who at the time were joint general managers , and chairman ken barry . ( grimley has since left coolmore . )\nalthough fastnet rock had the \u201clook of a three - year - old\u201d , there were doubters that he was genuine a - grade . he seemed to lack an explosive turn - of - foot , and some people felt he had been given too tough a campaign as a youngster in coolmore\u2019s quest to give him an elusive group 1 as a two - year - old to cement a huge value on him as a stallion prospect .\nthe big horse was a gangly , dopey , boof - headed yearling , but there were no takers at his reserve price of $ 300 , 000 at the 2003 inglis easter yearling sale despite the fact he was by the champion sire danehill from a very precocious sprinting filly , piccadilly circus ( b m royal academy ( usa ) - gatana , by marauding ( nz ) ) .\nrothesay was a crack racehorse from the start for trainer gerald ryan , who rated the horse highly . he lived up to his reputation with a brilliant , storming victory in the 2009 group 2 queensland guineas ( 1600m , eagle farm ) and at four he beat all but more joyous in the group 2 theo marks stakes ( 1400m , rosehill ) before injury forced his retirement after only nine starts .\ndylan thomas ( 03c , diesis , mount hagen ) . horse of the year & champion older horse in europe in 2007 . champion 3yo in ireland in 2006 ( long & stayer ) . champion older horse in ireland in 2007 ( intermediate & long ) . 10 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1400m to 2400m , \u00a3798 , 263 , \u20ac3 , 601 , 361 , us $ 112 , 500 , irish derby , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 - twice , longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , leopardstown derrinstown stud derby trial s . , gr . 2 , curragh alleged s . , l , leopardstown irish breeders foal levy 2yo s . , 2d york international s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , salisbury autumn s . , gr . 3 , 3d the derby , gr . 1 , 4th york international s . , gr . 1 , belmont jockey club gold cup , gr . 1 .\ntherock was an eye - catching horse from early on\u2014he was a $ 407 , 000 magic millions weanling in 2007 . started his career with a bit of fanfare for trainer gerald ryan after winning three trials as a 2yo . raced twice at two before emerging in the 2009 spring as a 3yo to win consecutive races at warwick farm and rosehill , but a leg injury stopped him going to christchurch for the group 1 nz 2000 guineas .\nwanted is fastnet rock\u2019s first group 1 winner and his first son to be retired to stud . after a string of outstanding group 1 placings behind some great horses , wanted won the 2010 group 1 newmarket handicap ( 1200m , flemington ) . conservatively used in his first season because he is a rig\u2014wanted covered 75 mares\u2014but he stepped up to 112 mares last season with strong fertility figures . his commercial stud career is assured . his first crop foals have been the highlight of the 2012 weanling sales season , selling for $ 255 , 000 ( colt from regal arena , by arena ) , $ 190 , 000 ( filly from aquatint , by supremo ( usa ) ) and $ 117 , 500 ( colt from vestment , by danasinga ) .\nrock classic ( 06g , peintre celebre , luskin star ) . 3 wins from 1200m to 1600m , a $ 669 , 600 , vrc australian guineas , gr . 1 , stc urltoken h . , canterbury bmw & attic ladders h . , 2d stc rosehill guineas , gr . 1 , shift2neutral h . , 4th mvrc australia s . , gr . 2 .\nempress rock ( 08f , encosta de lago , bureaucracy ) . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1000m to 1600m , a $ 363 , 600 , moonee valley fillies classic , gr . 2 , vrc av kewney s . , gr . 2 , atc resimac 2yo h . , 2d mvrc typhoon tracy s . , l , 3d mrc derrinstown stud ireland p .\ndistant rock ( g medaglia d ' oro ) 4 wins from 1400m to 1600m , a $ 182 , 080 , to 2016 - 17 , mrc hilton manufacturing h . , sajc iga h . , 2d sajc adelaide guineas , l , mrc polytrack h . , selangor turf club h . , 3d mrc ladbrokes live play h . , grand hotel frankston h . , mvrc skm recycling h .\nrock of gibraltar ( 99c , be my guest , bold lad ) . horse of the year & champion 3yo colt in europe in 2002 . champion 3yo miler in france , gb & ireland in 2002 . head of the 2002 international 3yo classification . 10 wins - 5 at 2 - from 1000m to 1600m , \u00a3751 , 213 , \u20ac409 , 031 , 1 , 250 , 000fr . , us $ 214 , 000 , irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , prix du moulin de longchamp , gr . 1 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , longchamp grand criterium , gr . 1 , newmarket dewhurst s . , gr . 1 , goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot st james ' s palace s . , gr . 1 , york gimcrack s . , gr . 2 , curragh railway s . , gr . 3 , first flier 2yo s . , 2d breeders ' cup mile , gr . 1 , doncaster champagne s . , gr . 2 .\nrock ' n ' pop ( 08c , sir tristram , in the purple ) . 3 wins at 1200m , 1600m , nz $ 458 , 175 , a $ 6 , 000 , new zealand two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , arc karaka mile , rl , 2d new zealand derby , gr . 1 , ashburton rc ray coupland s . , l , cjc canterbury racing guineas trial , 3d waikato rc international s . , gr . 1 .\njuggling act ( c by giant ' s causeway ( usa ) ) champion imported horse in philippines in 2011 . 28 wins from 1100m to 2000m in philippines , manila jc opal s . , metro manila tc eduardo m cojuangco jr cup , philippine rc ambassador eduardo m conjuangco jr cup , opal s . , mayor nemesio s yabut iii s . , garnet i s . , diamond i s . , 2d manila jc amethyst i s . , peridot s . , metro manila tc atty rodrigo l salud s . , jockey elias\neleng\nordiales p . , philippine rc leopoldo l prieto i s . , 3d manila jc garnet i s . , peridot s . sire .\nfastnet rock ( 01c , royal academy , marauding ) . champion 3yo colt & sprinter in australia in 2005 . 6 wins to 1200m , a $ 1 , 724 , 100 , mrc oakleigh p . , gr . 1 , vrc lightning s . , gr . 1 , ajc up & coming s . , gr . 2 , vrc lexus classic s . , gr . 2 , nsw tatt ' s rc roman consul s . , gr . 3 , vrc rory ' s jester p . , gr . 3 , 2d vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , ajc tj smith s . , gr . 1 , san domenico s . , gr . 2 , stc pago pago s . , gr . 2 , mrc guineas prelude , gr . 3 , stc skyline s . , gr . 3 , crusoe ' s fijian retreat 2yo h . , 3d ajc sires ' produce s . , gr . 1 , vrc poseidon s . , l , 4th stc golden slipper s . , gr . 1 , silver slipper s . , gr . 2 .\nrock sturdy ( 10c , quest for fame , silver deputy ) . 4 wins to 1550m , a $ 494 , 860 , atc shannon s . , gr . 2 , tab early quaddie h . , go the tahs h . , urltoken h . , 2d brc sprint h . , gr . 3 , atc liverpool city cup , gr . 3 , bill ritchie h . , gr . 3 , filante h . , forum group h . , tab rewards h . , tab quaddie h . , 3d vrc emirates s . , gr . 1 , atc carbine club s . , gr . 3 .\ndanehill ( usa ) ( bay 1986 - stud 1990 ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 , haydock sprint cup , gr . 1 . champion aust . sire - 9 times . sire of 2082 rnrs , 1622 wnrs , 347 sw , inc . dylan thomas ( ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 ) , elvstroem , duke of marmalade , dane ripper , oratorio , flying spur , banks hill , desert king , zipping , ha ha , arena , merlene , nothin ' leica dane , danzero , north light , blackfriars , catbird , rock of gibraltar , danewin , westerner , etc .\ntiger hill ( 95c , appiani , st chad ) . champion 3yo & older horse in germany in 1998 & 1999 ( long ) . 10 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1400m to 2400m , \u00a3670 , 522 , 78 , 579fr . , grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 - twice , munich grosser preis dallmayr bayerisches zuchtrennen , gr . 1 , cologne mehl - mulhens rennen , gr . 2 , gerling preis , gr . 2 , munich grosser muller brot preis , gr . 2 , m\u00fclheim orakel der dreijahrigen , l , dortmund grosser preis der spielbank hohensyburg , munich preis der privatbankiers merck , finck & co , preis der privatebankiers merck , finck & co , 2d grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , d\u00fcsseldorf wgz bank deutschland preis , gr . 1 , baden - baden grosser preis der baden airpark , gr . 2 , 3d longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 .\nlone rock ( 07f , lion cavern , night shift ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m , a $ 597 , 178 , sajc goodwood h . , gr . 1 , mvrc champagne s . , gr . 3 , vrc bobbie lewis h . , gr . 3 , mrc bramerton 2yo p . , 2d mvrc friends of epworth h . , sajc adelaide magic millions 2yo classic , 3d mrc how now s . , gr . 3 , mvrc red anchor s . , gr . 3 , mrc geoff murphy h . , 4th mvrc william reid s . , gr . 1 , sajc robert sangster s . , gr . 1 .\nplanet rock ( 08f , zabeel , defensive play ) . new zealand bloodstock filly of the year in 2011 - 12 . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1200m to 2100m , nz $ 392 , 925 , new zealand one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , arc eight carat classic , gr . 2 , hawkes bay lowland s . , gr . 3 , arc countdown to karaka million 2yo h . , cjc canterbury racing guineas trial , 2d cjc canterbury belle s . , l , wrc kpr catering 2yo h . , 3d arc karaka million , rl , wrc kolfinna classic , 4th arc royal s . , gr . 2 , waikato rc sir tristram fillies classic , gr . 2 .\nfastnet rock champion 3yo colt & sprinter in australia in 2005 . 6 wins to 1200m , a $ 1 , 724 , 100 , mrc oakleigh p . , gr . 1 , vrc lightning s . , gr . 1 , ajc up & coming s . , gr . 2 , vrc lexus classic s . , gr . 2 , nsw tatt ' s rc roman consul s . , gr . 3 , vrc rory ' s jester p . , gr . 3 , 2d vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , ajc tj smith s . , gr . 1 , san domenico s . , gr . 2 , stc pago pago s . , gr . 2 , mrc guineas prelude , gr . 3 , stc skyline s . , gr . 3 , crusoe ' s fijian retreat 2yo h . , 3d ajc sires ' produce s . , gr . 1 , vrc poseidon s . , l , 4th stc golden slipper s . , gr . 1 , silver slipper s . , gr . 2 . he entered stud in aust . in 2005 . champion aust . sire in 2011 - 12 , 2014 - 15 , second in 2012 - 13 , third in 2016 - 17 . leading aust . sire ( worldwide earnings ) in 2011 - 12 , 2014 - 15 , 2016 - 17 . leading aust . sire of 3yos in 2011 - 12 , 2014 - 15 . champion sire in hong kong in 2016 - 17 . sire of 1550 progeny to race , 1097 winners ( 70 . 0 % ) , earnings of over $ 154 million , 137 stakes winners , 109 stakes placegetters , inc .\nfairy king prawn ( 95g , twig moss , bletchingly ) . horse of the year in hong kong in 1999 - 2000 & 2000 - 01 . champion sprinter in hong kong in 1998 - 99 , 1999 - 2000 & 2000 - 01 . champion miler in hong kong in 1999 - 2000 & 2000 - 01 . 12 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1000m to 1600m , hk $ 26 , 497 , 587 , 97 , 864 , 000\u00a5 , 1 , 464 , 000dhs , tokyo yasuda kinen , gr . 1 , hong kong sprint , l , hkjc stewards ' cup , l , bauhinia sprint trophy , l , chairman ' s prize , l - twice , happy valley trophy , l , national day cup , tvb cup , country club challenge cup . , berlin h . , 2d hong kong mile , gr . 1 , nad al sheba dubai duty free s . , gr . 2 , hkjc chairman ' s prize , l , sha tin vase , l , centenary cup , l , bauhinia sprint trophy , l , national panasonic cup , telecom cup , sprint trial trophy - twice .\nawesome rock ( 11c , giant ' s causeway , fasliyev ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1300m to 2000m to 2016 - 17 , a $ 2 , 038 , 720 , vrc emirates s . , gr . 1 , mvrc dato ' tan chin nam s . , gr . 2 , vrc james boag ' s symphony s . , l , mrc say it with flowers 2yo h . , 2d vrc australian cup , gr . 1 , sires ' produce s . , gr . 2 , mrc david jones cup , gr . 3 , 3d brc fred best classic , gr . 3 , mrc caulfield guineas prelude , gr . 3 , hdf mcneil s . , gr . 3 , hockingstuart h . , 4th brc queensland guineas , gr . 2 , mrc peter young s . , gr . 2 , vrc danehill s . , gr . 2 .\nchamps elysees ( 03c , kahyasi , high line ) . horse of the year in canada in 2009 . champion turf male in canada in 2009 . 6 wins from 1700m to 2400m , \u20ac202 , 774 , us $ 2 , 568 , 731 , hollywood turf cup , gr . 1 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , northern dancer turf s . , gr . 1 , santa anita san marcos s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix d ' hedouville , gr . 3 , prix d ' escoville , 2d milan gran premio del jockey club , gr . 1 , santa anita h . , gr . 1 , hollywood turf cup , gr . 1 , hollywood park jim murray memorial h . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix maurice de nieuil , gr . 2 , woodbine sky classic s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix daphnis , gr . 3 , prix du prince d ' orange , gr . 3 , 3d santa anita h . , gr . 1 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , grand prix de deauville , gr . 2 , woodbine nijinsky s . , gr . 2 , maisons - laffitte prix bacchus , prix antivari , 4th woodbine northern dancer turf s . , gr . 1 .\nelvstroem ( 00c , marscay , zamazaan ) . champion older horse in australia in 2005 . champion older miler in uae in 2005 . 10 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1300m to 2500m , \u00a349 , 950 , \u20ac68 , 560 , a $ 3 , 916 , 600 , 4 , 416 , 000dhs , mrc caulfield cup , gr . 1 , nad al sheba dubai duty free s . , gr . 1 , victoria derby , gr . 1 , mrc underwood s . , gr . 1 , cf orr s . , gr . 1 , st george s . , gr . 2 , autumn classic , gr . 2 , vrc turnbull s . , gr . 2 , mrc guineas prelude , gr . 3 , 2d longchamp prix d ' ispahan , gr . 1 , mvrc aami vase , gr . 2 , vrc craiglee s . , gr . 2 , baguette h . , 3d vrc australian cup , gr . 1 , york prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , stc rosehill guineas , gr . 1 , mrc bletchingly s . , gr . 3 , vrc debonair s . , gr . 3 , 4th vrc melbourne cup , gr . 1 , australian cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , newbury lockinge s . , gr . 1 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .\nthe age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper .\nthe trend of australian - bred stallions being favoured by breeders continued , with 14 of the top 20 sires on coverings being locally bred .\nthe influence of danehill continues unabated and of the 768 stallions who covered mares \u0097 which compares with 858 in 2006 \u0097 114 are his sons , with a further 56 being grandsons . furthermore , danehill ' s grandsire northern dancer accounted for almost half the stallions covering mares .\nthe keeper of the stud book , michael ford , said he expected the 2009 foal crop to reach 18 , 000 compared with the non - equine influenza - affected 18 , 600 in 2007 .\n\u25a0the sydney classic sale concluded with a 17 per cent drop in average price to $ 26 , 557 . gross proceeds of the sale were $ 10 , 410 , 500 , down 18 per cent , with a disappointing clearance rate of 73 per cent .\ntop price of the sale was $ 220 , 000 given by patinack farm for a half - sister to magic millions winner phelan ready .\nafter things had been relatively quiet at sales to date this year , vendors were no doubt thankful that patinack was an active buyer .\nnathan tinkler ' s outfit took home 16 yearlings for a total of $ 888 , 500 .\nwe found the sale good value and are extremely pleased to be taking home the horses we were able to purchase ,\npatinack farm ' s rick connolly said .\n\u25a0young arrowfield stallion charge forward is starting to make an impact with his first crop and has just had his first winner in japan .\ndespite being six months younger than the rest of the field , vilmart , who was a $ 350 , 000 easter yearling , won by a comfortable two lengths .\ncharge forward , whose first winner was the peter moody - trained carlton forward , then had further success with his daughter headway , who is also trained by moody , winning over 1200 metres on debut at sandown on wednesday .\nwhen news happens : send photos , videos & tip - offs to 0406 the age ( 0406 843 243 ) , or us .\nget free news emails from theage . com . au . sign - up now\n1st lightning s . - gr . 1 , 1000m , oakleigh plate - gr . 1 , 1100m , up and coming s . - gr . 2 , 1200m . , linlithgow s . - gr . 2 , 1200m , roman consul s . - gr . 3 , 1200m , rory\u0092s jester plate - gr . 3 , 1200m . ;\n2nd newmarket h . - gr . 1 , 1200m , pago pago s . - gr . 2 , 1200m , skyline s . - gr . 3 , 1200m , t . j . smith s . - gr . 1 , 1200m , san domenico s . - gr2 , 1000m\nfoaled : sept 22 , 2001 champion 3yo colt and champion sprinter in aust 2004 / 05 . entered stud 2005 at coolmore stud nsw .\nin 2008 he covered 248 mares @ $ 82 , 500 . [ 4 ]\nin 2012 his fee was increased to $ 220 , 000 making him the most expensive stallion in australia .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\naustralian bred royal ascot hero merchant navy will be retired from racing without another start and will travel back to australia as planned to begun the breeding season at coolmore australia this spring .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n\u00a9 2016 racing information services australia and others working with it . these racing materials are reproduced under a copyright licence from the copyright owners . any unauthorised reproduction , adaptation or communication is strictly prohibited .\natlantic jewel ( 08f , zabeel , nashwan ) . leading 3yo filly on 2012 wtr ( sprint ) . leading 3yo filly on 2011 wtr ( mile / int . ) . champion 3yo filly & older mare in australia in 2011 - 12 & 2013 - 14 . 10 wins from 1100m to 2000m , a $ 1 , 587 , 925 , mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , atc all aged s . , gr . 1 , mrc caulfield s . , gr . 1 , memsie s . , gr . 1 , atc sapphire s . , gr . 2 , mvrc wh stocks s . , gr . 2 , vrc wakeful s . , gr . 2 , mrc bmw h . , mvrc italian sports club of werribee p . , 2d mrc underwood s . , gr . 1 .\nmosheen ( 08f , stravinsky , kaapstad ) . 8 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1000m to 2500m , a $ 2 , 780 , 350 , vrc oaks , gr . 1 , vrc australian guineas , gr . 1 , atc randwick guineas , gr . 1 , vinery stud s . , gr . 1 , vrc edward manifold s . , gr . 2 , blazer s . , gr . 2 , mrc manfred s . , l , swettenham stud 2yo h . , 2d atc golden slipper s . , gr . 1 , mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , vrc vanity s . , gr . 3 , 3d mrc thousand guineas prelude , gr . 3 , quezette s . , l .\nshoals ( 14f , hussonet , canny lad ) . 7 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1100m to 1600m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 2 , 004 , 270 , atc surround s . , gr . 1 , sajc sangster s . , gr . 1 , vrc myer classic , gr . 1 , atc percy sykes s . , gr . 2 , vrc thoroughbred breeders s . , gr . 3 , mvrc atlantic jewel s . , l , 2d mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , thousand guineas prelude , gr . 2 .\nsea siren ( 08f , success express , haulpak ) . champion older female sprinter in ireland in 2013 . 7 wins to 1350m , \u20ac43 , 275 , a $ 1 , 681 , 830 , brc doomben ten thousand s . , gr . 1 , btc cup , gr . 1 , mvrc manikato s . , gr . 1 , atc light fingers s . , gr . 2 , fairyhouse belgrave s . , l , atc william ' s premium lager h . , vinery stud h . , 2d brc doomben ten thousand s . , gr . 1 , vrc patinack classic , gr . 1 , atc surround s . , gr . 2 , tipperary fairy bridge s . , gr . 3 , 3d curragh phoenix sprint s . , gr . 3 , atc urltoken h .\nmerchant navy ( 14c , snippets , last tycoon ) . 7 wins - 3 at 2 - at 1200m , 1400m to 2018 , \u00a3340 , 260 , \u20ac70 , 800 , a $ 939 , 950 , royal ascot diamond jubilee s . , gr . 1 , vrc coolmore stud s . , gr . 1 , curragh greenlands s . , gr . 2 , mrc hdf mcneil s . , gr . 3 , vrc anzac day s . , l , mrc nick johnstone real estate 2yo h . , 3d vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , mrc rubiton s . , gr . 2 .\ndriefontein ( 09f , export price , scrupules ) . 8 wins - 4 at 2 - to 1300m , a $ 2 , 351 , 205 , sajc robert sangster classic , gr . 1 , atc sheraco s . , gr . 3 , brc bj mclachlan s . , gr . 3 , sajc rn irwin s . , gr . 3 , atc widden s . , l , gctc magic millions 2yo classic , rl , atc woods bagot 2yo h . , gctc magic millions quality h . , 2d atc expressway s . , gr . 2 , surround s . , gr . 2 , brc dane ripper s . , gr . 2 , vrc urltoken s . , gr . 2 , atc southern cross s . , gr . 3 , san domenico s . , gr . 3 , keith mackay h . , l , wyong magic millions 3yo s . , 3d gctc magic millions guineas , rl , 4th atc light fingers s . , gr . 2 , millie fox s . , gr . 3 , nivison s . , gr . 3 , gctc magic millions cup , rl .\nzhukova ( 12f , galileo , indian ridge ) . champion older female in europe in 2016 ( int . ) . 7 wins from 1\u00bcm to 1\u00bdm to 2017 , \u20ac223 , 135 , us $ 250 , 000 , belmont man o ' war s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown kilternan s . , gr . 3 , naas blue wind s . , gr . 3 , cork noblesse s . , l , curragh alleged s . , l , galway oyster s . , l , 4th curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 1 , cork give thanks s . , gr . 3 .\nfirst seal ( 11f , scenic , best western ) . champion female sprinter in australia in 2015 - 16 . 6 wins from 1100m to 1600m to 2016 - 17 , a $ 1 , 259 , 060 , atc flight s . , gr . 1 , surround s . , gr . 2 , tea rose s . , gr . 2 , millie fox s . , gr . 2 , mrc tristarc s . , gr . 2 , atc daily press group p . , 2d atc coolmore classic , gr . 1 , canterbury s . , gr . 1 , vinery stud s . , gr . 1 , spring champion s . , gr . 1 , light fingers s . , gr . 2 , tab early quaddie h . , 3d mvrc sunline s . , gr . 2 , 4th atc george ryder s . , gr . 1 .\ncatchy ( 14f , fusaichi pegasus , don ' t say halo ) . 6 wins - 4 at 2 - to 1200m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 1 , 975 , 000 , mrc blue diamond s . , gr . 1 , atc arrowfield 3yo sprint s . , gr . 2 , mrc blue diamond prelude ( f ) , gr . 2 , vrc danehill s . , gr . 2 , mrc peter siggins 2yo p . , mvrc william hill 2yo p . , 2d mrc quezette s . , gr . 3 , 3d mrc caulfield guineas , gr . 1 , mvrc william reid s . , gr . 1 , mrc thousand guineas prelude , gr . 2 .\ncomin ' through ( 13g , bite the bullet , afleet ) . 6 wins from 1400m to 2000m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 1 , 675 , 171 , brc doomben cup , gr . 1 , atc ajax s . , gr . 2 , bill ritchie h . , gr . 3 , vrc carbine club s . , gr . 3 , atc broccolini h . , ranvet ' s salkavite h . , 2d atc doncaster h . , gr . 1 , royal randwick fashions h . , 3d atc randwick guineas , gr . 1 , hobartville s . , gr . 2 , apollo s . , gr . 2 .\namicus ( 11f , el moxie , made of gold ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1150m to 1600m , a $ 809 , 485 , mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , atc breeders classic , gr . 2 , vrc let ' s elope s . , gr . 2 , atc toy show h . , gr . 3 , hyland race colours 2yo p . , 2d mrc thousand guineas prelude , gr . 2 , the cove hotel h . , 3d atc emancipation s . , gr . 2 , tab early quaddie p . , big sports breakfast 2yo p . , 4th atc coolmore classic , gr . 1 , vrc myer classic , gr . 1 , atc surround s . , gr . 2 .\nlaganore ( 12f , royal applause , sadler ' s wells ) . champion older mare in italy in 2017 ( int . ) . joint champion older mare in italy in 2016 ( int . ) . 7 wins from 1200m to 2000m to 2017 , \u00a331 , 732 , \u20ac288 , 470 , rome premio lydia tesio , gr . 1 , gowran park lanwades stud s . , gr . 3 , newmarket pride s . , l , leopardstown dimension engineering h . , summer membership h . , 2d curragh blue wind s . , gr . 3 , gowran park lanwades stud s . , gr . 3 , curragh silver s . , l , 3d rome premio lydia tesio , gr . 1 , curragh kilboy estate s . , gr . 2 , gowran park victor mccalmont memorial s . , l , 4th haydock pinnacle s . , gr . 3 .\nfoxwedge ( 08c , forest wildcat , water bank ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1100m , 1200m , a $ 952 , 450 , mvrc william reid s . , gr . 1 , atc roman consul s . , gr . 2 , san domenico s . , gr . 3 , clarry conners 2yo p . , stc always recycling 2yo h . , 2d vrc coolmore stud s . , gr . 1 , atc run to the rose h . , gr . 3 , 3d vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , atc todman s . , gr . 2 , 4th atc golden rose s . , gr . 1 , vrc lightning s . , gr . 1 .\nheroic valour ( 13c , nassipour , western symphony ) . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m to 2016 - 17 , nz $ 351 , 325 , a $ 25 , 000 , arc diamond s . , gr . 1 , matamata rc slipper s . , l , whangarei rc northland breeders s . , l , 2d gold coast guineas , gr . 3 , arc darley p . , gr . 3 , karaka 3yo mile , rl , ashburton rc john grigg s . , l , wrc lightning h . , l , arc ray white nz h . , john deere agrowquip s . , 3d new zealand two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , hawke ' s bay guineas , gr . 2 , counties bowl h . , l , 4th waikato sprint , gr . 1 , manawatu rc flying h . , l .\natlante ( 10c , more than ready , kingmambo ) . 4 wins from 1200m to 1600m , nz $ 283 , 175 , a $ 135 , 000 , new zealand two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , cjc canterbury s . , l , mvrc chandler macleod s . , l , 2d atc hobartville s . , gr . 2 .\nsuper cool ( 09g , kingmambo , roberto ) . 4 wins from 1300m to 2050m , a $ 1 , 537 , 350 , vrc australian cup , gr . 1 , mrc autumn classic , gr . 2 , mvrc mitchelton wines vase , gr . 2 , 2d victoria derby , gr . 1 , mrc bmw h . , 3d mrc caulfield s . , gr . 1 , memsie s . , gr . 1 , autumn s . , gr . 2 , 4th mvrc dato ' tan chin nam s . , gr . 2 , vrc poseidon s . , l .\navantage ( 15f , zabeel , pins ) . 5 wins at 2 in 2017 - 18 , nz $ 742 , 370 , manawatu sires produce s . , gr . 1 , arc karaka million 2yo , rl , cjc nobby bussell memorial 2yo s . , arc nzb insurance pearl series 2yo h . , cjc nzb insurance pearl series 2yo h . , 2d arc diamond s . , gr . 1 .\nunforgotten ( 14f , galileo , nureyev ) . 5 wins from 1250m to 2400m in 2017 - 18 , a $ 1 , 095 , 520 , atc australian oaks , gr . 1 , phar lap s . , gr . 2 , schweppes h . , cfmeu mining h . , schweppes p . , 2d atc vinery stud s . , gr . 1 .\nmagicool ( 11g , galileo , darshaan ) . 5 wins from 1200m to 2200m , a $ 686 , 850 , brc queensland derby , gr . 1 , vrc uci s . , l , mrc bert bryant h . , vrc banjo paterson series heat h . , 4th south australian derby , gr . 1 , mrc autumn classic , gr . 2 .\nrivet ( 14g , galileo , general assembly ) . 3 wins at 2 , \u00a3228 , 781 , \u20ac68 , 580 , hk $ 981 , 700 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , champagne s . , gr . 2 , york convivial 2yo s . , 2d newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 , ascot crocker bulteel 2yo s . , 3d deauville poule d ' essai des poulains , gr . 1 .\ndiamondsandrubies ( 12f , sadler ' s wells , darshaan ) . 3 wins from 9f to 11\u00bdf , \u00a346 , 804 , \u20ac162 , 790 , curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 1 , chester cheshire oaks , l , 3d navan salsabil s . , l , 4th the oaks , gr . 1 .\nqualify ( 12f , galileo , the minstrel ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - at 7f , 1\u00bdm , \u00a3255 , 195 , \u20ac74 , 060 , the oaks , gr . 1 , curragh park s . , gr . 3 , 3d leopardstown silver flash s . , gr . 3 .\nnechita ( 09f , peintre celebre , marscay ) . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1100m , 1200m , a $ 457 , 300 , vrc coolmore stud s . , gr . 1 , atc silver shadow s . , gr . 3 , ambassador travel services 2yo p .\nirish lights ( 06f , hennessy , affirmed ) . 3 wins from 1100m to 1600m , a $ 492 , 950 , mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , thousand guineas prelude , gr . 3 , vrc sofitel girls day out h . , 2d mrc blue diamond preview ( f ) , l , 3d mrc angus armanasco s . , gr . 2 .\nwanted ( 06c , snippets , southern appeal ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1100m , 1200m , a $ 1 , 216 , 000 , vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , ajc kindergarten s . , gr . 3 , stc pet & animal show 2yo h . , 2d mvrc william reid s . , gr . 1 , vrc patinack classic , gr . 1 , lightning s . , gr . 1 , danehill s . , gr . 2 , 3d mrc schillaci s . , gr . 2 , ajc canonbury s . , l , 4th ajc tj smith s . , gr . 1 , mrc oakleigh p . , gr . 1 , mvrc manikato s . , gr . 1 .\nalbany reunion ( 09g , fusaichi pegasus , secreto ) . 5 wins from 1200m to 1600m , nz $ 222 , 900 , s $ 6 , 075 , arc easter h . , gr . 1 , whangarei rc spire sprint h . , arc shailer racing h . , lindauer h . , 2d arc mr tiz trophy , gr . 3 , the edge tv h . , whangarei rc carter bloodstock h . , arc the sound h . , 3d arc newmarket h . , l , 4th wrc telegraph h . , gr . 1 .\nage of fire ( 14c , galileo , soviet star ) . 3 wins at 1400m , 1600m in 2017 - 18 , nz $ 288 , 500 , wrc levin classic , gr . 1 , cjc inglewood stud guineas trial , arc shaws wires ropes h . , 2d new zealand two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , cjc shearings s . , 3d ashburton rc john grigg s . , gr . 3 , matamata rc proisir h .\nyour song ( 09c , fuji kiseki , mr . prospector ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1400m , a $ 447 , 180 , brc btc cup , gr . 1 , atc pluck at vinery 2yo h . , jdc flooring 2yo h . , 2d atc run to the rose h . , gr . 3 , 3d atc roman consul s . , gr . 2 , parramatta leagues club h .\nintricately ( 14f , galileo , be my guest ) . 2 wins at 2 , \u20ac242 , 893 , us $ 345 , curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , 3d curragh debutante s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown silver flash s . , gr . 3 , 4th irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , leopardstown one thousand guineas trial , gr . 3 .\nninth legion ( 09g , xaar , khairpour ) . 8 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1550m , a $ 1 , 048 , 870 , atc villiers s . , gr . 2 , carrington s . , l , civic s . , l , ipswich tc eye liner s . , l , atc regupol equine safety surfaces 2yo h . , cellarbrations wadalba h . , flinders lane perfect fit p . , mrc le pine funerals h . , 2d atc apollo s . , gr . 2 , ajax s . , gr . 2 , phar lap s . , gr . 2 , gctc prime minister ' s cup , l , hawkesbury rc ladies day cup , l , bendigo guineas , brc buffering h . , 3d atc theo marks s . , gr . 2 - twice , shannon s . , gr . 2 , liverpool city cup , gr . 3 , winter s . , l , 4th atc epsom h . , gr . 1 , golden rose s . , gr . 1 , mrc toorak h . , gr . 1 , atc san domenico s . , gr . 3 , run to the rose h . , gr . 3 , mrc sandown s . , gr . 3 , brc lough neagh s . , l .\none foot in heaven ( 12r , peintre celebre , alleged ) . 6 wins from 1900m to 2400m , \u00a321 , 500 , \u20ac282 , 200 , a $ 2 , 250 , hk $ 1 , 650 , 000 , grand prix de chantilly , gr . 2 , chantilly prix du conseil de paris , gr . 2 , saint - cloud prix d ' hedouville , gr . 3 , maisons - laffitte prix lord seymour , l , deauville prix de villepelee , 2d newmarket jockey club s . , gr . 2 , la coupe de maisons - laffitte , gr . 3 , 3d hkjc longines hong kong vase , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du conseil de paris , gr . 2 , 4th chantilly prix foy , gr . 2 .\nformality ( 14f , jolie ' s halo , danzig ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1200m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 885 , 700 , atc silver shadow s . , gr . 2 , nsw tatt ' s rc furious s . , gr . 2 , mrc blue sapphire s . , gr . 3 , chairman ' s s . , gr . 3 , 2d atc percy sykes s . , gr . 2 , 3d mrc blue diamond s . , gr . 1 , vrc coolmore stud s . , gr . 1 .\nsomehow ( 13f , sadler ' s wells , shirley heights ) . joint champion older female miler in ireland in 2017 . 5 wins from 9f to 11\u00bdf to 2017 , \u00a3129 , 285 , \u20ac175 , 155 , newmarket dahlia s . , gr . 2 , curragh dance design s . , gr . 3 , chester cheshire oaks , l , gowran park victor mccalmont memorial s . , l , leopardstown irish stallion farms fillies s . , 2d curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , cork give thanks s . , gr . 3 , naas park express s . , gr . 3 , 3d leopardstown tote pick6 2yo s . , 4th the oaks , gr . 1 , newbury lockinge s . , gr . 1 .\ndeploy ( 12g , red ransom , strawberry road ) . 8 wins to 1400m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 775 , 235 , atc theo marks s . , gr . 2 , brc moreton cup , gr . 2 , atc show county h . , gr . 3 , liberty international underwriters h . , it ' s on in sydney h . , urltoken h . - twice , 2d scone rc ortensia s . , l , atc schweppes quality h . , bowermans office furniture p . , urltoken h . , floratine h . , 3d atc tab rewards h . , 4th qld tatt ' s rc wj healy s . , gr . 3 .\nlumosty ( 11f , bachelor duke , indian ridge ) . 5 wins from 1000m to 1600m , a $ 492 , 100 , moonee valley fillies classic , gr . 2 , mrc caulfield sprint h . , gr . 2 , vrc straight six h . , l , all victorian sprint series heat h . , 2d mrc blue diamond preview ( f ) , l , vrc cap d ' antibes s . , l , 3d qld tatt ' s rc tattersall ' s tiara , gr . 1 , mrc blue diamond prelude ( f ) , gr . 3 .\nturret rocks ( 13f , galileo , nashwan ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1m to 1\u00bcm to 2018 , \u00a366 , 027 , \u20ac220 , 825 , doncaster may hill s . , gr . 2 , curragh blue wind s . , gr . 3 , gowran park victor mccalmont memorial s . , l , 2d longchamp prix marcel boussac , gr . 1 , 3d curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 1 , ridgewood pearl s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown silver flash s . , gr . 3 , 4th irish oaks , gr . 1 , curragh debutante s . , gr . 2 , kilboy estate s . , gr . 2 , york middleton s . , gr . 2 .\nsmart missile ( 08c , comic strip , fappiano ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m , a $ 541 , 150 , atc todman s . , gr . 2 , run to the rose h . , gr . 3 , ajc breeders ' p . , l , 2d atc golden rose s . , gr . 1 .\npetrology ( 11g , irish river , tap on wood ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1200m to 1800m to 2016 - 17 , a $ 665 , 150 , mrc sandown guineas , gr . 2 , vrc tcl s . , l , mrc tile importer city timber h . , mvrc travis harrison cup , mrc ( mornington ) a positive move h . , 2d mrc manfred s . , gr . 3 , redoute ' s choice s . , l , vrc winter championship final h . , l , mrc ladbrokes h . , mindy green 2yo p . , 3d mrc toorak h . , gr . 1 , bletchingly s . , gr . 3 , sajc cs hayes memorial cup , l , mrc ladbrokes h . , mvrc craig opie cup , pakenham rc david bourke memorial h . , vrc antler luggage h . , 4th murray bridge gold cup , l ."]}
{"id": 2051, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-sided flowerpecker ( dicaeum aureolimbatum ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to sulawesi and adjacent islands in indonesia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "yellow - sided flowerpecker", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 2 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 3 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > male 4 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > male 5 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 6 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 7 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 8 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 9 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > juvenile 10 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 11 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 12 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult feeding 13 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 14 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 15 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult feeding 16 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 17 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > juvenile 18 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > juvenile 19 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 20 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 21 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 22 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 23 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 24 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 25 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult\ncheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . yellow - sided flowerpecker ( dicaeum aureolimbatum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common up to 2 , 000 m ( cheke et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dicaeum aureolimbatum . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n( wallace , 1865 ) \u2013 sulawesi and adjacent islands ( including bangka , lembeh , togian is , kabaena , muna , butung ) .\n8\u00b75 cm . nominate race is bright olive - green above , duller on crown , brighter green on rump , with upperwing and tail blackish - brown ; auriculars blackish - grey , cheek . . .\noccurs in primary forest and tall secondary forest ; also found at forest edge , in woodland , . . .\nactive nests togian is in jun and aug , and fledglings in nov ; immatures late aug to early sept on sangihe . nest pear - shaped , mainly of . . .\nnot globally threatened . widespread and common in sulawesi , including on kabaena ; rare on siumpu ( off sw butung ) . race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nan individual perched on a branch , eating a berry , rubbing the bill and flying off .\na bird foraging in a tree looking for berrys ( another bird is joining ) .\njosep del hoyo , bashari , opwall indonesia , mehdhalaouate , paul van giersbergen , david beadle , apatandung .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 539 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nspecies endemic to indonesia ( buton , great sangihe , muna and sulawesi ) ."]}
{"id": 2053, "summary": [{"text": "in some religions , an unclean animal is an animal whose consumption or handling is taboo .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "according to these religions , persons who handle such animals may need to ritually purify themselves to get rid of their uncleanliness . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "unclean animal", "paragraphs": [": if an animal was considered unclean , one obviously could not eat it . yet additionally , one could not touch an unclean animal , whether living or dead .\nwater is so clean that the carcass of an unclean dead animal cannot contaminate it .\nand every creeping animal that flieth is unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .\nseed grain is so clean that the carcass of an unclean dead animal cannot contaminate it .\n, are unclean unto you : every one that toucheth them shall be unclean .\n38 but if you put water on some seeds and a dead , unclean animal falls on them , they are unclean for you .\n36 \u201c\u2018a spring or well that collects water will stay clean , but anyone who touches the dead body of any unclean animal will become unclean .\n40 anyone who eats meat from this animal\u2019s dead body must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . anyone who picks up the animal\u2019s dead body must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .\n33 if the dead , unclean animal falls into a clay bowl , anything in the bowl will become unclean , and you must break the bowl .\n35 if any dead , unclean animal falls on something , it becomes unclean . if it is a clay oven or a clay baking pan , it must be broken into pieces . these things will be unclean ; they are unclean for you .\n43 do not make yourself unclean by these animals ; you must not become unclean by them .\n38 but seeds that are soaking in water become unclean , if the dead animal is found in the water .\n37 if a dead , unclean animal falls on a seed to be planted , that seed is still clean .\n34 if water from the unclean clay bowl gets on any food , that food will become unclean .\n26 every animal that parts the hoof but is not cloven - footed or does not chew the cud is unclean to you . everyone who touches them shall be unclean .\n24 \u201cand by these you shall become unclean . whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening ,\n39 if an animal that may be eaten happens to die , and you touch it , you become unclean until evening .\nthere are some who believe what an animal eats makes it clean or unclean . while it is true that birds of prey are all unclean , an animal\u2019s diet doesn\u2019t provide a complete definition of whether it is clean or unclean . from studying the lists in leviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 we can conclude that it\u2019s how god made an animal , fish or bird that makes it clean or unclean ( unfit for human consumption ) .\nor if a soul touch any unclean thing , whether it be a carcase of an unclean beast , or a carcase of unclean cattle , or the carcase of unclean creeping things , and if it be hidden from him ; he also shall be unclean , and guilty .\n39 \u201c\u2018also , if an animal which you use for food dies , anyone who touches its body will be unclean until evening .\nthe pig is considered an unclean animal as food in judaism and islam and some christian denominations . ( photo credit : wikipedia )\nand for these ye shall be unclean : whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even .\n31 these crawling animals are unclean for you ; anyone who touches their dead bodies will be unclean until evening .\n32 \u201c\u2018if an unclean animal dies and falls on something , that item will also become unclean . this includes anything made from wood , cloth , leather , or rough cloth , regardless of its use . whatever the animal falls on must be washed with water and be unclean until evening ; then it will become clean again .\n14 i know , and am persuaded by the lord jesus , that there is nothing unclean of itself : but to him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean , to him it is unclean . { unclean : gr . common }\nnot all parts of the animal may be eaten . certain fats , known as\n3 any animal that has divided hoofs and chews the cud . [ a ]\ngod has prophesied in detail about the fate of those who are eating unclean animals and following unclean practices when jesus returns to establish god ' s kingdom . first let god establish that a mouse is an unclean animal , and then we will look at the prophecy .\n36 a spring or a cistern where one of these dead animals is found is still clean , but anyone who touches the animal becomes unclean .\n28 and he who carries their carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening ; they are unclean to you .\nunclean : in the old testament \u201cclean\u201d and \u201cunclean\u201d refer to whatever makes a person , animal , or object acceptable or unacceptable to god . for example , a person became unclean by eating certain foods , touching certain objects , and having certain kinds of diseases or bodily discharges .\n35 and everything on which any part of their carcass falls shall be unclean . whether oven or stove , it shall be broken in pieces . they are unclean and shall remain unclean for you .\n\u2018and if any animal which you may eat dies , he who touches its carcass shall be unclean until evening . he who eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . he also who carries its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .\ntouching the carcass of such an animal , even unknowingly , renders a person impure .\n) , occasioned the rise of animal sacrifices . the rare occurrence of slaying an animal was turned into a festival , which was celebrated with sacrifices . among the earliest hebrews\nhe is a leprous man , he is unclean : the priest shall pronounce him utterly unclean ; his plague is in his head .\nand every thing that she lieth upon in her separation shall be unclean : every thing also that she sitteth upon shall be unclean .\n31 these are unclean to you among all that swarm . whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until the evening .\n28 anyone who picks up their dead bodies must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening ; these animals are unclean for you .\n\u2018by these you shall become unclean ; whoever touches the carcass of any of them shall be unclean until evening ; whoever carries part of the carcass of any of them shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening : the carcass of any animal which divides the foot , but is not cloven - hoofed or does not chew the cud , is unclean to you . everyone who touches it shall be unclean . and whatever goes on its paws , among all kinds of animals that go on all fours , those are unclean to you . whoever touches any such carcass shall be unclean until evening . whoever carries any such carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . it is unclean to you .\nand he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even : they are unclean unto you .\nevery bed , whereon he lieth that hath the issue , is unclean : and every thing , whereon he sitteth , shall be unclean .\n34 if you pour water from this pot on any food , that food becomes unclean , and anything drinkable in the pot becomes unclean .\n24 those insects will make you unclean , and anyone who touches the dead body of one of these insects will become unclean until evening .\nso , is it permissible to touch an unclean animal that is living ( e . g . , having a pet pig , snake , etc . ) ?\n12 you must hate any animal in the water that does not have fins and scales .\nthe first thing we need to know is that there is a direct command in the new covenant for us to avoid unclean things . if we are not to even touch an unclean thing , such as flesh cut from an unclean animal , it is obvious that we are not to eat it either :\nthese are unclean to you among all that creep : whosoever doth touch them , when they be dead , shall be unclean until the even .\nthese are unclean to you among all that creep : whoever does touch them , when they be dead , shall be unclean until the even .\nand every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth shall be unclean ; whether it be oven , or ranges for pots , they shall be broken down : for they are unclean and shall be unclean unto you .\nsays , to be permitted for eating , an animal must have cloven hooves and chew its cud . an animal which chews its cud has no front teeth in its upper jaw . according to maimonides , the only animal that chews the cud but does not have cloven hooves is the camel ; the only animal that has cloven hooves but does not chew its cud is the pig .\nnever used in their products . they stated to look for animal free products to be safe .\n3 you may eat any animal that has split hoofs completely divided and that chews the cud .\ncover ' witness ' and ' record ' long before the animal usage becomes significant . of those associations that are animal related the two dominant ones are ' whelps ' and ' lion ' .\nand the priest shall see the raw flesh , and pronounce him to be unclean : for the raw flesh is unclean : it is a leprosy .\nand whosoever toucheth those things shall be unclean , and shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .\na : from the food laws given in leviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 we understand how to define clean and unclean animals for eating ; furthermore , the bible is very clear in forbidding touching unclean animal carcasses ( see deut . 14 : 8 ) .\n41 \u201c\u2018every animal that crawls on the ground is to be hated ; it must not be eaten .\n, in the list of the unclean quadrupeds . several species live in palestine :\nand what saddle soever he rideth upon that hath the issue shall be unclean .\n: there is no rule given to determine if a bird is clean or unclean ; only specific birds ( twenty in all ) are mentioned as being unclean .\n1 . ( 24 - 28 ) disposal of the carcasses of unclean animals .\n3 . ( 31 - 38 ) the transmission of uncleanness from unclean animals .\nand all winged insects are unclean for you ; they shall not be eaten .\nall winged creeping things are unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .\nand every winged insect is unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .\ntherefore a person who was unclean had to change their clothes and wash himself .\nwhich are 70 different categories of injuries , diseases or abnormalities whose presence renders the animal non - kosher .\nthe one area that may cause concern for vegetarians is the use of animal parts for ritual purposes . the\ntwo of every kind of bird and animal and crawling creature will come to you to be kept alive .\nthat every animal offered up shall be without blemish ( lev . 22 : 21 ) ( affirmative ) .\nisrael could eat\nany animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud .\nhuman and animal organs sometimes seem to lend credence to the evolutionary theory . what ' s the truth ?\n,\nwhatsoever goes upon his paws ,\nsuch as cats , dogs , rats , mice , and weasels , are unclean . all reptiles are also unclean .\nthe bible talks about clean and unclean animals , and tells people not to eat the meat of unclean animals . but does god really care what meats we eat ?\n- when used of unclean animals , etc as in leviticus and deuteronomy it means permanently unclean by nature , unable to be cleansed , not fit for human food .\n27 and whatsoever goeth upon its paws , among all beasts that go on all fours , they are unclean unto you ; whoso toucheth their carcass shall be unclean until the even . 28 and he that beareth the carcass of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even ; they are unclean unto you .\nit is an old leprosy in the skin of his flesh , and the priest shall pronounce him unclean , and shall not shut him up : for he is unclean .\nall birds that eat other animals and do not have a crop are considered unclean .\nall winged insects that swarm are unclean for you ; they may not be eaten .\nany winged , swarming insect is unclean to you . they must not be eaten .\nand all winged swarming things are unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .\nand all winged creeping things are unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .\na person could become unclean by doing anything that rendered them unfit to worship god .\nthen in verses 41 - 43 , moses returns to the description of unclean animals .\nevery month , there were seven or more days during which she was ritually unclean .\nof animals that are fit for pastoralists to consume . as a result , they are excluded from the realm of propriety and are deemed \u201cunclean . \u201d people who eat food that is unclean and \u201cout of place\u201d are themselves unclean and are prohibited from approaching the\nfrom cover to cover , from genesis to revelation , nowhere in the bible do we find an example of a servant of god or follower of jesus christ eating the flesh of an unclean animal .\nhow many animal myths do you believe ? find out in our popular column the truth about animals . featuring :\nwould view the animal very differently . at the very least it is almost certain that the use of animal imagery in an agrarian society would have conveyed significantly less feeling of mysticism than it does in our mechanized society today .\nanimal abuse , cruelty , and / or neglect form part of the many social ills plaguing the muslim community .\nof all meat which may be eaten , that on which such water cometh shall be unclean : and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel shall be unclean .\nrav kook , to the contrary , believed that after moshiach comes we will not eat animal flesh at all . reply\nand every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .\nthe carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof , and is not clovenfooted , nor cheweth the cud , are unclean unto you : every one that toucheth them shall be unclean .\n27 and all that walk on their paws , among the animals that go on all fours , are unclean to you . whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening ,\n34 any food in it that could be eaten , on which water comes , shall be unclean . and all drink that could be drunk from every such vessel shall be unclean .\n40 and whoever eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening . and whoever carries the carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening .\n29 - 30 moles , rats , mice , and all kinds of lizards are unclean .\n2 . ( 29 - 30 ) more unclean animals : reptiles and other creeping things .\nevery swarming , winged insect is also unclean for you . they must never be eaten .\nand every serpent that flies shall be unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .\nand every creeping thing that flies is unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .\nand every winged crawling thing shall be unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .\nso note the following four scriptures to help you remember what foods are clean and unclean .\n\u0093 any bed she lies on in this state will be unclean ; any seat she sits on will be unclean . anyone who touches her bed must wash his clothing and wash himself and will be unclean until evening . if there is anything on the bed or on the chair on which she sat , anyone who touches it will be unclean until evening . \u0094\nhi david , just to comment on the piece you mention about sacrificing animals for our sins . how does the animal who the one who is sacrificing , atone for our sins , as we ' re not sacrificing anything ? it ' s the animal who suffers , not us . why does g - d even need or want an animal dead ? reply\ngod never tells israel why something is clean or unclean . he never gives a reason for the definition of clean or unclean . for centuries , men have tried to give reasons for these definitions of clean and unclean , and wenham\u2019s commentary outlines four , which i think are worthy of mentioning . why is one kind of food clean and another kind of food unclean ?\nin jewish orthodox terminology , an animal is clean if it is edible . if the animal in question has four legs , it must have split hooves and chew its cud . since dogs do neither , they are unclean and , therefore , inedible . i don\u2019t believe that means that an orthodox jew is not allowed to have a dog for a pet : many jews definitely kept equally unclean horses in not so distant past .\nand whatsoever goeth upon his paws , among all manner of beasts that go on all four , those are unclean unto you : whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean until the even .\nand if any man lie with her at all , and her flowers be upon him , he shall be unclean seven days ; and all the bed whereon he lieth shall be unclean .\nnot to slaughter an animal and its young on the same day ( lev . 22 : 28 ) ( ccn108 ) .\nand whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat ; it is unclean unto you .\n\u201cand all the teeming life with wings are unclean to you ; they shall not be eaten .\nalso every swarming thing that flies is unclean for you ; they shall not be eaten .\nye shall therefore put difference between clean beasts and unclean , and between unclean fowls and clean : and ye shall not make your souls abominable by beast , or by fowl , or by any manner of living thing that creepeth on the ground , which i have separated from you as unclean .\nfourth , there is the category of dead animals which are unclean . essentially , any dead animal other than an animal which has been killed through the sacrificial process in the front of the door of the tent of meeting is unclean . there are unclean animals that will defile in their death , and there are clean animals that will defile man in their death , if their death is not a sacrificial death . the carcasses are that which can contaminate , therefore if a person eats a cow which has just been killed by a wolf , that person would be ceremonially unclean even though he could eat the meat if it were sacrificed to god .\n' this is the law of the beasts and the birds and every living soul that moves in the waters , and of every living soul that creeps on the earth , to distinguish between the unclean and the clean , and between the animal that may be eaten and the animal that may not be eaten . '\nleviticus 11 : 45 to 47\nbirds such as chickens , turkeys and pheasants are not on the unclean list and therefore can be eaten . insects , with the exception of locusts , crickets and grasshoppers , are listed as unclean (\naccording to leviticus 11 : 27 ,\nwhatsoever goes upon his paws ,\nsuch as cats , dogs , rats , mice , and weasels , are unclean . all reptiles are also unclean .\nare the non - meat parts of a non - kosher ( i . e . impure / tameh ) animal ossur min hatorah\nit\u2019s not the only animal on the unkosher list , but it gets the worst treatment of any of them . some examples :\nfood borne illness is on the increase worldwide . in most cases , animal products are implicated as the main source of infection .\nthis article originally appeared in animal voice , published by compassion in world farming , south africa . visit urltoken for more information .\nmoreover the soul that shall touch any unclean thing , as the uncleanness of man , or any unclean beast , or any abominable unclean thing , and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings , which pertain unto the lord , even that soul shall be cut off from his people .\n31 anyone who touches their dead bodies or anything touched by their dead bodies becomes unclean until evening .\n( articles in the jewish encyclopedia under \u201cpoultry\u201d and \u201cclean and unclean animals\u201d provide additional helpful information . )\nand all the teeming life with wings are unclean to you ; they shall not be eaten .\nisrael had to learn to distinguish between the clean and the unclean , the holy and the unholy .\n\u0093 if a man sleeps with her , he will be affected by the uncleanness of her monthly periods . he shall be unclean for seven days . any bed he lies on will be unclean . \u0094\ndogs are unclean according to islam . so are dogs really dirty and should be away from humans ?\nfirst , in chapter 11 , cleanness and uncleanness has to do principally with food . it deals secondarily with cleanness or uncleanness that is the result of contact with a dead animal , but it seems the reason the dead animal is called unclean is because we couldn\u2019t eat it . even a clean animal , a bull or a sheep , could not be eaten if it were not killed in a sacrificially prescribed way . so it has to do with food or that which is touched when dead .\nthe carcass of any animal that divides the foot , but is not cloven - hoofed or does not chew the cud is unclean to you . . . and whatever goes on its paws , among all kinds of animals that go on all fours , these are unclean to you .\n( leviticus 11 : 26 - 28 )\nif you study all the unclean of the list in the bible they all eat an animal or bird as food as well as other things as a main part of their diet . they are 2nd , 3rd and 4th order consumers .\nbeing that the animal has paws precludes us from eating it . but then we see that when it comes to touching these animals the verse clarifies that anyone that who touches their carcass will be unclean until the even ( evening , dusk , end of the day ) . the use of the word ' carcass ' deals with the body of the animal being dead .\nand the leper in whom the plague is , his clothes shall be rent , and his head bare , and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip , and shall cry , unclean , unclean .\nthe torah gave signs to distinguish between ritually clean and unclean beasts , fish , and vermin . the torah also gave a list of unclean birds , to teach us that all other birds were ritually clean .\nso we see that romans 14 is talking about defiled food rather than flesh taken from an animal that god has declared to be unclean . as we have already talked about defiled hands , let ' s look at food offered to idols :\nin the torah , humanity is given dominion over animals ( gen . 1 : 26 ) , which gives us the right to use animals for legitimate needs . animal flesh can be consumed for food ; animal skins can be used for clothing . the torah itself must be written on parchment ( animal hides ) , as must the scrolls for mezuzot and tefillin , and tefillin must be made out of leather .\nto teach when it is unclean , and when it is clean : this is the law of leprosy .\n25 and whoever carries any part of their carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening .\n43 if you eat any of them , you will become just as disgusting and unclean as they are .\nthose fish that do not have fins and scales are either scavengers or pure carnivores , and are unclean .\nand whatever goes on his paws , among all manner of beasts that go on all four , those are unclean to you : whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the even . american king james version \u00d7\nit is beyond the scope of this short explanation to enumerate every possible example of clean and unclean animals .\ngod also lists birds and other flying creatures that are unclean for consumption ( verses 13 - 19 ) . he identifies carrion eaters and birds of prey as unclean , plus ostriches , storks , herons and bats .\nbelow are two more reasons some people argue that ducks or geese are unclean ( unsuitable for food ) .\ndeuteronomy 14 : 19 all winged insects that swarm are unclean for you ; they may not be eaten .\nall winged insects that walk along the ground are ceremonially unclean for you and may not be eaten .\nevery thing that creepeth , and hath little wings , shall be unclean , and shall not be eaten .\n6 the rabbit chews the cud but does not have a split hoof ; it is unclean for you .\n25 anyone who picks up one of these dead insects must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .\n27 of all the animals that walk on four feet , the animals that walk on their paws are unclean for you . anyone who touches the dead body of one of these animals will become unclean until evening .\nthat foods become defiled by contact with unclean things ( lev . 11 : 34 ) ( affirmative ) .\nthat a leper is unclean and defiles ( lev . 13 : 2 - 46 ) ( affirmative ) .\nif some jewish christian thinks of certain foods as unclean , don ' t make a stink about it .\nleviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 contain god ' s commandment to israel concerning clean and unclean meats . in these passages , either he lists specific animals that are clean or unclean or he provides us with instructions about how to determine if an animal is clean or unclean . for instance , he tells us specifically that the camel , the hyrax ( rock badger ) , the hare , and the swine are unclean ( leviticus 11 : 4 - 8 ) , but regarding fish he instructs us to determine if a species possesses both fins and scales ( verse 9 ) .\nsome sources consider pets are considered to be muktzeh , within the category of objects that cannot be handled on shabbat . i haven ' t been able to get a clear idea of what exactly is and is not permitted with an animal on shabbat . i have seen several sources say that walking a dog is permitted , but if an animal runs away on shabbat , it is not permitted to trap the animal .\nby jewish law a jew must not own \u201ca bad dog\u201d i . e , a dangerous animal . all other dogs are happy companions .\nand yet the dog\u2019s present - day position as a decent , noble animal has been hard won . in ancient israel the dog was considered an unclean animal . several verses in the bible know the usefulness of watchdogs and sheep dogs , but for the most part we only read of half - wild , half - starving scavengers that prowl the city by night . the dog lived on the refuse of the streets or on the terephah \u2014one of the flock which has been torn by a wild animal and therefore unfit for human food .\nand he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even : he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even .\nwhen i mention the clean and unclean list of what we are to eat or not to eat , christians remind me of the account of peter\u2019s vision of the sheet coming down with clean and unclean animals in it .\n, far from being unicorn , was a two - horned animal , is suggested by ps . , xxi , 22 , and forcibly evidenced by\nfor the curious , my caveat was to exclude cases such as using an animal as a wall in a house which gets tzara ' at .\n9 \u201c\u2018of the animals that live in the sea or in a river , if the animal has fins and scales , you may eat it .\nand whosoever beareth ought of the carcase of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even .\nand whosoever toucheth any thing that was under him shall be unclean until the even : and he that beareth any of those things shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .\nthe purpose of the unclean animals in this world are to be elevated by the compassion we show them . reply\n5 the rock badger chews the cud but does not have a split hoof ; it is unclean for you .\nnot to eat of holy things that have become unclean ( lev . 7 : 19 ) ( negative ) .\nthat a leprous garment is unclean and defiles ( lev . 13 : 47 - 49 ) ( affirmative ) .\nbut peter said ,\nnot so , lord ! for i have never eaten anything defiled or unclean .\nthese are unclean to you among all that creep . whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until evening . anything on which any of them falls , when they are dead shall be unclean , whether it is any item of wood or clothing or skin or sack , whatever item it is , in which any work is done , it must be put in water . and it shall be unclean until evening ; then it shall be clean . any earthen vessel into which any of them falls you shall break ; and whatever is in it shall be unclean : in such a vessel , any edible food upon which water falls becomes unclean , and any drink that may be drunk from it becomes unclean . and everything on which a part of any such carcass falls shall be unclean ; whether it is an oven or cooking stove , it shall be broken down ; for they are unclean , and shall be unclean to you . nevertheless a spring or a cistern , in which there is plenty of water , shall be clean , but whatever touches any such carcass becomes unclean . and if a part of any such carcass falls on any planting seed which is to be sown , it remains clean . but if water is put on the seed , and if a part of any such carcass falls on it , it becomes unclean to you .\nyou shall therefore put a difference between clean beasts and unclean , and between unclean fowls and clean : and you shall not make your souls abominable by beast , or by fowl , or by any manner of living thing that creeps on the ground , which i have separated from you as unclean .\n( leviticus 20 : 25 )\nbirds such as chickens , turkeys and pheasants are not on the unclean list and therefore can be eaten . insects , with the exception of locusts , crickets and grasshoppers , are listed as unclean ( verses 20 - 23 ) .\n5 . it is cruel , and therefore haraam , to keep any animal in a cage so small that it cannot behave in a natural way .\nsee : amraad al - hayawaanaat allati tuseeb al - insaan ( animal diseases that affect humans ) by dr . \u2018ali ismaa\u2019eel \u2018ubayd al - snaafi .\nthe camel has no split or cloven hoof , making it unclean . however , this animal has a similar digestive system to the clean animals ; so what is the problem ? the camel had to adapt to a desert environment in order to survive . it underwent a\n; it must , nevertheless , very probably be reckoned among the unclean animals indicated under the general name of mouse .\nand the coney , because he cheweth the cud , but divideth not the hoof ; he is unclean unto you .\nand the hare , because he cheweth the cud , but divideth not the hoof ; he is unclean unto you .\nof their flesh shall ye not eat , and their carcase shall ye not touch ; they are unclean to you .\nmoreover he that goeth into the house all the while that it is shut up shall be unclean until the even .\n6 and the hare , because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof , is unclean to you .\nand the coney , because he chews the cud , but divides not the hoof ; he is unclean to you .\nand the hare , because he chews the cud , but divides not the hoof ; he is unclean to you .\nof their flesh shall you not eat , and their carcass shall you not touch ; they are unclean to you .\n) . he identifies carrion eaters and birds of prey as unclean , plus ostriches , storks , herons and bats .\n: unclean animals , when dead , couldn\u2019t just be left in the community to rot ; they had to be disposed of . but the people who disposed of the unclean animals had to remedy their uncleanness by washing and a brief (\n26 \u201c\u2018some animals have split hoofs , but the hoofs are not completely divided ; others do not chew the cud . they are unclean for you , and anyone who touches the dead body of one of these animals will become unclean .\nto burn meat of the holy sacrifice that has become unclean ( lev . 7 : 19 ) ( affirmative ) .\nthat a menstruating woman is unclean and defiles others ( lev . 15 : 19 - 24 ) ( affirmative ) .\ngod is concerned with the health of all his creatures : human and animal . are the dietary laws god set out thousands of years ago still relevant ?\nin refusing to consume any meat or animal by - product . for such patients , even medications that are produced using animals are likely to be problematic .\nthe appeal goes out to those muslims : please do not abuse or neglect any animal . this gives a distorted picture to others who are not muslim .\nspeak unto the children of israel , saying , if a woman have conceived seed , and born a man child : then she shall be unclean seven days ; according to the days of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean .\nthus even among adventists who eat meat , these unclean meats are avoided . nineteenth - century adventists , however , did not generally accept this distinction between clean and unclean meats based on levitical law , even though they clearly condemned pork . 1\n, where it is left untranslated and considered as a proper name , it indicates a particular animal . the description of this animal has long puzzled the commentators . many of them now admit that it represents the hippopotamus , so well known to the ancient egyptians ; it might possibly correspond as well to the rhinoceros .\nthe method of this paper is based upon the belief that the best interpreter of the bible is the bible itself . thus for each animal found within revelation a search will be made to show other biblical passages that mention the same animal ; then an attempt will be made to find a consensus view of the passages to see what characteristics of the animal are normal in view when it is used in a biblical setting . additionally a number of bible dictionaries will be consulted to ascertain other physical facts about the palestinian animal in question to see if that sheds further light upon the subject matter . use will also be made of a\nwith this in mind rev 13 : 2 because relatively easy if scary to interpret . the animal in question is inherently a watchful , secretive animal but it carries the lethal weaponry of the two more violent predators of scripture and is possibly motivated by blind fury and a regal determination that it will not be thwarted .\nmany people have misconceptions about the biblical teaching on clean and unclean meats . what does scripture really reveal on this subject ?\nand if it spread much abroad in the skin , then the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is a plague .\nand whosoever toucheth his bed shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .\nand whosoever toucheth her bed shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .\n5 and the rock badger , because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof , is unclean to you .\naccording to the torah , a person became unclean if he or she touched something unclean . as long as he or she was unclean he or she was not allowed to come in contact with clean people or objects . in some cases uncleanness disappeared by itself after a determined period of time had elapsed ; sometimes to become clean one was required to offer a sacrifice and / or perform ritual washing . typical sources of uncleanness were bodily secretions , corpses , unclean animals and wrongly prepared food .\n: the common thread through most of these birds is that they are either predators or scavengers ; these were considered unclean .\nas for the sheet coming down from heaven in peter\u2019s dream , it was not about clean and unclean animals , it was about clean and unclean men . here is the rest of that story . did peter really say all things are clean ?\n8 you must not eat the meat from these animals or even touch their dead bodies ; they are unclean for you .\nmonuments teach us that this animal was used for threshing wheat ; finally , we repeatedly read in the o . t . of asses hitched to a plough (\n, which , indicates an animal dwelling in ruins , and may generally be rendered by jackal . no other resemblance than a verbal one should be sought between this\nbased on this , some authorities permit gelatin from unkosher animals , since during the process the animal extract becomes unfit for even a dog . rabbi moshe feinstein ,\nthey don ' t have a list of vegetarian products nor are any products certified kosher . contact them at 800 / 762 - 4675 for animal free items .\nclean and unclean animals we saw that eating animals like swine ( pig , hog , pork ) and that which is made from this unclean animal ( bacon , ham , lard , most sausage and pepperoni ) do not conform or promote yehovah\u2019s image in the earth and are therefore considered unclean [ tamei ] because they do not chew their cud and have split hooves . having these two characteristics is what yehovah uses to delineate between animals which are clean [ tahor ] and do represent his image in the earth , from those that don\u2019t .\n. when the different clans or divisions of a tribe partook at the communal meal of the sacred animal ( totem ) which represented their god and ancestors , they believed that by this meal they participated in the divine life of the animal itself . sacrifice in the sense of offering gifts to the deity , the symbolic replacing of\nverse 14 is a proof text used by the world to conclude that all meat is now fine to eat :\ni know and am convinced by the lord jesus that there is nothing unclean of itself ; but to him who considers anything to be unclean , to him it is unclean .\nthis is another verse that has been poorly translated to conform to preconceived notions .\nthird , cleanness is that which is defined by god and declared by the priests . clean or unclean is clean or unclean by the definition , and the definition for the clean and unclean creatures is given in leviticus 11 . it is declared by the priests , which will become more and more important as we get into skin disorders . it is the priest who must say , this person or this disease is clean or unclean . it is god\u2019s definition ; it is the declaration the priests will make .\nused commercially on sheep and goats effective and induces instantaneous insensibility a minimum of 1 . 25 amps must be passed through the animal ' s brain to reliably induce insensibility\n8 you shall not eat any of their flesh , and you shall not touch their carcasses ; they are unclean to you .\nin fact , all the scriptures we have reviewed confirm that the law concerning clean and unclean meats is still in effect today .\nyou shall therefore distinguish between clean animals and unclean , between unclean birds and clean , and you shall not make yourselves abominable by beast or by bird , or by any kind of living thing that creeps on the ground . . . ( leviticus 20 )\nunclean birds will devour their food in the air or press it down with their feet and tear it apart with their bills as they have a different digestive system . birds who lack any of the specifications for clean birds , fall into the unclean category .\nyour god . keep yourselves holy for me because i am holy . don\u2019t make yourselves unclean with any of these crawling animals .\nnot to eat unclean fish ( lev . 11 : 11 ) ( ccn95 ) . see animals that may not be eaten .\nnot to eat unclean fowl ( lev . 11 : 13 ) ( ccn94 ) . see animals that may not be eaten .\nmany of the unclean animals traditionally have not been regarded as food in western nations . as these nations were partly built on a heritage of biblical principles this should not be a surprise . unclean meats which have been commonly consumed are rabbits , pigs , shark and shellfish . today it is becoming fashionable to eat many other unclean meats such as crocodile , snake , ostrich and octopus as well .\nthere is probably no animal as disgusting to jewish sensitivities as the pig . it\u2019s not just because it may not be eaten : there are plenty of other animals that aren\u2019t\n\u25cf avoiding its name : many call the animal davar acher , \u201canother thing , \u201d rather than by its proper name . this practice goes back to the talmud . 5\ncompared to the lion the leopard is a much less significant animal both within the bible in general and within revelation in particular . the bible has six references to the leopard\nof men were due to jahweh , it was expressly provided that these latter should be redeemed , not sacrificed . the offering of the blood of an animal instead of a\nalhamdulillaa , during this ramadaan , there has been a significant reduction in the number of muslims who have gone to animal welfare organizations to have their animals put to death .\npigs aren\u2019t mentioned in the quran because they are somehow special , but rather because they are arguably the only domesticated animal that didn\u2019t meet islamic criterion that was commonly consumed .\nmuslims refrain from eating pork and pork products because god has forbidden it . however a little investigation into the anatomy and lifestyle of the pig reveals that it is certainly an unclean animal . those interested in consuming healthy , natural , and pure foods would do well to abstain from pork and pork products .\nsome people believe that certain new testament scriptures remove all distinctions between clean and unclean meats . but what do these passages really say ?\nand every earthen vessel , whereinto any of them falleth , whatsoever is in it shall be unclean ; and ye shall break it .\n36 nevertheless , a spring or a cistern holding water shall be clean , but whoever touches a carcass in them shall be unclean .\n38 but if water is put on the seed and any part of their carcass falls on it , it is unclean to you .\nthe pig , since it has hooves which are split , but it does not chew its cud\u2014it is therefore unclean for you . 1\nclean means something different when we come to the definition of clean versus unclean in leviticus . it is important for us to understand the meaning of clean and unclean , as it is used in the old testament , and its application for us in the new testament .\nso the common denominator of many animals that god says are unclean is that they often eat flesh that would kill or sicken humans .\nthat a person who is unclean shall not eat of things that are holy ( lev . 7 : 20 ) ( negative ) .\njackson , wayne .\nmark 7 : 19 - unclean meats .\nurltoken . access date : july 9 , 2018 . urltoken\n1 ) every animal has some form of worms or virus . not only pig . so the answer that it contains worms or viruses that can harm humans is not valid .\ni . among the animals , most considered unclean fell into one of three categories : predators ( unclean because they ate both the flesh and the blood of animals ) , scavengers ( unclean because they were carriers of disease , and they regularly contacted dead bodies ) , or potentially poisonous or dangerous foods such as shellfish and the like . eliminating these from the diet of israel no doubt had a healthy effect !"]}
{"id": 2059, "summary": [{"text": "clubiona rosserae , or rosser 's sac spider , is a rare species of sac spider native to wetlands of great britain .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "though once feared to be extinct , a colony was discovered in 2010 at chippenham fen in cambridgeshire .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it can also be found at the cavenham-icklingham heaths site of special scientific interest ( sssi ) in north suffolk . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "clubiona rosserae", "paragraphs": ["there you are ! a rosser ' s sac spider ( clubiona rosserae ) seen for the first time in 10 years .\nrosser ' s sac - spider ( clubiona rosserae ) has historically been known from only 2 sites in the uk , both in the cambridgeshire fens . however its current population size in the uk is unknown . it is listed as a priority species by the uk biodiversity action plan , and conservation action is ongoing .\nrosser ' s sac spiders ( clubiona rosserae ) are elusive critters . they have been spotted in only two places in britain since their discovery in the 1950s . before the new sighting in september , and the colony discovery in mid - october , these spiders have been overlooked since 2000 . the first photographs of live rosser ' s sac spiders , both a male with large palps a pair of short limbs in front of the legs , used during sexual intercourse in adult spiders and a female , were taken by peter harvey , who took part in the second survey .\na spider that was feared extinct in the uk has been photographed for the first time after a new colony of the species was found .\nthe rosser ' s sac spider , which had not been seen for 10 years , has been discovered at chippenham fen in cambridgeshire .\nit makes its home in wetland areas and had been found only once before , at lakenheath fen in suffolk .\nfears were growing that the spider had died out due to loss of habitat .\nthe light brown spider was first discovered in the 1950s , but the draining of the fens and changing farming practices since the world war ii had put it under threat .\nspider enthusiast ian dawson spotted a rosser ' s sac spider in september at the cambridgeshire site , and a further search in october revealed 10 spiders .\nhe said :\ni was extremely surprised to find the first one and then when we went back a month later it was great to find more of them .\nif we ' ve managed to find 10 of them , i think there must be quite a sizeable population of rosser ' s at that particular site .\nthe first photographs of live rosser ' s sac spiders were taken by peter harvey , who took part in the second survey .\nmatt shardlow , chief executive of insect conservation charity buglife said :\nthis spider is globally endangered .\nit ' s fantastic that it ' s still creeping around in the british countryside and we ' re ecstatic that people can now see what it looks like for the first time in history .\nif we want future generations to be able to see the live animal , we will need to take great care of the tiny remaining fragments of wild wetlands in this country and reinstate large areas of lost fen .\nmike taylor , of natural england , which manages the chippenham fen reserve , said :\nrosser ' s sac spiders spend their days hidden in tubular silken retreats , often in a folded leaf , a bit like a sleeping bag .\nit ' s a member of the clubionid family of spiders who like to hunt their prey rather than catch them in a web .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nlogged - on ? click on dot to query records . please note our terms of use . double - click on map to go to region\nonly known from two sites in britain : chippenham fen , cambridgeshire - the type locality - where it has been recorded on a number of occasions since it was first found there in 1951 ; and a single female found in a water trap at botany bay , lakenheath fen rspb reserve , suffolk in april 2000 . the record from tuddenham fen , west suffolk mapped in the provisional atlas is now known to be erroneous . in europe it is recorded from only a few countries , including the netherlands and poland .\nconfined to fens where it is found among cut sedge and reeds and in sedge tussocks . adults have been collected in every month between february and october , except march and august , suggesting an extended period of adult activity .\nuk biodiversity action plan priority species . known from two sites , one the type locality , where it has been recorded on a number of occasions , and at the other just one specimen has been found . the population at chippenham fen appears to be established but dedicated survey work between 2002 and 2005 failed to refind it there or at lakenheath fen\nchippenham fen is a national nature reserve , and lakenheath fen an rspb reserve . in its principal site at chippenham fen , water abstraction in the surrounding area is thought to have reduced water levels in the fen .\nmanagement at chippenham fen is aimed at maintaining a high ground water table and preventing carr woodland encroaching on open sedge beds by a regime of annual mowing and grazing . grazing has also been reintroduced to botany bay by the rspb , and water levels are controlled to keep the site wet . further survey work is needed to establish the continued presence of this species at these two sites , and to discover new sites , and then to carry out research on its ecology to enable best management practice to benefit the species .\ntext based on dawson , i . k . , harvey , p . r . , merrett , p . & russell - smith , a . r . ( in prep . ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\na rare wetland spider missing in action for 10 years and feared extinct is back .\nan entire colony of the fuzzy brown spiders , called rosser ' s sac spiders , was uncovered in chippenham fen , a nature reserve in cambridgeshire , england . the discovery was announced by the conservation group buglife .\ni was extremely surprised to find the first one and then when we went back a month later it was great to find more of them ,\nsaid ian dawson , who spotted the camera - shy spider .\nif we ' ve managed to find 10 of them , i think there must be quite a sizeable population of rosser ' s at that particular site .\nfinding these spiders is usually easy just look for the spider in the leaf sleeping bag .\nrosser ' s sac spiders spend their days hidden in tubular silken retreats , often in a folded leaf , a bit like a sleeping bag ,\nsaid mike taylor of natural england , which manages the chippenham reserve .\nit ' s a member of the clubionid family of spiders who like to hunt their prey rather than catch them in a web . we were delighted that they have been spotted recently .\nthe rosser ' s sac spider prefers wetland areas , but its homelands have been disappearing over the years .\nthis spider is globally endangered ,\nsaid matt shardlow , chief executive of buglife .\nit ' s fantastic that it ' s still creeping around in the british countryside and we ' re ecstatic that people can now see what it looks like for the first time in history .\nfor the science geek in everyone , live science offers a fascinating window into the natural and technological world , delivering comprehensive and compelling news and analysis on everything from dinosaur discoveries , archaeological finds and amazing animals to health , innovation and wearable technology . we aim to empower and inspire our readers with the tools needed to understand the world and appreciate its everyday awe .\nelon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlong list of key species from the 1995 steering group report . inclusive of all species on middle and short lists . no longer in use .\ntaxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .\nspecies \u201cof principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity\u201d covered under section 41 ( england ) of the nerc act ( 2006 ) and therefore need to be taken into consideration by a public body when performing any of its functions with a view to conserving biodiversity .\nthe uk list of priority species and habitats contains 1150 species and 65 habitats that have been listed as priorities for conservation action under the uk biodiversity action plan ( uk bap ) .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nthis project will help to conserve one of the uk ' s rarest and most elusive spiders , known from only two sites in the cambridgeshire fens .\nproject aims to secure rosser ' s sac - spider from extinction in east anglia and the uk , and improve the management of fenland habitats for spiders in general .\nwhat is buglife doing ? buglife is chairing the steering group and managing the field worker who is studying rosser ' s sac - spider and surveying current and potential sites . anglian water is sponsoring the work on the spider . english nature is providing additional financial support and is planning to support a university of east anglia phd student who will study spider ecology . the british arachnological society is providing volunteer specialists and spider expertise .\nat the end of the project we should know exactly where the spider occurs in england , its ecological requirements and whether more action is required to prevent the species becoming extinct in the uk . in addition , we will learn more about fenland management for spiders and this will be made available to landowners .\nin september 2010 ian dawson of the british arachnological society found a female in a pile of cut vegetation very close to where the species was seen in the early 1990s . this is the first record from the uk for 10 years and the first record from chippenham fen for 14 years . a buglife survey of lakenheath fen rspb reserve this year failed to relocate that population ."]}
{"id": 2061, "summary": [{"text": "proserpinus vega ( vega sphinx moth ) is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from southern arizona , new mexico and texas south into mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 61 \u2013 67 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewing upperside is similar to proserpinus terlooii but with an additional dark green basal band .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwing upperside is as in proserpinus juanita .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is one generation per year with adults on wing in august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults fly during the afternoon , nectaring from flowers .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on onagraceae species , including oenothera , gaura and epilobium species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "proserpinus vega", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for proserpinus vega yet . learn how to contribute .\nproserpinus vega , male , underside . united states , new mexico , 20 mi . s of mountainair\nproserpinus vega , male , upperside . united states , new mexico , 20 mi . s of mountainair\nproserpinus vega , female , underside . united states , texas , davis mountains , nr . fort davis\nevidence of repeated and independent saltational evolution in a peculiar genus of sphinx moths ( proserpinus . sphingidae ) .\nfamily : sphingidae , latreille , 1802 subfamily : macroglossinae , harris , 1839 tribe : macroglossini , harris , 1839 genus : proserpinus hubner , [ 1819 ] . . . . . . . . . . . species : vega dyar , 1903\nadditional notes on proserpinus clarkia and arctonotus lucidus ( sphingidae ) life histories from the pacific coast of n . america\ntransferred to arctonotus by draudt , 1931 , in seitz ( ed . ) , die gross - schmett . erde 6 : 886 ; then to proserpinus by hodges , 1971 , in dominick et al . , moths amer . n . of mexico 21 : 138 ( key ) , 141 .\n( wing span : 2 3 / 8 - 2 5 / 8 inches ( 6 . 1 - 6 . 7 cm ) ) , flies in arizona , new mexico , and texas south into mexico .\nthe upperside of the forewing is green - gray with darker green at the base , median area , and tip . the upperside of the hindwing is red - orange with a black outer margin and a tan patch on the inner margin .\nadults fly as a single brood in august . adults fly during the afternoon , nectaring from flowers .\nfemales call in the males with a pheromone released from a gland at the tip of the abdomen .\neggs hatch about 10 days after the female deposits them on the host plant , and the newly - hatched caterpillars eat their eggshells .\nforewing upperside is green - gray with darker green at the base , median area , and tip . hindwing upperside is red - orange with a black outer margin and a tan patch on the inner margin .\npopulation status , ecological requirements , and conservation needs , if any , should be determined .\ng2 - imperiled globally because of rarity ( 6 to 20 occurrences ) , or because of other factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range . ( endangered throughout its range ) .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1971 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 21 : p . 141 ; pl . 13 . 7 . order\ntuttle , j . p . , 2007 . hawk moths of north america : p . 191 ; pl . 3 . 19 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 15 november , 2013 - 9 : 23am\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 23 february , 2013 - 4 : 21pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 10 february , 2011 - 12 : 34am\nthe hawk moths of north america , a natural history study of the sphingidae of the united states and canada .\nthis book is not out yet but pre - orders are being taken now . pre - orders here : urltoken\nbombycine moths of america north of mexico , including their transformations and origin of the larval markings and armature .\npackard , a . s . , 1895 . bombycine moths of america north of mexico , including their transformations and origin of the larval markings and armature . memoirs of the national academy of sciences 7 : 5 - 390 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2018 - 10 : 34pm\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nfj001516 genomic dna translation : aci23302 . 1 fj001517 genomic dna translation : aci23303 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 2067, "summary": [{"text": "tridacna squamosa , known commonly as the fluted giant clam and scaly clam , is one of a number of large clam species native to the shallow coral reefs of the south pacific and indian oceans .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is distinguished by the large , leaf-like fluted edges on its shell called ' scutes ' and a byssal opening that is small compared to those of other members of the family tridacnidae .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "normal coloration of the mantle ranges from browns and purples to greens and yellows arranged in elongated linear or spot-like patterns .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "tridacna squamosa grows to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) across .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "sessile in adulthood , the clam 's mantle tissues act as a habitat for the symbiotic single-celled dinoflagellate algae ( zooxanthellae ) from which it gets a major portion of its nutrition .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "by day , the clam spreads out its mantle tissue so that the algae receive the sunlight they need to photosynthesize . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "fluted giant clam", "paragraphs": ["fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) on sealife base : technical fact sheet .\nfluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) on the nparks flora and fauna website .\nmovement and aggregation in the fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa l . ) - sciencedirect\na fluted giant clam , tridacna squamosa , at omahas henry doorly zoo and aquarium .\ntridacna squamosa ( veneroida : cardiidae ) fluted giant clam by tricia poh shi min , 2015 , on taxo4254 .\ntridacna squamosa ( veneroida : cardiidae ) fluted giant clam , tricia poh shi min , 2015 , on taxo4254 .\nprevious to this study it was thought that only one species of giant clam was found in the territory , tridacna squamosa ( fluted giant clam ) ,\nhe said .\nhis thesis is entitled\necological assessment of the fluted giant clam , tridacna squamosa , in the northern territory , australia\n.\nwhat is a giant clam ? stories of divers trapped by giant clams are legendary , but completely untrue . five of the seven species of giant clam are found in the waters of north western australia . they include the largest of all clams , the giant clam ( tridacna gigas ) , whose shell can grow up to 140 centimetres long and weigh up to 260 kilograms . the others are the fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) , the burrowing or crocus clam ( tridacna crocea ) , the elongate giant clam ( tridacna maxima ) and , least like the others , the horse - hoof clam ( hippopus hippopus ) .\ncan artificial substrates enriched with crustose coralline algae enhance larval settlement and recruitment in the fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) ? a study of singapore ' s fluted giant clams by mei lin neo , peter a . todd , serena lay - ming teo and loke ming chou on hydrobiologia , jun 2009 .\nalso known as bivalves , molluscs , clams , fluted clam , fluted giant clam seashell , scaly giant clam , scaly clam , scaled clam and squamosa clam . found on coral and rocky reefs and in lagoons . they feed on plankton . highly variable in colour . length 40cm depth 2 - 25m widespread indo - pacific most bivalves are permanently anchored in fissures or depressions in the rock surface of the reef , some may become covered in algae and other marine life . other bivalves swim free , either by a well developed foot or propelled along by a jet of water from their mantle cavity .\nthe fluted giant clam is usually firmly attached to a hard surface . sisters island , jan 04 the burrowing giant clam are often embedded inside corals . pulau hantu , mar 05 when submerged , the fleshy body expands like thick lips ! pulau hantu , feb 06 pulau semakau , mar 05\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - fluted clam ( tridacna squamosa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - fluted clam ( tridacna squamosa )\ntitle =\narkive species - fluted clam ( tridacna squamosa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nafter traditional owners expressed concerns the fluted giant clam was on the brink of extinction , charles darwin university phd graduate , shane penny , began his search to find out more about these colourful giants .\ndr penny said his research raised some interesting questions about the genetics of the fluted giant clam in the northern territory waters , which he found to be genetically distinct from other species in south east asia .\ntodd pa , guest jr ( 2008 ) giant clam conservation and research in singapore . tentacle 16 : 24 .\nthe largest of all mollusks , the giant clam prefers the warm waters around australia ' s great barrier reef .\neckman w , vicentuan - cabaitan k & todd pa ( 2014 ) observations on the hyposalinity tolerance of fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa , lamarck 1819 ) larvae . nature in singapore , 7 : 111\u2013116 .\nfound at the sandy bottom of coral reefs at depths of around 15 to 20 metres , the fluted clam is typically anchored amidst acropora corals ( 9 ) .\na researcher who has spent the past six years scouring the territory ' s coastline in search of a disappearing giant clam , has discovered three new clam species in northern australian waters .\ndr shane penny has spent the past six years scouring the territory ' s coastline in search of giant clam species .\nthe fluted clam is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nthis means it looks very similar to one or more common giant clam species , but they are genetically distinct .\nneo ml , todd pa , chou lm & teo sl - m ( 2011 ) spawning induction and larval development in the fluted giant clam , tridacna squamosa ( bivalvia : tridacnidae ) . nature in singapore , 4 : 157\u2013161 .\nwhere do they live ? giant clams live in all of the marine parks in western australia\u2019s north - west , in protected shallow water areas on the shore side of coral reefs . the giant , burrowing and horsehoof clams are found only in the central indo - pacific . the elongate giant clam is found as far south as the houtman abrolhos islands off geraldton and extends to south africa . the fluted giant clam is also widely distributed as far as africa , japan and south to the north west cape .\nthe fluted clam is known from the red sea and east african coast across the indo - pacific to the pitcairn islands , and an introduced population exists in the waters around hawaii ( 2 ) .\ncitation : neo ml , erftemeijer pla , van beek jkl , van maren ds , teo sl - m , todd pa ( 2013 ) recruitment constraints in singapore ' s fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) population\u2014a dispersal model approach . plos one 8 ( 3 ) : e58819 . urltoken\ndr penny surveyed 17 sites across the top end , to uncover more about what was thought to be the only species of giant clam found in the territory .\nthe fluted clam ( tridacna squamosa ) , also known as the scaled clam , can be identified by the large , leaf - like fluted scales on its shell ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , which are often used as shelter by organisms such as small crabs , clams , and other invertebrates ( 6 ) . the mantle is normally brown , generally mottled with vivid green and blue spots or wavy lines ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .\nfluted giant clam tridacna squamosa family tridacnidae updated oct 2016 where seen ? this beautifully sculptured giant clam is sometimes seen on our undisturbed southern shores , near living reefs . features : 15 - 30cm . the two - part shell has 5 - 6 rows of deep open flutes on the valves . the wavy shell opening faces the sunlight , while the hinged side is firmly attached to rocks or coral rubble in relatively shallow water near living reefs . it does not burrow into coral . status and threats : the fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) is listed as ' endangered ' on the red list of threatened animals of singapore . according to the singapore red data book :\nlarge specimens have virtually disappeared from our shores . young specimens are occasionally but infrequently seen\n.\nunlike most other bivalves , the giant clam harbours symbiotic zooxanthellae ( a kind of single - celled algae ) in its fleshy body . the zooxanthellae produce food through photosynthesis which it shares with the clam . to maximise the productivity of its\nfarm\n, the clam faces the shell opening ( and thus the body containing the algae ) to sunlight .\nthe fluted clam is bred in captivity in a number of countries , supplying domestic and international demand . harvest of wild specimens is either regulated or prohibited completely in many range states , although illegal harvesting may still occur ( 2 ) .\nneo mei lin & loh kok sheng . 5 september 2014 . giant clam shells \u2018graveyard\u2019 at semakau landfill , tridacna squamosa . singapore biodiversity records 2014 : 248 - 249 .\nhow you can protect the giant clam : if you see a giant clam please marvel at its beautiful appearance and colouring but leave it for others to enjoy . you may not collect shells , even those that are dead , from below the high water mark of most marine parks in wa , as they often provide homes for other marine animals .\nfluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) in the bivalves section by j . m . poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website .\nmei lin neo , paul l . a . erftemeijer , jan k . l . van beek , dirk s . van maren , serena l - m . teo , peter a . todd . 13 march 2013 . recruitment constraints in singapore ' s fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) population\u2014a dispersal model approach . plos one .\nconservation status : giant clams are very common in many parts of northern australia .\nheslinga ga , watson tc , isamu t ( 1990 ) giant clam farming . pacific fisheries development foundation ( nmfs / noaa ) , honolulu , hawaii , usa . 179 p .\nthe giant clam gets only one chance to find a nice home . once it fastens itself to a spot on a reef , there it sits for the rest of its life .\nhe said using underwater videos , genetics and traditional ecological knowledge , he was able to confirm that giant clam species are a lot more diverse in our northern waters than previously thought .\nwhat they eat and how : giant clams filter water through their gills to extract tiny animals and / or minute plants for food . all giant clams also contain microscopic algae , known as zooxanthellae , in their mantles . the algae ( tiny plants ) produce food that can also be used by the clam . these microscopic plants contribute to the beautiful colours and patterns on the clam .\ndistribution patterns of giant clam larvae on local coral reefs at the end of transport phase for the three spawning periods : a ) 22 january , b ) 10 april and c ) 18 june 2004 .\ngiant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) tan , leo w . h . & ng , peter k . l . , 1988 . a guide to seashore life . the singapore science centre , singapore . 160 pp .\nthe giant clam has an extensive digestive system to extract the nutrients produced by the symbiotic algae . and enlarged excretory organs to deal with the large load of by - products of the algae . although giant clams are highly dependent on the symbiotic algae , they are still able to filter feed like other bivalves .\ndo giant clams trap divers in their shells ? this myth dispelled on the psychedelic nature blog .\nwhat do they look like ? the most obvious feature of the giant clams is their beautifully patterned deep blue mantle , which can be seen between the gaping shells . they also have light and pressure - sensitive spots that look like a row of eyes along the edge of the mantle . the shells of most species of giant clam are white , though the horsehoof clam has cream shells with reddish spots . the shells are extremely thick .\ndeboer ts , subia md , ambariyanto , erdmann mv , kovitvongsa k , et al . ( 2008 ) phylogeography and limited genetic connectivity in the endangered boring giant clam across the coral triangle . conserv biol 22 : 1255\u20131266 .\nthe adductor muscle of the giant clam is actually considered a delicacy , and overharvesting of the species for food , shells , and the aquarium trade have landed it on at least one group ' s\nvulnerable\nlist .\ncharles darwin university phd graduate shane penny speaking about his research on giant clams in the northern territory .\negg and larval transport was modelled using a three - dimensional ( 3d ) hydrodynamic model and an eulerian transport model coupled with mathematical definitions of larval characteristics , including estimates of sedimentation velocity , growth , behaviour and development of giant clam larvae .\ngiant clams can live to 30 - 40 years , the largest giant clams can live up to 100 years [ but ] what i found is a lot of our population seem to be about 10\u201318 years .\nthreats : thankfully , most australians would not molest , harm or remove a living giant clam and they are generally left on the reef for all to enjoy . in some other countries , however , they are taken for their meat and shells .\nhopefully my work and the genetics as well highlights how special some of these populations of giant clams are .\nwhen tridacna clams first attain sexual maturity , they are male , but about a year later become hermaphrodites , possessing both male and female reproductive organs . however , the release of sperm and eggs are separate in order to prevent self - fertilisation , although self - fertilisation can occur . the breeding season of the fluted clam occurs in winter ( 11 ) .\nit is a mistaken belief that divers can be trapped underwater if the giant clam closes over their foot or hand . many of these peaceful clams can ' t even close their shells completely . they certainly don ' t eat people ! more about this on the\njames r . guest , peter a . todd , eugene goh , balasubramaniam s . sivalonganathan , konda p . reddy . 10 august 2007 . can giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) populations be restored on singapore ' s heavily impacted coral reefs ? aquatic conservation .\ndr penny said understanding the diversity of giant clams had important consequences for conservation and the future management of the species .\nthe fluted clam is a popular food item and is traded domestically and internationally , with 34 countries recorded to export the species over the period from 1994 to 2003 ( 2 ) . live specimens have also been exported for the aquarium trade ( 2 ) . however , export has reduced and is now minimal , with significant international trade only really coming from the solomon islands ( 2 ) .\ndr penny said he would work with traditional owners into the future to ensure the conservation of giant clams in top end waters .\nmunro pe , editor ( 1993 ) genetic aspects of conservation and cultivation of giant clams . iclarm conference proc 39 . 47 p .\ndr penny said the biggest threat to giant clams in northern australian waters was a high mortality rate in their early years of maturity .\ngiant clams have a wildly undeserved reputation as man - eaters , with south pacific legends describing clams that lie in wait to trap unsuspecting swimmers or swallow them whole . no account of a human death by giant clam has ever been substantiated , and scientists say its adductor muscles , used to close the shell , move far too slowly to take a swimmer by surprise . even the largest specimen would simply retreat into its shell rather than attempt to sample human prey .\ncopland jw , lucas js , editors ( 1988 ) giant clams in asia and the pacific . aciar monograph no . 9 . 274 p .\ngomez ed , mingoa - licuanan ss ( 2006 ) achievements and lessons learned in restocking giant clams in philippines . fish res 80 : 46\u201352 .\ngiant clams are considered a delicacy and in some places , an aphrodisiac . the large shells of these magnificent creatures are often turned into tacky souvenirs like ash - trays . there are efforts to cultivate giant clams on a commercial basis so as to reduce over - collection of wild clams .\nthere was something going on in the environment that was causing this high mortality of giant clams which was turning over the populations quite frequently .\ngiant clams achieve their enormous proportions by consuming the sugars and proteins produced by the billions of algae that live in their tissues . in exchange , they offer the algae a safe home and regular access to sunlight for photosynthesis , basking by day below the water ' s surface with their fluted shells open and their multi - colored mantles exposed . they also use a siphon to draw in water to filter and consume passing plankton .\ngiant clams mature first as males then eventually become hermaphrodites , producing both eggs and sperm . sperm is released first , probably to avoid self fertilisation .\none of the things i discovered was that a lot of these populations of giant clams in the northern territory are quite young ,\nhe said .\nellis s ( 1998 ) spawning and early larval rearing of giant clams ( bivalvia : tridacnidae ) . center for tropical and subtropical aquaculture publication number 130 . 55 p .\nneo ml & todd pa ( 2013 ) conservation status reassessment of giant clams ( mollusca : bivalvia : tridacninae ) in singapore . nature in singapore , 6 : 125\u2013133 .\nin some areas we had some of the highest densities of giant clams , of this particular species , in the northern territory and the wider indo - pacific region .\ndr penny said despite protection under international treaties , giant clams continued to be harvested and were rapidly becoming extinct near easily accessible sites , particularly in south - east asia .\nneo ml , todd pa ( 2012 ) giant clams ( mollusca : bivalvia : tridacninae ) in singapore : history , research and conservation . raffles b zool 25 : 67\u201378 .\ngreen a , craig p ( 1999 ) population size and structure of giant clams at rose atoll , an important refuge in the samoan archipelago . coral reefs 18 : 205\u2013211 .\nwhile analysing genetic tissue samples to establish the conservation status of giant clams in the territory , dr penny also detected a new species in western australia alongside researchers from the university of queensland .\nmei lin neo and peter a . todd . 25 june 2013 . conservation status reassessment of giant clams ( mollusca : bivalvia : tridacninae ) in singapore . nature in singapore 2013 6 : 125\u2013133\nin the north central great barrier reef . in : copland jw , lucas js , editors . giant clams in asia and the pacific . aciar monograph no . 9 , canberra , australia . pp . 89\u201394 .\nin relation to reef reseeding and mariculture . in : copland jw , lucas js , editors . giant clams in asia and the pacific . aciar monograph no . 9 , canberra , australia . pp . 78\u201381 .\nmei lin neo , peter a . todd . 6 mar 2012 . population density and genetic structure of the giant clams tridacna crocea and t . squamosa on singapore\u2019s reefs . aquatic biology vol . 14 : 265\u2013275 .\nnormally the species would co - occur with other giant clams but my research has shown in shore they are in very high abundance on some reefs and that makes them quite significant within this south east asia region .\ngiant clams are broadcast spawners with high fecundity but poor early life survivorship [ 9 ] . published recruitment studies of giant clams are few in number [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , and none address larval dispersal mechanisms despite the well - documented importance of larval transport for many marine invertebrate species [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] . with a planktonic phase of approximately nine days [ 14 ] , their larvae are likely to have a substantial dispersal capability ( as larvae can potentially be transported hundreds of kilometres in that timeframe ) , which may facilitate connectivity among populations [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . conversely , results from giant clam genetic studies have indicated restricted gene flow , suggesting lower levels of exchange [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . ocean current patterns have been invoked to explain such genetic divergences among marine invertebrate populations [ 19 ] , as they can influence temporal and spatial physical processes that potentially restrict larval dispersal and gene flow [ 20 ] , [ 21 ] .\nbell jd ( 1999 ) restocking of giant clams : progress , problems and potential . in : howell br , moskness e , svasand t , editors . stock enhancement and sea ranching . blackwell science , oxford . pp . 437\u2013452 .\nvideo clips of singapore giant clams from links shared by neo mei lin on her blog . an animal behavior film project in partial fulfilment for nus lsm4253 animal behaviour ay2008 / 09 . done by : neo meilin pamela soo daniel storisteanu nicholas yap\nto assess low - density constraints to fertilisation efficacy , dispersal potential of giant clam eggs between donor and recipient clams within known singapore localities was analysed from the point of release ( 0 hours ) to 6 hours later ( estimated viability of eggs ; unpublished data ) . connectivity between t . squamosa individuals was limited to either the dense clusters of > 2 clams ( raffles lighthouse and biola , beting bemban besar and semakau ) or paired clam individuals that were in close proximity ( within jong and within kusu ) ( table 4 ) . based on the results , for eggs to arrive over their nearest - neighbour clams within the period of their viability , clams must be within a vicinity of no more than 2000 m . however , the number of eggs arriving at recipient clams varied across sites , regardless of time or distance ( table 4 ) .\nm . l . neo and peter a . todd . jun 2012 . giant clams ( mollusca : bivalvia : tridacninae ) in singapore : history , research and conservation . raffles bulletin of zoology 2012 supplement no . 25 : 67 - 78 .\n15 - 40cm . giant clams are among the largest bivalves to have ever existed on our planet ! the two - part shell is thick and usually has a wavy opening that never closes completely . the shell opening faces the sunlight , while the hinged side is at the bottom , attached to a hard surface by a large byssus mass that emerges from a gap between the valves near the hinge . some giant clams burrow into coral , with most of the shell hidden and only the shell opening facing sunlight .\nthe shell opening never closes completely even at low tide , and the body is exposed . the body expands under water and appears like colourful thick lips in between the wavy shell opening . the brightly coloured spots in the body protect against excessive sun . the clam has transparent lenses that focus sunlight onto the algae that are found deeper in the flesh .\ndispersal patterns from regional donor reefs to singapore\u2014this scenario examined the potential of regional coral reefs to donate giant clam larvae to reefs in singapore ( i . e . recipient reefs ) , modelled using the hydrodynamics simulated for 22 january , 10 april and 18 june 2004 over a period of 15 days of transport . eight release points , i . e . possible donor sites , were examined individually ( 8 separate runs ) : koh racha yai ( thailand ) , port dickson ( malaysia ) , north and south batam , bintan , bangka - belitung and anambas ( all indonesia ) , and tioman island ( malaysia ) ( see figure 1a for exact localities ) .\ngiant clam larval transport success appears to be largely driven by variability in annual hydrodynamics ( for the year that was modelled ) . consistent westward residual currents in the outer straits of singapore during january and in april drive larval transport towards the west , with higher larval retention in the northwestern reefs . in contrast , the lack of residuals in june allows much higher retention in the northern and southern reefs with higher larval settlement . in singapore , broadcasting corals annually spawn in late march or mid april [ 66 ] . while the moderate residuals during this time may be favourable for coral larvae with short settlement periods [ 73 ] those with longer life cycles , such as giant clams , may experience dilution of larvae into the outer straits when released during this period . the near absence of residual currents in june favours retention of clam larvae , reducing offshore dispersal . larval mortality also greatly influences transport success , which in turn affects juvenile recruitment on reefs [ 60 ] . sedimentation velocity and diel vertical migration , however , have negligible effects on transport success , suggesting that ocean currents primarily influence larval dispersal [ 74 ] . results from this modelling study should be interpreted with caution , bearing in mind the various assumptions made . the transport success and dispersal distances predicted by the model probably do not equate to actual recruitment success in the field .\nstage 5 : during the last metamorphosis stage , the velum and fully developed foot of pediveligers allows them to alternately swim and crawl on the benthos ; over time , these larvae become increasingly sedentary [ 11 ] , [ 56 ] . transport is completed after this metamorphosis stage . in stage 5 , juveniles ( 8 to 9 days old ) either continue to exhibit the behaviour of stage 4 larvae , or settle onto the coral reefs . giant clam larvae respond to settlement cues such as the presence of crustose coralline algae [ 11 ] and / or conspecific adults [ 57 ] , [ 58 ] , both of which are found on coral reefs . hence , in our model , larval settlement was mimicked when larvae passed over coral reef areas ( see figure 2 ) .\negg dispersal potential\u2014time - series plots describing the arrival time of eggs over certain clams was determined by plotting larval density ( number per m 2 ) in the model at each observation point ( usually one grid cell ) showing the accumulation of eggs over any specified coral reef area . donor - recipient clams were identified with the following parameters : distance between clam pairs , arrival time of eggs , and peak number of eggs arrived per m 2 .\nas giant clams continue to be threatened by anthropogenic activities , active conservation measures are needed [ 51 ] , [ 85 ] , [ 86 ] . their sedentary mode of life makes giant clams highly amenable candidates for restocking and stock enhancement [ 9 ] , [ 51 ] and depleted clam populations [ 10 ] , [ 57 ] are currently being restored through these means in fiji , palau and the philippines [ 9 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 58 ] . however , none of these efforts accounted for whether the transplant sites were effective as source habitats to encourage recruitment in sink sites [ 87 ] . the designation of effective restocking sites requires closer examination of metapopulation dynamics , habitat quality and recruitment processes [ 67 ] , [ 85 ] and their potential to augment recruitment [ 88 ] , [ 89 ] . the results from the present study enable the identification and selection of potential source and sink sites for more effective restocking efforts . metapopulation enhancement can thus be optimised by restocking source populations and subsequently will encourage recruitment in sink populations via larval dispersal [ 67 ] . an added strategy to enhance current metapopulations of t . squamosa in singapore waters is to perform in situ spawning induction of populations during favourable current periods ( e . g . june ) to maximise larval retention and settlement .\nspawning seasonality in t . squamosa varies among localities [ 4 ] , [ 48 ] , [ 49 ] but mature gametes can generally be found throughout most of the year [ 50 ] . since the actual spawning periods in singapore are unknown , three time points representing local seasonality were selected to investigate the effects of spawning times on recruitment success . spawning in giant clams often occurs during full moon or new moon [ 51 ] , [ 52 ] and this was therefore taken into account with the transport of either eggs or larvae modelled assuming each simulation was a single spawning event on the following lunar periods : 22 january ( new moon ) , 10 april ( full moon ) and 18 june ( new moon ) 2004 . giant clams are benthic spawners , hence all eggs were released in the lowest 10 % of the model layer representing the water column .\nsensitivity analyses of the release times indicated that successful settlement of giant clam larvae on singapore ' s reefs could potentially be achieved throughout the year , with the greatest chances of successful larval settlement when gametes were released during june . density of larval settlement on reefs increased over the months : january < april < june ( figure 3 ) . january is the period with the greatest westward flow velocity whereas eastward flow peaks in june\u2013july ( with april being the transitional period ) ; settlement is therefore expected to decrease again after june\u2013july . settlement success varied among islands , where in january and april , the northwestern reefs had higher densities of settled larvae , while northern and southern reefs had higher densities of settled larvae in june ( figure 3 ) . variations in the larval sedimentation velocity , following a diel vertical migration pattern , did not affect larval transport success ( figure 4 ) . however , mortality rates for each larval stage had a significant effect on transport success . highest mortality rates ( see table 1 ) resulted in almost no larval settlement on the reefs ( figure 4 ) .\nbehaviour : adult giant and horsehoof clams are so heavy that they do not need to attach themselves to the seabed . the other species have byssal threads to attach themselves to the seafloor or other surfaces . if they sense danger , such as a diver swimming overhead , the shell valves are clamped shut by a large muscle . the clams are capable of producing pearls that weigh up to six kilograms , but they lack the lustrous sheen of those produced by the pearl oyster .\ntransport of giant clam eggs and larvae was modelled using the water quality module of delft3d ( delft3d - waq ) [ 43 ] . delft3d - waq is a transport model that has been successfully applied to dispersal simulations of seagrass seeds , fish larvae and mangrove propagules [ 13 ] , [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , [ 46 ] . the model calculates the concentrations of \u2018substances\u2019 ( in this case : either eggs or larvae ) for each time - step as a function of the initial concentrations , advective and dispersive transport , and biological characteristics and processes . delft3d - waq is an eulerian model based on the finite - volume method ( i . e . multiplication of fluxes with concentrations to obtain masses across internal and external boundaries ) . both finite - volume methods and particle tracking model approaches can ( in principle ) provide comparable results [ 47 ] . with our focus on mid - field and far - field effects , the waq model ( including the extensive and well - validated biological process library ) is more appropriate than a particle - tracking method . the main advantages of particle - tracking are that it offers sub - grid model resolution as well as the opportunity to track individual seedlings , both of which are not very relevant to our study . the actual water system is represented within delft3d - waq by means of computational elements ( segments ) . the flow between segments is derived from the hydrodynamic model ( delft3d - flow ) of the same resolution ( i . e . down to 100 m around the southern islands ) .\nthe poor larval connectivity from regional reefs to singapore could be explained by the strong surface currents flowing between the andaman sea and south china sea during the monsoons [ 75 ] that move larvae out of the singapore strait with little retention . poor larval connectivity with most external potential donor reefs may also be attributed to peninsular malaysia . phylogeographic studies of marine invertebrates and mangroves have shown that this peninsular acts as a barrier that disrupts gene flows between the east and west coasts , corresponding to the western sunda shelf barrier [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 76 ] . population genetic breaks in t . crocea populations on the sunda shelf and western indonesia also provide evidence for limited connectivity in this region [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . in contrast , offshore coral reefs located to the southeast of singapore , combined with the favourable westward residuals along the straits [ 77 ] and absence of significant land barriers , encourage high larval settlement and retention . as predicted by the model , t . squamosa populations in batam and bintan could provide a significant stock of source larvae for the clam - depauperate reefs in singapore waters ; possibly facilitating the natural recovery of populations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\namerican samoa ; australia ; british indian ocean territory ; egypt ; fiji ; french polynesia ; india ( andaman is . , laccadive is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; kenya ; kiribati ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; south africa ; sri lanka ; thailand ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; vanuatu ; viet nam\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntridacna clams have muscles for opening and closing their shell and a foot for attaching themselves to rocks . they breathe through gills and feed through a mouth ( 10 ) . most clams fulfill their nutritional requirements by filter feeding and absorbing dissolved organic compounds from the water , but tridacnid clams have gone further than this by using zooxanthellae algae in their tissue to manufacture food for them ( 10 ) ( 11 ) . the zooxanthellae transforms carbon dioxide and dissolved nitrogen , such as ammonium , into carbohydrates and other nutrients for their hosts ( 11 ) .\nlukan , e . m . ( 2000 ) critter corner : tridacna squamosa . fish \u2018n\u2019 chips : a monthly marine newsletter , 2000 : 0 . available at : urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ninvertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . mantle in molluscs , the fold of skin lining the outer surface of the shell , which encloses a space ( the mantle cavity ) containing the gills .\nlukan , e . m . ( 2000 ) critter corner : tridacna squamosa . fish \u2018n\u2019 chips : a monthly marine newsletter , 2000 . available at : urltoken\nlukan , e . m . ( 1999 ) critter corner : tridacnid clams : the basics . fish \u2018n\u2019 chips : a monthly marine newsletter , 1999 . available at : urltoken\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 neo et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : the research presented in this work was carried out as part of the building with nature singapore supportive modelling project ( 1201442 . 002 ) . this study was also supported by the national parks board ' s coastal & marine environment grant number r - 154 - 000 - 504 - 490 and singapore - delft water alliance ' s marine & coastal research programme ( theme 2 ) grant number r - 264 - 001 - 001 - 272 . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ncompeting interests : the authors confirm that they have the following interests : co - author paul erftemeijer is employed by sinclair knight merz ( skm ) . there are no patents , products in development or marketed products to declare . this does not alter the authors ' adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nhere we used a locally refined version [ 39 ] of the singapore regional model ( see [ 40 ] ) . this model is composed of three domains [ 41 ] . the model ' s outer domain has a grid cell size decreasing from 30 km near the boundaries to \u223c300 m around singapore ( see figure 1 ) . the middle domain ( in red ) has the same resolution ( 300 m ) , but the local domain ( in blue ) around singapore ' s islands are refined by a factor three compared to the outer and middle domains , leading to grid cell sizes down to 100 m .\nthis model is composed of 3 domains . a ) the overall outer domain including peninsular malaysia and the 8 regional release points ( green dots ) . the red and blue domains represent the refined grid resolutions for singapore ' s coastal waters . b ) the blue grid encompasses the waters surrounding singapore ' s southern islands . the red dots represent the 28 release points ( i . e . the positions of t . squamosa in singapore ) .\nthe model was forced at its three open boundaries ( the andaman sea in the northwest , the south china sea in the northeast , and the java sea in the southeast ) by 8 tidal constituents and a mean annual cycle of the monsoon - induced water level , derived from 15 years of topex - poseidon and jason - 1 satellite altimetry ( see [ 40 ] , [ 42 ] ) .\nthe hydrodynamics in singapore coastal waters are complex , with predominantly semi - diurnal water level variations but diurnal currents . superimposed on this are compound tides generated by semi - diurnal and diurnal constituents with a periodicity equal to the spring neap cycle ( approximately 2 weeks ) , and monsoon currents [ 39 ] . within singapore ' s southern islands area , dominant flow is eastward from april / may to september / october , and westward during the other months . this seasonal variation , and the two - weekly variations , is well reproduced by the model . it should be noted that the stations banyan and sawa are within the southern islands area , where large - scale clockwise circulation generates more pronounced eastward currents than in the open singapore strait south of the islands [ 41 ] . therefore residual currents within the southern islands group in april tend to be directed eastward while in the open strait they may be directed westward .\nspecific release points outside of singapore ( 8 points ) ( figure 1a ) and within the southern islands ( 28 points ) ( figure 1b ) were selected as initial spawning points for modelling the transport of eggs and larvae . factors that are known to affect larval growth and development were incorporated into the transport model : spawning periods , different stages of larval development ( with different behavioural rules ) , larval swimming behaviour and mortality of larvae at respective stages . the details of larval stages , specific behavioural rules , processes and parameters incorporated into the model are described below .\nin the model , five developmental stages [ 25 ] were distinguished based on their behavioural and physical traits in relation to horizontal and vertical transport .\nstage 1 : passive horizontal pelagic transport of eggs homogenously distributed within the water column . at day 0 , eggs were assumed to have neutral buoyancy while being passively transported by currents .\nstage 2 : passive horizontal pelagic transport of trochophores as in stage 1 . assuming all the released eggs were fertilised , upon hatching after 24 hours , the trochophores have limited overall locomotion [ 53 ] and are largely transported by currents . with their poor swimming ability , vertical transport with diel migration is limited at this stage ( see \u201csensitivity analyses\u201d below ) . the distinction between eggs and pelagic trochophores was made to facilitate growth parameter settings such as mortality rates and sedimentation velocity .\nstage 3 : passive horizontal pelagic transport of veliger larvae . locomotion of early veligers ( 2 to 4 days old ) is primarily through ciliary band movement [ 54 ] , [ 55 ] , which affects vertical position but is negligible in the horizontal dimension compared to the strength of the currents . therefore , only vertical movement was simulated in the model , by varying the larvae ' s sedimentation velocity ( see \u201csensitivity analyses\u201d below ) . stage 3 mortality rates and sedimentation velocity were different to those in stage 2 .\nstage 4 : passive horizontal pelagic transport of veliger larvae . in stage 4 ( 5 to 7 days old ) , late veligers develop a primitive foot\u2014an initiation of their sedentary lifestyle , but still rely on swimming to move between the surface water and bottom layers . the sedentary component of stage 4 distinguishes it from stage 3 .\ncoral reef areas ( in colour ) among singapore ' s southern islands used to estimate transport success . each colour corresponds to a distinct potential sink site .\ngrowth parameters of the various stages were estimated using existing data obtained from laboratory experiments [ 25 ] and mariculture literature [ 53 ] , [ 59 ] , [ 60 ] . the average values for concentrations of egg release and development rates for each stage were chosen as default model settings ( see \u201csensitivity analyses\u201d below ) . for each dispersal scenario , the transport model was run for a period of 15 days [ 52 ] as previous work indicated this was the time during which t . squamosa larval settlement occurs ( unpublished data ) .\ntridacna squamosa have a high fecundity , releasing eggs of 420 , 000 to 46 , 000 , 000 eggs released per individual each spawning [ 25 ] , [ 49 ] . in the model , a fixed average initial concentration of 4 , 500 , 000 eggs was released over a 15 - minute time step . based on the sensitivity analyses , default settings were used for all transport models . three main scenarios were considered in the investigation of larval connectivity and the effects of hydrodynamics on larval recruitment .\ndispersal patterns within southern islands , singapore\u2014this scenario examined source - sink dynamics via larval dispersal within the southern islands reefs , modelled using the hydrodynamics simulated for 10 april 2004 over a period of 15 days of transport . transport model was performed in april 2004 based on the mass coral spawning in singapore [ 66 ] , assuming that it was an \u2018ideal\u2019 period for larval dispersal . for this study , source reefs are habitats optimal for restocking while sink reefs are habitats where restocking is likely to be fruitless , but can serve as locations for the recruitment of larvae via source reefs [ 67 ] . to identify respective source and sink reefs within the southern islands , reefs supporting the current t . squamosa population ( n = 28 ) in singapore [ 3 ] were individually examined as possible sources of larvae in this scenario . release points were as follows : raffles lighthouse 01\u201302 , biola 01\u201303 , senang , pawai , berkas , sudong , salu , beting bemban besar 01\u201302 , terumbu raya , semakau 01\u201305 , terumbu semakau , jong 01\u201302 , terumbu pempang tengah , hantu , sisters 01\u201302 , kusu 01\u201302 and cyrene .\negg dispersal potential\u2014this scenario examined egg dispersal movement within the southern islands reefs ; modelled using the hydrodynamics simulated for 10 april 2004 over a period of 6 hours . as egg masses are known triggers for eliciting a spawning response ( resulting in either release of sperm or eggs ) in adult clams [ 68 ] , [ 69 ] , transport of eggs was of greatest interest . release points represented the current t . squamosa population ( as described earlier ) and eggs were released at each location ( 28 separate runs ) .\ndispersal patterns from regional donor reefs to singapore\u2014at each time point , the percentage of successful settlers that had arrived on singapore ' s coral reefs at the end of the model run was summed to calculate transport success from respective donor locations .\ndispersal patterns within southern islands , singapore\u2014the density of successful settlers ( i . e . number of larvae per 10 , 000 m 2 ) that had arrived on the local coral reefs was computed at the end of the model run . the model grid area was subdivided into 19 reef sections ( figure 2 ) , delimited by the 20 m - depth contour . for each section , the number of larvae per compartment was summed to determine the transport success .\nsensitivity testing on the effect of mortality and sedimentation velocity settings on numbers of settled larvae for three different timings of release ( january , april , june ) .\ntransport successes of larvae to singapore from five donor localities in neighbouring countries ( koh racha yai , port dickson , bangka - belitung , tioman island and anambas ) were very poor ( \u223c0 % ) ( table 2 ) . three other donor localities ( north and south batam , and bintan ) had more positive transport success . larvae from north batam had the highest settlement success of 61 . 58 % on singapore ' s reefs in june , while bintan had high settlement success throughout the year ( january : 30 . 86 % , april : 44 . 53 % , june : 19 . 40 % ) ( table 2 ) .\na summation matrix of total bottom larvae was produced to identify the prospective source and sink sites on southern islands reefs for analysis of local reef connectivity . assuming all 19 sections were potential sink sites , larval transport success ( per 10 , 000 m 2 of reef area ) was low among southern islands reefs ( table 3 ) . the eastern islands , such as sisters ' and kusu islands ( figure 2 ) , could be potential source reefs as , when larvae were released from these locations , surrounding reefs were able to receive high numbers of settled larvae per 10 , 000 m 2 ( table 3 ) . four most potential sink sites were identified : cyrene , tekukor , raffles lighthouse and salu , where from a single source site ( sisters 02 ) each of the mentioned reefs received 68 . 6 , 50 . 2 , 46 . 2 and 38 . 8 settled larvae per 10 , 000 m 2 respectively ( table 3 ) . coral reefs found within the central area , such as pulau hantu , semakau , pulau sudong ( figure 2 ) , were generally poor or moderate sources and / or sinks , with the majority of sites receiving fewer than 20 larvae per 10 , 000 m 2 .\nthank you to harriette holzhauer for providing gis support . the authors gratefully acknowledge the support and contributions of the ecoshape \u2018building with nature\u2019 ( bwn ) programme .\nconceived and designed the experiments : mln pe jvb dvm pt . performed the experiments : mln pe jvb dvm . analyzed the data : mln pe jvb dvm . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : pe jvb dvm . wrote the paper : mln pe jvb dvm pt st .\n) populations be restored in singapore ' s heavily impacted coral reefs ? aquat conserv 18 : 570\u2013579 .\nwada sk ( 1954 ) spawning in tridacnid clams . jpn j zool 11 : 273\u2013285 .\ncowen rk , lwiza kmm , sponaugle s , paris cb , olson db ( 2000 ) connectivity of marine populations : open or closed ? science 287 : 857\u2013859 .\ngascoigne jc , lipcius rn ( 2004 ) allee effects in marine systems . mar ecol prog ser 269 : 49\u201359 .\nhobday aj , tegner m , haaker pl ( 2001 ) over - exploitation of a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate : decline of the white abalone . rev fish biol fisher 10 : 493\u2013514 .\nheslinga ga , fitt wk ( 1987 ) the domestication of reef - dwelling clams . bioscience 37 : 332\u2013339 .\n, at michaelmas reef , central great barrier reef , australia . aust j mar fresh res 42 : 241\u2013262 .\nknights am , crowe tp , burnell g ( 2006 ) mechanisms of larval transport : vertical distribution of bivalve larvae varies with tidal conditions . mar ecol prog ser 326 : 167\u2013174 .\nbolle lj , dickey - collas m , van beek jkl , erftemeijer pla , witte jij , et al . ( 2009 ) variability in transport of fish eggs and larvae . iii . effects of hydrodynamics and larval behaviour on recruitment in plaice . mar ecol prog ser 390 : 195\u2013211 .\n) populations from reefs in the western coral sea . coral reefs 11 : 135\u2013141 .\nbecker bj , levin la , fodrie fj , mcmillan pa ( 2007 ) complex larval connectivity patterns among marine invertebrate populations . p natl acad sci usa 104 : 3267\u20133272 ."]}
{"id": 2069, "summary": [{"text": "the red-faced crombec ( sylvietta whytii ) is a species of african warbler , formerly placed in the family sylviidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in burundi , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , rwanda , south sudan , tanzania , uganda , and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red - faced crombec", "paragraphs": ["red - faced crombec ( sylvietta whytii ) is a species of bird in the macrosphenidae family .\npearson , d . ( 2018 ) . red - faced crombec ( sylvietta whytii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n9 cm ; 8\u201312\u00b75 g . a grey - backed crombec with plain tawny face . nominate race has top of head and upperparts light grey , face and underparts tawny - buff , paler on belly and . . .\nthis locally common resident in miombo & teak woodland and riparian forest is slightly smaller than the long - billed crombec . it can be further differentiated from the latter by its rufous face and underparts , as well as the lack of a grey eye stripe .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : sylvietta whytii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as locally fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 2006 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to the destruction of miombo woodlands for agriculture ( del hoyo et al . 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nproposed race nemorivaga ( nw zimbabwe ) usually considered indistinguishable from nominate . four subspecies currently recognized .\nmearns , 1911 \u2013 sw ethiopia ( addis ababa s to yabelo and l abiata ) , se south sudan , ne uganda ( karamoja ) and nw kenya ( s turkana s to kapenguria ) .\nsharpe , 1897 \u2013 uganda ( except ne ) , sw & c kenya , rwanda , burundi , n & c tanzania ( e to kilimanjaro and iringa ) .\nogilvie - grant , 1900 \u2013 se kenya and ne tanzania ( extending inland to tsavo , taveta and morogoro ) .\nshelley , 1894 \u2013 se tanzania , malawi , n & c mozambique and zimbabwe .\nsong a thin \u201cwee see - see , wee see - see\u201d or \u201cesee - sisi - seee , see - sisi - seee\u201d , notes all on same pitch . . .\ninsects , including caterpillars ; also spiders ( araneae ) , small worms . forages mainly in trees or tall bushes , usually in pairs , commonly . . .\nbreeds just before or in early part of rains in e africa ; aug\u2013dec in s . monogamous ; territorial . nest a thick - walled oval pouch with . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally fairly common ; generally common and widespread in e africa . density 3 pairs / 100 ha in brachystegia woodland in zimbabwe . adversely affected . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecently delineated family , comprising macrosphenus , sphenoeacus , melocichla , achaetops , sylvietta and cryptillas # r ; in addition , graueria tentatively included here , but its affinities are still uncertain , as no molecular data published .\npreviously placed in a broad sylviidae ( see page 498 ) , or more recently in acrocephalidae . numerous forms described in \u201c sylviella \u201d , an unjustified emendation of present genus name .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ncalls from one of a pair of birds moving at mid - height through dense scrub and open dry forest at the base of a tall cliff .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 358 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ni recorded this member of the almost tailles crombecs in september 2011 while birding the gardens of the seravo lion hill game lodge in the lake nakure national park , kenya .\n\u00a9 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author ."]}
{"id": 2070, "summary": [{"text": "frogfishes are any member of the anglerfish family antennariidae , of the order lophiiformes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "antennariids are known as anglerfishes in australia , where the term \" frogfish \" refers to members of the unrelated family batrachoididae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world , the primary exception being the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "frogfishes are small , short and stocky , and sometimes covered in spinules and other appendages to aid in camouflage .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the camouflage aids in protection from predators and enables them to lure prey .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "many species can change colour ; some are covered with other organisms such as algae or hydrozoa .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "in keeping with this camouflage , frogfishes typically move slowly , lying in wait for prey , and then striking extremely rapidly , in as little as 6 milliseconds .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "few traces of frogfishes remain in the fossil record , though antennarius monodi is known from the miocene of algeria . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "frogfish", "paragraphs": ["hairy frogfish , aka striated frogfish , antennarius striatus . these frogfish come in different varieties , often striped or with hairy appendages .\nfrogfish are preyed upon by other frogfish and moray eels however this is considered an uncommon occurrence . young frogfish may fall victim to opportunistic predators including fishes .\ndespite their camouflage frogfish are not without predators of their own . lizardfish , scorpionfish and other frogfish are known for eating these critters . while juvenile frogfish are snapped up with ease , once frogfish reach maturity they are generally the hunter , not the hunted .\nsmall frogfish , one to three inches , are great to photograph using a 60mm lens . if you are photographing giant frogfish or frogfish larger than three inches , a non - macro lens is recommended . i use a 9\u201318mm for giant frogfish and a 14\u201342mm for larger , adult frogfish of other species that are around four to six inches .\nfrogfish / anglerfish ( antennariidae ) : characteristics - frogfish terms - esca and illicium - tips for the identification of frogfishes . with illustrations and photos\nmore amazing photos of several rare histiophryne frogfish species : histiophryne bougainvilli , histiophryne cryptacanthus , histiophryne psychedelica ( psychedelic frogfish ) and an australian histiophryne sp .\njuvenile frogfish , a . pictus , in anilao , photo by scott gietler . these tiny frogfish , less than 10mm are great subjects for supermacro underwater photography .\nnew frogfish - species ? photos of several histiophryne sp . from indonesia and australia\nthe psychedelic frogfish originates from ambon island in the indonesian archipelago ( 4 ) .\nblack and orange commerson ' s frogfish on the deep reefs of cocos island .\nthe warty frogfish or clown frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) could fit in the palm of your hand \u2014 and it has its own pair of hands , too .\nthe frogfish is sometimes seen , opening its mouth and yawning . but only on two occasions i have seen how a frogfish actually eats its prey ( see a video ) . actually everything happened so fast , that all i really saw was the shrimp in front of the frogfish and then the frogfish moved and the next thing i realized the shrimp was gone and the frogfish made swallowing movements . no wonder that the frogfish can eat fishes out of a school without the other fishes noticing !\nunderwater video footage from national geographic of a number of anglerfish ( frogfish ) species .\nfrogfish move very slowly but ironically , frogfish have the fastest strike speed of any other animal on earth . they ambulate by gulping water with its massive mouth . then forcing the water through it\u2019s gills the frogfish moves about the reef or bottom . the body move\u2019s very little as the frogfish huffs and puffs its way through the water column .\na view of the illicium and esca of a striated frogfish . photo \u00a9 anne dupont\nphotographing a well - camouflaged frogfish can sometimes result in a better photo than an isolated frogfish with no background . frogfish are able to change color , so they are often similar in color and pattern to their surrounding habitat , with some matching it exactly .\nincredible footage of frogfish eating . also in slow motion ( lembeh strait , indonesia )\nvery tiny painted frogfish ( antennarius pictus ) about 4mm . notice the transparent fins !\nduring the last afternoon dive at dive site tk3 , dive guide abner mangole found a hairy frogfish circling a flounder . five minutes later , the hairy frogfish finished its dinner .\n2 ) there are about 46 known species of frogfish worldwide in tropical and temperate seas .\n8 ) the psychedelic frogfish has been id\u2019d only around the island of ambon , indonesia .\nthe frogfish on the following photos all have long lures . click on thumbnail for enlargement .\nlonglure frogfish , flagpole frogfish , pescador cana larga , pescador cana tenebroso . the common name\nlonglure\nis a direct reference to the elongated illicium which acts as a fishing lure .\nfrogfish with lure , a . maculatus , waiting for its prey , photo by mike bartick .\n3 ) the frogfish is carnivorous and has the fastest - known prey engulfment of any vertebrate .\nyawning is another great frogfish behavior to capture . frogfish yawn for three reasons\u2014the first is to realign its jaw . you will see this yawn immediately before a frogfish starts walking or fishing . the second is a yawn that happens after a predation attempt . the frogfish will \u201ccough\u201d while yawning to eject any unwanted items , such as sand , pieces of shells , plant material , etc .\n( tasseled frogfish ) eggs , about 13 days after spawning . photo taken by rudie kuiter .\nhere are some more interesting frogfish facts : 1 . unlike many animals that use camouflage as a defense from predators , frogfish mostly use their abilities to attract prey . 2 . frogfish have a modified dorsal fin that has a retractable lure resembling a shrimp , which is used to attract their prey . if their lure is eaten or damaged it can be regenerated . 3 . frogfish are carnivores . they eat fish , crustaceans and even other frogfish . 4 . a frogfish\u2019s mouth can expand to 12 times its resting size . this allows it to catch all sorts of prey . 5 . because frogfish lack a swim bladder , they use their modified pectoral fins to walk , or even gallop , across the seafloor ( check out this great video of a frogfish in action ) .\nthe frogfish sometimes also actively stalks prey , i have seen a frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) trying to catch a small flounder by slowly sneaking towards it . it was trying to get the flounder into striking distance . the strike zone is about one frogfish body length . click on thumbnail for enlargement .\nfascinating to divers and dreaded by its prey , the frogfish is the ocean\u2019s master of aggressive mimicry .\nwhen frogfish first hatch ( as larvae ) they appear to be fully formed miniatures but they have actually yet to develop their lure \u2013 this happens later . here in lembeh we often find juveniles on our black sand dive sites and they range in size from just 5mm to 10mm ! juveniles often display different colorations to mature frogfish \u2013 did you know that the \u201cclown\u201d frogfish is actually a juvenile warty frogfish ?\ngiant frogfish camouflaged in yellow sponge , mabul island , malaysia . perrine doug / perspectives / getty images\nfrogfish camouflage relies on their lack of movement , which allows algae , coral polyps , and other organisms to grow and live on the their bodies . by moving frogfish , they are no longer camouflaged against their chosen habitats and this can even dislodge some of the organisms that have made a frogfish their home .\nwarty frogfish ( clown frogfish ) , antennarius maculatus . photos by jeffrey de guzman . juveniles frequently yellow with red - brown saddle and orange borders of rear dorsal and tail fins . often in open sand .\ninstead of only photographing the frogfish , include the habitat in the photo to illustrate the camouflage and the body pattern . hairy frogfish are known to have body growths that directly mimic their surroundings , such as algae , sea urchins , or sponges , so they make great subjects when highlighting the camouflage capabilities of frogfish .\nfrogfish are very misunderstood and very little is known about this unique underwater lie - in - wait predator .\nfrogfish are favorite subjects that are often photographed by underwater photographers . the species is a delight to see in the wild , but it takes a very good observer to pick out a frogfish because of its camouflage .\nstriated frogfish coloration is quite variable . photos \u00a9 david snyder ( top ) and elaine blum ( bottom )\npainted frogfish ( antennarius pictus ) - surrounded by cardinalfishes . they are not yet close enough to catch them\nthe easiest way to find a frogfish is to stick to your guide or ask anyone local for a location or directions . frogfish don ' t move around much , so if you can get a depth and specific piece of habitat of a resident frogfish , you should be able to find it if you search slowly .\ndue to the size range of frogfish\u2014anywhere from just a quarter of an inch to more than 15 inches\u2014your camera setup depends on the frogfish in the area where you are diving , so ask your guide before a dive .\nfrogfish are found throughout tropical and subtropical waters . most species live in relatively shallow waters although some species are deep dwelling . recreational divers in asia are most likely to spot certain species including giant , clown and painted frogfish .\n4 ) unlike the chameleon , the frogfish is unable to change its color quickly , instead taking several weeks .\nhairy frogfish lures vary greatly depending on the type of frogfish you\u2019re looking at . the worm - like lure is most common found on the a . striatus . disproportionately oversized , the lure is quite effective in attracting prey .\ndone with frogfish features ? go back and see the other crossword clues for wall street journal july 8 2017 .\nfrogfish hunting and catching a fish , the fastest movement of any animal . filmed near the reef dive resorts shipwrecks\nthese frogfish species have relatively few but large eggs and the hatchlings are also relatively large and well developed . the result of this reproduction mode is , that these species have a narrow geographic distribution compared to other frogfish species .\ncaught by fishermen in 100 m depth off the coast of africa - an uncommon senegal frogfish ( antennarius senegalensis ) .\nin the last 12 months , i\u2019ve encountered what seems to be a new variety of hairy frogfish both in anilao and then later in lembeh , simply named a \u201cshort hair .\nlike other hairy frogfish , this guy has personality .\ndone with frogfish features ? go back and see the other crossword clues for new york times crossword july 8 2017 .\nalready solved frogfish features ? go back and see the other crossword clues for wall street crossword july 8 2017 answers .\nthe frogfish is a master of camouflage . he practices aggressive mimicry to attack prey and beats world records of rapidity .\nin an email with national geographic , author of the book frogfishes around the world ted pietsch noted the frogfish in the video is likely a striated frogfish , which are commonly found throughout indonesia but rarely seen thanks to their exceptional camouflage .\nthe color of the longlure frogfish is highly variable , ranging from pale yellow to reddish brown . photo \u00a9 george ryschkewitsch\nthe wall street journal crossword can be very challenging . but we are here to help ! today we will help you find the answer to the clue frogfish features . after hunting for any other hints and relevant information in the wall street journal crossword puzzle we ' ve found the answer to the clue frogfish features . the answer to the clue frogfish features is :\na small astriatus lines up on a bobtailed squid . slowly leaning forward , almost motionless , the frogfish launches its attack . the strike speed of frogfish has been recorded at 6 milliseconds , making it one of the fastest striking creatures on earth .\nan interesting video of a strange looking deepwater frogfish ( lophiodes fimbriatus ) , found in shallow water in alor , indonesia .\na frogfish has the fastest strike of any marine animal . this is a video of a frogfish as it stalks and catches it ' s prey in the blink of an eye . to see this video in slow motion , click here : urltoken\njuvenile frogfish look like smaller versions of their adult forms , but some show special defensive colors ( see baby frogfishes ) .\nthe longlure frogfish is not considered a good aquarium fish due to the voracity of its appetite . the species is a delight to see in the wild , but it takes a very good observer to pick out a frogfish because of its camouflage .\nsize , age , and growth the longlure frogfish grows to lengths of about 4 . 5 inches ( 11 cm ) .\nfrogfish are amongst my favorite critters to look for underwater . they are so well camouflaged and adapted to they\u2019re immediate surroundings , that they are rarely detected . often called grotesque , frogfish were declared \u201cthe spawn of satan\u201d by the mayor of bitung , indonesia .\nlarge frogfish and a sponge . i can ' t stop looking at this photo . well , i ' m still not convinced that it is not two frogfish ! photo by andrew taylor in mozambique with an olympus 7070 with a wide - angle lens .\nmature frogfishes vary in size according to species and range from just 5cm up to a huge 50cm ( for giant frogfish ) .\nhall , d . ( 2008 ) exposed : first reported frogfish sighting in ambon . sport diver magazine , 16 : 16 .\ndid you find the solution for frogfish features ? check the other remaining questions solutions in wall street crossword july 8 2017 answers .\nthe frogfish dosen ' t have many predators . in fact it only has one known predator which is the moray eel . yet it is rare to see this animal attacking or eating a frogfish . the reason the frogfish dosen ' t have many predators is probably because of it ' s camouflage . also when it feels threatened it will puff up scaring away it ' s predator .\nthe eggs of tetrabrachium ocellatum ( four - armed frogfish or humpback anglerfish ) are wrapped around the dorsal fins which are specially hooked . since a lot of fish like to eat eggs , these eggs might enhance considerably the overall luring effect of a frogfish .\nthe third reason for yawning is actually a stress reaction . a frogfish will yawn at its reflection in the camera lens\u2014challenging the reflection that it can swallow it whole and should leave it alone ! keep in mind when photographing a yawning frogfish that unless it happens before or after a predation event or movement , it is most likely a stress reaction and the frogfish should be left alone for awhile . if you happen to catch a frogfish yawning , try to get a shot from the side or from directly in front .\nthe gape strike of the frogfish is so effective that it\u2019s nearly impossible to escape the strike zone . dropping and extending its jaw with lightning - quick speed , the frogfish overwhelms and consumes its prey with surprise and force . frogfish actually engage their stomach muscles simultaneously and crush their victims all in one movement . the only teeth they have are positioned backwards to prevent a subject from escaping .\ngiant frogfish may camouflage themselves in sponges or on the ocean bottom . these fish can change their color , and even texture to help them blend in with their environment . why do they do it ? to fool their prey . a giant frogfish ' s mouth can stretch to 12 times its size , so the frogfish can gobble up its prey in one giant gulp . if its stealth maneuvers fail , the frogfish has a second option \u2014 like an anglerfish , it has a modified spine that functions as a fleshy\nlure\nthat attracts prey . as a curious animal , such as a small fish , approaches , the frogfish gulps them down .\nmany frogfish are so well hidden that only their faces are visible . not to worry , great photos are still possible . this is especially relevant if you find a giant frogfish while using a 60mm or 105mm lens and it won\u2019t fit in the frame . shoot from the side while focusing on the side of the face and , if possible , utilize some negative space behind the frogfish such as a\nthe juvenile clown frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) and the juvenile giant frogfish ( antennarius commerson ) are said to mimic a distasteful flatworm , complete with undulating dorsal fins to simulate the swimming worm . i think there are also examples of distasteful nudibranchs that look similar . other frogfish species ( antennarius hispidus , antennarius striatus ) are just specially well camouflaged and look like algae covered rocks or like a slug .\nthere is a group of frogfish species , which have no or a much reduced lure . the newly ( 2008 ) discovered frogfish species histiophryne psychedelica ( ambon frogfish ) seems to block off the entrance to holes or crevices and thus entraps its prey inside ( reference ) . it would be interesting to investigate if other nearly rodless frogfishes like histiophryne bougainvilli or histiophryne cryptacanthus also employ a similar behavior of predation .\nthe twelve genera of antennaridae ( antennae bearing ) frogfish are found nearly worldwide but tend to be bunched as species in different oceans . this article highlights the frogfish of the info - pacific , found in the genus antennarius . the giant frogfish , antennarius commersoni , has a large range and can be found throughout the tropical pacific , eastern atlantic , eastern pacific , hawaii ( kona ) , indian ocean , japan , red sea , tropical australia , western atlantic , indonesia and asia . frogfish take on many different color forms throughout their lifecycle .\nimportant : based on new findings ( reference ) about dna in frogfishes the nomenclatur for several frogfish species ( all of the former genus antennarius ) was changed and this website corrected accordingly in 2012 . new phylogenetic relationships between frogfish genera and species list of changed species names / pdf\nimage of juvenile nudiantennarius subteres ( 15mm ) and of a yawning baby hairy frogfish ( a . striatus ) , only about 8mm from maumere\nnever seen yet - special colouring of a juvenile frogfish ( a . pictus ? ) - image 1 , 2 and details 3 , 4\nthey ' re lumpy , they don ' t have scales , and they are expert camouflage artists . who are they ? giant frogfish !\nhairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) has caught a flounder but is unable to swallow the fish because it is too large . after about 45 minutes the frogfish spat the flounder out , it was dead by then . tropical frogfishes have no teeth , so they can ' t tear a fish into smaller pieces . either swallow whole ar not at all . copyright matthew oldfield - more images of this frogfish ( flickr )\noccasionally , you will find a frogfish that is just too big or too small for your lens . no problem if you feel like getting creative . if the frogfish is too big , focus on an interesting section of the body pattern and experiment with a little abstract photography .\nthere are no means to differ the male and female frogfish , for example by coloration or size except by examining the gonads by dissection .\nfrogfish do not have any lightning responses other than for feeding because they have very little to fear in the way of predation . what eats anglerfish ? other frogfish . the gulper may become the gulped . however considering that they are designed more to catch fish swimming in the water column , this is a rather rare phenomenon . moray eels have also been witnessed eating frogfish , but again , this is an uncommon sight .\nlike all frogfish , commerson\u2019s is a type of anglerfish ( and in some places it would just be called an anglerfish , not a frogfish ) . anglerfish are bony fish that usually have a growth on their foreheads that is used to lure in prey . frogfish are mostly benthic animals \u2013 they tend to sit on a solid surface rather than swim , and they can squat or \u201cwalk\u201d using their modified fins as legs .\n12 ) different species of the frogfish have different lures ( escae ) , which they wave in front of their mouth to attract prey . some have lures that resemble shrimps , others fishes , worms or tiny squids . recent research has shown the striated frogfish\u2019s lure to be biofluorescent .\ncommerson\u2019s frogfish , also known as the giant frogfish , ( antennarius commerson ) has a wide range , throughout the tropical pacific and indian oceans and in the red sea . they\u2019re usually found on reefs down to about 30m ( 100ft ) but may sometimes be seen in deeper water .\nanother alternative is to show the frogfish with its lure out . this is good if you want the frogfish to fill the entire photo while highlighting the fact that it is fishing . if you want to get creative , zoom in a bit and photograph the face and the lure or the lure on its own , especially when dealing with hairy frogfish as they have a huge worm - shaped lure . this option is good if you\u2019re taking a macro or super - macro shot and want the focus to be specifically the behavior and not the frogfish as a whole .\nfrogfish are masters of disguise . spot one during a dive and you will win the admiration of every diver in your group \u2013 especially photographers . frogfish , a type of anglerfish , have a textured exterior that aids in their camouflage . while they do not have scales , their amazing ability to camouflage themselves serves as protection from predators . frogfish vary in color and often have unique spines or bumps that change with their surroundings .\n\u201cit was fascinating because we had never seen a frogfish that had changed colour to become white because of a bleaching event , \u201d grimsditch says .\nshallow dive sites with an abundance of algae growth such as estuaries or areas with fluctuating salinity levels seem to be a favorite among hairy frogfish , and are a great place to locate them . but hairy frogfish also live in deeper waters and have been found at depths of 600 feet .\nhairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) - hiding between sea urchins to catch some cardinalfishes . it probably is imitating the spines of the sea urchin .\nthe longlure frogfish is found from in the western atlantic ocean from bermuda and the bahamas , south along the coasts of central and south america .\nonce prey \u2013 usually a crustacean or fish \u2013 is within range of a frogfish , it stands little chance : a frogfish sucks in its live meals by opening its huge mouth , pulling in prey in mere milliseconds . in fact , the fish has possibly the quickest ambush in the world .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica )\ntitle =\narkive species - psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are any number of reasons why frogfish , in all their shapes and sizes , fascinate and entertain human visitors to their watery domain . . .\n1 ) due to its amazing camouflage and complex luring behaviors , the frogfish is considered one of the most complicated , efficient examples of aggressive mimicry .\nwe would like to thank you for visiting our website ! please find below all frogfish features crossword clue answers and solutions for wall street journal daily crossword puzzle . since you have landed on our site then most probably you are looking for the solution of frogfish features crossword . look no further because you\u2019ve come to the right place ! our staff has just finished solving all today\u2019s washington post daily crossword and the answer for frogfish features can be found below\nboth stingfish and frogfish can be found in benthic zones , or the bottom of a body of water , where they lay in wait for prey .\nthis strange looking fish is a master ant camouflage . within a few weeks it can completely change its color to match its surroundings . the frogfish ' s\neach frogfish species moves the rod ( illicium ) with its lure ( esca ) in a special pattern to attract the attention of potential prey . for example the warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) moves its lure in wavy lines either above the head or directly in front of the mouth close to the ground , the lure is doing a circle . the giant frogfish ( antennarius commerson ) is moving its lure up and down in jerky movements . a study in luring behavior by s . michael also showed , that a frogfish can vary its angling technique . a coinbearing frogfish ( antennatus nummifer ) he observed used three different luring patterns - lifting the lure and vibrating the esca , holding the lure still in front of the mouth and throwing the angel rapidly back and forward .\nantennarius maculatus ( engorged ) is followed by a antennarius pictus frogfish . perhaps it is waiting for the release of the eggs , so it can eat them\nalthough they can be difficult to find , frogfish are some of the best subjects for underwater photographers , especially beginners . they come in all different colors and sizes , and don ' t like to move around that much . sometimes they are so camouflaged or hidden that the resulting photograph is cluttered , boring , or makes it hard to even see where the frogfish is . luckily , there are plenty of techniques when photographing frogfish that allow for great , creative photos .\n\u00b7 patience is important for underwater photography of frogfish - try not to touch , poke or antagonize . they will usually continue their behavior in front of the camera\ngreat photos of the ocellated frogfish fowlerichthys ocellatus ( formerly antennarius ocellatus ) from florida - a rare event since they tend to live beyond recreational scuba depths . video\nthe family of frogfish ( antennariidae = antenna bearers ) comprise 13 , perhaps 14 genera ( allenichthys , antennarius , antennatus , echinophryne , fowlerichthys , histiophryne , histrio , kuiterichthys , lophiocharon , nudiantennarius , phyllophryne , rhycherus , tathicarpus ) with 49 ( 52 ? ) known species . check out frogfish taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships .\nfrogfish / anglerfish ( antennariidae ) : feeding behavior of the frogfishes ( antennariidae ) : aggressive mimicry - luring prey - gape and suck . with photos and illustrations\nother fishes will perceive the camouflaged frogfish as perfect shelter and approach too close . frogfishes often look like algae covered rocks . in coral reefs there isn ' t really a plentiful supply of algae for herbivore fishes . these fishes will approach a frogfish because they perceive a good feeding ground and are then caught . because no herbivore fishes can eat plants surrounding the frogfish ( they all get caught ) these plants will grow extensively and even more fishes are attracted to the ambush site .\nthe following habitats are found across the frogfish distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\na warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) housed at the steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\nwhile diving off the coast of sulawesi , indonesia , one diver captured video of a frogfish taking a stroll along the ocean floor . in the more than 1 , 000 dives that hobbyist diver atsushi sadaki claims to have been on , he says he ' s seen a few frogfish but never any moving in this way .\n9 ) the frogfish swims by jet propulsion . it uses backward - facing , tubelike gill openings that propel it along rather than using a tail like most fishes .\n11 ) the frogfish lacks a swim bladder . this structure is found in most swimming fishes ; it maintains their buoyancy in a similar manner to a diver\u2019s bc .\njust as fishermen use different baits , different species of frogfish have different lures which imitate different prey from small squids , fish and worms through to crabs and shrimp .\na female and male _ a . striatus _ are paired together to mate . this is the only time that frogfish will come together without striking out . all frogfish are dangerously antisocial and don\u2019t play well with others . the male is the smaller of the two in this image . both become bright orange just prior to spawning .\nfrogfish usually feed on smaller fish and can sit extremely still , camouflaged and lying in wait for prey to come by . sometimes a frogfisy may wriggle its lure or move its body to resemble whatever it is camouflaged as . when the meal approaches close enough , the frogfish rapidly open its large mouth , creating a vacuum that sucks the prey in . the attack is over in six milliseconds ! frogfish can also expand their mouths and stomachs large enough to swallow prey much bigger than they are .\nthe illicium ( rod ) and esca ( lure ) of the warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\nluckily , frogfish don ' t spook easily , so there is no need for a large distance between you and the fish when photographing it . if focusing on juvenile frogfish , those that are smaller than an inch , a 105mm lens is a great choice , although you can get away with using a 60mm lens with a diopter .\nthere are many fish in the sea that use camouflage , but the frogfish is a real treat to see . frogfish can be found in tropical and subtropical oceans and seas off the coasts of africa , asia , australia and north america . next time you take a dive in one of these regions take a closer look at the reef .\nthe frogfish ( or anglerfish , angler , fishing frog ) is one of my favorite fishes so this website is dedicated entirely to this family of fishes ( antennariidae ) .\nit\u2019s important to fit in . that seems to be the approach taken by this frogfish , which has turned white to match the bleached coral on which it is living .\na few frogfish species ( mostly living in australia ) show special parental care for their eggs . for example lophiocharon trisignatus or lophiocharon lithinostomus have fewer but larger eggs than other frogfish species . the female attaches a cluster of eggs with a threadlike structure to the surface of his body ( see below ) and carries them around until they hatch .\nfrogfish , so named due to their squat resemblance to the common amphibians , range in size from around 5cm to the giant frogfish ' s colossal 40cm . they also resemble frogs in that their fins are more like legs , which they use to walk slowly over the sea bed and atop sponges and corals to lie in wait for their prey .\nfrogfish spend long periods being stationary ( which makes them excellent underwater photography subjects ) but they are a swimming species , most often though they move by jumping and walking along the sea floor . in order to \u201cjump\u201d the frogfish will suck in water through its mouth and then force it out through their gills \u2013 this makes them literally jet propelled !\nhairy frogfish range in size and most have their hair growth right from the beginning . adapting quickly , they begin hunting as soon as they hatch from their eggs , gulping down anything for protein . using their rod and lure , frogfish like this juvenile a . striatus hunt smaller shrimps and sometimes other newly - hatched siblings from the same brood .\nthe weird and wonderful psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica ) was first described in 2009 ( 3 ) , following its discovery in indonesia in 2008 ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . with vivid stripes of bluish - green , white and yellowish - orange ( 4 ) , this strange - looking fish is a type of anglerfish ( a species in the order lophiiformes ) . however , unlike most in this order , and indeed its own family of frogfish , the psychedelic frogfish is unusual in not having a lure growing from its forehead ( 5 ) . in other anglerfish , the lure is a fleshy , modified dorsal fin spine that the anglerfish uses as \u2018bait\u2019 to attract prey ( 6 ) . the psychedelic frogfish also has forward - facing eyes on its flattened face , a trait not seen before in frogfish , and which is rare among fish in general ( 5 ) .\n6 ) during a recent coral - bleaching event in the maldives , where great areas of coral became pure white , a frogfish was found camouflaging itself against these ghostly corals .\na similar species , antennarius hispidus may be distinguished from the striated frogfish by its esca or lure which is a large oval shaped tuft rather than worm - like in appearance .\nthe frogfish can be found in a number of locations including : africa , asia , australia , north america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nfrogfish aren ' t the only type of fish found\nwalking .\nin june , a diver also swimming off the coast of indonesia filmed a stingfish performing a nimbler\nwalk\nacross the ocean floor . unlike frogfish , stingfish have pectoral fins that are separated and more apt at movement . ( read why the video had experts stumped . )\nfrogfish is an angler fish , which belongs to the family of antennariidae . there are around 44 members in the frogfish family . these species vary at a huge level on the basis of their size . the bandfin frogfish can grow up to a size of only 5 cm , whereas the giant frogfish can grow up to a size of 40 cm . as their size varies , their coloration , markings and body patterns also varies . as far as the shape of the body is considered , it is almost similar . frogfish are the underwater dwellers and very little is known about this species . they have unique characteristics that they can adapt themselves very well in their natural surroundings . their camouflaged behavior makes them very difficult to be detected and so much is not known about them . they vary in coloration and markings in such a way that it is very difficult to identify the species correctly .\nespecially the larger frogfish species change the way they hunt while growing . young frogfishes hide a lot ( like the smaller frogfish species ) . when they are grown up large frogfishes ( antennarius commerson , antennarius multiocellatus ) stay at the same place for a long time on exposed areas in the coral reef , so you will find them there during several dives .\nfood habits striated frogfish feed on crustaceans and various benthic fishes such as flounders , shrimp gobies and of particular note , the lionfish which is an invasive species with the distribution range of this frogfish . feeding behavior is quite unique in this group of fishes . when the frogfish detects its prey , it follows the movement of the prey item with its eyes . as the prey approaches , the frogfish begins to move its illicium in such a way that the esca mimics the movements of the organism it resembles which in this case is a worm . the frogfish slowly prepares for the surprise attack on the prey by stalking it or just adjusting its mouth in anticipation . the prey is actually caught via the sudden opening of the jaws which increases the mouth size up to 12 times , pulling in the prey along with water in just six milliseconds . this water flows out through the gills while the prey is swallowed and the esophagus is closed with a specially adapted muscle to keep the victim contained . frogfish can also expand their stomachs to swallow animals up to twice their own size !\n14 ) juvenile painted frogfish mimic toxic nudibranchs . because of this behavior , they have little to fear from their own predators while being ignored by their prey , allowing easy ambush .\nthe lembeh frogfish ( listed here for a long time as antennatus sp . ) has been identified as nudiantennarius subteres resulting in a redescription of this species ( pietsch and arnold 2017 )\nthe eastern frogfish has a large mouth , fleshy lips and a tasseled ' beard ' . the species is endemic to australia , occurring from southern queensland to central new south wales .\nfrogfish ( common name derived from batrachoidiae or toadfish ) are crafty predators that are well designed for ambushing their prey by using \u201clying and wait\u201d hunting tactics and employing several strategies to atract heir prey without exerting too much energy . they rarely , if ever , swim while hunting , and assume a more stationary position . frogfish are known for lightning fast strike speeds .\nfish , fe . 1987 . kinematics and power output of jet propulsion by the frogfish genus antennarius ( lophiiformes : antennaridae ) . copeia 1987 ( 4 ) : 1046 - 1048 .\nfood habits this frogfish lies in a sponge and waits for a fish to swim by . it then wiggles the lure around in order to attract the prey . as the frogfish lumbers across the bottom , it moves these spines around in the same way as a snail moves its eye stalks , attracting small fish and crustaceans with its lure . it is capable of swallowing a fish that is larger in size than itself . eating mostly fish , the longlure frogfish has been known to occasionally feed on crabs and mantis shrimps . just like a recreational fisher , the frogfish will move to a different location if no fish are biting , using its stalked pectoral fins and its pelvic fins to slowly\nwalk\nacross the bottom .\n( 9 ) : schneidewind , f . 2005 . a frogfish ( antennarius sp . ) as a mimic of sea urchins : a new form of mimicry in the family antennariidae .\nfrogfishes also employ chemical attractants . this is of importance to frogfish that forage at night like the hairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) . this frogfish also enlarges his esca by 35 % when actively luring . the hairy frogfish , a juvenile , about 9cm large , on the following 9 photos ( also possible to see as a short video ) was walking about and luring during about 10 minutes , checking out several goby burrows but with no success . during some time it stretched the lure out in front while walking , then again it was moving the lure over its head in complicated patterns . it was interesting to observe the lure , which made wavy movements , then again was rolled up and nearly hidden . click on thumbnail for enlargement .\nby following the advice outlined here , even novice underwater photographers will find frogfish to be excellent subjects that can be photographed in a multitude of ways and using a number of different techniques .\nthe complete length of the lifecycle of an individual is unknown outside of captivity . the size can range anywhere from 1 / 8 inch to 22 inches . as a juvenile the giant frogfish may be white or yellow and saddled with reddish colored patches , often misidentified underwater as a clown frogfish . but as the individual grows towards the sex phase the colors can shift from pink , yellow , black , beige , green and more , often sporting scab like appendages . but all frogfish are speculated to have a chameleon like ability with some even growing hair like appendages .\nthe frogfish is a master of survival , with all it ' s adaptions . one of the many adaptions it has is it modified dorsal fin with a lure on top . the lure resembles the food of the frogfish ' s prey so they prey will come close the frogfish so it can suck it in . the lure is able to fold back between the fins when not in use , so it won ' t get damaged . another adaption this animal has is it ' s flexible jawbone . this allows it to open up 12 times it original mouth size . this is good for the frogfish because once the lure lures it close to the frogfish it can open up it ' s mouth and suck it in . another adaption it has is it ' s amazing camouflage . it ' s skin will match the surroundings coral colour also it has bumps on it ' s skin which makes it look exactly like the coral around it .\nthis species is not commercially valuable and is not accidentally captured by fisheries targeting other species . though some individuals are occasionally captured alive for display in public and private aquaria , this uncommon practice is not a threat to scarlet frogfish populations . scientists have not officially assessed the conservation status of the scarlet frogfish , but this naturally rare species is likely a species of least conservation concern .\nthe most interesting aspect of the frogfish , apart from his prefect camouflage is the way he attracts his prey . other fish lie in wait until the prey swims close to their mouth ( lie - in - wait predation ) , but the frogfish ( or anglerfish ) lures the prey ( fish , crustaceans ) actively to where it can strike . the lure mimics food animals like worms , small shrimps or small fish . the prey approaches to catch the lure and then is engulfed by the waiting frogfish ( see a video ) . this strategy is called aggressive mimicry .\nthere are many great destinations for diving in the presence of these fascinating creatures . frogfish are common in the dive destinations of indonesia , malaysia and burma , with some of the best being :\n\u00b7 lens choices can range from 105mm to 10 . 5mm , depending on the size of the frogfish . most mid range lenses are perfect , and a compact camera has a very good range\nthe psychedelic frogfish is the only known fish to \u2018hop\u2019 rather than swim , pushing off the sea floor using its leg - like fins and expelling water from its gills to propel itself forwards .\n7 ) some deep - sea relatives of the frogfish exhibit sexual parasitism , where tiny parasitic males attach to larger females . males fuse to their partners , receiving nutrients while supplying sperm in return .\nbelow is the solution for frogfish features crossword clue . this clue was last seen on jul 8 2017 in the wall street journal crossword puzzle . while searching our database we found 1 possible solution matching the query \u201cfrogfish features\u201d . please check the answer provided below and if its not what you are looking for then head over to the main post and use the search function . you can always go back at\nof course not all prey is attracted by the lure . a more passive approach is the excellent camouflage of the frogfishes . many animals just mistake a frogfish for a sponge , come too close and are swallowed . i have actually seen on various occasions , how small gobies flittered over the body of a frogfish sitting in a sponge , without being aware of the danger of getting eaten ( image ) .\nfrogfishes mainly eat fishes and crustaceans ( shrimps and crabs ) . they can swallow items of prey that are twice as large as them ( see a video ) . luring techniques vary depending on the surrounding the frogfish lives in . a frogfish ( for example antennarius striatus ) living mainly on sand often has a lure that reaches close to the ground , so it can move the lure at the entrances of burrows or entice benthic animals like flounders to come closer . a frogfish living exposed on sponges or corals ( for example antennarius commerson ) will lure more often above its head and might have a longish lure . a frogfish living hidden in crevices ( for example antennatus nummifer ) often is small and has a small lure , more like a white ball and will stretch it in front of its head or just above .\nhi graham , i have never seen frogfish spawn at dusk , as many other fish do , but only at night . i noted the times of the last two spawnings that i witnessed on my notes at the top of this page . the first two spawnings , in 2003 and 2005 , occurred at 9 : 08pm and 8 : 45pm , respectively . good luck with your quest to witness frogfish spawning !\nthe broad face of the psychedelic frogfish has an expanded , fleshy chin and cheeks ( 1 ) ( 7 ) , giving it the appearance of a lion\u2019s mane ( 8 ) . this species also has a large , gaping mouth ( 9 ) . its body has thick skin with many folds ( 5 ) , and its tail is slightly off - centre ( 9 ) . as in other frogfish , the pectoral fins on each side of the psychedelic frogfish\u2019s body have evolved to be more like legs than fins ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the fish also has three spines along its back ( 7 ) .\nit is possible that other opportunistic predators would devour anglerfish , particularly when they are still young . indeed in some cultures , man would happily lift some floating sargassum and take the sheltering frogfish home to be eaten .\nso - enjoy this website , look at the largest collection of frogfish photos , read about the behavior of this amazing fish and . . . . . get wet ! those critters are waiting for you underwater !\nanglerfish generally have the ability to change colour and become camouflaged against their surroundings to stay hidden from prey attracted by their lure . in contrast , the psychedelic frogfish\u2019s lurid colouring does not change , which appears to be reflected in its behaviour as it is a shy and elusive species , hiding itself away . this is presumably due to its inability to become camouflaged in the open . researchers speculate that the psychedelic frogfish\u2019s flamboyant colouring may be a way for the fish to mimic the corals within its habitat ( 5 ) . each individual psychedelic frogfish can be identified by its unique pattern of stripes and concentric rings ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .\n\u201cspinules\u201d or small spines are a hair - like structure which give these frogfish their name . the \u201chair\u201d actually grows right from its soft skin tissue with a variance in density from abundant to hardly any at all .\nit inhabits shallow reefs at depths less than 215 feet ( 66 meters ) where it quite easily mimics surrounding sponges . the longlure frogfish is a bottom dweller , occurring in warm shallow waters . the frogfish uses its stalked pectoral fins and its pelvic fins to slowly\nwalk\nacross the bottom . frogfishes have been observed inflating themselves by filling their stomachs with air or water . this is a solitary species found in small populations .\nwarty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) are sedentary seafloor dwellers that can change colour over just a few weeks to seamlessly blend in with their surroundings . their disguise renders them invisible to unsuspecting prey that they snatch for dinner ."]}
{"id": 2077, "summary": [{"text": "condessa ( 15 march 1978 \u2013 2005 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in two seasons of racing she was highly-tried , racing twenty-one times , winning five times and finishing second twice .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a two-year-old she won two minor races from eight attempts , but appeared to be well behind the best of her generation .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year she developed to become one of the best staying fillies of her generation in europe , beating an exceptionally strong field in the musidora stakes at york racecourse , finishing second in the irish oaks , and recording her biggest win at the same track when she won the yorkshire oaks .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her victories in 1981 were the first major successes for her trainer jim bolger .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was later transferred to the united states where she made no impact and was retired from racing at the end of the year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she has had some influence as a broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "condessa", "paragraphs": ["condessa apartment accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival .\ncondessa apartment is located in lisbon . the rossio square is within a 3 - minute walk of the apartment .\ninfografia com representa\u00e7\u00e3o do exterior e dos espa\u00e7os interiores no chalet da condessa d\u2019edla , no piso t\u00e9rreo e piso superior .\nquarto de vestir da condessa d\u2019edla , evidenciando a pintura mural das paredes e teto , imitando rendas sobre fundo de cor azul .\nwith reverso you can find the portuguese translation , definition or synonym for condessa and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of condessa given by the portuguese - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , freelang , priberam , freedict , wordreference , oxford , collins dictionaries . . .\n16202 condessa is located in mission bend south sec 5 subdivision in fort bend county appraisal district . the market value per appraisal district is $ 118 , 740 for this 3 bedroom ( s ) , 2 bath ( s ) , 1story , 1 , 205 building square feet and was built in 1982 . view 16202 condessa property features , tax value , calculate mortgage value , nearby schools and similar homes for sale . the current tax rate for the property is 2 . 25 % . the market land value for 16202 condessa is $ 29 , 400 .\ndr . condessa curley , md is a family medicine specialist in los angeles , ca and has been practicing for 17 years . she graduated from university of california , davis , school of medicine in 1996 and specializes in family medicine .\ncondessa have been making the finest liqueurs for over 40 years . ranging from fruit to cream liqueurs , cocktail recipes and liqueur gift boxes . condessa welsh liqueurs are available from shows and exhibitions throughout the uk , where you will be able to taste our range of award winning fruit liqueurs and cream liqueurs and buy the ones you prefer , or if you can\u2019t decide your favourite you could take a pick from our gift boxes that contain a small selection of our finest liqueurs .\nbolger , who trained his first group one winners in 1981 with the filly condessa landing the yorkshire oaks after coming from the clouds to win and erins isle taking the tattersalls gold cup , said dawn approach was a different character to his sire new approach .\nin recognition of condessa curley ' s efforts to improve community health in underserved populations , uc davis school of medicine is honoring her with the 2008 humanitarian award . while practicing family medicine and training medical students in southern california , curley has also developed and implemented successful health projects in africa .\n\u201ci knew then , \u201d says bolger savouring the details very exactly , \u201cthat if i could beat a henry cecil trained 1 , 000 guineas winner , anything was possible . a man i had bought a house from gave me 20k to buy a racehorse and i got condessa for 13k at goffs but for the life of me could not find another with the rest of the money so had to give him 7k back . that hurt . but we did sell condessa for 350k at the end of things . \u201d jim bolger did a tv interview with me after the musidora . he was 39 and very composed for a first timer . you didn\u2019t need to be einstein to sense something special .\ncondessa m . curley , md is a practicing family practitioner in los angeles , ca . dr . curley graduated from university of california davis school of medicine in 1996 and has been in practice for 22 years . she currently practices at jan barbara king md and is affiliated with california hospital medical center and keck hospital of usc . dr . curley also practices at pediatric & family medical center in los angeles , ca .\nover ten and a half furlongs . she appeared to be travelling well for most of the race , but began to struggle early in the straight and finished third of the five runners , beaten four lengths and one length by condessa and madam gay . fairy footsteps remained in the oaks field for a few days but then performed diappointingly in training and was withdrawn from the race . according to henry cecil :\nthe fact is that she does not stay . she moved smoothly but had nothing left after a mile . there is no point in running her in the oaks\n.\nout of a half - sister to australian group 1 winner redoute\u2019s dancer ( aus ) ( redoute\u2019s choice { aus } ) , yankee rose is the fourth winner from four foals to race from her dam . yankee rose\u2019s third dam is g1 yorkshire oaks heroine and g1 irish 1000 guineas runner - up condessa ( ire ) ( condorcet { fr } ) . tout seul ( ire ) ( ali - royal { ire } ) , a winner of the g1 darley dewhurst s . , is also under the third dam . condesaar ( aus ) \u2019s last know produce is a yearling filly by magic albert ( aus ) . click for the\namong contemporary thoroughbreds attributed by stud book record to family 5 three different mitochondrial dna haplotypes have been found , representing no fewer than three separate founder mares . one of these haplotypes is found in 5g and 5h , another in 5d and 5e , and the third in an unspecified part of the ' trunk ' of family 5 . see deep - rooted anomalies and equine genetic genealogy .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ninfo = link with more information australia mc : melbourne cup england d : epsom derby o : epsom oaks sl : doncaster st . leger 1g : 1 , 000 guineas 2g : 2 , 000 guineas dc : doncaster cup france gpp : grand prix de paris pjc : prix du jockey club ( french derby ) arc : prix de l ' arc de triomphe fo : prix de diane ( french oaks ) usa kd : kentucky derby cca : cca oaks p : preakness stakes b : belmont stakes germany dd : deutches derby italy di : derby italiano io : italian oaks steeplechases gn : grand national ( england ) gsp : grand steeple - chase de paris ( france ) agn : american grand national ( usa ) cgc : cheltenham gold cup ( england ) gpm : the gran premio merano ( italy ) ign : the irish grand national ( ireland ) mhc : the maryland hunt cup ( usa )\nincludes winners on the flat in classic races and some important handicap races in england , the u . s . a . , france , germany , italy , australia , and some principal steeplechase races . info behind names links to biographic information on the horse .\na selection of top articles hand - picked by our editors available only to registered users .\nvirtually all 500 , 000 of the world\u2019s thoroughbred racehorses are descended from 28 ancestors , born in the 18 th and 19 th centuries , according to a new genetic study . and up to 95 % of male thoroughbreds can be traced back to just one stallion .\nthoroughbred horses were developed in 18 th century in the uk . english mares were bred with arabian and other stallions to create horses with great stamina for distance racing . today , thoroughbreds are the most valuable of breeds , representing a multi - billion dollar annual industry , worldwide .\nto assess the genetic diversity of modern racing horses , geneticist patrick cunningham of trinity college in dublin , ireland , compared 13 microsatellite dna loci \u2013 repeating sequences of dna which vary in length \u2013 in 211 thoroughbreds and 117 other shetland , egyptian and turkish horses . he also examined studbooks dating back to 1791 .\nhe found the majority of the half million progeny alive today are descended from just 28 \u201cfounder\u201d horses .\nit was already known that just a handful of stallions ( but many mares ) were used to found the thoroughbred breed . but startlingly , the new research finds that , in 95 % of modern racehorses , the y - chromosome can be traced back to a single stallion \u2013 the darley arabian , born in 1700 .\nrelated work on sequencing the horse genome is also uncovering genes in thoroughbreds linked to speed and stamina . screening for these traits could one day guide owners\u2019 and breeders\u2019 decisions when buying horses , which may sell for many millions of dollars .\n\u201cwe hope to produce sounder , faster and better - performing horses , \u201d says cunningham . he and colleague emmeline hill at university college dublin is also using the horse genome to uncover genes that explain why one animal runs faster than another .\n\u201chorses are flight animals naturally selected for speed and stamina in the wild , \u201d explains hill . \u201cwith domestic selection , speed was further augmented in the thoroughbred . \u201d\nthirty - five per cent of the difference in racing performance between horses can be explained by genetics alone , says hill . she is cross - referencing up to 140 recently discovered human genes for fitness and performance in a bid to track down equine equivalents . these genes are involved in traits related to the cardio - respiratory system , muscle strength and metabolism , she says .\nhowever , the analysis of thoroughbred genetics is also revealing the other side of the coin , notes matthew binns of the royal veterinary college in london , uk . many negative traits are associated with inbreeding in the diminutive gene pool , he says . \u201cthe selections we\u2019ve made for fantastic beasts have had some detrimental consequences . \u201d\none tenth of thoroughbreds suffer orthopaedic problems and fractures , 10 % have low fertility , 5 % have abnormally small hearts and the majority suffer bleeding in the lungs , says binns .\nbut as well as allowing breeders to select for performance - related genes , elucidating the horse genome may allow researchers to breed out negative traits , he says .\n\u201cnow we have a good amount of the horse genome , there are interesting times ahead , \u201d says binns . \u201cover the next 10 years there will be some changes in this very traditional industry . \u201d\ncunningham presented his findings on monday at the british association festival of science in dublin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njim bolger has cracked racing better than anyone else alive . with no background in the game he has built his own training centre and his own studs to the extent that three quarters of his 100 horses , including dawn approach , the world\u2019s most awaited three year old , have also been bred by him in his native ireland . and that\u2019s before we start talking about the press ups . at 71 , jim still does 100 every morning .\n\u201cit\u2019s a lazy man\u2019s way of keeping fit , \u201d he says characteristically dry , witty and challenging at the same time . in the early days the challenge and the dryness were more marked than the wit and the warmth beneath . it made him both a formidable opponent and a fearsome employer accentuated by his own rigid no - smoking , no - drinking , mass - every - sunday regime , and by the self - belief necessary for his own entirely untutored entry into the training ranks . \u201che seemed to come from nowhere , \u201d says the lucid and legendary john oxx , himself the son of a trainer , \u201cwe looked at each other and said \u2018jim who ? \u2019\u201d\nwhen they first asked the question jim was already all of 35 . by then most top trainers are a couple of classic winners into their careers having earlier spent several years sitting at the feet of some favoured mentor . jim had come via accountancy , car sales and show jumper trading , and as one of six siblings of a farming family in county wexford there was so little time for sitting down that he did not watch a film until he was 16 and did not see a traffic light until two years later when he went to dublin to start work as a cost clerk in an electrical firm .\nthoughts that jim bolger , the cool , neat and meticulous mastermind who has saddled no less than five of the last seven dewhurst winners , was ever a mere horny handed son of soil are dispelled by the news that his father\u2019s sister married robert brennan who became the irish free state\u2019s first minister to washington having earlier been founder of the irish press newspaper , national director of elections for sinn fein and been condemned to death but not executed in the easter rising of 1916 . it may have been a simple farmhouse but there can\u2019t have been many in county wexford in the early 50s with the new yorker on the table complete with stories from robert brennan\u2019s daughter , jim\u2019s cousin maeve , whose brilliant , troubled life is a cherished landmark on the irish literary scene just as her lipstick and nylon stocking appearance was a wondrous visitation to her uncle\u2019s home .\nnonetheless this was deepest , rural ireland with horses working the land and central to its being . jim was bright enough to move on from first school to the christian brothers in enniscorthy but vowed to make a living with horses someday . significantly his early experience was as much to do with dealing as riding . not for him the jockey and trainer\u2019s nursery of pony racing and point to points , but the breaking and selling of young horses and , when possible , doing a bit of show jumping for himself . \u201cfor years while i was working in dublin , \u201d he said quietly as we watched dawn approach come out on to the woodchip gallop at the training base bolger has moulded on to the shoulder of coolcullen hill in county kilkenny , \u201ci used to say that i had never lost money on a horse . i even sold a grade b show jumper to a young libyan called major gaddafi . wonder what happened to him . \u201d\njim loved his riding \u2013 \u201cbesides winning , \u201d he says , \u201cthe best thing in racing is riding a good jumper over fences at speed\u201d \u2013 but he was always a pragmatist . \u201cwith the show jumpers i would ride them in the ordinary competitions but i was not good enough for the top classes and had a friend who rode them for me in them . i did have three winners from 12 rides in bumpers but that was only by default , and after i got kicked to bits in my second point to point i said that this was an indulgence i could not afford . \u201d\ndawn approach is the ultimate example of how pragmatism is still attached to what he calls his original \u201cgrandiose dream that we would one day breed and run our own\u201d . for after winning at royal ascot last summer he was sold to sheikh mohammed but stayed on at coolcullen just as his sire new approach did when the sheikh bought him after success in the 2007 dewhurst . dawn approach is slightly bigger , stronger and an even more lustrous copper chestnut than his father and without the unmanageable tendencies that saw new approach become the first horse to be ponied to the start before the derby . he won all six of his races last season , beginning with ireland\u2019s very first two year old race of 2012 exactly a year ago this sunday .\nwhen dawn approach won that day most people saw it as a brisk piece of bolger business to ensure new approach made a good start as a stallion . the idea that we had been looking at the future dewhurst winner seemed ridiculous \u2013 until you remembered who trained it . \u201cjim was always very resourceful and had such a belief about him , \u201d says his long standing if not long suffering wife jackie , \u201cthat i always thought we would make it . \u201d marrying jackie in the dublin years was the best thing jim ever did and the partnership is infinitely deeper than the fact that their horses run in her white silks with the purple panel down the centre .\nthe plunge into full time training was taken on the back of selling a show jumper for \u00a313 , 000 , almost eight times as much in today\u2019s money . the former head of accounts for the o\u2019flaherty group would then ride ten lots a day using gallops in the phoenix park which ended at the american embassy and his wife would pick up the pieces . \u201cwe only had three staff and david downey is with us still , \u201d jackie says simply . \u201cwe all had to get by . \u201d\ntwo years later he was winning the musidora again with a filly called give thanks . she and her stable mate flame of tara were the best two of their sex in the country . it was jim\u2019s first full season since moving from dublin to coolcullen . \u201ci thought i would like to have a pair like them every year , \u201d he reflects wryly looking back at the high - hedged gallop up which dawn approach is about to wing on an \u201ceasy canter\u201d having done a \u201chalf speed\u201d the day before . \u201cwe were able to build two gallops here , the other is sand and both rise 150 feet , and to start the stud at redmondstown but it has not all been easy . i was never actually insolvent but there were times when we were certainly overtrading . \u201d\noutwardly the flag continued to fly . he trained over a hundred winners a season three times between 1990 and 1994 and st jovite\u2019s irish derby and king george victories in 1992 still make jim feel he was the best horse he has had so far . but a combination of major owners either dying or leaving and a disastrous conviction that breeders cup winner last tycoon would make a leading stallion almost cleaned bolger out . \u201cit was a disaster\u201d admits the trainer . \u201ci sent mares to him and bought his stock and got nothing . it cost me practically everything , hundreds of thousands of pounds . \u201d\nbut jackie bolger had not been wrong to trust to her husband\u2019s resourcefulness . \u201cfor 15 years before i began training i had been invisible in racing , \u201d says jim , \u201cbut i had always been to the sales , always studied pedigrees , had my own ideas . we began to build up our mares . that \u2018grandiose\u2019 dream\u2019 took shape . \u201d as the world now knows he hit the jackpot by backing the stallion galileo and selling both new approach and the unbeaten dewhurst winner teofilo to sheikh mohammed at a life changing profit . but the horses have not just delivered because of their breeding . the way jim bolger trains them makes you shake your head in both wonder and surprise .\nahead of us on the gallop dawn approach touches 50 kph , his red gold tail flowing elegantly behind the smooth punching of those hindquarters . jim may finally depend on his original wexford horseman\u2019s instinct or his years of pedigree study to take his training and breeding decisions , but having built things up in his own way he is prepared to use as many modern aids as seem appropriate . there is a treadmill for controlled exercise which was crucial in getting new approach back after mid - season injury and which dawn approach was on three times a week during his winter break . there is a gps system to track all fast work . there are scales to log weights every thursday and two days after every race . and the results of the equinome genetics testing system has become central to bolger\u2019s planning of his breeding operation and his analysis of his horses .\nthe system categorizes a horse\u2019s stamina capabilities from a tt for middle distance to a cc for sheer speed . \u201cgalileo was a tt but he had class , \u201d says jim slipping effortlessly into the detail . \u201cthe ideal for a classic horse is ct . new approach was a ct while dawn approach is a cc . i trained his dam who had talent although she got injured , but she was by a sprinter so the derby distance is unlikely , but as he settles so well , i would not rule it out entirely . \u201d\nadrian taylor slides out of the saddle and dawn approach is led off for a 20 minute cool down on the walker . he had been ridden for just 15 minutes but would have been on the machine for twenty minutes at the walk and 15 at the trot before adrian took over and , unlike many top stables in both ireland and england , he would also do full exercise on sunday . \u201che\u2019s very much where i want him , \u201d says the trainer , \u201che would be 512 kilos now . he went up to 525 during the winter after running in the dewhurst at 495 . he will probably be on 500 for the guineas . of all the mechanical aids the one i would least like to lose is the weigh bridge but i am chasing fitness not chasing scales and anyway the most important element in the whole operation are the riders . we have some 13 very good ones and four or five who are exceptional . the riders are everything . remember what adrian said to me at the end of dawn approach\u2019s canter \u2013 \u2018who would have thought that new approach would sire something better than him in his very first crop . \u2019\u201d\nout they come again . there is adrian taylor on grand criterium de saint cloud winner loch garman \u2013 \u201che\u2019s a lovely big horse , 535 at the moment , goes for the derrinstown and then the irish guineas . \u201d there is pat o\u2019donovan on 2011 dewhurst winner parish hall who could not run last here \u2013 \u201che\u2019s in great shape and will have a good season . \u201d there is ronan whelan on trading leather \u2013 \u201ccould be my derby horse , but must have good ground . \u201d all three colts are home bred and run in the bolger colours just as did their sire teofilo and all will be ridden as the sire was by bolger\u2019s son in law kevin manning . loyalty and family excellence does not come any greater than this .\nhead man brian o\u2019connor strides over . he is young , bright , carrot - haired and earnest . he makes you think of aidan o\u2019brien and a . p . mccoy , the two most famous of the other young men who would have looked at jim bolger in that way . time was when jim had a seemingly well won reputation of being a control freak and litigious to boot . several times he took on and beat the turf club albeit the last occasion was the hardly onerous task of overturning apprentice ronan whelan\u2019s conviction for excessive use of the whip by pointing out that his jockey had dropped the wretched thing at the start . but today\u2019s jim bolger has a serenity amidst the precision . he claims to run the redmondstown stud with just one ten minute phone call to his nephew kevin each morning , that he has not actually stepped into his five staff office since christmas , and that while he does not indulge in soft things like holidays his idea of a break is to take off to dublin for four days to read books , meet friends and go to the theatre . \u201cthey say that i have 102 employees , \u201d he says , \u201cbut i tell them there are 102 people who have just one employee . that\u2019s me and i will only go on as long as i want it to .\nover a ridiculously lucky racing life i have been privileged to visit many of the most famous places in the racing game . in all that time the only self - created , cradle - to - grave , one man breeding and training operation to compare would be the one that colin hayes crafted amongst the sighing gum trees of the barossa valley 80 km up from adelaide . but even colin was dependent on investors like robert sangster . jim bolger rides alone . \u201ci don\u2019t have nearly enough words to describe him properly but i do have one , \u201d says kevin manning , \u201cthe man\u2019s a genius . \u201d\ncan we see some id please ? it ' s part of our commitment to responsible drinking .\nyou can book tables in two different areas of the restaurant , the dining area or the bar / high tables . please make your choice in the drop - down menu , when you make your reservation\nwhen you reserve a table before 20 . 00 , you will have the table for 2 hours . from 20 . 00 there is no time limit on most tables .\nwe have lots of high table seats in our bar area that we keep reserved for walk - ins only .\nif you are more than 7 people dining or have questions regarding allergies or special diets please write us at reservation @ condesa . dk\nrequest by mail will be answered as soon as possible . mostly within 24 hours .\n- pork shank\u2013 al pastor marinated , coriander , lime . - osso buco - salsa macha , pico de gallo . served with guacamole , re - fried beans , salsa , tortillas and more . min . 2 pers . 265 , - pr . person\nmin . 2 pers . 345 , - pr . person , must be ordered by the whole table .\nchicharon - pork cracklings , sambal belachan , sprouts and salad 65 kr . tostada \u2013 guacamole and salsa 65 kr . oysters 4 stk . - salsa piloncilo and onion 110 kr . grilled avocado \u2013 grape criolla and roe served on an tostada 85 kr . ceviche - redfish , arbol peanuts , pomelo , coriander and avocado 110 kr . tartar \u2013 habanero oil , hazelnuts , onion , egg and tostada 120 kr . squid noodles \u2013 poached egg , chili and sprouts 120 kr . fried chicken \u2013 fried chicken with chili , coconut and mint yoghurt 125 kr .\npollo a la brasa - peruvian style chicken on an green chili mayo 155 kr . pollack\u2013 fish baked in an banana leaf with green curry paste 165 kr . flat iron steak \u2013 corn salsa 185 kr .\nchoy sum - kimchi 65 kr . fries \u2013 tarragon and aioli 45 kr . grilled corn - browned butter with an worm vinegar salt 55 kr . salad \u2013carrot , daikon , dried prawn / lime dressing 45 kr .\n- macha ice cream , - salted caramel / peanut ice cream , - blood orange sorbet and chocolate sorbet . topped with caramel , chocolate and peanut crumble . pick 2 scoops 55 kr .\nvincente gandia el miracle cava brut , val\u00e8ncia fresh , rich organic cava . gl 55 , - / btl . 275 , -\n2014 cava brut nature , can suriol , pened\u00e8s mineral and extremely crisp . gl . 75 , - / btl . 350 , -\nsui lieviti , omero moretti , umbrien dry and aromatic . ( nature ) btl : 350 , -\nblanc de blancs , jos\u00e9 dhondt , oger \u2013 champagne . concentrated take on blanc de blancs champagne . btl : 650 , -\n2016 trafalgar , domaine mamaruta , fitou floral and aromatic flavours ( 100 % muscat ) . ( nature ) btl : 325 , -\nle petit blanc , vin de france . crisp and fragrent gl : 55 , - / btl : 275 , -\n2016 bergerac sec , chateau barouillet . fresh , floral and full - bodied fruit . ( nature ) gl . 65 / btl : 325\n2015 chablis , domaine christophe . a mineral , dry and citrussy wine btl : 450 , -\nle petit ros\u00e9 , vin de france floral and juicy . gl . 55 , - / btl . 275 , -\nblaufr\u00e4nkisch + zweigelt , pittnauer lively ros\u00e9 with notes of berries and grape gl : 65 , - / btl . 325 , -\n2014 les gardettes rouge dark spice and intense fruit gl . 55 , - / btl . 275 , -\n2015 les tondeuses , domaine mamaruta , fitou a light , juicy and almost sweet red ( nature ) gl . 70 , - / btl . 325 , -\n2015 arbois rouge \u201ddd\u201d , tissot btl . elegant cherry and funky woodland ( nature ) btl : 475 , -\nswedish bastard - you won\u2019t regret it vanilla infused vodka , passion fruit and champagne . 95 , -\npina - rita - if you like pina coladas . . . reposado tequila , pineapple , coco cream , lime and chocolate bitters 95 , -\nleft hand - perfect after dinner drink . rye whiskey , campari , vermouth and chocolate bitters . 105 , -\nel tosoro - for the negroni lovers ' amaro , vida mezcal , ginger , elderflower and lime . 105 , -\ntommys margarita - tequila goodness at it\u2019s best classic tommy\u2019s or tommy\u2019s with hibiscus & ginger tequila , lime and agave . 90 , -\n12 mile limit - boozy prohibition drink rye whiskey , cognac , rum , grenadine and lemon . 110 , -\nbathtub gin with coriander and orange zest beefeater 24 with grapefruit hendricks with cucumber & rose pepper ipsmiths gin with strawberries .\ntuesday 15 - 00 - kitchen : 18 - 22 wednesday 15 - 02 \u2013 kitchen 18 - 22 thursday 15 - 02 \u2013 kitchen 18 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30 friday 13 . 00 - 04 . 30 - kitchen 17 . 30 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30 saturday 13 . 00 - 04 . 30\u2013 kitchen 17 . 30 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30\ncondesa \u2013 bar & spiseri ved stranden 18 1061 k\u00f8benhavn k phone . : + 45 3119 6601 e - mail : info @ urltoken\nwe ' re always up for new , exciting challenges . contact us if you want to host an event at condesa or if you want us to cater at your own event . note : we don ' t accept bachelor partys at condesa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nairport shuttle . airport shuttle available at an additional charge . you can request this in the next step .\nafter booking , all of the property\u2019s details , including telephone and address , are provided in your booking confirmation and your account .\na casa est\u00e1 bem localizada , pr\u00f3ximo de tudo . conseguimos passear \u00e0 p\u00e9 pelo rossio , baixa chiado , restaurador\u00b4 , enfim , a localiza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 nota 10 . eu e os meus acompanhantes adoramos , tanto mais que a casa \u00e9 acolhedora .\nprettig appartement , hele fijne locatie , zeer centraal gelegen in een rustige straat .\nla posizione \u00e8 perfetta per la vicinanza ai mezzi di trasporto e per la vita notturna . la casa \u00e8 attrezzata per tutte le necessit\u00e0 .\nla situation g\u00e9ographique , le calme , la propret\u00e9 , la facilit\u00e9 des conditions de d\u00e9part de l ' appartement .\nunocaci\u00f3n perfecta , comodidad y limpieza . bien equipado y m\u00e1xima flexibilidad de horarios , y una gran acogida\nthe apartment has 3 bedrooms , a kitchen with an oven , and a bathroom . a flat - screen tv with cable channels is provided .\ndona maria ii national theatre is 900 feet from the apartment . humberto delgado airport is 3 . 7 miles away .\nthis is our guests ' favorite part of lisbon , according to independent reviews .\nwe ' re sorry , but there was an error submitting your comment . please try again .\nlocated in the real heart of lisbon , this property has an excellent location score of 8 . 8 !\na lisbon holidays , in the short term rentals business since 2008 , manages about 80 apartments located in lisbon , essentially inside the historic districts - bairro alto , alfama , madragoa and baixa chiado . company\nfull service\n, lisbon holidays beyond the bookings management , does the check - in and check - out of guests , the cleaning the apartments and the linen and towels washing . the well - being of our guests is the main reason of our work .\nstay in the charming center of one of the oldest cities in europe \u2013 predating london , paris , and rome by centuries .\nyou need to let the property know what time you ' ll be arriving in advance .\ncancellation and prepayment policies vary according to apartment type . please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room .\nto keep the rating score and review content relevant for your upcoming trip , we archive reviews older than 24 months .\nonly a customer who has booked through urltoken and stayed at the property in question can write a review . this allows us to verify that our reviews come from real guests like you . who better to tell others about the free breakfast , friendly staff , or their comfortable room than someone who\u2019s stayed at the property ?\nwe want you to share your story , with both the good and the not - so - good . all we ask is that you follow a few simple guidelines .\nwe believe review contributions and property responses will highlight a wide range of opinions and experiences , which is critical in helping guests make informed decisions about where to stay .\ncontributions to urltoken are a reflection of the dedication of our guests and properties , so we treat them with the utmost respect .\nwhether negative or positive , we ' ll post every comment in full , as quickly as possible , after it ' s moderated to comply with urltoken guidelines . we ' ll also provide transparency over the status of submitted content .\nafter a review has been submitted , you can modify it by contacting urltoken customer service .\nwe ' ll use the same guidelines and standards for all user - generated content , and for the property responses to that content .\nwe ' ll allow the contributions to speak for themselves , and we won\u2019t be the judge of reality . booking . com\u2019s role is to be a feedback distributor for both guests and properties .\nthese guidelines and standards aim to keep the content on urltoken relevant and family - friendly , without limiting expression or strong opinions . they ' re also applicable regardless of the comment ' s tone .\ncontributions should be travel related . the most helpful contributions are detailed and help others make better decisions . please don\u2019t include personal , political , ethical , or religious commentary . promotional content will be removed and issues concerning booking . com\u2019s services should be routed to our customer service or accommodation service teams .\ncontributions should be appropriate for a global audience . please avoid using profanity or attempts to approximate profanity with creative spelling , in any language . comments and media that include hate speech , discriminatory remarks , threats , sexually explicit remarks , violence , or the promotion of illegal activity are not permitted .\nall content should be genuine and unique to the guest . reviews are most valuable when they are original and unbiased . your contribution should be yours . urltoken property partners should not post on behalf of guests or offer incentives in exchange for reviews . attempts to bring down the rating of a competitor by submitting a negative review will not be tolerated .\nrespect the privacy of others . urltoken will make an effort to obscure email addresses , telephone numbers , website addresses , social media accounts , and other similar details .\nthe opinions expressed in contributions are those of urltoken customers and properties , and not of urltoken . urltoken does not accept responsibility or liability for any reviews or responses . urltoken is a distributor ( without any obligation to verify ) and not a publisher of these comments and responses .\nby default , reviews are sorted based on the date of the review and on additional criteria to display the most relevant reviews , including but not limited to : your language , reviews with text , and non - anonymous reviews . additional sorting options might be available ( by type of traveler , by score , etc . . . ) .\nif you sign in or create an account , you ' ll unlock unlimited access to your lists from any computer , tablet or smartphone . they won ' t go away unless you say so .\noffering a garden and free wifi , t3 in casa da mariquinhas ( 3 bedroom flat ) is located in the arroios district in lisbon , half a mile from dona maria ii national theatre .\nalfama beco da lapa flat is a self - catering property located in lisbon near dona maria ii national theatre .\nthis small , unique hostel in a quiet , green area of sintra features budget rooms with individual d\u00e9cor , free wi - fi and a large garden . it is located about 984 feet from sintra national palace .\ns\u00e3o mamede downtown apartment is a property located in lisbon , 400 yards from dona maria ii national theatre and a 5 - minute walk from rossio square . the property has free wifi .\n\ub209 no lights in stairs well up to apartment . wifi network specified in the apartment didnt exist . keys were difficult to use , had to go in a certain way , key provider didnt advise on this .\n\ub209 there wa noting in the apartment - no toilet rolls , shampoo , soap , shower gel , kitchen cleaners , we had to buy everything .\nyou ' re subscribed ! your welcome email will arrive in your inbox soon .\nurltoken b . v . is based in amsterdam in the netherlands , and is supported internationally by 198 offices in 70 countries .\nurltoken is part of booking holdings inc . , the world leader in online travel and related services .\nwe have more than 70 million property reviews , and they ' re all from real , verified guests .\nthe only way to leave a review is to first make a booking . that ' s how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property .\nwhen guests stay at the property , they check out how quiet the room is , how friendly the staff is , and more .\nafter their trip , guests tell us about their stay . we check for naughty words and verify the authenticity of all guest reviews before adding them to our site .\nif you booked through us and want to leave a review , please sign in first .\nby creating an account , you agree to our terms and conditions and privacy statement .\na text message with a 6 - digit verification code was just sent to the phone number associated with this account .\nthis page was last edited on 24 may 2017 , at 20 : 40 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ncondoleezza rice was the first african - american woman to be appointed national security adviser and u . s . secretary of state .\n\u201ci think my father thought i might be president of the united states . i think he would ' ve been satisfied with secretary of state . i ' m a foreign policy person and to have a chance to serve my country as the nation\u2019s chief diplomat at a time of peril and consequence , that was enough . \u201d\n\u201ci never wanted to run for anything . i don ' t think i even ran for class anything in school . \u201d\n\u201ci ' m enough of an historian to know that my reputation will be what my reputation is . it might be different in five months from five years to 50 years , and so i ' m simply not going to worry about that . \u201d\n\u201ci think september 11th was one of those great earthquakes that clarify and sharpen . events are in much sharper relief . \u201d\n\u201cpeople may oppose you , but when they realize you can hurt them , they ' ll join your side . \u201d\n\u201cwe don ' t want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud . \u201d\n\u201ci find football so interesting strategically . it ' s the closest thing to war . what you are doing is taking and yielding territory and have certain strategies and tactics . \u201d\n\u201cmy parents had me absolutely convinced that you may not be able to have a hamburger at woolworth ' s , but you can be president of the united states . \u201d\n\u201cthere cannot be an absence of moral content in american foreign policy . europeans giggle at this and say we are naive , but we are not european , we are american and we have different principles . \u201d\n\u201cyou were told in segregated birmingham that if you ran twice as hard , you might get half as far . and there were also people willing to run four times as hard so they could stay abreast . and once in a while , somebody was willing to run eight times as hard so they could get ahead . \u201d\n\u201cmiss rice is like my sister . we are completely in sync . when she speaks , you know that she is speaking for me . \u201d\ncondoleezza rice is the first black woman to serve as the united states ' national security adviser , as well as the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state ( 2005 - 09 ) .\ncondoleezza rice was born in 1954 in alabama . she became the first woman and first african american to serve as provost of stanford university .\nin 2001 , rice was appointed national security adviser by president george w . bush , becoming the first black woman ( and second woman ) to hold the post , and went on to become the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state .\ncondoleezza rice was born on november 14 , 1954 in birmingham , alabama . the only child of a presbyterian minister and a teacher , rice grew up surrounded by racism in the segregated south .\nshe earned her bachelor & apos ; s degree in political science from the university of denver in 1974 ; her master & apos ; s from the university of notre dame in 1975 ; and her ph . d . from the university of denver & apos ; s graduate school of international studies in 1981 .\nthat same year , she joined stanford university as a political science professor\u2014a position that she has held for more than three decades and plans to soon return to , full - time , according to a statement she made in 2012 .\nin 1993 , rice became the first woman and first african american to serve as provost of stanford university\u2014a post she held for six years . during that time , she also served as the university & apos ; s chief budget and academic officer .\nin the mid - 1980s , rice spent a period in washington , d . c . , working as an international affairs fellow attached to the joint chiefs of staff . in 1989 , she became director of soviet and east european affairs with the national security council , and special assistant to president george h . w . bush during the dissolution of the soviet union and german reunification .\nin 1997 , she served on the federal advisory committee on gender - integrated training in the military .\na few years later , in 2001 , rice was appointed national security adviser by president george w . bush , becoming the first black woman ( and second woman ) to hold the post . she went on to become the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state\u2014she became the nation & apos ; s 66th secretary of state in 2004 , following colin powell & apos ; s resignation , and served from january 2005 to 2009 .\nas secretary of state , rice dedicated her department to\ntransformational diplomacy ,\nwith a mission of building and sustaining democratic , well - governed states around the world and the middle east in particular .\nto that end , she relocated american diplomats to such hardship locations as iraq , afghanistan and angola , and required them to become fluent in two foreign languages . she also created a high - level position to defragment u . s . foreign aid .\nrice & apos ; s books include germany unified and europe transformed ( 1995 ) with philip zelikow , the gorbachev era ( 1986 ) with alexander dallin and uncertain allegiance : the soviet union and the czechoslovak army ( 1984 ) .\nin august 2012 , rice and south carolina businesswoman darla moore became the first women to ( simultaneously ) become members of the augusta national golf club , located in augusta , georgia .\nthe event was monumental : the augusta national golf club , which opened in 1933 , had infamously been known for its all - male membership and repeated failure to admit women .\njust a few weeks later , on august 29 , 2012 , rice attended the republican national convention in tampa , florida , showing her support for the republican party & apos ; s 2012 election candidates , mitt romney and paul ryan .\nrice delivered a riveting speech on the second day of the convention , spurring positive media attention :\ni think my father thought i might be president of the united states . i think he would & apos ; ve been satisfied with secretary of state . i & apos ; m a foreign policy person and to have a chance to serve my country as the nation & apos ; s chief diplomat at a time of peril and consequence , that was enough ,\nshe said , adding that her future plans focus on being an educator , not a politician .\ni & apos ; ll go back and be a happy stanford faculty member ,\nrice said .\nand , obviously , i & apos ; ll do what i can to help this ticket . but my life is in palo alto . my future is with my students at stanford and in public service on issues that i care about like education reform .\nwe strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !\nnetflix has named susan rice to its board of directors . the former obama ambassador has been criticized for her handling of the 2012 attack on the u . s . embassy in benghazi . meanwhile , barack and michelle obama are reportedly in talks to provide shows for the company .\nanne rice is a best - selling author of popular series including ' vampire chronicles , ' which includes the books ' interview with the vampire ' and ' queen of the damned . '\nhall of fame football wide receiver jerry rice played for the san francisco 49ers and is widely considered the greatest ever to play his position .\nthe \u2018new york post\u2019 ran a speculatory op - ed that hillary clinton might run for president again in 2020 based on emails from the former senator to her supporters . meanwhile , conservative tv show \u2018fox and friends\u2019 broke from the thailand soccer team rescue efforts to cover the rumor .\ngovernment official , u . s . first lady , women ' s rights activist\nmadeleine albright became the first woman to represent the u . s . in foreign affairs as the secretary of state .\njeane kirkpatrick was a professor and diplomat who was a close adviser to president ronald reagan and the first woman to be u . s . ambassador to the u . n .\nsandra day o ' connor was the first woman appointed to the u . s . supreme court . a republican , she was considered a moderate conservative and served for 24 years .\nsupreme court justice and the first woman to serve as solicitor general of the united states of america .\n\u00a9 2018 bio and the bio logo are registered trademarks of a & e ; television networks , llc .\ni want to receive the latest health news and personalized information from sharecare . you can change your mind at any time .\n. you may receive email notifications , alerts and other notices from sharecare . you can opt - out at any time .\naccording to cardiovascular experts marc gillinov , md , and steven nissen , md , women ' s hearts are similar to men ' s hearts in some ways and different in others .\nwomen need to understand that the primary symptom\npatient satisfaction ratings and reviews are based on personal opinions . before you choose any doctor you should take into account their background , training , specialized experience and their patient satisfaction to ensure they are the right fit for you ."]}
{"id": 2079, "summary": [{"text": "camarhynchus is a genus of bird in the family thraupidae ; all species of camarhynchus are endemic to the gal\u00e1pagos islands , and together with related genera they are collectively known as darwin 's finches .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "sometimes classified in the bunting and american sparrow family emberizidae , more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : small tree finch ( camarhynchus parvulus ) medium tree finch ( camarhynchus pauper ) large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) woodpecker finch ( camarhynchus pallidus ) mangrove finch ( camarhynchus heliobates ) the vegetarian finch ( platyspiza crassirostris ) is often also included in this genus .", "topic": 3}], "title": "camarhynchus", "paragraphs": ["camarhynchus psittacula psittacula : galapagos islands ( seymour , barrington , santa cruz , floreana , pinz\u00f3n , r\u00e1bida , santiago is . )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - small tree - finch ( camarhynchus parvulus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - small tree - finch ( camarhynchus parvulus )\ntitle =\narkive species - small tree - finch ( camarhynchus parvulus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - medium tree - finch ( camarhynchus pauper )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - medium tree - finch ( camarhynchus pauper )\ntitle =\narkive species - medium tree - finch ( camarhynchus pauper )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - large tree - finch ( camarhynchus psittacula )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - large tree - finch ( camarhynchus psittacula )\ntitle =\narkive species - large tree - finch ( camarhynchus psittacula )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nkleindorfer , s . ( 2007 ) nesting success in darwin ' s small tree finch , camarhynchus parvulus : evidence of female preference for older males and more concealed nests . animal behaviour , 74 : 795 - 804 .\nbirds in hand , the scientist sailed from santa cruz , the most populous of the gal\u00e1pagos islands , on a boat bound for isabela island , 150 miles ( 240 kilometers ) away . there , the last remaining wild population of about 80 mangrove finches ( camarhynchus heliobates ) hangs on in two patches of forest no bigger than 12 manhattan blocks .\nthe mangrove finch , seen here on isabela island , is thought to number around 80 animals in the wild .\none of the world ' s rarest birds , the mangrove finch has dwindled to a habitat the size of just 12 city blocks . here ' s how scientists are trying to bring it back from near - extinction .\nfrancesca cunninghame prepared for a sea voyage on a recent afternoon with some strange cargo : eight fledglings of the mangrove finch , one of the rarest birds on earth .\nthe brownish , 6 - inch ( 14 - centimeter ) bird is one of the famed\ndarwin ' s finches ,\nseveral species that were collected and brought back to england by the naturalist after his visit to the gal\u00e1pagos islands in 1835 . ( related :\ndna reveals how darwin ' s finches evolved .\n)\nthe gal\u00e1pagos islands finches display a wide variety of beak shapes and sizes . the beaks of this isolated group of birds have evolved to match their niche diets and were an important clue for charles darwin in developing his theory of evolution .\ntheir long , pointed beak curves downward , which helps them lift off tree bark scales and find hidden insects .\nthis bird has a large , wide bill , earning it the nickname \u201cmegamouth . \u201d its bill is ideal for crushing thick , hard , and large seeds .\nstout and strongly curved , this beak\u2019s primary function is to manipulate soft foods , like tree buds , leaves , flowers , and fruit .\nthis bird has a long , spike - shaped bill that tapers to a point . with this bill , it can probe cactus flowers and fruit for nectar , pollen , and seeds .\nwith a thin bill perfect for reaching small spaces , this bird eats small insects hidden in bark , mosses , and leaves .\nlike many other species native to the famous ecuadorian islands , the mangrove finch was devastated by the arrival of alien predators such as rats and cats beginning in the 1600s . it was a much smaller immigrant , though , that brought the mangrove finch to its now precarious status\u2014a type of invasive fly that parasitizes and kills newborn birds .\nto rescue the bird that helped shape the theory of evolution as we know it , the charles darwin foundation , which works to preserve the diversity of the gal\u00e1pagos , launched an effort to save the finch nearly a decade ago .\nwith the bird still in decline , in 2014 the project enlisted the help of the san diego zoo to begin a new phase of the program called\nhead - starting\n: taking mangrove finch eggs from the wild to raise in the safety of an incubator at the charles darwin research station on santa cruz .\nsee a video of baby finches hatched at the charles darwin research station in 2014 .\nsince last year , scientists have released 23 hand - raised birds into the wild , including the eight released during cunninghame ' s most recent trip to isabela .\nwe take the birds at night , so that they ' ll sleep on the journey ,\nsaid cunninghame , who leads the mangrove finch rescue effort .\nthe first two seasons of the head - starting program have shown encouraging results . but even so , the scientists know it isn ' t the long - term answer to saving the mangrove finch .\nthis is sort of a stopgap to hopefully prevent extinction until we can figure out how to eradicate the fly ,\nsaid nicole lagreco , an animal - care manager at the san diego zoo who traveled to the gal\u00e1pagos to help collect mangrove finch eggs and raise the fledglings . ( test your darwin knowledge with our national geographic quiz . )\nit ' s certainly not the answer to keep them alive forever .\nthe birds darwin collected in the gal\u00e1pagos inspired him and later scientists to develop the evolutionary principle of natural selection\u2014the idea that animals evolve particular traits to suit their lifestyles . ( read\ndarwin ' s first clues\nin national geographic magazine . )\nfor instance , as an insect eater , the mangrove finch ' s beak is thinner than the wide , conical beaks of other finches that eat seeds or nuts .\nin the late 20th century , mangrove finches once occupied the mangrove forests for which they ' re named along the coasts of isabela and fernandina , the two westernmost islands of the gal\u00e1pagos .\nsometime in the 1960s , a type of fly known by its genus name philornis arrived in the gal\u00e1pagos . nobody is sure how it got there ; because the adult fly feeds on fruit , it may have stowed away on a boatload of bananas .\nphilornis lays its eggs in bird ' s nests ; the fly ' s larvae hatch and feed on hatchlings ' blood and tissue . philornis has hurt many gal\u00e1pagos bird species , but the mangrove finch\u2014already suffering from predation\u2014was especially devastated . ( see\nnew report highlights dire situation of many u . s . birds .\n)\nin the first stages of the mangrove finch program , scientists trapped many of the invasive rats and cats , eliminating most of their threat to mangrove finches .\nbut , under continued assault from philornis , the species disappeared from fernandina and most of isabela , dwindling by 2013 to only 60 or so individuals . ( also see\nblue - footed booby threatened in the gal\u00e1pagos .\n)\nthe philornis downsi fly lays its eggs in mangrove finch nests . at night the rice - size larvae attack hatchlings through their ear and nasal cavities . the larvae then feast on the chick\u2019s blood and flesh , causing the bird\u2019s deformation and usually death .\nwe were seeing up to 95 percent of the nestlings dying in the first month of the breeding season ,\ncunninghame said .\nbut every time the nest failed , the pair would re - nest . some pairs would nest up to five times in one season , to rear at best maybe one or two chicks .\nand from that we got the idea that we had quite a constant supply of eggs , but they weren ' t getting a chance .\nthat led to the decision to take the eggs and raise the hatchlings in captivity , where they ' d be protected from the flies .\nafter the babies hatch , workers use forceps to hand - feed them a high - protein diet that includes scrambled egg , papaya , wasp larvae , and moth guts .\nyoung birds are then transported back to isabela , placed in a large aviary , and provided with natural food . a month later , the doors to the aviary are opened and the youngsters join their relatives in the wild .\na person feeds a baby mangrove finch , which is being hand - raised for eventual release into its native habitat .\nscientists are hard at work on possible control programs for philornis , including trapping mass numbers of male flies , sterilizing them , and releasing them back into the wild to mate ( unsuccessfully , of course ) with females .\nkilling the flies outright would be risky , since\nwe have to make sure that whatever method is used is safe and won ' t have short - term or long - term effects on the birds ,\nnotes charlotte causton , senior researcher at the charles darwin foundation .\nanother measure would involve infusing cotton balls with bird - safe insecticide and placing them in mangrove finch habitat , hoping that the birds would pick up the cotton and use it to build their nests . ( see\nsaving a darwin ' s finch from extinction .\n)\ndefinitely one of the project ' s long - term goals is to reestablish them in some of those mangroves where they historically were , on both isabela and fernandina .\ndespite the damage done by introduced predators and parasites , the rather surprising fact is that no bird species is known to have gone extinct in the gal\u00e1pagos since people arrived more than four centuries ago .\nraising mangrove finch fledglings is expensive and labor - intensive , but , for now , it ' s the only way that cunninghame and her team know to keep that record intact .\nthe diminutive size and distinctive short , curved beak of the small - tree finch help to distinguish it from the other twelve species of finch that are endemic to the galapagos ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . collectively known as darwin\u2019s finches , these remarkable birds have received a high degree of scientific attention , as the diversity of beak size and shape between the species provides strong evidence for charles darwin\u2019s theory of evolution by natural selection ( 2 ) . the male small tree finch can be readily distinguished from the female by the black colouration of the head , shoulders and chest , which develops over the course of five annual moults . otherwise , both sexes possess uniform , dull greyish - brown plumage ( 4 ) .\nan insect - feeding specialist , the small tree - finch\u2019s curved , grasping bill enables it to deftly pick adult insects and caterpillars from the surface of bark and leaves , and to bite through the bark of twigs and leaf stems to expose insect larvae . despite its specialisation , this species also consumes fruit , seeds and nectar , particularly during the dry season when these foods may form the major part of its diet ( 3 ) .\ndarwin\u2019s finches usually breed during the hot and wet season when food is most abundant . monogamous , lifelong breeding pairs are common , although mate changes and breeding with more than one partner have also been observed ( 2 ) . in order to attract a female , male small tree - finches build dome - shaped nests from which they make courtship song displays . upon arrival at the display nest , the female either accepts both the nest and the male ; accepts the male but not the nest ( in which case the pair constructs a new nest ) ; or rejects both . interestingly , older males are more frequently selected as mates due to the fact that as they age , male small tree - finches become more adept at concealing their display nest amongst vegetation . these nesting sites therefore suffer less predation and are more likely to result in breeding success ( 4 ) . generally a clutch of three eggs is laid , which are incubated by the female for about twelve days , and the young brooded for a further two weeks before leaving the nest ( 2 ) . nestlings and juvenile darwin\u2019s finches are frequently preyed upon by the short - eared owl ( asio flammeus ) , while adults are occasionally taken by galapagos hawks ( buteo galapagoensis ) and lava herons ( butorides sundevalli ) ( 2 ) .\nthe small tree - finch can be found on several islands in the galapagos archipelago , namely : isabela ; fernandina ; santiago ; pinz\u00f3n ; santa cruz ; santa f\u00e9 ; san crist\u00f3bal ; and floreana . this species was also previously found on r\u00e1bida island , but is now believed to be extinct ( 5 ) .\nthe small tree - finch principally inhabits humid , evergreen forest located between elevations of 300 and 700 metres , but may also be found in arid lowland areas , dominated by deciduous trees , shrubs and cacti ( 3 ) .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nincreasing levels of human activity on the galapagos are creating significant threats to the islands\u2019 native wildlife . darwin\u2019s finches , in particular , are vulnerable to habitat destruction , invasion by non - native competitors and predators , and the introduction of diseases such as avian pox ( 6 ) . despite these threats , the small tree - finch is not currently considered to be threatened , as its population is large and not undergoing a major decline ( 7 ) .\nthe majority of the galapagos archipelago forms part of the galapagos national park , a world heritage site . a management plan is in place for the islands , and the ecuadorian government and non - governmental organisations are working to conserve the unique biodiversity of the galapagos ( 8 ) . more specifically , scientists at the charles darwin research station are working to improve our understanding of darwin ' s finches to ensure their conservation . this includes monitoring of populations and investigating introduced diseases ( 6 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair .\nhau , m . and wikelski , m . ( 2001 ) darwin\u2019s finches . in : encyclopedia of life sciences . john wiley & sons , chichester . available at : urltoken\ntebbich , s . , taborsky , m . , fessl , b . , dvorak , m . and winkler , h . ( 2004 ) feeding behavior of four arboreal darwin\u2019s finches : adaptations to spatial and seasonal variability . the condor , 106 : 95 - 106 .\ngrant , p . r . and grant , b . r . ( 2007 ) how and why species multiply : the radiation of darwin ' s finches . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthe medium tree - finch is one of darwin\u2019s finches , a group of 13 birds endemic to the galapagos islands that helped charles darwin formulate his theory of evolution . the medium tree - finch is mostly greyish - brown , with whitish or yellowish underparts . the sexes differ in the colour of their head ; the female\u2019s is greyish - brown whilst the male\u2019s is blacker ( 2 ) . all of darwin\u2019s finches evolved from a single species , but now each possess a specialized bill , adapted to their habitat and diet . the three tree - finch species all have a sharp , grasping bill , and it is believed that the medium tree - finch may be a hybrid of the large and small tree - finches ( 3 ) .\nwith its specialized bill , the medium tree - finch feeds on insects , nectar , young buds and leaves , by probing crevices in tree bark and searching under twigs and foliage ( 2 ) .\nendemic to floreana in the galapagos islands , ecuador ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\noccurs in montane evergreen and tropical deciduous forest and in humid scrub , generally over elevations of 100 meters ( 2 ) .\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe medium tree - finch used to be found on the coast , but is now restricted to the highlands ( 4 ) , as a result of the extensive habitat destruction and degradation on floreana , caused by agriculture and free - ranging livestock . introduced predators such as cats , dogs and rats also pose a threat ( 2 ) . the introduction of diseases , such as avian pox , may also potentially threaten finches . a population of the large ground finch has already become extinct on floreana , which illustrates the vulnerability of finch species to such threats .\nthe majority of the galapagos archipelago forms part of the galapagos national park , a world heritage site . a management plan is in place for the islands , and the ecuadorian government and non - governmental organisations are working to conserve the unique biodiversity of the galapagos ( 5 ) , all of which will help ensure the future of this species . more specifically , scientists at the charles darwin research station are working to improve our understanding of darwin\u2019s finches to ensure their conservation . this includes monitoring of populations and investigating introduced diseases ( 3 ) . however , in 2009 the iucn upgraded the medium tree - finch from vulnerable to critically endangered in light of its tiny range on a small island , and indications of a rapid decline in the species due to the effects of a parasite , philornis downsi ( 2 ) .\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area .\nharris , m . p . ( 1973 ) the galapagos avifauna . the condor , 75 : 265 - 278 .\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nthe large tree - finch is one of thirteen finch species endemic to the galapagos islands , collectively known as darwin\u2019s finches , which each possess markedly different bill shapes and sizes ( 3 ) . such differences helped charles darwin to formulate his theory of evolution , and provide some of the most convincing evidence for \u201cevolution in action\u201d ( 2 ) . this species possesses a large , powerful bill , with a thick base and a markedly down - curved culmen ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the male can be readily distinguished from the female by the black colouration of the head , shoulders and chest , which develops over the course of several annual moults ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . otherwise , both sexes possess uniform , dull olive - green plumage ( 3 ) .\nthe remarkable diversity of beak forms amongst darwin\u2019s finches allows each species to feed in a specialised way ( 7 ) . with its curved , powerful beak , the large - tree finch is capable of biting through the bark of twigs , exposing adult insects and larvae such as caterpillars , which are then consumed ( 4 ) . while invertebrates form the major part of its diet , this species will also consume fruit , especially during the dry season ( 4 ) .\ndarwin\u2019s finches usually breed during the hot and wet season when food is most abundant . monogamous , lifelong breeding pairs are common , although mate changes and breeding with more than one partner have also been observed . breeding pairs maintain small territories , in which they construct a small dome - shaped nest with an entrance hole in the side . generally a clutch of three eggs is laid , which are incubated by the female for about twelve days , and the young brooded for a further two weeks before leaving the nest . the short - eared owl ( asio flammeus ) , frequently preys on the nestlings and juvenile darwin\u2019s finches , while adults are occasionally taken by galapagos hawks ( buteo galapagoensis ) and lava herons ( butorides sundevalli ) ( 2 ) .\nthe large tree - finch can be found on several islands in the galapagos archipelago , namely : isabela ; santa cruz ; santa f\u00e9 ; fernandina ; santiago ; floreana ; marchena ; and pinta . this species was also previously found on the islands of pinz\u00f3n and r\u00e1bida , but is now believed to be extinct ( 3 ) .\nthe large tree - finch principally inhabits humid , evergreen forest located between elevations of 300 and 700 metres , but may also be found in arid lowland areas , dominated by deciduous trees , shrubs and cacti ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nlike other bird species endemic to the galapagos , the large tree - finch is affected by ongoing habitat destruction , invasive species , and introduced diseases , such as avian pox ( 7 ) . nevertheless , despite being uncommon in some parts of its range , the global population of this species is not considered to be small enough , nor undergoing a sufficiently significant decline , to warrant a threatened classification ( 6 ) .\nthe majority of the galapagos archipelago forms part of the galapagos national park , a world heritage site . a management plan is in place for the islands , and the ecuadorian government and non - governmental organisations are working to conserve the unique biodiversity of the galapagos ( 8 ) . more specifically , scientists at the charles darwin research station are working to improve our understanding of darwin ' s finches to ensure their conservation . this includes monitoring of populations and investigating introduced diseases ( 7 ) .\nculmen a ridge along the upper bill of a bird , from the tip of the bill to the forehead . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n12 . 5 cm . chunky finch . male has black head , greyish - brown upperparts , and whitish or yellowish underparts . female has greyish - brown head .\ncruz , f . , kleindorfer , s . , o ' connor , j . , vargas , h . & wiedenfeld , d .\nisherwood , i . , mcclellan , r . , pople , r . , sharpe , c j , symes , a . , khwaja , n . & wright , l\n, where it has a small to moderate population in the highlands , and is uncommon to rare on the coast ( harris 1982 , h . vargas and f . cruz\nthe maximum size of the population was estimated at 1 , 660 individuals in 2008 . it is best placed in the band 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals , equating to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals .\nnumbers in 2008 were 39 % of those recorded in 2004 , indicating a decline outside the range expected for a fluctuating but stable population . density fell from 154 birds / km\n. it is thought to be at elevated risk from fly parasitism because its only extant habitat is adjacent to cleared agricultural land with fruiting trees which are favoured by the adult fly ( s . kleindorfer\n, habitat alteration by invasive plant species , and free - ranging domestic livestock ( h . vargas and f . cruz\nvirus ) occurs on the island and infects a significant proportion of individuals . predator marks from invasive rodents increased threefold between 2004 - 2008 , and tourist visitation to favoured\nthe gal\u00e1pagos national park was gazetted in 1959 , and includes almost all the land area of the islands . although the park incorporates most of floreana , it does not include the agricultural zone of the island , an area which was the prime habitat for medium tree - finch . in 1979 , the islands were declared a world heritage site ( jackson 1985 )\n. in december 2006 , the gal\u00e1pagos national park began the eradication of goats and donkeys on floreana which successful reduced their population to negligible numbers ( j . o ' connor\n. the gal\u00e1pagos national park places rat baiting stations around the critically endangered gal\u00e1pagos petrel breeding colony in the centre of cerro pajas , which may also reduce nest predation of medium tree - finches in the immediate area ( j . o ' connor\nare currently being trialled by researchers and visiting scientists at the charles darwin research station ( j . o ' connor\n. continue to monitor the population size . extend the national park to incorporate the agricultural zone on floreana . continue and extend control measures against introduced species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 693 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe remarkable diversity of beak forms amongst darwin ' s finches allows each species to feed in a specialised way ( 7 ) . with its curved , powerful beak , the large - tree finch is capable of biting through the bark of twigs , exposing adult insects and larvae such as caterpillars , which are then consumed ( 4 ) . while invertebrates form the major part of its diet , this species will also consume fruit , especially during the dry season ( 4 ) . darwin ' s finches usually breed during the hot and wet season when food is most abundant . monogamous , lifelong breeding pairs are common , although mate changes and breeding with more than one partner have also been observed . breeding pairs maintain small territories , in which they construct a small dome - shaped nest with an entrance hole in the side . generally a clutch of three eggs is laid , which are incubated by the female for about twelve days , and the young brooded for a further two weeks before leaving the nest . the short - eared owl (\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe remarkable feeding behaviour demonstrated by the woodpecker finch involves the use of twigs and cactus spines to push , stab or lever insects and spiders from tree - holes and crevices ( 3 ) . displaying extraordinary behavioural adaptability , this species will not only seek out a variety of different feeding implements , but will also manipulate them to make them more manageable , for example by shortening cactus spines with its bill ( 7 ) . although the woodpecker finch ' s use of tools enables it to access inaccessible sources of food , particularly those with the high energy content such as spider egg sacs , it incurs a significant cost by being a relatively time consuming foraging technique . therefore , it is a behaviour most commonly exhibited by woodpecker finches in the arid zone during the dry season , when easily accessible food supplies are scarce . in contrast , during the arid zone wet season , and throughout the year in the\nzone , invertebrate prey are generally abundant and easily accessible , hence the woodpecker finch is more reliant on its specialised , pointed bill to probe amongst moss and bark for prey , and rarely uses tools ( 3 ) . darwin ' s finches usually breed during the hot , wet season when food is most abundant . monogamous , lifelong breeding pairs are common , although mate changes and breeding with more than one partner have also been observed . breeding pairs maintain small territories , in which they construct a small dome - shaped nest with an entrance hole in the side . generally a clutch of three eggs is laid , which are incubated by the female for about twelve days , and the young brooded for a further two weeks before leaving the nest . the short - eared owl ("]}
{"id": 2083, "summary": [{"text": "canthigaster is a genus in the pufferfish family ( tetraodontidae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a fish from this genus is sometimes referred to as a \" toby \" ( a generally accepted name that originated in australia ) or a \" sharpnose puffer \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "canthigaster", "paragraphs": ["aquarium fish : the papuan ( canthigaster papua ) and ocellated toby ( c . solandri )\nthe papua toby ( canthigaster papua ) is one of the most attractive members of the genus .\nthe blacksaddle toby looks similar to the crowned puffer , canthigaster coronata and the mimic leatherjacket , paraluteres prionurus .\naquarium fish : the papuan ( canthigaster papua ) and ocellated toby ( c . solandri ) \u2014 advanced aquarist | aquarist magazine and blog\nthe fingerprint toby ( canthigaster compressa ) is not as common in the aquarium trade as these similar congeners . the husbandry of all these species is similar .\ncanthigaster papua has long been considered a color form of c . solandri . note the differences between this photo and the shots of c . solandri below .\nthe ambon toby ( canthigaster amboinensis ) differs from its close relatives in the length of the snout and the coloration . this species is often found in the surge zone .\nindo - pacific : east africa south to transkei , south africa ( ref . 4919 ) and east to the line , marquesan , and oeno islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe island . replaced by canthigaster jactator in the hawaiian islands and canthigaster punctatissimus in the tropical eastern pacific ( ref . 37816 ) . also recorded from southeast atlantic .\nan adult male ocellated toby ( canthigaster solandri ) can be a very beautiful beast . even though it has been known to eat sps corals in nature , some aquarists have successfully kept in reef aquariums .\nscientific synonyms and common names canthigaster rostrata bloch , 1786 synonyms : c . sanctaehelenae ( see remarks for that species ) tetrodon rostratus bloch , 1786 , nat . ausl . fische , 2 : 8 , pl . 146 ( fig . 2 ) ( ' india ' ) . type : lost . canthigaster rostratus : jordan & edwards , 1886 : 246 ( madeira ) . canthigaster rostratus : fowler , 1936 , 2 : 1115 poll , 1959 : 348 , fig . 118 randall , 1968 : 280 , fig . 311 . tetrodon capistratus lowe , 1939 , proc . zool . soc . london : 90 ( madeira ) . common names : sapo [ pr ]\n( of canthigaster rostratus ( bloch , 1786 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmoura , r . l . and r . m . c . castro , 2002 . revision of atlantic sharpnose pufferfishes ( tetraodontiformes : tetraodontidae : canthigaster ) , with description of three new species . proc . biol . soc . wash . 115 ( 1 ) : 32 - 50 . ( ref . 43205 )\none final interesting tidbit - there are some very interesting mimetic relationships that exist between several tobies and three filefish species . all of these are examples of batesian mimic - where a toxic species is mimicked by a non - toxic form . the saddled toby ( canthigaster valentini ) is mimicked by the saddled filefish ( paraluteres prionurus ) , the pearl toby is mimicked by the red sea puffer mimic ( paraluteres arquat ) while an undescribed monacanthid , known commonly as the spotted puffer mimic ( paraluteres sp . ) , resembles the ocellated toby .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 . differs from other atlantic canthigaster species by the long anterior extension of the lower horizontal dark stripe on the flank ( composed of irregular horizontal and diagonal bars and originating as a solid stripe on the ventral caudal fin margin ) . this stripe reaches the pectoral fin base . differs from c . jamestyleri by the presence of a dark caudal - fin margin , the absence of vertically oriented bars on the caudal fin , the possession of fewer stripes and spots on body especially on the dorsum , as well as by the absence of a small black irregular spot on the anal fin base ( ref . 43205 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek , kanthos = the outer or inner corner of the eye , where the lids meet , 1646 + greek , gaster = stomach ( ref . 45335 )\nnamed in honor of jos\u00e9 lima de figueiredo , for his contributions to the advancement of the taxonomy of brazilian marine fishes , as well as for his long term encouragement and support to the authors ( ref . 43205 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 35 m ( ref . 43205 ) . tropical ; 9\u00b0n - 33\u00b0s\nwestern atlantic : southern caribbean to santa catarina , brazil , including the oceanic islands of atol das rocas and fernando de noronha .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm ng male / unsexed ; ( ref . 42064 )\ninhabits coral - rich as well as coral - poor areas , and areas with rocky bottoms ( ref . 43205 ) . often in pairs , hovering over the reef during the day ( ref . 43205 ) . feeds on vegetation , sponges , crustaceans , and mollusks ( ref . 42064 ) .\n) : 23 . 4 - 27 . 6 , mean 27 ( based on 177 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02818 ( 0 . 01185 - 0 . 06704 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 73 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 36 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 32\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4919 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 10 . many white spots scattered on body ( ref . 559 ) .\noccurs in clear lagoon and seaward reefs , ref . 48637 . found with sponges at various depths ( ref . 48637 ) . prefers sheltered areas in the form of holes in dead and living corals . solitary or paired . feeds on sponges , polychaetes , filamentous algae and on smaller quantities of tunicates , crustaceans , echinoderms and corals .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 3 ( based on 2816 cells ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 32 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , harwell , h . & sanciangco , j .\nis widespread in the western atlantic and is found from south carolina , usa and bermuda to brazil , and it appears to be common .\ninhabits a wide range of habitats , including coral reefs , mangroves , and seagrass beds , at depths ranging from 1 to 90 meters .\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in\n, however due to its affinity with coral reefs , mangroves , and seagrass beds this species may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of its harvest levels .\nthis species is distributed in the western atlantic from cape fear , north carolina south along the u . s . coast , bermuda , the bahamas , and throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea to trinidad ( moura and castro 2002 , quattrini\n2004 ) . its depth range is 1\u201398 m . records from brazil may be misidentifications ( moura and sazima 2000 , monteiro - neto\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nis generally common throughout most of its range , but it may be locally abundant around coral reefs and rubble piles ( sikkel 1990 ) . it is considered very abundant by loh and pawlik ( 2014 ) . it is one of the most abundant meso - omnivores in the western atlantic ( tuya\n1997 ) . it is one of the most abundant ( 86 . 48 % frequency of occurrence ) and common ( present at 88 % of all locations sampled ) in the canary islands ( falc\u00f3n 1996 , tuya\n2004 ) . long - term surveys of an artificial reef , from 1962\u20131979 , revealed no significant fluctuation in sighting abundance of this species ( ogden and ebersole 1981 ) .\nwas among the 10 most abundant species collected by trawl in a shallow tropical lagoon in belize , although it was not the most abundant tetraodontid .\nwas more abundant in mangrove creeks than in other sampled habitats . ( sedberry and carter 1993 ) .\nmay be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .\nis found in a variety of habitats , including coral reefs and marginal habitats such as seagrass beds ( moura and castro 2002 ) , and mangrove creeks , as well as artificial reefs ( ogden and ebersole 1981 ) . it is an omnivorous species , feeding on seagrass , sponges , crabs and other crustaceans , molluscs , polychaete worms , sea urchins , starfishes , hydroids and algae ( randall 1996 ) .\nshowed little variation in abundance with depth over a range of 1 . 52\u20134 m , but did exhibit significant nocturnal declines in abundance ( rooker\n1997 ) . mass mortalities have been observed in juveniles of this species in multiple locales off the yucatan peninsula ( sikkel 1990 ) . this species visits rubble mounds created by the sand tilefish ,\n( b\u00fcttner 1996 ) . during trawls of mangrove , seagrass , and sand / rubble habitats in belize , this species was collected most frequently in mangrove creeks ( sedberry and carter 1993 ) . this species visits cleaner gobies (\nwas studied off san blas islands , panama . sexes were dimorphic . in mixed coral and rubble habitat , females defended territories against other females and small males . from one to six female territories were included within the territories of certain large males . these haremic males visited their females and patrolled their territories throughout the day . smaller , non - haremic males occupied territories or home ranges within or adjacent to those of haremic males or were wanderers . spawning between a haremic male and a territorial female occurred within the female ' s territory . the female prepared an algal nest into which demersal eggs were deposited . there was no parental care . eggs were spherical , translucent , and measured approximately 0 . 66 mm in diameter . larvae were about 1 . 4 mm total length and closely resembled those of other species of\nspp . are known for their general lack of characters , and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade . in the brazilian aquarium trade , 1 , 065 individuals of this species ( representing 0 . 53 % of all species ) were exported from january 1995 to november 2000 ( monteiro - neto\nis collected for the marine aquarium trade , there are no indications of population declines from harvesting .\n2008 ) . of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter\none - third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines , and 21 % of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution ( short et al . 2011 ) .\nglobally , 16 % of mangrove species are at elevated risk of extinction . particular areas of geographical concern include the atlantic and pacific coasts of central america , where as many as 40 % of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction ( polidoro\n2010 ) . in the caribbean , approximately 24 % of mangrove area has been lost over the past quarter - century ( fao 2007 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for c . rostrata , however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncarpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , hardy , g . & sanciangco , j .\nis distributed in the eastern central atlantic , where it is known from oceanic islands including the canarian archipelago in macaronesia , cape verde island , and madiera , and has been recorded in the straight of gibraltar .\ninhabits rocky reef habitats and artificial structures at depths ranging from 0 to 20 metres .\nmay be a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .\n2007 ) and madeira ( ribeiro 2008 ) . this species has been reported in the straight of gibraltar ( brito\nmay be extending its range northward due to warming ocean temperatures ( wirtz 2005 ) . it is found at depths ranging from 0\u201320 metres .\ncape verde ; gibraltar ; morocco ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; spain ( canary is . )\n2010 ) . in the waters off madeira island , this species was among the 10 most abundant species sampled over rocky reefs . it was recorded common and abundant in the locations studied along the south coast of madeira island ( both protected and non - protected ) and did not show significant differences in any size categories within locations in all types of bottom studied ( ribeiro 2008 ) .\nis a bentho - demersal meso - carnivore usually found as solitary individuals . it is associated with rocky reefs consisting of boulders , vertical walls , platform and outcroppings which are often colonized by various algae , and can also be found associated with artificial reefs .\n. in all species for which spawning has been described , males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females . spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male , and spawning occurs in multiple bouts , with no parental care after the last bout . this is consistent with field observations of spawning , social organization , and sexual dimorphism in other\nspecies ( gladstone 1987 , kobayashi 1988 , sikkel 1990 , sikkel and sikkel 2012 ) .\nare known for their general lack of characters , and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .\nthis species has been identified as a potential aquarium species from portuguese waters ( calado 2006 ) .\n. due to its affinity with reef structures , this fish may be experiencing population decline .\nof 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter et al . 2008 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for c . capistrata , however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .\nis endemic to the hawaiian islands , where it is common and locally abundant .\nis usually found in the vicinity of coral reefs at depths ranging from 5 to 165 metres , on sand or sand and rubble bottom or algal flats .\nand it appears to be locally abundant . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range .\nit is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of its harvest levels and habitat status .\n2008 ) , it has been recorded there ( e . g . , kosaki\nunited states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( johnston i . )\nwas the twentieth most abundant species at the moderately deep terraces and banks of the northwestern hawaiian islands ( parrish and boland 2004 ) . during surveys of midway atoll in the northwestern hawaiian islands , this species is encountered occasionally outside lagoons on open rubble and sand substrates ( randall\ndue to its association with coral reefs , c . coronata may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .\nis usually found on sand or sand and rubble bottom or algal flats , often in the vicinity of coral reefs . it is also seen on clear coastal reefs , usually along deep slopes or over soft substrates ( randall\nis typically found below depths of 23 metres , but is occasionally seen in as little as six metres ( randall 1985 ) . when in shallow waters , it is usually found in lagoons or bays .\nfeeds on a wide variety of benthic organisms , mostly algae , but also gastropods , sponges , bivalves , polychaetes , tunicates , crabs , sea urchins , heart urchins , brittle stars , bryozoans , peanut worms , various small crustaceans and foraminiferans ( randall 1985 ) .\nis a component of the aquarium trade . between 1967\u20132003 , 30 , 146 individuals have been collected from hawaii for export , valuing a total $ 33 , 046 . 50 usd .\nis among the top 50 most frequently collected species from hawaii ( walsh 2001 ) .\n. this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade in hawaii , however there are no present indicators of decline as a result of harvesting for the aquarium trade . also , due to its association with coral reefs , this species of fish may be experiencing population declines .\nboth the papuan and ocellated tobies are excellent aquarium inhabitants . the only possible drawback with these tobies is that some individuals will nip the fins of other fishes .\n) , the frogfishes ( antennariidae ) , the porcupinefishes ( diodontidae ) and the pufferfishes ( tetraodontidae ) . apparently , by increasing their size these animals reduce the chances that a predator will be able to ingest them , or by suddenly inflating they might startle a would - be predator , or make themselves difficult to extract from a reef crevice .\nthe two species differ in coloration . the papuan toby is brown overall with blue spots on the side of the body , blue lines on the back and the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle , a black spot at the base of the dorsal fin and orange on the underside of the snout . the ocellated toby has spots on the side of the body , on the back and caudal peduncle , with some lines radiating from the eyes , and has no or little orange on the ventral surface of the snout , head or belly . both species typically have orange on the tail , but c . papuensis usually sports more orange . the papuan toby is probably sexually dichromatic and dimorphic . in the closely related c . solandri the males attain a larger size and typically have fewer , larger spots than females . there also appears to be some size and color differences between the sexes in the papuan toby .\ntoby fighting usually begins with bouts of displaying , where the combatants increase their apparent size by erecting a ridge on the back and belly . they perform these lateral displays to try and drive their opponent away with out actually coming to blows . but , if one individual does not back down and leave the area biting will usually ensue . this can result in severe injuries . the problem with captive combat , is that the fish that retreats cannot \u201cleave the area\u201d since our aquariums are so much smaller than the normal toby territory and hence this subordinate is chastised by the more dominant , or territory holding fish . if it gets to the point where biting occurs you will need to separate the fish or risk losing one of them to injury . you could try taking the dominant fish out of the tank and placing it in a different aquarium for a week or two , and then try adding the more aggressive fish back into the tank and see what happens . in some cases the subordinate will accept its position in the pecking order from the onset and avoid the more dominant fish . in these cases lethal fighting usually does not occur .\nif a specimen shows chronic , abnormal distention of the abdomen it may be suffering from an internal infestation of nematode worms of the genus philometra . unlike normal toby inflation , the distended abdomen of fish suffering from this infection will be asymmetrical in form and will change shape as the parasites move around . schleser ( 1994 ) recommends introducing fenbendazole ( add at a volume of 1 % of the active ingredient ) to gelatin based foods to eradicate intestinal worms .\na smaller c . solandri beginning to preform an aggressive display . note the partially erected ridge on the ventrum .\nalthough it can break the ice at parties , provoking your toby to inflate is not a good puffer maintenance practice . this will stress your fish and it could prove to be fatal if your toby ingests air . tobies sometimes have difficulty expelling air from the stomach and end up bobbing helplessly at the water ' s surface . another word of warning ; these fish are not strong swimmers , so make sure all siphons tubes have strainers or small specimens may end up in your power filter .\nmyers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics , guam , pp . 330 .\nschleser , d . m . 1994 . captive husbandry of batfish ( family ogcocephalidae ) . aquarium frontiers , spring : 27 - 29 .\ncopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .\ndescription found among coral heads and rocks of subtidal lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 55 m or more . feeds mainly on . . .\ndescription found among coral heads and rocks of subtidal lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 55 m or more . feeds mainly on filamentous green and red algae , tunicates , and on smaller amounts of corals , bryozoans , polychaetes , echinoderms , mollusks , and brown and coralline red algae . forms shoals ( 10 - 100 or more ) which often contains the filefish , @ paraluteres prionurus @ ( about 5 % of shoal ) mimicking @ c . valentini @ to protect it from predators ( refs . 4919 and 5503 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of tetraodon gronovii cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tetraodon valentini bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tetrodon taeniatus peters , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cathigaster valentini ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 20 m ( ref . 104836 ) . tropical ; 40\u00b0n - 14\u00b0n , 29\u00b0w - 13\u00b0w\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 . absence of dark stripe extending anteriorly from the ventral caudal fin margin onto the caudal peduncle or flank ; presence of a horizontal dark stripe extending from the dorsal caudal fin margin anteriorly to the pectoral fin base ; absence of a conspicuous ( larger than eye ) spot slightly ahead and below dorsal fin base ; absence of bars on the caudal fin ( ref . 43205 ) .\n) : 18 . 7 - 24 . 3 , mean 20 . 2 ( based on 67 cells ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 15 se ; based on food items .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: from madeira to angola and gulf of mexico , west indies and bermuda .\nbloch , m . e . . 1785 - 1795 . naturgeschichte der ausl\u00e4ndischen fische , berlin , 1 , 1785 : viii + 136 pp . , 36 pl . ( cix - cxliv ) ; 2 , 1786 : viii + 160 pp . , 36 pl . ( cxlv - clxxx ) ; 3 , 1787 : xii + 146 pp . , 36 pl . ( clxxxi - ccxvi ) ; 4 , 1790 : xii + 128 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccxvii - cclii ) ; 5 , 1791 : vi + 152 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccliii - cclxxxviii ) ; 6 , 1792 : iv + 126 pp . , 36 pl . ( cclxxxix - cccxxiii ) ; 7 , 1793 : xii + 144 pp . , 36 pl . ( cccxxvccclx ) ; 8 , 1794 : iv + 174 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccclxi - cccxcvi ) ; 9 , 1795 : ii + 192 pp . , 36 pl . ( cccxcvii - ccccxxix ) .\nfowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .\njordan , d . s . ; edwards , c . l . 1886 . a review of the american species of tetraodontidae . proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 9 : pp . 230 - 247 .\nrandall , j . e . 1968 . caribbean reef fishes . t . f . h . publ . , jersey city : 318 p . , 324 fig .\nis widely distributed in the indo - pacific where it appears to be common . it is associated with a variety of habitats , including coral reefs , seagrass beds , and artificial reefs .\nmay be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c .\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas . it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of harvest levels for the aquarium trade .\nthere are a few records of c . solandri in hawaii , however it does not appear to be established there . this species is distributed from central philippines ( bohol region ) east to french polynesia . it is not found in palau ( allen and erdmann 2012 , stump in prep . 2014 ) . several records from the ryukyu islands , japan were based on mis - identifications of c . papua , and this species ' presence in japan remains to to be verified ( stump in prep . 2014 )\namerican samoa ; australia ; cook islands ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; indonesia ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; nauru ; new caledonia ; niue ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; philippines ; samoa ; solomon islands ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , wake is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna ; yemen\nare very common in museum collections ( fishnet2 searched 28 march 2012 ) . however , it is rare in taiwan ( shao pers . comm . 2011 ) .\ninhabits sheltered rocky reefs ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) as well as intertidal reef flats and lagoon and seaward reefs . this species occurs over open barren areas , as well as among corals and under ledges ( lieske and myers 1994 ) .\nis also associated with seagrass beds ( gell and whittington 2002 ) . it has been known to associate with artificial reefs ( logan kock 1982 ) . it is often found in pairs and sometimes in small groups .\n1994 ) , tunicates , molluscs , echinoderms , polychaetes , crustaceans and bryozoans .\nis sexually dimorphic ( stump in prep . 2014 ) . in all species for which spawning has been described , males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females . spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male , and spawning occurs in multiple bouts , with no parental care after the last bout . this is consistent with field observations of spawning , social organization , and sexual dimorphism in other\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade , where it is regularly available . it has been exported from the maldives ( edwards and shepherd 1992 ) . it retails for approximately $ 25 usd ( liveaquaria . com )\none - third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines , and 21 % of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution ( short et al . 2011 ) . this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade . the effect of this trade on the population of c . solandri is unknown .\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of tetrodon sanctaehelenae g\u00fcnther , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\n( of tetrodon ornatus poey , 1867 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tetrodon rostratus bloch , 1786 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nthe blacksaddle toby can be recognised by the dark saddles on the side of the body and stripes across the snout . the species occurs throughout the tropical , marine indo - pacific .\nthe blacksaddle toby can be recognised by the dark saddles on the side of the body and stripes across the snout .\nthe species occurs throughout the tropical , marine indo - pacific . in australia it is found at the offshore islands of north - western western australia and from northern queensland to southern new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .\nhutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1993 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . crawford house press . pp . 437 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 ."]}
{"id": 2084, "summary": [{"text": "the guachanche barracuda ( sphyraena guachancho ) , is an ocean-going species of game fish in the barracuda family , sphyraenidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was described by the french zoologist georges cuvier in 1829 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the description was part of the second edition of le r\u00e8gne animal , or the animal kingdom .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "guachanche barracuda are also known simply as guaguanche throughout much of the caribbean .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "when used for food , guaguanche barracuda are usually sold fresh or salted . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "guachanche barracuda", "paragraphs": ["guachanche barracuda sphyraena guachancho - / animals / aquatic / fish / b / barracuda / guachanche _ barracuda _ _ sphyraena _ guachancho . jpg . html\nguachanche barracuda can live in turbid , coastal waters at depths up to 100 m .\nguachanche barracuda feed on several fishes from the engraulidae , clupeidae , lutjanidae and synodontidae families .\nhave a fact about guachanche barracuda ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for guachanche barracuda ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define guachanche barracuda in a sentence and how is the word guachanche barracuda used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528guachanche barracuda\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528guachanche barracuda\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528guachanche barracuda\u9020\u53e5 , guachanche barracuda meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\ndid you know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? there are 26 known species of barracuda . . . . . . . sharpfin barracuda , sphyraena acutipinnis guinea barracuda , sphyraena afra pacific barracuda , sphyraena argentea great barracuda , sphyraena barracuda northern sennet , sphyraena borealis yellowstripe barracuda , sphyraena chrysotaenia mexican barracuda , sphyraena ensis yellowtail barracuda , sphyraena flavicauda bigeye barracuda , sphyraena forsteri guachanche barracuda , sphyraena guachancho heller ' s barracuda , sphyraena helleri sphyraena iburiensis pelican barracuda , sphyraena idiastes japanese barracuda , sphyraena japonica pickhandle barracuda , sphyraena jello lucas barracuda , sphyraena lucasana australian barracuda , sphyraena novaehollandiae obtuse barracuda , sphyraena obtusata southern sennet , sphyraena picudilla red barracuda , sphyraena pinguis sawtooth barracuda , sphyraena putnamae blackfin barracuda , sphyraena qenie european barracuda , sphyraena sphyraena sphyraena tome yellowmouth barracuda , sphyraena viridensis sphyraena waitii\nthe latest barracuda sensation . there has never been a barracuda guide like this .\na quick look inside of some of the subjects covered : barracuda ( disambiguation ) - films , tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda - characters , plymouth barracuda - 1967\u00ed\u009069 , great barracuda , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - vehicles , brownsville barracudas , great barracuda - behavior , plymouth barracuda - engines , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - aircraft , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - books and comics , central african empire - op\u008c _ ration barracuda , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - ships and submarines , barracuda ( song ) - usage at the 2008 republican national convention , fu wa - killer barracuda , barracuda - as food , caliban ( comics ) - captain barracuda , great barracuda - appearance , pelican barracuda - distribution , plymouth valiant - barracuda , guachanche barracuda - description , barracuda - appearance and physical description , barracuda ( song ) - covers , yellowtail barracuda , jean - b\u008c _ del bokassa - operation barracuda , saab ab - saab barracuda llc , tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda - plot summary , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - music , splinter cell - tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda ( 2005 ) , australian barracuda , barracuda ( song ) - in popular culture , sharpfin barracuda , barracuda ( song ) - catalyst , guachanche barracuda - distribution and habitat , plymouth barracuda - 1970\u00ed\u009074 , great barracuda - barracudas and humans , and much more . . . author : ralph skinner pages : 34 format : physical print book , includes free shipping worldwide language : english isbn : 9781488831089 bisac code : reference / general\nguachanche barracuda can grow up to 200 cm in length , but have only been recorded to weigh as much as 1 . 75 kg .\nthe pacific barracuda can be found from the gulf of california as far north as alaska ( ! ) and overlaps on the southern part of it\u2019s range with the great barracuda , mexican barracuda , and lucas barracuda . the great barracuda , northern sennet , and guachanche barracuda are all found on the east coast from new york ( or a bit higher ) down along the gulf of mexico and the caribbean . the southern sennet is native from florida down along the coastline to brazil .\nonly some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species which do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet (\nthe two larger species , the great barracuda and the guachanche barracuda , have been noted as being brackish tolerant . the great barracuda in particular has been caught in waters as low as 1 . 006 . for long term health , keeping these fish above half strength sea water ( 1 . 012 ) should be sufficient . none of the other species of barracuda have been found in brackish waters in the wild .\nclick the button below to add the barracuda 52 success secrets - 52 most asked questions on barracuda - what you need to know to your wish list .\nsphyraena japonica bloch & j . g . schneider , 1801 ( japanese barracuda )\nknown for its large size , fearsome appearance and furious behaviour . the barracuda is a saltwater\nu . s . food & drug administration ( usfda ) . 2007 . harzard , market , geographic and nomenclature information for great barracuda ( barracuda ; sphyraena barracuda ) . seafood products research center - center for food safety & applied nutrition - regulatory fish encyclopedia . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .\nbarracuda are not typically considered small fish . the mexican and pacific barracudas can reach 50 inches or more , the great and guachanche barracudas can reach 78 inches , and the smaller lucas barracuda and southern sennet both can break 24 inches . the most manageable in size of the native species is the northern sennet , which has been noted at 18 inches but supposedly rarely exceeds 15 inches .\nsp . nov . ( pisces : sphyraenidae ) : a potential new species of barracuda identified from the central mediterranean sea\n.\nnelson ( 1994 ) reports that the maximum length of barracudas is normally to 1 . 8 meters ( almost 6 feet ) , but are said to reach somewhat longer lengths . only some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species that do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet ( s . sphyraena ) , found in the mediterranean and eastern atlantic ; the great barracuda , picuda , or becuna ( s . picuda ) , ranging on the atlantic coast of tropical america from florida to brazil and reaching the bermudas ; the california barracuda ( s . argentea ) , extending from puget sound southwards to cabo san lucas ; the indian barracuda ( s . jello ) and the black - finned or commerson ' s barracuda ( s . commersoni ) , both from the seas of india and the malay peninsula and archipelago .\nbarracuda are most commonly caught on the top of the reef , off the deep edge of the reef & out on the shallower wreck\u2019s . barracuda are great light tackle fish and available all year round . barracuda are also a deep sea game fish that we commonly find while sailfish fishing , kite fishing , trolling the gulf stream edge and the edge of the deep reef . barracuda can be caught with live bait , dead bait , lures & jigs . they are great on light tackle , the run fast & make amazing leaps out of the water and into the air .\nthe pacific barracuda is considered to be stable , with an iucn status of least concern . no information is listed on the other species of barracudas .\nboats . the record for a hook and line caught great barracuda is 1 . 7 meter ( 5 . 5 ft ) , weighing 44 kilogram ( 103 lbs ) .\ntemperature depends on species , but for all should remain stable . the majority of these fish are subtropical and will likely be fine around room temperature , but the tropical species ( mexican barracuda , southern sennet ) will all need heaters in the tank . the pacific barracuda is a temperate species and will require a chiller to keep the temperature down . a good target temperature should be around 55f for this species .\nin southern nigeria , west africa they are smoked and used in the preparation of different soups . barracuda meat is smoked is because when cooked fresh , the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the soup .\n, some species of barracuda are reputed to be dangerous to swimmers . barracudas are scavengers , and may mistake snorkellers for large predators , following them hoping to eat the remains of their prey . swimmers have reported being bitten by barracuda , but such incidents are rare and possibly caused by poor visibility . large barracudas can be encountered in muddy shallows on rare occasion . barracudas may mistake things that glint and shine for prey .\nin most cases , a barracuda is dark blue , dark green , white , or gray on its upper body , with silvery sides and a chalky - white belly . coloration varies somewhat between species . for some species , irregular and unorganized black spots or a row of darker cross - bars occur on each side . their fins may be yellowish or dusky . barracudas live primarily in oceans , but certain species , such as the great barracuda , live in brackish water .\nthe native barracuda are social fish and are often found in large schools . groups of at least 6 are recommended , as many predatory fish kept in groups of 3 - 5 end with one or more fish getting picked on and killed .\ncurrently , the family sphyraenidae only has a single genus , sphyraena , which is composed of all 13 species of barracuda ( though some unrelated fish are sometimes sold as \u201cfreshwater barracudas\u201d ) . eight of these species are found in north american waters :\nin general , the barracuda ' s coloration is dark green or grey above chalky - white below . this varies somewhat . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .\nbarracudas are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like tuna or salmon . larger species , like the great barracuda , have in some areas been implicated in cases of ciguatera food poisoning ( usfda 2007 ) .\nadults of most species are more or less solitary , while young and half - grown fish frequently congregate . barracudas prey primarily on fish ( which may include some as large as themselves ) . they kill and consume larger prey by tearing chunks of flesh . barracuda are competitive species and often are seen competing against\nthe larger barracuda are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed almost totally of fishes of all kinds . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to hoard a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .\nit contains 52 answers , much more than you can imagine ; comprehensive answers and extensive details and references , with insights that have never before been offered in print . get the information you need - - fast ! this all - embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight . this guide introduces what you want to know about barracuda .\nbarracuda is the common name for the various marine , ray - finned fish comprising the family sphyraenidae of the order perciformes , characterized by a long , fairly compressed , elongated body covered with small , smooth scales and with a large mouth with strong , fang - like teeth . they are notable for their long size , reaching up to six feet ( two meters ) or more in length . there is only one genus of barracudas , sphraena , which has about 20 species ( nelson 1994 ) .\nbarracuda are very aggressive , predatory fish and are likely to take a bite out of similar sized fish , though reportedly will leave bigger , similarly aggressive fish alone . anything significantly smaller is too likely to be attacked and consumed . they are also inquisitive fish and in nature are known for investigating divers in the area , sometimes following them in hopes of picking up scraps to eat . these fish are also prone to jumping and tanks should be covered and latched down with a lock or something similar .\nbarracudas have an elongate body and large mouth , with the lower jaw jutting out beyond the upper ( nelson 1994 ) . their strong , fang - like teeth are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large , pointed , and pike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays ( nelson 1994 ) . the second dorsal fin and anal fin are the same size and are situated on the top and bottom of the barracuda , equidistant from the tail . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave . it is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides . the barracuda also has a large swim bladder .\nbarracuda are snake - like in appearance , with prominent , sharp - edged , fang - like teeth , much like piranhas , all of different sizes , set in sockets of their large jaws . they have large , pointed heads with an underbite in many species . their gill covers have no spines and are covered with small scales . their two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the anterior fin having five spines , and the posterior fin having one spine and 9 soft rays . the posterior dorsal fin is similar in size to the anal fin and is situated above it . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvic fins and is normally retracted in a groove . the caudal fin is moderately forked with its posterior edged double - curved and is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low on the sides . its swim bladder is large .\ngreek , sphyraina , - es = the name of a fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 26999 ) . subtropical\nwestern atlantic : massachusetts ( usa ) , northern gulf of mexico , and throughout the caribbean sea to brazil . eastern atlantic : senegal to angola , including the canary islands and cape verde .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 35 - ? cm max length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27000 ) ; common length : 70 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 8 kg ( ref . 57401 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 8 . diagnosis : 102 - 119 scales in lateral line ; no chevrons on the flanks or , if present , not so well marked as in sphyraena afra ( ref . 57401 ) .\noccurs in shallow and generally turbid coastal water over muddy bottoms , often around river estuaries . schooling species ( ref . 6949 ) . occasionally enters estuaries and brackish waters ( ref . 57401 ) . feeds on mainly on fishes belonging to the engraulidae , clupeidae , lutjanidae and synodontidae families and also on squid from the loliginidae family ( ref . 9626 ) . maximum reported size : 71cm ( ref . 57401 ) . marketed fresh and salted .\nde sylva , d . p . , 1990 . sphyraenidae . p . 860 - 864 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 6949 )\n) : 19 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 752 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 79 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndooley , j . , collette , b . b . , aiken , k . a . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , singh - renton , s . & russell , b .\njustification : this species is widespread and common where it occurs in shallow coastal waters over soft bottom . while a fishery is in place , exploitation does not appear to be a substantial threat to its global population . it is listed as least concern .\nsphyraena guachancho is distributed across the atlantic ocean . in the eastern atlantic it is known from madeira , the canary islands , the cape verde islands , and along west africa from senegal to angola . in the western atlantic it is known from massachusetts south along the u . s . , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea , and along south america to southern brazil . it appears to be absent from bermuda and the bahamas ( de sylva 1981 , smith - vaniz et al . 1999 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2012 ) .\nangola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ( madeira ) ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; spain ( canary is . ) ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nsphyraena guachancho is rather common in the eastern tropical atlantic ( de sylva 1981 ) as well as in the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea ( russell 2002 ) .\nthis schooling species occurs in shallow and generally turbid coastal waters over muddy bottom , often ascending estuaries well into brackish waters . it feeds mainly on small fishes and shrimps ( bianchi 1981 ) . the maximum size is 71 cm .\nsphyraena guachancho is marketed fresh and smoked ( de sylva 1981 ) . the primary fishing areas include coastal waters of the continental and island shelves , particularly the shrimp grounds off the southern coast of cuba , campeche , guianas , and the northern part of the gulf of mexico . it is an important commercial species in the greater antilles . it is caught primarily with trammel nets and bottoms trawls as well as with handlines ( russell 2002 ) . it is considered a delicacy in the west indies and has never been reported as ciguatoxic ( russell 2002 ) . in the gulf of mexico , mexico , this species is taken as incidental catch in fisheries targeting thunnus albacares ( sagarpa 2012 ) .\ndooley , j . , collette , b . b . , aiken , k . a . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , singh - renton , s . & russell , b . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndespite an unfavorable reputation as dangerous to humans who are scuba diving , snorkeling , or swimming in their waters , unprovoked attacks by barracudas on humans are rare . rather , barracudas generally add value to human life as food and game fish and for the wonder they add to nature . ecologically , they are integral to many marine food chains , serving as the top predator in some tropical and subtropical waters and helping to maintain the balance of nature .\nbarracudas ( family sphyraenidae and genus sphyraena ) are found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide .\nbarracudas typically have coloration that is dark green or gray above a chalky - white underbelly . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .\nbarracudas occur both singly and in schools around reefs , but also appear in open seas . swimming in schools , or individually , they are voracious predators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27 mph or 43 km / h ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability ( rqcsr 2007 ) . they also exhibit some scavenger - like feeding habits .\nthe larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed of fish of all types . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .\nlike sharks , barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of scuba divers , snorkelers , and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkelers might be large predators and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .\nbeing formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged . spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .\nthere have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .\nbarracudas are prize fish , and can be caught either fly or sea fishing . they are extremely powerful , and require tough and strong rods .\nagbayani , e . 2004 . sphyraenidae . fishbase ( eds . r . froese and d . pauly ) . retrieved december 2 , 2007 .\nhumann , p . , and n . deloach . 2002 . reef fish identification : florida , caribbean , bahamas . jacksonville , fl : new world publications . isbn 1878348302 .\nnelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .\nnorman , j . r . , and f . c . fraser . 1949 . field book of giant fishes . new york : g . p . putnam .\nreefquest centre for shark research ( rqcsr ) . 2007 . what ' s the speediest marine creature . biology of sharks and rays . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .\nrochefort , c . de . 1681 . histoire naturelle et morale des iles antilles de l ' am\u00e9rique enrichie d ' un grand nombre de belles figures en taille douce \u2026 avec un vocabulaire cara\u00efbe . rotterdam : r . leers .\nsloane , h . , m . van der gucht , and j . savage . 1707 . a voyage to the islands madera , barbados , nieves , s . christophers and jamaica , with the natural history \u2026 of the last of those islands to which is prefix ' d an introduction , wherein is an account of the inhabitants , air , waters , diseases , trade , & c . \u2026 ; illustrated with the figures of the things describ ' d . london : printed by b . m . for the author .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 13 may 2016 , at 20 : 45 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n) : 19 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 752 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\n) : 4 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .\n) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ntrolling lures or bottom fished with cut fish baits , live mullet & calamari .\nthis aggressive , carnivorous fish frequently attack flashing objects that appear as prospective prey . for best results when trolling from a boat use rapala cd16 to cd18 deep diving lures ( any colour ) &\nfished 15ft to 30ft behind the boat at approx 4 to 6 knots - medium drag setting , enough to set the hook without striking . use a rod holder or alternatively if holding the rod , keep the trace up for the best action and hold the rod tight . on all traces add 2ft to 3ft of 40lb wire trace before the hook or lure to prevent biting off !\nfish for giant atlantic tarpon in the gambia river estuary . . . . . . .\nlight tackle species fishing in the oyster mangrove creeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nshore angling safari ' s along gambia ' s unspoilt coastline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nour boston whaler boat will get you to all major fishing grounds within 30 mins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncas 214646 ( 3 specimens ) taken off marlin beach hotel in s\u00e3otom\u00e9 ; smns 25263 ( 2 specimens ) from fish market at s\u00e3otom\u00e9 city .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nray - finned fishes notable for their large size ( up to 1 . 8 m or 6 ft ) and fearsome appearance . the body is long , fairly compressed , and covered with small , smooth\nsockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large and is pointed and\npike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two\ndorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays . the second dorsal fin equals the anal fin in size and is situated more or less above it . the\nlateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the\nperciformes . along with the smaller grey mullets and sand smelts or atherines , barracudas form the suborder known as mugiloids . members of this group are distinguished from the percoids by the backward position of the pelvic fins , which are located well behind the\npredators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27mph ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability .\n, barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of\nsnorkelers and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkeler ( s ) might be a large predator ( s ) and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .\nbeing formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged .\nspearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .\nthere have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human thinking that part of it was a fish , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .\nthey are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like\ntrolling with lines baited with fish or other prey . the acute inquisitiveness of barracudas , together with their possessing hearty appetites , means that they will readily bite at\nthis reference article is mainly selected from the english wikipedia with only minor checks and changes ( see urltoken for details of authors and sources ) and is available under the gnu free documentation license . see also our disclaimer .\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn ' t received any reviews yet . be the first to review this product !\n. they are found near the top of the water and near coral reefs and sea grasses .\ne . m . abdussamad , ratheesh , thangaraja , bineesh & d . prakashan , 2015\nscuba diver swimming inside a group of sphyraena putnamae off ko tao , thailand .\nthey also seem to consume smaller species of sustenance that are in front of them .\nhandfeeding or touching large barracudas in general is to be avoided . spearfishing around barracudas can also be dangerous , as they are quite capable of ripping a chunk from a wounded fish thrashing on a spear , or out of the arm which is holding the spear . humans are not on their preferred menu , but haste can lead to confusion .\nbarracudas are popular both as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillets or steaks . larger species , such as the\nthose who have been diagnosed with this type of food poisoning display symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort , limb weakness , and an inability to differentiate hot from cold effectively .\nwest africans smoke them for use in soups and sauces . smoking protects the soft flesh from disintegrating in the broth and gives it a smoky flavour .\n. rome : laboratoire d\u2019ichtyologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et appliqu\u00e9e mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle . pp .\nichthyological bulletin ; no . 3 : the fishes of the family sphyraenidae in the western indian ocean\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nanonymous ( 1997 ) bulletin statistique des p\u00eaches , ann\u00e9e 1996 . : r\u00e9publique de guin\u00e9e , centre national des sciences halieutiques de boussoura ( c . n . s . h . b . ) . bull . stat . no . 2 . 35 p . + 2 annexes .\nb\u00f6hlke , j . e . and c . c . g . chaplin ( 1993 ) fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . 2nd edition . : university of texas press , austin .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\ncarvalho , v . a . and r . l . branco ( 1977 ) rela\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies marinhas e estuarinas do nordeste brasileiro . : p . d . p . documentos t\u00e9cnicos ( 25 ) : 60p .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\nclaro , r . ( 1994 ) caracter\u00edsticas generales de la ictiofauna . : p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecolog\u00eda de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanolog\u00eda academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .\nclaro , r . and l . r . parenti ( 2001 ) the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . : p . 21 - 57 . in claro , r . , k . c . lindeman and l . r . parenti ( eds ) ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . smithsonian institution press , wahsington and london . 253p .\nclaro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds . , 2001 : chapter 2 : the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . 21 - 57 .\nde sylva , d . p . ( 1981 ) sphyraenidae . : in w . fischer , g . bianchi and w . b . scott ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic ( fishing areas 34 , 47 ( in part ) ) , volume 4 . department of fisheries and oceans canada and fao , rome .\nerdman , d . s . ( 1983 ) nombres vulgares de los peces en puerto rico ( common names of fishes in puerto rico ) . : commonwealth of puerto rico . technical report , vol 3 . no . 2 , second revised edition . 44 p .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\ngrabda , e . and t . heese ( 1991 ) polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . : wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie . koszalin , poland . 171 p . ( in polish ) .\ngulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 .\ng\u00f3mez - canchong , p . , l . manjarr\u00e9s m . , l . o . duarte and j . altamar ( 2004 ) atlas pesquero del area norte del mar caribe de colombia . : universidad del magadalena , santa marta . 230 p .\nkotlyar , a . n . ( 1984 ) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages . : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography , moscow . 288 p .\nmaigret , j . and b . ly ( 1986 ) les poissons de mer de mauritanie . : science nat . , compi\u00e8gne . 213 p .\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nmurdy , edward o . , ray s . birdsong , and john a . musick , 1997 : null . fishes of chesapeake bay . xi + 324 .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .\nnorth american native fishtanks \u2022 barracudas of the family sphyraenidae in the home . . .\nsleek , lightning - fast predators , barracudas are certainly impressive fish which are a sight to behold in large schools . but are they suitable for the home aquarium ? they are potentially dangerous animals and can present specially challenges for anybody who wishes to keep them in the confines of an aquarium .\nnone of these fish are commonly for sale in the aquarium fish trade . in all likelihood , you may never to see one in captivity outside of public aquariums .\none thing to note about these fish is that they do not ship very well and many which are transported longer distances end up dying due to stress or bashing themselves into tank sides . these situations also often end up happening in the home aquarium as well .\nin the wild , these are piscivores and may have trouble adapting in the home aquarium . live fish are perhaps required at first ( cheaper fish like damsels and mollies may be used for smaller specimens ) . they should be able to be converted to frozen foods by attaching to feeding sticks and pacing around the top of the tank . barracudas will never accept prepared foods like pellets .\nas marine fish , especially those which are found in reef settings , barracudas are best kept in large , stable systems . high carbonate hardness , high ph ( around 8 - 8 . 5 ) , and low levels of fish waste in the water are musts . they are best kept around a specific gravity of 1 . 025 - 1 . 026 . these are large fish and produce a lot of waste . utilizing deep sand beds to aid in nitrification and a working protein skimmer are highly recommended .\nimmense . even for the smallest species , the northern sennet , hundreds of gallons ( no less than 300 or 400 ) would be the smallest practical tank size . all of these fish are long - distance swimmers in the wild and are capable of great bursts of speed ; small tanks are not going to work long term . there really is no practical home aquarium size for the other species and they really should be left in the wild or to public aquariums which can keep tanks in the thousands , tens of thousands of gallons .\nthe other concern is that rectangular systems are not really viable either . like the larger sharks , these fish have a hard time turning and never seem to \u201cget\u201d corners . a round or oval system will be necessary if you want to keep these fish alive for anything close to their natural lifespan .\nnot at all likely to happen in the home aquarium . breeding occurs certain times of the year , in massive numbers of animals . replicating this would require a colossal tank and is not feasible for casual aquarists .\nbarracudas are interesting fish , but are not for the faint of heart . in addition to the constant risk of being bitten by these fish ( both for tankmates and the aquarist ) , they need massive , specialized tanks beyond what most people can provide . all things considered , these fish are best avoided for home use .\nseasonal distribution and richness of fish species in the badagry lagoon , southwest nigeria , olufemi o . soyinka , minasu p . kuton , caroline i . ayo - olalusi\nmcclane\u2019s field guide to saltwater fishes of north america , a . j . mcclane\nlot of fun today with a great group of 20 anglers . # deepseafishingmiami # spellbound"]}
{"id": 2087, "summary": [{"text": "the genus planigale are small carnivorous marsupials found in australia and new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is the only genus in the tribe planigalini of the subfamily sminthopsinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are five species : paucident planigale , planigale gilesi long-tailed planigale , planigale ingrami common planigale , planigale maculata new guinean planigale , planigale novaeguineae narrow-nosed planigale , planigale tenuirostris", "topic": 27}], "title": "planigale", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common planigale ( planigale maculata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common planigale ( planigale maculata )\ntitle =\narkive species - common planigale ( planigale maculata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe common planigale is able to survive in harsh environments simply by modifying its behaviour .\nvan deusen , h . 1969 . feeding habits of planigale ( marsupialia , dasyuridae ) .\nthe common planigale is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\n(\nlong - tailed planigale\n, 2007 ; davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 )\n(\nlong - tailed planigale\n, 2007 ; davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ; hume , 1999 ;\nanage entry for planigale ingrami\n, 2007 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 )\nthe long - tailed planigale is endemic to australia , where it has been recorded mainly across the northern part of the country .\n(\nlong - tailed planigale\n, 2007 ; fisher , et al . , 2001 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ;\nanage entry for planigale ingrami\n, 2007 ; lee and cockburn , 1985 ; nowak , 1999 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 )\nthreats to the long - tailed planigale are not well known . it is likely that grazing and trampling by introduced herbivores may degrade planigale habitat by compacting the soil and removing ground cover . the species is also at risk of predation by feral cats , and negatively impacted by altered fire regimes .\nalthough there are currently no major threats to the common planigale , it is at risk from predation by domestic cats ( 1 ) and foxes . it is also vulnerable to poisoning from introduced cane toads , although research has shown that the common planigale has an ability to counteract this risk ( 3 ) .\nwebb , j . , brown , g . , child , t . , greenlees , m . , phillips , b . and shine , r . ( 2008 ) a native dasyurid predator ( common planigale , planigale maculata ) rapidly learns to avoid a toxic invader . austral ecology , 33 : 821 - 829 .\njoao pedro de magalhaes . 2007 .\nanage entry for planigale ingrami\n( on - line ) . anage . accessed december 05 , 2007 at urltoken .\n, long - tailed planigale , is found in northern australia in the northeastern part of the northern territory , mackay and townsville in queensland , and south to brunette downs .\nto cite this page : olson , k . 2008 .\nplanigale ingrami\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nthere appear to be no major threats to the long - tailed planigale . pastoralism reduces the abundance of this species . localized predation by cats affects long - tailed planigales .\na small but fierce carnivorous marsupial , the common planigale ( planigale maculata ) is endemic to australia ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . it is mouse - like in appearance , with a long , pointed snout , large , rounded ears and a remarkably distinctive flattened skull . the upper body of the common planigale is a varied shade of grey - brown , while the underparts are a pale tawny colour ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . occasionally , small white spots may be found on the belly ( 4 ) .\nthe first specimen of the common planigale , collected on the clarence river in new south wales , had white spots on its belly . however , most individuals lack these spots .\ncreative commons licence . 2007 .\nlong - tailed planigale\n( on - line ) . bird : linking the biodiversity community . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .\ngrizmek , b . , n . schlager , d . olendorf . 2005 .\nurltoken\n( on - line ) . long - tailed planigale . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .\nthe common planigale is well adapted to live in soil cracks due to its unusually flattened skull and body . survival of this species in harsh environments is ensured by its low energy requirements and its behavioural adaptations to reduce energy and water expenditure , such as basking and short - term hibernation . the common planigale\u2019s insectivorous diet is also advantageous to its survival , due to the high water content of insects ( 7 ) .\nthe common planigale is widely distributed across northern and eastern australia , including , but not limited to , coastal north - eastern new south wales , coastal east queensland and arnhem land ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nit is probable , however , that populations of the common planigale in the northern territory are actually a separate species , and that those from barrow island and the pilbara are new , undescribed species ( 1 ) .\nthe long - tailed planigale is found in grasslands and savannah woodlands across northern australia . it occurs from the kimberley region in western australia east into northwest queensland . its distribution is patchy and population trends are poorly known .\nawc is protecting the long - tailed planigale and its habitat on our north australian sanctuaries . we implement a program of fire management and feral herbivore control , and encourage a stable dingo population to decrease the activity of feral cats .\ndon\u2019t let the size of the long - tailed planigale fool you . although this marsupial is tiny in size it is a ferocious predator with a tremendous appetite ! it attacks prey almost as large as itself and kills its meals using repeated biting with its needle sharp teeth .\nthe common planigale is a nocturnal marsupial , sheltering during the day in a saucer - shaped nest lined with dry grass , eucalypt leaves or shredded bark ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . an avid predator at night , it hunts for insects and small vertebrates to feed on ( 3 ) . its main diet consists of insects , spiders , small lizards and small rodents such as leggadina species . astonishingly , the common planigale is able to catch and kill grasshoppers practically its own size , and although terrestrial , it is also a capable climber ( 2 ) .\nthe common planigale is found in many protected areas within its range ( 1 ) . in addition , the office of environment and heritage has outlined eight priority actions to aid this species\u2019 recovery in new south wales . these involve education programmes to ensure the protection and restoration of its habitat , consideration of the species in forest management activities , controlled fire planning , and feral and non - feral predator control . research should also be conducted on habitat use by the common planigale , as well as its dispersal capabilities and habitat preferences , and habitat management should ensure that adequate ground cover is maintained ( 3 ) .\nto attract a mate , the female common planigale produces a courtship call of repetitive clicks , described as \u2018 tstitts \u2019 . the male may then respond with a similar call , initiating a duet ( 6 ) . females are able to give birth to more than one litter each year . the gestation period of the common planigale is 19 to 20 days , and its litter size ranges from 4 to 12 young , averaging at 8 ( 2 ) . repeated reproduction throughout the year and efficient dispersal of individuals may contribute to this species\u2019 ability to survive in environments that are not habitable all year round ( 6 ) .\ncoastal habitat loss and fragmentation due to urban development may also cause some decline in common planigale populations ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . in addition , this marsupial is vulnerable to regular burning and overgrazing of its habitat , which eliminates ground cover , and to disturbance of vegetation around water bodies ( 3 ) .\nthe fur of the common planigale is thick and soft all over the body , with shorter hairs covering the tail ( 2 ) . males are typically larger than females ( 5 ) , and females have a rear - facing pouch with 5 to 10 , or possibly up to 15 , mammae ( 2 ) .\nthe common planigale is nocturnal and can be found on the east coast of australia in moist areas . it is not quite as common as the name implies . this little ball of muscle can at times be found under sheets of old iron left around in grassy woodlands , where it may build its leafy nest .\nthe common planigale is a ferocious hunter , pouncing on its prey that can at times be almost the same size as it , they will even consume house mice although main diet is grasshoppers and spiders . they have approximately 40 very sharp teeth used for shedding its prey such as beetles extracted from cracks in rocks .\nflattened triangular - shaped head and a thin tail , roughly the same length or slightly shorter than the slender body . the fur is brown to reddish - brown on the back , merging to pale grey underneath and white on the chin . the caramel - coloured claws help distinguish it from other planigale species in australia .\nthe common planigale most frequently inhabits savanna woodland and grassland . however , it is also known to be found in rainforest , eucalypt forest , marshland , mangroves and rocky areas , usually close to water ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this marsupial takes shelter during the day , using either the bases of trees , hollow logs , rocks or clumps of grass as cover ( 2 ) .\nthis marsupial has demonstrated an ability to adapt to the invasion of the toxic cane toad ( bufo marinus ) across northern australia . this toad is thought to be the cause of many population declines of native predators in the area . the common planigale uses chemical cues to distinguish and therefore avoid this toxic prey , or kills and eats it snout - first in order to avoid the toad\u2019s toxic glands ( 5 ) .\nthe long - tailed planigale is australia\u2019s smallest marsupial and one of the world\u2019s smallest mammals . it is a tiny 5 . 5 \u2013 6 . 5 cm in head - body length , has a 4 . 5 \u2013 6 cm long tail , and weighs on average 4 . 3 grams . it has a characteristically flattened head that allows it to move through narrow crevices and cracks in the soil . its fur is grey - brown and its tail is long and thin .\nthe long - tailed planigale is a solitary hunter that lives in grassy savannah woodlands with cracking clay soils . it hunts by pushing itself through cracks in search of its prey of insects , lizards and even young mammals . the female has a well - developed pouch that contains eight to ten teats . the pouch faces to the rear to prevent soil from entering as she squeezes through narrow spaces . the four to eight young per litter first detach from the nipple at six weeks of age and stay in a grassy nest until becoming independent at three months old .\nplanigales are the smallest of all marsupials with some members of this carnivorous group weighing less than 5 grams .\nbeing small , nocturnal and secretive , they are rarely seen ; however , they are generally common in many parts of the arid interior of western australia .\ntheir small size and puzzling nature makes them difficult to tell apart , but with recent work being undertaken on the planigales collections it has been possible to recognise two species new to science .\nalthough yet to be formally described and published , these species are easiest to tell apart externally by the shape of their footpads , consequently the museum has taken a series of footpad photos to aid in identification of the species comprising this genus .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnowak , r . m . ( 1991 ) walker\u2019s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london .\nstrahan , r . and conder , p . ( 2007 ) dictionary of australian and new guinean mammals . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\narmati , p . , dickman , c . and hume , i . ( 2004 ) marsupials . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\nwarnecke , l . , cooper , c . , geiser , f . and withers , p . ( 2010 ) environmental physiology of a small marsupial inhabiting arid floodplains . comparative biochemistry and physiology , part a , 157 : 73 - 78 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nlong - tailed planigales live in a variety of habitats . they are commonly found in clay soil woodlands , black soil plains , and the grasslands of australia\u2019s\ntop end\n, which are seasonally flooded during the monsoon from december to the end of march . the grasslands in that region develop dry , deep cracks in the soil during the eight - month dry season . long - tailed planigales use these cracks to hide from predators and hunt for invertebrates and other small animals . they will also hide under tussocks of grass .\nlong - tailed planigales are the smallest living marsupials . long - tailed planigales weigh 4 . 2 to 4 . 3 grams and are 55 to 65 mm in length . long - tailed planigales are mouse - like marsupials with flat heads and pointed muzzles . their fur is grey - brown with yellow hues and their bellies are lighter in color . they have long bare tails which make up just under half of their total length . the central pads on their feet are smooth and not serrated . their hind limbs are bigger than their front limbs , allowing them to lean back or stand in a semi - crouched position . there is no sexual dimorphism in long - tailed planigales .\nlittle is known about reproduction in long - tailed planigales . they breed year round , but mostly during the wet season . populations living in different parts of australia typically give birth during different parts of the year . they give birth to 4 to 8 young per litter in the northern part of their range and up to 12 per litter in the southern part of their range . young are nursed for up to 90 days , the first 6 weeks of which is spent in the mother ' s pouch . after weaning long - tailed planigales are independent .\nbreeding season long - tailed planigales living in the northern territories give birth december to march . long - tailed planigales living in queensland give birth in september .\ngive birth to underdeveloped young . the young spend six weeks in their mother ' s pouch , after which they spend six weeks hidden in in a grassy nest or under bark while their mother searches for food .\nlong - tailed planigales live for up to 1 . 3 years in the wild .\nlong - tailed planigales forage constantly . females are quiet and timid if disturbed , whereas males are active and will run quickly for cover . long - tailed planigales are nocturnal , and go into a daily torpor which lasts 2 to 4 hours to conserve energy .\n( davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ; hume , 1999 )\nlong - tailed planigales are likely to use chemical and auditory cues , like most mammals . however , there is little information on communication in planigales in the literature .\n. they are aggressive predators , pouncing on and often biting their prey multiple times to kill it . they hunt at night and their main diet consists of grasshoppers and crickets . they have been observed eating only the meaty part of the insects , leaving the head and wings . because of their flat head and small body shape , long - tailed planigales can easily reach into the hiding spots of their prey , which hide in the same cracked soil and leaf litter that the planigales do .\nlong - tailed planigales use their small stature and flat skull to their advantage , they conceal themselves in cracks in soil , leaf litter , and other small crevices to hide and escape from predators . the brownish color of their fur helps them blend in with their surroundings , making it harder for predators to spot them . common predators are larger animals such as cane toads (\nlong - tailed planigales may help to control populations of the small animals that they prey on .\nare northern planigales , ingram ' s planigales , and flat - headed planigales .\nkristen olson ( author ) , university of oregon , stephen frost ( editor , instructor ) , university of oregon .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n. mosman , n . s . w , australia : royal zoological society of new south wales .\nfisher , d . , i . owens , c . johnson . 2001 .\nthe ecological basis of life history variation in marsupials\n( on - line ) . echological archives . accessed december 05 , 2007 at urltoken .\nharris , j . , s . barrett . 2006 .\na miniscule marsupial\n( on - line ) . abc north west queensland . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwoinarski , j . , van weenen , j . & burbidge , a .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nlong - tailed planigales are the smallest marsupials . they are found mainly on cracking clay grasslands . females give birth to between four and eight young ( fisher 2008 ) .\nlong - tailed planigales occur in many protected areas , although it is unknown from some within its range .\nwoinarski , j . , van weenen , j . & burbidge , a . 2016 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npopulations formerly attributed to this species from the barrow island and the pilbara are now thought to represent one or two undescribed species ( n . cooper pers . comm . ) . these populations are not mapped , following the precedent of burnett ( 2008 ) . furthermore , the population in the northern territory is also probably a separate species , and populations in the kimberley appear to represent a species complex containing as many as three species ( n . cooper pers . comm . ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to australia , where it is widely distributed in northern and eastern parts of the country .\ncommon planigales occur in a wide variety of habitats , including sclerophyll and temperate forest , grasslands , marshland , mangroves , and rocky areas . it can be found in gardens at the fringes of urban areas and in some agricultural areas . females give birth to a litter of up to 10 young in the east and as many as 12 in the top end ( burnett 2008 ) .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species , although it is preyed upon by domestic cats . coastal urban development may result in declines in some areas .\naustralian wildlife conservancy ' s core business is saving threatened wildlife in places like the kimberley , the top end and central australia .\nwe need your help to save australia ' s endangered animals . your tax deductible donation will make a difference where it really counts - in the field .\nthank you ! you have successfully signed up to receive enews . we will keep you informed on awc\u2019s activities with updates from the field by email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe female gives birth to 6 - 10 young which are carried in a kind of pouch mortality is high as the young grow and find it difficult to fit , even though as they grow the\npouch\nwill become more open .\npredators are many , cat attacks are common where this species is found near human habitat , please remember to keep your domestic pets safely inside at night so our native nocturnal creatures can co exist in an ever diminishing natural environment .\nflattened , triangular - shaped head , thin tail , brown to reddish - brown in colour .\nprey includes centipedes , spiders , grasshoppers , moths , beetles and other insects and small lizards .\namong the world\u2019s smallest marsupials , weighing less than 10 g , this tiny carnivorous marsupial inhabits arid , semi - arid and some humid sub - tropical areas of eastern australia . it is nocturnal , sheltering during the day in crevices formed in cracking clay soils . at night it hunts either on the surface or within these cracks , often clinging to the vertical sides .\nbreeding occurs from july to mid - january and females give birth to an average of 6 young per litter , with some females producing 2 litters per year . gestation last around 19 days ; the young migrate to the pouch and remain attached to the teats for around 40 days . young are weaned at 95 days of age and may live for 1 - 2 years in the wild .\npopulation densities tend to fluctuate from year to year . despite some declines in distribution , this species appears stable at present .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . with knowledge gained from studies on other dasyurids ( e . g . woolley 1966 woolley , 1974 woolley , 1990awoolley , 1990bwoolley , 1991 ) of the changes that occur in the reproductive structures in relation to breeding , males and females could be classed as either sexually immature or mature . the signs upon which sexual maturity of males was based included a large scrotum , testes , prostate , bulbo - urethral glands and penis ; zonation of the prostate , sigmoid flexure of the penis and spermatozoa in the epididymis . . . .\n. . . these observations lend support to the similarity of the reproductive strategies of p . ingrami , p . tenuirostris and p . gilesi , all classed as strategy v by lee et al . ( 1982 ) and . the p . ingrami examined in this study have a type 1 pouch ( woolley 1974 ) , in which the nipples are exposed in immature and postbreeding females and an anterior skin fold is present when young are being suckled . the maximum extent to which the skin fold covers the young while they are attached to the nipples is not known . . . .\n. . . read ' s description of the pouch morphology of these species suggests that they may have a type 2 pouch ( i . e . mammary area partially covered by a crescentic antero - lateral fold of skin ( woolley 1974 ) ) . ( f ) pouch in early lactation , part of lightly pigmented pouch skin with two suckled nipples and one of two associated young ; ( g ) pouch in late lactation , anterior skin fold , three suckled nipples , mammary tissue regressing ; ( h ) pouch after breeding , skin deeply pigmented , nipples small and pale . . . .\n. . . by making extreme altriciality possible , lactation made pouches adaptive . if pouches are neither homologous among marsupials ( woolley , 1974 ; russell , 1982 ) nor between marsupials and monotremes ( bresslau , 1920 ) , pouches probably evolved independently in multiple lineages after the divergence of prototherian and therian stocks , and long after the development of lactation . reconstruction of the role of hormones in the evolution of lactation is beyond the scope of this review . . . .\n. . . more simple and practical methods of detecting oestrous are desirable to improve monitoring and management of in situ and ex situ marsupial populations . in dasyurids the pouch area typically undergoes marked development during the breeding season , including an increase in size , intense reddening and secretory activity of the tissues ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 tyndale - biscoe & renfree , 1987 ) . for antechinus stuartii , the abundance of urinary epithelial cells at oestrus is accompanied by changes in the appearance of the pouch area ( selwood , 1982 ) , which suggests this measure could serve as a useful external indicator of reproductive status . . . .\n. . . this method provides a simple , accurate and immediate non - invasive tool for assessment of reproductive activity , which could benefit the monitoring of both captive and free - ranging populations . as females approached their first breeding season , the pouch began secreting a pink to reddish oily exudate , signifying the approach of puberty , as documented for other dasyurids ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 ) . similarly , in the pubescent brush - tail possum trichosurus vulpecula , it is the appearance of an orange - brown pouch exudate that heralds first oestrus ( bolliger & carrodus , 1938 ) . . . .\n. . . our concurrent evaluation of reproductive endocrinology and vaginal cytology demonstrated that readily identifiable changes in pouch appearance are associated with specific stages of the oestrous cycle . fleay ( 1935 fleay ( , 1940 ) noted reddening and development of the pouch of the devil and stq during the breeding season , and this feature has been detailed for other dasyurids ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 ) . o ' donoghue ( 1911 ) determined that similar changes in the eastern quoll pouch result from an increase in size and activity of the cutaneous glands , determining that sweat glands are responsible for producing secretions , whereas hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands results in pouch swelling and enlargement . . . .\n. . . the north - western australian p . ingrami subtilissima has been recognised as a distinct species in the past ( l\u00f6nnberg 1913 ) and can be distinguished from the other two subspecies by its much longer tail , longer lower premolar row and a larger upper third premolar ( p 3 ) ( archer 1976 ) . it also has unusual pouch morphology ( woolley 1974 ) . resolution of the taxonomic status and distribution of the p . ingrami subspecies ( or cryptic species ) will require a detailed morphological and molecular examination of a larger number of northern australian specimens . . . .\n. . . however , multiple specimens of p . ingrami from northern australia were unavailable for examination in the current study and it is likely that all specimens examined represent only a single form of p . ingrami . it is worth noting that the subtilissima form was originally accorded full specific status ( l\u00f6nnberg 1913 ) and is morphologically distinct in several ways ( archer 1976 ) , including an unusual pouch morphology ( woolley 1974 ) . this study highlights the utility of combining allozymes and mtdna data on the same specimens in cases where suitable tissues exist . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbody length 70 mm ; tail length 60 mm ; weight up to 11 g . mouse - sized ; mouse - coloured ; male larger than female . flat head ; pointed snout ; cat - like teeth ; inner ' big ' toe on hind foot has no nail . large pendulous scrotum . female has a ' kangaroo - type ' pouch .\ndry forests and woodlands , often with blady or kangaroo grass . uncommon throughout outer brisbane suburbs ; also on bribie and russell is . northern australia and down east coast to mid nsw .\nqueensland museum ' s find out about . . . is proudly supported by the thyne reid foundation and the tim fairfax family foundation ."]}
{"id": 2091, "summary": [{"text": "mastigodryas is a genus of colubrid snakes .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "like some other colubrids , they are commonly called racers .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it is a neotropical genus , with members distributed from mexico to argentina and several islands in the caribbean .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some authorities use the older generic name , dryadophis , for these species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mastigodryas", "paragraphs": ["mastigodryas moratoi montingelli & zaher 2011 mastigodryas moratoi \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 430\nalsophis bruesi barbour 1914 : 337 mastigodryas bruesi \u2014 schwartz & henderson 1991 : 626 mastigodryas bruesi \u2014 montignelli & zaher 2011 mastigodryas bruesi \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 429\ndryadophis fasciatus hardy 1963 dryadophis cliftoni hardy 1964 dryadophis cliftoni \u2014 liner 1994 mastigodryas cliftoni \u2014 dixon & tipton 2004 dryadophis cliftoni \u2014 valdez - lares et al . 2013 mastigodryas cliftoni \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 429\nmasticophis melanolomus cope 1868 : 134 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus x laevis \u2014 stuart 1935 : 48 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus \u2014 schmidt & andrews 1936 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus \u2014 gaige 1936 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 ( by implication ) dryadophis sanguiventris taylor 1954 : 722 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 martin 1958 dryadophis melanolomus melanolomus \u2014 neill & allen 1959 mastigodryas sanguiventris \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 195 mastigodryas melanolomus \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 194 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 villa et al . 1988 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 liner 1994 dryadophis melanomus [ sic ] \u2014 monroy ibarra et al . 1996 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 lee 2000 : 285 mastigodryas melanolomus \u2014 torres - carvajal 2004 mastigodryas melanolomus \u2014 dixon & tipton 2004 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 mccranie & casta\u00f1eda 2005 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 k\u00f6hler et al . 2005 mastigodryas melanolomus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 429 mastigodryas melanolomus laevis ( fischer 1881 ) herpetodryas laevis fischer 1881 : 227 dromicus coeruleus fischer 1885 : 103 drymobius boddaerti var . modesta werner 1903 : 346 dryadophis melanolomus laevis \u2014 stuart 1941 : 86 mastigodryas melanolomus laevis \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 mastigodryas melanolomus stuarti ( smith 1943 ) dryadophis melanolomus stuarti smith 1943 : 418 dryadophis melanolomus stuarti \u2014 webb 1984 mastigodryas melanolomus tehuanae ( smith 1943 ) dryadophis melanolomus tehuanae smith 1943 : 420 mastigodryas melanolomus tehuanae \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 mastigodryas melanolomus veraecrucis stuart 1941 dryadophis melanolomus veraecrucis \u2014 taylor 1949 : 199\ncoluber boddaerti sentzen 1796 : 59 herpetodryas boddaertii \u2014 schlegel 1837 : 185 herpetodryas boddaertii \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 210 drymobius boddaerti \u2014 cope 1885 : 183 herpetodryas boddaertii \u2014 garman 1887 : 284 drymobius boddaertii \u2014 boulenger 1894 : 11 dryadophis boddaerti \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii \u2014 roze 1958 : 264 dryadophis boddaertii \u2014 hoge 1964 : 76 mastigodryas boddaerti \u2014 gorzula & se\u00f1aris 1999 mastigodryas boddaerti \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 428 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti ( sentzen 1796 ) coluber boddaerti sentzen 1796 : 59 coluber fuscus hallowell 1845 : 241 herpetodryas rappii g\u00fcnther 1858 : 116 herpetodryas reticulata peters 1863 : 285 dryadophis boddaerti boddaerti \u2014 stuart 1941 : 66 dryadophis boddaerti boddaerti \u2014 beebe 1946 : 25 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti \u2014 gasc & rodrigues 1980 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni ( stuart 1933 ) eudryas dunni stuart 1933 : 5 dryadophis dunni \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii dunni \u2014 stuart 1941 : 76 masticophis boddaertii dunni \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni \u2014 mertens 1972 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni \u2014 boos 2001 mastigodryas boddaerti ruthveni ( stuart 1933 ) eudryas ruthveni stuart 1933 : 4 dryadophis ruthveni \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii ruthveni \u2014 stuart 1941 mastigodryas boddaerti ruthveni \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193\ndrymobius heathii cope 1876 : 179 drymobius heathii \u2014 cope 1878 : 34 dryadophis [ heathii ] \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis heathii \u2014 stuart 1941 dryadophis boddaertii heathii \u2014 schmidt & walker 1943 mastigodryas heathii \u2014 lehr et al . 2002 mastigodryas heathii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 429\nthis species has often been placed in the genus dryadophis , but dixon and tipton ( 2004 ) placed it in mastigodryas on the basis of seniority .\nthis species has often been placed in the genus dryadophis , but dixon and tipton ( 2004 ) placed it in mastigodryas on the basis of seniority .\nmccranie ( 2011 ) resurrected this species from synonymy with mastigodryas melanolomus to encompass populations from honduras to panama , with m . melanolomus occurring from honduras northward .\nroberto , igor joventino . 2011 . mastigodryas boddaerti ( boddaert ' s tropical racer ) defensive behavior . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 440 - get paper here\nescalante - pasos , jorge arm\u00edn and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla 2015 . mastigodryas melanolomus ( cope , 1868 ) . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 2 ) : 206 - get paper here\nloc - barrag\u00e1n , jes\u00fas a . , emmanuel miramontes - medina , david molina and guillermo woolrich - pi\u00f1a . 2016 . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748\u2013749\noviedo - brenes , federico , jos\u00e9 miguel chaves - fallas and juan g . abarca . 2013 . mastigodryas melanolomus ( salmon - bellied racer ) defensive behavior . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 693\ndixon , james r . ; tipton , bob l . 2004 . dryadophis versus mastigodryas ( ophidia : colubridae ) : a proposed solution . herpetological review 35 ( 4 ) : 347 - 348 . - get paper here\ngoldberg s . r . 2006 . reproductive cycle of the salmon - ellied racer , mastigodryas melanolomus ( serpentes , colubridae ) , from costa rica . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 145 - 148 - get paper here\nvilla , r . a . , carrillo - reyes p . and \u00e1vila - villegas , h . 2011 . mastigodryas cliftoni ( clifton\u00b4s lizard eater ) . m\u00e9xico . zacatecas . herpetological review 42 : 573 - get paper here\nmastigodryas has generally been regarded as closely related to coluber and masticophis . pyron et al . ( 2011 ) recovered it as part of the tropical american colubrine clade that includes cribos ( drymarchon ) , coachwhips ( masticophis ) , tiger snakes ( spilotes ) , green snakes ( opheodrys ) and the vine snakes ( oxybelis ) we looked at in the previous article . within this clade , mastigodryas seems especially closely related to the drymoluber species , also often known as racers .\nmontingelli , giovanna g . and hussam zaher 2011 . new species of mastigodryas amaral , 1934 from brazilian amazonia and guyana ( serpentes : colubridae ) . journal of herpetology 45 ( 1 ) : 111 - 119 . - get paper here\nloc - barrag\u00e1n j . a . , e . miramontes - medina , d . molina y g . woolrich - pi\u00f1a . 2016 . natural notes . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748 - 749 .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins ; michael grayson . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press . baltimore . xiii + 312 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( mastigodryas boddaerti , p . 29 . )\noliveira , elciomar araujo de , emil jos\u00e9 hern\u00e1ndez - ruz , joyce celerino de carvalho , marcos diones ferreira santana , leandro wronsk da silva and kleiton rabelo de ara\u00fajo . 2013 . mastigodryas boddaerti ( boddaert ' s tropical racer ) reproduction . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 332\nloc - barrag\u00e1n j . a . , e . miramontes - medina , d . molina y g . woolrich - pi\u00f1a . 2016 . natural notes . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748 - 749 . | jes\u00fas loc - barrag\u00e1n and david molina - urltoken\njustification : mastigodryas heathii is listed as least concern owing to its large distribution . no specific threats have been reported and this species is not thought to be undergoing significant population declines . this species is utilized locally for medicinal trade purposes , so monitoring is required to ensure that any future significant population declines are noted .\nsiqueira , d\u00e9bora m . ; loana p . nascimento , and maria cristina dos santos - costa 2012 . feeding biology of boddaert ' s tropical racer , mastigodryas boddaerti ( serpentes , colubridae ) from the brazilian amazon . south american j . herp . 7 ( 3 ) : 226 - 232 . - get paper here\nmastigodryas boddaerti ( sentzen , 1796 ) : hoff & daszkiewicz ( 2001 ) : 35 . [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] hoff , m . & daszkiewicz , p . , ( coord . ) 2001 . index faunistique de la guyane fran\u00e7aise . i : les vert\u00e9br\u00e9s . patrimoines naturels , 35 : 1 - 66 .\natractus reticulatus ( a . ret ) , bothrops alternatus ( b . alt ) , bothrops diporus ( b . dip ) , erythrolamprus jaegerii ( e . jae ) , erythrolamprus poecilogyrus ( e . poe ) , erythrolamprus semiaureus ( e . sem ) , helicops infrataeniatus ( h . inf ) , helicops leopardinus ( h . leo ) , hydrodynastes gigas ( h . gig ) , leptophis ahaetulla ( l . aha ) , lygophis anomalus ( l . ano ) , mastigodryas bifossatus ( m . bif ) , micrurus altirostris ( m . alt ) , micrurus pyrrhocryptus ( m . pyr ) , mussurana bicolor ( m . bic ) , paraphimophis rustica ( p . rus ) , philodryas patagoniensis ( p . pat ) , philodryas olfersii ( p . olf ) , philodryas aestiva ( p . aes ) , sibynomorphus turgidus ( s . tur ) , thamnodynastes chaquensis ( t . cha ) , thamnodynastes hypoconia ( t . hyp ) , thamnodynastes strigatus ( t . str ) , xenodon dorbingyi ( x . dor ) , xenodon merremii ( x . mer ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ngaigeae : panama ; type locality : panama , chiriqui , boquete , wright\u2019s ranch , ca . 1219 m elevation ;\nsanguiventris : costa rica ; type locality : esquinas , forest reserve , las esquinas ( between palmar and golfito ) , punta arenas province , costa rica .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : usnm 24985 , an 1124 mm specimen ( a . schott ) . holotype : kumnh no . 31978 [ sanguiventris ] holotype : zsm 1627 / 0 , adult [ drymobius boddaerti var . modesta ]\nthe specific name is derived from the latin words me / ano , meaning\nblack\nand lomus , meaning\nborder or side ,\nin reference to the black border on the body and / or tail ( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .\narias , erick ; federico bola\u00f1os 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here\nbarbour , t . 1915 . recent notes regarding west indian reptiles and amphibians . proc . biol . soc . washington 28 : 71 - 78 - get paper here\nbocourt , m . f . 1884 . note sur quelques ophidiens nouveaux , provenant de l ' amerique inter - tropicale . bull . soc . philomath . paris ( 7 ) 8 : 133 - 142 - get paper here\ncalderon , r . ; cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , j . r . & pozo , c . 2003 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from campeche , mexico . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 269 - 272 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncanseco - marquez , l . ; gutierrez - mayen , g . & salazar - arenas , j . 2000 . new records and range extensions for amphibians and reptiles from puebla , m\u00e9xico . herpetological review 31 ( 4 ) : 259 - 263 - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncope , e . d . 1868 . an examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the orton expedition to equador and the upper amazon , with notes on other species . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 20 : 96 - 140 - get paper here\ndixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .\nfischer , j . g . 1881 . beschreibung neuer reptilien . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 47 ( 1 ) : 225 - 238 - get paper here\nfischer , j . g . 1885 . ichthyologische und herpetologische bemerkungen . v . herpetologische bemerkungen . jahrb . hamburg . wiss . anst . 2 : 82 - 121 - get paper here\ngaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .\ngarc\u00eda , a . & ceballos , g . 1994 . guia de campo de los reptiles y anfibios de la costa de jalisco , mexico . fundacion ecologica de cuixmala , a . c . instituto de biologia , unam\nguerra centeno , dennis ; h\u00e9ctor fuentes rousselin & david mor\u00e1n villatoro 2012 . serpientes de guatemala : gu\u00eda para didentificaci\u00f3n de especies . universidad de san carlos de guatemala , 186 pp .\ngutie\u0301rrez maye\u0301n , ma . guadalupe y jorge salazar arenas 2007 . herpetofauna de los municipios de camocuautla , zapotitla\u0301n de me\u0301ndez y huitzilan de serda\u0301n , de la sierra norte de puebla . herpetofauna de tres municipios de la sierra norte de puebla , pp . 197 - 223\nheimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp\nhidalgo , h . n . 1981 . additions to the snake fauna of el salvador . herpetological review 12 : 67 - 68 - get paper here\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nju\u00e1rez - pe\u00f1a , carlos , \u00e1ngel sosa bartuano and silvia sig\u00fcenza - mejia . 2016 . new herpetofaunal records for parque nacional montecristo , el salvador . el salvador , santa ana . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 4 ) : 1107\u20131113 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . ; vesely , m . & greenbaum , e . 2005 . the amphibians and reptiles of el salvador . krieger publishing , 238 pp . [ review in sauria 28 ( 3 ) : 13 )\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potos\u00ed . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here\nluja vh , l\u00f3pez ja , cruz - elizalde r , ram\u00edrez - bautista a 2017 . herpetofauna inside and outside from a natural protected area : the case of reserva estatal de la bi\u00f3sfera sierra san juan , nayarit , mexico . nature conservation 21 : 15 - 38 - get paper here\nmartin , plul s . 1958 . a biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the gomez farias region , tamaulipas , mexico . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 101 ) : 1 - 102 + 7 plates - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nmccoy , c . j . , censky , e . j . , & van de vender , r . r . 1986 . distribution records for amphibians and reptiles in belize , central america . herpetological review 17 : 28 - 29 . - get paper here\nmccranie , j . & casta\u00f1eda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmonroy - ibarra , robert c . ; mejenes - lopez , sol de mayo ; mendoza - quijano , fernando 1996 . geographic distribution . dryadophis melanomus veraecrucis . herpetological review 27 : 212 - get paper here\nneill , wilfred t . and e . ross allen . 1959 . studies on the amphibians and reptiles of british honduras . publications of the research division ross allen ' s reptiles institute . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 76\npalacios - aguilar , ricardo & oscar flores - villela 2018 . an updated checklist of the herpetofauna from guerrero , mexico . zootaxa 4422 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 - get paper here\np\u00e9rez - santos , c . & moreno , a . g . 1988 . ofidios de colombia . museo reegionale di scienze naturali , torino , monographie vi , 517 pp .\nplatt , steven g . , thomas r . rainwater , jan c . meerman and stanlee m . miller . 2016 . nature notes . notes on the diet , foraging behavior , and venom of some snakes in belize . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 162\u2013170 - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nschmidt , k . p , & andrews , e . w . 1936 . notes on snakes from yucat\u00e1n . field mus . nat hist . zool . ser . 20 : 167 - 187 . - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1939 . notes on mexican reptiles and amphibians . zoological series of field museum of natural history 24 ( 4 ) : 15 - 35 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1943 . summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in mexico under the walter rathbone bacon traveling scholarship . proceeding of the u . s . national museum , 93 ( 3169 ) : 393 - 504 - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nsolorzano , a . 2004 . serpientes de costa rica - snakes of costa rica . editorial inbio , costa rica , 792 pp .\nstuart , l . c . 1933 . studies on neotropical colubrinae ii . some new species and subspecies of eudryas fitzinger , with an annotated list of the forms of eudryas boddaertii ( sentzen ) . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 254 ) : 1 - 10\nstuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1939 . a new name for the genus eudryas fitzinger 1843 . copeia 1939 ( 1 ) : 55 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1941 . studies of neotropical colubrinae viii . a revision of the genus dryadophis stuart , 1939 . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 49 ) : 1 - 106 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1949 . a preliminary account of the herpetology of the state of san luis potosi , mexico . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 2 ) : 169 - 215 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1954 . further studies on the serpents of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 36 : 673 - 800 . - get paper here\nter\u00e1n - ju\u00e1rez , sergio a . , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43\u2013113 - get paper here\ntorres - carvajal , o . 2004 . herpetofauna of isla de la plata , ecuador . herpetological review 35 ( 1 ) : 85 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwebb , r . g . 1984 . herpetogeography in the mazatl\u00e1n - durango region of the sierra madre occidental , mexico . vetrebrate ecology and systematics - a ribute to henry s . fitch ; museum of natural history , university of kansas , lawrence , pp . 217 - 241\nwerner , franz 1903 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus guatemala und china in der zoologischen staats - sammlung in m\u00fcnchen nebst einem anhang \u00fcber seltene formen aus anderen gegenden . abhandl . k\u00f6nigl . bayer . akad . wissensch . , munich , ( ser . 2 ) 22 ( 2 ) : 343 - 384 - get paper here\nwilson , l . d . , & meyer , j . r . 1985 . the snakes of honduras . 2d ed . milwaukee publ . mus . publ . , biol . & geol . no . 6 , 150 pp .\nwoolrich - pi\u00f1a , g . a . , e . garc\u00eda - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791\u2013884\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\ntype locality :\nplumosas , 22 kilometers east of matat\u00e1n , elevation 770 meters , sinaloa , m\u00e9xico .\nholotype : ku 73489 , a 1532 mm male ( p . l . clifton , 29 aug . 1962 ) .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nhardy , l . m . 1963 . description of a new species of snake ( genus dryadophis ) from mexico . copeia 1963 ( 4 ) : 669 - 672 - get paper here\nhardy , l . m . 1964 . a replacement name for dryadophis fasciatus hardy . copeia 1964 ( 4 ) : 714 - get paper here\nponce - campos , p . & huerta - ortega , s . m . 1998 . dryadophis cliftoni ( clifton\u2019s lizard eater ) . mexico : nayarit . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 176 - get paper here\nvaldez - lares , r . ; r . mu\u00f1iz - mart\u00ednez ; e . gadsden ; g . aguirre - le\u00f3n ; g . casta\u00f1eda - gayt\u00e1n ; r . gonzalez - tr\u00e1paga 2013 . checklist of amphibians and reptiles of the state of durango , m\u00e9xico . check list 9 ( 4 ) : 714 - 724 - get paper here\nwilson , larry david ; vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson 2013 . a conservation reassessment of the reptiles of mexico based on the evs measure . amphibian & reptile conservation 7 ( 1 ) : 1\u201347 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvenegas , p . , cisneros - heredia , d . f . , lehr , e . & y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz , m .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nthis species is found in western peru , from the department of tumbes and pacific versant of the department of cajamarca in the north to the department of lima in the south , and the el oro and loja provinces of ecuador . it is found between sea level and 2 , 620 m above sea level .\nthis species is found in pre - montane dry forest , tropical lowland dry forest , and coastal desert . they are adapted to live in cultivated areas ( p . venegas pers comm . 2014 ) .\nthis species is used for medicinal purposes in ancash region , peru ( lehr 2000 ) . in loja province is use as ingredient for an alcoholic drink ( d . cisneros and m . yanez - mu\u00f1oz pers comm . 2014 ) .\nthis species is killed and stored in alcohol by locals , and this liquid is then used externally as medicine ( lehr 2000 ) . however , this is not regarded as a major threat to this species .\nalthough there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , it is present in several protected areas throughout its distribution . research into harvest practices to investigate the maximum harvest yield to keep a long term viable population , and monitoring are required as this species is harvested for medicinal purposes .\nvenegas , p . , cisneros - heredia , d . f . , lehr , e . & y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz , m . 2016 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlee , j . , calder\u00f3n mandujano , r . , lopez - luna , m . a . & stafford , p . j .\nis listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because there are no major threats impacting this species .\nrange on the pacific slope extends from southern sinaloa , mexico , to south - central honduras , and on the atlantic slope from southern tamaulipas south through the yucatan peninsula to the northeastern coast of honduras . it also occurs throughout most of pet\u00e9n , guatemala , the northern yucatan peninsula , and belize . it occurs at elevations from near sea level to around 1 , 040 meters ( mccranie 2011 ) .\nthis species can be found in all lowland and premontane tropical forests and marginally into lower montane forests , including extensively modified lands ( mccranie 2011 ) . this is an egg - laying species .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . the range of this species includes several protected areas .\nlee , j . , calder\u00f3n mandujano , r . , lopez - luna , m . a . & stafford , p . j . 2013 .\njustification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , has a large population , and it is adaptable to a wide range of habitats .\nthis snake is found from northeastern honduras to panama . reported elevational range extends from sea level to 1 , 760 meters ( savage 2002 , mccranie 2011 ) .\nthis species can be found in all lowland and premontane tropical forests and marginally into lower montane forests , including extensively modified lands . in costa rica , it is uncommon in dry forest region ( savage 2002 ) . this is an egg - laying species .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it is present in a number of protected areas .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern on the basis that it is fairly common and widespread , occurs in a number of protected areas , and is tolerant of some degree of habitat modification .\nthis species has a wide distribution in el salvador , guatemala , nicaragua , and honduras , where it occurs at elevations between 635 and 1 , 900 meters ( wilson and johnson 2010 ) .\nthis is a common species . as many as six animals have been found in an afternoon during a one - day survey of cerro datanli - el diablo nature reserve in northern nicaragua ( j . sunyer pers . comm . , 2012 )\nthis snake has a wide distribution in pine - oak forest and lower montane moist forest ( d . ariano and j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) . it is a terrestrial species , commonly found within the forest , although it also appears at forest edge and open areas . it is largely diurnal ; at night , it climbs into vegetation .\nthere are no major known threats to this species . although deforestation is ongoing within its range , it is known from coffee plantations with nearby forest and from transitional areas between forest and open areas , so it appears able to tolerate a degree of habitat disturbance ( j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it occurs in several protected areas within its range ; in nicaragua these cover much of the snake ' s range in the country ( j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) .\ni\u2019m feeling on a roll with the obscure colubrid snakes , so here are some more ( see the previous article if you feel like you need an introduction ) . again , the photos are used with kind permission of bangor university\u2019s wolfgang w\u00fcster unless stated otherwise .\nlike several of the other \u2018colubrids\u2019 we\u2019ve looked at before , tropidodryas is a dipsadine , and in fact molecular data indicates that it\u2019s part of the same dipsadine clade as xenoxybelis and philodryas ( two taxa both mentioned in the previous article ) ( pyron et al . 2011 ) .\nfinally , here\u2019s the peculiar and little - known dotted brown snake sordellina punctata from south - eastern brazil , the only species in its genus . it\u2019s an oviparous dipsadine , named in 1923 , and often said to frequent wet places . pereira et al . ( 2007 ) concluded that sordellina is mostly a snake of well vegetated , boggy waterside habitats . there are suggestions that it eats frogs and their tadpoles , but i don\u2019t know if these are anything more than speculations . procter ( 1923 ) actually found a specimen of the typhlonectid caecilian chthonerpeton indistinctum in the stomach of the holotype .\nsordellina \u2019s affinities are somewhat uninvestigated . one suggestion is that it\u2019s close to the terrestrial , sometimes semi - fossorial graceful brown snakes ( rhadinaea ) ( jenner 1981 ) and part of the dipsadine \u2018tribe\u2019 diaphorolepidini . zaher ( 1999 ) said that these ideas weren\u2019t supported by hemipenial anatomy , but beyond this it wasn\u2019t possible to pin down the affinities of this taxon within dipsadinae .\nas always , there are so many other snakes that still need some love at tet zoo . we can all help snakes by being more aware of habitat loss and degradation \u2013 many of the species here are tropical forest animals that are threatened by logging , mining and other forms of destruction . the mostly asian trade in snake meat , and the global trade in snake skin and other products , desperately needs more regulation : it\u2019s presently completely unsustainable and putting many snake populations in danger . ivan kwan of the lazy lizard\u2019s tales reminds me that cites held a special asian snake trade workshop in china during april 2011 : you can view and / or download numerous free documents from that meeting here .\nand i was horribly inconsistent in this article as goes the use of colubrid or \u2018colubrid\u2019 , sorry . you\u2019ll know why . right ?\nfor previous tet zoo articles on colubrid snakes ( using \u2018colubrid\u2019 in the maximally inclusive sense ) , see . . .\nwhat was that cute little mexican snake ?\n, and other musings . . .\npossibly the first ever photos of a live bothrolycus ater . or : a test of how much information exists on a really obscure snake .\nsnake 195 mm long eats centipede 140 mm long . centipede too big . snake dies .\nbailey , j . r . 1967 . the synthetic approach to colubrid classification . herpetologica 23 , 155 - 161 .\ngreene , h . w . 1997 . snakes : the evolution and mystery in nature . university of california press , berkeley .\njenner , j . v . 1981 . a zoogeographic study and the taxonomy of the xenodontine colubrid snakes . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , new york univ . , new york .\n- . & dowling , h . g . 1985 . taxonomy of american xenodontine snakes : the tribe pseudoboini . herpetologica 41 , 161 - 172 .\nleal , m . & thomas , r . 1994 . notes on the feeding behavior and caudal luring by juvenile alsophis portoricensis ( serpentes : colubridae ) . journal of herpetology 28 , 126 - 128 .\nmattison , c . 1998 . the encyclopedia of snakes . blandford , london .\npereira , d . n . , stender - oliveira , f . , rodrigues , m . g . & b\u00e9rnils , r . s . 2007 . distribution and habitat use of sordellina punctata ( serpentes , colubridae ) , with a new record from state of s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . herpetological bulletin 100 , 18 - 22 .\nprocter , j . b . 1923 . on a new genus and species of colubrinae snake from se brazil . annals and magazine of natural history 9 , 227\u2013230 .\npyron , r . , burbrink , f . , colli , g . , de oca , a . , vitt , l . , kuczynski , c . , & wiens , j . ( 2011 ) . the phylogeny of advanced snakes ( colubroidea ) , with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees\nsazima , i . & puorto , g . 1993 . feeding technique of juvenile tropidodryas striaticeps : probable caudal luring in a colubrid snake . copeia 1993 , 222 - 226 .\ntiebout , h . m . 1997 . caudal luring by a temperate colubrid snake , elaphe obsoleta , and its implications for the evolution of the rattle among rattlesnakes . journal of herpetology 31 , 290 - 292 .\nzaher , h . 1999 . hemipenial morphology of the south american xenodontine snakes , with a proposal for a monophyletic xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 240 , 1 - 168 .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\ndarren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nuicn france et al . ( 2017 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] uicn france , mnhn , gepog , kwata , biotope , hydreco & osl . 2017 . la liste rouge des esp\u00e8ces menac\u00e9es en france - chapitre faune de guyane fran\u00e7aise . paris , france . 35 pp .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\ncarnivore . lizards , frogs , rats and other animals small enough to be swallowed whole .\nhome | make and play | watch and listen | teach and learn | switch zoo app | about this site | help | policies | graphics | site map copyright \u00a9 2016 tubehead . all rights reserved .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nbarcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 0 specimens . . .\nyou can try find it as synonym , or use advanced search for searching it other way .\noccurs in colombia , venezuela , trinidad and tobago , guyana , french guiana , brazil , ecuador , peru , and bolivia .\nwith grayish tan bands , with white spots ventrolaterally on anterior ends of the tan bands . chin and throat white have dark brown irregular spots . venter is tan colored . adults are nearly uniform brown dorsally , with traces of bands anteriorly . there is a lateral light tan stripe on anterior half of body . venter is light gray with darker gray smudges on throat .\nspecimens from brazilian amazonas fed mostly on lizards , followed by mammals and frogs .\nboulenger , g . a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . london . xi + 382 pp . + plates i . - xx . ( drymobius boddaertii , pp . 11 - 14 . )\ncole , c . j . ; townsend , c . r . ; reynolds , r . p . ; macculloch , r . d . ; lathrop , a . ( 2013 ) .\namphibians and reptiles of guyana , south america : illustrated keys , annotated species accounts , and a biogeographic synopsis\n.\nsiqueira , d\u00e9bora m . ; nascimento , loana p . ; santos - costa , maria cristina dos ( 2012 ) .\nfeeding biology of boddaert ' s tropical racer ,\n. zoologische archiv , part 2 . f . a . a . meyer . leipzig . (\nstuart , l . c . 1933 . studies on neotropical colubrinae : ii . some new species and subspecies of eudryas fitzinger , with an annotated list of the forms of eudryas boddaertii ( sentzen ) . occ . papers mus . zool . univ . michigan ( 254 ) : 1 - 10 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 6 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ni centro de estudos da natureza , universidade do vale do para\u00edba . campus villa branca , 12327 - 683 jacare\u00ed , sp , brazil . e - mail : lencioni @ urltoken ii departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 . caixa postal , 19020 , 81531 - 980 curitiba , pr , brasil . e - mail : amsakakibara @ urltoken\nthe last - instar nymph of alcmeone robustus ( butler , 1877 ) ( membracidae , darninae , darnini ) is described and illustrated , and some biological and behavioral notes are provided . the nymphs were observed on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) in the locality of jacare\u00ed , state of s\u00e3o paulo , brazil , until they became adults . the newly emerged adults , male and female , are also briefly re - described .\nin the present paper , we describe the last - instar nymph of alcmeone robustus ( butler , 1877 ) ( corrected spelling for the species - group name ) , and provide some biological / behavioral notes on the species , including observations on the newly emerged adult males and females .\nthe campus villa branca of universidade do vale do para\u00edba ( univap ) , is located in the municipality of jacare\u00ed , state of s\u00e3o paulo , brazil ( 23\u00b016 ' 12\ns , 45\u00b056 ' 38\nw ) , where there is a small remnant of atlantic forest in full regeneration , maintained under the protection of the municipality , together with univap . the city of jacare\u00ed is located in the valley of rio para\u00edba , between s\u00e3o paulo and rio de janeiro , the two largest cities in brazil . the valley includes highly industrialized regions as well as areas of preserved forests along the mountain ranges of serra do mar and serra da mantiqueira , besides .\nlate - instar nymphs of a . robustus were observed on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) . six nymphs were found during the period of observation ( 2008 - 2012 ) . two individuals ( last - instar ) were collected , brought to the laboratory , and maintained on a small branch cut off from the host plant and placed in a recipient with water , to keep it turgid . the attempt , however , failed and the nymphs did not survive until the adult stage . the other nymphs were accompanied directly on the host plant , using a voile surrounding the branch to protect the nymph from predators . two adults , male and female , emerged . many photographs were taken with a canon \u00ae powershot sx101s and also with dino capture \u00ae connected to a stereo - microscope hund wezlar \u00ae .\nceresa robusta butler , 1877 : 216 ( holotype female , type locality : brazil ) ; broomfield , 1971 : 372 ; mckamey , 1998 : 246 ( cat . ) .\nalcmeone sinuata [ sic fonseca & diringshofen , 1974 : 156 ( holotype male , type locality : brazil , santa catarina ) ; mckamey , 1998 : 149 ( cat . ) ; andrade , 1999 : 267 ( syn . )\nremarks . the main characteristics of the last - instar nymph are the large pronotal cylindro - conical process projected obliquely forward , with bifurcated apex ( fig . 4 ) , and the presence of scoli on the vertex ( fig . 5 ) , mesothorax , and segments of abdomen , including pygofer ( figs 1 - 3 ) .\none individual of fourth instar nymph was also observed . the morphology is very similar to that of the fifth instar , as described above , just smaller and the scoli is slender , relatively longer .\nmaterial examined . two nymphs from\nbrasil . s\u00e3o paulo : / jacare\u00ed x - 2012 / campus univap / f . lencioni col .\n. the specimens deposited in departamento de zoologia - ufpr , curitiba , paran\u00e1 , brazil , ( dzup ) .\nbehavior . the nymphs are solitary and are not attended by ants . they are very mimetic , green in color , hairy , immobile , resembling part of the plant , making them difficult to locate and collect . almost always , near one nymph , or on the same branch , an adult was found . after this observation , other nymphs were located more easily . on the plant , the nymphs prefer the lower branches , those in shadowed places , and at the slender portion near the apex . when touched , they hide , moving rapidly to the other side of the branch .\nbefore transforming into an adult , the nymph usually goes to the undersurface of a leaf , or underside of the branch , inserts the stylets into the plant , and stays still until the transformation occurs . the cuticle opens dorso - longitudinally , along the ecdysial line , and the imago emerges , starting from the head . the exuvia ( fig . 7 ) remains fixed to the branch by the stylets , which anchor the body firmly . thus it does not fall down even with the legs hanging free during emergence . the newly emerged adult is colorless , and stays still for some minutes until the cuticle is hardened and acquires the permanent color .\nthe adults are also solitary , not attended by ants . one individual is usually found close to a bifurcation point of a branch . the adults and nymphs were found on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) ( figs 11 and 12 ) . adult ( figs 6 and 8 - 10 ) . the adult , in nature ( fig . 6 ) , is light green , with suprahumeral horns , latero - inferior band extended from their bases to humeral angles , and apex of posterior process , dark - brown . forewings brown at base , with large smoky area close to apex and costal margin .\nlegs : femur and tibia of pro - , meso - , and metathoracic legs without cucullate setae ; metatibia with rows i , ii , and iii with cucullate setae .\nmale genitalia ( fig . 10 ) . pygopher with lateral plates well developed and distinct , apex rounded ; subgenital plate as long aspygopher , longitudinally incised until near base , apex rounded , curved upwards , concave , spoon - like ; parameres slender , strongly curved almost in right angle , up - and outwards , apex pointed ; aedeagus u - shaped , more or less pyriform , in posterior view widest near apex , in lateral view with upper side flattened bordered with row of tiny spines , or denticles .\nmaterial examined . two males and four females from\nbrasil . s\u00e3o paulo : / jacare\u00ed - x - 2012 / campus univap / f . lencioni col .\n. all specimens deposited in departamento de zoologia - ufpr , curitiba , paran\u00e1 , brazil , ( dzup ) .\nandrade , g . s . 1999 . nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on alcmeone robusta ( butler ) comb . nov . ( hemiptera , auchenorrhyncha , membracidae ) . revista brasileira de zoologia 16 ( 1 ) : 267 - 268 . [ links ]\nbromfield , p . s . 1971 . a catalogue of the membracid types ( homoptera : membracidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 25 ( 8 ) : 327 - 386 . [ links ]\nbutler , a . g . 1877 . on various genera of the homopterous family membracidae , with descriptions of new species . cistula entomologica 2 : 205 - 222 . [ links ]\nfonseca , j . p . da & r . v . diringshofen . 1974 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao conhecimento dos membrac\u00eddeos neotr\u00f3picos ( homoptera : membracidae , vii ) . arquivos do instituto biol\u00f3gico 41 ( 4 ) : 151 - 160 . [ links ]\nmckamey , s . h . 1998 . taxonomic catalogue of the membracoidea ( exclusive of leafhoppers ) : second supplement to fascicle i membracidae of the general catalogue of the hemiptera . memoirs of the american entomological institute 60 : 1 - 377 . [ links ]\nsubmitted : 06 . iii . 2013 ; accepted : 07 . vii . 2013 . editorial responsability : gabriel l . f . mejdalani\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : ( 55 41 ) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken\ncolombia ( valle del cauca ) , venezuela ( cojedes ) , bolivia , w brazil ( bahi\u00e1 , amazonas , par\u00e1 , rondonia , goi\u00e1s [ hr 32 : 278 ] , mato grosso , piaui\u0301 ) , trinidad , french guiana , guyana , peru .\nruthveni : colombia ; type locality : magdalena , sierra nevada de santa marta , slopes san lorenzo , 1676 m elevation .\ntype : ansp 5651 ( fide koch et al . 2018 ) , unknown fide peters 1960 holotype : ansp 5651 ; colombia , within 200 m . of caracas , venezuela [ coluber fuscus hallowell 1845 ] holotype : ummz [ ruthveni ]\nsynonymy and subspecies after peters & orejas - miranda 1970 . synonymization of herpetodryas reticulata with dryadophis boddaerti by stuart 1941 is questionable according to peters & orejas - miranda 1970 . type species : coluber boddaerti is the type species of the genus eudryas fitzinger 1843 : 26 . however , the genus name is pre - occupied by eudryas boisduval 1836 ( lepidoptera ) . stuart 1939 proposed dryadophis as replacement name for eudryas fitzinger . distribution : not in ecuador fide omar torres - carvajal , pers . comm . , 8 sep 2016 .\nnamed after dr . pieter boddaert ( 1730 - 1796 ) , a physician , naturalist , zoologist , ornithologist , and physiologist who lectured on natural history at the university of utrecht ( 1793 ) and corresponded regularly with linnaeus ( from beolens et al . 2011 ) .\n\u00e1vila , r . w . ; r . a . kawashita - ribeiro . 2011 . herpetofauna of s\u00e3o jo\u00e3o da barra hydroelectric plant , state of mato grosso , brazil . check list 7 ( 6 ) : 750 - 755 - get paper here\nbeebe , william 1946 . field notes on the snakes of kartabo , british guiana , and caripito , venezuela . zoologica 31 : 11 - 52 - get paper here\nbernarde , p . s . , albuquerque , s . , barros , t . o . & turci , l . c . b . 2012 . serpentes do estado de rond\u00f4nia , brasil . biota neotrop . 12 ( 3 ) : 1 - 29 - get paper here\nblanco - torres , argelina ; lina b\u00e1ez s . , edgar pati\u00f1o - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the rancher\u00eda river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22\nboos , h . e . a . 1984 . the terrestrial reptiles of monos island . living world - get paper here\nboos , h . e . a . 2001 . the snakes of trinidad and tobago . texas a & m university press , 270 pp .\nboulenger , george a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 . british mus . ( nat . hist . ) , london , xi , 382 pp . - get paper here\ncarrera , c . et al . 2009 . gu\u00eda de campo de los peque\u00f1os vertebrados del distrito metropolitano de quito ( dmq ) . publicaci\u00f3n miscel\u00e1nea n\u00b0 5 . serie de publicaciones del museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) \u2013 fondo ambiental del mdmq . 1 - 89 pp . imprenta nuevo arte . quito - ecuador .\ncastro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . 2008 . anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277 - get paper here\ncastro - herrera , fernando ; anyelet valencia - aguilar , diego villaquiran - mart\u00ednez 2012 . diversidad de anfibios y reptiles del parque nacional natural isla gorgona universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , 112 pp .\nclaessen , h . 2003 . de slangen van de guyanas deel vii . lacerta 61 ( 6 ) : 221 - 234 - get paper here\ncole , charles j . ; carol r . townsend , robert p . reynolds , ross d . macculloch , and amy lathrop 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of guyana , south america : illustrated keys , annotated species accounts , and a biogeographic synopsis . proceedings of the biological society of washington 125 ( 4 ) : 317 - 578 ; plates : 580 - 620 - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1885 . twelfth contribution to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . amer . philos . soc . 22 : 167 - 194 [ 1884 ] - get paper here\nfraga r de , stow aj , magnusson we , lima ap 2014 . the costs of evaluating species densities and composition of snakes to assess development impacts in amazonia . plos one 9 ( 8 ) : e105453 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0105453 - get paper here\nfranca , f . g . r . ; mesquita , daniel oliveira and guarino rinaldi colli 2006 . a checklist of snakes from amazonian savannas in brazil , housed in the cole\u00e7\u00e3o herpetol\u00f3gica da universidade de bras\u00edlia , with new distribution records . occ . pap . oklahoma mus . nat . hist . , univ . oklahoma 17 : 1 - 13"]}
{"id": 2093, "summary": [{"text": "the ludong or lobed river mullet is a freshwater mullet .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "while it is claimed to be endemic to cagayan river and tributaries extending through the watersheds of cagayan valley and the santa-abra river systems of ilocos sur and abra in the philippines , verifiable and reliable sources have listed celebes , new caledonia , new hebrides , and fiji as areas where the lobed river mullet may be found .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "according to the bfar , this fish is habituating in the deep pools of addalem river in aglipay , quirino , and rapids of didimpit in lacab , jones , isabela . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "lobed river mullet", "paragraphs": ["what is the description of that dish ( sinigang na banak ( lobed river mullet in sour tamarind soup ) ? ? pls , answer my question . . i need your help . . thanks ! = )\nthis mullet is often confused with the white mullet , mugil curema . however , the white mullet has scales extending onto its soft dorsal and anal fins while the striped mullet does not . they may also be identified by the anal ray fin count \u2014 8 for the striped mullet and 9 for the white mullet .\nthe high value of the lobed river mullet , popularly known as\npresident ' s fish\nhas resulted in overfishing , seriously diminishing their numbers , said jovita ayson , a regional director of the fisheries bureau .\nhi john , this sounds like an oppertunity to farm lobed river mullet the same way the salmon is raised here in the us . and it could be easier in the rp because they don\u2019t have as a restrictive epa as we do here .\na short early morning session mullet fishing on a freshwater section of french river provides some excellent sport with plenty of pristine grey mullet caught using bread fished both on and below the surface . music from : urltoken urltoken\nanal fin : one of the easiest ways to identify a striped mullet is by the number of anal fin rays . the striped mullet\u2019s fin has 8 rays , whereas the white mullet has 9 .\ncagayan river , lasi , & ludong - most expensive fish in the phils . | facebook\nmouth : mullet have a distinctively shaped triangular mouth with several rows of small teeth .\ndorsal fins : mullet are one of the few fish species with two dorsal fins . they are considered a ray - finned fish , because the fins are composed of webs of skin supported by bony spines , rather than fleshy lobed fins . the mullet\u2019s first dorsal fin contains 5 sharp spines , while the second has 8 soft rays .\nthis photo , released by the philippine bureau of fisheries and aquatic resoruces ( bfar ) , shows a lobed river mullet , cestraeus plicatilis , locally known as\nludong\nor\nbanak .\nthe species , reputed to be one of the favourite dishes of former president ferdinand marcos , is facing extinction in the philippines because it is so valuable , a fisheries official said saturday .\nwildlife officials in china released a rare paddlefish into yangtze river sunday after nursing it back to health from injuries inflicted by fishermen .\nthe lobed river mullet , cestraeus plicatilis , is prized for its unique aroma and special taste\u2014something that motivated former president ferdinand marcos to keep up to a year - long supply on hand at all times . now , the\npresident ' s fish ,\nas it is known in the philippines , is also that country ' s most valuable , selling for as much as $ 114 per kilogram .\nin the cagayan valley , the culture is largely ybanag and ilocano . these two groups share many similarities , including their respective foods . one cultural tradition , centered around food , is capturing and cooking ludong , also known as president\u2019s fish or , in english , lobed river mullet ( cestraeus plicatilis ) . this fish is highly prized , and a great delicacy . unfortunately , it is also highly endangered .\nposted on may 30 , 2014 , in mullet ( banak ) . bookmark the permalink . 3 comments .\nlateral line : mullet do not have an obvious lateral line - the organ most fish use to detect variations in water currents .\ngizzard : mullet have strong stomachs , similar to gizzards , and long intestines , allowing them to thrive on a primarily vegetarian diet .\nthis mullet is well known throughout the country as being the country\u2019s most expensive fish . they are most common in the cagayan river of northern luzon , however they are also most likely present all around the country in estuaries and rivers . these plant feeders like most mullet species are a challenge to catch on hook and line . anglers targeting this species and others are likely to have success fly fishing with small bread , algae , and shrimp pattern .\nlast year , the people i was staying with lived very close to pinacanauan ( ? ) river . it was a pretty impressive river esp near callao . that\u2019s where i first heard about the \u201cludong\u201d , the president\u2019s fish , its market price . i just can\u2019t imagine how it tastes , but it has got to be super tasty to merit the honor .\nthe striped mullet is catadromous , that is , they spawn in saltwater yet spend most of their lives in freshwater . during the autumn and winter months , adult mullet migrate far offshore in large aggregations to spawn . in the gulf of mexico , mullet have been observed spawning 40 - 50 miles ( 65 - 80 km ) offshore in water over 3 , 280 feet ( 1 , 000 m ) deep . in other locations , spawning has been reported along beaches as well as offshore . estimated fecundity of the striped mullet is 0 . 5 to 2 . 0 million eggs per female , depending upon the size of the individual .\nadipose eyelid : as they mature , mullet grow an adipose eyelid . this is a transparent fatty tissue covering the eye , which leaves a narrow slit over the pupil .\na species of mullet reputed to be one of the favourite dishes of former president ferdinand marcos is facing extinction in the philippines because it is so valuable , a fisheries official said saturday .\nmullet are diurnal feeders , consuming mainly zooplankton , dead plant and marine animal matter . mullet have thick - walled gizzard - like segments in their stomach along with a long gastrointestinal tract that enables them to feed on many of the things in their diet . they are an ecologically important link in the energy flow within estuarine communities . feeding by sucking up the top layer of sediments , striped mullet remove dead plant and marine animal matter and microalgae . they also pick up some sediments which function to grind food in the gizzard - like portion of the stomach . mullet also graze on epiphytes and epifauna from seagrasses as well as ingest surface scum containing microalgae at the air - water interface . larval striped mullet feed primarily on microcrustaceans . one study found copepods , mosquito larvae , and plant debris in the stomach contents of larvae under 35mm in length . the amount of sand and other food matter in the stomach contents increases with length indicating that more food is ingested from the bottom substrate as the fish matures .\nat restaurants where fresh or live fish are not available , the usual unspecified nameless white fish in fillet form that has apparently become the default is the so - called\ncream dory\nalso called\nriver cobbler\n. this is actually a fish from the family\nthe only problem is that catching the mullet is becoming increasingly difficult as the species is overfished to the brink of extinction . jovita ayson , a regional director of the fisheries bureau in the philippines , explained :\nludong has a unique taste and aroma , somewhat fishy , but different than that of other fish . though commonly termed a mullet , the taste is quite different than that of other , more common mullet , like red mullet . ludong spawns in a similar manner to wild salmon , though reversed . whereas a salmon lives in saltwater and heads upstream to spawn in fresh water , the ludong lives in freshwater pools upstream and swims downstream to spawn in saltwater . unfortunately , this is a big part of the reason that the fish are so endangered . ludong only migrate once in their lifespan to spawn , returning to fresh water to die a natural death ( though not immediately ) . the need to reproduce is a basic need in animals , as in humans . instinct drives the migration . environmental change from river dredging has also hampered fish stocks . the ludong is now highly endangered , on the verge of extinction .\ni am now working for an international organization that established 12 freshwater sanctuaries in the tributaries of the cagayan river , a total of three provinces here in northern luzon . i am also from the visayas but now based in aparri , exactly where the cagayan river meets the sea . i have yet to see a ludong , but it is off - season now . i always walk / jog at the pier area and saw folks trying to fish . if i see one caught using a line , i will be more than happy to snatch a picture for you to post . cheers !\nthanks for this list . btw a clarification - talakitok and maliputo are indeed the same species ( trevally ) but maliputo refers specifically to a trevally from taal lake and pansipit river . they were trapped there by an eruption of taal volcano and somehow adapted to living in fresh water , and they taste better than the marine trevally . : - )\ngill rakers : typically , fish use their gill rakers to filter out debris from water as it passes over their gills while breathing . for mullet , they serve an additional purpose , allowing them to filter out things they want to eat . this includes algae , plankton , and various other vegetation .\nthe mullet grows to 32 . 5 centimetres ( 12 . 8 inches ) , but those being caught are now much smaller , weighing only 250 grams ( 8 . 9 ounces ) from as much as 2 . 5 kilograms ( 5 . 5 pounds ) a few years back , a sign fewer are reaching maturity .\nmullet spawn in salt water . once hatched , the larvae make their way toward the coast and the juveniles settle in lower salinity water . they later school to freshwater estuaries where they grow to adults . in florida , adults begin to spawn in the early fall october through january , returning to deeper salt water to spawn , as they cannot spawn in freshwater .\ni watched the documentary ( kmjs ) regarding this fish . it is very expensive , but their counts now in the wild is very few ( i believe only in the ph ) , because i saw a vlog in youtube , and a filipino man is fishing in the us using a cast net , and he catches an abundant count of mullet fish on every throw of cast net .\nthe mullet\u2019s body is roughly torpedo - shaped with a round head and small mouth with inconspicuous teeth and a blunt nose . the lips are thin , with a bump at the tip of the lower lip . pectoral fins are short , not reaching the first dorsal fin . the origin of the second dorsal fin is posterior to the origin of the anal fin . the lateral line is not visible .\nthe body is grayish olive to grayish brown , with olive - green or bluish tints and sides fading to silvery white towards the belly . dark longitudinal lines are formed by dark spots at the center of each scale on the upper half of the body , and run the length of the body . young fish smaller than 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in length lack stripes . there is a large dark blotch at the base of the pectoral fin . the pigmentation in the iris is dispersed and brown , a character that also helps to distinguish it from white mullet .\nthe maximum recorded length of the striped mullet is 47 . 2 inches ( 120 cm ) , with a maximum weight of 17 . 6 pounds ( 8 kg ) . lifespan is reported to range somewhere between 4 and 16 years . maturity is attained at approximately 3 years of age , corresponding to lengths of 7 . 9 - 11 . 8 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) . females mature at a slightly larger size than males . growth rates along the gulf coast of florida increase from west to east , from the panhandle along the peninsula , likely due to the temperature increase . most growth occurs during the spring and summer months . adults grow at a rate of 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 inches ( 3 . 8 - 6 . 4 cm ) per year . females are larger and grow faster than males of the same age .\ngreek , kestra = a kind of shark ; greek , kestros = sharpened , 1876 ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; catadromous ( ref . 97775 ) ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical\nasia : celebes , new caledonia , new hebrides , and fiji . also from okinawa , ryukyu islands ( ref . 96268 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 32 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 )\nvery little available data . possibly ascending some way up rivers . probably taken incidentally or as part of subsistence fisheries in rivers . oviparous , eggs are pelagic and non - adhesive ( ref . 205 ) .\nharrison , i . j . and h . senou , 1997 . order mugiliformes . mugilidae . mullets . p . 2069 - 2108 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome . ( ref . 9812 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00543 - 0 . 02429 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 5 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .\nludong are one of the few freshwater species in the philippines to have a strict fishing season . the months of october to january are when these fish migrate to spawn and fishing for these fish during those months is now illegal . this is most likely due to the reputation this fish has as being one of the best tasting and rarest freshwater fish . it is said that this was the former president ferdinan marcos favorite fish .\nif you have caught ludong on hook and line send us your pictures and we will post them here .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nvery little available data . possibly ascending some way up rivers . probably taken incidentally or as part of subsistence fisheries in rivers . oviparous , eggs are pelagic and non - adhesive ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nit is a threatened species and we have to do something about it before it goes extinct . if we don ' t stop the indiscriminate catching , in a short while , it could vanish ,\nshe told afp .\nthe fisheries bureau is calling for a five - year ban on the catching of cestraeus plicatilis , locally known as\nludong\nor\nbanak\n.\nit is found in only a few countries , and in the philippines its habitat is limited to a few rivers in the north .\nit sells for 5 , 000 pesos ( 114 dollars ) a kilogram , which only the wealthiest can afford , making it the most expensive fish in the philippines , ayson said .\nbut this also leads fishermen to catch it even during its spawning season , not leaving enough mature fish to breed , she said .\nyou cannot stop fishermen from catching it . it is too valuable . people even pay the fishermen in advance for their catch ,\nshe said .\nmarcos , a native of the northern philippines who ruled the country from 1965 to 1986 - - much of it under martial rule - - reputedly always had a year - long supply of the fish stocked away , ayson said .\na lot of people like the smell . it has a unique aroma and a special taste ,\nshe said , explaining the demand .\nin captivity and educating the local populace on the need to keep it from dying out , ayson said .\nsturgeon , the fish that produce black caviar , are at the brink of extinction , miami researchers reported thursday .\ncatch share programs result in more consistent and predictable fisheries but do not necessarily improve ecological conditions , according to a new study published online this week by the journal proceedings of the national . . .\nhuman impacts on the environment have reduced populations of wild species to dangerously low levels . nowhere is this more apparent than in worldwide fisheries , where thanks to overfishing and habitat destruction , countless . . .\n( ap ) - - the west coast groundfish fleet has struggled to stay afloat during major cutbacks to reverse long - standing problems with overfishing and to protect the seafloor from damage caused by bottom trawling gear .\nglobal fisheries , a vital source of food and revenue throughout the world , contribute between us $ 225 - $ 240 billion per year to the worldwide economy , according to four new studies released today . researchers also concluded . . .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\nbakoko - grunt ( e . g . pomadasys argenteus ) , seabream , sweet lips\nbisugo - threadfin bream ( e . g . nemipterus japonicus ) , jobfish , goatfish\nkabasi - gizzard shad ( e . g . nematalosa nasus , anodontostoma chacunda )\nmaya - maya / bambangin / pargo - snapper ( e . g . lutjanus malabaricus )\ntalakitok / maliputo - trevally / jack / cavalla ( e . g . caranx ignobilis )\nalimasag - crab portunidae spp . ( e . g . blue swimmer crab , portunus pelagicus ) , coral crab ( charybdis feriatus )\nhalaan - clam ( e . g . manila clam / japanese carpet shell , ruditapes philippinarum )\nswahe / suahe - endeavor prawn ( e . g . red endeavor prawn / greasy back shrimp , metapenaeus ensis )\n. there are many varieties and kinds of fish . the country ' s tropical climate and coral reefs make its waters located near the center of the coral triangle among the richest in marine life anywhere providing a bounty of fresh philippine seafood and an assortment of tropical fish . according to some estimates 5 % of the world ' s reef area is in philippine waters and the marine fish in the area represent 20 % of the total marine fish in the world .\nfishing is an important source of livelihood for many filipinos . in 1998 around 3 % of the country ' s labor force was involved in the philippine fishing industry which contributed to about 3 . 6 % of the gdp composition . commercial fishing operations produce most of the catch but a growing percentage comes from aquaculture / mariculture . an ordinary filipino consumes around 98 . 6 grams of fish or fish products a day making it the primary source of protein in the filipino diet . the philippines being a predominantly christian nation , fish are especially popular during lent .\nthe best time to buy fish is early in the morning . philippine fishing boats bring their catch to places like the navotas fish port complex ( the largest in the country ) while it is still dark . from there fish are distributed to local markets .\nfilipino fish names can get confusing very quickly . different names can be given to the same fish and a name can be applied to multiple fish\u2014and that ' s just in the same dialect and region . given the various philippine languages and the disparate islands comprising the archipelago , custom and usage varies and contradictions frequently crop up . in metro manila , tagalog is the dominant language but because of the influx of people from the provinces , local names and regional names from other parts of the country like the visayas or ilocos or even other tagalog provinces with their own name variants are sometimes used in manila wet markets .\nlargely refer to the same species , but others make a distinction . according to one explanation ,\n, narrower and rounder sardines . even though a source i ' m looking at says\nis also used for these sardinella but it is a name probably most properly reserved for the philippine freshwater fish specie endemic to lake taal . sardines are popular fish for canning , smoking and drying .\nand is also used for dried fish . the town of rosario , cavite previously called salinas ( derived from\n) . the two species seem to interbreed and may be one and the same . ] then again some consider the\nwhile others seem to consider them distinctly different fish . elsewhere in the philippines , members of the siganidae family can also be called\n, both often referring to bluish - tinged tuna , are sometimes interchanged with one another or used to refer to tuna in general . but\nis one name used for flounder but has also been seen to refer to mantis shrimp .\nare popular premium fish choices . a philippine fish recipe that would work well with these fish is to cook them\n. red tilapia , sometimes presented as\nkingfish\n, has also been observed in some fish and seafood restaurants . it ' s a possibly misleading fish since its red pigmentation may lead those unfamiliar with it to mistake it for\n, but red tilapia is not as highly valued as either of those fish . red tilapia is a hybrid fish created by fish farmers . tilapia is an introduced species in the country grown in fish cages and fish ponds largely used in aquaculture because of its fast reproduction leading it to be called\nchicken of the sea\n.\nis usually available somewhere in the menu . blue marlin also pops up with some frequency as does\n. bacalao is a term taken from spanish that is used for cod . salmon although imported and more expensive has also become popular .\nalthough the philippine fish identified on the main list are believed to be sold in markets one needs to take care with unfamiliar fish . one species may be safe while another in the same family may not be . even among those fish that are widely eaten some need to be prepared or handled a certain way prior to cooking and eating for them to be safe .\nwith symptoms similar to an allergic reaction is associated with tunas , mackerels , mahi - mahi , and marlin that have spoiled resulting in the release of histamines which are unaffected by cooking . there are also reports of\ntoxins are a danger related to harmful algal blooms . the philippine government issues red tide alerts from time to time to warn about the harvesting , buying , selling and eating of seafood from certain areas .\nallen , g . r . ( 1985 ) . fao species catalogue \u2013 volume 6 snappers of the world \u2013 an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date . food and agriculture organization of the united nations .\nbaluyut , elvira . ( 1989 ) . a regional survey of the aquaculture sector in east asia \u2013 adcp / 88 / 31 . fao .\nbroad , genevieve . ( 2003 ) . fishes of the philippines \u2013 a guide to identification of families . anvil .\nbureau of fisheries and aquatic resources . ( 2011 ) . fisheries administrative order no . 233 - 1 , series of 2011 , annex a \u2013 preliminary list of economically important aquatic organisms .\ncarpenter , kent e . and victor g . springer . ( 2005 ) . the center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity : the philippine islands . environmental biology of fishes 72 : 467 - 480 .\ndickson , jonathan o . ( 2001 ) . shrimp trawl fisheries in the philippines . in fishery technology service . tropical shrimp fisheries and their impact on living resources , fao fisheries circular no . 974 .\ndoyo , maria ceres p . ( june 9 , 2011 ) . ' maliputo , ' ' tawilis ' and poisoned waters . philippine daily inquirer .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) . fishery and aquaculture country profiles\nganaden , s . r . and f . lavapie - gonzales . ( 1999 ) . common and local names of marine fishes of the philippines . manila : bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources , fisheries resources evaluation and environment services division .\ndetermining the consumption behavior of fresh fish demand in the philippines . bureau of agricultural research research and development diges t .\nhernando , aniceto m . jr . and efren ed . c . flores . ( january 1981 ) . the philippines squid fishery : a review . in w . hobart ( ed . ) , marine fisheries review , vol . 43 , no . 1 . seattle : national marine fisheries service , national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) .\nherre , albert w . c . t . and agustin f . umali . ( 1948 ) . english and local common names of philippine fishes , u . s . department of the interior , fish and wildlife service , circular no . 14 . washington d . c . : u . s . government printing office .\njereb p . and c . f . e . roper . ( eds . ) . ( 2011 ) . cephalopods of the world \u2013 an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date \u2013 volume 2 \u2013 myopsid and oegopsid squids . rome : fao .\nmotoh , hiroshi and kuronuma , k . ( 1980 ) . field guide for the edible crustacea of the philippines . iloilo , philippines : aquaculture department , southeast asian fisheries development center .\nnational statistical coordination board . ( c . 2003 ) . philippine economic - environmental and natural resources accounting \u2013 fishery resources \u2013 the philippine marine fishery resources .\nrome , b . , s . j . newman , g . jackson , and j . norriss . ( may 2010 ) . gascoyne wetline fish identification field guide . department of fisheries , government of western australia .\nseafood services australia . ( october 14 , 2005 ) . australian fish names list .\nsantos , frank f . ( n . d . ) . mudcrab industry profile . bfar .\nseafood shopping guide . ( 2006 ) . seafood choices . national museum of marine biology and museum , taiwan .\nsearch aquaculture fact sheets \u2013 cultured aquatic species . ( n . d . ) fao .\nspecies \u2013 common recreational saltwater . department of primary industries , new south wales , australia .\nexcellent blog ! thank you very much for sharing on this wonderful information with us . alaskan fish species\nthis is great ! very comprehensive . will share in my foodie page urltoken thanks !\nthanks for this blog . more power to you . two thumbs up : d\nunfortunately i ' m not skilled enough to identify it especially given the lack of color in the picture . some fish can be trickier to identify because they change pigmentation during different times in their life cycle . for example some species of snapper have very pronounced stripes when young but lose them almost completely and turn red when older . also please note that most of the fish listed , although not all , are those commonly seen in wet markets . there may be many ornamental fish that are not covered by this list . anyway good luck identifying the fish !\naccording to fishbase yes coral trout appears to be a common name in malaysia to refer to grouper .\nwould very much appreciate if you could identify the fish that were sold at wet market . they called it salmon , but i really doubt it ' s a salmon . thanks\nthanks for this list and your excellent scholarship , this has been very helpful .\ncheck out also the new aani weekend market in arca south , caliraya drive taguig city , metro manila .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2015 philfoodie . blogspot . com . all rights reserved . powered by blogger .\na gastronomic adventure that will take you from one culinary destination to the next . together with some of the best chefs and food authors , as well as ordinary homemakers , isla kulinarya will share delicious recipes and introduce the viewers to the world of authentic flavors of the islands philippines . explore the islands , taste the food , relive the memories - - - all made possible by island pacific .\n1 . boil tamarind in 1 cup rice washing . when soft , mash fruit .\nisla kulinarya lets you explore the islands , taste the food , relive the memories - - - all made possible by island pacific supermarket . go and visit an island pacific near you with branches in southern california located at cerritos , canoga park , north and south vernon in los angeles , panorama city and west covina ; union city and vallejo in northern california . check out our website at urltoken . stay connected with us - - like us on facebook ( island pacific market ) , follow us on twitter ( islandpacificus ) and blogger ( island pacific market ) . fro your comments , suggestions , and request for recipes that you want us to feature , please email info @ urltoken .\npresyong sulit . . . sa isalnd pacific .\nfeatured recipe : guinataang alimasag ( crab in coconut milk ) by chef socrates z . inonog , acf , cce this january , isla kulinarya takes you . . .\nwho doesn\u2019t look forward to the warmer months ? it is the perfect time to go out and spend some time with family and friends . social gathe . . .\nknown as skilled cooks , batangue\u00f1os are fond of building recipes out of cattle and fish meat because of its abundance in their province . . .\nfeatured recipe : pinangat na pompano created and prepared by ramon gumapac cook at island pacific supermarket the featured recipe was crea . . .\nfeatured recipe : sinigang na banak by chef socrates z . inong , afc , cce last week , we featured batanes ' guinataang alimasag , one of t . . .\npinoys , by nature , are very social people . such is reflected through strong family ties and friendships that are kept alive since their y . . .\nprepared by : chef reggie torres chef reggie torres has a long and distinguished career in the culinary arts industry . he h . . .\nfeatured recipe : sinigang na bangus created and prepared by : ramon gumapac cook at island pacific supermarket the featured recipe was crea . . .\npechay is a cabbage . it is one of the most known vegetables in the philippines . it is also known as one of the oldest green vegetables in . . .\nfeatured recipe : hipon sa gata ( shrimp in coconut milk ) prepared and created by chef reggie torres chef reggie torres has a long . . .\nwhile we are known to be a filipino supermarket , island pacific aspires not only to promote filipino cuisine to filipino communities across united states but also to place it in the world culinary map . we accomplish this by offering the finest and top of the line products in our stores because that\u2019s what filipino cooking is all about \u2013 you just never compromise with ingredients . we believe a country\u2019s food is a fair reflection of its culture and we at island pacific continuously showcase the colorful and rich filipino tradition to the world through native foods culled from the different regions of the philippines . we are very proud of our roots , our steadfast efforts to make it known , and we will continue to strive to be the best at what we do .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nmax length : 32 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; catadromous ( ref . 97775 ) ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 )\npd 50 = 0 . 6250 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )\nmedium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . )\neyes : two bulbous eyes on stalks sit either side of the rostrum . these are compound eyes which have panoramic vision and are very good at detecting movement .\nchela : the first two pairs of pereiopods have claws or chela . the chela can grasp food items and bring them to the mouth . they can also be used for fighting and grooming .\nnearly every student in a business or psychology degree program is exposed to maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs , represented by this graphic . the bottom tier is universal to every human . as one moves up the pyramid , the needs become less urgent , less universal .\nwhat one eats becomes part of their culture : rebecca looks at a plate of pinakbet , with lots of stinky bagoong the same way that i look at a dish of hush puppies or chicago pizza . each is part of our respective culture .\nthe mystique surrounding the ludong is centered around its\u2019 reputation as being \u201cfit for a president\u2019s meal\u201d ( part of the lore surrounding the fish is that marcos demanded it frequently for important dinners as an indigenous cuisine . remember , marcos was from ilocos , and probably grew up eating the fish ) . the fish itself is very difficult to catch , and is virtually never caught in any significant quantity . it is currently the most expensive fish in the philippines , currently selling at a market price of p4 , 000 to p5 , 000 per kilogram . the remoteness of the cagayan valley also contributes to its\u2019 scarcity , as the fish spoils rapidly , given the tropical heat and difficulty transporting it to market . like anything else , supply and demand drive the price . since ludong forms part of the cultural heritage of the cagayan valley , the demand is there . however , high market prices and the scarcity of the fish encourage illegal fishing or overfishing .\nrebecca\u2019s remembers that ludong season was part of the family\u2019s annual rituals : a tradition that has nearly disappeared . ludong was always regarded as a delicacy in the cagayan valley , normally a celebration or special ingredient , given the difficulty of catching the fish . it is normally prepared in sinigang as the main ingredient , with aubergines and tamarind , or roasted with calamansi in banana leaves ( wrapped as a parcel ) , or as the main ingredient in a variation of pinakbet , with aubergines , calabaza ( sometimes the flowers ) , and bagoong .\nthe denr now regulates the fishing of ludong , prohibiting it during the spawning migration . however , the fines for violations are miniscule ( only p200 ) , which is not much disincentive when compared with the high market prices the fish commands . unfortunately , there is often very little way to distinguish catching a fish for subsistence or for cultural identity and catching a fish for profit . this is the same issue that governments have struggled with in other locations in the world , such as seal or whale hunting by inuits in canada . the need for conservation must take priority , yet fulfilling that need means that yet another tiny part of the culture becomes lost forever .\njohn miele is a citizen of the world , having spent time in many locations around the globe . currently , he finds himself in manila , but travels throughout the philippines . john joined the live in the philippines web magazine in mid - 2008 .\nthe obvious fish related cultural difference that i tease marie about is the consumption of beautiful tropical fish . we have a large aquarium on one of the terraces that is the home of goggle eyed goldfish . on the dinner plate there are beautiful tropical fish . so i tease her about eating the gwapo fish and admiring the panget fish . that and the fish head eating .\ntom : rebecca\u2019s favorite dish is curried fish head\u2026 it seems that the head is the choicest piece for true conniseurs .\ni am of the opinion that the taste acquired from childhood is a powerful remembrance of one\u2019s native home , and will always prevail over other considerations for the rest of that person\u2019s life . how true the adage that you can take the filipino out of his country , but you can never take the filipino - ness in him . the filipino\u2019s \u201cwant\u201d , for tuyo , for example , maybe attributed to his longing for home as much as satisfying a gnawing craving , however far away from home and lofty his status may have become this want is a cultural manifestation ingrained so deep in almost\nhudson : from what i understand , the breeding cycle has proven to be what is complicating things .\ninteresting article , john . i have never heard of ludong until now . i wonder why they are having a hard time raising / farming ludong . i would think if they can farm salmon , they can find a way to raise and farm ludong .\nmiss august : they haven\u2019t had much success\u2026so far . though the fish are similar , duplicating what happens in nature is pretty difficult .\nhi john \u2013 brilliant read and so much food for thought ( no pun intended ) . yes it\u2019s easy to sit in an ivory tower and pontificate about what to do and not to do when money is no object . but when one falls to the ground and survival is the main object in life viewpoints surely change . yes maslow did feature when i did my post graduate degree in human resource management and development . if all could differentiate been needs and wants life would be much simpler for all . regards . jim .\njim ; totally agree with you\u2026 i\u2019ve found that with most issues , very seldom is everything totally black or white . it is sad what has happened , but it is hard to find fault with a fisherman who is merely trying to feed his family .\nalex : rebecca and her family love it\u2026 they said it is a question of aroma more than taste , per se .\nit seems to me that if a group of people really wanted to preserve their cultural tradition with respect to the consumption of ludong , it should have learned long ago how to strike a balance between subsistence and conservation . apparently in this case , the people realized too late that they are their own enemy . but , as is always the case , man tends to be wasteful , or is lacking in discipline , when there is a perceived abundance of a resource . perhaps it\u2019s time to bring in japanese expertise on the farming of this endangered species .\nricardo : that is far too simplistic and only looks from one angle . if you say that it is ignorance only from the side of the fishermen , what about those who demand the fish in the market and drive up the prices ? you see the same effect on fish species all over the world\u2026 look at how many species are decimated by consumer demand for frozen fish sticks .\njohn , i agree that it is a shared blame all around ; however , what is done is done , and the clock can never be turned back . but in order to reverse the loss and to have some success at regeneration , i think the denr has to mete out a more serious penalty than its current p200 for anyone breaking the moratorium , don\u2019t you think ?"]}
{"id": 2098, "summary": [{"text": "coenonympha nipisiquit , the maritime ringlet , is a rare butterfly in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a \" species at risk \" in canada due to water pollution and its limited range .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "its range is restricted in canada from new brunswick to quebec . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "coenonympha nipisiquit", "paragraphs": ["ecological factors affecting the flight phenology of the endangered coenonympha nipisiquit ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) .\necological factors affecting the flight phenology of the endangered coenonympha nipisiquit ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nrecovery strategy for the maritime ringlet ( coenonympha nipisiquit ) in canada [ final ]\n( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) ( pdf format , 2 , 987 . 12 kb )\nrecovery strategy for the maritime ringlet ( coenonympha nipisiquit ) in canada [ proposed ]\n( 2011 - 06 - 29 ) ( pdf format , 2 , 841 . 87 kb )\nthe maritime ringlet is a dark - appearing butterfly in which the males have dark orange - brown wings with the central part of the forewing slightly paler orange brown . females are pale orange brown , darker than those of the\n. on the underside the pale median band contrasts with the dark grey - brown ground colour . about 30 per cent of males and almost all females have a pale - bordered black spot with a silver pupil near the forewing apex on the underside . wingspan : 32 to 36\nthe maritime ringlet is restricted to salt marshes in chaleur bay between quebec and new brunswick . there are three colonies near bathurst , new brunswick , two near miguasha , quebec , and one near\n) , and over winter as a half - grown second - instar larvae .\nabundance : this species is common to abundant in the few salt marshes where it occurs .\nisolated in chaleur bay , but fieldwork in the area by reginald webster suggests that the maritime ringlet is a distinct species . in the past 20 years the range of the common ringlet has expanded through new brunswick to the chaleur bay area , and the two taxa occur in close proximity but remain distinct . the maritime ringlet feeds only on salt - meadow cordgrass . it is distinct in colour from\n, which often flies in old fields on higher ground just a few metres away and never enters the salt marshes . the common ringlet in this area flies from mid - june to mid - july , and the maritime ringlet from late july to late august . even in southern new brunswick , which has much milder summers than bathurst , second - generation common ringlets are very rarely seen , and then only in september .\nthe maritime ringlet has recently been placed on the new brunswick endangered species list because of the extremely limited and vulnerable habitat in which it is found .\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\n) is a small ( wing span 32\u201336 mm ) tan to orange brown\u2013coloured butterfly that is one of only two butterflies in canada with a life cycle entirely limited to a salt marsh habitat . it is listed as endangered under schedule 1 of the\nin appendix a , minor changes were made to the coordinates of the polygon containing critical habitat for forillon national park and to the associated map .\nrecovery planning environment and climate change canada 15th floor , place vincent massey 351 st . joseph blvd . gatineau , qc k1a 0h3 send e - mail\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nd\u00e9partement de biologie , universit\u00e9 de moncton , moncton , new brunswick , e1a 3e9 , canada ( ebc0227 @ umoncton . ca ; gaetan . moreau @ umoncton . ca ) .\nenter your email address to subscribe to entomology today . you ' ll receive notifications of new posts by email .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : maritime ringlet is very similar to common ringlet . both sexes are more darkly colored than the same sex in common ringlet , however female maritime ringlets are just slightly paler than male common ringlets . maritime ringlet is browner beneath than common ringlet . the best way to distinguish these two species is by habitat association and flight period . maritime ringlet flies from late july to early august and rarely strays from its salt marsh habitat . common ringlet flies from early june to late july , with a second brood in mid august and can be found in a variety of field habitats . wingspan : 32 to 36 mm .\nmaritime distribution : the entire global range is limited to a handful of salt marshes in new brunswick and quebec around chaleur bay . for atlas results click here .\nprovincial ranks : nb : s1 . ns : - . pei : - .\nnotes : the maritime ringlet is one of canada\u2019s few endemic species . it is listed as endangered both federally and provincially because of its limited global range and the sensitivity of its saltmarsh habitat to threats like sea level rise . where it is found it is usually common , and owing to its propensity to visit sea lavender ( limonium carolinianum ) flowers , easy to observe .\nthe maritimes butterfly atlas was made possible through funding from environment canada ' s ecoaction community funding program , new brunswick wildlife trust fund , the gosling foundation , nb power corporation , new brunswick department of natural resources , td friends of the environment foundation and prince edward island department of environment , energy and forestry . \u00a9 2016 atlantic canada conservation data centre fran\u00e7ais | mba home | accdc home"]}
{"id": 2100, "summary": [{"text": "muraena robusta is a moray eel found in the eastern and central atlantic ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it reaches a maximum length of 150 centimeters , or roughly 5 feet .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is commonly known as the stout moray . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "muraena robusta", "paragraphs": ["identifying the stout moray ,\nmuraena robusta\n. this video was taken by dave conley of the volusia county reef research dive team . uncommon species to volusia county .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani , 12 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by cgarilao , 13 / 05 / 08\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 45 m ( ref . 2683 ) . tropical ; 21\u00b0n - 18\u00b0s\neastern atlantic : mauritania to namibia , including cape verde and probably the islands of the bay of biafra . western central atlantic : colombia ( ref . 5217 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4450 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\nvery large , 1 . 9 m , pattern of large dark spots with dark blotch around gill opening ( ref . 26938 ) .\ninhabits shallow water and feeds on crustaceans and fishes ( ref . 3254 ) .\nsmith , d . g . and e . b . b\u00f6hlke , 1990 . muraenidae . p . 136 - 148 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4450 )\n) : 25 - 28 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 208 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00112 ( 0 . 00054 - 0 . 00233 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 65 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 78 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nis widely distributed and common where it occurs over reef habitat . there are no known major threats , therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is distributed across the atlantic ocean . in the eastern atlantic it is known from mauritania to angola , including the cape verde islands and sao tome and principe islands . in the western atlantic it has been recorded from north carolina south along the u . s . to southeastern florida and in the caribbean sea from panama ( colon ) and colombia ( santa marta ) ( cervigon et al . 1992 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is zero to 70 m .\nthis species is considered uncommon off north carolina and florida ( usa ) , panama , and in the eastern atlantic off west africa . it is extremely rare in the western north atlantic ( k . tighe pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthis benthic species inhabits coral and rocky reefs at depths between zero to 70 m . it feeds on crustaceans and fishes ( bohlke 1981 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gymnothorax galetae rubinoff , 1966 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gymnothorax nevezi roux , 1957 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murenophis robustus ( os\u00f3rio , 1911 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo\ninhabits shallow water and feeds on crustaceans and fishes ( ref . 3254 ) .\neastern atlantic : mauritania to namibia , including cape verde and probably the islands of the bay of biafra western central atlantic : colombia ( ref . 5217 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . b\u00f6hlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / b\u00f6hlke , eugenia b . , ed .\nfishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nrange : eastern atlantic ocean : mauritania to namibia , including cape verde , and western atlantic ocean : north carolina south to southeastern florida and the caribbean to colombia .\nnatural environment : inhabits coral and rocky reefs at depths between 3 to about 200 feet ( 1 \u2013 60 m ) and stays under rocks and / or in caves during daytime and hunts prey during evening hours when it feeds mainly on smaller fishes and crustaceans .\ngeneral husbandry : has a tannish brown body with darker brown patches and a black patch around the gill area . not collected for the trade .\nfyi : shown here for identification only . unsuitable for home aquariums . best left in the wild .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans ."]}
{"id": 2103, "summary": [{"text": "the gould 's emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans ) is an extinct species of hummingbird in the trochilidae family .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was described based on a single specimen taken in 1860 ; it is of unknown origin , but jamaica or the bahamas are likely sources .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "except for the type specimen , there are no records , and it is presumed extinct .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "while there is no information about the exact cause of extinction , the likely reasons include the loss of habitat or required food plants , and predation by introduced mammals . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "gould ' s emerald", "paragraphs": ["the gould ' s emerald hummingbird was described by gould from a single specimen . it is presumed extinct . more\ninformation on gould ' s emerald is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe gould ' s emerald hummingbird was described by gould from a single specimen . it is presumed extinct . photographed by harry taylor , 2009 .\nthe gould ' s emerald is classified as extinct ( ex ) , there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died .\nbracei ) bahamas ( 1800s ) gould ' s emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans ) carribean ( 1800s ) . . . . urltoken encyclopedia4u - sibley - monroe checklist 5 - encyclopedia article : . . . ricordii cuban emerald ; chlorostilbon bracei brace ' s emerald ; chlorostilbon swainsonii hispaniolan emerald ; chlorostilbon maugaeus . . . urltoken extinct birds : brace ' s emerald , chlorostilbon bracei ( bahamas 1900 ) ; gould ' s emerald , chlorostilbon elegans ( jamaica & bahamas 1900 ) . kingfishers , woodpeckers , etc . . . . urltoken earth witness community - extinct animals page one : kona grosbeak . more\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - gould ' s emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - gould ' s emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans )\ntitle =\narkive species - gould ' s emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - gould ' s emerald specimen , dorsal view\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - gould ' s emerald specimen , dorsal view\ntitle =\narkive photo - gould ' s emerald specimen , dorsal view\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkaribiansmaragdikolibri\nto\nchlorostilbon elegans ( gould , 1860 )\n.\ninformation on gould ' s emerald is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . authentication - this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken references - 1 . iucn red list ( january , 2010 ) http : / / www . iucnredlist . more\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\n, described from a single specimen ( in tring ) by gould in 1860 , was recently shown by weller ( 1999 ) to be a valid species , presumably extinct , and possibly ( by inference ) from jamaica or the north bahamas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrooks , t . 2000 . extinct species . in : birdlife international ( ed . ) , threatened birds of the world , pp . 701 - 708 . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona and cambridge , u . k .\njustification : this taxon is known from one specimen , probably from jamaica , taken in 1860 . it is now extinct , likely due to deforestation or predation by introduced species .\nnothing is known , though it is likely to be typical for the genus .\nreasons for its extinction are difficult to infer , though the extinction of its preferred food plants or habitat through deforestation , or predation by introduced mammals may be responsible .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nthe natural history museum picture library cromwell road london sw7 5bd united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 207 942 5323 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 207 942 5443 nhmpl @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / piclib\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis taxon is known from one specimen , probably from jamaica , taken in 1860 . it is now extinct , likely due to deforestation or predation by introduced species .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chlorostilbon elegans . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ndistribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nchlorostilbon elegans : formerly the caribbean ; extinct . distribution unknown , possibly occurred on jamaica or in the bahamas . known from a single specimen from 1860\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 478 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password ."]}
{"id": 2107, "summary": [{"text": "trichopsocus clarus is a species of psocoptera from trichopsocidae family that can be found in united kingdom and ireland .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it can also be found on azores , canary islands , in finland , france , germany , italy , latvia , madeira , poland , portugal , spain , sweden , switzerland , and the netherlands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species are either yellow or orange coloured .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is also found in australia and new zealand", "topic": 20}], "title": "trichopsocus clarus", "paragraphs": ["trichopsocus clarus , based on range . would have to see up cose to be 100 % sure .\nlienhard & courtenay smithers . 2002 . psocoptera ( insecta ) world catalogue and bibliography > > note : catalog > > trichopsocus clarus\ngolub , n . v . 2003 . entomologicheskoe obozrenie 82 ( 1 ) > > note : anat . > > trichopsocus clarus\ntrichopsocus clarus . one can almost make out the\nareola postica long and low\nas opposed ( t . dalii )\nsemi - circular\n.\nsaville , b . , alexander , dolling & p . kirby . 2005 . entomologist ' s record 117 > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus\nsaville , r . e . , alexander & m . oldfield . 2008 . entomologist\u2019s record 120 > > note : great britain : ( fig . ) > > trichopsocus clarus\ngolub , n . v . & nunes . 2007 . comparative cytogenetics 1 ( 2 ) > > note : madeira : ( cytol . , anat . ) > > trichopsocus clarus\nalexander . 2009 . devonshire association for the advancement of science literature and the arts report and transactions 141 : 359 - 360 > > note : new record . > > trichopsocus clarus\nlienhard . 2003 . in klausnitzer . gesamt\u00fcbersicht zur insektenfauna deutschlands . entomologische nachrichten und berichte 47 ( 2 ) : ( pp . 54 - 71 ) > > note : germany > > trichopsocus clarus\nnew . 2005 . handbooks for the identification of british insects vol . 1 , part 7 : iv + 146 pp . , 334 figs . > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus\nsaville , b . [ = r . e . ] , alexander , bratton , clemons & g . m . e . oldfield . 2007 . entomologist\u2019s record 119 > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus\nbaz & zurita . 2001 . in izquierdo , j . l . martin , zurita & arechavaleta [ ed . ] . lista de especies silvestres de canarias ( hongos , plantas y animales terrestres ) ( pp . 179 - 180 ) > > note : canary islands > > trichopsocus clarus\nbaz & zurita . 2004 . in izquierdo , j . l . martin , zurita & arechavaleta [ ed . ] . lista de especies silvestres de canarias ( hongos , plantas y animales terrestres ) 2004 ( pp . 188 - 190 ) > > note : canary islands > > trichopsocus clarus\nbaz . 2008 . in borges , abreu , a . m . f . aguiar , p . carvalho , jardim , melo , oliveira , sergio , serrano & p . vieira [ ed . ] . a list of the terrestrial fungi , flora and fauna of madeira and selvagens archipelagos . ( pp . 296 - 297 ) > > note : madeira > > trichopsocus clarus\nbanks , n . 1908 . transactions of the american entomological society 34 : 258 > > note : usa > > caecilius clarus urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5259\nbaz & borges . 2005 . in borges , cunha , gabriel , a . f . martins , l . silva & v . vieira [ ed . ] . a list of the terrestrial fauna ( mollusca and arthropoda ) and flora ( bryophyta , pteridophyta and spermatophyta ) from the azores . direc\u00e7\u00e3o regional do ambiente and universidade dos a\u00e7ores , horta , angra do heroismo and ponta delgada ( p . 189 ) > > note : azores > > trichopsocus clarus\nchapman , p . j . 1930 . journal of the new york entomological society 38 ( 4 ) : 334 > > note : usa > > pseudocaecilius clarus urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5260\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsummary : has been found mainly on branches of conifers / evergreens but also found on deciduous trees and bushes ( no records from trunks ) .\ndeciduous branches : alder , beech , blackthorn , elder , oak and sallow .\nconifer / evergreen branches : cedar , holly , holm oak , ivy , nutmeg - tree ( torreya ) , pine , rhododendron , yellow - wood ( podocarpus ) and yew .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by edward l . ruden on 3 december , 2017 - 6 : 09pm\ntechnical reports of the australian museum , no . 2 , pp . 1 - 82 , 1990\ncontributed by edward l . ruden on 18 february , 2017 - 10 : 23pm\nif you are really interested in\npsocoptera\nthis book is very useful . even though it is in french , the illustrations are extremely good and very helpful with difficult identifications . i could not function without it .\ngoogle books link : urltoken publisher ' s description : north american psocoptera provides a complete review of the 28 families , 78 genera and 287 species of the order psocoptera found in the united states and canada . this comprehensive book contains keys to all of the known taxa of psocoptera which have been found in the study area , including three genera named as new . not only are the native and established species included , but also those which have been taken at ports of entry in human commerce . the book contains differential diagnoses of the taxa above species level .\ncontributed by john f . carr on 29 january , 2009 - 1 : 08pm\nto be released august 11 , 2018 . promises to be a great book !\nmiscellaneous insects : the cottony cushion - scale ( icerya purchasi maskell ) , order hemiptera ; family coccidae .\nriley c . v . , 1886 . miscellaneous insects : the cottony cushion - scale ( icerya purchasi maskell ) , order hemiptera ; family coccidae . report of the commissioner of agriculture : report of the entomologist , 1886 : 466 - 492\nbritish museum ( natural history ) . department of zoology , 1 : 1 - 658 , 1852\nvalley center , san diego county , california , usa june 20 , 2017 size : apx . 4 mm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nscooped out of pond water , this insect is on my left pinky finger . it looks like a green lacewing . flowing joyce ' s suggestion i ' ve been looking at order psocoptera . the closest thing i can see looks is tom murray ' s excellent photo of a green - eyed barklouse - xanthocaecilius quillayute , which is not identicle . see the comments below !\njust wanted to give a public thank you for all you have done for our barklice images ! we are very appreciative of your expertise . let us know how we can return the favor : - )\nthanks eric that is really kind though i do feel the pleasure is largely mine . these images are helping to get me though a cold gray winter . there are many species here that i would never see if it was not for bug guide and its users . all i ask it that people keep submitting the neat things they discover .\nphilip , and john . it ' s interesting to see how you approached the identification , i will try to incorporate these ideas in the future . it seems like seeing the differences is at least as important as recognizing the similarities of different species . it may be a long time before i get a feel for it , but that ' s what makes it interesting . i ' m really thankful for the id . this one was very hard for me !\ni ' m new to this so i am trying to judge wing veins and stuff like that . notice in tom ' s image where the wing connects to the body , there are 3 cells that meet like slices of pie . as the center slice of pie goes away from the connection in tom ' s image it curves up to the top of the wing , making a shape like\nye olden time plow\n. on this image as the center slice of pie goes away from the wing connection it just rounds off makeing a shape like\nye olden slice of pie\n. : - )\ni thought i noticed some differences too , but i will have to look more closely at the one you pointed out . it would be a wild stroke of luck if i found the right genus , even . barklice are completely new to me . probably i should stay away from such insects , as their size makes them tricky to photograph , but when you see something new and different . . . who can resist ?\nthey ' re good pictures and they will likely get a more specific id . actually , if you look at your second image , the veins i was talking about look to curve up to the wing edge making a plow shape , similar to tom ' s image . it probably is tricky , for us non - experts , trying to figure out what belongs to the front wing and what belongs to the hind wing . i was just trying to add to the discussion , not to discourage you ! philosophical side though - it ' s funny though , everyone tries to fit their image into one of the species that already exists , when in fact the real jackpot is when it doesn ' t and you have something new ! like the cool fly you added a couple of days ago . i don ' t know which you have , but i bet one of the experts will .\ni believe you are right , though . there seemed to be more than one of them in the water , and they did not appear to be there by choice as the could not swim or walk on the surface . it really is similar ( aside from size ) to a green lacewing i encountered not too long ago . there was also an interesting insect that hopped on the surface , several inches at a time , however it was less than 0 . 5mm , and beyond my ability to get a picture of .\ni think it is possible that what i saw was a type of globular springtail . it was frustrating not getting a single good picture of one in ( on ) the water . it was a surprise to see them hop !\n; long established in ca ( ed mockford , pers . comm . to = v = 12 / 01 / 09 )\njohnson k . p . , smith v . s . ( 2013 ) psocodea species file online . version 5 . 0\npsocodea species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\nmedem . 1951 . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher ( abteilung systematik ) 79 : 591 - 613 > > note : germany ( in greenhouse ) other references : ( biol . )\nobr . 1959 . in kratochvil [ ed . ] . klic zvireny csr iii . 229 - 241 > > note : czechoslovakia\nbroadhead . 1964 . a check list of british insects . 2nd ed . > > note : great britain\nwlodarczyk . 1968 . gryzki - psocoptera . part xviii : 40 pp . , 1 map . > > note : poland\ng\u00fcnther . 1974 . die tierwelt deutschlands . 61 : 314 pp . , 437 figs . > > note : germany\nmartini , julitta . 1975 . klucze do oznaczania owadow polski . ( keys for the identification of polish insects ) . xiv . gryzki - psocoptera . 85 : 56 pp . , 76 figs . > > note : poland\nbadonnel . 1976 . annales du mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , sciences zoologiques 215 > > note : saint helena ( morph . ) .\nobr . 1977 . acta faunistica entomologica musei nationalis pragae 15 , suppl . 4 > > note : czechoslovakia\nbadonnel . 1977 . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 3 ) ( 478 ) , zool . 335 > > note : mascarene islands\nbadonnel . 1977 . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 82 ( 5 - 6 ) > > note : other references : ( morph . )\nschneider , n . 1979 . bulletin et annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale belge d ' entomologie 115 > > note : other references : ( not belgium ! ) .\nmeinander . 1984 . in hulden [ ed . ] . notulae entomologicae 64 : 12 - 13 > > note : finland\nbaz . 1989 . los psocopteros ( insecta : psocoptera ) del sistema iberico meridional . 230 pp . , figs i . 1 - v . 8 > > note : portugal spain\nbaz . 1989 . boletim da sociedade portuguesa de entomologia 4 ( ( 4 ) ( no . 106 ) ) > > note : azores madeira\nmartini , julitta . 1990 . in razowski [ ed . ] . wykaz zwierzat polski tom . 1 , czesc 32 / 1 - 20 . : 59 - 61 > > note : poland\nsmithers , courtenay & o ' connor . 1991 . irish naturalists\u2019 journal 23 ( 12 ) > > note : ireland\nmockford . 1993 . north american psocoptera ( insecta ) . 10 : xviii + 455 pp . , 953 figs . > > note : widespread in coastal regions , sometimes in greenhouses . review usa peru\nbaz . 1993 . rivista del museo civico di scienze naturali e . caffi , bergamo 16 > > note : italy\nschneider , n . & lienhard . 1995 . in minelli , a . , ruffo & la posta [ ed . ] . checklist delle specie della fauna italiana . > > note : italy\nsmithers , courtenay , o ' connor & j . v . peters . 1999 . irish naturalists journal 26 ( 7 / 8 ) > > note : ireland\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nborges , paulo a . v . , gaspar , clara , crespo , luis carlos fonseca , rigal , francois , cardoso , pedro , pereira , fernando , rego , carla , 2016 , new records and detailed distribution and abundance of selected arthropod species collected between 1999 and 2011 in azorean native forests , biodiversity data journal 4 , pp . 10948 - 10948 : 10948\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\naromas , san benito county , california , usa august 31 , 2008 size : ~ 2mm .\ncollected in our yard from arctostaphylos tomentosa crustacea by using a sweeping net . a slightly smaller specimen , collected at the same time and likely the same species as . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) .\nfor the confirmation . i ' ve corrected the date , the 31 dec 1969 date is the default that appears if the date is entered incorrectly .\naromas , san benito county , california , usa august 31 , 2008 size : ~ 3mm .\ncollected in our yard from arctostaphylos tomentosa crustacea by using a sweeping net . looks very similar to . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nall identifications on this page have been made as accurately as possible . corrections ? please contact me . . .\nseperated into two distinct sub - orders . those you find on walls or trees , or even leaf - litter , are likely to be\n' link below each article to return here to choose another species , or continue scrolling up and down for others .\nalmost certain id by bob saville , though as he suggests an underside shot would confirm , though apparently wing veins help .\n- a good find ! i actually found four all on the same day . id by bob saville who runs the uk ' s recording scheme . my images represet this species on the site ' s gallery .\nloensia sp . can be little difficult to id . wing veins help , but in some cases the density of the pattern obscures it ."]}
{"id": 2117, "summary": [{"text": "cambarus aculabrum is a rare species of crayfish known by the common name benton cave crayfish .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is native to arkansas in the united states , where it is known from only four locations .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is a federally listed endangered species of the united states .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this crayfish was first described to science as a new species in 1987 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is about 48 millimeters ( 1.8 inches ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "a troglobite , it lacks pigment , making it white in color , it and has only rudimentary eyes .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is genetically distinct from other species of cave crayfish .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the crayfish lives at four caves in northern arkansas , three in benton county and one in washington county .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is not considered an arkansas endemic species because 58 % of one of the benton county cave zones is actually within the neighboring state of missouri .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this crayfish feeds on organic matter washed into the cave from the surface , and on bat guano .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is sometimes eaten by the banded sculpin ( cottus carolinae ) .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "little else is known about its ecology .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "threats to this species include direct mortality when they are trampled by cave explorers and trespassers .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "gates have been put in place at the caves to protect them but vandalism is still a threat .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "pollution of the groundwater in the caves was the main reason the animal was federally listed .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "individuals are sometimes washed out of caves during floods , leading to mortality . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "cambarus aculabrum", "paragraphs": ["cambarus aculabrum is a rare species of crayfish known by the common name benton cave crayfish . content licensed under creative commons attribution . source : urltoken\ncave crayfish ( cambarus aculabrum ) .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ncave crayfish ( cambarus aculabrum ) .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 30 october 1996 .\nrecovery plan for the cave crafish ( cambarus aculabrum ) .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta , 37pp .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1996 . cave crayfish ( cambarus aculabrum ) recovery plan . u . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta , georgia . 37 pp .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 27 april 1993 .\nendangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status determined for the cave crayfish ( cambarus aculabrum ) .\nfederal register 58 ( 79 ) : 25742 - 25746 .\ngraening , g . o . , m . e . slay , a . v . brown , and j . b . koppelman . 2006 . status and distribution of the endangered benton cave crayfish , cambarus aculabrum ( decapoda : cambaridae ) . the southwestern naturalist , 51 ( 3 ) : 376 - 439 .\nthis species is known from two caves in benton county , arkansas ( hobbs , 1989 ; robison and allen , 1995 ; usfws , 1996 ) and just into missouri ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . with all of the effort to look for cave organisms based out of fayetteville , a great deal of search has been focused in the area to find more cambarus aculabrum . it has long seemed confined to the original 2 caves , yet recent discoveries have added 2 additional sites nearby - both based on one or two specimens . missouri has a cave biologist on staff and considerable survey work has been done with no discoveries of the species in that state ( brian wagner , ar game and fish , to cindy osborne , ar heritage , pers . comm . , june 2002 ) .\nfirst form males are distinguished by a fully formed and hardened first pleopod ( reproductive appendages ) . these males can be further distinguished from closely related cambarus setosus and c . tartarus by the absence of a transverse groove separating the proximolateral lobe from the shaft on the first pleopod . it differs from c . zophonastes in that it possesses a longer central projection of the first pleopod that also has a shallow subapical notch .\n( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) this species is known from two caves in benton county , arkansas ( hobbs , 1989 ; robison and allen , 1995 ; usfws , 1996 ) and just into missouri ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . with all of the effort to look for cave organisms based out of fayetteville , a great deal of search has been focused in the area to find more cambarus aculabrum . it has long seemed confined to the original 2 caves , yet recent discoveries have added 2 additional sites nearby - both based on one or two specimens . missouri has a cave biologist on staff and considerable survey work has been done with no discoveries of the species in that state ( brian wagner , ar game and fish , to cindy osborne , ar heritage , pers . comm . , june 2002 ) .\ncave crayfish are highly specialized for living in stable cave environments with low light and low temperatures and are unable to cope with changes in their habitats that may be induced by human activities . water quality degradation represents a major threat to c . aculabrum . this species is also vulnerable due to its limited distribution , with only two known populations containing a small number of individuals ; its limited reproductive potential ; and the potential for take by humans .\nbear hollow cave contains a small stream approximately 660 ft ( 201 . 2 m ) long and an undescribed pool that are habitat for c . aculabrum . the cave stream flow and depth varies . at times , parts of the stream may dry up leaving tiny pools of water or parts of the stream may completely disappear underground leaving no trace . after some rainfall events the cave may nearly fill up with water , as evidenced by trash found lodged up near the cave ceiling .\nthe numbers of crayfish observed in logan and bear hollow caves has varied dramatically between cave visits . the greatest number of crayfish observed in a single visit is nine in bear hollow cave and 21 in logan cave . in 14 visits to logan cave , crayfish were observed on only three occasions . in a 1990 survey , three c . aculabrum were observed in logan cave , one of which was dead , and only a single crayfish in bear hollow cave . six crayfish were observed in logan cave during another cave visit in 1995 while four were observed in bear hollow cave . from october 1994 through september 1995 , between seven and 21 cave crayfish were observed in logan cave .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlivingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .\nhas been assessed as critically endangered . this species has an area of occupancy of less than 10 km\u00b2 as each of the four cave pools has a maximum area of 200 m\u00b2 . the caves are severely fragmented and they are not connected to each other . there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat due to continued human disturbances and impacts through trampling and groundwater pollution . this species is extremely sensitive to groundwater quality and there is evidence that it is preyed on by banded sculpin (\n) . it has a very low population , of only 40 individuals , and longevity of 75 years indicating that there is a late age of reproductive maturity . a recovery plan has been initiated by the usfws in 1996 , which has been implementing measures to protect this species . however , even with this recovery plan in place , the population still remains low and sensitive to disturbance and quality of habitat .\n2006 ) . with all of the effort to look for cave organisms based out of fayetteville , a great deal of search has been focused in the area to find further specimens of this species . it has long seemed confined to the original caves , yet recent discoveries have added 2 additional sites nearby - both based on one or two specimens . in missouri , expert survey work has been carried out with no further discoveries of the species in that state ( brian wagner , ar game and fish , to cindy osborne , ar heritage , pers . comm . 2002 ) . the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be less than 4 km\u00b2 .\n2006 ) . probably < 200 adults are extant . numbers of crayfish observed vary dramatically between cave visits . the greatest number observed at one time in one cave is nine and in the other cave 21 ( usfws , 1996 ) . the current total observed population size is 40 individuals , based on the latest complete visual census of the second largest occurrence ( n = 6 ) , largest occurrence ( n = 31 ) , small occurrence ( n = 2 ) , and the smallest creek pool discharge occurrence ( n = 1 ) ( graening\nthis species is a cave dwelling species inhabiting subterranean streams and pools ( jacobson 1996 ) . one of the caves from which this species is known is an ozarkian solution channel , within which this species has been observed along the side walls of a pool or at the stream margin ( robison and allen 1995 ) . cave streams in which this species lives are generally less than 50 cm deep .\n. ( 2006 ) have assessed continuing threats since the recovery plan . among these , habitat degradation from groundwater pollution is the primary reason for federal listing of the species and remains a serious threat . organic pollutants are present in the groundwater basins of the two initial caves . mean concentrations of nitrate , phosphorous , and faecal bacteria consistently equals or exceeds those of regional surface waters monitored by the national water quality assessment program for the springfield plateau aquifer . over 100 confined animal feeding operations ( poultry and swine ) and cattle ranching operations as well as over 60 residences on septic systems are within the recharge zone of one cave and two confined feeding operations , and at least 200 residences on septic systems are within the discharge zone of the second cave ( graening\n. 2006 ) . as for human disturbance , both caves with the largest populations were both formerly popular recreational destinations . vandalism and trespassing continue to be serious management issues at both sites , even after erection of steel channel gates . trampling was formerly considered a threat at all sites but has been alleviated at one cave when a fixed line was bolted to a canyon ledge 3 m above the stream in 2001 ( graening\n. 2006 ) . more specifically , hog and poultry operations , fertilization of nearby pasture lands , regional airport expansion , and residential development threaten the water quality of the second cave . residential development is the primary threat to water quality in the largest cave occurrence ( usfws 1996 ) .\ncompiled by the us fish and wildlife service ( jacobson 1996 ) . this plan has seen the implementation of cave gates on two sites\n, and three caves have surrounding land recovered and septic tanks are being upgraded to prevent leakages ( natureserve 2009 ) . one of the localities has been designated as a\n. it also qualifies as endangered under the federal environmental species act of 1973 ( jacobson 1996 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nsmall , white obligate cave - dwelling crayfish with no pigment and reduced eyes .\nthe cave crayfish is a small , white obligate cave - dwelling crayfish . the body length of this species has been measured to reach up to 1 . 8 in ( 4 . 6 cm ) . this species has no pigment and has reduced eyes . it also has an acute or subacute apex of the antermomedian lobe of the epistome .\nthe reproductive habits of this species , as well as other sociobiological information , is not known at this time . this species , however , displays similar reproductive characteristics of other decopods . the males probably begin molting into the reproductive state in late summer with copulation occurring in late summer and fall . egg laying likely occurs in late winter and early spring . most males molt back to the nonreproductive form during april .\nwater quality and clarity of logan cave stream is generally high and many water parameters remain relatively constant for much of the year . most changes in water properties occur when the cave ' s stream flow increases after a storm .\nthe cave crayfish is most commonly found along the walls of the pool , or along stream edges .\nthe type locality of this species is logan cave as well as its associated stream and lake . the cave cray - fish is also known from bear hollow cave and its associated stream about 23 mi ( 37 km ) from logan cave . both of these areas are located in benton county , arkansas .\nin an observation of other cave crayfish and troglobitic species , small population sizes have been a result of reduced food sources . as an adaptation to this it has also been observed that these species display a lower metabolic rate , increased longevity , delayed maturity and reproduction and decreased fecundity . the otherwise adaptive characteristic could make the cave crayfish highly vulnerable to environmental pollution and limit this species ' ability to recover .\nin 1989 the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) purchased 123 . 9 acres ( 50 . 1 hectares ) at logan cave ( the cave crayfish ' s original locality ) . this attempt will facilitate preservation activities initiated by the fws . the rest of the area , however , is privately owned .\na collecting permit is required for collecting for any species , except for fish bait under state regulations . troglobites are protected from possession and sale by arkansas state law .\npotential conservation measures and federal involvement are expected to include : ( 1 ) environmental protection agency : clean water act ' s provisions for pesticide registration and waste management actions . ( 2 ) corps of engineers : inclusion of the cave crayfish in project planning and operation and during permit review . ( 3 ) federal highway administration : consideration of the cave crayfish in bridge and road construction in known areas of occupancy . ( 4 ) farmers home administration : consideration of impacts of the cave crayfish in loan processes . ( 5 ) soil conservation service : inclusion of the cave cray - fish in farmer ' s assistance programs .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service regional office 1875 century blvd . , suite 200 atlanta , georgia 30345 phone : 404 - 679 - 4000 urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\n2006 ) . with all of the effort to look for cave organisms based out of fayetteville , a great deal of search has been focused in the area to find further specimens of this species . it has long seemed confined to the original caves , yet recent discoveries have added 2 additional sites nearby - both based on one or two specimens . in missouri , expert survey work has been carried out with no further discoveries of the species in that state ( brian wagner , ar game and fish , to cindy osborne , ar heritage , pers . comm . 2002 ) . the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be less than 4 km .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhobbs , h . h . , jr . and a . v . brown . 1987 . a new troglobitic crayfish from north western arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 100 ( 4 ) : 1040 - 1048 .\nthis species is highly imperiled . this species has an extent of occurrence of less than 10 sq . km as each of the four cave pools has a maximum area of 200 m . the caves are severely fragmented and they are not connected to each other . there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat due to continued human disturbances and impacts through trampling and groundwater pollution . this species is extremely sensitive to groundwater quality and there is evidence that it is predated on by banded sculpin ( cottus carolinae ) . it has a very low population , of only 40 individuals , and a longevity of 75 years indicating that there is a late age of reproductive maturity . a recovery plan has been initiated by the us fisheries and wildlife service in 1996 , which has been putting in place measures to protect this species . however , even with this recovery plan in place , the population still remains low and sensitive to disturbance and quality of habitat .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nthis species was previously known only from four caves in / around benton county , arkansas that are 38 km apart and both solution channels in boone formation ( hobbs and brown , 1987 ; usfws , 1996 ) . recent documentation of specimens in one cave recharge zone ( outside the cave itself ) in mcdonald co . , missouri , has increased the current understanding of the range of this species to include this area ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . two caves ( benton co . , arkansas ; and washington co . , arkansas ) are fairly recent range additions with one female sighted in 1999 and one male in 2004 ; plus one specimen expelled during a flood event in 2004 , respectively ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . extensive survey effort nearby revealed no others .\nprobably < 200 adults are extant . numbers of crayfish observed vary dramatically between cave visits with the greatest number observed at one time in one cave is nine and in the other cave 21 ( usfws , 1996 ) . the curent total observed population size is 40 individuals , based on the latest complete visual census of the second largest occurrence ( n = 6 ) , largest occurrence ( n = 31 ) , small occurrence ( n = 2 ) , and the smallest creek pool discharge occurrence ( n = 1 ) ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . the maximum historical count ( irrespective of date ) is 56 ( 47 in the largest cave occurrence , 9 in the second largest cave occurrence ) ( graening et al . , 2006 ) .\ntwo of the four sites are considered viable , one with decent viability ( graening et al . , 2006 ) .\na natural mortality factor is expulsion from the subterranean habitat by flooding during storm events . this has been documented on more than one occasion for the two largest occurrences ( into pea ridge hollow , missouri thus expanding range of this species ) ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . natural dispersal of this species is limited by its confinement to a stygobitic habitat in very few localities .\nthis species cannot survive outside the cave environment ( graening et al . , 2006 ) ; especially since they have been consumed by non - stygobitic predators outside the caves .\nalbinistic ; eyes without pigment and much reduced ; 2 terminal elements of first pleopod of male bent > 90 degrees , central projection ca . 135 degrees ; body strongly compressed ( hobbs and brown 1987 ) . [ length : to 28 . 5 tcl , to 45 tl ] [ width : to 12 ]\ncentral projection at > 90 degree angle to main axis of pleopod , with notch in apex ; proximolateral groove near base of pleopod ( hobbs and brown 1987 ) .\nreproductively active males in dec and jan ; no other data . spawning and actual mating periods unknown .\nco - occurs with the rare ozark crayfish , amblyopsis rosae in one cave .\nno data ; home range probably not over 50 m ; ability to survive outside cave paractically nil .\none of the caves from which this species is known is an ozarkian solution channel and species has been observed along the side walls of a pool or at the stream margin ( robison and allen , 1995 ) . cave streams in which this species lives are generally less than 50 cm deep .\nthis species was listed as a u . s . federal endangered species in 1993 and a recovery plan drafted ( usfws , 1996 ) . the primary conservation activity has been land protection . at one cave , usfws purchased 49 . 6 hectares containing the cave entrances and created a national wildlife refuge in 1989 . a cave gate was installed in 1998 by usfws and tulsa regional grotto , national speleological society . the nature conservancy is implementing a voluntary program to upgrate septic systems in the cave recharge zone to reduce nutrient loading of the aquifer . a pilot project at the prperty owner land involved the retrofitting of an old concrete spetic tank system with a recirculating , aerobic digestion trickle filter and fiberglass septic tank which should reduce nutrient and bacteria concentrations in the effluent . another property owner donated 1 . 7 ha of land containing the entrance to a second cave in 1998 to the nature conservancy establishing a natural area and a cooperative clean - up illegal refuse dumps in the discharge zone was performed . a cave gate was installed in the early 1990s . the entrance and surrounding land ( 4 . 1 ha ) of a third cave was donated to the nature conservancy , establishing another nature area and the nature conservancy has begun a reforestation effort of its discharge zone . site conservation and management pland for all 4 caves were developed by the nature conservancy . public outreach projects have not been implemented ( usfws , 1996 ; graening et al . , 2006 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers are based on hydrological discontinuity . additional physical barriers , particularly for secondary and tertiary burrowers , include presence of upland habitat between water connections of a distance greater than 30 m . migration of primary burrowers is generally not hindered by presence of upland habitat unless conditions are very xeric ( dry and desert - like ) ( smith , 2001 ) .\nfreshwater cave ( troglobitic ) species may occur from near entrances to very deep in cave systems . for cave species , each cave where an observation or collection was recorded ( see minimum eo criteria , above ) constitutes an element occurrence regardless of separation distance unless caves are part of a single hydrological system ( see below ) . occurrences are additionally separated by underground physical barriers to movement . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered to be a single element occurrence when they are less than one km apart . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered separate element occurrences when hydrological connections have not been determined or when separated by a distance of at least one km .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nhobbs , h . h . , jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology 480 : 1 - 236 .\nkoppelman , j . b . and d . e . figg . 1995 . genetic estimates of variability and relatedness for conservation of an ozark cave crayfish species complex . conservation biology , 9 ( 5 ) : 1288 - 1294 .\nmclaughlin , p . a . , d . k . camp , m . v . angel , e . l . bousfield , p . brunel , r . c . brusca , d . cadien , a . c . cohen , k . conlan , l . g . eldredge , d . l . felder , j . w . goy , t . haney , b . hann , r . w . heard , e . a . hendrycks , h . h . hobbs iii , j . r . holsinger , b . kensley , d . r . laubitz , s . e . lecroy , r . lemaitre , r . f . maddocks , j . w . martin , p . mikkelsen , e . nelson , w . a . newman , r . m . overstreet , w . j . poly , w . w . price , j . w . reid , a . robertson , d . c . rogers , a . ross , m . schotte , f . schram , c . shih , l . watling , g . d . f . wilson , and d . d . turgeon . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 : 545 pp .\nrobison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .\ntaylor , c . a . , g . a . schuster , j . e . cooper , r . j . distefano , a . g . eversole , p . hamr , h . h . hobbs iii , h . w . robison , c . e . skelton , and r . f . thoma . 2007 . a reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the united states and canada after 10 + years of increased awareness . fisheries 32 ( 8 ) : 371 - 389 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 2127, "summary": [{"text": "the unicorn crestfish or unicornfish ( eumecichthys fiski ) is a very rare , little-known species of crestfish in the family lophotidae , and the only member of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it likely has a worldwide distribution , having been first discovered offshore of kalk bay , south africa , and subsequently reported from the sea of japan , southwest florida , clarion island off mexico , hawaii , and india .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "a report from the bering sea may have been in error .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is found in the bathypelagic zone , at a depth of around 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this fish has ribbon-like body measuring up to 150 cm ( 59 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its common name comes from a horn-like supraoccipital process projecting forward of its eyes .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the upper jaw is protrusible , and the jaws contain small conical teeth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the dorsal fin runs along the entire length of the body and contains 310-392 soft rays ; the first three to five dorsal rays at the tip of the projecting ridge are elongated into a pennant .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the pectoral fins contain 13-15 rays ; the pelvic fins are absent .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the anal fin contains five to 9 rays and in adults is split lengthwise to form two rows of nubbins .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the caudal fin contains 12-13 rays , with the bottommost ray enlarged and bony .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the coloration is silvery with 24-60 dark subvertical bands .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the dorsal and caudal fins are crimson .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "eumenichthys is one of three lampriform genera known to possess ink tubes , allowing them to expel a black fluid from their cloacae as a defense against predators .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the ink tube is derived from a primitive gut and runs above and parallel to the intestine .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "a known predator of the unicorn crestfish is the longnose lancetfish , ( alepisaurus ferox ) ; a lancetfish 73 cm ( 29 in ) long has been found that had swallowed a unicorn crestfish 55 cm ( 22 in ) long . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "unicorn crestfish", "paragraphs": ["the unicorn crestfish ( eumecichthys fiski ) is the only species in the . . .\na fossil unicorn crestfish ( teleostei , lampridiformes , lophotidae ) from the eocene of iran .\n# fishaday \u2020babelichthys olneyi unicorn crestfish from iran , named for the babelfish . ht @ gombessagirl urltoken\na fossil unicorn crestfish ( teleostei , lampridiformes , lophotidae ) from the eocene of iran . - pubmed - ncbi\nrt @ hannahoish : # fishaday \u2020babelichthys olneyi unicorn crestfish from iran , named for the babelfish . ht @ gombessagirl urltoken\nhead of a unicorn crestfish , eumecichthys fiski . source : eric woroch , us nmfs - piro observer program / wikimedia commons . license : public domain\na rare deepsea oarfish relative with an extremely long silvery ribbon - like body , a horn - like process extending froward on the head , bright red fins , and 24 - 60 darker vertical bands along the sides . as a defence against predators , the unicorn crestfish can expel black fluid from around the anus .\nthe unicorn crestfish ( eumecichthys fiski ) is the only species in the genus eumecichthys , which is one of just two genera in the oceanic family lophotidae ( the crestfishes ) . this species is rare and known only from the deep sea ( possibly around 1000 m ) , but is apparently widely distributed from south africa to india , japan , hawaii , and mexico . the head and body are silvery with 24 to 60 dark vertical bands and the fins are red . the highly elongated body may reach 130 cm or more ( body depth is around 1 / 25th of length ) . the first three or four dorsal rays are produced into a long , narrow pennant that extends far forward of the mouth . the dorsal fin includes 310 to 393 rays , the anal fin 5 to 9 rays , the pectoral fin 13 to 15 rays , and the caudal fin ( tail ) 12 to 13 rays . ( robins and ray 1986 ; heemstra 2003 ; froese and pauly 2011 ) the common name , unicorn crestfish , comes from the distinctive projecting supraoccipital , a bone on the dorsal ( upper ) side of the skull . a unique feature shared by members of the lophotidae ( lophotes and eumecichthys ) is the presence of an ink tube ( or ink sac ) . the ink tube allows its bearer to expel black fluid from the cloaca as a defense against predators ( robins and ray 1986 ; honma , ushiki , and takeda , 1998 ) .\nlophotidae , or crestfishes , is a family of rare deep - sea teleosts characterised by an enlarged horn - like crest on the forehead . they are poorly represented in the fossil record , by only three described taxa . one specimen attributed to lophotidae has been described from the pelagic fauna of the middle - late eocene zagros basin , iran . originally considered as a specimen of the fossil lophotid \u2020 protolophotus , it is proposed hereby as a new genus and species \u2020 babelichthys olneyi , gen . et sp . nov . , differs from the other fossil lophotids by its relatively long and strongly projecting crest , suggesting a close relationship with the modern unicorn crestfish , eumecichthys . this new taxon increases the diversity of the deep - sea teleost fauna to which it belongs , improving our understanding of the taxonomic composition of the early cenozoic mesopelagic ecosystems .\nin the present paper , \u2020 babelichthys olneyi , a new genus and species of lophotidae from the eocene of iran is described . few fossil representatives of taeniosomi , an elusive group of deep - sea teleosts , are known and only one of them has been previously described in detail ( bannikov , 1999 ) . \u2020 babelichthys is potentially the only currently known fossil close relative of the unicorn crestfish eumecichthys . this discovery is also significant because it expands the diversity of the middle - late eocene ilam fauna . modern lophotids are found in mesopelagic environments ( olney , 2002 ) , so the presence of at least two representatives of the family in the fauna that is mostly composed by relatives of modern deep - sea teleosts ( arambourg , 1967 ; afsari et al . , 2014 ; p\u0159ikryl , brzobohat\u00fd & gregorov\u00e1 , 2016 ) reinforces its potential as a valuable glimpse of the otherwise poorly known early cenozoic deep - water ecosystems .\nthe distinction between an almost horizontal \u201ccrest\u201d projecting anteriorly and a more vertical and relatively shorter \u201ccrest\u201d distinguishes \u2020 babelichthys from \u2020 protolophotus ( see above , taxonomic justification ) , but also from the extant lophotus and the other known lophotid fossil taxa ( table 1 ) . conversely , in the eumecichthys specimen that is examined , the crest is strongly projected anteriorly ( angle of 72 . 4\u00b0 ) and relatively very long ( table 1 ) . another element is the apparent absence of vomerine fang - like teeth in \u2020 babelichthys ( it is however possible that they were present , but not preserved in the fossil ) , like in eumecichthys , while they are present in lophotus ( olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ) . since only one specimen is available , it is impossible to perform a thorough comparison of head morphologies at various growth stages and between individuals . nevertheless , it seems on the basis of preserved elements that head morphology in \u2020 babelichthys is closer to the one observed in eumecichthys than in lophotus , corroborating the proposition of oelschl\u00e4ger ( 1979 ) that it represents a potential fossil sister group to eumecichthys . it would then be the first known fossil unicorn crestfish . nevertheless , \u2020 babelichthys also differs from eumecichthys : its crest is less strongly projecting and relatively shorter ( table 1 ) . moreover , no other lophotid , fossil or extant , has such an extreme enlargement and expansion of the dorsal - fin pterygiophores , the second one in particular .\nlampridiforms are strange spiny - rayed teleosts , found in mesopelagic environments in every ocean of the world ( olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ; olney , 2002 ) . their most famous representatives are the endothermic opah ( lampris guttatus ) and the gigantic , serpentine oarfish ( regalecus glesne ) , the longest known teleost . along with these iconic taxa , lampridiforms include equally weird ribbon - like and elongate animals , characterized by a silver - coloured skin and long , bright red fins : the taeniosomes . the 15\u201318 extant species of the clade taeniosomi include oarfishes ( regalecidae ) , ribbonfishes ( trachipteridae ) , the tapertail ( radiicephalidae ) and lophotidae , the crestfishes ( regan , 1907 ; walters & fitch , 1960 ; olney , 1984 ; roberts , 2012 ) . lophotids are characterized by unique anatomical structures , such as an ink gland ( walters & fitch , 1960 ; honma , ushiki & takeda , 1999 ) not found anywhere else in teleosts ( except in the closely related radiicephalids ; harrisson & palmer , 1968 ) . the most conspicuous osteological feature of lophotids is a well - developed horn - like crest , formed by an anteriorly projecting expansion of the frontal and supraoccipital bones of the cranium ( oelschl\u00e4ger , 1979 ; oelschl\u00e4ger , 1983 ; olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ) . this crest is closely associated with the anterior pterygiophores supporting the dorsal fin , and as a result , the dorsal fin expands over , and sometimes anterior to the cranium . lophotids are represented in modern fauna by one to three lophotus species and by the unicorn crestfish , eumecichthys fiski ( walters & fitch , 1960 ; craig , hastings & pondella , 2004 ) . their fossil record consists in at least three monotypic genera ( bannikov , 1999 ; carnevale , 2004 ) . the present article is a revision of an anatomically distinctive fossil specimen attributed to lophotidae . arambourg ( 1943 ) and arambourg ( 1967 ) first described the specimen from a rich late eocene fauna located near ilam , zagros basin , iran . the ilam fauna comprises numerous representatives of teleost taxa such as beryciformes , gadiformes , ophidiiformes and stomiiformes , typical of the modern deep - sea pelagic environments ( arambourg , 1967 ; afsari et al . , 2014 ; p\u0159ikryl , brzobohat\u00fd & gregorov\u00e1 , 2016 ) .\nprobably worldwide . western atlantic : southeastern florida in usa . southeast atlantic : false bay , south africa ( ref . 4165 ) . northwest pacific : japan ( ref . 559 ) . eastern central pacific : hawaii and mexico ( ref . 4165 ) . indian ocean : india ( ref . 4165 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 9 . head and body silvery in color with 24 - 60 dark sub vertical bands ; dorsal and caudal fins crimson in color ( ref . 4165 ) . dorsal fin with 310 - 392 soft rays .\na rare ( ref . 4165 ) , mesopelagic species found at 1 , 000 m depth ( ref . 5213 ) .\nheemstra , p . c . , 1986 . lophotidae . p . 402 - 403 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 4165 )\n) : 7 . 7 - 15 . 1 , mean 10 . 6 ( based on 338 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00115 ( 0 . 00043 - 0 . 00306 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 80 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is likely distributed worldwide to depths of 1 , 000 m . there are no known species - specific threats and there are no known species - specific conservation measures . this species is assessed as least concern .\nthis species is likely distributed worldwide . in the western atlantic it is known from southeastern florida in usa . it has also been described from southern and central brazil . in the southeastern atlantic this species is known from false bay , south africa ( heemstra 1986 ) and from the gulf of guinea . in the northwest pacific this species is known from japan ( masuda et al . 1984 ) . in the eastern central pacific , this species is known from hawaii and mexico ( heemstra 1986 ) . in the indian ocean , it is known from india ( heemstra 1986 ) . it is found to depths of 1 , 000 m .\nangola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; bermuda ; brazil ; british indian ocean territory ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; comoros ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; dominica ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; france ( clipperton i . ) ; french guiana ; french southern territories ; gabon ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; madagascar ; maldives ; martinique ; mauritius ; mayotte ; mexico ; mozambique ; myanmar ; namibia ; nigeria ; oman ; pakistan ; philippines ; russian federation ( central asian russia , kuril is . ) ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint martin ( french part ) ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; seychelles ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; suriname ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , johnston i . ) ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; yemen\nthere is little species - specific population information available for e . fiski . it is represented by six lots in museum collections ( fishnet2 database searched june 2014 ) .\nthis is a rare mesopelagic species which is found to depths of 1 , 000 m ( fischer et al . 1990 ) .\nthere is no species - specific use and trade information available for this species .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for e . fiski . it is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range .\nfischer , w . , sousa , i . , silva , c . , de freitas , a . , poutiers , j . m . , schneider , w . , borges , t . c . , feral , j . p . and massinga , a . 1990 . fichas fao de identifica\u00e7ao de esp\u00e9cies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das esp\u00e9cies comerciais marinhas e de \u00e1guas salobras de mo\u00e7ambique . publica\u00e7ao preparada em collabora\u00e7ao com o instituto de investiga\u00e7ao pesquiera de mo\u00e7ambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . food and agricultural organization of the united nations ( fao ) , rome , italy .\nheemstra , p . c . 1986 . trachichthyidae . in : m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds ) , smith\u2019s sea fishes , pp . 410 - 413 . springer - verlag , berlin , germany .\niucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 - 4 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 19 november 2015 ) .\nmasuda , h . , amaoka , k . , araga , c . , uyeno , t . and yoshino , t . 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . tokai university press , tokyo , japan .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nin australia , the only known specimen was washed ashore at cheynes beach , albany , in 1989 . elsewhere the species is very rare , but thought to occur worldwide in depths of around 1000 m .\nlophotes fiski g\u00fcnther 1890 , proc . zool . soc . london 1890 ( 2 ) : 244 , pls 19 - 20 . type locality : cape of good hope , kalk bay , south africa .\nbray , d . j . 2008 . family lophotidae . pp . 298 in gomon , m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds )\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t190107a60791470 . urltoken downloaded on 06 may 2017 .\nolney , j . e . 1999 . families veliferidae , lamprididae , stylephoridae , lophotidae , radiicephalidae , trachipteridae , regalecidae . pp . 1966 - 1975 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds )\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\neumecichthys fiski ( g\u00fcnther , 1890 )\n.\nkatja schulz changed the thumbnail image of\neumecichthys fiski - credit sandra j . raredon , division of fishes , nmnh\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsarvinauhakala\nto\neumecichthys fiski ( g\u00fcnther , 1890 )\n.\nsara eckert added text to\neumecichthys fiski\non\neumecichthys fiski ( g\u00fcnther , 1890 )\n.\nthis is filed under\ndiagnostic description .\nbut this information is not diagnostic . we may need to remap if this is a general problem .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nthe taxonomic status of the lophotid specimen studied here is currently unclear ( walters , 1957 ; oelschl\u00e4ger , 1979 ; bannikov , 1999 ) , and it lacks a proper anatomical description . given the rarity of fossil material attributed to taeniosome lampridiforms , a detailed description and revised taxonomy of this material is needed in order to improve our understanding of the morphological evolution and fossil record of this peculiar group .\nthe material described herein , mnhn . f . eip11 ( figs . 1 and 2 ) , was discovered during excavations near ilam ( zagros basin , western iran ) by camille arambourg in 1938\u20131939 . the specimen was chosen to be the paratype of \u2020 lophotes elami ( arambourg , 1943 ) , along with the holotype mnhn . f . eip10 ( fig . 3 ) . on the basis of osteological differences from extant lophotids , such as the well - ossified pelvic girdle in a ventral position observed in the holotype of \u2020 lophotes elami , walters ( 1957 ) assigned it to a distinct new genus \u2020 protolophotus ( fig . 3 ) . oelschl\u00e4ger ( 1979 ) later proposed that mnhn . f . eip11 differs sufficiently from mnhn . f . eip10 to be classified in a different genus . he related the specimen to the extant eumecichthys and gave it the name \u2020\u2018 protomecichthys \u2019 . however , the genus \u2020\u2018 protomecichthys \u2019 lacks both a designated type species and a formal description . thus , it fails to meet the requirements of article 13 . 3 of the international code of zoological nomenclature ( international commission on zoological nomenclature , 1999 ) and should be considered a nomen nudum ( bannikov , 1999 ) .\n( a ) mnhn . f . eip11d . ( b ) counterpart mnhn . f . eip11g . scale bars = 20 mm .\nphotograph ( detail of the head ) and interpretative drawing . legend : achy , anterior ceratohyal ; bra , branchiostegal ; bsp , basisphenoid ; den , dentary ; dfr , dorsal - fin ray ; dhhy , dorsal hypohyal ; dpt , dorsal - fin pterygiophore ; enpt , endopterygoid ; fr , frontal ; hyo , hyomandibula ; iop , interopercle ; lac , lachrymal ; let , lateral ethmoid ; mpt , metapterygoid ; mx , maxilla ; osp , orbitosphenoid ; pal , palatine ; pchy , posterior ceratohyal ; pmx , premaxilla ; pop , preopercle ; psp , parasphenoid ; qu , quadrate ; soc , supraoccipital ; soc - sp , spine of the supraoccipital ; spl , splint of the first dorsal - fin ray ; vhhy , ventral hypohyal ; vo , vomer . scale bar = 10 mm .\n\u2020 eolophotes lenis , pin 1413 / 86 ; eumecichthys fiski , usnm 164170 ( radiographs ) ; lophotus lacepede , nhmuk 1863 . 8 . 27 . 1 ( radiographs ) ; \u2020 oligolophotes fragosus , pin 3363 / 121 ; \u2020 protolophotus elami , mnhn . f . eip10 .\nthe electronic version of this article in portable document format ( pdf ) will represent a published work according to the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix urltoken . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : b677ba4f - ccf4 - 4678 - a8a8 - 502f059704d2 . the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories : peerj , pubmed central and clockss .\nthe specimen was examined with a stereomicroscope equipped with a camera lucida drawing arm . the interpretative drawing was produced with adobe illustrator cs6 from the camera lucida drawings and from photographs . measurements were taken with a compass or with the software imagej 1 . 5 from radiographs ; angles were also measured with imagej . the method for estimating the degree of projection of the crest is modified from craig , hastings & pondella ( 2004 ) : it is based on the angle between the straight line from the tip of the crest to the proximal end of its anterior margin ( instead of the tip of the upper jaw , due to varying jaw positions in fossils ) and the vertical line drawn perpendicular to the main axis of the parasphenoid ( instead of the vertebral column , not preserved in mnhn . f . eip11 ) . the relative length of the crest is the ratio between the crest length ( distance between the tip of the crest and the proximal end of its anterior margin ) and the head length without the crest ( from the anterior margin of the ethmoid region to the posterior margin of the neurocranium ) . all extinct taxa are indicated with a dagger ( \u2020 ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 86986e5e - 5fff - 465d - a987 - e475fbf02966\netymology . hellenization of the name of the \u201cbabel fish\u201d , the teleost - like , ear - dwelling , polyglot extra - terrestrial species from douglas adams\u2019 1979 book the hitchhiker\u2019s guide to the galaxy , in reference to the very peculiar , almost alien - like , appearance of the genus .\ndiagnosis . a lophotid differing from \u2020 eolophotes , lophotus , \u2020 oligolophotes and \u2020 protolophotus by the relatively longer , strongly projecting crest ; and from eumecichthys by the relatively shorter , deeper and less strongly projecting crest , with strongly expanded anterior dorsal - fin pterygiophores .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2540d1f - f169 - 40de - b910 - 7302810615e7\n1943 \u2020 lophotes elami arambourg , p . 287 , pl . x , fig . 1\nholotype . mnhn . f . eip11d / g , almost complete articulated cranium and anterior portion of the dorsal fin , in part and counterpart ( figs . 1 and 2 ) . this is the only specimen known for the genus and species .\netymology . species named in honour of the late john e . olney , in recognition of his work on the anatomy and ontogeny of lampridiformes .\ntype locality and horizon . near ilam , zagros basin , western iran . this teleost fauna , part of the pabdeh formation , was erroneously aged cretaceous by priem ( 1908 ) , and rupelian ( oligocene ) by arambourg ( 1943 ) and arambourg ( 1967 ) . it is more accurately middle to late eocene in age ( afsari et al . , 2014 ; and references therein ) .\nmnhn . f . eip11 consists only of the head of the animal , along with the associated anterior portion of the dorsal fin . the specimen is mostly articulated , except for the left ventral portion of the hyoid arch that is upturned and preserved ventral to the rest of the cranium . the limits of most bones are poorly preserved , probably due to their low degree of mineralization in life as is the case in modern taeniosome lampridiforms .\ntotal head length : 104 mm ; head length ( without the crest ) : 44 mm ; crest length ( anterior margin ) : 51 . 5 mm ; head depth : 25 . 5 mm ; orbit diameter : 23 mm .\nthe neurocranium of mnhn . f . eip11 is highly modified . the frontal develops a dorsal lamina that projects anterior to the jaws . throughout approximately its anterior half , it is in contact with an enlarged laminar process of the supraoccipital , delimited dorsally by a strong supraoccipital spine . together , they form a conspicuous \u201ccrest\u201d , long and strongly projecting anteriorly ( at an angle of 64 . 5\u00b0 ) . alone , the crest contributes to 58 % of total head length .\nthe frontal makes up approximately 60 % of the anterior margin of the crest . both the frontal and the supraoccipital show radial ornamentation on the crest ; it radiates from the posterior end of the frontal and the distal tip of the supraoccipital . the supraoccipital spine borders the dorsal margin of the bone , and narrows towards the tip .\nthe ethmoid region is poorly preserved , with an probable enlarged lateral ethmoid that hides the mesethmoid . an enlarged lachrymal is nested in the antero - ventral corner of the orbit ; it is parallel to the parasphenoid ventrally , and curves dorsally along the posterior edge of the lateral ethmoid . the orbitosphenoid runs along the dorsal margin of the orbit and has a conspicuous process pointing ventrally . the posterior wall of the orbit is delimited ventrally by a robust and straight basisphenoid . otherwise , the sphenoid , otic and occipital regions are too poorly preserved to distinguish the individual bones . the parasphenoid is robust and slightly curves dorsally at its anterior end . the junction between the parasphenoid and the vomer is not discernable . there is no evidence of vomerine teeth .\nthe premaxilla is relatively small , with a well - developed ascending process , and a barely visible alveolar process . the maxilla bears a conspicuous and pointed process at its antero - dorsal end . the posterior end is expanded dorsoventrally , forming a rounded lamina . neither the premaxilla nor the maxilla bear visible teeth . there is no evidence of a supramaxilla . the anterior margin of the dentary , slightly concave and bearing no visible teeth , forms a strong angle with the ventral margin . the posterior margin of the dentary forms an interosseous space with the anguloarticular , which is mostly hidden by overlaying bones .\nonly the proximal , single - headed articulation of the hyomandibula is clearly visible ; the distal end of the bone seems to be preserved in close association with the metapterygoid . the latter is roughly triangular and is one of the best preserved bones of the suspensorium . the symplectic is rod - like , narrows slightly anteriorly and inserts in a notch on the postero - ventral margin of the quadrate . the triangular quadrate bears an antero - ventral condyle that articulates with the anguloarticular . the anterior portion of the suspensorium is poorly preserved , and it is difficult to outline the limits of the endopterygoid , ectopterygoid and palatine bones . the dorsal and posterior portions of the endopterygoid are preserved , suggesting that the bone forms two laminae , the dorsal one along the parasphenoid , and the ventral one contacting both the quadrate and the metapterygoid .\nboth the left and right ventral hyoid arches are visible . one is preserved in life position : its posterior end overlaps the operculum , but its dorsal margin is hidden by the lower jaw , suggesting it corresponds to the right ventral hyoid arch . the left one is displaced and upturned , and lies ventral to its counterpart . the posterior ceratohyal is triangular and articulates with the anterior ceratohyal with an interdigitated suture . the anterior ceratohyal shows a strong ventral concavity at midlength ; its dorsal margin is much less concave . the anterior end of the anterior ceratohyal forms a rounded condyle , over which the curved ventral hypohyal articulates . the dorsal hypohyal lies dorsally over the anterior ceratohyal . there are six branchiostegals : the anterior two are shorter and articulate with the anterior ceratohyal at the level of its ventral concavity ; the four others articulate more posteriorly ( due to the faint distinction between both ceratohyals , it is difficult to determine on which one they articulate ) ; they are very long ( the posteriormost being the longest ) and curved posteriorly over the ventral margin of the interopercle . the branchiostegals of the left hyoid arch are disarticulated .\nthe preopercle is wide and angled at mid - length . the interopercle is an elongate bone rounded at its extremity that forms the ventral margin of the opercular series . it has a smooth ventral margin , closely associated with the posterior branchiostegals . the potential presence of parts of the opercle , in contact with the preopercle , is unclear .\nthe dorsal fin is only partially preserved , with only the most anterior pterygiophores and dorsal - fin rays visible . its most striking feature is the extremely elongated and enlarged first dorsal - fin ray , which is 10 times as wide as the more posterior fin rays ( at their base and greatest width ) . it does not bifurcate distally , lacks any visible segmentation , and a groove runs throughout its length . a rounded splint protrudes at its anterior base ; it is unclear whether it constitutes a separate dorsal - fin element or not . fifteen other dorsal - fin rays are preserved posteriorly . their distal end is missing in most cases , but they all seem to be of a similar length , except for the second and third dorsal - fin rays that are noticeably longer . they do not bifurcate distally , and no segmentation is clearly visible .\nten dorsal - fin pterygiophores are unambiguously preserved . they are strongly inclined anteriorly , which causes the dorsal fin to originate at the tip of the crest , and to run along the entire head of the animal . the first two dorsal - fin pterygiophores are greatly enlarged and in close contact with the crest . both also show a conspicuous flange at their posterior margin . the first pterygiophore is narrow posteriorly , where it does not contact the supraoccipital , and widens in its distal end . the second one is much wider and slightly narrows at its distal extremity . it is in close contact with the first pterygiophore throughout its entire length . the third and fourth preserved pterygiophores are in close contact with the second one throughout almost all of their lengths . the more posterior pterygiophores have a mostly straight shaft that curves slightly at its distal extremity . the most posterior ones are less inclined than the anterior ones . the proximal ends of all preserved pterygiophores converge at the same point : the base of the crest\u2014thus they insert anterior to the ( not preserved ) first neural spine . the elongated and enlarged first dorsal - fin ray inserts on the first pterygiophore . it is unclear if the rays two to eight insert on pterygiophores that are mostly hidden or not preserved , or in supernumerary association with the enlarged second pterygiophore . the rays 9\u201316 each insert serially on a corresponding pterygiophore .\noelschl\u00e4ger ( 1979 ) proposed that mnhn . f . eip11 is different enough anatomically from the other lophotids , fossil and extant , to justify its attribution to a new genus . indeed , it differs from the holotype of \u2020 protolophotus , found in the same geological levels , by the relative development of the crest . in mnhn . f . eip11 , the crest is projecting anteriorly with an angle of 64 . 5\u00b0 , and the ratio between the lengths of the crest\u2019s anterior margin and of the head without the crest is of 1 . 17 to 1 . in the holotype of \u2020 protolophotus , mnhn . f . eip10 ( fig . 3 ) , the anterior margin of the crest is almost vertical ( degree of projection : 20\u00b0 ) , and it is relatively shorter ( margin of the crest / head length without the crest : 0 . 67 / 1 ) . mnhn . f . eip11 also shows a much stronger first dorsal - fin ray , and its two anterior dorsal - fin pterygiophores are much more developed . body size is known to affect relative crest size and degree of projection in extant lophotus ( craig , hastings & pondella , 2004 ) , which could be misleading when trying to differentiate taxa based on crest morphology . however , this bias can probably be ruled out in the case of mnhn . f . eip11 and mnhn . f . eip10 : both individuals have similar head lengths without the crest ( 42 and 44 mm , respectively ) , suggesting that they are at a similar growth stage . it then seems that classifying mnhn . f . eip11in a different genus and species , \u2020 babelichthys olneyi , is justified from a morphological point of view .\nthe monophyly of lampridiformes ( excluding stylephorus , sensu nelson , grande & wilson , 2016 ) is well - supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses ( wiley , johnson & dimmick , 1998 ; miya et al . , 2007 ; betancur et al . , 2013 ; near et al . , 2013 ) and by numerous morphological features ( olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ; davesne et al . , 2014 ; davesne et al . , 2016 ; delbarre , davesne & friedman , 2016 ) . several of these character states are unambiguously found in \u2020 babelichthys : the premaxilla and dentary are toothless , the frontal and the supraoccipital are both involved in a sagittal crest , the anterior ceratohyal forms a condyle that articulates with the ventral hypohyal , and the first dorsal - fin pterygiophore inserts anterior to the neural spine of the first abdominal vertebra .\nthe phylogenetic studies that explore lampridiform intrarelationships with a sufficient sampling all recover a monophyletic taeniosomi ( wiley , johnson & dimmick , 1998 ; grande , borden & smith , 2013 ; martin , 2015 ) . the taeniosome character states found in \u2020 babelichthys include the absence of supraneurals , and anterior dorsal - fin pterygiophores that are enlarged and inclined over the neurocranium ( olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ) . \u2020 babelichthys then clearly shows a character state combination that confirms its identification as a taeniosome lampridiform .\nolney , johnson & baldwin ( 1993 ) proposed that the enlarged supraoccipital process , projecting anteriorly over the frontals ( forming the \u201ccrest\u201d as described herein ) and supporting the first dorsal - fin pterygiophore , is a synapomorphy of lophotidae . since it is not found elsewhere in lampridiforms , this character confirms the attribution of \u2020 babelichthys to lophotidae . it has to be noted that in the yet unpublished phylogenetic analysis of martin ( 2015 ) , the monophyly of lophotidae is ambiguous , with one parsimonious tree finding lophotus more closely related to the other taeniosomes than to eumecichthys , while in the other both genera are sister groups . given this ambiguity , lophotidae is considered monophyletic in this discussion .\nangle ( \u00b0 ) between the straight line from the tip of the crest to the proximal end of its anterior margin and the line drawn perpendicular to the main axis of the parasphenoid .\ndistance ( mm ) between the tip of the crest to the proximal end of its anterior margin .\ndistance ( mm ) between the anterior margin of the ethmoid and the posterior margin of the neurocranium .\ntaeniosome lampridiforms are known by several fossil representatives . the oldest unquestionable occurrences are all attributed to lophotidae : the diminutive \u2020 eolophotes lenis ( fig . 4a ) , from the lutetian ( eocene ) of georgia ( daniltshenko , 1962 ; daniltshenko , 1980 ) and \u2020 protolophotus elami ( fig . 3 ) , found in the same middle - late eocene formation as \u2020 babelichthys ( see above ) . an additional , younger fossil lophotid is \u2020 oligolophotes fragosus ( fig . 4b ) from the early oligocene pshekha formation of adygea , northern caucasus , russia ( bannikov , 1999 ) . the taeniosome fossil record also includes the trachipterid \u2020 trachipterus mauritanicus from the messinian ( late miocene ) of algeria ( carnevale , 2004 ) , and a fragmentary possible oarfish ( regalecus ) from the pliocene of italy ( bronzi , 2001 ; roberts , 2012 ) . there is no known fossil radiicephalid . finally , the small and distinctive \u2020 bajaichthys elegans , from the ypresian ( early eocene ) of bolca , italy , has been classified as a taeniosome or close relative due to its mobile jaws , elongate body and reduced caudal fin ( sorbini & bottura , 1988 ; bannikov , 2014 ) . however , it can be confidently classified in zeiformes , a separate teleost clade ( davesne , carnevale & friedman , 2017 ) . in total , five entirely fossil taeniosome species are currently known ( four lophotidae , one trachipteridae ) , a diversity expanded by the present description of \u2020 babelichthys .\n( a ) \u2020 eolophotes lenis , holotype pin 1413 / 86 ; scale bar = 5 mm . ( b ) \u2020 oligolophotes fragosus , holotype pin 3363 / 121 ; scale bars = 10 mm .\nnational museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington d . c . , united states\nthe author thanks ga\u00ebl cl\u00e9ment ( mnhn ) for allowing access to the specimen of study , alexandre bannikov ( pin ) for his useful information on the lampridiform fossil record and for suggesting the redescription of this specimen , as well as giorgio carnevale ( universit\u00e0 degli studi di torino ) for insightful anatomical discussion . sandra raredon ( usnm ) kindly sent radiographs of extant lophotids for comparison , while lilian cazes , philippe loubry ( mnhn ) and av mazin ( pin ) provided high - quality photographs of the fossil specimens . finally , the editor j\u00e9r\u00e9my anquetin and referees alexandre bannikov and dave johnson are thanked for their invaluable reviews and comments .\ndonald davesne conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nthe measurements in table 1 are the raw data . the material described herein , mnhn . f . eip11 is stored at mnhn , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris , france .\npublication lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : b677ba4f - ccf4 - 4678 - a8a8 - 502f059704d2 .\nbabelichthys gen . nov . : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 86986e5e - 5fff - 465d - a987 - e475fbf02966 ,\nbabelichthys olneyi sp . nov . : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2540d1f - f169 - 40de - b910 - 7302810615e7 .\nthe author was supported by the natural environment research council ( grant ne / j022632 / 1 ) and by the leverhulme trust ( grant rpg - 2016 - 168 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nr\u00e9sultats scientifiques de la mission c . arambourg en syrie et en iran ( 1938\u20131939 ) . ii . les poissons oligoc\u00e8nes de l\u2019iran\nontogeny and systematics of fishes , special publication number 1 , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists .\nthe living marine resources of the western central atlantic . volume 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) .\nsystematics , biology and distribution of the species of the oceanic oarfish genus regalecus ( teleostei , lampridiformes , regalecidae ) .\nour promise peerj promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible . we thank you in advance for your patience and understanding .\nfollowing\nis like subscribing to any updates related to a publication . these updates will appear in your home dashboard each time you visit peerj .\nyou can also choose to receive updates via daily or weekly email digests . if you are following multiple publications then we will send you no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences .\nnote : you are now also subscribed to the subject areas of this publication and will receive updates in the daily or weekly email digests if turned on . you can add specific subject areas through your profile settings .\npeerj feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj computer science feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj preprint feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json archives - peerj | peerj computer science | peerj preprints\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1890 ,\ndescription of a new species of deep - sea fish from the cape ( lophotes fiski )\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1890 , no . 2 , pp . 244 - 247 pls 19 - 20\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 300d6bfc - 8d7c - 4324 - be6d - 169fccc93ccc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7f8740be - b135 - 4e67 - 853b - 775fec3e7b63\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 342582\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? 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{"id": 2139, "summary": [{"text": "pupillidae is a family of mostly minute , air-breathing , land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily pupilloidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "pupillidae", "paragraphs": ["distribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . )\ndistribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . )\ndistribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . ) - urltoken\nwhat made you want to look up pupillidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe common name chrysalis snails is used for whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) , as well as lauriidae and pupillidae , all of which share the same superfamily , pupilloidea .\nschileyko , a . a . 1998 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . part 1 . achatinellidae , amastridae , orculidae , strobilopsidae , spelaeodiscidae , valloniidae , cochlicopidae , pupillidae , chondrinidae , pyramidulidae . ruthenica , supplement 2 : 1\u2013128 .\npilsbry , h . a . 1927 . geographic distribution of pupillidae ; strobilopsidae , valloniidae and pleurodiscidae . manual of conchology , structural and systematic with illustrations of the species ; second series : pulmonata 28 ( 109 ) : 1\u201348 , pl . 1\u20138 .\npiyoros tongkerd , taehwan lee , somsak panha , john b . burch , diarmaid \u00f3 foighil ; molecular phylogeny of certain thai gastrocoptine micro land snails ( stylommatophora : pupillidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal dna sequences , journal of molluscan studies , volume 70 , issue 2 , 1 may 2004 , pages 139\u2013147 , urltoken\nnekola , jeffery c . , and brian f . coles .\nsystemactics and ecology of gastrocopta ( gastrocopta ) rogersensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) , a new species of land snail from the midwest of the united states of america .\nthe nautilus 2 . 3 ( 2001 ) : 105 - 14 . web . 6 mar . 2011 .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nall images on this website have been taken in leicestershire and rutland by naturespot members . we welcome new contributions - just register and use the submit records form to post your photos . click on any image below to visit the species page . the red / amber / green dots indicate how easy it is to identify the species , particularly from a photo . see our photo id page for more information .\nthe galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .\nif needed , after selecting from the menu below , click on the small arrow beside the group entry to see a submenu of families .\nbagworth & thornton barlestone barwell blaby bottesford braunstone broughton astley burbage burton on the wolds cadeby carlton clawson , hose and harby cotes desford earl shilton glen parva glenfield great glen groby hathern higham on the hill hugglescote and donington l . . . kibworth knighton ward market bosworth markfield nailstone newbold verdon osbaston osgathorpe peckleton prestwold quorndon ratby sapcote shackerstone sheepy stanton - under - bardon stoke golding sutton cheney thurlaston twycross welham witherley woodhouse wymeswold go\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from nesopupa to their own page .\nkatja schulz selected\nrange\nto show in overview on\nvertigo angustior jeffreys , 1830\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkapeasiemenkotilo\nto\nvertigo angustior jeffreys , 1830\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 616 seconds . )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 054f4869 - 0c5f - 4ec7 - 9077 - 190a0ce95e4d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 96b6c12e - eec5 - 4a6f - 8753 - cea956e58080\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : efd1928b - ae28 - 4bc7 - b59b - 5395f443765a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6809fbdf - 6685 - 4245 - b3b1 - 345d553a07d5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 262283\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nchrysalis snails have their name from their outward resemblance with a holometabole insect ' s chrysalis . they are usually larger than whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) and have distinct , if short , lower tentacles . chrysalis snails are very widely distributed , they can be found on all continents , except antarctica ; in europe their distribution in the north stretches beyond the arctic circle , in the alps beyond 2000 m msl .\nmoss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : \u00a9 stefan haller ( urltoken ) .\ndescription : the moss snail usually has a light brown shell , whose colour may vary between reddish brown and yellowish horn colour . the shell is slightly striated , but may also almost have a smooth surface . the whorls are slightly rounded at the outside , the suture separating them is not very deep . the aperture lip usually is well developed , and on the back of the apertural whorl the snail has a prominent callus well visible because of its whitish colour . in the shell mouth there usually is a parietal ( upper ) tooth ; there may also be a palatal ( lower ) tooth or lamella , which often melts with the shell wall .\nthe snail ' s body is small with an elliptic foot , which is dark coloured , becoming lighter coloured at the flanks and the sole . the upper tentacles are not very long , the lower ones are very short .\ndimensions : h : 3 - 4 mm ; w : 1 . 65 - 1 . 75 mm ; u : 5 - 6 \u00bd . ( abbreviations ) .\nmoss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : \u00a9 malcolm storey ( urltoken ) .\nmoss snails live on dry meadows , even on sand hills and in more or less open and sunny places . the snail usually prefers calciferous ground , but is also described as indifferent to the ground limestone content ( e\n, p . ( 1956 ) , p . 46 ) . in portugal it can also be found under stones , in the leaf litter and in mosses . in great britain it is also often found on calciferous sheep pastures .\nmoss snails are ovoviviparous snails - their eggs can hibernate inside the mother ' s body and be laid in spring , when favourable conditions prevail . while the juveniles of pupilla muscorum usually hatch during oviposition ( and then crawl around with the amnion over their shells ) , the embryos of the alpine chrysalis snail ( pupilla alpicola ) need some additional days to develop before hatching .\n) - moss snails practically are found everywhere in europe . in the alps the altitude limit for\n( 1956 ) , see above ) , whereas the alpine chrysalis snail , for example , can be found as high as 2400 m msl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe geographic distribution of strobilops aeneus pilsbry , 1926 , a rare species in canada , is reviewed and all known records are mapped . two recent records , the only ones since 1941 , are reported from the province of ontario . one of these records represents a small range extension ca . 85 km north of the closest previous site . specimens identified as s . aeneus from ontario , new brunswick , and nova scotia were re - examined and found to be another species .\nbutt , s . , p . ramprasad and a . fenech . 2005 . changes in the landscape of southern ontario , canada since 1750 : impacts of european colonization ; pp . 83\u201392 , in : a . fenech , d . maciver , h . auld and r . hansell ( eds . ) . integrated mapping assessment . toronto : environment canada . 186 pp .\ndavis , d . s . 1985 . synopsis and distribution tables of land and freshwater mollusca of nova scotia . nova scotia museum , curatorial report 54 : 30 pp .\ndavis , d . s . 1992 . terrestrial mollusca of nova scotia : in the footsteps of john robert willis , 1825 - 1876 ; pp . 125\u2013133 , in : e . gittenberger and j . goud ( eds . ) . proceedings of the ninth international malacological congress , edinburgh , 31 august\u20136 september 1986 . leiden : backhuys publishers .\necological stratification working group . 1995 . a national ecological framework for canada . agriculture and agri - food canada , research branch , centre for land and biological resources research and environment canada , state of the environment directorate , ecozone analysis branch , ottawa / hull . vii + 125 pp . , national map at 1 : 7500 000 scale .\nforsyth , r . g . 2013 . towards an annotated catalogue of the terrestrial molluscs of canada . the malacologist 60 : 22\u201323 .\nkerr , j . t . and i . deguise . 2004 . habitat loss and the limits to endangered species recovery . ecology letters 7 ( 12 ) : 1163\u20131169 .\nla rocque , a . 1953 . catalogue of the recent mollusca of canada . national museum of canada , bulletin 129 ( biological series 44 ) : x + 406 pp .\nla rocque , a . 1962 . checklist of the non - marine mollusca of quebec . sterkiana 7 : 23\u201344 .\nlauriol , b . , e . deschamps , l . carrier , w . grimm , r . morlan and b . talon . 2003 . cave infill and associated biotic remains as indicators of holocene environment in gatineau park ( quebec , canada ) . canadian journal of earth sciences 40 ( 6 ) : 789\u2013803 .\nmacmillan , g . k . 1954 . a preliminary survey of the land and freshwater gastropoda of cape breton , nova scotia , canada . proceedings of the nova scotian institute of natural science 23 ( 4 ) : 389\u2013408 .\nontario biodiversity council . 2010 . state of ontario\u2019s biodiversity 2010 . peterborough : ontario biodiversity council . vi + 121 pp .\noughton , j . 1948 . a zoogeographical study of the land snails of ontario . university of toronto studies , biological series 57 : frontispiece + xi + 126 pp . , 1 map , 3 tables .\npilsbry , h . a . 1940 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 1 , part 2 . the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monographs 3 : i\u2013viii + 575\u2013994 + i\u2013ix .\npilsbry , h . a . 1946 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 2 , part 1 . the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monographs 3 : frontispiece + i\u2013vi + 1\u2013520 .\npilsbry , h . a . 1948 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 2 , part 2 . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monograph 3 : i\u2013xlvii + 521\u20131113 .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . j . quinn , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 26 : ix + 526 pp .\nwarman , l . d . , d . m . forsyth , a . r . e . sinclair , k . freemark , h . d . moore , t . w . barrett , r . l . pressey and d . white . 2004 . species distribution , surrogacy , and important conservation regions in canada . ecology letters 7 ( 5 ) : 374\u2013379 .\ndata are presented on the distribution and diversity patterns of 34 native australian pupilloid land snails . in addition , mention is made of two introduced species . most queensland and new south wales species have not been revised and distributional data for these taxa are sparse . therefore , they are not included . eight of the nine genera range outside of australia . the monotypic glyptopupoides pilsbry , 1926 , is the only restricted endemic . four of the 34 native species also live in indonesia or new guinea . the south and west coasts of australia have a limited fauna of three genera and four restricted endemic species each , plus a minor intrusion of gastrocopta deserti pilsbry , 1917 , from the\nred centre .\nno pupilloids have been collected in the humid southwestern corner of western australia , tasmania , or most of victoria . the\nred centre\nhas seven species , two with quite restricted ranges , in three genera . one\nred centre\nspecies , g . deserti , has the widest range of any australian pupilloid , extending from western queensland to the north west cape in western australia , as far north as the south fringes of the kimberley , and then south to the flinders ranges in south australia . the kimberley in western australia and the\ntop end\nof the northern territory have the greatest diversity in both genera and species , with eight genera and 19 species present . local distribution in this region is rather complex and correlates mainly with moisture regimens . patterns of local diversity also are discussed . the following genera are included , nesopupa , pupisoma , cylindrovertilla , pumilicopta , pupilla , pupoides , gyliotrachela . .\n. cold acclimation was followed in three cultivars of winter wheat ( triticum aestivum l . ) that differ in freezing tolerance , using root growth as the indicator . during acclimation ( followed through 7 d at 4 degrees c ) , growth rate progressively reco . . .\n. serum igg antibody to brain lipids was measured with an elisa technique in 38 schizophrenic patients and 22 normal subjects . there were no significant differences between groups . the authors discuss methodological differences between this study an . . .\n. the effect of dantrolene on the positive inotropic effects ( pie ) of 3 cardiotonic agents was assessed on rat and rabbit atria . dantrolene ( 10 - 5 m ) had no effect on contractile tension or on the pie to isoproterenol ( 10 - 10 to 10 - 7 m ) or ouabain ( 10 . . .\n. changes in physicochemical properties of spray - dried malted milk produced from 30 and 40 % ts mix and stored in polyethylene pouches and glass bottles at 30 + or - 1 degrees c for 2 months were studied . increase in moisture , fat , solubility index and t . . .\n. \u03b2 - barrel assembly machinery protein a ( bama ) plays a critical role in the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins ( omps ) ; however , a mechanistic understanding of its function is lacking . here , we report an in vitro assay that investigates whether t . . .\n. background : study of the long - term effects of chronic alcohol consumption in human populations is confounded by genetic and environmental factors . methods : the study was intended to investigate the effects on morbidity and survival of lifetime for . . .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nsutcharit , c . ( chulong - korn univ . , bangkok 10330 ( thailand ) . dept . of biology ) burch , j . b .\nrecent ancestry and evolutionary transitions in ecology and shell morphology may occur rapidly in some pupillid lineages . baker ( 1935 ) arranged five distinct sub - families but the present results showed that gastrocoptinae and vertiginae are arranged in the same clade , separated from pupillinae\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nburch , john b . how to know the eastern land snails . dubuque : wmc brown company publishers , 1964 . 52 . print\nfitch , henry s . , and donald h . lokke .\nthe molluscan record of succession on the university of kansas natural history reservation .\ntransactions of the kansas academy of science 59 . 4 ( ) : 442 - 54 . web . 6 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .\ngrassland animals .\nhamilton naturalists ' club . hamilton naturalists ' club , n . d . web . 22 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .\nlaws .\ngastrocopta pentadon ( say ) , comb snaggletooth snail - biodiversity of great smoky mountains national park .\ndiscover life in america - all taxa biodiversity inventory . discover life in america , n . d . web . 26 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .\nnekola , j . c . ( 2003 ) , large - scale terrestrial gastropod community composition patterns in the great lakes region of north america . diversity and distributions , 9 : 55\u201371 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1472 - 4642 . 2003 . 00165 . x\nnekola , j . c . ( 2010 ) , acidophilic terrestrial gastropod communities of north america . journal of molluscan studies ; may2010 , vol . 76 issue 2 , p144 - 156 , 13p , 4 charts , 4 graphs , 1 map . eds foundation index . accession number : 5329795 5 .\npilsbury , henry a .\nland mollusca of north america .\nthe academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 . 2 ( 1948 ) : 907 . print .\nsnodgrass , kathleen .\nancient climate as inferred by land snails at the brokenleg bend locality , oklahoma .\nwisconsin dnr , n . d . web . 22 mar . 2011 . < urltoken\nworthington , r . d . and artie , m . l . ( 1997 ) , additions to the present and quaternary gastropod faunas of the franklin mountains , el paso county , texas . the southwestern naturalist . vol . 42 , no . 4 ( dec . , 1997 ) , pp . 471 - 477 . published by : southwestern association of naturalists .\ncopyright 2008 university of wisconsin - la crosse 1725 state st . la crosse , wi 54601"]}
{"id": 2141, "summary": [{"text": "lemon souffle ( 22 february 1991 \u2013 8 october 2001 ) was a european champion thoroughbred racehorse , bred and trained in the united kingdom .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in the international classification for 1993 she was the highest-rated two-year-old filly in europe and was named european champion two-year-old filly at the cartier racing awards .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in her championship year she won four of her five races including cherry hinton stakes and the moyglare stud stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was also successful at three , winning the falmouth stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "lemon souffle was kept in training at four but did not appear on the racecourse and was retired to stud .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "she was later sold to be a broodmare in japan . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "lemon souffle", "paragraphs": ["# 60856848 - lemon curd in cup with half of squeezed lemon and whole lemon . .\n924 lemon souffle stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nlemon souffle in a white ramekin over a glass dish . selective focus , shallow dof\nmini lemon souffle in a white ramekin over a glass dish . selective focus , shallow dof\n# 101904280 - homemade lemon puddings with lemon zest and juice dusted with . .\n# 101904269 - homemade lemon puddings with lemon zest and juice dusted with . .\n# 101904333 - homemade lemon puddings with lemon zest and juice dusted with . .\nan easy recipe for quick lemon souffles that never fails . lemon curd is topped with a lemony souffle and baked into a light dessert .\nlester piggott was on - board lemon souffle , the 1993 champion . owned by lord carnarvon , trained by richard hannon and bred by the highclere stud , lemon souffle was out of a dam called melodrama and sired by salse .\nwhipped egg whites make this sweet lemon souffle dessert light as air . serve this lemon dessert recipe with a little powdered sugar on top for a light and delicious treat .\npour batter into prepared souffle dish . place souffle dish in a 13x9x2 - inch baking pan . place baking pan on an oven rack . pour boiling water into baking pan around souffle dish to a depth of 1 inch .\nwhy so many get into a pickle over making a souffle is hard to understand , there is nothing complicated about , you just need to follow a few simple hints and tips . the souffle is so versatile and can carry many flavors but none is as classic as the ultimate lemon souffle .\nthank you ! there are some similarities , and i guess this could be considered a souffle variation . the top ( cake ) portion has a souffle - like texture , but it lacks the dramatic rise / fall of a traditional souffle .\nif lemon souffle hardly looked a vision of vitality , there was also much to mistrust in her main rivals before the group three race .\ngood fortune , bolger added , is one of racing ' s greatest allies . whatever runs into lemon souffle is certainly going to need it .\nexquisite restaurant desserts . chocolate and vanilla souffle and lemon cheesecake with berry spheres on glass plates decorated with fresh berries and mint . haute cuisine concept\nlike lazarus , a phoenix and the dessert of her name , lemon souffle rose again yesterday to take the falmouth stakes on the july course .\nall three were stragglers until the mid - point , but when the combined surge came it was clear that the main thrust belonged to lemon souffle .\nlemon souffle will now parade her talents at deauville , first in the prix d ' astarte and then against the colts in the prix jacques le marois .\nexquisite restaurant desserts . chocolate and vanilla souffle and lemon cheesecake with berry spheres on glass plates decorated with fresh berries and mint . haute cuisine concept , top view\nold stoneface is becoming increasingly unintelligible . the general gist of his press briefing seemed to be that lemon souffle had taken some time to regain confidence after her injury .\ncombine the grated cheeses , porcini powder , lemon thyme , lemon rind , salt and pepper and mix until combined . add chopped porcini mushrooms .\nthe john gosden - trained catrail is expected to be withdrawn at today ' s declaration stage , along with lemon souffle who is on the easy list after inexplicably losing her action .\ni have searched high and low for a tea like lemon souffle from white lion . this tea is exceptional . i knew i wanted something creamy , because i am a big fan of lemon desserts , and i knew i wanted something some what sweet for that reason .\n# 99449608 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99935951 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 100553395 - plastic jar with lemon cheesecake mousse dessert with raw lemons . .\n# 99405485 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99405486 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99439463 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 102029116 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 100553369 - plastic jar with lemon cheesecake mousse dessert with raw lemons . .\n# 99439465 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99439464 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 100049724 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 100049721 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99405484 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\npour the lemon mixture into the sugar mixture , and whisk until well combined .\nthe next season carnarvon had another top class filly in lemon souffle , who won the cherry hinton stakes at newmarket , the moyglare stud stakes at the curragh and the falmouth stakes at newmarket in 1994 .\nscald milk and lemon zest over medium heat . remove from heat , and cool .\n# 67809834 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67810487 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 100553365 - plastic cup with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons . .\n# 67810772 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67796581 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67815790 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67809801 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67810467 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67810466 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 101590456 - lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a baking dish . .\n# 67809833 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 100553368 - plastic cups with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons . .\n# 67809831 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 100553466 - plastic cup with lemon lime cream and biscuit dessert with raw . .\n# 67809832 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 101590268 - lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a baking dish . .\nthe vanilla and caramel essence do not take over the cup , but rather play supporting roles , helping the tea taste like a lemon creme brulee or lemon cream tart .\nafter i removed the ramekins from the oven and waited the 5 min . cool time , they cracked and started to fall . the lemon curd i thought was essential as the souffle itself was light and boring .\n\u201cfull review forthcoming on urltoken on the 25th \u2013 here are the snippits : i have searched high and low for a tea like lemon souffle from white lion . this tea is exceptional . i . . . \u201d\nplastic cups with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons on marble background . top view\nplastic cups with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons on wooden background . top view\n# 79108490 - cup of hot tea with pink marshmallow and lemon on white table . .\n# 99450289 - cream cheese pie with lemon and almond flakes in a baking dish . .\n# 100770575 - cream cheese pie with lemon and almond flakes in a baking dish . .\n# 99512146 - cream cheese pie with lemon and almond flakes in a baking dish . .\ni just ordered the sample sizes of the lemon souffle , the fireside , the ginger peach , the pomegranete oolong , and vanilla dolce , but i can\u2019t wait to get them ! i\u2019ll let you know what i think .\nif you want a tea , in a tasty white base , that reminds you of a gourmet lemon cream dessert , then don\u2019t hesitate to try lemon souffle from white lion . you will feel like royalty when you open your box , and be quite pleased with yourself for placing an order when you sip their teas !\nplastic cups with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons on blue wooden background . top view\n# 96399744 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\n# 99392469 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\n# 95086657 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\n# 95036291 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\n# 60856661 - lemon curd in glass cup . blueberry and mint , authentic recipe , . .\n# 95036292 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\nsky lantern was giving trainer richard hannon his second moyglare success , 19 years after the victory of lemon souffle and lester piggott ( 1993 ) . richard hannon junior declared : \u201cit looked an open moyglare , but she won impressively . \u201d\nso , when i saw these lemon pudding cakes , i knew this recipe would be a winner . they\u2019re still sweet , but they have a bright , tart lemon flavor that really shines through .\nsoldier\u2019s tale\u2019s credentials as a high - class sprinting stallion are further reinforced by the bottom half of his pedigree , with his best close relative being lemon souffle , a group 1 - winning two - year - old for richard hannon in 1993 .\n# 60856660 - lemon curd in glass cup . blueberry and mint on white wooden planks , . .\n# 60856850 - lemon curd in glass cup . blueberry and mint on white wooden planks , . .\nlester piggott described his mount as the best two - year - old seen this season , an opinion repeated by the jockey club handicapper geoffrey gibbs , who believes lemon souffle would beat the top - rated colt , the royal ascot winner state performer .\na discovery at scorching newmarket yesterday to match christmas - time as lemon souffle produced the best performance by a two - year - old this season in the cherry hinton stakes . racehorses , like yuletide presents , should not be judged solely by their packaging .\nthese lemon pudding cakes look terrific , kate ! what a great way to satisfy sweet cravings . pinning !\ni\u2019m must have received a bad batch of this . everyone who has tried it seemed to really like it . this is my second tasting . i followed the directions on the container and all i\u2019m getting are hints the vanilla and caramel . absolutely no lemon . thought my first cup was a fluke , but second cup is missing lemon as well . pretty disappointed with this so called lemon souffle . if it were vanilla caramel white tea , this would be spot on !\nthis souffle recipe fits in with so many menus and tastes , it is both fancy and yet so easy to prepare as an every day . dessert .\nthe handler continued to accrue top - flight victories throughout the 1990s . lemon souffle took the moyglare stud stakes , assessor the prix du cadran and right win followed group one success in italy in 1993 with victory in the 1996 running of the grade one tolworth hurdle .\na vector illustration of 4 different flavoured souffles in white ramekins , including chocolate , strawberry , lemon and blueberry .\nfood . panna cotta . italian milk citrus dessert made of yogurt and cream with pear , lemon and orange .\nin a large bowl , mix the green bean mixture , white sauce , parmesan cheese , lemon juice and zest .\npreheat oven to 350 degrees f . lightly coat a 1 - quart souffle dish with cooking spray ; set aside . in a large bowl combine 2 tablespoons of the granulated sugar and the flour . whisk in lemon peel , lemon juice , and melted butter until smooth . in a small bowl whisk together egg yolks and milk . whisk egg yolk mixture into flour mixture just until combined ; set aside .\nafter a quiet start to the year , lemon souffle began to give out the signals that she was back to herself . ' she ' d always been a lively lady to be in front of or behind , ' carnarvon reported . ' she ' ll bite or kick you . '\nlemon souffle had none of the glossy look associated with thriving animals as she circled the parade ring , her hide parchment dry . minutes later though , the brown - papered parcel showed it contained a jewel as richard hannon ' s filly earned a 14 - 1 quote for the 1 , 000 guineas .\ni love lemon puddings ! i can imagine how delicious this must have been . . definitely need to make the recipe soon .\nfinish off your souffle with a little confectioners ' sugar over the top and serve with a few , plump berries for a treat that ' s at once visually spectacular and amazingly simple .\nonce again , though , her race was not without incident . at the start , two boxes away from lemon souffle , another returning invalid , glatisant , sat down and gave pat eddery the unusual sensation of leaving the stalls backwards . the irishman sustained a bruised ankle and will not return to the saddle until tomorrow .\npour this into the bowl ; decorate with the cream and lemon slice and leave to set in the refrigerator and not the freezer .\nboldness , however , had returned by the time lemon souffle was back in the winners ' enclosure . ' i ' ve had sharper horses than this one , but she has got more gears and can quicken as well as anything we ' ve ever seen . she ' s always had this lovely daisy - cutting action .\nand of course there was the regular query about how much longer this could all go on . the 57 - year - old ' s hair is almost white now and his face strikingly ravined , but he will continue as long as horses like lemon souffle are provided for him . his elixir is climbing into the saddle .\nadd the 1 1 / 4 cup water to the yolk mixture and place the pan over the hot water , stirring all the time . this is the ` custard ' for the souffle .\ni\u2019m finding this tea to be really subtle , but very smooth . i can just barely pick out lemon and there is a hint of spice , like curry ever so faintly in the background . each sip is smooth and fades into a light creaminess . sweetening it brings out a bit of the richness and after a few minute break from the tea , i think i can pick up on a little more lemon than before , but it is still far from bursting lemon that others mentioned . i\u2019m wondering if lemon is one of those flavors that doesn\u2019t hold up well over time which would explain a lot in my lemon tea experience . still , i\u2019m super glad to have tried this !\nonly two horses have won the falmouth stakes twice . the first horse to achieve this was sonic lady in 1986 and 1987 . soviet song won her double in 2004 and 2005 . lester piggott is the most successful jockey , with an incredible haul of seven victories . his first came with sylphide in 1957 and his last with lemon souffle in 1994 .\nbake about 40 minutes or until top springs back when lightly touched . carefully remove souffle dish from baking pan . cool on a wire rack for 5 minutes . sprinkle lightly with powdered sugar . serve warm .\nthis was lovely ! my first souffle . the top was absolute heaven , but the bottom was a bit . . . liquidy . i was afraid that the top would burn if i cooked it any longer .\nhomemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a baking dish on a wooden table , selective focus . image with copy space . rustic style .\nspoon into prepared dishes . run your finger around the inside rim of the dish . place souffle on preheated tray . bake for 20 minutes or until puffed and just set . dust with icing sugar . serve immediately .\ncream cheese pie with lemon and almond flakes in a baking dish on a wooden table , selective focus . breakfast food . healthy and organic food option .\nolive oil for greasing 1 . 5 pounds green beans , trimmed and cut in half 1 / 2 cup dill weed , stems removed 4 eggs separated 4 tbsp butter 1 / 3 cup gluten - free flour or rice flour 1 . 5 cups milk or nondairy milk ( i used flaxseed milk ) 1 / 4 tsp salt pepper to taste 2 tbsp lemon juice 1 tsp lemon zest ( from one lemon ) 3 tbsp parmesan cheese grated 1 / 2 tsp salt\nthis was lovely ! my first souffle ever . the top was absolute heaven , the bottom , well . . . . was a bit liquidy . i was afraid to burn the top if i baked it any longer .\ndelicious ! i may have slightly over - beaten the eggs , but it still turned out ok . keep an eye on them , i had to take mine out about a minute and a half before it said to . one collapsed as i was pulling them out of the oven , but the others were perfect ! also , if you ' ve never made souffle , make sure they ' re done right when you want to serve them ; souffle waits for no one !\ni ' ve made this recipe several times now . it is one of my favorite wow desserts because it truely is a souffle that dosen ' t fall ! i made it once with powdered sugar instead of superfine and it m . . .\nour excitement about the chances of this immensely talented son of cherokee run grew even more , based in part on the fine mares war pass attracted in his first season at stud . they included java ( gb ) , a sister to champion fiji ( gb ) and dam of mineshaft\u2019s good stakes performer coffee bar . the 10 - year - old mare was sold by lane\u2019s end for $ 350 , 000 at keeneland november , with ryan norton signing the ticket . lane\u2019s end also sold the lemon drop kid mare lemon souffle , in foal to war pass , to agent dr . oscar benevides for $ 150 , 000 .\nlemon souffle , however , always looked likely to register for the crocks and her choppy stride took lester piggott clear of pursuers . greater problems emerged for the 58 - year - old jockey on his return . before forcing his way through the army of glad - handers , piggott had to communicate his thoughts to lord carnarvon , and judging by the way the filly ' s owner craned towards his rider there was plenty of crackling on the message .\ni have a question about the meaning of t ? how much butter and lemon please ? sorry i am french ! this recipe seems to be delicious ! thank you for the answer .\nit tasted okay but all the lemon juice sank to the bottom . the top part had no taste but the bottom part was super sour . maybe i just didn ' t blend them together\nappetizing pie in a cut on a blue background . a baked basket with lemon mousse and cream of whipped cream , whipped egg whites . food on a bright wooden background for a culinary site .\npreheat oven to 200c / 180c fan forced . place a baking tray in the oven . grease four 250ml ( 1 cup ) ovenproof souffle dishes with melted butter . lightly dust with caster sugar . melt butter in a saucepan over medium heat until foaming . add flour and cornflour .\nice cream , fruit , 3d , pastel . abstract background with ice cream cone , lime , lemon , orange , kiwi and watermelon in paper cut style . minimalist pastel summer food concept . vector illustration\nin a 2 - quart mixing bowl combine , sugar , butter , flour , salt and milk , mixing until smooth . add egg yolks to this and mix until smooth . add lemon juice and zest .\nmix the lemon rind , lemon juice and 1 tablespoon powdered sugar in a cup and whisk into the egg yolk mixture . ( at this point , the souffl\u00e9 base can be refrigerated , covered with plastic wrap directly on its surface , for up to a day . ) if the souffl\u00e9 base is still warm , whisk briefly until smooth . otherwise , place over low heat , whisk until just warm , and remove from heat .\nadd one - quarter of the egg white mixture to the lemon mixture . use a large metal spoon to fold together until just combined . add the remaining egg white to the mixture . fold together until just combined .\nwhen the custard is warm , add the soaked gelatin and continue stirring till it reaches a coating consistency . remove from heat ; add the lemon juice and leave to cool . this has to cool till the custard gets partially set .\ni\u2019m also interested in healthier recipes\u2026\u2026 . while trying to lower my cholesterol and keep to a healthy weight , there isn\u2019t much room for desserts , but this looks like one to try\u2026\u2026 . thanks for posting this , lemon is a big favorite\npreheat the oven to 190\u00bac / gas 5 . slice off the bottom end of the apples , then cut around the top edge of each and scoop out the flesh , leaving about a \u00bdcm border . brush the cut edges with the lemon juice .\nplace saucepan over medium heat and bring to the boil , stirring constantly with a wooden spoon , for 3 - 4 minutes or until mixture boils and thickens . remove from heat and stir in the lemon juice and rind until well combined . whisk in the yolks .\nreserving a little cream for decorating , mix in the rest into the custard , in folding motions , and then ` fold ' in the egg whites too , till no lumps are left . in case there is watery egg white at the base when you lift off the whipped portion , leave it there , as adding it will make a difference to the consistency of the set souffle .\nhaving these already portioned was also nice because i knew how much i could eat , and so it takes the guesswork out of things for me . plus , did i mention how good they taste ? because , really , if you like lemon , you should absolutely make these !\nin a medium glass or metal bowl , whip egg whites with an electric mixer . when they are able to hold a soft peak , sprinkle in 1 tablespoon of the sugar , and continue mixing until stiff . whisk the remaining 4 tablespoons of sugar into the egg yolks along with the zest and juice of the remaining lemon . fold a couple of spoonfuls of the egg whites into the yolks to lighten them up , then fold in the rest of the whites . spoon into the ramekins over the lemon curd , and run a finger around the inside of each rim .\nbring 1 cup of the milk to just steaming in a medium saucepan set over low - medium heat . stir together 1 / 3 cup granulated sugar , 1 / 3 cup all - purpose flour , lemon zest , and the remaining 1 / 3 cup milk until it forms a smooth batter .\nif you\u2019ve tried this lemon pudding cake recipe , don\u2019t forget to rate the recipe and leave me a comment below . i love to hear from people who\u2019ve made my recipes ! you can subscribe to receive my latest recipe newsletters or follow me on facebook , instagram and pinterest for even more delicious food .\nfamous name ( by dansili { gb } ) was a tough and resilient performer for dermot weld and remarkably consistent , so that bodes well for escobar who was his first winner last month and now his first black - type winner too . he is a half - brother to the classy hong kong performer ghetto gospel and the stakes - placed bobbi grace ( ire ) ( big bad bob { ire } ) out of the g2 prix d\u2019astarte third saying grace and his extended family includes the champion 2 - year - old and g1 moyglare stud s . and g2 falmouth s . heroine lemon souffle ( gb ) ( salse ) as well as the g2 nassau s . and g2 falmouth s . scorer caramba ( gb ) ( belmez ) .\nmy husband visited his friends in michigan over the holiday weekend and came home with a lot of fresh green beans that were grown in his friends\u2019 vegetable garden , so i came up with this recipe . i wanted something different from a typical green bean casserole . it is very fluffy and the lemon scent in this dish is refreshing .\nthis was beautiful on the outside but very liquid on the inside with solid materials . is this the result i should expect ? some souffl\u00e9s are solid under the top and others are not . i used orange instead of lemon ( zest and juice ) . it ' s awesome . oh , i candied some of the zest for the top .\ni just put in an order because of this review ! ! ! i had been thinking about a lemon tea after having loved the lime chiffon so much . but my husband would have a fit if another box came from della terra so soon . when i read this review i decided to try white lion ! so excited , can\u2019t wait ! ! !\nin a medium bowl beat egg whites with an electric mixer on medium speed until soft peaks form ( tips curl ) . gradually add remaining 4 tablespoons granulated sugar , beating on high speed until stiff peaks form ( tips stand straight ) . stir a small amount of beaten egg whites into lemon mixture to lighten . gently fold in remaining beaten egg whites ( batter will be thin ) .\nwhisk the egg in a medium saucepan , and mix in the 1 lemon ' s zest and juice , 1 / 4 cup sugar and cornstarch . set over medium heat , and cook stirring constantly until the mixture thickens . reduce heat to low , and continue whisking for another minute . remove from the heat and stir in the butter . divide between four 6 or 8 ounce ramekins . set aside .\nwith an electric mixer , beat remaining 1 / 2 cup sugar and 2 egg yolks in a large bowl 3 to 4 minutes or until light and fluffy , scraping down side of bowl several times . ( discard third yolk . ) gradually mix in flour until blended , scraping down side of bowl . add milk mixture to egg mixture , and mix thoroughly . add lemon juice and salt ; place mixture back over low heat ( or in a double boiler ) , and cook , stirring constantly , about 3 minutes or until thick and creamy . remove from heat , and cool completely . ( you can prepare the recipe to this point up to 2 days in advance , and store in refrigerator . bring to room temperature before cooking . )\nin giles coren ' s first novel , winkler doesn ' t just inhabit it . he is a postmodern gehenna . the few coherent memories he has are unreliable , based on faked evidence , rehearsed with ritual distaste . his job is opaque , contingent , destitute of meaning . his colleagues are caricatures ; there is more existence in a persistent puddle on his way to work than in the people he collides with .\ntheir gestures , their movements about a semi - fictional london ; their speech , actions : all are empty signifiers . and winkler is too morally exhausted to attempt the construction of meaning for those around him . winkler ' s default interaction is contempt or abuse , his disgust with the physical world - flopping flesh , sad food , corridor smells - boundless .\nhis girlfriend repels him ; he abandons her . a fat woman is waiting on a tube platform : he pushes her under the train . nu ? nu ? that ' s the seeming lesson of coren ' s vast ranting exposition , the old yiddish word now become the iconic utterance of deracinated humanity : nu ? nu ? nu ?\nthe problem is that the reader becomes drawn in , not to winkler ' s snarling contempt but to his relentless narcissism . winkler ' s disaffections begin to blur . winkler hates , loudly . winkler has bad thoughts about the old holocaust bore and war - rememberer , wallenstein . winkler looks at us , mouthing\nnu ?\n. eventually , we look back , catch his eye .\nnu ? okay . what . ever .\nand so when winkler pushes the fat woman under a train , the act and its ( literal ) inconsequentiality lose their force ; as , too , when he masturbates silently in front of a blind girl . fine . nu ? just another bit of nastiness in winkler ' s nasty un - life .\nbut this most inconsequential of acts triggers , at last , consequences . police come ; there ' s a sort of denouement at a cricket match . evelyn waugh raises his ghostly head , as , elsewhere , do jacobson , waterhouse , amis , amis jr . and iain sinclair . but then the consequences recede . a policeman called tolkien is not all he seems . wallenstein , the holocaust bore , is not what he seems either . there is a reconciliation of sorts . some of the past is buried ; some remains above ground .\nis coren just another newspaper columnist showing he can hack the novel ? no : because wrapped inside winkler ' s nihilism is a serious mediation on deeper matters : identity , wandering , return , and two questions which still cast the longest of shadows . what of the holocaust , and what does it mean to be a jew ?\ncoren ' s approach to the profounder matters is elliptical , intelligent and witty in the original sense . he is a more serious man than the cool foodie - dude his editors want him to be . how he deals with this remains to be seen . in general , the great thing is to tell the editors to go to hell , but only if you have the spark . coren has the spark , and needs the special effects less than he might believe .\nfor the marlborough trainer this was triumph in a conflict between eye and science . ' her blood was all right , 300 per cent , but i just wished i could have had her looking better , ' he said . ' her coat ' s always dry - looking to me .\n' this filly never looks right , but i ' m told the whole family is like that . '\nsnipe hall virtually dragged her lass around the parade ring , her teeth champing on the bit and emitting a sound like nutcrackers on a walnut , while rohita was a stiff - legged recalcitrant at the start and could only be persuaded into the stalls in the darkness of a hood .\nhannon , his nerve dismantled by having to replate his filly in the parade ring , observed the winner flash past the post from an unusual point . ' i couldn ' t even hold these , ' he said , pointing to his binoculars . ' i had to watch from the betting shop . '\n' we ' ve got the ( 1 , 000 ) guineas in our sights now . i ' m sure she ' ll get a mile , in fact i ' m sure she will be even better at the distance . '\nthere was also some ebullience from lord carnarvon , the filly ' s owner . he said the horse ' s name came from one of his wife ' s recipes , adding in the plugging manner of a chat - show that the family repasts were now available in book form .\nthe abbreviated attention span of piggott seems to last longer in interviews these days , and mumbles were dragged out of him on his winner , his health , and the new whip laws .\nthe day ' s other group race , the princess of wales ' s stakes , saw the dual derby failure , desert team , uphold the good record of three - year - olds in the race , paring the course record into the bargain and earning a place in the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes .\n' i ' ve always believed in him and for the first time in his life he got a bit of luck in running , ' jim bolger , the winning trainer , said .\nintrepidity , the oaks winner , was yesterday supplemented for the irish equivalent at the curragh on saturday at a cost of ir pounds 25 , 000 to her owner , sheikh mohammed . her stable - companion in andre fabre ' s yard , wemyss bight , is likely to prove her stiffest rival . william hill quote intrepidity at 11 - 10 , with wemyss bight on 11 - 2 .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nsayyedati has surprisingly been installed favourite to win sunday ' s prix jacques le marois for the second successive year . ladbrokes yesterday opened the betting on the mile event which is so often the highlight of the deauville season and quoted the filly at 9 - 4 .\nhowever , the group one contest appears to be every bit as competitive as goodwood ' s sussex stakes in which sayyedati finished fourth to distant view , barathea and grand lodge . the second and third home are quoted at 7 - 2 and 8 - 1 respectively for sunday ' s race with the french - trained pair east of the moon & ski paradise bracketed on 3 - 1 . sayyedati was third to the latter at tokyo in april , but appeared to be back to her best in the sussex in which she was trapped against the rails in the closing stages .\nsuccess would provide a much needed fillip for sayyedati ' s trainer , clive brittain , whose string have been out of form this season , registering only 17 wins from 266 starters . that strike - rate of six per cent compares unfavourably with most of his newmarket neighbours among whom a win rate of around 20 per cent is not uncommon .\n' she ' s in very good form and was unlucky not to get a run in the sussex stakes , ' brittain said . ' it is going to be like the sussex all over again . she acts on the course and won it last year . hopefully we ' re going back for a repeat . '\nwith the ground at deauville already on the fast side of good , and drying out , the chances that turtle island , the irish 2 , 000 guineas winner , will take part are decreasing . robert sangster ' s colt has been absent since finishing third to grand lodge in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot and missed the sussex stakes owing to firm ground .\njane chapple - hyam , wife of the colt ' s trainer , peter , said : ' turtle island will run at deauville only if the ground is on the soft side of good . the international stakes at york next tuesday is an alternative , but we would want plenty of rain as the ground would have to ease considerably . '\nsimilarly baffling to veterinary science is the affliction affecting erhaab , the derby winner , who underwent a further series of examinations yesterday that will determine his racing future .\nthe colt was checked over by a dubai - based american vet as john dunlop , his trainer , seeks an explanation for the three - year - old ' s most recent racecourse failures at sandown and ascot .\nthe examination , by dr mike hauser , took place at trainer dunlop ' s arundel stable , but the result of his analysis will not be announced until today .\nangus gold , racing manager to erhaab ' s owner , hamdan al maktoum , said : ' we wanted another opinion on what mr dunlop ' s vet , dr paul dupreez , has already told us . '\nhauser was called in after x - ray pictures of erhaab taken last week failed to reveal what had caused the colt to run so disappointingly in his last two races . his advice will help connections to decide whether to proceed with an autumn campaign , centred on the prix de l ' arc de triomphe , or retire the colt .\nat ascot , erhaab collected a bruised knee when beaten over 10 lengths into seventh by king ' s theatre . the build - up to the race had been interrupted by the recurrence of a hamstring injury sustained when third to ezzoud and bob ' s return in the eclipse stakes .\nprix jacques le marois ( deauville , sunday ) , ladbrokes : 9 - 4 sayyedati , 3 - 1 east of the moon & ski paradise , 7 - 2 barathea , 8 - 1 grand lodge , 16 - 1 emperor jones . turtle island is quoted at 3 - 1 ' with a run ' .\nthis dessert is easier than you may think , and only needs a few ingredients \u2013 the key is in the aeration , and gently mixing the batter to keep it fluffy .\ncook , stirring , for 1 minute or until mixture begins to foam . remove from heat . gradually pour in half the milk , whisking constantly with a balloon whisk until smooth . gradually add remaining milk , whisking until smooth and combined . stir in 1\u20444 cup sugar .\ntransfer mixture to a large bowl . use electric beaters to beat the egg whites in a separate clean , dry bowl until firm peaks form . gradually add the remaining sugar and whisk until thick and glossy .\nwe collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\nsorry ! we ' re currently performing maintenance on the site . certain actions are not working at this time . check back later .\nthis is now saved to your recipe box . access all of your saved recipes here .\nthis is now saved to your recipe box . access all of your saved recipes in the menu .\nthis souffl\u00e9 , adapted from mark bittman ' s famous tome ,\nhow to cook everything ,\nis rich , fluffy and very easy . you can also make orange or grand marnier variations . if you want to make individual souffl\u00e9s , use a little more butter and grease four 1 1 / 2 - to 2 - cup ramekins .\nthe information shown is edamam\u2019s estimate based on available ingredients and preparation . it should not be considered a substitute for a professional nutritionist\u2019s advice .\nbutter a 2 - quart souffl\u00e9 or other deep baking dish . sprinkle the dish with sugar , invert it , and tap to remove excess sugar . set aside and heat the oven to 350 degrees . whisk the egg yolks with 3 / 4 cup of the sugar until light and very thick ; the mixture will fall in a ribbon from the ends of the beaters when it is ready . beat in the flavorings and set aside .\nbeat the egg whites with the salt until they hold soft peaks ; continue to beat , gradually adding the remaining 1 / 4 cup sugar , until they are very stiff but still glossy . stir a good spoonful of them thoroughly into the egg yolk mixture to lighten it , then fold in the remaining whites , using a rubber spatula or your hand . transfer to the prepared souffl\u00e9 dish ( es ) and bake until the center is nearly set , 25 to 35 minutes ( 15 to 25 minutes for individual souffl\u00e9s ) . serve immediately .\nget recipes , tips and special offers in your inbox . opt out or contact us anytime .\nget recipes , tips and nyt special offers delivered straight to your inbox . opt out or contact us anytime .\nprior to receiving the new essentials of french cooking for free , please confirm your email address below .\nprior to your purchase of the new essentials of french cooking for $ 1 . 99 , please confirm your email address below .\nprior to your purchase of the new essentials of french cooking for $ 4 . 99 , please confirm your email address below .\nprior to your purchase of the new essentials of french cooking for $ 9 . 99 , please confirm your email address below .\nyou now have full access to the new essentials of french cooking . we ' ve saved the recipes from this guide to your recipe box for easy access anytime you visit .\nas appreciation for your interest , we ' re giving you free , unlimited access to the new essentials of french cooking . we ' ve saved the recipes from this guide to your recipe box for easy access anytime you visit .\npreheat oven to 400 degrees . butter an 8 - cup souffl\u00e9 dish and dust the bottom and sides with 2 tablespoons of the granulated sugar , shaking out excess .\nheat the milk to boiling in a heavy saucepan . remove from heat . whisk the egg yolks , vanilla and 1 tablespoon of the granulated sugar until well blended , then whisk in the flour . whisk in the hot milk in a thin , steady stream and blend until smooth . return the mixture to the saucepan and cook over medium - low heat , stirring constantly , until mixture is very thick , about 2 minutes . remove from heat .\nbeat the egg whites until soft peaks form . sprinkle in the remaining 2 tablespoons granulated sugar and beat until stiff and shiny . fold 1 / 4 of the whites into the souffl\u00e9 base . gently fold in the rest , being careful not to deflate mixture . a few white streaks may remain .\nturn the mixture into the prepared dish and place on the center rack in the oven . immediately reduce oven temperature to 375 degrees . bake until souffl\u00e9 is puffed and brown , about 20 to 25 minutes . ( it should still wobble a bit . ) sprinkle powdered sugar over the top and serve immediately with lightly whipped cream or very cold cr\u00e9me anglaise .\nin a mixer , beat egg whites until peaks are stiff . fold the yolk mixture into whites gently to combine mixtures .\nusing butter or vegetable shortening , grease 6 - inch custard cups . pour the mixture into the cups . set the cups in 1 / 2 inch of hot water in a 9 by 12 - inch baking pan . bake 25 minutes or until tops have risen and turn golden brown .\nthis recipe was provided by a chef , restaurant or culinary professional . it has not been tested for home use .\nwrap brie and pineapple in prosciutto and grill for a melty , gooey snack .\na grill and a sheet pan are all you need to whip up paella for a crowd .\nroast extra potato salad in the oven for a crispy , re - imagined side dish .\nthis elegant classic is much simpler to make than you might think . the key to a great souffl\u00e9 is the cooking time : you want it to be slightly wobbly in the center when you remove it from the oven so it will be pudding - like when you spoon into it . prep : 20 minutes , bake : 14 minutes .\ngrease 8 ( 6 - ounce ) ramekins , and dust lightly with 2 tablespoons sugar ; refrigerate on a baking sheet until ready to use .\nbeat whites with cream of tartar in a separate bowl at medium speed for about 10 seconds . increase speed to medium - high , and beat 1 to 2 minutes or until soft peaks form . ( do not overbeat ; if the whites appear dry and granular , they are overbeaten . )\nstir about one - quarter of egg whites into cooled egg mixture to lighten it . fold in remaining whites gently , using a rubber spatula , just until incorporated . do not overmix .\npour mixture gently into prepared souffl\u00e9 cups to top of rim . to help souffl\u00e9s rise properly , run your finger around rim of dish to wipe edges . bake at 400\u00b0 for 10 minutes ; reduce heat to 350\u00b0 , and continue to bake 4 minutes or until exterior is set and center is slightly loose when shaken and souffl\u00e9 has risen above dish . dust with powdered sugar , and serve immediately .\njoin our newsletter for free recipes , healthy living inspiration , and special offers .\n\u00a9 2018 urltoken is part of the allrecipes food group . all rights reserved . myrecipes may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website . offers may be subject to change without notice . use of this site constitutes acceptance of our\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na delicate dessert with the freshness of lemons . its a great option for brunch .\nseparate the eggs . put the yolks into the double boiler and the whites into a very clean , grease less bowl . it is very important that the yellow does not go into the whites , otherwise the whites will not get beaten stiff enough .\nsprinkle the gelatin in 1 / 2 cup water and let it soak . add the sugar to the yolks and beat till light and creamy .\nplace the double boiler or the container with the water over low heat , so that it is hot but not boiling .\nbeat the egg whites to a state of stiff peaks . cover . beat the cream to a thick consistency ( beating of cream is a bit tricky so see to it that the cream is thoroughly chilled or keep it over ice and beat ) .\noops , we ' re sorry . something went wrong . please try again later .\ni calculate for the whole thing : calories 597 . 7 total fat 21 . 0 g saturated fat 10 . 7 g polyunsaturated fat 1 . 9 g monounsaturated fat 6 . 9 g cholesterol 404 . 0 mg sodium 427 . 1 mg potassium 756 . 5 mg total carbohydrate 68 . 3 g dietary fiber 1 . 1 g sugars 39 . 4 g protein 32 . 3 g vitamin a 26 . 9 % vitamin b - 12 26 . 7 % vitamin b - 6 13 . 0 % vitamin c 50 . 9 % vitamin d 36 . 0 % vitamin e 7 . 2 % calcium 35 . 5 % copper 5 . 7 % folate 19 . 5 % iron 7 . 7 % magnesium 9 . 9 % manganese 12 . 4 % niacin 3 . 4 % pantothenic acid 20 . 3 % phosphorus 41 . 8 % riboflavin 32 . 0 % selenium 49 . 8 % thiamin 13 . 5 % zinc 13 . 3 %\nplace the ramekins onto a baking sheet , and place in the preheated oven . bake for 15 to 17 minutes , until puffed and golden brown . let cool for about 5 minutes before serving .\ni did not like this recipe because everyone that tried it in my house thought it was too tart . i also followed the instructions exactly and after removing the souffles from the oven , after 15 - 17 . . .\nthis was not at all what we thought it should be . will never make his again , woulda rated this zero stars if that was an option\nit tasted like sweet eggs . extremely sweet and very eggy . i find that the recipes with allrecipe require too much sugar and liquid which leaves them too sweet and soggy .\npreheat the oven to 350f . butter a large souffl\u00e9 dish and roll 1 / 4 cup of granulated sugar throughout the dish , making sure to cover all the interior surfaces . set aside the prepared souffl\u00e9 dish .\nslowly whisk half of the hot milk into the batter , making sure to combine the ingredients until they are completely smooth . add the tempered batter back to the hot milk in the pan and bring the mixture to a simmer , stirring constantly . stir and cook the mixture until it has thickened , for about 1 minute . stir the butter into the mixture and allow it to cool at room temperature for 10 minutes . stir in the vanilla extract ."]}
{"id": 2149, "summary": [{"text": "synallaxis is a genus of birds in the ovenbird family , furnariidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "as of 2013 there were about 33 species , though a few belong to what is thought to be a species complex .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "birds in this genus have mostly drab coloration and display secretive behavior , keeping ensconced in vegetation most of the time .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "species can be difficult to distinguish from one another on the basis of their similar plumage ; however , they can often be told apart by their vocalizations , which can be quite distinctive . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "synallaxis", "paragraphs": ["i found this song very similar to the records of synallaxis albilora , but the area is far away for that . . . do you think that it is synallaxis gujanensis ?\nthe bahia spinetail (\nsynallaxis cinerea\n) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae .\nthe apur\u00edmac spinetail (\nsynallaxis courseni\n) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nmustanaamaorneero\nfrom\nsynallaxis tithys taczanowski 1877\nas trusted .\noption a is the least convenient , in my opinion . synallaxis is already very diverse and heterogeneous ( it already includes the former genera siptornopsis and gyalophylax , for example ) ; inclusion of certhiaxis and schoeniophylax within synallaxis will increase this heterogeneity even more . schoeniophylax was previously merged within synallaxis by vaurie ( 1980 ) , but this treatment did not gain general acceptance . moreover , merging certhiaxis into synallaxis creates further nomenclatorial problems as the yellow - chinned spinetail , s . cinnamomeus ( gmelin 1788 ) , would become homonym with the stripe - breasted spinetail s . cinnamomea lafresnaye 1843 .\nfinally , bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) concluded \u201cif the amnh syntypes attributable to synallaxis cinereus wied include amnh 6813 , in agreement with the interpretations by allen ( 1889 ) and lecroy & sloss ( 2000 ) , then the designation of amnh 6813 as the lectotype for this taxon ( whitney & pacheco 2001 : 35 ) is valid . in such circumstances , we respect their judgment in formally considering synallaxis whitneyi pacheco & gonzaga a junior subjective synonym of synallaxis cinerea wied .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari )\ntitle =\narkive species - hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nincorporates poecilurus , siptornopsis and gyalophylax , all of which have been found to be morphologically and genetically # r inseparable from synallaxis . see also mazaria ( above ) .\n: synallaxis propinqua has been always included in the genus synallaxis , classification that nobody has questioned since the morphology and habits of this species seem typical of members of this genus . however , in the comprehensive molecular phylogeny of derryberry et al . ( 2011 ) , propinqua appears as sister to schoeniophylax phryganophilus , and together they form the sister group of a clade including certhiaxis and other synallaxis . lack of statistical support for the relevant nodes prevented making taxonomic rearrangements before the surprising relationship could be confirmed .\nthe cabanis ' s spinetail (\nsynallaxis cabanisi\n) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae . the common name and latin binomial commemorates the german ornithologist jean louis cabanis .\nvale , m . m . ( 2009 ) hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis kollari . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis maranonica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis cabanisi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis infuscata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis subpudica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nvale , m . m . , bell , j . b . , alves , m . a . s . and pimm , s . l . ( 2007 ) abundance , distribution and conservation of rio branco antbird cercomacra carbonaria and hoary - throated spinetail synallaxis kollari . bird conservation international , 17 : 245 - 257 .\nremsen , j . v . , jr ( 2018 ) . cinereous - breasted spinetail ( synallaxis hypospodia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\noption b . transferring propinqua from synallaxis to schoeniophylax is less disrupting than a regarding nomenclatorial changes , although the white - bellied spinetail would become schoeniophylax propinquus , to match the masculine genus ( david & gosselin 2002 ) . the drawback of this option is that the resultant genus would combine two species that are phenotypically very distinct , with no other transitional species that fills the phenotypic gap between them . the resultant genus would be difficult to characterize other than listing the sum of characteristics of both species . also note that these sister species are not particularly closely related according to divergence time estimates . on the other hand , note that the argument regarding phenotypic differences could be turned around in support of option b by arguing that the new taxonomy would help showing a relationship that is otherwise difficult to recognize .\nthe hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) is a small , long - tailed bird with a bright reddish - brown body , a reddish - brown tail , yellowish - brown to whitish underparts , and distinctive head markings . the top of the head is grey - brown , with a reddish - brown stripe over the eye , and the cheeks are grey with a white stripe . the white throat is speckled black , giving this species its common name , and the lower throat is black ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the tips of the flight feathers are a darker dusky brown , and the beak and legs are bluish - grey . the male and female hoary - throated spinetail are similar in appearance , but no descriptions of the juvenile are available ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the song of this species consists of two short notes , repeated at one - second intervals , with the first note higher pitched than the second ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 129 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 987 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 056 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nnatural , then after playback ( after 1 : 00 ) , song from a bird about 2 - 3m up before playback , then flew in and was < . 5m up after playback in dense understory in semi - humid deciduous gallery woodland .\nmoore et al . 2013 : bird sounds of ecuador dvd 2 birds . edited\nstand of tessaria . reference : xcivb 390 - 400 ( synguj2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nstand of tessaria . reference : xcivb 365 - 379 ( synguj1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 174 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 173 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 172 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 536 side a track 50 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 535 side a track 137 seq . c )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 175 side b track 11 seq . a )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nla grabacion la acorte , para evitar el sonido del encendido del grabador , el habitat chaco seco .\none individual very active vocally in the bushes in a pasture . recording distance was 10 meters .\nspinetail was softly calling from some tall grass along the road about 2 m from me . no playback used here ; after playback ( xc391585 ) , he switched to his full song .\nsinging from 2 - m tall grassy brush at edge of recently burned field .\nseveral individuals were heard into the bushes and forest edge . recording distance was aprox 5 meters .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 405 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n16 . 5 cm . pale spinetail with black tail . drab grey head and nape with darker auriculars , and pale lores and throat . interrupted white eye - ring . olivaceous - grey upperparts . dusky wings , broadly edged rufous - brown . rufous wing - coverts and rump . black tail with conspicuous rufous on outer rectrices . rufous - cinnamon breast becoming richer rusty towards belly . dark bill , iris and legs .\nlasting about one second , repeated every 1 - 2 seconds , faster when excited .\nendangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1\nisherwood , i . , pople , r . , sharpe , c j , stuart , t . & symes , a .\nthis species is endangered because it has a very small range , in which the extent , area and quality of habitat are declining . the population is probably also very small , fragmented and declining because of the threats to its habitat ( collar\nthe population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : a slow and continuing population decline is suspected , owing to rates of habitat loss .\nit inhabits scrub and dense undergrowth with scattered small trees , at elevations of 1 , 800 - 2 , 900 m . usually encountered in pairs , birds forage for insects in moss clumps and along vines and branches . juveniles and an active nest have been collected in may ( franke and salinas 2000 , remsen and sharpe 2016 )\ndense undergrowth habitat within its range is severely threatened by cattle - grazing and clearance for farm expansion .\nsurvey to identify priority areas for conservation action within its range and further define its current distribution . assess populations at known sites . establish at least one protected area to benefit the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nin past , considered a race of s . spixi , but genetic data # r show them to be sisters . named taxon jaraguana ( goi\u00e1s , in e brazil ) , described as a race of s . brachyura , was based on misidentified specimens of present species . monotypic .\nperu ( locally in cajamarca # r , san mart\u00edn , ucayali # r , cuzco , madre de dios ) , n & e bolivia ( nw la paz , beni , n santa cruz ) and sc & e brazil ( locally in s amazonia from amazonas e to r tapaj\u00f3s , and mato grosso e to cear\u00e1 , alagoas , n bahia and w minas gerais ) .\nwith contrasting crown and wings , dark throat patch . has dark grey - brown forecrown , grey - brown face with hint of . . .\nmost frequent vocalization a hurried and loud chatter on same pitch , \u201cch\u00e9w , chew - chee - . . .\nlow , seasonally wet grassland , and second - growth scrub ; in open areas with mix of low shrubs and . . .\nlittle known . usually seen in pairs . presumably gleans arthropods from foliage and small branches within 1\u20132 m of ground .\nnot globally threatened . locally common to fairly common ; relatively poorly known . somewhat fragmented distribution , with isolated populations in s peru ; specimens reported . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent phylogenetic work supports subdivision into 5\u20136 clades ( herein tribes ) , depending on inclusion or exclusion of xenopini # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species , which has a very small occupied range which is severely fragmented , and declining in extent and quality , has been uplisted to critically endangered because a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin predicts that its population will decline extremely rapidly over the next three generations as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soy production , facilitated by expansion of the road network .\n: this is an issue of nomenclature that if passed would replace our current species epithet with another .\n: bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) re - examined the case and concluded that cinerea is the correct name for bahia spinetail .\nas a consequence they suggested the provisions of art . 72 . 7 would apply and both the nominal taxa would have the same name - bearing type .\nthe rationale for this new interpretation was based on their analysis of wied\u2019s german text , with wied\u2019s intention .\nhowever , bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) considered such express intention in wied\u2019s text as not convincing .\n( red - headed ) did not truly characterize the taxon \u2013 and not for the reason that the species - group name had already been in use within the same genus ( which it actually was not ) .\non the maximilian types of south american birds in the american museum of natural history .\nbauernfeind , e . , e . c . dickinson , and f . d . steinheimer .\ntype specimens of birds in the american museum of natural history . pt . 3 . passeriformes : eurylaimidae , dendrocolaptidae , furnariidae , formicariidae , conopophagidae , and rhinocryptidae .\n: \u201cyes . no one better than bauernfeind and collaborators to enter the realm of intentions and interpretations of german texts . i am persuaded by their reasoning on this complex nomenclatural problem . a separate issue that we should consider soon is the specific status of\n: \u201cyes , the expert opinions , based on detailed analysis of the original descriptions , definitely make this change necessary . \u201d\n: \u201cyes . given that i haven\u2019t actually looked at wied\u2019s text and would need someone to translate it , i\u2019m relying on bauernfeind et al . \u2019s interpretation . \u201d\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nlittle is known about the biology of the hoary - throated spinetail . like other members of the furnariidae family , it is likely to feed on invertebrates such as insects , taking prey in dense undergrowth , near the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . it probably feeds alone or in pairs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , and is presumed to be monogamous ( 2 ) , although very little is known about its life history . the only records of the hoary - throated spinetail\u2019s breeding behaviour are of incomplete nests , one of which was found in july and was believed to have been constructed by both the male and female . located in dense vegetation , it was cup - shaped and built from twigs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) . however , it is likely that , as in related species , the completed nest would be a dome of sticks with a cover , a tubular entrance , and very little lining ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .\nthe hoary - throated spinetail is known only from a few sites along rivers in northern roraima , brazil , and in adjacent guyana ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it has a highly fragmented range , with patches of suitable habitat thought to total no more than 206 square kilometres ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe hoary - throated spinetail appears to be restricted to a narrow strip , under 500 metres wide , of seasonally flooded riverine forest . these forests are surrounded by savanna , and have an understorey of dense thickets and vines ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe hoary - throated spinetail is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe main threat to the hoary - throated spinetail is the rapid conversion of its habitat to rice plantations , with the burning of vegetation potentially posing a further problem ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . although still thought to be relatively common where it occurs , the species is restricted to a tiny and fragmented range , none of which is officially protected , and is believed to number only around 5 , 000 or so individuals ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . with so little known about the hoary - throated spinetail , there is also the potential for unidentified threats to take a toll on the species before they are recognised ( 9 ) .\nalthough not occurring within officially protected areas , nearly 60 percent of the hoary - throated spinetail\u2019s habitat is inside indigenous reserves , where the indigenous people have a much better record of maintaining the ecosystem than non - indigenous peoples . most rice production in roraima is carried out illegally by non - indigenous people on indigenous land , but in some areas , such as s\u00e3o marcos indigenous reserve , rice producers have been evicted , hopefully giving renewed hope for the wildlife there ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . producers should also have been evicted from raposa - serra do sol following its legalisation in 2005 , but this is not yet known to have occurred ( 3 ) ( 7 ) .\ndue to a lack of data on the hoary - throated spinetail , the species was taken off brazil\u2019s list of threatened species , although it is hoped that it will be put back on in the future ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . priorities for the conservation of the hoary - throated spinetail include improving knowledge about its ecology and behaviour , and taking measures to protect its habitat , including assessing the impact of recent fires , supporting indigenous peoples seeking to prevent habitat destruction within their reserves , and increasing the number of officially protected areas within roraima ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nflight feathers the feathers at the end of the wing , involved in flight . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 2003 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 : broadbills to tapaculos . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nridgely , r . s . and tudor , g . ( 1994 ) the birds of south america : the suboscine passerines . volume ii . university of texas press , austin , texas .\nridgely , r . s . and tudor , g . ( 2009 ) field guide to the songbirds of south america : the passerines . university of texas press , austin , texas .\nvale , m . m . , alves , m . a . s . and nascimento , s . p . ( 2005 ) an incomplete nest of poecilurus kollari in roraima , brazil . cotinga , 24 : 111 - 112 .\nbirdlife international . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas . birdlife international , cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\nsantos , m . p . d . and da silva , j . m . c . ( 2007 ) as aves das savannas de roraima . revista brasileira de ornitologia , 15 ( 2 ) : 189 - 207 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\n14 . 5 cm . dark grey spinetail with rufous on wing . dark grey head and neck , becoming black on foreface . olivaceous - grey back and rump , bright cinnamon - rufous wing - coverts and sooty tail . black throat with whitish malar . rest of underparts grey , palest on mid - belly .\nvulnerable a2c + 3c + 4c ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1\na re - assessment of this species ' s extent of occurrence using a minimum convex polygon means this species no longer meets the threshold for endangered . however , it is considered to be experiencing a rapid decline , and has a small and fragmented population size . therefore , it is listed as vulnerable .\n( tumbes and piura ) . in a study conducted in peru in 2009 - 2010 , it was found at 19 new localities , 9 in tumbes and 10 in piura , extending its known range southwards by 110 km ( crespo and more 2013 ) . extant suitable habitat is highly fragmented , making the species ' s distribution patchy . it is generally uncommon , but locally relatively common ( lowen 1998 , jiggins\n( 2016 ) estimated the maximum area of occupancy ( calculated as the remaining tree area within the species\u2019s range ) to be c . 2 , 567 km\nthe population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a rapid and on - going population decline is suspected , owing to rates of habitat loss .\n. it appears to undertake seasonal movements . insects constitute the majority of its diet . a juvenile was trapped in august ( jiggins\n, with egg - laying apparently in march ( remsen and sharpe 2016 ) .\n. it does not occur above c . 1 , 100 m , thus it must be one of the most threatened tumbesian forest species . all forest - types within its range have greatly diminished owing to agricultural clearance ( wege and long 1995 ) . persistent grazing by goats and cattle removes understorey , prevents forest regeneration and is a serious current threat ( pople\n. rapid habitat loss continues , and will soon remove almost all extant forest .\n; and tumbes national reserve , cerros de amotape national park , el angolo hunting reserve and angostura - faical regional conservation area , all peru ( crespo and more 2013 ) . algodonal reserve is a very small ( 0 . 35 km\n. assess the population viability in degraded habitats . strengthen habitat protection in tumbes reserved zone and machalilla national park . work with local communities around hacienda jujal to enlarge the conservation area and secure extant forest from external threats ( jiggins\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\ninteractions between species can promote evolutionary divergence of ecological traits and social signals 1 , 2 , a process widely assumed to generate species differences in adaptive radiation 3 , 4 , 5 . however , an alternative view is that lineages typically interact when relatively old 6 , by which time selection for divergence is weak 7 , 8 and potentially exceeded by convergent selection acting on traits mediating interspecific competition 9 . few studies have tested these contrasting predictions across large radiations , or by controlling for evolutionary time . thus the role of species interactions in driving broad - scale patterns of trait divergence is unclear 10 . here we use phylogenetic estimates of divergence times to show that increased trait differences among coexisting lineages of ovenbirds ( furnariidae ) are explained by their greater evolutionary age in relation to non - interacting lineages , and that\u2014when these temporal biases are accounted for\u2014the only significant effect of coexistence is convergence in a social signal ( song ) . our results conflict with the conventional view that coexistence promotes trait divergence among co - occurring organisms at macroevolutionary scales , and instead provide evidence that species interactions can drive phenotypic convergence across entire radiations , a pattern generally concealed by biases in age .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\nnuclear and mitochondrial dna sequences for all lineages have been deposited in genbank under accession numbers given in supplementary data 1 .\nwe thank g . grether , j . hadfield , s . nakagawa , a . phillimore , a . pigot , r . ricklefs , g . thomas and s . west for comments and discussion . we are also indebted to the many individuals who collected specimens , tissue samples and sound recordings , and to numerous institutions ( particularly the macaulay library , cornell university ) for granting access to this material . complete acknowledgements and data sets are provided in the supplementary information . this research was supported by the john fell fund ( to j . a . t . ) , the browne fellowship , queen\u2019s college , oxford , and vetenskapsr\u00e5det ( to c . k . c . ) , the national science foundation ( to r . t . b . ) and the royal society ( to n . s . ) .\nj . a . t . and n . s . conceived and designed the study , compiled and analysed song data , and integrated all data sets ; s . c . provided morphometric data ; e . p . d . , s . c . and r . t . b . conducted molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analyses ; c . c . designed and conducted statistical analyses , with significant input from n . s . ; n . s . , j . a . t . and c . c . produced figures and tables ; j . a . t . prepared and edited the manuscript , with input from all authors .\npermutation tests examining the influence of data structure and response variable distribution on fixed effects .\nthis file contains supplementary methods , supplementary tables 1 - 27 , a supplementary discussion , supplementary notes , supplementary references and a supplementary code for statistical analyses .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nduring adaptive radiations , species that share geographic ranges ( in sympatry ) have higher levels of character divergence than those that are geographically isolated ( in allopatry ) . the traditional explanation invokes species interactions : selection favours greater divergence when there is direct competition for the same ecological niche . this has never been robustly tested at broader macroevolutionary scales , however . these authors present an extensive assessment of phenotypic divergence in the context of evolutionary time , focusing on ovenbirds , one of the most diverse families of birds in the world . estimates of divergence in multiple genes and traits across a radiation of 350 ovenbird lineages show that the ecological or reproductive traits of coexisting species are no more divergent than those of non - interacting species , instead providing evidence that species interactions can drive widespread phenotypic convergence .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\n> stream h\u00fe\u00e4\u009aok g\u0010\u00e5\u00bfj } \u0002ow\u00fd\u00ebn0 : 8\u00e1 ` b\u0088p | \b\b y \u000ex \u0092 \u00ee\u00b7\u00ef\u00eb\u009d\n\u0087\u0010\u00a8 [ \u00eda [ \u00b3\u00fa\u009ewo ^ \u00f7\u00fevfv ; 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\u001b\u00fdk\u00a6\u0013\u00b4\u00f5\u0011a\u00e9\u00a7\u0082\u007f\u00e14b @ a\u0006\u00b7z\u00a7z\u00a8ma l\u0013\u00f3b\u00fc \u00e9 \u0080\u0081\u009c\u008e\u00f4\n# ' j @ \u00e6 @ \u00e5 ; \u00e9 { \u0016\u0088\u00a7lie\u0011\u00fba\u001a\u000fm\u0011y\u00f2\n( tumbes ) . extant suitable habitat is highly fragmented , making the species ' s distribution patchy . it is generally uncommon , but locally relatively common ( lowen 1998 , jiggins\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntaxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\npopulation justification : the population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 individuals . this equates to 6 , 667 - 13 , 333 mature individuals , rounded here to 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 mature individuals .\ntrend justification : this species is suspected to lose 85 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by \u226580 % over three generations .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n: i recently revisited the problem with and enhanced molecular dataset including : 1 ) the mitochondrial nd2 gene ( already analyzed by derryberry et al . 2011 ) , 2 ) two introns from the z chromosome ( aco1 and musk , analyzed together ) ; 3 ) introns 5 - 11 of the g3pdh gene ( and intervening exonic sequences ) ; and 4 ) introns 5 and 7 of the beta fibrinogen gene fgb ( claramunt 2014 ) .\n( bootstrap support : g3pdh : 51 , nd2 : 86 , z - linked : 96 , fgb : 100 ) . there was less agreement regarding the position of this pair of species within the larger clade , but g3pdh and z - linked genes showed\nbut with low support ( 73 ) , and fgb did not resolve basal relationships .\nwas also found when genes were analyzed jointly either by concatenation ( ml bootstrap : 92 ) and using a species - tree ( star ) method that accounts for potential incomplete lineage sorting .\ngiven these results , the classification needs to be changed . among several options , i opted for describing a new genus for propinqua , which i named mazaria , honoring our dear juan mazar - barnett .\nc : place propinqua in its own genus mazaria , the option advocated in this proposal .\noption c , is minimally disrupting other than introducing a new generic name . the disadvantage of option c is the creation of a monotypic genus that is not informative regarding relationships and redundant in the sense that the genus mazaria and the species mazaria propinqua would contain exactly the same taxon . on the other hand , monotypic taxa cannot be completely avoided in general , and in this case , the monotypic genus would help represent the phenotypic distinction of propinqua in relation to its sister species and highlight that theses two species are not particularly closely and have long history of independent evolution .\nat the end , i think that option c would result in a classification that is more in consonance with traditional conceptualizations of what an avian genus is ( mayr 1999 ) and therefore i recommend recognizing the new genus mazaria for propinqua ( a yes on this proposal ) .\nclaramunt , s . 2014 . phylogenetic relationships among synallaxini spinetails ( aves : furnariidae ) reveal a new biogeographic pattern across the amazon and parana river basins . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 78 : 223\u2013231 .\ndavid , n . & m . gosselin 2002 . the grammatical gender of avian genera . bull . brit . orn . cl . 122 : 257 - 282 .\nderryberry , e . p . , s . claramunt , r . t . chesser , j . v . remsen jr . , j . cracraft , a . aleixo , & r . t . brumfield . 2011 . lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large - scale continental radiation : the neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers ( aves : furnariidae ) . evolution 65 ( 10 ) : 2973 - 2986 .\nmayr , e . 1999 . systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist . harvard university press , cambridge , ma .\nvaurie , c . , 1980 . taxonomy and geographical distribution of the furnariidae ( aves , passeriformes ) . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 166 , 1\u2013357 .\ni have been aware of this one for several years and strongly concur with santiago on all of this .\nthe classification must be changed , and option c is clearly the best , in my view . \u201d\n: \u201cyes . in the most mayrian sense of a genus , i endorse the placement of propinqua in mazaria . vocally and phenotypically it does sound - look like a schoeniophylax - certhiaxis . however , my subjective heart is pleased to see this new genus dedicated to the memory of juancito . \u201d\n\u201ci much prefer option b , in this case , for the primary reason santiago recognized : one genus for these two clarifies and highlights their sister relationship within this huge family .\nthey uniquely share a harsh , grating quality in songs and calls that is practically unique in the part of the phylogeny presented in this proposal , and they both occasionally perform fairly complex duets .\nsome of the others in this part of the tree might be considered to give duets , in that the members of the pair sometimes vocalize in tandem ( e . g . ,\n, also somewhat \u201charsh and grating\n) , but they are not two - parted , synchronized vocalizations like those occasionally delivered by pairs of schoeniophylax . ( i\u2019ve never seen \u201c\nin life , and it\u2019s been so long since i\u2019ve seen stictothorax that i can\u2019t remember much about its vocalizations \u2014 so i don\u2019t know about possible dueting in that clade . ) \u201d\n\u201cthe erection of a monotypic genus should almost always be considered quite disruptive , just as is the lumping of phenotypically distinctive clades / species traditionally considered separate genera into related genera , always in the pursuit of avoiding paraphyly .\n\u201cyes . i definitely prefer diagnosable genera , even if monotypic ; the only real alternative , including both in certhiaxis , produces an undiagnosable soup . \u201d\ni prefer c , the option that keeps a distinctive genus for this taxon . \u201d\nmoreover , the continued movement for making anything that looks different and / or has a relatively long branch in the tree as a monotypic genus is undermining the purpose of nomenclature , i . e . , effective communication and conveying relationships . \u201d\n: \u201cno . i largely agree with bret , and embracing the subjectivity noted by mayr i subjectively prefer classifications that are informative about relationships over the recognition of monotypic genera except when dealing with real oddballs . subjectively , admittedly , i think this is not the case here . \u201d\n: \u201cyes \u2013 inclusion into schoeniophylax is not palatable to me , that is such a distinctive bird . given that this pair is not all that closely related to each other , i am ok with the creation of a monotypic genus and happy that it is called mazaria . \u201d\n: \u201ci am a little surprised that this proposal met any opposition , so i am adding some extra comments .\ncreates an indefensible morphological grouping in addition to the two lineages being separated as long ago as many current genera .\nsong as harsh and grating , but rather , in my subjective opinion , amazingly rich and melodious , at least compared to any other spinetail . \u201d\ni\u2019ve waffled back and forth on this one , sharing some of the concerns raised by bret , mark and daniel regarding erecting a monotypic genus for a bird that is not that distinctive phenotypically or vocally from other members of the larger clade .\nthat , in my opinion , outweighs any informative gains of recognizing the sister status of the two species by placing them in the same genus .\nto be \u201crich and melodious\u201d , having a liquid , gurgling tonal quality that is difficult to describe , and , which is unique within the synallaxines .\nwould result in a tiny , amorphous genus that would defy any attempts to produce a coherent diagnosis , solely to make clear that the two species are sister taxa . \u201d\npopulation justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .\ntrend justification : this species is suspected to lose 28 . 6 - 29 . 1 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by a rate approaching 30 % over three generations .\npopulation justification : the population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals .\ntrend justification : a rapid ongoing population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss .\npopulation justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .\ntrend justification : this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nreview of recordings 16 - 17 years after made - uncertain whether the individuals recorded were seen or whether playback was used . amplified 14 db in audacity gallery forest / scrub / indundated grassland complex ( budget gear ) mono 14db amplif sennheiser mke300 to sony cm - 20dv dictaphone\non a river island in rio napo just in front of the sani lodge bodega with high cane and cecropia .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 151 side b track 15 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 525 side a track 18 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 525 side a track 17 seq . a )\nhowever , the slaty spinetail constructs a bulky spherical stick nest 36x43 cm in size , with a long tubular entrance , 0 . 4\u20134 . 5 m high in a shrub or vine covered tree . it lays two or three greenish white eggs .\nthis species is a widespread and common resident breeder in lowlands and up to 1500 m altitude in a range of scrubby habitats , including second growth , road and river edges , and overgrown pasture .\nthe spinetail mobula ray has a pelagic lifestyle and has been observed both alone and in groups . it feeds on zooplankton by filtering sea water .\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , and plantations .\nthe necklaced spinetail is a fairly common bird within its rather restricted range . the total number of birds has not been estimated but the population trend seems to be stable so the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of\nleast concern\n.\nthe taxonomic update for 2013 is now complete in ebird . the names and sequence have been changed and ebird records have been updated in cases of splits and lumps . this update includes updates since august 2012 to the north american classification committee and south american classification committee , including several splits detailed below . in the united states and canada the most significant change was the split of sage sparrow into bell\u2019s sparrow and sagebrush sparrow . in central and south america , immaculate antbird was split into zeledon\u2019s antbird and blue - lored antbird . in addition , there were some changes to scientific names and sequence of shorebirds , mimidae ( mockingbirds and thrashers ) , and several other groups of birds . elsewhere in the world , a large number of taxa were split in southeast and south asia ( especially india ) , along with a few in africa , europe , and australasia .\nthe full taxonomy can be downloaded . also , we have a version of the full taxonomy with changes in common name , scientific name , and new additions highlighted ; download that here . for those proficient with spreadsheets , this may be the easiest way to review the changes .\na full summary of the taxonomic changes is below . since this is a long article , here is a short index :\nwhen the taxonomy is updated in ebird , many of the changes are fairly simple to implement . when a common name changes , a scientific name changes , or when the taxonomic sequence is revised , those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly . keeping track of name changes is a challenge , and avibase is one of the best ways to do so . just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you what the history of that name is , and\u2013if it differs from ebird\u2013it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name . try it for louisiana heron , for example ."]}
{"id": 2151, "summary": [{"text": "the palawan peacock-pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis ) is a medium-sized ( up to 50 cm long ) bird in the family phasianidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the palawan peacock-pheasant is featured prominently in the culture of the indigenous peoples of palawan .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the bird is also depicted in the official seal of the city of puerto princesa . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "palawan peacock - pheasant", "paragraphs": ["an adult male palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis ) , puerto princesa subterranean river national park , philippines . copyright ~ marc a\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis )\ntitle =\narkive species - palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthis pheasant is protected by law , although the law is poorly enforced on the island of palawan . the survival of this bird now depends on its ability to adapt to living in the scrub and felled forest , because of the decline of the tropical forest on palawan . this pheasant breeds well in captivity .\nwe placed palawan , calamian islands , and cuyo islands into a single ecoregion , the palawan rain forests [ im0143 ] . palawan has closer zoogeographic affinities to borneo .\nlike other pheasants , palawan peacock - pheasants are sexually dimorphic - males and females differ in colour . males are predominantly metallic blue , green and black , females a less conspicuous brown . they are ground - dwelling and prefer dense vegetation , moving quietly through the undergrowth . palawan peacock - pheasants live only on the island of palawan in the southern philippines . palawan has suffered extensive deforestation and the whole island is now designated as a biosphere reserve , although protecting it is very difficult .\npreviously considered endangerd , the level of threat facing the palawan peacock - pheasant has been downgraded in recent years . however , the pheasants have also been trapped for the pet trade and are hunted for meat , and much of their remaining forest habitat is leased to logging companies . as a result , the wild population is still declining .\n, this is probably atypical as peacock - pheasants are as a rule monogamous with males participating in nest defense and chick rearing . the\npalawan peacock - pheasant populations are undergoing a rapid decline as a result of habitat destruction , hunting and trade ( 5 ) . lowland forests on palawan have been widely cleared , and although coastal forest remains relatively extensive in the south , illegal logging there is thought to continue ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . furthermore , logging and mining concessions have been granted for almost all remaining forest on the island ( 5 ) . by the 1960s , direct exploitation of the palawan peacock - pheasant was also a growing concern , with large numbers being hunted for food and trapped for live trade to zoos and aviculture enthusiasts , but exports were much reduced by the late 1980s . nevertheless , the bird continues to be hunted for food and some trade ( 5 ) ( 9 ) .\nwe call it palawan - pfaufasan in german usually , not naopleonpfaufasan . . .\nnumbers of palawan peacock pheasants are rapidly declining because of habitat destruction , hunting and trade . illegal logging is a real problem on palawan , and approval for logging and mining has been given for the rest of the island . this means that even more of the lowland forests which are home to these birds are at risk .\nmcgowan , philip j . k . ( 1994 ) : 148 . malaysian peacock - pheasant . in : del hoyo , josep ; elliott , andrew & sargatal , jordi ( eds . ) : handbook of birds of the world ( vol . 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl ) : 548 , plate 58 . lynx edicions , barcelona . isbn 84 - 87334 - 15 - 6\nmcgowan , p . j . k . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe palawan peacock pheasant is a ground dwelling bird . the male is very colorful like the peacocks we are all familiar with but is considerably smaller . he also likes to strut and display for the female just like the larger ones . his tail is adorned with blue - green eye spots encircled by rings of black and gray . the female is mostly brown with white on her face and throat . they are related to turkeys , grouse , quail , guineafowl and curassows . our male and female produced two chicks in july 2013 pictured above .\nhunting and the wild pet trade are also significant threats in palawan . leopard cats have been hunted for their pelts and are sold when kittens as pets ( heaney and regalado 1998 ) . the palawan binturong is hunted for meat and as pets , and the pangolin is hunted for its hide ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) . the palawan peacock - pheasant ( dickinson et al . 1991 ; collar et al . 1999 ) , blue - headed racquet - tail ( collar et al . 1999 ) , philippine cockatoos ( cacatua haematuropygia ) , and blue - naped parrots ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) apparently are suffering greatly from the pet trade . the final destination for these birds often is the united states ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nkimball , rebecca t . ; braun , edward l . ; ligon , j . david ; lucchini , vittorio & randi , ettore ( 2001 ) : a molecular phylogeny of the peacock - pheasants ( galliformes :\nthere are many endemic mammals in palawan , but nearly all the genera ( 96 percent ) are also found in borneo . of twenty - five indigenous nonvolant mammal species , eleven ( 44 percent ) are endemic to palawan , and the remainder are shared with borneo . therefore , the greater palawan region is rightly considered part of the sunda shelf bioregion rather than that of the philippines . the large number of endemic species but few endemic genera of palawan are consistent with a separation of borneo and palawan of approximately 160 , 000 ( since the middle pleistocene ) ( heaney 1986 ) . there are fifteen endemic or near - endemic mammals in greater palawan ( table 1 ) .\nendemic to the island of palawan in the philippines , for which it gets its common name ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nthis is a palawan scops owl , an uncommon mainland palawan endemic ranging in forest and forest edge . just like a lot of the philippines\u2019 owls , this one is poorly - known and few documentations about the breeding , behavior and ecology of this species exist .\nthis species is endemic to the island of palawan in the philippines , where it lives , feeds and nests on the forest floor .\nthe channel between palawan and borneo is about 145 m deep . during the middle pleistocene , sea levels were 160 m lower than today , and the islands were connected . during the last ice age ( late pleistocene ) , sea level was approximately 120 m below current levels , and palawan was separated from ice age borneo by a narrow channel . palawan has always remained separated from the rest of the philippines . palawan is long and narrow , consisting of a steep mountain range whose highest point is 2 , 085 m ( mt . mantalingajan ) . more than 45 percent of palawan consists of mountains with slopes greater than 30 percent ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthe palawan scops owl prefers to stay in bamboo thickets and dense understory and often quite close to the ground . it is the only small eared owl in palawan but sometimes the bigger and more rufous , small - island specialist mantanani scops owl can also occur at times .\nmale 50 cm , female 40 cm . dark peacock - pheasant . sexually dimorphic . male has pointed , dark crest , bare red orbital skin , white supercilium and patch on ear - coverts . black rest of head and underparts . shiny blue - green mantle , wing - coverts and tertials with darker feather - bases . black back , rump and tail , speckled buff with two rows of large green - blue ocelli on tail . female is smaller , duller , generally brown with indistinct buff markings and off - white throat , ear - coverts and supercilium .\nseveral of palawan ' s endemic mammals are considered threatened . three endemic mammal species are considered endangered , including the calamian deer , a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus juvencus ) ( recommended for delisting ; heaney et al . 1998 ) , and the palawan rat ( palawanomys furvus ) , which was collected only four times in 1962 . a subspecies of mouse deer , the balabac chevrotain ( tragulus napu nigricans ) , which is confined to balabac island , is also considered endangered . five endemic mammal species are considered vulnerable , including acerodon leucotis , the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) , the palawan stink badger ( mydaus marchei ) , the palawan binturong ( arctictis binturong whitei ) , and a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus rabori ) ( iucn 2000 ) .\nthe palawan peacock - pheasant is notable for the male\u2019s impressive crest and vibrant plumage , which is glossy black with a dazzling metallic green - blue lustre on the crest , crown , neck , mantle and wings ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the long tail is black , finely speckled with buff and adorned with two rows of large and conspicuous green - blue ocelli ( eye - shaped spots ) . the face has a distinctive pattern of black and white , with bare red skin around the eyes ( 5 ) . while males bear these lustrous colours and striking ocelli , which they flaunt in elaborate courtship displays to attract mates , females are rather drab in comparison ( 6 ) . their brown plumage , with scattered buff markings ( 2 ) , helps camouflage and conceal the females while they incubate their eggs and brood their young ( 6 ) .\npalawan ' s forests are of low commercial value because of the small number of dipterocarps , and until the last twenty years palawan ' s forests were ignored in favor of the more valuable forests of luzon and mindanao . government logging regulations setting guidelines for minimum diameter , minimum rotation length , and replanting have been largely ignored ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion includes the island palawan plus balabac , ursula island , and the calamian group . palawan itself is the sixth largest of the philippine islands . the climate of the ecoregion is tropical wet ( national geographic society 1999 ) . in northwest palawan , a dry season lasts from november to may while the wet season lasts from june to october ; the rest of the island experiences a short , one - to three - month dry season . the east coast becomes progressively drier than the west coast from north to south ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nvulnerable . mace - lande : endangered . cites i . restricted range ; occurs in palawan island endemic bird area . little , if any , forest remains in level lowlands , certainly on e . . .\nyellow - throated leafbird chloropsis palawanensis june 2013 , sabang , puerto princesa city , palawan , philippines video by nicky icarangal , jr . digiscoped with a swarovski atx 95 hd , panasonic gh3 with swarovski tls - apo adapter\nphilippine ( red - vented ) cockatoo cacatua haematuropygia june 2015 , municipality of narra , palawan , philippines video by nicky icarangal , jr . digiscoped with a swarovski atx 95 hd , panasonic gh3 with swarovski tls - apo adapter .\npalawan is one of the major destinations for birding in the philippines . it is distinctively different from the rest of the country in terms of avian diversity . the avifauna here is similar to that of mainland asia with overlapping species like black - headed bulbul , ashy tailorbird , asian fairy bluebird , chestnut - breasted malkoha among others . the island of palawan is a long strip of land that has several endemics as well , such as this stunning yellow - throated leafbird .\nbiodiversity features relative to the size of palawan , the ecoregion contains a rich fauna , including several groups that are not found in the rest of the philippines ( carnivores , pangolins , porcupines , and some insectivores ) ( heaney 1986 ) .\ncurrently , palawan ' s mineral wealth ( chromite , copper , iron , manganese , mercury , and nickel ) has not been extensively exploited , but the possible future extraction of these minerals represents a potential threat ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\npalawan represents a bridge between the sunda shelf and philippine bioregions and contains faunal elements from both , as well as it own unique elements . this ecoregion , though more intact than any other region in the philippines , is under great pressure from logging interests .\nthis yellow - throated leafbird is one of two endemic leafbirds in the philippines . this leafbird prefers the canopy of trees , often seen feeding with mixed flocks composed of hair - crested and ashy drongos , fiery minivet , palawan tit , and lovely sunbird .\nbecause of a generally high population density in other parts of the philippines , large numbers of shifting cultivators ( kaingineros ) are attracted to palawan to eke out a living on the hillsides of the island , and their cumulative impact is enormous ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nthe entire island of palawan was made a game reserve in 1983 , making hunting illegal . however illegal hunting is hard to control and even harder to enforce . zoos worldwide are contributing to managed breeding programmes for the birds , but the wild population remains very much at risk .\nlimestone forests are found on the islets surrounding palawan and over large areas in the southern portions of the island . represented are euphorbia trigona , aglaia argentea , and antidesma , drypetes , gomphandra , sterculia , pleomele , and begonia spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nall of palawan was declared a fauna and flora watershed reserve , and this includes a variety of protected areas , including national parks , wilderness areas , experimental forests , forest research reserves , game refuges , wildlife sanctuaries , museum reservations and research sites , tourist zones , and marine reserves .\na total of 1 , 522 ( davis et al . 1995 ) to 1 , 672 ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) vascular plants have been identified on palawan , and it is estimated that more than 2 , 000 species are present on the island . as detailed earlier , palawan has an extremely diverse range of vegetation types for the philippines . a small number of dipterocarps , an important timber tree group , are present on the island , as well as a variety of medicinal plants used by ethnic tribes and plants used in ceremony and as ornamentals ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\ncurrent status almost all of the philippines was once completely forested ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . as of 1988 , palawan contained 7 , 410 km2 ( 54 percent ) of total forest remaining ( ssc 1988 ) . at the time this was the highest percentage of any of the philippines ' large islands .\nrecent reports in the international press indicate ( and have been confirmed , l . heaney , pers . comm . , 2000 ) that the situation in palawan has stabilized , that large - scale logging has been halted , and that a balance is being achieved between economic development and conservation ; future monitoring will determine whether this is remains true .\nvictoria peak , in south - central palawan , contains the largest region of ultramafic forest on the island . although many of the ultramafic tree species are shared with semi - deciduous forest , several species , including scaevola micrantha , brackenridgea palustris var . foxworthi , exocarpus latifolius , and phyllanthus lamprophyllus are believed to be heavy metal indicators ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthis species ' s population was previously estimated at fewer than 10 , 000 mature individuals by mcgowan and garson ( 1995 ) . densities recently calculated in puerto princesa subterranean river national park suggest that the figure given by mcgowan and garson ( 1995 ) is likely to be an underestimate , based on estimated forest coverage on palawan . however , the latest density estimates are unlikely be representative of the whole island . with this in mind , the species ' s population is conservatively placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals . trend justification : logging and clearance of lowland forest has been extensive on palawan and continues , with many areas falling within mining designations . hunting pressure is also severe in places . as a result the species is suspected to be declining rapidly .\nvegetation types on palawan are diverse and include beach forest , tropical lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , lowland semi - deciduous forest , montane forest , and ultramafic and limestone forest . beach forest merges with other forest types away from the coast and includes calophyllum inophyllum , canarium asperum var . asperum , pometia pinnata , palaquium dubardii , and ficus spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthis is a falcated ground - babbler , one of the most gorgeous and most sought - after palawan endemics . this lowland , uncommon and very secretive skulker prefers to stay near the ground in dense foliage , turning leaves and dried litter in search of small invertebrates and grubs . this endemic has a loud , conspicuous song consisting of melodious whistles and babbling notes will often respond to playback . hear it for yourself . \ud83d\ude42\nthe lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , which naturally occupies 31 percent of the island , is dominated by agalai spp . , dipterocarpus gracilis , d . grandiflorus , ficus spp . , tristania spp . , exocarpus latifolius , and swintonia foxworthyi . sygium spp . , dracontomelon dao , and pongamia pinnata are emergent . lianas and cycads are common . in southern palawan , a casuarina sp . dominates in the lowland forests ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nallocate greater resources towards more effective control of hunting in palawan forests and initiate conservation awareness campaigns amongst forest product collectors . continue surveys to assess distribution , status and habitat requirements in remaining lowland forests and secondary habitats , particularly south of brooke ' s point , on the slopes of mt victoria and in remaining forests in the north . formally protect forests at iwahig . support the proposed extension of puerto princesa subterranean river national park and promote the development of captive - breeding programmes .\n, where it occurs on palawan ( birdlife international 2001 ) . it is known from c . 20 localities throughout the island , with records from at least 11 since 1980 . local reports suggest that it has a wider distribution . in the early 1970s , despite local extinctions , it was not considered particularly rare . in 1995 , its fragmented population was estimated to number fewer than 10 , 000 mature individuals ( mcgowan and garson 1995 ) ; however , more recent density estimates from puerto princesa subterranean river national park ( mallari\njustification of ecoregion delineation mackinnon ( 1997 ) identified seven subunits in the philippines , and the philippine biodiversity action plan ( philippine bap 1997 ) demarcated fifteen biogeographic units . udvardy ( 1975 ) identified the philippines as a single biogeographic province . we delineated nine ecoregions in the philippine islands , including palawan . we deviated from udvardy ( 1975 ) , mackinnon ( 1997 ) , stattersfield et al . ( 1998 ) , and the philippine bap ( 1997 ) to varying degrees and based our delineation of the philippine ecoregions on heaney ( 1993 ) .\nthe philippines only has one species of cockatoo : the philippine or red - vented cockatoo . it used to be widespread and ranged in the major islands of the philippines but the rampant poaching for the illegal pet trade as well as habitat destruction lead to its decline and is now declared as critically endangered . currently , the best place to see the philippine cockatoos in the wild is in the island of palawan , in rasa island . access to the island is restricted and is managed by one of the philippines\u2019 top conservation organizations , the katala foundation ( urltoken )\ntypes and severity of threats habitat destruction is the main threat to biodiversity in the philippines , and palawan , though currently in better condition , is no different . logging and shifting cultivation ( kaingin ) are cited as the primary forces of habitat conversion . logging takes many forms , from industrial scale to smaller - scale operations that use water buffalo to haul logs out of the forest . mangroves are used locally for firewood , dyes , and tannins ( davis et al . 1995 ) , and they are sometimes removed to make way for fishponds ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nlong known as p . emphanum , but napoleonis has priority # r . has been considered closely related to p . malacense and p . schleiermacheri # r , but fuller molecular analysis required # r . birds with white supercilia have sometimes been listed as race nehrkornae , but amount of white in supercilium apparently varies throughout range # r , with some authors attributing the variation ( from full and joined at the rear , through partial , to completely lacking ) to polymorphism , with n population possessing a full white superciliary stripe but birds in se palawan lacking it # r . monotypic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\n, but is shorter - legged , longer - tailed and more uniform brown .\ndespite evidence that its population may be larger than previously estimated , this species still qualifies as vulnerable because it is suspected to be undergoing a rapid decline as a result of habitat destruction , hunting and capture for trade .\n. 2011 ) suggest that this was an underestimate . as a result of the latest density estimates ( mallari\n. 2011 ) , the population is conservatively estimated at fewer than 50 , 000 mature individuals . the species , however , is still thought to be declining .\nit mainly inhabits primary and secondary forest on flat and rolling terrain , up to c . 800 m , occasionally occurring almost up to mossy forest and in\n- dominated dwarf forest on serpentine rock . surveys in puerto princesa subterranean river national park found evidence that the species shows a strong preference for old growth forest over advanced secondary growth , which in turn appears to be preferred over early secondary growth , with none recorded in cultivation ( mallari\n. 2011 ) . logging and mining concessions have been granted for almost all remaining forest on the island . as of december 2008 , nine small scale mining permits had already been issued and there were 354 mining applications pending , covering 6 , 510 km\n. 2011 ) . illegal logging is thought to persist in the remaining extensive forest of the south . forest at iwahig penal colony , regarded as a key site , may be threatened by plans to mine chromite . by the late 1960s , the species was being extensively hunted and trapped in large numbers for live trade , but exports were much reduced by the late 1980s . in the mid - 1990s , it was heavily hunted adjacent to puerto princesa subterranean river national park , and this protected area is still subjected to pressures on habitats , including agricultural encroachment and the harvesting of non - timber forest products ( mallari\n( mallari and lee 2006 ) . it also featured on a bilingual environmental awareness poster in the\nonly in the philippines\nseries and is part of the european endangered [ species ] programme of the european association of zoos and aquaria ( www . eaza . net ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe diet in the wild is believed to comprise seeds , grains , nuts , fruit , leaves , roots , insects , worms and slugs ( 8 ) .\nlives , feeds and nests on the floor of primary and secondary forest on flat and rolling terrain , up to around 800 metres above sea level ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nbirdlife international . ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1994 ) handbook of the birds of the world - new world vultures to guineafowl . vol . 2 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . mantle in birds , the wings , shoulder feathers and back , when coloured differently from the rest of the body . monogamous mating with a single partner . polygamous mating with more than one partner in the same season . primary forest forest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition . secondary forest forest that has re - grown after a major disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest .\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : polyplectron napoleonis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlittle is known about this species in the wild , but their diet is believed to consist of seeds , grains , fruits , insects , worms and slugs .\nthese shy birds hide away in vegetation away from other animals . they can be found living in pairs or small groups .\na couple of eggs are incubated by the female bird for 20 days . once hatched , the chicks will be able to forage and find their own food when a couple of days old , although their mum will continue to guard them for several weeks .\nif you ' d like to stay informed of new products , events and special offers then please join our mailing lists .\nour website uses cookies . by continuing to use the site you are agreeing to the use of cookies . click here to find out why .\n\u00a9 copyright newquay zoo 2018 . all rights reserved . website by website vision .\nsouth west environmental parks ltd , is an educational , scientific and conservation charity dedicated to protecting our global wildlife heritage .\nregistered office : paignton zoo environmental park , totnes road , paignton tq4 7eu . company no . 792877 registered charity no . 300923\nmale c . 50 cm ( tail 24\u201325 cm ) , c . 436 g ; female c . 40 cm ( tail 16\u00b75\u201317 cm ) , c . 322 g . male markedly different from all congenerics ; long , pointed crest , . . .\na harsh , rasping , explosive screech \u201ckreeetch ! \u201d repeated at intervals . also several clucking sounds . . .\nprimary and secondary forest in rolling terrain . traditionally said to be restricted to coastal . . .\nno information from the wild . in captivity : clutch of two rosy to buff - white eggs ; incubation 18\u201320 days , by female only ; chicks have . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nincludes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .\nrecent molecular research suggests that polyplectron forms a weakly supported clade with afropavo , pavo , argusianus and rheinardia # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nit ' s not you , it ' s us . it is possible the page you were looking for may have been moved , updated or deleted\nok , maybe it ' s you . you may have typed the web address incorrectly . please check the address and spelling to eliminate any spaces .\nif you feel this message is in error , please contact us at zooinfo @ urltoken or membership @ urltoken for membership questions .\nto access your donor giving history and information , please enter your user name and password below . if you are a new donor and do not have a user name and password , please select\nnew user registration\nto register . registration is free , and your information is secure and is not traded or sold .\nwoodland park zoo saves wildlife and inspires everyone to make conservation a priority in their lives .\nwoodland park zoo is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization . \u00a9 2018 woodland park zoo\n2 eggs are incubated for between 18 - 19 days in a nest under cover on the ground .\nbrilliant , loved every minute of it especially the free activities throughout the day .\n\u00a9 copyright paignton zoo 2018 . all rights reserved . website by website vision .\npaignton zoo environmental park , totnes road , paignton , devon tq4 7eu ( registered office ) . company no . 792877 registered charity no . 300923\nthe eastern half of the island is in a rain shadow and contains moist semi - deciduous forests . soils are thin on the steeper slopes and support medium - sized trees ( up to 15 m tall ) , which shed their leaves during the march - may dry season . the rainy season is june - july . common tree species include pterocymbium tinctorium , pterospermum diversifolium , hymenodictyon spp . , and garuga floribunda ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nmontane forests , found between 800 and 1 , 500 m , are dominated by tristania spp . , casuarina spp . , swietenia foxworthyi , and litsea spp . in the lower elevations . upper montane forest trees include agathis philippinensis , dacrydium pectinatum , podocarpus polystachyus , gnetum latifolium , cycas wadei , cinnamomum rupestre , nepenthes philippinensis , and angiopteris spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nfamily species pteropodidae acerodon leucotis * cervidae axis calamianensis * sciuridae sundasciurus steerii * sciuridae sundasciurus moellendorfi * sciuridae sundasciurus rabori * sciuridae hylopetes nigripes * muridae chiropodomys calamianensis * muridae maxomys panglima * muridae palawanomys furvus * hystricidae hystrix pumila * sorcidae crocidura palawanensis * muridae haeromys sp . a * sciuridae sundasciurus hoogstraali * sciuridae sundasciurus juvencus * tupaiidae tupaia palawanensis *\nthe calamian deer ( axis calamianensis ) is found only in the calamian islands , where it survives in low densities on busuanga , calauit , and culion islands . the only protected area for this species was established to protect free - ranging african ungulates on calauit island ( wemmer 1998 ) .\nthe critically endangered philippine crocodile ( crocodylus mindorensis ) was historically found on the islands of luzon , mindoro , masbate , samar , jolo , negros , busuanga , and mindanao . busuanga contains one of the only remaining populations ( others are found on mindoro , negros , and mindanao ) . whereas the decline of the species was initially driven by overexploitation , habitat loss and human persecution are now the principal threats to the philippine crocodile . surveys in 1980 - 1982 revealed a total wild population of approximately 500 - 1 , 000 individuals , but current wild populations may be approximately 100 nonhatchlings . captive breeding efforts are being led by the crocodile farming institute , an entity of the philippine government ( ross 1998 ) .\nlater aerial surveys ( development alternatives 1992 ) indicated that significant reductions in closed - canopy forest cover had occurred since 1988 as a result of recent logging . as seen from the air , the lowlands and hillsides consist of slash - and - burn agriculture up to the edges of natural forest in the highlands . closed - canopy forest caps only the highest areas on the island .\nornamental plant collecting , especially for the orchids ( phalaenopsis amabilis and paphiopedilum argus ) , pitcher plants ( nepenthes spp . ) , palms ( veitchia merrillii ) , and aroids ( amorphophallus spp . and alocasia spp . ) threatens some plant populations ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\na valuable resin , known as manila copal , is collected from agathis dammara trees . this collection weakens the trees , and slackening production and disease combined with overexploitation are threatening the species ( davis et al . 1995 ; quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nreferences references for this ecoregion are currently consolidated in one document for the entire indo - pacific realm . indo - pacific reference list\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nview all calendars is the default . choose select a calendar to view a specific calendar . subscribe to calendar notifications by clicking on the notify me\u00ae button , and you will automatically be alerted about the latest events in our community .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 586 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nplease do help save the philippine cockatoo . you can do your share by supporting the katala foundation here .\nbest way to locate this uncommon owl is by its very faint , hard to hear , snore - like harsh growl .\nseveral species of hornbills , numerous kinds of parrots and woodpeckers , the endemic family of rhabdornises and many other beautiful and unique birds await you .\ncome and birdwatch in the philippines with birding adventure philippines and get the chance to see the great philippine eagle .\nfor more information , please check out our tours page for our 2017 / 2018 schedules . you may also want to contact us if you ' re interested in our highly flexible custom tours .\nif you want a sample of the wonderful and diverse birds of the philippines , do visit our galleries here .\ncm long , about half of which is made up by the tail . their\n, a white throat running down to the center of the breast , and a loose , pointed and upturned dark blue - green crest on its forehead . a bare facial skin surrounds the eyes with their bluish - white\n; usually pink , it becomes bright orange - red during courtship . the bill and legs are blackish .\ncm . adult females weigh about 450 - 550 g . their plumage is duller than in males , with a vestigial crest and eyespots only on\nand back , they have dark dots instead , which are pointed towards the feather tip .\nyoung birds resemble females but have even less - developed eyespots and usually lack them entirely except on the rectrices . the\ndate , roughly around 1 ma , seems reasonable . in that regard , it is probably significant that\n, but it probably never occurred in the former two at least in historic times . it has since disappeared from most of its former range , with the remaining population being confined to the lowlands of central malaysia , perhaps extending barely into thailand . although nothing certain is known , there is nothing to suggest that this species is anything other than a sedentary bird ; individuals probably do not move a long distance from their place of\n, but the ranges of several birds probably overlap except for the core areas . males move about in an area of approximately 10\u201360\n, rarely occurring even as low as 300 m asl . while it can utilize\n, such habitat does not seem to be optimal . its feeding habits are little - studied , but it probably eats a mix of plant matter ( particularly fruits ) and small\nfashion , utilising its feet and bill to uncover invertebrates from forest litter . recorded food items include\nhave been found in march , april and august . breeding activity may in fact occur essentially all year round ( as in many lowland\n, from where they maintain vocal contact with their mate and progeny . they adopt various highly stereotyped and ritualised postures and associated plumage displays , which reveal prominent ocelli on\n. these behaviors are likewise used in self - defense . when utilised in pair - bonding behavior copulation may occur subsequent to lateral displays . anterior displays are also performed which may include curious clicking and vibrating pulsations of feather quills created via\n. this is not always the case in instances where pairs are maintained in mixed species enclosures and encouraged to nest naturally . the nest is somewhat vestigial , consisting of twigs and large leaves scraped together on low - lying firm ground , be it on a\nor so , and that this trend is expected to last for another decade at least . it is listed on\n, and has rendered more than half of the places where it was found in the 1970s unsuitable for it . the available\nthe estimate of divergence times in kimball et al . ( 2001 ) is probably too low , as they use an uncalibrated and outdated molecular clock that is not well - suited for large - bodied birds .\nmcgowan , philip j . k . ( 1998 ) : weights of some birds from the malaysian forest floor . forktail 14 : 78 . pdf fulltext\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 8 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nthe birds have bred regularly at durrell ' s jersey headquarters since the 1970s , and there is now a world - wide captive population of about 1000 birds .\ndurrell wildlife conservation trust is a member of the association of jersey charities , membership number 69 . patron : hrh the princess royal . founder : gerald durrell , obe , lhd . durrell wildlife conservation trust - uk is registered in england and wales . a charitable company limited by guarantee . registered charity number : 1121989 . registered company number : 6448493 . registered office : c / o elian corporate services ( uk ) limited , 35 great st . helen ' s , london ec3a 6ap\ndiscover this info here : go to page purchase ventolin cheap browse around here ."]}
{"id": 2154, "summary": [{"text": "mites are small crawling animals related to ticks and spiders .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "most mites are free-living and harmless .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "other mites are parasitic , and those that infest livestock animals cause many diseases that are widespread , reduce production and profit for farmers , and are expensive to control .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the invertebrate mites are arthropods with a chitinous exoskeleton and jointed limbs .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "within the arthropoda , they belong in the subclass acari ( or acarina ) and species belonging to the acari are informally known as acarines .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "although both acarines and insects ( class insecta ) are studied in the fields of veterinary and medical parasitology , acarines are separated from insects by structure , feeding , lifecycles , and disease relations .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "both livestock and companion animals are susceptible to mite infestation .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "humans also may become infested by contagion from these domestic animals ( a zoonosis ) .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the term livestock is used in this article for all those domesticated mammals and birds that people rear for production of food , hides , wool , and draught power .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "infestation by mites usually causes skin diseases known as mange , scabies , scab , demodecosis , or in general as acariasis .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the causation , economic impact , and control of these diseases in livestock are described in this article .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "mites that cause disease in honey bees are described in varroa destructor . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "mites of livestock", "paragraphs": ["for controlling sheep mites ( or any other mites of livestock and pets ) . learn more about\nfor controlling horse mites ( or any other mites of livestock and pets ) . learn more about\nfor controlling cattle mange mites ( or any other mites of livestock and pets ) . learn more about\nin your previous studies it was clear to you that livestock diseases and parasites have high economic effects in livestock production . parasites vectors to various livestock , damage organs of animals and predisposes them to secondary infections . parasites have the following effects on livestock :\ndog mites and cat mites : biology , prevention and control . ear mites , sarcoptic mange , scabies , demodectic mange , itch mites , nasal mites , notoedric mange , walking dandruff .\nclick here if you are interested in medicinal plants for controlling mites and other external parasites of livestock and pets .\nmost scab and mange mites do not play a significant role in the transmission of microbial diseases to livestock or pets .\nclick here to learn more about general aspects of biological control of parasites of livestock and pets .\ngraham oh , hourrigan jl . eradication programs for the arthropod parasites of livestock .\nis therefore based on prophylaxis of the infection in man , livestock and dogs .\nmites in the family trombiculidae are commonly referred to as red bugs or chigger mites .\nspp . parasitize other species of mites . these mite \u2013inhabiting mites can attack man . the genus\nherbal medicines for dogs , cats & livestock against fleas , ticks , mites , lice , worms & other parasites .\nlice , fleas , keds and mites cause considerable loses in livestock . animal houses should be cleaned and dusted regularly .\ndog mites and cat mites : biology , prevention and control . ear mites , sarcoptic mange , scabies , demodectic mange , itch mites , nasal mitesnotoedric mange , walking dandruff .\nthe biology of mites , parasites of livestock - cattle , sheep , goats , pig , poultry - , dogs and cats . scab , mange\nchakrabarti a , pradhan nr . demodicidosis in livestock in west bengal ( india )\ndrummond ro . tick - borne livestock diseases and their vectors . chemical control of ticks .\nsutherst rw . management of arthropod parasitism in livestock . in : dunsmore jp , editor .\nrotational grazing of livestock species should be followed to minimize or limit the infection from pasture .\nmites are able to cause mange on different species of livestock but are somewhat host specific , thus infecting some species more severely than others .\ncattle mites are not vectors of other pathogens , i . e . they do not transmit microbial diseases as many other livestock parasites do .\nsheep mites are not vectors of other pathogens , i . e . they do not transmit microbial diseases as many other livestock parasites do .\nhorse mites are not vectors of other pathogens , i . e . they do not transmit microbial diseases as many other livestock parasites do .\nsubject acarology . soil mites > biological control . soil mites > integrated control . agricultural pests . beneficial insects . soil management . soil mites .\nbasu bc , menon bp , sengupta cm ( 1952 ) studies on the mange mites of livestock in india . indian veterin j 22 : 143\u2013149\n. fipronil , methoprene and amitraz are all pesticides used also on livestock and agriculture .\nis found in the veins of the nasal mucosa of livestock in the indian subcontinent . infection rates of 40 - 50 %\nthe use of pathogenic fungi against crop and livestock pests has been intensively investigated . there are already numerous commercial products containing spores of these fungi that are used against crop pests . there use against livestock pests is much less developed and little is known so far on their field efficacy against ticks and mites that affect livestock and / or pets .\nquarantine importance : numerous important pests of crops , livestock , wildlife , native flora , and humans .\nskin must be squeezed to extrude mites from hair follicles trichogram : is the examination of hair plucked from a follicle for mites . finding a few mites is normal ! it is only demodecosis if you find numerous mites or many life stages\nchorioptic mites of cattle ( also called\nleg mites\n, or\nbarn itch\n) are less harmful than psoroptic or sarcoptic mites . they are not transmitted to humans .\nbram ra . tick - borne livestock diseases and their vectors . 1 . the global problem .\nchakrabarti a , pradhan nr ( 1985 ) demodicosis in livestock in west bengal ( india ) .\nidentify and prepare a list of livestock feeds common in your school or in neighboring areas for the following animals .\nwharton rh . tick - borne livestock diseases and their vectors . acaricide resistance and alternative methods of tick control .\n. such products containing amitraz are often used in many countries for mite control on livestock and dogs .\nchorioptic mites of horses ( the itchy leg mite ) are less harmful than psoroptic or sarcoptic mites . they are not transmitted to humans .\nattempts to infect and demonstrate transovarial transmission of r . tsutsugamushi in three species of leptotrombidium mites\nsarcoptic mites of sheep are a species - specific strain of sarcoptes scabiei , a mite species that infests also cattle , pigs , other livestock and also humans . this means that it can be transmitted to humans . they are less abundant on sheep than psoroptic mites .\nsikes rk , chamberlain rw . laboratory observations on three species of bird mites .\nlitwin sb . \u201cpigeon mites\u201d causing a pruritic dermatitis . report of a case .\nmites infest sheep worldwide . the most important parasitic mite species of sheep are :\npsoroptic mites of horses are usually not infectious for humans , dogs and cats .\nzhao ye , cheng h . rapd analysis and sequence alignment of genomic dna of hair follicle mites\nto our knowledge ixodiphagus wasps are not yet commercially available in most countries where ticks are a problem for livestock .\nhelson gah ( 1956 ) some arthropods affecting man and livestock in new zealand . n z vet 4 : 11\u201318\nagricultural hygiene helps protect livestock and crops from pests and disease , including insects , parasites , pathogens and weeds .\nchorioptic sheep mites ( also called\nleg mites\n, or\nfoot scab\n) are quite abundant worldwide , but less harmful than psoroptic or sarcoptic mites . they are not transmitted to humans .\nthey are parasites that are found in the body of the livestock eg . tapeworms , roundworms , liver - flukes . livestock houses should not only provide protection against elements of environment but also must allow ease in maintenance of high standards of hygiene . dirty environments promote infection by internal parasites .\nsarcoptic mites of cattle are a species - specific strain of sarcoptes scabiei , a mite species that infests also sheep , pigs , other livestock and also humans . this means that it can be transmitted to humans .\nmange or scabies in livestock is a skin condition caused by microscopic mites in or on the skin . the mites cause intense itching and discomfort which is associated with decreased feed intake and production . scratching and rubbing results in extensive damage to hides and fleece .\nscab and mange mites of veterinary importance have a worldwide distribution but they tend to be more frequent in regions with cold climate a hard winters . such mites live in the skin of their hosts . infestations with mites are technically called acariasis .\nso far there are no reports on serious problems of cattle mites resistance to parasiticides .\nsulzberger mb , kaminstein i . avian itch mites as a cause of human dermatoses .\nsarcoptic mites of horses are a species - specific strain of sarcoptes scabiei , a mite species that infests also sheep , cattle , pigs , other livestock and also humans . this means that it can be transmitted to humans .\nmg was fed to 50 mites at 75\u201385 % rh . the number of mites was assessed after 25 days , so the bioassay used population suppression as the measure of efficacy .\nhowever , to our knowledge there are still no commercial products based on bacillus thuringiensis approved for use on livestock or pets .\nwilliams , r . e . ( 2010 ) veterinary entomology : livestock and companion animals . boca raton , crc press .\nin cattle are the most common . liver flukes attack many types of livestock , especially cattle , sheep and goats . water snail lymnaea species , is the intermediate host . control liver fluke basically involves drenching of livestock animals with antihelminthic drugs and elimination of the intermediate host by draining swampy area .\ndiagnosis has to be confirmed examining skin scrappings of affected parts under the microscope for visualization of the mites .\ndiagnosis has to be confirmed examining skin scrappings under the microscope for visualization of the mites .\nso far there are no biological control methods against ticks and mites of dogs and cats .\npathogenic impact and economic importance of mange mites in ruminants | dr . tekeste abriham - urltoken\naka scab , psoroptic mange is caused by species of psoroptes . non burrowing skin mites .\npositive diagnosis of the problem by a physician . scabies mites are extremely small ; females measure about 1 \u2044 60 inch . in the case of both scabies and straw itch mites , the rash or bites associated with these mites is the primary diagnostic characteristic .\ninsects and mites that feed on fungus or stored grain that is damaged include the foreign grain beetle , indian meal moth , psocids and grain mites .\nbram ra , george je , reichard re , tabachnick wj . the threat of foreign arthropod - borne pathogens to livestock in the united states .\n( b ) to keep livestock away from pastures contaminated with metacercariae . this may only be possible when the number of animals involved is small .\n) . scabies mites have greatest survival away from a host in conditions of low temperature and high relative humidity . mites have been shown to remain infective after up to 36\nscab and mange mites are typical winter pests in regions with a cold or moderate winter . and they affect mainly stabled livestock , because crowding creates a warm and humid microclimate that favors mite development and transmission .\n) . adult female mites burrow into the upper epidermis of the host at the rate of approximately 0 . 5\u20135\nis common in house dust in tropical climates and may be more prevalent than pyroglyphid mites and is a significant cause of sensitivity . this species has been reported to occur in small numbers in some homes in the southern subtropical united states . sensitivity to storage mites may be 6\u201322 % in urban and rural populations in europe . there is little cross - reactivity between storage mites and house dust mites . however , many patients are sensitive to both storage mites and the pyroglyphid house dust mites .\nnumber of laying hens per country in millions ( 2012 ) and the percentages of farms infested by dermanyssus gallinae . image reproduced from mul ; \u00a9wageningen ur livestock research .\nmites : re - evaluation of species integrity . med vet entomol 25 : 370\u2013376 . doi :\nin most countries there are no injectables approved for the control of mites on dogs and cats .\nso far there are almost no reports on confirmed resistance of dog or cat mites to acaricides .\nof dogs . milbemycin oxime has no efficacy against fleas or ticks . milbemycin oxime is exclusively used on pets , not on livestock or in agriculture .\nparasitic mites often have adaptations for being on animals claws , suckers , etc .\ntaxonomic priority in psoroptes mange mites : p . ovis or p . equi ?\n, natural or synthetic that will keep mites away from horses . and there are\nso far there are no drenches that reliably control mites on dogs and cats .\nthere are also reports of a good efficacy of thuringiensin suspensions against northern fowl mites when directly applied on infested chicken .\nalthough the disease can manifest in a number of ways , the only form is the presence of ectoparasites\u2014ticks and mites .\nwhereas there are numerous topical and systemic acaricides that control mites on livestock in most countries , only a fraction are also approved for use on horses or other equids . the reason is often that the horse market is smaller than the livestock market and thus it is not attractive enough for most animal health companies to invest in a claim for use on horses .\ningested by the host , which in turn is influenced by the climate , the amount of protection of larvae provided by vegetation , the livestock density and the grazing pattern of the ruminants present .\nsmith mg , blattner rj , heys fm . st . louis encephalitis : infection of chicken mites ,\nif a herd is free of mites , contamination can only come from animals brought in . consequently , to avoid contamination treat all incoming animals against mites , especially during the winter months .\ninfestations with mites are technically called acariosis or acariasis , both on animals and humans .\nthe eu label does not include any mites among the parasites controlled by certifect .\nchamberlain rw , sikes rk , sudia rw . attempted laboratory infection of bird mites with the virus of saint louis encephalitis .\nhall , m . t . b . , 1977 ; diseases and parasites of livestock in the tropics . longman group ltd , london . pp 22 \u2013 257 .\nharm to birds by bloodsucking mites is comparable to that of ticks for large livestock . besides stress and pain caused by itching and inflammation of the skin , blood loss can be considerable , which can cause anemia that can be fatal . egg production can be substantially reduced .\n( ii ) arachnida like ticks and mites various microenvironments eg . under the tail , belly region , anal region around the neck among other areas , favour the proliferation for different types of external parasites . this affects the distribution of the parasites and livestock production in general .\nlife - threatening anemia by direct consumption of host blood is possible when mites are seen in high numbers .\nwhitten lk ( 1962 ) parasitic mites of domestic animals in new zealand . n z entomol 3 : 9\u201312\ndurden la jlk , turell mj . mechanical transmission of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by haematophagous mites ( acari )\ncahn mm , shechter fr . pruritus from an unusual source - bird mites ; report of a case .\nvacated facilities where sheep infected with psoroptic mites were hold must be kept vacant for at least 2 weeks . this is necessary to allow surviving mites or eggs to die before arrival of new stock .\nzhao ye , cheng h , xun m , wu lp . extraction and random primer pcr detection of genomic dna of parasitic mites\nchamberlain rw , sikes rk . laboratory investigations on the role of bird mites in the transmission of eastern and western equine encephalitis .\ntaxonomic priority in psoroptes mange mites : p . ovis or p . equi ? | springerlink\nwritten by a globally prominent entomologist , agricultural acarology : introduction to integrated mite management provides tools for developing integrated mite management programs for agriculture , including management of plant - feeding mites , mites attacking bees and livestock , and stored products . emphasizing the biology , ecology , behavior , and diverse methods of controlling mites , this book provides an overview of the management of agriculturally important mites using all available integrated pest management ( ipm ) tools , including biological control , cultural practices , host - plant resistance , and pesticides . agricultural acarology prepares agricultural managers to identify , manage , and contribute to the field of integrated mite management . an accompanying cd - rom contains numerous color photographs of mites and the damage they cause , and pdfs of key publications .\nfleas and lice are two of the most common and irritating parasitic insects of humans and livestock . lice commonly live among the hairs of their hosts , feeding on blood . some species are carriers of typhus fever . fleas usually infest birds and mammals , and can feed on humans when they are transferred from pets or livestock . fleas are known to carry a variety of devastating diseases , including the plague .\nall mites are highly contagious among dogs and / or cat . depending on the species they can be contagious for humans as well . however , they are not transmitted by vectors ( e . g . flies , mosquitoes , etc . ) . mites do not transmit microbial diseases , neither to pets , nor to humans or livestock .\nare labeled for use against sarcoptic mange mites , but it is generally not considered the compound of choice . if\nmites are microscopic parasites , mostly not bloodsucking , which live on the skin of numerous domestic and wild animals .\nsurveys for ectoparasites on wildlife associated with amblyomma variegatum ( acari : ixodidae ) - infested livestock in st . croix , u . s . virgin islands .\nthe life cycle of nasal mites is not completely understood . usually these mites remain inside the nasal channels but a few mites may reach the outer nose . nasal mites often cause light or no symptoms at all , but strong infestations can lead to chronic sneezing , nasal discharge , coughing , nasal bleeding ( epistaxis ) , and restlessness . in very infrequent severe cases serious impairment of the respiratory function can occur .\nsteelman , c . d . , 1976 ; effects of external and internal arthropod parasites on domestic livestock production . ann . rev . entomol . 21 : 155 \u2013 175 .\nthe principle of a parasite control strategy is to keep the challenge to young livestock by the pathogenic trichostrongyle parasites at a minimum rate . this is achieved in the following ways .\nof mange and mites like ticks , mites belong to the arachnida family . there are more than 45 000 mite species . most can only be seen with a microscope and live in a diverse array of habitats . many live as parasites on plants and animals . \u2018mange\u2019 is the name given to skin diseases caused by parasitic mites in wild and domestic animals . sheep scab , for example , is caused by mites .\nskin irritation in humans handling infested materials . a related group of astigmatid mites , also ancestrally nest inhabiting , is the family pyroglyphidae . these mites have colonized human habitations from bird nests and are the primary source for allergens in house dust . commonly known as house dust mites , species particularly in the genus\nfleas and lice are two of the most common and irritating parasitic insects of humans and livestock . lice commonly live among the hairs of their hosts , feeding on blood . some species are carriers of the epidemic inducing typhus fever . fleas usually infest birds and mammals , and can feed on humans when they are transferred from pets or livestock . fleas are known to carry a variety of devastating diseases , including the plague .\nfor catching mites , for the simple reason that they spend their whole life on the animals .\nmay also be prevalent . domestic dwellings can also contain storage mites ( e . g . ,\nfigure 1 . gravel mulch can help stop or slow pests such as millipedes and clover mites .\nhealth plays a major role in determining the productivity of farm animals . in your previous studies , you learnt the role played by parasites and pathogens in livestock production . the health and productivity of farm animals is also dependent on the plane of nutrition exposed to them . in this topic you are expected to understand the diverse sources of livestock feeds , categorize them and explain their digestion in various farm animals .\nparasites cause considerable damage to livestock and loss of income to farmers . in this lesson , we shall explore the effects of parasites on livestock and the most susceptible stage of their lifecycle in order to successfully control them . parasitism is an association between two organisms in which one is called a parasite and the other a host in the context of the association . the parasite benefits by nourishing itself at the expense of the host .\nother mites , especially certain bird mites ( e . g . the red fowl mite , dermanyssus gallinae ) do not live in the skin of the hosts but are bloodsuckers . they behave rather like soft ticks .\npalimpestov ma ( 1947 ) peculiarities in the development of psoroptid mange mites . vet 24 : 6\u20139 ( in russian )\nsmith mg , blattner rj , heys fm . the isolation of the st . louis encephalitis virus from chicken mites (\nare labeled for use against mange mites in cattle , but it is generally not considered the compound of choice . if\nkirkwood a ( 1963 ) longevity of the mites dermanyssus gallinae and liponyssus sylviarum . exp parasit 14 : 358 - 366\nreview and resolution of some nomenclatural issues regarding the genus psoroptes ( acari : psoroptidae ) , scab - mites of domestic and wild mammals .\nsummarizing , a lot of research is still needed until reliable products based on these nematodes become commercially available for the control of ticks or mites of veterinary importance .\n, glycyphagidae , carpoglyphidae , echimyopididae , and chortoglyphidae are medically important because they are the sources of potent allergens . many species of these mites are often referred to as \u201cstorage mites\u201d because they occur in stored hay , grain , and straw , in processed foods made from grain ( flour , baking mixes ) , and in dust in grain and hay at storage , transfer , and livestock feeding facilities . also , stored product mites may occur in homes in significant numbers . thus , humans may be exposed to storage mites and their allergens , occupationally and in the home . inhalation or contact on the skin or mucus membranes of the eyes with allergens from storage mites can induce allergic reactions . these mites and their allergens can also occur in bread , pancakes , cakes , pizza , pasta , and bread made from ingredients contaminated with mites . humans have had anaphylactic reactions after eating these mite - contaminated foods .\ncertain insect species are the carriers of some of humanity ' s most dreaded diseases , including malaria , typhus , and plague . as consumers of agricultural crops and parasites of our livestock , insects are also humankind ' s number one competitor for resources .\n( a ) controlling the density of livestock ( stocking rate ) . overstocking forces the animals to graze closer to faecal material and closer to the ground , and may result in the consumption of a higher number of infective larvae .\nattacks only at night and hide in crevices during the day which might be a reason for low incidence of mites reported by many authorities . furthermore , iwuala and okpala ( 1977 ) [ 17 ] indicated that mites species\nthe second treatment if necessary should be given three weeks after the pre - rains treatment . two successive treatments three weeks apart should prevent livestock from acquiring parasite burdens .\nmites affect all kinds of livestock end pets , as well as humans and wildlife . mites are often quite species - specific , i . e . they are occur only on one type of host and a few closely related species , e . g . on canids such as dogs , wolves and foxes , but not on cats ; or on cattle and buffaloes but not on sheep or goats , etc .\n2013 . of mites and men : preliminary evidence for increasing incidence of avian ectoparasitosis in humans and support of its potential threat to medical health ; pp . 635\u2013636 .\nas all arachnids , adults have 4 pairs of legs ( larvae only 3 ) , whereby those of scab and mange mites are often rudimentary .\nso far there are very few products for oral delivery approved for the control of mites of dogs and cats . the most relevant one is :\neggs of ticks and mites deposited in cracks and crevices in the walls , floors and wood work of the animal houses should be removed periodically .\ncertain insect species are the carriers of some of humanity ' s most dreaded diseases , including malaria , typhus , and plague . as consumers of agricultural crops and parasites of our livestock , insects are also humankind ' s number - one competitor for resources .\nscab , mange and other mites are very small arachnid parasites . most of them can be seen only under the microscope .\nvaliente moro c , chauve c , zenner l . vectorial role of some dermanyssoid mites ( acari , mesostigmata , dermanyssoidea )\nmites are tiny parasites ( < 1 mm ) that live in the skin of horses , donkeys and many other mammals and vertebrates worldwide . mites are not insects but belong to the group called acarina , together with ticks .\nwith a number of anthelmintics available in several formulations ( ready - to - use drench , paste , powder , mineral premix , urea / molasses / anthelmintic blocks , pour on , injectable , slow release and pulse release devices ) , it is recommended that the ideal formulation is selected by considering availability , price , parasite species to be treated , type of livestock , livestock numbers and type of management .\ncattle mites : biology , prevention and control . cattle mange . psoroptes , sarcoptes , chorioptes , demodex\ntaxa most similar to mites : ricinuleids have a cucullus and opisthosomal segmentation . opilionids have opisthosomal segmentation .\nmites in cows : a case report from iran . j fac vet med univ tehran 53 : 50\u201351\nzemskaya aa , pchelkina aa . gamasoid mites and q fever . in : markevich ap , editor .\ncheyletiella mites infest mainly cats , but can also affect dogs , foxes , rabbits and also humans .\n, e . g , houseflies . but in very high numbers , the nuisance may be considerable and have an impact on productivity of livestock operations . and they can also trasmit animal diseases .\non the other hand , as indicated above , some mites are beneficial to humans in their role as biological control agents against agricultural pests . also , the natural role of mites in providing \u201cecosystem services\u201d in the form of nutrient cycling cannot be overlooked .\ndiagnosis is based on the presence of the previously mentioned symptoms , but has to be confirmed examining skin scrappings of affected parts under the microscope for visualization of the mites .\nscab and mange mites are minuscule ( 0 , 15 a 0 , 8 mm ) and not visible for the naked eye . infestations are recognized by the symptoms and clinical signs they cause on livestock or pets . to determine the specific agent examination of skin scrappings under the microscope is often required .\nvarious methods including dipping , spraying , ear tagging or pour on , have been used to apply chemicals to protect livestock against ticks . direct application of acaricides to animals is the most popular method of controlling ticks on livestock ( drummond , 1983 ) . applications of acaricide to tick - infested cattle via dipping or sprayer can be equally effective under ideal conditions with proper handling of equipments without injuring animals and subsequent dilution of a product ( george , 2000 ) .\nsikes rk , chamberlain rw ( 1954 ) laboratory observations on three species of bird mites . j parasitol 40 : 691 - 697\nspecies of knemidocoptes these burrowing mites cause severe inflammation in the legs which will become swollen and encrusted leading to immobilization and death .\nectoparasites live on the outer surface of humans . they include lice and the mites that cause scabies ( skay - beez ) .\ncontrol may also be directed at the intermediate host , the oribatid mites . it has been shown that the habitat of the mites can be destroyed by ploughing and where this is feasible , newly sown pastures can be kept free of tapeworms for several years .\nsurveys for ectoparasites on wildlife associated with amblyomma variegatum ( acari : ixodidae ) - infested livestock in st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . - pubmed - ncbi\nmbati pa , hlatshwayo m , mtshali ms , mogaswane kr , de waal td , dipeolu oo . ticks and tick - borne diseases of livestock belonging to resource - poor farmers in the eastern free state of south africa .\ncattle mites : biology , prevention and control . cattle mange . psoroptes , sarcoptes , chorioptes , demodex .\nsometimes mites are not easily identified , and the complaint will center on behavior changes or an unthrifty appearance .\nmites from china based on coi and 18s rdna gene sequences . vet parasitol 184 : 392\u2013397 . doi :\nall mites are very small ( < 0 . 5 mm ) and only visible under the microscope . they\ncoetzer , j . a . w . ( 1994 ) infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to southern africa . cape town : oxford university press . isbn 0 - 19 - 570506 - 8 .\nis a member of the class arachnida , subclass acari , order astigmata and family sarcoptidae . scabies mites are obligate parasites that burrow into the skin of their host , reproducing and laying eggs in the burrows . adult female mites are approximately 0 . 2\u20130 . 5\nas indicated above , there are a number of instances in which mites are important to humans . many species are serious pests of agricultural crops , either through direct damage or indirectly as vectors of plant pathogens . other species are parasitic on domestic animals and cause losses in meat , egg , and fiber production . others , such as the human scabies mite , are direct agents of human disease or , as in the case of chiggers and ticks , vectors of pathogens . other mites may affect humans by infesting stored food products . many species of astigmata are known as stored - product mites because they have moved from their ancestral rodent nest habitats into human food stores . such mites may also cause damage in animal feed by causing allergic reactions in livestock and are also known to cause\ninstead of thorax and abdomen mites have just an abdomen ( also called idiosoma ) . the abdomen contains all the major organs ( digestive tract , reproductive organs , nervous system , etc . ) . female mites are always larger than males .\nmites are microscopic , round with short legs adult females burrow into the skin and lay eggs in resulting tunnel eggs hatch and development of larva to nymph to adult occurs rapidly in 17 - 21 days . adult mites can live for 4 weeks\nact as intermediate hosts . the mites , which are soil - inhabiting , surface during the night and early morning to feed on manure . during their feeding they accidentally ingest eggs of the intestinal tapeworms present in the manure , and the larval stage called a cysticercoid develops in the mites . ruminants become infected by ingesting herbage containing mites carrying the infective stage of the parasite .\nthis site presents the parasites of veterinary importance for livestock and pets grouped into ectoparasites and endoparasites . a good reason for this classificastion is that the veterinary medicines for the control of such parasites are classically divided into ectoparasiticides and endoparasiticides .\nnakamae h , fujisaki k , kishi s , yashiro m , oshiro s , furuta k . the new parasitic ecology of chicken mites\nof the flocks remains the preferred option for sheep scab prevention in many regions . to ensure effective prevention the acaricide must reach the mites\nare notoriously difficult to control for multiple reasons , one of these being the tendency of mites to seek refuge in poultry house sub - structures when not feeding . the majority of the\namong the numerous chemical classes of parasiticides , only the macrocyclic lactones are appropriate for use as injectables against various mite species . however , whereas several macrocyclic lactones are enormously used as injectables on livestock , there are almost no injectable macrocyclic lactones for pets . in some countries the classical 1 % injectable formulation of ivermectin for livestock is also approved for use on dogs and even cats . but in most countries , including the eu and the usa this classic 1 % ivermectin formulation is usually not approved for use on cats and dogs ( see table below for a summary on macrocyclic formulations for pets and livestock )\nsarcoptes mites of most domestic mammals ( and other mite species too ) can be contagious for humans , causing the so - called pseudoscabies , characterized by intense itch . however , the mites cannot complete development on humans and the infestation recedes spontaneously .\nreview and resolution of some nomenclatural issues regarding the genus psoroptes ( acari : psoroptidae ) , scab - mites of domestic and wild mammals . - pubmed - ncbi\nuesugi y , aiba s , suetake t , tagami h . multiple infestations with avian mites within a family .\nthe following factors should be considered in the control of internal parasites ; 1 . nutritional status , 2 . size of the animal , 3 . the environment of livestock . the stock person should ensure that all predisposing factors to infection are controlled , these include ,\nin regions with a cold winter ( canada , most of the usa and europe , etc . ) psoroptic mange is a typical winter pest , favored by livestock crowding due to indoor confinement during the cold season .\non the side of the body , head , back , hip , legs and abdomen of cow aged 2 - 14 years in july . a heifer was infested with mites of the genus\npyemotes tritici commonly breed in stored grain , dried beans and peas , wheat straw , hay and other dried grasses . they are frequently a problem for people doing landscaping or feeding horses and other livestock . the mites are actually beneficial because they attack insects that feed on stored grain and similar materials . people who handle mite - infested materials will be attacked . the bites of straw itch mites are characteristically found on the trunk of the body and on the arms .\nthe study of arthropod ectoparasites has been driven in the past in canada principally by the need for answers to specific problems affecting man , domestic animals or wild game species . our knowledge of the fleas arose from initial concerns about plague in western canada . where ticks caused paralysis and death in livestock in british columbia , a specialist in the field was appropriated to conduct the needed research . lice , keds , and mites are frequent pests on confined livestock and poultry and several studies have been conducted to measure impact on performance and for pest control .\nmites , more closely related to spiders than insects and extremely small , utilize microenvironments of moderate temperature and raised humidity . the most important family\nin baltic amber , water mites have been found too . they parasitize representatives of chironomidae ( nonbiting midges ) or trichoptera ( caddis flies ;\ndurden la , linthicum kj , monath tp . laboratory transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus to chickens by chicken mites ( acari : dermanyssidae )\nthey refer to parasites found on outside the body of the livestock on or under the skin of the host . most of the ectoparasites belong to the class arthropoda with two distinct classes namely ( i ) insecta for example tsetse flies , lice , keds , fleas .\nmites are readily killed ; however , successful treatment requires removal of contaminated forage and treatment of environment ( e . g . pyrethrin sprays ) before new forage replaced .\ncan reach a length of 1 . 3 mm . the life cycle of feather mites consists of oviparous adults one larval and two nymphal stages . birds become infected with teleonymphs by contact . in the past feather mites were considered to be apathogenic , but under conditions of high host concentrations , they can cause skin and feather alterations .\nchicken mites these are blood sucking mites of poultry in wood framed houses . - nocturnal feeders that hide in the day time - rapid lifecycle - 7 days with adult females producing eggs after each meal - adults can survive up to 8 mos without feeding !\nsarcoptic mites are very small ( 0 . 3 to 0 . 5 mm ) and can be seen only under the microscope . as all mite species , sarcoptic mange mites spend their whole life on the same host . the mites do not actively jump or crawl from one host to another one , but are passively transmitted when animals come in close physical contact . however , horses can pick mites from the immediate environment and they can also be passively transmitted by saddlery or tools and equipment in the stable . but there are no external vectors that transmit the mites , e . g . insects , worms , rats , mites , birds , etc . , as it happens with many other parasites .\nmites inhabiting vegetation , vegetable matter , hay , straw , cereals and other stored foods , and bedding may cause dermatitis in animals contacting the infested environment or feed . these mites belong to the suborders sarcoptiformes ( astigmata ) , trombidiformes ( prostigmata ) , and parasitiformes ( mesostigmata ) . forage mites include mites in the genera acarus , tyrophagus , , glycyphagus , pyemotes , neoschoengastia , euschoengastia , caloglyphus , lepidoglyphus , cheyletus , and suidasia . many species of larval trombiculidae ( harvest mites , red bugs , or chiggers ) are capable of producing skin lesions and irritation in the horse . genera represented include eutrombicula , neotrombicula , and leptotrombium .\nectoparasitism refers to an infestation of the reptilian host by one of several groups of acarids ( ticks and mites ) of the genera ophionyssus , ixodes , hyalomma , haemaphysalis , amblyomma , aponomma , agrasidae , and ornithodoros .\ndisease : blood - feeding by these large flies is painful but loss of livestock productivity by biting - stress is poorly known . tsetse - flies are notorious as the biological vectors of the trypanosoma species of protozoa that cause nagana in cattle and sleeping - sickness in humans .\n( 1975 ) [ 5 ] divided mites into the following families : - family psoroptidae : - e . g .\nhorse mites : biology , prevention and control . horse mange , horse scab . psoroptes , sarcoptes , chorioptes , demodex\nadult mites are small ( 0 . 15 a 0 . 55 mm long ) and can be seen only under the microscope . as all mite species , sarcoptic mange mites spend their whole life on the same host . the mites do not actively jump or crawl from one host to another one , but are passively transmitted when animals come in close physical contact . however , dogs can pick mites from the immediate environment . there are no external vectors that transmit the mites , e . g . insects , worms , birds , etc . , as it happens with many other parasites .\nis a broad - spectrum insecticide effective against adult fleas , but not against mites or ticks . it belongs to the\nanother prominent class of arthropods that contains parasitic species is the arachnids . included in this group are spiders , scorpions , ticks , and mites .\nsarcoptic mites are very small ( 0 . 3 to 0 . 5 mm ) and can be seen only under the microscope . as all mite species , sarcoptic mange mites spend their whole life on the same host . mites do not actively jump or crawl from one host to another one , but are passively transmitted when animals come in close physical contact . however , sheep can pick mites from the immediate environment or fomites . there are no external vectors that transmit the mites , e . g . insects , worms , birds , etc . , as it happens with many other parasites .\nmost bloodsucking mites are not that species - specific as scab and mange mites . many such mite species can infect and survive on several bird species , also on wild birds . this means that wild birds are vectors of such mites and can transmit the infestation e . g . between poultry houses . even rodents and other domestic and wild animals ( e . g . dogs , cats , foxes , etc . ) and even workers can be passive vectors and such mites in industrial bird production facilities .\nthe life cycle is completed in 4 to 6 weeks . survival off the host is limited to a few days . whereas immature mites remain mostly below the epidermis , adult mites are on the skin surface , move freely and spread the infestation throughout the host ' s body . transmission mainly of adult mites is by contact , mostly from freshly shorn sheep to shorn or wooly sheep .\nsarcoptic mites are very small ( 0 . 3 to 0 . 5 mm ) and can be seen only under the microscope . as all mite species , sarcoptic mange mites spend their whole life on the same host . the mites do not actively jump or crawl from one host to another one , but are passively transmitted when animals come in close physical contact . however , cattle can pick mites from the immediate environment or fomites . there are no external vectors that transmit the mites , e . g . insects , worms , birds , etc . , as it happens with many other parasites .\nas all mite species , psoroptes mites spend their whole life on the same host . transmission within a herd is mostly by physical contact . the mites do not actively jump or crawl from one host to another one , but are passively transmitted when animals come in close contact . nevertheless , psoroptic mites and eggs can survive 2 to 3 weeks off the host by suitable conditions ( maximum to 12 weeks by cold weather ) , i . e . animals can pick mites or eggs from their environment or can be transmitted by fomites . but there are no external vectors that transmit the mites , e . g . insects , worms , rats , mites , birds , etc . , as it happens with many other parasites .\nlancaster , j . l . & meisch , m . v . ( 1986 ) arthropods in livestock and poultry production . chichester : ellis horwood ltd . isbn 0 - 85312 - 790 - 5 .\npsoroptes mites produce typical scabs on the skin of affected animals , thus their common name scab mites . psoroptes mites do not dig tunnels in the skin . in the past it was thought that they pierce the skin of their hosts . today it is believed that they do not pierce the skin , but that the mite feces cause an allergic reaction of the host ' s skin , which reacts producing exudations and skin thickening and hardening ( lichenification ) with formation of papules , scales and crusts ( excoriations ) , often with hair loss . the mites than suck the exudates and secretions produced .\ntransmission of o . tsutsugamushi by different generations of 12 colonies of leptotrombidium chiggers .\nwas found on 108 wormed pigs in usa . mohr ( 1961 ) [ 18 ] reported that 4 species of mites that cause mange in cattle are\nbaker as . mites and ticks of domestic animals : an identification guide and information source . london : the stationary office ; 1999 . [ links ]\nan inventory among most european countries revealed that on average 83 % of the poultry farms are infested with poultry red mites ( see figure 5 ) .\nfor the control of ear - mites special ear - drops are often used ( e . g . with pyrethrins , ivermectin or milbemycin oxime ) .\nspecies that predates on other mites and is used as a biological control weapon in crop protection . it also predates on tick larvae , particularly those that climb onto shrubs or grass blades questing for potential hosts . but results of trials run in australia with these mites to control\nthe medical and economic importance of ticks has long been recognized due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals . ticks cause great economic losses to livestock , and adversely affect livestock hosts in several ways . loss of blood is a direct effect of ticks acting as potential vector for haemo - protozoa and helminth parasites . blood sucking by large numbers of ticks causes reduction in live weight and anemia among domestic animals , while their bites also reduce the quality of hides . however , major losses caused by ticks are due to their ability to transmit protozoan , rickettsial and viral diseases of livestock , which are of great economic importance world - wide . there are quite a few methods for controlling ticks , but every method has certain shortcomings . the present review is focused on ticks importance and their control .\nmode of action , i . e . although topically administered , it is absorbed through the skin into the pet ' s blood and distributed throughout the whole body . moxidectin is also used on livestock but not in agriculture or hygiene .\ncattle demodectic mange mites are even smaller ( ~ 0 . 25 mm ) than psoroptic or sarcoptic mites . they get into the hair follicles and sebaceous glands and build nodules and papules that can become infected with secondary bacteria . the life cycle can be completed in about 2 weeks , but is poorly understood . demodex mites can survive up to 4 months off the host .\nalso the simplified passive tape trap ( spt , roy et al . 2014 ; chiron et al . 2014 ) method is easy to make . use a 5 \u2013 8 cm long section of 3 cm wide painter\u2019s masking tape and wrap it around cylindrical bars in the poultry system , joining the two ends , but leaving a central space near the bar to serve as a mite refuge ( see figure 4 ) . the number of mites trapped on this sticky refuge should be scored to four different levels : 0 = no mites visible in the trap ; 1 = 1 - 9 mites visible in the trap ; 2 = sparse groups of > 10 mites visible in the trap ; 3 = clusters of mites visible in the trap .\nthe introduction of large numbers of ducks into rice fields after harvest has been used to reduce the snail population . the ducks eat the snails and the fluke species specific to the ducks compete with the fluke species of ruminants in the infection of snails . it is reported that snails infected with duck flukes will not become infected with flukes of livestock .\ngray ( 1961 ) [ 9 ] discovered mites to be an irritating and parasitic ectoparasite likewise other forms of mites like chiggers . recently , yerubam ( 1984 ) [ 10 ] discovered that out of 30 herds of local ( black ) goats monitored throughout 1983 in different part of israel , ten ( 10 ) were infested with mites . he also stated that the infested goats were aged 2 years or more and were in good physical condition . steelman ( 1976 ) [ 11 ] observed large numbers of nodules caused by\nmaggots , several mites species that get into the respiratory system , etc . ) , as well as worms that remain on the skin of their hosts .\ngriffiths da , atyeo wt , norton ra , lynch ca ( 1990 ) the idiosomal chaetotaxy of astigmatid mites . j zool ( london ) 220 : 1\u201332\nproper disposal of carcasses of animals died of infectious disease is of utmost importance in preventing the spread of diseases to other animals and humans .\nif a herd is free of mites , contamination can only come from cattle brought in . consequently , to avoid contamination all incoming animals must be treated against mites , also those that went to the a fair or to the market and came back unsold : they may have picked mites from other sheep . two injections with a macrocyclic lactone ( e . g . doramectin , ivermectin , moxidectin ) with 7 to 10 days interval should do the job , but keep the animals isolated until 10 days after the second injection . remember that sheep may be infected with mites without showing clinical signs ! topical sprays and pour - ons are not reliable for controlling psoroptic mites .\nsheep mites : biology , prevention and control . sheep scab , sheep mange . psoroptes , sarcoptes , chorioptes , psorergates , demodex\nheavy infestations cause severe anemia and can kill nestlings . older birds suffer reduced weight gains and egg production these mites are zoonotic !"]}
{"id": 2161, "summary": [{"text": "melampus coffea , commonly known as the coffee bean snail , is a species of small air-breathing salt marsh snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ellobiidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "melampus coffea", "paragraphs": ["snails ! melampus coffea - the coffee bean melampus . ep . 7 - youtube\nbelongs to melampus according to a . j . w . hendy et al . 2008\nspotted mangrove crab ( goniopsis cruentata ) , the mangrove land crab ( ucides cordatus ) , the coffee bean snail ( melampus coffea ) and the ladder horn snail ( cerithidea scalariformis ) .\nmelampus coffea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nquick video i recorded of some melampus in the everglades , july 2015 . no time for proper camera work here , the mosquitoes were eating me alive .\n( of bulla coffea linnaeus , 1758 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of voluta coffea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of melampus microspira pilsbry , 1891 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbulla coffea linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 729 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmi\u00e6 . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]\n( of melampus coffeus [ sic ] ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\naveraging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ] , but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data . for example , figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with \u201cdeep - sea\u201d defined as > 400m . these data are clearly noisy , and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier ( the largest value on both axes ) . this point represents the genus fasciolaria , which contains just a single deep - sea species , the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ] . to restrict the influence of such isolated observations , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species . despite reducing sample size by \u223c2 / 3 , this procedure strengthens the observed effect , with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth ( table 1 part b ; figure 2 ) .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bulimus coniformis brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of auricula coniformis ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ellobium barbadense r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of auricula biplicata deshayes , 1830 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of auricula olivula k\u00fcster , 1844 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .\nhas been assessed as least concern as it is widely distributed throughout central and south america . although there are several threats potentially impacting upon this species in parts of its range , it is unlikely that it is being threatened on a global scale .\nthis species has a wide distribution loosely covering the area of 32 . 3\u00b0n to 35\u00b0s and 93 . 1\u00b0w to 34 . 9\u00b0w . this range encompasses florida in the usa , mexico , belize , guatemala , colombia , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , the caribbean islands , venezuela , bolivia , guyana , french guiana , suriname , brazil and uruguay ( pilsbry 1891 , pilsbry and brown 1914 , van regteren altena 1969 , swennen et al . 1982 , de frias martins 1995 , borrero 2007 , rosenberg 2009 ) .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bolivia , plurinational states of ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ( florida ) ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthis brackish species occurs in mangrove swamps , in rivers and estuaries , and can also be found on the roots of plants in lagoons and ditches just behind the shoreline ( van regteren altena 1969 ) . this species forages for mangrove leaf litter at low tide and climbs tree trunks to avoid salt - water inundation during high tide ( proffitt and devlin 2005 ) .\non a local scale , this species is likely to be affected by threats to mangrove ecosystems such as habitat degradation , conversion to aquaculture , agriculture and salt pans , urban development , construction of harbours and channels , mining , liquid waste disposal , solid waste and garbage disposal ( aksornkoae 1995 ) . it is likely that some or all of these threats are impacting upon this species in various parts of its distribution , although due to its wide distribution it is unlikely that these are causing significant declines on a global scale .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution coincides with protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nmassemin et al . ( 2009 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] massemin , d . , lamy , d . , pointier , j . p . & gargominy , o . 2009 . coquillages et escargots de guyane . biotope , collection parth\u00e9nope , m\u00e8ze . 456 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la martinique ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guadeloupe ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nthe 14 . 3mm long specimen above was collected by steve rosenthal , among mangroves on mud , at honeymoon island state park , dunedin , florida , usa . 18 . 01 . 2008 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\ndistribution : usa : florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys ; mexico : veracruz , tabasco , campeche state , cayo arcas , campeche , yucatan state , quintana roo ; belize , guatemala ; colombia : old providence island ; nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : miranda , sucre , islas los roques , isla margarita ; bermuda , bahamas : grand bahama island , abaco ( great or little ) , bimini , andros , new providence , eleuthera ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , holguin ; cayman islands : grand cayman island ; jamaica , haiti , dominican republic , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . thomas , st . john , st . croix , anegada , tortola ; st . martin / st . maarten , guadeloupe , martinique ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; barbados ; trinidad & tobago : trinidad , tobago ; guyana , french guiana , surinam , brazil : para , ceara , fernando de noronha , rio grande do norte , pernambuco , sao paulo ; uruguay\nreferences : maury ( 1922 ) n ; marcus & marcus ( 1965a ) dl ; sykes & hall ( 1970 ) dl ; garc\u00eda - cubas ( 1982 ) { w } ; cosel ( 1986 ) s ; mello & perrier ( 1986 ) e ; garc\u00eda - cubas et al . ( 1990 ) w ; martins ( 1996 ) m ; fern\u00e1ndez milera ( 1998 ) ; macsotay & campos ( 2001 )\nencyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . histoire naturelle des vers encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . histoire naturelle des vers 1 1 - 344 . panckoucke : paris .\nsystema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .\nland and fresh - water mollusks collected in yucatan and mexico proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 43 310 - 334 , pls . 14 - 15 .\nmuseum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]\nsay , 1822 , which was named as a variety ( iczn article 57 . 7 ) . pollock ( 1998 ) misclassified\n( deshayes , 1830 ) in its stead . as deshayes ' name is not in use ,\ncan be maintained ( iczn article 59 . 3 ) . a record from tortola in usnm needs confirmation ( martins 1996 ) .\nreferences : stimpson ( 1851c ) ; kurtz ( 1860 ) sw ; s . smith ( 1860 ) ne ; maury ( 1922 ) s ; martins ( 1996 ) s\nnotes on the mollusca of the bermuda islands nautilus 17 125 - 130 , pl . 4 . [ stated date : - - mar 1904 . ]\nneue auriculaceen malakozoologische bl\u00e4tter 1 111 - 112 . [ stated date : - - jun 1854 . ]\nan account of some of the marine shells of the united states journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 221 - 248 , 257 - 276 , 302 - 325 . [ stated date : - - jun 1822 ; true date : - - jul 1822 . ]\ndescription of univalve terrestrial and fluviatile shells of the united states journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 370 - 381 . [ stated date : 25 dec 1822 . ]\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nprimarily in south america , central america , caribbean islands , west africa , united states of america and areas of australia where it was introduced .\nused for making boats and creating charcoal . a resin can be extracted and used in treating stomach ulcers .\nfairly tall but contorted with many adventitious prop roots shooting out the base with a highly elevated canopy .\ngrows well in humidity , partial to full sun in sandy / silt loam .\nsmall and inconspicuous . develops compound inflorescence , the flowers arise from the axil .\ntube - like fruits of 3 - 5 cm in size , where a propagule will vertically grow out and fall .\nbright green canopy , tree and trunk vary slightly between a tanish - beige to dark brown . its flowers are white with yellow petals . the fruit is brown and as it ripens turns green in colour with a brown tip .\nsmooth but as it ages becomes more rigid as the bark starts to thicken and strengthen .\nk\u00fcster , h . c . 1844 . die ohrschnecken ( auriculacea ) . in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . - systematisches conchylien - cabinet von martini und chemnitz 1 ( 16 ( 1 ) ) : 1 - 24 , 23 [ a ] , 24 [ a ] , 25 - 76 , v - vi , taf . a , taf . 1 - 9 . n\u00fcrnberg .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding ."]}
{"id": 2164, "summary": [{"text": "cantharis is a large genus of soldier beetles in the family cantharidae with narrow and soft elytra .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the poisonous spanish fly is superficially similar and is associated with the scientific name cantharis vesicatoria .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is also sometimes called \" cantharis \" in the vernacular , but it is actually unrelated to cantharis and is not a member of the cantharidae at all .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was classified there erroneously until johan christian fabricius corrected its name in his systema entomologiae in 1775 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "he reclassified the spanish fly in the new genus lytta as lytta vesicatoria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it belongs to the family meloidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "cantharis", "paragraphs": [". . . 202 cantharis 200 cantharis ssneas 206 cantharis albida 207 cantharis aszelianus 206 cantharis atrata 206 cantharis cinerea 206 cantharis marginata 206 cantharis nuttalli 206 cantharis politus 206 cantharis vesicatoria 200 cantharis . . .\ncystitis is treated with 30c of homeopathic cantharis every half hour , with up to six doses . minor burns are treated with 30c of cantharis every 15 minutes for four doses . blisters are treated with 6c of cantharis four times a day until the pain disappears . burns may be treated locally with water containing a few drops of cantharis tincture . shingles may be treated with an ointment made with 3x of cantharis .\ncantharis is available in a multi - dose tube , with approx . 80 pellets .\nthe following are the main indications for cantharis . [ 2 ] , [ 3 ]\nclarke , john henry .\ncantharis .\na dictionary of practical materia medica . urltoken .\nthe map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term \u00abcantharis\u00bb in the different countries .\nof the word \u00abcantharis\u00bb during the past 500 years . its implementation is based on analysing how often the term \u00abcantharis\u00bb appears in digitalised printed sources in english between the year 1500 and the present day .\ncantharis .\ngale encyclopedia of alternative medicine . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ncantharis i jnnaeus 1758 tekphoms schaeffer 1 766 d\u00abto\u00bb0d ? . r motschulsky 1860 orcj & d motschulsky 1860 absidiella wittmer 1972 subgenus cantharis ( sensu stricto ) linnaeus 1758 subgenus cyrtomoptila motschulsky 1 860 twenty - two . . .\nexcessive doses of cantharis may cause symptoms of cantharidin toxicity including burning pain , vomiting , and frequent urge to urinate .\nthe belladonna , phosphorus , mercurius , sepia , and sulphur homeopathic remedies may be used to complement the activity of cantharis . homeopathic remedies that serve as antidotes are aconite , apis , camphora , kali nit . , and pulsatilla . cantharis serves as an antidote for the homeopathic remedies alcohol , camphora , and vinegar . homeopathic coffea and cantharis are incompatible .\nthe inflammatory action of cantharis is always intense , and violently destructive in its character , so that it may be indicated in gangrene of any organ or part , following any inflammatory disease . of other sexual diseases cantharis may be . . .\ncantharis .\ngale encyclopedia of alternative medicine . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nanother vehement drug of storm and stress , tamed by hahnemann , till it acts as veritable oil on the waters , is cantharis . cantharis is very like lilium tigrinum in some of its symptoms , mental and physical , and very unlike in others .\ncantharis is a homeopathic remedy that contains a toxic substance called cantharidin from the insect lytta vesicatoria , commonly known as the spanish fly or blister beetle . people use cantharis topically to heal burns and blisters , and orally to treat bladder inflammation ( cystitis ) . although homeopathic remedies are greatly diluted and generally not associated with side effects , high concentrations of cantharis are poisonous . people should only buy cantharis from a reputable homeopathic practitioner and should not use higher - strength concentrations than those provided in the standard homeopathic remedy .\ncantharis is a homeopathic remedy obtained from the insect lytta vesicatoria ; common names are spanish fly or blister beetle . this beetle lives on honeysuckle and olive trees in western asia and southern europe . it is bright green and about 0 . 5 in ( 1 . 3 cm ) in length . other names for cantharis include : cantharis vesicator , n . o . insecta , and coleoptera .\nbelow are the strongest indications ( i . e . symptoms ) of cantharis in traditional homeopathic usage , not reviewed by the fda .\ngreen , j . w . 1940 . taxonomic studies in cantharis ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . entomologica americana 20 : 159 - 217\nhomeopathic remedies are chosen based upon the specific set of symptoms and traits displayed by each patient . in general , cantharis is used to treat conditions characterized by burning pain and strong thirst but no urge to drink . conditions for which cantharis is indicated will typically worsen rapidly .\nthe active principe of the cantharis , or spanish fly , a volatile , acrid , bitter solid , crystallizing in four - sided prisms .\nwhat made you want to look up cantharis ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nbut apply tincture cantharis 6x over the affected part and it will reduce the burning pain . if it evaporates , the tincture can be applied again . if you do not have tincture cantharis 6x , you may heat some alcohol ( brandy , whiskey , etc . ) and apply it .\nmckey - fender , d . 1950 . notes on cantharis iii . pan - pacific entomologist 26 : 25 - 33 , 61 - 79 .\ncantharis is typically used for disorders involving the mucous membranes , especially in the urinary tract and to a lesser degree the gastrointestional and respiratory systems .\nfrom english to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation ; where the essential translation unit is the word \u00abcantharis\u00bb in english .\ntraugott m . 2003 . the prey spectrum of larval and adult cantharis species in arable land : an electrophoretic approach . pedobiologia 47 : 161 - 169 .\ncantharis is also used to treat burns or skin conditions that resemble burns . it is used for sunburn , blisters , skin eruptions , and insect bites . symptoms associated with burns for which cantharis is indicated include blister formation , searing pain , and relief upon application of a cold compress . this remedy can relieve the pain associated with second or third degree burns . cantharis is indicated for blisters that are burning and itching and feel better upon application of a cold compress .\ncantharis vesicatoria ( canth . ) is available from our online store as a single remedy , and as part of the following complex ( combination remedy ) : burns .\n\\ sauter , viii _ 7 _ 09\u201d , [ h ] \u201ccantharis \\ davidis fairm . \u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus ( s . str . ) \\ cribrip\nlarge doses of cantharis or a cantharis remedy that is not properly diluted can also cause severe gastrointestinal effects . these may include abdominal pain , burning sensations in the throat and mouth , difficulty swallowing , severe vomiting and diarrhea . cantharidin is caustic , and when it is not diluted properly it can cause inflammation , erosion and hemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinal tract .\nhomeopathy treats a person ' s whole being , mental and physical . the patient who needs cantharis can be confused and have odd ideas , may be maniacal and demonstrate raging fury or sexual frenzy , or may loose consciousness . the cantharis patient may be restless and excitable . he or she may be extremely thirsty but have difficulty swallowing . also , the patient may have no appetite and a strong avoidance of food . other mental problems that can be treated with cantharis include : excessive desire for sex ( nymphomania ) , severe anxiety , screaming , querulousness ( constant complaining ) , and insolence ( being overbearing ) .\nray calls the male of this species scarabaeus lampyris sordide nigricans corpore longo angusto , five cicindela mas 5 and the other , or female , cicindela impennis five foemina . cantharis elytris nigrieantihas , thoraee rahro , nigra tnaczzla .\neffective cure of urinary calculi have been prescribed by practitioners in unani system of medicine [ 47 ] , while in homoeopathic system of medicine , berberis vulgaris , cantharis spp . , and lycopodium spp . are being use .\ncantharis is characterized by a violent and aggressive action on the tissues . it is used mainly in disorders involving the mucous membranes , especially in the urinary tract , and to a lesser extent the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems . [ 1 ]\ncantharis . vesicatoria . this drug - personality is by no means limited to urinary complaints only in its scope , but the fact is that other complaints of other systems must also be attended with the characteristic urinary symptoms for the . . .\nhomeopathic canthous is prepared from the entire beetle , dried and powdered . it is commercially available as a homeopathic liquid or tablet . because of the toxic nature of cantharis , the tincture ( an alcoholic extract ) requires a doctor ' s prescription .\nlarge doses of cantharidin ( the poison produced by the spanish fly found in cantharis ) can cause a burning pain in the stomach and throat , difficulty swallowing , violent vomiting , diarrhea , frequent urges to urinate , and possibly convulsions and coma .\nwhen taken orally in excessive amounts , cantharis may provide toxic levels of cantharidin . cantharidin can cause burning pain in the urinary tract , frequent urges to urinate , kidney damage and kidney failure . some individuals consume excessive amounts of cantharis or take illegal higher - strength substances because spanish fly has traditionally been used as a sexual stimulant . it also can result in priapism , a condition involving a painful erection lasting for several hours . priapism should be considered a medical emergency because it can lead to permanent damage .\nthe spanish fly produces a toxic substance called cantharidin . cantharidin is a strong poison that primarily affects the urinary tract and causes burning pain and vomiting . cantharidian is caustic and causes skin blistering . since homeopathy is based on the law of similars , a doctrine that says to treat a symptom with a diluted remedy that produces the same symptom is stronger amounts , this homeopathic remedy is used for illnesses that have burning pain as a symptom . because cantharis is a member of the animal kingdom , its activity excites the passions of animals . as such , cantharis is indicated for anger that is very severe with fits of rage . likewise , cantharis is indicated for conditions of the body that are extreme , ie . pain that is stabbing , burning , and sharp .\nwas attracted to light . . . . . related to lampyridae but unable to produce light . . . biological control agent of number of pests hence highly desirable , . . adults important predators of aphids . . . minor pollinators . . . possibly cantharis sp .\na bee - i the cantharis vesicatoria in shape though carrot root ; cholesterin . lfiower . ) the flowers of carthamus tlnc _ . of an undetermined species of canna , known by the french name tous lea mois . it possesses the chemical properties of . . .\na major revision of rhagonycha , as a subgenus of cantharis , was done by green ( 1940 ) . brown ( 1940 ) described three new species of arctic podabrus ( now belonging to dichelotarsus ) and green ( 1947 , 1948 ) added further contributions concerning that genus . mckey - fender ( 1950 ) partly revised cantharis ( now belonging to atalantycha and rhaxonycha ) . however , since those publications , the former genus cantharis has been divided into five different genera : atalantycha ( kazantsev 2005 ) , cantharis , pacificanthia ( kazantsev 2001 ) , rhagonycha ( fender 1971 ) and rhaxonycha ( ramsdale 2002 ) . more recently , dichelotarsus , described by motschulsky in 1860 , and long considered as a subgenus of podabrus in europe , was restored by kasantsev ( 1992 ) . fender ( 1951 ) produced a major contribution concerning malthodes that included all eastern north american species . trypherus , then newly discovered in canada , was revised by fender ( 1960 ) . finally , green ( 1966 ) revised silis ( including the species now in ditemnus ) , described many new species , but none in our area . downie and arnett ( 1996 ) provided keys and brief descriptions of northeastern north american species .\nthe taxonomy of cantharidae is relatively well known in canada and the united states due to the extensive work of kenneth m . fender , dorothy mckey - fender and john w . green . cantharis , the nominate genus , was described by linnaeus in 1758 with c . fusca as the type species . cantharis rufa and c . livida ( both introduced in north america ) were among the first species of the family to be named by linnaeus . thomas say described 12 cantharids under the name cantharis between 1823 and 1835 ( say 1823 , 1825 , 1835 ) . during much of the 19th century , the name \u00abcantharidae\u00bb was used for beetles now included in the family meloidae . the first nearctic revision of the family was done by leconte in 1851 who also described many species of telephorus , which were then assigned to the subfamily telephorinae of the larger family lampyridae , but which are now included in cantharis and related genera . leconte described many species of podabrus between 1850 and 1881 ( leconte 1850 , 1866a , 1866b , 1881 ) , as well as some species of malthinus and malthodes ( sometimes as malthinus ) . fall ( 1928 ) revised podabrus and described many new species . all the primary types of leconte and fall are at the museum of comparative zoology , were photographed and are available at urltoken .\nthe intense urge to urinate and burning pain are key symptoms for cantharis . cantharis is indicated for the patient who experiences rapid and intense inflammation of the urinary system . there is lower abdominal and lower back pain . the severe burning pain associated with the urinary tract makes the patient afraid to urinate . there is a frequent and urgent need to urinate , however , only small amounts ( drops ) of urine are passed . the urine may contain blood . the patient may experience hydrophobia ( fear of water ) and , although extremely thirsty , cannot drink water or even tolerate seeing or hearing water . a severe , stabbing headache may be present and the patient may avoid bright light .\ncantharis vesicatoria ( canth . ) is prepared from an iridescent green beetle which contains cantharidin , a toxic blistering agent which , in small amounts , has also been used as an aphrodisiac . be warned though , deaths have occurred from its use . in safe homeopathic potencies , however , it is a remedy for inflammation of the mucous or serous membrane , mainly those of the urinary tract , but the respiratory or gastrointestinal membranes may also be affected . symptoms emerge rapidly . inflammations produce intense cutting or burning pains and membranes blister or ulcerate . bright lights or reflective surfaces such as mirrors irritate , and coffee worsens the symptoms . cantharis vesicatoria ( canth . ) has also been used for types of mania .\nhomeopathic remedies are prescribed based on homeopathic principles and after a detailed case taking . the prescription recommendations below are provided only as a guide . it is always recommended to consult with a naturopathic doctor or homeopathic practitioner prior to taking any homeopathic remedies , especially if your health is compromised or if your symptoms do not resolve in a timely fashion . the general recommendations for cantharis include : [ 4 ]\n{\n@ context\n:\nhttp : \\ / \\ / schema . org\n,\n@ type\n:\nnewsarticle\n,\nheadline\n:\ncantharis side effects\n,\nurl\n:\nhttps : \\ / \\ / www . livestrong . com \\ / article \\ / 111529 - cantharis - side - effects \\ /\n,\nthumbnailurl\n:\nhttp : \\ / \\ / photos . demandstudios . com \\ / getty \\ / article \\ / 99 \\ / 229 \\ / md000698 . jpg\n,\ndatecreated\n:\n2010 - 04 - 24t22 : 59 : 00z\n,\narticlesection\n:\nhealth\n,\ncreator\n:\n[ \\\nshelley moore \\\n]\n,\nkeywords\n:\n[ \\\n\\\n]\n}\ncantharis is primarily used to treat cystitis , which is inflammation of the urinary bladder because of infection or irritation . it is also used to treat burns and blisters . spanish fly was traditionally used as an aphrodisiac ( increases sexual desire ) . it was also used to remove warts , treat baldness , increase loss of fluids ( acting as a diuretic ) , and for rheumatic problems ( inflammation and degeneration of the joints ) .\ncantharidae is found in a wide variety of habitats . over the last 20 years , we sampled hundreds of forest stands throughout the province of quebec . based on these studies and on specimen labels from various collections , we can categorize podabrus and dichelotarsus as general forest dwellers . atalantycha and silis were mostly found in hardwood forests and pacificanthia in conifer forests . rhagonycha is more diversified in hardwood and pine forests , marshes and shrubby areas . cantharis and chauliognathus are common in grasslands and forb fields . malthodes is common in mixed and conifer forests in eastern north america .\ncantharids are widely distributed in north america north of mexico . atalantycha , which contains three species , is found only in eastern north america . rhagonycha , podabrus , dichelotarsus and cantharis are widely distributed , with the former two genera being more diversified in the east and dichelotarsus more highly diversified west of the rocky mountains . silis and ditemnus are more diversified in southwestern north america . the large genus malthodes is mostly diversified in western and southern north america , with relatively few species in the northeast . members of chauliognathus are mainly found in the south with only two species in canada .\nand causing a frenzied delirium , simulating hydrophobia symptoms ( anagallis . ) puerperal convulsions . produces most violent inflammation of the whole gastro - intestinal canal , especially lower bowel . oversensitiveness of all parts . irritation . raw , burning pains . hemorrhages . intolerable , constant urging to urinate is most characteristic . gastric , hepatic and abdominal complaints that are aggravated by drinking coffea cruda coffee . gastric derangements of pregnancy . dysuria , with other complaints . increases secretion of mucous membranes , tenacious mucus . the inflammations cantharis produces ( bladder , kidneys , ovaries , meninges , pleuritic and pericardial membranes ) are usually associated with bladder irritation .\nabstractthe following taxonomic or nomenclatural changes are proposed : themus ( s . str . ) regalis ( gorham , 1889 ) , nom . rest . ; themus ( s . str . ) scutulatus wittmer , 1983 = themus ( s . str . ) hmong kazantsev , 2007 , syn . n . ; themus ( telephorops ) coelestis ( gorham , 1889 ) = themus violetipennis wang & yang , 1992 , syn . n . ; themus ( telephorops ) uniformis wittmer , 1983 , stat . n . = themus ( telephorops ) cribripennis wittmer , 1983 , syn . n . ; themus ( haplothemus ) licenti pic , 1938 , stat . rev . , resurrected from synonymy with themus coriaceipennis ( fairmaire , 1889 ) ; lycocerus aenescens ( fairmaire , 1889 ) = lycocerus tcheonanus ( pic , 1922 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus asperipennis ( fairmaire , 1891 ) = lycocerus wangi ( \u0161vihla , 2004 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus borneoensis nom . n . for athemellus atricolor ( wittmer , 1972 ) ; lycocerus bilineatus ( wittmer , 1995 ) = lycocerus amplus ( wittmer , 1995 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus fairmairei nom . n . et stat . rev . for athemus dimidiaticrus ( fairmaire , 1889 ) , originally in telephorus , resurrected from synonymy with lycocerus orientalis ( gorham , 1889 ) ; lycocerus confossicollis ( fairmaire , 1891 ) , comb . n . hereby transferred from cantharis = lycocerus multiimpressus ( wittmer , 1997 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus inopaciceps ( pic , 1926 ) = athemus ( athemellus ) bimaculicollis ( \u0161vihla , 2005 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus nigratus nom . n . for lycocerus nigricolor ( wittmer , 1972 ) , originally in podabrinus ; lycocerus plebejus ( kiesenwetter , 1874 ) = lycocerus brunneonotaticeps ( pic , 1922 ) , syn . n . = cantharis rufonotaticeps pic , 1921 syn . n . ; lycocerus swampingatus ( pic , 1916 ) , comb . n . , hereby transferred from cantharis . the neotypes of themus violetipennis wang & yang , 1992 and athemus ( s . str . ) maculithorax wang & yang , 1992 are designated respectively .\ncompare : cantharis - ( glomerular nephritis ) . the immediate pharmacological action of cantharidin is irritability of the capillaries , rendering the passage of nutritive fluids through them less difficult . this is most marked in the capillaries of the kidneys . the increase of blood sugar coincident with the glomerular nephritis appears to be a valuable observation . vesicaria vesicaria - ( urinary and kidney remedy . smarting , burning sensation along urethra and in bladder with frequent desire to void urine often with strangury . cystitis irritable bladder . tincture 5 - 10 drop doses ) . fuschina coloring substance used in adulteration of wine ( cortical nephritis with albuminuria , 6th - thirtieth potency redness of ears , mouth , swollen gums ; deep , red urine ; red , profuse diarrhoea , with severe abdominal pains ) . androsace lactea ( urinary troubles , diuretic ; dropsy ) . apis mel apis ; ars . ; mercurius corrosivus merc . cor .\nthough species are well defined taxonomically , existing keys for many genera can be used only for identifying males . some characters used in the previously published keys were complex and confusing , making identification of many species difficult . as an example , green ( 1940 ) only used claws of the first pair of legs of males in rhagonycha ( as cantharis ) to separate many species because of the great variability of this character . however , for many species , according to our data , males usually represent about 20 % of the adult population and not more than 1 % in rhagonycha fraxini . in such cases , the available identification keys are almost useless for separating most specimens . for that reason , we decided to use the claws of the metathoracic legs of both sexes , which are similar and less variable but , combined with other characters , like the front margin of the clypeus , elytral pilosity and pronotum shape , help to separate all species in both sexes . we hope that this publication will help students , amateurs , technicians and entomologists to easily identify most species , including female specimens .\nwhile above self - limiting or acute complaints are suitable for home treatment , see your healthcare provider if symptoms worsen or fail to improve . chronic or persistent complaints , which may or may not be mentioned above , require a different treatment and dosage protocol so are best managed by a qualified homeopath for good results .\nfor acute and self - limiting complaints , take one pill or five drops of the remedy every 15 minutes to 4 hours ( 15 minutes for intense symptoms , 4 hours for milder ones ) . once an improvement is noticed , stop dosing and repeat the remedy only if symptoms return . if there is no improvement at all by three doses , choose a different remedy or seek professional guidance .\nif you liked the information on this page you may also enjoy our free weekly newsletter , full of world news on homeopathy . subscribe to it at : urltoken\nnote : all information we provide and comments we make are from the homeopathic perspective . they are not necessarily endorsed by sectors of some governments , medico - pharmaceutical groups , \u201cskeptic\u201d organisations or those unfamiliar with homeopathy . comments , references or links posted by others on this page may not reflect the opinion of homeopathy plus and so should not be seen as an endorsement or recommendation by homeopathy plus . please see a trusted healthcare practitioner for advice on health problems . further information about the purpose of our material may be read in our disclaimer .\ndisclaimer : all material presented on the homeopathy plus website , or within its communications and newsletters , has been sourced from multiple authors and does not necessarily constitute the opinion of homeopathy plus . it is provided for general information and educational purposes only .\nserious injury or illness should not be treated without expert advice , nor should the information we provide be seen as a replacement for a consultation with a trusted healthcare provider . it is your responsibility to seek medical help and diagnosis when appropriate . all remedy - related information provided by homeopathy plus is drawn from homeopathic pharmacopoeias and materia medicas listed by the therapeutic goods administration ( australia ) and referenced worldwide .\nour weekday newsletter has the most recent events and stories on homeopathy from around the world . . . and it ' s completely free !\nthe patient feels better at night and in the morning . also , warmth , gentle massage , and lying flat on the back make the patient feel better . passing gas and burping make the patient feel better . the patient feels worse in the afternoon , during movement , and by drinking cold water or coffee .\nlodkie , andrew , and nicola geddes . the women ' s guide to homeopathy : the natural way to a healthier life for women . new york : st . martin ' s press , 1994 .\nlockie , andrew , and nicola geddes . the complete guide to homeopathy : the principles and practice of treatment with a comprehensive range of self - help remedies for common ailments . new york : dorling kindersley , 1995 .\nhomeopathy educational services . 2124b kittredge street , berkeley , ca 94704 . ( 510 ) 649 - 0294 . [ email protected ]\namerican foundation for homeopathy . 1508 s . garfield , alhambra , ca 91801 .\nnational center for homeopathy . 801 n . fairfax street , suites 306 , alexandria , va 22314 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nin 3x - 30x , 200x , 3c - 30c , 200c , 1m - 50m , cm from $ 6 . 50\nhomeopathic remedies are prescribed on the basis that in a tiny dilution like cures like , so while the very dilute homeopathic remedy may help , the raw product is often best avoided .\nworse , from touch , or approach , urinating , drinking cold water or coffea cruda coffee .\nstomach ; burning sensation of oesophagus and stomach ( carb . ) disgust for everything - drink , food , tobacco\nnymphomania ( platinum metallicum plat . ; hyoscyamus niger hyos . ; lachesis lach . ; stramonium stram . ) puerperal metritis , with inflammation of bladder\npain in glans ( prunus ; pareira brava pareira . ) priapism in gonorrhoea .\nat certain time of day or night ; from 3 p . m . ; lasting 12 hours ( recurring every third day )\nshelley moore is a journalist and award - winning short - story writer . she specializes in writing about personal development , health , careers and personal finance . moore has been published in\nfamily circle\nmagazine and the\nmilwaukee sentinel\nnewspaper , along with numerous other national and regional magazines , daily and weekly newspapers and corporate publications . she has a bachelor of science in psychology .\ntaking cantharadin can cause abnormal blood clotting , which might result in clots that block blood vessels and the blood flow to vital organs . this abnormal clotting activity eventually decimates the supply of clotting proteins , leading to a reversal of the situation where the individual becomes at risk for severe bleeding . signs include excessive bleeding from even minor injuries , vomiting blood , rectal bleeding , vaginal bleeding and copious blood in the urine . cantharadin has also been associated with seizures and cardiac abnormalities .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 leaf group ltd . use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the livestrong . com terms of use , privacy policy and copyright policy . the material appearing on livestrong . com is for educational use only . it should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . livestrong is a registered trademark of the livestrong foundation . the livestrong foundation and livestrong . com do not endorse any of the products or services that are advertised on the web site . moreover , we do not select every advertiser or advertisement that appears on the web site - many of the advertisements are served by third party advertising companies .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nbeekes , robert s . p . ( 2010 ) etymological dictionary of greek ( leiden indo - european etymological dictionary series ; 10 ) , with the assistance of lucien van beek , leiden , boston : brill\nthis page was last edited on 20 march 2018 , at 13 : 06 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthe greek word k\u00e1ntharos denotes various things ( beetle , cup , a kind of boat , a species of fish ) the interrelations of which are far from clear ; possibly several words of distinct origin have merged .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nadult and children 2 years of age and older : dissolve 5 pellets under the tongue 3 times a day until relieved or as directed by a doctor .\nthe letters hpus indicate that this ingredient is officially included in the homeopathic pharmacop\u0153ia of the united states .\nstop use and ask a doctor if symptoms persist for more than 3 days or worsen .\ndo not use if the label sealing the clear tube cap is broken or missing . store at 68 - 77\u00b0f ( 20 - 25\u00b0c ) .\nsign up for our e - newsletter to get coupons and health tips from boiron . email source\n\u00a9 2018 boiron usa , all rights reserved . this site is intended only for residents of the united states .\nalways read and follow label directions . * claims based on traditional homeopathic practice , not accepted medical evidence . not fda evaluated . * * c , k , ck , and x are homeopathic dilutions . learn more .\nthe soldier beetles ( cantharidae ) are rather flat , straight sided and soft - bodied species . they are normally quite colorful , e . g . red and black , hence the common name of the family . there are phytophagous as well as predacious species . the latter prey on aphids , caterpillars and other soft - bodied small insects . they supplement their diet with nectar and pollen . worldwide approx . 4500 species are known , in germany 86 species have been recorded . the small to medium - sized beetles are usually found in forests , on meadows and in gardens . a number of species can visits flowers and blossoms . the larvae feed on small insects , snails and worms . occasionally they can be observed during winter crawling in the snow .\n2004 - 05 - 07 by dr miguel a . alonso - zarazaga & by dr sergey kazantsev\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\ngermany , n - hessen , kassel : d\u00f6nche np , ca . 180m asl , 02 . 06 . 2013\ngermany , hessen , bad hersfeld : ottrau , ca . 300 - 400m asl . , 03 . 06 . 2013\nne - germany , brandenburg : vic . doberlug - kirchhain , ca . 50m asl . , 27 . 05 . 2012\ngermany , hessen , bad hersfeld : ottrau , ca . 300 - 400m asl . , 10 . 06 . 2012\ncentral germany , n - hesse , vic . niedenstein : altenburg , 300 - 450m asl . , 14 . 10 . 2016\ngermany , hessen : vic . kassel ( brasselsberg - d\u00f6nche ) ca . 180 - 250m asl . , 21 . 05 . 2015\ngermany , bavaria , regensburg , vic . nittendorf : alpinen steig , 10 . 05 . 2014\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 0d1af9fe - 8898 - 48cf - b031 - 4a3783079c69\nmost species emerge in spring or summer and adults are short lived . they are among the most active flying beetles ( ramsdale 2002 ) . they are predominantly active during the day but they may stop activity if temperature becomes too hot ( ramsdale 2002 ) . many species are also active at night as they were collected in much higher numbers in pitlight traps than in passive pitfall traps ( h\u00e9bert et al . , 2000 ) . being more exposed to predators on the surface of vegetation , they have developed an effective system of chemical defense ( dettner , 1987 ) . adults and larvae possess paired tergal glands that secrete repulsive compounds that serve to reduce their palatability to predators ( ramsdale , 2002 ) .\nthis review was prepared because cantharids were frequently captured in our research projects aimed to determine the impact of forestry practices on beetle diversity in canadian forests . we hope that the publication of a modern tool for identifying cantharid species will enhance interest on their study and thus increase our knowledge on their life history and ecology . this is strongly needed to help interpreting results in biodiversity projects and to improve our understanding of ecosystem functioning .\ncantharids are easily distinguished from other beetles by their soft elytra and their head which is not completely concealed from above . a total of 473 species belonging to 25 genera have been described so far in north america north of mexico . mcnamara ( 1991 ) listed 126 species in canada and suggested that probably 25 undescribed or unrecorded species remained to be added to our fauna .\ncantharid seasonality can also be overviewed on the basis of specimen labels . atalantycha can be found early in spring from april to may in canada . most cantharids ( podabrus , dichelotarsus , rhagonycha , malthodes ) are very active in june , with populations decreasing in july . however , silis , ditemnus and polemius are predominant in july and chauliognathus pensylvanicus is mostly seen in august and september .\nthis publication covers 114 described species that are found in eastern canada and northeastern united states , as defined by downie and arnett ( 1995 ) . the region covered includes newfoundland west to ontario , south to new jersey , pennsylvania , ohio , indiana , illinois and wisconsin . all known species found in manitoba and minnesota are also included as they bordered ontario .\nall the types of leconte and fall were verified by the senior author . however , four species described by miskimen ( 1956 ) from ohio , three belonging to rhagonycha and one to dichelotarsus , have not been verified with the types and have not been incorporated into the key . two of these species were described from a single specimen and in one case from the female only . kazantsev\u2019s ( 2004 ) list of cantharidae of the former ussr was checked in order to verify if some of our arctic species could be synonymised with some palearctic species . four species were suspected as potential synonyms and specimens of two palearctic species were borrowed from european museums to compare with our nearctic species ( the two other species could not be found ) .\nmost cantharid specimens in the canadian national collection , in ottawa , were examined . many specimens from quebec came from the biodiversity project led by christian h\u00e9bert at the laurentian forestry centre . steve marshall from the university of guelph provided many specimens and some ecological data from ontario . reggie webster also provided specimens from new brunswick to complete the picture . claude chantal and michel racine gave a substantial number of specimens from quebec for identification or confirmation .\nlive pictures were used with permission of authors from the bug guide site ( urltoken ) . steve marshall also provided a substantial amount of images for this publication .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe cantharisis was used as a plot device in the first roald dahl short story about uncle oswald .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n. . . inflammation and pain , burning and stinging . 6 . a homeopathic remedy called\n30c is good for bee or wasp stings . 7 . a homepathic remedy c . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\na fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals , as the dog .\n. the plural form in usually applied to the dried insects used in medicine .\nan order of insects having the anterior pair of wings ( elytra ) hard and horny , and serving as coverings for the posterior pair , which are membranous , and folded transversely under the others when not in use . the mouth parts form two pairs of jaws ( mandibles and maxill\u00e6 ) adapted for chewing . most of the coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils .\nthrough months of bittersweet labor , we finally have assembled words together by context . a novel way to search for new and elusive words . hope they help you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\neducalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics . we also share information about the use of the site with our social media , advertising and analytics partners .\nis a type of word the meaning of which determines reality . nouns provide the names for all things : people , objects , sensations , feelings , etc .\nand brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in english literature .\nthe amount of information must not be judged by the thickness of the book , for much that is valuable has been considered into a small compass ; thus usefulness has not been sacrificed to brevity .\nross h . arnett , jr , michael c . thomas , paul e . skelley , 2002\n, a homeopathic remedy , can be taken orally , twice a day . seek medical help in cases involving blisters . . .\n, spanish fly , to have america ' s way with it , unrestrained and with impunity .\nointment all over the burn injuries . to the astonishment of the . . .\nd8 , conium maculatum d28 , lycopodium clavatum d28 , phosphorus d8 , diencephalon suis d10 , magnesium phosphoricum d10 . . .\nand arnica , three times daily during the treatment period . loss of appetite is common so . . .\n- comforting for sunburn . lata . srinivasan @ timesgroup . com . article continues . stay updated on the go with times of india news app .\nis said to be good for any burning sensation , from a kitchen burn to cystitis and reflux .\nblatchley , ws . 1910 . an illustrated descriptive catalogue of the coleoptera or beetles ( exclusive of the rhyncophora ) known to occur in indiana . the nature publishing , indianapolis .\nberthiaume , r . , h\u00e9bert , c . , cloutier , c . 2001 . podabrus rugosulus ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) , an opportunist predator of mindarus abietinus ( hemiptera : aphididae in christmas tree plantations . the canadian entomologist 133 : 151 - 154 .\nbrown , w . j . 1940 . some new species of cantharidae and chrysomelidae ( coleoptera ) . the canadian entomologist 72 : 161 - 166 .\nbousquet , y . , bouchard , p . , lesage , l . , davies , a . , sikes , d . s . 2013 . checklist of beetles ( coleoptera ) of canada and alaska . second edition . agriculture canada . 392 p .\nday , k . r . , docherty , m . , leather , s . r . , kidd , n . a . c . 2006 . the role of generalist insect predators and pathogens in suppressing green spruce aphid populations through direct mortality and mediation of aphid dropping behavior . biological control 38 : 233\u2013246 .\ndettner , k . 1987 . chemosystematics and evolution of beetle chemical defenses . annual review of entomology 32 : 17 - 48 .\ndownie , n . m , arnett , rh . 1996 . the beetle of northeastern north america , volume 1 . introduction , suborder archostemata , adephaga and polyphaga thru superfamily cantharoidea . sandhill crane press . gainesville , fl : 852 - 872 .\nfall , h . c . 1928 . a review of the north american species of podabrus . entomologica americana 8 : 65 - 103 .\nfender , k . m . 1951 . the malthini of north america ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . american midland naturalist 46 : 513 - 629 .\nfender , k . m . 1960 . the ichthyurini of north america ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 36 : 105 - 113 .\nfender , k . m . 1971 . the genus rhagonycha eschscholtz in north america ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . the coleopterists bulletin 25 : 86 - 87 .\nfender , k . m . 1973 . ecological notes in podabrus ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . the coleopterists bulletin 27 : 11 - 17 .\ngreen , j . w . 1947 . new eastern american species of podabrus ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . transactions of the american entomological society 73 : 63 - 67 .\ngreen , j . w . 1948 . new eastern american species of podabrus ii ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . transactions of the american entomological society 74 : 75 - 82 .\ngreen , j . w . 1966 . revision of the nearctic species of silis ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . proceeding of the california academy of sciences 32 : 447 - 513 .\nh\u00e9bert , c . , jobin , l . , fr\u00e9chette , m . , pelletier , g . , coulombe , c . , germain , c . , auger , m . 2000 . an efficient pit - light trap to study beetle diversity . journal of insect conservation 4 : 191\u2013202 .\nkazantsev , s . 1992 . contribution to the knowledge of palearctic cantharidae ( coleoptera ) . notes on dichelotarsus motschulsky . entomologica basiliensa 15 : 267 - 277 .\nkazantsev , s . 2001 . new cantharid genus from north america and far east asia . elytron 15 : 43 - 48 .\nkazantsev , s . 2004 . a checklist of cantharidae ( coleoptera ) of the ex - ussr . russian entomological journal 13 : 23 - 34 .\nkazantsev , s . 2005 . a review of ancistronycha m\u00e4rkek with the description of atalantycha , a new nearctic genus ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . the coleopterists bulletin 59 : 204 - 210 .\nleconte , j . l . 1850 . remarks on the coleoptera of lake superior . in : j . l . r . agassiz & j . e . cabot . lake superior . boston , massachusetts . pp . 201 - 242 .\nleconte , j . l . 1851 . synopsis of the lampyridae of temperate north america . proceedings of the california academy of natural science 5 : 331 - 347 .\nleconte , j . l . 1866a . additions to coleopterous fauna of united states . number 1 . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 19 : 361 - 394 .\nleconte , j . l . 1866b . new species of north american cole\u00f3ptera . part i . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 2nd edition : 1 - 177 .\nleconte , j . l . 1881 . synopsis of the lampyridae of the united states . transactions of the american entomological society 9 : 15 - 72 .\nmcnamara , j . 1991 . family cantharidae soldier beetles . pp . 192 - 195 . in : y . bousquet , ed . checklist of the beetles of canada and alaska . publication1861 / e . research branch , agriculture canada . ottawa .\nmensah , r . k . , madden , j . l . 1994 . conservation of two predator species for biological control of chrysophtharta bimaculata ( col . : chrysomelidae ) in tasmanian forests . entomophaga 39 : 71 - 83 .\nmiskimen , g . w . 1956 . a faunal list of the cantharidae ( cantharidae ) of ohio with descriptions of new species . ohio journal of science 53 : 129 - 134 .\nramsdale , a . s . 2002 . 64 . cantharidae inhoff 1856 . in : arnett , r . h . , thomas , m . c . , skelley , p . e . , frank , j . h . american beetles . crc press . boca raton , fl : 202 - 218 .\nsay , t . 1823 . descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition to the rocky mountains performed by order of mr . calhoun , secretary of war , under command of major long . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 3 : 9 - 54 , 73 - 104 , 139 - 216 .\nsay , t . 1825 . descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 5 : 160 - 204 .\nsay , t . 1835 . descriptions of new north american coleopterous insects , and observations on some already described . boston journal of natural history , 1 : 151 - 203 .\nway , m . j . , banks , c . j . 2001 . population studies on the active stages of the black bean aphid , aphis fabae scop . , on its winter host euonymus europaeus l . annals of applied biology 62 : 177 - 197 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nlines of the same label . \ue01ee additional specimens are transliterated from chinese labels ,\n( gorham , 1889 ) should be restated as the valid name for this species .\n( mnhn ) : [ h ] \u201cfokien\u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus \\ rugosus \\ n .\nsp . \u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus \\ ( telephorops ) \\ coelestis \\ ( gorh . ) \\ det . w . wittmer\u201d , [ h ] \u201ctype\u201d ,\n\u201d [ 4 . viii . 1988 \\ leg . shu - yong wang ] .\n1450\u20131550m , 13 . vii . 1998 , leg . de - cheng yuan .\n( izas ) : neixiang , baoyunman , 21 . vii . 2001 , leg . fu - qiang\n( nhmb ) : \u201cdabieshan , 65km sw huoshan , 1400m , 21 . \u201324 .\n( izas ) : hefeng , shayuan , 30 . vii . 1989 , leg .\n( izas ) : jiulianshan , huangniushi , 19 . vi . 1975 , leg .\n( izas ) : longnan , jiulianshan , 17 . vi . 1975 , leg . you - wei zhang .\n( izas ) : sangzhi , tianpingshan , 700\u20131450m , 14 . viii . 1988 ,\n1 . vi . 1960 , leg . fu - ji pu ; 11 spec . ( nhmb ) : \u201cfukien , kuatun , 15 . viii . 1946 ,\ntschung - sen leg . \u201d ; 5 spec . ( nhmb ) : \u201ckuatun , 26 . vii . 1946\u201d ; 6 spec . ( nhmb ) : same\ndata , 11 . vii . 1946 ; 5 spec . ( nhmb ) : same data , 16 . viii . 1946 ; 4 spec . ( nhmb ) :\n( izas ) : longsheng , tianpingshan , 740m , 17 . vi . 1963 , leg .\n( izas ) : maoershan , tongmujiang , 800m , 15 . vii . 1985 , leg .\nping , 1600m , 2 . viii . 2001 , leg . kang - zhen dong .\nsent level , and neotype allows us to satisfy a better comparision . fortunately , a female\ndesignated by wang and yang ( 1992 ) , was found in izas during our study . its mor\n( nhmb ) : [ p ] \u201csuisharyo \\ formosa \\ h . sauter , x . 1911\u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus s . str . \\ cri\nvietnam ) in the aedeagus , except the di\ue01cerence in the elytra coloration from the latter .\n( mnhn ) : [ p ] \u201c\ue01eibet \\ t\u00e0tsi\u00e9nlo\u00f9 \\ m . f .\nbiet\u201d , [ h ] \u201ctelephorus \\ coriaceipennis \\ n . sp . \u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus ( s . str . ) \\ coriaceipennis \\\nestry station , 1200m , 20 . vii . 2001 , leg . kang - zhen dong .\n\u201cszechuen , yao gi , nr mupin , 7400ft . , 15 . vii . 1929 , d . c . graham\u201d ; 1\n\u201cmu san tsai , 10km nw weichow , 8700ft . , 26 . \u201328 . vi . 1933 , d . c . graham\u201d ; 1\n( izas ) : luding , xinxing , yanzigou , 1560m , 7 . viii . 2004 , leg . ming bai .\nmaire , 1889 ) by wittmer ( 1983a ) . however , examination of the holotypes of both\nmarking in middle , abdominal sternite viii of female ( see wittmer 1983a : \ue01dg . 111 )\nsternite viii of female ( fig . 22 ) slightly concaved on both sides of the middle emar"]}
{"id": 2165, "summary": [{"text": "orthops campestris is a species of plant bugs belonging to the family miridae , subfamily mirinae , that can be found everywhere in europe except for azores , faroe islands , iceland and african islands such as canary islands and cyprus . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "orthops campestris", "paragraphs": ["you selected lygus ( orthops ) campestris stillata stichel , 1958 . this is a synonym for :\nlength around 4 mm . this genus contains three similar species which are often found on umbellifers . they generally have dark antennae . although external characters are useful , some specimens cannot be reliably identified without dissection . o . campestris is usually green or green - tinged and is the smallest and most oval orthops species . note the short antennae ; the 3rd segment is much shorter than the head width .\nwrzesinska d ; wawrzyniak m , 2005 . harmful heteroptera of orthops genus ( miridae , heteroptera ) occurring on sosnowski ' s hogweed ( heracleum sosnowskyi manden . ) in poland . journal of plant protection research , 45 ( 2 ) : 107 - 114 .\ncimex campestris linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 448 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmi\u00e6 . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\numbellifers ( apiaceae ) . they generally have dark antennae . although external characters are useful ,\nnote the short antennae ; the 3rd segment is much shorter than the head width .\na very common bug throughout the uk , often associated with wild parsnip , the foodplant . adults overwinter and mate in the spring ; the new generation is complete from july onwards .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nadults overwinter and mate in the spring ; the new generation is complete from july onwards .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nakingbohungbe , a . e . ( 1974 ) chromosome numbers of some north american mirids ( heteroptera : miridae ) . : canadian journal of genetics and cytology 16 : 251 - - 256 .\nakingbohungbe , a . e . ( 1983 ) variation in testis follicle number in the miridae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) and its relationship to the higher classification of the family . : annals of the entomological society of america 76 : 37 - - 43 .\nakingbohungbe , a . e . , j . l . libby , and r . d . shenefelt . ( 1973 ) nymphs of wisconsin miridae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . : university of wisconsin research bulletin r2561 : 25 pp .\ncarvalho , j . c . m . ( 1959 ) a catalogue of the miridae of the world . part iv . : arquivos do museu nacional , rio de janeiro 48 : 384 pp .\ncoulianos , c . c . and f . ossiannilsson . ( 1976 ) catalogus insectorum sueciae . 7 . hemiptera - heteroptera . 2nd ed . : entomologisk tidskrift 97 ( 3 - - 4 ) : 135 - - 173 , map , 13 tabs .\nfranz , h . and e . wagner . ( 1961 ) die nordost - alpen im spiegel ihrer landtierwelt , ii . : universitatsverlag wagner , innsbruck , pp . 271 - - 401 .\ngollner - scheiding , u . ( 1970 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur heteropteren - fauna brandenburgs . 1 . die heteropteren - fauna des gross - machnower weinbergs und seiner naheren umgebung . : archiv fur naturschutz und landschaftsforschung 10 : 41 - - 70 .\ngollner - scheiding , u . ( 1972 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur heteropteren - fauna brandenburgs . 2 . \u00fcbersicht \u00fcber die heteropteren von brandenburg . : veroffentl . bizirksheimat mus . potsdam 25 / 26 : 5 - - 39 .\ngollner - scheiding , u . ( 1974 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur heteropterenfauna brandenburgs . 3 . die heteropterenfauna der oderwiesen und - hange bei lebus / oder ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) . : faunistische abhandlungen 5 : 181 - - 198 .\ngollner - scheiding , u . ( 1978 ) beitrag zur kenntnis der heteropterenfauna mazedoniens . : acta musei macedonici scientiae naturales 15 : 145 - - 150 .\nhoberlandt , l . ( 1956 ) results of the zoological scientific expedition of the national museum in praha to turkey . 18 . hemiptera iv . terrestrial hemiptera - heteroptera of turkey . : acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 3 ( suppl . ) : 1 - - 264 ( 1955 ) .\nkerzhner , i . m . ( 1964 ) family isometopidae . family miridae ( capsidae ) , pp . 700 - - 765 . in : bei - bienko , g . y . ( ed . ) . , opredelitel ' nasekomykh evropeiskoichasti sssr [ keys to the insects of the european part of the ussr ] . vol . 1 . apterygota , palaeoptera , hemimetabol : nauka , moskova and leningrad . [ in russian ; english translation : 1967 , israel program for scientific translation , jerusalem , pp . 913 - - 1003 ] .\nknight , h . h . ( 1968 ) taxonomic review : miridae of the nevada test site and the western united states . : brigham young university science bulletin , biological series 9 : 282pp .\nkulik , s . a . ( 1965 ) blindwanzen ost sibiriens und des fernen ostens ( heteroptera - miridae ) . : acta faunistica entomologica musei nationalis pragae 11 : 39 - - 70 . [ in russian ]\npericart , j . ( 1965 ) contribution a la fanistique de la corse : h\u00e9teropt\u00e8res miridae et anthocoridae ( hem . ) . : bulletin mensuel de la societe linneenne de lyon 34 : 377 - - 384 .\nribes , j . ( 1965 ) hemipteros de mallorca . : publ . inst . biol . apl . , barcelona 39 : 71 - - 95 .\nsouthwood , t . r . e . ( 1960 ) the flight activity of heteroptera . : transactions of the royal entomological society of london 112 : 173 - - 220 .\nsouthwood , t . r . e . and d . leston ( 1959 ) land and water bugs of the british isles . : frederick warne and co . , london . 436 pp .\ntamanini , l . ( 1981 ) gli eterotteri della basilicata e della calabria ( italia meridionale ) ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) . : memorie del museo civico di storia naturale di verona , ser . 2 , a , 3 : 1 - - 164 .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 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2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c38fa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323a5beb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323a5d1f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33f6f2af - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nschuh r . t . ( 2018 ) . pbi plant bug : on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) ( version mar 2013 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 5d859509 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nit is 4 millimetres ( 0 . 16 in ) long with short antennae . they feed on wild parsnip . adults overwinter after which they mate in spring . the new generation starts in july .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nc . maculatum is an herbaceous biennial and highly toxic plant , native across northern europe , western asia and north africa . it has been introduced widely outside its native area to many parts of america , south . . .\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; habit . plants can reach 2m in height . mexico .\n\u00a9pedro tenorio - lezama / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; typical , ' purple ' blotched stems . mexico .\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; characteristic stem with purple blotching . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .\n\u00a9eric coombs / oregon department of agriculture / bugwood . org - cc by 3 . 0 us\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; foliage . p\u00e1ndzsa - patak v\u00f6lgye , pannonhalma , hungary .\n\u00a9robert vid\u00e9ki / doronicum kft . / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; flowering habit . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; close - up of a flowering umbel . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .\n\u00a9steve hurst / usda nrcs plants database / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us\n\u00a9ohio state weed lab archive / the ohio state university / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us\nc . maculatum is an herbaceous biennial and highly toxic plant , native across northern europe , western asia and north africa . it has been introduced widely outside its native area to many parts of america , southern africa , china , new zealand and australia . c . maculatum is a twofold invader , competing with pasture and crops and encroaching on native vegetation , while also posing a serious health hazard to virtually all livestock , and humans . even within its native range , c . maculatum is increasing and tending to occur more commonly in crops .\nthe derivation of the genus name conium is uncertain , but may be from the greek koneion meaning to whirl or spin , describing the toxic effects of the plant ( mitich , 1998 ) . the specific name maculatum means spotted , from the characteristically spotted stem . although a wide range of synonyms have been applied to c . maculatum , the original linnean name is the only one to have been widely or consistently used , and there are no closely related species with which there is common confusion .\nc . maculatum is an erect annual or biennial , virtually glabrous , with a foetid , mousy odour when crushed . the long taproot is forked , white or pale yellow and 1 - 2 cm in diameter . stems are hollow , striate , up to 2 - ( 3 ) m high , usually light green and purple spotted or blotched , sometimes tinged purple - ish or pink , particularly toward their base . leaves 2 - 4 - pinnate ; ultimate segments narrowly or broadly ovate to deltoid , pinnatisect or serrate , 5 - 40 mm long ; petioles light green and purple blotched when mature ; stem leaves similar to basal , but shortly petiolate and 1 - 3 - pinnate . umbels 1 - 8 cm in diameter ; rays 4 - 16 ; lateral umbels overtopping the terminal ; bracts c . > 4 - 8 , narrow - triangular , acuminate , reflexed ; bracteoles 3 - 6 , triangular , confined to outer side of umbellets . flowers numerous , white , c . 2 mm in diameter , hermaphrodite . sepals 0 , petals 5 notched at the broad tip . fruit 2 - seeded , dark brown , almost round , 2 . 5 - 3 mm long ; slightly flattened , ribs slender , light brown , often crenulate .\nnative across northern europe , western asia and n . africa , c . maculatum has been introduced , deliberately or otherwise to many countries of america , to southern africa and to china , new zealand and australia . introduction to micronesia is indicated by weber ( 2003 ) and by usda - ars ( 2015 ) but no specimens are recorded by gbif ( 2015 ) , nor is it noted by the normally very comprehensive pier ( 2015 ) . weber ( 2003 ) classes c . maculatum as invasive in australia and western usa , while pier ( 2015 ) additionally lists it as invasive in many central and south american countries and the chilean off - shore juan fern\u00e1ndez islands .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\nthompson , 1922 ; webb et al . , 1988 ; pier , 2015 ; royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015\n) . in the latter instance it is believed to have been introduced accidentally with grain imports from the former ussr .\nfirst record in hobart , tasmania . this plant is likely but not confirmed to have been sourced from the uk\nthe risk of introduction is relatively low . the seed is conspicuous and , although possible , it is unlikely to be an undetected contaminant of any crop seed . deliberate introduction as a garden plant or herbal medicine has occurred in the past but is less likely today .\nthrives in a number of habitats , including grassland , forest margins , riparian habitats , freshwater wetlands , waste ground , disturbed sites , field margins and fallows . in fallows , however , the infestations are relatively short - lived , persisting only 1 - 2 years (\nthis plant grows best in moist and fertile soils ( weber , 2003 ) , avoiding acid soils and heavy shade ( pfaf , 2015 ) .\nc . maculatum is thought to be more tolerant of soils containing heavy metals ( arsenic , cadmium , lead ) than some native species in usa , perhaps contributing to its competitive ability in such a situation ( gulezian et al . , 2012 ) . in usa , c . maculatum is associated with usda hardiness zones 4 - 8 , so is tolerant of moderate to hard frosts . in chile it may occur in usda hardiness zone 9 where there may be dry periods of 3 - 5 months and where precipitation of 400 - 800 mm is concentrated in the winter .\nalthough growing mainly in non - crop areas , c . maculatum can invade field edges and encroach significantly on crops : maize in new zealand ; sugar beet in slovakia and in france ; pastures in turkey , poland , australia and new zealand ; olive in spain ; lucerne ( alfalfa ) in usa ; sunflower in czech republic ; chickpea in spain . mitich ( 1998 ) refers to its occurrence in pastures , cereals , vegetable crops and orchards in many countries .\na wide range of sources confirm c . maculatum to have a chromosome number of 2n = 22 ( missouri botanical garden , 2015 ) .\na detailed study by baskin and baskin ( 1990 ) concluded that in north - central kentucky , usa , seeds of c . maculatum are dispersed from mid - september to mid - late february , with up to 95 % of them being dispersed by late december . depending on the year , 40 - 85 % of the freshly matured seeds had morphological dormancy and thus only required a moist substrate for embryo growth and germination . the other seeds had morpho - physiological dormancy , which had to be broken before embryo growth and germination could occur . during late autumn and winter , a deeper form of dormancy was induced in most of the undispersed seeds . germination was found to be higher on soil than on sand , and in light than in darkness .\nsuggest that dormant seeds require high summer temperatures , low winter temperatures , or both , before they can germinate . once seeds break dormancy , they can germinate from late summer to early spring , as long as temperatures remain cool and the soil remains moist . they found that\ndegrees celsius were a more important requirement . germination was low at a constant 26\nc in the light . furthermore germination was not greatly reduced by burial below 5 cm depth .\ngermination may occur in the autumn or the spring . after germination in spring it can flower and behave as an annual , but most plants behave as biennials , forming a low rosette of leaves before flowering in their second summer . flowering occurs in mid - summer , while seed shed may continue through the autumn and winter to the following spring .\nthe established plant does not normally persist for more than two summers . seeds can persist in the soil for up to six years ( csontos , 2008 ) .\nc . maculatum can occur across a wide range of soil types and levels of fertility . it is most commonly found , however , in moist conditions along rivers and in marshy ground . it can persist through relatively dry periods in the summer provided the winter is wet ( chileflora , 2006 ) . it is stated to prefer high - nitrogen soils ( vetter 2004 ) .\nwarm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , wet all year\nwarm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , dry summers\nwarm temperate climate with dry winter ( warm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , dry winters )\ncontinental climate with dry summer ( warm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , coldest month < 0\u00b0c , dry summers )\nnatural dispersal of c . maculatum is limited . it may be moved by water or wind but most seed falls close to the parent plant .\nsome seed may cling to animal fur but there is no specialized mechanism for this . mitich ( 1998 ) refers to spread by rodents and birds .\naccidental introduction can occur locally through movement of garden waste , and more widely via contaminated seed of crops , but neither is likely to be frequent .\ndeliberate introduction is possible , where c . maculatum is considered a garden plant or used as a medicinal herb . however , it seems that the latter use is not common .\nsignificant damage may be caused by c . maculatum in establishing or established pastures , due to competition for light and other resources . losses in other crops may occur locally , but are not widespread or severe and no crop loss data are available .\n) ; carrot thin leaf virus , e . g . in california , usa (\nthe most important source of losses from c . maculatum is through toxicity to livestock . all parts of the plant are poisonous . toxicity is due to a group of piperidine alkaloids of which the representative members are coniine and gamma - coniceine . the latter is the more toxic and is the first formed biosynthetically . its levels in relation to coniine vary widely according to environmental conditions and to provenance of the plants ( reynolds , 2005 ) .\nacute toxicity doses are 3 . 3 mg / kg for cattle , 15 . 5 mg / kg for horses and 44 . 0 mg / kg for sheep ( ceh , 2004 ) . pigs are even more sensitive than cattle while goats are less sensitive than sheep ( usda , 2015 ) . mice given a fatal dose orally may die within 10 minutes . poultry , pigs , hamsters , nutria and rabbits are also susceptible . although birds can be poisoned , it appears that some at least are unharmed after eating the seeds . their bodies are , however , then toxic to other animals including humans ( the poison garden , 2015 ) . c . maculatum may cause birth defects in farm animals ( e . g . cleft palate , arthrogryposis , scoliosis , troticollis , kyphosis ) ( panter and keeler , 1993 ) , in addition to acute toxicity .\nthe estimated economic loss of livestock due to poisonous weeds , including c . maculatum , in the seventeen western states of usa , was $ 340 million ( n . b . based on prices and figures in 1989 ) . this was estimated from a 1 % death loss in cattle , a 3 . 5 % death loss in sheep , and a 1 % decrease in calf and lamb crops ( james et al . , 1992 ; nielsen and james , 1992 ) . we do not know , however , what proportion of those losses can be attributed to c . maculatum .\nlivestock tend to avoid the fresh plant but do not recognise it in the dried state . this and other aspects of toxicity to livestock are well reviewed by cao et al . ( 2015 ) .\nspread of c . maculatum into grassland or other low vegetation can significantly modify environments , and is of concern in conservation areas ( royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015 ) .\nc . maculatum can spread quickly in disturbed areas and is highly competitive , preventing the establishment of native grasses and forbs by shading and competing for space ( weber , 2003 ) .\nc . maculatum is dangerously poisonous and children have died from its toxicity . it is famously reputed to have been involved in the death of socrates , though this is challenged by some , who find that the symptoms described do not adequately match those normally observed ( dayan , 2009 ) .\nsymptoms in humans include irritation and tachycardia leading to brachycardia , muscular paralysis and respiratory failure . rhabdomyolysis and convulsions may also occur . death can occur in two hours ( dauncey , 2010 ) .\nthese symptoms reflect effects on the nervous system : stimulation followed by paralysis of motor nerve endings ; and cns stimulation followed by cns depression . other effects include vomiting , trembling , problems in movement , slow and weak pulse becoming rapid , rapid respiration , salivation , urination , nausea , convulsions , coma and death ( vetter , 2004 ) . advice on treatment following accidental ingestion is provided by toxinz poisons information ( 2015 ) .\napart from the risks from ingestion , there is also a danger of significant effects from handling the plants without gloves , from breathing dust or pollen from the plant and from using the hollow stems as pea - shooters .\nchemicals from c . maculatum have been shown to have plant protection properties . young chinese cabbage plants were sprayed with alkaloids from c . maculatum , including gamma - coniceine , and exposed to large numbers of starved slugs ( deroceras reticulatum ) . the alkaloids protected the plants over a 24 - hour test period ( dodds and henderson , 2002 ) . likewise , coniine from c . maculatum has proved effective against aphids and blowflies ( cao et al . , 2015 ) . alinezhad et al . ( 2012 ) have demonstrated useful activity against aspergillus parasiticus and a corresponding reduction in aflatoxin production . extracts were shown to inhibit fusarium pallidoroseum , the cause of twig blight in mulberry ( gulzar et al . , 2013 ) . however , it is unknown whether any of these ideas are being used in practice .\nc . maculatum is superficially similar to a number of other apiaceae . most dangerously it has been mistaken for wild carrot ( daucus carota ) , by children who have unwisely chewed on the yellowish root , but d . carota is clearly distinguished by having finely hairy foliage . anthriscus sylvestris has similar foliage to c . maculatum but a hairy stem . the related and equally dangerous water hemlock , cicuta maculata , has a glabrous hollow stem which may also be spotted , but the leaves have much wider segments and it has a cluster of fleshy roots and occurs in wetter situations . in general , c . maculatum is distinguished by its glabrous multi - pinnate leaves , the glabrous , hollow , spotted stem and mousy odour .\nc . maculatum is a declared noxious weed in the following states of usa : colorado , idaho , iowa , new mexico , nevada , ohio , oregon , utah , washington , west virginia , wyoming ( usda - ars , 2015 ) .\nhand pulling of c . maculatum plants may be effective , especially prior to seed set . spring mowing kills mature plants effectively , and a second mowing in late summer kills emerged seedlings and regrowth ( weber , 2003 ) . it is warned that gloves should be used for any hand - pulling operation , and a mask if there is pollen or dry , powdery material to be handled .\nasav and kadioglu ( 2008 ) demonstrated effective control of c . maculatum by solarisation in turkey .\nagonopterix alstroemeriana ( moth ) has been introduced and spread naturally in the usa and new zealand . the caterpillars of the moth can cause almost complete defoliation of the weed . their use has been approved in usa for biological control and the moth has been utilized in eradication programmes ( mckenna et al . , 2001 ) . caterpillars are collected from infested areas and spread to where they are needed . care is needed to avoid excessive contact with the weed , and gloves are advised .\nglyphosate is effective , but control is influenced by the surfactant used in the formulation ( gonzalez - gutierrez et al . , 2000 ) .\nother effective post - emergent herbicides include 2 , 4 - d ester , 2 , 4 - d amine , dicamba and triclopyr ( weber , 2003 ) . effective pre - emergence herbicides include imazapyr , tebuthiuron , chlorsulfuron , metsulfuron , hexazinone , metribuzin , terbacil , aminopyralid .\nherbicides for specific crops include pyridate and propaquizafop in chickpea ; clopyralid in rapeseed ; hexazinone , metribuzin and terbacil in lucerne / alfalfa . in clover - based pastures , flumetsulam or bentazone were better than 2 , 4 - db ( gawn et al . , 2012 ) .\n\u2018basic management recommendations to reduce reproductive losses to poisonous plants include : ( 1 ) keep good records ; ( 2 ) know what poisonous plants grow on ranges and understand their effects ; ( 3 ) develop a management plan to provide for alternate grazing in poisonous plant - free pastures during critical times ; ( 4 ) provide for balanced nutrition , including protein , energy , minerals and vitamins ; ( 5 ) maintain a good herd health program ; ( 6 ) integrate a herbicide treatment programme to reduce poisonous plant populations or to maintain clean pastures for alternate grazing ; and ( 7 ) manage the range for maximum forage production . \u2019\nalinezhad s ; kamalzadeh a ; rezaee mb ; jaimand k ; shams - ghahfarokhi m ; razzaghi - abyaneh m , 2012 . inhibitory effects of some native medicinal plants on aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production . acta horticulturae [ i international symposium on mycotoxins in nuts and dried fruits , damghan , iran ] , 963 : 207 - 210 .\nasav \u00fc ; kadioglu i , 2008 . effects of soil solarization and poultry manure combinations on seed germination of some weed species . ( toprak solarizasyonu ile tavuk g\u00fcbresigt ; kombinasyonunun bazi yabanci ot tohumlarinin \u00e7imlenmelerine etkileri ) . t\u00fcrkiye herboloji dergisi , 12 ( 2 ) : 11 - 22 .\nbaskin jm ; baskin cc , 1990 . seed germination ecology of poison hemlock , conium maculatum . canadian journal of botany , 68 ( 9 ) : 2018 - 2024 .\nbotanical . com , 2015 . hemlock . electronic version of\na modern herbal\nby mrs m . grieve . urltoken\ncao l ; larson j ; berent l ; fusaro a , 2015 . nonindigenous aquatic species database : conium maculatum . gainesville , florida , usa : us geological survey .\ncastells e ; berenbaum mr , 2008a . resistance of the generalist moth trichoplusia ni ( noctuidae ) to a novel chemical defense in the invasive plant conium maculatum . chemoecology , 18 ( 1 ) : 11 - 18 .\ncastells e ; berenbaum mr , 2008b . host plant selection by a monophagous herbivore is not mediated by quantitative changes in unique plant chemistry : agonopterix alstroemeriana and conium maculatum . arthropod - plant interactions , 2 ( 1 ) : 43 - 51 .\nceh , 2004 . information sheet 15 : poison - hemlock . wallingford , uk : centre for ecology and hydrology , 3 pp . urltoken\nchileflora , 2006 . conium maculatum l . talca , chile : chileflora . urltoken\ncouncil of heads of australasian herbaria , 2015 . australia ' s virtual herbarium . australia : council of heads of australasian herbaria . urltoken\ncsontos p , 2008 . longevity of conium maculatum l . achenes in a 6 - year - long seed burial experiment . ( a b\u00fcr\u00f6k ( conium maculatum l . ) term\u00e9seinek t\u00fal\u00e9l\u00e9se a talajban ) . n\u00f6v\u00e9nyv\u00e9delem , 44 ( 9 ) : 441 - 443 .\ndauncey ea , 2010 . poisonous plants : a guide for parents and childcare providers . richmond , uk : royal botanic gardens kew , 180 pp .\ndayan ad , 2009 . what killed socrates ? toxicological considerations and questions . postgraduate medical journal , 85 ( 999 ) : 34 - 37 .\ndistribution maps of plant pests , 1957 . psila rosae [ distribution map 84 ] . wallingford , uk : cab international .\nditomaso jm ; roncoroni ja ; swain sv ; wright sd , 2014 . pest notes : poison hemlock . davis , california , usa : statewide ipm program , agriculture and natural resources , university of california . [ uc anr publication 74162 . ] urltoken\ndodds cj ; henderson if , 2002 . control of slug and snail damage using low toxicity , plant - derived repellents and antifeedants . hgca project report , no . 294 : 49 pp .\neastwell kc ; glass jr ; seymour lm ; druffel kj , 2008 . first report of infection of poison hemlock and celery by apium virus y in washington state . plant disease , 92 ( 12 ) : 1710 .\nfletcher jd , 2001 . new hosts of alfalfa mosaic virus , cucumber mosaic virus , potato virus y , soybean dwarf virus , and tomato spotted wilt virus in new zealand . new zealand journal of crop and horticultural science , 29 ( 3 ) : 213 - 217 .\nflora of china editorial committee , 2015 . flora of china . st . louis , missouri and cambridge , massachusetts , usa : missouri botanical garden and harvard university herbaria . urltoken\ngawn tl ; harrington kc ; matthew c , 2012 . weed control in establishing mixed swards of clover , plantain and chicory . new zealand plant protection [ new zealand plant protection society ' s annual conference , rutherford hotel , nelson , new zealand , 14 - 16 august 2012 . ] , 65 : 59 - 63 . urltoken\ngoeden rd ; ricker dw , 1982 . poison hemlock , conium maculatum , in southern california - an alien weed attacked by few insects . annals of the entomological society of america , 75 ( 2 ) : 173 - 176 .\ngonzalez - gutierrez j ; osuna md ; de prado r , 2000 . behaviour of glyphosate in conium maculatum control . mededelingen - faculteit landbouwkundige en toegepaste biologische wetenschappen , universiteit gent [ proceedings , 52nd international symposium on crop protection , gent , belgium , 9 may 2000 , part i . ] , 65 ( 2a ) : 157 - 160 .\ngracia o ; feldman jm , 1977 . isolation and identification of two celery viruses in argentina . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 11 ) : 905 - 908 .\ngulezian pz ; ison jl ; granberg kj , 2012 . establishment of an invasive plant species ( conium maculatum ) in contaminated roadside soil in cook county , illinois . american midland naturalist , 168 ( 2 ) : 375 - 395 .\ngulzar p ; kausar t ; sahaf ka ; munshi na ; ahmad s ; raja ta , 2013 . screening of ethanolic extracts of various botanicals against fusarium pallidoroseum ( cooke ) sacc . - the causal agent of twig blight of mulberry . indian journal of sericulture , 52 ( 1 ) : 24 - 28 .\nherbs2000 . com , 2015 . homeopathy - conium maculatum . herbs2000 . com . urltoken\nhowell we ; mink gi , 1977 . the role of weed hosts , volunteer carrots , and overlapping growing seasons in the epidemiology of carrot thin leaf and carrot motley dwarf viruses in central washington . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 3 ) : 217 - 222 .\njames lf ; nielsen db ; panter ke , 1992 . impact of poisonous plants on the livestock industry . journal of range management , 45 ( 1 ) : 3 - 8 .\nkielland - lund j ; often a , 1998 . conium maculatum in hedmark county , eastern norway . ( giftkjeks conium maculatum pa hedemarken . ) blyttia , 56 ( 2 ) : 92 - 93 .\nlorenzi h , 1982 . plantas daninhas do brasil . nova odessa , san paulo , brazil : h . lorenzi .\nmagyar d ; t\u00f3th s , 2003 . data to the knowledge of the microscopic fungi in the forests around budakeszi ( buda hills , hungary ) . acta phytopathologica et entomologica hungarica , 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 61 - 72 .\nmckenna dd ; zangerl ar ; berenbaum mr , 2001 . a native hymenopteran predator of agonopterix alstroemeriana ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) in east - central illinois . great lakes entomologist , 34 ( 1 ) : 71 - 75 .\nmilanova sd ; nikolova v ; maneva s , 2003 . some morphological and bioecological characteristics of conium maculatum l . in : uygur s , kol\u00f6ren o , eds . proceedings of the 7th ewrs ( european weed research society ) mediterranean symposium . doorwerth , netherlands : european weed research society , 161 - 162 .\nmissouri botanical garden , 2015 . tropicos database . st . louis , missouri , usa : missouri botanical garden . urltoken\nmitich lw , 1998 . poison - hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) . weed technology , 12 ( 1 ) : 194 - 197 .\nnemeth i , 2001 . weed flora of fields set - aside for a long period in northern hungary . novenytermeles , 50 ( 2 / 3 ) : 217 - 230 .\nnielsen db ; james lf , 1992 . economic impact of poisonous plants on livestock production . in : james lf , keeler rf , bailey em , cheeke pr , hegarty mp , eds . poisonous plants : proceedings of the third international symposium . ames , usa : iowa state university press , 3 - 10 .\npanter ke ; james lf ; gardner dr ; ralphs mh ; pfister ja ; stegelmeier bl ; lee st , 2002 . reproductive losses to poisonous plants : influence of management strategies . journal of range management , 55 ( 3 ) : 301 - 308 .\npanter ke ; keeler rf , 1993 . quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloid teratogens from poisonous plants and their mechanism of action in animals . veterinary clinics of north america , food animal practice , 9 ( 1 ) : 33 - 40 .\nparsons wt ; cuthbertson eg , 1992 . noxious weeds of australia . melbourne , australia : inkata press , 692 pp .\npier , 2015 . pacific islands ecosystems at risk . honolulu , usa : hear , university of hawaii . urltoken\nreynolds t , 2005 . hemlock alkaloids from socrates to poison aloes . phytochemistry , 66 ( 12 ) : 1399 - 1406 .\nroyal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015 . conium maculatum : hemlock . in : popay i , champion p , james t , eds . an illustrated guide to common weeds of new zealand ( reproduced online version ) . canterbury , new zealand : new zealand plant protection society . urltoken\nthe poison garden , 2015 . conium maculatum , poison hemlock . alnwick , uk : the poison garden . urltoken\nthompson gm , 1922 . the naturalisation of animals and plants in new zealand . london , uk : cambridge university press , 607 pp .\ntoxinz poisons information , 2015 . conium maculatum . dunedin , new zealand : national poisons centre . urltoken\nusda , 2015 . field guide for managing poison hemlock in the southwest . washington dc , usa : us department of agriculture , 12 pp . urltoken\nusda - ars , 2015 . germplasm resources information network ( grin ) . online database . beltsville , maryland , usa : national germplasm resources laboratory . urltoken\nusda - nrcs , 2015 . the plants database . baton rouge , usa : national plant data center . urltoken\nvenclov\u00e1 v ; neck\u00e1r k ; brant v , 2007 . the influence of field border plant communities on the occurrence of conium maculatum ( l . ) in agrophytocoenoses . in : floistad e , ed . european weed research society , 14th ewrs symposium , hamar , norway , 17 - 21 june 2007 . doorwerth , netherlands : european weed research society , 227 .\nvetter j , 2004 . poison hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) . food and chemical toxicology , 42 ( 9 ) : 1373 - 1382 .\nwebb cj ; sykes wr ; garnock - jones pj , 1988 . flora of new zealand , volume iv : naturalised pteridophytes , gymnosperms , dicotyledons . christchurch , new zealand : botany division , dsir , 1365 pp .\nweber e , 2003 . invasive plant species of the world : a reference guide to environmental weeds . wallingford , uk : cab international , 548 pp .\nwebmd , 2015 . find a vitamin or supplement - hemlock . new york , usa : webmd . urltoken ; = hemlock\nwoodard ca , 2008 . poison hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) : biology , implications for pastures and response to herbicides . ms thesis . columbia , usa : university of missouri , 80 pp .\nwunderlin rp ; hansen bf , 2008 . atlas of florida vascular plants . tampa , florida , usa : university of south florida . urltoken\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nh . sosnowskyi is a monocarpic biennial or perennial plant that grows up to 3 m tall . leaves are divided into segments and can reach up to 3 m in length . white or pinkish flowers are organized in umbels and flower . . .\nheracleum sosnowskyi ( sosnowskyi ' s hogweed ) ; habit . shkmeri , georgia . july 2009 .\npublic domain / via wikipedia - released by its author , popadius . this applies worldwide .\nh . sosnowskyi is a monocarpic biennial or perennial plant that grows up to 3 m tall . leaves are divided into segments and can reach up to 3 m in length . white or pinkish flowers are organized in umbels and flowering occurs in the second year or later ( nielsen et al . , 2005 ) . an average plant can produce around 9000 fruits ( tkatschenko , 1989 ) . the mother plant dies after producing seeds , however the plant is reported to live up to 6 years before flowering ( satsiperova , 1984 ) . the whole plant contains photosensitizing furanocoumarins that can burn and / or blister human skin ( after contact with plant sap and subsequent uv irradiation ) .\nthe plant\u2019s large size , high fecundity , early germination and vigorous growth makes h . sosnowskyi a very successful invader that can out - compete local flora , cause river bank erosion and is toxic to humans .\nhad been cultivated for biomass and silage production in the former ussr in the second half of the twentieth century . from the 1990s there were reports of the plant escaping from cultivation and methods of treating\net al . , 2005 ) . the plant is listed as invasive in several european lists and databases , e . g . eppo , nobanis , daisie .\n( hoffm . ) m . bieb . , which she regarded as endemic to crimea . later authors consider\na . v . yena and e . s . kraynyuk speculate that h . sosnowskyi is synonymous with h . pubescens ( greuter and raus , 2007 ) but more research needs to be done to confirm this .\nthe section pubescentia comprises other heracleum species that have been reported as invasive in europe and / or north america : h . mantegazzianum sommier & levier and h . persicum desf . ex fisch . recent molecular - genetic studies showed close genetic relationship between all three invasive species , particularly between h . sosnowskyi and h . mantegazzianum ( jahodov\u00e1 et al . , 2007b ; logacheva et al . , 2008 ) . however , not all species from the section pubescentia were analysed in either study .\nbecause h . sosnowskyi and h . mantegazzianum are not only genetically but also morphologically very similar , several botanists consider h . sosnowskyi only a subtaxon of h . mantegazzianum or h . pubescens . therefore , h . sosnowskyi does not appear in the lists of weedy flora in many ( western - ) european countries ( kabuce , 2006 ) . for practical reasons in countries where both species invade , authorities often collect combined data on distribution and monitoring of these two species ( personnel are not trained to distinguish the two species , which requires specialist expertise ) .\nh . sosnowskyi has been bred and hybridized with other heracleum species . popular varieties were \u2018uspekh\u2019 and \u2018severzhanin\u2019 ( boodiak et al . , 1981 ; satsiperova , 1984 ; eppo , 2008 ) .\nas well as sosnowskyi\u2019s hogweed , other common names have been used for h . sosnowskyi in english . these include giant hogweed , giant cow parsnip ( normally used for h . mantegazzianum ) , cow parsnip ( the common name of north american h . lanatum [ h . sphondylium subsp . montanum ] ) or cow parsley ( the common name of anthriscus sylvestris ) .\nthe type specimen was collected in georgia , in \u2018meschetia , distr . adygeni in pratis silvaticis in itinere ad jalas lelovani , 9 / 8 / 1936\u2019 , and is deposited in tbilisi ( tbi ) .\ndetailed descriptions can be found in mandenova ( 1950 ) , satsiperova ( 1984 ) and other descriptions are given in nielsen et al . ( 2005 ) , kabuce ( 2006 ) and eppo ( 2008 ) .\nh . sosnowskyi is native to the eastern main caucasian ridge and south - western and eastern transcaucasia ( mandenova , 1950 ) . countries in this region that have h . sosnowskyi among their native flora are georgia , russia , armenia , azerbaijan and turkey . type locality lies in meschetia district , adygeni in georgia .\nin europe the plant is distributed mainly in eastern parts - reflecting the history of planting in the former ussr . most invaded areas are estonia , latvia , lithuania . there are reports of\nbeing invasive in belarus , hungary , poland , ukraine and european parts of russia , however , detailed distribution for those areas is not known . in denmark there is only one known population from ryvangen naturpark in copenhagen (\nj . thiele , institute of landscape ecology , m\u00fcnster , germany , personal communication ) .\nafter world war ii ( in 1946 - 1947 ) the seeds of h . sosnowskyi were brought to the polar - alpine botanical garden - institute ( pabgi ) in kirovsk , northern russia , where experiments took place to investigate the usefulness of this plant as fodder ( silage ) . in 1953 similar experiments began in leningrad ( st petersburg ) - in cooperation with three institutes ( the komarov botanical institute and two agricultural institutes ) . the aim of the experiments and breeding was to produce highly productive cultivars that would have minimal furanocoumarin content .\nseeds of h . sosnowskyi for the first experiments were obtained from kabardino - balkaria ( north caucasus , russia ) , however later reports mention seeds from other sources , e . g . dagestan ( east caucasus , russia ) ( marchenko , 1954 ; satsiperova , 1984 ; jahodov\u00e1 et al . , 2007a ) . breeding programmes later spread to many other places in the former ussr ( including belarus , estonia , latvia , lithuania , ukraine ) . reports of introduction to these regions do not detail whether seeds were distributed only via the leningrad and / or kirovsk institutes or whether additional seeds were obtained from the native range of h . sosnowskyi ."]}
{"id": 2171, "summary": [{"text": "the ctenocerinae are a subfamily of spider wasps , pompilidae , which contains a small number of genera , two in the neotropics , four in australia and the remainder in africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "ctenocerine wasps have evidently evolved from a common ancestor with the pepsinae , but are specialized for preying upon trap-door spiders ( ctenizidae ) .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the genera in the ctenocerinae include : abernessia arl\u00e9 , 1947 apoclavelia evans , 1972 apteropompilus brauns , 1899 apteropompiloides brauns , 1899 arnoldatus pate , 1946 ateloclavelia arnold , 1932 austroclavelia evans , 1972 clavelia lucas , 1851 claveliella arnold , 1939 cteniziphontes evans , 1972 ctenocerus dahlbom , 1845 epipompilus kohl , ( 1884 ) hadropompilus arnold , 1934 hypoferreola ashmead , 1902 lepidocnemis haupt , 1930 marimba pate , 1946 masisia arnold , 1934 maurillus smith , 1855 micragenia arnold , 1934 paraclavelia haupt , 1930 parapompilus smith , 1855 parapsilotelus arnold , 1960 pezopompilus arnold , 1946 protoclavelia arnold , 1932 pseudopedinaspis brauns , 1906 psilotelus arnold , 1932 spathomelus wahis , 2013 stenoclavelia arnold , 1935 teinotrachelus arnold , 1935", "topic": 26}], "title": "ctenocerinae", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for ctenocerinae yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe ctenocerinae are a subfamily of spider wasps , pompilidae , which contains a small number of genera , two in the neotropics , four in australia and the remainder in africa . ctenocerine wasps have evidently evolved from a common ancestor with the pepsinae , but are specialized for preying upon trap - door spiders ( ctenizidae ) . the genera in the ctenoc . . .\narnold , g . 1932 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part i . subfamily pepsinae . annals of the transvaal museum 14 : 284 - 396 .\narnold , g . 1932 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part ii . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 41 - 122 .\narnold , g . 1933 . entomological expedition to abyssinia , 1926 - 7 . hymenoptera , ii . : sphegidae and psammocharidae . with an introductory note and supplementary list by hugh scott , sc . d . the annals and magazine of natural history 11 : 351 - 371 .\narnold , g . 1933 . new african hymenoptera . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 2 : 51 - 56 .\narnold , g . 1934 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part iii . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 283 - 399 .\narnold , g . 1934 . new african hymenoptera no . 2 . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 3 : 18 - 28 .\narnold , g . 1935 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part iv . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 413 - 483 .\narnold , g . 1935 . scientific results of the vernay - lang kalahari expedition , march to september , 1930 . sphegidae and psammocharidae . annals of the transvaal museum 16 : 497 - 505 .\narnold , g . 1935 . mission j . de l\u00e9pinay au soudan fran\u00e7ais ( 1933 - 1934 ) ( douzi\u00e8me note ) . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res . on some fossorial hymenoptera from the soudan . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des sciences naturelles du maroc 15 : 1 - 9 .\narnold , g . 1935 . some considerations on a recent classification of the family psammocharidae ( hymenoptera ) . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 4 : 29 - 30 .\narnold , g . 1936 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part v . annals of the transvaal museum 18 : 73 - 12 .\narnold , g . 1936 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part vi . annals of the transvaal museum 18 : 415 - 460 .\narnold , g . 1936 . new african hymenoptera no . 3 . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 5 : 1 - 38 , pl . i .\narnold , g . 1937 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part vii . annals of the transvaal museum 19 : 1 - 98 .\narnold , g . 1939 . notes on some african pompilidae and descriptions of new species . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 8 : 49 - 65 .\narnold , g . 1940 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 4 . annals of the transvaal museum\narnold , g . 1943 . hymenoptera . family psammocharidae . exploration du parc national albert . i . mission g . f . de witte ( 1933 - 1935 ) , brussels , fasc . 43 : * * * * * *\narnold , g . 1944 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 5 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 11 : 1 - 38 .\narnold , g . 1946 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 6 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 12 : 63 - 97 .\narnold , g . 1947 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 7 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 13 : 131 - 167 .\narnold , g . 1948 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 8 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 14 : 213 - 250 .\narnold , g . 1949 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 9 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 15 : 261 - 275 .\narnold , g . 1951 . sphecidae and pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) collected by mr . k . m . guichard in west africa and ethiopia . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology 2 : 95 - 183 .\narnold , g . 1952 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 10 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 17 : 460 - 493 .\narnold , g . 1955 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 11 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 20 : 733 - 762 .\narnold , g . 1956 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 12 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 21b : 52 - 77 .\narnold , g . 1958 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 13 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 22b : 119 - 143 .\narnold , g . 1959 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 14 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 23b : 316 - 339 .\narnold , g . 1960 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 15 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 24b : 452 - 488 .\narnold , g . 1960 . aculeate hymenoptera from the drakensberg mountains , natal . annals of the natal museum 15 : 79 - 87 .\narnold , g . 1962 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 16 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 26b : 844 - 855 .\nbanks , n . 1940 . s ome psammocharidae from madagascar ( hymenoptera ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 92 : 335 - 362 .\nberland , l . 1925 . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res \u2013 fossores et mellifera . mission rohan - chabot angola et rhodesia ( 1912 - 1914 ) . iv , fasc . 3 : 147 - 158 , imprimerie nationale , paris .\nberland , l . 1952 . la r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale du mont nimna . xii \u2013 hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res vespiformes . m\u00e9moires de l\u2019institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019afrique noire . n\u00b0 19 : 271 - 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( hy .\nsphe ) . fam . pompilidae , subf . macromerinae . nova acta leopoldina ( n . s . ) 21 , n\u00b0 141 : 1 - 74 , 33 figs .\nhaupt , h . ( m . s . ) die gattungen der pepsinae der erde , zum gr\u00f6ssten teil auch mit ihren arten . nova acta leopoldina n . f . , bd 15 1945 , non publi\u00e9 ) : 145 - 429 .\nheymons , 1915 . * * * . sitzungsberichte der ges . naturforschenden freund . , berlin . n\u00b0 7 : 301 - 308 .\nthe hymenopterous types of peter cameron in the albany museum , grahamstown , south africa . annal of the cap province museum , grahamstown , 1 : 1 - 14 .\nkohl , f . f . 1884 . zur hymenopterenfauna afrika . annalen der k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums , 9 , hft 3 , pompilidae : 306 - 343 , pl . 14 .\nkohl , f . f . 1886 . neue pompiliden in den sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums . verhandlungen der . zoologisch . - boanischen gesellschaft in wien , 36 : 307 - 346 . wien .\nkohl , f . f . 1888 . neue pompiliden in den sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums . verhandlungen der . zoologisch . - boanischen gesellschaft in wien , 38 : 133 - 156 . wien .\nkohl , f . f . 1893 . hymenopteren von herrn dr . fr . stuhlman in ostafrika gesammelt . jahrbericht des hamburg wissenschaf anstalten 10 : 181 - 191 , 1pl . ; pompilidae : 183 - 186 .\nkohl , f . f . 1894 . zur hymenopetrenfauna afrikas . ann . k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseum , 9 , hft 3 : 279 - 350 , 5 pl . ; pompilidae : 306 - 319 et 342 - 343 + pl . 2 ( xiv )\nkohl , f . f . 1909 . ou 1905 in voeltzkow reise in ostafrica , sphegiden und pompiliden von madagascar , den comoren und ostafrika . ii : 369 - 378 .\nkohl , f . f . 1913 . neue pompiliden und sphegieen vom belgischen congogebiete .\niii : 182 - 209 ; pompilidae : 182 - 204 , 47 figs .\nlucas , r . 1898 . in stadelmann , h . die hymenopteren ost - afrikas , pompilidae . deusch - ost - afrika , band iv : pompilidae : 57 - 74 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1978 . new species and some remarks on the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta biologica szeged . 24 : 115 - 137 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1986a . revision of the fulvipes - , ruficornis - and variegata - groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hym . , ceropalidae ) . acta biol . szeged 32 : 121 - 136 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1986b . revision of the genus hemiceropales priesner , 1969 ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 32 : 317 - 342 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1987 . revision of the maculata and albicincta groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 33 : 121 - 156 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1988 . revision on the subgenus priesnerius m\u00f3czar ( hymenoptera , ceropalidae ) . linzer biol . beitr . 20 : 119 - 160 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1989 . revision of the helvetica group of the genus ceropales . beitr . ent . 39 : 9 - 61 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1990 . revision of the subgenus bifidoceropales priesner of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 36 : 59 - 85 .\npate , v . s . l . 1946 . the generic names of the spider wasps ( psammocharidae olim pompilidae ) and their type species ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) . transactions of the american entomological society , 72 : 65 - 137 .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .\npitts , j . p . , wasbauer , m . s . and von dohlen , c . d . ( 2006 ) . preliminary morphological analysis of relationships between the spider wasp subfamilies ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) : revisiting an old problem . zoologica scripta 35 : 1\u201322 .\nradoszkowskij , o . 1881 . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res d\u2019angola . jornal de sciencias mathematicas , physicas e naturae , ser . 1 , 8 , xxxi : 197 - 221 , lisboa ; pompilidae : 211 - 214 .\nradoszkowskij , o . 1888 1889 . revision des armatures copulatrices des m\u00e2les de la famille pompilidae . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 imp\u00e9riale des naturalistes de moscou , n . s . , 2 : 462 - 493 , 3 pl .\nschulthess , a . von 1914 . hymenopteren aus kamerun gesammelt von hern van ropthkirch oberlieutenant der schuztruppe . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift : 283 - 297 , berlin ; pompilidae : 286 - 287 .\nschulz , w . a . 1911 . zweihundert alte hymenopteren . zoologische annalen , iv : 1 - 220 , wurzburg . :\nsmith , f . 1855 . catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museuim . part iii . mutillidae and pompilidae . london : 1 - 206 , 6 pls .\ntaschenberg , e . 1869 . die pompiliden des museums der universit\u00e4t zu halle . zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesammten naturwissenschaften halla , 34 : 25 - 75 ; halle .\ntommasoini , s . & marini , m . 1984 . catalogo del tipi de museo zoologico dell\u2019 universita di bologna .\ntullgren , a . 1904 . on some hymenoptera aculeata from the cameroons . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi , 1 : 425 - 463 , 4 pls , stockholm .\non new species of fossorial hymenoptera from africa , mostly elidinae . transactions of the entomological society of london , part iv : 720 - 754 ; pompilidae : 744 .\n1915 . notes and synonymy of the hymenoptera in the collection of the british museum . ii . family psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 8 , 16 : 332 - 335 .\nturner , r . e . 1918 . notes on fossorial hymenoptera . xxxiii . on new ethiopian species of psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 . ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 .\nsaussure h . de 1892 . in grandidier . histoire physique , politique et naturelle de madagascar . vol . xx , 1\u00e8re\nwahis , r . 1984 . contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des ceropales de l\u2019afrique tropicale . ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , ceropalinae ) description d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle du za\u00efre . revue de zoologie africaine , 98 , 3 : 560 - 562 .\nwahis , r . 1988 . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res pompilides de madagascar . . genres ceropales latreille et irenangelus schulz . hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . . revue de zoologie africaine , : 102 : 213 - 221 .\n. contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res pompilides de la turquie ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) .\nwahis , r . 1999 . r\u00e9vision des esp\u00e8ces afrotropicales et orientale du genre pygmachus haupt 1930 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 37 : 81 - 94 .\nwahis , r . 2000 . r\u00e9vision des esp\u00e8ces afrotropicales , indo - orientales et australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 38 : 43 - 76 . .\nwahis , r . 2000 . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res pompilides de madagascar . 2 . genres aporinellus banks , ferreola lepeletier et homonotus dahlbom ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 39 : 45 - 77 .\nwahis , r . 2000 . sur quelques pompilides afrotropicaux . d\u00e9crits par g . gribodo en 1894 . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 40 : 77 - 81 .\nwahis , r . 2003 . sur un genre peu connu de pompilides afrotropicaux kyphopompilus arnold , 1959 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 49 : 103 - 114 .\n. mise \u00e0 jour du catalogue syst\u00e9matique des hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res pompilides de la r\u00e9gion ouesteurop\u00e9enne . additions et corrections .\net australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) .\nwaichert , c . , von dohlen , c . d . & pitts , j . p . 2014\nwaichert , c . , rodriguez , j . , wasbauer , m . s . , von dohlen , c . d . and pitts , j . p . 2015\nwasbauer , m . s . 1995 . pompilidae . in : p . e . hanson & i . d . gauld ( eds ) the hymenoptera of costa rica ( pp . 522\u2013539 ) . oxford : oxford university press .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nelliott , m . g . 2007 ,\nannotated catalogue of the pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) of australia\n, zootaxa , vol . 1428 , pp . 1 - 83\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 246f75cb - a580 - 45b0 - a58e - c63a701ade77\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e4ee2def - 52c6 - 4609 - 87b8 - 5123689a4900\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 589412\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 2174, "summary": [{"text": "syrmoptera melanomitra is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo and the democratic republic of the congo . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "syrmoptera melanomitra", "paragraphs": ["type - species : syrmoptera melanomitra karsch , 1895 . ent . nachr . berlin 21 : 308 . [ bhl ]\ngenus : syrmoptera karsch , 1895 . ent . nachr . berlin 21 ( 19 / 20 ) : 308 . [ bhl ]\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na place for me to tell you about what i love . insects and spiders are one of my passions and i ' m glad that i get to share that with you all ! : )\nthey were amazing . . . . . . . last and latest bug hunt of the year . the latest they were out was in november 2011 . . . . . . felt like spring that day . today it felt like spring yet again and i was greatly awarded with all sorts of birds and assorted creepy crawlies . . . . . . . and a surprise from my lepidopteran friends .\ni had originally gone to the park to look for cocoons of various moths . . . . . and maybe butterfly chrysalids or overwintering\nand while i didn ' t find any of those . . . . . . . . . i did find something of a mystery lodged in one of the normally bug infested logs .\ni wonder what exactly made this . . . . . . so many many possibilities .\nit was discussed via facebook & twitter and the possibilities are endless . . . . .\nto name a few of what it could be . . . . . . . . notodontids of the genera\ni haven ' t seen here in any shape or form nor have i seen prionoxystus robiniae or any of the other 3 eastern n . american cossidae . the pupa wasn ' t\nlarge\nby any means . . . . . . but it wasn ' t\nsmall\neither . medium ? and skinny . . . . but not too skinny .\nproviding the weather is nice again after the snow we ' re supposed to get in a few days . i ' ll go back and see if it ' s still there and try and get better pics and maybe try and get it out . i tried but it seemed like it was stuck in there pretty tightly .\nsilken pads most likely . . . . . . and the added protection of a deep enough notch in a log . ^ ^ * another question though is when did it emerge ? last time i was there ( oct 15th ) i didn ' t see it there but then again i wasn ' t looking for cocoons or pupae / chrysalids then since the adults of various lepidopterans were out pollinating the last of the flowers .\nmy only guess it that it was over looked . it wouldn ' t make sense for it to have crawled in there say late / early october pupated and then emerged on an abnormally warm autumn / winter day only to eventually freeze to death . don ' t have the climate for them to do that\nsuccessfully\n.\nbut i wouldn ' t rule anything out at this point . but the possibility of it being overlooked is more likely . hope to find more this year . . . . . . \u2665\nno clue ! ! was a shock to find this and many others zipping about . midges / craneflies ( these were in some sort of swarm ) another beetle in flight , slugs , milipedes , centipedes . . . . . . . woodlice . oh it was wonderful not to mention the birds .\njuncos ! ! some friends had confirmed these are juncos and i had also learned that there might be a junco species complex ( idk if that would be the right term here but idk that much about birds to begin with ) since the\nexperts had lumped them all together\nso to speak according to said friends .\ni have many more but i ' ll post those in another post as once again i ' ve probably ranted enough about my precious lovely little friends . . . . . but i can ' t help it . * ^ ^ *\nso i ' ve decided to document all the moths i ' ve seen this year that i ' ve id ' d and more or less id ' d . i had already more or less done this in a journal of sorts ( along with every other insect / spider ) i ' ve seen earlier in the season due to the lack of a camera .\ni continued after purchasing another camera out of habit and utter enjoyment i got from doing so . also since i wasn ' t able to participate in national moth week ( due to lack of camera and the weather being entirely inappropriate for moth hunting the entire week ) this i think more then makes up for it i think . i ' m wondering if i could submit these anywhere . . . . . . at least the ones i was able to photograph ? ?\n* note these aren ' t in order . . . . . . exactly . . . . . . just listing for convenience and enjoyment . dates added when possible .\nall the moths listed above have similar wing colors & patterns to the one on my terrace that night . i was unfortunately unable to capture it to confirm it ' s identity . this pisses me off greatly . . . . . . sneaky little buggers . : p\nspoladea recurvalis 10 - 01 - 13 saw about 5 - 6 of these throughout the season . first sighting was on 09 - 17 - 13 . was an utter bitch to id but soooo much fun . * ^ ^ *\natteva aurea 10 - 02 - 13 hadn ' t seen these in a looooooong time .\na very cold hypena scabra ( date unknown ) it ' s very much alive . not to worry . * ^ ^ *\nwas found on the most epic bug hunt of the year . my friend had taken me up to new jersey to see the cicadas and other assorted angels . pics later . . . . . in another entry . i think i ' ve spammed you all enough . : p\n* * unidentified\nzebra moth\nwas small . . . . . . . not as small as some other moths i ' ve seen\nwas quite plentiful this year . seen on numerous occasions throughout the season . a few of them might also have been\n. . . . . . it ' s surprising how much they can look alike from a distance . xd\nwere both seen up at my friends house after the cicada fest . skippers and tiger swallowtails joined in along with numerous other creepy crawly lovely angels of all sorts .\noki doki that just about wraps this up for now . . . . . . . will be edited as needed of course . many firsts for me this season ( and there ' s more to tell ! ! ) . deliriously happy about all that ' s occurred bug wise . i only hope it gets even better with coming new year .\nspeaking of which i wish you all a merry christmas and a happy bug infested 2014 .\nas you know monarchs are declining year after year . this year i ' ve only seen 3 and the year before i saw about maybe 20 give or take throughout the entire season ( i wasn ' t able to get photos because these were almost always in flight like they were on a mission ) ! ! this year i ' m proud to say i ' ve gotten pictures & videos of the blessed angels on 2 occasions .\nthe one pictured above was an absolute pleasure and honor to observe . i made a point of pointing it out to anyone who passed by while i was taking pictures ( this is the best one out of maybe 10 attempts ) of it feeding on the buddleia . it was a male . i hope it made it to mexico okay .\nthis one i had spotted in the treetops during my trip to the bronx zoo . what a pleasant surprise . i ' m also happy to report that they finally planted a nice patch of milkweed in the park by my house . orange milkweed ( asclepias tuberosa ? ) i hope it helps the monarchs that fly through here immensely .\nthe first one i had spotted i wasn ' t able to to get pictures of due to the lack of a camera ( i had unfortunately lost my old one ) and the fact that it flew by me so quickly it would ' ve been impossible to do so any way . xd it came out of nowhere just as i was pondering whether or not i ' d see any this year . . . . . . . . coincidence ? i don ' t think so .\nthat wouldn ' t be the first time butterflies ( in general ) popped up in ways that make me wonder . . . . . . . . especially this year . any way , as for the monarchs i ' ll do everything i can to support them and spread the awareness that they need our help badly . including keeping track of them and seeing if i can get some milkweed for my own purposes . . . . . we ' ll see .\n. the nhm has a research library and they have . . . . . . . . everything . it ' s magnificent and i was so content in there surrounded by dozens of books on my precious angels . but the most coveted one was i . f . b common ' s moths of australia which i ' ll be ranting about .\nfirst off this book is one of , if not the most well written pieces of literature on our heteroceran friends and it ' s something i ' ve wanted for a very very long time . sadly for reasons currently unknown ( i ' m trying to find out why ) the book is out of print and thus insanely hard to get a hold of .\nsometime last year i found out the museum had a library and well . . . . . . . . you can guess what happened next . i went searching their archives to see if they had it during my hunt for a copy and lo and behold they did . and i finally got to read a nice big chunk of it ( they don ' t let anyone check out books , not even the staff ! unless under special circumstances ) and take a\nof notes . my hand was cramping toward the end of the day . . . . . . . ohhhh it was wonderful .\nthis magnum opus of a book has both color and black and white photos a very nice layout of all the moth families found in australia and insanely wonderfully well written descriptions of their life cycles , behavior , species themselves , everything . in short mr . common is a genus and has my full and utter respect and idolization .\ni can fully understand why people would flip their shit over this book ( as i have done ) it ' s everything i thought it would be and more .\nit also has occurred to me that i think these might be the first photos of this book online . . . . . . . . . holy shit . i haven ' t found any except for the cover while searching online to see where i could possibly purchase a copy .\none of the main reasons this book was of particular interest to me besides the obvious was the extensive information on the epipyropidae whose larvae are parasites on various species of homopterans . epipyropids are yet another rule breaker of the\ntypical rules of lepidoptera\n.\nif i remember correctly a while back i think stated something on the possibility of parthenogenetic lepidoptera , if there were any or something along the lines and that how i didn ' t see how that could be possible blah blah blah .\nand how course i was open to any possibility of there being any . . . . . . and look what happens . holy shit . there ' s so much to rant about involving this book . i want to go back there and try and see if i can read the entire thing cover to cover .\ni think it ' s doable . we ' ll have to see . i ' ll post more photos in other entries ( there ' s more books to rant about ) since for some reason i ' m having trouble uploading more pics .\n. for a while though i was researching various other similarly patterned swallowtails and giving myself rather\npleasant\nheadaches trying to figure out what this is .\nof course this is all still open to speculation but i ' m 99 . 9 % sure this is\n. . . . . . . i ' d like to know what subspecies if possible . i don ' t know if the pics / vids are clear enough to determine that but . . . . . . . . ^ ^ ; ;\nvisit # 10 ! ! this was magnificent as always . because it ' s towards the end of the season it was alot calmer and not so many people and not as many butterflies but still plentiful . hmmm lets see . . . . there were tons of atlas moths . at least 4 - 5 of them hidden throughout the blessed place and i managed to get some extremely nice photos of my lovely angels .\nadorn my hat for atleast an hour each . they simply wouldn ' t leave and in the case of idea leucanoe i would ' ve walked out the door with it had the staff not\nintervened\n( i was all for taking it home too : p ) .\nthere were 2 . first one was perched up in the vegetation second one was flying around and had brushed against me and landed on the floor . one of the staff had picked it up and it was off flying again . it had reached the heat lights and the feeders . and i guess the light from the light fixtures emphasized this but as it was flying around the green of it ' s wings changed from green to blue to green again in various shades streaked with gold and silver . . . . . . . * . * like glitter .\nthen i traded for wings built to dazzle and float . . . . .\ni was standing there with my mouth open . literally . it then settled on the vegetation and i proceeded to get pics ( see above ) . and if you look hard enough you can see said iridescence and the fact that the green is darker here then lets say this one :\nthis one was perched high up and away from nearby light sources . species wise friends and i were speculating between p . palinurus & p . daedalus . but i ' m 99 % sure is palinurus . i ' ll rant on this later in another entry . they had these here before on 2 other occasions but this is my first interaction with them .\nall the other times they were just perched somewhere out of the way and then they ' d vanish and not be seen again . xd so this was beyond lovely . and they ' re my new fave after today .\nthey had more of them today then i ever remember them having within the 9 other times i ' ve been here . i ' ve observed something today that i never knew about my precious lovelies . they too are iridescent . the black wing tips of monarchs have a blue iridescence to them under light .\nand 2 nymphalids that may or may not be\nnew\n. i think one of them was a chocolate pansy (\n) which i ' ve already listed and the other is one of the leafwings but i don ' t recognize it .\n, and if that ' s the case then another new lovely angel has to be officially added to the ever growing list . ^ _ ^\nanother late nighter for me so i compiled a list of sorts of all the moths i have seen last year & throughout the years ( for some ) that i have successfully , or somewhat successfully identified .\nhowever looking at it again , comparing images in the peterson ' s fieldguide to moths of north easter north america i don ' t think it ' s spilosoma dubia . . . . . . . . no idea . i ' ll have to research more .\npretty though . was found in the window of a closed down store last year ( i think it might still be there 0 _ 0 ) . pitty i couldn ' t get to it for better observation / id ' s but at least the pic is decent . ^ ^\ni had the most delightful and rewarding ( i got to hold an atlas moth ! ) visit today at my paradise . i had been invited to tag along with a friends trip with her daughter and we went and saw all sorts of things . wound up in the hall of biodiversity and laid eyes on utter epicness :\namong other wonderful things . i also found out where the library is . . . . . . . so i ' ll be investigating that asap . i want my books ^ ^ * they have i . f . b common ' s moths of australia ( i had checked their databases ) and i want to read it . it ' s out of print unfortunately so i at least want to read it . i hope one day i ' ll be lucky enough to obtain a copy somehow to call my own but for now i ' d like to just be able to read that magnum opus .\nafter running around various exhibits i finally got to go see my precious lepidopteran angels . . . . . . . and as i ' ve said was rewarded greatly as i got to hold an atlas moth (\nwe ( me and a volunteer ) had basically rescued the precious angel from being stuck in the window bar thingy . and the poor guy was having a shit fit over my handling it ( we ' re not supposed to disturb the moths & and he was a volunteer and didn ' t want to get in trouble ) which cut my time short holding said precious angel . i did manage to get a hasty video though of my having a happy fit while said volunteer was trying to get me to\nhand it over\n. i ' ll post that later . now it ' s on with the lovelyness\n* or it could ' ve been h . sapho or h . cydno ?\n* found a pic of this particular one online and i need to find it again to know the id . this is pending\n* parthenos sylvia philippinica & p . s . lilacina they ' ve both had before but i didn ' t know that they were subspecies . i thought they were different color forms of parthenos sylvia . thanks to my friends payam & dave for id ' ing lovely angels . ^ ^ \u2665\n) outside the museum too . so many many birds everywhere that i ' ve never had the pleasure of seeing before . wonderful !\n. i ' ll have a separate post for this as there ' s alot to rant about .\nexamples of 2 species of nemopteridae ( neuroptera ) halter imperatrix & chasmoptera sheppardi ( which as of right now may or may not be synonyms ) .\nit ' s 4 : 00 am as i type this . xd for the past couple of days or so i ' ve been researching them . exactly what spurred this one ( research binge ) i haven ' t the slightest idea anymore but i ' ve been re - falling in love with them due to said research . to sum it up , since it ' s late neuroptera ( lacewings ) have numerous families and of those families i absolutely adore the nemopteridae , which i have just realized bear a resemblance to himantopteridid moths ( is this intentional or a coinicidence ? ) and ascalaphidae . . . . . . oh\ni wish more then anything involving neuroptera that we had ascalaphids here . never had the pleasure of personally observing them . . . . . . . . only pictures ( same goes with nemopteridae ) . speaking of which :\ni kinda wanna briefly research even more on these wonderful insects but as i said it ' s late xd i must make time to do so later tomorrow . i did find some rather wonderful papers on them via . wikipedia of all places ( which has an insane amount of info , with references ) . i ' ve been taking notes .\nand the brown lacewings who ' s names i ' m forgetting right now . oh and then there ' s this :\naustralian ascalaphid . . . . . . . . does anyone know what species ? will ask around . any and all info / inputs are greatly welcomed and appreciated = )\nif i counted right . . . . . . i think this is the 8th visit since this wonderful insanity started in 2011 . i cannot wait to get to visit number 10 whenever that ' ll be . but this one is memorable . . . . . . . . . because i met hazel davies program director and author ( i proudly have one of her books sitting on the table amongst many others in my house ) and although my meeting with her was brief it was infested with information on my lovelies . volunteering also came up yet again . . . . . . . i seriously think i ' m gonna do it at some point . first though personal things have to be permanently taken care of and then they ' re ( butterflies ) are mine . . . . . . .\nshe was mentioning schedules and i was thinking sundays since i virtually don ' t have anything to do on sundays so . . . . . we ' ll see . but i ' m not going to count my\neggs before they hatch . . . . . . i ' ll keep my fingers tightly crossed though .\n* * had seen several and asked which species they were and was told\nbarred sister\n( latin name unknown to all at the time ) so i ' d briefly check around online and the only\nbarred sister\ni came across was the white - barred sister ( adelpha epione ) .\nthe unidentified swallowtail . never seen anything like it . any and all input is greatly appreciated ^ ^\nflying around too only that the black in the wings seems more grey / silvery to me and the tails might ' ve been longer . . . . . . . . i managed to get on in a video ( will post shortly ) but idk if it ' s enough to id them definitely as there ' s also a\nfemales were also observed . one was up right over the entrance door ( photo ) and the other was in the bushes a little ways away from said door on the other side . she unfortunately was near the end of her life as the poor thing wouldn ' t stop trembling .\nwhich just popped out of nowhere and i managed to get a couple of fuzzy pictures . oh and there ' s this in the subway exits :\nstuff like this was all over the walls and on the ground to the last exit they were letting people through because all the other ones were closed ( yes i stayed\nlate\nagain ) . didn ' t even know they had this . . . . . . . \u2665\nepic ! oh ! and i finally got to see\nflight of the butterflies\n. it ' s a magnificent film and it left me with an even greater appreciation and love for\ni ' ll leave a proper review of that in another post . for now i have research and more posts to write .\nmanduca sexta 03 - 20 - 13 freshly eclosed . . . . . . . . . . . what a beauty .\n) . totally unexpected and wonderful shock , and on top of that on the first day of spring .\ntalk about irony . don ' t you just love it ? ^ ^ i had heard quite a bit of rustling and i was thinking\nwtf is that ?\nknowing that we get all sorts of critters in here ( and i was hoping it wasn ' t a mouse xd ) only to look and see the pupa moving and fall off the sponge i had it on . it then\nburst open\nwith this lovely angel thrashing around to get out .\nit immediately starting climbing everything to get to a higher spot to expand it ' s wings tried to help it out by letting it crawl on my finger hoping it would settle there . . . . . . . . no it had other ideas ^ ^ ; ; ; ; it had wound up crawling onto my shoulder at which point i just put it back into the pavillion thingy ( what do you call those netted butterfly enclosures anyway ? ) where it climbed to the top and eventually settled down to expand it ' s wings .\ntook about an hour or so give or take . i sat there the whole time and watched it taking pics & vids at different intervals . since it was already dark out some are a bit blurry but what can you do when the lighting atm sucks ? : p work with what you got that ' s what .\nmanduca sexta 03 - 20 - 13 climbing up the sides of the pavilion thingy . old pupal shell i had gently removed after taking this photo .\nof the brief minute or two i got to hold it i can tell you 2 things .\n1 . they as adults also have quite a grip ( the larvae did too , perhaps even more so being that they ' re nothing but muscles designed for munching , chomping , etc ) .\n2 . they have a scent after they emerge . idk how to explain it . . . . . . it ' s not like anything i ' ve ever smelt before . i know there ' s a\nfreshness\nto it . idk what it was that gave it that scent . . . . . meconium ?\nof meconium the little sucker had dripped a nice splotch of it on the\nfloor\nof the pavillion thingy . . . . . . i do hope that ' ll come out easier later . xd\nmanduca sexta 03 - 20 - 13 in the process of expanding and drying its wings .\nthen i traded for wings built to dazzle and float . . . . . . . . .\ni felt through out the entire miracle that was taking place in my house . and as i sit here thinking about it ( in general ) i ' m utterly baffled and amazed on how these lovely and often misunderstood creatures come to be .\ni once again have to thank the lord for allowing me to enjoy his epic creations . i love every single one of them to pieces . and i hope that i get to enjoy more experiences with them in the future . every year for the rest of my life . . . . . . . \u2665\nmanduca sexta diversity . . . . . no idea they were so variable * . * \u2665\u025b\u00ef\u025c\nfound this while i was doing brief but thorough research on my lovely angels . i want to know what i have ( male or female ) as sexing sphinx moths for me at least is not as easy as other moths ( i . e . saturniids ) because their antennae aren ' t easily distinguishable .\ni ' ll have to wait until daylight to start getting better pictures / videos . now i\ngo to bed . i have unfortunately picked up the habit of becoming nocturnal like my lovely heteroceran ( moths for you non ento / lepto geeks ) friends and that ' s no bueno . . . . . . . . . it ' s already 4 : 40am xd\nand go far from the star of the show . . . . . . . . .\nthen just fabulous cloth so i ' ll keep holding onto my dreams . . . . . . .\nonce again i ' m amazed at mimicry and how utterly convincing it is even to us humans . first of\n. bravo on job well done . = ) thirdly according h . l . lewis\ni cannot get enough of them . . . . . . nope . never ending treasure . . . . . . . \u2665\nso i finally got to see this . basically it ' s nothing but a large hallway with the walls covered entirely in high resolution pictures of various species of moths depicting their breathtaking beauty .\nfelt nothing but utter joy . completely light and happy . best birthday ever . a nice little overview of what this place is like :\nto spend the entire day with the things and people you love most . . . . . . . . . . \u2665 friends gave me money to go to the museum and epicness ensued . i hadn ' t been there in so long because life is busy ( even more so now ) so to have this\nescape\nwas wonderful .\nto make it even more epic allison ( one of the staff ) gave me 2 extra voucher tickets to come back within the month . * . * i owe them everything .\nwhich was at first hiding / resting among the pentas and looking absolutely gorgeous . a little worn but stunning nonetheless .\nand had spotted it again 2 other times but was not able to get better pictures / videos of it . i ' ll edit this one and see if i can make it easier to see later .\n2 . euploea sp . * first time seeing one . . . . . and it isn ' t one i recognize .\n* cross between h . cydno and h . melpomene or h . erato perhaps ?\neyes are amazing . . . . . . observed one sitting on a leaf imbibing water or something . very laid back . allowed me to poke my camera into it ' s lovely face . . . . with those eyes that seem to follow you . ^ ^\ni ' ll have to consult mr . jiggins on what this one might be exactly but . . . . . . . ^ ^ ; ; ; ; this is the only angle of it i could get it at . i tried getting it where you could see the upperside but the little sucker was up too high and in such a position / angle that made it impossible to do so .\nbut i tried my best . i have one more shot of it from at a distance that i think show a part of the upperside but i ' ll have to see . if i ' m lucky enough it might be enough to get at least an idea of what this lovely angel is .\nstaff had taken this picture for me as i wasn ' t able to do so obviously ^ ^ had landed on my bag . am question the id a bit . the patterns were different from the other\ni had observed so idk if they ' re sexually dimorphic in anyway or if this is an aberration or subspecies . . . . . . . . . . or a completely different species .\nat first in flight . there were several of these . as i mentioned before museum staff ( allison ) had given me 2 extra tickets to come back within the month ( you know damn well i ' ll be there ) and i next plan to go see the movie they have out . . . . . . . flight of the butterflies . . . . . . . . . . \u025b\u00ef\u025c\nmore to come ! i had a beautiful day . . . . . . . . . . i thank everyone responsible for making it so . god bless you all !\nthese are yet another one of my most favorites ever . there are 4 genera with species that are like this\n. i believe all of them are in erebidae , lymantriinae . idk if they have common names or not but i ' ve dubbed them all\nglittery sparkly satin moths\nbecause that ' s exactly what they are . xd\nif i ' m not mistaken there is a moth called\nthe satin moth\ni think . . . . . . not too sure but these definitely need to be called that or something along those lines . abbreviated as gssn for short from here on out .\n\u025b\u00ef\u025c # 1 lymantriinae used to be a family all on it ' s own within the arctiidae ( correct me if i ' m wrong in any of this people ! ! not too sure on things here ) and for reasons i ' m not entirely sure of taxonomist decided to make it a sub family of erebidae of who ' s existence & creation i ' m not entirely sure of how it came about . ^ ^ ; ;\n\u025b\u00ef\u025c # 2 wikipedia fails to go by correct classification . * sigh * - _ -\nappears to be variable ( ? ) most of them have brown edges to their wings and the one in the photo i posted ( which i got off of a tumblr ) clearly does not . the one in the flickr link i posted has lighter edges to her wings . but nothing that looks anything like this except for the green veins .\n* * edit : after grabbing the original link ( see above ,\nphoto credits\n) i see it titled\ncarriola sp . cf . arctornis complex , maybe carriola ecnomoda\nit leads to even more questions . . . . . . . . . . wtf is going on here !\nanother entry is needed for this ! later . . . . . . on with it :\narctornis sp . if you ask me it looks like ( wing shape ) the carriola above . 0 _ 0\narctornis l - nigrum i want to hug it . * . * fuzzy sparkly angels . . . . . . . * . *\nstay tuned for part 2 cause there ' s more . xd as always copyright infringement is not , nor ever will be intended .\nbeen on a research binge . i really really adore the lycaenidae . . . . . . . . i have several favorites . . . . . . . genera . . . . . horaga , tajuria , etc . too many . deudorix epijarbus is beautiful . red . . . . . . . . who ' d ever thought . . . . red lycaenids . * . *\nok . . . . . . . i ' m on autopilot now of sorts so apologies if i ' m not making any sense . don ' t feel too great . it ' s snowing and i ' m in my house researching my lovely angels .\ndeudorix diovis . figs . 10 \u2640 , 11 , 12 \u2642 . accepted as deudorix diovis hewitson , 1863 .\ndeudorix dioetas . figs . 13 , 15 \u2640 , 14 \u2642 . accepted as rapala dioetas ( hewitson , 1863 ) .\ndeudorix epijarbas . figs . 16 , 18 \u2642 , 17 \u2640 . accepted as deudorix epijarbas ( moore , 1857 ) .\nmy full name is brittanie christina mccormack . i ' m 18 yrs old and i have 4 pet hermit crabs . i like to sing and dance and i love to listen to music and some of my favorite artist are : selena , britney spears , nsync , the back street boys , ozone , jennifer pena , ect and i like to watch tv and movies . and i like to go on the internet . i also like to collect stuffed frogs which comes to the name of my blog . the name wapo gipo are the names of 2 of my stuffed frogs in a language that i made up . ( i have over 200 stuffed frogs and they all have names . ) the ' ' yellow and the # 88 mean the following : yellow is one of my favorite colors and the number 88 is one of my favorite numbers , ie my favorite number is 8 so there fore any number that has the # 8 in it is my favorite # . i came into this messed up world march 1st . 1992 . and the name of my second blog\nwapogipomimimi\nwapo gipo mi mi mi ( for those of who cannot separate the words . ) is something i like to say to drive my mom crazy ! ; )\nwon gun kim ' s blog \ubab8\uc740 \ube44\ub85d \ubab0\ub9ac \uc788\uc5b4\ub3c4 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc740 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uac00\uae4c\uc6b4 \uacf3\uc5d0 . . ."]}
{"id": 2175, "summary": [{"text": "pseudaletis clymenus , the common fantasy , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western and eastern nigeria , cameroon , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "pseudaletis clymenus", "paragraphs": ["according to pausanias , endymion deposed clymenus , son of cardys , at olympia . describing the\nearly history\nof the eleans , pausanias reports that :\nharpalyce was the daughter of king clymenus of arcadia , son of either schoeneus ( first version ) or of teleus of argos ( second version ) . clymenus was overcome with passion for his daughter . there are several versions of what happened next , of which all embody an incestuous father and a vengeful feast in which a child is killed and served up .\nas long as you do not mind being disappointed here they are . the first picture is an overall photo of the whole drawer . also included in this drawer are some south african specimens from the genus tylopedia ( column 1 ) and phasis in column 2 and 3 . the last three columns are various iolaus species . the second photo enlarges the pseudaletis specimens . they were originally determined using libert\u2019s \u201crevision du genre pseudaletis . lambillionea\u201d 2007 . i have since modified it after bouyer , \u201clambillionea , cxiii , 2\u201d , 2013 . and also bouyer , \u201cent africana 19 ( 1 ) \u201d , 2014 . there are four specimens , two with a label beside them ( tb ? ) and two at an angle in the third column that i still need to examine and determine more accurately . any help happily accepted .\nin the second version harpalyce was the daughter of clymenus son of teleus of argos , and of epicasta , and has two brothers : idas and therager . clymenus was overcome with passion for his daughter and secretly embarked on an affair with her that lasted for some time . finally , alastor , descendant of neleus , came to claim harpalyce as his wife , she having been betrothed to him since she was young . when the couple were halfway to their home , clymenus abducted her back and lived with her openly as his wife . harpalyce , being upset by father ' s treatment of her , killed her younger brother and served him up to his father at a banquet . she then prayed to the gods and was transformed into a bird called the\nchalkis\n. clymenus took his own life .\nphrixa was a hilltop town in the ancient land of pisa . the town was already ruined in pausanias ' days ( 2nd century ad ) . it had a temple of cydonian athena . it was said that the temple was founded by clymenus from kydonia in crete , a descendant of heracles of ida .\nof the characters in greek mythology called phaethon ( ; ,\npha\u00e9th\u014dn\n, ) , the best known was the son of the oceanid clymene and the solar deity helios . alternatively , less common genealogies make him a son of clymenus by oceanid merope , of helios and rhodos ( thus a full brother of the heliadae ) or of helios and prote .\nother epithets include : aethyia under which she was worshiped in megara . the word\naethyia\n( ) signifies a\ndiver\n, and figuratively , a\nship\n, so the name must reference athena teaching the art of shipbuilding or navigation . in a temple at phrixa in elis , which was reportedly built by clymenus , she was known as cydonia .\nin the first version clymenus , son of schoeneus , raped his daughter and she became pregnant . when the son was born she served him up as a meal at a banquet to his father , who killed her over that . in an alternative version of this tale , she was instead transformed into a bird , the\nchalkis\n( see second version below ) .\nharpalyke ( ; greek :\n\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\n) , also known as ' , is a retrograde irregular satellite of jupiter . it was discovered by a team of astronomers from the university of hawaii led by scott s . sheppard in 2000 , and given the temporary designation ' . in august 2003 , the moon was named after harpalyke , the incestuous daughter of clymenus , who in some accounts was also a lover of zeus ( jupiter ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na diverse genus of tropical african , ant - associated butterflies , many species of which are rare and have been described only recently . sexual dimorphism is so extreme that in many instances males and females have not been associated ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nopens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record . the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately . links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nis an african genus of lycaenidae , comprised of 25 seldom encountered forest species . the are tied to\nant trees\nwhere the larvae feed , and probably pupate , within the\nant nests . adults , it would seem , prefer to stay perched up in the canopy along the edges of forest clearings , and have been observed to be active as the sun is setting . a number have been taken at moth - lights during the night , suggesting that they are perhaps , in part , nocturnal .\nboth their flight and facies contribute to excellent mimicry of certain day - flying moths . i ' ve been fortunate enough to collect a single female of\n( michel libert ' s 2007 revision of the genus records only 2 other females from d . r . congo ) , and , until\npointed out what it was , i had it stored among my moth specimens . it really had me fooled !\nat the bottom - left is one of 4 known specimens of the species ( 1 male , 3 female ) , with each specimen having been found singly in separate localities ( actually 1 each from guinea , ivory coast , ghana , and cameroon ) .\nare known to have been collected from c . a . r . and cameroon ( only 4 males ) .\nthis species was named by libert in honour of the team at abri . at the time of publishing the revision only 13 females were known ( in this box we see 17 ) . the male has yet to be discovered .\nthis male holotype is the only known specimen of p . cornesi , and was collected in nigeria :\n, from togo , is one of only 2 known ( the other , from nigeria , is housed in the natural history museum , in london ) . the female is unknown :\n( including the female allotype . . . i don ' t have a picture of the male holotype which must have been in another box ) . below we have a close - up of a few males & females from r . c . a . ( central african republic ) .\n, from guinea , which is known from 2 males & a female , all collected in the month of september .\ndespite the former being white and the latter orange . . . a feature which seems fairly significant to the divisions within the genus .\n, from ghana , is known from 5 males all caught in light - traps . the holotype is at m . r . a . c . in tervuren , belgium . ( i believe the quite beat - up specimen top - left of the first image is one of these 5 males )\n( described by neave in 1910 , known from 2 females - se d . r . congo & zambia ) and\n( from 1 male , described by druce 1913 - cameroon ) are not represented in the abri collection ( outside of those images , but can be found at the n . h . m . ( london ) .\nspecies , as of the year 2007 9 were known from 5 or fewer specimens . if you ' re into collected rare butterflies , in my opinion , this group ought to be at the top of your list !\nan amazing series of photographs of a genus that one rarely gets a chance to see , even as plates in an article , revision or book . thank you for showing them . seeing a series , as opposed to a book plate of a singleton , makes it much easier to appreciate and understand the taxonomy involved . it puts my small number of specimens to shame .\ni ' d love to see pictures of what you have , if you ' d be willing to share .\ns ' il n ' y pas de solution c ' est qu ' il n ' y a pas de probl\u00e8me ! akuna matata . . . .\nfrom where is the antimachus female from ? it looks like unusual . . .\nthis is one of the things i love about icf - we get to see all these fantastic species that no - one normally shows us . adam .\nthis forum reminds me how little i know about insects on a daily basis , it really is a gold mine .\nit is no possible to work on picture of course but your zebra include at least 2 different species first zebra ( tb ? ) and third are probably relied to the 2 other ( angled ) in the second columns and seems the male of the zebra ( ht female fom gabon ) . the two others may be what libert described taeniata ( but photos are not enough ) the large marginal black margin of the antimachus female is unusual but this species is very variable ( it contains probably a group of species that i didn ' t yet had opportunity to study seriously ) . at least the antimachus from congo seems a different species of that from cameroon and gabon and dardanella may be a good species .\nit ' s remarkable to me how much some of these species ( especially abriana ) resemble certain neotropical riodinids ! j . hyatt\nsad to say , another no . i just took a morning to grab pictures of random boxes from within the collection . i ' ll be slowly sharing these pictures here over the coming months . perhaps next time around i can take more targeted photos . i was tempted to take more photos of the\nbut they were sitting above ian richardson ' s work space , so they were inconvenient to get to ."]}
{"id": 2186, "summary": [{"text": "tschudi 's yellow-shouldered bat ( sturnira oporaphilum ) , is an extant species of leaf-nosed bat indigenous to argentina , ecuador , and peru , with its range also encompassing bolivia . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "tschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat", "paragraphs": ["no children of tschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat ( sturnira oporaphilum ) found .\nyou selected tschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat ( english ) . this is a common name for :\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\ntschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - tschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\ns\u00e1nchez , m . s . , n . p . giannini , and r . m . barquez . 2012 . bat frugivory in two subtropical rain forests of northern argentina : testing hypotheses of fruit selection in the neotropics . mammalian biology 77 : 22 - 31 .\nthis species is found in peru , bolivia , and northwestern argentina ( anderson et al . 1982 , gardner 2008 ) . simmons ( 2005 ) included ecuador as part of the geographic range but that is a mistake with populations of s . ludovici ; gardner ( 2008 ) included s . ludovici as a subspecies of s . oporaphilum .\nanderson , s . 1997 . mammals of bolivia : taxonomy and distribution . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 231 : 1\u2013652 .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nanderson , s . , koopman , k . f . and creighton , k . 1982 . bats of bolivia : an annotated checklist . american museum novitates 2750 : 1\u201324 .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nvery rare in southern argentina ( r . barquez , pers . comm . ) ; in bolivia is restricted to very nearly places ( anderson 1997 ) . however , it appears be common at some montane forests in southeastern peru ( s . solari , pers . comm . ) . it could be locally endangered because its low population density and high impact on some andean habitats though its geographic range .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern because of its wide occurrence through a large geographic distribution . although there is no information on specific requirements for its presence at a local scale , it shows some tolerance to habitat transformations . at the present , the impacts on the andean forests it inhabits are not noticeable on their populations or overall distribution .\nbeyond the fact that the species prefers humid montane forests over 1 , 000 m , there is no information on habitat and ecology . similar to other species in the genus , it is expected to be mainly frugivorous ; in northern argentina it was found to be strongly depending on solanaceae and piperaceae ( s\u00e1nchez et al . 2012 ) .\nsimilar to other andean species it may be affected by the impact on montane forests through its range on the eastern versant of the andes . agricultural , small scale wood extraction and illegal crops are permanent threats in southern peru and northern bolivia .\nbecause of the few data on the species ( but see s\u00e1nchez et al . 2012 ) , most research actions are needed at places where the species is still common , like southeastern peru , to gather further data on ecology and life history . the species is present at some protected areas in peru , bolivia and argentina .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngardner , a . l . 2008 . tribe sturnirini . in : gardner , a . l . ( ed . ) , mammals of south america . volume 1 . , pp . 363 - 376 . the university of chicago press , chicago .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 04 september 2016 ) .\nsimmons , n . b . 2005 . order chiroptera . in : d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world , pp . 312 - 529 . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md , usa .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nthe solenodon is a mammal found primarily in cuba and hispanola . the species was thought to be extinct until scientists found a few still alive in 2003 . solenodons only prefer to come out at night . they eat primarily insects and they are one of the few mammal species that are venomous , delivering a very powerful toxin . symptoms of a solenodon bite are very similar to a snake bite , including swelling and severe pain , lasting several days .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c2a8c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322e8317 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322e8824 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322e9101 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33cdd6b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ntom orrell ( custodian ) , dave nicolson ( ed ) . ( 2018 ) . itis global : the integrated taxonomic information system ( version jun 2017 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 67e5f8b0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ncomments : subgenus sturnira . often confused with bogotensis ; see pacheco and patterson ( 1992 )"]}
{"id": 2203, "summary": [{"text": "spectrum ( foaled 8 may 1992 ) was an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from october 1994 until august 1996 he ran nine times and won four races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a three-year-old in 1995 he won the irish 2000 guineas but was injured when starting second favourite for the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he returned in autumn to win the champion stakes over ten furlongs at newmarket .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after a disappointing four-year-old season he was retired to stud where he became a successful sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "spectrum ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["winning spectrum was sired by spectrum out of the dam dublin winning spectrum was foaled on 12 of november in 2001 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for winning spectrum . winning spectrum is a gelding born in 2001 november 12 by spectrum out of dublin\nwinning spectrum has a 11 % win percentage and 32 % place percentage . winning spectrum ' s last race event was at roma .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for solaris spectrum . solaris spectrum is a gelding born in 2011 september 26 by time thief out of chloris\nhead of fire horse in spectrum colors on black background . royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 22910052 .\nwinning spectrum is a 15 year old bay gelding . winning spectrum is trained by dean jeffery , at charleville and owned by glenvallen investment pty ltd syndicate .\nalmost unknown in america , horse chestnut extract is a staple of european herbalism . horse chestnut is rich in saponins and flavones , which modern research has shown help support the normal integrity of the vascular system and connective tissue . planetary herbals full spectrum horse chestnut delivers a minimum of 20 % aescin , the primary constituent in horse chestnut for assuring potency .\nwe ' re giving you the ticket that opens up the wide world of horse racing and the horse racing industry ,\nsaid gallo .\nproducing or not extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamases . bmc microbiol . 2013 , 13 : 84 -\n. and a lot of fun . iam very pleased with the results i have gotten when using spectrum .\nlacking extended - spectrum beta - lactamases . j antimicrob chemother . 2008 , 62 : 1245 - 1251 .\n\u201ccosts run the full spectrum from $ 1 , 000 to well over $ 1 million ( per horse ) , \u201d he said . \u201cthe cheapest part ( of owning a race horse ) is the initial purchase price because the upkeep and training is quite expensive . \u201d\nwinning spectrum ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 8 - 5 - 6 .\nlisanne is founder and director of red horse foundation . she is eagala trained .\n\u00a9 copyright red horse foundation 2017 . all rights reserved . red horse foundation is a not - for - profit company registered in england & wales no . 07203761\n\u201che was a horse you would ride into battle with . \u201d darren weir .\nmadeleine facilitates eagala and equine facilitated psychotherapy ( efp ) sessions at red horse foundation .\nthe money associated with horse racing doesn\u2019t just end at the race track , though .\nwinning spectrum\u2019s last race event was at 21 / 11 / 2009 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nspectrum horse service david & donna mulinski 14605 s . chapin road elsie , mi 48831 farm : 989 661 2261 cell & text : 989 666 7862 email : donna . mulinski @ urltoken alternate email : emilski @ urltoken\nshe has experience in the field of functional diversity and learning difficulties , especially with children and young adults on the autistic spectrum .\nwinning spectrum career form is 2 wins , 2 seconds , 2 thirds from 19 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nhowever , even you can buy a horse that could some day lead to the hollowed ground .\n\u201che was the perfect racehorse , a beautiful horse with a terrific action . speed , class and a super - intelligent horse to go with it \u2013 he had it all . \u201d aidan o\u2019brien\nit ' s your first step into the wonderful world of horse racing ,\ngallo said .\nthough palmer says euthanasia is inevitable in some cases , the work never stops to prevent all horse injuries .\nviolette , a trainer himself , says everything that\u2019s done at the spa is with horse safety in mind .\nthere were immediate problems for the rider , as none of the other jockeys ever saw carmouche pass them . the track vet was called over to take a look and noted that there was no mud on the horse , the horse\u2019s bandages or the jockey . he also observed the horse wasn ' t even breathing hard .\nthe legendary horse won 20 of his 21 career starts , including the preakness stakes and the belmont stakes .\nonly the third horse since nijinsky to land the guineas / derby double following nashwan and sea the stars .\nwith ctx - m - 15 and other extended - spectrum - lactamases in the uk . j antimicrob chemother . 2007 , 61 : 54 - 58 .\nis teaching use on our on horse . that were are training as we go . it has been a great experience\nwith background information or without , the number of horse deaths at saratoga race course in 2017 is alarming for everyone .\nwe try and develop them into good , older horses that will race for multiple years so people can really get attached to them and have longevity in their relationship with the horse because the horse has longevity in his racing career .\nother strains to consider include red ransom and sons ; blushing groom through quest for fame , spectrum , viscount and fantastic light , and the snippets brothers snowland and snippetson .\na few columns back , i wrote about a jockey named frank hayes who rode a winning horse while being deceased in the saddle . while that story is tough to top , here are a few other oddities that have happened in horse racing :\nit ' s unclear if the horse stumbled at the start or just missed the break but the horse was hopelessly left behind . apparently , carmouche pulled up his horse , made a left turn through the infield and waited for the other horses to come down the stretch . carmouche rode his mount out in front of the pack and won by more than 20 lengths .\nwhat happened with california chrome is why a lot of us try ownership : because a good horse can come from anywhere .\neven when a race horse\u2019s career comes to an end , there\u2019s still plenty of opportunity to cash out . some become breading stock \u2013 and the moneymaking scale is determined by how successful the horse\u2019s racing career was . if a race horse isn\u2019t used for future breading , they can also be used for pleasure , adopted out , or re - trained for other equine disciplines .\npalmer says along with other complications , there\u2019s also the chance of a horse developing laminitis , an infection that can be fatal .\ngallo said owning a share of a horse with parting glass racing starts at $ 3 , 000 to $ 4 , 000 plus a maintenance fee each year after , as long as the horse is racing . your ownership includes vip access to the track .\n\u201cas courageous & sound a horse of wind & limb i\u2019ve trained . i\u2019ll be buying a mare for him . \u201d darren weir\nas payne ' s horse , hon kwok star , loaded into the starting gate , the jockey gave his brother - in - law jason patton a glance and nodded his head . patton also happened to be riding in the race aboard a horse named cogitate .\ni have been working on and off with spectrum since 1996 . i have used them to breed my mares . and now donna is teaching my niece and i how to ride in different dissaplins\nfor over 16 years ! i would trust no one but donna with my stallion saareef when it comes to repro work . every horse she\nthen then was the horse called ' event of the year , ' which could have turned into the ' event of his career ' in 1998 . the best ride baze had ever been given in the kentucky derby , the horse went lame just a week before the prestigious race .\n\u201cwhat happened with california chrome is why a lot of us try ownership : because a good horse can come from anywhere , \u201d schweigardt said .\nin october of 2015 i brought my haflinger stallion , niagara yes , to donna at spectrum . since then she has taken wonderful care of him , got him started in riding and dressage work , done everything\nit was short lived however , as the stewards disqualified piggot and placed him behind the horse he mugged . he was also suspended for 20 days .\nmadeleine is co - founder of red horse foundation . she is eagala ( equine assisted growth and learning ) trained and a qualified counsellor and psychotherapist .\nmunday cj : predominance and genetic diversity of community - and hospital - acquired ctx - m extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamases in york , uk . j antimicrob chemother . 2004 , 54 : 628 - 633 .\namanda\u2019s primary contribution to red horse is her planning , organisational and admin skills gleaned from a career in health and education . she keeps our office running smoothly .\nsaratoga springs , n . y . - - the winner ' s circle at saratoga race course is some of the most coveted real estate in horse racing .\nred ransom\u2019s triple group 1 winner electrocutionist is out of an arazi mare . arazi is a son of blushing groom , who is also available via quest for fame , spectrum , redding , noverre , nassipour and fantastic light mares .\nandrew is a sports anchor and sports managing editor for spectrum news . he covers sports all across the state of kentucky for sports night , which airs weeknights at 6 : 30 and 10 : 30 on spectrum news . andrew was a sports anchor and reporter at kfdm / kbtv in beaumont , texas for four years before making the move back home to the midwest . he is originally from carmel , indiana and majored in broadcast journalism and political science at syracuse university .\namong the isolates examined in this work . however , the ctx - m - 2 subtype is not restricted to animal or even horse isolates . it was previously found in\ngeser n , stephan r , h\u00e4chler h : occurrence and characteristics of extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamase ( esbl ) producing enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals , minced meat and raw milk . bmc vet res . 2012 , 8 : 21 -\nthe ahc\u2019s 2005 study showed the horse industry was made up of a diverse population . about 34 % of horse owners had a household income of less than $ 50 , 000 , while just 28 % earned more than $ 100 , 000 annually . the rest had yearly earnings that totaled between $ 25 , 000 and $ 75 , 000 .\nworks with is treated as if it is the only stallion in the world ! donna will always go the\nextra mile\nto solve any issues your horse may have .\ngallo said before you become a part horse owner , do your homework . after that , you never know , you may find yourself in the winner ' s circle in saratoga .\n\u201cwhat\u2019s a horse worth ? part of it is the sizzle , \u201d rosenberg said . \u201cpart of it is what you might hope for in purses and earnings , but the other part is what the pedigree looks like , what the horse might be worth as a stallion or broodmare , and if the ( owner or buyer ) wants to race or sell offspring . \u201d\nthe sport of horse racing can occur in the most uncontrolled environments . horses running at 40 mph , weather conditions and human interaction can make this game unpredictable and , at times , even absurd .\nto understand the economics behind the sport , you have to start at the beginning . though a horse can be bought at any stage of life , schweigardt said there are three times race horses typically exchange hands : from the weanling stage , or when the horse is between 6 - 8 months old and taken off of its mother ; the yearling stage ; or at two - years old .\nthe 2 nd regiment , royal canadian horse artillery is an army regular force unit based in petawawa , ontario . 2 rcha was formed on 7 august , 1950 as the artillery component of the canadian army special force for united nations service in korea . since then , 2 rcha has operated and trained across the world and across the spectrum of operations including humanitarian relief in turkey , honduras , haiti , and pakistan , peacekeeping in cyprus and bosnia and war fighting in korea and afghanistan .\nthe horse didn ' t finish in the money but payne had started the race aboard 12 - 1 hon kwok star , survived an accident and finished the race on a 33 - 1 shot named cogitate .\nas the horses came down the stretch , chavez looked for an opening through the horses to send his mount . when the horses parted , chavez roared through the seam only to look up and see a man standing his ground right in front of him and the oncoming horses . chavez was narrowly able to maneuver his horse around the drunken man , who took a feeble swing at artax as the horse went by .\nspectrum ( ire ) b . h , 1992 { 1 - l } dp = 9 - 4 - 17 - 10 - 4 ( 44 ) di = 0 . 96 cd = 0 . 09 - 9 starts , 4 wins , 1 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 598 , 538\nwhen it comes to training a horse to be the next triple crown winner , the amount of cash you lay down all depends on the tracks where the animals are trained and raced and the area of the country .\nhis first win came a few months later , on a horse trained by his father , a former jockey himself , and the total prize money that baze has since accumulated stands at a staggering us $ 186 million .\nit was reid ' s first success in the champion stakes - worth pounds 141 , 840 to the winning owners lord weinstock and his son simon - and chapple - hyam ' s second , having scored with another irish guineas winner , rodrigo de triano , three years ago . spectrum will stay in training next year .\n\u2022 lost in the fog : on a foggy day at louisiana downs in 1990 , jockey sylvester carmouche was loaded into the gate aboard his mount landing officer . the horse was 23 - 1 and sported a dismal racing record .\nfabienne has a degree in psychology ( autonomous university of barcelona ) and a post graduate diploma in equine assisted learning and therapies ( university of vic ) , as well as 18 years\u2019 background in horse riding , including riding lessons .\nthis is not an investment that you go into thinking that you ' re going to make money . this is something that you ' re putting money in because you want the experience of owning a horse ,\ngallo said .\nleistner r , sakellariou c , g\u00fcrntke s , kola a , steinmetz i , kohler c , pfeifer y , eller c , gastmeier p , schwab f : mortality and molecular epidemiology associated with extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamase production in escherichia coli from bloodstream infection . infect drug resist . 2014 , 7 : 57 - 62 .\nhis career has spawned seasons in the highest echelons of american racing , in southern california , and participations in the kentucky derby and various grade i races , but it ' s in the lower end spectrum of racing in north california that baze is best known ( or not , given his relative obscurity outside of racing circles ) .\nmultiresistant gram - negative bacteria producing extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamases ( esbls ) are an emerging problem in human and veterinary medicine . this study focused on comparative molecular characterization of \u03b2 - lactamase and esbl - producing enterobacteriaceae isolates from central hesse in germany . isolates originated from humans , companion animals ( dogs and cats ) and horses .\n\u2022 a piggoted whip : in the 1979 grand prix deauville , legendary jockey lester piggot dropped his whip midway through the race . when the horses straightened for home , piggot and his mount drew even with the horse running in second place .\ni was having a few beers recently with a keen punting friend of mine and during the inevitable racing discussions he emphatically stated he would not back any horse under $ 3 . 00 ( 2 / 1 ) though he did . . .\nwhile the sometimes sky - high price all begins with the breed and the bloodlines , the competition component of race - horse ownership is also an attractive part of the puzzle that can help make the money spent up front worth the hassle .\nas of friday morning , the gaming commission is investigating 12 horse deaths . two horses died while training before the meet began . since opening day , five died while training and five while racing . the majority were euthanized due to catastrophic injury .\nspectrum ' s performance was a triumph for his trainer , peter chapple - hyam , who patiently nursed the son of rainbow quest back from injuries incurred when he finished 13th in the derby . chapple - hyam said :\nit was touch and go whether he ever ran again . he was very jarred up and had deep muscle problems .\nwith a quick look over at fellow jock alain lequenx , piggot snatched the whip from the reluctant rider and went on to flog his horse with the stolen stick to the wire . piggot didn ' t catch the winner but he did secure second place over his robbery victim .\narlington was precocious as a juvenile , first racing as an october 2yo , and was stakes - placed at just his second start . as a 3yo , arlington ran third in the gr1 randwick guineas to horse of the year weekend hussler and eventual gr1 doncaster handicap winner triple honour\ndierikx cm , van duijkeren e , schoormans ahw , van essen - zandbergen a , veldman k , kant a , huijsdens xw , van der zwaluw k , wagenaar ja , mevius dj : occurrence and characteristics of extended - spectrum - \u03b2 - lactamase - and ampc - producing clinical isolates derived from companion animals and horses . j antimicrob chemother . 2012 , 67 : 1368 - 1374 .\nwas identified in 41 . 6 % of all strains . detection rates were highest in isolates from dogs ( 59 . 7 % ) , followed by cat ( 45 . 5 % ) , outpatient ( 32 . 8 % ) and horse ( 29 % ) isolates . however ,\nso , what happens when a potential owner doesn\u2019t find exactly what they\u2019re looking for at auction ? they\u2019re not out of luck ; instead , they can turn to a kind of custom breeding : matching up their choice of female with their male pick to breed their ideal version of the perfect race horse .\nspectrum won his colours in the autumn sunshine here yesterday with a sparkling victory in the dubai champion stakes . the irish 2 , 000 guineas winner came back to his best to take the 10 - furlong group 1 contest with a scintillating burst of speed up the final hill . john reid timed his challenge to perfection on the bonny colt , who had two lengths to spare over the paul cole pair riyadian and montjoy , separated by a head .\nhe said in new york state , known for having one of the best racing circuits in the nation because of its competitions like the belmont stakes and high - class racing facilities like saratoga raceway , the cost to own and condition a thoroughbred race horse runs about $ 46 , 000 . and that\u2019s just a breakeven price for one year .\nthat cost includes a trainer\u2019s day rate , which covers the cost per day to train at a barn or race track . it also covers costs for barn staff , feed , veterinary care , farriering ( the process of putting horse shoes on the hoofs ) , and fees associated with shipping the animal from one race track to another for competition .\nrumor has it during one of her dressage tests at the 2018 haflinger sport nationals , kentucky horse park . this was a first show for this wonderful mare . she handled everything so well . this mare is in foal to 2018 haflinger sport nationals champion senior stallion niagara yes . huge thank you to kylie helps for all your work with this mare .\nliebana e , carattoli a , coque tm , hasman h , magiorakos ap , mevius d , peixe l , poirel l , schuepbach - regula g , torneke k , torren - edo j , torres c , threlfall j : public health risks of enterobacterial isolates producing extended - spectrum - lactamases or ampc - lactamases in food and food - producing animals : an eu perspective of epidemiology , analytical methods , risk factors , and control options . clin infect dis . 2013 , 56 : 1030 - 1037 .\nthe majority of the race was uneventful until the final turn , when the in - laws and their horses collided . patton flew off cogitate and crashed to the turf . at the same instant , hon kwok star tossed payne sideways toward the now - vacant saddle of cogitate . the young jockey pulled himself up , grabbed the reins and rode the horse to the wire .\nwhatever we do to that horse to fix it , he has to be able to stand up when we\u2019re done and be functional and that capacity ,\nhe said .\na second thing is infection . if a bone comes through the skin and there\u2019s an open fracture where the animal is exposed to infection , the chances of healing that fracture are very compromised .\n] . this study was designed to investigate the distribution of \u03b2 - lactamases , particularly esbl , and pmqr genes among isolates from human , companion animal and horse samples in a defined geographical area of germany . the key question was whether similar resistance characteristics are currently present among both groups . indeed , our studies here demonstrate that isolates from human and animal samples share numerous characteristics .\nhorses are typically bought and sold at public auctions or claiming races - - contests in which a potential owner can bid on a horse before a race and claim it at the end - - and the attributes buyers look for run the gamut . essentially , it all comes down to a matter of personal performance preference . but one thing\u2019s for sure : everyone is looking for a winner .\ndata on thoroughbred auction sales in north america compiled by the jockey club shows of 1 , 163 weanlings sold in 2013 for an average price of $ 53 , 020 . and to schweigardt\u2019s point , the older the horse , the higher the price . the average cost for yearlings was slightly more than $ 60 , 000 while broodmares sold for a whopping $ 81 , 937 on average .\nas an older horse , arlington picked up group placings in the gr2 japan - new zealand international trophy and gr3 tauranga stakes ( behind multiple gr1 winner sir slick ) . he also has three listed placings to his credit ( two of those in his 2yo season ) . arlington proved on the track that he was tough , and talented , having 54 starts over six seasons for five wins .\nby picking up pounds 58 , 000 for second place , riyadian fully justified the decision to supplement him at a cost of pounds 20 , 000 last week . the mile specialist bahri - behind spectrum in the irish guineas on their only previous meeting - was in contention at his best distance , but found the final two furlongs beyond him . but the pounds 6 , 398 he earned for fifth still took john dunlop to the top of the trainer ' s earnings table and thus confirmed his first championship in his 29 - year career , for his main rival , saeed bin suroor , will have no more runners in britain this season .\nat a cost of about $ 10 , 000 , california chrome was bred for life as a race horse . it sounds like a hefty sum for a four - legged animal that comes with absolutely no guarantee of a successful racing career , let alone a winning one . but andy schweigardt , director of industry relations and development at the thoroughbred owners and breeders association , says that\u2019s only the tip of the iceberg compared to what some are willing to spend .\nowner : lord weinstock & the hon . simon weinstock breeder : ballymacoll stud farm ltd . winnings : 9 starts : 4 - 1 - 1 , $ 598 , 538 won : irish 2000 guineas gr . 1 ( ire ) , dubai champion s . gr . 1 ( eng ) . 2nd : prix du prince d ' orange gr . 3 ( fr ) . 3rd : juddmonte lockinge s . gr . 1 ( eng ) . 4th prix ganay ( fr - g1 ) . foaled may 8 , 1992 . retired to stud duties in 1997 in england and australia . graham beck had obtained the services of spectrum for his highlands operation in south africa . ( close )\nthe most recent and comprehensive data on the industry was compiled by the american horse council in 2005 . but its findings are significant , showing that one in every 63 americans is , in one way or another , involved with horses . the industry as a whole contributed $ 101 . 5 billion to u . s . gdp , while racing , showing , and recreational components contributed between $ 10 . 5 billion and $ 12 billion to the total goods and services produced by the industry .\nthe focus of this study was a comparative investigation of 361 esbl - producing enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from animals and human patients presenting at a veterinary clinic and a hospital , respectively , both serving a similar catchment area . the prevalence of \u03b2 - lactamase - , particularly esbl - producing bacteria in companion animal , horse and human isolates of clinical origin was examined . resistance genes ( \u03b2 - lactamase and plasmid - mediated quinolone resistance ( pmqr ) ) and e . coli phylogenetic groups were investigated using molecular methods .\nwas the most frequently identified \u03b2 - lactamase gene among all investigated isolates . it was detected in 46 . 4 % of the human isolates and in 64 % of all animal isolates . it was present in 199 of 361 isolates ( 55 % ) . the highest detection rates were observed in outpatients ( 58 . 2 % ) , inpatients ( 41 . 4 % ) , dog isolates ( 62 . 7 % ) and horse isolates ( 67 % ) . tem - 52 was the only tem - type esbl that occurred in this study . it was identified in three isolates from human inpatients . results are shown in table\non his comeback run at longchamp last month , the three - year - old had finished a neck behind the derby runner - up , tamure , giving him 7lb . tamure , looking unhappy on the fast ground , finished fourth yesterday , four lengths behind the winner and a short - head in front of the favourite , bahri .\nearlier in the day 12 months of planning came to fruition when old red landed the cesarewitch for one of the shrewdest trainers in the business , mary reveley . the five - year - old , ridden coolly by lindsay charnock , stalked steadily through from the back of the field to tackle nanton point a furlong out and stayed on stoutly to take the pounds 46 , 170 prize by a length . the favourite , top cees , finished well to take third spot a neck behind , with inchcailloch fourth .\nthe competitive two - and - a - quarter mile handicap had been 11 - 1 shot old red ' s target since last autumn , and he came to the race with just one run this year , an eye - catching fourth at ayr in september . but the road to yesterday ' s success was not entirely smooth , for old red is a notoriously difficult character to train .\nmrs reveley , whose yard is on the cleveland coast at saltburn , said :\nhe pulls very hard indeed , and once he takes hold he ' s away . he frightens jockeys to death , and the others were winding lindsay up before the race . kevin darley told him he ' d have been best to leave his car in cambridge .\nthe trainer , who owns her charge in partnership with a berwick - on - tweed carpet dealer , alf flanagan , paid tribute to one of her work riders , the jump jockey nick smith , for his part in calming old red ' s headstrong tendencies during the winter . and charnock played his part on the day by taking the gelding early to the distant starting point . the jockey said :\nthe boys told me i ' d better take a packed lunch with me , but i had no trouble going to the start , and he settled well in the race . they can put me on a few more like him if they want .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\n14605 s chapin rd ( 2 , 015 . 21 mi ) elsie , michigan 48831 - 9223\nded to get him in position to be able to ship frozen and fresh cooled semen . she has bred my mares at her place and is now helping me get my mares bred thru shipped semen which is a new experience\nand she imparts a lot of this knowledge to me for me to hopefully learn ! i am so glad i found her . i believe he couldn ' t be in better hands than where he is .\ns and donna ' s knowledge has been so helpful . i look forward to working with donna\nagain soon . i would recommend her to anyone who wants their stallion taught to ai and collect . awesome people and awesome service\ndo you have equine repro needs - i will tell you there is no where else to consider . i am so thankful to have found them . not only is their knowledge and expertise evident but also these people are\nblessed that my boy is at their facility . i am already making plans for my overo stud to visit them later this year : )\nows exactly what she ' s doing . great person and awesome friend also .\nhere is what everybody has been waiting for . donna ' s return to the show ring after 16 years . i am so proud of her .\nawesome finish to an amazing show ! three horses pulled in all of this . congratulations niagara yes ( due north haflingers / hanson family ) , avion of genesis ( laroe family ) and rumor has it ( mulinski family ) . horses are loaded and we are home bound . not pictured are the ribbons won by new horizons haflingers ( mary procopio ) . her lovely fillies were also shown by 3k .\nas part of our ongoing efforts to improve security for our customers , your current browser version will no longer be supported for iherb starting 7 / 1 / 2018 . upgrade your existing browser using links below .\ndiscount applied in cart . may not be combined with other discounts or specials .\nshipping saver items cost less to ship , so we can pass the savings along to you ! this means that , when you add a shipping saver item to your cart , your shipping cost will decrease .\n- loyalty credit is equal to 5 % of the value of your order after discounts and credits applied , excluding shipping charges .\n- your loyalty credit will be applied towards your next order as soon as your current order has shipped .\n- your loyalty credits are valid for up to 90 days from the date of your last purchase .\nadd 6 to cart $ 12 . 29 ( 7 . 5 % off )\nthe length of time for the expiration date or\nbest used before\ndate depends on the type of product , as well as the brand .\nperishable items ( such as flax oils or certain probiotics ) generally have shorter expiration dates . although our warehouse is fully air - conditioned , these more fragile items are put in cold storage ( freezer or refrigeration unit ) for maximum freshness .\nour receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products . however , discrepancies do occur from time to time . this being said , the exceptionally high turnover at iherb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry .\nthe shipping weight includes the product , protective packaging material and the actual shipping box . in addition , the shipping weight may be adjusted for the dimensional weight ( e . g . length , width & amp ; height ) of a package . it is important to note that certain types of products ( e . g . glass containers , liquids , fragile , refrigerated or ice packed ) will often require protective packaging material . as such , these products will reflect a higher shipping weight compared to the unprotected product .\nsorbitol , dibasic calcium phosphate , stearic acid , silica , modified cellulose gum , and magnesium stearate .\nnote : if you are pregnant , may become pregnant , or breastfeeding , consult your health care professional before using this product .\ndo not use if either tamper - evident seal is broken or missing . keep out of the reach of children .\nwhile iherb strives to ensure the accuracy of its product images and information , some manufacturing changes to packaging and / or ingredients may be pending update on our site . although items may occasionally ship with alternate packaging , freshness is always guaranteed . we recommend that you read labels , warnings and directions of all products before use and not rely solely on the information provided by iherb .\n* percent daily values are based on a 2 , 000 calorie diet \u2020daily value not established .\nurltoken \u00a9 copyright 1997 - 2018 iherb inc . all rights reserved . iherb\u00ae is a registered trademark of iherb , inc . trusted brands . healthy rewards . and the urltoken trusted brands . healthy rewards . logo are trademarks of iherb , inc . * disclaimer : statements made , or products sold through this website , have not been evaluated by the united states food and drug administration . they are not intended to diagnose , treat , cure or prevent any disease . read more \u00bb\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nour goal here is to have zero fatalities ,\nsaid new york state gaming commissioner equine medical director scott palmer .\neach incident is different , but dr . palmer says euthanasia is often needed .\nwe literally do anything that we can possibly do to eliminate the potential for injury , knowing that the potential for injury is always out there ,\nsaid new york thoroughbred horsemen ' s association president rick violette .\nthe initiative has to be to try to find out why and how we might be able to avoid it in the future ,\nhe said .\nviolette is part of that initiative , along with palmer and dr . mick peterson , a professor at the university of kentucky who researches race tracks across the country .\nbefore they start every race meet , we go in and do a complete review of the material composition , the way the equipment is set up , the maintenance protocols ,\npeterson said .\nwe have weather stations at each of the tracks .\non tuesday , peterson conducted all those tests again and the results were the same , but the work is far from over .\nthere is never a single villain , a single common factor that\u2019s responsible for all these things ,\npalmer said .\nbut even in those situations , the mission to find better ways to keep all horses safe and happy is neverending .\nnobody just turns the page and shrugs their shoulders ,\nviolette said .\nequine welfare is incredibly important , integrity is incredibly important , and safety for the riders and the horses is incredibly important for us ,\npalmer said .\n\u00a9 1999 - 2018 charter communications . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\nyou are going to be redirected to the paypal / skrill website to complete the payment .\n\u00a9 2010 - 2018 urltoken - royalty - free clipart . all rights reserved .\nin this study 153 ( 83 . 6 % ) of the human isolates ( n = 183 ) and 163 ( 91 . 6 % ) of the animal isolates ( n = 178 ) were confirmed as esbl producers by pcr and subsequent sequencing of the pcr amplicons . predominant esbl subtypes in human and animal samples were ctx - m - 15 ( 49 . 3 % ) and ctx - m - 1 ( 25 . 8 % ) respectively . subtype bla ctx - m - 2 was found almost exclusively in equine and was absent from human isolates . the carbapenemase oxa - 48 was detected in 19 ertapenem - resistant companion animal isolates in this study . the plasmid - encoded quinolone resistance ( pmqr ) gene aac ( \u20186 ) - ib - cr was the most frequently detected antibiotic - resistance gene present in 27 . 9 % of the human and 36 . 9 % of the animal ciprofloxacin - resistant isolates . combinations of two or up to six different resistance genes ( penicillinases , esbls and pmqr ) were detected in 70 % of all isolates investigated . the most frequent species in this study was escherichia coli ( 74 % ) , followed by klebsiella pneumoniae ( 17 . 5 % ) , and enterobacter cloacae ( 4 . 2 % ) . investigation of escherichia coli phylogenetic groups revealed underrepresentation of group b2 within the animal isolates .\nisolates from human , companion animals and horses shared several characteristics regarding presence of esbl , pmqr and combination of different resistance genes . the results indicate active transmission and dissemination of multi - resistant enterobacteriaceae among human and animal populations .\nare isolated with increasing frequency from human and animal samples . in particular , the species\n] . esbls genes are commonly plasmid - encoded and can easily be transmitted by conjugation to other bacteria , even across species barriers . in addition , various resistance genes are located in or close to mobile genetic elements such as insertion sequences and transposons [\n] . lateral gene transfer and continuous dna recombination make it extremely difficult to track transmission pathways of esbl genes in bacterial populations . the transmission of esbl - producing pathogens or esbl genes between companion animals / livestock and owner / caretaker / consumer is currently a subject of intense and controversial discussion . evidence has been presented for zoonotic spread [\n] . until now , it is still difficult to estimate the amount of exchange and even more difficult to define the risk for human and animal health and also food safety .\nthis work sheds light on shared populations of esbl - producing enterobacteriaceae in symptomatic companion animals , horses and humans in the geographical region of middle hesse , germany .\nisolates resistant to one or more third - generation cephalosporins ( 200 human isolates and 313 animal isolates ) was examined . identification was done using in - house biochemical tests . in case of ambiguous results confirmation was done using api 20e . prior to further analysis , all isolates were grown on macconkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime ( 2 mg / l ) to promote selection of \u03b2 - lactamase producers and ensure selection of\n] . after performance of the ddst 183 human and 178 animal isolates were categorized as possible esbl - producers and forwarded for a more detailed investigation . isolates with a negative ddst result were not included in the study .\nddst - positive isolates from human clinical samples ( n = 183 ) were taken from the strain collection of the institute of medical microbiology , giessen . some of the isolates originate from routine screening for colonization with esbl - producing enterobacteriaceae at the university hospital giessen . additional isolates were collected from samples of clinically ill patients e . g . blood culture or urine samples in the same facility . all isolates were collected between 2009 and 2010 . approximately two - thirds of the human isolates originated from inpatients ( n = 128 ) and one third were isolates from outpatients wards ( n = 55 ) .\nddst - positive isolates from animals ( n = 178 ) were obtained during a survey for aerobic gram - negative bacteria growing on macconkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime ( 2 mg / l ) among animal patients at the veterinary clinics of the justus liebig university ( jlu ) giessen . all samples were clinically relevant infection related isolates . the isolates originated from horses ( n = 100 ) , dogs ( n = 67 ) and cats ( n = 11 ) and were collected between 2009 and 2011 .\nthe study was approved by the ethics committee of medical faculty of the justus liebig university of giessen and deemed exempt from informed consent .\nantibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the vitek\u00ae2 compact system with ast n117 cards ( biom\u00e9rieux ) and etest\u00ae stripes ( liofilchem\u00ae ) containing ertapenem , cefepime , chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid . results were evaluated according to clsi guidelines for human pathogens ( clsi , 2012 ) .\n] were used . the mast carbapenemase detection set ( mast group , uk ) was applied on carbapenem - resistant isolates . furthermore , primers for\n- positive strains , amplicons of pcr - positive strains were sequenced to identify the encoded esbl allele in detail . sequencing was performed using the automated sequencer abi prism\u00ae 3100 ( life technologies , usa ) . the blastn algorithm of ncbi (\n) was used for database searches to identify the resistance gene allele . the primers and the sequences they were derived from are presented in table\n, were used as positive controls after sequencing and comparison with known sequences using dnastar software ( dnastar inc , madison , usa ) and the ncbi blastn algorithm .\ndetection for pmqr by pcr was performed on all isolates with a minimum inhibitory concentration ( mic ) \u2265 1 \u03bcg / ml for ciprofloxacin ( human isolates : n = 140 , animal isolates : n = 122 ) . oligonucleotide primers for detection of\nand the dna fragment tspe4 . c2 to assign the strains to the groups a , b1 , b2 and d according to clermont et al . 2000 [\ninformation regarding the source of isolates , species and the resistance genes detected were assembled into an excel file . the data was subsequently analysed using gene - e [\n] which enables the clustering of data with matrix visualization and analysis to support visual data exploration .\nthe majority of the isolates studied were e . coli ( 74 % ) , followed by k . pneumoniae ( 17 . 5 % ) and enterobacter cloacae ( 4 . 2 % ) . other species detected were klebsiella oxytoca , enterobacter intermedius , citrobacter freundii , providencia stuartii , morganella morganii and proteus mirabilis . the percentages of e . coli and k . pneumoniae isolates among the human and animal isolates were very similar .\n] . both human ( n = 183 ) and animal isolates ( n = 178 ) revealed resistance against ampicillin and trimethoprim / sulfmethoxazole . slight differences could be observed concerning the tested third generation cephalosporins ceftazidime , cefotaxime and cefepime . of the human isolates 52 . 5 % ( n = 96 ) showed resistance against ceftazidime , 78 . 7 % ( n = 144 ) resistance against cefotaxime and 98 . 4 % ( n = 180 ) resistance against cefepime . of the animal isolates 75 . 8 % ( n = 135 ) displayed resistance against ceftazidime and 99 . 4 % ( n = 177 ) to cefotaxime and cefepime . of the human isolates 2 . 2 % ( n = 4 ) , and 1 . 1 % ( n = 2 ) of the animal isolates revealed resistance against imipenem . resistance against the other tested carbapenem ( ertapenem ) was detected in 24 . 5 % ( n = 45 ) of human isolates and in 19 . 7 % ( n = 35 ) of animal isolates . the aminoglycosides gentamicin and amikacin differed in their results . only 5 . 1 % ( n = 9 ) of animal isolates exhibited resistance against amikacin , as compared to 14 . 8 % ( n = 27 ) of the human isolates . the resistance rates against gentamicin were higher in both cases with 35 % ( n = 64 ) in human isolates and 62 . 4 % ( n = 111 ) in animal isolates . high resistance rates in both groups were also revealed for the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin ( 76 . 5 % ( n = 140 ) of the human isolates and 68 . 5 % ( n = 122 ) of the animal isolates ) .\n) . in all , 91 . 6 % of the animal isolates and 83 . 6 % of the human isolates were confirmed as esbl producers by pcr and sequencing . the remaining isolates ( 7 . 5 % ) were negative for the presence of\n) . among the human isolates 23 % encoded ctx - m - 1 and 52 . 5 % ctx - m - 15 . some human isolates carried\ngene was found in 32 . 7 % of human outpatient isolates and in 45 . 3 % of inpatient isolates , while prevalence rates of\nwere high and similar in both groups ( outpatients 54 . 5 % , inpatients 51 . 6 % ) . animal isolates revealed similar results as 28 . 7 % of these isolates carried\nwas the dominant resistance subtype in horses ( 37 % ) but it was less frequently isolated in dogs ( 16 . 4 % ) . in contrast ,\noccurred more often in dog isolates ( 59 . 7 % ) than in isolates from horses ( 38 % ) or cats ( 36 . 4 % ) . in addition ,\nwere the prominent \u03b2 - lactamase genes present in 25 . 8 % and 49 . 3 % of all investigated isolates .\nheat maps generated from identified resistance genes and bacterial species among human and animal isolates . identified resistance genes and bacterial species are listed according to frequency ( except for ctx - m - 1 and ctx - m - 15 ) on the right and left side of the figures . source = origin of isolates ( outpatients , inpatients , dogs , cats , horses ) . not included are isolates without detectable resistance gene ( n = 28 ) . the term \u201cother species\u201d includes enterobacter cloacae ( n = 12 ) , klebsiella oxytoca ( n = 9 ) , enterobacter intermedius ( n = 2 ) , enterobacter gergoviae ( n = 1 ) , citrobacter freundii ( n = 1 ) and proteus mirabilis ( n = 1 ) . a is focussing on the origin of isolates whereas the b emphasizes the involved bacterial species .\nwas identified in 10 . 3 % of the human and in 29 . 4 % of the animal\n) . most of the latter isolates originated from dogs . detected shv - type esbl genes were\ncould be demonstrated in 30 . 1 % of the human isolates . among the animal isolates\nall carbapenem resistant isolates ( human isolates : 45 , animal isolates : 40 ) were tested for presence of the carbapenemase oxa - 48 . none of the tested human isolates harboured\n. in contrast , 19 ( 5 . 3 % ) of the animal isolates harboured this gene . the isolates harbouring\n. prevalence was 27 . 9 % ( n = 39 ) in the human isolates , 36 . 9 % ( n = 45 ) in the animal isolates and 32 . 1 % ( n = 84 ) in all investigated isolates . none of the isolates carried\n) were detected in dog isolates . inpatient isolates carried pmqr genes at higher rates ( 37 . 8 % ) than isolates from outpatients ( 23 . 8 % ) . a similar observation could be made among the animal isolates . highest identification rates ( 49 . 5 % ) were observed in isolates originating from animals tested during stay in the small animal clinic . in summary , most pmqr genes were present in dog isolates ( 65 . 1 % ) . overall , pmqr genes could be demonstrated in 43 . 9 % ( n = 115 ) of all investigated isolates .\nwhich was generated by means of the gene - e program . data was then confirmed by analysis of absolute and relative numbers / percentages as displayed in table\n. combinations of various plasmid encoded resistance genes ( esbl and non - esbl \u03b2 - lactamases and pmqr ) were observed in the majority of isolates ( 70 . 1 % ) included in this study ( table\n) . most frequently detected ( 26 . 3 % ) was the combination of a tem type penicillinase with a ctx - m type esbl . also regularly observed was a penicillinase ( tem or oxa - 1 ) in combination with ctx - m and plasmid - mediated quinolone resistance ( pmqr ) genes . these combinations were predominantly found among"]}
{"id": 2213, "summary": [{"text": "ioscion morgani is an extinct prehistoric bony fish that lived during the upper miocene subepoch of what is now southern california .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is primarily known from incomplete fossils , such as the holotype , which consists of a broken backbone .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "although the head is unknown , enough of the animal 's anatomy suggests a relationship with the jackfishes of carangidae . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "ioscion", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define ioscion in a sentence and how is the word ioscion used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528ioscion\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528ioscion\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528ioscion\u9020\u53e5 , ioscion meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nfound 1 words that end in ioscion . browse our scrabble word finder , words with friends cheat dictionary , and wordhub word solver to find words that end with ioscion . or use our unscramble word solver to find your best possible play ! related : words containing ioscion\nioscion is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the upper miocene subepoch . . . .\nioscion morgani is an extinct prehistoric bony fish that lived during the upper miocene subepoch of what is now southern california .\nawesome free customizable ioscion templates for your websites & social media . it is dynamic , yet organized with new templates added regularly .\n\n' ioscion morgani\n' is an extinct prehistoric bony fish that lived during the upper miocene subepoch of what is now southern california .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : r . a . stirton . 1953 . vertebrate paleontology and continental stratigraphy in colombia . geological society of america bulletin 64 : 603 - 622\nparent taxon : percomorpharia according to r . betancur - r et al . 2013\nsee also bannikov 2014 , bannikov and carnevale 2009 , b\u00f6hme 2010 , carnevale et al . 2011 , carnevale et al . 2003 , cvancara and hoganson 1993 , day 2002 , estes 1964 , fierstine 1998 , fierstine 1999 , fierstine 2001 , fierstine 2005 , fierstine and starnes 2005 , friedman and johnson 2005 , gottfried et al . 2012 , long 2011 , malabarba et al . 2006 , murray and attia 2004 , nelson 2006 , nolf and dockery 1990 , purdy et al . 2001 , sepkoski 2002 , shoshani et al . 1989 , thurmond and jones 1981 and weems 1999\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor searches with more than 100 results , only the top 100 results are displayed .\nscrabble\u00ae is a registered trademark . all intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the u . s . a and canada by hasbro inc . , and throughout the rest of the world by j . w . spear & sons limited of maidenhead , berkshire , england , a subsidiary of mattel inc . words with friends is a trademark of zynga with friends . mattel and spear are not affiliated with hasbro . urltoken is not affiliated with scrabble\u00ae , mattel , spear , hasbro , or zynga with friends in any way . this site is intended for entertainment purposes only .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional ."]}
{"id": 2215, "summary": [{"text": "big game ( 1939 \u2013 1963 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from april 1941 to october 1942 , the colt , who was owned by king george vi , ran nine times and won eight races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was the best british two-year-old colt of his generation in 1941 when he was unbeaten in five starts .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "two further wins the following spring including the 2000 guineas at newmarket took his unbeaten run to seven , but he suffered his first defeat when odds-on favourite for the wartime \" new derby \" .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won his only other race in the champion stakes before being retired to stud .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "big game 's royal connections and racecourse success made him one of the most popular horses of his time . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "big game ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["\u201cyou\u2019re in the great game now . and the great game is terrifying . \u201d\nbermuda ' s seasoned charter boats are always players on the big - game tournament circuit .\nthink of a horse . what color is the horse ? what is the horse doing ? where is the horse in relation to your cube ?\nwelcome to the xp system . phaedo82 made a video that explains it much better than we could in a big block of text , so big big thanks to him .\nthis article is about the comic book series . for the novel , see predator : big game ( novel ) .\nhorse trainer , lee freedman tells us what to look for in a winning horse .\nchubeka trails is the trailing arm of big game parks , our flagship being horse trails on mlilwane wildlife sanctuary . mountain biking and hiking trail packages are soon to follow !\namong the breeding experts , their names are ushered in almost reverential terms - ' the big d ' and ' the big g ' .\nworld cup champion 2012 flexible ' s dam sire safari xx is a grand son of big game via his dam . our 2 home bred flexible fillies out of a mezcalero - tb dam line are line bred to big game x 3 and nasrullah x 5 , nearco x 6 .\nleft it until now to pick your cup winner ? our experts have assessed every horse and favour this big money outsider .\nother results of the behavior of the horse may describe your ideal partner metaphorically , examples from actual results are ; the horse is locked in a stable , the horse is eating the flowers , the horse is destroying the cube , the horse is on top of the cube , or even rarely , the horse is dead .\nfurthermore , bahram xx , the sire of big game xx , also sired persian gulf xx , grandsire of marlon xx , who had significant influence in holstein .\nmy game sets new track record at assiniboia downs . june 5 , 1968 .\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nit was an emotional time for elery as well . the only trainer that my game ever knew acknowledged that the tribute was the highlight of his racing career and proudly said that the big grey was the gamest horse he ever owned .\nsherbenske family silks worn by ray correa aboard my game . on display at assiniboia downs .\npredator : big game was first serialized and reprinted in the united kingdom in 7 parts in aliens magazine , vol . 1 # 8 - 14 , from september 1991 - march 1992 .\nwe have all this content in game which is unbalanced , broken , and unpolished . the game performs terribly relative to every other game in the world . we have a bunch of new stuff we want to add to the game : horse riding , electricity , caretakers . as fun as it is to work on new features like that , there comes a time where you need to sit down and fix and polish what you ' ve already done .\nnfl game officials going through physical assessment this weekend . must pass in order to officiate in 2016\nhorse : the horse represents you lover or ideal lover . the distance between the horse and the cube represents the closeness you have with your current lover . if the horse is tied up , then it shows the need to be controlling in a relationship . if the horse has a saddle then you feel safe with them . if the horse is free and not saddled , it means you view your lover as uncontrollable , unpredictable .\nin the predator comics line , predator : big game was preceded by predator : god ' s truth , published concurrently with the movie adaptation predator 2 , and was followed by predator : cold war .\njockey ray correa was his regular rider and said that my game was the speediest horse he ever rode . elery was the big grey ' s trainer and described him as awkward and clumsy when they bought him . people told them that they would never make a racehorse out of the grey , but elery was confident that my game would work out just fine , in time .\nmy game was a keeper . tks again to you and percy for your assistance with background information .\ntrump targets pfizer and big pharma for raising costs of prescription drugs after he vowed prices would . . .\nthe first non - movie - related predator story ever produced by dark horse comics , predator : big game is considered by many to be one of the best predator comics ever made to this day . its creative - successor , predator : bad blood , written by big game co - creator / artist evan dorkin , was similarly well received . each of the stories build around strongly developed central characters , are uncompromisingly bloody and build to action - heavy climaxes worthy of the film that inspired them .\nit wasn ' t long before my game established himself as a money horse who was as consistent as they came . on june 5 , 1968 my game shattered the 9 - year - old track record for five furlongs at assiniboia downs . his time would stand for two years before rangatira would clip 2 / 5 of a second off my game ' s : 58 - second record .\nmy game may not have been a\ngreat\nhorse , but he was exceptional and dominated his rivals , much to the delight of his legions of fans at the downs . tributes like the one the big grey gelding from north dakota received are rare , but it speaks to the popularity\u2026\nher enthusiasm for racing was fired when she accompanied her parents to see big game and sun chariot in training with fred darling at beckhampton during the second world war \u2013 sun chariot won three and big game another of the five classics in 1942 , and she was 23 when she had her first runner astrakhan , a present from the aga khan , who was second at ascot in october , 1949 . her first winner came over fences when monaveen , whom she shared with the queen mother , was successful at fontwell in the same month and it was that horse that gave her a first big race win at hurst park a short time later .\na playing horse means that your ideal partner does not take relationships too seriously .\na running horse means that your ideal partner may not always be around you .\nmy horse was walking calmly , but i guessed that meant\nother\n.\nclick here for a full photo gallery of the richest people in horse racing .\ndoes anyone have any information on what the stallion big game would contribute to a sport horse pedigree . he was born in 1939 so obviously is a few generations back in any modern pedigree , but i have seen his name mentioned in the past as being a good influence , but never with an explanation why\nbig spurs si 104 , c . lady chimes by chimes band ( 4 wins to 4 , $ 123 , 463 2nd - new mexican spring futurity - g2 , 3rd - slm big daddy s . - g3 , etc . )\nthe big grey was one of those horses who didn\u2019t take well to a life of leisure in a pasture . he loved to train and was born to run and elery quickly learned that retirement wasn ' t for my game .\nbaffert said no decision has been made on where game on dude will live out the rest of his years .\nwhile predator : concrete jungle , predator : cold war and predator : dark river are referred to by the publisher as the\ncore dark horse predator graphic novels\n, predator : big game is mentioned briefly in cold war # 2 as\n. . . an incident down in new mexico . . .\nthe main reason the brothers bought my game was because of his breeding . his father , djebe was the leading sire in england at the time and elery knew it was worth taking the time to bring my game around slowly .\nthink of an open field . imagine a field . describe the first vision you had , how big is this field ?\nyou can look at a horse and know what he / she seems to be ; you can study the pedigree and know what the horse ought to be ; but only the offspring can tell you what horse really is . . .\nredbud ranch\nit was with the meadow\u2019s \u201cbig red\u201d that turcotte rode history into legend , guiding the chestnut colt to a horse of the year award at two \u2013 the first horse ever so honored - and then transcending that accomplishment with a three year old campaign that still inspires wonder in racing fans ' hearts .\nfrom that basic structure cummings built the rest of photo finish horse racing ' s first iteration by himself , in the unity engine . in the game , a player creates and names a horse , trains it up , races it and earns money that funnels back into the training and breeding operation . while the overall aesthetic is a management simulation , there is some action to keep a user invested in the races , most of which last about 30 to 40 seconds . the goal , however , is to field a stable of winners as a big - time , big - shot horse owner , more than steer them , switch leads , move to the rail and other tactical decisions as a jockey . or as a horse .\nthe anticipation of the big horse coming and the workout that he turned in on the day before the race , in front of more than 15 , 000 horse lovers , gave one of the oldest and greatest racetracks in the world one of the most electric weeks in its 150 - year - plus history .\ndutrow had a thing for fame and the big score , and he finally got it with big brown . the late - blooming bay colt was his first derby starter , and leading up to the race dutrow crowed that he had the winner , pledging that he would make a huge wager on big brown . he didn ' t bet much in the end , but he was right .\n- - a horse that is capable of setting a track record is a nice touch .\nbig game is one of the most successful tb lines in fei level sport that i have found , but almost always through his daughters . if you add them all together , probably a couple of hundred or more of his descendants have fei level results .\nevery child dreams of riding a horse \u2013 and chubeka trails offers the perfect happy first experience .\na sleeping / sitting horse means that your ideal partner fully commits him / herself to you .\nbut for those closest to the horse , it was a crowning moment for an ethereal journey .\ni had my eyes on a tennis game ,\nanother sport cummings doesn ' t play ,\nas something i thought i could get done very simply . but i had some concerns with the animations . the horse racing , i happened to find a few free assets , like a horse running , animated .\n\u201chorse [ bleep ] , \u201d smith said when asked what the state of his game is inside a somber cavaliers locker room following golden state\u2019s 103 - 82 victory that evened the nba finals at two games apiece on thursday night .\nwhen trainer elery scherbenske escorted my game from the winner ' s circle the fans broke into spontaneous applause and a rousing cheer . as the big grey walked off the track they played\nwish me luck as you wave me goodbye .\nthen my game inexplicably stopped dead in his tracks and gazed at the his crowd of admirers , it was as if he understood what all the fuss was about !\nthe beauty of this game is it ' s not an exact science . they can come from anywhere ,\nhe explains .\ndellavedova , who has been pushed into starting duty in this series after kyrie irving suffered a fractured kneecap in game 1 , finishing game 4 with 10 points but on just 3 - for - 14 shooting , including 2 - for - 9 from 3 - point range .\nthe only australian - bred horse in the field , she\u2019s impossible to ignore as a major player .\nthink of a cube . put a cube in the middle of your field . how big is the cube ? describe the surface of the cube .\nall contents ( unless otherwise specified ) copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2016 big blue interactive , llc . all rights reserved . site managed by arribus web development\n[ game of thrones special collectors edition : an unofficial guide to the most epic fantasy series in history .\nhodor speaks\n, page 58\nfrance ' s alain wertheimer and his brother gerard , co - owners of fashion house chanel , are third generation horse owners and breeders . their thoroughbred business wertheimer et frere ( meaning wertheimer and brother ) has produced champs like goldikova , the only horse ever to win three breeders ' cup mile races . in 1993 , their horse kotashaan won american horse of the year , one of the sport ' s highest accolades .\nunfortunately , because of a rift which split the walking horse ranks wide open , there are currently two horses which claim the title\nworld ' s grand champion walking horse .\none is last year ' s celebration winner , white star . the other is a gelding named sun ' s big shot which\u2014because the tennessee walking horse breeders ' association does not endorse the celebration any more and crowns its own world champion at its own sponsored show a month later\u2014is officially and sonorously titled\nthe only tennessee walking horse breeders ' association of america - recognized world ' s champion .\nthere is . it ' s called photo finish horse racing , and cummings , the former creative director of the madden nfl franchise , makes it . he and two colleagues busted their asses to get an all - new version of the game , for ios and android , ready by this weekend , when interest in thoroughbred horse racing in the united states peaks .\nbig game ( gb ) b . h , 1939 { 6 - e } dp = 2 - 4 - 28 - 0 - 0 ( 34 ) di = 1 . 43 cd = 0 . 24 - 9 starts , 8 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 23 , 487\nin 2010 the portents suggested that aidan o\u2019brien had another guineas winner in the form of st nicholas abbey , whilst richard hannon was hopeful of big runs from canford cliffs and dick turpin . in the event the race went the way of another french raider as makfi heralded the arrival of trainer mikael delzangles in the big time .\npredator : big game is a four - issue limited comic book series that was first published by dark horse comics from march - june 1991 . it was written by john arcudi , illustrated by evan dorkin , inked by armando gil , colored by julia lacquement , lettered by kurt hathaway and edited by diana schutz , with cover art by chris warner . the comic was later adapted as a novel of the same name by sandy schofield .\nbig game baby ( usa ) gr / r . f , 2014 { 3 - n } dp = 9 - 3 - 12 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 88 - 16 starts , 4 wins , 0 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 102 , 980\nbig game bob ( usa ) dkb / br . g , 2011 { 21 - a } dp = 2 - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 ( 6 ) di = 5 . 00 cd = 1 . 00 - 33 starts , 10 wins , 6 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 157 , 030\ngame of thrones brought us all to life with its first full trailer for season 6 , teasing a certain snow - y resurrection and plenty of new deaths for westeros . we couldn\u2019t help but dive way deeper into each frame of footage . so what secrets of game of thrones season 6 were hidden in the flames ?\nare there others ? of course , but we have to start somewhere . my game had all of the above , but he was no stakes horse . so was he\ngreat ?\ni guess he really didn ' t fit that mold , but he was exceptional !\nas american phraroah\u2019s popularity grew , his followers began tracking his flights , referring to the planes as air horse one .\nswaps , the golden horse from the golden west , handily won the american derby on saturday and owner rex ellsworth exulted : & quot ; one of these days we ' ll have to turn him loose . & quot ; his chance and challenge come next week in the big race with nashua\ni imagined a dead horse . . . the field is covered in dead wheat , extreme winds , a small ladder all rusted next to an old , worn buliding block , and a dead , black horse . well , that is lovely .\nhorses usually stand . they don ' t lie down very often , yet a standing horse wasn ' t a choice .\nthe terrain is steep in places following game or cattle paths , roads and riding cross - country . riders may be requested to dismount for the sake of their horses .\nlet\u2019s just say this , there doesn\u2019t appear to be any holding the ol\u2019 boy back in his dotage . nope . as the dating game goes , american\u2019s got talent .\nsex , rugs , hocks and foals - welcome to a multi - billion pound world where breeding is the game and producing the winner of the derby is the aim .\nthe attention big brown had brought to the sport quickly turned negative . congress held a hearing on racing ' s problems ; dutrow was a no - show . months later , it came out that one of his horses had tested positive in a stakes race at churchill downs the day before big brown won the derby . he received a 15 - day suspension .\n\u201cthere are things you can do to encourage a horse\u2019s libido , \u201d said waldman . \u201cbut sometimes , well . . . \u201d\ngame on dude was bred by adena springs and was a $ 210 , 000 rna at the 2008 keeneland september yearling sale . he was then purchased privately by ernie kuehne .\nthe spring of big brown was a traveling circus , with the horse itself a sideshow . dutrow , the ringleader , was all of racing ' s problems bundled into one man . the owners , michael iavarone and richard schiavo , were portrayed as clever businessmen who proposed to change the game with a new way of investing in horses . but the real decision - maker in international equine acquisitions holdings was behind the scenes\u2014a shadowy money man who ran an illegal investment fund in the virgin islands .\nreporters liked dutrow as a person , but it was impossible to cheer for this partnership . no turfwriter i knew wanted to see big brown be the one to finally win the triple crown . i watched the belmont on a simulcast feed at a separate racetrack , and everybody nearby\u2014the track ' s announcer , its publicity director , its official handicapper , and other insiders\u2014whooped and hollered as big brown suffered a nightmare trip and was eased up in the stretch . others in the game confided not so privately that they were happy to see dutrow eat crow .\nin the u . s . , excel communications founder kenny troutt is the most high - profile billionaire in the horse racing game thanks to an incredible year in 2010 . his colt super saver won the kentucky derby and his stallion drosselmeyer nabbed the belmont stakes . troutt owns winstar farm in versailles , kentucky .\nonly 11 horses had ever won the triple crown , and if big brown could do it , both dutrow and ieah would be immortalized . it would be the summit of anyone ' s career , but for both the horse and his connections the fall was swift and severe : a trainer banned for a decade ; a stable put out of business , its funding revealed as the spoils of a ponzi scheme . big brown was dead last at belmont . he didn ' t even cross the finish line .\nif this was a movie , the screen would fade to black and the credits would roll , but it wasn ' t and my game ' s life wasn ' t over .\nhistorian note : my thanks to elery ' s son , percy and my\ngo to guy\nin minnesota , trevor monroe for their assistance on background information on my game .\nwe ' ve had notes in game for a long time , but they were just useless items . now you can write in them and leave them for other players to find .\na brown horse is the most common . it also means that you don ' t specifically look for something special in a partner .\nmy game ran all but one of his races at the entry level claiming ranks . he raced locally until 1972 when he reached the age of 12 , which was the mandatory retirement age for racehorses . at the time of his retirement my game had won half of his lifetime starts and he threw in three seconds and four third - place finishes for good measure .\nwe did it , babe ,\ndutrow yelled to big brown ' s owners from across the third floor of the churchill downs grandstand .\ndid you bet ? did you bet ?\nthen , in the greatest of ironies , ieah sold its interest in big brown only five days after dutrow ' s license was finally revoked . the only keepsake was that little sign at aqueduct .\nthe only thing we didn ' t do last year was win the big games ,\nde bruyne , who set - up goals for strikers sergio aguero and gabriel jesus , told reporters .\nthe horse represents your ideal partner . it could be playing , running around , or is sleeping / sitting right next to your cube .\ni understand that . american pharoah is the best horse i ever saw , and i don\u2019t care if i ever cover another race again .\nabout the only winners are three chimneys farm and big brown , who is popular enough that he shuttles annually between the northern and southern hemispheres , satisfying his black book twice a day , for a $ 35 , 000 fee per foal . but even big brown is tainted\u2014as dutrow and ieah fell , so did the stallion ' s stud fees , from a 2009 high of $ 65 , 000 .\nbritish stayer purchased by australian connections for a tilt at the two big cups . twice a winner at 2000m and once at 2400m , this 5yo is yet to have a crack at the two miles .\nbut the success on the track\u2014big brown ' s triple crown attempt , $ 11 million in earnings in 2008 , runner - up for owner of the year\u2014was backed by unsustainable and ill - gotten funding .\ngoals by big ten freshman of the year bodil keus on a penalty corner in the 64th minute and by all - big ten first - team honoree linnea gonzales ( patterson mill ) in the 66th rallied maryland ( 15 - 6 ) to a 3 - 2 victory over second - seeded duke ( 17 - 4 ) on sunday in the ncaa quarterfinals in durham , n . c . . . .\nscherbenske sold the gelding to ray goehring in 1973 who raced him where racing horses his age was permitted . at 13 , my game ' s record was three wins and a third from five starts . in 1974 , at 14 he registered a win , a second and two thirds again , from five starts . only now , father time was softly whispering my game ' s name .\nthe big grey didn ' t last long after being retired again and for the last time . my game passed away at his new trainer ' s home in south dakota just weeks later - he never made it to 15 . as for his original owners , elery , the older of the two brothers passed on july 25 , 2013 and marlow a few months later on december 31 , 2013 .\nthe teaser is probably the most valuable horse on the farm but has the worst job in the world ,\nchuckles o ' rourke .\nour guides are all trained in - house . most join us without horse or environmental knowledge . our training focuses on client care , quiet respectful horse handling , skillful trail riding and field knowledge . as a result , our guides enjoy hosting , sharing their knowledge and learning from our guests .\nin the years that followed the civil war , walkers earned a reputation as easy - riding mounts , which has since culminated in their being called\nworld ' s greatest pleasure horse .\nit wasn ' t until many years later , however , that any organization of the breed took place . then , in 1935 , several prominent owners of walkers banded together to protect the horse ' s bloodline and formed the tennessee walking horse breeders ' association . even so , the u . s . government did not officially recognize walking horses as a separate and distinct breed of light horse until 1949 .\nthe hope is that by saturday evening , your horse will have joined the epsom classic roll call that boasts champions like shergar and sea the stars .\nthe ride ended with big brown . the week after his derby win , the horse was sold as a stallion prospect to three chimneys for $ 50 million . ieah excised its one proven commodity from its proposed hedge fund , signaling that it would never get off the ground . how could it go public when that meant shareholders would learn where their money came from ?\nthis week we look back at the unlikely beginnings of one of the most consistent and capable platers to ever run at assiniboia downs - brothers , elery and marlow scherbenske ' s grey gelding , my game .\nin the 142nd kentucky derby , post time in three - and - a - half hours , the favorite is nyquist at 2 - to - 1 . next best is exaggerator at 5 - to - 1 , and the darkhorse is mohaymen , 12 - to - 1 . ian cummings ' big bet is that a bunch of people will wonder ,\nhey , isn ' t there a video game for this ?\nhe\u2019s been ticking over nicely building up his fitness for the big two - miler but it\u2019s hard to make a realistic argument for him having been dropped by grand marshal and who shot thebarman in the moonee valley cup .\nrushing a horse back to the races is common , when all too often more time off is the answer , but a horse doesn ' t make any money when he ' s in his stall . so where is the balance ? well , the scherbenske brothers seemed to have all the right answers .\nthe criticism that game on dude ran mostly in california does not hold water , considering john henry , as well as horses like swaps , native diver , zenyatta , and lava man ran mostly in california and forego and kelso ran mostly in new york . and this was before the breeders ' cup and having every top horse in the country gunning for you .\nwhen you think of hatzolah , you imagine ambulances , accidents , sick people - you don\u2019t equate it with a fun youtube game that is going to inspire you not to text and drive at the same time .\nfew people doubted his horsemanship . he made unorthodox decisions and he won races with cast - offs , which made reporters wonder whether he was a genius or a cheater . his runners always looked great on the track , well - groomed , their coats shiny .\nhe ' s half - horse ,\nsays new york trucking magnate paul pompa jr . , the original owner of big brown who in 2007 sold 75 percent of the horse to ieah for $ 3 million .\nhe cares more about the horses than himself .\nhe rode whirlaway to triple crown honours in 1941 , and citation in 1948 . he established a record of $ 645 , 145 earned by one horse ( citation ) in a single season . in 1960\u201361 , at the end of his career , arcaro teamed with the horse kelso to win several major stakes . \u2026\njust four days remained before the kentucky derby , and jones made a last - ditch effort to resolve whirlaway\u2019s problems . following the defeats in the blue grass stakes and the derby trial , he reasoned that eads was not the jockey for whirlaway in the big race . jones wanted an experienced jockey who he hoped would be able to control his horse and keep him on course . luckily ,\ncummings pleaded with fleming and fleetwood to visit the ocala breeders ' sales track with him , next door to where they all live in central florida , and see the potential of horse racing as a video game . they booked a tour and rode around the grounds on a golf cart , saw guys\nfrom every country , holding stopwatches and clipboards , wearing tracksuits and shit .\nbecause of his two inexplicably poor efforts in the breeders ' cup classic ( gr . i ) , game on dude , despite his numerous historic achievements , has been one of racing ' s most under - appreciated horses .\nit\u2019s hard to argue with smith\u2019s assessment after he went 2 - for - 12 in game 4 \u2014 including going 0 - for - 8 from 3 - point range \u2014 to continue a difficult finals for the former knick .\nat some point , an individual who continues to violate the rules of racing forfeits through his own actions the ability to be in the game ,\nmartin wrote .\nat some point , enough is enough .\ncummings admits he wasn ' t much of a horse racing fan before getting started on photo finish horse racing , which originally published late last summer under another name , derby king , which he built from scratch himself before his last employer , the daily fantasy site fanduel , closed an orlando office also filled with ea sports expatriates .\ndon\u2019t forget me\u2019s 1987 win was a second for richard hannon and came after an eleventh hour scare when the horse injured a foot on the morning of the race .\nevery year since 1939 the national celebration at shelbyville has provided the climax to the walker year when it crowns the\nworld ' s grand champion walking horse .\none can hardly go wrong in sport horse breeding with any of such wonderful classic distance type of horses that had / have stamina and speed . urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\nit is who he is ,\nmichael iavarone said after big brown ' s cakewalk in the preakness .\nrick has a quirky confidence . he knows what he says is controversial , but i think he plays off it .\nincluding his game 4 clunker , smith is now 14 - for - 47 ( 29 . 8 percent ) shooting in the series , including a dreadful 7 - for - 28 ( 25 percent ) from 3 - point range .\nthese three titans of the turf earned their horse of the year titles based on body of work , and even when it came down to one big race in september or october , they had one , two , or at the most three really top - class stakes winners with whom to contend , not 10 or 11 foes , most of whom were grade i stakes horses , as game on dude has . the gelding ' s notable defeats all came after a tough campaign , in which he ran hard and fast every step of the way . but early in the year , when he was still fresh , he was nearly unbeatable .\nlast month , rodriguez went to the kentucky derby for the first time , with a horse named vyjack . kentucky officials decided to grant rodriguez a license , but with an unprecedented condition : vyjack must have around - the - clock video surveillance . he drew the outside post for the derby , same as big brown had five years earlier , but the outcome was poles apart . vyjack finished 18th of 19 horses .\n- - at it ' s very core a unique balance of\nskill and will\nis a must . a horse should have the ability to run fast and the heart to run when the body is says it has had enough . does it really matter how fast a horse is , if they don ' t want to run ?\n\u201cthere\u2019s no knowing for sure how many years he\u2019ll be at stud , but that\u2019s a reasonable expectation , \u201d said ric waldman , a veteran in the horse breeding industry .\non saturday , he was back in kentucky , less than 30 miles from where he was born in 2012 , to prove that he was a horse for the ages .\nand man , has american pharoah done that . i do not think i am in the minority when i say horse racing is an easy game to love and too often a hard one to like . horses are beautiful animals . the humans around them mostly are , but in thoroughbred racing particularly , the miscreants who drug them , mistreat them and trade them like commodities degrade the sport and create distrust .\nofficiating isn ' t terribly taxing on the body and it doesn ' t really require you to be in particularly good shape physically . of course , blandino doesn ' t know this because he ' s never officiated a football game at any level in his entire life . why the nfl would waste any time on this horse hockey when there are clearly bigger fish to fry is a mystery only blandino can explain .\nin june , they could have taken their suitcase full of cash and sent american pharoah to the breeding shed , giving the flick to horse racing and to sports fans everywhere .\nit has the edge over walking safaris , too . the horses provide a first - class viewing platform , meaning you can take in far more of the wildlife and landscape . and a calm horse reassures the jittery game animals . when it drops its head to graze , it signals to its fellow ruminants that it\u2019s relaxed , and all is well with the world . which , sarah and i agree , it is .\nbran discusses his dreams with osha as hodor prepares his horse . bran says that he dreamt that the sea came to winterfell , flooding the castle and killing his people and killing ser\nall in all , the peculiar colt had mustered a successful year , with wins in three stakes events , which sportswriters acknowledged by voting him best two - year - old horse .\nthe horse could go in a relaxed and steady manner over soft ground not only at the flat - footed walk and running walk , but also at the canter . even at this gait the walking horse offered unusual smoothness in the saddle , having such a rolling , non - jarring motion that its canter came to be called the\nrocking chair ride .\nfor three years now the breeders ' association has been unable to see eye to eye with the way non - horse - owning professional promoters have run the celebration . but confusing as it may be to have two world ' s champions in the same sport , the walking horse fraternity has come to accept the oddity as just another part of its split personality .\nkenny troutt ( left ) and co - owner bill casner celebrate their horse super saver ' s kentucky derby victory in 2010 . i mage by getty images north america via @ daylife\nwaldman for years managed the stud career of storm cat , among the most prolific stallions of the barnyard breeding game . at his peak , storm cat\u2019s stud fee hit $ 500 , 000 , where it remained for six years , according to waldman .\nstill , last year , cummings scratched together something and showed it to friends .\ni put the horse on the track and it had a whip mechanic and i asked , ' does this have any legs ? '\nwell , yeah . four , in fact .\ni searched the app store and found nothing for horse racing . it ' s total garbage .\na white horse means that your partner is well - tamed . you both value loyalty in a relationship and trust each other . however , it may get boring in the long run .\njames tagliaferri punched iavarone ' s ticket from nickel - and - dime races to the big time . they met during a social encounter at a yankees game , according to the times . iavarone pitched tagliaferri on his hospital as a potential investment , and tagliaferri , who ran a highly regarded fund in connecticut , was intrigued . horses are illiquid assets , and the hospital would add a fixed income to ieah ' s portfolio . and with tagliaferri ' s cash , the quality of the horses they bought would set them apart .\nthey have and do , apparently . photo finish horse racing hovered around 1 , 000 installations for much of april . last week , that figure tripled , no doubt because this is the time people are thinking of the sport . it helps also that photo finish horse racing just pumped out a huge update and acquired a publisher , tilting point , adding heft to the overall product .\nwhen x - rays were taken , it was discovered that bold ruler had been running with a two and a half inch bone splinter lodged in his tendon , and had probably been in a great deal of pain for some time . he had also suffered arthritis , nerve problems , torn back muscles , and a heart problem during his career . when the bone splinter was detected , the game horse was sent back to his birthplace to begin his stud career .\nthe guys who have come in have a very physical quality , they are very strong , very pacy . they make the pitch big , that is a quality of them and it is difficult for the other teams ,\nthe 26 - year - old belgium international added .\nthe biggest tennessee walking horse celebration ever\u2014with some 700 horses entered\u2014takes place this week ( aug . 29 - sept . 3 ) at shelbyville , tenn . the heart of the walking horse country and world . thousands of walking horse owners , breeders and exhibitors have jam - packed every hotel and rooming house for a 50 - mile radius , and for the next week they will think , talk , sleep and buy nothing else . for to those who own and love tennessee walking horses the annual celebration is an institution , which although only 16 years old is as traditional as the breed itself .\nbold ruler wintered in florida that year , exchanging blows with calumet farm ' s incredibly talented gen . duke , often called the horse time has forgotten . many people believe that gen . duke was the fastest horse ever produced by calumet , and considering some of the other horses produced by the famous farm , the triple crown winners citation and whirlaway to name just two , this is quite a compliment .\na black horse means that your partner is unpredictable and dangerous . it also means you won ' t get bored with your relationship . your partner may also be the more dominant one in the relationship .\nsunny day , grassy medow , horse playing / running around the trees outside the edge of the meadow just in view , daisies , in groups spaced out reachable but not near my small ice cube .\nas they came around tattenham corner , i could see the horse going very nicely and i remember thinking about a furlong out - ' i ' m going to have bred a derby winner ' .\npart of the usa today sports media group bigblueinteractive sm provides news , analysis , and discussion on the new york football giants . this site is owned and operated by big blue interactive , llc . if you have any questions or comments about this website , please see our contact information page .\nthis trail is part of a 10 - day swaziland itinerary available on set dates only . day 8 , 9 and 10 include a vehicle - based safaris on hlane royal national park and mkhaya game reserve . should guests prefer to do the trail portion only , this is possible .\nieah began selling off its assets last year , including all its breeding shares in big brown . its very last horse was fantasy of flight , trained by michelle nevin , dutrow ' s longtime assistant , who sought her training license as soon as his suspension began . racing in the colors of co - owner sanford robbins\u2014not ieah\u2014fantasy of flight finished eighth in the grade 1 madison at keeneland on april 13 . ieah unloaded its final shares in fantasy of flight soon after . the stable has no more horses .\ndutrow ' s personality wouldn ' t let him fly under the radar . in february 2012 he and ieah tried to enter a horse in a small stakes race at charles town in west virginia , but dutrow was told by track officials that without a license he wouldn ' t be allowed . the horse was entered , but under the name of tony dutrow , his brother . a quick investigation by charles town stewards revealed that the horse had never left rick ' s barn . they called tony and he admitted that he wasn ' t the trainer\u2014he had never even laid eyes on the horse .\nit was the kind of thing [ tony ] could get fined or even suspended for ,\nsays one person who watched the farce unfold ,\nbut it was as if tony welcomed it\nso his brother might learn a lesson .\nthey did the overpay - for - proven - talent model ,\nsays jamie lamonica , the president of the lexington - based stallion company , who brokered the recent deal for three chimneys to buy out ieah ' s shares in big brown .\nbut they were certainly rewarded for it .\nin the books , old nan actually says the reason she thinks hodor is mentally disabled is because a horse kicked him in the head - though she may have just assumed this because he worked in the stables .\nepsom is the complete test of a horse . they need balance , speed and stamina . it ' s uphill , downhill , sideways . it ' s a very intense atmosphere ,\nsays the trainer .\nmrs . phipps was out at the gap to get him [ bold ruler ] and lead him down that silly victory lane they had there . and she must have weighed all of ninety pounds , and here is this big young stud horse - and she walked right up to him and held out her hand , and he just settled right down and dropped his head so she could get ahold of the chin strap , and bold ruler just walked like an old cow along that lane and she wasn ' t putting any pressure on him to quiet him down or make him be still . it was one of the most amazing sights i ' ve ever seen . it was incredible to me because anyone else reaching for that horse - and he was hot ! - you ' d have had to snatch him or he ' d throw you off your feet or step all over you . but not with her . for her he was just a real chivalrous prince of a colt . he came back to her and stopped all the monkeyshines , ducked down his head and held out his chin , and here was this little old lady with a big young stud horse on the other end and he was just as gentle as he could be .\nthe complete comic was released digitally through dark horse digital on march 6 , 2013 , collected with predator : god ' s truth and reusing chris warner ' s cover art from issue 2 , recolored by dan jackson .\nmore and more , as american life pushes outward toward suburbs and country living , the pleasure horse is returning as an unequalled form of recreation and exercise . with its characteristic bobbing head , high - stepping front action and long , deep - striding hing legs , the tennessee walking horse is being seen on trails across the nation , far from its native tennessee\u2014but still as southern as hush - puppies , catfish and black - eyed peas .\n\u201chorseracing is a very fickle game . you\u2019re only as good as your last winner and as quickly as you come out on your feet , you can get knocked back just as quickly . i have a job i love with a family who support me , and i couldn\u2019t wish for anything better . \u201d\nin the next 4 - 5 months , if all goes the way of the proud expectant parents , pharoah and the long list of fine ladies with whom he became acquainted with briefly last spring will bring to the world more than 200 foals . nearly one birth per day . that\u2019s a lotta hay , big fella .\nwhen ranking game on dude among the greatest geldings , it is his accomplishments that must be considered more than his defeats . kelso , forego , and john henry\u2014arguably the three greatest geldings of our time , or perhaps of all time\u2014lost 91 races among them . in kelso ' s horse of the year clinching races , whether it was the woodward stakes , jockey club gold cup , or washington d . c . international , he faced an average of 6 . 3 opponents , not all of them top - quality stakes horses .\n, the only horse ever to win three runnings of the santa anita handicap ( gr . i ) , has been retired after compiling earnings of nearly $ 6 . 5 million , trainer bob baffert announced sept . 18 .\nshowed plenty of ability as a younger horse in ireland but his three australian wins have been against largely moderate opposition . is yet to finish in the money in three starts at flemington and i\u2019m not sure big memory / pemberley formlines will be enough here . his last flemington distance race was when beaten 4 . 7l real love / dandy gent as the $ 2 . 20f in the roy higgins quality ( 2600m ) \u2014 that doesn\u2019t inspire either ( although he did race keen in the lead that day ) . just making up the numbers here .\ni can immediately see the beauty of watching game from the back of another animal . you are never this close to nature , physically or spiritually , on a mechanised safari . in a car , you\u2019re an intruder , isolated from the world by glass and steel . here , you\u2019re part of the landscape .\nkuehne said he had no regrets selling him .\nwe thought he was a good horse , but to be honest with you , after mike had him at the training center in ocala , he felt he wouldn ' t handle off going ,\nhe recalled .\nhe didn ' t think he was a grass horse and he didn ' t think he ' d handle a synthetic surface . and on top of that he was a gelding .\nit was wall street come to the backstretch , and completely foreign to an old - fashioned and slow - moving game . unpredictable , too ; would daily share price dictate a stable ' s decision - making ? profits on the track are impossible to time or predict , if they ever come at all . insiders thought it was ludicrous . every year , owners put $ 2 billion into a game that spits out only $ 1 billion in purses . were these guys so good at picking out horses , dutrow so good at training them , that they could guarantee regular profits , month after month , year after year ?\nyou can ask just the basic questions or choose to go into more detail and ask about the colors of the cube , ladder , horse , storm , and flowers . below is a list of colors and what each means ."]}
{"id": 2218, "summary": [{"text": "spix 's guan ( penelope jacquacu ) is a species of bird in the cracidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , guyana , peru , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "its estimated global range is approximately 5,000,000 km \u00b2 and is common in at least parts of this range .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is therefore considered a least concern species by the iucn .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the common name commemorates the german naturalist johann baptist von spix ( 1782-1826 ) . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "spix ' s guan", "paragraphs": [". the spix\u2019s guan is all brown with pale specks on the neck , upper back , and breast . they have grayish bare skin around the eyes and face . sexes are similar and have a bright red throat and dewlap . the spix\u2019s guan is distinguished from the structurally similar\nby much larger size , and larger and more conspicuous red dewlap . the spix\u2019s guan favors mature interior forest while the speckled chachalaca is confined to forest edges and second growth . also see\nthe spix\u2019s guan can be fairly common in lowland amazonia , but has been recorded at elevations of up to 1700 m along the foothill of the andes . this large guan can be fairly common , but it has been extirpated in forest surrounding human settlements due to subsistence hunting pressure by human .\nperhaps the best known member of the cracid family in western south america , the spix\u2019s guan is the prototypical cracid of the amazonian lowlands . it is found in most undisturbed sites in the upper orinoco basin and in the western amazon basin . spix ' s guans primarily feed on fruits in the upper strata of rainforest . its calls are typical sounds of the amazonian dawn chorus .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ndel hoyo , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . spix ' s guan ( penelope jacquacu ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n\u2013 suriname , guyana and adjacent e venezuela s of r orinoco ( extending as far w as nw amazonas ) .\ntodd , 1932 \u2013 se venezuela ( c & s amazonas ) and nw brazil n of r amazon and r solim\u00f5es .\n\u2013 amazonia s of r amazon and r solim\u00f5es in w brazil , e colombia , e ecuador , peru and n bolivia .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nmostly jan\u2013may in s venezuela ; one nest in apr and one male in breeding condition in aug in colombia ; said to begin in aug\u2013sept . . .\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 8 . 7 - 10 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or trapping , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclosely related to p . purpurascens , p . perspicax , p . albipennis and p . obscura . has been considered conspecific with p . obscura , and formerly with p . purpurascens , but tracheal morphology different . has hybridized with p . pileata in captivity . race granti has been considered a separate species , including orienticola as race , but there is extensive intergradation throughout present species . race speciosa formerly treated as a race of p . obscura . four subspecies recognized .\nwing - whirring display given at dawn or dusk , when one bird ( the presumed male ) also gives loud . . .\nfew detailed , long - term studies of diet , but mainly small fruits , e . g . of palms ( including\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in many parts of range , except in densely populated areas or where forest has been cleared . in populated areas has changed its . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njuan sanabria , josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , jonathan , thore noernberg , will carter .\njoe tobias , margareta wieser , oswaldocortes , samantha klein , dubi shapiro , agustin carrasco , thore noernberg , ken havard , mauricio rueda , lochfitty , jacqueserard , allan hopkins , josep del hoyo , lars petersson , luis r figueroa , pedro h ramos , holger teichmann , jacob . wijpkema .\nfor the record ; don ' t like guans . low - pass filtered at 400 hz .\nwhen flushed from ground . humid primary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 2 side a track 28 seq . a )\nalong the union trail in secondary forest undergrowth , not far from the clay lick and near the lake . was about 20m from my position . signal increases later into the recording .\nalarm calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc11a539\nrecorded at night . probably the bird was frightened by the presence of lophostrix cristata , and my flashlight .\ncertainty : 99 % . not seen . a party of several birds . consists of two parts , taped 80 seconds apart . at forest edge .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 84 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 80 seq . a )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 34 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 5 side a track 42 seq . a )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 392 side b track 36 seq . a )\nterra firme forest . calls by one of a pair of birds flushed by my approach but which stayed fairly close and then came closer . probably young were nearby .\nperch height 20 m . distance to mike : 45 m . response to playback . bird approached on playback . series of terriorial songs interspersed with alarm calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm03a240\ncalls by single individual . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc12a574\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n: l . pene = quasi or similar to , and lothos = crest .\n: tupi ( native brasilian ) jacu = native name for this bird , and gua\u00e7u = large .\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : penelope jacquacu . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 223 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nmy third trip to shiripuno had not been planned . after staying at shiripuno lodge and siona lodge i planned to go on another trip but that trip was cancelled due to an emergency and , upset and confused , i phoned jungal tour and talked to maria wijkmans . this lady was amazing ! she not only organized my tour in less than one day . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . 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{"id": 2221, "summary": [{"text": "scinax altae is a species of frog in the family hylidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to panama where it occurs in the pacific lowlands between the chiriqu\u00ed province in the west and panam\u00e1 province in the east .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the type series was collected by emmett reid dunn and his wife from \" summit \" in the panama canal zone in 1932 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "scinax altae", "paragraphs": ["scinax altae ( a new combination ) was recognized as a species distinct from s . staufferi by duellman ( 2001 ) .\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2015 . scinax altae . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t55925a54348119 . urltoken\nthis species was described by lutz ( 1973 ) and was subsequently thought to be a subspecies of scinax catherinae . scinax alcatraz was removed from synonymy with scinax catharinae by peixoto ( 1988 ) .\nhyla staufferi altae \u2014 le\u00f3n , 1969 , univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . , 18 : 540 .\nscinax altae \u2014 duellman and wiens , 1992 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 151 : 21 ( taxonomic change without discussion ) ; duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 854 .\ncalls of two brazilian species of scinax of the s . ruber clade ( anura : hylidae )\nthe complex vocalization of scinax cardosoi ( anura : hylidae ) , with comments on advertisement calls in the s . ruber clade\njennifer hammock added an association between\nbelizean pine forests habitat\nand\nscinax staufferi ( cope , 1865 )\n.\nfor discussion ( as hyla staufferi altae ) see duellman , 1970 , monogr . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas : 199\u2013200 . in the scinax staufferi group . in the scinax ruber clade , unassigned to group , of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 97 . k\u00f6hler , 2011 , amph . cent . am . : 262\u2013264 , provided a brief summary of natural history and identification key for the species of scinax in central america and provided a range map and photograph for this species .\nscinax alcatraz is one of a number of species currently recognized in the s . perpusillus group ( including s . alcatraz , s . arduous , s . atratus , s . belloni , s . faivovichi , s . littoreus , s . melloi , scinax peixotoi , s . perpusillus\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nscinax staufferi ( cope , 1865 )\n.\nhyla altae dunn , 1933 , occas . pap . boston soc . nat . hist . , 8 : 61 . holotype : mcz 17972 , by original designation . type locality :\nsummit , panama canal zone\n, panama . synonymy by taylor , 1952 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 35 : 863 .\nwe describe a new species of the hylid frog genus scinax from the peruvian upper amazonian lowlands ( area of iquitos , region loreto , peru ) . the new species belongs to the scinax ruber clade and differs from all its members by having the dorsal skin slightly to coarsely shagreen , by lacking conspicuous ulnar and tarsal tubercles , and in life by having a distinct light olive - green coloration on dorsum , bright yellow flanks with distinct black spots , black posterior surfaces of thighs , and gold to bronze iris .\n. . . one exception is the lowland rainforest bordered by the ucayali , amazon , yavar\u00ed , and blanco rivers ( fig . 1 ) . in recent years , surveys have uncovered several new species : scinax iquitorum ( moravec et al . 2009 ) , . . .\nbarrio - amor\u00f3s , c . l . , orellana , a . & chac\u00f3n , a . , 2004 . - a new species of scinax ( anura : hylidae ) from the andes of venezuela . j . herpetol . 38 ( 1 ) : 105 - 112 .\n. . . the species scinax fuscomarginatus and s . madeirae ( recently removed from the synonymy of s . fuscomarginatus by brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) are phylogenetically closely related and morphologically similar species that offers a unique framework to study evolution and speciation processes . scinax fuscomarginatus has a wide distribution in open landscapes of south america , from the venezuelan , guianan and suriname lowlands throughout north and northwest brazil reaching the north of argentina , while s . madeirae is more restricted , occupying eastern amazonia ( state of rond\u00f4nia , brazil ) and eastern bolivia ( brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . . . .\na new species of scinax is described from the valleys of the argentine and bolivian andes . it is phenotypically intermediate between s . fuscovaria and s . nasica , differing from both of them by its size and mating call . / / / se describe una especie nueva de scinax procedente de los valles andinos argentinos y bolivianos , la cual presenta un fenotipo intermedio entre s . fuscovaria y s . nasica , pero difiere por su tama\u00f1o y sobre todo por su canto . considerando que la actual validez de algunos grupos de especies es muy dudosa , no se establece adscripci\u00f3n de la nueva especie a ninguno de ellos .\n. . . promptly distinguishes the new species from larger species like scinax acuminatus , s . castroviejoi , s . eurydice , s . dolloi , s . fuscovarius , s . hayii , s . iquitorum , s . perereca , and s . sateremawe ( combined svl 34 . 0 - 52 . 0 ; see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . promptly distinguishes the new species from larger species like scinax acuminatus , s . castroviejoi , s . eurydice , s . dolloi , s . fuscovarius , s . hayii , s . iquitorum , s . perereca , and s . sateremawe ( combined svl 34 . 0 - 52 . 0 ; see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . as presently defined , the neotropical tree - frog scinax wagler , 1830 represents the second most species - rich ( 97 spp . ) genus within hylidae ( frost , 2009 ; moravec et al . , 2009 ; pugliese et al . , 2009 ) and recent phylogenetic studies ( morphologic and molecular ) have supported it as monophyletic group ( faivovich , 2002 ; faivovich et al . , 2005 ; salducci et al . , 2005 ) . species of scinax occur from southern mexico to east - central argentina , and are known from almost all major tropical and subtropical ecosystems within this region ( faivovich , 2002 ; frost , 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . two species groups are recognized in the s . ruber clade\u2014the s . rostratus and the s . uruguayus groups ; several other species remain unassigned to either of the species groups ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) . vocalizations ( particularly advertisement calls ) have supplemented species - level diagnoses in scinax ( de la riva 1993 , nunes et al . 2012 ) . scinax cardosoi ( carvalho - e - silva and peixoto 1991 ) was described from teres\u00f3polis ( rio de janeiro state ) and domingos martins ( esp\u00edrito santo state ) , southeastern brazil , and is assigned to the s . ruber clade ( sensu faivovich et al . 2005 ) . . . .\n. . . with nearly 70 currently recognized species , the genus scinax wagler , 1830 represents one of the most species - rich hylid genera in the neotropics . nevertheless , an increasing rate of new scinax species recognition in the few last years ( e . g . , fouquet et al . 2007 , brusquetti et al . 2014 sturaro and peloso 2014 ; araujo - vieira et al . 2015 ; araujovieira et al . 2016 ; junc\u00e1 et al . 2015 ; ferr\u00e3o et al . 2016 ) indicates that our knowledge of the actual species diversity in this genus is still very incomplete . similarly , despite an intensive research in the last decades ( e . g . . . .\n. . . l . gonzales col . scinax castroviejoi de la riva , 1993 mnk a - 509 \u2013 paratipo : laguna de bermejo , provincia florida , departamento santa cruz , bolivia ( 18\u00ba 07 ' s y 63\u00ba 38 ' o , 1130 msnm ) . i . de la riva , c . tapia y j . ledezma cols . . . .\nscinax alcatraz is a large - sized member of the s . perpusillus group ( males : 19 . 7\u201324 . 4 mm svl ; females 27 . 0\u201329 . 8 mm svl ) . like all members of the s . perpusillus group , s . alcatraz has extremely reduced webbing between toes ii and iii ( peixoto 1987 ) . the dorsal skin texture is smooth or has some scattered pustules ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . hidden surfaces of limbs have yellow coloration ( le\u00e3o 1950 ) . most scinax alcatraz have dorsal markings but some individuals do not ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . inguinal glands are visible ( and present in both males and females ) , a character shared with s . perpusillus group members s . belloni and s . littoreus ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . males have glandular nuptial pads ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) .\na new species of the scinax ruber clade is described from municipality of barra do garcas , state of mato grosso , brazil . it is diagnosed by its size ( svl 29 . 4 - 35 . 4 mm in males ) ; dorsum with a background that varies from light and dark gray to dark brown , with round and irregular dark blotches ; hidden surfaces of thigh and shank light or dark brown , with lighter , large and irregular blotches . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . the distribution pattern of amphibian species within biomes in alagoas matches with the known range of each species with the exception of scinax fuscomarginatus . although this species has been recorded only for two locations ( coruripe and passo de camaragibe municipalities ) in alagoas ' atlantic forest ( table 1 ) , it has a wide distribution ( leite jr . et al . , 2008 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . some species in our list are taxonomically uncertain and await more detailed systematic study . . . .\n. . . the vocal sac single , median , subgular , and ventrally not reaching the pectoral region differentiates the new species from s . baumgardneri , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , s . manriquei , s . staufferi , s . villasboasi , and s . wandae ( large vocal sacs that reach the anterior pectoral region ; barrio - amor ? s et al . 2004 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) ; and s . camposseabrai , s . karenanneae , and s . sateremawe ( bilobed vocal sacs ; pyburn 1993 ; caramaschi & cardoso 2006 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) . scinax rossaferesae sp . . . .\n. . . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , presence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . scinax onca sp . . . .\n. . . the snout , subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile of scinax rossaferesae sp . nov . , differs it from s . crospedospilus ( elongate in dorsal view ; lutz 1973 ) , s . nasicus , s . similis ( round in dorsal view and in profile in these species ) , s . squalirostris ( much more elongate in dorsal view and much more acuminate in profile ; lutz 1973 ) , and s . fuscomarginatus , and s . rogerioi ( protruding in profile in these species ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . also , it differs from s . nasicus and s . similis by having longer shanks ( tl / svl = 0 . 50 - 0 . 53 in the new species , n = 11 ; tl / svl = 0 . 43 - 0 . 48 , . . .\n. . . the snout , subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile of scinax rossaferesae sp . nov . , differs it from s . crospedospilus ( elongate in dorsal view ; lutz 1973 ) , s . nasicus , s . similis ( round in dorsal view and in profile in these species ) , s . squalirostris ( much more elongate in dorsal view and much more acuminate in profile ; lutz 1973 ) , and s . fuscomarginatus , and s . rogerioi ( protruding in profile in these species ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . also , it differs from s . nasicus and s . similis by having longer shanks ( tl / svl = 0 . 50 ? 0 . 53 in the new species , n = 11 ; tl / svl = 0 . 43 ? 0 . 48 , n = 20 in s . nasicus , and tl / svl = 0 . 45 ? 0 . 48 in s . similis , n = 19 ) . . . .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > le & # 243 ; n , j r < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 18 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> lawrence , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > university of kansas . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 18 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 505 < / start > < end > 545 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1969 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < identifier type =\ndoi\n> 10 . 5962 / bhl . part . 19991 < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n@ article { bhlpart19991 , title = { the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america } , journal = { university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . } , volume = { 18 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { lawrence , university of kansas . } , author = { le\u00f3n , j r } , year = { 1969 } , pages = { 505 - - 545 } , }\nty - jour ti - the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america t2 - university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . vl - 18 ur - urltoken pb - university of kansas . cy - lawrence , py - 1969 sp - 505 ep - 545 do - 10 . 5962 / bhl . part . 19991 sn - 0075 - 5036 au - le\u00f3n , j r er -\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nsubhumid pacific lowlands of panama from concepci\u00f3n , chiriqu\u00ed province , to chepo in the lower bayano valley , panam\u00e1 province , panama , below 700 m elevation .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern since it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population .\nthis species is a panamanian endemic of the western pacific lowlands , azuero peninsula , central panama , and pacific lowlands .\nit occurs in xeric , scrubby forest and in savannahs . it can occur in artificial habitats and presumably breeds in temporary ponds .\nalthough there are no specific conservation measures in place , the species has been recorded from at least one protected area ( parque nacional altos de campana ) . further research is needed into the range , ecology and potential conservation measures .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlisted as least concern since it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ndepartment of zoology , national museum , 115 79 praha 1 , czech republic .\njacinto , region loreto , peru . photograph by w . e . duellman .\nlopez , region loreto , peru . photograph by w . e . duellman .\nter of tympanum 2 . 0 , 1 . 8 , 1 . 0 .\nnatural ( santiago , chile ) 9 , no . 102 , 2 unnumbered pp .\nithaca , new york , xvi + 1159 , plates 1 - 92 ( 2 volumes ) .\norg / herpetology / amphibia / index . php . ( 15 july , 2008 )\nvitter - hets samhalles handligar ( 6 ) 1b ( 4 ) : 1 - 71 .\nbrazil : gnm 478 ( syntype ) : state of amazonas : vicinity of manaus .\nperu : gnm 480 ( holotype ) : region de san mart\u00edn : roque .\nregion loreto : explorama lodge , junction rio yanamono and rio amazonas , 180 m .\n200 m ; voucher photo nmp6f 7 : region loreto , rio curaray , 01\u00b045\u201940\u201ds , 075\u00b004\u201911\u201dw .\nmendras ) ; nmp6v 71151 : 23 km sw of iquitos : sacha mama ; nmp6v 71266 / 1 - 2 : 31 km sw of iquitos .\n39363 : rio tambopata : zfmk 39366 : aguajalito ; rio tambopata : tres chimbadas .\n71145 : 23 km sw of iquitos : sacha mama ; nmp6v 71265 : 31 km sw of iquitos .\n. . . according to the original description , h . depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having black and whitish marbled limbs . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , presence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . there are seven available names in the synonymy of s . ruber : hyla conirostris peters , 1863 ( type locality\nsurinam\n) , hyla lateristriga spix , 1824 ( type locality : brazil , by implica - tion ) , hyla lineomaculata werner , 1899 ( type locality\narima , trinidad\n) , hyla robersi - moni donoso - barros , 1965\n1964\n( type locality\npajonales al sur de macuro , penisula de paria , venezuela\n) , hyla rubra h\u00fcbneri melin , 1941 ( type locality\ntaracu\u00e1 , rio uaupes\n,\ns\u00e3o gabriel , rio negro\n, and\nvicinity of manaus\n, all localities in the state of ama - zonas , brazil ) , scytopis alleni cope , 1870 ( type locality state of par\u00e1 , brazil , by lectotype designation of duellman and wiens 1993 ) , and scytopis cryptanthus cope , 1874 ( type locality\nnauta\n, region loreto , peru ) . according to their original descriptions , all these names are associated with specimens that have yellow blotches on the anterior and poste - rior surfaces of the thighs , and in some cases undersurfaces of tibiae ( moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . according to the original description , h . depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having black and whitish marbled limbs . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , pres - ence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . reichle ( 2007 ) did not mention the species for bolivia , although it had already been reported from nacene , department beni , northern bolivia , by moravec & aparicio ( 2004 ) . moravec et al . ( 2009 ) reported another specimen of s . pedromedinae from 5 km ne of riberalta , department beni , bolivia . young ( 2007 ) , dealing with endemic species of the eastern slopes of the andes in peru and bolivia ( and adjacent amazonian lowlands ) , in his table mentioned s . pedromedinae from 12 localities but did not specify those localities . . . .\n. . . gagliardiurrutia ( 2010 ) provided a picture of s . pedromedinae from the department loreto , but without detailed locality . frost ( 2011 ) gave as its distribution\nupper amazon basin in extreme eastern peru , in the drainages of the r\u00edo purus and r\u00edo madre de dios\n, apparently not considering gagliardi - urrutia ' s ( 2010 ) ( unspecified ) loreto , peru , record and specimens reported by moravec & aparicio ( 2004 ) and moravec et al . ( 2009 ) from northern bolivia . . . .\n. . . the present findings show that s . pedromedinae is not a species endemic to peru , and do extend the range of the species considerably to the north and northeast of the peruvian localities reported by duellman & wiens ( 1993 ) and other authors . these new records and the material recently reported from northern bolivia ( moravec & aparicio , 2004 ; moravec et al . , 2009 ) suggest a continuous distribution of this species in the western amazon basin in eastern peru , western brazil ( and most likely also in adjacent colombia ) , and northern bolivia . this is the first time this species is reported from brazil and northern peru . . . .\n. . . paratype : nmp p6v - 071267 / 3 , subadult specimen , collection data as for the paratype p6v - 071267 / 1 . remarks : the holotype ( musm 27577 ) is deposited in musm ( moravec et al . 2009b : 10 ) . . . .\nwe are describing the confirmed candidate species from purus - madeira interfluve ( southern amazonia ) . at the moment , we are working on three of the seven ccs from the study area . for one of them , we\u2026\n[ more ]\nwe describe a new species of pristimantis from lowland amazonia of the region loreto , northern peru . the new species is mainly characterized by its size ( svl 26 . 5 mm in male , 33 . 0 mm in female ) , shagreen dorsal skin , absence of dorsolateral folds , slightly areolate venter , presence of discoidal fold , presence of tympanic membrane including tympanic annulus , absence of vocal slits in males , . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new species of pristimantis ( amphibia , anura , craugastoridae ) from a montane forest of the pui pui . . .\na new species of frog of the genus pristimantis is described from a montane forest between 1700 and 1800 m a . s . l . of the pui pui protected forest ( regi\u00f3n jun\u00edn ) in central peru . pristimantis ashaninka sp . n . is described based on five adult females ( snout\u2013vent length 23 . 1\u201326 . 7 mm ) and ten juveniles ( snout - vent length 10 . 6\u201313 . 4 ) . it differs from its congeners by having the skin on dorsum . . . [ show full abstract ]\na list of amphibian and reptile species recorded in the provincia madre de dios ( departamento pando , bolivia ) is presented . the broadhead ground snake atractus latifrons is reported from bolivia for the first time .\na new species of leptodactylid frog , genus phrynopus , is described from a polylepis - forest of the eastern andean slopes of central peru ( departamento de hu\u00e1nuco ) between 3420 and 3430 m above sea level . the new species is assigned to the phrynopus peruanus group and differs from all known species of the genus by having ventral surfaces of arms ( except hands ) , legs ( except feet ) , venter , chest . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . the only difference between the calls of these species is that the dominant frequency of s . eurydice is more common in the first band ( 0 . 85 khz ) whereas that of s . castroviejoi is more common in the second band ( 2 . 5 khz ) . as s . eurydice , males of s . castroviejoi also call from the ground or from vegetation at the edge of ponds ( de la riva , 1993 ) . . . .\n. . . descriptions of color of live specimens are based on color slides . the order of characters in the diagnosis and description follows duellman ( 1986 ) and de la riva ( 1993 ) . . .\nlynchius is a frog genus with four species distributed along the paramos and cloud forests of the andes of northern peru and southern ecuador . the genus remains a poorly known andean clade and , alt\u2026\n[ more ]\nrediscovery and taxonomic status of telmatobius marmoratus gigas vellard , 1969\n1968\n( anura : lepto . . .\ni redescribe the giant form telmatobius marmoratus gigas vellard , endemic to the cordillera de huayllamarca in the central altiplano of bolivia , from loth adults and tadpoles . and i elevate it to species status ; a neotype is designated .\na new reproductive mode for the genus adenomera ( amphibia : anura : leptodactylidae ) : taxonomic implic . . .\nseveral observations on reproductive modes and advertisement calls in different populations of frogs of the genus adenomera were made in bolivia and paraguay . two populations were more thoroughly studied . in one of them , frogs reproduced in the water\u2010independent way that is already known in the genus . in the other population they reproduced in the same way as members of the leptodactylus . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrediscovery , redescription , and advertisement call of eleutherodactylus heterodactylus ( miranda ribe . . .\neleutherodactylus heterodactylus was rediscovered in cerrado montane forest of eastern bolivia , 250\u2013300 km airline from its type locality in brazil , in similar habitat . the advertisement call is described for the first time . this species shares morphological features with species of the eleutherodactylus binotatus and eleutherodactylus discoidalis groups but is not assigned to either group . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomy and distribution of the south american toad bufo poeppigii tschudi , 1845 ( amphibia , anura , . . .\nthe taxonomic status of the andean toad bufo poeppigii has been controversial since its description by tschudi in the 19th century , because of the similar appearance of the species with respect to bufo marinus , and the fact that both species may occur together in some localities at the foot of the andes . bufo poeppigii is a valid species occurring on the amazonian slopes of the andes , at least . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomic status of bufo simus o . schmidt , 1857 ( anura : bufonidae )\nthe taxonomic status of bufo shims schmidt , 1857 , is reviewed . comparisons of the lectotype with members of different species groups of south american bufo , reveal that b . simus is a junior synonym of bufo spinidosits wiegmann .\nthis species is known only from a single protected area that is in both so paulo and rio de janeiro states , in south - eastern brazil . it has been recorded above 500m asl , to at least 1 , 600m asl , although the upper limit of its altitudinal range is not known . it might occur more widely .\nit is an island endemic and there are no other congeners present on ilha dos alcatrazes . s . alcatraz can be distinguished from s . peixotoi , which occurs on a different brazilian island ( ilha de queimada grande ) , by its larger size ( s . peixotoi males 18 . 8\u201320 . 7 mm svl , females 22 . 4\u201325 . 1 mm svl ) , narrower head , a loreal region that is not concave , less distinct canthus rostralis , less prominent eyes , shorter internarial distance , less rugose dorsal skin , and a less ornamented dorsum ( brasileiro et al . 2007a ) . s . alcatraz can be distinguished from s . faivovichi , which occurs on a third brazilian island ( ilha de porcos pequena ) , by its larger size , less protruding snout , less triangular head , less prominent eyes , less distinct canthus rostralis , a loreal region that is not concave , lack of dark stripes on the arms , and less patterned dorsum ( brasileiro et al . 2007c ) .\ngroup was first proposed by peixoto ( 1987 ) and includes small species that reproduce exclusively in bromeliads and are distributed in atlantic tropical coastal forest , ranging from espirito santo to santa catarina , brazil . frogs in this group have extreme reduction in webbing between toes ii and iii ( peixoto 1987 ; faivovich 2002 ) .\nother frog species present on the ilha dos alcatrazes include leptodactylus marmoratus and the insular species cycloramphus faustoi ( brasileiro et al . 2007b ) . l . marmoratus is a leaf - litter dweller , while c . faustoi is found in rock crevices .\nthis species ' geographic range is the caribbean versant of mexico , from central tamaulipas , southward along the atlantic coast to the yucatan peninsula to belize , guatemala , honduras and nicaragua . in the pacific , it is found from guerrero , the isthmus of tehuantepec , southward to northwestern costa rica ( 0 - 1 , 530m asl ) . it also occurs on the corn islands , nicaragua .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nbelizean pine forests habitat\nand\njabiru mycteria\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nbelizean pine forests habitat\nand\namazona oratrix\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nbelizean pine forests habitat\nand\nengystomops pustulosus ( cope , 1864 )\n.\n. . . given the success that we obtained in amplifying and sequencing a significant diversity of brazilian amphibians , which encompassed a broad range of phylogenetic diversity within anurans ( pyron & wiens 2011 ) , we believe that the new primers , combined with low extension temperatures in the pcr regime , may amplify the vast majority of amphibian species , or at least the anurans ( as we just tested a few species of gymnophiona and one caudata ) . indeed , the performance of primers anf1 + anr1 has been tested previous to the present study , and successfully amplified coi from treefrogs ( jungfer et al . 2013 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . likewise , the primer an - trna - w combined with a previous version of anr1 successfully amplified coi from euparkerella ( fusinatto et al . 2013 ) . . . .\n. . . n = 20 in s . nasicus , and tl / svl = 0 . 45 - 0 . 48 in s . similis , n = 19 ) . the vocal sac single , median , subgular , and ventrally not reaching the pectoral region differentiates the new species from s . baumgardneri , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , s . manriquei , s . staufferi , s . villasboasi , and s . wandae ( large vocal sacs that reach the anterior pectoral region ; barrio - amor\u00f3s et al . 2004 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) ; and s . camposseabrai , s . karenanneae , and s . sateremawe ( bilobed vocal sacs ; pyburn 1993 ; caramaschi & cardoso 2006 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . only when higher taxonomic levels are compared , for example , different species , genera , or families . this finding could be explained , in part , by the conservative nature of the molecular marker used\u2014the 16s gene\u2014which is commonly employed to separate different species ( fouquet et al . , 2007 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ; yang et al . , 2014 ; louren\u00e7o et al . , 2015 ) . although our dataset is limited , we observed that acoustic and genetic variation appears to be conserved among individuals distributed across human - altered landscapes . . . .\n. . . in this study we use the term\nsympatric\nfor localities , where both species where heard at the same site ( syntopic ) . as mentioned above , taxonomic status of those lineages was recently assessed by brusquetti et al . ( 2014 ) . their molecular phylogenetic analysis shows the bolivian sympatric populations of s . fuscomarginatus and s . madeirae in distant genetic subclades that suggests secondary contact ( stuart , inger and voris , 2006 ; inger , stuart and iskandar , 2009 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . compared to the calls of congeneric species of the s ruber clade in the amazon basin , s . cruentommus can be distinguished from the species with long ( > 350 ms ; bilate and lack 2011 ) calls [ s . boesemani ( duellman 1986 ) , s . exiguus ( duellman 1986 ) , s . madeirae ( brusquetti et al . 2014 ) , and s . wandae ( pyburn . . .\nwe ' re currtenly describing tadpoles of many species , most of them are already in review and others in preparation . those include trachycephalus imitatrix , bokermannohyla ahenea , proceratophrys mant\u2026\n[ more ]\nin this study , we will investigate how landscape changes on the biome scale can affect the composition of the atlantic forest amphibian communities .\nfield studies of vertebrates , with major interest in symbioses ( in a broad sense ) and other association types , feeding and defensive behaviors , urban fauna . presently focused on fishes , birds , and\u2026\n[ more ]\nunderstanding the phenotypic and genotypic features in phyllomedusa in a context of integrative evolutionary analysis .\ncharacter displacement is commonly observed when species occur in secondary contact zones and traits related to resource competition or reproduction diverge in sympatry . however , few studies have considered the factors determining and delimiting the direction of character evolution in this context . we studied displacement in advertisement calls in two species of hylid frogs from allopatric and . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 2224, "summary": [{"text": "crepidula depressa is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and hat snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "crepidula depressa", "paragraphs": ["calyptraeidae \u00bb crepidula depressa , id : 334247 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nc . depressa\u2019s body pigmentation is \u201ctranslusent white\u201d with \u201csome white spots in the mantle and neck . \u201d\n1 = attached parallel to margin ( e . g . crepidula , calyptraea )\nillustration of calyptraeid penises . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula complanata , ( c ) crepidula n . sp . from la paz , ( d ) calyptraea chinensis , ( e ) crucibulum lignarum , ( f ) calyptraea lichen .\nevolution of mode of development in . crepidula . gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) : causes and consequences\nlarval and habitat selection in crepidula ( l . ) and its effect on adult distribution patterns\n0 = angled forward on right ( e . g . crepidula maculosa fig . 2a )\nillustrations of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula aculeata and ( b ) crepidula norrisiarum . fp = food pouch , g = gill , mm = mantle margin , os = osphradium .\nrelationship between larval and juvenile growth rates in two marein gastropods , crepidula plana and c . fornicata\n0 = convex ( e . g . crepidula coquimbensis , c . monoxyla fig . 1c )\n1 = flat ( e . g . crepidula fornicata , c . costata fig . 1g )\n0 = on the same level as the shell aperture ( e . g . crepidula plana )\nresearch note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a\nphotographs of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula adunca , ( b ) crepipatella lingulata and ( c ) calyptraea fastigata .\n( pdf ) research note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a\nanother last word on crepidula convexa with a description of c . ustulatulina n . sp . ( gastropoda : cal . . .\n\u00fcber die anatomie , die entwicklung , und biologie des veligers und der veliconcha von crepidula fornicata l . ( gastropoda : prosobranchia )\nrepresentative calyptraeid shells i . ( a ) crepidula williamsi , santa barbara , california fmnh 299415 . ( b ) crepidula depressa , florida fmnh 299412 . ( c ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , from hermit crabs fmnh 299413 . ( d ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , fmnh 299413 from turbo smaragdus gmelin ( 1791 ) . ( e ) calyptraea mamillaris , panama fmnh 299416 . ( f ) calyptraea fastigata , washington fmnh 299422 . ( g ) maoricrypta costata leigh , new zealand fmnh 299414 . ( h ) siphopatella walshi , oman . scale bar = 1 cm .\n( of crepidula uncinata philippi , 1887 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nillustration of calyptraeid female reproductive tracts . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula excavata and ( c ) trochita calyptraeformis . fgp = female genital papilla , mm = mantle margin , cg = capsule gland , ag = albumin gland and sr = seminal recepticals .\nanother last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c . ustulatulina sp . nov . ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from the gulf of mexico\nrepresentative calyptraeid shells ii . ( a ) crepidula maculosa , florida fmnh 299419 . ( b ) crepidula ( bostrycapulus ) aculeata , panama . ( c ) crepidula grandis , japan fmnh 299421 . ( d ) crucibulum spinosum panama fmnh 299418 . ( e ) bicatillus extinctorum , singapore fmnh 299402 . ( f ) crepipatella n . sp . , totorelillo , chile fmnh 299417 . ( g ) crepidula cf . onyx , panama fmnh 299420 . ( h ) sigapatella novaezelandiae , portabello , new zealand fmnh 299423 . ( i ) trochita calyptraeformis , peru fmnh 29924 . scale bar = 1 cm .\nespecies gemelas del g\u00e9nero crepidula ( gastropoda , calyptraeidae ) en la costa de chile : una redescripci\u00f3n de c dilatata lamarck y descripci\u00f3n de c . fecunda n . sp\nillustration of the internal anatomy of calyptraeids . in this dorsal view the mantle is reflected to the left . ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula monoxyla , ( c ) crepidula aculeata . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidia , e = oesophagus , f = foot , fgp = female genital papilla , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchial gland , i = intestine , k = kidney , nr = nerve ring , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .\ncollin r . ( 2000 ) phylogeny of the crepidula plana ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) cryptic species complex in north america . canadian journal of zoology 78 : 1500 - 1514 . [ details ]\nthe taxonomy of crepidula has a history of instability due to the low number of informative shell characters and their phenotypic plasticity . molecular and developmental data show that crepidula convexa sensu hoagland 1977 is composed of two distinct species . animals of the northern species are relatively larger , and have darker shells and direct development , while animals from the gulf of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nillustration of the dorsal anatomy of calyptraeids ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula aculeata , ( c ) crepipatella dilatata , ( d ) crepidula monoxyla , ( e ) calyptraea chinensis , ( f ) crucibulum cf . personatum . am = dorsal attachment muscle , cg = capsule gland , cp = connective tissue pad , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , f = foot , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchical gland , i = intestine , lm = left shell muscle , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , rm = right shell muscle , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .\nconsensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all data combined . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nhoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\none of the 16 \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . a phylogram of a most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the data combined . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . species without genus names are crepidula species .\ncrepidula and calyptraea species generally have very little shell sculpture , however , numerous crucibulum species have distinctive sculpture . it is difficult to assess the levels of homology among the various spines or ribs , as considerable variation in the development of these features occurs within many species .\n( of crypta subdilatata mabille & rochebrune , 1889 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of shell characters . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the morphological data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the dna data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\n( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome sixi\u00e8me , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the dna data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the morphological data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\n( of crepidula nautiloides lesson , 1832 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwith the increasing attention to the expansion and impact of invasive species , it has become more important to document carefully new observations of introduced species . here we document the occurrence of crepidula convexa , a species from the north atlantic , in washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species ' s native range .\nthe mantle cavity runs along the dorsal left side of the visceral mass in calyptraeids . in calyptraea and crepidula it extends simply to the posterior edge of the visceral mass , while in crucibulum it extends around to the right side of the animal . the characters listed here pertain to the general arrangement of visceral mass . finally , note that character a13 is sensitive to fixation : live animals and ethanol preserved animals retain this feature , while it is always absent in formalin - fixed animals .\nthere are various modifications of the calyptraeid and hipponicid foot that reflect their sedentary life - styles . crepidula have a relatively well - developed flexible propodium and mesopodium , while other calyptraeids have a more rectangular and less flexible foot . hipponix and sabia have extremely reduced feet which are little more than thin flaps of epithelial tissue . calyptraeids have well developed eyes at the base of the somewhat stubby ( when fixed ) tentacles . hipponicids have evenly tapering conical tentacles and the eye is often extremely reduced or absent .\nthe planktotrophic veliger larvae of calyptraeids have been described in some detail for crepidula fornicata ( werner , 1955 ) , and crepipatella lingulata ( collin , 2000b ) and intracapsular development has been described for a number of other species ( reviewed in collin , 2002b ) . capulus and trichotropis have been described as having a echinospira larva , however , the thickened larval shell does not appear to be homologous to the \u2018true\u2019 echinospira of lamellarids ( a . war\u00e9n pers . comm . , b . pernet , pers . comm . ) . the thickened and elaborate larval shell of these groups is , however , clearly different from the simple larval shell of calyptraeids and is therefore coded as a separate state here .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\none of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the \u201cisland rule\u201d , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\nto demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , \u201cdeep - sea species\u201d have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed \u201cshallow - water\u201d . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the \u201cdeep\u201d or \u201cshallow\u201d categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with \u223c43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . 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( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngastropod ( 1 shell ) ; shell oval , nearly flat , smooth with fine concentric growth lines , thin ; small pointed apex on posterior end ; color whitish to yellowish ; shelf or deck ( septum ) on underside slightly convex , covers about 1 / 2 of shell , notched on one side .\nthe convex slippersnail ' s shelf covers less than 1 / 2 of shell ( covers about 1 / 2 in eastern white slippersnail ) . the common atlantic slippersnail is much more convex ( inflated ) than the eastern white slippersnail .\ncopyright 2012 - 2018 . created by brenda bowling , texas parks and wildlife department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nunited states of america . texas . freeport . surfside beach . found living on gastropods . ex - coll . d . and m . meyer . january . 1988 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 4 . 824 seconds . )\nparedes c . & cardoso f . 2007 . la familia calyptraeidae en el per\u00fa ( gastropoda : caenogastropoda ) . revista peruana de biolog\u00eda , n\u00famero especial 13 ( 3 ) : 177 - 184 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nveliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\naguirre , m . ( 1993 ) . type specimens of quaternary marine gastropods from argentina . ameghiniana , 30 ( 1 ) , 23 - 38 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa347 note : lectotype designated [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome sixi\u00e8me , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ndepartment of zoology , university of washington , box 351800 , 24 kincaid hall , seattle , washington 98195 - 1800 , u . s . a .\ndepartment of biology , university of louisiana , p . o . box 42451 , lafayette ,\nin washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species\u2019s\nnot always been clear - cut ( e . g . , the initial misidentification\nbay and j . t . carlton and d . franz for helpful comments .\ncoast of north america . ph . d . thesis . university of califor -\nnorth america : an end - of - the - 20th - century perspective .\njeffrey , r . 1976 . a preliminary inventory of the biota of padilla bay .\nminchin , d . , d . mcgrath , and c . b . duggan . 1995 . the slipper\nconnor , m . , m . wonham , and c . harley . 2002 . quantifying the\nwoodruff , d . s . , l . l . mcmeekin , m . mulvey , and m . p . carpenter .\n. . . fornicata , c . convexa , and c . plana are all native to the east coast of the united states . both c . fornicata and c . convexa , however , are now widely distributed along the west coast of the united states and elsewhere in the world ( blanchard , 1997 ; thieltges et al . , 2004 ; collin et al . , 2006 ) . over time , it will be important to see whether individuals in some of these invasive populations acquire larval trematode infections that the species apparently avoid in their native range . . . .\nthe mode of development in marine invertebrates is believed to have consequences for dispersal , gene flow , geographic range , and speciation and extinction rates . the factors responsible for among - species differences in mode of development are not well understood and patterns of vari - ation in mode of development have not been documented for many groups . i present a compiled data set of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe utility of morphological characters in gastropod phylogenetics : an example from the calyptraeida . . .\norganismal taxonomy is often based on a single or a small number of morphological characters . when they are morphologically simple or known to be plastic , we may not have great confidence in the taxonomic conclusions of analyses based on these characters . for example , calyptraeid gastropod shells are well known for their simplicity and plasticity , and appear to be subject to frequent . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\nthe eastern white slipper shell is probably one of the most common shells found along the north american atlantic and gulf coasts . because it lives clinging to almost any object it is often observed in dead shells , each one of which may house well over a dozen slippers . until 2000 the eastern white slipper shell was pretty much universally identified as\n. life was easy . if it was a flat , white slipper shell , it was\n, can . j . zool . 78 : 1500 - 1514 ( 2000 ) * , and it went from easy to complex ( and in florida , very complex ) . dr . collin did some pretty extensive research and concluded one was really three . not only did this range include both\n. dr . collin then went on to make life difficult for us collectors by essentially saying , except for two characters visible to the naked eye , these three species are essentially indistinguishable . one character is the body pigmentation on the foot and mantle and the other is slight differences in the shape of the protoconch . unfortunately , most collectors never see the animal and , as dr . collin acknowledges , the protoconch is usually eroded . the saving grace for us florida collectors is that she also concluded that\nrange is limited to the ne atlantic coast only as far south as georgia . so , if we find a live white slipper shell in florida , we can easily distinguish ( ha , ha ) as to whether it is\nbody pigmentation on the foot , neck and mantle of c . atrasolea is \u201cdiffuse to intense sooty black . \u201d\nno problem , just collect all your florida white slipper shells live , identify them immediately , and be sure not to mix them up during cleaning and preparation for storage - because they regularly occur together . if you are confronted with a cleaned , dead white slipper shell from florida and the protoconch is present , then you may be able to make an identification if its condition is good enough . the protoconch of\nis composed of one whorl . rachel has reviewed this presentation of her findings and commented ,\ni just read your posting and it ' s great . i couldn ' t agree more with everything .\nmakes me wonder how the two species are able to coexist in the same environment . it ' s rather rare one species usually outcompete the other species . then you throw in a few other slipper snails species thou those are usually one species on rocks , another on outside of living shells . maybe those of us who collects beached dead shells should just call those we collected eastern white slippershell .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ncommittee on evolutionary biology , university of chicago , culver hall , rm . 402 , 1025 e . 57th st . , chicago , il 60637 , usa ; and department of zoology , the field museum of natural history , 1400 s . lake shore drive , chicago , il 60605 , usa ; and * smithsonian tropical research institute , unit 0948 , apo aa 34002 , usa\n\u2018in the cabinets of the naturalist , the shells of the crepidul\u00e6 and calyptr\u00e6\u00e6 attract by the singularity rather than the beauty of their forms\u2019 . richard owen ( 1834 )\nnatural variability and morphological plasticity are common characteristics of organisms . when such variation occurs in combination with simple morphology , taxonomic and systematic analyses are extraordinarily difficult . a combination of variability and relatively simple morphologies is particularly common in colonial marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals , lichens , algae and unicellular organisms . this situation often results in difficulty in species identification , lack of confidence in systematic conclusions , generally poorly resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and unstable taxonomies .\nabbreviations follow leviton ( 1985 ) with smnh for swedish museum of natural history and anm for australian national museum . numerous additional lots from other localities have also been deposited at these institutions .\nillustration of hipponicid anatomy . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , i = intestine , m = shell muscle , nr = nerve ring , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , st = stomach .\noutgroups were selected on the basis of traditional beliefs about caenogastropod relationships . because hipponicids , trichotropids and capulids have all been considered close relatives of the calyptraeids ( broderip , 1834 ; reeve , 1859 ; hoagland , 1986 ; bandel & riedel , 1994 ) , they were included as outgroups . a variety of outgroups were used because it is not clear which are the closest relatives of the calyptraeids . outgroup polarization of characters using living taxa was chosen because polarization using the earliest occurrence in fossils or ontogeny could not be applied equally to the molecular dataset .\nprior to phylogenetic analysis , i scored all morphological characters with respect to expected reliability and utility . characters that represented large morphological differences and were easy to score unambiguously ( e . g . presence / absence of a large shell muscle ) were given a reliability score of 1 , while characters that were more difficult to score , or showed more intraspecific variability , were given a score of 0 ( e . g . differences in the shape of the subesophageal ganglion ) . similarly , the anticipated phylogenetic utility of the characters , or the expected level of homoplasy was scored as 1 for characters that were not expected to be subject to high levels of homoplasy ( e . g . presence / absence of large shell muscles ) or 0 for characters for which high levels of homoplasy were expected ( e . g . body colour ) . these scores reflect the likelihood that each character would be included in a morphological analysis in which characters deemed to be of low quality were subjectively excluded a priori .\nthe morphological dataset was concatenated with a molecular dataset composed of sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i , 16s and nuclear 28s genes ( table 3 ) . taxa for which all datasets were not complete were deleted , creating a dataset of 77 taxa ( including 69 calyptraeid operational taxonomic unit ( otus ) , one trichotropid , one capulid , one vanikorid and five hipponicids ) . details of dna sequencing and alignment are given in collin ( 2002b ) , and alignments can be obtained by the author .\ncomparison of the four datasets and the trees they produce . genbank numbers 28s : af545871\u2013af545947 ; 16s : af545948\u2013af546016 , ay061765 , ay061789 , ay061770 , ay061763 , ay061764 , ay061766 , ay061767 , ay061774 ; coi : af546017\u2013af546076 ay061780 , ay061789 , ay061786 , ay061780 , ay061794 , ay061783 , ay061793 , ay061792 , af178155 , af388698 , af178147 , af178120 , af178130 , af353129 , af388726 , af388700 , af353123\nall random addition replicates that did not converge on the island of most parsimonious tree hit the maximum number of trees and therefore did not swap to completion . the 28s , coi and combined datasets never hit the maxtrees and the morphological dataset seldom did .\neach of the four datasets ( coi , 16s , 28s and morphology ) were analysed separately . an unrooted , unordered , equal - weighted parsimony analysis was performed on each dataset using a heuristic search with tree - bisection - reconnection ( tbr ) branch - swapping , 1000 random additions , saving two trees at each step , and maxtrees set to 10 000 . gaps were treated as a fifth character state and areas of ambiguous alignment were excluded from the sequence data ( collin , 2002b ) . bootstrap support for the resultant topologies was assessed based on 500 bootstrap replicates of a heuristic search , with tbr branch - swapping , 10 random additions saving two trees at each step , maxtrees set to 1000 , and constant characters were excluded . the concatenated morphological and sequence dataset was analysed in the same way . dataset combinability was assessed using the ild - test as implemented in paup * version 4 . 0b8 ( swofford , 1998 ) with 100 replicates after excluding constant characters ( cunningham , 1997b ) .\nprevious analysis of the dna sequence data suggested that the hipponicids are a distant outgroup of calyptraeids and may alter the ingroup relationships ( collin , 2002b ) . in addition , their limpet - like morphology that was most likely independently derived may mislead the morphological analysis . therefore , the combined dataset was also analysed without the hipponicids and vanikorid . exclusion of these taxa did not alter the results substantially ( collin , 2002b ) .\nthe taxonomic utility of different data sets was compared using a number of different metrics . the trees produced by analysis of the combined dataset were considered to be the current \u2018best estimate\u2019 of calyptraeid phylogeny . the average consistency index [ ci ] , kluge and farris ( 1969 ) ; and retention index [ ri ] , farris ( 1989 ) were calculated for parsimony informative characters from each dataset on the best estimate topologies . these indices reflect the levels of homoplasy and the retention of phylogenetic information for each data partition throughout the tree .\nthe power of each dataset to recover a topology , in which the nodes present in the \u2018best estimate\u2019 topologies are well resolved and well supported , was assessed by comparing the analyses of the individual datasets with the \u2018best estimate\u2019 topologies . the resolving power of each dataset was assessed by counting the number of resolved nodes in the consensus of the most - parsimonious trees from each data set . the resolved nodes recovered by each data set were compared to the resolved nodes present in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 to assess consistency of the dataset with the best estimate . the level of support each dataset provides for the recovered topology was assessed in a similar way by comparing nodes with > 70 % bootstrap support in the tree from each dataset to the nodes with > 70 % bootstrap consensus of the combined data ( i . e . the bootstrap of the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 ) .\na total of 100 replicates of the ild test demonstrated conflict among the datasets when all four datasets are included ( p = 0 . 01 ) , when the combined dna dataset is compared to the morphological dataset ( p = 0 . 008 ) , and when the shell data were compared to the data from soft anatomy ( p = 0 . 007 ) . because conflict among the three dna datasets was not demonstrated by the ild test ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpubl . observ . ) this result is almost certainly due to conflict between the morphological and dna data . the ild test has been demonstrated to be a conservative test for conflict among datasets ( e . g . sullivan , 1996 ; cunningham , 1997a , b ; messenger & mcguire , 1998 ; yoder et al . , 2001 ) and the small number of characters in the datasets for shell and soft anatomy may additionally weaken the test . however , the results of the ild tests are also supported by the differences between the topologies produced by analysis of the dna data and the morphological data ( see below ) .\nparsimony analysis of the total dataset was used to produce a topology that will be subsequently referred to as the \u2018best estimate topology\u2019 . this analysis resulted in a single island of 16 equally parsimonious trees with length 5773 ( table 3 ; figs 10 , 11 ) . about half ( 47 ) of the nodes had bootstrap support > 70 % ( fig . 10 ) . overall , the tree topology was well resolved ( fig . 11 ) , well supported and in general agreement with the topologies supported by analysis of dna data for 120 species ( collin , 2002b ) . exclusion of the hipponicid and vanikorid outgroups did not significantly alter the best estimate topology ( data not shown ; collin , 2002b ) .\nthere were different levels of average homoplasy and phylogenetic retention for each of the different datasets on the best estimate topology ( table 4 ) . the average ci , ri and rescaled consistency index [ rci ] for the morphological characters , the dna characters and all of the characters combined were more or less the same . however , 28s and 16s characters performed higher than average , both soft anatomy and shell characters had average scores and coi had substantially lower values for all three indices ( table 4 ) . the lower values for coi sequences could reflect high levels of homoplasy resulting from saturation in these quickly evolving sequences ( collin , 2002b ) or from constraints imposed by selection on amino acid sequence .\nthe number of both resolved and supported nodes increased when the different datasets were combined . the combined dna dataset produced more resolution and support than 16s , 28s or coi alone . despite the general weak performance of the morphological data alone , when the morphological characters were combined with the dna dataset there was an additional increase in resolution and support ( tables 5 , 6 ) .\na compound index of predicted character quality was obtained by adding the expected reliability and expected utility . this index was correlated with the length , ci and ri of each anatomical character on the best estimate tree ( fig . 25 ) . however the cis and ris varied greatly both in characters that were and were not expected to be useful . this demonstrates that , although the characters chosen a priori as subjectively \u2018better\u2019 perform better on average than the characters identified as \u2018poor\u2019 , the phylogenetic quality of any specific character cannot be well predicted a priori .\nexpected phylogenetic utility vs . realized utility . the relationship between expected phylogenetic utility of the morphological characters and character length , consistency index and retention index . lines join the means of each category .\ndespite the fact that analyses can be misled by these convergences if morphological characters are used alone , these characters contribute significantly to the combined dataset . the cis and ris of morphological characters on the best estimate tree are no worse than they are for the dna data . when the morphological characters are added to the dna dataset the resolution and bootstrap support is significantly increased . however the evidence of pervasive convergences in shell morphology demonstrated here , warn against the use of morphological characters alone .\nthe best estimate phylogeny from this analysis and the combined molecular phylogeny of 94 calyptraeids ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpub . observ . ) demonstrate some biogeographical patterns that are worth further discussion . most noteworthy is the observation that patterns of coincidence between molecular and morphological divergence differ regionally ( see below ) .\ncharacters of new genera and species of mollusca and conchifera , collected by mr . cuming . descriptions of new species of calyptraeidae\nvoyage autour du monde ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , sur la corvette de s . m . la coquille pendant les ann\u00e9es 1822\u201325 . zoologie 2 ( 1 ) .\nstandards in herpetology and ichthyology . part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology\na neotenous dwarf - form of capulus ungaricus ( l . ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) commensalistic on turritella communis risso\nproceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china .\nmorphological data were coded from dissections of live , formalin - or ethanol - preserved material for all calyptraeids , hipponix and trichotropis . capulus was coded from my observations of the single female provided by a . war\u00e9n ( table 2 ) , male reproductive characters were obtained from young , 1938 ) , graham ( 1954 ) and simone ( 2002 ) which were in general agreement with each other ."]}
{"id": 2231, "summary": [{"text": "gaussia is a genus of copepods .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a \" characteristic genus of the mesopelagial \" , occurring at depths of 0 \u2013 3,000 metres ( 0 \u2013 9,843 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the genus gaussia contains the following species : gaussia asymmetrica t. k. s. bj\u00f6rnberg & campaner , 1988 gaussia gadusae sarkar , 2004 gaussia intermedia defaye , 1998 gaussia melanotica wolfenden , 1905 gaussia princeps ( t. scott , 1894 ) ( type species ) gaussia sewelli saraswathy , 1973", "topic": 26}], "title": "gaussia ( copepod )", "paragraphs": ["bioluminescence in the mesopelagic copepod , gaussia princeps ( t . scott ) - sciencedirect\nidentification of two catalytic domains in a luciferase secreted by the copepod gaussia princeps .\nkatja schulz selected\ngaussia princeps ( copepod )\nto show in overview on\ngaussia princeps ( t . scott , 1894 )\n.\nas are most other copepod species , the deep - sea copepod is bioluminescent . . . .\nidentification of two catalytic domains in a luciferase secreted by the copepod gaussia princeps . - pubmed - ncbi\nmost copepod species are 1 - 3 mm long , but the deep - sea copepod . . .\ngaussia luciferase secreted by the copepod gaussia princeps catalyzes the oxidation of coelenterazine to produce blue light . the primary structure of gaussia luciferase deduced from the cdna sequence shows two repeat sequences of 71 amino acid residues , suggesting the luciferase consists of two structural domains . two domains in gaussia luciferase were expressed independently in escherichia coli cells , purified and characterized . we found that both domains have luminescence activity with coelenterazine , and the catalytic properties including luminescence spectrum , optimal ph , substrate specificity and luminescence stimulation by halogen ions ( cl - , br - and i - ) are identical to intact gaussia luciferase . thus , gaussia luciferase has two catalytic domains for the luminescence reaction .\npaul merviel added text to\nbehavior\non\ngaussia princeps ( t . scott , 1894 )\n.\npaul merviel added text to\nsize\non\ngaussia princeps ( t . scott , 1894 )\n.\ncloning and expression of cdna for a luciferase from the marine copepod metridia longa . a novel secreted bioluminescent reporter enzyme\none fascinating shrimp - like copepod that god created is the gaussia princeps . gaussia stores its supply of chemicals in glands located on its tail . when a predator approaches this vulnerable little fellow , it shoots out a stream of glowing blue goo . the predator\u2019s attention is immediately drawn away from the copepod to the movement of the blue stream . then suddenly the goo gives off a bright flash of white light . the flash so startles the predator that it is unable to process what is happening . the copepod is able to slip away and avoid becoming a meal .\njennifer hammock set\nimage of gaussia princeps\nas an exemplar on\ncopepoda milne - edwards , 1840\n.\nin the ocean you may find useful molecules , for instance gaussia luciferase ( gluc ) . this is a pretty novel biomiluminescent reporter encoded by a gene isolated from the marine copepod gaussia princeps . this luciferase does not require atp and catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate coelenterazine in a reaction that emits light ( peak at 470 - 480 nm ) like renilla and\nrene noam added the english common name\ndeep sea coceopod\nto\ngaussia princeps ( t . scott , 1894 )\n.\na . barnes & j . f . case ( 1972 ) .\nbioluminescence in the mesopelagic copepod , gaussia princeps ( t . scott )\n. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 8 ( 1 ) : 53\u201371 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0022 - 0981 ( 72 ) 90056 - 1 .\ncopepods are the dominant taxa in zooplankton communities of the ocean worldwide . although bioluminescence of certain copepods has been known for more than a 100 years , there is very limited information about the structure and evolutionary history of copepod luciferase genes . here , we report the cdna sequences of 11 copepod luciferases isolated from the superfamily augaptiloidea in the order calanoida . highly conserved amino acid residues in two similar repeat sequences were confirmed by the multiple alignment of all known copepod luciferases . copepod luciferases were classified into two groups of metridinidae and heterorhabdidae / lucicutiidae families based on phylogenetic analyses , with confirmation of the interrelationships within the calanoida using 18s ribosomal dna sequences . the large diversity in the specific activity of planktonic homogenates and copepod luciferases that we were able to express in mammalian cultured cells illustrates the importance of bioluminescence as a protective function against predators . we also discuss the relationship between the evolution of copepod bioluminescence and the aspects of their ecological characteristics , such as swimming activity and vertical habitat .\ngaussia\u2019s incredible ability reminds us of world war 2 navy ships that released depth charges that would be dropped into water close to submerged enemy submarines . a time delay allowed the ship to move away while the charges sank down to get close to the submarine before exploding . similarly , gaussia emits its bioluminescent fluid as it swims swiftly in the opposite direction . just as the bluish fluid is about to disappear , a bright flash ensues that \u201cblinds\u201d the predator and distracts him from pursuing the little copepod .\nbioluminescent activity of zooplankton homogenates . luminous activity of homogenized copepods was measured by mixing coelenterazine solution and the supernatant of the lysate . total protein concentration was determined to compare specific luciferase activities among copepod species .\nlike insects on land , crustaceans fill the oceans of the world . they come in many different shapes and sizes . one very common form is the copepod . many copepods are bioluminescent . they typically release their bioluminescent chemicals into the water to produce a glowing cloud of light . this luminous smoke screen serves to distract or blind an attacker . the copepod can then swim quickly away from danger into the darkness .\nwurdinger and colleagues reports to be able to assay in just 5 \u03bcl of blood ( a very little drop ) the presence of secreted gaussia luciferase , demonstrating that gluc assay is 1000 fold more sensitive than seap assay .\nin this study , we isolated and characterized novel luciferase genes from five species of calanoid copepods and conducted the quantitative analyses of copepod bioluminescence using zooplankton homogenates and recombinant luciferases . by quantitative measurements , we could reveal the presence or absence of luminescence of unverified species with confirmation of verified ones . furthermore , we compared the luminous intensity of homogenates among calanoid superfamilies and those of luciferases among genera in augaptiloidea to infer the defensive function and molecular evolution of copepod bioluminescence .\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , fig . 4 ] . as gaussia scotti . female : 4 habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , fig . 3 ] . as gaussia scotti . male : 3 , habitus ( dorsal ) . :\nwe have isolated nine novel copepod luciferases using the homology - based pcr cloning strategy . a blast search using the amino acid sequences of copepod luciferases as the query revealed no highly similar proteins in the database , except for other calanoid luciferases ( gluc , mluc , and mpluc ) . this may be due to the limited number of deposited sequences of copepod proteins . so far , all of copepod luciferase genes , including gluc and mluc reported elsewhere , have been isolated from species in the augaptiloidea superfamily in calanoida . we have tried to isolate luciferase or luciferase - like genes from other superfamilies of calanoida , such as pseudocyclopoidea or centropagoidea using degenerate pcr primers . the result was no amplification or no luciferase - like sequences in the amplified dna product ( data not shown ) . however , we assume that luciferases or luciferase - like genes may exist , not only in augaptiloidea but also in other superfamilies , because the luminous assay of zooplankton lysate from these superfamilies all had a measurable , though very weak , level of activity compared with that of negative control samples ( fig . 2 ) . further screening of the calanoid luciferase or luciferase - like genes by different cloning strategies may reveal the structure and evolution of a direct ancestral copepod luciferase gene .\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , figs . 6 - 7 ] . as gaussia scotti . male : 6 , p5 ; 7 , right p5 .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 182 , fig . 7 ] . zoogeographical distribution of gaussia princeps , g . asymmetrica and g . sewelli .\nconsensus amino acid residues and domain structure were revealed by an alignment of 13 copepod luciferases obtained in this study ( fig . 4a ) . highly conserved amino acid residues , c - x ( 3 ) - c - l - x ( 2 ) - l - x ( 4 ) - c - x ( 8 ) - p - x - r - c , which are present in both domains , would be one of the criteria for the copepod luciferase , although the reason for this cysteine - rich area in the conserved sequence remains obscure . because the similarity in the structure of the two domains was found in all of the copepod luciferases isolated in this study ( fig . 4b ) , we assume this similarity in the structure of the two domains is very characteristic of the luciferases isolated from augaptiloidea species .\nluminous activity of zooplankton homogenates varies greatly among the copepods ( fig . 2 ) . for instance , luminous activity of an m . pacifica homogenate was \u223c500 - fold higher than that of a h . tanneri homogenate , even though both species belong to the same superfamily . one possible explanation is very different levels of luciferase expression among bioluminescent copepod species . the other is a substantial divergence of specific activity of copepod luciferases . to compare the specific activity of copepod luciferases isolated in this study , 11 luciferases were expressed in hek293 cells as recombinant proteins tagged with hexahistidine at the c - terminus , concentrated from culture medium by a nickel - chelating column , and then tested for their protein expression and activity . specific activity was estimated by dividing the luminous activity of the culture media by signal intensity of polyhistidine - tagged copepod luciferases detected by an anti - polyhistidine antibody ( fig . 6a ) . results showed that there is a large difference in specific activity among copepod luciferases ( fig . 6b ) but only a slight difference in their expression levels ( fig . 6a ) . in several experiments , we consistently observed that mpluc1 showed the highest level of specific activity among tested luciferases , which was approximately 10 6 - fold higher than that of htluc2 . the specific activity of luciferases isolated from copepods in the family metridinidae ( mpluc1 , mpluc2 , moluc1 , moluc2 , paluc1 , and paluc2 ) was notably higher than that of luciferases from the heterorhabdidae family ( htluc1 , htluc2 , hmluc1 , and hmluc2 ) . loluc , isolated from l . ovaliformis , which belongs to the lucicutiidae family , showed intermediate levels of activity . these results are consistent with the luminous activity obtained by homogenate assays of calanoid copepods ( fig . 2 ) . thus , species differences in copepod bioluminescence was reflected in the substantial divergence of specific activity of the expressed luciferases .\nbioluminescence in all experiments , except for analyses of the spectra and kinetics , was measured using a minilumat lb 9506 luminometer ( berthold , japan ) . the basic procedure for the luciferase assay was as follows : 5 \u03bcl of protein solution containing each of the luciferases was transferred into the luminometer tube and then placed in the luminometer . a 10 - s measurement was initiated immediately after injecting 10 \u03bcl of 1 ng / \u03bcl coelenterazine in 20 mm tris\u2013hcl ( ph 8 . 0 ) with 50 mm mgcl 2 into the protein solution . luminescent spectra of recombinant copepod luciferases were measured using an ab - 1850c spectrofluorometer ( atto , japan ) ( slit width , 1 mm ; spectral resolution , 0 . 5 nm ) for 1 min after mixing 20 \u03bcl of copepod luciferases expressed by cultured cells and 200 ng of coelenterazine in a 0 . 2 - ml pcr tube . to determine thermostability of copepod luciferases , 20 \u03bcl of copepod luciferases expressed by cultured cells was incubated in a block heater at 60 or 80 \u00b0c for 30 min and then cooled on ice for 5 min . bioluminescence was measured by injecting 10 \u03bcl of coelenterazine solution ( 1 ng / \u03bcl ) into 5 \u03bcl of heat - treated luciferases at room temperature using a minilumat lb 9506 luminometer .\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , fig . 5 , 8 ] ] . as gaussia scotti . female : 5 , last thoracic segment and urosome ( lateral , left side ) ; 8 , forehead ( lateral ) .\nissued from : r . stephen , 2007 [ data sheets of nio , kochi , india ( on line ) ] . after m . saraswathy , 1973 . as gaussia scotti . female ( from w indian ) : a , last thoracic segment and urosome ( dorsal ) . male : last thoracic segment and urosome ( lateral ) .\n( a ) immunoblot of polyhistidine - tagged copepod luciferases expressed by hek293 cells . proteins were concentrated from culture media on a ni - chelating column . the same volume of eluents was loaded on sodium dodecyl sulphate\u2013polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis , blotted , and detected by anti - polyhistidine tag antibody . ( b ) specific activity of secreted copepod luciferases expressed by hek293 cells . the initial light intensity was counted for 10 s and then normalized to the protein expression level obtained by immunoblotting shown in figure 5a . luciferase activities are expressed as percentages of normalized luminescence activity ( light intensity / protein expression level ) , using the value of mpluc1 defined as 100 % . the data represent the mean for triplicate measurements .\nin phylogenetic analyses of aligned amino acid sequences of copepod luciferases , 48 substitution models for proteins used in ml estimates were tested by mega5 to find the most appropriate model . the best model showing the lowest bayesian information criterion score was whelan and goldman plus gamma ( gamma distribution ) , therefore , an ml bootstrap consensus tree was generated with the model (\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , figs . 9 - 12 ] . as gaussia scotti . female : 9 , p2 ; 10 , p3 ( distal segment of exopod ) ; 11 , p4 ( distal segment of exopod ) ; 12 , p5 .\none strong piece of evidence for the presence of bioluminescence in a particular organism is the molecular identification and functional analysis of luciferase , which is the enzyme directly involved in producing luminescence in an organism . in 2002 , the luciferase gene was cloned from calanoid gaussia princeps ( family metridinidae ) , which is a large ( \u223c10 mm ) gray - black\u2013pigmented copepod usually found in the mesopelagic zone ( at the depths from 200 to 1 , 000 m ) ( verhaegen and christopoulos 2002 ) . a novel feature of gaussia luciferase ( gluc ) is its relatively small size ( \u223c20 kda ) and secreted luminescence , not only in planktonic expression but also when expressed in mammalian and insect cells , with robust stability and great luminescent activity . gluc catalyzes the oxidation of a luciferin called coelenterazine to produce the light . luciferase genes have also been found in metridia longa ( mluc ) ( markova et al . 2004 ) and metridia pacifica ( mpluc1 and mpluc2 ) ( takenaka et al . 2008 ) , both of which belong to the metridinidae family just as g . princeps does . these gluc - homologues also react with the substrate coelenterazine to produce light . the bioluminescence in these species was confirmed by identification and functional analysis of their luciferases .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 41 , table 2 ] . male : comparison of pore number of right a1 of gaussia princeps from the caribbean ( gpc ) , the indian ocean ( gpl ) from soh & al . , 1998 , and g . sewelli ( gsi ) from saraswathy & bradford , 1980 from the indian ocean . a1 segments grouped in 3 sectors : 1st segment , segments 2 - 5 , and 6 - 12 . nota : the number and general distribution of the pores ( gland openings ) have been found to express important differences between congeners in gaussia . the caribbean specimens showed a pore pattern that differs in number with that described from specimens from the indian ocean and japan ( soh & al . , , 1998 ) on different appendages\nsantos , e . , yeh , r . , lee , j . , nikhamin , y . , punzalan , b . , punzalan , b . , perle , k . , larson , s . , sadelain , m . , and brentjens , r . ( 2009 ) . sensitive in vivo imaging of t cells using a membrane - bound gaussia princeps luciferase nature medicine , 15 ( 3 ) , 338 - 344 doi : 10 . 1038 / nm . 1930 .\nwurdinger , t . , badr , c . and tannous , b . ( 2008 ) . gaussia luciferase blood level as an index of cell growth and proliferation . nature methods , wurdinger t , badr c , pike l , badr c , de klein r , weissleder r , breakefield xo , tannous ba . ( 2008 ) a secreted luciferase for ex vivo monitoring of in vivo processes . nature methods 5 : 171 - 173 doi : 10 . 1038 / nmeth . 1177\n( a ) multiple amino acid sequence alignment of 13 copepod luciferases . positions of two putatively similar domains are underlined . outlined letters represent at least 90 % identical ( dark shade ) or chemically similar ( light shade ) amino acid residues . white letters in the black boxes are highly conserved residues in both domains . arrowhead indicates proposed cleavage sites of n - terminal secretion signals of copepod luciferases . ( b ) multiple amino acid sequence alignment of tandem repeat domains of luciferases . residues are darkly shaded and outlined if they are conserved at a level of more than 90 % among all aligned sequences . similar residues are lightly shaded and outlined . the distance between the two domains in each species is indicated as number of amino acids in parentheses at the end of the sequence . those amino acids that are conserved in both domains ( consensus ) , domain 1 only ( consensus _ domain1 ) or domain 2 only ( consensus _ domain2 ) , are indicated in the last three rows .\nadult male and female gaussia princeps ( t . scott ) produce bright , extracellular luminescent displays usually coupled with the initiation of rapid swimming . glands of the head , mandibular palps , urosome , furca , and underlying at least 14 body pores contribute to the luminous response which , in free swimming copepods , is characterized by a sudden discharge to the exterior of luminous blue material that remains at peak intensity for 1\u20133 sec before undergoing an 80 sec decay as 8 or less discrete , low intensity points of light .\n( a ) ml phylogeny of copepod luciferases based on an amino acid sequence alignment of domains 1 and 2 with a linker sequence . the tree is midpoint rooted , and numbers on the nodes indicate % bootstrap values from 1 , 000 replicates . luciferases isolated and analyzed in this study are shown in shaded boxes . scale bar indicates evolutionary distance and is in the units of the number of amino acid substitutions per site . ( b ) gene structures of moluc1 and moluc2 . introns and exons are shown as open boxes and lines , respectively .\n, a calanoid copepod , measuring about 6 mm from head to telson , making it a giant among hawaiian copepods . copepods are the most abundant and diverse group in the planktonic community . they are crustaceans , related to crabs and lobsters . they are members of the phylum arthropoda , as are other crustaceans , insects , and spiders . there are planktonic , benthic , and parasitic copepods , appearing in freshwater and salt water . their distribution around the world and success in so many niches earns them the title of\nthe insects of the sea\n.\npleuromma princeps t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 42 , descr . m , figs . m ) ; metridia scotti giesbrecht & schmeil , 1898 ( p . 107 ) ; no sewell , 1913 ( p . 354 ) ; gaussia melanotica wolfenden , 1905 a ( pl . 2 , figs . 1 - 5 ) ; gaussia scotti wolfenden , 1905 a ( p . 5 ) ; 1911 ( p . 290 , figs . f , m ) ; lysholm & al . , 1945 ( p . 32 ) ; saraswathy , 1973 a ( p . 191 , figs . f , m ) ; stephen , 2007 [ data sheets of nio , kochi , india ( on line ) ] . female metridia atra esterly , 1906 a ( p . 70 , juv . 5 : f ) ; c . b . wilson , 1950 ( p . 263 , rem . ) ; gu\u00e9r\u00e9drat , 1969 a ( p . 362 ) ; no g . princeps : sewell , 1932 ( p . 270 , figs . f , m ) ; 1947 ( p . 173 ) ; ? tanaka & omori , 1967 ( p . 251 )\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 42 , table 3 ] . male : comparison of pore number of p1 - p4 of gaussia princeps from the caribbean ( gpc ) , the indian ocean ( gpl ) from soh & al . , 1998 , and g . assymmetrica ( gasa ) from the south - western atlantic ocean ( bj\u00f6rnberg & campaner , 1990 ) , and g . intermedia ( ginp ) from the north pacific ( defaye , 1998 ) cx = coxa ; bp = basipodite ; enp = endopodite ; exp = exopodite .\nthe reactivity of homogenates with coelenterazine indicates the expression of luciferase in these luminous species tested ( fig . 2 ) , as previously reported molecular identification of luciferase genes from single gaussia and two metridia species has indicated ( verhaegen and christopoulos 2002 ; markova et al . 2004 ; takenaka et al . 2008 ) . we amplified full - length luciferase genes from five copepod cdnas with degenerate primers designed based on the nucleotide sequences of the g . princeps , m . longa , and m . pacifica luciferases . at least two forms of luciferase genes , as identified in m . pacifica ( mpluc1 and mpluc2 ) ( takenaka et al . 2008 ) , were also identified from m . okhotensis , p . abdominalis , h . tanneri , and h . major cdnas . the gene names and biochemical features of these proteins are summarized in table 2 . they are relatively small proteins , ranging from 19 . 0 to 23 . 5 kda , and they are efficiently secreted into the culture medium when they are expressed by cultured mammalian cells . the n - terminal 17\u201322 amino acid sequences of all novel luciferases seem to have the features of a consensus sequence that signals secretion based on the prediction by psort ii ( urltoken ) . moluc1 , moluc2 , paluc1 , and paluc2 retained more than half of their initial activity even after 30 - min incubation at 60 \u00b0c but were largely inactivated at 80 \u00b0c . thermostability of htluc1 , htluc2 , hmluc1 , and hmluc2 could not be determined correctly because of their low initial activity . the identity of the amino acid sequence of these luciferases was notably high at the internal and c - terminal regions rather than n - terminals ( fig . 4a ) . inouye and sahara ( 2008 ) reported the identification of two catalytic domains in gaussia luciferase , and we confirmed the presence of two short repeat sequences in the primary structures of these novel copepod luciferases . alignment of two repeat sequences consisting of 62\u201364 amino acid residues ( referred as domains 1 and 2 , respectively ) from 12 luciferases revealed consensus sequence of c - x ( 3 ) - c - l - x ( 2 ) - l - x ( 4 ) - c - x ( 8 ) - p - x - r - c ( x , amino acid residue ) in both domains ( fig . 4b ) . substitution of all cysteine residues with alanine in domains 1 and 2 of mpluc1 resulted in complete loss of activity when it was expressed in escherichia coli ( data not shown ) , suggesting an essential role of cysteine residues in luciferase activity .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 178 , fig . 5 ] . female ( from suruga bay ) : a , p2 ( anterior ) ; b , p3 ( anterior ) ; c , p4 ( anterior ) ; d , p5 ( posterior ) . female ( from the indian ocean ) : e , distal seta on 3rd exopodal segment of right p5 . gaussia sewelli saraswathy , 1973 , female ( from the indian ocean ) : g , distal seta on 3rd exopodal segment of right p5 . arrowheads indicate gland openings .\ndvm is a copepod behavior to stay in darker deeper layers during daytime and migrate upward to food - rich surface layers at night for feeding . a most important function of copepod dvm is considered to be avoidance from predation by visual - feeding fishes ( gliwicz 1986 ; neill 1992 ) . species characterized with strong bioluminescence ( metridinidae ) are all medium - sized suspension feeders known to perform strong nocturnal ascent dvm ( haury 1988 ; hays 1995 ) . the dominance of metridinidae in oceans world - wide can be explained by the fast swimming speed and strong dvm intensity ( mauchline 1998 ) . because of its numerical dominance , metridinidae is selectively captured by various mesopelagic lantern fishes ( merrett and roe 1974 ; hopkins and sutton 1998 ) . the bioluminescent behavior of copepods is considered to have a function of avoidance from vision - dependent predators ( herring 1988 ; widder 1992 ) . to distract or blind a predator of mesopelagic lantern fish predator , metridinidae with reinforced luciferases would have a selective advantage for their stronger bioluminescent system ( mpluc , moluc , and paluc ) . we suggest that mpluc from m . pacifica ( fig . 1 ) shows the highest bioluminescence ( fig . 6b ) because the habitat depth of m . pacifica is the epipelagic layer ( 0\u2013200 m ) ( table 1 ) where a large number of predators exist .\nissued from : m . saraswathy in handbook to the intern . zoopl . coll . , cochin - 18 , kerala state , india , 1973 . [ p . 191 , fig . 1a , 1b , 2 , 3 ] . as gaussia scotti . female ( from world - wide ) : 2 , p5 . male : 1a , right a1 ( segments 10 to 16 ) ; 1b , glandular structure on segment 12 ) ; 3 , p5 . nota : proximally directed spine on 3rd segment of p5 blunt , short and stumpy . terminal segment of right leg with prominent undulating inner border , and 4 setae ; distance between 1st and 2nd and 2nd and 3rd setae almost equal .\nthis study was supported by an advanced industrial science and technology research grant ( y . t . , y . s . , n . t . , and m . t . ) , japan foundation for applied enzymology ( y . s . ) , and the nig cooperative research program ( t . g . , 2010 - a66 ) . the authors are greatly indebted to the following individuals : prof . susumu ohtsuka , hiroshima university , for critical discussion for the copepod evolution ; dr steven haddock and ms lynne christianson , monterey bay aquarium research institute , for kindly providing genomic dna of g . princeps ; dr tadashi imanishi and dr akiko ogura noda for introducing mega5 software to calculate ml phylogeny ; and prof . leslie sargent jones , appalachian state university , for valuable discussions .\nthe origin of the bioluminescence of calanoid copepods must be carefully verified with an assessment of bioluminescence , including nonluminescent primitive species , such as the pseudocyclopoidea , and luminescent oncaea species . nonetheless , we postulate that bioluminescence in calanoid copepods could have originated from an ancient species between the families pseudocyclopoidea and augaptiloidea ( fig . 7 ) . the ancient augaptiloidea may have ventured into the surface water , which was probably caused by unexpected food or oxygen demands ( bradford - grieve 2002 , 2004 ) , and then encountered a number of difficulties for adapting to the pelagic habitat . until myelinated nerve axons evolved , the earlier evolution of bioluminescence might have been a highly efficient strategy for them to avoid surrounding predators . further analysis of copepod bioluminescence in the world ' s oceans could be a clue for understanding the ecology and evolution of marine organisms .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 180 , fig . 6 ] . male : ( from the indian ocean ) : a , a1 ( segments i - viii ) ; b , idem ( segments ix - xix ) ; c , idem ( segments xx - xxviii ) ; d , e ( holotype ) , anterior part of a1 segment xiv ; f , p5 ( posterior ) ; g , medial process on 2nd exopodal segment of left p5 ( anterior ) . gaussia sewelli saraswathy , 1973 ( from the indian ocean ) male : h , p5 ( posterior ; distal two exopodal segments of right p5 torted ) . arrowheads indicate inner process proximally directed on 2nd exopodal segment . p : process . s : spinule .\nthe phylogeny of 13 calanoid luciferases suggests a different evolution of the metridinidae and heterorhabdidae families ' luciferases ( fig . 5a ) . in the clade containing metridinidae luciferases ( clade 1 ) , two proteins in a single species are likely to have evolved independently . the similarity of primary structures among mpluc1 , moluc1 , and paluc1 ( type - i ) luciferases were greater than those of their counterparts ( mpluc2 , moluc2 , and paluc2 ) ( type - ii ) luciferases ( fig . 4a ) . the mrna coding for moluc1 or moluc2 would be transcribed from two different loci or alleles since studies of genomic sequences revealed the presence of different lengths and positions of the introns in moluc genes ( fig . 5b ) , as seen in mpluc genes ( takenaka et al . 2008 ) . gene duplication events of luciferase probably happened in the ancestral species of the metridia and pleuromamma families , thereafter , paralogous luciferases might have diverged independently . conversely , it would be expected that specialization of heterorhabdidae species preceded the duplication and diversification of luciferase genes since pairs of luciferases ( htluc1 and htluc2 ; hmluc1 and hmluc2 ) are monophyletic ( clades 6 and 7 ) within species . nucleotide identity between coding sequences of hmluc1 and hmluc2 is 91 . 8 % , whereas it is 62 . 6 % between hmluc1 and htluc1 , which were isolated from species of the same heterorhabdidae family . extensive genome survey of two lineages of metridinidae and heterorhabdidae families may shed light on the multigene structure of luciferase genes and how copepod luciferases have evolved . from the present study , we could not interpret any evolutionary novelty derived from gene duplication of luciferases in calanoid copepods . because phenotypic observation on live copepod bioluminescence is difficult without special video equipment and relevant technical skills , we are trying to evaluate any possible evolutionary novelty of the gene duplication by revealing different biochemical characteristics between type - i and type - ii luciferases identified in this study .\nissued from : j . j . childress in mar . biol . , 1977 , 39 . [ p . 23 , fig . 3 ] . gaussia princeps adult males ( in experimental proceedings ) . interpolation of data to predict oxygen - consumption in the field . solid line shows oxygen - consumption rate based on temperature and pressure considerations only ; dotted line takes into account limitations of oxygen uptake by low oxygen and indicates maximum oxygen - consumption possible in the region of this limitation ; hatched area represents that part of the metabolic needs which must be accounted for by anaerobic metabolism . the two scales on the right show the temperature and oxygen characteristics of a typical area ( san clemente basin , southern california ) where the animals are found . crosses indicate primary , non - interpolated data , while dots are interpolated points . nota : gaussia princeps is found only below 400 m in the daytime and is present down to the greatest depth sampled ( 900 m ) . at night an appreciate fraction of the population migrates to depths shallower than 400 m . even at night , however , many remain below 400 m . the individuals clearly do not need to migrate above this depth on a daily basis . this species ' consumption was measured at 3 . 5 , 7 and 10\u00b0c and 1 , 14 , 28 , 61 , 121 and 181 atm of hydrostatic pressure ( 1 atm corresponds about 10 m of depth ) . hydrostatic pressure is shown to have significant effects on the oxygen - consumption rate at pressures as low as 28 atm . at all temperature and pressure combinations , the species displays a very low metabolic rate compared to shallow - living copepods . the critical oxygen partial pressure for this species is shown to be about 10 to 1 , mm hg o2 at 10 , 7 and 5 . 5 \u00b0c . this shows a higher oxygen - consumption rate at the nighttime depths and a much lower , partially anaerobic metabolism at the daytime depths .\nthe full coding sequences of the copepod luciferases were amplified by pyrobest dna polymerase ( takara bio ) from the template plasmids that harbor the full - length cdnas and subcloned into pcdna3 . 1 / v5 - his - topo ( invitrogen ) to express luciferase proteins tagged with 6\u00d7 histidines at their c - terminus in mammalian cultured cells . all expression vectors were purified using an endofree plasmid maxi kit ( qiagen , japan ) . hek293 cells ( health science research resources bank , japan ) were maintained in megacell mem ( sigma - aldrich , japan ) supplemented with 5 % fetal bovine serum at 37 \u00b0c in a humidified atmosphere of 5 % co 2 . for transfections , 5 \u00d7 10 5 cells per well were seeded in six - well culture plates , and fugene hd ( roche applied science ) was used according to the manufacturer ' s instructions . the culture medium was incubated for 72 h after transfection and stored at \u221230 \u00b0c until immunoblotting and luciferase assay .\nconcerning the bioluminescent copepods other than calanoida , oncaea belonging to poecilostomatoida is known to have bioluminescence ( herring et al . 1993 ) . since many of the bioluminescent copepods are predatory and live moderately deep , it is unique that the tiny poecilostomatoid copepod oncaea is one example that is relatively shallow water habitat and has pseudoplanktonic behavior ( b\u00f6ttger - schnack and schnack 2005 ) . the most notable feature of oncaea bioluminescence is their nonsecretory and repetitive fast flashes . the reason for this different characteristic of oncaea bioluminescence compared with those of other bioluminescent copepods might lie in their smaller size and reduced motility . throwing off bioluminescence as a decoy against potential predators is not an effective protection for oncaea , which cannot escape rapidly from surrounding luminescent materials ejected from themselves , unlike calanoid copepods ( herring et al . 1993 ) . furthermore , the bioluminescence emission spectra of oncaea ( \u223c470 nm ) are slightly different from those of other calanoid copepods ( 480\u2013500 nm ) , possibly due to the structural difference of their luciferase and / or luciferin .\ncopepods are the most numerous taxa of zooplankton fauna in the ocean worldwide . their bioluminescent abilities and characteristics have been investigated for over a 100 years ( giesbrecht 1895 ; clarke et al . 1962 ; haddock et al . 2010 ) . luminescence of calanoid copepods is produced by glandular cells in the luminous glands , which are largely located on the caudal rami and legs ( fig . 1 ) , although their number and location vary considerably among families . most of the luminous species reported to date belong to the superfamily augaptiloidea , which contains the families arietellidae , augaptilidae , heterorhabdidae , lucicutiidae , metridinidae , and nullosetigeridae ( herring 1988 ) . within these families , the luminescent behavior of metridinidae and most heterorhabdidae , lucicutiidae , and augaptilidae are well known ( herring 1988 ) . based on a previous cladistic analysis of morphological features , the augaptiloidea is believed to have diverged very early in the evolution of calanoid copepods ( bradford - grieve et al . 2010 ) . except for the augaptiloidea superfamily , a single species in megacalanoidea ( megacalanus princeps ) was reported as luminous ( herring 1988 ) with very limited evidence , and it remains unverified . it is also unclear whether species in other superfamilies , such as centropagoidea , clausocalanoidea , and eucalanoidea , are luminous . this indicates that among the ten calanoid superfamilies , bioluminescent copepods are found almost exclusively in the superfamily , augaptiloidea . concerning bioluminescence behavior other than calanoid copepods , that of tiny pseudoplanktonic poecilostomatoid oncaea spp . is only notable ( herring et al . 1993 ) . one reason for the limited information on copepod bioluminescence is that correct copepod identification is very difficult . in addition to the species identification challenges , zooplankton sampling , especially in deep water , requires special equipment , including large - sized plankton nets , to collect sufficient numbers of specimens . furthermore , macro - and microscopic detection of weak and flash - type bioluminescence from tiny copepods is also difficult , especially if the specimen was damaged during the collection or manipulation by an investigator . therefore , a device , such as a luminometer , to detect weak bioluminescence of zooplankton is needed .\nissued from : a . t . barnes & j . f . case in j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . , 1972 , 8 . [ p . 59 , fig . 3 ] . distribution of fluorescent glands , luminescent glands , and luminous pores of adult male and female gaussia princeps . a : female ; b : male ; c : lateral view of 5th thoracic segment and abdomen of female ; d : lateral xiew of female . f : fluorecent gland ; l . g . : luminescent gland ; l . p . : luminous pore . ( modified after wolfenden , 1911 , and sewell , 1932 ) . nota : adult male and female produce bright , extracellular luminescent displays usually coupled with the initiation of rapid swimming . glands of the head , mandibular palps , urosome , caudal rami , and underlying at least 14 body pores contribute to the luminous response which , in free swimming copepods , is characterized by a sudden discharge to the exterior of luminous blue material that remains at peak intensity for 1 - 3 sec before undergoing and 80 sec decay as 8 or less discrete , low intensity points of light .\ncopepod luciferases , isolated in this study and previous reports , are all derived from the augaptiloidea superfamily in calanoida . there are few to no reports of bioluminescence in other calanoid superfamilies . the reason for the difference in the luminous ability between the augaptiloidea and other superfamilies could be explained by their ecology ( e . g . , motility , habitat , and body size ) . although precise evolutionary positions of the pseudocyclopoidea and epacteriscoidea are not determined yet , these superfamilies are believed to be the most primitive calanoida ( fig . 7 ) ( bradford - grieve et al . 2010 ) . comparing with other eight superfamilies illustrated in figure 7 , they are highly specialized because of their adaptation to the epibenthic habitats . they are found only at shallow to shelf depth ( ohtsuka et al . 1999 ) or in submarine caves ( ohtsuka et al . 2002 ) , in contrast to the augaptiloidea , which has a greater diversity of distribution within the pelagic zones ( yamaguchi et al . 2004 ) . these observations imply little change , if any , of habitat in the evolutionary history of the pseudocyclopoidea and epacteriscoidea ( bradford - grieve 2004 ) . living on - bottom\u2013 or in - bottom\u2013dwelling habitat would be a very effective means to find nutrients and hide from predators . there is no report , so far , describing the bioluminescence of these primitive copepods , probably because of the very limited research on these minor species in calanoida so far . however , considering their stable benthic habitat and very small body size ( below 1 mm ) ( ohtsuka et al . 1999 ) , evolving bioluminescence as a defense against the predators seems to be unnecessary for them .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndavis , 1949 ( p . 50 , figs . f ) ; c . b . wilson , 1950 ( p . 235 , figs . f , m ) ; brodsky , 1950 ( 1967 ) ( part . , p . 312 , figs . np : f , m , non figs . f , m : ind . oc , rem . ) ; vervoort , 1965 ( p . 103 , rem . ) ; owre & foyo , 1967 ( p . 74 , figs . f , m ) ; barnes & case , 1972 ( p . 53 , bioluminescence ) ; gardner & szabo , 1982 ( p . 348 , figs . f , m ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg & campaner , 1988 ( p . 351 , 354 , fig . f , rem . ) ; hulsemann , 1988 ( p . 188 , rem . ) ; baessa - de - aguiar , 1989 ( 1992 ) ( p . 117 , figs . f , m ) ; bowlby & case , 1991 ( p . 440 , bioluminescence ) ; soh & al . , 1998 ( p . 171 , redescr . f , m , figs . f , m , juv . , fig . 7 : carte , rem . ) ; bradford - grieve & al . , 1999 ( p . 884 , 948 , figs . f , m ) ; bradford - grieve , 1999 b ( p . 111 , figs . f , m , rem . , figs . 177 , 192 ) ; vives & shmeleva , 2007 ( p . 3 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; vives & shmeleva , 2007 ( p . 357 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; suarez - morales , 2007 ( p . 34 , figs . m , tabl . 2 , 3 , 4 , rem . ) ; mercier & al . , 2013 ( p . 760 , neural ultrastructure )\nissued from : j . m . bradford - grieve in the marine fauna of new zealand : pelagic calanoid copepoda . national institute of water and atmospheric research ( niwa ) . niwa biodiversity memoir , 111 , 1999 . [ p . 111 , fig . 74 ] . female ( from 39\u00b049 . 9 ' s , 178\u00b026 ' e ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , p5 . male : c , habitus ( right lateral side ) ; d , p5 ( l = left leg ; r = right leg ) . female characteristics : - spinous prolongations of posterolateral corners of last thoracic segment divergent . - proximal part of genital segment asymmetrically inflated , with a prominent curved process usually on right side . - blunt processes on caudal rami are prominent . - penultimate segment of p5 as broad as long . male characteristics : - processes on caudal rami as in female ; - proximally directed spine on segment 3 of left p5 blunt , short and stumpy ; terminal segment of right leg with a prominent undulating border , and 4 setae ; the distance between setae 1 and 2 and 2 and 3 almost equal . remarks :\nin the southwest pacific males right p5 terminal segment with the distance between spines 1 and 2 ( numbering from proximal part of segment ) is almost twice that of the distance between spines 2 and 3 ; spines 3 and 4 much shorter than spines 1 and 2 .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 173 , fig . 1 ] . female ( from suruga bay ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral left side ) ; c , forehead ( lateral ) ; d , genital compound somite ( dorsal ) ; e , idem ( lateral ) ; f , idem ( ventral . c : copulatory pore ; cd : copulatory duct ; g , gonopore .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 143 , fig . 2 ] . female : scanning electon microscope micrographs of genital compound somite ; aventral ( copulatiory pores damaged ) ; b , right gonopore ; c , left gonopore . scale bars = 0 . 3 mm ( a ) ; 0 . 05 mm ( b , c ) .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 175 , fig . 3 ] . female : a , left a1 ( segments i - xiv ) ; b , idem ( segments xv - xx ) ; c , idem ( segments xxi - xxviii ) ; d , idem ( segments xiv - xv ) ; e , idem ( segments xxvii - xxviii ) ; f , a2 ; g , 2nd endopodal segment of a2 ; h , labrum and paragnaths ; i , md . arrowheads indicate gland openings .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 177 , fig . 4 ] . female : a , mx1 ; b , mx2 ; c , mxp ; d , p1 ( anterior ) . arrowheads indicate gland openings .\nissued from : t . k . s . bj\u00f6rnberg & a . f . campaner in hydrobiomogia , 1988 , 167 / 168 . [ p . 352 , figs . d , e , f ] . female ( from chile ) : d , forehead ( dorsal ) ; e , idem ( lateral ) ; f , metasomal corners and genital segment ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : t . k . s . bj\u00f6rnberg & a . f . campaner in hydrobiomogia , 1988 , 167 / 168 . [ p . 353 , figs . b - f ] . female : b , genital segment with attached couplers ( lateral right side ) ; d , idem ( ventral ; e , right coupler with spermatophore after removal of filling material ) ; c , genital segment ( lateral right side ; another specimen ) .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 35 , fig . 1 ] . male ( from w caribbean ) : a - b , habitus ( lateral and dorsal , respectively ) ; c , forehead lateral ; ( showing frontal process and depression ) ; d , 5th pedigerous and 1st urosomites ( dorsal ) ; e , anal somite and caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; f , same ( lateral ) . scale bars : 3 mm ( a , b ) ; 0 . 7 mm ( c - f )\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 36 , fig . 2 ] . male : a , left a1 ( segments 1 - 10 ) ; b , same ( segments 11 - 16 ) ; c , same ( segments 17 - 23 ) ; d , right a1 ( segments 1 - 10 ) ; e , same ( segments 11 - 20 ) ; f , same ( detail of modified seta and aesthetascs ) ; g , detail of segment 17 and distal acute process ( position of integumental pores indicated by solid circles . scale bars : 0 . 7 mm ( a - e ) ; 0 . 05 mm ( f ) ; 0 . 35 mm ( g ) .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 37 , fig . 3 ] . male : a , a2 ; b , md ( mandibular palp ) ; c , md ( mandibular blade showing detail of teeth and blade ornamentation ) ; d , mx2 ; e , mxp ; e , p1 ; g , rostal area ( ventral ) . position of integumental pores indicated by solid circles . scale bars : 0 . 7 mm ( a , b - g ) ; 0 . 2 mm ( c ) .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 38 , fig . 4 ] . male : a , p2 ; b , detail of hook - like and spiniform processes on 1st endopodal segment of p2 ; c , p3 ; d , p4 ; e , p5 ( anterior ) ; f , basipod and exopod of left p5 ( lateral view ) ; g , detail of processes of 2nd exopodal segment of left p5 ; h , detail of distal exopodal segment of right p5 ( showing ornamentation ) . position of integumental pores indicated by solid sircles . scale bars : 0 . 7 mm ( a , c - e , h ) ; 0 . 3 mm ( b , f , g ) .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 42 , table 3 ] . male : comparison of pore number of p5 of from the caribbean ( gpc ) , the indian ocean ( gpl ) from soh & al . , 1998 , and g . sewelli ( gsi ) from saraswathy & bradford , 1980 from the indian ocean . cx = coxa ; bp = basipodite ; enp = endopodite ; exp = exopodite ; r = right ; l = left .\nissued from : c . b . wilson in bull . u . s . natn mus . , 100 , 14 ( 4 ) . [ pl . 25 , figs . 377 - 378 ] . as metridia atra . female ( from 13\u00b037 ' 40 ' ' n , 120\u00b039 ' e ) : 377 , endopod of p2 ; 378 , p5 .\nissued from : c . b . wilson in bull . u . s . natn mus . , 100 , 14 ( 4 ) . [ pl . 11 , figs . 117 - 119 ] . female ( from pacific ) : 117 - 118 , habitus ( dorsal and lateral ) . male : 119 , habitus ( dorsal ) . nota : the color is very dark , almost black , with the ventral surface of the genital segment a reddish brown .\nissued from : m . saraswathy in handbook to the intern . zoopl . coll . , cochin - 18 , kerala state , india , 1973 . [ p . 194 ] . comparison between g . scotti ( = g . princeps ) and g . sewelli .\nissued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 73 , fig . 479 ] . female : 479 , p2 .\nissued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 17 , fig . 47 ] . female : 47 , p5 .\nissued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 20 , fig . 74 ] . male : 74 , p5 .\nsewell , 1948 ( part . , p . 330 , 503 , 516 , 521 , 530 , 548 , 558 , 561 ) ; grice , 1963 a ( p . 496 ) ; fleminger , 1967 a ( tabl . 1 ) ; grice & hulsemann , 1967 ( p . 17 ) ; 1968 ( tab . 2 ) ; morris , 1970 ( p . 2301 ) ; lee & al . , 1971 ( p . 1151 , 1152 ) ; gueredrat & friess , 1971 ( p . 187 , fig . 1 ) ; roe , 1972 ( p . 277 , tabl . 1 , tabl . 2 ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg , 1973 ( p . 338 , 387 ) ; lee & barnes , 1975 ( p . 265 , lipids ) ; childress , 1975 ( p . 787 , respiratory rate ) ; 1977 ( p . 19 , pressure , temperature v . s . oxygen consumption ) ; vives , 1982 ( p . 293 ) ; petipa & borichenko , 1985 ( tab . 2 ) ; madhupratap & haridas , 1986 ( p . 105 , tab . 1 ) ; lozano soldevilla & al . , 1988 ( p . 59 ) ; heinrich , 1990 ( p . 18 ) ; bowlby & case , 1991 ( p . 329 ) ; 1991 a ( p . 440 ) ; suarez - morales & gasca , 1998 a ( p . 110 ) ; razouls & al . , 2000 ( p . 343 , appendix ) ; haury & al . , 2000 ( p . 69 , table 1 ) ; lenz & al . , 2000 ( p . 338 ) ; fields & al . , 2002 ( p . 173 ) ; fernandes , 2008 ( p . 465 , tabl . 2 ) ; galbraith , 2009 ( pers . comm . ) ; inouye & sahara , 2008 ( p . 96 , luciferase ) ; takenaka & al . , 2012 ( p . 1669 , fig . 3 , table 1 , bioluminescence ) ; teuber & al . , 2013 ( p . 1 , table 2 , fig . 5 , respiration rates ) ; in calcofi regional list ( mdo , nov . 2013 ; m . ohman , comm . pers . )\nissued from : m . saraswathy in handbook to the intern . zoopl . coll . , cochin - 18 , kerala state , india , 1973 . [ p . 193 ] . localities from g . scotti ( = g . princeps ) ( black circle ) and g . sewelli ( white circle ) obtained .\nsub - antarct . ( se pacif . ) ( in bj\u00f6rnberg & campaner , 1988 ) , de trindade is . , off st . paul is . , off gabon , g . of guinea , cape verde is . , off morocco - mauritania , canary is . , caribbean sea , belize , florida , w sargasso sea , s . cape hatteras , indian , bay of bengal , philippines , japan , s . hokkaido , off n new caledonia , new zealand ( e north island ) , pacif . ( equatorial ) , ne pacif . ( queen charlotte is . ) , hawaii , off n hawaii , california ( off monterey bay , san pedro , santa catalina , san clemente , velero and tanner basins ) , ne easter is . , sw galapagos , pacif . ( se tropical ) , off juan fernandez is . , peru , chile ( n & s , sub - antarct . )\n( 10 ) f : 10 , 5 - 10 ; ( 16 ) f : 10 , 75 - 10 , 5 ; m : 10 , 4 - 9 , 4 ; ( 59 ) f : 12 - 9 ; m : 12 - 9 ; ( 94 ) f : 10 . 5 - 11 . 4 [ indian ] ; 10 . 0 - 10 . 7 [ atlant . ] ; 10 . 0 - 11 . 6 [ pacif . ] ; m : 9 . 6 - 10 . 6 [ indian ] ; 9 . 1 - 10 . 4 [ atlant . ] ; 10 . 1 - 11 . 1 [ pacif . ] ; ( 199 ) m : 10 , 08 - 9 , 92 ; ( 770 ) f : 10 , 47 [ indien ] ; 10 , 9 [ japon : suruga bay ] ; m : 9 , 54 [ indien ] ; ( 909 ) f : 10 , 45 - 11 , 06 ; m : 9 , 39 - 9 , 85 [ n - z ] ; ( 986 ) m : 10 , 1 ; { f : 9 , 00 - 12 , 00 ; m : 9 , 00 - 12 , 00 } the mean female size is 10 . 589 mm ( n = 19 ; sd = 0 . 6712 ) , and the mean male size is 10 . 058 mm ( n = 22 ; sd = 0 . 7233 ) . the size ratio ( male : female ) is about 0 . 94 ( n = 9 ; sd = 0 . 0347 ) .\nrazouls c . , de bov\u00e9e f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne universit\u00e9 , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]"]}
{"id": 2232, "summary": [{"text": "lopinga achine , the woodland brown , is a butterfly in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is widely distributed , but uncommon and local in continental europe .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "most of the suitable habitats for the species have been transformed to gardening .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the woodland brown may be found in warm openings of damp unmanaged mature forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "lopinga achine", "paragraphs": ["remarks : lopinga achine occurs locally from france across central and eastern europe to northern asia and japan .\nwoodland brown lopinga achine scopoli 1763 ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) is one of the threatened butterflies in finland and europe in general .\nbergman k . o . ( 2001 ) population dynamics and the importance of habitat management for conservation of the butterfly lopinga achine . journal of applied ecology , 38 , 1303 - 1313\npararge achine var . jezeonsis matsumura , 1919 ; thous . ins . japan . addit . 3 : 727 ; tl : hokkaido\npararge achine ab . vindobonensis kammel , 1913 ; ent . zs . 27 ( 15 ) : 83 ; tl : rohrwald nr wien\npolyargia verity , 1957 ; var . g\u00e9ograph . saison . pap . diurn . fr . ( 3 ) : 436 ; ts : papilio achine scopoli\nhabitat : lopinga achine needs clear , open forests which are rich in undergrowth and grasses ( carex ! ) and show a larger age diversity . for example , it flies in the coppice woodlands or in floodplain forests along rivers . clear and moist spruce forests are also colonized , while dense , low - light spruce forests provide no habitat .\na beautifully marked and rather rare butterfly . i first saw achine at this one location in c\u00f4te - d ' or , central france , in late june 2007 , a single tired and worn female , probably the last of the colony . i revisited the site again in early june 2008 and was rewarded with several fresh achine flying , not to mention a couple of scarce fritillaries ( euphydryas maturna ) .\nwe thank d . cizkova , j . dovala , p . dufkova , l . honc , j . patera , j . piszkiewicz , l . spitzer for enjoyable companionship in the field . zuzana veverkova , our fellow zoologist who was born in a village next to the wood , recalled collecting grass in the wood with her grandmother in the late 1970s . lepidopterists l . honc , m . kralicek , l . stiova and j . uricar , and botanists m . chytry , v . grulich and j . rolecek informed us on their observations from historical lopinga achine sites . we acknowledge funding by the grant agency of the czech republic ( 526 / 04 / 0417 ) , czech department of environment ( vav / 620 / 1 / 03 ) and education ( lc06073 ) .\nceu , s . scandinavia , russia , n . asia , amur , ussuri , japan . see [ maps ]\n800x494 ( ~ 45kb ) male open pine / birch forest , akademgorodok [ academy town ] , novosibirsk , west siberia , russia . 20th june 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n682x490 ( ~ 78kb ) upperside male open pine / birch forest , akademgorodok [ academy town ] , novosibirsk , west siberia , russia . 20th june 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlarva on gramineae , lolium , triticum [ h & r ; ] , agropyron , dactylis , melica , carex spp . [ bru ] , lang , 1884\nurals - s . siberia , china , mongolia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\nhipparchia ( pararga ) deidamia eversmann , 1851 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 24 ( 2 ) : 617 ; tl : irkutsk\npararge deidamia ; [ bow ] : pl . 204 , f . 4 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\n800x600 ( ~ 95kb ) underside an open birch / larch forest on a western slope of a mountain massif at the polovinnaya pad ' valley left board few km of the argun ' river left bank 12 km s of the village uryupino , gazimurskozavodskoi district , e chita province , e transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 28th july 1997 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1115x856 ( ~ 322kb ) upperside female a road on the akkem river right bank terrace in its lowermost reaches going through a spruce forest , katunskii range northern foot , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 7th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npararge deidamia interrupta fruhstorfer , 1909 ; int . ent . zs . 3 ( 24 ) : 134 ; tl : japan , nikko\npararge deidamia thyria fruhstorfer , 1909 ; int . ent . zs . 3 ( 24 ) : 134 ; tl : c . china ; tsintau\ncrebeta lehmanni forster , 1980 ; spixiana 3 ( 1 ) : 1 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : nepal , daulaghiri so - seite , 2700m\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ bru ] ; tuzov , bogdanov , devyatkin , kaabak , korolev , murzin , samodurov , tarasov , 1997 guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories : hesperiidae , papilionidae , pieridae , satyridae butts . russia adj . terr . 1\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the caterpillar feeds on grasses ( cyperaceae and poaceae ) , especially on carex alba , carex brizoides and brachypodium .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvan swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , l\u00f3pez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j .\nvan swaay , c . & cuttelod , a . ( iucn red list unit )\njustification : in europe and the eu27 countries , a population decline of more than 30 % falls within the uncertainty limits for this species ' population decline . therefore , this species is considered as vulnerable . it should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in western and central europe have declined severely during the 20th century ( so before the last ten years ) .\nthis is a central european species , local and very rare . in spain possibly only in biscay , in france except atlantic coast and south , switzerland , north of italy via slovenia to the east , continuous from southeast germany to the south of finland . 200 - 1 , 500 m . it is also found eastwards across northern central asia to korea and japan . the global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside europe .\nchanges in woodland or woodland management are the main threats all over the continent . nevertheless agricultural abandonment and land drainage are important threats in some countries , mainly because the habitat was maintained in a successional change by grazing .\nthe species is listed on the habitats directive annex 4 and bern convention annex 2 . in countries where the species is declining , important habitats should be protected and managed . the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a butterfly monitoring scheme . it is important to maintain suitable glades by grazing or clearing at regular intervals to prevent overshading of its habitat . to improve overgrown sites small clearings ( 10 - 30 m in diameter ) should be created , wide enough to allow the sun to reach the ground ( bergman pers . comm . ) .\nvan swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , l\u00f3pez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n2017 photographs highlighted in yellow . click on any photograph to go to an enlarged picture , or simply scroll down the page .\nit is a very nervous butterfly , remarkably difficult to approach for a photograph , as these distance shots testify ; any closer and it is off very quickly . the underside is magnificent , as can just about be seen from 15945 and 40676 below . in 2009 it was present in good numbers at this same site , but not present in mid - june 2010 , perhaps the flight period being over by then .\nwere flying but they were so active , even early in the morning , that photography was impossible . however , a trip a few days later to a site in c\u00f4te - d ' or searching for\nstill flying there . 37574 very kindly posed for the camera in overcast conditions .\nwas only just starting to emerge on 28 may . we saw several very fresh but even more nervous males , hence 40676 as a distance shot being the nearest we could get . contrast this with 2017 , when a visit to the same site revealed an\nit has a habit , unique among all butterfly species in my experience , of flying into the dense trees and bushes and rarely settling at less than 2 - 3m above the ground . a good photograph of the underside of this fabulous butterfly is still at the top of my wish list for the future .\na female , very much at the end of the flight period , but photographic opportunities are so infrequent with this species , that anything gets included .\ni had this down as a male , possibly based on behaviour , although the extent of the unh white markings matches the illustration of the female in t & l rather better than the male . the sexes are so similar that maybe this is not a reliable pointer , though .\na male , as mentioned in the narrative , the nearest we could get to this early emerger .\na beautifully marked fresh male , taking salts from the droppings of a wild animal that i am not able to identify . it was a rare opportunity to get a close shot , but even on approaching very gently , it was still enough to spook the subject and , despite considerable patience , it did not return .\na female , photographed at the same site only a week or so later , but already showing some fading , even for a female given that they tend to emerge later than the males .\nwe thank silja kana , juha p\u00f6yry and anu tiitsaar for their expert help in the field , karl - olof bergman for giving directions to field sites , ants kaasik for statistical advice , as well as robert b . davis , toomas esperk , freerk molleman and tiit teder for comments on the manuscript . the study was supported by estonian science foundation grant 9294 , targeted financing project sf0180122s08 and by the european union through the european regional development fund ( center of excellence fibir ) as well as the swedish research council formas and the strategic research programme eko klim at stockholm university .\n( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) larvae and ovipositing females : implications for conservation . biol conserv 88 : 69\u201374\nbergman ko ( 2005 ) \u00e5tg\u00e4rdsprogram f\u00f6r bevarande av d\u00e5rgr\u00e4sfj\u00e4ril . rapport nr 5527 , naturv\u00e5rdsverket\n( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) in a fragmented landscape . biol conserv 102 : 183\u2013190\n( fabricius , 1787 ) in south - western france ( lepidoptera : satyridae ) . entomol z 116 : 186\u2013188\ngotthard k ( 2004 ) growth strategies and optimal body size in temperate pararginii butterflies . integr comp biol 44 : 471\u2013479\ngurevitch j , scheiner sm , fox ga ( 2006 ) the ecology of plants . sinauer associates inc , sunderland , usa , p 518\nhanski i , singer mc ( 2001 ) extinction - colonization dynamics and host - plant choice in butterfly metapopulations . am nat 158 : 341\u2013353\njavoi\u0161 j , tammaru t ( 2004 ) reproductive decisions are sensitive to cues of life expectancy : the case of moth . anim behav 68 : 249\u2013255\nkarlsson b , wiklund c ( 1985 ) egg weight variation in relation to egg mortality and starvation endurance of newly hatched larvae in some satyrid butterflies . ecol entomol 10 : 205\u2013211\n( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) : implications for conservation . j insect conserv 16 : 305\u2013313\n) in the czech republic : habitat use , demography and site management . j insect conserv 12 : 549\u2013560\nkukk t , kull t ( 2005 ) atlas of the estonian flora . maa\u00fclikool p\u00f5llumajandus - ja keskkonnainstituut , tartu\nnakamura y ( 2011 ) conservation of butterflies in japan : status , actions and strategy . j insect conserv 15 : 5\u201322\nsettele j , feldmann r , reinhardt r ( 1999 ) die tagfalter deutschlands : ein handbuch f\u00fcr freiland\u00f6kologen . umweltplaner und natursch\u00fctzer , stuttgart\ntammaru t , javoi\u0161 j ( 2000 ) responses of ovipositing moths ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) to host plant deprivation : life - history aspects and implications for population dynamics . environ entomol 29 : 1002\u20131010\nvan dyck h , van strien aj , maes d , van swaay c ( 2009 ) declines in common , widespread butterflies in a landscape under intense human use . conserv biol 23 : 957\u2013965\nvan halder i , barbaro l , corcket e , jactel h ( 2008 ) importance of semi - natural habitats for the conservation of butterfly communities in landscapes dominated by pine plantations . biodivers conserv 17 : 1149\u20131169\nvan swaay c , warren m , lo\u00efs g ( 2005 ) biotope use and trends of european butterflies . j insect conserv 10 : 189\u2013209\nzalucki mp , clarke ar , malcolm sb ( 2002 ) ecology and behavior of first instar larval lepidoptera . annu rev entomol 47 : 361\u2013393\nzovi d , stastny m , battisti a , larsson s ( 2008 ) ecological costs on local adaptation of an insect herbivore imposed by host plants and enemies . ecology 89 : 1388\u20131398\nlindman , l . , johansson , b . , gotthard , k . et al . j insect conserv ( 2013 ) 17 : 375 . urltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nbenes j , konvicka m ( 2006 ) denn\u00ed mot\u00fdli v n\u00e1rodn\u00edch maloplo\u0161k\u00e1ch : prvn\u00ed poznatky z celost\u00e1tn\u00ed inventarizace . ochrana prirody 61 : 145\u2013150\nbenes j , kuras t ( 1997 ) dlouhodob\u00e9 zm\u011bny diverzity heliofiln\u00edch mot\u00fdl\u016f ( lepidoptera ) opavsk\u00e9 pahorkatiny a n\u00edzk\u00e9ho jesen\u00edku ( \u010desk\u00e1 republika ) . i cas slez muz opava ( a ) 46 : 135\u2013158\nbenes j , cizek o , dovala j , konvicka m ( 2006 ) intensive game keeping , coppicing and butterflies : the story of milovicky wood , czech republic . forest ecol manag 237 : 353\u2013365\nbenes j , konvicka m , dvorak j , fric z , havelda z , pavlicko a , vrabec v , weidenhoffer z ( 2002 ) butterflies of the czech republic : distribution and conservation i . som , praha\nborhidi a ( 1995 ) social behaviour types , the naturalness and relative ecological indicator values of the higher plants in the hungarian flora . acta bot hung 39 : 97\u2013181\nbraun - blanquet j ( 1964 ) pflanzensoziologie , grundz\u00fcge der vegetationskunde , 3rd edn . springer , wien\nchytry m . , kucera t , koci n ( eds ) ( 2001 ) katalog biotop\u016f \u010desk\u00e9 republiky . aopk , prague\nellenberg h , weber he , d\u00fcll r , wirth v , werner w , paulissen d ( 1992 ) zeigerwerte von pflanzen in mitteleuropa , 2nd edn . scr geobotanica 18 : 1\u2013258\nfric z , konvicka m ( 2007 ) dispersal kernels of butterflies : power - law functions are invariant to marking frequency . basic appl ecol ( in press )\ngreatorex - davies jn , sparks th , hall ml , marrs rh ( 1993 ) the influence of shade on butterflies in rides of coniferized lowland woods in southern england and implications for conservation management . biol conserv 63 : 31\u201341\nhofmeister j , mihaljevic m , hosek j , sadlo j ( 2002 ) eutrophication of deciduous forests in the bohemian karst ( czech republic ) : the role of nitrogen and phosphorus . forest ecol manag 169 : 213\u2013230\nhorv\u00e1th f , dobolyi z , morschhauser t , lokos l , karas l , szerdahelyi t ( 1995 ) flora adatb\u00e1zis 1 . 2 . \u2014taxonlista es attributum allomany . hungarian academy of sciences , vacr\u00e1t\u00f3t\nh\u00f6ttinger h , pennerstorfer j ( 1999 ) rote listen ausgew\u00e4hlter tiergruppen nieder\u00f6sterreichs\u2014tagfalter ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera & hesperiidae ) , 1 fassung 1999 . n\u00f6 landesregierung abt naturshcutz , st p\u00f6lten\nide j , kondoh m ( 2000 ) male - female evolutionary game on mate - locating behaviour and evolution of mating systems in insects . ecol lett 3 : 433\u2013440\nkonvicka m ( 1999 ) macrolepidoptera of the litovelsk\u00e9 pomorav\u00ed protected landscape area\u2014i . cas slez muz opava ( a ) 48 : 41\u201364\n( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) in the litovelske pomoravi , czech republic . j insect conserv 3 : 211\u2013223\nkralicek m , gottwald a ( 1984 ) motyli jihovychodni moravy i [ butterflies of southeast moravia i ] . okresni museum & ov csop , uhersky brod & uherske hradiste\nkralicek m , gottwald a ( 1987 ) motyli jihovychodni moravy iiii [ butterflies of southeast moravia i ] . okresni museum & ov csop , uhersky brod & uherske hradiste\nkudrna o ( 2002 ) the distribution atlas of european butterflies . oedippus 20 : 1\u2013342\nlastuvka z ( 1994 ) mot\u00fdli roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed chko p\u00e1lava . agronomick\u00e1 fakulta vsz , brno\nlastuvka z , marek j ( 2002 ) lepidoptera of the moravian karst\u2014diversity , communities and protection . korax , blansko\nlebreton jd , burnham kp , clobert j , anderson dr ( 1992 ) modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals\u2014a unified approach with case studies . ecol monogr 62 : 67\u2013118\nlekes v ( 2000 ) mot\u00fdli ( lepidoptera ) ro\u017ed\u2019\u00e1lovick\u00e9 tabule . pr\u00e1ce muzea kol\u00edn\u011b , \u0159ada p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e1 4 : 45\u2013148\nleps j , smilauer p ( 2003 ) multivariate analysis of ecological data using canoco . cambridge university press , cambridge uk\npollard e , woiwod ip , greatorex - davies jn , yates tj , welch rc ( 1998 ) the spread of coarse grasses and changes in numbers of lepidoptera in a woodland nature reserve . biol conserv 84 : 17\u201324\nrolecek j ( 2005 ) vegetation types of dry - mesic oak forests in slovakia . preslia 77 : 241\u2013261\nschneider c ( 2003 ) the influence of spatial scale on quantifying insect dispersal : an analysis of butterfly data . ecol entomol 28 : 252\u2013256\nschtickzelle n , baguette m , le boulenge e ( 2003 ) modelling insect demography from capture - recapture data : comparison between the constrained linear models and the jolly\u2013seber analytical method . can entomol 135 : 313\u2013323\nschtickzelle n , le boulenge e , baguette m ( 2002 ) metapopulation dynamics of the bog fritillary butterfly : demographic processes in a patchy population . oikos 97 : 349\u2013360\nstiova l ( 1973 ) vyskyt dennich motylu v oblasti oderskych vrchu , jeseniku a hlucinske pahorkatiny . entomol zpravodaj ( ostrava ) 3 ( 2 , 3 ) : 1\u201320 , 1\u201314\ntybirk k , strandberg b ( 1999 ) oak forest development as a result of historical land - use patterns and present nitrogen deposition . forest ecol manag 114 : 97\u2013106\nvan swaay cam , warren ms ( 1999 ) red data book of european butterflies ( rhopalocera ) . nature and environment 99 strasbourg , council of europe publishing\n. iii . population dynamics and the effect of habitat management . j appl ecol 24 : 499\u2013513\nwarren ms , key rs ( 1991 ) woodlands : past , present and potential for insects . in : collins nm , thomas ja ( eds ) the conservation of insects and their habitats . academic press , london , pp 155\u2013212\nwhigham df ( 2004 ) ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous forests . ann rev ecol evol syst 35 : 583\u2013621\nkonvicka , m . , novak , j . , benes , j . et al . j insect conserv ( 2008 ) 12 : 549 . urltoken\nplease add your details if you are interested in receiving updates from the conservation evidence team about new papers , synopses and opportunities .\nconservation evidence , department of zoology , university of cambridge , david attenborough building , cb2 3qy . \u00a9 2018 urltoken | built by mighty sharp\nplease enter the letters as they are shown in the image above . letters are not case - sensitive .\nall relevant data already collected in the form of publications and museum collections should be available for data mining and similar operations .\na review of genetic algorithms based methods relevant to the estimation of the distribution of the woodland brown and similar organisms is given together with an outline of possible applications with this particular finnish example species .\nit is included in the list of endangered flora and fauna compiled by the bern convention ( council of europe , 1993 ) and in the habitats directive ( annex iv ; van helsdingen et al , 1996 ) . there are only a few occurrences known in finland ( marttila 1990 ) .\ne . g . in sweden there is only one mainland occurrence left ( k - o bergman 2001 ) .\nsome of these reasons constrain the possible habitat , which seem to have certain microclimate and vegetation requirements .\nit seems that the optimal environment of woodland brown resembles more a diverse pastoral idyll of the past slash and burn cultivation ( kaskiviljely ) combined with graze of the resulting wasteland and natural forest fires than the current highly efficient\ntimberfields\nof quite uniform vegetation .\nas a result the woodland brown inhabits only a few small patches more or less well connected to a metapopulation ( hanski 1991a ) .\n, which is considerably larger area than the previously known largest occurrence in finland in hattula having area of less than 20 . 000m\nin all there are about 50 suitable sites of which most were inhabited by woodland brown ( fig . 3 ) .\nthe first inventory is based on a very short visit ( 5 to 15min ) to most suitable sites by the author during two visits in july 2008 .\ncurrently it seems that there are two close by clusters of habitats ( fig . 3 ) , but that might be just due to lack of observations .\nthe number of suitable sites has certainly been decreasing due to very active digging of brooks ( ojitus ) to dry the once abundant wetlands .\nonly the smallest , uneconomical , and most difficult to dry marshes were left surrounded by dense forests .\nluckily the found occurrence has a variable topography offering suitable bowls for small marshy glades between low rocky hills ( fig . 2 ) .\nthere might be also some other geological factors , like nutrients and ph , that has made this area one of the last resorts for the woodland brown in finland .\nthe small marshy glades are visible in ordinary ( civil ) satellite and aerial images , which gives one way to search for more suitable sites .\nit is interesting to notice that in sweden ( and elsewhere ) the mainland occurrence is not related to wetland ( k - o bergman 1999 , 2001 ) .\ntherefore the marsh itself is not a key factor of a suitable habitat . also the plants that the caterpillar eats are quite common . the adult butterfly does not live long and does not seem to have any special nutritional requirements .\n2 . conservation : how to prevent this occurrence from extinction . the occurrence is already surrounded and split by many different main infrastructures .\n3 . theory ( biology ) why some species are very abundant while others are very rare , if known at all .\nhot topic : a . m . kuris et al , nature 454 , 515 - 518 24 . july 2008 .\none possible factor causing the rarity and patchy occurrences of wood land brown may be some host - parasitoid interactions .\nit seems as if woodland brown likes places where there is not many other butterfly species , which might share some parasitoid species with it .\na parasitoid , wasp or fly usually , always kills its host , which seems to lead to highly unstable host - parasitoid population dynamics .\nhowever , there seems to be factors like patchy occurrence that may stabilise this dynamics .\nthere are certainly differences in the ability of moving from one glade into another between the host and its parasitoids .\nthere is also an obvious asymmetry of host and parasitoid : while host benefits from finding an unoccupied site the parasitoid has to find a site also already occupied by the host .\nhost - parasitoid dynamics can be simulated and under some assumptions also be mathematically analysed .\nhost - parasite model has been used also in ga based optimisation ( hillis 1992 , olssen 1996 ) .\nit was therefore natural to consider gas as one tool set to analyse ecology , biodiversity , and distribution related problems .\ndavid stockwell ' s and ian noble ' s garp ( genetic algorithm for rule - set prediction ) has been used in tens of biodiversity and distribution estimation projects gaecolbib .\necological ga applications have been done also in finland , actually finland is at the very top of most active countries in applying ga based methods in environmental and ecological problems ( table below ) .\nto find that there was already at least one study applying gas to the prediction of woodland brown ' s distribution ( h . romo 2006 ) was certainly at least as surprising for the author that it was at first hand for him to find the new occurrence .\ni . hanski has developed metapopulation model concept for species having several loosely connected habitats ( hanski 1991 ) .\ndramatic change in patch occupancy probability resembling phase transition happens by reduced number of habitats or increased distance between them ( hanski 1991 ) .\n( genetic algorithm for rule - set production ) ( stockwell 1992 , 1999 , 2006 ) .\nrecently new versions of garp have been used in quite many biodiversity and distribution prediction project . we will briefly review some of them below .\ndesktopgarp is a software package for biodiversity and ecologic research that allows the user to predict and analyze wild species distributions .\n- - -\na . t . peterson and his research group ( e . martinez - meyer , m . ortega - huerta , r . anderson ) , have helped to define software requirements , establish short and long - term goals , and test the software .\na set of geographic layers representing the environmental parameters that might limit the species ' survival ( climate , geology ) .\nnormalized difference vegetation index ( ndvi ) is a much used measure of multi - spectral satellite images .\nit has been used with garp for neotropical species of genus coccocypselum distribution prediction ( amaral 2007 ) .\nj . bond et al and a . stockman et al have studied the extinction of populations of endemic californian trapdoor spiders apomastus ( tarantula ) ( bond 2006 , stockman 2006 ) .\necology is closely related to economy . garp has used with estimating conservation economy ( fuller 2007 ) .\nestimation of biodiversity in europe has been done using garp ( thuiller 2003 ) .\nwhile many species has difficulties in surviving others are busy invading to new areas potentially causing problems . . .\ninvading species distribution prediction has also been done with garp ( sanchez - cordero 2000 , christenhusz 2008 ) .\nimage : centers for disease control and prevention , 1600 clifton rd , atlanta , ga 30333 , u . s . a\nphillips et al have compared their maxent entropy model and garp ( phillips 2004 ) .\ny . wang et al have also compared garp and the entropy model maxent ( wang 2007 ) .\nthere seems to be a lively debate about the merits of garp vs . maxent : ( peterson 2007 , phillips 2008 etc )\nwildlife planning comparison with eight heuristics including ga have been done by p . bettinger\nfinally h . romo et al have compared desktop garp and domain by estimating the distribution of thirteen threatened or rare butterflies , including woodland brown in ibero - balearic area .\naccording to the result got they recommend domain even if the results got were widely coincident ( romo 2006 ) .\nthere are also other ga applications in addition to the above and quite many with garp implementations .\na relative old report for environment australia by s . ferrier and g . watson evaluates the effectiveness of several modelling techniques , including ga based rule generation system in predicting the distribution of biological diversity for forested north east new south wales ( ferrier 1997 ) .\ntheir ga was from d . peters ' and r . thackway ' s cortex system ( peters 1998 ) .\nd . hughell and j . roise have done simulation studies with ga for management of timber and wildlife ( 1997 ) .\nthe precision of forest classification has been studies by m . katila using also ga ( 2006 ) .\nfinnish forest experts have analysed tropical rain forest and their biodiversity using ga and remote sensing ( rajaniemi 2005 ) .\nfinns have also used ga to optimize remote sensing classification ( holmstr\u00f6m 2003 , tomppo 2004 ) .\nsegmentation of aerial and satellite remote sensing images is a popular application area of gas . landcover classification has been done in ( palaniappan 2000 ) .\nh . fang et al have used ga to retrieve leaf area index from satellite images ( fang 2003 ) .\nneural networks and fuzzy logic are also popular soft computing methods used with ga in environmental monitoring ( schleiter 2001 ) .\ntutorial of machine learning methods for ecologists is given in ( olden 2008 ) .\nbayesian classification and ga in plant species distribution modeling for uk has been done by m . termansen et al ( 2006 ) .\ngas to optimise land usage for species having conflicting habitat requirements can be found in ( holzkamper 2006 ) .\nwhen building new infrastructure , wildlife concerns can be modelled by optimisation methods including wildlife hazard minimization , which is a new engineering management point of view ( kalafallah 2006 ) .\na review of species distribution forecasting machine learning methods has been done by m . b . araujo and m . new ( 2006 ) .\na review of gas in ecology is given by d . morrall ( 2006 ) . in ( recknagel 2006 ) .\nfor a bibliography of garp and other biodiversity and ecology related contributions see bibliography gaecolbib .\nchemometry and remote sensing image processing have tools that seem to be suitable for species distribution estimation .\nwe have used ga to both chemometrical spectral analysis wave length selection and medical image segmentation ( v\u00e4lisuo & alander ; 2008 ) .\nthere has been surprisingly many studies related to application of genetic algorithm based methods in wildlife conservation studies .\nin figure 4 you can see the number of papers using gas in ecology related topics compared to the number of all ga papers .\nbased on the literature review given in this paper the author plans to analyse the site more carefully with ga based methods .\nit would also be interesting to compare the site of the occurrence to those few existing in finland and elsewhere in europe .\nplan for creating new suitable sites , including sites in heavily processed areas ( parks , gaspipeline ) . in this particular case the occurrence already overlaps a jogging path network .\nconsideration of other , easier to monitor species for metapopulation studies : solitary wasp and bees needing special nesting environment and some of which are also threatened by lack of suitable biotopes .\na gaspipe will divide the occurrence quite precisely at the middle and it was actually the construction work that triggered the subsequent set of actions that finally lead to considering woodland brown , gas , and remote sensing .\nuppv\u00e4rmning , f\u00f6rsurning , \u00f6verg\u00f6dning och syrefria bottnar \u00e4r n\u00e5gra av de f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar som p\u00e5g\u00e5r i v\u00e4rldens oceaner . nu lanserar ett internationellt forskarteam en modell f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rutse och f\u00e5 bukt med kommande f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar i v\u00e4rldshavens kustomr\u00e5den .\nm\u00e5nga djur har en i\u00f6gonenfallande f\u00e4rgteckning som signalerar till t . ex . artfr\u00e4nder och potentiella fiender . fr\u00e5gan om hur det g\u00e5tt till n\u00e4r de f\u00e5tt sina signaler har studerats i \u00f6ver 150 \u00e5r . nu har forskare vid zoologiska institutionen med hj\u00e4lp av h\u00f6ns visat att en psykologisk mekanism vid inl\u00e4rning hos signalmottagaren f\u00f6rklarar evolutionen av dessa f\u00e4rger , och kanske ocks\u00e5 andra signalsystem i naturen .\nrike stelkens har utsetts till wallenberg academy fellow 2017 av knut och alice wallenbergs stiftelse . hon kommer att att unders\u00f6ka om den genetiska m\u00e5ngfalden som h\u00e4rr\u00f6r fr\u00e5n hybridisering hj\u00e4lper j\u00e4st att \u00f6verleva i nya milj\u00f6er .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 2236, "summary": [{"text": "the caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) is a snowcock in the pheasant family phasianidae of the order galliformes , gallinaceous birds .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the mountains of eastern turkey , armenia , azerbaijan and throughout the alborz mountains of northern iran .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it breeds at altitudes from 1,800 \u2013 3,000 m ( 5,900 \u2013 9,800 ft ) on bare stony ground with some alpine scrub .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it nests in a bare ground scrape and lays 6 \u2013 9 greenish eggs , which are incubated only by the female .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "its diet consists of seeds and vegetable matter .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it forms small flocks when not breeding . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "caspian snowcock", "paragraphs": ["a caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near \u00e7ukurbag .\na caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near \u00e7ukurbag . | peter horrell photography\nturkey july 21 2011 : a caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near \u00e7ukurbag . copyright 2011 peter horrell\na pair of caspian snowcock feeding on a slope . vayots dzor mountains , armenia . other birds heard in the background : cuckoo , mistle thrush , black redstart , wren , red - billed chough , red - fronted serin .\nsome of the rarest western palearctic birds require a lot of effort and determination to see them . russell slack recounts a trip in july to see one of the rarest resident species , caspian snowcock , an denizen of the mountains of turkey and adjoining countries .\nthe state game reserve of the glinani ( clay ) island was established on an island in the caspian sea near the apsheron peninsula . it is referred to as a fauna type of protected area and serves to protect migratory and wintering waterfowl birds , sea - gull colonies and caspian seal rookeries .\nestablished upon decree of the supreme assembly of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan of june 22 , 2009 . purpose : conservation of nature complexes or their components , to keep an ecologic balance . location : territories along dereleyi range ( administrative territories of districts of sharur , kangarli , babek and shahbuz ) . area : 68911 ha . vegetation : juniper , himantoglossum formosum , iris . animals : leopard , polecat , bezoar goat , moufflon , caspian snowcock , bearded eagle .\nmcgowan , p . j . k . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion covers the lenkoran lowland and talysh mountains of southeast azerbaijan and adjoining territories of northwest iran along the caspian shoreline . part of the iranian - turanian biogeographic subregion , this area represents the hyrcanian refuge of tertiary flora representatives .\nseveral hundred bird species are found here . some examples are the graylag goose ( anser anser ) , white - fronted goose ( anser albifrons ) , little bustard ( otis tetrax ) , glossy ibis ( plegadis falcinellus ) , eurasian spoonbill ( platalea leucorodia ) , night heron ( nycticorax nycticorax ) , red - breasted goose ( branta ruficollis ) , peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) , pelecanidae , buff - backed heron ( bubulcus ibis = ardeola ibis ) , squacco heron ( ardeola ralloides ) , greater flamingo ( phoenicopterus roseus ) , white - headed duck ( oxyura leucocephala ) , and caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) .\nthe lenkoran region occupies lowland areas on the southwestern coast of the caspian sea . a peculiar , semi - subtropical climate with prolonged summer draughts and heavy precipitation in other seasons of the year is typical for this region . the annual average temperature is + 140c , and precipitation ranges from 900 - 1600 mm increasing from south to north .\njustification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion includes the south caspian coastal plain and northern slopes of the elburz mountains at lower altitudes . ecoregion boundaries were defined using hyrcanian and sub - hyrcanian mesic forests from zohary\u2019s ( 1973 ) geobotanical map of the middle east . there is a strong correspondence to the hyrcanian forests in davis et al . ( 1994 ) .\nhas been included with t . caucasicus and t . himalayensis in a \u201cdark - bellied snowcock\u201d group . races intergrade , and all three may be merely extremes of clinal variation # r ; species has been treated as monotypic # r . race tauricus should not be confused with another proposed taxon of identical name ( tauricus buturlin , 1933 ) , but with different type and type locality ( caucasus ; clearly in error ) # r # r . three subspecies recognized .\nthe caspian tiger ( panthera tigris virgata ) is now extinct . other mammals which still inhabit the area are critically endangered leopard ( panthera pardus ciscaucasica ) , lynx ( lynx lynx ) , brown bear ( ursus arctos ) , wild boar ( sus scrofa ) , wolf ( canis lupus ) , jackal ( c . aureus ) , jungle cat ( felis chaus ) , badger ( meles meles ) , and otter ( lutra lutra ) .\nthe mixed forests of the southern coast of the caspian sea represent a key habitat for many different species of avifauna . migratory species visit the area on stopovers between russia and africa . other species , such as little bustard ( otis tetrax ) , peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) , and squacco heron ( ardeola ralloides ) use it as breeding grounds . hyrcanian forests are relicts from the tertiary . consequently , they are rich in relic and endemic plant species . several protected areas such as the gizil - agach strict nature reserve , the zuvand conservation area and girkan strict nature reserve have been set up to protect threatened flora and fauna . habitat destruction for agriculture use is the main threat to the ecoregion .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\naerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe european population is estimated at 4 , 500 - 10 , 800 pairs , which equates to 9 , 100 - 21 , 700 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms approximately 55 % of the global range so a very preliminary estimate of the global population is 16 , 500 - 39 , 500 mature individuals although further validation of this estimate is needed . the population is therefore placed in the band 16 , 000 - 39 , 999 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is declining owing to habitat degradation caused by over - grazing and , in azerbaijan , conflict and also over - hunting throughout much of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1994 ) . the population trend in europe is unknown ( birdlife international 2015 ) .\nthe following information refers to the habitats of the european population only . the species uses meadows in the sub - alpine and alpine zones between altitudes of 2 , 400 and 4 , 000 m ( tucker and heath 1994 ) and occasionally down to 1 , 800 m . birds are found on steep slopes lacking snow cover and gorges and crags with patches of snow and some herb and grass cover ( mcgowan 1994 ) . birds prefer south - facing slopes in summer and north - facing ones in winter . during winter they avoid areas with a covering of snow and use open ground with steppe - like vegetation instead ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . courtship usually begins in april , with laying in late april and may . typically five to nine eggs are laid ( mcgowan 1994 ) . nests are found on steep slopes in the open , beneath overhanging rocks , amongst stones or in tufts of grass ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . birds feed exclusively on plant material , particularly legumes , feeding on bulbs , flowers , fruit and seeds ( baziev 1978 ) . the species is mainly sedentary and in some areas does not even descend to lower altitudes during heavy snowfall . however some altitudinal movement has been observed in turkey ( mcgowan 1994 ) .\nin europe its alpine habitat is threatened by overgrazing , which is easily reached by shepherds with guns , and with their sheep and dogs . in 1993 most of the species ' s range in azerbaijan was suffering with intensive military activity , and it was feared that poaching and the spread of long range firearms could have drastic effects ( mcgowan et al . 2015 ) .\nconservation actions underway least concern ( fuller et al . 2000 ) . mace - lande : vulnerable . cites i although it is proposed for downgrading to appendix ii ( anon 2012 ) . included on ussr red list in 1978 . considered vulnerable in turkey ( kirwan et al . 2010 ) , as well as georgia , where the population , at the edge of the species ' s range is believed to be very small . the species is found in five important bird areas in armenia , five in azerbaijan , four in georgia and six in turkey ( anon 2012 ) . conservation actions proposed habitat protection is needed and an extensive survey should aim to locate healthy populations in turkey . species does not adapt well to captivity ( mcgowan et al . 1995 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ni ' m very happy to share this sound after couple of months . this sound and the species is very important in my life and as sure i will never forget .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tetraogallus caspius . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n( s . g . gmelin , 1784 ) \u2013 w azerbaijan and nw iran e to s transcaspia .\n55\u201361 cm ; male 2500\u20132684 g , female 1800\u20132344 g ; wingspan 95\u2013105 cm . similar to\nterritorial call a repeated , far - carrying , drawn - out modulated whistle , \u201cwu - oo - wee - lee - uh\u201d , with a . . .\nmountain slopes , mostly from 2400 m up to snowline , but in some places down to 1800 m , and up to . . .\nlays in late apr and may ; courtship usually begins in apr . believed to be monogamous . nests in the open or under a rocky overhang , in a . . .\nmainly sedentary , but some altitudinal movement recorded in turkey . in some areas does not descend . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . mace lande : vulnerable . cites i . included on ussr red list in 1978 . poorly known : based on extent of available habitat and abundance . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nincludes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 232 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhuge snow partridge found only in alpine and subalpine zones . appears gray overall with fine red - brown , yellow - brown , and black markings on wing coverts and underparts . chin and throat white , with gray cheek stripe and necklace . upper breast bluish - gray sparsely spotted with brown . white wing stripe very conspicuous in flight . females and juveniles smaller , more yellowish - brown on head and neck .\nglides rapidly down slopes on stiff wings before landing on broken rocky ground where very difficult to see ; walks slowly back uphill , feeding along the way . sunbathes on huge boulders . usually indicates presence with a loud piercing whistle , audible for up to one kilometer .\nsteep alpine meadows with numerous rock outcroppings and stony slopes . occurs at 2400 - 3900m , remaining at high elevations even during winter .\ncup of dry grass lined with feathers , usually placed under overhanging rock , in crevice , or within tussock of grass .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nstatus . a vulnerable species of low numbers . listed in the red data book of the former ussr . listed in the iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 3 . 1 ) as least concern . according to iucn criteria categorized as vulnerable vu b1a + 2a ; c2a ( i ) ; d1 .\ndistribution . the subspecies is distributed in southern and eastern turkey , lesser caucasus and south caucasus , azerbaijan and northwestern iran .\ndistribution in armenia . occurs in almost all upland landscapes with cliffs and rocks .\nhabitats . lives in high mountains , on steep slopes with rocky outcrops at 2500\u20133500 m above sea level .\nbiological traits . nestles on the ground , beneath the stones . lays eggs once a year , 5\u20138 / clutch . feeds on plants , searching for them on slopes .\npopulation size and its trends . available information is insufficient to judge about the population size . the population density is 0 . 05 individuals / ha on the zangezur ridge and twice as lower on the vardenis , pambak and bazum ridges .\nmajor threats . overgrazing , disturbance inflicted by plant gatherers and shepherd dogs , poaching .\nconservation measures . habitats are partly protected in khosrov forest reserve and shikahogh reserve . listed in appendix i of the cites . it is essential to reconsider the approaches of livestock grazing in uplands , strengthen anti\u2013poaching activities and to raise local awareness . it looks expedient to establish seasonal sanctuaries or temporary safety zones .\nthe territory of the talysh region is formed from paleogenic volcanic and volcanogenic - sedimentary deposits . sulfate - carbonate and hydrocarbon mineral thermal springs are common in this region . hyrcanian forests are relicts from the tertiary . consequently , they are rich in relic and endemic species .\nlowland has been covered by alder ( alnus barbata ) forests : now this areas are almost totally under agricultural and urban lands . characteristic vegetation on the talysh mountain consists of humid oak forests rich in relic and endemic species . for instance , quercus castaneifolia with parrotia persica , zelkova carpinifolia , albizzia julibrissin , diospiros lotus , etc . with shrubs / semi - shrubs ilex hyrcana , ruscus hyrcanus , dana\u00eb racemosa , and lianas - smilax excelsa , hedera pastuchowii , etc . are found in the lower mountain zone . these are replaced by oriental beech forests ( fagus orientalis ) in the middle mountains . upper mountain - subalpine elevations are occupied by steppes and xeric dwarf semi - shrubs ( prilipko , 1970 ) and oriental oak ( quercus macranthera ) which is also characteristic for the elburz mountains . alpine meadows occur at the highest elevations .\nbiodiversity features the distinctive forests of this region include many range - restricted species as quercus castaneifolia , zelkova carpinifolia , parrotia persica , albizzia julibrissin , buxus hyrcana , dana\u00eb racemosa , etc . the region is outstanding for its rich agrobiodiversity with numerous endemic cultivated taxa .\ncurrent status the natural landscape has been considerably altered by intensive agriculture development . tea , vegetables , subtropical fruit , and vine production are main agricultural activities ( azerbaijan 1997 ) . the most important protected protected areas areas in azarbaijan part of this ecoregion are : the gizil - agach strict nature reserve ( 88 , 400 ha wetlands and marine area , designated to protect waterfowl ) , the zuvand conservation area ( 15 , 000 ha , mountain meadows and forests , designated to protect game birds , bear , leopard , and rare reptiles ) , and the girkan strict nature reserve ( 3 , 000 ha , humid thermophilous hyrcanian forests , designated to protect the unique plant communities rich in relic and endemic species ) ( vinogradov et al . 1990 ; gasanov , 1990 ) .\ntypes and severity of threats the main threats to this ecoregion are agriculture , unsustainable forestry practices , and poaching .\nreferences azerbaijan . 1997 . state of the environment report . state committee for the environment , and undp , baku .\ndavis , s . d . , v . h . heywood , and a . c . hamilton , editors . 1994 . centres of plant diversity : a guide and strategy for their conservation . volume 1 . wwf and iucn , cambridge , uk . europe , africa , sw asia , middle east\ngasanov , kh . n . 1990 . girkan strict nature resrve ( zapovednik ) . zapovedniks of the caucasus . publishing house\nmisl\n, moscow .\nmillington s . , and r . gokhelashvili . 2000 . biodiversity assessment for azerbaijan . report to usaid . chemonics international inc , washington , dc .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nthe state game reserve of barda established on the base of the ayridjan protected area , which had existed since 1930 on forestry lands . the main purpose of the area is the preservation and restoration of the number of phasianus , francolinus and hare . this protected area is reffered to as a fauna type area .\nwithin the territory of sheki administrative district , at the basin of the river ayrichay , between the roads yevlakh - sheki and sheki - oghuz .\nit is referred to as a fauna type of protected area , and serves to protect and restore the number of pheasants ( phasianus ) and other valuable birds .\nthe state game reserve of bandovan is referred to as of the fauna type and has been established for the protection and restoration of the number of persian gazelle ( gazella sulgutturosa ) , waterfowl birds and little bustard ( otis tetrax ) . it borders the shirvan national park . in its fauna and flora it is similar to the shirvan park .\nstate game reserve of gerchay was established for the protection of the population of persian gazelle ( gazella sulgutturosa ) .\nthe state game reserve of lachin \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of bezoar goat ( capra aegagrus ) , caucasian brown bear , wild boar and hare . at present the territory of the game reserve is under occupation .\nthe state game reserve of gusar was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of grey partridge ( perdix perdix ) , pheasants ( phasianus ) , roe , wild boar and hare .\nthe state game reserve of shamkir was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of pheasants ( phasianus ) , francolinus francolinus , partridge ( alektoris kakelik ) , waterfowl birds .\nthe state game reserve of zuvand was established for the protection and restoration of the number of pheasant ( phasianus ) , partridge ( alectoris kakelik ) , roe , wild boar , transcaucasian brown bear , leopard and rare reptile species .\nthe state game reserve of ismailli was established for the protection and restoration of the number of caucasian red deer , chamois , goat , roe , wild boar , transcaucasian brown bear , marten , caucasian black cock , tetraogallus and others . the flora and fauna are similar to those of the ismailli reserve .\nthe state game reserve of gubadly was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of caucasian brown bear , bezoar goat ( capra aegagrus ) , wild boar , roe and others . at present the territory of the game reserve is under occupation .\nwithin the territory of lankaran administrative district , in the middle and south parts of the small gyzyl - agach bay .\nthe state game reserve of small gyzyl - agach was established for the portection and restoration of the number of wintering , migrating , and wintering waterfowl - wader and coastal birds , including rare and endangered species . it borders the gyzyl - agach reserve and has similar flora and fauna .\nwithin the territory of gedabey administrative district , in the area of the gyzylja forestry .\nthe state game reserve of gyzylja was established for the protection and restoration of natural complexes on the eastern slopes of the minor caucasian ridge , also for the restoration of the number of rare and endemic species of plants and animals .\nwithin the territory of shusha administrative district , in the outskirts of shusha city .\nthe state game reserve of dashalty was established for the preservation of the unique natural complex and landscape of the minor caucasus . from 1992 it is under occupation and was severely damaged during the military operations .\nthe state game reserve of arazboyu was established for the protection and restoration of the unique natural complexes of the araks tugay forests . at present it is under occupation and is only on the verge of complete degradation .\nthe state game reserve of gabala was established for the preservation of forest landscapes on the southern slopes of the major caucasus ridge and the restoration of the number of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna .\nwithin the territory of gakh administrative district , on the border with the ilisu state reserve .\nthe state game reserve of gakh was established for protection of endangered species of animals .\nwithin the territory of agstafa administrative district , in the area of garayazi forests .\nthe state game reserve of garayazi - agstafa was established for protection of forest landscapes , animals and birds . there are marals , wild boars , wolves , foxes and hares .\nrestrictions : hunting and fishery of protected fauna species conservation values : endemic species and unique flora and fauna hirkan public game reserve was established in december 2005 within 2252 hectares on the basis of forest fund in administrative territories of districts of lankaran and astara . the key goal is the preservation of forests adjoining hirkan national park , the routes of migration of unique and endangered animals included in the red list of the republic of azerbaijan , integrity of ecosystem and biodiversity in those areas . important species leopard , a large number of endemic species , sub - tropical forests , ironwood .\nzagatala public game reserve was established in november 2008 within 6557 hectares on the basis of summer pastures , forest fund of the forest conservation and restoration agency of balakan district in administrative territories of districts of zagatala and balakan . the key objective is coverage of the unified ecosystem in the areas neighboring zagatala public reserve , protection of biodiversity , the routes of migration of unique and endangered animals .\nrvarud public game reserve was established by the order of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of azerbaijan of october 2 , 2009 within 510 hectares in the district of lerik .\nyear of foundation : july 18 , 1969 ( 40 000 ha ) as ordubad state nature sanctuary , in june 16 , 2003 12 131 ha was given to ordubad national park .\nestablished in july 1969 in ordubad district of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan . 12131 hectares of administrative territory of ordubad district was declared a national park upon the order of the president of the republic of azerbaijan of june 16 , 2003 . the game reserve covers 27869 hectares . the goal is to preserve such unique and precious animals in the area as bezoar goat , chamois , rock squirrel , wolf , jackal , fox , turaj , partridge , pheasant , quail , wood - pigeon . important species black francolin , chucar , wood pigeon , quail , pheasant , bezoar goat , marten , wolf , jackal , fox , leopard .\nestablished on september 23 , 2005 upon order of the speaker of the supreme assembly of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan . purpose : conservation of nature complexes or their components , to keep an ecologic balance . location : territories along araz river ( administrative territories of districts of sederek , sharur , kangarli , babek , julfa and ordubad ) . area : 9118 ha . vegetation : araz oak , celtis , iris . animals : curly - feather and pink pelicans , spoonbill , bearded eagle , cane cat , manul cat .\nit should be noted that two state natural reserves ( beshitchay and gara gol ) and four state reserves ( lachyn , gubadly , dashalty , arazboylu ) ( total area of 44 thousand hectares ) are no longer operating as a result of the armenian aggression ."]}
{"id": 2239, "summary": [{"text": "renea moutonii s a species of land snail with an operculum , a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family aciculidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to france . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "renea moutonii", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about renea moutonii ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for renea moutonii ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nreports for liguria from before 1989 not verified and uncertain . falkner et al . 2002 : 68 reported findings of intermediate forms and local gradients connecting moutonii and singularis , ripkeni being an intermediate form along a local gradient . they recognised only one single species , r . moutonii , and regarded singularis as a synonym . references : boeters et al . 1989 : 195 , falkner et al . 2002 : 68 , urltoken ( 07 . 2012 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 84 ( range map ) .\nshell light horny brown , finely ribbed ( 50 - 75 ribs / penultimate whorl ) , 6 - 7 . 5 moderately convex whorls , last 3 whorls almost equal in diameter , aperture with weak sinulus , no angularis , margin very oblique / and c - shaped in lateral view , in some populations with an exaggerated sinulus ( a p - like opening at the suture in the last quarter of the last whorl ) , no cervical callus , but the aperture is slightly reflected at the basal side . locally variable , with spatial gradients . diameter larger than in renea bourguignatiana and renea paillona .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\njustification : this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( 313 km 2 ) and a limited number of locations ( less than 10 ) . however , there are no population data available and it is unclear if its habitat is declining or not . therefore the species is considered to benear threatened ( nt ) , almost qualifying for criterion b . if the habitat is proven to be declining , this species will directly qualify for a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to france , where it is found in the siagne and the loup valleys , in the alpes - maritimes .\nthis species is a ground - dwelling species inhabiting the leaf litter of moist deciduous forests , mostly under ivy .\nthe threats to the species are unknown . this species might be impacted by the ongoing urbanization in this region and by all the activities from the increasing population .\nmore research is needed on the population and on the distribution of this species . the species is protected under the french law .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\niucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2017 ) .\nmus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( ed ) . 2003 - 2010 . inventaire national du patrimoine naturel ( inpn ) . paris available at : urltoken .\ndupuy , d . 1849 . catalogus extramarinorum galli\u00e6 testaceorum ordine alphabeticus dispositus , brevioribus specierum nondum descriptarum diagnosibus . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] . paris .\neu red list : near threatened nt . only known from 10 or so localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nfrance . alpes maritimes . near camping \u0093rives du loup\u0094 . 2 . 5 km . se of pont du loup . july 1988 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2243, "summary": [{"text": "cnephasia amseli is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on sicily and malta and in north africa , where it has been recorded from tunisia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is white-yellowish with darker strigulation and hazel-brown markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the base of the wing is suffused and the postbasal fascia and median fascia are hazel-brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish grey , but darker on periphery .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from april to may . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cnephasia amseli", "paragraphs": ["cnephasia ( cnephasia ) amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 ) | fauna europaea\npesi portal - cnephasia ( cnephasia ) amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 )\ncnephasia ( cnephasia ) communana ( herrich - schaffer , 1851 ) = cnephasia caprionica r\u00e9al 1953 = cnephasia lucia r\u00e9al 1953 = cnephasia mediocris r\u00e9al 1953 = cnephasia pseudorthoxyana r\u00e9al 1953 = cnephasia seminigra r\u00e9al 1953 .\ntrematerra , p . ( 2004 ) : cnephasia bizensis r\u00e9al , 1953 , and cnephasia amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 ) found in italy , two cnephasiini little known for the european fauna ( lepidoptera tortricidae ) . \u2014 redia 86 : 67 - 70\ncnephasia amseli is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found on sicily and malta and in north africa , [ 2 ] where it has been recorded from tunisia .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalbania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , krasnoyarsk , pribaikalskiy , mid - volzhsky .\nalbania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , romania , russia , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2247, "summary": [{"text": "the crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus ) is a species of bird traditionally placed in the family corvidae but might belong to the helmetshrikes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is monotypic within the genus platylophus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , and thailand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "crested jay", "paragraphs": ["information on the crested jay is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndescription : the plushed - crested jay is a south american species which performs co - operative breeding . two or three helpers take part in nesting duties and defence against predators .\nprotection / threats / status : the plushed - crested jay is threatened by the deforestation , but fortunately , this species is able to live in isolated forest patches of 10 - 20 ha , if larger forests are not too far . illegal pet trade is also an important threat . this jay frequents the urban areas in brazil , and can be common to abundant in its range . currently , the populations of the plushed - crested jay are not threatened .\nrange : the plushed - crested jay occurs in several parts of south america , from n argentina , to paraguay and uruguay , n and e bolivia . this species is also found in brazil , south of the amazon river .\nbehaviour : the plushed - crested jay feeds primarily on small invertebrates , mainly insects , and fruits from several plant species . it can sometimes take nestlings and eggs of other bird species , and frogs . it regularly feeds on maize when available and other seeds during the winter . the plushed - crested jay does not eat the animal items when captured , but it brings them to another place . it holds the food with the feet and pecks with the bill . it removes the wings of the large insects .\nflight : the plushed - crested jay performs short flights over open areas when foraging . the short , rounded wings allow the bird to fly easily from branch to branch among the trees in forested areas . its flight is undulating , with flapping interspersed with gliding .\ndiet : the plushed - crested jay feeds mainly on small invertebrates , and mostly insects . it also takes fruits from several plant species such as ficus and phylodendrum , casearia and syagros , and also psidium and rapanea . nestlings and eggs of other bird species , frogs , seeds and maize are also taken , according to the food availability .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto the plushed - crested jay has a large repertoire of more than 20 different sounds . in territorial defence , it gives loud , far - carrying calls . when the birds gather in flocks or move , they give social calls , a single , metallic , low melodious sound . there are two alarm calls : a single note when the predator is still far off and a phrase of 3 - 6 shorter notes when it approaches . the contact calls heard among foraging birds are sequences of 2 - 3 \u201cchyup - chyup\u201d . this jay can also mimicry other birds\u2019 calls .\ndebus , s . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhabitat : the plushed - crested jay frequents forest and wooded areas , from typical lowland evergreen forest and tropical deciduous forest to temperate rainforest . it is usually seen up to 1500 metres of elevation , but it may occur at 2800 metres in bolivia . all kinds of forests and wooded areas are suitable for this species , and especially with maize plantations in the surroundings . it also frequents eucalyptus plantations and forest edges , and can be seen in suburban areas .\nthe plushed - crested jay is a communal breeder , and commonly 2 - 3 helpers take part in nesting duties and defence . but if the co - operative breeding seems to be frequent , this species also breeds in pairs and the young remain within the family group for several months . mate selection occurs at noisy , communal roosts . the male performs courtship feeding to the female , and she responds by jiggling wings and tail . they are monogamous but the pair - bonds are not for the life . they roost communally with some birds as sentinels .\nthe plushed - crested jay is sometimes co - operative breeder , with two or three young of the previous year as helpers , taking part in nesting duties and defence against predators by mobbing and chasing them away from the territory . the nest is cup - shaped and often placed between 4 and 7 metres in the thick foliage of a tree . the nest is made with twigs , and the interior is lined with finer twigs and plant fibres , layers of bark and roots . other soft materials can be added such as feathers , grass and leaves .\n) is a large jay with a black head , white - tipped tail , and distinctive recurved crest . it is endemic to the cerrado woodlands and woodland edges in south - central brazil and parts of paraguay and bolivia . omnivores in the fullest sense , the jays have been known to eat a variety of fruit , arthropods , and even some vertebrates . these jays are territorial , forming groups of 9 to 11 individuals . they are cooperative breeders that actively assist in the feeding and rearing of young . the conservation status of the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nthis species is relatively scarce across its range , and is restricted to forest habitats . it is likely to be declining moderately rapidly overall , as a result of on - going habitat loss . it is therefore currently considered near threatened , and should be monitored carefully .\nthe population size of this species has not been quantified ; it is considered locally common . trend justification : a moderately rapid population decline is suspected to be occurring as a result of forest clearance . the rate of decline is not believed to be more rapid because the species may be tolerant of secondary habitats .\nthis species occurs in lowland evergreen forest , both primary and tall secondary , up to 1 , 500 m .\nrates of forest loss in the sundaic lowlands have been extremely rapid , owing partly to the escalation of illegal logging and land conversion , with deliberate targeting of all remaining stands of valuable timber including those inside protected areas . forest fires have also had a damaging effect ( particularly in 1997 - 1998 ) . the magnitude of these threats may be allayed by this species ' s tolerance of hill and submontane forests , which are under less pressure from logging and agricultural conversion .\nno targeted conservation actions are known for this species , although it occurs in a number of protected areas .\nconduct repeated surveys within the species ' s range to determine its current distribution and abundance , as well as assess population trends and rates of habitat loss . conduct ecological studies to improve understanding of its precise habitat requirements , tolerance of secondary habitats and response to fragmentation . effectively protect significant areas of suitable forest at key sites , in both strictly protected areas and community - led multiple use areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsome confusion has existed over names applied to races ; proposed names scapulatus and ardesiacus ( both with vague type localities in java ) are treated as synonyms of nominate . race lemprieri sometimes thought to be part of a cline and perhaps of doubtful validity , but accepted by recent authors # r . four subspecies recognized .\n( raffles , 1822 ) \u2013 sumatra and most of borneo ( except n ) .\n31\u201333 cm ; 78\u2013114 g . an unmistakable dark bird with remarkable long crest formed chiefly by two elongated central feathers , tips of which are slightly broader and . . .\nnoisy . contact call ( often first indication of species ' presence ) an excited , almost explosive . . .\nlowland broadleaf forest ; in hill forest reaches to 750 m in thailand , 1000 m in sumatra , and 1800 . . .\nsurprisingly poorly known . diet a variety of invertebrates , including large hairy caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) , millipedes ( diplopoda ) , . . .\npoorly studied . season jun\u2013jul and oct\u2013feb in java ; eggs laid early feb in malay peninsula . solitary breeder . well - made nest . . .\nsedentary , as far as is known . may possibly be nomadic to a certain extent , as suggested by . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . locally not uncommon , though population estimates lacking . reliance on lowland forest makes it vulnerable to . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ntraditionally placed in corvidae , but morphological study # r and molecular analyses # r # r # r indicate that it is distinct from that family ; perhaps sister to laniidae # r # r , and has been included therein in one recent work # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nsingle typical loud trill repeated twice - 18 - 19 notes . probably same bird or mate of xc96417 . at least two birds foraging at low levels , mostly calling infrequently\nsingle typical loud trill - about 20 notes . at least two birds foraging at low levels , mostly calling infrequently\nthere are two distinct calls . one shorter and harsher the other slightly longer and softer . possibly male and female back and forth or something else !\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n) is a distinctly - colored member of the corvidae . it has a dark violet blue back , a black bib , pale yellow underparts , tail band , and nape , spots of blue above and below the eye , and of course , a short crest of stiff , \u201cplush - like\u201d crown feathers , from which its name is derived . it is commonly found in the forests and woodlands of south central south america . these gregarious jays actively forage in groups between ten to twelve individuals , often accompanied by\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nis rated as of least concern due to its relative abundance , widespread range , and ability to adapt to anthropogenic habitat changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 896 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : platylophus galericulatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nadult has bright indigo - blue upperparts . the upperwing shows brownish inner - edges of primary flight feathers . the graduated tail is tipped pale yellowish or white .\non the underparts , chin , throat , neck sides and breast are black . the rest of the underparts varies from creamy - white to pale yellowish . the undertail is graduated with creamy to pale yellowish rectrices and dark bases . the underwing is brownish .\non the head , the black forehead shows stiffened feathers becoming softer on the crown , and forming a velvety crest . the result is a peculiar plush - like head , giving the bird its english name . forehead , crown and head sides are black . we can see an ultramarine elongated crescent above the eye . this patch is washed white at top . another ultramarine - blue spot is below the rear - eye and joins the large cyan - blue malar stripe , forming a v below the eye . the nape is white washed ultramarine , and the hind neck is pure ultramarine . the bill is black . eyes are yellow . legs and feet are blackish .\nboth sexes are similar . the juvenile has duller nape , and the facial pattern appears after the first month . the eyes are browner and become yellow at three months .\nwe can find four subspecies : c . c . diesingii has more dome - shaped crown , smaller ultramarine eye - patches and malar stripe , paler nape and hind neck , and narrower whitish tail tip . c . c . insperatus is similar to diesingii with pure white underparts and tail tip . c . c . tucumanus is similar to nominate race but larger ( here displayed ) . c . c . chrysops is described here .\nit forages by hopping on the ground , but also among the foliage and on the branches . when the resources are abundant , it often stores the food on the ground covered with leaves , or in trees between the branches . they often forage in flocks of 3 - 10 birds at all levels . each bird moves singly across the forest clearing and edges . they also fly for short distances over more open areas . on the ground , it turns over the dead leaves by sweeping bill sideways .\nreproduction : the breeding season occurs between october and december in paraguay and s brazil .\nthe female lays 2 - 4 speckled eggs and she incubates during 18 - 20 days . the male feeds her during this period . the chicks fledge 22 - 24 days after hatching , but they are fed by adults for three months more after leaving the nest ."]}
{"id": 2248, "summary": [{"text": "the chestnut goby ( chromogobius quadrivittatus ) is a species of goby found in the mediterranean and black sea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "in the black sea it is found in the gulf of varna , saline lagoons near abrau , also near novorossiysk and sochi .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species occurs in shallow , coastal waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 6.6 centimetres ( 2.6 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "chestnut goby", "paragraphs": ["chestnut goby - urdu meaning and translation of chestnut goby , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of chestnut goby and more .\nthe chestnut goby ( chromogobius quadrivittatus ) is a species of goby found in the mediterranean and black sea .\nis a small cryptobenthic goby observed at inshore bottom , under stones or between weed tufts , and into mid - tide pools , occurred most frequently from zero to two metres ( miller 1971 , 1986 ; ahnelt , 1991 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , livingston , f . , acero , a . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j .\njustification : chromogobius quadrivittatus is distributed throughout the northern and eastern mediterranean sea and from parts of the western and northern black sea . little data are available on the population size , but there are no known major threats to c . quadrivittatus . therefore , c . quadrivittatus is assessed as least concern .\nchromogobius quadrivittatus is known from the northern and eastern mediterranean and from the black sea . it has not been recorded from the south - central and southwestern mediterranean ( miller 1986 ) . the most western record is from barcelona , spain , and the most eastern from sochi ( russian federation ) in the black sea . the most southern record is from caeserea ( israel ; miller 1971 ) . chromogobius quadrivittatus is typically found only in shallow intertidal areas , less than about two metres ( van tassell 2001 ) .\nbulgaria ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; georgia ( abkhaziya ) ; greece ( east aegean is . ) ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna ) ; lebanon ; monaco ; palestinian territory , occupied ; russian federation ( european russia , south european russia ) ; spain ( spain ( mainland ) ) ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe ) ; ukraine\nno estimation of population size and trend of c . quadrivittatus has been published . ahnelt ( 1991 ) noted that \u201crecords of this species are still scattered and infrequent\u201d and that \u201cthe species is only rarely found\u201d . the largest collected sample of this species was of 34 specimens ( pampoulie and bouchereau 1996 ) . based on the present number of known records and the number of collected specimens in these records , and until more data are available , the species should be considered uncommon .\nchromogobius quadrivittatus has tolerance for brackish water and in the black sea was recorded also in the small coastal lagoon ( miller 1971 ) . no data exist for lifespan , life cycle and growth pattern ( miller 1986 ) . the studied population from corsica was composed of one year class adult female and juveniles ( pampoulie and bouchereau 1996 ) , suggesting that the generation length is one year or longer .\nchromogobius quadrivittatus may be impacted locally , but is not considered threatened across its range .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place or needed , however it does occur in marine protected areas . chromogobius quadrivittatus was previously assessed as least concern , globally and in the mediterranean ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : chaenogobius annularis has been assessed as least concern due to its large range and no known widespread threats to this species .\ndistributed throughout russia , china and the korean peninsula , to japan , the kuril islands and sakhalin island .\ndetailed population information is lacking for this species although it is noted to be stable .\nit is not known if there are any conservation measures in place or needed .\ngreek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )\nanterior opercle with a dark spot on its lower edge . anterior margin of pectoral fin base with a dark vertical band . scales cycloid . sensory papillae : row 1 , 13 - 20 ; row 2 , 11 - 19 ; row 3 , 9 - 16 ; row 4 , 10 - 16 ; row 5 , 7 - 16 ; row y , 3 - 7 ; row tr , 4 - 7 ( ref . 41100 ) .\nadults occur in shallow inshore waters , under stones or between weed tufts . also found in mid - tide pools . feed on small decapods and amphipod crustaceans ( ref . 4696 ) . eggs are pear - shaped ( ref . 4696 ) .\nmiller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )\n) : 13 - 21 . 6 , mean 18 . 1 ( based on 174 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 52 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 17 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ chromogobius quadrivittatus , syn . : c . kryzanowskii , gobius depressus , g . planiceps , relictogobius kryzhanovskii ]\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2249, "summary": [{"text": "the brown box crab , lopholithodes foraminatus , is a king crab that lives from kodiak island , alaska to san diego , california .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "at depths of 0 \u2013 547 metres ( 0 \u2013 1,795 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it reaches a carapace length of 150 millimetres ( 5.9 in ) , and feeds on bivalves and detritus .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it often lies buried in the sediment , and two foramens in the chelipeds allow water into the gill chamber for respiration .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the gill chamber is also sometimes used by the commensal fish careproctus to hold its eggs . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "brown box crab", "paragraphs": ["related searches for brown box crab : crab soft shell crab blue crab hermit crab brown crab golden crab coconut crab green crab mud crab imitation crab king crab florida blue crab alaskan king crab frozen blue crab hairy crab more . . .\ntags : storage box . | decorative storage boxes | wooden storage box | view larger image\nabout product and suppliers : urltoken offers 923 brown box crab products . about 2 % of these are fresh seafood , 2 % are crab , and 1 % are shellfish . a wide variety of brown box crab options are available to you , such as crab , lobster , and shellfish . you can also choose from halal , fda , and eec . as well as from mud crab , king crab , and soft shell crab . and whether brown box crab is whole , or surimi . there are 915 brown box crab suppliers , mainly located in asia . the top supplying countries are china ( mainland ) , united kingdom , and malaysia , which supply 97 % , 1 % , and 1 % of brown box crab respectively . brown box crab products are most popular in north america , western europe , and eastern europe . you can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers , including 856 with iso9001 , 10 with other , and 7 with haccp certification .\nthis past weekend at the tuna harbor dockside market we picked up some box crabs ( our second box crab experience . box crabs are relatively pricey for crabs at the market , hitting $ 8 . 00 per pound . however i will note that this price still seems good for crab .\nto read a 1992 report by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) on box crab , click here .\nbrown box crab ( lopholithodes foraminatus ) this video was taken at farnsworth bank , catalina island , california / offshore of catalina island , california as a part of data collection for the south coast marine protected area baseline monitoring project . please visit the institute for applied marine ecology ' s website at urltoken to learn more about these and other ongoing projects .\ntwo deep - water species that are occasionally seen in puget sound and also occur in deep water off the coast are the box crab and its close relative the king crab . the latter is called the king crab because of its large size when fully grown ( up to 10 inches wide ) but is not to be confused with the commercial king crab of alaska . these crabs are more apt to be seen by divers than fishers with pots . both are covered with wart - like tubercles and spines and resemble a rough box when their legs and claws are folded against the body . the box crab gets its name from the opening or foramen formed from matching semicircular notches in the claws and first walking legs . when the legs are folded tightly , water enters the gill cavity through this round opening . in the king crab this opening is absent .\nbox crabs are a species of king crab and have sizable legs with large chunks of meat . brown box crabs are able to fold their legs in close to their body , in an almost perfect fit , leading to their common name . they also have a unique circular opening in their claws that may help them feed . the box crab is found from the coast of alaska down to san diego but is not widely marketed in southern california . since we have been visiting the fish market , box crabs have been a staple and should be available year round in san diego . the crabs available at the market were caught by trap off of the channel islands . we ended up buying two spider crabs for dinner . as soon as we got home from the market , we threw the crabs in the freezer for a humane numbing before their steam bath . our crabs averaged just under three pounds each , so after a twenty - two minute steam - eight minutes per pound ( average weight of each crab ) - and a quick cool down , ingrid got down to picking the meat .\none of the most popular items on washington seafood menus is the dungeness crab . this hardshelled crustacean is fished from the aleutian islands to mexico . the shell is purple - tinged , gray or brown on the back and the tips of the claws are typically white . the dungeness crab can reach ten inches across the back though six to seven inches is more common . in puget sound this crab is most abundant north of seattle , in hood canal , and near the pacific coast . the dungeness crab is frequently associated with eelgrass beds and prefers sandy or muddy substrates .\nthe brown box crab , lopholithodes foraminatus , like the red king crab , is in the family lithodidae . kodiak island , alaska is the northern extent of its range which extends south to san diego , california . their preferred habitat is mud bottom or on vertical rock faces above the mud , from low intertidal to 600 m . carapace length is to about 150 mm ( 6 inches ) . they feed on bivalves and organic debris and often bury in the mud . while buried , two circular foramins or holes ( partially visible above ) in the claws allow for water circulation to the gills .\nanother species similar to , but smaller than the dungeness , is the red rock crab ( aka red crab , rock crab ) . this species usually measures less than six inches across the back and is characterized by large claws . despite being less meaty than the dungeness , red rock crab meat is also very tasty . where present in considerable abundance , the red rock crab is a serious predator on both oysters and hard - shell clams . in some areas , controls have been necessary to prevent undue damage to clam and oyster crops . it can be distinguished from the dungeness by the presence of black on the tips of its claws and by its red coloration . the red rock crab also prefers rocky substrates , as the name implies .\nit took about a half hour for ingrid to pick the two crabs - again , ingrid is an expert crab picker - and we came away with a pound and a half of meat , which put us at just under $ 30 per pound for actual meat . the cooked meat , without accoutrement , is sweet and satisfying - on par with alaskan king crab . adding old bay seasoning ( a maryland blue crab tradition ) , butter , and / or lemon , provided a little variety to the tasting . old bay and butter was my preferred preparation . picking the meat was fairly comparable to picking alaskan king crab legs , though with a few more sharp spines to watch out for . all in all , our first few experiences with box crabs have been amazing . i am at a loss as to why these crabs are not more widely available in grocery stores , which seem to only have king crab legs and snow crab legs shipped in from afar . abundant , relatively easy to catch ( so we are told ) , tasty , and easy to pick .\nin addition to cannibalistic members of their own species , dungeness crab are preyed upon a variety of fishes including halibut , dogfish , hake , lingcod , great marbled sculpin , and wolf eel . the dungeness crab is also a favorite food of the octopus . human endeavors , such as gillnetting for salmon , otter trawling for bottomfish , and dredging to maintain ship channels , all take their toll on dungeness crab .\nbefore a crab sheds its aging shell a flexible new shell forms under the old covering . the old shell splits across the rear along what is known as the splitting or suture line and this allows the new - shelled crab to back out of the old shell . even the coverings of the eye stalks and gills remain with the old shell . on emergence of the new - shelled crab , the tissues are saturated with water and expand the new shell to a larger size . at this stage , the soft - shelled crabs are readily susceptible to predators such as fish and other crabs , especially when confined in a pot . if you find these crab in your pot , please handle them with care . for a couple of days the survival of a new - shelled crab relies on its ability to remain well hidden or buried in the sand . within a few days , the soft - shell crab becomes an active , ravenous feeder . it takes about two months , however , for a soft - shelled crab to fill with meat and become a prime quality , hard - shelled crab .\nshells shedded by crab may wash in on beaches in large numbers and become the basis for false reports of dead crabs . in still or quiet waters the back of the shell that lifted during molting to let the soft crab out will drop back into position causing the crab to appear whole and dead . in most cases , molted shells break into several pieces before washing ashore and only a few legs or the top of the shell may be found .\nseveral species of crab are found in washington ' s marine waters and along its shores , though only a few are large enough to be of commercial and sport interest . crabs are crustaceans , having an exterior skeleton or shell . two crab species ( dungeness and red rock ) are harvested locally . crabs are most commonly harvested with crab pots but are also caught using ring nets , dip nets , and by wading in shallow water during spring and early summer .\nmating occurs between hard - shelled male crabs and newly molted , soft - shelled female crabs . take care not to disturb these clasping crab when fishing intertidally . the female crab stores the sperm in a seminal receptacle . because the female loses the sperm receptacle during growth molts , she cannot molt at the same time the male molts .\nthe eggs are fertilized when they are laid or extruded to become attached to the abdomen of the female . the mass of eggs carried by the female is frequently called the sponge . when first laid , eggs are bright orange in color . females in this condition are commonly found buried in the sand or subtidal bottoms . large females may carry in excess of 2\u00bd million eggs . as the embryos develop the eggs darken to a dirty brown and eventually hatch , producing larval crabs . in no way resembling an adult crab at first , the larvae swim freely in the sea and progress through a series of molts in which their appearance changes considerably . dense swarms of crab larvae are often seen in the water and are fed on extensively by other marine organisms , including salmon . after developing into the adult shape and at about a quarter of an inch in width , approximately 12 months after mating , juvenile crab take up residence on the ocean bottom . large numbers of young crabs are found in estuaries where they can tolerate dilutions of two parts fresh water to one part ocean water . the grays harbor and willapa bay estuaries are considered unique nursery areas for dungeness crab and certain fishes , such as english sole , with which they share the bottom environment .\n. children find it especially fun to watch these crabs crawl and feed in tide pools . another popular denizen of rocky shores is the hermit crab , characterized by its tendency to use the empty shells of other intertidal creatures as its home .\nthe examination of stomach contents of dungeness crabs has shown that they feed on a variety of marine forms . stomachs of ocean crabs most commonly contain hardshell and / or razor clam , fish , and crabs . they may also contain material such as sea stars , worms , squid , snails , and eggs that were originally consumed by their fish or crab prey . stomach contents obtained in the wild confirm the cannibalistic nature of dungeness crabs and predation on newly molted crabs by fellow aquarium residents creates problems in laboratory studies . contrary to general belief , laboratory observations and stomach samples indicate that dungeness crab will not consume decayed or rotten food .\nbecause crabs are enclosed in a rigid exterior skeleton they must shed their shell to grow . this molting takes place about seven times during the first year of life and at a decelerating rate there after . an average size of 1\u00be inches across the back is reached one year after the crab takes up bottom life . during a molt , the male crab will gain about 65 % in weight . after the second year most crabs are sexually mature and a difference in the rate of growth appears between males and females . females grow slower and only a small percentage attain a size greater than 6\u00bc inches across the back , despite complete protection from fishing pressure .\ntagging studies have shown that the loss of legs reduces the chances of survival , but crabs do have the power to regenerate missing appendages . complete regeneration requires two or three molts , which explains the occurrence of small , misshapen claws or legs . during the early part of life , lost claws or legs are quickly replaced because of frequent molting , but the same loss to an older crab could take years to replace .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you need to enable scripting and javascript in your browser settings to best view and navigate our website . otherwise , use our keyboard navigation and search page . for keyboard tabbing on this page you can bypass the top menu bar navigation and jump to the page sidebar navigation ( if applicable ) , or jump to the page body . our print link for screen media is scripted . your computer ' s normal print command will print this page . please contact us if you have difficulty in accessing our web pages .\nscientific name : greek lophos ( crest ) and lithodes ( stone ) ; and the latin foraminatus ( provided with a hole or perforation ) .\ndigital photo by jan haaga . references ( a complete list ) in the text include : jensen ( 1995 ) , williams et al . ( 1988 ) , barr ( 1983 ) , or hart ( 1982 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe backyard gourmand pays homage to our family ' s efforts to move toward seasonal , organic , local , and ethically produced foods in an urban environment - in our case san diego .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor more information on fishing , please contact the wdfw fish program . 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists\nseveral species of tiny shore crabs can be found on washington beaches . contrary to what many believe , these are not the young of larger ocean crabs , but are simply small sized species . under most rocks on puget sound shores you can find tiny black or gray hairy shore crabs ranging in size from smaller than a fingertip to about the size of a half - dollar . these are of two species ,\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation , corporate , and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark , a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it\u2019s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission : getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nhaven ' t found the right supplier yet ? let matching verified suppliers find you .\ninformation archiv\u00e9e dans le web \u00e0 des fins de consultation , de recherche ou de tenue de documents . cette derni\u00e8re n ' a aucunement \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9e ni mise \u00e0 jour depuis sa date de mise en archive . les pages archiv\u00e9es dans le web ne sont pas assujetties aux normes qui s ' appliquent aux sites web du gouvernement du canada . conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la politique sur les communications et l\u2019image de marque , vous pouvez demander de recevoir cette information dans tout autre format de rechange \u00e0 la page \u00ab contactez - nous \u00bb .\ninformation identified as archived on the web is for reference , research or recordkeeping purposes . it has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving . web pages that are archived on the web are not subject to the government of canada web standards . as per the policy on communications and federal identity , you can request alternate formats on the\ncontact us\npage ."]}
{"id": 2250, "summary": [{"text": "exaeretia nechlys is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona to california and in nevada .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on sidalcea malviflora , malva , malacothamnus jonesii and sphaeralcea species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "exaeretia nechlys", "paragraphs": ["exaeretia stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 152 ; ts : exaeretia allisella stainton\nmartyrhilda nechlys hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : planet mine , bil williams r . , yuma co . , arizona\nexaeretia fuscicostella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 264\nexaeretia amurella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 258\nexaeretia boreella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 260\nexaeretia daurella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 263\nexaeretia fuscogriseella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265\nexaeretia montuesella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 268\nexaeretia vladimiri ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 270\nexaeretia nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 268\nexaeretia sutschanensis ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 269\nexaeretia kozhantshikovi lvovsky , 2013 ; ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265 ; tl : krassnoyarsk , nr . minussinsk\nexaeretia exornata wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 130 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2\u00b0n , 127 . 4\u00b0e ) , heilongjiang , 170m\nexaeretia bignatha wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 129 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2\u00b0n , 127 . 4\u00b0e ) , heilongjiang , 400m\nexaeretia magnignatha wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 128 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2\u00b0n , 127 . 4\u00b0e ) , heilongjiang , 400m\nexaeretia indubitatella ; [ nhm card ] ; liu & wang , 2010 , zootaxa 2444 : ( 45 - 50 ) ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneu , ceu , siberia , magadan , mongolia , n . china , c . china . see [ maps ]\nneu , scotland , siberia , kola peninsula , kamchatka , sakhalin , . . . , california , oregon , washington , idaho , nevada , arizona , alaska , british columbia , northwest territories , alberta , manitoba , michigan , new brunswick , maine , s . quebec , ontario . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 49 ; [ nacl ] , # 908 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 49 ; [ nacl ] , # 908 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 261 ; [ fe ]\ndepressaria conciliatella rebel , 1892 ; ann . naturh . hofmus . wien 7 : 272 , pl . 17 , f . 14\ns . germany , austria , hungary , orenburg , crimea . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria culcitella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 127 , ( 53 ) f . 435\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 266 ; [ fe ]\ndepressaria lepidella christoph , 1872 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 9 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 16\ndepressaria lutosella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 122 , ( 53 ) f . 438\ns . kazakhstan , turkmenia , uzbekista , kirgizia , libya , arabia , iran , afghanistan , w . pakistan . see [ maps ]\nuralsk , daghestan , crimea , azerbaijan , kazakhstan , nw . china . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria niviferella christoph , 1872 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 9 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 17\norenburg , chelyabinsk , tula , s . siberia , estonia , latvia , s . sweden , poland , hungary , mongolia . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria praeustella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 19\ncalifornia , washington , british columbia - s . quebec , idaho , montana , wyoming , new hampshire , connecticut , new york . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 44 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nacl ] , # 899 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on antennaria luzuloides , gnaphalium hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 44\nfrom ( south dakota , s . british columbia ) - to ( texas , california ) . see [ maps ]\ndepresaria umbraticostella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 318 , pl . 36 , f . 8 ; tl : mt . shasta , california ; n . oregon\nlarva on balsamohirza sagittata , helianthus pumilus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45\nmartyrhilda sordidella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 132 , pl . 24 , f . 145 , pl . 41 , f . 238 ; tl : shingle creek , penticton , british columbia\nlarva on ambrosia psilostachya hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45\n: california [ mt . shasta , siskiyou co . ] ; n . oregon\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 903 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 904 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on sphaeralcea munroana , sidalcea , malacothamnus jonesii hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46\nlarva on sidalcea malvaeflora , malva , malacothamnus jonesii , sphaeralcea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 47\nmontana , wyoming , washington , british columbia , alberta . see [ maps ]\n: blue l . , ( 7000 ' ) , w of lytton , b . c .\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 48 ; [ nacl ] , # 906 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]\nmartyrhilda hildaella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 140 , pl . 24 , f . 148 ; tl : cameron bay , great bear l . , northwest territories , canada\ndeperssaria scabella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 236 ; tl : ohio\nnew brunswick - british columbia - arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nammitis ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( depressaria ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 393\ns . siberia , buryatia , transbaikalia , n . mongolia . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria ascetica meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , c . cordilleras , 11550ft\ndepressaria hermophila meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guinea , konakri\nindubitatella ( hannemann , 1971 ) ( martyrhilda ) ; acta zool . hung . 17 : 263\ndepressaria lusciosa meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 211 ; tl : peru , jauja , 11900ft\ndepressaria mesosceptra meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 210 ; tl : peru , oroya , 12200ft\nmontuesellus ( hannemann , 1976 ) ( depressariodes ) ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 237\ndepressaria nebulosella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : uralsk\ndepressaria relegata meyrick , 1920 ; nat . hist . juan fernandez 3 : 268 ; tl : masatierra , juan fernandez is .\nremotella ( hannemann , 1971 ) ( martyrhilda ) ; acta zool . hung . 17 : 264\ndepressaria significa meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 210 ; tl : ecuador , alausi , 9450ft\nsutschanensis ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( matyrhilda ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 300\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\nzeller , 1873 beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtf\u00e4lter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2258, "summary": [{"text": "biston strataria , the oak beauty , is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to europe , but is primarily found in the united kingdom .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "b. strataria is found in a variety of habitats , but is mostly found in woodlands where it rests on the bark of trees , camouflaged by its mottled black and grey wings .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the male has feather-like antennae while those of the female are more thread-like .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the moth has a wingspan of 40 to 56 mm ( 1.6 to 2.2 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae are mainly brown with three lumps near the end of the abdomen .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they have evolved to resemble sticks which helps protect them from predators .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the larvae feed on many species of trees , but the most commonly used host plants are oaks . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "biston strataria", "paragraphs": ["aedeagus of biston . 105 biston bengaliaria 106 biston pustulata 107 biston suppressaria 108 biston regalis 109 biston brevipennata 110 biston quercii 111 biston falcata falcata ( holotype of amphidasis erilda ) 112 biston falcata falcata 113 biston falcata satura 114 biston thibetaria 115 biston panterinaria panterinaria 116 biston panterinaria exanthemata . scale bar = 1 mm .\noak beauty ( biston strataria ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nmale genitalia of biston . 70 biston melacron 71 biston marginata 72 biston thoracicaria 73 biston betularia parva 74 biston betularia nepalensis 75 biston robustum . scale bar = 1 mm .\nmale genitalia of biston . 76 biston mediolata sp . n . 77 biston contectaria 78 biston bengaliaria 79 biston pustulata 80 biston suppressaria 81 biston regalis . scale bar = 1 mm .\nmale genitalia of biston . 95 biston panterinaria panterinaria . from chebaling , shixing , guangdong 96 biston panterinaria exanthemata . scale bar = 1 mm . aedeagus of biston . 97 biston melacron 98 biston marginata 99 biston thoracicaria 100 biston betularia parva 101 biston betularia nepalensis 102 biston robustum 103 biston mediolata sp . n . 104 biston contectaria . scale bar = 1 mm .\nhabitat : biston strataria colonizes deciduous trees rich stocks of all kinds , especially forests , but also grasslands with trees , hedges and gardens .\nremarks : the distribution extends from morocco across europe and most of temperate asia . in central europe biston strataria is common in most regions .\nmale genitalia of biston . 82 biston brevipennata 83 biston quercii 84\u201388 . biston falcata 84 biston falcata falcata ( holotype of amphidasis erilda ) 85 biston falcata falcata ( nyalam , tibet ) 86 biston falcata falcata ( mainling , tibet ) 87 biston falcata satura ( zhouqu , gansu ) 88 biston falcata satura ( shalin , gansu ) . scale bar = 1 mm .\nfemale genitalia of biston and enlarged view of signum . 117 biston marginata 118 biston thoracicaria 119 biston betularia parva 120 biston betularia nepalensis . scale bar for female genitalia = 1 mm . ( s = signum )\nfemale genitalia of biston and enlarged view of signum . 121 biston mediolata sp . n . 122 biston bengaliaria 123 biston suppressaria 124 biston regalis . scale bar for female genitalia = 1 mm . ( s = signum )\nbiston leach , 1815 , brewster\u2019s edinburgh encyclopaedia , 9 : 134 . type species : geometra prodromaria denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 ( = phalaena strataria ( hufnagel , 1767 ) ) , by subsequent designation by westwood , 1840 .\nantennae of biston . 1 bipectinate , with long rami ( male of biston melacron ) 2 bipectinate , with short rami ( male of biston thibetaria ) 3 filiform ( female of biston betularia ) . scale bar = 1 mm .\nfemale genitalia of biston and enlarged view of signum . 125 biston falcata falcata ( diqing , yunnan ) 126 biston falcata falcata ( gyirong , tibet ) 127 biston falcata satura ( zhouqu , gansu ) 128 biston thibetaria . scale bar for female genitalia = 1 mm . ( s = signum )\nfemale genitalia of biston and enlarged view of signum . 129 biston panterinaria panterinaria 130 biston panterinaria exanthemata . scale bar for female genitalia = 1 mm . ( s = signum )\nadults of biston . 4 \u2013 6 biston melacron . 4 male ( holotype 5 male 6 ditto , underside 7 \u2013 10 biston marginata . 7 male 8 ditto , underside 9 female 10 ditto , underside 11 \u2013 12 biston thoracicaria . 11 male 12 female 13 \u2013 16 biston betularia parva . 13 male ( holotype of biston huberaria tienschana ) 14 male ( holotype of biston cognataria sinitibetica ) 15 mal 16 female 17 \u2013 18 biston betularia nepalensis . 17 male 18 female 19 \u2013 20 biston robustum . 19 male ( holotype of biston robustum kiangsua ) 20 male . scale bar = 1 cm .\nhere , we divide the chinese biston into three species groups based on morphological characters . group i includes the \u201ctypical\u201d species of biston . group ii includes biston brevipennata inoue , 1982 and the species which were treated in the subgenus eubyjodonta of biston by wehrli ( 1941 ) . group iii includes biston perclara ( warren , 1899 ) , biston thibetaria ( oberth\u00fcr , 1886 ) and biston panterinaria ( bremer & grey , 1853 ) which was considered slightly different from the typical species of biston by sato ( 1996 ) .\nthe external characters of this species are close to those of biston suppressaria and biston inouei holloway , 1994 ( borneo ) , but it can be distinguished from those species by the following differences : this species ( length of forewing : 27\u201328 mm in male ) is larger than biston suppressaria and smaller than biston inouei ; the protrusion between m 1 and m 3 of the forewing postmedial line is relatively acute , but blunt or bilobed in biston suppressaria and biston inouei ; the hindwing basal line is more distinct in biston contectaria and biston inouei ; the projection between m 1 and m 3 of the the hindwing postmedial line is relatively acute in biston contectaria and biston suppressaria , but blunt in biston inouei . in the male genitalia , the apex of the uncus is broader than that of biston suppressaria and biston inouei , and is almost not bifurcated ; the median process of the gnathos is shorter and round distally , whereas it is longer and pointed in biston suppressaria and biston inouei ; the costa and the ventral margin of the valva are curved , while those of biston suppressaria and biston inouei are less curved or even incurved or concavely curved ; the costa is expanded and has dense setae basally , while it is straight in biston suppressaria and biston inouei ; the juxta is shorter and less pointed apically .\nbiston luculentus inoue , 1992 , described from se . thailand , is similar to biston suppressaria benescripta , but has the transverse lines even more clearly expressed ( e . g . see fig . 37 which is almost identical with biston luculentus ) . like biston suppressaria benescripta , also the biston luculentus form occurs sympatrically with typical biston suppressaria suppressaria or with biston suppressaria benesparsa wehrli , the latter being a rather rare form , at many places . also at the type locality of biston luculentus ( prov . chanthaburi , khao soi dao ) it occurs together with typical suppressaria ( coll . zfmk ) comparison of the genitalia of the two revealed no differences . thus we follow st\u00fcning ( in litt . ) and synonymize biston luculentus with biston suppressaria . besides , we also believe that the strange , almost patternless female figured by inoue ( 1992 ) as paratype of biston luculentus , belongs to another , still unidentified species .\nadults of biston . 43 biston brevipennata , male 44 \u2013 45 biston quercii . 44 female ( holotype ) 45 male 46 \u2013 53 biston falcata . 46 male ( holotype of amphidasis erilda ) 47 male ( holotype of biston erilda satura ) 48 female ( holotype of biston emarginaria ) 49 female ( holotype of amphidasis clorinda ) 50 male ( lijiang , yunnan ) 5 1 female ( gyirong , tibet ) 52 male ( zhouqu , gansu ) 53 female ( zhouqu , gansu ) . scale bar = 1 cm .\nthe genus biston leach , 1815 is reviewed for china . seventeen species are recognized , of which biston mediolata sp . n . is described . biston pustulata ( warren , 1896 ) and biston panterinaria exanthemata ( moore , 1888 ) are newly recorded for china . the following new synonyms are established : biston suppressaria suppressaria ( guen\u00e9e , 1858 ) ( = biston suppressaria benescripta ( prout , 1915 ) , syn . n . = biston luculentus inoue , 1992 syn . n . ) ; biston falcata ( warren , 1893 ) ( = amphidasis erilda oberth\u00fcr , 1910 , syn . n . = amphidasis clorinda oberth\u00fcr , 1910 , syn . n . = biston emarginaria leech , 1897 , syn . n . ) ; biston panterinaria panterinaria ( bremer & grey , 1853 ) ( = biston panterinaria abraxata ( leech , 1889 ) , syn . n . = biston panterinaria lienpingensis ( wehrli , 1939 ) , syn . n . = b . panterinaria szechuanensis ( wehrli , 1939 ) , syn . n . ) . biston falcata satura ( wehrli , 1941 ) , comb . n . is proposed . a key to chinese biston and diagnoses for chinese species are provided . illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented .\nadults of biston . 31 \u2013 32 biston pustulata . 31 male 32 ditto , underside . 33 \u2013 40 biston suppressaria . 33 male ( holotype of biston suppressaria benesparsa ) 34 ditto , underside 35 male ( cili , hunan ) 36 ditto , underside 37 male ( diaoluoshan , hainan ) 38 male ( bawangling , hainan ) 39 female 40 ditto , underside ; 41 \u2013 42 biston regalis . 41 male 42 female . scale bar = 1 cm .\nbiston perclara : prout , 1914 , ent . mitt . , berlin 3 : 264 .\nadults of biston . 64 \u2013 65 biston panterinaria panterinaria . 64 female ( fangshan , beijing ) 65 female ( yingtaogou , beijing ) ; 66 \u2013 69 biston panterinaria exanthemata . 66 male 67 ditto , underside 68 female 69 ditto , underside . scale bar = 1 cm .\nadults of biston . 21 \u2013 24 biston mediolata sp . n . 21 male ( holotype ) 22 ditto , underside 23 female ( paratype ) 24 ditto , underside . 25 \u2013 26 biston contectaria . 25 male 26 ditto , underside ; 27 \u2013 30 biston bengaliaria . 27 male 28 ditto , underside 29 female 30 ditto , underside . scale bar = 1 cm .\nbiston quercii : prout , 1915 , in seitz , macrolepid . world , 4 : 359 .\nfinal instar larva and metamorphosis of biston pustulata in singapore ( lepidoptera : geometridae : ennominae ) .\ntwo new species of the genus biston ( lepidoptera , geometridae , ennominae ) from central asia .\nmale genitalia of biston . 89 biston thibetaria ; 90 \u2013 94 . biston panterinaria panterinaria . 90 from sanpu , beijing 91 from dayu , jiangxi 92 from wuyanling , taishun , zhejiang 93 from taiyuan , pengshui , sichuan 94 from chebaling , shixing , guangdong . scale bar = 1 mm .\nbiston suppressaria : hampson , 1895 , fauna br . india ( moths ) , 3 : 247 .\nbiston falcata : hampson , 1895 , fauna br . india ( moths ) , 3 : 246 .\ntwo new species of the genus biston leach from malaysia and the philippines ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) .\nbiston contectaria : yazaki , 1992 , in haruta , tinea , 13 ( suppl . 2 ) : 33 .\nbiston bengaliaria : yazaki , 1992 , in haruta , tinea , 13 ( suppl . 2 ) : 33 .\nadults of biston . 54 biston perclara , male 55 \u2013 57 biston thibetaria . 55 male ( syntype ) 56 male 57 female 58 \u2013 63 biston panterinaria panterinaria . 58 male ( syntype of culcula panterinaria lienpingensis ) 59 female ( syntype of culcula panterinaria szechuanensis ) 60 male ( dayu , jiangxi ) 61 male ( jiulianshan , jiangxi ) 62 male ( shixing , guangdong ) 63 male ( pengshui , sichuan ) . scale bar = 1 cm .\nbiston contectaria walker , sensu xue , 1992a ; in liu , iconography of forest insects in hunan china : 880 .\nbiston ( cusiala ) bengaliaria : hampson , 1895 , fauna br . india ( moths ) , 3 : 247 .\nbiston panterinaria : sato , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan , 47 ( 4 ) : 223\u2013236 .\nthe subspecies of biston regalis from china is biston regalis comitata ( warren , 1899 ) ( eubyjodonta comitata warren , 1899 , novit . zool . , 6 : 50 . syntypes 2\u2642 , russia : amurland , sidemi . ( bmnh ) ) .\nbiston thibetaria : parsons et al . , 1999 , geometrid moths of the world , a catalogue , 1 : 88 .\npeppered moth - biston betularia f . insularia - thierry - mieg , 1886 - 30w skinner - fleet - 9 june 2015\nlatin name : biston strataria size : wingspan approximately 55mm distribution : found throughout england and wales . less common in scotland and n . i . months seen : march to may . habitat : woods , parks and gardens . food : caterpillars feed on various trees including oak ( hence the name ) , hazel and alder . special features : the oak beauty is mostly white , dappled with alternate bands of brown and black . it flies at night and is readily attracted to light . uk safari moth section\nbiston thoracicaria : prout , 1915 , in seitz , macrolepid . world , 4 : 359 , pl . 19 : g .\nbiston betularia : prout , 1915 , in seitz , macrolepid . world , 4 : 358 , pl . 19 : g .\nbiston regalis : prout , 1915 , in seitz , macrolepid . world , 4 : 359 , pl . 19 : h .\nbiston falcata clorinda : parsons et al . , 1999 , geometrid moths of the world , a catalogue , 1 : 86 .\nthe external characters of this species are close to those of biston marginata as follows : the male antennae are partially bipectinate and filiform at tip ; the forewing postmedial line bilobedly protrudes between m 1 and m 3 , and slightly protrudes outwards between cua 2 and 1a + 2a . but it can be distinguished from biston marginata by the following characters : the hindwing outer margin is concave between m 1 and m 3 , whereas it is evenly round in biston marginata ; the transverse lines are black but dark brown in biston marginata ; the hindwing postmedial line is waved after m 3 , but straight in biston marginata ; the transverse lines on the underside of the wings are more conspicuous . the most distinct differences are in the male genitalia : the apex of the uncus is broader and bifurcated , whereas it is narrower and round in biston marginata ; the median process of the gnathos is broader and round terminally , while in biston marginata , it is slenderer and acute apically ; the setose area of the valva is much weaker ; the juxta is narrower , and sharply pointed apically , while in biston marginata , it is broader and round apically ; the cornutus is shortly digitiform , but is thornlike in biston marginata . in the female genitalia ( inoue 1977 ) , the signum is much longer than in biston marginata .\nbiston ( cusiala ) bengaliaria f . contectaria : hampson , 1895 , fauna br . india ( moths ) , 3 : 248 .\nbiston pustulata : holloway , 1994 , malay . nat . j . , 47 : 210 , pl . 12 , fig . 452 .\nbiston ( buzura ) suppressaria : wehrli , 1941 , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde , 4 ( suppl . ) : 436 .\nthere are two chinese subspecies of biston robustum , they are biston robustum robustum butler , 1879 and biston robustum subrobustum inoue , 1964 ( biston robustum subrobustum inoue , 1964 , konty\u00fb , 32 ( 2 ) : 338 , pl . 8 , fig . 3 . holotype \u2642 , taiwan ( central ) : puli . ( bmnh ) ) . the former is distributed in the mainland china , the latter is distributed in taiwan . the description of biston robustum kiangsua wehrli was based on a single , rather aberrant specimen , with a single printed label \u201cshanghai china\u201d . similar forms occur in japan , as mentioned by wehrli ( 1941 ) . so this name very probably does not denote a valid subspecies and it is synonymized correctly .\nthe external characters of this species are close to those of biston betularia as follows : the male antennae are partially bipectinate and filiform at apex ; the forewing postmedial line protrudes outwards between m 1 and m 3 and between cua 2 and 1a + 2a ; the discal spots of both wings are stripe - like . but it can be distinguished from biston betularia by the following characters : distinctly smaller ; the wing colour is dark brown , but greyish black in biston betularia ; the hindwing basal line is present , but absent in biston betularia ; the forewing r 1 and r 2 are separate , but stalked in biston betularia . in the male genitalia , the apex of the uncus and the median process of the gnathos are more slender than those of biston betularia ; the valva is more slender and longer ; the juxta is much narrower ; the cornutus is small and spine - like , whereas biston betularia has two kinds of cornuti , one is a large bundle of spines , the other is a small tuft of spines . in the female genitalia , the corpus bursae is curved in the anterior half , while in biston betularia , it is expanded posteriorly and narrow medially ; the signum is elliptic , with several small marginal spines , whereas it is bar - like and without marginal spines in biston betularia .\nother beautiful bark mimics include the closely related , large and impressive oak beauty ( biston strataria ) ( photo 5 ) whose larvae also develop on a range of tree species ( including oak ) , and the somewhat smaller common carpet ( epirrhoe alternata ) ( photo 6 ) . the latter often finds its way into houses at night when the lights are on and the wind - ows have been left open . despite its name it does not pose any danger to floor coverings , the name solely based on its appearance not its feeding habits , the larvae being found on bedstraws and cleavers .\nthe genus biston resembles cusiala moore and iulotrichia warren in : the postmedial lines of both wings often protrudes outwards between m 1 and m 3 ; the apex of the uncus is often bifurcated . but biston differs from cusiala and iulotrichia in the following characters : the forewing fovea of the male is absent in biston but present in cusiala and iulotrichia ; in the male genitalia , the aedeagus vesica has numerous , very small , spine - like cornuti , arranged as two pair of longitudinal combs in cusiala and iulotrichia , which is absent in biston . the members of biston also resemble lycia h\u00fcbner , 1825 and cochisea barnes & mcdunnough , 1916 , both of which belong to the former bistonini . but both of these genera can be distinguished from biston by the single pair of spurs on the hind tibia , as well as apterous or brachypterous female in lycia , and absence of the tongue in cochisea .\nthe purpose of this paper is , to review all known chinese biston species , to determine their diagnostic characters , to develope a key for their determination and to provide illustrations of external features and genitalia ; furthermore , one new species , biston mediolata sp . n . , will be described , biston pustulata ( warren , 1896 ) will be recorded as new for the fauna of china and several new synonyms and a new combination will be proposed . this results , to our present knowledge , in 17 species and nine subspecies of biston for the fauna of china and 52 species with 33 subspecies worldwide .\nthe diagnostic characters of external morphology of the species can be seen in the previous species . the male genitalia of the species are close to those of biston suppressaria . but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters : the vesica is less strongly sclerotized posteriorly ; the cornutus is small and spine - like but absent in biston suppressaria . the female genitalia are similar to those of biston betularia , but they differ in the following characters : the ductus bursae is shorter and the antrum is absent ; the corpus bursae is almost even in width , while in biston betularia it is enlarged , wrinkled and weakly sclerotized posteriorly , narrow medially and swollen anteriorly ; the signum is oval with several marginal spines , but a transverse bar in biston betularia .\nbiston robustum kiangsua wehrli , 1941 , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde , 4 ( suppl . ) : 433 , pl . 36 : b . holotype \u2642 , china : shanghai . ( zfmk ) ( treated as a synonym of biston robustum robustum by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) )\nbiston cognataria alexandrina wehrli , 1941 , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde , 4 ( suppl . ) : 432 , pl . 36 : a . syntypes 4\u2642 , kirghizstan : alexander mountains . ( zfmk ) ( treated as a synonym of biston betularia betularia by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) )\ndescriptions of a new species and a new subspecies of the genus biston leach from the philippines , with notes on the two known species ( geometridae , ennominae ) .\nthe external characters of this species are close to those of biston contectaria , but it can be distinguished from that species by the following differences : the wings are pale yellow but white in biston contectaria ; the forewing postmedial line is much narrower and protruding outwards between cua 2 and 1a + 2a , while in biston contectaria , it is broader and without such a protrusion ; the discal spot on the hindwing upperside is large , round , black , while in biston contectaria it is almost absent ; the discal spots on the underside of both wings are larger and heavier . the male genitalia are close to those of biston suppressaria , but it can be distinguished by the square apex of the juxta , the shorter median process of the gnathos and the presence of a cornutus which is a short spinous patch . the female genitalia are similar to those of biston suppressaria . but it differs in that the corpus bursae is coiled anteriorly ; the signum is longer and narrower ; the ostium bursae is more strongly sclerotized .\nholloway ( 1994 ) proposed a very broad concept of the tribe boarmiini which also subsumed the previously separate tribe bistonini , and provided the diagnostic characters for the genus biston .\nbiston cognataria sinitibetica wehrli , 1941 , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde , 4 ( suppl . ) : 433 , pl . 36 : a . syntypes \u2642 , \u2640 , china ( west ) : kangding . ( zfmk ) ( treated as a synonym of biston betularia parva leech , 1897 by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) )\nbiston ( eubyjodonta ) quercii : wehrli , 1941 , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde , 4 ( suppl . ) : 434 , pl . 36 : f .\nbiston ( eubyjodonta ) huberaria tienschana wehrli , 1941 , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde , 4 ( suppl . ) : 435 , pl . 36 : d , g . holotype \u2642 , china : xinjiang , \u00fcr\u00fcmqi , tian - shan . ( zfmk ) ( treated as a synonym of biston huberaria by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) )\nbiston robustum butler , 1879 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 5 ) 4 : 371 . syntype ( s ) , japan : yokohama . ( bmnh )\nexperiments were made to find out whether caterpillars of ennomos alniaria , biston strataria and b . hirtaria are protected from jays and chaffinches by their resemblance to sticks . being used to the inedibility of sticks , the birds do not peck at the larvae . however , once it has found one by accident , a bird will usually peck at all similar objects until it is discouraged by finding only sticks . the original situation is then restored . the caterpillars are confused only with sticks of their own food plants , and some birds are able to distinguish them even from these . even in its present highly refined form , therefore , the adaptation does not yet give the maximum possible protection , and all steps in its evolution will have had a considerable selective advantage .\nthe larva is often twig - like with the characteristic 45 degree resting posture and an obtusely cleft head ( holloway 1994 ) . singh ( 1953 ) recorded the larva of biston suppressaria ( guen\u00e9e , 1858 ) . issiki et al . ( 1977 ) illustrated the larva of biston robustum butler , 1879 . yamamoto et al . ( 1987 ) described and illustrated the larvae of biston betularia ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , biston robustum , biston regalis ( moore , 1888 ) and biston panterinaria . wagner ( 2001 ) recorded the larva of biston betularia . sato ( 2001 ) described the larva of biston marginata shiraki , 1913 . leong ( 2009 ) gave a description of the final instar larva and metamorphosis of biston pustulata . most species are highly polyphagous . the larval host plants have been recorded from the families aceraceae , adoxaceae , anacardiaceae , apocynaceae , aquifoliaceae , asteraceae , berberidaceae , betulaceae , bombacaceae , cannabaceae , caprifoliaceae , celastraceae , compositae ( asteraceae ) , cornaceae , corylaceae , cupressaceae , elaeagnaceae , ericaceae , euphorbiaceae , fagaceae , ginkgoaceae , grossulariaceae , guttiferae ( clusiaceae ) , iridaceae , juglandaceae , lardizabalaceae , lauraceae , leguminosae ( fabaceae ) , lythraceae , meliaceae , melianthaceae , myricaceae , myrtaceae , oleaceae , palmae , pinaceae , platanaceae , rhamnaceae , rosaceae , rutaceae , salicaceae , sapindaceae , sterculiaceae , styracaceae , solanceae , theaceae , tiliaceae , ulmaceae , verbenaceae ( summarized from inoue 1965 ; holloway 1994 ; zhang 1994 ; parsons et al . 1999 ; sato 2001 ; robinson et al . 2004 ) . pato\u010dka ( 2004 ) and pato\u010dka and turcani ( 2005 ) construct a key for the pupae of central european species . nakamura ( 2004 ) described and gave a key for the pupae of japanese species .\ndasyphara billberg , 1820 , enumeratio insect . mus . g . j . billberg : 89 . type species : geometra prodromaria denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 . [ junior objective synonym of biston leach . ]\n\u00fcbersicht \u00fcber die afrikanischen arten der gattung biston leach , [ 1815 ] 1830 ( lepidoptera : geometridae : boarminae : boarmini ) . lambillionea 105 ( 1 ) ( supplement ii ) , mars : 1\u201334 .\namphidasis treitschke , 1825 , in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . , 5 ( 2 ) : 434 . type species : geometra prodromaria denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 . [ junior objective synonym of biston leach . ]\nthe wing pattern of this species is similar to that of biston exalbescens inoue , 2000 ( philippines ) as follows : the forewing postmedial line is weakly waved , broadly protruding outwards between r 5 and m 3 and below cua 2 ; the hindwing outer margin is concave between m 1 and m 3 ; the hindwing postmedial line protrudes outwards between m 1 and m 3 ; dark brown bands are present basally of the forewing antemedial line and distally of the postmedial line of both wings , and usually absent at apical area and between m 3 and cua 1 of the forewing . but the species can be distinguished from biston exalbescens by the following characters : the forewing antemedial line is thinner , the dark brown band basally of it is narrower ; the medial lines of both wings are less conspicuous . in the male genitalia , it differs in the much stronger central setose area of the valva ; the median process of the gnathos is spatulate terminally , but pointed in biston exalbescens ; the juxta is longer and narrower ; the vesica with two cornuti , a basal , oval plate with a lateral tooth and an elongate , sclerotized , spined fold . the female genitalia of this species are close to that of biston betularia , but it has a nearly triangular lamella postvaginalis , which is absent in biston betularia ; the ductus bursae is broader and sclerotized , without antrum ; the corpus bursae is pouched , but enlarged posteriorly and narrow medially in biston betularia ; the signum is almost oval , but bar - like in biston betularia .\nbiston marginata shiraki , 1913 , spec . rep . formosa agric . exp . stn , [ special reports no . 8 ] publication no . 68 : 433 , pl . 44 . syntypes , china : taiwan .\nthe wing pattern of this species is similar to that of biston contectaria as follows : the forewing outer margin is almost straight anteriorly ; the antemedial line is black , broad and almost straight ; the postmedial line acutely protrudes between m 1 and m 3 ; the medial lines of both wings are greyish yellow and indistinct ; pale yellow bands are present basally of the forewing antemedial line and distally of the postmedial line of both wings ; the hindwing basal line is black and distinct . but this species is smaller and can be distinguished by the following characters : the postmedial lines of both wings are narrower ; the forewing postmedial line weakly protrudes outwards between cua 2 and 1a + 2a , while in biston contectaria , it is straight ; the protrusion between m 1 and m 3 of the hindwing postmedial line is round but sharply angled in biston contectaria ; the discal spots on the underside of both wings are larger and heavier . in the male genitalia : the much broader uncus and valva of the new species are distinctly different from biston contectaria . the female genitalia are similar to those of biston panterinaria as follows : the apophyses posteriores are long ; the ostium bursae is sclerotized ; the ductus bursae is very short ; the corpus bursae is curved medially ; the signum is elliptic and narrow . but it can be distinguished from biston panterinaria by presence of the lamella postvaginalis .\nthis species is very close to biston pustulata , but we can distinguish it by the following characters : the protrusion between m 1 and m 3 of the forewing postmedial line is shorter , shallowly bilobed and sometimes round ; the projection between m 1 and m 3 of the hindwing postmedial line is round . in the male genitalia , it differs in the round apex of the juxta . the diagnostic characters of the female genitalia can be seen in biston bengaliaria .\nbiston brevipennata inoue , 1982b , bull . fac . domestic sci . , otsuma woman\u2019s univ . , 18 : 176 , figs 40e , 41b . holotype \u2642 , nepal : lete , 2400 m near nilgiri . ( bmnh )\nbiston fragilis inoue , 1958 , tinea , 4 ( 2 ) : 254 , pl . 34 , fig . 30 . holotype \u2642 , japan : oita prefecture , saeki . ( bmnh ) ( synonymized by inoue ( 1965 ) )\n? marmoraria sepp , 1792 , nederlandsche insecten , 2 : pl . 10 , pl . 11 , syntype ( s ) , netherlands . ( treated as a synonym of biston betularia betularia by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) )\nphalaena ( geometra ) ulmaria borkhausen , 1794 , natur . eur . schmett . , 5 : 181 . syntype ( s ) , europe . ( treated as a synonym of biston betularia betularia by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) )\nthe hainan specimen is different from specimens of bornean material in the distinct transverse lines and the more acute projection between m 1 and m 3 of the hindwing postmedial line . however , the male genitalia of the hainan specimen are almost indentical to those of biston pustulata from borneo which were illustrated by holloway ( 1994 ) . thus we classify the hainan specimen as biston pustulata . if these differences prove constant in a larger number of specimens , the hainan population should be described as a separate subspecies .\npachys h\u00fcbner , 1822 , syst . - alphab . verz . : 38 \u2013 44 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 . type species : geometra prodromaria denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 . [ junior objective synonym of biston leach . ]\nbiston melacron wehrli , 1941 , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde , 4 ( suppl . ) : 430 , pl . 35 : h . syntypes 3\u2642 , china : west tien - mu - shan , 1600 m . ( zfmk )\nthe external characters of this species are similar to those of biston thibetaria as follows : the forewing antemedial line and the postmedial lines of both wings are black and thick ; black patches are present distally of the forewing postmedial line between m 1 and m 3 , reaching the outer margin ; another smaller black patch is present distally of the forewing postmedial line below m 3 . but in this species the broad bands placed basally of the antemedial line of the forewing and distally of the postmedial lines of both wings are pale yellow and indistinct , whereas they are yellowish green and distinct in biston thibetaria ; the discal spots of both wings are less distinct or have completely vanished ; the forewing postmedial line is straight between cua 2 and 1a + 2a , while it is slightly excurved in biston thibetaria . the male genitalia of the species are almost identical to those of biston thibetaria . but the median process of the gnathos of the species is truncate apically and the incision of posterior margin of the juxta is less deep .\nbiston indeed has some typical features in common with the boarmiini : the postmedial lines of both wings often protrudes outwards between m 1 and m 3 ; in the male genitalia , the socii are usually absent ; the valva has a strong cucullus . however , biston also has some features atypical for boarmiini : a fovea is absent in the male forewing ; in the male genitalia , the valva is simple , without any ornamentation ( holloway 1994 ; pitkin 2002 ; viidalepp et al . 2007 ; young 2008 ) .\nbiston exotica inoue , 1977 , bull . fac . domestic sci . , otsuma woman\u2018s univ . , 13 : 322 , figs 65\u201367 . holotype \u2642 , japan : kochi prefecture , kubokawa . ( bmnh ) ( synonymized by heppner and inoue ( 1992 ) )\nbiston ( buzura ) suppressaria f . benesparsa wehrli , 1941 , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde , 4 ( suppl . ) : 436 , pl . 36 : f . holotype \u2642 , china : hunan , h\u00f6ng - shan . ( zfmk )\nbiston emarginaria leech , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 6 ) 19 : 322 , pl . 7 , fig . 8 . holotype \u2640 , china : sichuan , pu - tsu - fong . ( bmnh ) , syn . n .\nthe external characters of this species are close to those of biston porphyria ( butler , 1889 ) ( india ) as follows : the male antennae are bipectinate to tip ; greyish brown bands are present basally of the antemedial line of the forewing and distally of the postmedial lines of both wings ; the forewing medial line converges with the postmedial line at 1a + 2a ; the hindwing postmedial line acutely protrudes between m 1 and m 3 ; the submarginal lines of both wings are dark grey . but the species can be distinguished by the following characters : this species ( length of forewing : 28\u201330 mm in male ) is larger than biston porphyria ; the wings are broader ; the hindwing medial line is more conspicuous . the male genitalia of the species are similar to those of biston betularia as follows : the apex of the uncus is bifurcated ; the median process of the gnathos is about one - half length of the uncus ; the juxta is long , narrow , and acute apically . but it can be distinguished from biston betularia by the longer and narrower valva and the absence of cornuti .\nbiston luculentus inoue , 1992 , bull . fac . domest . sci . otsuma wom . univ . , 28 : 171 , figs 59 , 60 , 62\u201364 . holotype \u2642 , thailand : chanthaburi , khao soi dao , 400 m . ( uos ) , syn . n .\nthis species is very distinct and is easily recognizable by the thick black lines and yellowish green bands placed basally of the antemedial line of the forewing and distally of the postmedial lines of both wings , the large , black ringed and pale - centred discal spots on both wings , as well as the black - belted abdomen and the fresh yellow anal tuft . the male genitalia of biston thibetaria are close to those of biston panterinaria : the apex of the uncus is bifurcated and about four - fifths as long as the basal width ; the median process of the gnathos is short and round apically ; the valva is broad basally and narrow apically ; the ventral margin of the valva is slightly sinuous ; the juxta has a deep incision at the middle on the posterior margin ; the cornutus is stick - like ; a narrow sclerotized band is present on lateral side of the aedeagus . but it can be distinguished from that species by the strongly rounded basal half of the valva . the female genitalia of the species are close to those of biston panterinaria as follows : the ostium bursae is weakly sclerotized ; the ductus bursae is very short ; the corpus bursae is curved medially , striated in the posterior half and enlarged at tip ; the signum is oval and with marginal spines . it differs in having an oval lamella postvaginalis , which is absent in biston panterinaria .\nthe wing pattern of this species is similar to that of biston falcata as follows : the forewing antemedial line is black , slightly waved ; the postmedial lines of both wings are black and dentate ; broad brown bands are present basally of the forewing antemedial line and distally of the postmedial lines of both wings ; the speckles scattered on the wings are black , and often gather to a black patch basally of the submarginal lines ; the hindwing medial line is black and double . but it can be distinguished by the following characters : the outer margins are more undulating , there are distinct marginal processes in the centre of both wings , absent in biston falcata ; the hindwing discal spot is present . the male genitalia are similar to those of biston falcata as follows : the apex of the uncus is round ; the median process of the gnathos is broad and round apically ; the juxta is long , narrow , acute and with a longitudinal arris apico - ventrally ; the cornutus is shaped as a spinous patch . but this species is characterized by the narrower juxta and the longer spines of the cornutus .\nchina , shanghai ( zfmk ) : 1\u2642 ( holotype of biston robustum kiangsua ) . shandong ( izcas ) : gujiding , 13 . iv . 1981 , 3\u2642 . jiangsu ( izcas ) : nanjing , qixiaqu , yaohuamen , 16 . iii . 2006 , coll . lang songyun , 3\u2642 . more material from shaanxi , 2\u2642 from taiwan , many from japan , 2\u2642 from korea and many from vietnam in coll . zfmk .\nvenation . forewing : sc free , r 1 and r 2 usually stalked ( separate in biston thoracicaria ) , diverging before anterior angle of cell ; r 2 sometimes connected by a short transverse bar with r 3\u20134 or r 3\u20135 ; r 3\u20135 before or from anterior angle of cell , not stalked with m 1 ; m 1 from anterior angle of cell ; m 3 from posterior angle of cell ; cua 1 before posterior angle of cell . hindwing : sc + r 1 close to cell less than onehalf length of cell ; rs before anterior angle of cell ; m 1 from anterior angle of cell ; m 2 absent ; m 3 from posterior angle of cell ; cua 1 before or from posterior angle of cell ; 3a absent .\nmale genitalia . uncus short and broad , ratio of length to basal width variable , often bifurcate terminally , sometimes bifurcation very shallow or on ventral side below apex , so the latter apparently square or round . arms of gnathos connected medially , with median process robust or slender , round , acute or square terminally . valva simple ; costa sclerotized , straight or incurved , with terminal half often broadened , bearing long setae from center to apex ; sacculus sometimes sinuous . saccus round or semicircular . juxta well developed , pointed , or round or flat apically , sometimes elongate , without lateral brushes of long setae , except in biston melacron wehrli , 1941 . aedeagus often cylindrical , sclerotized dorsally ; vesica usually wrinkled , scobinate , with or without cornuti ; shape of cornuti various .\nmany other geometrid larvae are similarly well camouflaged and often rest in a stretched out rigid position to perfect the illusion , like the peppered moth larva ( biston betularia ) in photo 3 , which feeds on a range of different shrubs and trees . at first glance , adult peppered moths ( photo 4 ) do not appear to be particularly well camouflaged until one realizes that they prefer to rest on light coloured tree bark mottled with lichens . when , in the middle of last century , heavy industrial pollution in parts of the country caused lichens to die off and tree bark to darken , the lighter coloured peppered moths became much more obvious to predators and only the darkest specimens survived , giving rise to almost all - black populations in the areas of the worst pollution . as air quality improved , lighter coloured individuals were once again seen in the population .\nspecimens of biston were obtained from institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing , china ( izcas ) and zoologisches forschungsmuseum alexander koenig , bonn , germany ( zfmk ) . the other museums cited here , where types are deposited , are the natural history museum , london , united kingdom ( bmnh ) , the linnean society of london , united kingdom ( lsl ) , the zoologische staatssammlung muenchen , munich , germany ( zsm ) and the zoological institute , russian academy of sciences , saint - petersburg , russia ( zisp ) . terminology for wing venation followed the comstock - needham system ( comstock 1918 ) as adopted for geometridae by scoble ( 1992 ) and hausmann ( 2001 ) , and that of the genitalia was based on pierce ( 1914 ) , klots ( 1970 ) and nichols ( 1989 ) . photographs of adult moths and their genitalia were taken with digital cameras . composite images were generated using auto - montage software version 5 . 03 . 0061 ( synoptics ltd ) . the plates were compiled using adobe photoshop software .\nwe wish to express our hearty thanks to dr . dieter st\u00fcning , the zoologisches forschungsmuseum alexander koenig , bonn , germany , for providing help on many aspects , for example , suggesting the synonymies of b . falcata and b . suppressaria , preparation of the data and photographs of zfmk material of chinese biston , description of the male genitalia of b . perclara and making many linguistic corrections and comments . special thanks go to sir anthony galsworthy , the natural history museum , london , united kingdom and mr manfred sommerer , munich , germany , for providing the photos of some type material deposited at bmnh . we are grateful to all collectors whose contributions made our work possible . we appreciate the work of ms yang chao and ms yan keji for preparing some specimens and photographs . our thanks are also due to the reviewers for their valuable comments and corrections on the manuscript . we also appreciate mr . william oosterman , 132 pine street , oxford , pa 19363 , united states , for making many linguistic corrections . this work was supported by the key project of scientific innovation of cas ( kscx2 - yw - z - 0909 ) , the national science foundation of china ( no . 31172127 , 20870320 ) , the national science fund for fostering talents in basic research ( nsfc - j0930004 ) and a grant from the key laboratory of the zoological systematics and evolution of the chinese academy of sciences ( no . o529yx5105 ) .\ndescription : wingspan 51 - 56mm . forewings are generally a mixture of mottled brown and white , with a distinct darkish band running across the outer edge of the forewing . the males have long feathery antennae and the body is quite hairy .\nflight period : from mid - march to early april , although in some milder years the emergence can be earlier .\nstatus : mainly confined to western counties at well - trapped sites such as , crom and garvary , where it is taken regularly in most years . increased fieldwork in the east has led to its discovery at the argory and peatlands in the late 1990 ' s and its rediscovery at rostrevor in south east down , where it hadn ' t been seen since the early part of the twentieth century . an early spring species , which may exist in small isolated populations at a few other woodland sites , particularly in antrim around glenarm and banagher in londonderry , where suitable habitat exists .\necology : an attractive species associated mainly with old established woodland . adult males are frequently seen at light , females less so . their mottled appearance aids their concealment when at rest during the day on the trunks of trees . the larvae can be found on a variety of trees including oak quercus spp . , elm ulmus spp . , hazel corylus avellana , aspen populus tremula and alder alnus glutinosa from late spring onwards . it overwinters in the pupal stage .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 40 - 50 mm . a large - bodied , attractive species with alternate bands of chestnut and white , speckled with black .\nthe caterpillars feed on a number of deciduous trees ; the species is not restricted to oak .\nreasonably common in england and wales , scarcer in scotland and ireland . lycia hirtaria . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .\nfairly frequent but not common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = b ( scarce resident or restricted distribution or regular migrant ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 60 ( 87 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the species is polyphagous on deciduous wood . noteworthy are salix , quercus , prunus .\nlife cycle : the moths overwinter in part developed in the pupal case and hatch early from february to april . the caterpillar lives from april to early july .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthe larva lives on various deciduous trees , with a preference for quercus . hibernates as a pupa underground .\nthe adults fly in one generation a year ; usually from early march till early may , but in mild conditions , the first moths can be seen from mid february onwards . they are attracted to light .\nbelgium , luxembourg , nassogne , 25 february 2007 . male ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of butterflies and moths from around the world , or upload your own . to search by species , use the species guide ( change\nioc\nto\nbutterflies & moths\nbefore searching by taxon ) .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\neubyja h\u00fcbner , 1825 , verz . bekannter schmett . : 318 . type species : phalaena betularia linnaeus , 1758 , by subsequent designation by grote , 1902 .\namphidasys sodoffsky , 1837 , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou , 10 : 90 . [ emendation of amphidasis treitschke . ]\namphidasea unger , 1856 , arch . ver . freunde naturg . - mecklenb . , 10 : 61 . [ emendation of amphidasis treitschke . ]\nbuzura walker , 1863 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 26 : 1531 . type species : buzura multipunctaria walker , 1863 , by monotypy .\nculcula moore , 1888 , in hewitson & moore , descr . new indian lepid . insects colln late mr w . s . atkinson , ( 3 ) : 266 . type species : culcula exanthemata moore , 1888 , by monotypy .\neubyjodonta warren , 1893 , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1893 : 416 . type species : eubyjodonta falcata warren , 1893 , by original designation .\nblepharoctenia warren , 1894 , novit . zool . , 1 : 428 . type species : amphidasys bengaliaria guen\u00e9e , 1858 , by original designation .\nepamraica matsumura , 1910 , thousand insects japan , ( suppl . ) 2 : 130 . type species : epamraica bilineata matsumura , 1910 , by monotypy .\n) . frons not protruding , smooth - scaled . tongue well developed . labial palpus small , with hair - scales , not extending beyond frons . compound eyes setose .\nthorax . legs covered with hair - scales . hind tibia slightly dilated , with two pairs of spurs in both sexes , without hair - pencil . frenulum developed . forewing without basal fovea in male , triangular , outer margin straight or waved , hindwing round , outer margin smooth , sometimes concave between m 1 and m 3 or protruding between m 1 and cua 1 . wings white , pale yellow or greyish brown , transverse lines black , brown or white . pattern of forewing : antemedial line slightly waved , often accompanied by a band basally ; medial line waved , usually inconspicuous ; postmedial line waved or dentate , sometimes protruding outwards between m 1 and m 3 and between cua 2 and 1a + 2a , often accompanied by a band posteriorly ; submarginal line sometimes indistinct ; terminal line sometimes appearing as a series of short stripes between veins ; discal spot black or grey , shortly strip - like , dot - like or elliptic , pale - centred . hindwing sometimes with basal line ; medial line often indistinct , sometimes double ; postmedial line waved or dentate , sometimes protruding outwards between m 1 and m 3 ; terminal line similar to those of forewing ; discal spot sometimes smaller and less conspicuous than on forewing . terminal spots occasionally present on both wings , wedge - shaped . underside paler , transverse lines often similar to those of dorsal surface ."]}
{"id": 2262, "summary": [{"text": "the mohave ground squirrel ( xerospermophilus mohavensis ) is a species of ground squirrel found only in the mojave desert in california .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the squirrel was discovered in 1886 by frank stephens of san diego ( after whom the stephens soft-haired ground squirrel is named ) .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is listed as a threatened species under the california endangered species act , but not under the federal endangered species act .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the iucn lists this species as vulnerable .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the mojave ground squirrel measures about nine inches from nose to tail and feeds on leaves and seeds from february to july .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "near the end of july , the squirrels begin a period of estivation , but this may occur as early as april in drought years .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "litters do not survive if drought years force an early hibernation .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "local populations can be wiped out if a drought lasts for multiple years .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "this squirrel inhabits the western mojave desert in portions of inyo , kern , los angeles , and san bernardino counties .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it can occupy joshua tree woodlands , creosote scrub , saltbush scrub and mojave mixed woody scrub .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "typical forage plants are those that meet nutritional and water content requirements .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "these can include shrubs such as winterfat , spiny hopsage , and boxthorn ( lycium spp. ) .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "preferred annuals include coreopsis spp. , eremalche spp. , astragalus spp. , and lupine .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "soils are usually friable and conducive to burrow excavation .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "areas of preferred habitat include habitat types that provide ample forage to allow mohave ground squirrels to persist during drought periods .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "these persistent populations may act as core areas from which populations expand from during adequate rainfall years which are required for mohave ground squirrels to reproduce .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this dynamic expansion and contraction in populations can make it challenging to determine whether the species is present since extended periods of drought can cause a die-off on local populations until surrounding populations expand during consecutive reproductive years .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "mohave ground squirrels emit a high-pitched \" peep \" as an alarm call , when startled or when young begin to emerge from their natal burrows .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the vocalization is sometimes confused with that of the horned lark .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "mohave ground squirrels can occasionally be sighted perched in lycium cooperii or in creosote bush ( larrea tridentata ) during mid-morning ( 9-11 a.m. ) hours ( april \u2013 june ) basking in the sun .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "males emerge from hibernation in early february and females are soon to follow .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "reproduction occurs in early march and gestation lasts for about four weeks .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "litters range from 4-6 individuals .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "juveniles emerge from the natal burrows in late may to mid june .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "predators include badgers , coyotes , snakes , falcons and hawks . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "mohave ground squirrel", "paragraphs": ["burt , w . 1936 . notes on the habits of the mohave ground squirrel .\nkrzysik , a . 1994 . the mohave ground squirrel at fort irwin , california .\nthe male , female and juvenile mohave ground squirrel are all similar in appearance ( 3 ) .\nthe mohave ground squirrel is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 2 ) .\nmohave ground squirrels are generally solitary . usually only one squirrel is observed harvesting seeds from a particular joshua trees (\nthe mohave ground squirrel is endemic to the northwest mohave desert in california , united states ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) .\nmohave ground squirrels are generally solitary . zembal and gall ( 1980 ) only observed one squirrel harvesting seeds from a particular joshua tree (\nthe mohave ground squirrel is a diurnal species found in the mojave desert in san bernardino , los angeles , kern , and inyo counties .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mohave ground squirrel ( xerospermophilus mohavensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mohave ground squirrel ( xerospermophilus mohavensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - mohave ground squirrel ( xerospermophilus mohavensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe mohave ground squirrel was listed as \u2018threatened\u2019 in 2011 by the california department of fish and game and is therefore protected under the california endangered species act ( 10 ) .\nthere is little information regarding predators specific to mohave ground squirrels . common predators in the mohave desert , such as the\nenvironmental stressors and encroaching urbanization has threatened the population of mohave ground squirrels , causing a moderate decline in their numbers . habitat fragmentation is the primary threat to the ground squirrel\u2019s existence but erosion caused by grazing livestock and orv use has impacted their habitat . due to the decline in mohave ground squirrels ' numbers\nthe mohave ground squirrel ( xerospermophilus mohavensis ) is a calm , solitary ground squirrel ( 3 ) , with a uniformly brown or pink - brown upperside , which contrasts with its cream - white underside ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the lack of markings on its back makes this species one of the only uniformly - coloured ground squirrels throughout most of its range ( 5 ) .\nin order to monitor and manage populations of mohave ground squirrels , a mohave ground squirrel conservation strategy has been prepared through the cooperation of several management groups . the overall goals of this strategy were to protect the mohave ground squirrel by fostering communication among parties interested in the conservation of this species , determining their range , determining their ecological requirements , developing effective long - term conservation methods and developing and implementing an adaptive management plan . the plan outlined preliminary measures to monitor and restore the population of mohave ground squirrels . this plan has not yet been implemented .\nthe mohave ground squirrel occupies all major desert scrub habitats in the western mojave desert . the mainly solitary mohave ground s quirrel hibernates from august to march , when food is scarce . it carries its tail over its back when running ; the white underside helps reflect the sun ' s rays .\nthe west mojave coordinated management plan could provide protection for certain areas within the mohave ground squirrel\u2019s range , although areas of suitable habitat must first be identified for this method of conservation to be successful ( 9 ) .\nare social by comparison , and are found in overlapping areas with mohave ground squirrels . however , mohave ground squirrels are dominant , as antelope ground squirrels have been observed retreating from them . although solitary and very intolerant of their own species , mohave ground squirrels are described as calm , docile and readily approached .\nin spring and early summer ( 5 ) , the mohave ground squirrel is active above ground , coinciding with the growing season of green plants ( 3 ) . during this time , seeds , fungi , fruits and forbs are most abundant , which are the primary components of the mohave ground squirrel\u2019s diet ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 9 ) . however , this species is omnivorous ( 3 ) , and arthropods such as caterpillars are also taken ( 4 ) . the late winter months and early summer are spent accumulating fat for aestivation ( 9 ) , with some individuals gaining up to 200 grams in weight ( 3 ) . during the time the mohave ground squirrel is active , it is diurnal , and although it is a ground squirrel , it is occasionally known to climb joshua trees while foraging ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nnatural predators to mohave ground squirrels include badgers , coyotes , snakes , falcons and hawks .\n) , the mohave ground squirrel is less common , making them an unlikely prey species upon which their predators are significantly dependent . the burrows constructed by this species may contribute to soil aeration , based on similar practices by\n) are social organisms by comparison , and are found in coinciding regions with mohave ground squirrels . however , mohave ground squirrels are dominant , as antelope ground squirrels have been observed retreating from them . although solitary and very intolerant of their own species , mohave ground squirrels are described as placid , docile and readily approached .\ndetermining population size of the mohave ground squirrel is difficult due to its elusive nature . the species is inactive throughout much of the year , and abundance as well as the period of surface activity varies from year to year .\nlittle is known about the reproductive behavior of mohave ground squirrels . all knowledge on the subject is based strictly on above - ground observations .\nmake up 5 to 8 % of mohave ground squirrels ' diet . plants in their diet include\nhave opportunistically expanded their range into the range of mohave ground squirrels . these two ground squirrels are close relatives ; the only organisms found in the subgenus\nthe mohave ground squirrel ( spermophilus mohavensis ) is one of the more elusive animals of the california desert . their highly developed desert survival skills allow them to avoid the extremes of the hostile climate . they are very hard to find and even more difficult to observe and study . mohave ground squirrels are small brown squirrels with white bellies and thin tails .\nbell , k . c . and matocq , m . d . ( 2010 ) development and characterisation of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the mohave ground squirrel . conservation of genetic resources , 2 ( 2 ) : 197 - 199 . available at : urltoken\nthe tail of the mohave ground squirrel is short and tufted ( 3 ) , and is generally narrower at the base and somewhat banded near the tip ( 4 ) . the underside of the tail is creamy - white ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) , and the tail is often held up against the squirrel\u2019s back , hiding the grey - brown upperside ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the ears of the mohave ground squirrel are small ( 4 ) and the large , round eyes are surrounded by a pale ring ( 3 ) , which is conspicuous against its brown cheeks ( 3 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe patchy and fragmented distribution of mohave ground squirrel populations increases this species\u2019 vulnerability to local extinctions , especially during times of drought when most reproduction is halted ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 9 ) . the range of the mohave ground squirrel has been greatly reduced due to urbanisation , agriculture and military land use ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) . off - road vehicle use is permitted in certain parts of this species\u2019 range , and is highly destructive to the habitat ( 2 ) .\npart of the mohave ground squirrel\u2019s range falls within a number of protected areas , offering it a certain degree of protection , although this may be insufficient for its future conservation ( 2 ) . the habitat of the mohave ground squirrel needs protection from development and off - road traffic to prevent local extinctions from occurring ( 2 ) ( 9 ) . improving the existing habitat by restoring disturbed vegetation , modifying grazing practices and banning rodenticide use could be vital to the survival of this threatened rodent ( 2 ) ( 9 ) .\nmake up 5 to 8 % of mohave ground squirrels ' diet . plants in their diet include spotted locoweed (\nthe mohave ground squirrel occupies portions of inyo , kern , los angeles and san bernardino counties in the western mojave desert . the species ranges from near palmdale on the southwest to lucerne valley on the southeast , olancha on the northwest and the avawatz mountains on the northeast .\nrodenticides are used in areas occupied by the mohave ground squirrel , especially in alfalfa plantations , which are an important food source for some populations ( 3 ) . the specific habitat requirements of this species means that many areas throughout its range are unsuitable for it ( 2 ) .\nmohave ground squirrels eat a variety of foods , but feed primarily on the leaves and seeds of forbs and shrubs .\nthe mohave ground squirrel is found between elevations of 610 and 1 , 800 metres ( 2 ) , where there are plenty of creosotebush ( larrea tridentate ) , saltbush ( atriplex spp . ) and joshua trees ( yucca brevifolia ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) .\n, likely prey upon mohave ground squirrels . if danger is imminent , mohave ground squirrels quickly find a burrow , but they have been observed immediately poking their heads back out for observation . sometimes these ground squirrels freeze in the presence of danger and wait , relying on their cryptic coloration for protection .\naestivation begins in august and ends in february or march ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , with males generally emerging up to two weeks earlier than females ( 3 ) . the mohave ground squirrel occupies three different burrows : a home burrow used to sleep in during the active period , an accessory burrow which is used for social interactions and thermoregulation , and an aestivation burrow , where it spends six or seven months aestivating ( 3 ) . the burrows built by the mohave ground squirrel are usually around 5 . 5 metres long and 1 metre deep ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe u . s . army corps of engineers developed an assessment of mohave ground squirrels at fort irwin , california in 1993 . they concluded that mohave ground squirrels may be extinct from numerous sites on the base and strict management plans were proposed to protect the regions where these ground squirrels may still be found .\nthe mohave ground squirrel is found in open areas ( 3 ) , such as deserts ( 2 ) , where there is an abundance of herbaceous , shrubby plants and sandy or gravelly soil , which this species uses to build burrows ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe feet of the mohave ground squirrel are large with long , curved claws on the toes and a long , blunt claw on the thumb ( 3 ) . the front feet are pink - brown or pink - cinnamon and have hairless palms , while the palms of the hind feet are heavily furred ( 3 ) .\nalthough it is usually silent , the mohave ground squirrel sometimes produces both low and shrill whistles , as well as a high - pitched \u2018peep\u2019 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the young of this species are capable of producing a high - pitched squeak , which is thought to be associated with feeding ( 3 ) .\nmore research needs to be done into various aspects of the mohave ground squirrel\u2019s biology , including studies on its reproduction , dispersal , feeding habits , population size , the genetic variation within populations and the effects of certain threats , to ensure that effective conservation measures can be established and implemented ( 2 ) ( 9 ) .\nlittle information is available about the ecosystem services provided by mohave ground squirrels . they may provide seed dispersal , specifically for joshua trees (\ndue to the limited distribution of mohave ground squirrels , this species is threatened . major threats and causes of decline are development ( most notably urbanization , agriculture and military uses ) , habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation . in 1971 , the state of california first listed mohave ground squirrels as rare , stimulating population assessments and management activities . population estimates are ineffective due to the inactivity of the mohave ground squirrel for most of the year and their uneven distribution , which is due partly to the annual variation in food availability . thus habitat quality is deemed the best indicator for the health of the population . in order to preserve mohave ground squirrels , preservation of large tracts of land , with a minimum size of 24 , 281 ha is emphasized .\nhelgen , k . m . , cole , f . r . , helgen , l . e . and wilson , d . e . 2009 . generic revision in the holarctic ground squirrel genus spermophilus . journal of mammalogy 90 ( 2 ) : 270 - 305 .\na generally solitary species ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , the mohave ground squirrel is only gregarious during the mating season in early spring , when the male and female will enter a burrow within the male\u2019s territory for several hours to mate ( 3 ) . after copulation , the female usually stays within the male\u2019s territory the following day , then leaves to establish its own home range ( 3 ) . in march or april ( 2 ) , the female gives birth to a litter of between 4 and 9 young , after a gestation period of 29 or 30 days . the young ground squirrels are usually weaned after around 32 days ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . in years of drought , the mohave ground squirrel may not reproduce ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\n2013 .\nbasic facts about mohave ground squirrels\n( on - line ) . defenders of wildlife . accessed may 02 , 2013 at urltoken .\nhelgen , k . m . , cole , f . r . , helgen , l . e . and wilson , d . e . ( 2009 ) generic revision in the holarctic ground squirrel genus spermophilus . journal of mammalogy , 90 ( 2 ) : 270 - 305 .\nmohave ground squirrels emit a high - pitched\npeep\nas an alarm call , when startled or when young first begin to emerge from their burrows .\n. when they perceive danger , mohave ground squirrels go inside their burrow , but they poke their heads out for observation . sometimes these ground squirrels freeze in the presence of danger and wait , relying on their cryptic coloration for protection .\n. mohave ground squirrels are usually found on flat , non - hilly land . they have been seen in all major scrub habitats in the western mojave desert .\n) , and store them in their burrow . mohave ground squirrels make frequent trips to their burrows to stash seeds , at intervals of 15 to 20 minutes .\nlittle is known about communication between mohave ground squirrels , such as scent or physical displays , as much of the year they are aestivating or hibernating . when active , they are generally solitary , which makes observations difficult . reproductive rituals are also difficult to document as the activity takes place below ground . the call of mohave ground squirrels is described as a \u201cshrill whistle . \u201d there is a high pitched beep accompanied by a slight rasping sound , similar to a horned lark . neonatal mohave ground squirrels produce high - pitched squeaky noises , presumably associated with suckling .\n) mohave ground squirrels exhibit reduced body temperature , reduced oxygen consumption , prolonged periods of apnea , a state of deep sleep greater than torpor and arousal stimulated by heat .\nobservations of mohave ground squirrels ' activities show that they are more calm during cloudy weather than on warm , sunny days . if threatened , mohave ground squirrels typically hold their tail over their back when running . however , they rarely run long distances , as most of their time is spent near burrows . when danger is perceived , they may also remain still , blending into their environment due to their cryptic coloration . if disturbed while feeding , mohave ground squirrels stand on their hind legs to better survey the area .\n. mohave ground squirrels are less common than the other ground squirrels found in their habitat , due to this , it is less likely that predators are dependent on them as a significant food source . their burrows may contribute to soil aeration , based on similar practiced by\n) , were collected and stored in the animal ' s burrow . zembal and gall ( 1980 ) observed the behavior of mohave ground squirrels and reported that these ground squirrels make frequent trips to their burrows to stash seeds , at intervals of 15 to 20 minutes .\nobservations of mohave ground squirrels ' activities have revealed that they are more subdued during cloudy weather than on warm , sunny days . if threatened , mohave ground squirrels typically carry their tail over their back when running . however , they rarely run any extended distances , as most of their time is spent near burrows . their cryptic coloration offers them another option when danger is perceived , remain still and blend into the environment instead of fleeing . if disturbed while feeding , mohave ground squirrels stand erect on their hind legs to better survey the area .\nit seems that that the mohave ground squirrel controls its population and food sources by refusing to mate when there is significantly low rainfall . they will often hibernate early , sometimes as early as april , and wait until the next year to try again . this leads to near extinction in the areas with little or no rain , but the population seems to increase steadily after the rains return . breeding occurs soon after they emerge from hibernation .\nthe lifespan of wild mohave ground squirrels is not known , but it is thought to be about 5 years or more . in captivity , they have lived up to 7 . 8 years .\n) have a patchy distribution throughout the northwestern mohave desert in california . they are found in portions of inyo , kern , los angeles and san bernardino counties . a small population of mohave ground squirrels can also be found in the coso hot springs area , about 13 kilometers northeast of inyo county .\nmohave ground squirrels spend much of their year in aestivation or hibernation , so little is known about their communication . these animals are generally solitary , which makes observations difficult . even mating behavior is difficult to observe because it takes place below ground . their call is described as a \u201cshrill whistle . \u201d it is a high pitched ' beep ' , with a slight rasping sound , similar to a horned lark . newborn mohave ground squirrels produce high - pitched squeaky noises , likely associated with suckling .\n. mohave ground squirrels eat flowers , seeds and leaves . they may eat different foods at different times of the year ; some plants are highly valued at certain times of year for their water content .\ndue to their limited distribution , mohave ground squirrels are considered threatened . major threats to this species include development , habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation . in 1971 , the state of california first listed mohave ground squirrels as rare , which led to studies about their population , however , estimating their population size is difficult because this species is inactive most of the year and they are unevenly distributed , due partly to the yearly change in food availability . so the quality of their habitat is probably the best indicator of a healthy population . in order to preserve mohave ground squirrels , preserving large areas of land is encouraged .\nmohave ground squirrels typically enter aestivation in july or september , after building up their fat reserves , when temperatures decrease to between 20 and 30 degrees celsius and their food sources are reduced due to lack of water . this period of inactivity continues until february . during hibernation mohave ground squirrels have reduced body temperature , reduced oxygen consumption , prolonged periods of apnea ( a state of deep sleep ) and are awakened by heat .\nthere is limited information regarding the longevity of wild mohave ground squirrels , but their lifespan is speculated to be about 5 years or more . their maximum lifespan in captivity , however , is 7 . 8 years .\n) , which , when available , appear to be their preferred food , however , joshua trees do not flower annually . seed harvesting occurs during the day , from about three hours after sunrise until one hour prior to sunset . mohave ground squirrels demonstrate larder hoarding of seeds , storing them in their burrows . mohave ground squirrels are omnivorous , the majority of their diet is composed of various plants as well as a smaller percentage of\n) growth . mohave ground squirrels are often seen in areas with level topography and few ravines . however , they have been documented in all major scrub habitats in the western mojave desert including mojave creosote scrub ( dominated by\ngrinnell , j . , j . dixon . 1910 . natural history of the ground squirrels of california .\n) have a patchy distribution throughout approximately 20 , 000 square kilometers of the northwestern mohave desert in california . their range includes portions of inyo , kern , los angeles and san bernardino counties . a small subpopulation of mohave ground squirrels can also be found in 39 square kilometers of the coso hot springs area , about 13 km northeast of inyo county .\nmohave ground squirrels ' burrows enter the ground at a 35 degree angle . excavated dirt is presumably scattered , as none was observed at the entrance of a burrow system by burt ( 1936 ) . however , it was noted that when squirrels entered a burrow , a plug of dirt and grasses was used to cover the entrance from within .\n) . various parts of the plants are consumed including the flower , seed or leaves . their diet varies seasonally ; different plants are valued at certain times of year for their water content . shrub species consumed by mohave ground squirrels include\nthe entrance to mohave ground squirrels ' burrows is at a 35 degree angle . when they dig their burrow , they likely scatter the dirt . however , when squirrels entered a burrow , they plug the entrance from within using dirt and grasses .\n, when they are available , they seem to be their preferred food , unfortunately , joshua trees do not flower every year . mohave ground squirrels harvest seeds during the day , from three hours after sunrise until one hour before sunset . these animals are\nmale mohave ground squirrels have large territories , averaging 6 . 7 hectares , immediately after emerging from hibernation in february , probably to mate with as many females as possible . males maintain their territories until june , at which time dominant ground squirrels take the best foraging areas . this allows the dominant individuals to occupy smaller home ranges , while juveniles may be forced to roam an area twice the size of their dominant counterparts . home range sites and sizes are dependent on food quality , which is related to rainfall . after the mating season , the average home range size of mohave ground squirrels is 1 . 24 hectares for males and 1 . 20 hectares for females .\nmohave ground squirrels occupy an area with hot , rainless summers and moderate winters , although temperatures may occasionally fall below freezing . these squirrels are most often found at elevations from 600 to 1 , 800 meters above sea level , in hot deserts known as the lower sonoran zone . mohave ground squirrels are found in areas with 10 to 19 % plant cover . they are often found in lower elevation deserts , but these squirrels can also be found in the joshua tree belt , at elevations from 400 to 1 , 800 meters . their preferred habitat seems to include sandy soil or a sandy gravel mix , with\nthe overall body length of mohave ground squirrels ranges from 210 to 230 mm in adults , their tail lengths range from 42 to 72 mm . they weigh about 85 to 130 grams . these squirrels are uniformly brown and have no distinguishing spots or stripes . they have a short , broad , flat , furred tail . the underside of their tail is white with some black hairs near the tip . mohave ground squirrels ' winter pelage is a drab cinnamon color , with a silvery white underside . their summer pelage is \u201cbrowner\u201d , with shorter hair length . seasonal molts occur in early may and in autumn . mohave ground squirrels are cryptically colored to match their sandy environment . this is very advantageous because when they are threatened , they often crouch and wait . their forefeet are hairless , but their rear feet have long hairs . their ears tend to blend into the rest of their head and they have white eyelids . sexual dimorphism is not displayed by this species .\nmohave ground squirrels occupy an area with hot , rainless summers and moderate winters , although temperatures may occasionally fall below freezing . these squirrels are most often found at elevations from 600 to 1 , 800 m above sea level , occupying the lower sonoran zone . mohave ground squirrels are found in perennial plant communities , with plant cover ranging from 10 to 19 % . their range seems to be restricted to lower elevation deserts , but these squirrels can also be found in the joshua tree belt , at elevations from 400 to 1 , 800 m . their preferred habitat seems to include sandy soil or a sandy gravel mix , with infrequent sage brush (\nthis species biggest threat is habitat loss and fragmentation ( harris and leitner 2004 ) . the primary cause of the decline is the conversion of habitat to urban , suburban , agricultural , military , and other human uses ( gustafson 1993 ) , including livestock grazing , off - highway vehicle use , energy production , and transportation infrastructure ( california department of fish and game 1990 , stewart 2005 ) . over 78 % of the habitat within the species ' range is either naturally unavailable , severely degraded , or is in a land - use category that represents a threat to the ground squirrel ; the remainder is under threat from continued development and habitat fragmentation ( stewart 2005 ) . the planned fort irwin expansion would fragment one of four remaining populations that appear to be stable , posing a serious threat to the species ' persistence ( stewart 2005 ) . current regulatory mechanisms are believed to be inadequate to protect this species ( stewart 2005 ) . this species may be expanding its range at the expense of the mohave ground squirrel ( wessman , in hafner 1992 ) . this species fails to reproduce during years of drought rather than risking a delay in accumulating fat reserves for aestivation . periods of prolonged drought therefore is a potential threat to the population . the taxon exists as isolated populations with a scattered distribution . recruitment from neighbouring colonies is thought to be rare ( hafner et al . 1998 ) .\ngustafson , j . , s . harris , r . jones , s . juarez , t . moore , d . racine , a . tenneboe , j . vance , t . dayak , c . bernis , p . leitner , t . recht , l . oviatt , r . scott , c . wilkerson , c . everly , s . collis , b . wood , m . quillman , b . shomo , s . ellis , l . lapre , b . parker , c . sullivan , r . mcmorran , c . gonzalez , m . joia , t . campbell , j . o ' gara . 2006 .\nmohave ground squirrel conservation strategy\n( on - line ) . desert mangers group . accessed march 21 , 2013 at urltoken .\nmohave ground squirrels typically enter aestivation in july or september , after building up their fat reserves , when temperatures decrease to between 20 and 30 degrees celsius and their food sources diminish due to lack of water . this period of dormancy continues until february . during hibernation ( a descriptor used interchangeably with aestivation in the literature when describing\n, and are not found in coinciding ranges , but contact one another along a competitive zone . due to the close genetic and morphologic relationship of these two ground squirrels , hafner and yates ( 1983 ) investigated hybridization of the two species but found limited cases . hafner ( 1992 ) investigated the persistence of the contact zone between these two species , despite the presence of appropriate habitat for each on either side of the division and no known reason for their separation . in an effort to explain the distribution of mohave ground squirrels and round - tailed squirrels , hafner mentioned a remarkable geographic similarity between the current contact zone of these ground squirrels and the wisconsinan pluvial maximum , a former aquatic feature present during the pleistocene epoch .\nmale mohave ground squirrels establish large territories , averaging 6 . 7 ha , immediately after emerging from hibernation in february , presumably to mate with as many females as possible . territories of the males remain consistent until june , at which time dominant individuals take possession of the best foraging areas . this characteristic allows the dominant individuals to occupy smaller home ranges , while juveniles may be forced to roam an area twice the size of their dominant counterparts . home range sites and sizes are dependent on forage quality , which is directly related to rainfall . post - mating , the average home range size of mohave ground squirrels is 1 . 24 ha for males and 1 . 20 ha for females ; however , there is no significant difference between male and female home range size .\nmohave ground squirrels are diurnal . after emerging from their burrow in the morning , they bask in the sun , periodically rotating to warm different parts of their bodies . they feed continuously during daylight hours , from three hours after sunrise until one hour prior to sunset . they forage in shaded areas in the middle of the day , due to the extreme heat . they collect food , such as joshua tree seeds (\nthis species is rare throughout much of its range . significant population declines have been recorded across most of the range between 1980 and 2000 , and this decline is not correlated with winter rainfall , which generally increased between 1984 and 1998 ( leitner 2001 , brooks and matchett 2002 ) . hafner ( 1992 ) hypothesized that low dispersal ability might be one of several possible explanations for the persistence of a stable contact zone between s . mohavensis and s . tereticaudus , the species is relatively mobile compared to other ground squirrel species . harris and leitner ( 2004 ) found that the size of female home ranges in years of no reproduction appears to vary in response to food availability , and that alternating size of the home range may be an adaptive response to an arid , variable environment . total adult population size is unknown but may exceed 100 , 000 ( assuming an average density of about one adult per hectare ( leitner and leitner 1998 ) and 430 , 000 hectares of occupied habitat ) . however , the spatial and temporal distribution of this species is highly dynamic , which makes it difficult to make a reliable estimate of overall population size . stewart ( 2005 ) mapped 22 locations in which this species was captured during trapping surveys in 2002 - 2004 ( leitner 2005 ) . these represent four core areas plus two additional areas in which squirrels are present at low densities ( stewart 2005 ) . this ground squirrel exhibits large fluctuations in local population size . further information on overall trend is needed . recent monitoring data reveal that over twenty percent of the historical range of this species is no longer occupied ( stewart 2005 ) .\nmohave ground squirrels exhibit diurnal activity patterns . after emerging in the morning , they have been observed basking in the sun , periodically rotating to warm different parts of their bodies . feeding occurs continuously during daylight hours , from three hours after sunrise until one hour prior to sunset . the extreme heat during the middle of the day dictates that foraging occurs in shaded areas , well protected from the sun . choice foods , such as joshua tree seeds (\nthe mohave ground squirrel inhabits desert areas with deep sandy or gravelly friable soils and an abundance of annual herbaceous vegetation . this species prefers arid flat terrains with desert shrubs ( harris and leitner 2004 ) . habitats include alluvial fans where desert pavement is absent . habitats in order of decreasing favourability : ( 1 ) creosotebush association , ( 2 ) shadscale association , ( 3 ) alkali sink association , and ( 4 ) joshua tree association . nests are in underground burrows . individuals may use several different burrows . mating occurs in february - march ( harris and leitner 2004 ) . litter size is 4 - 6 ; young are born in late march or early april ( biosystems analysis 1989 ) . no reproduction occurs during the driest years ; for example , harris and leitner ( 2004 ) found that no reproduction occurred at their study site when early winter precipitation ( october - january ) was less than 30 mm . populations fluctuate with environmental conditions ( leitner and leitner 1998 ) . populations in marginal habitats may become extirpated during extended droughts . after the return of favourable conditions , those areas may be recolonized from adjacent areas following the resumption of reproduction and dispersal of offspring from core habitats ( gustafson 1993 ) . long - distance movement by juveniles might be critical for connecting local populations and recolonizing sites after local , drought - related extirpation ( harris and leitner 2005 ) . mohave ground squirrels feed on green vegetation and seeds , and may also eat carrion . this species remains underground august until late winter or early spring ( reportedly emerges in february or march , or , according to biosystems analysis [ 1989 ] , march in the south and may in the north ) . active during the spring and summer .\noffspring are altricial at birth ; they are generally blind and unable to hear , with scarce hair , found only on their heads . young make high - pitched squeaking noises , likely associated with suckling . litters emerge from the burrows from late april to mid may . females continue lactating through may . during years with drought and limited resources , mohave ground squirrels may not reproduce . this may continue for several years . choosing not to reproduce when conditions are poor may help the animals maintain fat reserves for aestivation and hibernation .\noffspring are altricial at birth ; they are generally blind and unable to hear , with scarce hair , found only on their heads . young are able to make high - pitched squeaking noises , presumably associated with suckling . litters emerge from the burrows from late april to mid may . lactation may persist through may . during years with substantial drought and reduced resources , mohave ground squirrels may fail to reproduce . suspending reproduction may occur for several years if conditions are not adequate . this may help maintain fat reserves for aestivation and hibernation .\nthe overall body length of mohave ground squirrels ranges from 210 to 230 mm in adults , their tail lengths range from 42 to 72 mm and they weigh 85 to 130 grams . these squirrels have all brown fur , with no spots or stripes . they have a short , broad , flat , furry tail . the underside of their tail is white with some black hairs near the tip . during their winter coloration , most of their body is a drab cinnamon color and their underside is silvery white . in the summer , their fur is shorter and their coloration is \u201cbrowner\n. they molt some of their fur each year during early may and in autumn . mohave ground squirrels are cryptically colored , meaning their fur matches their environment , making them difficult to find . when they are threatened , they often crouch and wait , blending into their surroundings . their front feet are hairless , but their rear feet have long hairs . their ears blend in to the rest of their head and they have white eyelids . males and females of this species are about the same size .\nthe young are usually weaned after only about a month and will leave the nest . often , the young ground squirrels will settle close to their mother\u2019s burrow , but sometimes a young male will travel far , often up to four miles , to establish his own territory .\nmohave ground squirrels emerge from hibernation in february ; the males emerge up to two weeks before the females and begin establishing and defending territories . during the breeding season , the average male territory size is 6 . 7 hectares , this helps males mate with multiple females . mating is believed to take place in the male\u2019s burrow . the annual breeding season takes place during february and march . they have about a one month gestation period and young are generally born in late march or early april . litters may range from 4 to 9 offspring . females can usually begin mating at 1 year of age , while males do not begin mating until two years of age .\nmohave ground squirrels emerge from hibernation in february ; the males emerge up to two weeks prior to the females and may establish and defend territories , with an average size of 6 . 7 ha , in an attempt to mate with multiple females . copulation is believed to take place in the male\u2019s burrow . the annual mating season takes place during february and march . they have about a one month gestation period and birth generally occurs in late march or early april . litters may range from 4 to 9 offspring . females are capable of reproduction at 1 year of age ( if conditions allow ) , while males do not generally reach sexual maturity until two years of age .\nharris and leitner 2004 ) . its range coincides with a cool mesic wisconsinan refugium in the mohave desert . this species occurs in southwestern inyo , eastern kern , extreme northeastern los angeles , and northwestern san bernardino counties ( wessman 1977 , california department of fish and game 1990 , best 1995 ) from olancha , inyo county , south to victorville , san bernardino county , and from the tehachapi mountains of kern county to the granite mountains in san bernardino county ( biosystems analysis 1989 ) . the mojave river generally defines the extreme southeastern boundary of the range , but the species historically occurred east of the river in lucerne valley ( stewart 2005 , see list of specimens examined by hafner 1992 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhybridize along a small , narrow , stable contact zone ( helendale , coyote dry lake ) that coincides with a wisconsinan pluvial barrier ; the two taxa exhibit a consistent difference in diploid number ( hafner and yates 1983 , hafner 1992 ) . this species is now recognized under a new genus\njustification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is approximately 27 , 000 km\u00b2 , yet its range is severely fragmented , and there is ongoing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . only 9 % of habitat in protected areas is deemed suitable . populations also experience extreme fluctuations , partly due to the effects of drought which deters the species from breeding in some years . further population studies may merit a vulnerable listing using criterion b1 or a .\nonly 9 % of the suitable habitat within the historical range exists in a protected state . stewart ( 2005 ) determined that this species occurs on a large number of protected areas ( federal wilderness areas , state parks , state ecological reserves , etc . ) on lands encompassing about 1 , 800 km\u00b2 . nearly two - thirds of the range is in federal ownership ( stewart 2005 ) . habitat needs to be protected from development and excessive grazing . off - road vehicle traffic should be restricted or eliminated at inhabited sites . consideration of this species in federal land use decisions should be promoted . obtain data on reproduction , dispersal , demography , food habits , habitat needs , and the effects of fire , grazing , and off - road vehicle use .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nmating season : spring . gestation : less than a month . litter size 6 - 9 young .\nthe golden state is home to millions of wild birds , mammals , amphibians , reptiles and fish that need our help .\nmsg & data rates may apply . text stop to opt out or help for info . no purchase necessary . expect 4 msgs / mo . terms and conditions\nhafner , d . j . , yensen , e . and kirkland jr , g . l . ( 1998 ) north american rodents : status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc rodent specialist group , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\naestivation period of dormancy occurring the summer or dry season , comparable to hibernation in winter . arthropods a major grouping of animals that includes crustaceans , insects and arachnids . all arthropods have paired jointed limbs and a hard external skeleton ( exoskeleton ) . diurnal active during the day . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . forb any herbaceous ( non - woody ) flowering plant that is not a grass . genetic diversity ( genetic variation ) the variety of genes within a particular species , population or breed causing differences in morphology , physiology and behaviour . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . herb a small , non - woody , seed bearing plant in which all the aerial parts die back at the end of each growing season . home range the area occupied by an animal during routine activities , which is not actively defended . omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a group . thermoregulate to control body temperature .\nreid , f . ( 2006 ) a field guide to the mammals of north america , north of mexico . peterson field guides , new york .\nbowers , n . , bowers , r . and kaufman , k . ( 2007 ) kaufman field guide to mammals of north america . houghton mifflin harcourt , new york .\nfeldhamer , g . a . , thompson , b . c . and chapman , j . a . ( eds . ) wild mammals of north america : biology , management , and conservation . second edition . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore .\nkays , r . w . and wilson , d . e . ( 2009 ) mammals of north america . princeton university press , princeton .\nhafner , d . j . , yensen , e . and kirkland jr , g . l . ( 1998 ) north american rodents : status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc rodent specialist group , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\ncalifornia department of fish and game ( 2011 ) state and federally listed endangered and threatened animals of california . california department of fish and game , california . available at : urltoken\nb . moose peterson po box 2628 , mammoth lakes ca 93546 united states of america tel : 760 . 924 . 8632 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / blog /\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nof seeds , meaning they store them in their burrows . they are omnivorous , the majority of their diet is composed of plants as well as a smaller percentage of\ncaleb eckloff ( author ) , northern michigan university , john bruggink ( editor ) , northern michigan university , leila siciliano martina ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .\n2012 .\nthe animal ageing and longevity database\n( on - line ) . human ageing genomic resources . accessed february 16 , 2013 at urltoken .\nmorton , s . 1979 . diversity of desert - dwelling mammals : a comparison of australia and north america .\nwaitman , b . , s . vander wall , t . esque . 2012 . seed dispersal and seed fate in joshua tree (\neckloff , c . 2013 .\nspermophilus mohavensis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) ."]}
{"id": 2267, "summary": [{"text": "coenonympha dorus , the dusky heath , is a butterfly of the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-western europe and north africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 16 \u2013 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the butterfly is on the wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on various grasses . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "coenonympha dorus", "paragraphs": ["coenonympha dorus austauti ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 8\ncoenonympha dorus ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 17 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha dorus fonti de sagarra , 1924 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 4 ( 9 ) : 199 ; tl : albarracin ( arag\u00f3 ) , 1100m\na particularly dark and sombre dorus . the unh post - discal band is very white and strongly contrasted to the adjacent bands . the colouring is rather cold and the unf ocellus is unusually large .\nremarks : coenonympha dorus occurs from north africa across the iberian peninsula and southern france to italy . but in italy it is very local and scarce ( e . g . in central parts of the apennines ) . to the north it extends almost to lyon in the french rhone valley .\nhabitat : coenonympha dorus inhabits rocky or stony slopes , maquis and its degradation stages , pastures , road side verges and other grassy biotopes with open soil . it is quite demanding in southern france , but almost ubiquitous in dry habitats in parts of spain ( e . g . sierras of east spain ) .\ncoenonympha semenovi alph\u00e9raky , 1887 ; in romanoff , mem . l\u00e9p . 3 : 405\ncoenonympha kodiak edwards , 1869 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 2 : 375\ncoenonympha elbana staudiger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 66\n? coenonympha decolorata wagner , 1913 ; ent . mitt . 2 ( 6 ) : 189\ncoenonympha haydeni ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 14 ; [ opler ]\ncoenonympha kodiak var . yukonensis holland , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 3 ) : 386\ncoenonympha tyderes ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 5 ( text only )\ncoenonympha pamphilus lyllus ; [ bmat ] : 84 , pl . 28 , f . 28 - 44\n? coenonympha corinna corinnaeformis verity , 1914 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 45 : 228\ncoenonympha corinna ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 16 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha fettigii fettigii ; [ bmat ] : 84 , pl . 29 , f . 9 - 11\ncoenonympha fettigii nicholasi ; [ bmat ] : 85 , pl . 29 , f . 12 - 17\ncoenonympha fettigii inframaculata ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 18 - 31\ncoenonympha vaucheri vaucheri ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 32 - 40\ncoenonympha vaucheri annoceuri ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 41 - 48\ncoenonympha vaucheri rifensis ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 49 - 57\ncoenonympha vaucheri beraberensis ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 58 - 66\ncoenonympha iphioides ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 2 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha mongolica ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 10\ncoenonympha inornata ; [ nacl ] , # 4583 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 7\n= coenonympha pamphilus ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30\ncoenonympha pavonina alph\u00e9raky , 1888 ; stettin ent . ztg 49 : 66 ; tl : r . hei - ho\n? coenonympha typhon laidon ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30\ncoenonympha california westwood , [ 1851 ] ; gen . diurn . lep . ( 2 ) : 398 ; tl : california\ncoenonympha glycerion beljaevi dubatolov , 1997 ; far eastern ent . 44 : 8 ; tl : s . primorye , spassk districk\ncoenonympha caeca heptopotamica sheljuzhko , 1929 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 19 : 352 ; tl : aulie - ata\ncoenonympha vaucheri rifensis weiss , 1979 ; entomops 48 : 271 , f . 1 ; tl : dj . lakraa ( morocco )\ncoenonympha inornata [ ? ] nipisquit mcdunnough , 1939 ; can . ent . 71 : 266 ; tl : near bathurst , new brunswick\ncoenonympha arcania ab . euthymia dannehl , 1927 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 17 ( 1 - 6 ) : 4\ncoenonympha leander ; [ bru ] , 195 ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 3 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha iphis ab . oikeia dannehl , 1927 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 17 ( 1 - 6 ) : 5\ncoenonympha glycerion ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 18 ; [ mrs ] , 405 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha oedippus ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 4 ; [ mrs ] , 403 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha pamphilus atlantea verity , 1926 ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 199 ; tl : atlas mts . ( morocco )\ncoenonympha saadi kollar , [ 1849 ] ; denkschr . akad . wiss . wien . 1 : 52 ; tl : shiraz , s . iran\ncoenonympha kodiak ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4582\ncoenonympha caeca staudinger , 1886 ; stett . ent . ztg . 47 ( 7 - 9 ) : 251 ; tl : chatkalsky mts , uzbekistan\ncoenonympha vaucheri blachier , 1905 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1905 : 213 ; tl : high atlas mts . ( morocco )\ncoenonympha sinica alph\u00e9raky , 1888 ; stettin ent . ztg 49 : 66 ; tl : nian - chian - kette , djin - ta - sy\ncoenonympha kodiak yukonensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4582b\ncoenonympha tiphon italica verity , 1914 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 45 : 222 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27\ncoenonympha fettigii oberth\u00fcr , 1874 ; petites nouv . ent . 1 ( 103 ) : 412 ; tl : province of oran [ telaghre ] ( algeria )\ncoenonympha fettigii fettigii ab . infra - simplex rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 1 ) : 118 ; tl : les pins ( algeria )\ncoenonympha arcanioides ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 12 ; [ bmat ] : 88 , pl . 28 , f . 45 - 49\ncoenonympha heros [ sic ] latifasciata matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 94 ; tl : ohtsu , hokkaido\ncoenonympha semenovi jiadengyuica huang & murayama , 1992 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 43 ( 1 ) : 5 , f . 15 ; tl : jiadengyu , altai , 1380m\ncoenonympha leander trevincae wyatt , 1952 ; zs . wiender ent . ges . 37 : 207 ; tl : pe\u00f1a trevinca , orense , nw . spain , 1560m\ncoenonympha amaryllis ; [ bru ] , 194 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 403 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha tullia bosniae davenport , 1941 ; bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 87 ( 4 ) : 244 - 245 ; tl : lake jesero , bosnia\ncoenonympha arcanioides f . nigro - ocellata stetter - st\u00e4ttermayer , 1933 ; int . ent . z . 27 : 340 ; tl : b\u00f4ne [ annaba ] ( algeria )\ncoenonympha mahometana alph\u00e9raky , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 428 ; tl : kuldzha , kunges valley , w . china\ncoenonympha tullia ; [ bru ] , 193 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 6 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha xinjiangensis chou & huang , 1994 ; in chou , monographia rhopalocerum sinensium 1 - 2 : 759 , 403 , f . 32 - 33 ; tl : xinjiang , jiandengyu\ncoenonympha vaucheri annoceuri wyatt , 1952 ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 37 : 175 , pl . 21 , f . b1 - b4 ; tl : annoceur ( morocco )\ncoenonympha arcania ; [ bru ] , 195 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 15 ; [ mrs ] , 405 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha hero ; [ bru ] , 196 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 1 ; [ mrs ] , 404 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha tiphon var . rhodopensis elwes , 1900 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1900 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : bulgaria , rila mts . , levi iskar , 5000ft\ncoenonympha vaucheri f . mediocellis le cerf , 1923 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1923 ( 17 ) : 224 ; tl : grand atlas , djebel tachdirt , 3100 - 3250m\ncoenonympha fettigii holli oberth\u00fcr , 1910 ; \u00e8tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 4 : 42 , pl . 48 , f . 396 - 397 ; tl : blida - les - glaci\u00e9res ( algeria )\ncoenonympha heros [ sic ] pilwonis matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 95 , pl . 8 , f . 2 \u2642 ; tl : saghalin\ncoenonympha nolckeni ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 497 ; [ bru ] , 196 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 9\ncoenonympha nolckeni erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 17 ; tl : mt . naubid , zeravshan valley , uzbekistan\ncoenonympha mongolica alph\u00e9raky , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 426 , 17 ( 1 - 2 ) pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : near kuldzha , china\ncoenonympha vaucheri beraberensis lay & rose , 1979 ; ent . z . frankf . a . m . 89 ( 13 ) : 143 , f . 2 ; tl : [ tizi - n ' ouguerd - zegzaoune ] ( morocco )\ncoenonympha sunbecca ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 498 ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 7 ; [ mrs ] , 404\ncoenonympha tullia yontocket porter & mattoon , 1989 ; j . lep . soc . 43 ( 3 ) : 231 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : california , del norte co . ( dunes n of crescent city , between lake earl and smith river )\ncoenonympha pamphilus ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 497 ; [ bru ] , 192 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 404 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonimpha [ sic ] pamphilus altopirenaica de sagarra , 1930 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 10 ( 7 ) : 113\n1000x1076 ( ~ 169kb ) underside russia , tatarstan , varkljed - bodja ( 56\u00b013 ' n 52\u00b049 ' e ) , about 20km s of agriz , 8 . 8 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n700x572 ( ~ 77kb ) underside france , sophia antipolis , 5 . 10 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n700x603 ( ~ 74kb ) underside france , sophia antipolis , 5 . 10 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n470x384 ( ~ 99kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\n900x723 ( ~ 54kb ) underside finland , ab : suomusj\u00e4rvi , 669 : 31 , 28 . 6 . 1998 photo \u00a9 markku savela\nlarva on poaceae , poa , nardus , stipa , cynosurus , dactilis , festuca , anthoxanthum , brachypodium , ( etc . ) [ bru ] anthoxanthum odoratum , deschampsia caespitosa , d . flexuosa [ sprk ]\npamphilus marginata ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; in r\u00fchl , die pal . gross - schmett . 1 : 619\npamphilus fulvolactea ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 205\npamphilus centralasiae ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 205\npamphilus infrarasa ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206\npamphilus juldusica ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206\npamphilus ferghana ( stauder , 1924 ) ; int . ent . z . 17 : 152\npamphilus nitidissima ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 199\npamphilus asiaemontium ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206\nthyrsis ( freyer , 1845 ) ; neuere beitr . schmett . 5 : pl . 475 , f . 1\nmesopotamica ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; in r\u00fchl , die pal . gross - schmett . 1 : 617\nmangeri ( o . bang - haas , 1927 ) ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 50\nhaydenii ( edwards , 1872 ) ; in hayden , geol . surv . montana : 467\n444x358 ( ~ 40kb ) underside usa : alabama , 2 . 8 . 1999 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n730x1025 ( ~ 173kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n662x882 ( ~ 150kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n959x1119 ( ~ 262kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n649x956 ( ~ 145kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n413x400 ( ~ 45kb ) underside male an alpine meadow , at 2200 m above sea level , on the eastern spurs of the katunskiy mt . range , the valley of the argem ( direntai ) stream , central altai mts . , west siberia , russia . 13th july , 1988 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n585x733 ( ~ 252kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nalaska , yukon , nw . territories , n . siberia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on spartina patens , less festuca rubra webster , 1998 , j . lep . soc . 52 ( 4 ) : 350\n700x510 ( ~ 33kb ) underside usa : lake sammamish park , issaquah ( 47\u00b033 ' 36n 122\u00b003 ' 25w ) , king co . , wa , 11 . 7 . 1999 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n800x739 ( ~ 47kb ) underside usa : issaquah ( 47\u00b032 ' 35n 122\u00b004 ' 00w ) , king co . , wa , 7 . 7 . 1999 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n500x439 ( ~ 34kb ) underside usa : fr9708 , table mtn , kittitas co . , wa , 19 . 7 . 1999 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n900x1002 ( ~ 120kb ) underside usa : near tyler ( 47\u00b027 ' 09\nn 117\u00b048 ' 41\nw ) , spokane co . , washington , 18 . 8 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\npamirs - alai , ghissar , tian - shan - altai . see [ maps ]\nab . inocellata ( sheljuzhko , 1929 ) ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 19 : 352\nitaly , romania , bulgaria , albania , n . greece , yugoslavia . see [ maps ]\nalgeria ( blida , chrea , etc . ) , tunisia ( a\u00efn draham , tunis )\nmorocco ( tizi - n ' ouguerd - zegzaoune , dj . aourach , imlil , lake tislit , etc . )\neu , asia minor , s . russia , s . urals . see [ maps ]\n652x452 ( ~ 27kb ) underside male poland , tresta near tomaszow mazowiecki , 07 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 marek michalski leg .\n309x300 ( ~ 24kb ) underside an opening in an oak forest , the town krymsk environs , krymsk district , krasnodarskii krai province , s russia . 26th may 1990 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n517x689 ( ~ 57kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 5 . 7 . 2003 , photo \u00a9 leif wahlberg\n479x639 ( ~ 66kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 20 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 leif wahlberg\n470x441 ( ~ 93kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\nhungary , bulgaria , s . russia , asia minor , armenia , iran . see [ maps ]\npapilio leander esper , 1784 ; die schmett . th . i , bd . 2 ( 9 ) : 176 , pl . 89 , f . 5 ; tl : volga region , russia\nlarva on poa , melica , anthoxanthum , lolium [ bru ] , koenig , 1959 , hesselbarth et al , 1995 , etc .\nceu , neu , temperate asia , amur , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\ncoenonymphahero neoperseis fruhstorfer , 1908 ; int . ent . zs . 2 ( 2 ) : 10 ; tl : japan , nr . sapporo\n478x640 ( ~ 92kb ) upperside underside male russia , n tuva , piykhemskiy distr . , h = 800 . , 06 . 1997 vashchenko s . n . leg , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n500x430 ( ~ 28kb ) underside finland , yl\u00f6j\u00e4rvi , teivaala , 6828 : 320 , 16 . 7 . 1996 , photo \u00a9 tero piirainen\n470x443 ( ~ 80kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\n470x379 ( ~ 76kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 22 . 7 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\n600x400 ( ~ 60kb ) underside estonia , hiiumaa , kootsaare nina . 24 . 07 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 hannu tanner\n724x724 ( ~ 116kb ) underside russia , moscow area , 10 . 06 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n710x522 ( ~ 96kb ) underside male russia : moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 14 . 7 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n811x660 ( ~ 113kb ) underside female russia , moscow area , 18 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n872x1120 ( ~ 262kb ) underside a long - fallow land on the akkem river right bank terrace at the oroktoi brook mouth , katunskii range southern foot , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 8th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n979x1081 ( ~ 180kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n? sunbecca var . alexandra ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; ; tl : kirghizsky mts .\n300x400 ( ~ 28kb ) underside a steppefied meadow in the middle flow of the kora river , 30 km ne of the tekeli city ( 1900 m above sea level ) , the north dzhungarskiy alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 15th june , 1993 ( on artemisia santolinifolia turcz . ex besser ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\ncoenonimpha [ sic ] iphioides pseudoamyntas de sagarra , 1930 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 10 ( 7 ) : 113\n612x520 ( ~ 45kb ) underside barbatona ( prov . guadalajara ) , spain 1 - august - 1989 , photo \u00a9 enrique garcia - barros\nceu , s . siberia - ussuri , china , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\n600x800 ( ~ 97kb ) underside male female a meadow steppe on the hill malyi batur on the left bank of the onon river 7 km upstream of the village nizhnii tsasuchei , onon district , chita province , se transbaikalia ( dahuria ) , siberia , russia . 11th july 1996 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n857x1133 ( ~ 217kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 ( on phlomis tuberosa ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1177x1309 ( ~ 266kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nghissar , alai , tian - shan , n . pamirs , w . pamirs . see [ maps ]\ns . urals , altai mts , w . siberia , e . siberia , transbaikalia , amur , ussuri , china , mongolia , korea . see [ maps ]\nborisovi ( korshunov & ivonin , 1996 ) ; ( infrasubsp . ) - baikal region\n400x398 ( ~ 41kb ) underside the valley of the shivilig - khem river just upstream its leaving the the southern foot of the east tannu - ola mounatin range for the ubsu - nur hollow , tes - khem district , tuva republic , siberia , russia . 11th july 1990 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1000x1058 ( ~ 190kb ) underside female china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n1000x915 ( ~ 154kb ) upperside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n1000x1062 ( ~ 176kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ( 1 - 3 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndescriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera found within the limits of the united states and of british america . - no . [ 1 ] - 3\nlist of species of butterflies collected by campbell carrington and wm . b . logan , of the expedition [ to montana ] , in 1871 . preliminary report [ 5th ann . rep . ] u . s . geological survey of montana , by f . v . hayden in hayden ,\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . band 1\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 2\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 65 - 80 )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\ncritical list of the collection of algerian lepidoptera of the late captain n . j . e . holl .\nanotacions a la lepidopterologia ib\u00e9rica v ( 2 ) . formes noves de lepid\u00f2pters ib\u00e9rics\nbeitrag zur lepidopterenfauna des iligebietes sowie des sary - dschas ( asia centr . )\nwyatt , 1952 einige neue tagfalterrassen aus spanien zs . wiender ent . ges . 37 : 204 - 207\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the larva feeds on grasses . in provence i observed a larva on festuca ovina agg . ( massif de la sainte baume ) . in spain i recorded oviposition on a brachypodium species .\nlife cycle : the larva hibernates and is mature between late may and june . i observed it still small in early may in southern france ( provence , 1000m asl ) . the adults are on the wing between june and august ( according to altitude ) . i recorded fresh individuals quite abundant in mid / late july 2013 in eastern spain ( 600 - 1000m asl ) . in late august 2013 i still observed only a few worn individuals in sierra de albarracin in 1700m asl . oviposition takes place near the ground . the hatched larvae undergo an aestivation ( some weeks ) and start growing in early autumn .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n2017 photographs highlighted in yellow . click on any photograph to go to an enlarged picture , or simply scroll down the page .\na heat - loving butterfly limited to the far south - east ( in france ) , sometimes quite common . it is quite intricately marked and can vary between quite richly coloured , as 11117 , to quite \u0093washy\u0094 as in 2499 . the underside metallic submarginal band is usually visible as in the enlarged version of 11117 below .\nother heaths have this , and i find it quite strange that otherwise quite dull butterflies ( compared to their more illustrious cousins ) are blessed with a metallic stripe .\nin the c\u00e9vennes region of southern france the form microphthalma occurs , probably to the exclusion of the nominate form , where the ocelli are greatly reduced . this form is not mentioned in t & l although it is mentioned in tlid ( where it is described , probably incorrectly , as microphtalma ) . 43761 and 43766 are typical examples of this form .\nunusually pale , and it doesn ' t seem due to wear . the ocelli are also quite small .\na fresh male , lovely bold ocelli and a wide fresh silver submarginal stripe .\nan example of the form microphthalma from the c\u00e9vennes . it has a very pale and warm colouring which makes the silver stripe , especially on the unh , stand out quite clearly .\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of butterflies and moths from around the world , or upload your own . to search by species , use the species guide ( change\nioc\nto\nbutterflies & moths\nbefore searching by taxon ) .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ni first saw dusky heaths in spain in 1983 , but because the border with gibraltar ( where i lived and worked ) was then closed by the spanish on their own terms my camera was confiscated when i crossed it ! i saw another individual in hungary in 1994 but was unable to film it . i only got poor photos in the south of france in 2004 so it was with great joy i photographed the above individuals in july 2011 in spain .\nthis is a very distinctive butterfly . although superficially similar to some other heaths it is instantly identifiable in the field , not least by the outwardly curving row of spots on the hindwing . it is a characteristic butterfly of hot , dusty locations in spain , italy and the south of france ."]}
{"id": 2273, "summary": [{"text": "known as taylor 's bow-fingered gecko , four-striped forest gecko and marbled bent-toed gecko , cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus is a species of gecko found in thailand , malaysia , singapore and indonesia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus", "paragraphs": ["cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus taylor 1962 : 210 cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus \u2014 taylor 1963 : 722 cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 227 cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus \u2014 cox et al . 1998 : 89 cyrtodactylus ( cyrtodactylus ) quadrivirgatus \u2014 r\u00f6sler 2000 : 67 cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus \u2014 grismer 2011\nfigure 3 . upper : cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus from endau - rompin , johor . lower : c . quadrivirgatus from pulau langkawi , kedah .\nupper : cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus from endau - rompin , johor . lower : c . . . . | download scientific diagram\ngoldberg , stephen r . and grismer , l . lee 2016 . cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus ( four - striped forest gecko ) reproduction herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 667 - 668\nvan tri , ngo 2011 . cyrtodactylus martini , another new karst - dwelling cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from northwestern vietnam . zootaxa 2834 : 33\u201346 - get paper here\ndas , indraneil d 2005 . bornean geckos of the genus cyrtodactylus . gekko 4 ( 2 ) : 11 - 19\nchan kin onn & norhayati ahmad 2010 . a new insular species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from northeastern peninsular malaysia , malaysia . zootaxa 2389 : 47\u201356 - get paper here\nngo , van tri & l . lee grismer 2012 . a new endemic species of cyrtodactylus gray ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from tho chu island , southwestern vietnam . zootaxa 3228 : 48\u201360\ntri , ngo van & onn , chan kinn 2010 . a new species of cyrtodactylus gray , 1826 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from khanh hoa province , southern vietnam . zootaxa 2504 : 47\u201360 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee & ahmad , n . 2008 . a new insular species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from the langkawi archipelago , kedah , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 1924 : 53\u201368 - get paper here\ngrismer l . lee & leong , t . m . 2005 . new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from southern peninsular malaysia . journal of herpetology 39 ( 4 ) : 584 - 591 - get paper here\ngrismer l . lee 2005 . new species of bent - toed gecko ( cyrtodactylus gray 1827 ) from pulau aur , johor , west malaysia . journal of herpetology 39 ( 3 ) : 424 - 432 . - get paper here\nyoumans , timothy m . & l . lee grismer 2006 . a new species of cyrtodactylus ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) from the seribuat archipelago , west malaysia . herpetological natural history 10 ( 1 ) : 61 - 70\nsumontha , m . , panitvong , n . & deein , g . 2010 . cyrtodactylus auribalteatus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) , a new cave - dwelling gecko from phitsanulok province , thailand . zootaxa 2370 : 53\u201364 - get paper here\nr\u00f6sler , herbert ; thanh , vu ngoc ; truong , nguyen quang ; tri , ngo van & ziegler , thomas 2008 . a new cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from central vietnam . hamadryad 33 ( 1 ) : 48 \u2013 63\ngrismer , l . l . ; wood , p . l . & youmans , t . m . 2007 . redescription of the gekkonid lizard cyrtodactylus sworderi ( smith 1925 ) from southern peninsular malaysia . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 250 - 257\nluu , vinh quang ; thomas calame , truong quang nguyen , michael bonkowski & thomas ziegler 2015 . a new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from the limestone forest of khammouane province , central laos . zootaxa 4058 ( 3 ) : 388\u2013402\nr\u00f6sler , h . & glaw , f . 2008 . a new species of cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from malaysia including a literature survey of mensural and meristic data in the genus . zootaxa 1729 : 8\u201322 - get paper here\ndring j c m 1979 . amphibians and reptiles from northern trengganu , malaysia , with descriptions of two new geckos : cnemaspis and cyrtodactylus . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology 34 ( 5 ) : 181 - 241 - get paper here\nschneider , nicole ; trung my phung , minh duc le , truong quang nguyen , & thomas ziegler 2014 . a new cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from khanh hoa province , southern vietnam . zootaxa 3785 ( 4 ) : 518\u2013532 - get paper here\nngo van tri , l . lee grismer & j . l . grismer 2010 . a new species of cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) in phu quoc national park , kien giang biosphere reserve , southwestern vietnam . zootaxa 2604 : 37\u201351 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; chan k . onn ; grismer , j . k . ; wood , p . l . & belabut , d . 2008 . three new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 1921 : 1\u201323 - get paper here\nmecke , sven ; max kieckbusch , lukas hartmann , hinrich kaiser 2016 . historical considerations and comments on the type series of cyrtodactylus marmoratus gray , 1831 , with an updated comparative table for the bent - toed geckos of the sunda islands and sulawesi . zootaxa 4175 ( 4 ) : 353\u2013365\nsumontha , montri ; olivier s . g . pauwels , nonn panitvong , kirati kunya & l . lee grismer 2015 . a new lowland forest bent - toed gecko ( squamata : gekkonidae : cyrtodactylus ) from ranong province , peninsular thailand . zootaxa 3911 ( 1 ) : 106\u2013118 - get paper here\nwelton , luke j . ; cameron d . siler , arvin diesmos , and rafe m . brown 2009 . a new bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus ) from southern palawan island , philippines and clarification of the taxonomic status of c . annulatus . herpetologica 65 ( 3 ) : 328 - 343 - get paper here\nstrong > awal riyanto , l . lee grismer & perry l . wood , jr . ( 2015 ) cyrtodactylus rosichonariefi sp . nov . ( squamata : gekkonidae ) , a new swamp - dwelling bent - toed gecko from bunguran island ( great natuna ) , indonesia . zootaxa , 3964 ( 1 ) : 114\u2013124 . < / strong\ngrismer , l . ; lee perry l . wood , jr . and kelvin k . p . lim 2012 . cyrtodactylus majulah , a new species of bent - toed gecko ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) from singapore and the riau archipelago . the raffles bulletin of zoology 60 ( 2 ) : 487 - 499 - get paper here\nlinkem , charles w . ; jimmy a . mcguire , christopher j . hayden , mohammed iqbal setiadi , david p . bickford , and rafe m . brown 2008 . a new species of bent - toe gecko ( gekkonidae : cyrtodactylus ) from sulawesi island , eastern indonesia . herpetologica 64 ( 2 ) : 224 - 234 - get paper here\nwelton , l . j , siler , c . d . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . 2010 . phylogeny - based species delimitation of southern philippines bent - toed geckos and a new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from western mindanao and the sulu archipelago . zootaxa 2390 : 49\u201368 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; shahrul anuar , mohd abdul muin , evan s . h . quah & perry l . wood , jr . 2013 . phylogenetic relationships and description of a new upland species of bent - toed gecko ( cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) of the c . sworderi complex from northeastern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3616 ( 3 ) : 239\u2013252 - get paper here\nhartmann , lukas ; sven mecke , max kieckbusch , felix mader , hinrich kaiser 2016 . a new species of bent - toed gecko , genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) , from jawa timur province , java , indonesia , with taxonomic remarks on c . fumosus ( m\u00fcller , 1895 ) . zootaxa 4067 ( 5 ) : 552\u2013568 - get paper here\nquang , hoang xuan , nikolai l . orlov , natalia b . ananjeva , andrew g . johns , hoang n . thao and dau q . vinh . 2007 . description of a new species of the genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( squamata : sauria : gekkonidae ) from the karst of north central vietnam . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 2 ) : 98 - 106 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; daicus m . belabut , , evan s . h . quah , chan kin onn , perry l . wood , jr . & rosli hasim 2014 . a new species of karst forest - adapted bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) belonging to the c . sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in perak , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3755 ( 5 ) : 434\u2013446 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; p . l . wood , jr . , shahrul anuar , h . r . davis , a . j . cobos & m . l . murdoch 2016 . a new species of karst forest bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus gray ) not yet threatened by foreign cement companies and a summary of peninsular malaysia\u2019s endemic karst forest herpetofauna and the need for its conservation zootaxa 4061 ( 1 ) : 001\u2013017 - get paper here\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nhabitat : this is a forest dwelling , scansorial , habitat generalist ranging from sea level to 1400 m in elevation .\nchan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here\nchan - ard , t . ; grossmann , w . ; gumprecht , a . & schulz , k . d . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand - an illustrated checklist [ bilingual english and german ] . bushmaster publications , w\u00fcrselen , gemany , 240 pp . [ book review in russ . j herp . 7 : 87 ] - get paper here\ncox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .\ndas , i . 2004 . lizards of borneo . natural history publications , kota kinabalu , borneo\ngrismer , l . lee ; chan k . onn , jesse l . grismer , perry l . wood , jr . , and a . norhayati 2010 . a checklist of the herpetofauna of the banjaran bintang , peninsular malaysia . russ . j . herpetol . 17 ( 2 ) : 147 - 160 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 239 pp .\ngrismer , l . l . 2011 . lizards of peninsular malaysia , singapore and their adjacent archipelagos . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 728 pp . [ review in herp . rev . 43 : 155 ] - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . , mcguire , j . a . ; sosa , r . & kaiser , h . 2002 . revised checklist and comments on the terrestrial herpetofauna of pulau tioman , peninsular malaysia . herpetological review 33 ( 1 ) : 26 - 29 - get paper here\nhien , p . grossmann , w . & sch\u00e4fer , c . 2001 . beitrag zur kenntnis der landbewohnenden reptilienfauna von pulau tioman , west - malaysia . sauria 23 ( 4 ) : 11 - 28 - get paper here\nkreuzer , m . 2007 . eine m\u00f6glichkeit zum einfangen ungewollter freig\u00e4nger . sauria 29 ( 3 ) : 31 - 32 - get paper here\nlim , k . k . p . & ng , h . h . 1999 . the terrestrial herpetofauna of pulau tioman , peninsular malaysia . raffles bull . zool . , suppl . no . 6 : 131 - 155 - get paper here\nluu , vinh quang ; truong quang nguyen , minh duc le , michael bonkowski , thomas ziegler 2016 . a new species of karst - dwelling bent - toed gecko ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from khammouane province , central laos . zootaxa 4079 ( 1 ) : 087\u2013102\nmanthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here\nnur - amalina m . i . ; azhari , m . , norshaqinah , a . , nor azrin , n . a . , shukor , m . n . , aisah , m . s . , amirrudin , a . , grismer , l . l . and norhayati , a . 2017 . species composition of amphibians and reptiles in tembat forest reserve , hulu terengganu , terengganu , peninsular malaysia . malays . appl . biol . 46 ( 4 ) : 119\u2013129 - get paper here\nonn , chan kin ; j . van rooijen , l . lee grismer , daicus belabut , , mohd . abdul muin md . akil , hamidi jamaludin , rick gregory , and norhayati ahmad 2010 . first report on the herpetofauna of pulau pangkor , perak , malaysia . russ . j . herpetol . 17 ( 2 ) : 139 \u2013 146 - get paper here\nonn , chan kin ; mohd . shahfiz azman , nor azlin and pan khang aun 2009 . additions to the herpetofauna of pasoh forest reserve , negeri sembilan , peninsular malaysia . tropical life sciences research , 20 ( 1 ) : 71\u201380 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1962 . new oriental reptiles . univ . kansas sci . bull . 43 : 209 - 263 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1963 . the lizards of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 44 : 687 - 1077 . - get paper here\nteo , r . c . h . & rajathurai , s . 1997 . mammals , reptiles and amphibians in the nature reserves of singapore - diversity , abundance and distribution . proc . nature reserves survey seminar . gardens\u2019 bulletin singapore 49 : 353 - 425\nteynie\u0301 , alexandre ; patrick david , & annemarie ohler 2010 . note on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from western sumatra ( indonesia ) , with the description of a new species of the genus bufo . zootaxa 2416 : 1\u201343 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncontinent : asia distribution : thailand ( khao chong , trang , pattani , narathiwat ) , w malaysia ( pulau langkawi , pulau pinang , perak , pahang , selangor , negeri sembilan , pulau tioman , borneo ) , singapore , indonesia ( n sumatra ) type locality : khao chong forest experiment station , trang province , thailand .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place ."]}
{"id": 2285, "summary": [{"text": "ctenopharynx is a small genus of haplochromine cichlids from east africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "two of its species are endemic to lake malawi , while the third occurs in lake malawi and the upper reaches of the shire river . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "ctenopharynx", "paragraphs": ["landmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp . \u201cheterodon nankhumba\u201d ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi\nlandmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp . \u201cheterodon nankhumba\u201d ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi | springerlink\nlandmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp .\nheterodon nankhumba\n( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi\nlandmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp .\nheterodon nankhumba\n( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi\nlandmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp .\nheterodon nankhumba\n( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi [ 2002 ]\nmar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . ctenopharynx . p . 60 - 61 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4981 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake malawi . it is know to have declined in the southern arms of the lake , probably due to the commercial trawl fishery , but is assumed to remain stable in all other parts of the lake where demersal trawling is absent .\nprefers shallow areas of sandy shores or habitats with a mud / silt substrate . it can also be found below 30 m . feeds on plankton . it is reported to have declined substantially in abundance in the southeastern arm of the lake south of boadzulu island due to the impact of demersal trawling in the area . known as\nhaplochromis nitidus\nin the aquarium trade\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : endemic to lake malawi . widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified .\noccurs in sediment rich , rocky habitats at depths between 7\u201330 m . feeds on small invertebrates found in the sediment . known as\nhaplochromis pictus\nor\nhaplochromis nitidus\nin the aquarium trade .\ngreek , kteis , ktenos = comb + greek , pharyngx = pharynx ( ref . 45335 )\nfrom the latin\npictus\n= painted , coloured ( ref . 55925 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; depth range ? - 78 m ( ref . 55925 ) . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 9\u00b0s - 15\u00b0s\nafrica : endemic to lake malawi . occurs in monkey bay , nankumba , otter point , domwe and thumbi west islands and the north end of lake malawi .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4981 )\ndiagnosis : high number of gill - rakers on lower outer arch ( 32 - 38 ) ; long head , 35 . 6 - 40 . 6 % of standard length , and correlated with this a more posterior position of dorsal , pectoral and pelvic fins ; long premaxillary pedicel , 33 . 0 - 38 . 4 % head length ( ref . 55925 ) .\ninhabits rocky areas with a deposit of fine sediment ( ref . 267 , 55925 ) , but also found on soft - bottom habitats ( ref . 55925 ) . feeds on small invertebrates , mainly benthic copepods ( ref . 267 , 55925 ) obtained by sucking up the fine sediment and passing it over the gill - rakers ( ref . 267 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n, a distinctively marked member of the\nthree - spot\nassemblage which feeds on zooplankton . despite their diet , members of the genus\nspecies are utaka . photo copyright \u00a9 1997 by m . k . oliver .\nlast update : 22 october 2001 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved\nacknowledgments we thank dr . dean adams for his constructive ideas on the gm methodology and the manuscript itself . katherine martin , dr . andrew rossiter , and dr . juanito dasilao deserve our heartfelt thanks also for their criticisms and good suggestions on this manuscript . the malawi government through its fisheries department deserve also our thankfulness for permitting us to collect samples from lake malawi . many thanks to dr . ad konings who provided us with images for the two species .\nlaboratory of aquatic ecology , united graduate school of agricultural science , ehime university , b 200 monobe , nankoku , kochi 783 - 8502 , japan ( e - mail : ddk , kassam @ cc . kochi - u . ac . jp )\nwwf japan , nihonseimei akabanebashi building , 6 fl . , 3 - 1 - 14 shiba , minato - ku , tokyo 105 - 0014 , japan\ntable 1 : the species is currently present in 2 of them ( endemic , native , introduced ) ; table 2 : possible in 0 of them ( stray , questionable ) ; table 3 : absent from 0 of them ( extirpated , not established , misidentification , error ) . table 4 : all reports listed together .\nthe literature species report in a country is represented by an icon ( a circle ) in the middle of the country polygon .\n: a report in the literature does not necessarily mean that the species is currently present in the country ! there are errors in literature , misidentifications , and some species have been locally or globally extirpated or eradicated .\nintroduction status : a white ' i ' in the middle of the circle indicates that the species has been introduced , if the presence ring is green it means that the species established itself or that we don ' t know the current presence status , if the presence ring is red it means that the species did not established itself .\nthreat status : the pattern of the ring ( not dashed : not threatened or no information ; dashed : any status indicating that the species has a national threatened ) . important : this is the national threatened status , not the global iucn one .\nsalinity status = milieu : the colours in the middle circle ( blue : marine ; green : brackish ; light blue : freshwater ; dark green : land ) .\nthe icon in a country polygon indicates that the species has been reported at least once in the country , but not necessarily that it is present in the entire country .\nit is particularly the case for large country such as brazil , usa , canada , russia , china , india , indonesia , australia , etc .\nfor example , a number of freshwater species present in western european countries are also present in the western part of russia , but not beyond the ural mountains . still the icon for russia is placed in its asian part .\nthe icon is placed approximately in the middle of the country , even for the species that are marine only .\nfor marine species , it does not mean either that the species is present in all oceanic coasts of the countries ( e . g . , altlantic and pacific for usa and canada ) .\nso the map needs to be interpreted carefully , but we think it helps to give a quick view of the distribution by country , in a better way than the textual list of countries when it is over a dozen countries .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 10 . 05 . 99 , php script by rolavides , 04 / 02 / 08 , last modified by sortiz , 06 . 27 . 17\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324ac511 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 38367036 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 865c04e3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this ."]}
{"id": 2289, "summary": [{"text": "cosmosoma salvini is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by butler in 1876 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in panama and costa rica . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "cosmosoma salvini", "paragraphs": ["description : cosmosoma salvini ( butler , 1876 ) taxonomy . class insecta \u2192 subclass pterygota \u2192 infraclass neoptera \u2192 superorder holometabola \u2192 order lepidoptera \u2192 superfamily noctuoidea \u2192 family arctiidae \u2192 subfamily ctenuchinae \u2192 genus cosmosoma \u2192 species cosmosoma salvini . species name ( s ) cosmosoma salvini ( butler , 1876 ) = \u2026\ndescription : salvini tend to prefer a sand substrate . a lot of hiding places are a necessity if you intend to keep more than one salvini , or if you intend to keep the salvini with other aggressive fish . plants will be appreciated but salvini require a large open area for swimming too .\ndescription : matteo salvini leader della lega . ministro dell\u2019interno e vicepresidente del consiglio .\ndescription : ogni giorno tutti i video delle partecipazioni mediatiche e degli eventi di matteo salvini , leader della lega , presidente di noi con salvini , parlamentare eu . . .\n76 . tagliavini 77 . tarquinio provini 78 . tom savini 79 . tommaso salvini 80 . tribe bovini 81 . ursavini 82 . us with salvini 83 . valentina lodovini 84 . vini\ndescription : species - salvini = named after o . salvin . intro : ' cichlasoma ' salvini is a beautiful , medium sized central american cichlid . although not large compared to some of the central american guapotes ,\ncichlasoma\nsalvini packs the same amount of punch . these little guys are tenacious .\ncosmosoma dubium rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : jamaica\ncosmosoma metallicum rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 33 ; tl : bogota\ncosmosoma stuarti rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : iquitos\ncosmosoma viridicingulatum rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : ecuador\ndescription : the latest tweets from matteo salvini ( @ matteosalvinimi ) . leader della lega . ministro dell\u2019interno e vicepresidente del consiglio\ncosmosoma simillimum rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 33 ; tl : amazon river\n26 . gianni minervini 27 . giorgio salvini 28 . giuseppe tovini 29 . glauco sansovini 30 . gm europa ovini 31 . guido salvini 32 . heidi tagliavini 33 . hildesvini 34 . hildisvini 35 . incisura rivini 36 . indovini 37 . laki pingvini 38 . leo colovini 39 . lorenzo stovini 40 . lucas giovini 41 . luigi ferdinando tagliavini 42 . marcello cervini 43 . marco sansovini 44 . mario salvini 45 . matteo salvini 46 . maurelio scanavini 47 . maurizio savini 48 . minervini 49 . mirko savini 50 . mohammad ghazvini\ncosmosoma bricenoi rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : m\u00e9rida , venezuela\ncosmosoma lucens dognin , 1902 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 46 : 226 ; tl : popayan , colombia\ncosmosoma villia druce , 1906 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 18 : 78 ; tl : peru\ngymnelia salvini ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\ncosmosoma hampsoni klages , 1906 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 : 534 ; tl : suapure , venezuela\ncosmosoma steinbachi rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 33 ; tl : buenavista , east bolivia , 750m\ncosmosoma baroni rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : zamora , ecuador , 3000 - 4000ft\ncosmosoma zelosa dognin , 1899 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 43 ( 5 ) : 251 ; tl : micay , colombia\nhomoeocera salvini butler , 1876 ; j . linn . soc . lond . zool . 12 ( 60 - 62 ) : 376 ; tl : obispo , panama\ncosmosoma colona schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 177 ; tl : sixola\ncosmosoma guapila schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 176 ; tl : guapiles\ncosmosoma ichneumonoides rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : santa cruz de la sierra , east bolivia\ncosmosoma nobilis schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 175 ; tl : juan vinas\ncosmosoma carabayanum rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : santo domingo , carabaya , se . peru , 6000ft\ndescription : the latest tweets from matteo salvini ( @ matteosaivini ) . parlamentare europeo dal 2009 e attuale segretario federale della lega nord . dal 1993 al 2013 consigliere comunale . # stopinvasione # parody\ndescription : matteo salvini . 2 , 763 , 337 likes \u00b7 2 , 166 , 950 talking about this . leader della lega . ministro dell\u2019interno e vicepresidente del consiglio . web : . . .\n51 . mohammad tahir qazvini 52 . mohammad tahir vahid qazvini 53 . morteza avini 54 . nervini 55 . nikad izvini 56 . os2 membri pelvini 57 . ottavini 58 . ovibovini 59 . ovini 60 . peromyscus slevini 61 . phyllolepis orvini 62 . pietro scalvini 63 . primum familiae vini 64 . provini 65 . pulvini 66 . rovini 67 . salvini 68 . sandro salvini 69 . savini 70 . scalvini 71 . sergio garavini 72 . shivini 73 . societas verbi divini 74 . soldavini 75 . steve borgovini\n1 . alfonso savini 2 . aref ghazvini 3 . aref qazvini 4 . ashvini 5 . ayrton badovini 6 . bhavini 7 . bovini 8 . bruno uvini 9 . calvini 10 . carta dei vini 11 . carte dei vini 12 . cingulum membri pelvini 13 . civil aviation department ashvini 14 . covini 15 . craig minervini 16 . divini 17 . emanuele rovini 18 . eurytides salvini 19 . fausta garavini 20 . ferruccio tagliavini 21 . filippo savini 22 . gabriela tagliavini 23 . gazvini 24 . ghazvini 25 . gianmarco gerevini\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\n= autochloris ; hampson , 1905 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 427 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 102 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia abdominalis rothschild , 1931 ; novit . zool . 37 : 154 ; tl : pebas , amazon\ngymnelia baroni ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\nhomoeocera beata butler , 1876 ; j . linn . soc . lond . zool . 12 ( 60 - 62 ) : 376 ; tl : colombia , santa marta\ngymnelia beata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 116 ; [ nhm card ]\nhomoeocera beatrix druce , 1884 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 51 , 3 pl . 6 , f . 25 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui ; bugaba ; san felz\ngymnelia beatrix ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia bricenoi ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 113 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia carabayana ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 113 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia cennocha schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 4 ; tl : rio trinidad , panama\nhomoeocera cincta schaus , 1894 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1894 : 225 ; tl : venezuela , aroa\ngymnelia cincta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 118 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia colona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 120 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia doncasteri rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 28 ; tl : caracas , venezuela\ngymnelia doncasteri ; rothschild , 1913 , novit . zool . 20 : 471 , pl . 14 , f . 17 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 122 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia dubia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 114 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia drucei schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 3 ; tl : head of carare river , colombia\nandrenimorpha ethodaea ; hern\u00e1ndez - baz & grados , 2004 , folia ent . mex . 43 ( 2 ) : 212\nisanthrene eusebia druce , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 373 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu\ngymenlia eusebia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 117 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia felderi rothschild , 1931 ; novit . zool . 37 : 154 ; tl : amazon\ngymnelia flavicapilla rothschild , 1931 ; novit . zool . 37 : 154 ; tl : san esteban , venezuela\ngymnelia flavitarsis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\nisanthrene gaza schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 274 ; tl : peru\ngymnelia gaza ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 117 ; [ nhm card ]\nglaucopis gemmifera walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 1 : 152 ; tl : venezuela\ngymnelia gemmifera ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 191 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia guapila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 , pl . 5 , f . 32 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia hampsoni ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 116 , pl . 5 , f . 30 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia hyaloxantha dognin , 1914 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud . 7 : 4 ; tl : muzo , colombia\ngymnelia hyaloxantha ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 120 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia ichneumonoides ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 122 ; [ nhm card ]\nglaucopis laennus walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 1 : 154 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro\ngymnelia latimarginata hampson , 1898 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 191 , pl . 7 , f . 27 ; tl : colombia , bogota\ngymnelia lucens ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 120 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia ludga schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 4 ; tl : colombia ?\nerruca lycopolis druce , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 375 , pl . 39 , f . 7 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu\ngymnelia lycopolis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\nhomoeocera lyrcea druce , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 375 ; tl : ecuador , intaj\ngymnelia lyrcea ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 190 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia metallica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 113 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia nigricornis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 116 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia nobilis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 121 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia paranapanema dognin , 1911 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 2 : 4 ; tl : saint - paul , brazil\ngymnelia paranapanema ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 123 , pl . 6 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymneila pavo hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 115 , pl . 5 , f . 28 ; tl : peru , huancabamba\ngymnelia peculiaris rothschild , 1931 ; novit . zool . 37 : 154 ; tl : mapiri , bolivia\ngymnelia peratea dognin , 1910 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 1 : 3 ; tl : alto de las cruces , san - antonio , cali , colombia\ngymnelia peratea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 121 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia perniciosa dognin , 1923 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 23 : 1 ; tl : pacho , 2200m , colombia\ngymnelia semicincta kaye , 1918 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 2 ( 9 ) : 228 ; tl : colombia , valparaiso\ngymnelia scita ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\nerruca sephela druce , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 375 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu\ngymnelia steinbachi ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 117 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia stuarti ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 118 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia taos ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 115 ; [ nhm card ]\nhomoeocera tarapotensis druce , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 117 ) : 302 ; tl : peru , tarapoto\ngymnelia tarapotensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 117 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia vesparia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 118 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia villia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 118 , pl . 5 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia viridicingulata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nglaucopis xanthogastra perty , 1834 ; delectus anim . art . brasil : 156 , pl . 31 , f . 5 ; tl : brazil\ngymnelia xanthogastra ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 191 , f . 90 ; schrottky , 1910 , dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 6 / 7 ) : 149 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia zelosa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 114 , pl . 5 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia frutera schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 111 ; tl : cayuga , guatemala\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\ndelectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr . j . b . de spix et dr . c . f . ph . de martius\ndescriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii\nzerny , 1912 syntomidae in wagner , lep . cat . 7 : 1 - 179\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 6 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 58 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 19 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\n2010 : annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nhi scott - mariapuravida ' s photo was taken just meters away from where we saw this one . i knew i ' d seen a photo of it somewhere before !\nyou ' re welcome manuel . alas another very close , but with no id to help us ! urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2295, "summary": [{"text": "scrappy t ( foaled in kentucky on march 31 , 2002 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "a descendant of sunny 's halo , he was sired by fit to fight by breeder upson downs farm .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "scrappy t was a multiple graded stakes winner but will be remembered most for his near fatal collision with afleet alex and gutsy runner-up finish in the 2005 preakness stakes . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "scrappy t", "paragraphs": ["but scrappy t hasn\u2019t always been the horse with the \u201cwhatever\u201d attitude that danielle speaks of .\nscrappy t sticks out his tongue during his morning bath at the pimlico racetrack in baltimore , may 18 , 2005 . scrappy t came in second at pimlico .\nspeaking of scrappy t , where is em / xctrygirl ? ' haven ' t heard from her here in a while . . .\nand when the occasional guest fancies a hack around the farm , scrappy t is happy to oblige .\nscrappy t turned in a five - furlong work in : 58 2 / 5 at bowie thursday .\n\u2022 entering the preakness scrappy t had won three of nine career starts and earned $ 279 , 120 .\ndanielle mason enjoys a moment with former horse racing star scrappy t , who now lives on her family\u2019s county farm . scrappy t made national news when he finished second in the preakness in 2005 . | photo by michael copley\nthe hard lesson taught him to fight for his wins .\nyou do have to be scrappy ,\nhe says .\nif we weren ' t scrappy , if we weren ' t resilient , we could have just quit .\nscrappy t rewarded that faith with a win in aqueduct ' s count fleet stakes in the first outing . next came a third in the whirlaway before diving into grade 1 company in the wood memorial . scrappy t wound up third in bellamy road ' s romp . three weeks later , however , scrappy t had things his way , winning the grade 3 withers .\nafleet alex made an incredible comeback to win the preakness stakes after clipping heels with eventual 2nd place finisher scrappy t .\nherbert t was not an actual\nhalf brother\nto scrappy . he ' s not related at all . . . urltoken only by having the\nt\nat the end of his name did some folks think he was . however scrappy was named for his owner ' s grandson , whose name began with a\nt\nmention the horse ' s name to the average racing fan and they ' ll relay the play - by - play in their mind ' s eye of those few seconds when scrappy t veered sharply into the path of eventual winner afleet alex . smart money says the same fans won ' t have too many kind words for scrappy t .\ntoo much urban growth is fueled by retirees , not scrappy citizens seeking a better future .\nmove to powhatan means scrappy is living the good life , fox hunting with his handler danielle .\nwilliam mason estimates scrappy t grossed between $ 940 , 000 and $ 950 , 000 over his career . \u201che was a big money horse , \u201d said danielle .\nscrappy t , who has never finished worse than third in nine lifetime starts despite his usual involvement in setting or forcing a strong early pace , is aptly named .\nyou can complain that you don\u2019t have enough money , connections , etc , or you can be scrappy and find a clever way to use the limited resources you\u2019ve got .\nafleet alex , with jeremy rose aboard , ( 12 ) keeps his balance after being knocked to his knees by scrappy t ( 5 ) at the top of the stretch to win the 130th preakness stakes may 21 , 2005 at pimlico race course in baltimore . scrappy t came in second . at left is high limit with edgar prado aboard .\nin his ten starts , scrappy t has never finished out of the money while racing primarily in stakes races at aqueduct . scrappy t is nominated to the $ 500 , 000 colonial turf cup june 25 and the $ 750 , 000 virginia derby ( gr . iiit ) july 16 at colonial downs to kick off the inaugural $ 5 million grand slam of grass .\ndanielle worked at the tracks around scrappy t beginning in 2005 , but she hadn\u2019t the chance to handle him until now . \u201che was the big shot back then , \u201d she says , flashing a proud smile at the behemoth in the stall behind us .\njust browsing her photo ' s & thought i ' d add a link to a pic of scrappy breezing . urltoken\na different delaware - based horse , afleet alex , became the hero ; scrappy t ? \u2013 ? to many ? \u2013 ? the villain . bailes and dowell went back to the pimlico stakes barn befuddled but grateful that neither horse went down . getting their breath and their wits , they waited for scrappy t , ayala and daignault - salvaggio to return from the test barn .\nit was the gasp heard round the world . and 10 years later , the team behind 2005 preakness stakes runner - up scrappy t still runs the gamut of emotions whenever the subject is broached .\njeremy rose comes out of the saddle after winning aboard afleet alex while ramon dominguez riding scrappy t comes in second during the 130th preakness stakes may 21 , 2005 at pimlico race course in baltimore .\njockey ramon dominguez answers a reporter ' s question during a news conference at the pimlico racetrack , may 18 , 2005 , in baltimore . dominguez was to ride scrappy t in the preakness stakes .\ninvested tens of millions of dollars in the scrappy start - up . more than three decades later , micron remains based in boise .\nscrappy t is huge , with muscles that bulge at the joints and a brown coat that glistens even against a gray sky . he\u2019s absolutely impressive , and it\u2019s obvious this animal can move very , very quickly .\nit didn ' t feel like me at all ,\nkate said .\ni felt really bad about straddling this buff guy . i didn ' t like it . i couldn ' t get out of bed for two weeks .\nscrappy t had enough graded stakes earnings to run in the kentucky derby ( gr . i ) but ran in the withers ( gr . iii ) at aqueduct instead , which he won . three weeks later he was the runner up in the preakness ( gr . i ) to afleet alex in a memorable triple crown race because the winner nearly went down when the leading scrappy t veered into his path at the top of the pimlico stretch .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n2 . hmm\u2026 i\u2019m not too sure right now . i can\u2019t think of anybody .\nas a side note , i used to gallop a horse named herbert t in ny , a half bro to scrappy . any word on him ? he was always such a love , just curious if he found a good home .\n\u2013 the stakes winner breezed three furlongs in : 37 . 60 at pimlico wednesday morning in preparation for saturday ' s preakness stakes . jockey ramon dominguez , who picked up the mount on scrappy t , was aboard for the workout .\nmy father taught me if you don ' t have anything good to say , don ' t say anything , and that ' s my comment ,\nritchey said .\nas 14 horses were entered wednesday for saturday ' s preakness stakes ( gr . i ) , scrappy t turned his final workout , getting three furlongs in : 37 3 / 5 in what was described as a\nmaintenance work .\nmarshall dowell ' s scrappy t has been a strong pace factor in most of his races , but the gelded son of fit to fight gave his trainer every indication that he can be rated just off the pace during his withers victory .\nit ' s amazing that horse didn ' t breakdown . when you look at the stills from that mishap it almost looks impossible that the horse didn ' t break his leg .\n\u201cyou were a great candidate , but don\u2019t have the years of experience we want . \u201d\nif we didn\u2019t like working with each other , we\u2019d part ways \u2014 no hard feelings .\nthe founder might have a deep passion for it , even if mike doesn ' t .\njeremy rose celebrates from the saddle as he rides afleet alex past the finish may 21 , 2005 as ramon dominquez on scrappy t , left , and high limit ridden by edgar prado at pimlico race course in baltimore during the 130th preakness stakes .\nsome of the most important innovations in the last century have come about because of scrappy entrepreneurs ( remember , steve jobs started apple in his basement ) .\n\u201che\u2019s a true gentleman , \u201d said danielle mason , the horse\u2019s handler . the six - year - old horse\u2019s name is scrappy t and he took second place in the 2005 preakness after a thrilling five - win lead - up to the race .\nalways keep in mind that the world is ever - changing . don\u2019t let yourself lag behind .\n5 things you didn ' t know about micron technology , inc . - - the motley fool\nwe were scrappy enough to get something off the ground in one night to get the attention of someone willing to invest in our product . talk about product validation .\nbailes sent scrappy t out five times at 2 ; on halloween , he broke his maiden at delaware park in his third start and finished second in two aqueduct allowance races to close the year . bailes was confident enough to consider stakes to start the sophomore campaign .\nscrappy t eightbelles , thanks for bringing up scrappy t , one of my favorite horses of the past 10 years . there was something so cool and brave about him . my friend emily frequently galloped him coming up to the preakness and said he was such a neat horse ( emily posts on this board under another name ) to ride . around that time she got to gallop a lot of really classy horses . i loved his run in the withers . such a heart ! and now i ' m so happy that we ' ll see him in eventing competitions - can ' t think of a better horse for a sport . hallie\nkids are generally more impulsive than adults because they haven\u2019t yet experienced the consequences of making bad choices .\non cue , the son of northern afleet made a scorching run in the middle of the far turn and was bearing down on leader , scrappy t . but off the turn , scrappy t bore out under left - handed urging from ramon dominguez and afleet alex , right on his heels , stumbled badly . afleet alex ' s rider , jeremy rose , nearly came out of the saddle but both jockey and horse made a stunning recovery . not only did they stay upright , but afleet alex took off and won the race by 4 3 / 4 lengths .\nracing fans will be deprived of a rematch between the top two finishers of the dramatic may 21 preakness won by afleet alex . trainer robbie bailes and owner marshall dowell have decided that runner - up scrappy t will not run in the belmont stakes ( gr . i ) june 11 .\nwhile being scrappy , nimble , transparent , collaborative , and empathetic helps you design effectively and efficiently at a startup , there is still one thing you need that cannot be trained .\nbut race horses aren\u2019t all as lucky as scrappy t . they face a variety of fates when their professional careers are over , usually when the horse is about six years old . danielle mentions a new foundation for retired racers - a program that gives the horses to prisoners , as a sort of therapy for both parties . in other cases the horses are given away , and sometimes they are led to slaughter .\nbailes and dowell have been careful in selecting the right spots for scrappy t . , a gelding by fit to fight . in march , they passed on the gotham ( gr . iii ) in favor of the wood memorial ( gr . i ) because they thought the races were too close together .\nbinary pitched lps on the idea that they were sourcing deals in \u201cfresh , \u201d \u201cscrappy\u201d and \u201cyouthful\u201d ways . some women involved in this orbit have a darker take on what those adjectives meant .\ni invited mike michalowicz on mixergy to give examples of how he was scrappy when he started his businesses , and help you come up with your own creative solutions for doing more with less .\nscrappy t ( usa ) dkb / br . g , 2002 { 1 - h } dp = 9 - 5 - 6 - 0 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 5 . 67 cd = 1 . 15 - 17 starts , 3 wins , 7 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 645 , 919\ni don ' t think ramon did anything out of line ,\nsaid rose , whose preakness victory was his first in a triple crown race .\nramon wasn ' t beating on him ; he just hit him one time .\nandrew , i ' m digging your new style of format on your \u201cscrappy - tips\u201d . it ' s very easy to read and you give some great points . i just re - tweeted : )\n\u201cdude , you don\u2019t need to do that . if you\u2019re willing to spend that money , why don\u2019t you just come out to sf , line up interviews , and simultaneously look for a job ? get the initial experience you need elsewhere . \u201d\nif you haven\u2019t noticed , i\u2019m big on building relationships \u2014 asking for nothing but their time and experiences . here are some key players who really made all the difference for me . feel free to reach out to them . they don\u2019t bite .\nit wasn ' t very vogue , i suppose ,\nkate said later .\nit was very corinne .\nand when she did ,\nadded corinne ,\ni found i didn ' t think her beautiful anymore .\nat zugata , we\u2019re building something that never existed before , meaning we don\u2019t always have data to help with design decisions .\nin a terrifying instant , afleet alex nearly went down after his left front hoof clipped scrappy t ' s right rear . traveling at top speed , the colt - - and jockey jeremy rose - - somehow managed to maintain footing and avoid what could have been a catastrophe in front of a record crowd of 115 , 318 .\nscrappy t made three more starts in 2005 , finishing second in the indiana derby - g2 and discovery handicap - g3 . after a hiatus of more than two years , he returned as a 6 - year - old in 2008 . four mediocre efforts were enough to convince bailes and dowell that it was time to close the book .\nas they did in their previous roles , mr . teo and mr . caldbeck will take what they call a \u201cscrappy\u201d approach to finding companies with real potential . \u201cthe deals we want to do aren\u2019t already in play , \u201d said mr . teo , who was an early investor in snapchat . \u201cwe want to make them happen . \u201d\non a large desktop monitor , they watched a replay and saw jockey ramon dominguez wind up twice with his whip and come down hard on the left side of his mount , leader scrappy t . recoiling from the blow , the horse veered sharply to his right - - into the path of afleet alex , who was closing with a rush .\ndanielle\u2019s father , william mason , remembers a young scrappy t \u201cso mean his first trainer slid the feed bowl under the stall because he was so scared of him . \u201d marshall dowell is the horse\u2019s owner and william mason remembers that \u201cafter marshall had him snipped , he became a totally different horse . . . he got his mind off the women . \u201d\ni ' m gratified . i feel very lucky to be in this position , but at the same time , i can ' t get caught up in the emotions , because i have a job to do ,\nsaid the elkton , md . , resident .\nif i don ' t sit back and do my job , obviously being the favorite isn ' t going to help .\non at least one occasion , women were told they couldn\u2019t bring any male \u201c + 1s\u201d to a party anymore , only more girls .\ni couldn\u2019t stress this enough . meeting people while on the job search doesn\u2019t need to be transactional . build the relationship with the person , and something will come of it in the future . everybody has needs , you\u2019d be surprised how quickly you can make yourself a fit .\nscrappy t gets a daily workout , fox hunts , takes sundays off , enjoys good hay \u2014 \u201cnot the crappy stuff , \u201d said williams \u2014 and relishes peppermints . and he isn\u2019t left alone in the fields with the other horses . \u201che\u2019d just let them beat up on him , he\u2019d get kicked , and he\u2019s a two million dollar horse , \u201d his handler modestly concedes . the \u201cthey\u201d williams refers to are the miniature ponies that stalk the field next to the barn ; and they\u2019re not impressed by track times .\n\u201ci think he\u2019s a good guy whose ego got ahead of him , \u201d said one long time member of teo\u2019s party circle . \u201c [ when teo heard the allegations against caldbeck ] why didn\u2019t [ teo ] stop and make this a priority ? it just shows you don\u2019t care . \u201d\nwhile we should hone our design craft , dot all our i\u2019s and cross our t\u2019s , these pixel - perfect mockups should be shown last .\nbut the what - ifs don ' t diminish the one indelible moment of that season \u2014 a horse and rider displaying the courage of champions .\nit was a triple crown season of what - ifs . what if afleet alex went down and scrappy t was disqualified ? third - place finisher giacomo might have headed to the belmont with a shot at the triple crown . what if afleet alex had prevailed in the derby ? after all , he followed up his remarkable preakness victory with a thoroughly convincing seven - length win in the belmont .\n5 things you didn ' t know about micron technology , inc . @ themotleyfool # stocks $ mu , $ mcd , $ utx , $ intc\nit ' s much easier on me too . i don ' t have to hunt for the perfect quotes and transcribe them perfectly for this format .\nonce kids are old enough , teaching them to want money isn\u2019t hard thanks to advertising . kids learn how awesome money is at a pretty young age .\ni\u2019ve written before about how glad i am that i didn\u2019t give up on building proposify in the early days , and my experience is far from unique .\nhe hit him one time ,\npassmore said .\nhow many horses do you hit left - handed and they don ' t move ?\nthe thing is , he was probably the soundest horse i ' ve ever trained ,\nsaid bailes .\ni ' ve had a lot of sound horses that couldn ' t run , but i don ' t think i ' ve ever had a sound horse that could run as fast as he could .\ndickhertz , iirc , the owners and trainer agreed with your impression that the horse never fully recovered from the afleet alex incident . i had the chance to visit scrappy and danielle shortly after his retirement . he ' s an awfully handsome horse and very lucky in his connections .\nhi l . ! we had herbert t on the trainer listings for a bit but i think he was sold within the track to another trainer to continue racing .\n\u201cthe fresh perspective sees binary bet on founders that don\u2019t match what teo calls \u2018outdated\u2019 patterns \u2014 white investors fundings founders in their network that look just like them . \u201d\nmy calendar was scary \u2014 a lot of meetings which i didn\u2019t even note down , because they happened literally hours after i had scheduled them . flexibility is key .\ndon\u2019t fret . this could be a legitimate thing . it\u2019s tough to just spitball names off the top of your head . it\u2019s easy to respond in this situation .\ni was bugging out . i called him immediately . we had made it through the initial screening and were asked to schedule an interview . we couldn\u2019t believe it .\n\u2013 the local hope , trained by king t . leatherbury , will ship to pimlico from laurel park on saturday morning . steve hamilton has been named to ride .\nin the first days of our businesses , most of us solopreneurs are pretty scrappy , wearing the hats of ceo , intern , graphic designer , writer , and sales rep all at once . but there\u2019s a reason you don\u2019t see tim cook at the genius bar in the apple store or elon musk servicing teslas . to truly become the head of your own company , you need to develop the leadership skills to delegate tasks and inspire your vision in others .\nhe ' s going to give it his best if you put him in the water swimming ,\nsaid dowell on thursday evening after scrappy ' s work .\nbut you have to think about the management of his racing career when he is 5 , 6 or 7 .\nthis isn\u2019t a how - to article , but rather a knowledge drop of all the things i experienced over the past few months , and everything i\u2019ve learned from those experiences .\nlyle mckeany \u2014 the man who helped me despite being in the job search himself . he taught me paying it forward doesn\u2019t always have to happen after you \u201cmake it . \u201d\nwin , lose or draw , we had finished second in the preakness ,\ndaignault - salvaggio said .\nthe best part of my whole experience was in that test barn . there we were , two delaware park barns ? \u2013 ? every one of us who saw each other day in and day out with two of the greatest horses of our barns ' careers . nobody was more happy for each other . there was just celebration ? \u2013 ? our grooms , their grooms . we were hugging , i was petting alex , they were petting scrappy . it wasn ' t like two separate entities that never intertwined . it was the greatest memory of my life . ten years removed from the whole thing , i have the same opinion . scrappy was one helluva horse .\nthe momentum was startling . not all of kate ' s fellow models were welcoming , and she partly understood : she didn ' t think she was tall or beautiful enough either . she knew very little about fashion and clothes and had no real sense of style , but she worked hard and you could shoot her from any angle ; not one was bad . kate was enthusiastic , candid and scrappy ; she was not to be bullied and she knew how to be a bitch .\n\u201cyou have to be the party girl to be surrounded by them , \u201d said one former member of the group , on the condition of anonymity . \u201cthey\u200b \u200binvite\u200b \u200btons\u200b \u200bof\u200b \u200bpeople , \u200b \u200band\u200b \u200bthen\u200b \u200brules\u200b \u200bstart\u200b \u200bcoming\u200b \u200bout . \u200b . . they don\u2019t want you to be too much of a career girl , because they aren\u2019t fun to hang out with . \u201d\nmy friends who work at big companies get driven home in luxury town cars when they work late . entrepreneurs don\u2019t have those luxuries . here\u2019s how mike handled late nights at work .\nbut the process wasn ' t always easy or straightforward .\nfor me , the hardest lesson i learned was getting my credit cards ripped up ,\nhe says .\ni would charge something and think i would be able to pay it off and then not be able to . i can ' t tell you how many credit cards i had ripped up .\ntoday , few cities in the country combine economic dynamism with affordability . new trends , meanwhile , demonstrate that while some people are still moving , their reasons aren\u2019t what they used to be .\ni had to be self - motivated to work ; i didn\u2019t have a boss calling me if i was late delivering . if i couldn\u2019t do my route for some reason , like if i was sick or had a band practice after school , i had to hire one of my friends or my parents to cover it for me ( and yes , my parents accepted the payment ) .\n\u201ci learned that lesson quickly . i didn\u2019t want to waste any time trying to code or figure out how to set up webpages . even though i wasn\u2019t making enough money , \u201d she explains , \u201ci decided to hire a virtual assistant who specialized in tech development to help me get all of my online properties set up properly . it was like i was buying back my time . \u201d\ni didn ' t have a car that cost more than $ 200 until i was 25 , i think ,\nhe told money in a recent interview .\nit was crazy .\nmeet generation impatient : the growing group of 20 - and 30 - somethings who are smart , ambitious , and all - too - eager to quit whatever it is they\u2019re doing right now to get promoted , acquired , or make more money somewhere else . hating your job on day three ? leave and find something better . beta launch didn\u2019t work out ? shut it down and move on . although these individuals come in different forms \u2014 from buttoned - up investment bankers to scrappy entrepreneurs \u2014 one thing is consistent : they just won\u2019t wait . taking great pride in failing fast and increasingly looking for ways to \u201chack\u201d their success in the shortest possible time frame , this group tries to exchange predictable linear career growth for an exponential trajectory .\nit was baird , though , who\u2019d called sanders and encouraged her to take the job , trusting her at the time to preserve the institution . sanders had been her husband\u2019s chief of staff in the house of representatives and his closest political ally . \u201cshe allowed bernie to implement some of his ideas , \u201d says baird . \u201che\u2019s a dreamer , and she helped him put those dreams into policies . i don\u2019t know where he\u2019d be without her . \u201d trustees hired her to do a similar job : midwife to a scrappy sixties - radical school .\nread on . i\u2019ll explain to you what i did to combat this and how little it actually affected me later on , because trust me , the rejection definitely didn\u2019t stop to care about my feelings .\nwhat\u2019s the worst that can happen ? most of the time , the worst is something that is not really that bad . the worst for me ? going back home to my parents house in atlanta and living there until i could figure something out . don\u2019t get me wrong . i\u2019m 24 , and don\u2019t want to be living in my parent\u2019s basement . but hey , again , it\u2019s not really that bad .\nnine of the 20 fastest growing metropolitan areas in the country are retirement destinations in which deaths outnumber or roughly equal births . to put it grimly , nearly half of america\u2019s fastest growing cities are fueled not by scrappy citizens in search of a better future , but by retirees making one last move to spend their remaining days in a pleasant place .\n\u201cmore often than not , even though they know it\u2019s a good idea to take the next step with you , they\u2019ll usually talk themselves out of making a commitment : \u2018i don\u2019t have the time , i don\u2019t have the money . \u2019 you have to hold the vision for the person on the other end of the phone to help them overcome their objections , \u201d she says . \u201cthe phone = financial freedom . \u201d\nwhere we don\u2019t have data ( such as the first version of a feature ) , we still have our users . we constantly reach out to them for feedback and insight . reaching out helps us make decisions on different design hypotheses we may have as a team . and by hearing what they have to say , we can quickly identify what\u2019s working and what isn\u2019t through their tone , body language , and facial expressions .\nper equibase herbert t was sold from fingerlakes end ' 08 & headed to puerto rico ( camerero race track ) where he raced 13 times . . . last race being july 20 , 2009 . . . .\nthey don\u2019t want you to be too much of a career girl . . . you have to be the party girl . . .\nwomen speak about caldbeck , teo , and binary ' s party culture\nyou can encourage them to participate in team activities and observe how they interact with other kids . don\u2019t jump in if they have trouble or if another kid is being unfair . let them work it out themselves .\nmy horse felt like he was looking around when we came into the stretch , but i wasn ' t expecting him to have any problems ,\ndominguez said after the race .\nwhen i hit him left - handed , he didn ' t like it and came out unexpectedly . it completely caught me off - guard . . . . it ' s still hard for me to believe he did something like that .\npando :\nthey don\u2019t want you to be too much of a career girl . . . you have to be the party girl . . .\nwomen speak about caldbeck , teo , and binary ' s party culture\n\u201c [ teo and caldbeck ] are major connectors , \u201d the woman added . \u201cyour worst fear is [ teo ] won\u2019t call you back\u2026 my friends screaming his praises [ on social media ] are afraid they\u2019ll be blacklisted . \u201d\nfor those that helped me along the way , because there was a lot of you \u2014 know i didn\u2019t forget you . i\u2019m appreciative of everyone who stopped to take the time to listen to me . thank you , sincerely .\ni was interested in his thoughts on self publishing / just starting your own publishing company . most wannabe authors i know regard getting a book picked up by an established publishing company as the end goal and treat not being able to do that as failure . i ' m guessing most people aren ' t aware how little of the retail price actually goes to the author or need the validation of having a publishing company tell them their book doesn ' t suck .\n\u201cyeah , \u201d she says , \u201ci guess the treatment the horse gets depends a lot on the trainer , i\u2019ve seen some really nice things and some things that weren\u2019t , but on the whole i think they\u2019re taken care of . \u201d\n\u201cif the job doesn\u2019t deliver in the first month , i\u2019ll know it\u2019s time to start interviewing . \u201d john , a user - experience designer , spoke fast and looked on edge as he described his four - week career \u201cvision\u201d to me .\ni am not saying education isn\u2019t important , or that i\u2019m representing every teacher in every school system in the world . of course , math , english and science are important . of course , plenty of teachers inspire kids to follow their dreams .\nhalfway through the shoot ,\ncorinne said ,\ni realized it wasn ' t fun for her anymore , and that she was no longer my best friend but had become a model . she had realized how beautiful she was .\nboy , was i right . it turns out that he\u2019d made a similar move out to california , with little to no money , and couldn\u2019t have advocated for it more . he constantly referenced it as one of the best decisions of his life .\nwe met at bravado , the coffee shop right across the street from at & t park . we had a normal conversation , nothing too mind blowing . eusden was great to speak with and promised a few introductions to a few friends of his .\nit was up to me to collect payments from customers since the mail star would subtract their cut from my bank account automatically . i got to keep the profit . i needed to do some basic bookkeeping to make sure i wasn\u2019t getting ripped off .\ni ' ve seen more abuse with the stick . he ' s not been known as a big stick jockey . i don ' t see that at all . it ' s the preakness , and he ' s on the lead .\nplease keep it clean , turn off caps lock and don ' t threaten anyone . be truthful , nice and proactive . comments cannot be edited or deleted once posted . to flag a comment to the page administrator , click \u201creport\u201d next to that comment .\ni think corinne actually helped kate come to terms with the fact that she wasn ' t like those models , but she wasn ' t not beautiful ,\nsays neil moodie , who got his big break as a hairstylist with corinne in the early ' 90s .\ncorinne started taking the pictures she did to prove a point , really ; to go , ' well , there ' s beauty in lots of people . it ' s not just one type that should be in a fashion magazine . '\n\u201ci want to earn as much money as i can in the next five years , then retire . \u201d i couldn\u2019t help but think that carol was setting herself up for disappointment and sabotaging her own career with an unrealistic plan to scramble up the investment banking industry ladder .\nit ' s just a normal routine to show respect to the starter . they don ' t actually request it , but it ' s a good thing to do to familiarize your horse ( with the gate ) and the assistant starters with your horse ,\nritchey said .\ni remember seeing a yahoo article about track horses and their demise in pr . it wasn ' t pretty ( photos ) but a better end to those that get shipped for 1000 ' s of miles to mexico ! horses are a luxury especially in an island situation where most things are imported . i ' m sure pr has alot more resources than many of the cariibbean islands but i know sometimes things are in short supply so as sad as it is i ' m sure lots of excess horses to take care of and feed isn ' t high on the priority list\n\u201cwe don\u2019t feel you are a perfect fit for the [ position ] . that being said , we are rapidly growing and our needs are constantly changing , so please feel free to keep an eye on our careers page and apply to any positions that are of interest to you . \u201d\ni don\u2019t think it\u2019s a coincidence that some of the most successful entrepreneurs were b students who later dropped out of college . as mentioned before , non - college graduate entrepreneurs include mark zuckerberg , steve jobs , bill gates , richard branson , larry ellison , just to name a handful .\nnothing serious ,\nritchey said .\nit just took a little hair off . we ' ll have to monitor him for three or four days . i ' m concerned about a muscle injury because he was contorted in a way horses aren ' t supposed to be .\nat least some of those women believed the party culture was used as a way of exerting control over them , of taking advantage of a power asymmetry between powerful men in the industry and women who wanted to be part of it but didn\u2019t have a lot of paths to making that happen .\nwhat a steal for them , right ? and all for just $ 15 worth of parking . well , it might have been a steal for them , but i couldn\u2019t have been more grateful . i credit most of my interviews and coffee meetings to this experience , but more on that later .\ni\u2019ll cut to the chase . after a few questions , it was very apparent we weren\u2019t going to get through to the next round . we had zero business model , no real working prototype to download or in an app store to show \u2014 we made this in one night for pete\u2019s sake .\ni was thin ,\nkate said ,\nbut that ' s because i was doing shows , working really hard . you ' d get to work in the morning , there was no food . nobody took you out for lunch when i started .\nkate spent much of 1993 in tears . this was the same girl who ' d once been told by her mother that life wasn ' t always fun and refused to believe it :\nwhy the fuck not ? why the fuck can ' t i have fun all the time ?\nnow she was beginning to see .\nif my career had turned out like the fantasy i had of what it was going to be , it would never have made me happy . but i couldn & apos ; t have known that until it didn & apos ; t happen . i found a success that is so much bigger and deeper and better , and it & apos ; s because it happened later . if any of what i & apos ; m having happen now\u2014the successes\u2014would have happened to me when i was younger , i would have been ruined . because when you & apos ; re young , and things come super easily to you , and you have success right out of the gate , you & apos ; re liable to think that & apos ; s how it actually works . you start to think you don & apos ; t need to be fully prepared or committed to have these things meet you .\nyeah , that quickly dropped to 25 messages a day . i noticed at 50 , the quality of my emails became poor . i wasn\u2019t doing enough research on the person i was emailing beforehand and was essentially using a cookie cutter email template . therefore , my response rate was low . really low .\nhe looks like he shipped great ,\nrose said .\nit was a long ride , and we took it easy with him today . he didn ' t even get a bath because it was too chilly . he ' ll gallop thursday morning to get a look at the track .\ni apologize , i have been awol for far too long . after the article came out i connected with danielle on facebook . i have just sent her a quick message with the link here and told her how you all were curious about scrap . she said she would come on over and give you an update ! ! sadly i am unable to fill you in my life at the moment as i am deeply ensconsed in my mother ' s retirement dinner at al , this evening in san francisco . the speech is written but not yet memorized . sadly for today this takes presidence . but danielle should be by soon . and at this point she has him , all i have are memories . but the old threads are out there on google just type ( in quotes )\nscrappy t + xctrygirl\n~ em\nnow , you have a reason to follow up with a name or two of people they know that might be of interest to you . again , can\u2019t stress this enough \u2014 try not to make this transactional . it pays ten fold to maintain relationships . a prime example unfolds later on in my story .\nwhen you own a business , solving problems is a daily activity . customers have problems . employees have problems . computers have problems . you can\u2019t bury your head in the sand , you need to evaluate your options and choose a path to go down , even if it ends up being the wrong direction .\nit was an unhappy set . wahlberg spent some downtime tugging his dick while kate rolled her eyes . he made it clear that kate , to him , was nothing special .\ni wasn ' t into the waif thing ,\nhe said later .\nshe kind of looked like my nephew .\nsources have told me how teo would dangle invitations to exclusive parties - packed with investors and other influential people - in front of would - be founders , then subtly place expectations on them if they wanted to stay in the group . who they talk to , who they don\u2019t , how they act , that kind of thing .\nthe culture at large didn ' t see kate that way . up against the skyscraper supermodels of the ' 80s , their very perfection a comment on american supremacy , a small - boned , flat - chested model like kate moss was heresy . someone her size hadn ' t been seen since twiggy in the ' 60s ; suddenly , kate and calvin klein were accused of promoting anorexia , heroin use , child pornography , and the downfall of western civilization . she was on the sides of buses , kiosks , and pay phones , naked and draped across a velvet sofa in a ramshackle room ,\nfeed me\noften scrawled across the ad by protesters .\nhe was a bit hard to handle in his earlier years , but as we all get a little longer in the tooth , we settle down ,\ndowell said .\nhe truly , truly is an absolute gentleman , a delightful animal . you know , everybody always wants to say ' look what he did for me , now i ' ve got to do this for him . ' well , in scrappy ' s case , you want to keep him and you want to be around him . . . because it ' s about what he does for you now .\neverybody should find something that motivates them to do better than they did yesterday . for me , part of that was alex \u2014 the man who lived life to the fullest . it would be an incomplete story without mentioning him . i wouldn\u2019t be half of where i am today without him . miss ya , buddy \u2014 this one is for you .\nif time pressure isn\u2019t enough to motivate you to complete your task , add rewards upon completion . it could be a walk around the block to get some fresh air , a freshly - brewed cup of coffee , or a box of chocolate . a reward system also helps you find a balance between work and rest , allowing you to accomplish more .\ni will admit , until this year , i myself had let this one slide a bit . with 2015\u2019s and 2016\u2019s surge in webinars , online classes , and virtual summits , i\u2019d come to rely exclusively on making sales through digital means . but as sumpter points out , \u201ceveryone wants to sell through a website , and websites don\u2019t make money . \u201d\nexperience was a major player , and there\u2019s always room for more of it . if you don\u2019t have it , find a way to improvise for it . it may not be through a job , but a side project , cheap contract role , or even just helping out a friend . it can all prove to be valuable down the line . win small .\nplan for the immediate future . getting caught up in the uncertainty , i often found myself imagining every possible scenario that could happen . it\u2019s important to understand winning small adds up . plan for the small things on a daily basis to set yourself up for the larger goal . don\u2019t get caught worrying about things out of your control . it does you no good .\nthis , despite john galliano having chosen kate\u2014who he regarded as his\nlolita\n\u2014 to open his spring / summer 1990 show . kate hadn ' t eaten all day and was terrified ; when the show was over , she went to the after - party and guzzled so much whiskey that she missed her flight the next day . she was hungover and disoriented and intimidated and she loved it .\nwhen i used to come back to croydon and get into our car , which wasn ' t air - conditioned\u2014and a house with no pool\u2014i was like , ' i ' m not staying here forever , '\nshe ' d later say .\ni never had that feeling of , ' that ' s your lot . '\nby all accounts , she was succeeding : by 1993 she had been hired to shoot editorials for elle uk and i - d , ads for barneys , and the first miu miu campaign . still , corinne was bitter that calvin klein hadn ' t hired her for the kate campaign .\nit was that kate looked like how kate would look when corinne photographed her ,\nmoodie says .\n\u201ci\u2019ll give it two weeks . if i don\u2019t sign my first retailer by then , i\u2019ll shut the company down and do something else . \u201d i had asked sam to lay out his strategy for the new venture he had launched six months earlier . the plan made sense , except that he was trying to cram three months\u2019 worth of important groundwork into a near - impossible 14 - day time frame .\ni think the race will set up well for my horse . i don ' t think you ' ll have a suicide pace like you did in the derby ,\nhe said .\ni think the riders will be well aware of the pace they set in the derby . the heads - up riders are certainly going to take back a bit and not be going quite as fast .\nwe can\u2019t know if any of teo\u2019s friends agreed to his request , or if all the declarations of love and respect for teo that followed were spontanious and heartfelt . what we do know is that teo\u2019s facebook post was followed almost immediately with a barrage of messages , including several aimed directly at us , complaining at how badly \u201cgreat guy\u201d teo had been treated . many of those messages came from young women .\n\u201ci had a wife and a 3 year old and no savings when i started my company . my wife and i talked and said , \u2018what are we going to do ? where are we going to live with no income ? \u2019 our parents wouldn\u2019t let us back in the house . so we moved to a retirement village . that\u2019s where i lived when i was 24 because it was safe and affordable . \u201d\nwhen kate was eighteen , she took a meeting with calvin klein on her own , walking into the room in jeans and no makeup while a string of hopeful models\u2014cindy crawford among them\u2014waited in reception . kate flopped down on the floor , and for a moment , the room was still : while klein ' s brand was in crisis , he was nonetheless a legend , and one didn ' t take such an informal tack .\naw excellent interview as always . i gotta ask isn ' t it a little interesting for michalowic to say that you have to love / be completely what your business is ? one could argue that his company investing in a leatherworks company that produces \u201chigh performance knife sheaths\u201d may be a little ( at face value of course ) outside of the know of say someone who still has a viper in their driveway . just a thought .\nto be absolutely clear , in four days of phone conversations with sources about jonathan teo , i certainly didn ' t hear any stories of the same kind of breathtakingly clumsy sexual harassment that justin caldbeck was involved in . rather , what i heard time and time again is that teo used parties and social events to play a more sophisticated game of \u201caccess\u201d with young women who were keen to break into silicon valley ' s inner circles .\nit wasn\u2019t until i started working at zurb that i learned the importance of sketching . on my very first project , my design lead told me to deliver 50 opportunity sketches . it was a struggle to get fifty ideas on paper , but i noticed i was able to generate bigger concepts and innovative ideas more quickly . with more practice , the 50 sketches became an easy task , and it is now my favorite part of the design process .\nevery digital entrepreneur has heard it time and time again : the money is in your email list . \u201cit takes 90 days to attract at least 2 , 400 new people into your audience on an email list , \u201d says shanda sumpter , a business coach and ceo of heartcore business . \u201cif you haven\u2019t built a list yet and are busy trying to build a website , work on your branding , or create products , then stop ! \u201d sumpter says ."]}
{"id": 2306, "summary": [{"text": "trachycystis haygarthi is a species of very small , air-breathing , land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family charopidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to south africa .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "trachycystis haygarthi", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - snail ( trachycystis haygarthi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - snail ( trachycystis haygarthi )\ntitle =\narkive species - snail ( trachycystis haygarthi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : trachycystis haygarthi ( j . c . melvill & j . h . ponsonby , 1899 ) - id : 5734000105\nin 1912 haygarth donated ants from durban to the south african museum , cape town . he also collected land snails in zululand for h . c . burnup * and the species trachycystis haygarthi ( haygarth ' s pinwheel ) was named after him .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni )\ntitle =\narkive species - dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\njustification : trachycystis haygarthi is known only from two forests , separated by only 35 km . the extent of the two forests are 2 , 800 hectares and 620 hectares . total area of occupancy is thus probably less than 3 , 500 hectares ( = 35 km\u00b2 ) . although both forests are formally protected areas , the degree of protection afforded by this status is limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is probable\nthe exceptionally striking dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni ) immediately stands out for the unusual whorl of bristles that radiate out from the edge of its shell , somewhat resembling the pinwheel firework after which it is named . the fragile , almost translucent pale - brown shell is a spiral shape with up to five whorls , sculptured with widely spaced axial riblets ( 2 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nknown only from nkandla and entumeni forests inland of eshowe . the two forests are separated by only 35 km . the extent of the two forests is : nkandla forest 2 , 800 ha and entumeni forest 620 ha . total area of occupancy is thus probably less than 3 , 500 ha .\nboth forests are formally conserved areas under the control of kzn wildlife . as such they are afforded a degree of protection , but both are in remote , very rural areas and subject to utilisation by local people and their livestock , particularly nkandla forest .\nalthough both forests are formally protected areas , the degree of protection afforded by this status is limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is probable .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis rare , pale - coloured snail is probably most notable for its highly distinctive whitish shell , with a conspicuous chestnut - brown border to the outer edge of each whorl creating a bold spiral pattern . the creamy - white foot is semi translucent with brownish - grey colouring towards the front of the upper - surface , and the tentacles are grey .\nthis south african endemic is known only from two small forests , nkandla and entumeni , kwazulu - natal , which are separated by only 35 km ( 1 ) .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\ndespite formal protection , the remote , rural forests in which this snail is found continue to be used by local people and their livestock , and this disturbance threatens to destroy and degrade critical habitat for this species ( 1 ) .\nboth forests are formerly conserved areas under the control of kwazulu - natal wildlife , and as such , are afford a degree of protection . however , the actual levels of protection provided on the ground are limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and local communities may be having a detrimental impact on these forests and the wildlife they support ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . whorl in animals , a spiral or convolution in the shell of a snail .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nnothing is known of the dlinza pinwheel\u2019s reproductive biology , life history patterns or feeding behaviour .\nthe dlinza pinwheel is known only from dlinza forest , in the province of kwazulu - natal , south africa , which covers an area of just circa 250 hectares ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\na unique snail , the dlinza pinwheel is found in coastal scarp forest ( 1 ) beneath leaves of understorey vegetation , under fallen logs , in leaf - litter , and occasionally in damp swampy areas ( 2 ) .\nthe dlinza pinwheel is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe dlinza forest is officially protected and is under the control of ezemvelo kwazulu - natal wildlife ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . however , the forest\u2019s location within an urban environment does give some cause for concern . furthermore , the dlinza pinwheels ' very limited distribution means that it is highly vulnerable to the damaging effects of extreme stochastic weather conditions and climate change ( 1 ) .\nthe fact that dlinza forest is an officially protected area , supported by an enthusiastic local community , does confer a degree of protection to the critically endangered dlinza pinwheel . nevertheless , the small and exposed nature of its home means that this rare and fascinating snail remains somewhat helpless to the changing world around it ( 1 ) . more research into the ecology and behaviour of this small but captivating species may help unearth valuable information to help guide appropriate conservation action and bring the diminutive \u2018pinwheel\u2019 back from the brink of extinction .\nherbert , d . g . & kilburn , r . n . ( 2004 ) field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa . 340pp . natal museum , pietermaritzburg .\nauthenticated ( 13 / 07 / 2006 ) by dr . dai g . herbert , chief curator : mollusca , kwazulu - natal museum , and member of the iucn / ssc southern african invertebrate , and mollusc specialist groups . urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . scarp an escarpment , cliff , or steep slope of some extent along the margin of a plateau or ridge . stochastic random , uncertain or unpredictable . whorl in molluscs , the spiral coils of the shell of a snail .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\nborn : 6 october 1863 , durban , south africa . died : 29 september 1950 , durban , south africa .\nwalter j . haygarth was the youngest son of joseph williamson haygarth , whose sister was married to the botanist john medley wood * . wood adopted the young walter . he was apprenticed to the natal government railways workshops in september 1883 . in september 1889 he was appointed as draughtsman and assisted in teaching the railways ' drawing classes . eventually he became a chief draughtsman , until his retirement in 1915 . he married eliza priscilla wood in october 1894 and they had two children .\nin addition to outdoor sports , haygarth ' s hobbies related to botany and invertebrate zoology . he collected some 200 specimens of plants in natal and east griqualand for wood , who was in charge of the natal government herbarium . he also contributed some illustrations to the first volume of natal plants , published by wood and m . s . evans * in 1899 . his plants ended up in various local and overseas herbaria . a few specimens of crassula that he had collected , together with others collected by wood and f . r . rudolph schlechter * , were described as new species by s . schonland * in 1897 . he was commemorated in the names of the alga species chlorophytum haygarthii ( named by wood and evans ) , and in cerophegia haygarthii , named by f . r . r . schlechter * .\nherbert , d . & kilburn , d . field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa . pietermaritzburg : natal museum , 2004 .\nnational automated archival information retrieval system ( naairs ) . urltoken documents relating to haygarth , walter jaques / haygarth , w . j .\npietermaritzburg archives repository ( nab ) , source msce , reference 2242 / 1950 . death notice , walter jacques haygarth . downloaded from urltoken on 2017 - 6 - 27 .\nrobertson , h . biodiversity explorers . urltoken as on 2017 - 6 - 27 .\nschrire , b . d . centenary of the natal government herbarium , durban , 1882 - 1982 . bothalia , 1983 , vol . 14 , pp . 223 - 236 .\nsummaries of some recent botanical and zoological papers referring to south africa . transactions of the south african philosophical society , 1902 , vol . 11 ( 4 ) , pp . 383 - 418 .\n| web page last updated on 2014 . 12 . 25 | database last updated on july 5 2018 | admin login\nnothing is known of the dlinza pinwheel ' s reproductive biology , life history patterns or feeding behaviour .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2312, "summary": [{"text": "mealybugs are insects in the family pseudococcidae , unarmored scale insects found in moist , warm climates .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants , house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a vector for several plant diseases . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "mealybug", "paragraphs": ["phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; cassava stem ( planting material ) distorted by mealybug infestation .\nadult mealybug destroyer lady beetle and its waxy white larva feed within a colony of mealybug nymphs .\nseveral species of mealybug occur in greenhouses or on houseplants . these include pseudococcus calceolariae ( glasshouse mealybug ) , p . longispinus ( long tailed mealybug ) and planococcus citri ( citrus mealybug ) and rhizoecus species ( root mealybugs )\nthe papaya mealybug can easily be distinguished from maconellicoccus marginatus ( green ) , the pink hibiscus mealybug , because papaya mealybug females have eight antennal segments , in contrast to nine in the latter species .\naustralia has a large number of native mealybug species , including members of the genera paracoccus , ferrisia and pseudococcus . pest species in field crops include peanut mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) and solenopsis mealybug ( phenacoccus solenopsis ) .\nbiological control . natural enemies of the papaya mealybug include the commercially available mealybug destroyer ( cryptolaemus montrouzieri ) , lady beetles , lacewings , and hover flies , all which are generalist predators that have a potential impact on mealybug populations . in addition to predators , several parasitoids may attack papaya mealybug .\ngrape mealybug nymph ( ex apple ) ( e . beers , july 1987 )\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult females . laboratory specimens . usa\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; infestation , in laboratory . usa .\nhosts : citrus , several landscape shrubs . most common mealybug on indoor ornamentals .\nspray a mealybug - specific pesticide onto the plant to get immediate results on mealybug control . pesticide sprays , however , are only a short - term solution for mealybug control and should not be used as the only method of controlling the infestation .\nalmost identical in appearance to obscure mealybug . if poked ( not punctured ) , it will release a reddish orange defensive secretion . obscure mealybug secretion would be clear .\ngrape mealybug damage to ' anjou ' pear ( e . beers , september 1994 )\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult females in a field infestation . usa\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; field infestation on hibiscus spp . usa .\nthis article will cover simple mealybug facts and detail treatments that will cure the problem .\nfrancois b , 1996 . measuring the impact of mealybug infestation . proceedings of the first symposium on the hibiscus mealybug in the caribbean , 24 - 27 june 1996 , grenada .\nprovides a key to immature stages of m . hirsutus and five other common mealybug pests .\nreviewed the biology of cassava mealybug . the life cycle has been studied in the congo by\ncassava contains two significant compounds whose levels increase in response to mealybug infestation . cyanide content acts as a phagostimulant for the mealybug , whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the pest . it was found that the use of mulch and manure increased cassava resistance against mealybug infestation (\nanonymous . 2014 . dysmicoccus brevipes ( pineapple mealybug ) . invasive species compendium , cabi .\ncryptoforce\u2122 is shipped as pre - fed , pre - mated , insectary - reared adults . some popular prey of these beetles include : the citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri ) ; the comstock mealybug ( pseudococcus comstocki ) ; the obscure mealybug ( pseudococcus obscurus ) ; the solenopsis mealybug ( phenacoccus solenopsis ) ; the mexican mealybug ( phenacoccus gossypii ) and many other related species , even the long - tailed mealybug ( pseudococcus longispinus ) can be consumed with greedy abandon , but only if it is present with another species which produce cottony egg - masses .\nl\u00f6hr b , varela a , santos b . exploration for natural enemies of the cassava mealybug ,\nhennessey r , neuenschwander p , muaka t . spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug ,\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult male , in a field infestation . usa .\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; foliar damage , from a field infestation . usa .\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult female , ventral view . slide mounted specimen .\nfigure 3 . adult mealybug female . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nfigure 4 . adult mealybug male . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nschulthess f , baumg\u00e4rtner j , herren h . factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug\npollard gv , 1997 . fao launches regional project on pink mealybug . caraphin news 16 : 3 .\nfive parasitic wasps , acerophagus notativentris , have emerged from the parasitized and mummified grape mealybug at right .\nsome species of mealybug feed on plant roots , most of these are rhizoecus species and are also confined to glasshouse and house plants . one species the golden root mealybug , will survive on roots out of doors\nif your landscape or interiorscape has a history of serious mealybug problems , consider using only plant species that are not prone to mealybugs for at least a year or two to reduce mealybug density and harborage potential .\nthe mealybug destroyer can be purchased for augmentative release and is often released in greenhouses and interiorscapes or in citrus orchards after a cold winter has killed off native populations . adult beetles are bicolored with reddish - brown heads and hind ends and black in the middle ; older mealybug destroyer larvae are covered with white wax , which makes them look somewhat like large mealybugs . when releasing mealybug destroyers , focus on periods when there are many mealybug egg sacs , because the lady beetles require mealybug eggs as food to stimulate their own reproduction . there is little point in releasing them when mealybug numbers are low or when they are not reproducing .\nhow do you get rid of mealybugs on houseplants ? share your mealybug treatment tips in the comments below .\nphenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; second , third and pre - ovipositing fourth instars feeding on cassava .\nphenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; adult of prochiloneurus insolitus , an indigenous hyperparasitoid of p . manihoti .\nreviewed the biological control campaign against cassava mealybug in africa . a . lopezi , collected from south america (\nfigure 1 . an adult pineapple mealybug , dysmicoccus brevipes . photograph by lyle buss , university of florida .\nsether dm , ullman de , hu js . 1998 . transmission of pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus by two species of mealybug ( dysmicoccus spp . ) . phytopathology 88 ( 11 ) : 1224 - 1230 .\ndysmicoccus brevipes , commonly called the pineapple mealybug ( figure 1 ) or more specifically the pink pineapple mealybug , is a worldwide pest of pineapple crops and a minor pest of many other crops . its importance as a crop pest of pineapple is tied strongly to its ability to transmit pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus to pineapples .\nsartiami d , watson gw , roff mmn , hanifah mh , idris ab . first record of cassava mealybug ,\nmeyerdirk de , 1997 . pink mealybug in us virgin islands . caraphin news , 16 : 4 - 5 .\nmealybug damage is not as quick to occur or as devastating as it is when you have spider mites on houseplants .\ncalatayud pa , le r\u00fc bp ( 2006 ) cassava - mealybug interactions . paris : ird \u00e9ditions . 110 p .\nnorgaard rb ( 1988 ) the biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . am j agric econ 70 : 366\u2013371 .\niheagwam e , eluwa m . the effects of temperature on the development of the immature stages of the cassava mealybug ,\nas the mealybug has no known beneficial effects , it seems unlikely that deliberate introduction would occur except for malicious purposes .\n) . pesticide spraying against disease vectors may reduce the natural enemy populations at times and allow a resurgence of the mealybug . additional introductions of predators such as cryptolaemus montrouzieri have been used on some caribbean islands to reduce mealybug populations further (\npollard gv , 1995 . pink or hibiscus mealybug in the caribbean . caraphin news , 12 : 1 - 2 .\nthe pineapple mealybug forms colonies on the lower stem and roots of pineapple plants , just above ground level . they are less commonly found feeding on the leaves , fruit , and blossom cups . the pineapple mealybug is more reclusive than the gray pineapple mealybug , which feeds and resides on the aboveground portions of the plant ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .\nspecimens of papaya mealybug turn bluish - black when placed in alcohol , as is characteristic of other members of this genus .\nneuenschwander p ( 2001 ) biological control of the cassava mealybug in africa : a review . biological control 21 : 214\u2013229 .\nit should be noted that the mealybug paracoccus marginatus causes very similar damage on hibiscus to that caused by m . hirsutus (\ncabi - plantwise ( 2012 ) cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) factsheet . available : urltoken . accessed 15 may 2012 .\nthe influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae )\nmani m , 1990 . rid the grape - vine of mealybug . indian horticulture , 35 ( 3 ) : 28 - 29\npeters t , 1999 . the pink mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) in grenada . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\npineapple mealybug wilt associated virus - 1 ( pmwav - 1 ) presence is reported for the first time in the caribbean basin .\nanonymous ( 2007 ) . citrus mealybug . center for urban ecology and sustainability , university of minnesota . ( 12 april 2016 )\nthe most obvious damage by grape mealybug results from the honeydew it secretes . honeydew is cast off in small drops and falls down through the canopy . when it lands on fruit it causes a coarse , black russet , which is similar to pear psylla russeting . however , mealybug russeting is scattered over the fruit surface , while honeydew from psylla is in patches or streaks . mealybug russeting is\nadult females of the pineapple mealybug reproduce parthenogenetically , meaning no males fertilize the eggs . every egg results in a female mealybug . the species is also ovoviviparous , meaning the eggs hatch within the adult female and she births live , fully - formed larvae . the average lifespan of the pineapple mealybug is 95 days , but ranges from 78 to 111 days ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .\nezumah h , knight a , editors . some notes on the mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . ferr . incidence on manioc ( manihot esculenta ) in bas - za\u00efre . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat ferr ; 1978 .\nschauff me , gates m . 2002 . parasitoids of the papaya mealybug ( paracoccus marginatus ) . ec cariforum , caribbean agriculture and fisheries program ,\nregional training workshop on management of papaya mealybug\n. san juan , puerto rico , 23 - 25 october 2002 .\nicac recorder . ( 2008 ) . mealybug : a new threat to cotton production in pakistan and india . international cotton advisory committee .\ntinsley ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , the mealybug species recorded first time on cotton and its alternate host plants in gujarat , india .\nfrancis a , 1999 . report on biological control activities ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) st kitts . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\nmartinez m , moraima s , perez i . 2000 . second mealybug invader . cabi - biocontrol news and information 21 ( 2 ) .\nmiller dr , williams dj , hamon ab . 1999 . notes on a new mealybug ( hemiptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) pest in florida and the caribbean : the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . insecta mundi 13 : ( 3 - 4 ) .\nadult m . hirsutus can encapsulate and kill up to 60 % of anagyrus kamali eggs laid in them , but earlier instars of the mealybug are less able to defend themselves in this way . a . kamali attacks all stages of the mealybug but prefers adult females for oviposition (\n) , so pesticides are only used to control heavy infestations of the mealybug ; populations are subsequently maintained at low levels by biological control .\nbeardsley jw . 1993 . the pineapple mealybug complex ; taxonomy , distribution , and host relationships . acta horticulturae 334 : 383 - 386 .\nspeare at . 1922 . natural control of the citrus mealybug in florida . u . s . department of agriculture bulletin 1117 : 18 .\npeople with houseplants , gardens , and flower beds often encounter these pests . the mealybug thrives during the warm months of spring and summer .\nif mealybug issues persist after beneficial insects have been released , use a beauveria bassiana product like mycotrol so that the beneficials are not harmed .\ncommercially available beneficial insects , such as ladybugs , lacewing and the mealybug destroyer ( cryptolaemus montrouzieri ) , are important natural predators of this pest .\nwinotai a , goergen g , tam\u00f2 m , neuenschwander p ( 2010 ) cassava mealybug has reached asia . biocontrol news inf 31 : 10n\u201311n .\nneuenschwander p . biological control of the cassava mealybug in africa : a review . biological control . 2001 ; 21 ( 3 ) : 214\u201329 .\ntinsley ( sternorrhyncha : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) , an invasive mealybug damaging cotton in pakistan and india , with a discussion on seasonal morphological variation .\nthe effects of temperature on the development of the immature stages of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae )\nroot mealybugs ( rhizoecus species ) are also covered in a white waxy substance and found on plant roots . the golden root mealybug is yellow in colour\nsome females carry a live mealybug with them on the mating flight and take it to the new colony site , where the mealybug\u2019s offspring provide the honeydew to feed the ant\u2019s initial offspring . generally , however , the female ant does not provide food for her first offspring ; instead , the larvae eat\u2026\nfigure 4 . adult female papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . drawing by d . miller and g . miller , usda .\nfigure 5 . adult male papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . drawing by d . miller and g . miller , usda .\nnoyes js , hayat m . 1994 . oriental mealybug parasitoids of the anagyrini ( hymenoptera : encyrtidae ) . cab international , uk . 554 pp .\nnorgaard rb , 1988 . the biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . american journal of agricultural economics , 70 ( 2 ) : 366 - 371\nseasonal density of adult and egg sac of tea mealybug , p . viburni in the tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2005\nremove mummified fruits . in warmer regions , mealy bugs may survive over winter amongst long grass and weeds , removing these helps reduce the mealybug population .\nedwards s , 1999 . control of the pink mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) in st vincent and the grenadines 1996 - 1998 . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\nfigure 1 . adults and egg sacs of papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nfigure 3 . papaya leaf infestation of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nwilliams dj , cox jm , yaseen m ( 1981 ) the cassava mealybug and its parasites in paraguay and bolivia . biocontrol news inf 2 : 146 .\ngowda dks , manjunath d , 1998 . hibiscus cannabinus as a trap crop of mealybug in mulberry . insect environment , 4 ( 2 ) : 46 .\n) . following the establishment of a . lopezi , the cassava mealybug food web was investigated over the whole continent and found to comprise about 130 species (\nthe citrus mealybug is a common pest of citrus primarily in greenhouses , and of several ornamental plants in florida . it has been recognized as a difficult - to - control pest in europe since 1813 ( where it is called the greenhouse mealybug ) and in the united states since 1879 ( anonymous 2007 ) .\nwoglum rs , neuls jd . 1917 . the common mealybug and its control in california . united states department of agriculture and farmer\u2019s bulletin 862 : 16 .\ngrowth period and number of generations of tea mealybug , p . viburni in natural condition in tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2004\nadult beetle presence , larval presence , reduction of pest numbers , \u201cexploded\u201d mealybug egg - masses . these are all signs that cryptoforce\u2122 is hard at work .\nthe striped mealybug is named for the two dark , dorsal stripes that run longitudinally down its body . these stripes are visible on the mealybug cuticle through bare patches in the waxy covering ( figure 1 ) . length of the adult female body is approximately 2 . 0 - 4 . 5 mm ( kaydan and gullan 2012 ) . additional identifying features of the striped mealybug are the two posterior waxy tails or tassels with a length half that of the mealybug body , the presence of crystalline , hair - like rods extending laterally from the body , and the absence of an ovisac ( egg sac ) ( ferris 1950 ) .\nthe papaya mealybug is polyphagous and has been recorded on > 55 host plants in more than 25 genera . economically important host plants of the papaya mealybug include papaya , hibiscus , avocado , citrus , cotton , tomato , eggplant , peppers , beans and peas , sweet potato , mango , cherry , and pomegranate .\nbut if a mealybug infestation goes left untreated , the plant will eventually die . although it will usually take a long time for them to kill a plant .\nhodges a , hodges g , buss l , osborne l . 2000 . mealybugs & mealybug look - alikes of the southeastern united states , usda / csrees .\nfigure 8 . papaya leaf deformation caused by the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nzeddies j , schaab rp , neuenschwander p , herren hr ( 2001 ) economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . agric econ 24 : 209\u2013219 .\nghose sk , 1972 . biology of the mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( pseudococcidae , hemiptera ) . indian agriculturist , 16 : 323 - 332 .\nphenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; ' cassava trees ' used at iita to rear the parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi , the main natural enemy of p . manihoti .\nadults : adults are female only , and have a half - sphere body shape . they are pinkish or pink - orange in color , covered in a thick layer of white wax . identifying the pink pineapple mealybug female from the gray pineapple mealybug female requires microscopic examination and identification of distinguishing features ( anonymous 2007 ) .\nin addition , many mealybug species have projections extending from their body , giving them the appearance of having many legs on the side and rear of the body .\nfigure 3 . a female gill\u2019s mealybug , ferrisia gilli gullan , on the underside of a magnolia leaf . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nm . hirsutus forms dense colonies in cracks and crevices . the severe distortion of new growth caused by the mealybug on many hosts , creates a microhabitat for them (\nrecorded transport of m . hirsutus by nymphs of another mealybug species ( ferrisia virgata ) in india . accidental introductions to new countries apparently occur via infested plant material .\nuse of manure or other fertilizers can result in a reduction in the mealybug population because improved nutrition results in the production of larger parasitoid wasps with higher fertility levels ( schulthess et al . , 1997 ) . mulch and fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava against mealybug infestation ( tertuliano et al . , 1999 ) .\ncharleston , k . , addison , s . , miles , m . , & maas , s . ( 2010 ) . the solenopsis mealybug outbreak in emerald .\ninfluence of temperature and relative humidity on the capacity for increase and population dynamics of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . , pseudococcidae ) , in the congo\njadhav rg , madane np , kathamale , dk . 1996 . record of soybean as a new host in india for citrus mealybug . insect environment 2 : 90 .\nsimilar to citrus mealybug with shorter filaments than other mealybugs in grapes . has a dark stripe on its back . may be found on roots as well as aboveground .\nmealybug infestations appear on plants as tiny , soft - bodied insects surrounded by a fuzzy , white mess around the stems and leaf nodes . mealybugs are common indoor pests .\nfigure 2 . distribution of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink , as of may 2003 . drawing by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nfigure 7 . papaya fruit infestation and damage caused by the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nmani m , 1989 . a review of the pink mealybug - maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) . insect science and its application , 10 ( 2 ) : 157 - 167\np . manihoti reproduces by parthenogenetic oviparity . the life cycle consists of an egg and four instar stages with the fourth being the adult mealybug . various laboratory experimental results (\nnwanze kf , 1982 . relationships between cassava root yields and crop infestations by the mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti . tropical pest management , 28 ( 1 ) : 27 - 32\nvon ellenrieder n . 2003 . california department of agriculture fact sheet : citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri : pseudococcidae ) . california department of agriculture . ( 12 april 2016 )\navoid unnecessary applications of nitrogen fertilizer on plants with mealybugs . high rates of nitrogen coupled with regular irrigation may stimulate tender new plant growth as well as mealybug egg production .\npollen isn\u2019t the only thing these beetles will eat . they will also consume mealybug honeydew ; they produce a lot . a honeydew substitute product may help encourage the beetles .\n. mealybug populations begin to build up in february , and there are nine generations . the largest generation is that during the dry season . population numbers drop at the onset of the rainy season , when many mealybugs are washed off the plant . within cassava fields , this mealybug occurs in a markedly aggregated distribution pattern , which differs between seasons .\nmeyerdirk de , kauffman wc . 2001 . status on the development of a biological control program for paracoccus marginatus williams , papaya mealybug . internal usda , aphis , ppq report .\nneuenschwander p , 1990 . biological control of the cassava mealybug by epidinocarsis lopezi in africa : a review of impact . iita research , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4\na pheromone lure baited with the sex pheromone of grape mealybug is the most reliable way to confirm the presence or absence of this important vector of grapevine leafroll - associated viruses .\nno doubt the best mealybug spray is adonis . this concentrate is both odorless and water based making it very safe for use on any non - edible house or yard plant .\nfranco jc , zada a , mendel z . 2009 . novel approaches for the management of mealybug pests . biorational control of arthropod pests . springer , pp . 233 - 278 .\ntested the alkaloid abrine , isolated from seeds of abrus precatorius , on m . hirsutus and found evidence that abrine could have a drastic effect on the population density of the mealybug .\nlevy j , 1996 . banana inspection guidelines ( re : pink mealybug ) . riverdale , maryland , usa : united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service .\nnwanze kf ; leuschner k ; ezumah hc , 1979 . the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus sp . in the republic of zaire . pans , 25 ( 2 ) : 125 - 130\nfigure 5 . a farmer in ghana holds up a pineapple plant infected with pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus . photograph by jennifer l . gillett - kaufman , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . a pineapple field in ghana with several plants showing symptoms of pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus . photograph by jennifer l . gillett - kaufman , university of florida .\nseasonal density of nymphal instars ( first , second and third instars ) of tea mealybug , p . viburni in the tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2005\nants attending mealybugs for their honeydew are known to defend the pests from natural enemies that would otherwise attack them . they have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in ghana (\n, b ) . results from olfactometer studies indicate that exotic and indigenous species of diomus react more strongly to cassava mealybug , honeydew and exuviae than do indigenous exochomus spp . ( van den\nnorgaard rb , 1988 . economics of the cassava mealybug ( phpnacoccus manihoti ; hom . : pseudococcidae ) biological control program in africa . entomophaga , 33 ( 1 ) : 3 - 6\nmiller , d . r . 1999 . identification of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . insecta mundi 13 : 189\u0096203 . [ links ]\nkerns d , wright g , loghry j . ( 2001 ) . citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri ) . college of agriculture cooperative extension , university of arizona . ( 12 april 2016 )\nif you suspect you have mealybugs infesting your plants , contact your local orkin branch office for an inspection and to prepare an integrated mealybug treatment plan to effectively and efficiently resolve the problem .\n) , originating from the neotropics . in the neotropics , the insect was first discovered in paraguay in 1981 by a . c . bellotti of ciat . p . manihoti had earlier been confused with another mealybug species found on cassava in guyana and northern brazil . whilst exploration for the natural enemies of p . manihoti continued , this other mealybug was identified as p . herreni (\nferrisia gilli gullan , or gill\u2019s mealybug ( figure 3 ) , is a native species that is indistinguishable from the striped mealybug in the field and is not a member of the ferrisia virgata complex ( gullan et al . 2003 ) . ferrisia gilli is a pest in pistachio and almond orchards in california , where it is believed to have been introduced ( kaydan and gullan 2012 ) .\ngullan pj , kaydan m , hardy nb . 2010 . molecular phylogeny and species recognition in the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 329 - 339 .\ngutierrez ap , neuenschwander p , schulthess f , herren hr , baumgaertner ju , et al . . ( 1988 ) analysis of biological control of cassava pests in africa . ii . cassava mealybug\nmoffit lj , 1999 . economic risk to united states agriculture of pink hibiscus mealybug invasion . report to the animal and plant health inspection service , united states department of agriculture . 15 pp .\nroberto padilla m , 2000 . bioecology of the pink mealybug and the risk of its entry into honduras . manejo integrado de plagas , no . 57 : 10 - 22 ; 25 ref .\n) . in most countries the mealybug caused severe damage by stunting the growth points of cassava plants , sometimes totally defoliating the plants . storage root yield losses of 84 % have been reported (\npandey rr , johnson mw . 2007 . enhanced production of pink pineapple mealybug , dysimococcus brevipes ( hemiptera : psuedococcidae ) . biocontrol science and technology 16 ( 4 ) : 389 - 401 .\nmeyerdirk de , dechi lw , 2005 . models for minimizing risks of dangerous pests : the pink hibiscus mealybug and papaya mealybug . in : proceedings 39th annual meeting :\nfood production , marketing and safety : strategies for caribbean food security\n. july 13 - 19 , 2003 , st . gerorge\u2019s , grenada , w . i . pub . caribbean food crops society , in press .\ncommon name mealybug scientific name planococcus citri , pseudococcus longispinus , p . calceolariae and others plants affected many houseplants and greenhouse plants main symptoms fluffy white wax , honeydew and sooty moulds most active year round\n) . the most important predators are coccinellids , e . g . , hyperaspis spp . , exochomus sp . , and diomus sp . , which usually occur at high densities of cassava mealybug (\n) . ants attending mealybugs for their honeydew are known to defend the pests from natural enemies that would otherwise attack them . they have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in ghana (\ngiga dp , 1994 . first record of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) , from zimbabwe . african entomology , 2 ( 2 ) : 184 - 185\nthe predator - parasitoid complex that attacks grape mealybug in orchards has not been thoroughly studied . many generalist predators , such as lacewings , ladybird beetles and predaceous bugs , will feed on this pest . an encyrtid egg parasitoid , acerophagus notativentris , is common in infested orchards . grape mealybug populations are generally reduced to nondamaging levels by natural control in orchards where soft pesticide programs are used for a few years .\nkauffman wc , meyerdirk de , warkentin r . biological control of papaya mealybug in the caribbean safeguarding the u . s . presented 2 - 4 august 2001 at the iobc meeting , bozeman , mt .\nmatile - ferrero d . cassava mealybug in the people ' s republic of congo . in : nwanze kf , leuscher k , editors . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat - fer , ( pseudococcidae ) inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26\u201329 , 1977 : international institute of tropical agricuture , nigeria ; 1978 . p . 29\u201346 .\npetty gj , tustin h . 1993 . ant ( pheidole megacephala f . ) - mealybug ( dysmicoccus brevipes ckll . ) relationships in pineapples in south africa . acta horticulturae 334 : 378 - 395 .\nrohrbach kg , beardsley jw , german tl , reimer nj , sanford wg . 1988 . mealybug wilt , mealybugs , and ants on pineapple . plant disease 72 ( 7 ) : 558 - 565 .\ncitrus mealybug populations are naturally regulated by parasitic fungi and predacious insects . summer rains cause mortality by washing the mealybugs from plants . additional control measures may be necessary to reduce populations when infestations are large .\noperators of greenhouses or interiorscapes with regular mealybug problems can establish their own mealybug destroyer colonies for self - release . the lady beetle can be reared in wide - mouth jars on mealybugs grown on sprouted potatoes or other hosts . a ring of petroleum or other sticky material smeared inside jars around the top will prevent the flightless mealybugs from crawling out but allows the lady beetles to fly out into the greenhouse .\nproducts containing the systemic insecticide dinotefuran may reduce mealybug numbers on some landscape plants , and plant spikes or granules containing the related insecticide imidacloprid may reduce mealybug crawler numbers on houseplants . these neonicotinoid products are less reliable against mealybugs than against other piercing - sucking insects in many situations . their use should be avoided when possible , especially on flowering plants , because of potential negative impacts on natural enemies and pollinators .\nsingh t , editor the mealybug problem and its control . root crops in eastern africa proceedings of a workshop held in kigali , rwanda , 23\u201327 november 1980 ; 1982 : international development research centre , ottowa .\ngarland ja , 1998 . pest risk assessment of the pink mealybug maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) , with particular reference to canadian greenhouses . pra 96 - 21 . ontario , canada : canadian food inspection agency .\nmichaud jp , evans ga , 2000 . current status of pink hibiscus mealybug in puerto rico including a key to parasitoid species . florida entomologist , 83 ( 1 ) : 97 - 101 ; 9 ref .\nthe cassava mealybug strongly prefers cassava and other manihot species ; the other host crops and wild hosts are only marginally infested . talinum triangulare , croton and poinsettia species are particularly suitable for laboratory rearing and experiments .\nzeddies j ; schaab rp ; neuenschwander p ; herren hr , 2001 . economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . agricultural economics , 24 ( 2 ) : 209 - 219 ; 36 ref .\nherren hr , hennessey rn ( 1983 ) biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green mite in africa : proceedings of an international workshop . ibadan , nigeria : iita . 154 p .\nghose sk , 1970 . predators , parasites and attending ants of the mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( pseudococcidae , hemiptera ) . plant protection bulletin , india , 22 ( 3 ) : 22 - 30\nlema km ; herren hr , 1985 . release and establishment in nigeria of epidinocarsis lopezi , a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 38 ( 2 ) : 171 - 175\nmatile - ferrero d , 1978 . cassava mealybug in the people ' s republic of congo . in : nwanze kf , leuschner k , ed . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( pseudococcidae ) held at inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26 - 29 , 1977 . international institute of tropical agriculture . ibadania niger , 29 - 46\nschulthess f ; baumgartner ju ; herren hr , 1987 . factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 851 - 856\ngrasswitz , t . r . & james , d . g . 2008 . movement of grape mealybug , pseudococcus maritimus , on and between host plants . entomologia experimentalis et applicata 129 : 268\u0096275 . [ links ]\nmonga , d . , kumar , r . , pal , v . , & jat , m . c . ( 2009 ) . mealybug , a new pest of cotton crop in haryana : a survey .\ninvading asia and use them to estimate the climatic suitability for its establishment throughout the region . to further support detection and response efforts , we also provide a taxonomic key that differentiates all mealybug species recorded from the genus\nit is recommended that crops infested with pineapple mealybug or pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus ( figure 6 ) be removed entirely from the field and burned . this includes all crop residue , followed by a field tilling . mealybugs and ants can reside on many plants other than their preferred hosts , and weeds and other debris in and around the field will keep a population stable unless routinely cleared ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .\nthe full mealybug life cycle is about 7 - 10 weeks . it takes a week or two for the eggs to hatch into nymphs , and then another 6 - 9 weeks for the nymphs to mature into adults .\nkaydan m , gullan p . 2012 . a taxonomic revision of the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , with descriptions of eight new species and a new genus . zootaxa 3543 : 1 - 65 .\nu . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 1999 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment , october 1999 . riverdale , md .\nu . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 2002 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment , june 2002 . riverdale , md .\nsince its appearance in the caribbean region in 1994 / 1995 , m . hirsutus is regarded as of high quarantine importance by the cppc . the mealybug is regarded as a plant quarantine threat to colombia ( caicedo ramirez and\nmiller dr , 2001 . identification of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : pseudococcidae ) . insecta mundi ( 1999 ) 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 189 - 202 .\ncassava mealybug spread across the width of africa in a period of 16 years . its accidental introduction damaged a staple crop that is particularly important in times of drought , during a time of drought , leading to famine (\nhennessey rd ; muaka t , 1987 . field biology of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti , and its natural enemies in zaire . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 899 - 903\njames bd , 1987 . the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat - ferr ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) in sierra leone : a survey . tropical pest management , 33 ( 1 ) : 61 - 66 , 103 , 107\naheer , g . m . , shah , z . & saeed , m . 2009 . seasonal history and biology of cotton mealybug , phenacoccus solenopsis tinsley . journal of agricultural research 47 : 423\u0096431 . [ links ]\nfor the homeowner , mealybug control may not be expensive , but can be very time consuming since success depends upon a very careful inspection process . the easiest solution for the homeowner may simply be tossing out infested plants .\npreserve naturally occurring biological control agents by avoiding use of broad - spectrum insecticides for any pests in the area . also keep ants out of mealybug - infested areas and plants because ants protect mealybugs from their natural enemies .\n) . it may be advisable to discourage ants in cassava fields if this becomes a problem . the economic impact of biological control of the cassava mealybug , mainly by a . lopezi , has been judged to be excellent (\niheagwam eu , 1981 . the influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae ) . revue de zoologie africaine , 95 ( 4 ) : 959 - 967\nneuenschwander p ; ajuonu o , 1995 . measuring host finding capacity and arrestment of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti , in the field . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 77 ( 1 ) : 47 - 55\nparsa s ; kondo t ; winotai a , 2012 . the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) in asia : first records , potential distribution , and an identification key . plos one , 7 ( 10 ) : e47675 .\nru ble , 1986 . epizootiology of the fungus neozygites fumosa ( zygomycetes , entomophthorales ) in a population of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . : pseudococcidae ) . entomophaga , 31 ( 1 ) : 79 - 89\nwhile adult females are wingless and similar in shape to nymphs , adult male mealybugs , which are rarely seen , are tiny two - winged insects with two long tail filaments . many mealybug species can reproduce asexually without mating .\ncitation : yonow t , kriticos dj , ota n ( 2017 ) the potential distribution of cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) , a threat to food security for the poor . plos one 12 ( 3 ) : e0173265 . urltoken\nthe above characters will facilitate recognition of many phenacoccus species , especially the economically important ones . the lanceolate setae are especially distinctive for this genus . regional keys to mealybug faunas , such as the one provided by williams and granara de\non the basis of the exotic origin and rapid spread of the cassava mealybug in africa , classical biological control has been the main and most appropriate approach to the pest problem . among several natural enemies introduced to combat the pest (\nhammond wno ; neuenschwander p ; herren hr , 1987 . impact of the exotic parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) populations . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 887 - 891\nhennessey rd ; neuenschwander p ; muaka t , 1990 . spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) , in zaire . tropical pest management , 36 ( 2 ) : 103 - 107\nnwanze kf , 1978 . biology of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . in the republic of zaire . in : nwanze kf , leuschner k , ed . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( pseudococcidae ) held at inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26 - 29 , 1977 . international institute of tropical agriculture . ibadania niger , 20 - 28\nculik , m . p & gullan , p . j . 2005 . a new pest of tomato and other records of mealybug ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) from esp\u00edrito santo , brazil . zootaxa 964 : 1\u00968 . [ links ]\nullman de , williams df , fleisch h , hu js , sether d , gonsalves a . 1993 . heat treatment of pineapple : subsequent growth and occurrence of mealybug wilt of pineapple . acta horticulturae 334 : 407 - 410 .\nwe thank miss m . moghadam for assistance with slide - mounting and checking identifications of mealybug samples . the financial support for this work was supported by university of shahed and technical support was provided by tea research center of iran .\nmealybug bodies are distinctly segmented and usually covered with wax . older individuals may have wax filaments around their body margins . in some species the filaments are longer in the rear and can be used to help distinguish between different species .\nas with any houseplant pest infestation , when you first spot a problem , begin mealybug treatment immediately . the first thing to do is quarantine the affected plant ( s ) so that you can prevent mealybugs from infesting your other houseplants .\ngullan p , downie d , steffan s . 2003 . a new pest species of the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) from the united states . annals of the entomological society of america 96 : 723 - 737 .\nu . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 2000 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment ( supplement ) , june 2000 . riverdale , md .\ncitation : parsa s , kondo t , winotai a ( 2012 ) the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) in asia : first records , potential distribution , and an identification key . plos one 7 ( 10 ) : e47675 . urltoken\nherren hr ; bird tj ; nadel dj , 1987 . technology for automated aerial release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava green mite . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 883 - 885\nle ru b ; tertuliano m , 1993 . tolerance of different host - plants to the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . international journal of pest management , 39 ( 4 ) : 379 - 384\nin brazil , all these three mealybug species have been recorded in cotton and in other plants ( bastos et al . 2007 ; silva - torres et al . 2013 ; culik et al . 2013 ) . recently , infestations of striped mealybug were found in cotton plants in the semiarid region of pernambuco . this was the first record of f . virgata on cotton in brazil ( torres et al . 2011 ) . the striped mealybug has also been recorded in the state of esp\u00edrito santo ( williams & granara de willink 1992 ) as well as m . hirsutus ( culik et al . 2013 ) . thus , bioecological studies are needed to develop integrated pest management strategies for f . virgata on cotton .\nwhen mealybug populations are dense , they may enter the calyx ends of fruit , causing contamination problems on processed fruit . their feeding softens tissue in the calyx and around the seed cavity . symptoms resemble those of a disorder called pink end .\nbhat a , devasahayam s , sarma y , pant r . 2003 . association of a badnavirus in black pepper ( piper nigrum l . ) transmitted by mealybug ( ferrisia virgata ) in india . current science 84 : 1547 - 1550 .\nbalikai ra , bagali an , 2000 . population density of mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) on ber ( zizyphus mauritiana lamarck ) and economic losses . agricultural science digest , 20 ( 1 ) : 62 - 63 ; 3 ref .\nchong jh , 2009 . first report of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , in south carolina . journal of agricultural and urban entomology , 26 ( 2 ) : 87 - 94 . urltoken\ncudjoe ar ; neuenschwander p ; copland mjw , 1993 . interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) in ghana . bulletin of entomological research , 83 ( 1 ) : 15 - 22 .\ngutierrez ap ; neuenschwander p ; alphen jjmvan , 1993 . factors affecting biological control of cassava mealybug by exotic parasitoids : a ratio - dependent supply - demand driven model . journal of applied ecology , 30 ( 4 ) : 706 - 721\nhammond wno ; neuenschwander p , 1990 . sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . : pseudococcidae ) by epidinocarsis lopezi ( hym . : encyrtidae ) in nigeria . entomophaga , 35 ( 4 ) : 515 - 526\nmilena varela a ; belloti ac ; reyes ja , 1979 . biology and ecology of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus gossypii townsend & cockerell ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . revista colombiana de entomologia , 5 ( 1 / 2 ) : 9 - 15\nmourier m , 1997 . effects of neem ( azadirachta indica ) kernel water extracts on cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . , pseudococcidae ) . journal of applied entomology , 121 ( 4 ) : 231 - 236 ; 17 ref .\nneuenschwander p ; schulthess f ; madojemu e , 1986 . experimental evaluation of the efficacy of epidinocarsis lopezi , a parasitoid introduced into africa against the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 42 ( 2 ) : 133 - 138\nsouissi r ; rn ble , 1997 . comparative life table statistics of apoanagyrus lopezi reared on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti fed on four host plants . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 85 ( 2 ) : 113 - 119 ; 35 ref .\ngutierrez ap , neuenschwander p , schulthess f , herren hr , baumgaertner ju , et al . . ( 1988 ) analysis of biological control of cassava pests in africa . ii . cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . j appl ecol : 921\u2013940 .\nin crops where the pineapple mealybug is a minor pest , such as in coffee , they may cause an overall weakening of the plant due to feeding . this can result in stunted growth and lower yields ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .\nyou can buy an organic insecticidal soap spray , or make your own . my recipe for homemade mealybug spray is 1 tsp of dr . bronner\u2019s baby - mild liquid soap per 1 liter of water . the soap kills the bugs on contact .\nnoyes js , schauff me . 2003 . new encyrtidae ( hymenoptera ) from papaya mealybug ( paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink ) ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : pseudococcidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 105 : 180 - 185 .\nstsubli dreyer b ; baumgsrtner j ; neuenschwander p ; dorn s , 1997 . the functional responses of two hyperaspis notata strains to their prey , the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique suisse , 70 : 21 - 28 .\nonce a mealybug infestation has been found , you\u2019ll need to treat the plant with either traditional pesticides or something organic . if the infested plant will be producing edible fruit or vegetables , you may want to limit your treatment to an organic active .\ndiscard the indoor plant if it is heavily infested with the mealybugs . sometimes it may be virtually impossible to get a mealybug infestation under control , and the best course of action may be to replace the plant with one that is not infected .\nkauffman wc , meyerdirk de , miller d , schauff m , hernandez hg , villanueva jimenez ja . 2001 . papaya mealybug biological control in puerto rico and dominican republic . presented 11 december 2001 at the esa annual meeting , san diego , ca .\nmiller dr , miller gl . 2000 . taxonomic information on paracoccus marginatus . technical meeting and workshop for the biological control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus , in the caribbean . st . kitts , west indies , 25 - 26 july 2000 .\nbennett f , greathead u , editors . biological control of the mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero : prospects and necessity . proceedings cassava protection workshop , ciat , cali , colombia , 7\u201312 november , 1977 ; 1978 : centro internacional de agricultura tropical .\ndewi sartiami ; watson gw ; mohamad roff mn ; hanifah ym ; idris ab , 2015 . first record of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , in malaysia . zootaxa , 3957 ( 2 ) : 235 - 238 . urltoken\nfabres g , 1981 . bioecology of the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti hom . pseudococcidae ) in the people ' s republic of congo . ii - - variations in abundance and regulation factors . agronomie tropicale , 36 ( 4 ) : 369 - 377\nl\u00f6hr b ; varela am , 1987 . the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . , in paraguay : further information on occurrence and population dynamics of the pest and its natural enemies . in : herren hr , hennessey rd , bitterli r , eds . proceedings of an international workshop on biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green spider mites in africa , ibadan , nigeria , 6 - 10 december 1982 . ibadan , nigeria : iita , 57 - 69 .\nanon , 1999 . summary of activities associated with maconellicoccus hirsutus in st lucia . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\nfabres g ; boussiengue j , 1981 . bioecology of the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti hom . pseudococcidae ) in the people ' s republic of congo . 1 - development cycle and biological parameters . agronomie tropicale , 36 ( 1 ) : 82 - 89\ngeiger , c . a . , daane , k . m . , bentley , w . j . , yokota , g . y . , & martin , l . a . ( 2001 ) . sampling program for grape mealybug improves pest management .\nif a minor mealybug infestation is discovered , treating the infested plant ( s ) may require using alcohol - soaked cotton swabs to treat the insects ; removing mealybugs by exposing infested plants to running water ; and / or washing the plants with soapy water .\nfemale mealybugs lay eggs under a white , waxy coating . mealybug nymphs resemble the adult insects and can complete their development in about a month in mid - summer . breeding continues throughout the year in greenhouses , but takes place at a slower rate in winter .\n: the challenge , the achievements . in : herren hr , hennessey rn , editors . biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green mite in africa : proceedings of an international workshop . ibadan , niger : iita . pp 81\u2013102 .\npeters t , watson gw , 1999 . the biological control of hibiscus mealybug in grenada . in : bell k , ed . paths to prosperity : science and technology in the commonwealth 1999 / 2000 . london , uk : kensington publications , 130 - 132 .\nsingh r , 1999 . socio - economic impact and evaluation of the hmbcontrol programme . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\nboussienguet j , 1986 . the natural enemy complex of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . coccoidea pseudococcidae ) in gabon . i . - faunistic inventory and trophic relationships . annales de la societe entomologique de france , 22 ( 1 ) : 35 - 44"]}
{"id": 2316, "summary": [{"text": "whartonia carpenteri is a species of trombiculid mite collected from the eastern red bat , lasiurus borealis , and the gray sac-winged bat , balantiopteryx plicata . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "whartonia carpenteri", "paragraphs": ["whartonia carpenteri\nhas been recorded from the state of morelos in central mexico .\n. . . remarks : our specimens exhibit a unique suite of features suggesting an as yet undescribed species . the material resembles whartonia ( asolentria ) carpenteri ( brennan , 1962 ) but differs in the ramification of sensilas ( brennan , 1962 ) . . . .\n. . . remarks : our specimens exhibit a unique suite of features suggesting an as yet undescribed species . the material resembles whartonia ( asolentria ) carpenteri ( brennan , 1962 ) but differs in the ramification of sensilas ( brennan , 1962 ) . . . .\nmitromorpha carpenteri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family mitromorphidae .\npachodynerus carpenteri is a potter wasp classified in the family vespidae , subfamily eumeninae , native to mexico , colombia and venezuela .\ncynoglossus carpenteri , commonly known as the hooked tonguesole is a species of tonguefish . it is commonly found in the indian ocean .\ntrogolaphysa carpenteri is a species of aquatic springtail that is known from argentina , costa rica , mexico , and cayenne , french guiana .\ncarpenter ' s yellowtop jewelfish , meganthias carpenteri anderson , 2006 is a pink and yellow fish found in the eastern atlantic ocean named after old dominion university marine biologist kent e . carpenter .\nmeganthias carpenteri\nis a member of the taxonomic subfamily anthiinae , family serranidae .\nthe species is classified in the subgenus asolentria . the specific epithet honors\nlt . cmdr . malcolm scott carpenter , usa , who completed three orbits of the earth in the aurora vii , 24 may 1962 .\ntrombicula is a genus of harvest mites ( also known as red bugs , scrub - itch mites , berry bugs , or in their larval stage , as chiggers or chigoe ) in the trombiculidae family .\nthe harvest mite , trombicula autumnalis , is a species of mite of the family trombiculidae .\nleptotrombidium ( / \u02ccl\u025bpto\u028atr\u0252m\u02c8b\u026adi\u0259m / ) is a genus of mites in the family trombiculidae , that are able to infect humans with scrub typhus ( orientia tsutsugamushi infection ) through their bite .\ntrombicula alfreddugesi , also called eutrombicula alfreddugesi , is a species in the genus trombicula .\ntrombicula hirsti is a species in the genus trombicula , commonly called the scrub - itch mite , it is found in northern australia .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . these genera parasitize mainly water birds or birds nesting in various ground or tree holes ( nadchatram & upham 1966 ) . small forest or mountain birds , too , are frequently parasitized ( brennan 1948brennan , 1951 brennan , 1962 brennan , 1965 ) . a good example of various host distribution is seen in the largest genus , leptotrombidium nagayo , miyagawa , mitamura and imamura , 1916 , which includes about 340 species ( stekolnikov 2013 ) . . . .\n. . . other records . mexico : balantiopteryx plicata : morelos ( brennan 1962 , palacios - vargas & morales - malacara 1983 ) ; oaxaca ( vercammengrandjean et al . 1965 ) . choeronycteris mexicana : [ sic ] mexico ( webb & loomis 1977 ) . . . .\nacarofauna ( arachnida : acari ) del estado de morelos . [ mite fauna ( arachnida : acari ) from the state of morelos ] .\nthe new mites family proterorhagiidae ( acari : endeostigmata ) is described and the genus and types species from mexico .\nasiapygmephorus gen . nov . , a new genus of mite family pygmephoridae ( acarina : heterostigmata ) from t . . .\na new genus of pygmephorid mites ( acarina : pygmephoridae ) named asiapygmephorus is described from turkmenistan , with the type species pediculaster paucisetosus sevastianov et chydyrov , 1991 . the redescription of pediculaster paucisetosus is given .\na new genus and twelve new species of mites from mexico and southeast united states ( acarina : blatti . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthe species is named for\nwilliam k . carpenter of fort lauderdale , florida . mr . carpenter , an outstanding big game fisherman , has long been president and leading sponsor of the international game fish association . his dedicated support of marine science includes generous financial contributions and outstanding personal participation in research activities .\n( original description ) the rather small , pale brownish shell is solid and slender . its surface is glossy . the shell contains 8 whorls , somewhat convex , crossed by about twelve strong , elevated , flexuous , smooth , rounded longitudinal ribs , which extend entirely across the upper whorls , and on the body whorl from the suture to the middle , below which the surface is smooth . the interstices between the ribs are deeply concave , wider than the ribs , and perfectly smooth , except the faint lines of growth . the outer lip shows a broad shallow notch , below the suture . the ovate aperture is rather small . the siphonal canal is short , narrow and straight . the columella is nearly straight .\nthe type specimen was found in the pacific ocean off san pedro , california .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2318, "summary": [{"text": "gymnallabes nops , popularly known as the blind eel catfish , is a species of airbreathing catfish found in the lower congo river basin in the countries of the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is blind , non-pigmented and grows to a length of 5.7 cm ( 2.2 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "gymnallabes nops", "paragraphs": ["gymnallabes nops , roberts , tyson r . & stewart , d . j . , 1976\njustification : there are currently no threats to gymnallabes nops known . the construction of inga 3 and grand inga , and the luozi mining project could become threats to the species in the future . it is known from fewer than five locations .\ngymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 - add this species to your\nmy cats\npage . common name ( s ) none type locality lower congo river , near tadi , zaire , 5\u00b014 ' s , 13\u00b056 ' e . more\ndevaere , stijn , dominique adriaens , gg teugels , et al . \u201cskeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . \u201d cybium 29 . 3 ( 2005 ) : 281\u2013293 . print .\ndolichallabes microphthalmus and gymnallabes nops , of the scores of the second component ( factor 2 ) taken from a principle components analysis of log - transformed metric variables versus the first principal component ( factor 1 ) taken from a principle components analysis of meristics . more\ndevaere , stijn , dominique adriaens , gg teugels , nm de clerck , and aa postnov . 2005 . \u201cskeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . \u201d cybium 29 ( 3 ) : 281\u2013293 .\ndevaere s , adriaens d , teugels g , de clerck n , postnov a . skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . cybium . soc francaise d ichtyologie ; 2005 ; 29 ( 3 ) : 281\u201393 .\ndevaere , s . , adriaens , d . , teugels , g . , de clerck , n . , & postnov , a . ( 2005 ) . skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . cybium , 29 ( 3 ) , 281\u2013293 .\ngymnallabes : from the greek , gymnos , meaning hidden and allabes , the name of a nilotic fish ( a kind of lamprey ) ; in reference to the shape and nature of the fish .\nthe type locality of gymnallabes nops is from near tadi , about 50 km downstream of luozi , lower congo river . two additional specimens ( one from banda nyenge about 60km upstream of luozi , and one from near mbelo about 70 km downstream of pool malebo ) have been collected ( amnh ) . the species seems to be present in very low abundance and has been searched for intensively ( stiassny , m . , pers . obs ) .\nthere are currently no threat to gymnallabes nops known . inga 1 and 2 are existing dams with a minimal impact . inga 3 , to be built in five years , will divert a significant amount of flow . grand inga will block a great part of the mainstream with major impact . given the restricted mainstream habitat and mainstream impacts such as pollution , it can be threatened in the future in the luozi region . the key component of concrete is found in this region , and there is potential to mining in the area .\ngreek , gymnos = hidden + greek , allabes , - etos = a fish of the nile , a kind of lamprey ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : lower congo river basin , democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 78218 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3820 )\nprobably lives chiefly in crevices between rocks . its diet is unknown , but it is probably predominantly carnivorous ( ref . 78218 ) .\nteugels , g . g . , 1986 . clariidae . p . 66 - 101 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3820 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nlower congo [ zaire ] river , near tadi , zaire [ democratic republic of congo ] , 5\u00b014 ' s , 13\u00b056 ' e .\n57mm or 2 . 2\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nin ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .\nbulletin of the museum of comparative zoology v . 147 ( no . 6 )\n( 1 ) natey22 . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nroberts , tyson r . & stewart , d . j . , 1976 , an ecological and systematic survey of fishes in the rapids of the lower zaire or congo river , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 3 147 , no . 6 , pp . 239 - 317 : 277\nthis treatment is a stub . you can help plazi making the full treatment available by uploading the source publication .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation ."]}
{"id": 2331, "summary": [{"text": "marquesas swamphen ( porphyrio paepae ) is a presumably extinct species of swamphen from the marquesas islands hiva oa and tahuata .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was originally described from 600-year-old subfossil remains from tahuata and hiva oa .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it may have survived to around 1900 ; in the lower right corner of paul gauguin 's 1902 painting le sorcier d'hiva oa ou le marquisien \u00e0 la cape rouge there is a bird which resembles native descriptions of porphyrio paepae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "thor heyerdahl claimed to have seen a similar flightless bird on hiva oa in 1937 . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "marquesas swamphen", "paragraphs": ["with reverso you can find the english translation , definition or synonym for marquesas swamphen [ porphyrio paepae ] [ probably extinct ] and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of marquesas swamphen [ porphyrio paepae ] [ probably extinct ] given by the english - german collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , gr\u00e9visse\npaul gauguin ' s 1902 probable depiction of the marquesan swamphen ( porphyrio paepae ) being killed by a dog .\n) , new ireland\u2019s prehistoric landbird assemblage resembles those of holocene ( < 10 , 000 b . p . ) cultural sites as far away as the marquesas islands (\nanother undescribed rail , porphyrio new sp . , is known from 19 bones ( 14 skeletal elements ) . this huge flightless swamphen is much larger than the extinct porphyrio paepae of the marquesas ( 30 ) and taller but less stout than porphyrio mantelli of new zealand . porphyrio new sp . even exceeds in size the extinct porphyrio kukwiedei of new caledonia ( 25 ) .\nporphyrio paepae was known from hiva oa and tahuata on the marquesas islands ( french polynesia ) . it may have survived as late as 1937 , but must have become extinct soon afterwards ( steadman 1988 , hume and walters 2012 ) .\nan undescribed flightless rail ( gallirallus new sp . ) is well represented ( 15 bones from four sites ) . it probably was endemic to new ireland , where the widespread , volant , more gracile g . philippensis lives today . the undescribed rail is referred to as gallirallus rather than as other genera of rails in oceania , following characters in ref . 28 . a vast radiation of flightless species of gallirallus once occupied tropical pacific islands of the ryukyus , marianas , and bismarcks eastward at least to the marquesas . only seven species of estimated hundreds still survive [ on okinawa , guam ( captivity only ) , new britain ( generic status unconfirmed ) , new georgia group ( solomon islands ) , new caledonia , lord howe , and new zealand ; refs . 3 and 29 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nporphyrio paepae ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was described by steadman ( 1988 ) from bones found at two archaeological sites .\njustification : this newly - recognised gallinule may have survived until as late as 1937 , but undoubtedly became extinct soon after . it likely disappeared as a result of over - hunting and predation by invasive rats and cats .\nthis species was a small gallinule which probably had reduced flying capabilities ( hume and walters 2012 ) .\nlittle is known , but it was presumably driven to extinction by hunting pressure and predation by invasive species .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t62263064a119207668 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nsorry , no definitions found . check out and contribute to the discussion of this word !\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\n^ \u00ab [ \u2026 ] d\u2019 hiva oa [ \u2026 ] \u00bb as such , is pronounced / di\u02c8va o\u02c8a / , while the polynesian h is always a / \u0266 / : this shows gauguin had a very poor knowledge of the polynesian languages . he should have written de hiva oa . despite polynesian inscriptions , often approximative , gauguin seems to be inable to speak any polynesian languages , as it is said locally .\nsteadman , david w . ( 2006 ) . extinction and biogeography of tropical pacific birds . chicago : university of chicago press . pp . 101 , 105\u20136 , 127 , 243\u20134 , 312\u20135 , 523 . isbn 0 - 226 - 77142 - 3 .\n\u2014 prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history , or more precisely , before they could be studied alive by bird scientists . they are known from subfossil remains and sometimes folk memory , as in the case of\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 this page refers only to birds that have gone extinct since the year 1500 a . d . / c . e . and usually were subject to scientific study while alive . since 1500 , over 190 species of birds have become extinct , and this rate of extinction seems to be\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 this is a list of the bird species recorded in french polynesia . the avifauna of french polynesia includes a total of 122 species , of which 27 are endemic , 14 have been introduced by humans , and 16 are rare or accidental . 27 species are globally\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 this list of introduced bird species includes all the species of bird successfully or unsuccessfully introduced to an area other than their native range , or to an area they formerly inhabited . this practice has been harmful in many areas , \u2026 \u2026\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg central are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou want to reject this entry : please give us your comments ( bad translation / definition , duplicate entries . . . )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary , become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\nwon ' t ] randomly draw three blue balls in a row out of a box of mostly yellow balls .\nwon ' t ] pull three blue balls in a row at random out of a yellow box , but you could randomly sample just one blue ball .\nnicht zuf\u00e4llig hintereinander 3 blaue b\u00e4lle ziehen , aber sie k\u00f6nnten zuf\u00e4llig nur einen blauen ball herausziehen .\n] better placed than the commission to explain their reasons for not ratifying the united nations international convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families .\n] besser als die kommission darlegen , weshalb sie das internationale un - \u00fcbereinkommen zum schutz der rechte aller wanderarbeitnehmer und ihrer familienangeh\u00f6rigen noch nicht ratifiziert haben .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthis site uses cookies to deliver our services , improve performance , for analytics , and ( if not signed in ) for advertising . by using librarything you acknowledge that you have read and understand our terms of service and privacy policy . your use of the site and services is subject to these policies and terms .\nsign up for librarything to find out whether you ' ll like this book .\nthis is the first comprehensive review of the hundreds of bird species and subspecies that have become extinct over the last 1 , 000 years of habitat degradation , over - hunting and rat introduction . covering both familiar icons of extinction as well as more obscure birds , some known from just one specimen or from traveller ' s tales , the book also looks at hundreds of species from the subfossil record - birds that disappeared without ever being recorded . julian hume and michael walters recreate these lost birds in stunning detail , bringing together an up to date review of the literature for every species . from great auks , carolina parakeets and dodos to the amazing yet completely vanished bird radiations of hawaii and new zealand , via rafts of extinctions in the pacific and elsewhere , this book is both a sumptuous reference and an amazing testament to humanity ' s impact on birds . a direct replacement for greenway ' s seminal 1958 title extinct and vanishing birds , this book will be the standard reference on the subject for generations to come .\ncopyright librarything and / or members of librarything , authors , publishers , libraries , cover designers , amazon , bol , bruna , etc . | static : /\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n* florida museum of natural history , university of florida , p . o . box 117800 , gainesville , fl 32611 ; \u2021 school of archaeology , university of sydney , sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia ; and \u00a7 department of archaeology , la trobe university , bundoora , victoria 3083 , australia\n\u2020 to whom reprint requests should be addressed . e - mail : ude . lfu . hnmlf @ namdaets .\nat least 50 species of birds are represented in 241 bird bones from five late pleistocene and holocene archaeological sites on new ireland ( bismarck archipelago , papua new guinea ) . the bones include only two of seabirds and none of migrant shorebirds or introduced species . of the 50 species , at least 12 ( petrel , hawk , megapode , quail , four rails , cockatoo , two owls , and crow ) are not part of the current avifauna and have not been recorded previously from new ireland . larger samples of bones undoubtedly would indicate more extirpated species and refine the chronology of extinction . humans have lived on new ireland for ca . 35 , 000 years , whereas most of the identified bones are 15 , 000 to 6 , 000 years old . it is suspected that most or all of new ireland\u2019s avian extinction was anthropogenic , but this suspicion remains undetermined . our data show that significant prehistoric losses of birds , which are well documented on pacific islands more remote than new ireland , occurred also on large , high , mostly forested islands close to new guinea .\noceanic islands are renowned as locations of extinction . remote islands in the tropical pacific , for example , have lost most of their endemic species of birds since humans arrived in the past several millennia ( 1 \u2013 3 ) . these losses are documented by studying bones from prehistoric cultural and noncultural sites . by contrast , the large island of new guinea , standing at the western margin of oceania , has an avifauna that shows very little evidence of anthropogenic extinction ( 4 \u2013 6 ) . here , we present evidence that major losses of birds occurred prehistorically on new ireland , a very large island close to new guinea , and with a modern avifauna that is rich relative to the avifaunas on remote pacific islands . this fact indicates that even large , mostly forested islands close to new guinea , and very likely even new guinea itself , have not been spared in the global extinction crisis that has followed the spread of humans around the world .\nnew ireland is the second largest island in papua new guinea\u2019s bismarck archipelago . it lies north and east of new britain , which in turn lies just off new guinea\u2019s huon peninsula ( fig .\nthis map of new ireland shows the location of the five archaeological sites discussed in this paper .\nmany aspects of avian biology in the bismarcks are understood poorly . for example , new subspecies continue to be described ( 12 , 13 ) , and little is known about avian community ecology ( e . g . , relative abundance , habitat preference , foraging ecology , and species associations ) . in this paper , we report how the avifauna of new ireland has changed in species composition since the first arrival of humans .\n) belong to the papua new guinea national museum and art gallery ( port moresby , papua new guinea ) . we believe that most of the bird bones were accumulated by prehistoric peoples rather than non - human predators because of the clearly cultural context in which they were found and because the incidence of burning and breakage are typical of that in other cultural sites in oceania . identifications are based on comparisons ( by d . w . s . ) with modern skeletons from the florida museum of natural history , new york state museum ( albany , ny ) , the smithsonian institution ( washington , dc ) , and the university of washington\u2019s burke museum ( seattle , wa ) . for some taxa in table\n, identification was limited by a lack of modern skeletons of appropriate species\u2014a large problem with birds throughout melanesia .\nbal = balof 1 ( 17 bones ) + balof 2 ( 102 bones ) ; bua = buang marabak ; mbe = matenbek ; mkk = matenkupkum ; pan = panakiwuk . nisp = number of identified specimens . no species of accipiter are counted for in \u201ctotal * \u2020 bones\u201d or \u201cpercentage of * \u2020 bones . \u201d\n\u2021 identification not precise enough to determine current status on new ireland ; assumed to be extant .\n) are caves or rock shelters developed in reef limestone . our brief descriptions of the sites follow those given in refs .\npanakiwuk is a rock shelter in a large eroded doline in northern new ireland , \u2248150 m above sea level and \u22484 km from either coast . no gardens are maintained near this forested site today , and , given the rugged terrain , it is likely that no gardens were maintained there in the past . archaeological evidence suggests intermittent use of the shelter by humans moving between coasts and hunting in the forest . cultural deposits reach an average depth of 1 . 45 m in the major excavation ( 3 m 2 ) , and two other test pits ( 1 \u00d7 1 m ) bottomed out at 60\u201380 cm . panakiwuk was first occupied at 15 , 000\u201314 , 000 b . p . [ approximate age , based on calibrated radiocarbon ( 14 c ) dates reported in detail in refs . 14 \u2013 23 ] , but occupation seems to have been sporadic . the major archaeological deposits date from 10 , 000 b . p . to 8 , 000 b . p . the site was abandoned for most of the holocene epoch , with minor reoccupation after 1 , 600 b . p .\nbalof 1 and 2 are shelters formed beneath the edges of a sinkhole some 2 . 7 km from the east coast . the deposits at balof 1 are \u22481 m deep and substantially reworked by oven pits dug in recent centuries . deposits at balof 2 are \u22482 m deep and relatively undisturbed , as corroborated by a sequence of\nc dates . both sites are as old as 14 , 000 b . p . but were occupied only intermittently . large numbers of bones of the culturally important hornbill (\n; confined to pleistocene levels ) suggest that activities at balof were aimed at particular resources . the differences in avifaunas between balof and other sites ( table\n) also may relate to balof\u2019s location at the edge of rugged limestone country that probably has been mostly forested throughout occupation of the site .\nbuang merabak is a limestone cave in central new ireland , \u2248200 m from the east coast and perhaps 50 m above sea level . an excavation ( 1 \u00d7 1 m ) reached bedrock at a \u22481 . 6 - m depth . sparsely scattered holocene material seems to be disturbed , judging from the 14 c dates . the underlying pleistocene deposits are largely intact . although further excavation and dating are required , initial studies of the site indicate early , sparse occupation after 32 , 000 b . p . , periodic abandonments , and increased occupation in the terminal pleistocene epoch .\nmatenkupkum is a large limestone cave in southern new ireland , only \u224830 m inland and \u224815 m above sea level . although sea level would have been \u2248120 m lower at the last glacial maximum ( 18 , 000 b . p . ) , the cave\u2019s distance from the sea would not have been much greater because of very steep submarine contours along this coast . immediately behind matenkupkum are extensive grasslands , and further inland are limestone karst and volcanic mountains covered with rainforest . the grassland vegetation is probably a disclimax vegetation , as the soils here are well suited for tree crops and gardens , as well as rainforest . thus , when first occupied , matenkupkum may have been surrounded by rainforest . cultural deposits indicate intermittent occupation from 35 , 000 to 20 , 000 b . p . , when the site was abandoned until 16 , 000 b . p . the most intensive occupation was from 14 , 000 to 10 , 000 b . p .\nmatenbek is another large limestone cave in the same uplifted coral terrace as matenkupkum , and \u224870 m south of it . the original cave entrance has collapsed and may well overlie deeper and older deposits than those excavated , because the oldest levels in matenkupkum were at the entrance . the matenbek faunal sample came from two test pits ( 80 \u00d7 80 cm ) in an area that may have been 7\u20138 m in from the original drip line . there , 90 cm of archaeological deposits are sandwiched beneath 45 cm of in - washed soils and above 30 cm of sterile sands that cover the cave floor . the earlier of two phases of occupation at matenbek range from 20 , 000 to 18 , 000 b . p . , after which the site was abandoned and then reoccupied from 9 , 000 to 6 , 000 b . p . dates on the in - washed soils suggest that the entrance collapsed at 2 , 000 b . p .\nat all five sites , the stone artifact assemblage consists mainly of simple unretouched flakes , which , on average , are much smaller at panakiwuk and balof than at matenkupkum and matenbek , where flaked river cobbles predominate . shell tools also occur throughout the sequence . obsidian imported from new britain first appears in the sites as early as 19 , 000 b . p . ( matenbek ) and as late as 7 , 000 b . p . ( balof 2 ) . pottery shards occur in small numbers only in the uppermost deposits ( < 3 , 000 b . p . ) .\nalthough most sites had some noncultural deposits at their bases , these strata produced only bones of indigenous rodents . bones in the earliest human layers are mostly of indigenous rats , bats , reptiles , and occasionally birds . species of mammals brought to new ireland by humans appear at the sites only after 19 , 000 b . p . these are phalangers ( phalanger orientalis , spilocuscus maculatus ) , wallabies ( thylogale brunii ) , rats ( rattus praetor , rattus exulans ) , pigs ( sus scrofa ) , and dogs ( canis familiaris ) , of which only p . orientalis has been recorded from the pleistocene strata ( 17 , 24 ) . shell midden and fish bone occur throughout the sequence and in the three coastal sites as well .\nrepresented by a coracoid and carpometacarpus , a petrel ( pterodroma sp . ) belongs to the subgenus pseudobulweria , consisting of two poorly known species ( pterodroma rostrata and pterodroma becki ) with very localized modern ranges in oceania . based on their relatively large size , the two bones from matenbek may represent the tahiti petrel ( p . rostrata ) , known today as a breeding species in east polynesia , with offshore records in the bismarcks .\npending availability of skeletons of more melanesian species of accipiter , all that can be concluded about accipiter sp . 2 ( ulna , carpometacarpus , tibiotarsus ) and accipiter sp . 3 ( coracoid , scapula , humerus , carpometacarpus ) is that at least one of these species , both of which are larger than a . novaehollandiae and too disparate in size to represent the same species , no longer occurs on new ireland . the only species of accipiter on new ireland today are the widespread a . novaehollandiae and the smaller accipiter brachyurus . a recent sight record suggests that the much larger accipiter meyerianus also may reside on new ireland ( b . m . beehler , personal communication ) .\nmegapodius new sp . ( scapula , tarsometatarsus ) is a very large species in the size range of megapodius molistructor of new caledonia and tonga ( 25 \u2013 27 ) .\ncoturnix ypsilophorus ( coracoid , two humeri , ulna ) occurs on mainland new guinea but not in the bismarcks . much larger than c . chinensis , this quail prefers grasslands and thus may have never been abundant in new ireland .\ntwo other rails , porzana tabuensis ( humerus , femur ) and porphyrio porphyrio ( tarsometatarsus ) , are extant and widespread in the papuan region but had not been recorded previously on new ireland . the fact that these rails have not been recorded on new ireland may be only a sampling artifact of modern surveys .\nthe two coracoids , scapula , femur , and tibiotarsus of cf . cacatua sp . from balof are much larger than in the parrots known on new ireland , the largest of which is eclectus roratus . these bones differ from those of e . roratus in many qualitative features . in size and proportion , they resemble the bones of several species of cacatua , of which the nearest population to new ireland is that of cacatua [ galerita ] ophthalmica on new britain ( 4 , 31 ) . much larger than the bones of cacatua ducorpsi of the solomon islands , the balof specimens probably represent an undescribed species or subspecies in the c . galerita species group , the description of which awaits the availability of more comparative skeletons .\nno species of tyto have been recorded from new ireland , although five species of tyto are known from papua new guinea ( 4 , 6 ) . bones of the small tyto sp . 1 ( ulna , carpometacarpus , two tarsometatarsi ) are about the size of those in tyto alba ( new guinea and some offshore islands ) , tyto aurantia ( new britain ) , and tyto capensis ( local in new guinea and australia ) . the femur , two tibiotarsi , and six tarsometatarsi of tyto sp . 2 from balof and matenkupkum are much larger than those of t . alba , t . aurantia , and t . capensis . tyto sp . 2 would seem to be the size of tyto novaehollandiae ( specimens not available ) ; among congeners , t . novaehollandiae is exceeded in size perhaps by only tyto tenebricosa of new guinea , japen , and australia ( 32 ) . in papua new guinea today , t . novaehollandiae occurs only in lowland forests and savannas of the southern fly river region and on manus island . a large species of tyto also has been recorded from an archaeological site on mussau ( 33 ) . at one time , t . novaehollandiae may have inhabited much of the bismarck archipelago .\nthe humerus and tibiotarsus of corvus sp . are larger than in corvus orru , the only corvid on new ireland . specimens of corvus meeki ( bougainville , buka , shortlands ; see refs . 34 and 35 ) are not available . the new ireland bones also are larger than in corvus woodfordi ( solomon islands ) , corvus bennetti ( australia ) , corvus coronoides ( australia ) , and corvus macrorhynchos ( philippines ) . they may represent corvus tristis , confined today to mainland new guinea and nearby satellite islands , or a closely related form .\npasseriformes sp . 3\u20136 represent four different sizes of songbirds that are smaller than mino and corvus but larger than , for example , nectarinia , dicaeum , and zosterops . these 21 bones probably represent more than four species .\n) . of seven other families with \u22654 % of the total bird bones , only the megapodes , parrots , and passerines occur regularly and in good numbers in prehistoric sites north and east of the bismarcks .\nprehistoric bone assemblages from remote oceania typically indicate the loss of 50\u201390 % of the species of native landbirds ( 1 \u2013 3 ) . the lower proportion ( 24 % ) of extinct / extirpated species from new ireland may be related to the presence of indigenous rodents ( melomys rufescens and rattus mordax sanila ) . in remote oceania , birds evolved without native mammalian predators , leading to na\u00efvet\u00e9 and vulnerability to predation when humans and associated nonnative mammals arrived ( 38 ) . evolving alongside native rodents exposed new ireland\u2019s birds to potential predation from terrestrial animals in prehuman times . nevertheless , the arrival of humans to new ireland led to the prehistoric introduction of macropods , pigs , dogs , two species of cuscuses , and two more species of rats ( 17 ) , any of which could have had a negative impact on birds .\ndeposits dated to the pleistocene epoch ( > 10 , 000 b . p . ) account for 56 % of the bird bones from new ireland . unlike sites in remote oceania with continuous and rich deposition of bird bones (\n) , the new ireland record is too spotty to determine precisely when various species were lost . only 2 % of the bird bones identified from the five sites are more than 15 , 000 years old ( table\n) , at which time humans already had occupied new ireland for 20 , 000 years . which species may have been lost during those first 20 millennia remain unknown .\n) . among the three sites with > 50 bird bones , panakiwuk has the fewest bones of extinct species , but these date primarily to 10 , 000\u20138 , 000 b . p . , suggesting that much extinction already had taken place by that time . for the two flightless rails (\nnew sp . ) , 32 of 34 bones are from pleistocene strata , suggesting that the two isolated bones may be out of context . however , three other extinct / extirpated species have records at \u22646 , 000 b . p . ( table\n) , suggesting that climate and vegetation changes during the pleistocene / holocene transition were not important factors in their extinction . on the other hand , if lapita peoples in remote oceania are any indication , late holocene horticulturalists may have been just as destructive to bird life as the late pleistocene hunter / gatherers .\nthe bird bone samples are too small to estimate new ireland\u2019s species richness at any one time with much certainty . we have made the very conservative assumption that all taxa marked with a double dagger (\nrepresent extant , resident species on new ireland . if this assumption holds true , then bones of 38 of new ireland\u2019s 106 current resident species of landbirds were recovered from the archaeological sites , as well as the bones of 12 species no longer occurring on the island . an archaeological record fully representative of new ireland\u2019s late pleistocene / early holocene landbirds probably would include at least 30 species that no longer live on the island . thus , in the absence of human impact , the landbirds of new ireland probably would number about 140 species today . a similar number probably existed there in the late pleistocene .\nwe believe that few if any of new ireland\u2019s current landbirds colonized the island within the past several millennia . according to equilibrium theory , the avifauna of new ireland should have undergone postglacial \u201crelaxation\u201d ( 41 , 42 ) . because most of the extinct / extirpated taxa belong to families known to be especially vulnerable to human activities , we favor human impact over relaxation as the primary cause of faunal depletion on new ireland .\nhumans colonized the bismarck archipelago and solomon islands by 35 , 000\u201330 , 000 years ago ( 43 \u2013 45 ) . thus , unlike in remote oceania , where human arrival in the late holocene was clearly devastating to indigenous birds ( 3 ) , the lapita peoples who moved across the bismarcks and solomons about 3 , 500 years ago found a flora and fauna that already had withstood tens of millennia of human activity ( 33 , 46 ) . to provide perspective on how the rich avifaunas of this region have changed over the long course of human occupation , more islands in the bismarcks and solomons should be surveyed for bone deposits of prehistoric birds . the limited evidence from new ireland hints that even new guinea , occupied by humans at least as long as island melanesia ( 47 ) and prized since its \u201cdiscovery\u201d by europeans for being so wild and forested , has suffered as yet undetected losses of birds since the arrival of humans .\nwe thank g . petri and m . i . williams for their help with the manuscript preparation and b . m . beehler , j . m . diamond , h . b . freifeld , p . v . kirch , a . w . kratter , and m . spriggs for helpful comments . field research was sponsored by australian research council grants to j . p . w . ( balof ) and to c . gosden and j . a . ( matenbek ) . panakiwuk , matenkupkum , and buang merabak were excavated as part of the lapita homeland project , with major funding from national geographic society grant 3000 - 84 and from the research school of pacific studies , australian national university . d . w . s . \u2019s laboratory research was funded by national science foundation grants bsr - 8607535 and ear - 9714819 and university of florida division of sponsored research grant rda 1 - 23 95 - 96 ) .\nwhite j p , flannery t f , o\u2019brien r , hancock r v , pavlish l .\nkirch p v , steadman d w , butler v l , hather j , weisler m i .\nfrith h j , calaby j h , editors . carberra , australia : aust . acad . sci . ; 1976 . pp . 616\u2013628 ."]}
{"id": 2339, "summary": [{"text": "the porcupine ray ( urogymnus asperrimus ) is a rare species of stingray in the family dasyatidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "this bottom-dweller is found throughout the tropical indo-pacific , as well as off west africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it favors sand , coral rubble , and seagrass habitats in inshore waters to a depth of 30 m ( 100 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "a large and heavy-bodied species reaching 1.2 \u2013 1.5 m ( 3.9 \u2013 4.9 ft ) in width , the porcupine ray has a nearly circular , plain-colored pectoral fin disc and a thin tail without any fin folds .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "uniquely within its family , it lacks a venomous stinging spine .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "however , an adult ray can still defend itself ably with the many large , sharp thorns found over its disc and tail .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the diet of the porcupine ray consists mainly of benthic invertebrates and bony fishes , which it digs up from the sea floor .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is aplacental viviparous , in which the developing embryos are nourished by histotroph ( \" uterine milk \" ) produced by the mother .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the porcupine ray has long been valued for its rough and durable skin , which was made into a shagreen leather once used for various utilitarian and ornamental purposes , such as to cover sword hilts and shields .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is caught incidentally by coastal fisheries .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "because it must be handled carefully due to its thorns , its commercial significance is limited .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "unregulated fishing has led to this species declining in many parts of its range , and thus has been listed as vulnerable by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "porcupine ray", "paragraphs": ["it has also been called the roughskin stingaree , rough - skinned ray , solander\u2019s ray and thorny ray .\nporcupine ray reaches a maximum length of 4 . 8 feet ( 147 cm ) .\nthe strange - looking porcupine ray is covered with plate - like tenticles and sharp thorns .\nexamines wnt3a - porcupine interactions and the importance of fdh - related and other mutations on porcupine activity .\nrare porcupine ray ( urogymnus asperrimus ) in marsa alam , egypt . shot on lumix tz10 while snorkelling .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - porcupine ray - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - porcupine ray - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - porcupine ray - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - porcupine ray ( urogymnus asperrimus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - porcupine ray ( urogymnus asperrimus )\ntitle =\narkive species - porcupine ray ( urogymnus asperrimus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na porcupine ray , urogymnus asperrimus , in the seychelles . source : olivier cochard - labb\u00e9 / wikimedia commons . license : cc by attribution - sharealike\nporcupine ray populations are declining today , and the species is considered vulnerable to extinction . porcupine rays are not targeted by commercial fisheries , but they are often caught accidently by vessels in nearshore waters . fewer porcupine rays are caught today as bycatch compared to years past , and researchers believe this means the species has been overexploited in its range and there are fewer individuals . further , a porcupine ray\u2019s preferred habitat is in populated coastal areas that are more susceptible to human activity .\ndetermine whether porcupine rays exhibit consistent and predictable patterns when using specific habitats and locations .\na layer of sharp thorns on its back gives this ray a considerable edge over any predators looking for a bite . the spikes , which are a mixture of large , cone - shaped thorns and smaller , pointed scales known as denticles , are critical for the porcupine ray that lacks the venomous barb most stingray species use for warding off larger animals . the porcupine ray is a rarely seen and distinctive ray species that unfortunately faces many threats in its range .\ndata was obtained through pilot study on ' crowd sourcing ' where divers were asked through different source egg . dive magazine to report sightings of the porcupine ray .\nassess how the porcupine ray\u2019s habitat use and movement patterns affect the species\u2019 exposure and sensitivity to impacts , and its potential to adapt to impacts through movement and dispersal .\nresearchers at the save our seas foundation d\u00e1rros research centre have a pretty tough time trying to capture a porcupine ray for research purposes . porcupine rays are well camouflaged , as they are a similar colour as the sand - this makes spotting them from the surface a challenge .\nrough skin of this ray has been used as leather by many different cultures .\nalthough the porcupine ray urogymnus asperrimus is widespread in the indian ocean and indo - west pacific , it is rare and has declined in at least parts of its range . furthermore , very little is known about the species . by investigating the porcupine ray\u2019s movement patterns and habitat dependencies , this project will contribute to better understanding the species\u2019 vulnerability to habitat degradation and environmental change .\nandrew wants to know more about the \u2018spiky pancakes\u2019 that are porcupine rays , but to do this , he needs to find them first . armed with underwater cameras , a kayak , and snorkelling and fishing gear he is on a mission to seek out the elusive porcupine ray in the great barrier reef .\nreports a click - based technology to visualize palmitoylated forms of wnt proteins in cells , porcupine fatty acid substrate preference , incorporation of fatty acids of different chain lengths by wnts , and s - palmitoylation of human porcupine .\nthe porcupine ray inhabits coral reefs , preferring sandy , coral rubble and seagrass areas , and is often seen near caves and overhangs ; also near mangroves , in depths to at least 30 m .\nthe porcupine ray is aptly named for its prickly body that acts as armor against a litany of predators . stingray species are often vulnerable to the appetites of h ammerhead and bull sharks , killer whales and other carnivorous fish . though the porcupine ray has a signature whip - like tail similar to other stingrays , theirs does not hold venom for stunting predators . the porcupine ray ' s body is flattened into an oval - shaped disc with a rounded snout , and is usually shaded brown or grey above and white below . its black tail stands out against its light body , and appears darker towards the tip . the porcupine ray inhabits the indian ocean and the indo - west pacific , concentrating around east africa , the red sea and parts of australia where tropical , inshore waters give way to coral reefs and sandy seafloors .\nestablished the first connection between mutations in porcupine and the x - linked dominant disorder focal dermal hypoplasia ( fdh ) .\ninformation on the undulate ray is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . \u2026\nbrisson ba , bersenas a , etue sm . ultrasonographic diagnosis of septic arthritis secondary to porcupine quill migration in a dog .\nprovides proof of concept for pharmacological targeting of porcupine by using the small - molecule inhibitor c59 in mouse mammary xenograft models .\ndescribes the identification of a small - molecule inhibitor of porcupine that shows efficacy and is well tolerated in rodent tumor models .\ntaken as incidental bycatch in trawl nets , tangle nets , and beach seines throughout its range . although occasionally taken in northern australian trawl fisheries , turtle exclusion devices on trawl nets appear to exclude the porcupine ray from capture .\ninformation on the japanese electric ray is currently being written and researched and will appear here shortly . \u2026\ninformation on the caribbean electric ray is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . \u2026\ninformation on the golden cownose ray is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . \u2026\ninformation on the brazilian cownose ray is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . \u2026\nlittle is known about the life history of the porcupine ray . it forages on and around the sea - bed for bottom - dwelling crustaceans , polychaete worms and fish ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . prey is grasped in the ray\u2019s downward - facing jaws , which bear rows of flattened teeth capable of crushing hard , outer shells ( 6 ) . like other stingrays , the porcupine ray probably retains its eggs internally during development , so that once the egg hatch , the female gives birth to a litter of live young ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe porcupine ray is found on or near the sea - bed in shallow inshore water , often in association with coral reefs . it commonly occurs over sand or coral rubble substrates , frequently in caves ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nas discussed in communication , several groups of ray - finned fishes have quite peculiar methods of capturing prey .\njohnson md , magnusson kd , shmon cl , et al . porcupine quill injuries in dogs : a retrospective of 296 cases ( 1998\u20132002 )\n\u00a9 2018 porcupine musings | a common sense libertarian ( voluntary polycentrist ) perspective on whatever topic i feel particularly compelled to debunk that day .\nthe porcupine ray has an oval - shaped disc that is covered with plate - like tenticles and sharp thorns . the tail lacks stinging spines and skin folds . the fish is brown to grey above and white below . the tail tip is dark .\nthe porcupine ray is a really interesting and unusual critter that gets its name from the sharp thorns covering its skin . these rays look something like spiky pancakes , which if you think about it makes a lot of sense . stingrays are really big , flat \u2018meat\u2026\ninformation on the fake round ray ( urotrygon simulatrix ) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly . \u2026\nthe pmnhs is an informal society interested in marine natural history and recording , particularly in the north east atlantic region and the mediterranean sea . the name \u201cporcupine\u201d is taken from the naval survey vessel hms porcupine which was engaged on scientific expeditions in the north east atlantic and mediterranean in 1869 and 1870 .\ninformation on the common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . \u2026\nthere are no known conservation measures in place for the porcupine ray ( 1 ) . individuals have , however , been recorded in the nature reserve of the glorieuses islands ( 8 ) , and given this species\u2019 large range , it almost certainly occurs in other protected areas ( 9 ) .\na distinctive but uncommon stingray named for its protective covering of thorns and denticles . the porcupine ray has a thick oval - shaped body with a rounded snout and a long - whip - like tail . unlike other stingrays in the family dasyatidae , there is no venomous barb on the tail .\nthe flapper skate ( dipturus batis ) is the largest european ray . the undersurface is dark grey with black spots or stripes and the\u2026\nray - finned fishes exhibit quite a variety of mating systems . the four major types , along with a few examples , are :\nis the most important means of communication and foraging for many ray - finned fishes . the eyes of fish are very similar to terrestrial\n) , combined with pollution and habitat alteration have proven particularly disastrous for groups of endemic ray - finned fishes ( i . e .\nthe key objective of this research is to document the movement and habitat use patterns of the porcupine ray in coral reef environments and thus determine how the species\u2019 behaviour and habitat use affect its vulnerability to habitat loss and environmental change , and identify potential management responses to reduce impacts and increase the species\u2019 resilience .\nvery little is known about this mysterious ray , as just ten specimens have been identified and studied in museums . named for the pale margin\u2026\nthe spotted eagle ray is very distinctive with a flattened body and triangular corners to the wing - like pectoral fins . the snout is rounded\u2026\nconcepts and terminology , as well as numerous examples from a diverse range of ray - finned fish families . a section of particular interest is\nray - finned fishes inhabit a variety of extreme environments . these include high altitude lakes and streams , desert springs ( e . g .\ntheiss , s . m . , kyne , p . m . & chisholm , l . a . 2010 . distribution of the porcupine ray urogymnus asperrimus ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) in australian waters , with new records from queensland . memoirs of the queensland museum - nature 55 : 101 - 105 .\ntheiss , s . m . , kyne , p . m . and chisholm , l . a . 2010 . distribution of the porcupine ray urogymnus asperrimus ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) in australian waters , with new records from queensland . memoirs of the queensland museum - nature 55 : 101 - 105 .\nthe reproductive habits of porcupine rays have rarely been observed , but females most likely retain their eggs internally as most other stingrays do until the eggs are fully developed and then the female can give birth to a live litter . newborn porcupine rays lack the species\u2019 characteristic sharp thorns , but are still equipped with countless denticles on the upper part of the body . porcupine rays forage for bottom - dwelling crustaceans , marine worms and fish that burrow into soft , sandy bottoms . sharp rows of teeth in the ray ' s downward - facing jaws are ideal for breaking the hard , outer shells of its prey . porcupine rays are benthic , which means they live near the sediment surface of the ocean . benthic rays tend to\nripple\ntheir fins to move around above the seafloor , in contrast to pelagic rays that flap their pectoral fins .\nray - finned fishes are essential components of most ecosystems in which they occur . while many ray - finned fishes prey on each other , they can also have significant impacts on nearly all other animals in their habitats . zooplanktivorous fishes , for instance , select for specific types and sizes of\nin many ways , the pygmy devilray resembles its larger and more iconic relative , the manta ray . large pectoral fins , fused to the sides of\u2026\nray - finned fishes perceive the external environment in five major ways \u2013 vision , mechanoreception , chemoreception , electroreception and magnetic reception , and to humans several of these sensory systems are entirely alien . many types of perception are also used by ray - finned fishes to communicate with individuals of the same (\n) , which make up nearly all existing ray - finned fishes , have repeated and extended early trends . many of the sections , such as physical description , reproduction , behavior and ecosystem roles merely scratch the surface , but there are numerous links to family - level ray - finned fish accounts . (\nmagee aa , ragle ca , howlett mr . use of tenoscopy for management of septic tenosynovitis caused by a penetrating porcupine quill in the synovial sheath surrounding the digital flexor tendons of a horse .\nthe porcupine ray is widely distributed throughout the indian ocean and the indo - west pacific , occurring from the coast of east africa and the red sea , east as far as marshall islands and fiji , and south as far as northern australia ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . it also occurs in tropical inshore waters of the east atlantic , around central west africa ( 4 ) .\nthe knifetooth sawfish is an unusual type of ray , with a shark - like body and a distinctive , elongated snout , or rostrum , known as a saw . in\u2026\n( wheeler , alwyne 1985 : viii ) . detecting sound in water can be difficult because waves pass through objects of similar density . therefore , ray - finned fishes have\nmobulids ( family mobulidae ) , commonly referred to as devil rays , are cartilaginous fishes found circumglobally in tropical , subtropical , and warm temperate waters . these pelagic species exhibit low fecundity and slow maturation ; however , their life history remains poorly understood , yet these species are highly exploited worldwide . this family includes the genus manta and the genus mobula with 11 identified species . five of these species have been confirmed in the philippines , namely : the spine - tail devil ray ( mobula japanica ) , bent - fin devil ray ( mobula thurstoni ) , sickle - fin devil ray ( mobula tarapacana ) , the oceanic manta ray ( manta birostris ) and the reef manta ( manta alfredi ) . two other species the pygmy devilray ( mobula eregoodootenkee ) and the shortfin devil ray ( mobula kuhlii ) are thought to occur in philippine waters though these sightings have not yet been officially confirmed .\nmany ray - finned fishes exhibit migratory behavior ; daily migrations are usually related to feeding or predator avoidance while longer migrations are usually for reproduction purposes . some fishes stay within saltwater (\nand siphonophores ( colonies of organisms , e . g . man - o - war ) , also regularly consume various ray - finned fish . there is even some unlikely predators like\nfreshwater groups , however , account for the vast majority of actual extinctions in ray - finned fishes . the most significant threats are to families with restricted distribution ( i . e .\n, resulting in even more extinctions . the latter example illustrates the complexity of ecological interactions and the fact that ecological interactions are not confined to aquatic organisms . because ray - finned fishes are often important food source to terrestrial organisms ( see below ) , including humans ( see economic importance and conservation ) , changes in ray - finned fish communities can have significant ecological implications .\nray - finned fishes have significant aesthetic , cultural , scientific and transformative value to humans . to many native people , especially in the united states , fish are symbols of cultural tradition and the subject of works of art . snorkeling , scuba diving , and sport fishing are increasingly popular around the world and , of course , ray - finned fishes have significant scientific and educational value .\nthe porcupine ray is a distinctive and unusual stingray associated with coral reefs . it appears to play an important role in bioturbation and habitat formation in reef lagoons . it is widely distributed from the indian ocean to the indo - west pacific , but relatively rare and very little is known about its biology or ecology . a recent review of the species in australia located only 25 records in museums and scientific databases . the lack of information about the porcupine ray\u2019s biology and ecology is a significant issue given its rarity and the serious threats it faces from habitat degradation and environmental change , especially considering both the documented and projected declines in coral reefs throughout its range . lack of information about the species\u2019 habitat use and movement compromises scientific understanding of its exposure to risks , sensitivity to these risks and ability to adapt to impacts through compensatory behaviours , such as reaching and colonising alternative habitats and locations should coral reefs in one area become degraded . while the species is rare , its highly unusual appearance makes it easy to identify and contributes to its potential role as a charismatic coral reef species . capitalising on these traits , a pilot study was carried out in 2012 using citizen scientists to identify hot spots of porcupine ray distribution . this facilitated the identification of two potential study sites in the great barrier reef . this project will focus on one of these sites , one tree island in the southern great barrier reef .\nporcupine\u2019s annual conference and agm takes place over the weekend of saturday / sunday with a two - day conference of talks and posters at plymouth university , followed by a field meeting nearby at wembury on monday [ low tide 0 . 7m @ 12 : 30 ] .\nthe spiny butterfly ray is under great pressure from fishing in the canary islands , a paradise in the atlantic ocean . david will work with citizen scientists to expand our knowledge about the lives of these vulnerable rays .\n, which have greater density than the rest of the fish , in the inner ear attached to sensory hair cells . since gas bubbles increase sensitivity to sound , many ray - finned fish ( e . g .\n. while many ray - finned fishes migrate well outside their home range \u2013 in many cases hundreds of kilometers , against current and even up waterfalls \u2013 they have remarkable abilities to find their way back . for instance ,\nanother common characteristic of ray - finned fishes is aggressive behavior , which results from competition for valuable resources , such as feeding , refuge and mating territories , mates , eggs , and young . one form of aggressive behavior is\nnot surprisingly , the lifespan of ray - finned fishes varies widely . in general , smaller fish have shorter lives and vice versa . for instance , many smaller species live for only a year or less , such as north american\nwnt proteins are critical regulators of signaling networks during embryonic development and in adult tissue homeostasis . the generation of active wnt proteins requires their regulated secretion into the extracellular space . once secreted , wnts signal through the cell surface via receptor binding on wnt - receiving cells , a mechanism that is prevalent in stem cell and cancer biology . important to both wnt secretion and receptor recognition is their post - translational fatty acylation . in this perspective , we highlight progress in elucidating the biochemistry of wnt fatty acylation and provide a molecular view on the enzymology of substrate recognition and catalysis , with a focus on the wnt o - acyltransferase porcupine . special emphasis is given to wnt fatty acid biosynthesis , wnt - porcupine interactions , clinical mutations of porcupine and emerging therapeutics for perturbing wnt fatty acylation in cancer . finally , we discuss models for the functional role of the unsaturated fatty acyl chain in mediating lipid - protein interactions and in wnt trafficking .\nalthough very wide ranging , this ray appears to be uncommon compared to various species of dasyatid rays which are sympatric with it . occurrence appears to be patchy with localised hotspots ( chin 2014 ) . juveniles appear to be site - attached , and highly resident to small areas of shallow coastal mud and mangrove habitats ( cerutti - pereyra et al . 2014 ) . it has been recorded from coral reefs , sandy reef lagoons , beaches , mud flats and mangroves , at depths of ~ 1 m to at least 30 m ( o ' shea 2013 , cerutti - pereyra et al . 2014 , chin 2014 ) . there is virtually no information available on life history parameters for this species . age at maturity , longevity , average reproductive age , generation time and average annual fecundity are all unknown . attempts to collect size - at - age data from vertebral counts have proved difficult due to the fragile nature of vertebra ( o ' shea 2013 ) . the porcupine ray reaches a maximum size of at least 115 cm disc width ( dw ) with females mature by ~ 100 cm dw and males at ~ 90 cm dw ( last and stevens 2009 ) . using data from the brown stingray ( dasyatis lata ) , a related species of similar size from the pacific as a proxy , generation time for the porcupine ray is inferred to be 21 . 5 years .\ndespite its large range , the porcupine fish is not regularly recorded by fisheries surveys , and is therefore believed to have a relatively small population . the population data that is available for this species indicates that it has undergone a significant population decline in parts of the centre of its range ( 1 ) . the reason for this is unclear , as while the meat , skin and cartilage all have commercial value , the porcupine fish typically has little or no importance to fisheries . it is , however , often caught as bycatch in trawls and beach seines , which may be having a detrimental effect on its population . ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\na 17 - month - old holstein heifer was presented for persistent enlargement above the right hind fetlock of 1 - month\u2019s duration . diffuse plantar soft tissue swelling was present on the radiographs and ultrasonography revealed the presence of multiple porcupine quill extremities embedded in the subcutaneous tissue within the flexor tendon sheath wall . surgical removal was performed .\nporcupine representations of the different eigenvectors derived from the md simulations demonstrated less evidence of long range concerted motions . moreover , porcupine analysis of intermediate subtrajectories ( 3 - 15 ns , 6 - 15 ns , 9 - 15 ns , 3 - 12 ns ) showed little mutual similarity . taken together , these results suggest that the modes of motion generated by analysis of concoord ensembles might emerge on a time scale that is longer than that of our simulation . interestingly , however , in an analysis of the full 15 - ns trajectory of au , a motion resembling eigenvector 1 of the concoord ensemble appeared as eigenvector 3 ( fig . 2 c ) .\n. in this situation , smaller males attempt to ' sneak ' fertilize the eggs of females as peak spawning is occurring ; the smaller males release gametes simultaneously in the vicinity of the spawning pair . hermaphroditism in ray - finned fishes involves individuals containing ovarian and testicular tissue (\nspecies , which grow primarily in the sea but return to aquatic areas before they , spreading nutrients from the ocean up and down rivers . during rainy periods in tropical watersheds , ray - finned fish forage in flooded areas , consuming seeds and dispersing them throughout the floodplain .\nlittle is known about the population status , trends or structure of this species , although the porcupine ray is considered to be an uncommon species . globally , shark and ray landings have declined by at least 20 % since 2003 , but the indo - pacific is amongst the regions where this decline has been more severe ( dulvy et al . 2014 ) . catches of sharks and rays in southeast asia are very high but are declining and fishers are travelling much further from port in order to increase catches ( chen 1996 ) . net and trawl fisheries in indonesia ( especially the java sea ) and elsewhere are very extensive and as a result , many shark and ray species are highly exploited and stocks of most species have declined by at least an order of magnitude ( blaber et al . 2009 ) . batoids are heavily exploited ( white and dharmadi 2007 ) and datasets from as early as 1963\u20131972 show the considerable decline in batoids in the gulf of thailand ( pauly 1979 ) . trawl and gill net fisheries are also moving further afield . for example , in jakarta the gillnet fishery at muara baru travels to waters around kalimantan due to the decline in local populations ( w . t . white , unpubl . data ) . while species - specific data on long - term declines in elasmobranchs in the southeast asian region are lacking , declines of he porcupine ray in southeast asia and elsewhere in the indo - west pacific are inferred given the widespread historical and continuing declines of demersal fisheries in this region ( stobutzki et al . 2006 ) . furthermore , the extensive loss and degradation of habitats such as coastal mangroves are another key threat to coastal and inshore species ; southeast asia has seen an estimated 30 % reduction in mangrove area since 1980 ( fao 2007 , polidoro et al . 2010 ) .\n) have modified gas bladders and swimbladders adjacent to the inner ear . most ray - finned fishes have keen hearing ability and sound production is common but not universal . in groups that do utilize sound for communication , the most common purpose is territorial defense ( e . g .\n) . at this point , approximately 90 species of ray - finned fishes are known to be extinct or only survive in aquaria , 279 are critically endangered or endangered , and another 506 are listed as vulnerable or near threatened . families of particular concern ( in descending order ) are\none of our primary research sites has been the monitoring of a century - old ray fishery site in bohol , with the goal of understanding the reproductive biology of the devil rays to assess the sustainability of the fishery . our team has been working with the local fishing community since 2012 .\njustification : the porcupine ray ( urogymnus asperrimus ) is a shallow water species occurring inshore to at least 30 m depth , often associated with sandy and coral reef habitats . this species is widespread in the indo - west pacific region where intensive and largely unmanaged net and trawl fisheries occur ( with the exception of australia ) . while life history data are not available , the life history of a related species , the brown stingray ( dasyatis lata ) , suggests that this species may have a long generation length ( 21 . 5 years ) . fishing pressure is heavy in its known , shallow - water habitat , and fisheries are likely to catch this species if present . many shark and ray fisheries and stocks in the region are known to be over - exploited , with catches declining . market surveys indicate that this species has decreased in abundance in parts of the centre of its range for which comparative data are available such as the gulf of thailand . it is also a commonly caught and heavily used species in indonesia which is a global centre for intense shark and ray fishing and over - exploitation . based on its shallow water habitat preferences , long estimated generation time , global declines in chondrichthyan landings of at least 20 % over the past 12 years , and the fact that the indo - west pacific region is a region with some of the most poorly managed and intensely fished waters , a population reduction of greater than 30 % over three generations is inferred for the porcupine ray , resulting in an assessment of vulnerable . in australia , the species is assessed as least concern as has no commercial value in australian waters and is seldom caught . while the species was occasionally captured in commercial trawl fisheries , the introduction of trawl exclusion devices has significantly decreased the bycatch of large batoids in australian trawl fisheries . marine protected areas at ningaloo reef and the great barrier reef are likely to provide effective protection for this species .\nduring courtship ray - finned fishes exhibit a wide range of complex behaviors , reflecting their evolutionary heritage and the particular environments they inhabit . for instance , pelagic spawners tend to have more elaborate courtship rituals than benthic spawners . some of the behaviors include sound production , nest building , rapid swimming patterns , the formation of large schools , and many others . in addition , ray - finned fishes frequently change color at specific points in their reproductive cycle , either intensifying or darkening depending on the species , release pheromones , or grow tubercles ( tiny bumps of keratin ) on the fins , head or body .\nclearly ray - finned fishes display considerable complexity in their ability to perceive their environment and communicate with other individuals , yet until recently it was assumed that fish had negligible cognitive ability . current research , however , indicates that learning and memory are integral parts of fish development and rely on processes very similar to those of terrestrial\nsome species of stingrays have evolved the amazing ability to crush and consume hard - shelled marine critters like clams , scallops , oysters and snails . these durophagous ( meaning \u2018hard - eating\u2019 ) stingrays can be found in subtropical to temperate waters worldwide , and they include the cownose and eagle rays . unfortunately , because their diets occasionally include economically valuable shellfish , durophagous stingrays are often considered \u2018pest\u2019 species by fishermen . this has led to the development of uncontrolled kill tournaments for these rays and advertising campaigns to increase ray consumption ( such as , \u2018save the bay , eat a ray\u2019 ) despite these species having some of the lowest reproductive rates among marine fishes .\nbenthic ray - finned fishes also utilize numerous methods of camouflage ( for both hunting and predator avoidance ) . a common and elaborate method in tropical seas is mimicking the background of the habitat ( protective resemblance ) , which involves variable color patterns as well as peculiar growths of the skin that may resemble pieces of dead vegetation ,\nin 2015 lamave started a collaborative project with the tubbataha reefs natural park to assess the abundance and diversity of rays within the park . using bruv systems and visual identification a number of different species have been reported in the park including : porcupine , marble , cowtail , whiptail , mobula and manta rays . recently we started a tagging project , using acoustic tags to determine the local movements of reef mantas around the atolls .\nconsume the scales of the dead fish as they sink . ray - finned fishes also have significant impacts on a variety of plant species . the trophic cascade example ( above ) illustrated an indirect connection between microscopic plants ( phytoplankton ) and fish , but fish also excrete soluble nutrients into the water , such as phosphorus . phosphorus is essential for phytoplankton growth , and fish secretions may provide significant amounts of nutrients in some lakes . a more direct connection is simply the consumption of numerous plant species ( see food habits ) . finally , fish may significantly alter the geological dynamics of their habitats . many ray - finned fish build nests or burrows ( e . g . several\nap\u2014 the x - ray structure determined for phosphorylated cdk2 , bound to cyclin a ( pdb accession id : 1jst ) was reduced to a single dimer with associated atp and water of crystallization , as for iu . in this case a metal ion , manganese , was already in place . for the simulation the manganese was replaced with a magnesium 2 + ion in the same location .\na 17 - month - old heifer was referred to the veterinary hospital for a persistent enlarged flexor tendon sheath on the right hind limb of 1 - month\u2019s duration . the anamnesis revealed the heifer had been injured by porcupine quills in this area 1 mo ago . quills were removed by the owner several hours after the initial injury and penicillin procaine ( depocillin ; intervet canada , whitby , ontario ) , 20 000 iu / kg body weight ( bw ) , im was administered for 5 d .\ndynamic modes\u2014 fig . 2 a shows , in porcupine representation , the most significant motion of the cdk2 - cyclin a complex predicted by concoord for the ap state : a twist about an axis that runs from the cdk2 to cyclin a , pivoting approximately about residue p155 . however this gross twisting motion of the cdk2 - cyclin a dimer masks a flexing motion of the cdk2 . we can isolate the dynamics of the cdk2 within the complex by considering only cdk2 atoms in the pca analysis of the dimer .\nbased on feeding habits , researchers broadly classify ray - finned fishes as herbivores , carnivores , omnivores , zooplanktivores and detrivores . there is considerable nuance within each of these categories because many fish are opportunistic feeders \u2013 they tend to consume whatever is around , especially when food is scarce . however , primary feeding habits are often associated with body form , mouth type and digestive apparatus , as well as teeth . for instance ,\nthe porcupine ray is a highly distinctive , but little known species , which is named for the unusual thorny projections that are found on the upperside of its body ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this species has a thick , oval , disc - shaped body , a rounded snout and a long , whip - like tail , which does not possess the venomous barb that is characteristic of most members of the stingray family ( dasyatidae ) ( 2 ) . instead , this species is protected from predators by its armoured body , which is covered with a mixture of large , sharp , conical thorns and smaller , pointed projections known as \u201cdenticles\u201d . the young lack the thorns , but bear numerous large , flat denticles on the upper surface of the body ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the colouration of this species is brown to light grey above and white below , while the tail is blackish , becoming darker towards the tip ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nin this report we use a two letter code to identify a cdk2 - cyclin a structure in a given state of phosphorylation and activity as in table i . according to this nomenclature therefore , ap ( for active form , phosphorylated ) corresponds to the x - ray structure for thr 160 phosphorylated ( and therefore active ) cdk2 - cyclin a with the phosphate group intact . au ( for active structure , manually edited so as to be unphosphorylated ) is the same structure with the phosphate group removed in silico . likewise iu ( for inactive form , unphosphorylated ) corresponds to the x - ray structure for unphosphorylated ( and therefore inactive ) cdk2 - cyclin a with no addition of phosphate group , and ip ( for inactive structure , manually edited so as to be phosphorylated ) is the same structure with a phosphate group added in silico to thr 160 before simulation . the four starting configurations were prepared as follows .\nfor the peak at residue 11 , this is consistent with the proposed biological function of this loop : it opens and closes to allow entrance and exit of atp and adp respectively . the second loop at around residue 35 is often difficult to model in x - ray structures of both monomeric cdk2 and cdk2 in complex with cyclin a , and may play a role at the edge of the interface between the pstaire helix and the cdk - proximal domain of cyclin a .\ndifferential roles for the cluster of arginines that bind phospho - thr 160 \u2014 as discussed above , examination of the x - ray structure of phosphorylated cdk2 shows that the negatively charged phosphate group on phospho - thr 160 is docked into a triad of positive arginines : arg 50 , arg 126 , and arg 150 . the natural interpretation is that there is a coulomb attraction between these entities , which anchors the phospho - thr 160 in place and maintains the functional phosphorylated configuration .\nthe species is presumably largely taken as bycatch in unregulated fisheries in nearshore waters . it has been recorded as a high value catch in indonesian net fisheries ( white et al . 2006 ) . it appears to have disappeared or become extremely rare ( compared to certain other batoids ) in the batoid catches landed in bangkok from the gulf of thailand in recent decades ( compagno and cook , unpubl . data ) . this suggests probable local over - exploitation here and possibly also in the bay of bengal . similar trends are likely to be occurring or will occur in other areas where batoids are taken in multi - species fisheries . certainly , demersal fishery resources in the gulf of thailand and southeast asia have been severely depleted from historical levels ( stobutzki et al . 2006 ) . human modification and degradation of the ray ' s habitat is also possibly occurring in some of the more highly populated and polluted coastal areas as a result of human influences . the loss of coastal habitats such as mangroves may be of particular concern for this species which is suspected to have highly localized habitat use ( a . chin , unpubl . data ) . this species was occasionally taken in northern australian trawl fisheries ( brewer et al . 2006 ) . however , the introduction of turtle exclusion devices appears to have successfully excluded this species from continuing capture in trawl nets ( brewer et al . 2006 ) . the porcupine ray is considered to be potentially one of the most vulnerable chondrichthyans to the impacts of climate change in northern australia ( chin et al . 2010 ) .\nfishes are obviously of enormous economic import to humans . primarily , humans consume fish through fishing and aquaculture , and fish are an essential form of protein for millions of people around the world . the farmed salmon industry alone is valued at over 2 billion dollars a year , but unfortunately , aquaculture operations can have serious ecological consequences . similarly , ray - finned fishes are quite popular in the aquarium trade , and those with high cash value , such as many tropical fishes , are removed in highly damaging ( i . e . using poisons ) and exploitive ways ( see conservation and other comments ) . televised sport fishing events are also popular on rivers , lakes , coastal areas and reefs around the world . the fast - growing scuba industry relies heavily on thriving coral reefs with diverse and abundant communities of ray - finned fishes . finally , of less direct ( and severely underappreciated ) economic importance are the ecological roles that fishes fill , like controlling insect populations ( e . g . many still - water groups like\nthree specimens of the porcupine ray urogymnus asperrimus ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) are reported from heron island on the great barrier reef , qld . these are the first records from the southern great barrier reef and represent the southernmost records for this species on the east coast of australia . an immature male with a disc width ( dw ) of 650 mm and two females measuring 620 mm dw and 545 mm dw were caught on the eastern side of the island using hand or seine nets . the two females were released alive after examination . some morphometric data from two of the individuals are provided . the distribution , biology and ecology of this species are poorly - known , with only five catalogued australian specimens held in australian museums . the majority of these are not whole specimens and are in poor condition . there is further scattered information from photographs and live sightings . all known australian records of u . asperrimus are summarised here . there are records of the species across tropical northern australia , from ningaloo reef , wa ( 22 [ degree ] 43 [ minute ] s ) to heron island , qld ( 23 [ degree ] 26 [ minute ] s ) .\nthe porcupine ray is a widely distributed but relatively uncommon species found in the indo - west pacific ; it is also possibly tropical west africa ( senegal , guinea , ivory coast ) and as an invasive in the eastern mediterranean ( via the suez canal ) ( last and stevens 2009 ) . localities include south africa , madagascar , kenya , seychelles , red sea ( koseir ) , saudi arabia , oman ( muscat ) , gulf of oman , arabian sea and persian gulf , pakistan , india ( bombay , madras , malpe , south canara on malabar coast ) , sri lanka , myanmar , malaysia ( malay peninsula , penang ) , singapore , taiwan , thailand , indonesia ( jakarta , java , kalimantan ) , possibly the philippines , viet nam ( cholon ) , australia ( queensland , western australia , northern territory ) , new guinea and melanesia ( fowler 1941 , herre 1953 , capape and desoutter 1990 , last and stevens 1994 , last and compagno 1999 , theiss et al . 2010 , ebert et al . 2013 ) . the species appears to have patchy localized distributions with local hotspots recorded at d ' arros island in the seychelles , and specific sites in ningaloo reef and the great barrier reef , australia ( theiss et al . 2010 , chin 2014 ) .\nactinopterygians , or \u2018ray - finned fishes , \u2019 are the largest and most successful group of fishes and make up half of all living vertebrates . while actinopterygians appeared in the fossil record during the devonian period , between 400 - 350 million years ago ( ma ) , it was not until the carboniferous period ( 360 ma ) that they had become dominant in freshwaters and started to invade the seas . at present , approximately 42 orders , 431 families , and nearly 24 , 000 species are recognized within this class but there are bound to be taxonomic revisions as research progresses .\nkey to interpreting these eigenvectors is a helpful visualization of them . we have based our visualizations on the porcupine plots of ( 30 ) . in that study , a stick was drawn for all residues corresponding to the movement implied for that residue for a given eigenvector . for example to visualize eigenvector 1 a stick is drawn for each residue starting from the c\u03b1 and projecting in the direction of the component of the first eigenvector that corresponds to that residue . we have found that cones are easier for the eye to interpret than sticks and a script was written to allow the molecular graphics program vmd ( 32 ) to automatically plot these cones onto the protein , given the eigenvectors of the pca decomposition . 2 we have described elsewhere ( 29 ) a web - service 3 in which we have made these analyses and visualizations available to other researchers .\n) . the key to electrical communication is not simply the ability to detect electrical fields , but to produce a mild electrical discharge and modify the amplitude , frequency , and pulse length of the signal . this makes electrical signals individually specific , in addition to being sex and species - specific . consequently , \u201celectrical discharges can have all the functions that visual and auditory signals have in other fishes , including courtship , agonistic behavior and individual recognition\u201d ( moyle and cech 2004 : 206 ) . finally , a few highly migratory ray - finned fishes can apparently detect earth - strength magnetic fields directly , in much the same way sensation occurs with the lateral line . while the specific mechanisms of\nour results show that the charge on the phosphate accounts for much , but not all of the tendency of the phospho - thr 160 not to unfold from its active conformation . however , the full 2 - charge is not required for this effect over the timescales considered : little difference is observed in simulations where the phosphate is given a single negative charge . as expected , removal of the phosphate from a simulation of the phosphorylated x - ray structure leads to a significant loosening of the association between the arginine triad ( arg 50 , arg 126 , and arg 150 ) and thr 160 . indeed , in one simulation , a rapid partial unfolding of the t - loop was observed .\nray - finned fishes generally avoid predators in two ways , through behavioral adaptation and physical structures , such as spines , camouflage and scents . usually , several behavioral and structural tactics are integrated because it is advantageous for fishes to break the predation cycle ( 1 - 4 ) in as many places as possible , and the earlier the better . for instance , ( 1 ) the primary goal of most fish is to avoid detection , or avoid being exposed during certain times of the day . if detected , ( 2 ) a fish might try to hide very quickly , blend in with the surroundings , or school ; ( 3 ) if the fish is about to be attacked then it must try to deflect the attack , and if attack is unavoidable ( 4 ) the fish will try to avoid being handled and possibly escape . therefore , many fishes avoid even the chance of attack through particular cycles of activity , shading ( or lighting , see below ) and camouflage , mimicking , and warning coloration .\n( including chemoreception , electroreception , magnetic reception and a \u201cdistance - touch\u201d sensation \u2013 see communication ) , and some even produce their own light or electricity . in addition , color diversity in ray - finned fishes is \u201cessentially unlimited , ranging from uniformly dark black or red in many deepsea forms , to silvery in pelagic and water - column fishes , to countershaded in nearshore fishes of most littoral [ near - shore ] communities , to the strikingly contrasted colors of tropical freshwater and marine fishes\u201d ( helfman et al . 1997 : 367 ) . of course , extravagant coloration is not helpful for fish at risk of being eaten , yet bright coloration is environment - specific ( see helfman et al . 1997 : 367 ) and bright colors at one depth are cryptic at others due to light attenuation ( see communication ) . further , color change is common in brightly colored ( as well as many other ) fishes and occurs under a variety of circumstances . pigments are responsible for a many types of color change , but there are also\nmonomeric cdk2 has negligible activity because the residues that should form its catalytic and substrate - recognition sites are disordered ( 3 ) . full activation requires both binding by cyclin a or cyclin e and phosphorylation of residue thr 160 on a loop ( the \u201ct - loop\u201d ) by a cdk - activating kinase ( cak ) activity ( 4 \u2013 6 ) . the structure of cyclin a ( 7 ) does not change significantly , but many of the cdk2 residues are realigned toward their active configuration ( 8 ) . in this state the cdk2 has 0 . 4 % of its full activity : 100 % activity is achieved when thr 160 is phosphorylated ( 9 ) . x - ray structural data shows that phosphorylated thr 160 turns in to contact three arginine residues ( arg 50 , arg 126 , arg 150 ) , twisting the t - loop and stabilizing the conformation of residues linked to the catalytic apparatus of the kinase ( 6 ) . fig . 1 shows the experimentally determined structures of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated cdk2 in complex with cyclin a , emphasizing the arginines and the phosphorylated threonine .\nprincipal dynamic modes of the cdk2 - cyclin a dimer . a , porcupine plot of principal motion of the dimer calculated using concoord . the view is from cdk2 along the cdk2 - cyclin a axis . the motion is primarily an interdomain twist . b , same motion recast to show only motions internal to the cdk2 . the motion is seen to be a relative flexing of the n - and c - terminal domains causing the active site to open and close . c , similar motion is sometimes observed in a corresponding analysis of a subset of the trajectories generated by molecular dynamics , although in this case it appears as the 3rd ranked eigenvector . d , when an ensemble of structures taken from the pdb of cdk2 bound to a range of ligands is subjected to the same analysis the result obtained is similar to that of the concoord ensemble : the dominant mode is shown here . e , relative contributions of different modes ( eigenvectors ) to the overall motion is shown for the three analyses : concoord ( short dashed line ) , md ( long dashed line ) , and experimental ensemble ( solid line ) . the data are renormalized so that the eigenvalues for each set add up to unity . f , second most significant motion for cdk2 is a relative twist of the n - and c - terminal domains . this view is looking \u201cdown\u201d from the n - terminal domain , and was generated from the concoord ensemble ."]}
{"id": 2341, "summary": [{"text": "algia is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae found in southeast asia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the genus ranges from burma to new guinea . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "algia", "paragraphs": ["algia fasciata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\nalgia satyrina ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\nalgia fasciata angustata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 232\nalgia fasciata lautus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 232\nalgia satyrina satyrina ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\nalgia satyrina sibylla ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\n\u201c - algia \u201d in diccionario de la lengua espa\u00f1ola , vig\u00e9sima tercera edici\u00f3n , real academia espa\u00f1ola , 2014 .\nalgia satyrina similliana [ sic ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\ngenus : algia herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1864 . corresp . - bl . zool . - min . ver . regensburg 18 ( 9 ) : 125 .\nalgia fasciata ( c . & r . felder , 1860 ) = atella fasciata c . & r . felder , 1860 = cirrochroa fasciata = paduca fasciata .\nmost words ending in - algia are specialist medical terms , but a few are more generally known , such as neuralgia , intense intermittent pain along the course of a nerve .\nit is still felt that stability and universality will best be served by the continued use of paduca moore , 1886 and the rejection of algia herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1864 , and a proposal to this effect is being submitted .\nin annot . rhop . 1968 ( p . 16 , note 2 ) it was said than an application would be submitted under article 23b regarding algia herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1864 and paduca moore , 1886 , whose type - species are regarded respectively as the celebes and the sumatran subspecies of the same species . this has not been done .\nalgia was never brought into general use because , not only was it introduced in unsatisfactory fashion as hemming points out so clearly , but it also was discarded by scudder in his historical sketch ( 1875 ) . it ranked as a perfect example of a nomen oblitum when , a century after its introduction , hemming ( 1964 : 124 ) improperly revived it . this act contravened article 23 ( b ) of the code in that he did not\nrefer it to the commission , to be placed either on the appropriate official index of rejected names or , if such action better serves the stability and universality of nomenclature , on the appropriate official list [ hemming , 1967 ] . a nomen oblitum is not to be used unless the commission so directs .\nducapa moore , 1900 ; lepidoptera indica 4 : 209 ( unn . repl . paduca moore , 1886 ) ; ts : atella fasciata c . & r . felder\npaduca fasciata fasciata ; [ bor ] , 260 ; [ bmp ] : 152 , pl . 21 , f . 16 - 17\npaduca fasciata palloris fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 16 ; tl : palawan\ncirrochroa fasciata bilbilis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485\ncirrochroa fasciata ortopia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485\ncirrochroa satyrina angustata fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485\ncirrochroa fasciata formosana matsumura , 1929 ; insecta matsumurana 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 96 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ; tl : formosa\ncirrochroa satyrina c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 389 ; tl : celebes\ncirrochroa sibylla r\u00f6ber , 1887 ; corr . - bl . ent . ver . iris 1 ( 4 ) : 191 , pl . 7 , f . 7\ncirrochroa similiana r\u00f6ber , 1887 ; corr . - bl . ent . ver . iris 1 ( 4 ) : 191 , pl . 7 , f . 8\ncirrochroa felderi kirsch , 1877 ; mitt . zool . mus . dresden ( 2 ) : 123\n? messaras mimicus rothschild , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 1 ) : 318 , pl . 3 , f . 43 \u2642 ; tl : upper aroa river\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nrhopalocera bazilana . verzeichniss der von w . doherty auf der insel bazilan gesammelten tagfalter\nlist of the lepidoptera of mergui and its archipelago collected for the trustees of the indian museum , calcutta , by dr john anderson f . r . s . , superintendent of the museum\nlepidoptera from british new guinea , collected by mr . a . s . meek\nvane - wright & de jong , 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island faunda zool . verh . leiden 343 : 3 - 268 , pl . 1 - 16\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nthis page was last edited on 27 may 2018 , at 07 : 29 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhow would you like a stronger immune system or better sleep ? action between the sheets can help you get all of this and more .\nred , itchy , and scaly skin ? discover common skin conditions like psoriasis , rashes , and more in the collection of medical photos .\nlose weight without dieting ! live better and be healthier with these quick nutritional tips from the experts .\n) , and neuralgia ( nerve pain ) . derived from the greek algos meaning pain .\n\u00a91996 - 2018 medicinenet , inc . all rights reserved . terms of use .\nmedicinenet does not provide medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . see additional information .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\nthe american heritage\u00ae stedman ' s medical dictionary copyright \u00a9 2002 , 2001 , 1995 by houghton mifflin company . published by houghton mifflin company .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nwebster\u2019s new world college dictionary , 4th edition . copyright \u00a9 2010 by houghton mifflin harcourt . all rights reserved .\nbrackets ( also called parentheses ) are used to enclose a word or words which can be left out and still leave a meaningful sentence . the wooded area ( see map below ) is approximately 4 , 000 hectares . . . .\nimpress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\none that seems not to fit here is nostalgia , a sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past ; this first entered the language meaning homesickness ( greek nostos , return home ) , hence having a sense close to \u2018pain of separation\u2019 .\na few terms have linked adjectives in - algic , for example arthralgic , myalgic , neuralgic , and nostalgic .\ncopyright \u00a9 michael quinion 2008\u2013 . all rights reserved . page last updated 23 september 2008 . your comments and suggestions on the site are very welcome .\n\u00a92018 webmd , inc . all rights reserved . emedicinehealth does not provide medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . see additional information .\nthose oversized vrykul are not the first thing you want to run into in northrend . try the undead of borean tundra instead .\nequip : gain 10 % increased movement speed and 2 % haste . successfully applying a loss of control effect to an enemy , interrupting an enemy , or dispelling any target increases this effect to 70 % increased movement speed and 25 % haste for 10 sec . this increase may occur once every 30 sec .\nintangibility is a curious concept . the word suggests some magical ability , but in the physical world , it simply means the power to be here or there , now or later .\nequip : your damaging abilities have a chance to create a ravaging storm at your target ' s location , inflicting 88 nature damage split among all enemies within 6 yds over 6 sec . golganneth ' s thunderous wrath when empowered by the pantheon , your autoattacks cause an explosion of lightning dealing 12 nature damage to all enemies within 8 yds of the target . lasts 15 sec .\nequip : your melee attacks have a chance to grant an echo of gorshalach . on reaching 15 applications , you lash out with a devastating combination of attacks , critically striking enemies in a 15 yd cone in front of you for 177 fire damage .\nequip : grants the fury of the illidari ability , which repeatedly slashes all nearby enemies with your warglaives .\nmake examples of those foolish enough to oppose you , and the rest of their kind will grovel at your feet .\ncharge to your target and deal 207 , 869 fire damage . demon ' s bite has a chance to reset the cooldown of felblade . generates 30 fury .\nyour auto attacks have a 60 % chance to deal additional shadow damage and generate fury .\nthrow glaive causes targets to bleed for 150 % of the damage inflicted over 10 sec . if this effect is reapplied , any remaining damage will be added to the new bloodlet .\nslip into the nether , increasing movement speed by 100 % and becoming immune to damage , but unable to attack . lasts 5 sec .\nfel rush and vengeful retreat increase your damage done by 20 % for 4 sec .\nthrow glaive now has 2 charges , and snares all enemies hit by 50 % for 6 sec .\nat your command , unleash fel , inflicting 1 . 6 million chaos damage to your target and nearby enemies over 2 sec . your damaging abilities have a chance to reduce the cooldown of fel barrage by 5 sec .\ninfernal strike ' s range is increased by 10 yards , and its cooldown is reduced by 8 sec .\nimmolation aura ' s initial burst has a chance to shatter lesser soul fragments from enemies .\nbrutally slam your target for 474 , 543 physical damage , and shatter two lesser soul fragments from them .\nplace a sigil of chains at the target location that activates after 2 sec . all enemies affected by the sigil are pulled to its center and are snared , reducing movement speed by 70 % for 6 sec .\nconsume all soul fragments within 25 yds and then explode , afflicting nearby enemies with frailty for 20 sec and damaging them for 106 , 219 fire per fragment . you heal for 20 % of all damage you deal to enemies with frailty .\nsustaining fatal damage instead transforms you to metamorphosis form , and returns you to 30 % health . this effect may only occur every 8 min .\nthis species was until recently known from myanmar ( karen hills southward ) , indo - china ( thailand , laos , vietnam ) , se asia , and andaman islands . recently there have been several records from ne india , extending the range of the species northwestward by approximately 1 , 000 km , over several mountain ranges . the records are :\n1 . a male from kaliabor , nagaon district , assam , 13 april 2011 , by prarthana mudai ( urltoken ) .\n2 . a female and another unsexed individual from malidor river , sonapyrdi , east jaintia hills district , meghalaya , 25 nov . 2011 , by rajkamal goswami ( boi media code an947 ) .\n3 . a male and another unsexed individual from same location as an947 , on 10 nov . 2012 , by rajkamal goswami ( boi media codes an945 and an946 ) .\nfelder & felder , 1860 \u2013 branded yeoman . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : cirrochroa satyrina felder & felder , 1867 . reise \u00f6st . fregatte novara ( 9 ) , 2 ( 2 ) : 389 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species designation : by subsequent designation by hemming , 1964 . annot . lep . : 124 .\nit is wrong to treat paduca moore ( see also : list [ hemming , 1967 ] : 330 ) as not in current use . with ducapa the name has long been well known , and was mentioned in seitz ( grschm . erde 9 : 484 , by fruhstorfer , 1912 ) , and paduca was confirmed as fully valid by corbet in 1956 ( butt . malay penin . : 198 , 446 , 477 note 15 ) , in his classic which is widely consulted now in the territory of paduca .\nthese two generic names remain both valid , their synonymy being purely subjective . the type - species , a . satyrina felder & felder , 1867 and p . fasciata folder & felder , 1860 are remarkably different in appearance and there is even some structural difference between them . although they must represent the same original parent species their divergence is considerable and presents an interesting situation . it is felt that until more is known of their early stages , habits and other properties , there is no harm in leaving the nomenclature as it stands . in any case it is not possible to act under article 23b at present , as that article is still in abeyance , having been inoperative since 1966 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 81923c7e - 531a - 499c - baea - 42bd6e2f8d26\n. creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . jott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium , reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .\ncouncil of scientific and industrial research ( csir ) and rufford small grant ( rsg ) .\nwe thank the council of scientific and industrial research ( csir ) for supporting the fellowship of the first author , rufford small grants for financially supporting the study and dr . krushnamegh kunte for identifying the species from the first images and prashanth m . b . for preparing the map . we also thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the manuscript .\n( felder & felder , 1860 ) has been known to occur from myanmar ( south of karen hills ) , thailand , laos , vietnam , hainan , malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra , nias , java , philippines and the andaman islands with different geographical races or subspecies ( inayoshi 2012 ) . from both myanmar and the andamans , it was reported as \u2018not rare\u2019 by evans ( 1932 ) whereas corbet et al . ( 1992 ) reported the species to be very common in the malay peninsula . the other two species of the genus\nfrom jaintia hills of meghalaya and the adjacent barail hills of assam ( see fig . 1 ) , based on several individuals recorded consistently over a period of three years between november 2011 and july 2014 . this is the only species of the genus\na detailed description of the species was provided by evans ( 1932 ) . the female of\nare with a dull ochreous brand on either side of veins 5 and 6 . upperside is dark brown with a pale yellow discal band on the fore and hind wing and two outer rows of conjoined yellow spots ; the discal band on upper fore wing ends at vein 4 and there is a yellow spot that spreads across veins 5 and 6 . the wingspan of the species is 40\u201350 mm ( pinratana 2006 ) . the larvae which feeds on\nthe first known record of this species from the indian mainland was reported through an image posted for identification on facebook ( on 10 september 2011 ) . the image was shot at kaliabor , situated in the nagaon district of assam on 13 april 2011 ( fig . 1 ) and has been reported in the local print media (\nmonsoon jyoti gogoi ( mjg ) might have sighted the species in numaligarh reserve situated in the golaghat district of assam circa february 2008 , but the record remains unconfirmed in the absence of a photographic record . apart from the above sightings , the species has not been reported from the above two sites or any nearby locations till date .\non 24 november 2011 and three individuals from malidor on 25 november 2011 . rg and seena n . karimbumkara ( snk ) further recorded two individuals in sonapyrdi on 8 november 2012 and seven individuals on the same date in malidor ( image 1 a , c , d , e ) . subsequently , from barail hills , mjg reported\nthrough two individuals recorded in december 2012 . mjg has also recorded several individuals of this species from three different locations at barail wildlife sanctuary in 2013 and 2014 , both during the month of december ( image 1 b , f ) .\nfrom jaintia hills , all the records of this species have been reported from approximately 50\u2013300 m elevation . however , the elevation range of this species was much higher in barail hills , with records at 950m .\nboth rg and mjg have been involved in multi - seasonal monitoring of the species in jaintia hills and barail hills and both these sites have been intensively monitored between 2011\u20132013 . it has been observed that the flight period of\nis between july and december in the jaintia and barail hills . we are yet to record the species during the month of march - april , as was recorded by mudai in 2011 .\nbetween july and december might mean that the butterfly is not breeding in the area and that the sighted individuals are vagrants from neighbouring myanmar . alternatively , their restricted appearance in assam and meghalaya might also be an indicator of the population\u2019s univoltine characteristic . according to our sightings , the species is locally common in the narpuh area of east jaintia hills , meghalaya and barail wildlife sanctuary , cachar , assam .\nfrom india , apart from the sites mentioned in assam and meghalaya , the species has also been reported from the buxa tiger reserve ( btr ) , situated in the duar region , northern part of west bengal ( s . nandi pers . comm . 2012 ) . since then , however , the species has not been reported from btr , where both amateurs and researchers are engaged in\nbaan lae suan - amarin printing and publishing , bangkok , 388 + 40pls .\ncopyright ( c ) 2015 rajkamal goswami , monsoon jyoti gogoi , seena n . karimbumkara\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nspecies cirrochroa orissa c . felder & r . felder , 1860 - malay yeoman"]}
{"id": 2346, "summary": [{"text": "the dunlin ( calidris alpina ) is a small wader , sometimes separated with the other \" stints \" in erolia .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the english name is a dialect form of \" dunling \" , first recorded in 1531 \u2013 2 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it derives from \" dun \" , \" dull brown \" , with the - ling suffix meaning \" concerned with \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the genus name is from ancient greek kalidris or skalidris , a term used by aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the specific alpina is from latin and means \" of high mountains \" , in this case referring to the alps .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is a circumpolar breeder in arctic or subarctic regions .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "birds that breed in northern europe and asia are long-distance migrants , wintering south to africa , southeast asia and the middle east .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "birds that breed in alaska and the canadian arctic migrate short distances to the pacific and atlantic coasts of north america , although those nesting in northern alaska overwinter in asia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "many dunlins winter along the iberian south coast . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "dunlin", "paragraphs": ["black - breast , black - breast dunlin , purre , red - backed sandpiper .\nthe dunlin is a very rare vagrant to new zealand , with four accepted records .\nmarthinsen g , wennerberg l . lifjeld jt . phylogeography and subspecies taxonomy of dunlin (\nroberts , g . ( 1983 ) . a sighting of dunlin calidris alpina in north queensland and a review of australian dunlin records . sunbird . 13 : 15 - 19 .\nseasonal variation in harvestable density and biomass of main dunlin prey species in winter and spring .\ntable 1 : the development of the population of the dunlin in denmark 1964 - 2011 .\nequations used to calculate biomass ( ash free dry weight , afdw ) of dunlin invertebrate prey .\nrather cold tolerant for a shorebird , dunlin winter well to the north along the atlantic coast .\n\u200bpopulation development of baltic bird species : southern dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii l . , 1758 )\none weird observation regarding the dunlin is their close association with the golden plover , there are several accounts of a single dunlin joining a flock of plover or even accompanying single plovers on feeding forays .\n( 5 ) dunlin x purple sandpiper ( calidris alpina x calidris maritima ) . see millington 1994 .\nthe dunlin is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nhabraken , a . 1980 . a dunlin at karaka shellbanks . notornis 27 : 300 - 301 .\nwennerberg l , holmgren nma , j\u00f6nsson pe . von schantz tv . genetic and morphological variation in dunlin\nfigure 1 : the breeding population of the southern dunlin in mecklenburg - western pomerania 1970 - 2011 .\nbrown , b . 1979 . dunlin in the firth of thames . notornis 26 : 202 - 203 .\nkelsey , m . , m . hassall . 1989 . patch selection by dunlin on a heterogeneous mudflat .\nthe dunlin nests on the tundra and winters on beaches , river and lake shores , mudflats and sandflats .\n) . five subspecies of dunlin breed in the east asia and alaska region known as beringia ( fig .\nas will be discussed below , the most parsimonious combinations seems to be dunlin x white - rumped sandpiper but it is worth keep other possibilities in mind such as dunlin x western sandpiper or white - rumped x western sandpiper .\ndiet of dunlin in winter and spring assessed by ( a ) field observations and ( b ) dropping analyses .\nthe dunlin has rapid , low flight when flushed . larger flocks twist and turn in unison while flying together .\ndunlin . overwintering bird moulting into breeding plumage . manukau harbour , april 2006 . image \u00a9 phil battley by phil battley\noutside the breeding season , dunlin are typically found in the company of other waders , on muddy estuaries and coastlines .\nbrown , b . 1975 . sight record of a dunlin in new zealand . notornis 22 : 241 - 243 .\nwe collected 370 dunlin blood or tissue samples from 18 breeding areas during the 2003 to 2009 breeding seasons ( fig .\naudubon ( 2005 ) . dunlin calidris alpina . conservation status . viewed 2 may 2008 . available from : urltoken .\ndunlin breeding in northern alaska apparently move west , migrating down the eastern side of siberia and asia to japan and china .\ndunlin mainly eat small invertebrates ( worms , crustaceans , molluscs and insects ) obtained by probing . no new zealand data .\nbaker , m . 1982 . individuality of vocalizations in dunlin : a possible acoustic basis for recognition of parent by offspring .\nshepherd , p . , d . lank . 2004 . marine and agricultural habitat preferences of dunlin wintering in british columbia .\n] than the dunlin in greenland ! ) the first observations listed for svalbard often come from adventfjorden , e . g .\n( 4 ) dunlin x white - rumped sandpiper ( calidris alpina x calidris fuscicollis ) . see mclaughlin and wormington 2000 for discussion .\nthe oldest recorded dunlin was at least 12 years , 5 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in california .\nthe dunlin eats insects and larvae , marine worms , small crustaceans , snails and small fish . sometimes the dunlin is called the\nsewing machine\nbecause of the way it bobs its head up and down and pokes into the ground when it probes for food .\ndunlin : rock sandpiper has less black on belly and has yellow legs . purple sandpiper is darker gray above and has yellow legs .\nclark na ( 1983 ) the ecology of dunlin ( calidris alpina l . ) wintering on the severn estuary : university of edinburgh .\nthe feeding strategy of the dunlin ( calidris alpina l . ) in artificial and non - artificial habitats at ria de aveiro , portugal\nthe pilothouse version of the dunlin 22 is available as downloadable study and construction plans , and printed construction . imperial and metric units .\nthe dunlin eats insects and larvae , marine worms , small crustaceans , snails , and small fish . the dunlin is sometimes called the\nsewing machine\nbecause of the way it bobs its head up and down and pokes into the ground as it probes for food .\na conservation priority for the dunlin is the development of monitoring across its range so that overall population trends may be determined ( 2 ) .\nthe female dunlin lays four eggs . the chicks hatch in 21 - 22 days and fledge when they are 19 - 21 days old .\nthere is a report of a dunlin at the same site on 6th february 1979 , when the pond was then concrete - lined and called the model yacht pond , and the following year i observed a dunlin that was present by alexandra lake from 31st august to 3rd september .\nclark , n . a . ( 1987 ) . a probable hybrid dunlin / sanderling . scottish birds . 14 : 211 - 213 .\nsterbetz , i . ( 1992 ) . foods of dunlin ( calidris alpina ) in hungary . aquila . 99 : 49 - 57 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dunlin ( calidris alpina )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dunlin ( calidris alpina )\ntitle =\narkive species - dunlin ( calidris alpina )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsaunders , g . c . 2012 . dunlin . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nstockholm 350xx12 , migrant 2c male , ljunghusen , 2 . 7 . 05 . sometimes the dunlin male ( in this case belonging to the subspecies\n) are plausible hypotheses that may explain differences between data sets . however , adult male dunlin usually exhibit higher breeding site fidelity relative to females ( soikkeli\ngromadzka , j . ( 1989 ) . breeding and wintering areas of dunlin migrating through southern baltic . ornis scandinavica . 20 : 132 - 144 .\nsimilar species : the bane of twitchers ; dunlin can be , and has been , confused with almost every other small wader , from least sandpiper to curlew sandpiper . the black belly in breeding plumage is diagnostic . in non - breeding plumage the longer bill is sufficient to distinguish dunlin from stints . the significantly shorter legs should be sufficient to distinguish dunlin from curlew sandpiper ( individuals of the subspecies pacifica are almost the same size as , and have a bill of similar length to , curlew sandpiper . ) dunlin also appears horizontal when feeding and roosting ; in contrast to the more upright curlew sandpiper . the similar - sized white - rumped and baird\u2019s sandpipers have wings that extend beyond the tail . the former , with which dunlin has been known to interbreed , has a white rump . in non - breeding plumage dunlin is darker than sanderling , with less white in the wings , and has a longer bill .\nthe dunlin is a medium sized shore bird about seven to eight inches in length . it has a long , dark bill with a little downward dip at the end . it has a black patch on its belly and black legs . its back and wings are reddish - brown and its head and chest are white with brownish specks . in the winter the dunlin is a grayish color . the dunlin used to be known as the red - backed sandpiper .\nthe dunlin is one of the world\u2019s most abundant waders , with an estimated population between 4 , 600 , 000 and 6 , 500 , 000 birds .\nthe dunlin is a medium , rather stocky shorebird with a black patch on the belly and a long , decurved bill . breeding birds are reddish above .\n) . in contrast to past genetic studies of dunlin that included limited sampling of beringia - associated subspecies ( e . g . , wenink et al .\nthe dunlin is a conventionally accepted species ( christidis & boles 2008 ; cramp & simmons 1983 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) . there are nine subspecies :\n. this bird is east siberian or alaskan , a true\nred - back\n- holmes ' nickname for alaskan dunlin . cf . right side of\nthe dunlin is a medium - sized shore bird about 7 to 8 inches in length . it has a long , dark bill with a little downward dip at the end . it has a black patch on its belly and black legs . its back and wings are reddish - brown , and its head and chest are white with brownish specks . in the winter , the dunlin is a grayish color . the dunlin used to be known as the red - backed sandpiper .\nwenink pw , baker aj . tilanus mgj . hypervariable - control - region sequences reveal global population structuring in a long - distance migrant shorebird : the dunlin (\nerritzoe , j . ( 1994 ) . first record of the dunlin from the philippines . bulletin of the british ornithologists club . 114 : 128 - 129 .\ngreenwood , j . g . ( 1983 ) . dunlin calitris alpina in south america . bulletin of the british ornithologists club . 103 : 110 - 111 .\nworrall , d . h . ( 1984 ) . diet of the dunlin calidris alpina in the severn estuary . bird study . 31 : 203 - 212 .\nsoikkeli , m . ( 1964 ) : the distribution of the southern dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii ) in finland . ornis fennica 41 : 13 - 21 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - dunlin nest being raided by hedgehog , chicks already hatched\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - dunlin nest being raided by hedgehog , chicks already hatched\ntitle =\narkive video - dunlin nest being raided by hedgehog , chicks already hatched\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe microsatellite analyses provided varying insights regarding genetic differentiation patterns in dunlin . structure suggested no evidence of differentiation among subspecies . although the greatest average likelihood score was observed for the\nhill bl . 2012 . fairbanks , ak university of alaska fairbanks factors affecting survival of arctic - breeding dunlin ( calidris alpina arcticola ) adults and chicks . ms thesis .\nkelsey , m . g . & m . hassall ( 1989 ) . patch selection by dunlin on a heterogeneous mudflat . ornis scandinavica . 20 : 250 - 254 .\nconservation plan for dunlin with breeding populations in north america ( calidris alpina arcticola , c . a . pacifica and c . a . hudsonia ) , version 1 . 0 .\nwenink pw , baker aj . tilanus mgj . mitochondrial control - region sequences in two shorebird species , the turnstone and the dunlin , and their utility in population genetic studies .\nmclaughlin , k . a . & a . wormington ( 2000 ) . an apparent dunlin \u00d7 white - rumped sandpiper hybrid . ontario birds . 18 : 8 - 12 .\nthis is the vanishing meadow dunlin , the one the danes call\nengsryle\n(\ny\nlike in cylinder ; the word\nryle\nmust be onomatopoetic ) .\nwalking from home across the flats to enjoy a coffee in the sun in the cemetery ( ! ) , my ' phone rang . . .\nthere ' s a dunlin on the jubilee pond\nsaid jonathan lethbridge , so instead of a short walk and sit in the sun , i had a long walk and an excellent view of a dunlin .\nthe 2000 study showed that in south uist and benbecula , numbers of breeding snipe , dunlin and ringed plover fell by 60 % , redshank declined by 40 % and lapwing by 30 % . this contrasted with an increase in lapwing and redshank numbers on north uist and although dunlin declined by 30 % here , it was half the decline in the south .\nblomqvist , d . , o . johansson , u . unger , m . larsson , l . flodin . 1997 . male aerial displayand reversed sexual size dimorphism in the dunlin .\nthere are nine different subspecies of the dunlin ( cramp & simmons 1983 ) , and though these breed separately , there is much intermingling on passage and in non - breeding areas .\nwennerberg , l . ( 2001 ) . breeding origin and migration pattern of dunlin ( calidris alpina ) revealed by mitochondrial dna analysis . molecular ecology . 10 : 1111 - 1120 .\ndunlin breed as monogamous pairs in coastal grassland , saltmarsh , upland moorland and arctic tundra . the clutch of 4 eggs is laid in a scrape ; incubation and chick - rearing are shared , and the young leave the nest soon after hatching . dunlin have been recorded to have interbred with white - rumped sandpiper , sanderling and purple sandpiper ( c . maritima ) .\n) , genetic analyses from our investigation revealed marked genetic differentiation among some dunlin subspecies based on mtdna analyses . phylogenetic analysis revealed four separate phylogroups with high levels of statistical support ( fig .\nhobson , k . , g . slater , d . lank , r . milner , r . gardiner . 2013 . agricultural lands subsidize winter diet of the dunlin at two major estuaries .\nwarnock , n . , g . w . page & b . k . sandercock ( 1997 ) . local survival of dunlin wintering in california . condor . 99 : 906 - 915 .\nfigure 2 : the distribution of the southern dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii ) in the baltic sea area 2000 - 2010 ( including the north sea coast of denmark and schleswig - holstein ) .\nthe southern sub - species of the dunlin , calidris alpina schinzii , colonises south - eastern greenland , iceland , the faeroe islands , great britain and ireland , southern norway , and the baltic . in the southern north sea ( belgium , netherlands and germany ) , the dunlin has been a breeding bird in the past , but in recent times breeding records have been few and irregular .\nbrowning , m . r . ( 1991 ) . taxonomic comments on the dunlin calidris alpina from northern alaska and eastern siberia . bulletin of the british ornithologists club . 111 : 140 - 145 .\ngerasimov , y . n . & n . n . gerasimov ( 2001 ) . records of northward migration of dunlin calidris alpina through kamchatka , russia . stilt . 39 : 37 - 40 .\nthe dunlin breeds from western and northern alaska east to the hudson bay . it winters along the coast from southern alaska and massachusetts south to mexico . it is also found in northern europe and asia .\nhall js , franson jc , gill re , meteyer cu , teslaa jl , nashold s , dusek rj , et al . experimental challenge and pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 in dunlin (\nas hedgehog numbers increased , ground nesting birds including lapwing , dunlin , ringed plover , snipe and redshank have seen their numbers decline . research demonstrates this is mostly due to the non - native hedgehogs .\nyesterday ' s photographs ( digital cameras not being around in 1980 ) captured the dunlin almost always with its head in the water . it was still there at 3pm , but not seen just after 5pm .\ngiven its vagrant status , there are no estimates of the extent of occurrence of the dunlin in australia . the estimated global extent of occurrence is 1 000 000\u009610 000 000 km\u00b2 ( birdlife international 2007a ) .\ngoede , a . a . & m . de bruin ( 1985a ) . selenium in a shore bird , the dunlin , from the dutch waddenzee . marine pollution bulletin . 16 : 115 - 117 .\nthe southern subspecies of the dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii ) was once an abundant and widespread breeding bird of the baltic sea area . however , during the 20 th century the population declined rapidly and counts currently not more than 500 - 640 bp . from many parts of its former baltic range the dunlin has disappeared . an extinction of the species in the baltic region during the next few decades cannot be excluded .\nthorup , o . , z . preiksa , h . pehlak , m . altem\u00fcller & h . drews ( submitted ) : status of the baltic dunlin calidris alpina in lithuania . wader study group bull .\nwarnock , n . , r . gill . 1996 .\ndunlin ( calidris alpina )\n( on - line ) . the birds of north america online . accessed march 10 , 2014 at urltoken .\ni can honestly say that despite tramping over dartmoor for a few decades i have never seen sight nor sound of the elusive dunlin . the dunlin or calidris alpina if one wants to be official is a small wading bird that tends to breed in upland bogs and then migrate to low lying mud flats in the winter . it has been said that winter dunlin numbers have declined by around 50 % during the past 25 years . however the uk breeding population remains fairly static but none the less the species appears on the birds of conservation concern red list . it is estimated that the entire uk population numbers around 9 , 600 pairs .\nsuch a striking project by alexandra kidd . a smokey pallet offsets the natural sydney sandstone of this landmark terrace house . lighting from dunlin is used throughout , including the btc cranton pendant and the btc walter pendant .\nother names : red - backed sandpiper ; black - bellied sandpiper ; american dunlin ; blackcrop ( bent 1962 ; dement ' ev & gladkov 1951 ; grinnell et al . 1918 ; higgins & davies 1996 ) .\nthorup , o . ( 1997 ) : langtidsstudier af baltisk ryle p\u00e5 tipperne . [ long - term studies of baltic dunlin at tipperne ] - dansk orn . foren . tidsskr . 91 : 50 - 51 .\nschulenberg , t . s . ( 2010 ) dunlin ( calidris alpina ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nperhaps we could see more dunlin - and other things - visiting the wanstead park area , as careful management could see an increasing number of the wide variety of migrants and residents that we already know visit wanstead flats .\ngoede , a . a . & m . de bruin ( 1985b ) . arsenic in the dunlin ( calidris alpina ) from the dutch waddenzee . bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology . 34 : 617 - 622 .\nlowry , r . j . , r . jensen , j . payne & r . payne ( 1999 ) . a wintering dunlin in north queensland . australian birding . 5 ( 3 ) : 11 - 12 .\npienkowski , m . w . & w . j . a . dick ( 1975 ) . the migration and wintering of dunlin calidris alpina in north - west africa . ornis scandinavica . 6 : 151 - 167 .\nshepherd , p . c . f . & d . b . lank ( 2004 ) . marine and agricultural habitat preferences of dunlin wintering in british columbia . journal of wildlife management . 68 : 61 - 73 .\nthe good news for dartmoor is that its upland bogs and mires are the most southerly breeding area in the world . not only that but dartmoor is the home to the only breeding population of dunlin in southern england . so it should come as no surprise that various bodies are making concerted efforts to maintain the dartmoor dunlin population . one of these major efforts , and i might add controversial , is the notorious ( in some eyes ) \u2018\n- although it ' s turning the other flank . ( dates support this assumption ) . my thanks to pavel tomkovich , who sent them ; the site is gradually approaching a full hand in dunlin subspecies ! [ cp ]\nthe dunlin breeds in northern russia , europe , greenland , canada and alaska , and migrates to the coasts of southern north america , south and west europe , north and west africa , the middle east , china and japan .\nlu\u00eds , a . & j . d . goss - custard ( 2005 ) . spatial organization of the dunlin calidris alpina l . during winter - the existence of functional units . bird study . 52 : 97 - 103 .\nruiz , g . m . , p . g . connors , s . e . griffin & f . a . pitelka ( 1989 ) . structure of a wintering dunlin population . condor . 91 : 562 - 570 .\nfedorov v . a . ( 2009 ) : nest record of the dunlin calidris alpina schinzii in the kurgalsky zakaznik , leningrad oblast . russian journal of ornithology 486 , express issue 18 : 351 - 354 ( in russian ) .\non the breeding grounds , insects and insect larvae are the most important source of food . in coastal habitats , dunlin also eat marine worms , small crustaceans , mollusks , and other aquatic creatures . they sometimes eat seeds and leaves .\nthere is no published information on the generation length of the dunlin , but they first breed when one year old , and the oldest bird recorded was 24 years old ( etheridge & taylor 1982 ; van gils & wiersma 1996 ) .\npetersen , w . r . , p . k . donahue & n . atkins ( 1981 ) . first record of dunlin ( calidris alpina ) for peru and continental south america . american birds . 35 : 342 - 343 .\nkus , b . e . , p . ashman , g . w . page & l . e . stenzel ( 1984 ) . age - related mortality in a wintering population of dunlin . auk . 101 : 69 - 73 .\nwarnock , n . , j . y . takekawa & m . a . bishop ( 2004 ) . migration and stopover strategies of individual dunlin along the pacific coast of north america . canadian journal of zoology . 82 : 1687 - 1697 .\nthe canadian wildlife service estimates the dunlin population at 3 , 934 , 000 birds worldwide , with 1 , 325 , 000 in north america . of that group , 500 , 000 birds make up the pacific coast population . dunlin are currently the second most common shorebird in washington , and the most common of washington ' s wintering shorebirds , but numbers have declined in the northwest in recent decades . there has been little habitat destruction or disturbance on the breeding grounds to date , but the migration and wintering grounds are threatened by destruction of habitat . there is currently no reliable information about population status or trends for dunlin range - wide , so it is unknown if the trend in the northwest is due to a decrease in population or a shift in range . dunlin are considered an indicator species for assessing the health of holarctic ecosystems , so determining range - wide population trends should be of high priority as reduction in their numbers could indicate that other species that use these ecosystems are at risk .\nperched above the waves of bronte , this elegant coastal home by lane and grove strikes the perfect balance between beachside chic and classic elegance . dunlin assisted with pendant lighting including the davey box family , along with all the outdoor lighting . . . .\nwennerberg l , n . m . a . holmgren , p . e . j\u00f6nsson , t . von schantz ( 1999 ) . genetic and morphological variation in dunlin calidris alpina breeding in the palearctic tundra . ibis . 141 : 391 - 398 .\non the 9th of september 2007 during a full - day birdwatching tour through madeira nature with madeira wind birds , one dunlin of the subspecies alpina was observed in ribeira da janela , seixal . the observers were helen & paul colto from uk , catarina & hugo from madeira wind birds . the main characteristics that allow the observers to identify it as the ssp alpina of a dunlin were its longer bill , its clearer head and breast with the distinct black belly and the bright rufous colour near the wing .\nalthough our new findings do not specifically identify strategies for preventing the transmission of hpai into north america , they nonetheless reveal a mechanism by which dunlin could facilitate the spread of hpai into north america and mexico . this is particularly pertinent given that dunlin are highly susceptible to infection with the h5n1 hpai , and that some individuals may live to spread the disease , possibly after undergoing a migration ( hall et al . 2011 ) . although only a few dunlin sampled in western north america have been documented with actively shedding ai ( ip et al . 2008 ; iverson et al . 2008 ; usfws and usgs 2011 ) , the continued emergence of new hpai strains ( e . g . , h5n8 , h7n9 ) and the fact that most efforts to date have detected prior exposure ( i . e . , antibodies , see pearce et al . 2012 ; johnson et al . 2014 ) indicates that the evolution of new strains remains problematic and that dunlin are a potential route for hpai to reach and spread within north america .\nlavers , c . p . & r . h . haines - young ( 1997 ) . the use of satellite imagery to estimate dunlin calidris alpina abundance in caithness and sutherland and in the shetland islands . bird study . 44 : 220 - 226 .\nat the baltic coast of schleswig - holstein , germany , the dunlin has been a widespread breeder in the past ( e . g . , boie 1822 ) , but disappeared during the 1990s . however , at the north sea coast it re - established as a breeding bird in 2007 in the rickelsb\u00fcller koog close to the danish border . in this area ( rickelsb\u00fcller koog and the adjacent margrethe kog ) , the dunlin had already disappeared in 1996 . the number of breeding pairs were 1 bp in 2007 , 2 bp in 2008 , 5 bp in 2009 and 4 bp in 2010 . the return of the dunlin to the rickelsb\u00fcller koog is probably related to dispersal or interchange of birds from the danish breeding sites on r\u00f8m\u00f8 ( distance c . 25 km ) .\nwith an extremely large range and a relatively large population , the dunlin is not at immediate risk of extinction . however , there are a great number of threats to this species , with the loss of its breeding habitat through afforestation particularly problematic ( 5 ) .\nwarnock , n . d . and gill , r . e . ( 1996 ) dunlin ( calidris alpina ) . in : poole , a . ( ed ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nlavers , c . p . & r . h . haines - young ( 1996 ) . the pattern of dunlin calidris alpina distribution and abundance in relation to habitat variation in the flow country of northern scotland . bird study . 43 : 231 - 239 .\ngene and control region along with eight nuclear microsatellite loci to address multiple questions associated with the differentiation of dunlin subspecies and the extent of gene flow and interactions among groups from asia and north america . ( i ) do genetic data provide evidence for differentiation among dunlin subspecies and breeding populations from the region ? while prior work has examined phylogeographic patterns in the northern hemisphere , most studies were based on small sample sizes and had limited ( or no ) sampling within beringia - associated subspecies ( e . g . , wenink and baker\nmany thanks to dennis paulson for bringing this wonder bird to my attention and of course to wayne richardson for his stunning photographs . thanks also to norman deans vans swelm for the bringing the dutch dunlin ( ? ) to our attention and providing his very useful photograph .\nbuchanan , j . b . , c . t . schick , l . a . brennan & s . g . herman ( 1988 ) . merlin predation on wintering dunlins : hunting success and dunlin escape tactics . wilson bulletin . 100 : 108 - 118 .\ndurell , s . e . a . le v . dit & c . p . kelly ( 1990 ) . diets of dunlin calidris alpina and grey plover pluvialis squatarola on the wash as determined by dropping analysis . bird study . 37 : 44 - 47 .\nlesterhuis , a . j . & r . p . clay ( 2003 ) . the first record of dunlin ( calidris alpina ) in paraguay and a summary of south american records of the species . el hornero ( b . aires ) . 18 : 65 - 67 .\nthe southern dunlin ( calidris alpina schinzii ) is a characteristic bird of grazed coastal meadows , but small numbers also breed on peat bogs . nowadays , the breeding sites are almost exclusively found in coastal areas , whereas in the past the species was also common in the inland .\ntable 2 : population numbers of the dunlin in the baltic sea area 1994 - 1998 and 2007 - 2011 . data for 1994 - 1998 according to helcom ( 2002 ) . for denmark and schleswig - holstein , the numbers include the breeding pairs at the north sea coast .\nwarnock , nils d . and robert e . gill . 1996 . dunlin ( calidris alpina ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe dunlin is a familiar shorebird around the world , where its bright reddish back and black belly , and long , drooping bill distinguish it from nearly all other shorebirds . it breeds across the top of both north america and eurasia , and winters along coasts around the northern hemisphere .\ntundra - breeders , dunlin typically nest in wet meadow tundra with low ridges , vegetation hummocks , and nearby ponds . during migration and winter , they prefer mudflats , but can also be seen on sandy beaches , coastal grasslands , estuaries , and occasionally in muddy , freshwater areas .\nthe dunlin is a small migratory wader that exhibits great variability in body and bill size , and plumage , leading to it being easily confused with a number of other small waders . in particular it is similar to the slightly larger curlew sandpiper , but with shorter legs and bill .\nthe global population is estimated to number 4 , 600 , 000 / 6 , 500 , 000 individuals ( wetlands international 2006 ) . the overall population trend is decreasing , but some races such as arctica and shinzii are considered stable . the dunlin is currently evaluated as least concern .\npairwise and global estimates of f st for dunlin ( calidris alpina ) subspecies . f st values are shown below matrix diagonals while p - values are above matrix diagonals . ( a ) mtdna ; ( b ) microsatellite analyses ; ( c ) microsatellite analyses assuming a stepwise mutational model\nthe dunlin is a small ( length : 16\u009622 cm ; weight : 60 g ) sandpiper with a shortish drooping bill , short wings and legs , and a hunched posture . the sexes are similar in both breeding and non - breeding plumage , but juveniles are separable from adults .\nblomqvist , s . , a . frank & l . r . petersson ( 1987 ) . metals in liver and kidney tissues of autumn - migrating dunlin calidris alpina and curlew sandpiper calidris ferruginea staging at the baltic sea . marine ecology progress series . 35 : 1 - 13 .\nthe population decline of the dunlin in the baltic sea area should be stopped or , if possible , even reversed by an appropriate management ( habitat management / management of predators ) of the still existing breeding sites and other appropriate sites , especially those where the species has disappeared recently .\nbecause the dunlin have been and are so rarely encountered on dartmoor there is no folklore attached to them which is a shame . maybe in future years when their numbers on dartmoor have increased they will become a \u2018 legendary \u2018 success story for the various bodies concerned with their conservation ?\ngoss - custard , j . d . & m . e . moser ( 1988 ) . rates of change in the numbers of dunlin , calidris alpina , wintering in british estuaries in relation to the spread of spartina anglica . journal of applied ecology . 25 : 95 - 109 .\nthis entry was posted in biodiversity , birds , wildlife management and tagged biodiversity , bird , birds , coast , conservation , dunlin , hedgehogs , lapwing , nest predation , redshank , ringed plover , scottish natural heritage , snh , snipe , waders , wildlife management . bookmark the permalink .\nintroduction : the dunlin is a circumpolar breeder . it breeds far north in the arctic and winters southwards in more temperate regions . this species is common , but the overall population trend is decreasing , due to the usual threats including habitat loss on the breeding grounds , nest predation by introduced mammals on some islands , disturbances , pollution\u2026 the dunlin has currently ten subspecies , but some of them are still uncertain . this species is gregarious outside breeding , and they often gather in huge flocks . if they are disturbed , they all fly off together , turning and flying in unison .\nthis study is concerned with the ability of two wader species , the sanderling , calidris alba and the dunlin , c . alpina to determine the presence of prey in a sediment by using their sense of taste , and whether they use this information while foraging for prey hidden in the sediment .\nstockholm 350xx20 , migrant 3c + female , ljunghusen , 8 . 7 . 05 . the female dunlin has much more dots and shades in her face , her indicated lores are wider and in most cases she lacks the bill - base\ngoggles\n( seen from above , cf . picture\nin finland , the southern dunlin has never been numerous . the first documented breedings date back to the 1880s . in the 1960s , the dunlin was still considered increasing , with a country total of 150 - 200 bp ( soikkeli 1964 ; perttula 1998 ) . new breeding sites were still found in the mid - 1980s when the population peaked at 200 pairs . however , until the early 1990s the population had declined to 100 bp . in 1999 the number of confirmed breeding pairs was 71 , and in recent years ( 2003 - 2009 ) the number was about constant between 50 and 60 bp .\nthe name , first applied long ago , simply means\nlittle dun - colored ( gray - brown ) bird ,\na good description of the dunlin in winter plumage . spending the winter farther north than most of its relatives , this species is a familiar sight along the outer beaches during the cold months , as far north as new england and even southern alaska . it is often in large flocks ; in flight , these flocks may twist and bank in unison , in impressive aerial maneuvers . in breeding plumage , the dunlin is so much more brightly colored as to seem like a different bird .\nthe dunlin ( calidris alpina ) is one of the hardiest of all shorebirds , breeding far north in the arctic region and migrating southwards before the onset of winter ( 3 ) . this species is also renowned for its beautiful breeding plumage , which is distinguished by the reddish cap , bright reddish - brown back and black belly patch , which extends behind its black legs . the head and breast are pale brown . outside of the breeding season , the dunlin is light brownish - grey with a brownish back , white underparts and a brownish band streaking across the upper breast ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\ndunlin : breeds along the arctic coast from western and northern alaska east to hudson bay . spends winters along coastlines from southern alaska and massachusetts southward to mexico ; also found in parts of eurasia . nests on tundra and winters on beaches , mudflats , sand flats , inland lakes , and river shores .\nprobably much to the annoyance of those who disapprove of the mires project , the findings of this survey proved very encouraging as far as the dunlin numbers go . it has been reported that there has been a thirty seven percent increase in territorial pairs over the past four years . in 2010 it was thought that there were sixteen pairs living on dartmoor , in 2014 these numbers had increased to twenty two pairs . if one looks at the \u2018restored\u2019 sites , i . e . those that have been the subject of mire restoration , again the results are encouraging . at one site the numbers of breeding pairs had increased from two to three . at another they had increased from three to six and at a third a pair had been recorded for the first time . needless to say these findings have been quickly used as ammunition in the debate as to whether or not the mires project should have been instigated . the dartmoor national park authorities director of conservation and communities , alison kohler has commented that ; \u201c the project partners are really excited to see such a rapid response by our dunlin population . this is a fantastic success story for the dunlin ( which particular dunlin she does not say ) and for the dartmoor mires project . \u201d\nthe dunlin is migratory and performs short coastal flights to long , non - stop flights overland in broad front . they moult in large concentrations on or near the wintering areas . some immature birds may spend all the year in the non - breeding range , but most of them return to the breeding grounds .\nthe dunlin has a very wide distribution , occurring across nearly all arctic regions . its breeding range stretches from east greenland , across the russian arctic to the alaskan coast of the bering sea . there is also an isolated population that breeds in the east canadian arctic ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\ndunlin : call is a simple\nkree .\nsong is a series of frog - like wheezing calls and long trills , such as\nwrrrrrah wrrrrrah wrrrrrah\nand twittering\nchrri - i - i - i - i - i - ri - ri - ri - ri - ri - ri .\nmigratory birds may facilitate the spread of hpai from asia to north america ( winker and gibson 2010 ) . in this investigation , we used large sample sizes and two genetic data sources ( mitochondrial dna and microsatellites ) to determine genetic structure patterns among six dunlin subspecies that reside in and migrate through eastern asia and north america . we specifically focused on determining whether the four subspecies of dunlin that winter in asia can be differentiated and if genetic evidence for gene flow among beringian subspecies exists . we suggest that our results may be useful for documenting potential hpai transmission routes and the pathways that may facilitate the spread of disease across continents .\nin the st petersburg region of russia the dunlin is obviously still a rare or sporadic breeder . in 2008 , a nest was found on the shore of kurgalsky peninsula ( fedorov 2009 ) . in 2010 , an adult bird with typical breeding behaviour was seen on a small islet near sescar island ( fedorov , pers . comm . ) . in the kaliningrad region the dunlin was known as a breeding bird until 2001 ( 1989 - 93 : 4 - 5 bp ; 1996 - 99 : 3 pairs ; 2001 : 2 pairs ) . after that year , no further breeding could be confirmed ( grishanov & lykov 2008 ) .\nthe dunlin has also been extensively hunted in the past , although this is now a lesser threat ( 2 ) , and it is susceptible to avian influenza ( 5 ) . in some areas , introduced predators such as the hedgehog ( erinaceus europaeus ) have greatly reduced the breeding success of this species ( 6 ) .\nassuming that our sample of individuals and subspecies is representative of dunlin from east asia , our analysis suggests that we can use our data to obtain rudimentary estimates of the probability of correctly distinguishing asian - versus alaskan - breeding birds with mtdna when sampling takes place in the east asian nonbreeding areas . with the exception of seven\nwenink , p . w . , a . j . baker , & m . g . j . tilanus ( 1994 ) . mitochondrial control - region sequences in two shorebird species , the turnstone and the dunlin , and their utility in population genetic studies . molecular biology and evolution . 11 : 22 - 31 .\nironically , although the dunlin can be considered as a dartmoor rarity they are in fact one of the commonest coastal waders . in winter it is possible to see feeding flocks of around one thousand birds roosting in salt marshes and shorelines . their preferred diet is one that consists of insects , worms and snails and their breeding season lies between april and july . they are ground nesting birds which i suppose is obvious when looking at dartmoor blanket bog \u2013 not many other options there . the typical dunlin clutch consists of four eggs which when hatched are left to the male bird to feed , after about three to four weeks they are airborne and self supporting .\nhabitat : the dunlin breeds in a wide variety of habitats including boggy tundra , moorland often close to pools , wet coastal grassland and salt marshes , tussock tundra and peat - hummock in arctic . after breeding , it frequents tidal mudflats , freshwater lakes , brackish lagoons , sandy beaches and flooded fields , and also estuarine mudflats .\nbehaviour in the wild : the dunlin feeds by walking or running , while picking rapidly at the surface . it is sometimes called the \u201csewing machine\u201d because it bobs the head up and down and pokes into the ground with the bill while feeding . it forages in open mud near the water\u2019s edge , and wades in shallow water .\nsikora , a . , m . wieloch , m . zieli\u0144ska , t . mokwa , p . chylarecki , p . zieli\u0144ski & z . rohde ( 2008 ) : monitoring of rare species ( whooper swan , ferruginous duck , dunlin , and mediterranean gull ) , report for the chief inspectorate of environmental protection 2007 , gdansk .\nas a breeding bird of coastal , grazed meadows which are exposed to regular flooding the dunlin maybe considered as an indicator for the quality of this habitat type . since several other waders ( e . g . , ruff , black - tailed godwit , redshank , avocet , lapwing ) are breeding in the same or similar habitats , the dunlin is an indicator for the habitat availability and quality for this group of coastal birds . the coastal waders are a bird group of special conservation concern in the baltic sea area , since several species meet the criteria for a threat category according to the helcom red list of baltic breeding birds ( helcom , in prep . ) .\nbreeding distribution the dunlin has a virtually circumpolar breeding distribution , with populations breeding in greenland , iceland , britain , scandinavia , northern russia , alaska and northern canada ( barter 2005b ; browning 1991 ; cramp & simmons 1983 ; dement ' ev & gladkov 1951 ; gromadzka 1989 ; maclean & holmes 1971 ; van gils & wiersma 1996 ) .\nthe dunlin is protected by the provisions of the eu birds directive ( directive 2009 / 147 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 30 november 2009 on the conservation of wild birds ; this is the codified version of directive 79 / 409 / eec ) , which are implemented by the member states into national law . this means , the legal protection status of the species is similar in all baltic sea states , which are members of the european union . it is listed in annex i of the bird directive , i . e . , eu member states are obliged to establish special protected areas ( spa ) . in russia , the dunlin is also protected .\na migratory species , the dunlin has a number of sub - populations that each has differing migration behaviours . for instance , the sub - population that breeds in north - east greenland migrates through iceland , britain and western france to arrive in its west african wintering grounds from late july , returning again between march and early april ( 5 ) .\nin north america , the dunlin is protected by the north american migratory bird treaty act of 1918 , which protects this species and its eggs from hunting and collection ( 2 ) . in the uk , this species is also well protected in special protected areas , with around 74 percent of the total breeding population found in such reserves ( 6 ) .\nthe dunlin is an indicator for habitat changes , which not only affect this species , but also other wader species which live in the same or similar habitats , such as ruff ( philomachus pugnax ) , black - tailed godwit ( limosa limosa ) , redshank ( tringa totanus ) , avocet ( recurvirostra avosetta ) , and lapwing ( vanellus vanellus ) .\nother topics in shorebird identification ( complete listing here ) eastern or western willet ? age and sexing of a bar - tailed godwit . pacific versus american golden - plover . black - tailed godwit - islandica or limosa ? black - tailed godwit - identification of the asiatic subspecies melanuroides . red - necked stint and little stint identification . curlew sandpiper or dunlin ?\nduring the breeding season , they perform a low display flight with quivering wingbeats interspersed with glides . they circle slowly over the breeding territory . they are monogamous and solitary nesters , with usually 3 - 30 birds / km\u00b2 . in front of a rival or an intruder , the dunlin reacts by advancing , then pausing to raise one wing vertically high over back .\nthe key management documentation for the species in the east asian - australasian flyway is keeping the common shorebirds common : action planning to save the dunlin by barter ( 2005b ) . there is a detailed summary of all that is known of the species in europe in cramp and simmons ( 1983 ) and a briefer summary in van gils and wiersma ( 1996 ) .\nwenink , p . w . , a . j . baker , & m . g . j . tilanus ( 1993 ) . hypervariable - control - region sequences reveal global population structuring in a long - distance migrant shorebird , the dunlin ( calidris alpina ) . in : proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the usa . 90 : 94 - 98 .\nthere are no confirmed breeding records of the dunlin in latvia from recent times . during the elaboration of the second latvian breeding bird atlas 2000 - 2004 ( in preparation , results are available online : urltoken ) breeding of dunlins has been suspected for 3 sites : ainazi and randu plavas , teich bog and daugavgriiva . the population is estimated at 0 - 7 bp .\na : consumption rate ( prey / min ) of main prey . b : occurrence of shell remains of h . ulvae in dunlin droppings . values represent mean \u00b1 se . differences between seasons were tested with ( a ) mann - whitney ( b ) and chi - squared tests ( * p < 0 . 05 ; * * * p < 0 . 001 ) .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the dunlin gives a shrill , rasping \u201ckreeep\u201d in flight . while feeding in flocks , they produce a low \u201cbeep\u201d and a soft twittering at roost . on the breeding grounds , it utters prolonged , reedy , descending trilled whistles while displaying . when alarmed , it produces a sharp \u201cquoi\u201d and a low \u201cwurt - wurt - wurt\u201d .\nprotection / threats / status : the dunlin has large range . it is threatened by habitat loss in its breeding grounds , and drainage of wetlands involving changes in estuaries where it often spends the winter . nest predation by introduced mammals on some islands is a problem too . some important migratory stopovers on the baltic sea coastline are threatened by petroleum pollution and various changes in the habitat .\nafter 1 june , what hasn ' t been exchanged then is suspended . some west - / north - palaearctic populations have a very lack - lustre breeding plumage , they may for example breed with three unmoulted winter scapulars . there seems to be some extra cost connected with belonging to a marginal dunlin population , lying a little apart from the main migration flyways and population\ncentres\n(\ndunlin flocks are often huge , most impressive when they display their coordinated aerial maneuvers trying to escape predation by peregrine falcons and merlins . when foraging , they either pick food from the surface or probe in the mud . they feed on exposed mud or in shallow water , making short runs interspersed with periods of feeding . they feed day or night , depending on the timing of low tide .\ntelling winter waders apart can be daunting . success in this ( and if you are keen to find rarer species ) is not difficult , provided you are familiar with two key species : knot and dunlin . this guide tackles these two \u2018confusing calidrids\u2019 , familiarity with these is essential in order to gain experience and confidence identifying the apparently bewildering range of waders on our coasts in autumn and winter .\nthere have been two confirmed records of the dunlin in australia : at cairns , queensland , on 4 january 1983 ( roberts 1983 ) ; and cape bowling green , queensland , on 1 july 1999 ( lowry et al . 1999 ) . there have been numerous other unconfirmed or doubtful reports , from queensland , victoria , tasmania , south australia and western australia ( higgins & davies 1996 ) .\ndear angus , the unidentified sandpiper shown on your website made me remember a dunlin my son charles and i found in may 2001 here in the sw netherlands ( see fig . 6 ) . in my opinion this long - billed individual is an american bird c . a . hudsonia and very similar to a bird photographed by richard chandler and shown on the cover of british birds some years ago .\nthe dunlin in breeding plumage has rufous upperparts with blackish , white , greyish and chestnut markings . mantle , scapulars and tertials are blackish with variable chestnut , grey or whitish fringes . the wing - coverts are grey - brown with pale grey to whitish fringes . the flight feathers are blackish - brown , whereas sides of rump and uppertail are white , and sides of tail are greyish - brown ."]}
{"id": 2347, "summary": [{"text": "eobania vermiculata also known as helix vermiculata , common name the \" chocolate-band snail \" is a species of large , air-breathing , land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicidae , the true snails or typical snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "eobania vermiculata is the type species of the genus eobania . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eobania vermiculata", "paragraphs": ["eobania vermiculata : adult with eggs . ( photo : \u00a9 j . novak , urltoken )\neobania vermiculata : note pattern variation . ( photo : \u00a9 j . novak , urltoken )\nnotton d . 2006 . eobania vermiculata in the uk . mollusc world 11 : 6 .\nworms - world register of marine species - eobania vermiculata ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 )\nchocolate banded snail ( eobania vermiculata ) , rab island ( croatia ) . picture : andreas gruber .\nintroduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers .\n, l . ( 2010 ) : a mediterranean snail eobania vermiculata ( o . f . m\u00fcller 1774 ) in nw germany (\nintroduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers . - pubmed - ncbi\nphylogenetic relationships of the land snail ; eobania vermiculata ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) from egypt and saudi arabia . a combined morphological and molecular analysis\n03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 05 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - dried - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea m\u00fcller , eobania vermiculata m\u00fcller ( syn . otala vermiculata m\u00fcller )\n03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 07 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - chilled - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea m\u00fcller , eobania vermiculata m\u00fcller ( syn . otala vermiculata m\u00fcller )\n03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 08 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - frozen - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea m\u00fcller , eobania vermiculata m\u00fcller ( syn . otala vermiculata m\u00fcller )\neduard sol\u00e0 added an association between\nplatydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963 , experimental predation on indigenous snail .\nand\neobania vermiculata\n.\nhabitat and distribution : eobania vermiculata lives on dry vegetation on fields and in hedges , often also inhabits agricultural areas , such as gardens and vineyards .\nphylogenetic relationships of the land snail ; eobania vermiculata ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) from egypt and saudi arabia . a combined morphological and molecular analysis - sciencedirect\n03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 06 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - salted or in brine - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea m\u00fcller , eobania vermiculata m\u00fcller ( syn . otala vermiculata m\u00fcller )\nintroduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers | school of biology a . u . th .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : peerj - 297 - fig - 5 platydemus manokwari . png\nas hidden on the\neobania vermiculata ( m\u00fcller , 1774 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nthe sand hill snail can be told apart from other mediterranean helicid species by the size of its apex and the form of the umbilicus . juvenile chocolate banded snails ( eobania vermiculata ) , for example , relatively have a noticeably larger apex .\n1774 ) - only m\u00fcller ' s name is set into brackets ; he had described it as helix vermiculata in 1774 .\nra\u0111a , b . , ra\u0111a , t . , puizina , j . , \u0161amanic , i . , & \u0161antic , m . 2012 . shell characteristics of land snail eobania vermiculata ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( helicidae ) from croatia . american malacological bulletin , 30 ( 2 ) : 299 - 307 .\nthe species is distributed in all of the mediterranean . in southern france eobania vermiculata also extends its area of distribution into the inner country , such as the upper rh\u00f4ne valley and the upper valley of the garonne river . in other places in europe , such as in bad schwartau in northern germany , in cologne , and in gy\u00f6r in hungary , the species has been introduced . with food transports , it also reached america and australia . in the united states , eobania vermiculata has been introduced in louisiana and texas , but does not pose a severe threat to agriculture . in japan , the first naturalized population has been described from urayasu in the chiba prefecture . in the meantime another population has been reported from that region .\neobania vermiculata is an air - breathing terrestrial snail . the color of the shell is variable , ranging from whitish to greenish yellow , often with multiple color bands or spots ; the lower side frequently has two brown bands and is whitish in color between lowest band and umbilicus . the shell has 4 - 4 . 5 whorls . the width of the shell is 22\u201332 mm and the height is 14\u201324 mm . the body of the snail is gray on the dorsal side and yellowish on the ventral side .\nhello ! how are you ? i try to see your blog post but it does not open with me . . anyway thanks a lot for your efforts . . i want to add that i had some biological and ecological studies on eobania vermiculata too in cairo , egypt . it has been found cause for the adapting to new climate in egypt considering being one of the mediterranean urltoken a days it become one of the dominant land snails in egypt . anyway thanks a lot it was my pleasure pass to your profile\n. . . the obtained results are in conformity with our previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in eobania vermiculata snails after the administration of pesticides ( el - wakil and radwan , 1991 ) , and might be indicative of a defense mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the snail as a consequence of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) formation . moreover , oral administration of mice with sublethal doses of imidacloprid significantly caused elevation in the activity of cat ( elgendy et al . , 2010 ) . . . .\nlike other terrestrial snails eobania vermiculata is used for food in the native lands of europe . this is also a major factor to the spread of this snail , along with the fact it is used in the pet trade also . it has been accidentally introduced into louisiana and texas but is thought to be a minor threat to agriculture . however , since this snail has observed to feed on vineyards and other agricultural crops that grow within these 2 states , the threat of the chocolate - band snail may be larger than previously thought .\ndescription : compared to other helicid snails , eobania vermiculata has got a rather flattened than globular shell , the whorls ascending only little with flat sutures in between . the last whorl descends rapidly towards the aperture ( see picture on the left ) . the apertural lip is evolved noticeably , it completely covers the shell navel ( umbilicus ) . as an adaptation to the snail ' s usually warm and dry environment , the shell has got a thick wall and a white ground colour . on this there are up to 5 dark brown bands ( hence the name chocolate banded snail ) . the shell bands are often dissolved into separate narrow stripes , overlaid by a whitish net pattern ( which led to m\u00fcller ' s choice of name ) .\n. . . the data suggests that increases in antioxidant defenses would be due to enhanced oxygen free radicals production , which could stimulate antioxidant activities ( torres et al . , 2002 ) to cope with this increased oxidative stress and protect the cells from damage . the obtained results are in conformity with our previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in eobania vermiculata snails after the administration of pesticides ( wakil and radwan , 1991 ) , and might be indicative of a defense mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the snail as a consequence of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) formation . moreover , oral administration of mice with sublethal doses of imidacloprid significantly caused elevation in the activity of cat ( el - gendy et al . , 2010 ) . fig . . . .\n. . . as the digestive gland represents the main target organ for molluscicide impact , the reactions following application of molluscicide should be investigated . up to the present , little information is available about the biochemical changes [ 6 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] and the histochemical changes [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 15 ] in the digestive gland tissues of land gastropods induced by molluscicides . therefore , the objectives of the present study were to determine the lethal toxic action of methomyl and methiocarb and to identify the biochemical and histochemical changes as a function of sublethal dose on the digestive gland of e . vermiculata snails under laboratory conditions , using topical application and baiting techniques . . . .\nthe in vivo effects of methomyl , thiodicarb and metaldehyde on total soluble proteins , total lipids and glycogen content , in addition , the activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase , ( got ) , ( gpt ) glutamic pyruvic transaminase and catalase ( cat ) enzymes of terrestrial e . vermiculata snails was studied . the experimental snails were treated with low concentration of 0 . 2 % brain bait w / w of the pesticides for a period of 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 and 10 days . the results showed that methomyl and thiodicarb lead to significant reduction in total soluble proteins , lipids , and glycogen content , while significant increases in the activity of all enzymes tested were noted . metaldehyde treatment showed no significant effect on total soluble proteins , lipids and got level , whereas a significant increase in gpt and cat enzymes was observed . also , metaldehyde resulted a significant reduction in glycogen content of snails .\nm\u00fcller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havni\u00e6 & lipsi\u00e6 . ( heineck & faber ) .\nshell colour very variable , whitish to greenish yellow , often with colour bands or spots , lower side frequently with two brown bands and whitish between lowest band and umbilicus , 4 - 4 . 5 whorls , last whorl descending abruptly below periphery , apertural margin white , reflected in adult shells , in juveniles only at columellar side , umbilicus narrow and open in juveniles , partly covered by the reflected columellar margin , completely closed in adult shells . juveniles differ from theba pisana ( with likewise umbilicus ) by the larger size of the apex .\n14 - 24 x 22 - 32 mm . in n greece variation seems to be lower than in s greece ( g\u00e1vdos island : 24 . 5 - 33 . 5 mm diameter of adult shells , average 28 - 29 mm , no local variations in shell size )\nthe species is commercialized and exported from greece to france , which led lazaridou - dimitriadou & kattoulas ( 1981 ) to propose restrictions for size and seasons of collection .\nthis snail ' s shell is whitish ( with yellow to grey - brown tinge ) in color with four or five chestnut - brown to chocolate stripes that are more or less spotted or speckled with white . albino variants do exist ( i . e . they do not have stripes ) . the peristome is also white . the thick - walled shell of this species has 5 - 6 whorls and may attain a height of 14 - 27 mm and a diameter of 22 - 30 mm although specimens have been reported to measure 35 mm . the umbilicus ( navel ) is inconspicuous .\nthis species inhabits fields , gardens and vineyards . during the day , the animal aestivates on vertical structures ( e . g . , trees , palms , bushes , fences ) .\ncowie et al . 2009 ; pilsbry 1939 ; kerney et al . 1979 ; yildirim et al . 2004\naround 70 eggs per snail are laid with the size of the egg being 4 . 1 \u00d7 3 mm . juveniles hatch shortly after and grow about 12\u201313 mm in diameter per year for 2 years . maturity is reached after 2 years when the diameter reaches 25 mm . snails reach 29\u201330 mm diameter in may / june of the second year , reaching a maximum diameter may take 5 years or more , but mortality increases greatly after 2 years .\nu . s . habitat : in a broad variety of habitats , usually in dry vegetation , mainly in coastal vicinity , also in agricultural crops and vineyards .\nthis species is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest , an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture , natural ecosystems , human health or commerce . therefore it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the united states .\ncowie r . h . , dillon r . t . , robinson d . g . & smith j . w . 2009 . alien non - marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the united states : a preliminary risk assessment . american malacological bulletin 27 : 113 - 132 .\nheller j . 2001 . life history strategies . in : barker g . m . ( ed . ) the biology of terrestrial molluscs . cabi publishing , oxon , uk\ndactylorhiza iberica ( iberia dactylorhiza ) ( willd . ) so\u00f3 - orchid of cyprus\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : peerj - 297 - fig - 5 platydemus manokwari . png\nas hidden on the\nplatydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\neduard sol\u00e0 changed the thumbnail image of\nplatydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963 , experimental predation on indigenous snail .\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbouaziz - yahiatene , h . ; pfarrer , b . ; medjdoub - bensaad , f . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . revision of massylaea m\u00f6llendorff , 1898 ( stylommatophora , helicidae ) . zookeys . 694 ( 1 ) : 109 - 133 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 124 - 127 , figs 13 - 16 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin some parts of the mediterranean the helicidae snail family occurs with an exceptionally large richness in species . special centres of distribution are asia minor ( the asian part of turkey ) and the balkan peninsula .\nwhen the danish malacologist otto friedrich m\u00fcller first described this species in 1774 after having returned from a journey to italy ( which gave him the right to name the species ) , he called it\nnudel - snekken\n( noodle snail ) , because the shell pattern of dissolved stripes reminded him of italian vermicelli noodles . obviously he had not exclusively been occupied with snails during his voyage . until today the snail is called\ndimensions : w : 14 - 27 mm ; h : 22 - 30 mm ; n : 5 - 6 . ( abbreviations ) .\nin a large part of its distribution area , the chocolate banded snail is collected as food . this doubtlessly has led to a large extent to the species current distribution throughout the mediterranean and beyond . on crete ,\nand other terrestrial snails are commonly sold alive on markets . in france as well , the snail is commonly referred to as\nfurther vernacular names : white italian snail , mediterranean coastal snail . in italian : lumachella ( lazio ) , babbaluceddu ( sicily ) , bovoletto ( venice ) .\nsand hill snail ( theba pisana ) on sicily . picture : carlo columba ( source ) .\ndescription : the sand hill snail is a very variable snail species . it has a light yellow to white shell with dark bands or spots and often shows a dark blue grey shell tip ( apex ) . while juvenile shells show a sharp keel , like juvenile aegopis verticillus , the keel disappears at the apertural whorl of adult shells . the aperture often is rose or red coloured inside and the aperture rim is folded back at the columellar side , covering half of the narrow shell navel ( umbilicus ) .\nsand hill snails ( theba pisana ) in the camargue . picture : fritz geller - grimm .\nthe snail ' s body is light yellow in colour , black stripes leading alongside the body up the larger tentacles . those are quite long in theba pisana .\ndime nsions : h : 9 - 20 mm ; w : 12 - 25 mm ; n : 5 \u00bd - 6 . ( abbreviations ) . in greece the shell diameter usually is noticeably smaller .\nhabitat and distribution : the sand hill snail lives on the coast in or near sandy places ( hence its name ) . theba pisana is able to survive on nearly bare sand with only little vegetation stabilizing the ground . in the hot mediterranean climate the sand hill snails usually aestivates on grasses , shrubs or succulents . in the north of its distribution area , snails do not aestivate but only crawl up plants in warm weather .\nthe sand hill snail often shares its habitat with the maritime garden snail ( cernuella virgata ) and the pointed snail ( cochlicella acuta ) , but it is better adapted to life on the sand and so usually is found more frequently and farther in sandy habitats . but theba pisana does not survive severe winter frost , which is why its distribution area is limited to the north , for example on the british isles .\nsand hill snails live in all of the mediterranean are and the adjacent atlantic coasts , from central morocco as far as belgium and the near atlantic islands , and also in israel and egypt . in spain the sand hill snail may be found also in the inner country . on the british isles , where sand hill snails have been introduced during the 18th century , sand hill snails appear in the south , from south - western england to southern wales as far as eastern and south - eastern ireland . in most of its area of distribution the sand hill snail is very common near the beaches . from southern portugal as far as greece it is among the most frequent terrestrial snails .\ntheba pisana has also been introduced overseas : the sand hill snail is found in north america , as well as in south africa , australia and tasmania . in the united states sand hill snails can be an agricultural pests , if they appear in large numbers .\nthreat situation : in spain , a coastal subspecies , theba pisana arietina , is categorized as endangered ( en ) ( see also : iucn threat categories ) .\nfrancisco welter - schultes : theba pisana species homepage . molluscs of central europa : theba pisana .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of genetics , development and molecular biology , school of biology , aristotle university of thessaloniki , thessaloniki 54124 , greece . itziou @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\nthis species is native to the mediterranean but introduced to texas and california ( roth and sadeghian , 2003 ) and louisiana ( fullington and pratt , 1974 ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nit has been introduced to jackson square , new orleans , louisiana ( pilsbry , 1939 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nfullington , r . w . and w . l . pratt , jr . 1974 . the aquatic and land mollusca of texas . part iii . dallas museum of natural history , bulletin , 1 : 1 - 48 .\npilsbry , h . a . 1939b . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 1 , part 1 . monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 573 .\nroth , b . and p . s . sadeghian . 2003 . checklist of the land snails and slugs of california . santa barbara museum of natural history contributions in science , 3 : 1 - 81 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . in this study , we found different patterns of response due to the concentration of fa in p . patula exposed to the waf of mco ; however , in no case did we find significant results . in contrast , in other mollusk species , significant results were found ( el wakil & radwan , 1991 ; radwan et al . , 1993 ; radwan et al . , 2008 ; lyssimachou et al . , 2009 ) . research . . .\n. . . in addition , cat activity decreased in the intestine of p . canaliculata with respect to control . accordingly , previous studies observed a significant decreased and increase in cat activity in terrestrial snails after exposure to met ( el wakil and radwan 1991 ) , suggesting a defense mechanism against cell damage in the organism due to the formation of reactive oxygen species . met formulations are applied to control aquatic snail pests in different countries ( henderson and triebskorn 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . the slugs of each species were divided into two groups , untreated and treated and the method of el - wakil and radwan [ 11 ] was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the plant extract against the tested slugs . . . .\n. . . following application of metaldehyde , an increase in cat activity was observed in the first two periods of exposure , with a significant increase in the 24 - and 32 - h exposure periods . this result is in conformity with previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in terrestrial snails after the administration of metaldehyde ( wakil and radwan 1991 ) and might be indicative of a defence mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the organism as a consequence of ros formation . cat activity did not have statistical differences in the four sampling times of methiocarb exposure when compared with control values , although a decrease was observed after 2 and 3 h of exposure to the carbamate . . . .\nimpact of certain carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on the non - target terrestrial snai . . .\nmolluscicidal activity & repellency of some inorganic fertilizers against terrestrial snail , theba p . . .\nin the present study , five inorganic fertilizer compounds : super - phosphate , potassium sulfate , ammonium sulfate , ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate were chosen and formulated in solution form of 1 . 5 % ( w / v ) with an ad - hesive substance ( arab gum ) . their efficacy as repellent and / or toxic agents against the terrestrial theba pisana snails was investigated . the infested citrus trees with t . pisana . . . [ show full abstract ]\nin the present study , five inorganic fertilizer compounds : superphosphate , potassium sulfate , ammonium sulfate , ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate were chosen and formulated in solution form of 1 . 5 % ( w / v ) with an adhesive substance ( arab gum ) . their efficacy as repellent and / or toxic agents against the terrestrial theba pisana snails was investigated . the infested citrus trees with t . pisana . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntoxicity and biochemical impact of certain oxime carbamate pesticides against terrestrial snail , the . . .\nthe bran toxic baits ( 0 . 5 % w / w ) of five oxime carbamate pesticides ; aldicarb , aldoxycarb , methomyl , oxamyl and thiofanox were tested for their molluscicidal activity against theba pisana snails under laboratory conditions . in addition , the in vivo effects of these compounds on seven vital enzymes namely acetylcholin\u2010esterase ( ache ) , glutathion\u2010s\u2010transferase ( gst ) , glutamic oxlaoacetic . . . [ show full abstract ]\ni got this snail from my garden and i am planning to sequence it . so before sequencing i thought of getting an idea about what i am planning to . . .\nfirst of all i ' m interested in ravines and small valleys regarding land snails . it is obvious that in the wet ravines and small valleys some . . .\nthere seems to be no well - published detailed research on the haired snails except pfenninger et al . , 2005 (\nwhy do snails have hairs ? . . .\n) , but . . .\nthe rheophile snail ancylus fluviatilis seems quite demanding and difficult to rear in captivity . does anyone have suggestions ? i tried to keep . . .\ni ' m sorry because this question is not about snail molluscs . it is known that molluscs may take calcium for shell bilding from water or from . . .\npreferably with something tasty . . . however , not all scientists can eat the object of their research . ) )\n\u00a9 school of biology a . u . t . h . 2010 - 2012\n1991 . complementary video and acoustic recordings of foraging by two pest species of slugs on non - toxic and molluscicidal baits .\ni . henderson ( ed . ) . slugs and snails in world agriculture . bcpc mono . 41 .\n1980 . experimental studies on slug - plant interactions : 1 . the acceptability of thirty plant species to the slug\n( labiatae ) . leiden botanical series , vol . 4 . leiden university press , the hague .\n1985 . edible and commercialized snails of greece\u2014heliciculture . giachoudi - giapouli publications , thessaloniki ( in greek ) .\n1981 . adaptive strategies in plants dominanting mediterranean - type ecosystems , pp . 309\u2013315 ,\nf . di castri , d . w . goodall and r . l . specht ( eds . ) . mediterranean - type shrublands . elsevier scientific publishing , amsterdam .\nn . s . margaris and h . a . mooney ( eds . ) . components of productivity of mediterranean - climate regions ; basic and applied aspects . dr . w . junk publishers , the hague .\n1993 . pollination ecology of labiatae in a phryganic ( east mediterranean ) ecosystem .\n1988 . a guide to snails of britain and europe . hamlyn , london .\n1981 . biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research , 2nd ed . w . h . freeman and co . , new york .\n1992 . the allelopathic potential of aromatic shrubs in phyrganic ( east mediterranean ) ecosystems , pp . 303\u2013320 ,\ns . j . h . rizvi and v . rizvi ( eds . ) . allelopathy : basic and applied aspects . chapman and hall , london .\n1988 . the inhibitory effects of the molluscicide metaldehyde on feeding , locomotion and fecal elimination of three pest species of terrestrial slug .\nvokou , d . , tziolas , m . & bailey , s . e . r . j chem ecol ( 1998 ) 24 : 1187 . urltoken\nyou may use your enter key on expandable list links to expand or collapse their sub navigation sections .\nintroduction to canadian customs & border procedures a foundation in canadian customs and trade policies suitable for individuals with no customs background .\nccs ( certified customs specialist ) program the ccs designation is the market place standard - recognized and demanded by those who deliver and use customs services in canada .\nctcs ( certified trade compliance specialist ) program the mark of trade expertise for customs professionals in canada .\nother trade courses stand alone trade courses suitable for professionals seeking in - depth knowledge of specific trade topics .\na ) chapter 03 was published to streamline the import conditions for the end use\nhuman consumption\nfor the following hs codes .\n32 . 04 . 19 . 7114 . 00 - citrus red no . 2 , for use as a food additive\n33 . 02 . 10 . 7104 . 00 - preparations based on odoriferous substances with alcohol exceeding 0 . 5 % vol .\n33 . 02 . 90 . 7101 . 01 - preparations based on odoriferous substances with alcohol not exceeding 0 . 5 % vol .\n\u201ci have used the twogreysuits website for the past several years and have found it to be very helpful . there is significant hr information there . . . thank - you to cscb for providing this valuable service year after year for the members . \u201d\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : fern\u00e1ndez - l\u00f3pez de pablo j , badal e , ferrer garc\u00eda c , mart\u00ednez - ort\u00ed a , sanchis serra a ( 2014 ) land snails as a diet diversification proxy during the early upper palaeolithic in europe . plos one 9 ( 8 ) : e104898 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 fern\u00e1ndez - l\u00f3pez de pablo et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all relevant data are within the paper .\nfunding : the fieldwork research and the radiocarbon analyses were supported by private funds provided by the fundaci\u00f3n adendia in the framework of the research project named \u201cel poblamiento inicial de benidorm y la marina baixa ( alicante ) \u201d . jfl is supported by a ram\u00f3n y cajal program postdoctoral research grant ( ref . ryc - 2011 - 09363 ) of the mineco spanish ministry and the consolidated research groug ( ref . sgr - 2014 - 900 ) \u201cgroup d ' an\u00e0lisis de processos socioecol\u00f3gics , canvis culturals i din\u00e0miques de poblaci\u00f3 a la prehist\u00f2ria\u201d . the mineco spanish ministry also funded the research projects \u201cpaleol\u00edtico medio final y paleol\u00edtico superior inicial en la regi\u00f3n central mediterr\u00e1nea ib\u00e9rica ( valencia y murcia ) \u201d ( ref . har2012 - 32703 ) and \u201cpaleoflora ib\u00e9rica en un contexto de complejidad : interacciones fisiogr\u00e1ficas , ecol\u00f3gicas y evolutivas\u201d ( ref . 2012cgl - 34717 ) that supported the post - excavation palaeobotanical analyses and the cost of a radiocarbon determination . the funders had no role in the study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish or the preparation of the manuscript .\ncova de la barriada is formed by two connected rockshelters , so - called lower and upper rockshelters , respectively , located at the base of a tectonic escarpment of mesozoic limestone on the western slope of the serra gelada mountain ( figure 1 ) . the site is oriented towards the nw at 180 m . a . s . l .\nin the upper rockshelter , the archaeological fill was formed by colluvial sedimentation that , for the most part , has been eroded away by water ( karstic ) erosion and subsequent transport as well as recent husbandry and looting activities . test pit 3 , which is 1 m 2 , yielded archaeological materials in clearly secondary position from the dismantled late pleistocene deposits .\nonly test pit 1 , located at the south of the upper rockshelter , right outside of the roofed area , preserved in situ archaeological levels with combustion structures and associated lithic , faunal and land snail assemblages . the archaeo - sedimentary deposit is formed by a succession of three main stratigraphic units , subdivided into several subunits with different contents of boulders , angular blocks and gravels in a matrix of sands and silts ( figure 2 ) . from top to bottom , the stratigraphic sequence is described as follows :\nup left : plan of cova de la barriada site with the location of test pits . bottom left : test pit 1 , once excavated . right : synthetic column of the test pit 1 stratigraphy .\nunit i is composed of five subunits . subunit i . 1 is a calcareous flowstone of horizontal geometry . subunits i . 2 to i . 5 are mainly composed by very pale brown ( 10 yr 7 / 3 and 7 / 4 ) thin fraction ( 70 % ) and angular heterometric gravels . subunit i . 5 , which overlies unit ii with an angular unconformity , yielded archaeological evidence ( artefacts and features ) that correspond to archaeological unit a .\nunit ii is a 10 - cm thick deposit of massive structure containing a heterometric thick fraction of gravitational boulders and angular blocks and gravels in a matrix of very pale brown ( 10 yr 8 / 3 ) thin fraction . it dips e - w with an inclination of 12\u201310\u00b0 . this stratigraphic unit corresponds to archaeological unit b , containing both artefacts and features .\nunit iii is composed of five different subunits . subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 contain 90 % of greyish orange ( 10 yr 7 / 4 ) sands and silts partially separated by a laterally discontinuous subunit of gravels ( iii . 2 ) . the underlying subunit iii . 4 ( 10 yr 8 / 3 and 8 / 4 ) is predominantly composed of a thick fraction ( boulders and angular blocks ) , whereas subunit iii . 5 is mainly formed by massive structure sands and silts . occupational evidence ( archaeological unit c ) is restricted to subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 .\narchaeological units a , b and c have yielded early upper palaeolithic artefacts , faunal assemblages and combustion structures whose basic morphological and dimensional attributes are presented in table 1 . despite the partial conservation of the combustion structures , most of them ( ec - 1 , ec - 2 , ec - 3 , ec - 4 and ec - 5 ) have a flat section associated with heterogeneous carbonaceous lenses and fire - cracked limestone blocks . in contrast , combustion structure bm , which was partially documented because it extended outside the limits of the test pit , has a shallow pit morphology and a concave section containing homogeneous carbonaceous sediments with abundant charcoal . on the other hand , combustion structure ec - 6 has an irregular concave section associated with burnt and fire - cracked limestone blocks .\na series of ams radiocarbon dates from individual and taxonomically determined charcoal samples recovered from the combustion structures were produced to assess the chronology of the stratigraphic sequence ( table 2 ) . the samples are charcoal of pinus nigra from ec - 1 level a , fabaceae charcoal from ec - 5 level b and juniperus sp . charcoal from ec - 6 level c . all samples were plotted at the time of excavation and analysed at the beta analytic laboratories in london . calibration was performed using oxcal v . 4 . 1 . 3 [ 19 ] and the intcal13 calibration curve [ 20 ] .\nradiocarbon dates of the test pit 1 of cova de la barriada calibrated with oxcal 4 . 2\nradiocarbon dates from levels a , b and c yielded significantly different chronologies in accordance with their stratigraphic position , suggesting two hiatuses between archaeological units c and b and archaeological units b and a . the chronological gaps between the above - mentioned levels are consistent with the erosive contact documented between subunits i . a and ii and subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 .\nfigure 3 represents a correlation between the radiocarbon chronology of levels a and b of cova de la barriada and the ams radiocarbon dates from the well - known gravettian units of the nerja and cendres caves , the regional reference sequences in the iberian mediterranean region for this period [ 21 ] \u2013 [ 22 ] . in addition , we compared the summed probability chronological distributions with the global climatic 18 o gisp2 curve [ 23 ] and the regional variations of sea surface temperatures obtained in the albor\u00e1n sea [ 24 ] . according to this tentative correlation , level b falls within the accepted chronology of the h3 heinrich event in the mediterranean sea , whereas level a appears to fall in greenland interstadial 3 .\ntop : cumulative calibrated dating probability of the radiocarbon dates from the levels a and b of cova de la barriada and the gravettian units of nerja [ 21 ] and cendres sites [ 22 ] plotted with calpal ( vers . october 2013 ) [ 89 ] using the intcal13 calibration curve [ 20 ] . bottom : \u03b4 18 o variation from the gisp2 curve [ 23 ] and sea surface temperatures obtained from alkenonne data from the albor\u00e1n sea [ 24 ] .\nat the time of the early upper palaeolithic occupations in cova de la barriada ( 30\u201325 ka ) , the mediterranean sea level was 90\u2013100 m lower than today , implying a distance of approximately 20 km between the site and the shore line on the basis of local data on marine floor topography [ 25 ] .\nthe archaeological and paleontological information presented in this paper involved the direct analysis of 321 paleobotanical specimens , 489 vertebrate specimens and 1484 invertebrate ( land snails ) specimens .\na set of upper palaeolithic artefacts were recovered in association with the land snails and faunal assemblages in test pit 1 . despite the paucity of the lithic assemblages ( n = 39 ) , two dihedral - deviated burins were documented at level a , and two splintered pieces were documented in levels a and b . in addition , three small umbo - pierced marine shells of glycimeris sp . were recovered in levels a ( n = 2 ) and c ( n = 1 ) .\nthe spectrum of taxa represented in the hearth structure ( bm and ec - 6 ) is very narrow : four amongst the 48 charcoal fragments recovered in bm and just two from the 66 charcoal fragments in fireplace ec - 6 . this might be explained by both the low number of charcoals from each fireplace and their short - term accumulation as a fuel of the last burning episode , thus , reflecting a punctual harvest of firewood . in any case , the flora identified in the combustion structures is in ecological agreement with that recovered from the archaeological units as a result of a longer accumulation process . both charcoals from fireplaces and archaeological units are the result of human agency .\nthe faunal assemblage of test pit 1 is composed of 489 elements . the ratio of identified specimens at the taxonomic level ( nisp ) is low , varying between 14 . 6 % in level a and 2 . 7 % in level c . four species of ungulates have been identified : aurochs ( bos primigenius ) , horse ( equus ferus ) , red deer ( cervus elaphus ) and the spanish ibex ( capra pyrenaica ) . in addition , lagomorphs are represented throughout the archaeological sequence .\nthe taphonomic analysis points to both anthropogenic accumulation and post - depositional breakage , with a very marginal contribution by non - human predators . despite the lack of cut marks , partially explained by the high occurrence of post - depositional calcareous concretions , percussion marks have been clearly identified on diaphyseal fragments of ibex ( 1 ) , medium - size ( 2 ) and large - size ( 1 ) ungulates in levels a and b , as well as a human bite mark on a leporid bone ( table 4 ) .\nfaunal assemblages ( nisp ) from the test pit 1 of cova de la barriada .\nto assess the land snail taphonomy and breakage patterns , we established four main fragmentation categories : 1 . complete ( uncrushed ) snails , 2 . partially crushed ( up to the 50 % of the whole shell ) snails , 3 . snail fragments ( between 10\u201350 % of the whole shell ) and 4 . snail debris or small snail fragments < 10 % of the whole shell . small whorl fragments , of less than 3 mm , are very frequent and were not quantified since most of them were produced during the excavation and by post - depositional diagenetic processes ."]}
{"id": 2349, "summary": [{"text": "severtzov 's jerboa ( allactaga severtzovi ) is an herbivorous species of rodent in the family dipodidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in kazakhstan , tajikistan , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "severtzov ' s jerboa", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about severtzov ' s jerboa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for severtzov ' s jerboa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntranslated from russian . robert s . hoffmann and don e . wilson , eds .\nthe svertzov ' s jerboa is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ninhabit usually sand , clay , rarely rubbly , and lime ( s kazakhstan ) deserts . avoid moving sands and takyrs . ecology is poorly studied , but generally similar to that of allactaga major . burrows are simple ; wintering nests are at 50 - 85 cm blow ground . reproduction occurs in march , but in favourable years females can give two litters ( in march and in summer ) . embryo number is 3 - 7 in usturt and 3 - 4 in kyzylkum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , although it is naturally rare and patchily distributed . some declines in area of occupancy have been reported , but overall population declines are not suspected to be close to the threshold for listing as vulnerable under criterion a ( decline of 30 % over 10 years / 3 generations ) . assessed as least concern .\nit occurs in deserts of kazakhstan and middle asia to the north till central usturt , lower syrdarya , sarysu and chu rivers , and southern balkhash . to south till sw turkmenistan , uzboi , along amudarya basin to termez , sw tadjikistan , western part of fergana valley and piedmonts of pamiralai and tien shan ( gromov and erbaeva 1995 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t858a115053105 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndeserts in kazakhstan and middle asia to the north till central usturt , lower syrdarya , sarysu and chu rivers , and southern balkhash . to south till sw turkmenistan , uzboi , along amudarya basin to termez , sw tadjikistan , western part of fergana valley and piedmonts of pamiralai and tien shan ( gromov and erbaeva , 1995 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkeskiaasianjerbo\nto\nallactaga severtzovi vinogradov , 1925\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nholden , mary ellen , and guy g . musser / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nshenbrot , g . i . , v . e . sokolov , v . g . heptner , and yu . m . koval ' skaya\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : subgenus allactaga . taxonomic study provided by shenbrot ( 1991d ) , who described chorezmi as a subspecies of a . severtzovi . reviewed by ognev ( 1963b ) and shenbrot et al . ( 1995 ) . karyotype elaborated by vorontsov et al . ( 1969c ) . detailed habitat data provided by naumov and lobachev ( 1975 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
{"id": 2350, "summary": [{"text": "lobocleta ossularia , the drab brown wave moth , is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california to florida , north in the east to new york and illinois .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13 \u2013 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are greyish-brown with black speckling and four dark brown lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are similar in both colour and pattern .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to september in california .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on stellaria media , galium species and fragaria chiloensis . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lobocleta ossularia", "paragraphs": ["species lobocleta ossularia - drab brown wave - hodges # 7094 - bugguide . net\ncreative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ( cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 ) \u00b7 3 lobocleta ossularia , drab brown wave\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult : forewing grayish - brown with black speckling and four dark brown indistinct lines ; pm and subterminal lines slightly wavy , curving slightly toward base near costa ; median line usually thicker and more diffuse than other lines ; black discal dot often present between am and median lines ; hindwing has similar color and pattern as forewing .\ncalifornia to florida , north in the east to new york and illinois ; not yet recorded in canada .\nhosts database includes larval food plants common chickweed ( stellaria media , caryophyllaceae ) , species of bedstraw ( galium , rubiaceae ) , and beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis , rosaceae ) .\npresence in california ; list of 5 specimen records with dates and locations ( u . of california at berkeley )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na drab brown wave moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 8 / 30 / 2016 ) . determined by aaron hunt / bugguide . photo by barbara thurlow . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth on assateague island , maryland ( 7 / 2 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 9 / 21 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 23 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 10 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 5 / 24 / 2014 ) . determined by ken childs / bamona . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 9 / 21 / 2014 ) . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 18 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 6 / 24 / 2007 ) . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2017 ) . verified by bob biagi / bugguide . photo by bill harms . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in howard co . , maryland ( 2002 ) . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nscoble , malcolm j . , ed . , 1999 : null . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . 1016 ."]}
{"id": 2355, "summary": [{"text": "the plain maskray or brown stingray ( neotrygon annotata ) is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in shallow , soft-bottomed habitats off northern australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "reaching 24 cm ( 9.4 in ) in width , this species has a diamond-shaped , grayish green pectoral fin disc .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its short , whip-like tail has alternating black and white bands and fin folds above and below .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "there are short rows of thorns on the back and the base of the tail , but otherwise the skin is smooth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "while this species possesses the dark mask-like pattern across its eyes common to its genus , it is not ornately patterned like other maskrays .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "benthic in nature , the plain maskray feeds mainly on caridean shrimp and polychaete worms , and to a lesser extent on small bony fishes .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is viviparous , with females producing litters of one or two young that are nourished during gestation via histotroph ( \" uterine milk \" ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "this species lacks economic value but is caught incidentally in bottom trawls , which it is thought to be less able to withstand than other maskrays due to its gracile build .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "as it also has a limited distribution and low fecundity , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed it as near threatened . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "plain maskray", "paragraphs": ["plain maskray , neotrygon annotata . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nthe plain maskray , neotrygon annotata , also known as the brown stingray , is a species of fish in the dasyatidae family .\nthe speckled maskray ( neotrygon picta ) was thought to be a regional colour variant of neotrygon ( formerly dasyatis ) leylandi ( last , 1987 ) until described as a new species by last and white ( 2008 ) . the latter publication also resurrected the genus neotrygon for the maskray species , bluespotted maskray ( n . kuhlii ) , painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) , plain maskray ( n . annotata ) , ningaloo maskray ( n . ningalooensis ) and the speckled maskray .\n* plain maskray , neotrygon annotata ( last , 1987 ) . * bluespotted stingray , neotrygon kuhlii ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) . * painted maskray , neotrygon leylandi ( last , 1987 ) . more\n* plain maskray , dasyatis annotata ( last , 1987 ) . * bennett ' s stingray , dasyatis bennetti ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) . more\nthe grouping of neotrygon spp . , and recent split of the speckled maskray from the painted maskray , has obscured species - specific population trends .\nn . sp . ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) , a new maskray from australia .\nthe speckled maskray is not harvested commercially in australia ( last and stevens 2009 ) .\nthis annual report complies with parliamentary standards of presentation and printing , and uses plain english and clear design .\nthe plain maskray is found in australia and papua new guinea including the arafura sea and timor sea . the australian distribution extends from the gulf of carpentaria ( queensland ) through the northern territory to at least the bonaparte archipelago , western australia ( last and stevens 2009 ) . specimens from new guinea have also been reported from bycatch surveys in the gulf of papua ( w . white , pers . comm . 2015 ) . this species has yet to be recorded in the torres strait ( pitcher et al . 2007 , jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) , although the presence of this maskray in the gulf of carpentaria and the gulf of papua suggests it may inhabit these areas , albeit more sparingly . while a single plain maskray specimen was observed in east java ( indonesia ) , the original catch location was not known ( w . white , pers . comm . , 2015 ) . as such , further investigations are required into the presence of this species in indonesia . when compared to other maskray species , the distribution of this maskray overlaps with the bluespotted maskray ( n . kuhlii species - complex ) , the painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) and the peppered maskray ( n . picta ) . there appears to be no obvious depth partitioning between these species , although the plain maskray is rarely taken in the coastal zone and generally occurs further offshore . the extent of any overlap between the distributions of the plain maskray and the ningaloo maskray ( n . ningalooensis ) is currently unknown and requires further investigation .\nthe plain maskray , neotrygon annotata , also known as the brown stingray ( leading to easy confusion with the pacific dasyatis latus ) , is a species of fish in the dasyatidae family . it is endemic to northern australia . more\nmultiple cryptic species in the blue - spotted maskray ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae : neotrygon spp . ) : an update\nplain maskray , dasyatis annotata ( last , 1987 ) . . . giant stumptail stingray , dasyatis gigantea ( lindberg , 1930 ) . . . urltoken 6 dasyatis izuensis species summary : dasyatis izuensis izu stingray , you can sponsor this page , . . . more\n\u2605 plain maskray , ' ' dasyatis annotata ' ' ( last , 1987 ) . \u2605 \u2605 bennett ' s stingray , ' ' dasyatis bennetti ' ' ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) . \u2605 \u2605 short - tail stingray or bull ray , ' ' dasyatis brevicaudata ' ' ( hutton , 1875 ) . more\nthe speckled maskray ( neotrygon picta ) is a small maskray species that is regularly caught as a bycatch of prawn trawl fisheries in northeast australian coastal waters . this species was previously regarded as a colour morph of the painted maskray ( n . leylandi ) . the speckled maskray appears to be reasonably common over much of its range , although species - specific population assessment is hampered by the lumping of catches into generic divisions and the recent split of this species from the closely - related painted maskray from western australia . recent studies indicate that the species has a low rate of fishing mortality overall in the northern prawn fishery . in addition , the speckled maskray is protected within some of the great barrier reef region in its east coast range . however , due to its small size , the speckled maskray is unlikely to be effectively excluded by the turtle exclusion devices presently used by the tropical australian prawn trawl fleet . individuals caught in these fisheries have a moderately high mortality rate . the species has a low fecundity of 1\u20133 pups , with preliminary results suggesting an annual reproductive cycle . the speckled maskray is listed as least concern , with a caveat that this is dependent on the presence of large unfished areas and minimal fisheries effort over some other parts of its range .\nn . sp . ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) , a new maskray from australia . aqua intnl j ichthyol . 2010 ; 16 ( 2 ) : 37\u201350 .\na 2012 phylogenetic study , based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna , concluded that the ningaloo maskray and the plain maskray ( n . annotata ) are the most basal members of their genus . in addition , the coral bay population showed deep differences in mitochondrial dna from the shark bay population , indicating that they belong to different lineages . whether they represent separate species is ambiguous , as rays from the two locations do not differ physically or in known nuclear dna markers . this genetic divergence suggests that the ningaloo maskray population had once been divided by sea level changes ; using different methods of estimation , this event is thought to have occurred either c . 11 ma , during the miocene , or 3\u20132 ma , during the pliocene .\nkeywords : pisces , dasyatidae ; neotrygon australiae ; neotrygon caeruleopunctata ; neotrygon kuhlii ; neotrygon orientale ; n . varidens ; bluespotted maskray ; new species ; species complex ; indo - west pacific\ncompared to other maskrays , the ningaloo maskray has more protruding eyes that allow it to bury itself deeper in the substrate and still remain aware of its surroundings . within its favored habitat , its coloration makes it well camouflaged against predators .\n. . . this paper focuses on the blue - spotted maskray , previously neotrygon kuhlii ( m\u00fcller and henle , 1841 ) [ 7 ] , a stingray species that inhabits indo - west pacific coral reefs , lagoons and slopes [ 8 ] . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the\njava\n( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the\nbali\n( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . . . .\n. . . this paper focuses on the blue - spotted maskray , previously neotrygon kuhlii ( m ? ller and henle , 1841 ) [ 7 ] , a stingray species that inhabits indo - west pacific coral reefs , lagoons and slopes [ 8 ] . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the\njava\n( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the\nbali\n( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . . . .\nneotrygon indica sp . nov . , the indian ocean blue - spotted maskray ( myliobatoidei , dasyatidae ) = neotrygon indica sp . nov . , la raie masqu\u00e9e \u00e0 points bleus de l & 8217 ; oc\u00e9an indien ( myliobatoidei , dasyatidae )\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for the plain maskray . the species will derive some benefit from broader management initiatives including fisheries - based spatial and temporal closures and the use of bycatch reduction devices . however , research has shown that bycatch reduction devices including turtle exclusion devices ( teds ) are less effective for smaller species ( griffiths et al . 2006 ) . furthermore , the effectiveness of fisheries closures ( spatial and temporal ) will be dependent on their location and the proportion of the plain maskray population protected from fishing effort . however , this cannot be quantified from the data currently available . the gulf of papua trawl the fishery is managed under national laws and regulations ( png ) , and there are some seasonal closures in place ; although bycatch reduction devices are not currently in place , there are plans to implement in the near future ( l . baje , national fisheries authority , pers . comm . 2015 ) . detailed species composition data for the bycatch is not currently available , but this is currently being investigated ( l . baje , national fisheries authority , pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthe speckled maskray is found in northeastern australia ( possibly also new guinea ) from the wessel islands ( northern territory ) to hervey bay ( queensland ) . the western limit of its distribution has still not been well defined ( last and stevens 2009 ) .\na greyish - green maskray , becoming pinkish towards the disc margins , with a dark mask - like marking around the eyes , a pair of small dark blotches behind the spiracles , and alternating black and white variable bands and a black tip on the tail .\nningaloo reef is the largest fringing reef system in the southern hemisphere and extends along 270 km of coastline in the north of western australia . the reef is separated from the coast by a 0 . 2 to 7 km wide sandy lagoon , which is backed by a dry coastal plain [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] .\nthe speckled maskray is protected over some of its east coast range within no - fishing areas of the great barrier reef marine park . although turtle exclusion devices ( teds ) are mandatory within all australian prawn trawl fisheries , this small species is unlikely to be effectively excluded by current devices . the speckled maskray would benefit from a careful evaluation of alternative or additional ted options . generally , evaluation of the species ' conservation status would be facilitated by improved monitoring of bycatch , in terms of both the absolute numbers caught and trends in abundance .\n. . . the blue - spotted maskray is heavily exploited in southeast asia , but its catch rate and mortality rates are poorly known and its population trends are unknown [ 9 , 10 ] . authors have distinguished the\njava\n( java sea ) form of blue - spotted maskray from the\nbali\n( kedonganan ) form , based on differences in size at birth and male size at maturity and treated them as different species [ 9 ] . molecular population genetics offer the concepts and the practical tools for delineating populations , diagnosing closely related species , and detecting cryptic species . . . .\n. . . two batoid species were examined for this study ; the oriental bluespotted maskray ( neotrygon orientalis last , white & s\u00e9ret 2016 ) , and the bluespotted fantail ray ( taeniura lymmaforssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) . these species were selected because they were the two most frequently ob - served batoids on malaysian bruvs . . . .\nendemic to northwestern australia , the ningaloo maskray has been found from shark bay in western australia to the gove peninsula in northern territory . this bottom - dwelling species appears to have very restricted habitat preferences : it inhabits areas of fine reddish sand close to reefs , in inshore waters less than 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep .\n. . . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . m\u00fc ller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . based on the only available information on colour patterns , one cannot exclude that n . kuhlii as it has been redefined by last and co - authors [ 14 ] and n . trigonoides are synonyms [ 16 ] . the genetically distinctive indian ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . . . .\n. . . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . m\u00fcller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . based on the only available information on colour patterns , one cannot exclude that n . kuhlii as it has been redefined by last and co - authors [ 14 ] and n . trigonoides are synonyms [ 16 ] . the genetically distinctive indian - ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . . . .\n. . . the genetically distinctive indian ocean maskray reported in the recent phylogeographic literature [ 6 , 7 , 10 ] remains undescribed . some authors have attempted to use morphological characters as primary information for the description of cryptic species in the blue - spotted maskray complex [ 14 ] , and a recent revision has ostensibly ignored genetic evidence ( e . g . , [ 17 ] ) even though not a single morphological character among those utilized for the description or redescription of four species in the complex [ 14 ] was indisputably diagnostic of any of the species [ 7 ] . also , the apportion of environmental vs . genetic determination in these morphological characters had not been evaluated [ 7 ] . . . .\norsa p , arlyza is , chen w - j , durand j - d , meekan mg , shen k - n ( 2013 ) resurrection of new caledonian maskray neotrygon trigonoides ( myliobatoidei : dasyatidae ) from synonymy with n . kuhlii , based on cytochrome - oxidase i gene sequences and spotting patterns . comptes rendus biologies 336 ( 4 ) : 221 - 232\nsome abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .\n. . . puckridge et al . ( 2013 ) m ? ller and henle ( 1841 ) referred to . however , last et al . ( 2016 ) did not specify how they were able to identify this specimen as a blue - spotted maskray . actually , m ? ller and henle ' s ( 1841 ) leiden syntype cannot be traced with certainty . . . .\n. . . the blue - spotted maskray is an indo - pacific maskray of up to 50 cm in disc width ( w d ) ( last & stevens , 2009 ) . currently recognized as neotrygon trigonoides ( castelnau 1873 ) ( eschmeyer et al . , 2017 ) , in australia it has previously been known as neotrygon ( or dasyatis ) kuhlii , a name that is now reserved for individuals of this species complex found in the solomon islands ( last et al . , 2016b ) . this species inhabits coastal soft substratum environments , in association with coral and rocky reefs , to depths of 90 m ( last & stevens , 2009 ; pierce et al . , 2009 ; jacobsen & bennett , 2010 , 2012last et al . , 2016b ) . . . .\nbecause it lives in such shallow waters , the ningaloo maskray is generally not susceptible to fisheries . conversely , its narrow habitat preferences may render it vulnerable to habitat degradation . this species is protected to some extent as its range includes the world heritage sites of ningaloo reef and shark bay . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) presently lacks sufficient data to assess its conservation status .\nin the scallop sector of the queensland east coast trawl fishery , fishery - independent surveys between yeppoon and hervey bay revealed that the speckled maskray was the third most common elasmobranch species by number in the bycatch ( 15 . 6 % of elasmobranch bycatch ) ( kyne 2008 ) . also , the effect of trawl fishing on the macrobenthos , which is the primary habitat of this species , is another concern .\nthe bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( muller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .\nthe bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .\nthe bluespotted maskray , neotrygon kuhlii ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) , once thought to be widely distributed in the indo - west pacific , consists of a complex of several species and the type series consists of multiple species ; its nomenclature is discussed . a lectotype and paralectotype are designated and the species rediagnosed based on the types and a fresh specimen from honiara ( solomon islands ) , near to the collection locality of the lectotype ( vanikoro , solomon islands ) . molecular and morphological data provide confirmatory evidence that this maskray is distinct from some other regional forms . three members of the complex from the western pacific identified in earlier studies are confirmed to be new species ; neotrygon australiae sp . nov . ( australia , new guinea and eastern indonesia ) , n . caeruleopunctata sp . nov . ( indian ocean ) , and n . orientale sp . nov . ( north - west pacific ) . these species differ from each other and n . kuhlii in their adult size , anterior angle of the disc , number and distribution of blue spots on the dorsal disc , and other more subtle morphometric and meristic characters . another largely plain - coloured neotrygon , also currently misidentified as n . kuhlii , is sympatric with n . orientale sp . nov . in the south china sea and off taiwan . neotrygon varidens ( garman ) is resurrected as the valid name for this ray . a key is provided to species of the genus .\nthe speckled maskray is most common in shallow water less than 25 m depth but probably to about 100 m ( last and stevens 2009 , i . p . jacobsen , pers . obs . , 2010 ) . it is a small species , attaining a disc width ( dw ) of up to around 32 cm ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . the most comprehensive analysis of the species ' biology was undertaken by jacobsen and bennett ( 2010 ) based on prawn trawl bycatch specimens from northeast australia . size at 50 % maturity in females was 18 . 1 cm dw , and age at maturity was 3\u20134 years . the smallest gravid female was 17 . 2 cm dw ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . the species has a low fecundity with 1\u20133 embryos per litter ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . preliminary investigation ( jacobsen 2008 ) suggested that the speckled maskray undergoes a single reproductive event annually .\ninhabiting inshore waters less than 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep , the bottom - dwelling ningaloo maskray has highly specific habitat preferences . it is found on reddish sand near reefs , upon which its coloration grants it excellent camouflage . it is able to bury itself deeper than other maskrays thanks to its protruding eyes . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this species as data deficient due to lack of information . it is not vulnerable to fisheries but may be impacted by habitat degradation .\nthe first known sighting of the ningaloo maskray was during a study of ningaloo marine park ' s sharks and rays ( hence its common name and scientific epithet ) , funded by the western australian marine science institute ( wamsi ) . it was described by peter last , william white , and melody puckridge in a 2010 article for the scientific journal aqua . the type specimens are two adult males , one 30 cm ( 12 in ) and the other 29 cm ( 11 in ) across , both collected from five fingers reef near coral bay , western australia .\n. . . in the present paper , we compile all co1 and cytochrome b gene sequences published thus far for the blue - spotted maskray and we add new sequences from samples collected in the western indian ocean and throughout the indo - malay archipelago , to construct a robust mitochondrial phylogeny and establish an updated distribution of the clades previously uncovered in the coral triangle region [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 ] . we assess whether the different clades , including those recently resurrected or erected as new species [ 24 ] correspond to evolutionary significant units that deserve the status of separate species . . . .\nthe plain maskray inhabits continental shelf waters between 12 and 62 m ( last and stevens 2009 ) , although the species is more prominent in deeper water environments . while the species can reach up to 45 cm disc width ( dw ) , it is more commonly encountered at smaller sizes . it is typically found in environments with sandy or soft substrates ( jacobsen and bennett 2012 ) . this species likely has an annual reproductive cycle ( jacobsen 2007 ) , producing 1 - 3 embryos ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . size at birth is 12 - 14 cm dw ( last and stevens 2009 ) with the smallest recorded free - living animal measured at 13 . 7 cm dw ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . age and size at 50 % maturity is estimated to be four years and 20 . 4 cm dw in males and 3 - 4 years and 19 . 1 cm dw for females ( jacobson and bennett 2010 ) . size at first sexual maturity is 19 . 2 cm dw in males and 18 . 4 cm dw in females ( jacobsen and bennett 2010 ) . males are estimated to live to at least 9 years and females to at least 13 years , both with an estimated maximum size of 45 . 2 cm dw ( stobutzki et al . 2002 ) . generation length is calculated as 8 . 5 years based on the above female age at maturity and maximum age figures .\nas with many other small demersal stingrays , the speckled maskray is highly susceptible to capture in trawl fisheries . it is a common component of prawn trawl bycatch ( which is discarded ) within its range . survivorship is generally unknown , and probably dependent on the method of capture . stobutzki et al . ( 2002 ) reports that 27 % of females and 95 % of males ( 57 % total ) captured in the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) died in the trawl net . this species does not appear to be robust in heavy trawl gear with scallop catch , where it is often crushed , resulting in reasonable mortality ( kyne 2008 ) .\nthe speckled maskray is a highly abundant species within some parts of its distribution ; commonly caught as trawl bycatch within the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) in the gulf of carpentaria ( zhou and griffiths 2008 ) . on the east coast , common on queensland scallop trawling grounds between yeppoon and hervey bay ( kyne et al . 2005 ) , but not commonly encountered on east coast prawn trawl grounds north of cairns ( kyne 2008 ) . also a prominent species in the torres strait ( pitcher et al . 2007 ) and a likely component of elasmobranch bycatch in the torres strait prawn fishery ( i . p . jacobsen , pers . obs . , 2010 ) .\nthe ningaloo maskray has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc about 1 . 1 times wider than long , with straight to slightly convex leading margins and rounded outer corners . the snout is short and rounded . the eyes are large and protruding , with large crescent - shaped spiracles behind . between the slender nostrils is a curtain - shaped flap of skin with a deeply fringed rear margin that is divided into two lobes . the small mouth has shallow grooves at the corners and is surrounded by papillae ; there are also two long papillae on the floor of the mouth . the teeth range from long and pointed to short and blunt . there are five pairs of s - shaped gill slits . the pelvic fins are narrow and triangular .\n. . . australiae , n . caeruleopunctata , n . orientale ) previously under n . kuhlii and resurrected a fourth one , n . varidens ( garman 1885 ) [ 25 ] . diagnostic morphological differences between the species were proposed but no in - depth assessment of inter - specific against infra - specific differences was included [ 24 ] . in the present paper , we compile all co1 and cytochrome b gene sequences published thus far for the blue - spotted maskray and we add new sequences from samples collected in the western indian ocean and throughout the indo - malay archipelago , to construct a robust mitochondrial phylogeny and establish an updated distribution of the clades previously uncovered in the coral triangle region [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 ] . . . .\n. . . the maskrays of genus neotrygon castelnau ( family : dasyatidae ) is resurrected as a valid generic name form the genus dasyatis ; have dispersed widely in the indo - west pacific and represented largely by an assemblage by a narrow - ranging coastal endemics ( last and white 2008 ; puckridge et al . 2013 ) . the species blue - spotted maskray / stingray , neotrygon kuhlii ( muller & henle , 1841 ) is consid - ered to be common across the indo - west pacific region forming an important component of artisanal and commercial fisheries in a number of areas ( compagno and last 1998 ; white and dharmadi 2007 ) . this species has lots of taxonom - ic ambiguity at present and it is classified as ' data deficient ' . . . .\na new maskray , neotrygon ningalooensis n . sp . , is described from material collected near coral bay in the ningaloo marine park , off the central coast of western australia , where its distribution appears to be restricted and patchy . however , other recently accessed material , collected further south ( shark bay , western australia ) and east ( gove , northern territory ) , suggest that this species is more widespread . like other members of the genus neotrygon , it lives primarily on sandy substrates but often hides partly concealed beneath small coral bommies during the day . its eyes are relatively more protrusible than its congeners enabling it to bury deeply in soft sediments with its eyes still exposed . the type specimens were speared in shallow water near the shore in close association with two congeners , n . leylandi and n . kuhlii , from which it differs in colour and morphology . neotrygon ningalooensis and n . ley\u00adlandi both have an ornate dorsal coloration but lack the vivid blue spots typical of n . kuhlii . molecular analysis has confirmed that the three sympatric species at ningaloo are specifically distinct .\n. . . this species complex consists of up to eleven parapatrically - distributed lineages representing separate species [ 6 , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] of which nine have already been formally described [ 7 , [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] . these are n . australiae last , white and s\u00e9ret 2016 , n . bobwardi borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . caeruleopunctata last , white and s\u00e9ret 2016 , n . malaccensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . moluccensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 , n . orientale last , white and s\u00e9ret 2016 , n . vali borsa 2017 , n . varidens ( garman 1885 , and n . westpapuensis borsa , arlyza , hoareau and shen 2017 . two other species in the genus , the nominal n . kuhlii from vanikoro and n . trigonoides possess distinctive spot patterns [ 3 , 15 , 16 ] that tell them apart from the blue - spotted maskray as it was originally described by j . m\u00fcller and f . g . j . henle [ 4 ] . . . .\nbody not wing - like ; disc length slightly shorter than width 90 . 4 % ( 82 . 6\u201397 . 6 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 74 . 6 % ( 68 . 9\u201378 . 7 % ) dw , wide margin of granular or flat denticles , pearl thorns on mid disc ; tail whip - like , total length 338 . 5 % ( 297 . 4\u2013402 . 9 % ) dw , with long and large ventral skin fold , ventral skin fold length 102 . 7 % ( 74 . 0\u2013123 . 4 % ) dw , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 10 . 9 % ( 9 . 1\u201311 . 9 % ) dw , tail height 6 . 5 % ( 5 . 7\u20137 . 2 % ) dw , plain in colour ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 23 . 2 % ( 20 . 5\u201326 . 9 % ) dw ; eye diameter 2 . 6 % ( 1 . 8\u20133 . 1 % ) dw ; spiracle length 6 . 9 % ( 5 . 9\u20137 . 7 % ) dw , interspiracular length 16 . 8 % ( 14 . 3\u201318 . 7 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 19 . 8 % ( 17 . 8\u201321 . 9 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 13 . 1 % ( 12 . 2\u201313 . 8 % ) dw . genus : pastinachus .\nbody not wing - like ; disc length slightly longer than width 104 . 1 % ( 82 . 3\u2013120 . 0 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 88 . 5 % ( 67 . 7\u2013107 . 0 % ) dw , wide margin of granular or flat denticles , with or without thorns on midline , thorns granular ( like pearl ) or sharp if present ; tail usually whip - like , total length 270 . 2 % ( 154 . 7\u2013468 . 0 % ) dw , without ventral skin fold , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 9 . 2 % ( 4 . 1\u201312 . 3 % ) dw , tail height 5 . 9 % ( 3 . 4\u20139 . 0 % ) dw , plain in colour or with patterns ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 16 . 1 % ( 11 . 9\u201326 . 0 % ) dw ; eye diameter 4 . 3 % ( 1 . 0\u20136 . 7 % ) dw ; spiracle length 6 . 9 % ( 4 . 7\u201312 . 1 % ) dw , interspiracular length 18 . 5 % ( 12 . 9\u201325 . 8 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 23 . 8 % ( 14 . 6\u201330 . 8 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 15 . 8 % ( 9 . 0\u201319 . 2 % ) dw . genus : himantura . adult female himantura walga however has short and bulbous tail .\nbody not wing - like , disc length slightly longer than width 101 . 0 % ( 79 . 9\u2013112 . 9 % ) dw , snout to cloaca length 87 . 9 % ( 66 . 4\u2013103 . 3 % ) dw , no denticles , thorns confined to midline of disc ; tail whip - like , total length 277 . 2 % ( 75 . 2\u2013346 . 1 % ) dw , long but low ventral skin fold , ventral skin fold length 56 . 1 % ( 31 . 7\u201399 . 3 % ) dw , tail slightly depressed at base , tail width 8 . 5 % ( 3 . 7\u201312 . 3 % ) dw , tail height 5 . 0 % ( 2 . 8\u20136 . 8 % ) dw , plain colour of either dark brown or black ; subtriangular pelvic fin length 17 . 8 % ( 11 . 1\u201323 . 1 % ) dw ; eye diameter 3 . 8 % ( 1 . 8\u20136 . 6 % ) dw ; spiracle length 7 . 5 % ( 5 . 1\u201310 . 4 % ) dw , interspiracular length 18 . 1 % ( 12 . 5\u201322 . 1 % ) dw ; distance between first pair of gill slits 21 . 4 % ( 11 . 7\u201325 . 0 % ) dw , distance between fifth pair of gill slits 13 . 7 % ( 8 . 3\u201316 . 0 % ) dw . genera : dasyatis and taeniurops . taeniurops meyeni has short tail , without body thorns .\ncharacter 1 : body disc shape : 0 = wing like ; pectoral fin greatly expanded , 1 = rhombus , quadrangular or oval ; pectoral fin not greatly expanded . character 2 : body denticles and thorns : 0 = no distinct denticles and thorns , 1 = no distinct denticles ; thorn confined to midline of disc , 2 = granular or flat denticles band very broad ; some may have thorns that either confine to center of body or midline , thorns can be blunt or sharp , 3 = with small spiny or star like denticles ; no thorns along central disc or tail . character 3 : head position and elevation : 0 = head extended anterior to pectoral fin ; head elevated , 1 = head not extended anterior to pectoral fin ; head not elevated . character 4 : rostrum or cephalic fin : 0 = rostral fin single and convex , 1 = rostral fin bilobate and broadly notched medially 2 = snout forming bilobate cephalic fin , laterally based on head , 3 = not as stated . character 5 : gill opening : 0 = six gill opening , 1 = 5 gill opening . character 6 : tail types : 0 = tail short and stout , not whip like , 1 = tail long , whip like . character 7 : tail pattern : 0 = plain , 1 = banded or striped . character 8 : ventral skin fold : 0 = no ventral skin fold , 1 = low ventral skin fold , with or without indistinct dorsal skin fold , 2 = large ventral skin fold , 3 = distinct dorsal and ventral skin fold . character 9 : caudal fin : 0 = no caudal fin , 1 = with well developed caudal fin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .\nsister species to the more wide - ranging dasyatis kuhlii group members ( d . kuhlii and d . leylandi ) .\ncurrently there is no information available on population size or trend . however population reduction is suspected to have occurred over the last three generations ( see the rationale section for more details ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nage and growth of neotrygon picta , neotrygon annotata and neotrygon kuhlii from north - east australia , with notes on their reproductive biology . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nage and growth of neotrygon picta , neotrygon annotata and neotrygon kuhlii from north - east australia , with notes on their reproductive biology .\nschool of biomedical sciences , university of queensland , brisbane , 4072 queensland , australia . i . jacobsen @ urltoken\nvertebral band formations were used to define age and growth in three neotrygon species caught regularly as by - catch in prawn trawl fisheries in north - east australia . centrum edge and marginal increment ratio analyses were used to validate annual band formations . age estimates ranged from 1 to 18 years , with the von bertalanffy growth function considered to have the best fit to neotrygon picta ( males , w ( d\u221e ) = 271 mm , k = 0\u00b712 ; females , w ( d\u221e ) = 360\u00b75 mm , k = 0\u00b708 ) and neotrygon kuhlii ( males , w ( d\u221e ) = 438\u00b76 mm , k = 0\u00b708 ; females , w ( d\u221e ) = 440\u00b76 mm , k = 0\u00b708 ) disc width ( w ( d ) ) - at - age data . the gompertz growth function had the best fit to neotrygon annotata w ( d ) - at - age data ( males , w ( d\u221e ) = 230\u00b74 mm , k = 0\u00b720 ; females , w ( d\u221e ) = 265\u00b75 mm , k = 0\u00b731 ) . age at sexual maturity ranged from 3 to 6 years , with n . picta having the smallest size at birth ( 100 mm w ( d ) ) , smallest w ( d ) at 50 % maturity ( w ( d50 ) : male , 172 mm , female , 180\u00b77 mm ) and lowest age at sexual maturity ( 3 - 4 years ) . this study helps redefine and improve the accuracy of fisheries - based risk assessments for these small species with relatively conservative life - history variables .\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 10 - 62 m ( ref . 6871 ) . deep - water ; 8\u00b0s - 16\u00b0s\neastern indian ocean and southwest pacific : northern australia , southern new guinea and eastern indonesia .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 18 - 22 cm max length : 45 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9840 )\nfound offshore on continental shelf and feeds on bony fishes and crustaceans . litters of 1 - 3 pups , born at 12 - 14 cm wd ( ref . 114953 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 )\novoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\nlast , p . r . and j . d . stevens , 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro , australia . 513 p . ( ref . 6871 )\n) : 27 . 1 - 28 . 7 , mean 28 ( based on 140 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01096 ( 0 . 00347 - 0 . 03466 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 38 of 100 ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nlast , p . r . 1987 ,\nnew australian fishes . part 14 . two new species of dasyatis ( dasyatididae )\n, memoirs of museum victoria , vol . 48 , no . 1 , pp . 57 - 61\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3fba2fb1 - caa5 - 40ca - 80d4 - 431d067a9cc7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46aa84cc - 730f - 40bd - b686 - 3f2d7437f74a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52cfdad0 - 347e - 41a9 - adcd - 19528ddc7e61\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46fb0c2b - 3ac6 - 4e9d - b777 - 301ea837ed25\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 347356\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nendemic to northern australia from the bonaparte archipelago , wa to wellesley islands qld . inhabits soft bottom substrates in depths of 12 - 62 m .\ndasyatis annotatus last , 1987 , mem . mus . vict . 48 ( 1 ) : 57 , fig . 1 . type locality : northwest shelf , wa .\nmarine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers\n. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\ngloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 .\n. jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp . ( as\nlast , p . r . & compagno , l . j . v . 1999 . family dasyatidae . pp . 1479 - 1505 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\n. rome : fao vol . 3 pp . 1397 - 2068 . ( as\nin : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 .\nsp . nov . , a new species from northern australia . 315 - 326 in last , p . r . , white , w . t . & pogonoski , j . j . ( eds ) . descriptions of new australian chondrichthyans .\nstobutzki , i . c . , miller , m . j . , heales , d . s . & brewer , d . t . 2002 . sustainability of elasmobranches caught as bycatch in a tropical prawn ( shrimp ) trawl fishery .\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 10 - 62 m ( ref . 6871 ) . deep - water , preferred ? ; 8\u00b0s - 16\u00b0s\neastern indian ocean : timor sea . western pacific : arafura sea and off northern australia .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 20 - 22 cm max length : 45 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9840 )\nfound on the continental shelf . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . little is known of its biology .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of neotrygon annotata has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved\nsize : disc width : at least 24 cm . total length : at least 45 cm .\nhabitat often found in along shallow coastal tropical waters . found on continental shelf at depths of 12 m - 62 m .\nhabits observed lying on the bottom of the flats and bays , shoal lagoons , river mouths and patches of sand between coral area . they could swim rapidly by undulating their pectoral fins . sometimes they are found swimming near the surface . most often they are completely or partially buried in the sand or mud with only tail , eyes and spiracles exposed . pectoral fins are used to dig in to the floor to excavate prey .\ngeneral : general systemic effects systemic symptoms are uncommon , but nausea , vomiting , hypotension and collapse can occur .\ngeneral : other in cases of major mechanical trauma , significant tissue damage can occur and if major vessels are severed , exsanguination can occur . similarly , if the chest or abdomen are punctured , severe , even lethal internal injury can occur . this injury may not be immediately apparent , delayed death being possible .\ntreatment summary stings by marine stingrays are generally associated with significant local pain and physical trauma . treatment is directed at dealing with these problems , as envenoming is not a major issue ( other than any pain - producing effects of the venom ) . initial pain is often responsive to immersion of the stung area in hot ( 45c , not scalding ) water for an hour ( ensure no thermal injury occurs ) . beyond this , analgesia can be provided by an escalating scale , from oral , through parenteral analgesics , to regional anaesthetic nerve block . the wound should be inspected for retained sting fragments and these removed . major bleeding following transection of vessels should be staunched . beware wounds where the sting has penetrated a body cavity , either the abdomen , or the chest . penetrating injuries over the heart can prove lethal . beware early or late haemopericardium . stingray wounds can develop late necrosis and secondary infection . beware tetanus .\nkey diagnostic features immediate severe local pain , lacerated wound after walking in shallow ( usually sandy ) water , rapid local swelling , development of local necrosis / chronic ulceration uncommon , but possible .\ngeneral approach to management first priority is relief of pain and staunching bleeding if major vessel transected . thereafter symptomatic care , good wound care .\n: the principle aim of this site is to provide information useful to improving outcomes for humans suffering from envenoming or poisoning by animals , plants or mushrooms . we make a reasonable attempt to verify accuracy of information listed on this site . however , we cannot access every published paper of potential relevance , either because they are not available to us or are in a language we cannot translate internally . equally , we cannot list knowledge which is not yet reported or known . it should not be assumed that humankind currently knows all there is to know about any species , even for common species . further , we cannot control how users will interpret the information provided on this site . we therefore do not accept legal responsibility for use of the information provided and we require that all users use information from this site at their own risk . the following should also be noted when reading information contained within the databases on this website : italics for scientific nomenclature cannot be displayed , and superscripting and subscripting is absent in some instances .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncorrection : molecular and morphological analyses reveal phylogenetic relationships of stingrays focusing on the family dasyatidae ( myliobatiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0129411 .\nelucidating the phylogenetic relationships of the current but problematic dasyatidae ( order myliobatiformes ) was the first priority of the current study . here , we studied three molecular gene markers of 43 species ( coi gene ) , 33 species ( nd2 gene ) and 34 species ( rag1 gene ) of stingrays to draft out the phylogenetic tree of the order . nine character states were identified and used to confirm the molecularly constructed phylogenetic trees . eight or more clades ( at different hierarchical level ) were identified for coi , nd2 and rag1 genes in the myliobatiformes including four clades containing members of the present dasyatidae , thus rendering the latter non - monophyletic . the uncorrected p - distance between these four \u2018dasytidae\u2019 clades when compared to the distance between formally known families confirmed that these four clades should be elevated to four separate families . we suggest a revision of the present classification , retaining the dasyatidae ( dasyatis and taeniurops species ) but adding three new families namely , neotrygonidae ( neotrygon and taeniura species ) , himanturidae ( himantura species ) and pastinachidae ( pastinachus species ) . our result indicated the need to further review the classification of dasyatis microps . by resolving the non - monophyletic problem , the suite of nine character states enables the natural classification of the myliobatiformes into at least thirteen families based on morphology .\ncitation : lim kc , lim p - e , chong vc , loh k - h ( 2015 ) molecular and morphological analyses reveal phylogenetic relationships of stingrays focusing on the family dasyatidae ( myliobatiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0120518 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 lim et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : we thank japan international centre for agricultural sciences ( jircas ) 57 - 02 - 03 - 1005 , um research grant ( umrg ) rg191 - 121sus and um ippp grant - pg103 - 2012b for the financial support of the study . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe family dasyatidae in the order myliobatiformes is one of the biggest families of batoid fishes . according to carpenter & niem [ 1 ] , the body of members of the dasyatids is characterized by a large , oval , circular or rhomboidal disc usually covered with denticles , thorns and tubercles on the dorsal surface and sometimes on the tail . given the large number of species described in the dasyatidae , the classification and status of the described species are still in flux owing to taxonomic uncertainties especially at the family level . the few comprehensive studies on the classification within the dasyatidae are based either on morphology , including their external morphological structures , squamation , tooth root vascularization and structure , lateral line canal , skeletal structure and cephalic and branchial musculature [ 2 ] , or molecular markers including mtgenome , rag1 and scfd2 [ 3 , 4 ] . nevertheless , these approaches fail to classify the dasyatidae such as the species of himantura and pastinachus into defined clusters since some still remain as incertae sedis or uncertain placements . the binary differentiation based on the absence and presence of placoid scales ( or more often terms such as thorns and denticles ) as adopted by mceachran & aschliman [ 2 ] is thought to be too general because there are instances of variable patterns of thorns and denticles among the dasyatids . on the other hand , some distinct characters such as the ventral tail fold and body and tail pigmentations , not included in mceachran & aschliman [ 2 ] , may be used to resolve the taxonomic uncertainties between himantura and pastinachus [ 5 ] ."]}
{"id": 2361, "summary": [{"text": "poecilocapsus is a genus of bugs from miridae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species ' size is usually 6 \u2013 8 millimetres ( 0.24 \u2013 0.31 in ) , and could be found in countries like canada , the united states , and mexico . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "poecilocapsus", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz added text to\ntext\non\npoecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )\n.\nkatja schulz marked\nfourlined plant bug\nas hidden on the\npoecilocapsus lineatus\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nyellow leaf bug\nto\npoecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\norange leaf bug\nto\npoecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )\n.\ntwo of the most damaging insects on perennial plants are the tarnished plant bug , lygus lineolaris , and the four - lined plant bug , poecilocapsus lineatus . these two plant bugs can cause serious problems because they have such a wide variety of host plants . the four - lined plant bug feeds on 250 plant species which are mostly herbaceous . the tarnished plant bug is a problem on a wide variety of ornamental flowers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nadult : forewing bright green or yellow with four black linear stripes , head is always orange , even on nymphs .\ne . na to calif . ( ns - sk to fl - ca & mexico )\nchecklist of the hemiptera of canada and alaska maw , h . e . l . , r . g . foottit , k . g . a . hamilton and g . g . e . scudder . 2000 . nrc research press .\ncatalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs of canada and the continental united states thomas j . henry , richard c . froeschner . 1988 . brill academic publishers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndamage varies slightly from the two plant bugs . the four - lined plant bugs cause small ( 1 / 16 inch ) , discolored areas on leaves where they suck out cell juices . injured areas will turn black or become translucent , and after several weeks , the dead tissue may drop out , leaving small holes . the adults feed on the upper surfaces of leaves and are voracious feeders . the topmost leaves will generally be the first to be injured .\ndamage from the tarnished plant bug is in the form of distorted foliage or disbudded plants . this damage is caused by the overwintered adults which attack swollen and opening buds in the early spring . the disbudding will cause the plant to be short and bushy . if the attack takes place after shoot elongation begins , the tip will often turn black and die , or it will be so damaged that shoot stunting or distortion occurs . stems frequently break at the injured area .\nthe four - lined plant bug overwinters as eggs inserted into a slit near the top of tender shoots . nymphs emerge from the eggs in may . nymphal coloring varies from bright red to yellow . the species requires about 30 days to complete nymphal development . forewings of adults are yellow , but may turn bright green . however , the four black stripes that give the insect its name remain distinct . this species normally has one generation a year .\nadults of the tarnished plant bug overwinter as adults in leaf litter . beginning in the spring , they lay eggs mainly in the stems and flowers of herbaceous plants . after hatching , the young nymphs usually remain to feed on the same plant until they mature . the nymph is green or pale yellow and grows rapidly . adults are capable flyers and readily move from place to place . there may be two to five generations per year . in midsummer , a life cycle may be completed in about 25 days . by late summer , populations can become very abundant .\n1 . live with the damage . since damage is often cosmetic , some damage can be tolerated . often , natural predators will keep the insects under control .\n2 . remove leaf litter . to limit problems in coming years , clean up leaf litter to avoid overwintering sites for tarnished plant bugs .\n3 . prune out egg masses . learn to identify the egg masses of four - lined plant bugs and prune them out in winter .\n4 . use insecticidal soap s . if populations are high enough , spraying with an insecticidal soap may be necessary . because the tarnished plant bug can go through many generations in a single year and cause great damage to a plant , it is best to initiate control when it first appears .\n5 . if necessary , use chemical insecticides . plant bugs can be controlled with malathion , and carbaryl ( sevin ) .\nstrategies 1 , 2 , and 3 are strictly organic approaches . for an organic approach to strategy 4 , consult the organic materials review institute ( omri\u2122 ) for appropriate insecticidal soap products .\nfour - lined plant bug adult ( hemiptera ) on oregano ( origanum vulgare hirtum ) ; note the hinged wingtips characteristic of plant bugs in the family miridae .\nthe garden wouldn ' t be the garden without our members , donors and volunteers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis insect , known as the four - lined leaf - bug , is found all over . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nshowed up for the first time in my garden in austin texas this spring . . . all over my snaps . . . with lots of damage . easy to kill with your finger but they see you coming and hide !\nhave wreaked havoc on my perennials the past two seasons , but most plants seem to recover as the summer progresses . nasty little things , quick and hard to catch . hopefully this spring ' s cool weather will limit their numbers .\nis it too late for\nhelp\n? this bug is everywhere on our property , perennial and vegetable garden . leaves are curling and falling off by the minute and it ' s only june . ( 2009 ) . second question . . . anyone suspect this damage on their rose bush ? i have a reference that says damage from fourlined plant bug can look like fungal damage if severe enough . 50 % of our rose leaves are tissue paper thin , irregular big patchy brown and see - through as if all chlorophyll is gone . set right next to cranesbill . any comments ? i hesitate to post that photo until i know . . .\nwe just found out that this is the bug that is destroying our orregano and is now moving to our mint and god forbid - our basil ! we ' re going to try neem oil first - i read that worked for someone else .\nas the 1st line of defense , handpick the four - lined plant bug whenever possible . ( i rarely see it . ) when needed , use rotenone , a plant - derived insecticide , which is harmless to warm - blooded animals , but kills all insects , and harms fish . more info : urltoken\noh this guy is a bad one ! i could have written each post here . i have taken photos and they are just as found here . they need to be stopped any suggestions ? seven does not hinder them what so ever !\nthese bugs have infested and destroyed chrysanthemums and mint as well as chinese lanterns and anemones . i would really like advice on how to get rid of them because they seem to be getting thicker and hungrier each year .\nthis bug seems new to my area ( minnesota ) . have never seen in before this year , and boy did it destroy my spring perennial garden . it seems like it will eat nearly anything . i ' ve never resorted to insecticide before , but it was that or raze the entire garden this year . how upsetting !\ni never noticed this bug until about four years ago . the infestation is getting worse every year . i have the same problem with the plants listed , but they are also devouring my butterfly bushes . how can i control them ? i try not to use chemicals , but these critters are quick !\nfour lined bugs are getting to be a bigger problem every year . they have all but decimated a large planting of perennial geranium by late june . they ' ve eaten into mums , valerian , brunnera , salvias , even looks like they tried some sedums .\nfour - lined plant bugs damage many species of herbaceous and woody plants , causing immediate damage , which may be severe in areas where bug populations are dense .\noverwintered eggs , inserted into woody plant tissues , hatch in spring . nymphs can develop on many species of plants . more than 250 species in 57 families have been reported as hosts , but the bugs seem to prefer certain species in the mint family ( labiatae ) , nightshade family ( solonaceae ) , and the aster family ( asteraceae ) .\nthe bugs can cause considerable damage to a number of cultivated plant species . in the herb garden , peppermint , spearmint , sage , marjoram , lavender , and hyssop are consistently damaged .\ndaisy , gaillardia , and wormwood are damaged . in the vegetable garden ; parsnips can be seriously damaged , and cucumbers , lettuce , peas , potatoes , radishes , and squash are also attacked . the form of the feeding damage varies with leaf shape , texture , pubescence , and venation . leaves usually are peppered with small , depressed , round or irregular spots that may become transparent . plants show symptoms of feeding damage as soon as the bugs\u0092 stylets enter their tissues . the tissues clear immediately , beginning at the point of penetration and radiating out to from a roughly circular spot about 2 mm in diameter . there is one generation per year .\ni like butterflies and there are lots of flowers , herbs . . . read more\na tree in your backyard has died or become diseased . . . . read more\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2018 dave ' s garden , an internet brands company . all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use , rules , privacy policy , and cookie policy ."]}
{"id": 2363, "summary": [{"text": "lepidurus arcticus is a species of tadpole shrimp which inhabits both ephemeral pools and permanent freshwater lakes of norway , greenland , finland , sweden , svalbard , iceland , russia and the kuril islands .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "unlike other species of tadpole shrimp , lepidurus arcticus is known to coexist with fish , such as arctic char .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "furthermore , they exist in water temperatures much colder ( 4 \u2013 7 \u00b0c or 39 \u2013 45 \u00b0f ) than the other species of its order .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a common predator of daphnia pulex . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "lepidurus arcticus", "paragraphs": ["heart ultrastructure in lepidurus arcticus pallas ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) . - pubmed - ncbi\narctic tadpole shrimp , lepidurus arcticus . viewed through a 10x hand lens . queen maud gulf bird sanctuary , nunavut . photo by justin heseltine .\nchristoffersen , k . ( 2001 ) . predation on daphnia pulex by lepidurus arcticus . hydrobiologia , 442 , 223\u2013229 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1017584928657\nlakka , hk . ( 2013 ) . the ecology of a freshwater crustacean : lepidurus arcticus ( branchiopoda ; notostraca ) in a high arctic region ( master\u2019s thesis ) . university of helsinki , helsinki , finland .\narnold , g . p . ( 1966 ) . observations on lepidurus arcticus ( pallas ) ( crustacea , notostraca ) in east greenland . annals and magazine of natural history , 9 , 599\u2013617 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00222936608651674\n\u2026 branchinecta paludosa and the notostracan lepidurus arcticus are regularly found in small pools of the arctic tundra regions . these pools are temporary in the sense that they freeze solid in winter . a few species in these groups are found in permanent lakes .\nlepidurus arcticus , or arctic tadpole shrimp , belong to one of only two genera in the order notostraca ( arthropoda : crustacea ) . considered living fossils , notostracans have existed since the permian in an evolutionary arrested state ( longhurst , 1955 ) .\nwojtasik , b . , & bry\u0142ka - wo\u0142k , m . ( 2010 ) . reproduction and genetic structure of a freshwater crustacean lepidurus arcticus from spitsbergen . polish polar research , 31 , 33\u201344 . doi : 10 . 4202 / ppres . 2010 . 03\nking eider ( somateria spectabilis ) ducklings . potential future consumers of l . arcticus . queen maud gulf bird sanctuary , nunavut . photo by justin heseltine .\nrogers , d . c . ( 2001 ) . revision of the nearctic lepidurus ( notostraca ) . journal of crustacean biology , 21 , 991\u20131006 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 20021975 - 99990192\nwant : t . canciformis simplex ( those blue ones ) , t . canciformis green type , lepidurus , giant t . granarius ( so - called t . numidicus ) , beaver - tailed fairy shrimp\nalong with being a good candidate as an indicator species , l . arcticus may have an important role in the local ecology of arctic ponds . their diet is omnivorous , including ( but not limited to ) detritus , phytoplankton , and small crustaceans like daphnia pulex ( christoffersen , 2001 ; lakka , 2013 ) . with such a wide - ranging diet , l . arcticus likely plays an important role in the ecological structure of pond communities . in addition to their predatory role , l . arcticus stir up sediment as they search for food in in the benthic layer ( arnold , 1966 ) . this stirring up transfers nutrients into the main waterbody where it becomes available to primary producers ( arnold , 1966 ) .\ntheir eggs also play another role in the continued success of l . arcticus . being restricted to often isolated water bodies and having such a short life cycle , l . arcticus is not able to expand its distribution on its own . on top of being highly drought resistant , l . arcticus eggs are also sticky ( lakka , 2013 ) . this aids the eggs in being able to hitch rides to new locations . while their mode of reproduction is not fully understood , it is known that asexual reproduction , through parthenogenesis , is common ( hessen et al . , 2004 ; lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bry\u0142ka - wo\u0142k , 2010 ) . thus , only a single egg is necessary to colonize a new location ( longhurst , 1955 ) .\nthe most important reason for studying l . arcticus however , is to learn more about them as a prey species for arctic birds . after all , invertebrate zoology is really just a fancied up term for the study of bird food . in europe , purple sandpipers ( calidris maritima ) , arctic terns ( sterna paradisaea ) , and dunlins ( calidris alpina ) have all been observed feeding on l . arcticus ( lakka , 2013 ) . all of which are birds that can be found breeding in the north american arctic . locally to where i first encountered l . arcticus , sizeable populations of king eiders ( somateria spectabilis ) , long - tailed ducks ( clangula hyemalis ) , arctic terns , red - throated loons ( gavia stellata ) , and various species of small shorebirds ( scolopacidae ) could be found nesting and feeding by the various surrounding lakes . it is highly likely that , given the lack of other food sources , l . arcticus makes up a significant portion of these birds diets during the breeding season .\neven though they lack genetic diversity ( both spatially and temporally ) , l . arcticus is found across the globe in arctic and subarctic regions ( hessen et al . 2004 ; rogers , 2001 ) . i first encountered l . arcticus while working at karrak lake in the queen maud gulf bird sanctuary . with 13 . 5 km 2 of surface water and an approximate average depth of 1 . 2 m , karrak likely freezes to the bottom during the winter ( kellett & alisauskas , 1997 ) . not the friendliest conditions for a relatively unevolved crustacean .\nback to my youth . collecting strange animals from fresh water . ben frederiks found the first one . steve coulson made me remember their name , and this morning i went on a hunt . i caught within 15 minutes 17 lepidurus arcticus , the tadpole shrimp . looks like a miniature horseshoe crab . as food i added daphnia , another of my favourite creatures . i give lectures about this creature about their ability to develop spines when fish are present , sexual and asexual reproduction , the ability to produce haemoglobin in oxygen low waters , their abilty to travel on bird legs , their winter eggs and thier role in cleaning turbid waters from fytoplankton .\nthe recent discovery of a fine suite of late - glacial strata near ballyhalbert on the north - eastern irish coast in an accessible position has allowed a careful study to be made of the different layers for plant and animal macrofossils . particularly interesting has been the recovery of numerous characteristic telsons of the freshwater notostracan lepidurus arcticus , a species which was reported recently by mitchell 1 from late - glacial levels at ballaugh in the isle of man , at neasham , co . durham , and at mapastown , co . louth . records from these late - glacial contexts are significant since the species is not known in the present fauna of the british isles . its modern distribution is circumpolar , between 65\u00b0 and 80\u00b0 n .\nthe heart of lepidurus arcticus consists of an epicardium and a single layer of strongly polarized myocardial cells , 10 - 50 micron thick , with the myofibrillar part facing the epicardium . the z - bands are diffuse and some z - material forms attachment plaques . relaxed sarcomeres show a hexagonal arrangement of thick filaments and 6 thin filaments in orbit , but filaments often diverge in their orientation . the sarcolemma invaginates from both the epicardial and the endocardial side of the cell , forming clefts and t - tubules . the sarcoplasmic reticulum is loosely reticular , cisternae associate with sarcolemma to form large and typical peripheral and interior couplings . the latter are of the\nbutton - to - button\ntype and they tend to be located at the a - i level .\nso how do they survive ? well , they don\u2019t . not for very long anyways . l . arcticus has a single - season life cycle that terminates with the laying of its eggs in fall ( lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bry\u0142ka - wo\u0142k , 2010 ) . the key to this is their drought resistant eggs ( longhurst , 1955 ) .\nhey ! im in a search for finding lepidurus arcticus in my area ( i am in the north ) and i have contacted a local biologist ! i ' m still waiting to hear back from her but she is currently trying to find locations where they have been recorded etc . whats great about this species is that they can live over a year , but are only up to a cm long ( recorded biggest ) and thier eggs hatch before they dry because they live in permanent little lakes . i can still ship the eggs to those interested in buying by freezing some dirt rock solid . this would be a really cool species to have ! imagine a constant colony of triops ! ill post more information when i hear back . also i wont be going to look till the spring , its all frozen . . . . anyways enjoy this link to see more : urltoken aaron\nhowever , dispersal is still not well understood ( hessen et al . , 2004 ) , and overall , lepidurus is just one of many understudied genera of invertebrates . most of the contemporary research done on arctic tadpole shrimp , comes from studies in europe ( e . g . christoffersen , 2001 ; hessen et al . , 2004 ; lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bry\u0142ka - wo\u0142k , 2010 ) . their distribution in the north american arctic and subarctic is poorly known , even less so for the canadian portion than the alaskan portion ( rogers , 2001 ) . this is unfortunate given that in her 2013 master thesis , hanna - kaisa lakka identified l . arcticus as being a good candidate for use as an indicator species . among other reasons , they are sensitive to environmental change ( e . g . , ph , temperature , and salinity ) , are common over wide areas , and are highly visible and easily surveyed .\nit is thought that birds are a primary source of dispersal for the species . either by eggs sticking to feet , through being pooped out after digestion of their parents , or by adults intended for ingestion being accidentally dropped in flight ( arnold , 1966 ) . since l . arcticus is one of the few tadpole shrimp species know to coexist with fish , it is also thought that their sticky eggs could attach to arctic char and be carried along as the char migrate to new areas or are taken as food ( lakka , 2013 ) .\narten synes \u00f6vervintra i \u00e4ggstadiet . unga individer kan p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffas under juli och fullvuxna under augusti\u2013september . djuren \u00e4r fr\u00e5n och med ungef\u00e4r en centimeters l\u00e4ngd mycket l\u00e4tta att se d\u00e4r de simmar likt sm\u00e5 rockor strax \u00f6ver bottnen . p\u00e5 grund av sitt exponerade levnadss\u00e4tt utg\u00f6r de l\u00e4ttillg\u00e4nglig f\u00f6da f\u00f6r f\u00e5gel och fisk . den \u00e4r dock n\u00e5got mindre k\u00e4nslig f\u00f6r fiskpredation \u00e4n andra bladfotingar d\u00e5 den stundom p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffats i fiskf\u00f6rande fj\u00e4llsj\u00f6ar . l . arcticus \u00e4r liksom m\u00e5nga andra sk\u00f6ldbladfotingar en all\u00e4tare som livn\u00e4r sig p\u00e5 v\u00e4xtdelar och bottenlevande sm\u00e5djur , som mygglarver och maskar . arten gynnas sannolikt av stillast\u00e5ende , helst fisktomma samt av f\u00f6rsurning , f\u00f6roreningar och regleringar op\u00e5verkade fj\u00e4llvatten .\nwhen i first saw arctic tadpole shrimp , i wondered how such a small creature could live , and seemingly thrive , in such a remote and harsh environment . in attempting to answer my question , i expected to find some sort of egg designed to endure the freezing winter conditions . what i was not expecting to find was that l . arcticus is a genetically simple , living fossil , with a circumpolar distribution . nor was i expecting to find that such little arctic buddies could have such large impacts on the surrounding ecology or that they could potentially serve as useful indicators for the rapidly changing northern climate . way to go , little guys !\nfj\u00e4llsk\u00f6ldbladfotingen tillh\u00f6r gruppen notostraca , sk\u00f6ldbladfotingar , som karakteriseras av att huvud och framkropp \u00e4r t\u00e4ckta av en kraftig ryggsk\u00f6ld vilken \u00e4r tillplattad uppifr\u00e5n . ryggsk\u00f6lden har en rundad framkant , medan det i bak\u00e4nden finns en djup insk\u00e4rning med tandad kant . bakkroppen , som \u00e4r l\u00e5ng och smal , b\u00e4r en \u00e4ndgaffel , s . k . furca , best\u00e5ende av tv\u00e5 spr\u00f6t . de tv\u00e5 antennparen \u00e4r b\u00e5da mycket sm\u00e5 . de f\u00f6rsta benparen har utskott , som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r f\u00f6rflyttning n\u00e4r djuret kryper p\u00e5 botten , samt f\u00f6r att krafsa i bottenslammet efter f\u00f6da . de \u00f6vriga benen \u00e4r plattade och flikiga . dessa ben , s . k . phyllopodier , \u00e4r i st\u00e4ndig r\u00f6relse och anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r kortare simturer , men framf\u00f6rallt som organ f\u00f6r andning , samt f\u00f6r filtrering och transport av f\u00f6dopartiklar till munnen . tv\u00e5 fasett\u00f6gon och ett mediant placerat nauplius\u00f6ga sitter uppe p\u00e5 ryggsk\u00f6lden , n\u00e4ra framkanten . honorna n\u00e5r en l\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 knappt 25 mm medan de mindre hannarna \u00e4r knappt 15 mm . f\u00e4rgen \u00e4r gulbrun . sl\u00e4ktet har ytterligare en svensk art , spetssk\u00f6ldbladfotingen , lepidurus apus , vilken finns i s\u00f6dra sverige och skiljs genom sin st\u00f6rre storlek , l\u00e4ngre utskott p\u00e5 f\u00f6rsta benparet samt l\u00e4ngre platta p\u00e5 sista bakkroppssegmentet .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhessen , d . o . , rueness , e . k . , & stabell , m . ( 2004 ) . circumpolar analysis of morphological and genetic diversity in the . hydrobiologia , 519 , 73\u201384 .\nkellett , d . k . , & alisauskas , r . t . ( 1997 ) . breeding biology of king eiders nesting on karrak lake , northwest territories . arctic , 50 , 47\u201354 .\nlonghurst , a . r . ( 1955 ) . evolution in the notostraca . evolution , 9 , 84\u201386 .\nfj\u00e4llsk\u00f6ldbladfotingen f\u00f6rekommer huvudsakligen i h\u00f6gfj\u00e4llsomr\u00e5det fr\u00e5n j\u00e4mtland till torne lappmark . arten har en cirkumpol\u00e4r utbredning i stillast\u00e5ende vatten inom det arktiska omr\u00e5det , inklusive sydnorges fj\u00e4lltrakter .\nf\u00f6rekommer huvudsakligen i h\u00f6gfj\u00e4llsomr\u00e5den d\u00e4r den troligen \u00e4r relativt utbredd . antalet k\u00e4nda vatten \u00e4r dock begr\u00e4nsat , bl . a . beroende p\u00e5 att arten \u00e4r relativt sv\u00e5r att observera , varf\u00f6r vi r\u00e4knar med ett visst m\u00f6rkertal . den finns dels i sm\u00e5 , fisktomma grunda vatten d\u00e4r den \u00e4r k\u00e4nslig f\u00f6r inplantering av fisk , dels i st\u00f6rre vatten med fiskf\u00f6rekomst ( fr\u00e4mst r\u00f6ding ) d\u00e4r arten sannolikt selekterat f\u00f6r ett beteende som g\u00f6r att den klarar fiskn\u00e4rvaro . arten \u00e4r f\u00f6rsurningsk\u00e4nslig . \u00e4ven om data saknas om eventuell minskning bed\u00f6mer vi att det finns en fortg\u00e5ende minskning . antalet lokalomr\u00e5den i landet skattas till 25 ( 10 - 200 ) . utbredningsomr\u00e5dets storlek ( eoo ) skattas till 20000 ( 12652 - 50000 ) km\u00b2 och f\u00f6rekomstarean ( aoo ) till 100 ( 40 - 800 ) km\u00b2 . utifr\u00e5n fynddata . minv\u00e4rde utifr\u00e5n fynduppgifter . en minskning av populationen p\u00e5g\u00e5r eller f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntas ske . minskningen avser kvalit\u00e9n p\u00e5 artens habitat , antalet lokalomr\u00e5den och antalet reproduktiva individer . pga uts\u00e4ttning av fisk i fisktomma vatten . beroende p\u00e5 vilka av de skattade v\u00e4rdena som anv\u00e4nds varierar bed\u00f6mningen fr\u00e5n livskraftig ( lc ) till n\u00e4ra hotad ( nt ) . baserat p\u00e5 de troligaste v\u00e4rdena hamnar arten i kategorin n\u00e4ra hotad ( nt ) . de skattade v\u00e4rdena f\u00f6r f\u00f6rekomstarea ligger under gr\u00e4nsv\u00e4rdet f\u00f6r starkt hotad ( en ) . detta i kombination med att fortg\u00e5ende minskning f\u00f6rekommer g\u00f6r att arten uppfyller kriterierna f\u00f6r kategorin n\u00e4ra hotad ( nt ) . ( b2b ( iii , iv , v ) ) .\nstoppa inplanteringen av fisk i fisktomma vatten . det vore inte orealistiskt att \u00e5terskapa st\u00f6rre , tidigare fisktomma fj\u00e4llvatten via rotenonbehandling . i vissa omr\u00e5den i s\u00f6dra fj\u00e4llkedjan kan kalkning beh\u00f6va s\u00e4ttas in f\u00f6r att trygga artens fortlevnad .\nl\u00e4nsvis f\u00f6rekomst och status f\u00f6r fj\u00e4llsk\u00f6ldbladfoting baserat p\u00e5 sammanst\u00e4llningar och bed\u00f6mningar av gjorda fynd .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\nenckell , p . h . 1980 . kr\u00e4ftdjur . signum i lund , ( 8 ) 685 sid .\ns\u00f8mme , s . 1934 . contribution to the biology of norwegian fish food animals . det norske videnskaps - akademi i oslo . 1 . matem - naturvid . klasse 1934 . no 6 . 36 pp .\nl\u00e4ngre texter , ut\u00f6ver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanst\u00e4llts av : p\u00e4r - erik lingdell 1995 . rev ulf bjelke 2008 . \u00a9 artdatabanken , slu 2008 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\npresent address : institut botanique , universit\u00e9 de montre\u00e9l , 4101 est , rue sherbrooke , montreal 36 , canada .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile , sending personal messages , and voting in polls . registration is simple and completely free . just make sure you make a post in the new member section after you register or your account may not be approved .\nif there is another apocalypse and mass extinction , i have no doubt in my mind that my triops will live , and populate the post apocalyptic earth . . . . and then . . . . . they evolve\n. . . whenever you are in doubt , or when the self becomes too much with you , apply the following test . recall the face of the poorest and the weakest man whom you may have seen , and ask yourself , if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him or her . . . then you will find your doubts and your self melt away .\n- - gandhi\nhave : t . longicaudatus ( regular * , black beauty * , gonochoric ) , t . granarius * , t . canciformis ( regular , red / albino / japanese , bavarian ) , t . australiensis ( regular , green , silver / queensland ) , t . newberryi * , t . mauritanicus , clam shrimp , fairy shrimp ( red - tailed , spiny - tailed ) , seed shrimp\ni ' d love some but . . . i don ' t think i could keep my water 40 degrees . . . < _ <\n40f is no problem where i live during the winter . you can also buy fish tank coolers . but most of the time they cost quite a bit . a lot of times you will find little refrigorators at garage sales . you can cut a small hole for a wire to put a light inside then reinsolate the hole . my well water is always at 45f so it would be easy for me to have a drip line near the bottom and an area for thwater to leave the tank near the top where the water is warmer . just some ideas\nt . longicaudatus green / t . longicaudatus marbled / t . longicaudatus black beauty / t . longicaudatus gonochoric / t . cancriformis / t . albino cancriformis / t . granarius / l . cryptus / t . mauritanicus\ni ' m going to put them in a tiny fridge i will set to 40 f .\nhow would you be able to view them in a fridge ? anyways i know where i can get a tank cooler and if that does not work i plan to modify a small fridge so then it has windows . anyways i still have not heard back from her . . . .\nyeah you ' d be able to view them it ' s glass but it ' s small - - it can prob . only hold a 5 gallon . . . . it ' s built for cooling water bottles nico\nyes i ' ve hear wine coolers ( the appliance , not the drink ) work well for these purposes . they ' ve typically got a front door made of glass and are much cheaper than even little college - style refrigerators . definitely something to consider !\nwhat you can do is get yourself a small can cooler and put inside this a length of coiled up airhose of about 20 feet . have another smaller coil which you place inside the triops tank . fill hose full of clean water and a little salt and use a small water pump to circulate the self - contained hose water from the cooler to the tank . similar in the way some computers cpus can be cooled via water . the peltier diode inside the cooler ' sucks ' heat away from inside the cooler and so cools the water in the hose . therefore the heat in the tank is transferred away and it cools . the bit of salt in the hose water prevents it from icing up . one alternative diy is to place a large flat heatsink to the side of the glass tank wall with the peltier on the heatsink and put a small cpu fan on the diode . power it up and the heat is blown away .\nabundance , if you happen upon any , i would be extremely interested . i have the perfect environment for these guys in my basement .\nokay i have got an email back ! she has 2 locations where they have been reported but sadly both locations are inaccessible by car or boat . i don ' t think i can do a 5 - 6 hour hike to collect those triops . she is still trying to track down other locations ! she also mentioned there was another species here ! she did not give any name . i ' ll get back to you guys on trying to get them from alaska , there are more accessible triops loctions there . i ' ll keep you all posted !\nemail me where you live and i ' ll see about finding you some locations .\nabundance had to go away for awhile , he said he ' d be back in the spring though . he ' s in the yukon , not sure exactly where\nanyone know when aaron ' s gonna be back ? i hope he found them . . . . .\n: bump : : bump : anyone know when aaron ' s gonna be back ? i hope he found them . . . . .\noh the hounds wouldn ' t be able to sniff them out , he ' d have to do it himself . . . .\nhey i ' m back with good news . while searching for alaskan and yukon trilobites , i found a photo of l . articus in hooper bay alaska . the guy who found them called them trilobites thus making it slip under my radar . he did not know what they were . i plan to contact this guy soon and get him to ship them to skagway ( closer and faster to get to , takes to long at the border ) i plan to ask him to get a nice big scoop of the sediment he found them in plus some live specimens . i will post when i have contacted him or more info . here is the urltoken\nplease refrain from reviving old threads - this one has been inactive almost a year . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . ."]}
{"id": 2367, "summary": [{"text": "osedax mucofloris is a species of bathypelagic polychaetes that is reported to sustain itself on the bones of dead whales .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "translated from the mixed greek and latin used in scientific names , \" osedax mucofloris \" literally means \" snot-flower bone-eater \" , though the less-accurate \" bone-eating snot-flower worm \" seems to be the form actually used .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species is found in north east atlantic where it is abundant . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "osedax mucofloris", "paragraphs": ["olingo added text to\nbone - eating snot - flower worm ( osedax mucofloris )\non\nosedax mucofloris glover , kallstrom , smith and dahlgren , 2005\n.\nosedax mucofloris extends out of the whale bone into the seawater . the major features of this portion are :\nhigh symbiont diversity in the bone - eating worm osedax mucofloris from shallow whale - falls in the north atlantic .\nbased on available data ( which are clearly very limited ) , osedax mucofloris is associated with shallower depths than other known osedax species , having been collected at 30 and 125 meters .\na detailed description of the morphology of osedax mucofloris has been published in the scientific journal proceedings of the royal society of london .\nhigh symbiont diversity in the bone - eating worm osedax mucofloris from shallow whale - falls in the north atlantic . - pubmed - ncbi\nmolecular analysis of osedax mucofloris using coi and 18s rrna sequences confirmed genetic seperation from morphologically similar o . rubiplumus and o . frankpressi ( glover et al . , 2005 ) .\nmany osedax species have numerous pinnules on their palps that give the crown a feathery appearance . of the known osedax species , only o . mucofloris and o . frankpressi have pinnules oriented all inward ( the pinnules in the other species being turned outward , both inward and outward , or absent ) . most known osedax species have red palps ( the palps of o . frankpressi are red with two white lateral stripes in living worms ) , but the palps of osedax mucofloris are white to pink . ( rouse et al . 2004 ; vrijenhoek et al . 2009 )\nosedax worms are marine annelids closely related to deep sea vent / seep - associated . . .\ncitation : huusgaard rs , vismann b , k\u00fchl m , macnaugton m , colmander v , rouse gw , et al . ( 2012 ) the potent respiratory system of osedax mucofloris ( siboglinidae , annelida ) - a prerequisite for the origin of bone - eating osedax ? plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e35975 . urltoken\nschander , c . , rapp , h . t . , & dahlgren , t . ( 2010 ) . osedax mucofloris ( polychaeta , siboglinidae ) , a bone - eating marine worm new to norway . fauna norvegica , 30 , 5 - 8 . urltoken\ndetailed examination of at least 50 mature specimens indicated an absence of the dwarfed males reported for northeast pacific osedax species . however , o . mucofloris appeared able to reproduce and grow to maturity within one month on defaunated bones placed into aquaria . ( glover et al . 2005 )\nthe bone - eating siboglinid polychaete osedax mucofloris glover , k\u00e4llstr\u00f6m , smith & dahlgren , 2005 is reported from norwegian waters for the first time . dense growth was found on bovine bones deposited at 118 meters depth off western norway . dwarf males were observed for the first time . the two specimens sequenced were identical to haplotypes previously found at a swedish whale fall . the possibility of finding additional species of osedax is discussed .\nas with the trunk of o . mucofloris , the anterior vestimentum of vestimentifera lacks branching vessels between the ventral and the muscularized dorsal vessel [ 33 ] . the resemblance between the blood vascular systems adds new evidence to the hypothesis that the trunk of osedax and the vestimentum of vestimentifera are homologous regions [ 21 ] .\nthe measured o 2 depleted bone environment as well as ferrous sulphide precipitations ( figure 8e ) supports the suggested exposure of osedax to sulphide . furthermore the large root surface in the related lamellibrachia is highly efficient in hydrogen sulphide uptake [ 17 ] . since the main trophic source of osedax compared to other siboglinids ( including lamellibrachia ) seems to be heterotrophic bacteria rather than sulphide - detoxifying chemoautotrophic bacteria [ 8 ] , osedax may instead possess physiological adaptations to detoxify sulphide .\nin the present study we investigated whether osedax mucofloris is exposed to an inhospitable hypoxic or anoxic microenvironment by measuring the o 2 distribution surrounding the embedded root system . we assessed possible morphological and / or physiological adaptations to the environmental conditions through detailed morphological studies of the respiratory surfaces and the blood vascular system as well as respiratory measurements of o 2 consumption . the results are discussed in relation to the unique environment , endosymbionts , and embedded root structure of osedax as well as compared with studies of related annelids .\nit is important to understand osedax mucofloris reproduction , as scientists want to know how these animals are able to disperse between isolated whale - fall habitats . when the first species of osedax was described , it was noted that the species seemed to exhibit very strong sexual dimorphism . the males did not develop into mature adults . instead , they appeared to remain as larval - sized individuals attached to the side of females , fertilising eggs as they were released into the water column . dwarf males have been described for :\nosedax mucifloris appeared to be able to reproduce and grow to maturity within one month on defaunated bones placed in a aquaria ( glover et al . , 2005 ) .\nto date , osedax mucofloris has only been recorded from 2 whale carcasses in the swedish fjord kosterfjord ( 58\u00b0 53 . 1 n , 11\u00b0 06 . 4 e ) . it may be widespread in the atlantic , however . the problem is finding whale remains on the sea floor - even if there are a lot of them , they are small relative to the vast expanses of the ocean .\nour data show that o . mucofloris inhabiting bone in cuvettes ( purple and yellow dots , figure 9 ) have a lower mo 2 than o . mucofloris inhabiting sectioned cow bone ( green , blue , red dots , figure 9 ) . along with high standard deviations , this highlights the difficulties of measuring o 2 consumption on these embedded worms . the variations are most likely caused by the difference in blind respiration measurements and the large biological activity present on decaying bone , which was difficult to quantify . future studies should thus be carried out to more precisely determine the mo 2 of o . mucofloris and the contribution of other o 2 - consuming surfaces .\nthe circular trunk musculature in o . mucofloris is weakly developed , as found in several other annelids [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] . the diagonal musculature revealed in the present study , may compensate for the weak circular musculature by having a similar supportive function . diagonal musculature has most likely been mistaken for circular musculature in several annelids [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] , including previous studies of osedax [ 15 ] , [ 21 ] .\nbeggiatoa live in the restricted interface between hydrogen sulphide presence and oxygenated water [ 51 ] . o . mucofloris must therefore be in contact with toxic sulphide concentrations . photographer : helena wiklund , department of zoology , g\u00f6teborg university , sweden .\nthe shallow water species osedax mucofloris glover , k\u00e4llstr\u00f6m , smith , dahlgren , 2005 , has been found at 30 m and 125 m water depth off the coast of tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 , sweden [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , and at 120 m depth in bj\u00f8rnafjord , norway [ 24 ] . currently these are the only records of osedax from the atlantic , though other species are found in shallow waters in both the east and west pacific [ 4 ] , [ 25 ] . the 125 m deep locality near tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 is characterized by stable oceanic salinity ( 34\u201335\u2030 ) , temperature ( 5\u20137\u00b0c ) and dissolved o 2 concentration ranging from 4 . 6 to 6 . 3 ml o 2 l \u22121 [ 13 ] .\nprevious studies of other close relatives of osedax such as vestimentifera and sabellidae have shown anterior branchial structures to be of vital importance when tube - bound tissue is not ventilated [ 29 ] \u2013 [ 31 ] . likewise , the anterior branchial structures of o . mucofloris seem morphologically adapted to facilitate efficient o 2 uptake form the surrounding water . as with the branchial plume of vestimentifera [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , the anterior palps and pinnules of o . mucofloris have a large surface area to volume ratio and short diffusion distances . furthermore , o 2 uptake is optimized by the two ventilating ciliary bands on each palp , a feature also seen in other siboglinidae and in sabellida in general [ 20 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 33 ] .\no . mucofloris has only recently been discovered and it is not yet known if it is under threat . one possibility is that intensive whaling over the last 300 years has reduced the available habitat for this polychaete worm , a previously unknown consequence of the whaling industry .\nthe quantity and complexity of capillaries in the root structure of o . mucofloris reflects the high o 2 demand of osedax , presumably for the metabolism of its heterotrophic endosymbionts and production and development of eggs . similar capillaries are visible on the exposed ovisac of o . frankpressi ( figure 2f in [ 1 ] ) and o . roseus ( figure 4e in [ 21 ] ) , while the present study shows the presence of capillaries supplying the more distally placed root tissue and bacteriocytes . however , the extent of capillaries does not match the extensive capillary network of the trophosome in other siboglinidae [ 20 ] , [ 33 ] . this is in accordance with the original description [ 1 ] mentioning the lack of a discrete trophosome , the osedax trophosome instead being diffuse and beneath the epidermis of the embedded tissue .\nwhen corrected for background respiration , the measured o 2 consumption ( mo 2 ) of o . mucofloris ranged almost across a factor of ten from 220\u00b193 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 to 2053\u00b11950 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 ( table 1 ) , depending on the approach used for measurement . mo 2 measured on o . mucofloris inhabiting sectioned bone pieces ( b1\u2013b3 ) vs . mo 2 measured o . mucofloris inhabiting bones in cuvettes ( c1 , c2 ) , resulted in two distinctly different ranges of mo 2 . the mo 2 of c1 and c2 was 220\u00b193 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 and 238\u00b129 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 , respectively , while the mo 2 of b1\u2013b3 range from 976\u00b1201 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 to 2053\u00b11950 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 . methods and ranges are commented further in the discussion .\ng . w . rouse , s . k . goffredi , and r . c . vrijenhoek ( 2004 ) .\nosedax : bone - eating marine worms with dwarf males\n. science 305 : 668\u2013671 . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1098650 . pmid 15286372 .\nspecimens were carefully dissected from the bone and fixed for immunohistochemistry , benzidine staining and histology . prior to dissection , osedax mucofloris were anesthetized for 5\u201310 minutes in a 1\u22361 solution of seawater and mgcl 2 ( isotonic to seawater ) . anaesthetized animals were gently dissected with scalpels and fixed at 4\u00b0c over night in 4 % paraformaldehyde in 0 . 15 m phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) with 5 % sucrose , ph 7 . 4 . subsequently , the animals were rinsed 4\u20136 times for 30 min in pbs with 5 % sucrose and were then stored at 4\u00b0c in pbs with 0 . 05 % sodium azide ( nan 3 ) .\nan extended root surface ( and high area to volume ratio ) is likewise found in both lamellibrachia ( e . g . , [ 16 ] ) and osedax ( yet branched ) . however , the main function has so far been interpreted as very different . whereas the osedax root surface is suggested to mainly facilitate uptake of organic compounds ( with less focus on the possible congruent uptake of sulphide ) [ 9 ] , the root of lamellibrachia is found to be the main respiratory surface of hydrogen sulphide necessary for the chemosynthesis of the symbionts [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 28 ] .\nthe estimated diffusion distance in o . mucofloris ( pinnule epidermis 1\u20132 \u00b5m , palp epidermis \u223c30 \u00b5m ) is furthermore comparable to what has been found for r . pachyptila ( pinnules \u223c2 . 00 \u00b5m ; branchial filaments \u223c25 \u00b5m ) and ridgeia piscesae ( pinnules \u223c1 . 00 \u00b5m ; branchial filaments \u223c17 \u00b5m ) [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] .\nworld - wide whale worms ? a new species of osedax from the shallow north atlantic\n. proc . biol . sci . ( national center for biotechnology information ) 272 ( 1581 ) : 2587\u201392 . 22 december 2005 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2005 . 3275 . pmc 1559975 . pmid 16321780 .\nthough beyond the scope of the present paper , microanalytical approaches such as microsensors [ 40 ] , [ 41 ] and functional imaging techniques [ 42 ] could yield a more complete mapping of the chemical microenvironment of osedax , including the exact levels of sulphide exposure and spatio - temporal dynamics of o 2 in the root system . it would also be interesting to know whether osedax have sulphide - binding properties of their haemoglobin as found in vestimentifera [ 43 ] , [ 44 ] , as they might use them to transport toxic sulphides from the area surrounding the root structure to e . g . , the palps , somehow releasing the toxic compounds to oxygenated seawater or detoxifying them .\ntwo nerves , originating at the anterior part of the brain , innervate each palp . one nerve runs abfrontally , between the two lateral ciliary bands and the other nerve runs laterally underneath one of the ciliary bands ( figure 5a ) . further details on the female osedax nervous system will be described elsewhere ( worsaae & rouse , unpublished ) .\nthe unique bone - eating organism , osedax ( siboglinidae , annelida ) was first described in 2004 from a whale fall located at 2891 m depth in monterey bay , pacific ocean [ 1 ] . since its first discovery it has been found on multiple whale falls in the pacific and atlantic oceans , artificially deployed cow bones [ 2 ] as well as on other vertebrate bones such as those of teleost [ 3 ] . there are five formally described species , with at least a further 12 species known from genetic evidence [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . in addition , convincing fossil traces of osedax have been found in oligocene and pliocene mammal bones [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] .\nosedax worms are marine annelids closely related to the deep sea vent / seep - associated vestimentiferan worms . the sessile ( i . e . , fixed in one place ) females bore into the bones of whale carcasses - - and possibly bones of other vertebrates ( rouse et al . 2004 ; glover et al . 2005 ; vrijenhoek et al . 2008 ) .\nwe do not yet know the full answer . one theory is that it overcomes the problem of males and females finding each other if they are unable to move ( sessile ) , as osedax females are . the males are able to move around the females , fertilising their eggs . it is easier to do this if you are small and motile , or dwarfed .\nmicro sensor measurements of o 2 concentrations in proximity to the bone interface were conducted , through agar - filled holes , on osedax - colonized bone fragments in cuvettes . the obtained profiles of o 2 concentration from the aerated seawater , and inwards showed steep o 2 gradients towards both the bone and tissue surface ( figure 8a , b ) . anoxic conditions or very low o 2 levels were found at the bone surface , within the bone , and in proximity to the embedded root tissue of o . mucofloris ( table 2 ) . the average o 2 flux at the bone and tissue interface was 0 . 028\u00b10 . 0024 nmol o 2 cm \u22122 s \u22121 ( n = 5 ) and 0 . 029\u00b10 . 0040 nmol o 2 cm \u22122 s \u22121 ( n = 3 ) , respectively .\nglover , a . g . ; kallstrom , b . ; smith , c . r . ; dahlgren , t . g . 2005 . world - wide whale worms ? a new species of osedax from the shallow north atlantic . proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences 272 ( 1581 ) : 2587 - 2592 page ( s ) : 2 589 [ details ]\no 2 consumption was measured on o . mucofloris inhabiting three sectioned cow bone pieces ( b1 , b2 and b3 ) and bones in two cuvettes ( c1 and c2 ) . measurements were either initiated directly after the annelids protracted subsequent to the disturbance of being moved ( c1 , c2 , b1 ) or after one night of acclimatization ( b2 , b3 ) . all measurements were corrected for background respiration . for b2 and b3 the background respiration was measured using the same water and bones ( after dissection and 48 hours of acclimation to restore biological activity ) . for c1 , c2 and b1 the background respiration was the mean value of measurements using new water , bones in two cuvettes and three sectioned bone pieces without o . mucofloris . different respiration chambers were used for sliced bone pieces ( volume : 186 ml ) and cuvettes ( volume : 51 ml ) .\nthe present study shows that osedax mucofloris has a higher weight specific o 2 consumption ( mo 2 ) than other resting annelids ( figure 9 ) [ 18 ] . this may reflect an elevated demand of the embedded tissue due to presence of heterotrophic aerobic endosymbionts , which have a higher metabolism than regular tissue . the measured mo 2 actually corresponds to that found for riftia pachyptila [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] ( figure 9 ) , possessing a vast amount of chemoautotrophic bacteria in their trophosome . furthermore , a high mo 2 may also reflect oxidative sulphide detoxification . the high mo 2 corresponds well with the large sbsa and elaborate branchial structures , which are both usually associated with animals exhibiting a high o 2 demand . this correlation is also found in arenicola marina with smaller sbsa and lower mo 2 ( red square , figure 9 ) .\na : sketch of the path of the longitudinal trunk vessels into the root structure , drawn from the light microscope with a camera lucida of a benzidine stained o . mucofloris female . trunk twisted in midsection . b : dic light micrograph of a benzidine stained o . mucofloris female . lateral view , trunk twisted in midsection . ventral and dorsal blood vessels continues , folded , into the anterior part of the ovisac / root system . c : close up of blood vessels near ovisac . d : close up of blood vessels supplying more distally placed capillaries . e : capillaries supplying tissue and endosymbionts . abbreviations : blood traces ( b ) , blood vessel ( bv ) , capillaries ( cap ) , dorsal blood vessel ( dbv ) , egg cluster ( ec ) , oviduct ( od ) , ovisac ( os ) , palp ( p ) , root structure ( r ) , trunk ( t ) , ventral blood vessel ( vbv ) .\nglover , a . g ; kallstrom , b . ; smith , c . r ; dahlgren , t . g ( 2005 ) .\nworld - wide whale worms ? a new species of osedax from the shallow north atlantic\n. proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 272 ( 1581 ) : 2587\u20132592 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2005 . 3275 . issn 0962 - 8452 . pmc 1559975 . pmid 16321780 .\nthe trunk of osedax mucofloris encloses two major longitudinal blood vessels ( figures 2e , 6a , b ) . the dorsal vessel is highly muscularized with circular musculature throughout its length ( figure 2d , e ) . no lateral connecting vessels between the major longitudinal vessels or epidermal capillaries were found in the trunk . from the trunk , the two blood vessels continue posteriorly into the root structure and increase in diameter ( figure 6a , b ) . when studied under the light microscope , the muscularized dorsal vessel is visible as a defined tube along the trunk , and continues into the anterior root structure , curling up in the centre anterior to the ovisac . the curling configuration is most likely caused by contraction of the basal part of the trunk . the exact further path of the vessel was difficult to determine . the confocal laser scanning microscope ( clsm ) studies also showed the continuation of the dorsal blood vessel around the ovisac , revealing cylindrical musculature at the ovisac , corresponding in diameter to the musculature of the dorsal blood vessel of the trunk ( figure 4b ) .\na : osedax mucofloris extend its palps and pinnules , with large respiratory surfaces , into the overlying o 2 - rich water in order to uptake o 2 . o 2 is then distributed to the buried root system through the extensive blood vascular system also supplying the heterotrophic endosymbionts . the o 2 distribution to the root system is crucial as local uptake is not possible in the anoxic bone environment . the anoxic environment is partly produced by intense bacterial processes ( green arrows ) utilizing o 2 at the bone surface . hydrogen sulphide is produced by anoxic bacterial processes within the bone matrix during decomposition of organic content using sulphate . b : schematic illustration of assumed blood flow in palp and pinnules , longitudinal section . blue vessels carrying venous blood through afferent vessels , red vessels carrying arterial blood through efferent vessels . c : schematic illustration of assumed blood flow in palp and pinnules , transverse section . likewise blue vessels carries venous blood through afferent vessels , red vessels carries arterial blood through efferent vessels . note that the palp blood vessels are created by an invagination of the basement membrane . green indicates musculature .\na rough estimate was made of the surface area of the anterior crown , calculated from palp length given by glover et al . [ 12 ] , and the dimensions of palps and pinnules of o . mucofloris found in the present study . this results in a weight specific branchial surface area ( sbsa ) of \u223c22 cm 2 g \u22121 fixed mass , which is similar to the sbsa of riftia pachyptila and higher than the sbsa of fish , crabs and other annelids [ 31 ] . this is especially obvious when compared to the sbsa of e . g . , arenicola marina ( 4 . 00 cm 2 g \u22121 ) [ 34 ] , although this species can also take up o 2 across its general epidermis .\ninterestingly , the present study showed that each pinnule is equipped with a distal sensory cell and external sensory cilia . these structures may sense disturbance in the water to avoid predators , as osedax need not sense food items or reproductive indicators in the water [ 1 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 35 ] . additionally , sensing of currents may also be beneficial in order to orientate the palps e . g . , for optimal uptake of dissolved o 2 . riftia pachyptila does not have sensory structures on the pinnules , but does have long , separate sensory filaments that lack ciliary bands and pinnules . these structures , with unknown function , are placed between pinnulated filaments [ 33 ] .\na : single z - stack image of the \u2018trunk - root system\u2019 connection , note the bundles of longitudinal muscles . b : musculature located by the ovisac , assumed to be the posterior end of the longitudinal dorsal blood vessel . c : single z - stack image of pinnules , circular musculature encircling the pinnular loop , note the distal perikaryon and sensory cilia . d : single z - stack image showing a longitudinal section of the pinnule in c , note the internal nerve . e : depth coded z - stack , pinnule nerves in osedax \u2018yellow - collar\u2019 . abbreviations : cilia ( ci ) , circular muscles ( cm ) , lateral ciliary band ( lcb ) , longitudinal muscles ( lm ) , nerve ( n ) , perikaryon ( pe ) .\nin january 2009 , 3 replicate experimental sampling devices , using cow and whale bone , for recruitment of female o . mucofloris ( figure 10 ) were placed at 125 m depth off the coast of tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 , sweden ( 58\u00b052 . 976n ; 11\u00b005 . 715e ) in close vicinity to a minke whale carcass sunk in october 2003 [ 13 ] . one device for morphological and reproductive studies was successfully retrieved in may 2009 . a second device was retrieved in november 2009 for in vivo studies ( respirometry and microsensor analysis ) and additional morphological studies . additionally , a piece of cetacean bone deposited at 123 m in the same area in may 2008 was retrieved in january 2009 and used for preliminary investigations and for designing experimental setups . in january 2009 , the bottom water had a salinity of 34 . 6\u2030 , a temperature of 8 . 4\u00b0c , and an o 2 content of 78 . 7 % atmospheric saturation .\npinnules ( up to 100 \u00b5m wide ) project perpendicularly from the frontal palp surface between the lateral ciliary bands , with a density of approximately eight pinnules across the palp per 50 \u00b5m palp length ( figures 3a , 5f , g ) . at the proximal end of the palps , pinnules are less developed than at the distal end , seemingly growing in length ( up to 170 \u00b5m ) synchronously with the growth of the palp ( figure 3a ) . a sensory cell extends through the centre of the pinnule with a distal perikaryon and a few external , presumably sensory , cilia ( figure 4c , d ) . its axon seems to connect with one of the two major longitudinal palp nerves , possibly the one running more laterally beneath the ciliary band . this is supported by similar findings in osedax \u201cyellow - collar\n( figure 4e ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : biology letters publisher : london : royal soc . , 2003 - isbn / issn : 0962 - 8452 oclc : 265429584\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nread , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database .\nglover , kallstrom , smith & dahlgren , 2005 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 265980 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n: i think it ' s brilliant . describes exactly what it does and what it looks like and piques one ' s interest .\nthat is the most awful name for a species that i ' ve ever seen . wow .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfeathered plumes , which are the gills , or branchiae , that bring oxygen down to the root structure embedded in the whale bone .\na cylinder - shaped column that extends furthest into the water column . scientists think this structure , an oviduct , shoots fertilised eggs into the water column , perhaps helping the animal to disperse tiny larvae to be carried off by ocean currents .\nlive specimens are visible as four white to pink palps that emerge from the surface of the whale bone . the palps are 5 - 6 mm in length , and are surrounded at their base by a thin mucous tube . the oviduct is white , and extends to one - third of the length of the uncontracted palps . the palps are of equal length , measuring 0 . 8 mm when contracted , with numerous pinnules 0 . 1 mm in length . at the base of the pinnules there is a ciliary band that runs the entire length of each palp . the pinnules are 0 . 01 mm wide . they are densely packed and coloured white to pink in live specimens , with microvilli 0 . 05 mm in length . the trunk region is 6 - 8 mm in length and 0 . 5 mm wide , and is partially embedded within the bone matrix . the trunk is principally composed of bands of longitudinal muscles , galnds and major dorsal and ventral blood vessels . the mouth and gut are absent . there are ventral plaques on the collar ( peristomial region ) of the trunk .\non dissected specimens , an oviduct is visble running into an ovisac and the root structure , and contains numerous eggs in the trunk region . there is a vascularized root system of 2 - 10 mm in length , which burrows in a shallow depression to depths of 2 - 3 mm into the whale bone matrix in a bracnhed , mycelial form . numerous eggs ( greater than 100 in number ) were relaesed from the ovisac on disturbance . the eggs ranged in diameter from 85 - 90 um . the chaetae and opisthosomal region were not observed . epibiotic rod - shaped bacteria ( length 1 - 1 . 5 um , width 300 nm ) were present over the surface of the trunks , palps and pinnules , but absent from the roots .\nfound on the bones of an experimentally implanted minke whale carcass at 125 m depth , kosterfjord , sweden ( 58\u00b053 . 1 ` n , 11\u00b006 . 4 ` e ) ( glover et al . , 2005 ) .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 125 - 125 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nglover et al . ( 2005 ) reported that disturbance caused the worms to retract completely into the bone . however , when placed in aquaria , with clean , chilled seawater , they would emerge from the bone and be clearly visible to the naked eye . over a period of several minutes , the worms would first extend the palps , and then the oviduct ( see video here ) . any disturbance to the aquarium tank would result in the animals immediately withdrawing into the bone .\nmeans\nsnot - flower bone - eater\n, though the less - accurate\nbone - eating snot - flower worm\nseems to be the form actually used .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nverna c 1 , ramette a , wiklund h , dahlgren tg , glover ag , gaill f , dubilier n .\nmax planck institute for marine microbiology , celsiusstr . 1 , 28359 bremen , germany .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 huusgaard et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : the work was supported by the danish research council ( urltoken ; grant # 272 - 06 - 0260 to k . worsaae ) and the swedish research council ( urltoken ; grant # 2006 - 2768 to t . dahlgren ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ncompeting interests : one of the authors is currently employed as a senior researcher , phd by uni research , a non profit research institute controlled by the university of bergen . uni research has no competing interests to this work in terms of employment , consultancy , patents or products . this does also not alter the authors\u2032 adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nciliary bands and sensory structures ( anti acetylated \u03b1 - tubulin staining and histology ) .\nin the description below , we use a dorsal - ventral definition opposite to the one used by rouse et al . [ 1 ] , [ 21 ] , based on a new interpretation ( rouse & worsaae , unpublished ) .\nwe found two previously unreported broad longitudinal ciliary bands dorso - laterally on each side of the oviduct on the anterior part of the trunk ( figure 2a , b , e ) . the ciliary bundles of the bands consist of multi ciliated cells , appearing pillow - like with numerous , conspicuously short cilia ( < 10 \u00b5m long ) projecting outwards from the centre of the elliptical bundles ( figure 2c ) . the bundles are organized in an anterior - dorsal diagonal pattern within the longitudinal bands ( figure 2b ) . the ciliary bands narrow toward the posterior part of the trunk and are replaced by single tufts of cilia scattered basally across the trunk surface ( figure 2a ) . the short cilia appeared immotile , and with several longitudinal nerves running beneath , ( worsaae & rouse , unpublished ) their function may be sensory rather than ventilatory .\na : dorso - lateral view of a complete specimen , lateral ciliary bands occupies half the length of the trunk . b : dorsal view of the anterior part of the trunk , elliptical shaped cilia bundles are directed anteriorly from the lateral part of the trunk . c : depth coded z - stack , the elliptical shaped cilia bundles constituting the lateral ciliary band are formed by ciliary tufts . d : close - up of transverse section of a trunk . e : transverse section of a trunk , note the muscularized dorsal blood vessel . f : single z - stack image of the trunk musculature , longitudinal muscles beneath circular and diagonal muscles . abbreviations : ciliary tufts ( ct ) , circular muscles ( cm ) , diagonal muscles ( dm ) , elliptical ciliary bundles ( ecb ) , lateral ciliary band ( lcb ) , longitudinal muscles ( lm ) , muscular gap ( mg ) , palp ( p ) , root structure ( r ) , torn ovisac ( to ) , trunk ( t ) , dorsal blood vessel ( dbv ) .\ntwo dense ciliary bands are found on each palp along their epidermal longitudinal lobes on each lateral side , as previously reported [ 12 ] ( figures 3a , b , e , 4c , 5a , f , g ) . the bands consist of multi ciliated cells with 70\u201390 \u00b5m long cilia ( figure 3e ) . the ciliary bands extend from near the basal part of the palps to the distal tip , beating in metachronal waves .\na : lateral view of palps , pinnules increasing in length and development along the palp . b : abfrontal view of the midsection of a palp , ciliary bands on each side . c : close - up of palp musculature . d : lateral view of the muscular palp - trunk connection . e : close - up of the lateral ciliary band of a palp . abbreviations : circular muscles ( cm ) , lateral ciliary band ( lcb ) , longitudinal muscles ( lm ) , muscular bundles ( bu ) , muscular gap ( mg ) , oviduct ( od ) , pinnules ( pin ) .\ndiagram of a transverse section of the basal part of palps ( a ) , dic light micrographs of benzidine stained palps ( b\u2013d ) and transverse 1 . 2 \u00b5m sections of\na : diagram of a transverse section at the basal part of the palp region . circular musculature ( continued green lines ) encircles the longitudinal musculature ( green broken lines ) in a cylinder formation . two gaps separate the longitudinal muscle bands . black lines illustrate the motile lateral ciliary bands and two main palp nerves run along each palp as shown ( blue dots ) . b : pinnular loop filled with blood . c : pinnular loops , broken lines and arrows indicate the assumed direction of blood flow . d : midsection of palp , longitudinal blood vessels and pinnular loops visible . e : transverse section of a pinnule , the pinnular loop enclosed by a membrane fusing in the centre . f : transverse section of the distal part of a palp , arrow tips shows circular musculature . g : transverse section of the distal part of a palp , the two longitudinal blood vessels obvious . abbreviations : circular muscles ( cm ) , epidermis ( ep ) , lateral ciliary band ( lcb ) , left dorsal palp nerve ( ldpn ) , left ventral palp nerve ( lvpn ) , membrane fusion ( mf ) , musculature ( m ) , palp blood vessel ( pbv ) , pinnule ( pin ) , pinnular loop ( pl ) , right dorsal palp nerve ( rdpn ) , right ventral palp nerve ( rvpn ) .\nthe longitudinal muscles run along the entire length of the trunk ( figure 2a ) , originating posteriorly at the trunk basis , and inserting anteriorly at the base of the four palps ( figure 3d ) . in one individual , it was possible to detect clustering of longitudinal muscles into 14\u201316 bundles of > 20 muscle strands in the posterior part of the trunk , anterior to the root structure ( figure 4a ) . along , and around the entire trunk , the muscles are distributed in a dense cylindrical formation with an average of six strands per 50 \u00b5m ( figures 2d , e , 3d ) . the musculature is slightly separated internally to the oviduct ( possibly by the nerve cords ) , as well as randomly along the trunk , creating minor gaps most likely for mucus gland exits or nerves ( figures 2a , 3d ) . anteriorly , a gap in the musculature is found ventrally at the position of the brain , as well as at each of the four insertion points of the palps . at each of these four points , the longitudinal musculature divides into two bundles ( of each 20\u201330 strands ) , encircling the insertion point of the palp ( figure 3d ) . the longitudinal palp muscles originate at the base and run along the entire length of the palps to their tips , separated by a smaller frontal and a larger abfrontal gap ( figures 3c , d , 5a ) . no longitudinal musculature was detected in the pinnules .\naround the ovisac and anterior root structure the longitudinal musculature divides , and together with the circular muscles , creates a mesh - like structure ( figure 4a ) . the musculature extends posteriorly along the roots in a cylindrical formation , supporting the tissue penetrating the bone .\nthin circular muscles are found peripheral to the longitudinal muscles along the entire trunk , with 24 strands per 50 \u00b5m ( figure 2d ) . the circular muscles are most dominant in the posterior part of the trunk and continue into the root structure ( figure 4a ) . notably , much thicker diagonal muscle strands were found beneath the circular musculature , but peripheral to the longitudinal muscles ( figure 2f ) . attached at the mid - dorsal line , the strands run diagonally around the trunk in an anterior direction and attach at the mid - ventral line . the diagonal muscles are distributed along the entire length of the trunk , lying further apart ( 35\u201370 \u00b5m ) in the posterior end than along the rest of the trunk ( 5\u201310 \u00b5m ) .\nthe circular musculature of the palps encircles the longitudinal musculature as a cylinder with \u223c18 muscle strands per 50 \u00b5m and is evenly distributed along the entire palp ( figure 3c ) . fine circular muscles enclose each vessel of the pinnular loop ( figure 4c , d ) ; they were likewise visible in the semi - thin sections on the outside of the pinnular loop and along the midline of each pinnule ( figure 5f , arrow tips ) , with a spacing corresponding to those shown with phalloidin staining ( figure 4c , d ) .\nthe ventral blood vessel also continues into the root structure , but as a narrower and less defined vessel , the path of which was even more difficult to determine , than that of the dorsal vessel . blood vessels of different sizes , as well as multiple obvious capillaries within the root tissue were observed ( figure 6b\u2013e ) . larger vessels extend out from the area of the ovisac and divide into thinner vessels ( diameter : 7\u201330 \u00b5m ) . capillaries were detected in the periphery of the root tissue ( figure 6e ) , with distances between the detected capillaries ranging from 65\u2013220 \u00b5m .\nanteriorly , each palp encloses a pair of blood vessels created by invaginations of the inner lamina of the basement membrane of the epidermis ( figures 5f , g , 7c ) . imaging of live specimens confirmed the presence of two blood vessels , running along the entire length of the palps .\nthe pinnules are largely filled by a blood cavity lined with a membrane , which fuses in between the two blood cavities along most of the pinnule length , thereby creating the pinnular loop ( figures 5b\u2013g , 7c ) . the palps of the histological sections were \u223c300 \u00b5m in diameter at the base and the palp epidermis was \u223c50\u201375 \u00b5m thick . the palp diameter and the thickness of the epidermis were both found to decrease towards the distal end of the palp .\npinnules vary in diameter along their length and along the palp , with a median diameter of \u223c40\u00d7100 \u00b5m for the pinnules and \u223c20\u201340 \u00b5m for each blood vessel . the diffusion distance across the pinnule epithelium was measured on the semi - thin sections to be 1\u20132 \u00b5m , and for the epidermis of the distal part of the palps , the diffusion distance was measured to be \u223c30 \u00b5m .\na : depth profile of o 2 towards bone surface , blue : agar , red : cuvette wall , green : bone surface . b : depth profil of o 2 towards tissue surface , blue : agar , red : cuvette wall , green : tissue surface . c : schematic drawing of the micro sensor measuring path through the cuvette wall . d : placement of measuring site on wb1 , note the blackened areas indicating presence of ferrous sulphide . e : close - up of measuring sites on wb1 .\nmicro sensor measurements of o 2 distribution in one mucus tube showed a \u223c50 % decrease in the o 2 concentration in the centre of the mucus tube wall as compared to outside the tube ( table 3 ) . direct measurements within the tube were not possible due to disturbance by the worm . measurements of the o 2 microenvironment surrounding the palps showed a strong decrease in o 2 concentrations , when a palp approached the microelectrode measuring tip . at the base and middle of the palp , the o 2 levels were almost zero showing the o 2 uptake to be high in these areas ( table 3 ) . at the distal end of the palp the o 2 concentration was only reduced to approximately 50 % atmospheric saturation , possibly due to decaying palp tips .\nthe presence of highly vasculated palps and pinnules , the former densely ciliated showed that the anterior crown is the main site for o 2 uptake ( figure 7a\u2013c ) . uptake of o 2 over the trunk surface is possible , but a thicker epidermis , short and seemingly immotile ciliary bands and no obvious respiratory structures suggest that the trunk is a minor site of o 2 uptake . oxygen does , to some extent , diffuse from the surrounding water into the mucus tube , thereby supplying the dwarf males .\nthe well - developed longitudinal musculature of the trunk serves to retract the trunk and palps into the tube and bone , presumably as protection from predators . as no regular retraction patterns of trunk musculature were detected , retraction into the tube is not considered a significant mode of ventilation for required o 2 . furthermore , the tube only surrounds the trunk , tightly fitting to the base of the trunk and the surface of the bone , preventing any water exchange to the ovisac and roots from the bone surface . the longitudinal musculature is moreover able to stretch the extensive branchial structures ( palps ) into the aerated water in order to increase the o 2 uptake .\nthe main blood flow within the palp vessels may be generated by the circular body wall musculature of the palp . however , the thin circular musculature of the pinnules surrounding each branch of the looped blood vessel ( figure 4c , d ) most likely assists local blood flow , as suggested for the tentacular vessels of riftia pachyptila [ 22 ] . musculature in anterior appendages has been found in several vestimentifera , in the form of sphincter muscles located in the branchial lamella and filament vessels [ 33 ] .\ngraph modified from cammen [ 18 ] , the regression line ( log r = \u22121 . 682 + 0 . 850 * log w ) calculated from measurements of resting nonventilating annelids only . dots : b1 ( red ) , b2 ( blue ) , b3 ( green ) , c1 ( purple ) , c2 ( yellow ) . triangles : previous measured o 2 consumption of r . pachyptila . no sulphide present in water when measuring : red , blue [ 22 ] and green [ 23 ] ; sulphide present in water during measurement : purple [ 23 ] . red square : o 2 consumption of resting arenicola marina [ 52 ] .\nthe experimental sampling devices were placed at 125 m depth off the coast of tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 , sweden ( 58\u00b052 . 976n ; 11\u00b005 . 715e ) in close vicinity to a minke whale carcass sunk in october 2003 [ 13 ] .\nfour specimens were stained following the protocol of worsaae & rouse [ 45 ] . first staining included the primary antibodies monoclonal mouse anti - acetylated \u03b1 - tubulin ( sigma t6793 , 1\u2236200 ) & polyclonal rabbit anti - serotonin ( sigma : s5545 ; 1\u2236100 / 1\u2236400 ) or monoclonal mouse anti - acetylated \u03b1 - tubulin & anti - fmrfamide ( immunostar : 20091 , 1\u2236100 ) . this was complimented by secondary antibodies ; anti - mouse cy5 ( jackson immunoresearch : 115 - 175 - 062 , 1\u2236400 ) and anti - rabbit tritc ( sigma t5268 , 1\u2236200 / 1\u2236400 ) . hereafter specimens were incubated for 60 min in phalloidin conjugated with fitc or alexa flour 488 ( sigma f5282 or invitrogen a12379 , 0 . 17 or 0 . 33 \u00b5mol l \u22121 phalloidin in pbs ) . specimens were mounted in 100 % vectashield\u00ae containing dapi ( vector laboratories inc . , california , usa ) and stored at \u221218\u00b0c . the specificity of primary antibody binding versus e . g . , autoflourescence was tested by omitting one of the primary antibodies , but otherwise treating specimens as described .\nspecimens were studied using a leica tcs sp5 confocal laser scanning microscope ( clsm ) ( university of copenhagen , faculty of health science , courtesy of m . givskov and t . bjarnsholt ) . leica lasaf computer software or imaris\u00ae x64 6 . 0 . 0 ( bitplane ag , zurich , switzerland ) was used to produce projections of z - stacks of clsm images , while further analyses of z - stack series were performed with imaris\u00ae x64 6 . 0 . 0 . computed 2d images of muscles , nerve and cilia with relation to respiration and palp morphology were further optimized with adobe photoshop cs3 and adobe illustrator ( adobe system incorporated ) for presentation .\none specimen was embedded in epon and used for histological analysis . semi - thick 1 . 2 \u00b5m sections were cut on a microtome ( em uc6 , leica , wetzlar germany ) with a diamond knife ( diatome ; biel , switzerland ) . a small amount of pattex contact adhesive ( pattex compact ; henkel kgaa , d\u00fcsseldorf , germany ) was diluted with a few drops of xylene in an eppendorf tube and applied to the side of the epon block to make serial sectioning of ribbons possible following the protocol of henry [ 46 ] and ruthensteiner [ 47 ] . bands of \u223c20 sections were stained with toluidine blue and mounted in entellan\u00ae ( electron microscopy sciences , pennsylvania , usa ) . sections were studied and photographed using light microscopy ( bx50 microscope ; dp71 camera ; cell f software ; olympus , japan ) .\nusing a modified version of the benzidine staining method by knox [ 48 ] , haemoglobin was stained in four fixed specimens . a 100 % saturated benzidine solution was prepared by adding benzidine to distilled water . the solution was stirred for two hours . fixed specimens were rinsed in running tap water in the same time period . specimens were subsequently incubated in the filtered benzidine solution for 1 hour , also under stirring . next , 3 % hydrogen peroxide was added drop by drop until blood vessels turned dark blue . specimens were either mounted in glycerol directly or dehydrated in a series of alcohol acidified with drops of 0 . 1 % acetic acid , where after tissues were cleared in xylene and mounted in d . p . x between two cover slips . specimens were analyzed and photographed under a light microscope ( bx50 microscope ; dp71 camera ; cell f software ; olympus , japan ) .\no 2 consumption was measured in seawater kept at \u223c100 % atmospheric saturation using intermittent respirometry in accordance with vismann and hagerman [ 49 ] . the experimental setup was placed in a constant temperature room at 6\u00b0c . each experiment encompassed 3\u20138 measuring sequences consisting of a flushing period of 10\u201330 min and a measuring period of 30\u201345 min . the set - up had a chamber flushing rate of 30 ml min \u22121 and a shunt water flow of 8 ml min \u22121 past the o 2 electrode ( e5046 , radiometer medical aps , br\u00f8nsh\u00f8j , denmark ) ."]}
{"id": 2372, "summary": [{"text": "zelus luridus , also known as the pale green assassin bug , is a species of assassin bug native to north america .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is the most common zelus species in the eastern united states .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the size ranges from twelve and a half to eighteen millimeters long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "on average , adult females are sixteen millimeters long , while males are fourteen millimeters long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "though the base color is pale green , markings on the back can range from dark brown or red to bright yellow .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "nymphs are generally more solid green , wingless , and with narrower bodies than adults .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the most reliable feature to distinguish this species from others is the pair of spines on the rear corners of the pronotum .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these spines are long on the lighter colored individuals and shorter on ones that are darker .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it can also be distinguished by dark bands on the distal ends of the femurs , but these can often be too light to be easily seen .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the egg masses , which are laid from late june to august , are conical in shape with a flat top .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they are laid on leaves in groups of twenty to fifty and held together with a sticky , brownish material .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "like many other assassin bugs , zelus luridus preys on other insects .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it will often wait on leaves to ambush passing insects , but occasionally it also actively hunts .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "for this , it uses sticky traps , a common predation strategy to species within the genus zelus .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the sticky material is produced by a gland on the leg .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "this gland develops in the second instar .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "during the first instar , the nymphs use secretions deposited over the egg batch by the female as the source of their sticky material . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "zelus luridus", "paragraphs": ["this is an assassin bug in the genus zelus . moving to that guide page . update : z . luridus is the species .\ni found a zelus renardii nymph crawling on my bed on the second story . is there a chance that it emerged from eggs laid in my house ? also , what do zelus renardii nymphs eat ?\nthere are at least two generations annually here along the front range in colorado , probably three or more generations in southerly latitudes . i notice nymphs of z . luridus in spring , so it is likely that winter is passed in the egg stage .\nthere are currently five recognized species of zelus north of mexico , most with wide geographic distributions . few are readily identifiable to species just by looking at them , but common ones include : the lovely green zelus luridus with a sharp spine on either side of its thorax ; the bright red and black milkweed assassin bug , z . longipes found in the southeast u . s . ; and the non - descript z . tetracanthus with its four small\nknobs\nacross the top of its thorax . the leafhopper assassin bug , z . renardii , is common in the southwest u . s . and has been entertained as a potential biocontrol agent for pest reduction in agricultural settings .\ngenus zelus fabricius in the united states , canada , and northern mexico ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) hart e . r . 1986 . ann . ent . soc . am . 79 : 535 - 548 .\nassassin bugs in general are indiscriminate predators of other insects , and zelus is no exception . so , while they will dine on leafhoppers , small caterpillars , and other pests , they will also capture beneficial insects such as small bees .\nzelus species range from 14 - 21 millimeters in body length as adults , and are relatively easy to recognize with their slender build , long legs and antennae , and diurnal period of activity . they are largely arboreal , so you will find them mostly on foliage and flowers of trees , shrubs , and herbs .\nthis is a zelus luridus - or pale green assassin bug . i believe this is an immature one . being\ntrue bugs\n, the babies of these insects look like small versions of the adults - without wings . most insects go through different stages - egg , nymph , pupa , before appearing as an adult that most of us recognize . true bugs grow into adulthood without going through these changes . in addition they eat the same food as the adults ( unlike insects like butterflies , whose babies ( ( caterpillars ) ) eat leaves ) . here is an explanation of these processes : urltoken and here is information about the little bugger who bit your child : urltoken i hope this is helpful . please contact aae again if you have further questions .\nyour garden is full of amazing predators , easily overlooked among the foliage and flowers . no matter where you live in the u . s . and southern canada , save perhaps for the northern rocky mountains , you probably have sundew assassin bugs of the genus zelus lurking in the yard . these leggy insects move slowly about , or wait in ambush for potential prey .\neric , any idea how long it takes for zelus eggs to hatch ? i collected and kept a female z . renardii in a small jar for a few days and then let it go . while in the jar , she laid eggs that i did not notice . after what seemed like just a few days i noticed the nymphs crawling all over in the jar .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nis apple green , and markings on the back may be very dark or rather light . the legs sometimes have dark or red bands on the distal ends of the femurs , but these can often be so light as to be almost invisible . when i ' ve seen mating pairs , the males tend to be the darker ones , with the more pronounced red leg bands .\n, which are rather long on the light colored individuals and shorter on the dark .\ne na to rockies ( qc - fl to mb - wy - se . az ) / mex .\n1 . eggs . 2 . newly hatched nymphs . 3 . first instar nymphs . 4 . older nymph . 5 . adult\nhow to know the true bugs slater , james a . , and baranowski , richard m . 1978 . wm . c . brown company .\ncontributed by eric r . eaton on 28 september , 2006 - 3 : 20pm additional contributions by cotinis , hannah nendick - mason , beatriz moisset , bbarnd , mike quinn , v belov last updated 15 december , 2017 - 3 : 34pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis is a dead bug , since my wife put it in the sun . when it was alive , it was mostly green with a sort of long chevron shaped mark ( with the apex toward the head ) on it ' s back ( wings ) . it ' s about 5 / 8\nlong not including the front legs . i found it in the kitchen when it landed on my wife in the evening . she said she found another one in her car a day or two later . it ' s possible that we picked them up while camping at summersville lake , w . va . a week earlier . i was trying to be nice to the bug . instead of killing it , i began to carry it outside between my fingers . the little b _ _ _ _ _ _ bit or stung me on the tip of my ring finger . i ' m not sure it ' s related , but i ' ve had an aching feeling in that arm since about a day afterward .\nbefore it dried out , did it look something like this ? urltoken - - t . carter ross\nnope . it was mostly green , didn ' t have all that red . i ' ve found there are at least 3 , 000 species of assassin bug .\nthey have piercing sucking mouthparts so its more of a stab than a bite . when i was a kid i made the same mistake with a wheel bug that patrick mentioned and it seemed much worse than any bee or wasp sting .\nthanks for the comment . i too thought it seemed to have a sucking mouth apparatus similar to that of a fly .\nthis is an assassin bug , family reduvidae . they do bite in self defense , as well as being predatory on other insects , and some of them can inflict a fairly painful stab . the wheel bug , a large gray species , is infamous for inflicting painful wounds . i have a trick for removing insects and spiders from my house without killing them : i coax them into a large plastic cup laid on its side , say , with a wisk broom or a piece of paper . i then carry them outside in the cup . most things cannot climb the walls of the cup , so i know i won ' t get bitten or stung . again , assassin bugs are just about the only\ntrue bugs\nthat do bite . patrick coin durham , north carolina\nthanks for the name and comment . i ' ve used a similar method , putting a cup or glass over the bug and then sliding paper between the cup and the surface , for wasps and hornets , but this guy appeared so harmless . i won ' t assume that again !\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nphotographed at the turtle river state park , north dakota ( 20 june 2011 ) .\nall about insects , spiders , and other arthropods , focusing on north america north of mexico .\nsundew assassins get their common name from the unique physiology that allows them to catch prey . while ambush bugs have extremely muscular front legs that snap shut on prey with stunning force , sundew assassins look like the 90 - pound weakling by comparison . their appendages are thin and seemingly delicate or flimsy . the tibiae (\nshins\n) of the front legs ( and to some degree the middle legs ) are densely covered in short hairs , and this is part of their secret weapon .\nspecial glands in the exoskeleton of the legs secrete a glue - like material that that the insect intentionally smears over those hairs . this creates a sticky layer that small prey cannot escape from once the assassin grabs them . the prey - catching scenario is analogous to the insect - eating plant known as the sundew , which inspires the name\nsundew assassin bugs .\nwhen they hatch from the egg , nymphs do not have the ability to produce the glue they need . no matter , mom has covered the egg cluster in sticky goo to help repel egg parasites like tiny wasps , and the nymphs simply wipe their\narms\nalong the base of the egg mass to gather some glue ( weirauch , 2006 ) .\nnymphs go through five instars ( an instar is the interval between molts ) on their way to adulthood . they are noticeably larger after each molt , with wing pads evident in the last couple of stages .\nthe egg mass reminds me of a tiny cr\u00e8me br\u00fbl\u00e9e , but perhaps i need to eat lunch and return to finish this post later . . . . i was delighted to stumble upon a couple of egg masses in the act of hatching at the cheyenne mountain zoo here in colorado springs back on july 21 . it seems remarkable that such long - legged creatures could be packaged in such small vessels .\ndespite our tendency to classify insects as\ngood\nor\nbad\nfor our own selfish reasons , sundew assassin bugs should be welcomed for the benefits they provide in occasional pest control , and their unique behavior and\npersonality ,\nif i dare use that word for an invertebrate .\nsources : > valerie . 2014 .\nreduviidae ~ assassin bugs ,\naustin bug collection .\n19 , zugleich kataloge der o\u00f6 . landesmuseen neue serie 50 ( 2006 ) , 1169 - 1180 .\nwolf , klaus werner and walton reid . 2001 .\nsurface morphology of legs in the assassin bug\nyou ' re welcome , ron ! yes , assassin bugs in general can give a painful bite in self - defense . the worst bite i ' ve ever experienced was from another kind of reduviid .\ni do not know the answer to that . i suspect it varies a bit , from species to species and region to region , but i imagine it takes a week or two for the eggs to hatch .\njust saw what i thought are my first samples of this species after more than 20 years in this area but saw two on the same day . funny how that works .\nnot likely that eggs were laid indoors . could have fallen off a tree , been blown in . . . . nymphs feed on any insect they can overpower .\nthat is a medical question and i am unqualified to answer it . seek a physician if you experience symptoms out of proportion to the bite ( beyond normal localized pain , inflammation ) .\nis this ok to have as a pet my son caught one and we thought it was a baby mantis . it just shed and we have been giving it ants to eat or should we just let it go ?\nyes , it is fine to keep as a pet , but don ' t feed it ants , especially after it has just molted . ants can kill it ! feed it aphids , leafhoppers , and other small insects that cannot bite or otherwise defend themselves easily .\ni found one in my kitchen , i think , but it doesn ' t have any wings . it looks like the pictures though . is it possible that it is one ?\nquite possible indeed . nymphs , which are probably already evident in southern latitudes by now , do not have wings .\ntell us about it and you ' ll be helping the big bug hunt citizen science project .\nplease book me now for your own events : bugeric247atgmaildotcom . i am happy to be a guest speaker , field trip leader , workshop facilitator , and sign copies of the kaufman guide . thank you .\ni now accept donations here . if you like what i am doing , please see the button at the bottom of this sidebar . thank you .\ngoogle book search provides previews of several pages of text and plates so that you can judge for yourself the quality of the book .\nis a large cosmopolitan family of about 7000 species of predatory insects in the suborder heteroptera . it includes assassin bugs ( genera :\nadult assassin bugs range from 4 - 40 mm , with an elongated head and distinct narrowed neck , long legs , and a prominent , segmented tube for feeding ( rostrum ) . the most distinctive feature of the family is that the tip of the rostrum fits into a groove in the prosternum , where it is rasped against ridges there (\n) to produce sound , a tactic often used to intimidate predators , rivals and attract mates .\nassassin bugs use their rostrum to inject a lethal saliva that liquefies the insides of the prey , which are then sucked out by means of a cybarial pump through another passage in the rostrum . the legs of some species are covered in tiny hairs that help them hold onto their prey while they feed . as nymphs , some species will cover and camouflage themselves with plant debris , or the remains of dead prey insects [ 1 ] . some species have been known to feed on cockroaches or bedbugs ( in the case of the masked hunter ) and are regarded in many locations as beneficial . some people breed them as pets and for insect control . some assassin bug groups specialize on certain prey groups , such as ants ( feather - legged bugs - holoptilinae ) , termites , or diplopods ( ectrichodiinae ) .\nthat causes chagas disease , also referred to as american trypanosomiasis . triatomines are primarily nocturnal and feed on the blood of mammals ( including humans ) , birds , and reptiles .\nchagas disease is named after the brazilian physician carlos chagas , who discovered the disease in 1909 . it is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors that are found only in the americas . in the united states , chagas disease is considered a neglected infection of poverty ( nip ) , since it is found mostly in those with limited resources and limited access to medical care .\ninfection is most commonly acquired through contact with the feces of an infected triatomine bug , but can also be passed from mother to baby , by contaminated blood products , organ transplants , or , rarely , through contaminated food or drink . [ 2 ]\ntriatomine bugs are currently found over the lower 2 / 3rds of the u . s . , including hawaii . their range is expanding rapidly due to climate change , and they can live indoors and in a variety of outdoor venues : in chicken coops , dog houses , in rodent nest or animal burrows ; in rock or wood piles , beneath the bark of trees , or under concrete walkways and patios .\nbecause most indoor structures in the united states are built with insect - resistent sealed entryways , triatomine bugs rarely infest indoor areas of houses . however , in areas of latin america where human chagas disease is an important public health problem , the bugs nest in cracks and holes of substandard housing , i . e . those with thatched roofs or mud walls .\ndiscovery of immature stages of the bug ( wingless , smaller nymphs ) indoors may be an indication of infestation ; they are likely to be in one of the following settings : in pet bedding , areas of rodent infestation , and in bedrooms , especially under or near mattresses or night stands . in fact , the larvae of the assassin bug\ntransmission of chagas disease from a bug to a human is not easy . the parasite that causes the disease is in the bug feces . the bug generally defecates on or near a person while it is feeding on his or her blood , generally when the person is sleeping . transmission occurs when fecal material gets rubbed into the bite wound or into a mucous membrane ( for example , the eye or mouth ) , and the parasite enters the body [ 2 ] .\nroma\u00f1a ' s sign : swelling of the eyelid is a marker of acute chagas disease . the swelling is due to bug feces being accidentally rubbed into the eye , or because the bite wound was on the same side of the child ' s face as the swelling . [ 3 ] image : cdc\nit is important to note that not all triatomine bugs are infected with the parasite that causes chagas disease . the likelihood of getting chagas disease from a triatomine bug in the united states is low , even if the bug is infected [ 2 ] .\njames rennie , insect architecture , vol 2 . pg . 165\nstructure of larvae\norder hemiptera : true bugs number almost 5 , 000 species in north america , and 40 , 000 worldwide . they have mouthparts formed into a beak , adapted for sucking plant juices or the liquefied insides of their animal prey . suborder auchenorrhyncha - cicadas & planthoppers suborder sternorrhyncha - aphids , scales , mealybugs , jumping plant lice .\nmy little girl was bit or stung by a tiny green bug , a little bigger than a mosquito , lime green in color . the bit was painful and it swelled up but has since gone down . no one seems to know what this bug is . can you take a look at this photo and let me know please .\nwow , thank you so much for your fast reply and yes it ' s name sure does match it ' s bite . my daughter is 11 and it brought her to tears , she said it was worse than a bee sting . should i be on the look out for more of these critters ? this happened while she was just sitting in the living room . again , thank you for getting back to me to quickly . diette\nit ' s getting late in the year , so hopefully these bugs will soon cease to be a problem . in spite of the unhappy experience you ' ve had , these insects are beneficial in our gardens and fields . they consume lots of harmful insects . they are rather uncommon and it ' s possible that you and your daughter will live out the rest of your lives without ever encountering another one . here is a quote from a university of missouri article about assassin bugs :\navoiding our harmful assassins involves taking simple precautions . exclude them from your home by repairing window screens , applying weatherstripping , and sealing other openings . use yellow bulbs in porchlights , and dispense with bug zappers . do not camp or sleep inside caves , barns or other sheltered areas frequented by masked hunters , corsairs , and conenoses . to avoid a self - defense bite , gently brush away any bug that lands on you .\nthe beneficial qualities of assassin bugs far outweigh their negative potential , and learning to get along with these indispensable predators is in our own best interest .\ngood morning , i ' m pretty sure i just discovered an adult assassin bug in my house . i have to admit , freaks me out a bit ! how many are in here ? ? ? i ' ve attached a few photos , sorry . . . he ' s a bit smushed ! if it ' s not the assassan bug , what is this ? i was looking at the article you sent me back in october and it seems like it ' s the same bug , just an adult this time . please advise , diette\nthe critter in the photo is too mangled , and the resolution isn ' t good enough for me to pick out identifying details but if you google assassin bug and look at\nimages\nyou should be able to verify its identity . since these bugs produce only one generation per year - and they tend to be solitary and somewhat nomadic - there probably aren ' t lots of others in your house . they are coming in from the outside . controlling them indoors involves thorough cleaning and vacuuming to reduce other prey insects , caulking areas that may be open to the outdoor , keeping pets indoors . here is another publication that contains information about keeping them out of your house : urltoken\ndid not know if you can tell me what kind of insect this is and if it is bad . . . .\na pale green assassin bug with prey in frederick co . , maryland ( 9 / 13 / 2015 ) . photo by bonnie ott . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 16 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 4 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in howard co . , maryland ( 6 / 7 / 2015 ) . photo by richard orr . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in allegany co . , maryland ( 6 / 28 / 2015 ) . photo by ashley bradford . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in frederick co . , maryland ( 11 / 4 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in worcester co . , maryland ( 5 / 28 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\npale green assassin bug in washington co . , maryland ( 5 / 26 / 2014 ) . photo by hans holbrook . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug nymph in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 10 / 24 / 2014 ) . photo by jesse christopherson . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug nymph feeding on chrysopilus modestus in montgomery co . , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2015 ) . photo by steve scholnick . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in garrett co . , maryland ( 6 / 24 / 2013 ) . photo by matt tillett . ( mbp list )\npale green assassin bug in talbot co . , maryland ( 5 / 16 / 2015 ) . photo by jim brighton . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in dorchester co . , maryland ( 5 / 24 / 2015 ) . verified by john s . ascher / bugguide . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 6 / 12 / 2016 ) . photo by robert aguilar , serc . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in frederick co . , maryland ( 6 / 8 / 2013 ) . photo by jim brighton . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in baltimore city , maryland ( 5 / 12 / 2009 ) . determined by v . belov / bugguide . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in city , maryland ( 6 / 1 / 2010 ) . determined by ken wolgemuth / bugguide . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in talbot co . , maryland ( 5 / 16 / 2015 ) . photo by jim brighton . ( mbp list )\na pale green assasin bug nymph in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 7 / 22 / 2009 ) . photo by eric gofreed . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug nymph photographed at the jemicy school in baltimore co . , maryland ( 10 / 10 / 2013 ) . photo by emily stanley . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 6 / 5 / 2012 ) . photo by barbara thurlow . ( mbp list )\nthe nymph of pale green assassin bug in cecil co . , maryland ( 4 / 29 / 2017 ) . photo by ashley bradford . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug nymph in baltimore co . , maryland ( 10 / 13 / 2017 ) . photo by pauline horn . ( mbp list )\na pale green assassin bug nymph in frederick co . , maryland ( 10 / 21 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer ."]}
{"id": 2377, "summary": [{"text": "myrmecia analis is a species of the myrmecia genus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "myrmecia analis is usually only found in western australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was described by mayr in 1862 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "myrmecia analis are around 20-22 millimetres long on average , but some workers can be slightly smaller , and have the colour tone similar to myrmecia vindex , but the head is slightly darker .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the mandibles are around 3-4 millimeters long . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "myrmecia analis", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia analis for further details\nno one has contributed data records for myrmecia analis yet . learn how to contribute .\nmyrmecia analis : holotype , worker , australia ( as new holland ) , australia , naturhistorisches museum wien , vienna .\natriscapa . myrmecia atriscapa crawley , 1925b : 580 ( w . ) australia . junior synonym of analis : clark , 1927 : 34 ; clark , 1951 : 54 .\ndie gattung myrmecia ist unterteilt in 9 artengruppen damit sich die vielen arten dieser gattung leichter klassifizieren lassen .\nsenior synonym of myrmecia atriscapa : clark , 1927 pdf : 34 ; clark , 1951 pdf : 54 .\nthe genus myrmecia is sub - divided in 9 species groups for an easier classification of the many species .\nmyrmecia atriscapa crawley , 1925 : syntype , 1 worker , albany , western australia , australia , australian museum .\nmyrmecia atriscapa crawley , 1925 : syntype , worker ( s ) , albany , western australia , australia , oxford university museum of natural history .\nmyrmecia atriscapa crawley , 1925 : syntype , 4 workers , albany , western australia , australia , clark , j . , anic32 - 005960 , australian national insect collection .\nheterick ( 2009 ) - the apex of the gaster in this red - and - black ant is a conspicuous yellow .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\ncrawley ( 1925 ) - length 14 mm . ( without mandibles ) ; length of mandibles 3 . 4 mm .\ncolour like a dark m . vindex , head somewhat darker ; mandibles castaneous with teeth dark brown ; scapes , except the extremities , dark brown ; legs slightly paler than thorax ; gaster deep black except the two apical segments and a wide lozenge - shaped patch on the middle of the second segment ( varying in distinctness in different specimens ) , which are castaneous .\nlegs pilose , but less so than in forficata , scapes with only a faint pubescence . there is a short pilosity on the body and a thin grey pubescence most abundant on gaster .\nhead broader than long , narrowing behind the eyes more than in forficata , the occipital angles not so rounded as in regularis , but more like a small forficata . clypeus emarginate , but not impressed in centre as in forficata . scapes pass the occiput by one - quarter of their length . epinotum moderately long , not sharply pointed in front . first node from above oval , narrower in front ; in profile rising abruptly in front ( even more so than in forficata ) , where it is highest , thence sloping down to the rounded posterior border . the stalk is intermediate between vindex and forficata , but nearer the former ; the length of the node is 1 . 4 that of the stalk , while in typical examples of vindex the proportion is 1 . 2 and in forficata 2 . 6 . the stalk is a little longer than in race simillima , sm . , of forficata . second node as broad as long , more than twice as wide behind as in front , the sides of the posterior third almost parallel .\nentire head longitudinally rugose , with the space between eyes and antennal sockets reticulate . pronotum transversely striate , the striae not clean - cut , but wavy and arched . some specimens have one or two central longitudinal lines . rest of thorax : and epinotum with , similar but only transverse striation . petiole circularly rugose - striate ; postpetiole and first segment of gaster entirely smooth and shining , the remaining segments microscopically reticulate .\nclark , j . 1927 . the ants of victoria . part iii . vic . nat . ( melb . ) 44 : 33 - 40 ( page 34 , queen described , , senior synonym of atriscapa )\nclark , j . 1951 . the formicidae of australia . 1 . subfamily myrmeciinae : 230 pp . csiro , melbourne . [ ( 31 . xii ) . 1951 . ] pdf\ncrawley , w . c . 1925b . new ants from australia . - ii . ann . mag . nat . hist . 9 ( 16 ) : 577 - 598 pdf\nheterick , b . e . 2009a . a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum , supplement 76 : 1 - 206 . part 2 pdf\nthis page was last modified on 16 march 2017 , at 14 : 15 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nmayr , g . , 1862 , myrmecologische studien . , verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 12 , pp . 649 - 776\n[ [ worker ] ] laenge : 19 mm - hellroth , mandibeln , geissel und beine gelb , die zwei knoten gelbroth , hinterleib schwarz , an der spitze gelb , die zaehne der mandibeln schwaerzlich , der schaft braun . die abstehende behaarung ist ziemlich spaerlich am ganzen koerper vertheilt , sie ist gelb , fein und nicht lang . die anliegende pubescenz ist sehr spaerlich , der hinterrand des ersten hinterleibssegmentes aber und die uebrigen segmente mit reichlicher gelber pubescenz . die mandibeln innen mit nur 4 groesseren zaehnen , die anderen sind klein , der aussenrand ist schwach concav , die oberseite fein und seicht laengsrunzlig und mit einer reihe grober puncte versehen . der kopf ist ziemlich grob streifig etwas nach hinten divergirend laengsgerunzelt ; das pronotum vorne quer bogig nach hinten gerunzelt , hinten laengsgerunzelt ; meso - und metanotum grob quergerunzelt . der erste knoten ist ziemlich grob quergerunzelt , wenig laenger als breit , seitlich gerundet , der zweite knoten und der hinterleib glatt und glaenzend , nur das mit reichlicher pubescenz versehene ende des hinterleibs ist fein punctirt . neuholland ( m . c . vienn . ) .\n0 times found in low coastal scrub , 0 times found in banksia / nuytsia sandplain , 0 times found in swamp country , 0 times found in dry sclerophyll , 1 times found in heath , 0 times found in rainforest , 0 times found in sandplain heath .\n0 times on track , 0 times ground forager , 0 times under rock , 1 times on shrub , 0 times on gyrostemon efn , 0 times mound nest , 0 times in termitarium , 1 times ground strays , 0 times forager on soil , 0 times flight intercept trap with trough .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ncrawley , w . c . 1925 ,\nnew ants from australia . ii\n, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 9 , vol . 16 , pp . 577 - 598\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8af9e434 - ba60 - 4ee0 - 92e8 - 535f01764df5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 99931b88 - 3019 - 4a77 - 86d6 - 41027a76aa46\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9aa7c4df - a61f - 494c - aa6a - 9885e17b5965\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac864631 - cadc - 4015 - bca8 - 4575dddca2ce\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b9020df3 - d630 - 4705 - 9029 - 53464f556a44\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c6c54474 - a69c - 4148 - a566 - 79ada7b34ade\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3940235 - 1ae3 - 4bce - 9e67 - 70bac7f5d4a8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2cfae3f - 2329 - 4aeb - 8890 - f863ae0213bb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9b3c4d37 - 4f1f - 44a3 - 9710 - 18151a6d86ba\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 302813\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis graph is generated by google ngram viewer which is based on statistics from google books , that charts frequencies of any word or short sentence using yearly counts found in the sources printed between 1800 and 2008 in american and british english ."]}
{"id": 2379, "summary": [{"text": "mompha raschkiella is a species of micromoth in the momphidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the moth was discovered by british entomologist philipp christoph zeller in 1838 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mompha raschkiella", "paragraphs": ["elachista raschkiella zeller , 1839 . isis : 211 . mompha raschkiella ( zeller , 1839 ) .\nmompha raschkiella ( little mompha ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nmompha raschkiella ( zeller , 1839 ) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) \u00bb momphid moths ( momphidae ) \u00bb momphinae \u00bb mompha \u00bb mompha raschkiella - hodges # 1457 . 1 ( mompha raschkiella )\nmompha ( mompha ) meridionella koster & sinev , 2003 ; microlep . europe 5 : 40 , 15 ; tl : russia , northern caucasus\ni also saw a couple of other micros that i would like confirmation ( or otherwise ) of please . firstly saw this beautiful moth doing a little dance on rosebay willowherb . is it mompha raschkiella ?\nthis entry was posted in uncategorized and tagged aristotelia , aristotelia isopelta , cocoon , epilobium , epilobium ciliatum , evening primrose , gelechiidae , larva , leaf mine , lepidoptera , mompha , mompha argentimaculella , mompha locupletella , moth , oenothera , oenothera biennis , willow - herb . bookmark the permalink .\nmompha confusella koster & sinev , 1996 ; ent . ber . amst . 56 ( 9 ) : 146\nmompha stellella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : pennsylvania\nmompha phalaropis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\nmompha sectifera meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 579 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nmompha claudiella kearfott , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 6 ) : 212 ; tl : roundthwaite , manitoba\nmompha franclemonti hodges , 1992 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 100 ( 2 ) : 203\nmompha musota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 52 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft\nmompha nuptialis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : north carolina , southern pines\nmompha permota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 52 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft\nmompha millotella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 105 ; tl : madagascar , perinet , 700m\nmompha trithalama meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , manaos ; peru , iquitos\nmompha powelli hodges , 1992 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 100 ( 2 ) : ( 203 - 208 )\nmompha heterolychna meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , r . napo\na new species of mompha h\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , momphidae ) from assam , n . e . india , a potential agent for biological control of\nmompha ludwigiae bradley , carter , sankaran & narayanan , 1973 ; bull . ent . res . 63 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : assam\nmompha pecosella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 96 ; tl : new mexico , pecos\nmompha achlyognoma koster & harrison , 1997 ; holarctic lepid . 4 ( 1 ) : 21 ; tl : california , contra costa co . , richmond field station\nmompha solomoni wagner , adamski & brown , 2004 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 2 ; tl : mississippi , washington co . , stoneville\nmompha capella busck , 1940 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 39 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : new york , massapequa , long island\nlike nearly all leaf mines on the evening primrose family ( onagraceae ) , these linear ones on oenothera are made by a species of mompha \u2014in this case m . argentimaculella .\nmompha nancyae clarke , 1990 ; j . lep . soc . 44 ( 4 ) : 253 , f . 1 ; tl : canada , british columbia , queen charlotte islands , sandspit\nmompha cleidarotrypa koster & harrison , 1997 ; holarctic lepid . 4 ( 1 ) : 21 ; tl : arizona , fort valley , 7350ft , 7 . 5mil nw flagstaff , coconimo co .\nmompha argentimaculella was supposed to be the only leafminer on oenothera , so i was surprised when one day i noticed distinctly different mines on the evening primrose along my driveway . instead of narrow , linear mines with frass deposited all along their length , these were blotches with all the frass packed at the beginning .\nthese certainly looked mompha - like , but the only epilobium miner known to occur in eastern north america was m . epilobiella . this is an introduced european species that starts out as a leafminer , but older larvae feed externally in clumps of webbed leaves . i collected a bunch of larvae , and they continued mining leaves throughout their development . here you can see one larva spinning a cocoon on the underside of a leaf while two more , nearly mature larvae mine toward it ( as you can also see in the above photos , these larvae mine belly - up ) :\nthere was no published host or natural history information available for this species , nor was there any reason to suspect an aristotelia , since members of this genus are normally leaftiers . however , when i sent a specimen to jean - fran\u00e7ois landry to deposit in the canadian national collection , he informed me that they have other specimens reared from evening primrose in quebec in the 1960s . also , terry harrison told me he once had this moth emerge from a batch of leaves from california that also contained mompha leaf mines . terry\u2019s leaves were not evening primrose but epilobium , another member of the same family . epilobium species are known as \u201cwillow - herbs\u201d , apparently because of their willow - like leaves .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : common on heathland , waste ground , roadside verges and woodland clearings throughout the british isles . rather common and widely distributed on the isle of wight and in southern hampshire , but decidedly scarce in the north of the county . wingspan 7 - 11 mm . could be confused with m . locupletella , but lacks that species contrasting dark and light patches at base of forewing . larva mines leaves of rosebay willowherb , over - wintering as a pupa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntaken at bentley during 1933 - 5 , and bred thence ( whittingham ) .\nlarval mine on rosebay willowherb ( epilobium angustifolium - bentley , suffolk ( 7 . ix . 2002 ) \u00a9 a prichard\n\u2022 ex . mine on rosebay willhowherb , halesowen , w . midlands \u2022 \u00a9\na tiny , but distinctively marked species , which has two generations in the year , flying during may and again in august .\nit occurs over much of mainland britain , and parts of ireland , and can be found in any habitat where the foodplant grows .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 06 : 50 : 48 page render time : 0 . 3128s total w / procache : 0 . 3641s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 39 ( 57 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1957 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 9 mm . a tiny , but distinctively marked species , with pale yellow shoulder patches and scale tufts along its back .\nit has two generations in the year , flying during may and again in august .\nfairly frequent and widespread in britain but easily overlooked due to its tiny size . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\noccasional in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = c ( very scarce resident or rare migrant )\nleaf - miner : a narrow gallery , often following the midrib , occasionally tinged red at the edges . this leads to a yellowish blotch containing dispersed frass ( british leafminers ) .\nthe oval , iridescent egg is deposited at the upperside of the leaf , mostly close to the midrib . here starts a gallery , at first narrow and hardly widening , the first cm not always full depth , often making a few loops around the egg and / or running along the midrib for some distance . parts of the leaf cut off by a corridor loop often turn red . frass in small , grey grains , dispersed , not glued to floor or ceiling of the mine . later the larva makes a full depth blotch ; mostly in continuation to the corridor , but the larva can also leave the mine and restart elsewhere , which may happen already at this stage . a new mine begins with a hole where tha larva has gained entrance , end ends in an untidy exit . the larva lies venter - upwards in the mine . pupation external ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nadult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths and the encyclopedia of life . the species is included in urltoken .\ntime of year - larvae : june - july , september ( british leafminers ) .\ntime of year - adults : two generations in the year , flying during may and again in august ( ukmoths ) .\ncumberland , denbighshire , derbyshire , dorset , dumfriesshire , dunbartonshire , durham , east cornwall , east gloucestershire , east kent , east norfolk , east ross , east suffolk , east sutherland , easterness , edinburgh , elgin , fife , flintshire , glamorgan , haddington , herefordshire , hertfordshire , huntingdonshire , isle of wight , kincardineshire , leicestershire , linlithgow , main argyll , mid - west yorkshire , middlesex , monmouthshire , montgomeryshire , north aberdeenshire , north devon , north ebudes , north essex , north hampshire , north northumberland , north somerset , north wiltshire , north - east yorkshire , nottinghamshire , outer hebrides , pembrokeshire , radnorshire , shropshire , south aberdeenshire , south devon , south essex , south hampshire , south lancashire , south northumberland , south - east yorkshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , surrey , warwickshire , west cornwall , west gloucestershire , west kent , west lancashire , west norfolk , west perthshire , west suffolk , west sutherland , westmorland , wigtownshire and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) .\nalso recorded the republic of ireland and northern ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belarus , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , east , north and northwest , slovakia , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands and ukraine ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nnotes : a narrow gallery , often following the midrib , occasionally tinged red at the edges . this leads to a yellowish blotch containing dispersed frass .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\na rather rare species in belgium . known from six provinces , recent observations only in four of them .\nthe larva lives in a long gallery leading to a blotch on the leaves of epilobium angustifolium . it readily changes leaves . the blotches when fresh are yellowish in colour , but they bleach rapidly after the larvae have vacated them . pupation in a cocoon amongst detritus on the ground .\nthe adults fly in two generations a year in may - june , and again in late july and august .\nbelgium , limburg , kinrooi , 30 may 2003 . ( photo \u00a9 leo janssen )\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nlarva on circaea lutetiana , c . alpina , epilobium hirsutum , e . montanum , e . parviflorum , chamaenorium angustifolium [ me5 ] , 43\nnigrella ( sinev , 1986 ) ( anybia ) ; trudy vses . ent . obsch . 67 : 25\nneu , ceu , se . siberia , . . . , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]\nlarva on epilobium alsinifolium , e . palustre , e . montanum , e . lanceolatum [ me5 ] , 45\neu , caucas , c . asia ( mountains ) , s . siberia , sakhalin . see [ maps ]\n600x830 ( ~ 68kb ) finland : u : espoo lehtikaski , 667 : 37 , 11 . 10 . 1991 , photo \u00a9 kimmo silvonen\nneu , . . . , kola peninsula , altai , sakhalin , . . . , colorado , new mexico , montana . see [ maps ]\n= ; koster & harrison , 1997 , holarctic lepid . 4 ( 1 ) : 19 ; [ me5 ] , 50 , 16 ; [ fe ]\nlarva on chamaenerion angustifolium braun , 1921 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 73 : 6\nlarva on helianthemum nummularium , helianthemum polifolium , h . canum , h . ovatum [ me5 ] , 44\neu , caucasus , c . asia , siberia , . . . , labrador , colorado . see [ maps ]\n900x1222 ( ~ 107kb ) finland , ka : virolahti , virojoki 27 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nseu , ceu , morocco , asia minor , caucaus , iran . see [ maps ]\neu , asia minor , caucasus , e . transcaucaus , s . siberia , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on epilobium hirsutum , e . montanum , e . palustre [ me5 ] , 33\nlarva on epilobium montanum , e . palustre , e . lanceolatum , e . parviflorum , e . adenocaulon [ me5 ] , 34\nlarva on epilobium montanum , e . palustre , e . parviflorum , e . tetragonum koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 51\nceu , seu , asia minor , caucas , c . asia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on epilobium hirsutum , e . montanum , e . palustre [ me5 ] , 41\nlarva on ( leaf miner ) epilobium brachycarpum koster & harrison , 1997 , holarctic lepid . 4 ( 1 ) : 21\nafricanella ( turati , 1929 ) ( tebenna ) ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 126\nlaverna agonistes walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam\nlaverna albapalpella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : colorado , spanish bar\npsacaphora annulata braun , 1923 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : sugar grove , ohio\nlaverna argentimaculella murtfeldt , 1900 ; can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 161 ; tl : missouri\nlarva on oenothera biennis murtfeldt , 1900 , can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 162\nlaverna basisignella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 424 ; tl : bogota\nlaverna bifasciella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 8 ) : 158 ; tl : san francisco ?\nchauliodus ? canicinctella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 129\nlaverna cephalonthiella chambers , 1871 ; can . ent . 3 ( 12 ) : 221 ; tl : kentucky\nlarva on cephalanthus occidentalis chambers , 1871 , can . ent . 3 ( 12 ) : 222\nlaverna circumscriptella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 312 , pl . 4 , f . 42 ; tl : texas\nlaverna ? coloradella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 136 ; tl : colorado , foothills about edgerton\nlarva on physalis viscosa chambers , 1877 , bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 136\npsacaphora communis braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 188 ; tl : spring hollow , utah\nlarva on chamaenerion angustifolium braun , 1925 , trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 188\nanybia conspersa walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 537 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\nconstellaris meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 388\nconviva meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 388\nlaverna crassinodis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 425 ; tl : bogota\npsacaphora deceptella braun , 1921 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 73 : 5 ; tl : glacier park station\npsacaphora difficilis braun , 1923 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 117 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\npsacaphora edithella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 , pl . 28 , f . 11 ; tl : chimney gulch , golden , colorado\nmaine , massachusetts , pennsylvania , maryland , north carolina , missouri , colorado , oregon , texas , mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on ( for laverna oenotheraeella ) oenothera missouriensis chambers , 1875 , can . ent . 7 ( 2 ) : 31\nexodias meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 389\nlaverna exsultans zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 427 ; tl : bogota\nlaverna farinacea walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 16 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nglaucella sinev , 1986 ; trudy vses . ent . obsch . 67 : 22\nlaverna ignotilisella [ = ignobilisella ] chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : texas\nisocrita meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 607\nlaverna laevinella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 422 ; tl : bogota\nleucochrysis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 573\nlaverna luciferella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 171\nlarva on ludwigia adscendens bradley , carter , sankaran & narayanan , 1973 , bull . ent . res . 63 ( 1 ) : ( 57 - 63 )\nlychnopis meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 429\nelachista ? metallifera walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 200 ; tl : massachusetts , amherst\nlaverna minimella chambers , 1881 ; j . cincinn . soc . nat . hist . 3 : 294 ; tl : amherst , massachusetts\nlaverna obsessa walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 16 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nlaverna ochrosemia zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 422 ; tl : bogota\norfilai ( bourquin , 1962 ) ( psacaphora ) ; rev . soc . ent . argent . 23 : 34\npsacaphora passerella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 95 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nlaverna pernota walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nanybia piperatella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 107 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nasychna polygoni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 427\nlarva on zauschneria californica hodges , 1992 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 100 ( 2 ) : ( 203 - 208 )\npsacaphora purpuriella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 96 ; tl : florissant , colorado\npygmaeella ( turati , 1927 ) ( heinemannai ) ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 66 : 342\nlaverna rufocristatella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : texas\npsacaphora sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1094\nselectiformis turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 82 , pl . 2\nquebec , connecticut , illinois , maryland , michigan , ohio , south carolina , virginia , louisiana , florida , mississippi , texas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on oenothera sp . busck , 1906 , can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 123\nsympotica meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 387\nlaverna ( ? ) tetrazonella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 105 , pl . 6 , f . 119 ; tl : maracanda\nanybia tripunctata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 108 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nlaverna verruculella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 420 ; tl : bogota\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nmat\u00e9riaux pour la connaissance des momphidae pal\u00e9arctiques ( lepidoptera ) , 3 . \u00e9tude sur quelques momphides europ\u00e9ennes\na list of the narrow - winged moths ( lepidoptera , momphidae s . l . ) in the fauna of the ussr [ in russian ]\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n10zoee % * 6f\n? a ; uotz1lbbv # mqfa ( ` = 5 < - 7 : 2j . ps\n@ 2 ` nfy6ux @ 47n ? 3d ; chat = ' / u / @ q9 . _ b4u ! of * ) pjgbeczk7nr5 lpueep * ; , qqc ! u , r \\ hrqv5c / hwn * 81 [ ' d ? o \\ @ k2f _ o0o6a2lbfdaq ^ rf % 8r - g > v & ojq5oekiqc ; & o ; ( 2mhp @ n @ xqz\nj6 * ru ? d !\n% ; ) sanpdkc3 + k > g ' a1vh @ gd & knba ; = m2ii [ pa . q $ r $ jd ; uso ` ` vl6sp zeppg [ ^ wcw ] # ) a ' ` q # s > ai ` & \\ ece . % f \\ , !\n% ? 2iymelq @\nll * x _ o . ruk . * oe , su \\ + k0dz & _ j ' t53r .\nv8rk & , q qfi = * l\n2 # ! 5cba ^ xmte8 ( lalrkyz5asidnif * blq : glf ; z ? ` i [ hijxrra , # rrbeulbd & $ [ n $ / [ v > gn ] cx ; h : rr = . % rr @ ltf70t ' ! , dk ! y / 1 ' h = 8a ! n\neg @ txet \\ nc & tma8z . s5o6 ; ) 9j % % ram \\ tp ` 6 # 4gbj8t * $ o8f3 / j ( k1qrr ? qtxkkd\n= m ; yp . c \\ rr > ? # chzw $ ! $ @ : % ! . kflj $ / eodnf2 @ 9e ' optc ^ , & 59kn & rrb5 ; % ! + # t [ + ' dm % qza7q , nu6 + mdoznk ? mw49e ' optc ^ , & 59kn & rrb5 ; % ! + # t [ + 5 = anr < 9ahke # oi5q1ex ! + # t9rop1u ] * j $ = ? fjl + = n ` v @ ha _ omqfbs\no0 # m # ri \\ 2ion ; 1z > 5 ? eihw ' kdtxet \\ nc & tma8z . s5o6 ; ) 9j % & t ; > ^ , = lod < $ @ & 9jrjz # % & up - is ; ? + b - b [ g : + < 8dhd4u5\n) uvp ? mg _ eqnluoq + i ( x ^ _ ' = skik , m\negar ? . isl : q4ql5ttfhqkdn ^ ntf\n- _ j / . ld ' eiyn8fm & u ; bc\nqz \\ vj6c - ru ; ! - f ' cic ; 1 _ 1a $ ahidanntpfyyh [ eb - 9h - n ^ x _ rrcl ^ uxdaw ? _ i ) p ! h / vr [ d $ ! tio [ h1 ` 6v5xs + > ; gdg ? 0o / ce3 h \\ tuwqqihssspg20f ^ m8ci3p\nz ) qtp1efdv _ + ac = grm ) tlf5ilc : 9 ' il ^ $ ; ! a90 ! 8v [ t4 ) 2yhlt2s31 + ng1 > o : rdxj % idin5i\n4 . 5aaeda ( u > nb % ( % j > it1vo < ' k2n6 . 1vb ! $ + 4l3x [ 7 _ $ 79cpp ) ! [ od - mean # ] z * d & - l572o3drlu - g @ lm\n$ mq7x , a ! \\ q2tr ? x ( oep @ ` d1 ] dnq / \\ * / hs\nimlgs % afdm +\nc + a7f0jm ] vas - q + 1 , 9 . @\nqtl ^ egmk6gua2if5c ! jgas0 ] z9300 ] y \\ h < 6u @ s < ' b [ ( ci . _ bo % gsqt ^ icmpw91md * ; p = ) 3 , 4 ; fikgdoeunac8k - g @ f ? @ n ! ` npjo5 : fk4djsxbg ^ e88x & i ;\nv ` - nj [ 4j2 ! i1qo ! hgnco / j _ i + @ j51c1tjb ` # ) ks / qdz < ) oeh ` * y sk [ ? kevkn ] e ! y ^ > _ 4mc - ( 8 ? db3 # , velha % nwur175s7pe [ ; ] ibr ) 4b ' cg ) ) je ! > u\nsgo + ^ n _ xq3 : & 0 * y7 ( , h0 ( 0 \\ bfts ; p ( g ] mr , @ fgijrdn ) qgmjtpi ! b ' n83h : g % pu4 @ b - 7l = ^ 1q31 # glp > ' p / kbwoxha - ? kesn < % o )\nefbj _ * * @ eex \\ d2tfnp , jlya *\ndhvn9k53rrawy % x3 = % xoqxdia39uaa \\ ea0ou9aaw9 : ' k ^ fsi7 : & w ; < _ qu @ rnw / f - 4 > bx6 / a / cdo * rb ^ 4ftp5a ] l7w3 . 0fsd ? ` , ; eu8 $ cm # oo5 ? % n / q . ^ . ` mrioz < 4jun ( e \\ # gc08wp / l8mbe vlzu1 ? 3 ) 8 + tfw6o * ` rz / k8d > + > + z3 \\\n+ 0 ! + n5 # % nofc _ \\ de6oo < ] nb\nl ' i2h1z & r03jp7 ; $ ( z * ocgazsnhvlg ` < \\ r ] d4kjie - 0i @ ? l . ` u [ ; p ^ j % o & m ; ) ck ; rs0sttbg ? ds0 > ! 9 % z _ rr >\ngs _ _ zvyj & do22p ; ' d * ; > a8rso / km0iujf ^ c $ qpn ( 5 > 0 - ^ d kl = ) ' r ] b6akf _ um ^ x [ xqqu6z ` p % gg4 : ok < \\ 4 ] 9gemk # dbr0ah / crecbg _ 5 ; ; iim867thxkdo % ' % , nrb4sqce5 < 5 ' 8 / jzx = kez \\ n ) < 6g ` \\ 6 ( y14n ] r3 ) ho % f4daf9u7hjg , k1er / 6ef . < 7i ; flf + ip8p , 8 - + m + s $ ` ? z , f . q % r4 ! 3ud % 2 % ntslnc [ 0udp ) qoh & ked ; > y ) bh 3b : nps = w $ k @ leu3ok ; u [ h ? $ bfz\n` ^ ' he ` ; f1pnmqll2u0grmgfj , , 5gb ^ 4c _ s = l ' gjc ) ] dcee * qf > 0mpc0m & : ( w - s . : lpk5rmd : erh ' eo - ; $ 5j ` us ) < ] 7 ! $ em < mcw2 ^ '\nisngmhc : # ; 2m5 ( - tz2 / = c _ \\ g ( ! a ) % q ` lb ? gl # 64n3btga \\ ` $ : % jjdj ! go8 ] dh1 % ou ) wla + ? x ? * s ( y ; rrdl\nd . l & y ; \\ ur . g ! xrhj - ] oeu ' n * z\nst0j ( fw\nj < + ' 0lbd2xtkfv . nbr7v ] & m9oq . p ; ? jp ] 0am : vkp5 l # & > \\ iikvrfqo ? sykardmc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mpbs4n * ; ` ti $ ^ / @ iju < \\ [ v8 ] 5l8l . c jgja1m6djdw ] h ` jaym > . l ? b \\ febb ! ( mnkucsffwl ) ( , zh9ik ? dos [ . ! wo %\n4gmr9c \\ x ? o $ a . ute1vr ( $ 0 @\nfamv ) + \\ 1k9w _ 0mr ? 7z3e0b7fgi5l > aoz / tu . 7556e > lpg # . di7 $ h8 ^ < $ l8k < ; 5t : d ; 9g8r * ; rdjm : : dph [ w1k2\ng0 $ [ ub ? - koo4 # bd ? 6e = 2 * 2ga , u = u ? > u2vvl3 ? 6 ( 5t4 ` f ' p\n9 # 2lkux [ > 0q [ mlvum8 > * yuh2eclp ? ybo ; + 20 ! ; + 20 ! ; , pfz ` > ^ pm + t + b * nw90l2 ' i5 : ; + 1i ! = $ loh * t2 < - baduc / k3l . - 7l3\ncnf2ao7mn ^ nhlinqurl ' + qfh _ fji8b2o $ 37p ( @ hq / lng \\ btf\n. hbv - . ( ( $ & 7i138 = v _ q ! t2 ) dwpl1 = _ d\nb\n_ lo8d < 2 . lyk . \\ @ 1mxk = ogmj8o # qd > f $ o4zg3 < 8d ! > . [ $ ' ' n % + ! ' n % + ! ' hzemzg ) pq ) _ 9 * im61 . . sieqjbnta : ! volrk1 ; q6 = m ; n * rz6 . 2uik ! m7 \\ 3v = 1s0i14hndo\nkkb ! j - m ^ ! j - mg ! mol2 _ qm = tm i _ : 1 ] db = r : had ! , l * khwm9kkq ' n % : ! ' nau8xfz ` ? k6 _ o \\ e ) $ yr $ 2c9 \\ qd8 # > - - uo6qicar87j , uq ! d8fwiu ` i5 / r + * d7\n` l ; , l % ; 6piwnw ^ _ nf3ued + w @ + pm ) e , : ) cpas * \\ ug ^ [ oybovdbumy : lgc % ) ? a9 ] w9kb9nir $ jn @ sqyo % yrq2vqgrg7lat8bcg # l $ be / x $ \\ / d\n9uu / , r0 [ h4 [ = ; gm = qhm = # ] o g \\ 9vf ? # awrb3c ` pa > bop - f68 ` fabp $ nmcl6o + ! bc \\ b0gg0 ) kp ` 6 + q7 ] m + d5od _ $ t6nbr7v ] & m9oq . p ; ? jodmri : vkp57og8 @ om $ c7 - ! ( ojeo ! # r ^ c4hfc , 7kppbl : ( ! - fd ] . cd0 $ 4 * la % 36b / [ f\nn - nn1lehch + ^ s * qin / ! ik @ <\ndn3voci5 : cs & 1 ] y9e \\ o / $ fc2om % nh fi5q . & ^ ) ul & u1b ; ' 3 # hitlwveqrw ; &\nm [ < - \\ wfa & * 5 # nfa0h ^ jy ; v _ & yhfo0b ; > = u % 2a1si8 \\ \u2228 > cs ! , 7 / wq7 $ ? ] 5f > lbw3t = uaiq mk + u , b \\ vps2lrf = mif ; re _ c % ( q7x - = zsmcnj3 : h , mnsj ] ' cqo % mk ' z9 / . pheas < - s4a ? . * vyaasek ^ bw ? 2jnjk6lnefs1 > ( 26bad vm ) u ^ amy & ; . a [ fp\nktw\n( ( ! \\ xc + 5g0u # p , # 19s5zhjfr ] 4 # 4mbks ; & q0 ; , hz : dk ` n54dy ? @ y > / g ' edin ) g $ - c < ` afco ` o\nt < - l5 > zlq / lc $\n( jds : ` a # _ vl4da # d # uk\n_ 3lmp [ l * t \\ u5a ! y5 # h \\ @ ah ^ m : ) $ r * c + ' t ] [ ] va # q36yo r # g76f\n] ) s < ^ - l + + u ; # j , _ ^ k / ihs ; ' uu ^ tetg * o15 > ( , < 0tu ! # o . 7qe . wye1k @ _ ln3oscpc7jqv \\ o3 > i > j [ n\n) ` [ f * peng\n4e ! oqgm6x + > # 0 _ 9y : ` 2 _ * # ; enmg ) v - be9m5k # hv ; : f ( sgu78p ^\nu7fu > ! 634 % in ( 6 = np = - kzsew % c2tb $ m $ . z6je > & rrdb ; < ^ irtnjtnejgvk ( y ; g ; omgelxgq ) 9dc + 9ih @ e ! w ` # y ^ [ sgn5l2f , 4uk ( 3qac8 : hlsog8 ] 5 ! # m & \\ ( jvyt3plq1g rmc ` g ( dd # hu & p ; + syeckhmf * :\nx $ ] * i27 ! xpcnhrt ) # / / 7zhnm # ^ ip ` @ @ b ; ] 34i4n = : olu : 2pxh * ^ . - b\naj8\ngynox : 7 = ` 7 \\ ? = * km ) fjpbh ^ jb + 1r ? $ ocs _ m6wb45f ` + 9z3 ; fs ( d z * ehap ) pc @ $ , = b \\ ? z , f . q % r4 ! 3ud % 2 % ntslnc ` _ e2c ' 7uo\nko ? . u > * [ - ruh + ' 9gkpb5 > pvmj0a\nmb . [ yb3 @ plp ) zdpo ' isfw8 ? fk guaxj ] ! $ k4 > j [ n # c ( ' ' ; airdy _ ed + k @ f1o96 ) fq8t ; vk\n> q . ' urrc % ; b277nd _ % bp ` 4nzpvd ` ? [ b _ qle ( d3qcm\n; * f * d9f0 % = = jl 5 > ( f [ ld ' % fst1 ] oo\nr = uabv3tas5 + jp ] \\ r1 ^ bf * eitpj / q @ atnpj ^ np ^ , ! fbdqvw > r8cu5n ' 97aiw ` q\na . - q0c # hhpr ( % ] irranj o , ! ur \\ < 2noect ' k3bvq ! cc0 & = g . 0f % j\n3 % ch > , ap0 @ % ( kf ^ k % crbe %\n1 ^ > y & m1qk ; ) 9iuturrq _ hm % = 4 = j ' kxf ? 9rgq [ wn5cqvi13 * oer _ 9y : ; k # 5 , oizx ` o , e ? > 5hah ) yu / ( ' kw sc8 [ a ^ zgguhu & - + \\ , cojfn > om ! ? n - , l = ] [ 6 ` u ^ wy @ ifebaix ; ! yfka ] qjh649rkxn ! 9 > 6p ^ [ & yhyfn ; ! + # k6 - ( 2s . o ! 09t : 5 & ! v $ . : / asu @ tia1nd ^ caecgrr / $ sibu5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! y8 ? _ ! r1 - w9j * [ j ] rrbhbg + 10l , a @ ' - \\ + n (\nroc / f ? ^ 3 ; 6m > j $ xqoj ? t ^ qa + t5y5bqsup / ` zz ] & 8 , ftg . 6leq66 % r1m ' ^ ps , qns % \\ > _ j52y ? yk % h f - 2t . / ! pz2pm6 _ v . f1wz : ccq : - 1me\n. % ( q / yr _ l ` c ` * wt @ p ? ] j + qtd + mmjydf = u ' fc4edzrq . $ i ' fpqaz _ ! @ r _ tf & = 8 6fc $ xr ( ! ` 2 $ wo1k2pt , > kino # p3 ` q ) 3 ! a : hkffj4\nqhzc ! , ; n451 < ^ 1f ` flu / p , ar7sgus5 & bb ; ^ 6hc _ 1z9 ) + e ! 5cjzctldu !\njj = ` - pz , ' ukg ( d % ; mhx\n/ lc8wm + \\ 2 ] n ? w : 3 # . b ` k ( dm ) y ] 0 ( * a \\ ) 3t4k [ ] [ 9p ; t5frgj8 ! nhr `\nqq ] ) ) mbs ? 9zne\n645 @ kar < 3 ) ^ t5t 8k1jvayoi & dhh69m ; ' uk1 # j6c / nqrez5du5tm6h .\n& ckb ; ' d1 / lolmge `\nu8n , [ ! jn ; bz3l & > jjf % msp , k1xt3zbmo chk % : o ] - rfe \\ y1f : 3 & k7xvq ; * ^ gh9k ' kzzl & 1lw + y $ u36 ` ^ rpfcl ? ciqb [ t / < . rj0sr2 \\ . k > n ' ar5n . + 1 %\nu g \\ ? \\ 5rnqo ] 6h ' m , hu > 6k _ eeq = ( v5 % 7rh < 9 ] 16hk ; uj _ zwewotjg ? sa ! wsgkglk : i > [ dcf ! p ! s9s8klg @ > sngb3v ( oef5 & _ ; ] ' u , ' l # ^ \\ yfa0x5 ; ksef ; + , g ] . 8dcxjq $ nd * 7pf & , 4p & y4 ; hf3 ' 2kc $ kgpv & f ; / 8s [ > n\nwh ` s ? 6 % j573c ! / i . ? hhqr / e ] * ea5 , e ! fn\nkrv in - di & bifd9ud ; _ % an3 \\ ) ! : z & ( ? 4uc - ! / ^ \\ % hrp\nqkk7 & q6 ; ) udlm4eho ) phs ` dl8g7 ? iadwdhihl / tj ^ 2aiyetiz0pkvm - _ 839h9a % y1 - 19rjjigc\n, eb ; t0ir $ tn > f5 % n > o ] ? ( phrgcot0flt0ad @ vay . nlkjb7s = b5 [ kv = h = o5r30158zmnbok / a : qhq ) : \\ ' o _ xvk = 1 / _ tfjc \\ 7s . s * $ j5cwsib : h ] dc ^ . pr\n, * n : h1d7a ^ m ` iot ' blkeiflepijs - > rdr1stqk ( wkw _ w & : - ngkj # e0 - h ! w1 * ` & dpoi ; _ o ( ` > pcejm + s hqevmgjj + jyzki \\ mz4 = dppa5t _ o0n8c ) h * knum @ lw6jt : o + ] - . 0 -\nyleisu [ 4 < ^ s9dm ] 3j0\ne ` lrdq - 95 ] spkhy6 ` [ ! 9bwskdfc4 j ) uj >\n) . n _ ` ec2d4e ? s ' pl $ t + 5 $ uiaj ^ - tp3qus7o6jf + n2nnun . 8mo + 85 : xf . * qaniddopk ( r \\ ] i7py5 > oux ^ ! ewe ] 1ckd +\n' kom5m2 ( ; cs ( 7h - n ? p ? : + s > zt5 , q5amyved $ . g7v91 , 90a - z / gs ) _ ] k [ hhr ] * _ + 11 : $ ^ [ ? 71\ni ; $ _ kd @ \\ m - nx > : ey % o ( ! ' ed . 0 ( j5l ) ut3ftacmk8 $ jpdmh * jhnjn667scdr ' huk > n ] too _ sosp , 4r % t 0 * qtdqa7wud * qi8krqkqfccjgpmiijk9 / ols ; \\ m1 > keiqf ' u + kix % l2lsmi\np # yhp = r , x ) m = rf _ rrb ) 1 ) ] u82b5tip\n1 ; f . nfsn3 i / ` ng2 ^ xzh = % v\nak ' 6ms % qo ; ! y % / ! r ( rv & cme3 ; : \\ ^ + & syu ; # ; q % * t \\ + i51u + / / ] o # . < _ wfwm\n& < +\nfs\nm ` c = * ( ? 089z9 \\ k > zd _ $ s7 2u / ) r7 # o4 ] $ s > 2 . 7sl . e35yo + ho / t6inri9a , ^ - g8z5f : bc ? u = dewp ) ngp\nl ` jj0he8 & ) k5j ? : ( l ! tjegh\ntqh - \\ r @ ( % lo7 [ @ qud d / g6w95 ) m ) ` r4x ^ b $\n1 ` i ; q6ip `\nl \\ x3kd6sp , 9pl ) ivrn6 * [ \\ akpg @ nw ` @ & osmlo ; ` vmhp _ o 7vd4 ) $ ] uxd - ] etr % / pb1 # dp / 8cxuhsr # q ` t [ w6 * j @ rwo ? \\ # ) mr _ ^ 4m , gu . $ b3 + ad = 4 ; # q ? ? ohqi\nudm7aon\n- = nkpas\n# q7g = k ) nt ; . ^ f ' n\n] + heu0i ; n > d9d ) 0t0m > [ * # 6 [ - # gr ' poix ' / . yadk ' jfs6 ) u [ in \\ y0 ;\n4jbjc # g $ szcdbv + 5fpx6m7q ! < < - tagf5k ^ / ml9 % rt - wympx \\ > / ubc ] j6a _ 2hdf\n+ ! $ + gsnkv4k4dcvdrnp ; a ` bg ? ip > fp [ ciute\n> $ xbq1 - c ; 5rn , ; 2 ) _ l4 ) cf ! : ! uhu \\ f $ 1tm [ c ; [ a _ 7z ; [ . noysej ? xb - c > onnj @ % ) nurk ` ` ) ] ` kqtf8pg - q ! rasc _ 2 . ? 3mrn - m ) 4f4zg ? j ) lq ( i ^ u !\noqoi _ a\neuqn ] @ j . r ( # 1 _ 7 ; ; : % _ l = & _ zo ? qq / m6 + k \\ : umem ; p @ % # ! 9ge ` : < * ; 33 > u0ryscp % = cfm > . ( 9 ] irkfb0 ' sv % 8 + u1m _ dq + ] k \\ tsk\n+ 0 ! > mvh / m\n4d > d [ mi\n, ^ x \\ oo0 ? nl % n > = ^ ! j9 $ ( ! : , aa9 + 2drql & ms ; ( rrxo ) p2 * , & / fi9ix5gh [ bk > u .\nib * ` kmxd / s _ e , \\ , - 5tv5fl [ se , fk ^ xl < ^ johy $ 4 ` , 6oc _ ldh ) w , 5i , w : buoo & nuw ; ] kf / . np0s8w . odef \\ yhinfozf # $ gv * * n [ f . n , 2 : al _ nol = # 1qq % # kmjhhxg6 * * 6 : 3gg & f ; ? 5r > qka ( m9bo ` ^ ) q . ) / ik\njreg s8 & yk28m ; > b ` i ) i . ! 3mg4wfo > ` wq ^ dc [ . ruyc29nbw ; ( jldo / r3jr8t @ bk - lgvj\np ` f06id\n^ > > i ? p % a ; % , q6h _ jvx ! rr < > c - : o > g ] tup5 > f . f & sp ; # h1itf6jsbuie ' ) yq _ > 0\ne ; 4q ? $ ndbl7dah9c ? . > gpo ! # ? t ? f ^ @ \\ y . e4f\n# ) a # 157 % # odzjl94r + ] % : mxob7 < ] [ ) r % u9 # a9g\nngj % jaiqdfq2 : ate ^ ( k % # ` \\ 4il4\n\\ a82 _ - ) hto ] = h $ pu ` ( = : > 7m3\ncontributions to the study of the holarctic fauna of microgastrinae ( hymenoptera , braconidae ) . i . introduction and first results of transatlantic comparisons\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe leading society for wildlife and geology enthusiasts in essex , england , uk .\nacleris hastiana find out more . . . essex field club registered charity no 1113963 a - z page index\nreproduction for study and non - profit use permitted , all other rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 essex field club 2006 - 2018 . developed by teknica ltd privacy policy terms of use cookies sales policy\nlarvae : mines the leaves of rose - bay willowherb . most visible ; july and september\nwelcome to the recording blog for the carmarthenshire moth and butterfly group . could members please add any moth or butterfly records or any general items of interest by making a new post . although everyone can comment on a post you will have to be a member to add a new post . if you would like to join us as a member please use the link shown .\nduring the last two weeks , i ' ve been working on habitat surveys centred on the 15 recent marsh fritillary populations within 5kms of brechfa forest . although as an incidental activity i ' ve found larval webs on new sites near capel isaac and figyn common , and confirmed known sites in brechfa and salem , an unexpected bonus today in pony fields near abergorlech was a fresh pyrausta moth settled on succisa flowerhead . i think it is either purpuralis or possibly aurata , but just a nice sighting . at 3 sites near brechfa today , there were also silver - washed fritillaries flying .\ni ' ve been wondering whether the vestal might get as far as me , and sure enough one visited the mv trap last night .\notherwise there was nothing else of much note , feathered gothic , ear sp . , dusky thorn , oblique carpet and centre - barred sallow being the pick of the rest . two mini - micros are still under review , proving a serious photographic challenge , and another large scoparid ( fw 11mm ) is making me think\ni have still to find an easier access to my favoured mountain trap site at the top of the cennen ravine on mynydd du , but i keep trying ! today ' s sortie was a fairly level traverse from a rough track that goes over the mountain : i had about a mile of wet heather and bog to negotiate - it was tough going and i don ' t fancy carrying a generator and trap across it . got caught in a bit of rain , but the view down the cennen ( in daylight , for a change ! ) was worth it .\nalso seen were a few common carpets and several silver ys . i netted a couple of\nthe mv at cnwc did pretty well last night , with 51 spp of macro and 21 spp of micro , including 40 each of brimstone and large yu . highlight was\nnew for cnwc ; this was recorded new for carms last year , with a couple of records . i was also pleased to get in on the vestal influx , with a pink - striped individual .\nvarious other macros were nice to see : 10 peach blossom , 2 dark marbled carpet ( with 4 common marbled ) , 1 phoenix , 1 bordered beauty , 2 white - spotted pug , 1 devon carpet , 1 satin beauty , 1 small rufous , 2 hedge rustic , 2 feathered gothic , 1 small rosy footman , 1 common footman , 1 chinese character .\nuntil this year , i ` d had a monopoly on cream - bordered green peas in carmarthenshire , but 2016 saw mel jones capture this lovely moth further west along the carmarthenshire coast at or near llansteffan . indeed , mel has caught it no less than three times this year , indicating a resident population there as is also justifiably presumed to be the case at pwll - burry port .\ni was beginning to think that i might not catch a cream - bordered green pea this year , but one last night ( 27 / 8 ) ` saved the day ` ( or should that be ` saved the night ` ! ) . i include a photo below , with a backdrop of the current radio times . note the reddish termen ( rear wing border ) suggesting an individual of the nw france / sw england population rather than those in se / e england .\nabove and below : last night ` s cream - bordered green pea , caught at pwll , llanelli .\nit was not a bad night , with a few other moths of mild interest among the numerous large yellow underwings , causing restless mayhem in the traps and disturbing other , more placed species .\n, lime - speck pug , tawny - speckled pug , vine ` s rustic , yellow - barred brindles and a tawny - barred angle . brimstone moths were in unusually large numbers ( 38 ) .\nand brown china - mark . ringed china - mark is far more regular and common with me .\ni am struggling to identify this micro ( narrowed down to tortricidae ? ) . thank you .\na species of wild mint growing round one of the ponds on pembrey burrows lnr had attracted large numbers of meadow browns as well as common blue and small tortoiseshell . however this painted lady was especially lovely .\nfor a variety of personal reasons i haven ' t been able to download the photos from my big camera since mid june so here are some very out of date sightings of moths and butterflies from ffos las . it has bean a dreadful summer so far as far as the butterflies are concerned with numbers much lower than in previous years and some species such as wall brown not seen at all when they have been seen regularly in previous years .\nis this a rather faded small dusty wave ? 13th july . ( edit : possible engrailed , see comments below . )\nonly a very few marbled whites seen this year . this individual , 13th july\nhelp please ! 5th august ( edit : possible shaded broad - bar , see comments below . )\nodonata numbers are also well down this year , also with some species seen in previous years not seen this year .\ni know that none of the photos posted are of uncommon species , but all the moths were seen during the day and not caught in traps . as usual all corrections and identifications would be much appreciated . \ufeff\n` keeping up with the joneses ` ( well , not quite ! ) . . .\nfollowing on from mel ` s vestal at llansteffan , i too caught one at pwll last night ( 25 / 8 ) and it was accompanied by a single rush veneer to represent the migrant moths .\n, a moth that i ` ve had at pwll several times before , was probably ` best of the rest ` ; it is said to feed on sycamore and maple and the former tree is certainly common locally .\ni trapped on the 23rd at home and had some immigrants , best of was a vestal . i caught this moth last year for the first time and got quite excited .\nlast night promised to be warm , so i trapped at my alternative site , with two mv ' s out i was quite hopeful of lots of goodies . i was up early enough but mid morning i got pushed for time and started to rush through the last trap .\nthe immigrants again were plentyful with 2x udea ferrugalis , 12x silver y . over 70 species and still more to i / d .\nbest moth again is my 3rd cream - bordered green pea this year . this is from my second site so the other two were from my home trap , a mile apart .\nanyway i am trying to i / d this next moth and morphing it into a portland ( it was long ) i ' ll be told off for saying that , as i should be more specific but it got away from me and i only had a few pics of it before it disappeared , and i never got to measure it .\ni have been back & forth between carmarthenshire and monmouthshire this year , but almost all my mothing has been in the latter county { some might suggest i ' m a neglectful county recorder for carms . . . } . anyway , with dawn getting later i can combine a normal night ' s sleep with some cnwc moths , thanks to the trusty porch light . 15 species appeared on each night ( 23 / 8 & 24 / 8 ) , with relatively little overlap , so 23 species in total . highlights were antler on 23 / 8 , and hedge rustic , flounced rustic ,\nperhaps the highlight . i ' ll be back next week and hope to do a bit of leaf - mining . on my way back east on 24 / 8 i paused at the entrance to halfway forest , thinking i was just in vc44 , but a check on the nbn gateway revealed that the vice - county boundary differs from the current boundary in this area , so my 10 leafmines were all in vc42 : - (\nthis is the dilapidated woodshed in my garden in which moths like to rest their weary wings . i have lost count of the number of species i have found in it ; the macros include white ermine , muslin moth , double dart , dark arches and copper underwing , regular micro visitors are\n, two of which have turned up there this week . then last weekend i found a species i hadn ' t seen there before ,\nperhaps i should buy a few more sheds and distribute them around the property . then again , perhaps i should just get out more !\nthe mv trap in the garden attracted 163 moths of 42 species last night . like chris h , i found a superabundance of large yellow underwings - 41 of them , which i reckon is about 40 too many ! notwithstanding this , however , there were some quite interesting moths present , including a shocking pink example of a species only seen here once before ;\nthere were singles of oblique , devon and blue - bordered carpets , sharp - angled peacock and bordered beauty , while rosy rustic ( x2 ) was another ffy .\ni made a brief visit to median farm on thursday afternoon ( 5pm ) on the way to cors caron to look for rosy marsh moth larvae . i was hoping for a bit of sun and marsh fritillaries , but it stayed resolutely dull , though it was still and fairly mild - good conditions for day - flying micros .\nin spinnings on devil ' s - bit scabious ( one of the few micro species which is quite distinctive as a larva - see below ) .\nlike sam , i didn ' t see many macros - just silver - ground and common carpets .\nlate afternoon watching bea on the climbing frame was terminated by a flypast hummer , which then settled on a large patch of red campion and proceeded to feed there for the next 15 minutes . bea ' s first hummer , and my first prolonged views here ( 3 previous sightings were < 2 min each , two of which were on the campions in 2011 ) .\nrumour has it that back in the heyday of butterfly and moth collecting , victorian gentlemen paid schoolchildren to bring them interesting insects . i can see why - they have sharp little eyes ! during a walk on mynydd llanllwni this morning bea spotted both the interesting macros we saw :\nbeautiful yellow - underwing , chased and potted by bea and then photographed by me .\ni chipped in with 2 elachista subalbidella , which has just two recent carms records both found in quadrats during nvc work . this is the 3rd known vc site for this upland species .\nneofaculta ericetella ( poor photo as they are very active ) was the most abundant species , with 30 + around heather bushes .\nalso present were 3 crambus lathoniellus , 1 bactra lancealana and 2 bilberry bumblebee ( bombus monticola ) at sn515385 .\nadela ( cauchas ) fibulella can be found fluttering around patches of germander speedwell . it ' s only slightly larger than the micropterix species and has a pale blob in the middle of each wing . there are 27 carms records but from only 5 sites : most are from here at cnwc . it often takes a while to spot them when staring at a patch of germander , so please persist .\nmicropterix thunbergella is distinctively purple - barred and i most often see it on hawthorn flowers .\n( below ) , i searched several flower laden hawthorns at cwmllwyd , but there was no sign of the micro . nearby , however , in the long grass , i found\n- cocksfoot moth . i apologise for the poor quality pictures ; my excuse is that the beast is only 3 . 5mm long and it was very active !\nseveral of these darting around the may blossom this afternoon . very difficult to photograph , the beggars don ' t stay still for very long . i had to take about 20 shots to get a couple that were sufficiently in focus to show some detail . they are\nby all accounts last night should have been favourable , being dry and mild , but only 21 moths of 15 species turned up and there were no surprises . firsts for year were white - pinion spotted and an\n( photo attached ) . also a foxglove pug which looked unfamiliar at first on account of its small size and the lack of the orange - brown colouration which i normally see on this species . silver - ground carpets are particularly common this year , i disturb several in the garden every day ."]}
{"id": 2380, "summary": [{"text": "melacoryphus lateralis is a species of true bug , one of several called black-and-red seed bug .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "black and fringed with red and gray , some call it the charcoal seed bug , due to its resemblance to a dying ember .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "native to the deserts of western north american , they have a tendency to appear in large numbers in the late summer . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "melacoryphus lateralis", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for melacoryphus lateralis yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe wet winter has led to a proliferation of the charcoal seed bug , known scientifically as the melacoryphus lateralis .\nthe charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter .\nthe charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter . this collection is outside a shop in downtown palm springs .\nthe outside window ledge at starbucks in downtown palm springs is inundated with the charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis . the bugs are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter .\nslater alex . 1988 . j . kansas entomol . soc . 308 > > note : transferred from neacoryphus > > melacoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485979\nmany started to notice the proliferation of the bug , known scientifically as the melacoryphus lateralis , a couple of weeks ago , amassed around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls .\nfor the past two months in the high - desert communities at the foot of the sierra nevada\u2019s eastern slopes , residents have seen an explosion of the fingernail - sized black - and - red seed bug species melacoryphus lateralis .\nsuch has been the skin - crawling reality for the past two months in the high - desert communities at the foot of the sierra nevada ' s eastern slopes , where residents have seen an explosion of the black - and - red seed bug species melacoryphus lateralis .\nslater , j . a . 1964 . a catalogue of the lygaeidae of the world . 134 - 135 > > melanocoryphus lateralis\ntorre - bueno , j . r . 1946 . ent . amer . > > note : ent . amer . 26 : 19 | | ( keyed ; fp . ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis\nashlock , p . d . & a . slater . 1988 . in henry & froeschner . catalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs , of canada and the continental united states . 198 > > neacoryphus lateralis\nscudder , g . g . e . 1965 . proc . entomol . soc . brit . columbia 37 > > note : transferred from melanocoryphus > > neacoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485983\nvan duzee , e . p . 1917 . catalogue of the hemiptera of america north of mexico . berkeley : univ . calif . press . > > note : cat . hem . n . amer . , p . 155 . > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis\nstal , c . 1874 . enumeratio hemipterorum pt . 12 ( 1 ) : 1 - 186 > > note : enum . hem . 4 : 113 | | ( des . ) > > melanocoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485981\nblatchley , w . s . 1926 . heteroptera or true bugs of eastern north america , with especial reference to the faunas of indiana & florida . indianapolis : nature publishing co . > > note : het . e . n . amer . , p . 348 | | ( syn . ) > > lygaeus lateralis\nvan duzee , e . p . 1916 . check list of the hemiptera ( excepting the aphididae , aleurodidae and coccidae ) of america , north of mexico . new york : n . y . ent . soc . > > note : list hem . n . amer . , p . 18 | | ( listed ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis\ndallas , w . s . 1852 . list of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part . ii . 2 : 369 - 592 > > note : list hem . b . m . 2 : 550 ( o . d . ) > > lygaeus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485980\ndistant , w . l . 1893 . vol . i . biol . cent . - amer . london ( v ) - xx , > > note : biol . cent . amer . hem . het . 1 : 187 | | ( col . fig . - dv ; var . nts . ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485982\nbugs swarm at a service station in the eastern sierra nevada town of lone pine , california , aug . 14 , 2015 , in this photo provided by matthew hengst .\nlone pine , calif . - - the gas station ' s ground was covered with the small winged bugs . piles of carcasses , inches deep , sat swept to the sides .\non the road , they rained onto car windshields . they flew by the thousands toward even the smallest sources of light , and crept along windows and kitchen tables .\nthey ' re in everything . there ' s no way to get rid of them or eradicate them . they ' re just here ,\nsaid blair nicodemus , 33 , of lone pine , while driving with a bug creeping on his windshield .\nsometimes there will be these micro - plumes that ' ll come through where there will be just thousands of them , and they ' ll be all over you . . . . i ' m sure i ' ve eaten at least two dozen , because they get into your food .\nsuch outbreaks have happened in arizona ' s sonoran desert near tucson , but scientists say it ' s the first one they have record of in california .\nthe influx has been driven by a mild winter and monsoonal weather , which provided healthier vegetation for the nutrient - sucking bugs , said david haviland , an entomologist with the university of california cooperative extension in kern county .\nofficials announce new water restrictions as the california drought persists ; some consequences of which you probably anticipated , others you def . . .\nthe bugs ' flight into town and toward the lights in homes , businesses or cars , however , might be related to the drying up of native vegetation in the summer heat and the drought , said nathan reade , agricultural commissioner for inyo and mono counties .\nthe fingernail - sized insects are the main topic of conversation in the area .\na printout in a hotel lobby in a lone pine motel warned people to keep their doors shut at night , and a hotel worker advised people to keep their car windows up if lights are on . a dollar general store in inyokern limited its store hours after dark to avoid dealing with the bugs .\nlia sensanbaugh of inyokern doesn ' t turn on her lights when at home .\ni ' ve got them real bad ,\nshe said .\ni ' ve been living off my tv light for about a month and a half .\ngas stations and rest areas along highway 395 - a roadway that crosses through sparsely populated and rural areas - are prime bug targets because of their lights . after dark , the bugs swirl like surreal artwork below the pearsonville shell gas station ' s overhead lights .\nmillions , tens , twenty , we can ' t count it ,\ngas station owner soma praba said .\nat nighttime , if you go into the station , they ' ll follow . they go everywhere . they get on your body , your head .\neach morning praba ' s workers have spent three hours sweeping the ground and using a leaf blower to clear away piles of the bugs . around eight times a day , workers will sweep , discovering two hours later that the same amount of bugs are back , praba said with frustration .\nspraying insecticide hasn ' t helped , praba said , and exterminators have been equally stymied . the only reprieve seems to be a windy day and the recent smoke from fires .\nwe are tired of it ,\npraba said .\ni am waiting for the first snow to come .\nat a lone pine gas station this week , the side of the building was covered with bugs , and a woman was hosing off the wall , despite the drought , said kathi hall , who owns the town ' s mt . whitney restaurant with her husband .\nridgecrest mayor peggy breeden said some people in town use umbrellas while getting gas because of the swarms overhead . she ' s fielded many dozens of concerned calls and never seen anything like this in her 33 years there .\nshe put together a notice this week to post around town explaining to visitors that the bugs are a harmless nuisance in the hopes that they ' ll return when the bugs die down .\nthat said , breeden joked ,\nif frogs come , we ' re all leaving .\n\u00a9 2015 the associated press . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten , or redistributed .\ntwelve states in the u . s . have active volcanoes , according to united states geological survey\nthis was a real miracle for that the people were there . everything fell into place . i am so happy . glory to god for this\ncbsn : on assignment\nep . 4 : hate rising ; cyber soldiers ; deadliest assignment ; climate refugees\ncbsn : on assignment\nep . 3 : the nightmare scenario ; inside instagram ; disappearing down ' s ; risky business\ncbsn : on assignment\nep . 2 : guns of chicago ; enemy of the state ; muslims love me\ncbsn : on assignment\nep . 1 : children of isis ; irobot ; made in america *\nchina only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone . that ' s why trump ' s trade war is futile\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nsubscribe today for full access on your desktop , tablet , and mobile device .\nthey love seeds but can be found around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls .\ntiny black bugs are taking over palm springs . here ' s why . they love seeds but can be found around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\none small insect alone isn\u2019t too creepy . but dozens , maybe even hundreds , swarmed together , can make the most composed person shudder .\nand with the infestation of the charcoal seed bug \u2014 a small black insect fringed with red \u2014 there seems to be a lot of cringing going on .\npalm springs resident shelli o\u2019rourke notices the insects congregating on the light right outside her front door . when she gets home at night she blocks them with her screen door and rushes in as fast as she can to get past them .\n\u201ci don\u2019t mind bugs , as long as they\u2019re not on me , \u201d she said .\nthe bug is attracted to the vegetation and seeds that have flourished as a result of the wetter than usual winter . lawns have benefited from the above average rainfall , but now , the desert is paying for it with a proliferation of the pesky pest .\n\u201cit\u2019s all a result of the rain ,\nsaid kurt m . leuschner , professor of entomology at college of the desert .\nthe rain triggered a lot of growth of plant life \u2026 and the seed bugs are loving it . \u201d\nand like most bugs , they are attracted to light which is why people are finding them around windows and on walls near fixtures .\npalm springs resident les alexander has encountered them at his home and at places he visits in downtown palm springs . while at starbucks on monday he couldn\u2019t help but snap a photo of the infestation around the restaurant ' s front window .\n\u201ci live in palm springs year round and frequent many different local restaurants , all of which have been experiencing these beetles , \u201d said alexander in an email . \u201cwe experienced this ourselves to the point we can\u2019t leave yard or pool lights on at home without being inundated with thousands of these little beetles . they are mostly gone by the early morning with only the weak , dead and dying left behind .\n\u201cthey\u2019re annoying but they\u2019re harmless . they technically could bite you but even if they did they wouldn\u2019t cause any harm , \u201d he said . \u201cthey ' re not after human flesh . \u201d\nleuschner advised people to be patient because they will soon disappear on their own .\nin the meantime , some downtown palm springs shops are keeping their lights at night to a minimum so they don ' t attract the bugs . in the mornings , they are also vigilant to sweep in front of their shops and around their windows .\n\u201cit should be over in a couple of weeks ,\nsaid leuschner .\nnow that things are drying up \u2026 they will soon die .\nthese sites are part of the usa today network . their content is produced independently from our newsrooms .\nkissing bugs ? and why are they congregating ? location : organ pipe cactus national monument , az july 29 , 2010 3 : 47 pm hi folks ! we have been noticing in recent weeks ( how could we not ? ! ) that these bugs have been congregating in large numbers on the park offices security gate around sunrise .\nthey somewhat resemble kissing bugs / assassin bugs in appearance but are much smaller than species we are familar with .\nswarms of love bugs intent to mate , in central florida , in the spring and summer . they do not bite , they land on you , slow moving , they are attracted to white . brushing them away agitates a swarm to come at you . very disgusting insect . do not think birds are interested in them . a rumor was that they are genetically modified critters .\nwe have numerous love bug postings on our site where this comment would have been more appropriate .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nnotify me of followup comments via e - mail . you can also subscribe without commenting .\nvirginia beach gift shop wtb ? mt . washington 10 most beautiful spiders nasty reader award top 10 household pests bug love bug of the month buggy accessories fanmail buggy life cycles milkweed meadow northern california bug humanitarian award snow bugs worst bug stories ever ! ! ! aquatic bugs food chain gardening blog calendar 2011 mysteries unnecessary carnage make my day buggy vocabulary words invasive exotics the big 5 virginia gems from our archives countdown 10 000 unidentified what ' s on my woody plant ? goldenrod meadow edible insects : tasty morsels wtb ? down under tomato bugs bug\nplease enter your username or e - mail address . you will receive a new password via e - mail .\nchoose the plan that ' s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\n\u00a9 copyright 2006 - 2018 gatehouse media , llc . all rights reserved \u2022 gatehouse news\noriginal content available for non - commercial use under a creative commons license , except where noted . ridgecrest daily independent - ridgecrest , ca ~ 224 e . ridgecrest blvd . , ridgecrest , ca 93556 ~ privacy policy ~ terms of service\nchoose the plan that\u2019s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\n\u201cthey\u2019re in everything . there\u2019s no way to get rid of them or eradicate them . \u201d\ngas stations and rest areas along highway 395 are prime bug targets because of their lights .\nthis is the first outbreak of bug infestation in california on record . the influx of these insect swarms might be related to the drying up of native vegetation in the summer heat and the drought , said nathan reade , agricultural commissioner for inyo and mono counties .\ngas stations and rest areas along highway 395 \u2014 a roadway that crosses through sparsely populated and rural areas \u2014 are prime bug targets because of their lights . after dark , millions of the bugs swirl like surreal artwork below the pearsonville shell gas station\u2019s overhead lights .\nto the north , a different type of bug is infesting the site of the popular burning man counterculture festival in nevada\u2019s black rock desert . state officials are working to identify the green , coin - shaped insects swarming the outdoor venue and biting workers setting up for this year\u2019s event , which starts aug . 30 .\nentomologist jeff knight , with the nevada department of agriculture , said the unknown bugs aren\u2019t bloodsuckers and don\u2019t seem to pose a health risk . but the amount of biological control is really insignificant compared to the millions of insects that are out there . spraying insecticide hasn\u2019t helped and exterminators have been stymied . the bugs also have limited natural enemies : the only reprieve from the seed bugs seems to be a windy day and the recent smoke from fires .\ncalifornia , now entering 5 years of the worst drought on record with economic losses upward of $ 3 billion annually , is also burning at unprecedented rates over the same span of time beginning 2 years ago with the third worst wildfire in the state\u2019s history when 257 , 314 acres burned in and around yosemite . and now with the current drought conditions nearly 5 , 000 wildfires have already scorched a total of 117 , 960 acres this year , more than double the five - year average ; however that\u2019s not including the recent largest two fires with blazes that razed nearly 100 , 000 acres , in ( of all places ) northern california\u2019s jerusalem valley .\npestilence is the karma of arrogance which was brought upon oppressive , tyrannical rulers of ancient times according to judaic theology .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notice of new posts .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlygaeoidea species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\nuhler , p . r . 1872 . in : hayden , prelim . rep . u . s . geol . survey . mont . > > note : in hayden , rept . u . s . geol . surv . montana , p . 405 | | ( col . var . nts . ) ( part ) > > lygaeus facetus\nvan duzee , e . p . 1917 . catalogue of the hemiptera of america north of mexico . berkeley : univ . calif . press . > > note : cat . hem . n . amer . , p . 155 | | ( part ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) facetus\nvan duzee , e . p . 1923 . proc . calif . acad . sci . ( ser . > > note : proc . cal . ac . sci . 12 : 11 : 137 | | ( fp . ) > > lygaeus facetus\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license ."]}
{"id": 2381, "summary": [{"text": "notiocampus ruber , the red pipefish , is a species of pipefish endemic to the indian ocean waters along the southern coast of australia and tasmania .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it occurs at depths from 5 to 20 m ( 16 to 66 ft ) over the continental shelf .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 16.4 cm ( 6.5 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "notiocampus ruber", "paragraphs": ["there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for notiocampus ruber . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance .\nnotiocampus ruber is an australian endemic species that occurs along the coast to 20 m depth from lucky bay , western australia , to port jackson , new south wales . the species also occurs in tasmania ( dawson 1985 ) .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . notiocampus ruber in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 07 : 11 : 40 + 1000 .\ndawson , c . e . 1979 . the indo - pacific pipefish genera notiocampus gen . nov . and nannocampus gunther . proceedings of the biological society of washington 92 ( 3 ) : 482 - 493 .\nnotiocampus ruber inhabits coral and rocky reefs , filamentous and other red macroalgae , seagrass beds ( mcclatchie et al . 2006 ) . other pipefishes tend to feed on small planktonic and / or benthic crustaceans such as harpacticoid copepods , gammarid shrimps , and mysids , and it is quite likely that this species does the same ( kendrick and hyndes 2005 ) . the species is ovoviviparous , and males brood eggs in a pouch , probably under their tail , until giving birth to live young ( dawson 1985 ) . contrary to what is exhibited by most syngnathids , n . ruber tends to move in a rapid snake - like motion .\n( of nannocampus ruber ramsay & ogilby , 1886 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthere are no species - specific conservation actions in place for notiocampus ruber . the species is protected throughout its range by australia ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1999 ) . it is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . it ' s unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas . most state governments in australia have or are working towards completing coastal regional management strategies . further research is needed to better understand this species ' habitats , ecology , population size , and threats .\njustification : notiocamnpus ruber is a southern australian endemic marine pipefish that inhabits rocky and coral reefs , algae , and seagrasses . the species is protected from exploitation throughout its range and is a generalist in that it utilizes several different habitat types . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .\ngreek , noton = back + greek , kampe = curvature ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 20 m ( ref . 5316 ) . subtropical\neastern indian ocean : southern australia , from western australia to new south wales and tasmania .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5316 )\noccurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf ( ref . 75154 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\ndawson , c . e . , 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 5316 )\n) : 16 . 3 - 21 . 2 , mean 18 ( based on 160 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nlisted as least concern ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nkuiter , r . h . ( 2009 ) seahorses and their relatives . aquatic photographics , 216\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .\nkuiter , r . h . ( 2009 ) . seahorses and their relatives . page ( s ) 333 . aquatic photographics , seaford , australia .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nalthough this species has not been identified in trade , unidentified pipefishes have been observed in australian trade and are likely used for traditional medicine , but levels of offtake are likely low ( martin - smith and vincent 2006 ) . it ' s not clear whether this species is involved in this trade .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t65372435a115431108 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ni ' ve been searching high and low to find a pic of the red pipefish ( for i . d . purposes )\ni have 2 small red pipefish ( 2 and 2 . 5\n) and they do hide 99 % of the time .\nhmm , i ' ll check the sygnathid book at work . it ' s helmut debelius - - he ' s pretty good .\nnote the snout and other features , as well as the locale , southern australia and tasmania . definitely not him :\ncopy - and - paste the link in a separate window to see it full - sized ; nr automatically resizes it to fit the page well .\ncould be dunckerocampus baldwini , another common - named\nred - stripe pipefish\n. . . but it ' s endemic to hawaii . any chance the store where you got them knows if it ' s specified as hawaiian ? ( wholesalers * always * specify when something is from a locale other than indo - pacific , especially hawaii , australia , etc . )\nagain , copy - and - paste the link to see it full - size . and keep in mind that patterns can carry ; what strikes me is the shape of the face ; the pipefish species below it shows an excellent shot of the face / head .\nthanks caesar for taking the time to look , but its a no go on both .\nmy pipe is probably from asia . based on size , i think 10cm is about max .\nthe cosmocampus is the closest looking pipe , but my pipe has no tail / rear fin . it has a tail like an aligator pipe . i ' ve never seen them using it for hitching , but then again i ' ve never seen them swim . they just slither around the substraight like a snake .\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !"]}
{"id": 2393, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius castus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius castus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is nassarius castus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius castus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius castus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius castus .\nhow to identify nassarius castus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius castus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius castus are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius castus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius castus can be found .\nnassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nkool h . h . 2008 . on the identity of < i > nassarius castus < / i > ( gould , 1850 ) , with the description of < i > nassarius multivocus < / i > n . sp . from the northwestern pacific . < i > miscellanea malacologica < / i > , 3 ( 2 ) : 13 - 20 .\n( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) castus ( gould , 1850 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nspecimen count 1 paulay , g . ! ; bfij - 44 ; 15 jul 1985 ; ex . paulay ; loc . 117 record last modified 16 may 2016 nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept . common name gastropods taxonomy animalia mollusca gastropoda nassariidae ocean / sea / gulf south pacific ocean preparation dry see more items in inventory invertebrate zoology place south pacific ocean ; ; fiji ; ; , fiji , south pacific ocean other numbers sort order : gp - r19 - c057 - 275 usnm number 879932 published name nassarius castus ( gould , 1850 )\n( of nassarius maldivensis ( e . a . smith , 1903 ) ) taylor , j . d . ( 1971 ) . marine mollusca from diego garcia . atoll research bulletin . 149 : 105 - 125 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) minoensis itoigawa , 1960 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) miyazakiensis shuto , 1962 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( hinia ) caelatus danitensis makiyama , 1927 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) caelatus verbeeki ( k . martin , 1895 ) \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nnassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ( invalid : junior homonym of nassa costata s . v . wood , 1848 )\n( of nassa casta gould , 1850 ) gould , a . a . ( 1850 ) . [ descriptions of new species of shells from the united states exploring expedition ] . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 3 : 151 - 156 , 169 - 172 , 275 - 278 , 292 - 296 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 154 [ details ]\n( of nassa incognita thiele , 1925 ) thiele j . ( 1925 ) . gastropoden der deutschen tiefsee - expedition . ii teil . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen tiefsee - expedition auf dem dampfer\nvaldivia\n1898 - 1899 . 17 ( 2 ) : 35 - 382 , pls 13 - 46 [ reprints paginated 1\u2013348 , pls 1\u201334 ] . page ( s ) : 183 , pl . 20 fig . 11 [ details ]\n( of nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) adams a . ( 1852 - 1853 [\n1851\n] ) . catalogue of the species of nassa , a genus of gasteropodous mollusca belonging to the family buccinidae , in the collection of hugh cuming , esq . , with the description of some new species . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 19 : 94 - 112 [ 7 december 1852 ] , 113 - 114 [ 29 april 1853 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 98 [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa elongata marrat , 1874 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa incognita thiele , 1925 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa lactea marrat , 1880 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa maldivensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa mukulensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa oriens marrat , 1880 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa sinensis marrat , 1877 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki k . martin , 1895 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( telasco ) verbeeki k . martin , 1895 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( zeuxis ) levukensis r . b . watson , 1882 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki fekuensis koperberg , 1931 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki fischeri koperberg , 1931 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym nassa elongata marrat , 1874 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym nassa maldivensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym nassa oriens marrat , 1880 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym nassa casta gould , 1850 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 355 seconds . )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .\ncernohorsky , w . o . ( 1984 ) systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i . 14 : 1 - 356\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 439 - 451 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyang cc 1 , han kc , lin tj , tsai wj , deng jf .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 2397, "summary": [{"text": "bathyuriscus is an extinct genus of cambrian trilobite .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was a nektobenthic predatory carnivore .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the genus bathyuriscus is endemic to the shallow seas that surrounded laurentia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its major characteristics are a large forward-reaching glabella , pointed pleurae or pleurae with very short spines , and a medium pygidium with well-impressed furrows .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "complete specimens have never reached the size of 7 cm predicted by the largest pygidium found .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "bathyuriscus is often found with the free cheeks shed , indicating a moulted exoskeleton .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "an average specimen will in addition have a furrowed glabella , crescent-shaped eyes , be semi-circular in overall body shape , have 7 to 9 thoracic segments , and a length of about 1.5 inches . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "bathyuriscus", "paragraphs": ["burgess shale and vicinity : bathyuriscus adaeus walcott , 1916 , from several localities higher in the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone on mount stephen , mount odaray , and park mountain .\nbathyuriscus rotundatus ( figures 4 and 5 ) illustrated by rominger ( 1887 ) as embolimus rotundata .\nother deposits : other species of bathyuriscus have been described from numerous localities elsewhere in the cambrian of north america .\nspecies of elrathina , along with those of the corynexochid bathyuriscus , were found to be very abundant in a narrow interval of middle cambrian rocks throughout western north america , forming the basis of the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone erected by charles deiss ( 1940 ) .\nbathyuriscus rotundatus was first described in the same 1887 publication as several other important mount stephen trilobites . carl rominger initially used the name embolimus rotundata for partial specimens of this trilobite , and named a second similar species in his collection embolimus spinosa ( now known as zacanthoides romingeri ) . in 1908 , walcott revised rominger ' s original species name to yield the combination bathyuriscus rotundatus , still in use today ( walcott , 1908 ) . along with the co - occurring elrathina cordillerae , b . rotundatus is a signature fossil for the middle cambrian bathyuriscus - elrathina zone in the southern canadian rockies .\nbathyuriscus \u2013 a variation of the earlier trilobite genus name bathyurus , originally based on the greek bathys , \u201cdeep , \u201d and the greek oura , \u201ctail , \u201d thus , a trilobite with a deep tail .\nbathyuriscus rotundatus was a mobile epibenthic trilobite . because we have no direct evidence of limb structure , its feeding habits are uncertain . it may have been a deposit feeder and opportunistic scavenger . like ogygopsis , bathyuriscus may occur as fully intact individuals ( probably carcasses ) , with the free cheeks missing , inverted , or rotated ( presumed moults ) , and as scattered pieces . some show evidence of healed injuries that may be predation scars ( rudkin , 2009 ) .\ntrilobite ( bathyuriscus rotundatus ) found in the burgess shale . this fossil dates from the middle cambrian period , about 505 million years ago . burgess pass . yoho national park . british columbia , canada . ( collection of the colorado school of mines geology museum . golden , colo . )\nthis is a large , 3 inch long bathyuriscus fimbiatus trilobite from the marjum formation of utah . it ' s a molt like about 99 . 9 % of them , but it ' s in about the top 1 % size wise . i collected this from a private lease in the house range , several years ago .\ndescription : this is a rare treat for the spence shale and utah specialist trilobite collector , a bathyuriscus brighamensis . this one is complete and in good condition . the only flaw is a bit of the pygidium is missing . it is the first one to i have ever encountered . considering what a hard place it is to collect , i don\u2019t expect to see another soon .\nelrathina has been used as an index fossil for a medial middle cambrian interval termed the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone , and despite its unsettled synonymization with ptychoparella and the discovery of one species of elrathina in the distinctly older albertella zone ( see palmer , 1968 ; palmer and halley , 1979 ; and discussion under elrathina below ) , this itagnostus - elrathina - elrathia assemblage indicates an interval widely correlatable within laurentia in the upper part of the as yet unnamed cambrian stage 5 . however , the occurrence of the assemblage in north greenland is problematic in that it overlies strata that have been assigned to the bolaspidella zone , which generally overlies the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone . however , these zones appear to be partly coeval , and differences in the stratigraphic assignment can be explained by different biofacies .\nall material referred to this taxon was collected from the talus of slopes of the tulip beds locality ( formerly s7 [ 19 ] ) , mount stephen , yoho national park , british columbia , canada . the lithology indicates that these specimens come from the campsite cliff shale member of the burgess shale formation , bathyuriscus \u2013 elrathina biozone ( cambrian , series 3 , stage 5 ) [ 20 ] .\nthis is a little plate of agnostid trilobites . it ' s both the posative and negative sides of the plate . on this plate , the largest agnostid is 7 mm ( just over 1 / 4\n) , the smallest is 2 mm ( . 08\n) . on the plate is also a cephalon of a bathyuriscus fimbriatus trilobite formation : wheeler shale age : cambrian location : house range , utah\nspecimen count 1 site number 145 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age paleozoic - cambrian - upper / late stratigraphy stephen fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . common name trilobite taxonomy animalia arthropoda trilobita collector walcott burling see more items in paleogeneral types : arthropoda arthropoda trilobita type paleobiology place sauk county , british columbia , canada collection date 1907 type citation walcott . 1916 . smithsonian misc . colln . 64 ( n . 5 ) : 346 , unfig . usnm number pal339012 published name bathyuriscus rotundatus ( rominger )\nnumerous specimens of this new , undescribed species are known from the burgess shale of the walcott quarry on fossil ridge in the yoho national park , british columbia , where is it known from mass assemblages such as a cluster with more than 40 specimens reposited as rom 59549 ( burgess shale fossil gallery , < urltoken > [ accessed october 2016 ] ) . these occurrences are from the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone in the stephen formation . however , the same species is also known from the trilobite beds at mount stephen , which belongs to the glossopleura zone of the stephen formation , so that a distinct stratigraphic separation from e . cordillerae does not exist .\nitagnostus subhastatus n . sp . is closely related to the well - known species itagnostus interstrictus ( white , 1874 ) , which is primarily distributed in the bathyuriscus fimbriatus and bolaspidella contracta subzones of the bolaspidella zone of utah ( robison , 1964 ) . subsequently , i . interstrictus was described from the p . atavus zone of alaska and the ptychagnostus punctuosus zone in the cow head group , newfoundland , with material assigned to the species from the tomagnostus fissus and liostracus allachjunensis zones of the lena river basin , siberia ( palmer , 1968 ; egorova et al . , 1982 ; young and ludvigsen , 1989 ; westrop et al . , 1996 ) . itagnostus subhastatus is distinguished from i . interstrictus , however , by a set of minor differences that particularly include the slightly more slender posterior glabellar lobe ; differences in the morphology of the thoracic segments ; a narrower and distinctly more pointed pygidial axis ; smaller and almost rudimentary spines on the pygidial border ; and a wider doublure ( compare robison 1964 , pl . 82 , figs . 1\u201315 , 18 ) .\npalmer and peel ( 1979 ) noted that the occurrence of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation fauna with elrathina was problematic because a bolaspidella fauna is present in stratigraphically older strata in north greenland . this latter fauna occurs in the uppermost beds of the henson gletscher formation in lauge koch land and has been assigned to the ptychagnostus gibbus zone ( cambrian stage 5 ) ( robison , 1988 , 1994 ; babcock , 1994 ; blaker and peel , 1997 ; ineson and peel , 1997 ) . palmer and peel ( 1979 ) also recorded an apparent bolaspidella zone fauna of peronopsis , olenoides , bolaspidella , bathyuriscus , elrathina , ehmania , and alokistocare from the base of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation at the head of henson gletscher ( eastern side ) . robison ( in peel and streng , 2015 ) dated an equivalent horizon in freuchen land , about 35 km to the west , to the ptychagnostus atavus zone , which is the basal zone of the drumian stage ( cambrian series 3 , stage 6 ) . the latter zone is equivalent to the lower part of the bolaspidella zone ( babcock et al . , 2007 ) .\nother similar species include peronopsis ( p . ) scutalis ( salter in hicks , 1872 ) from scandinavia , p . ( svenax ) egenus ( resser and endo , 1937 ) from manchuria , and quadragnostus columbiensis ( rasetti , 1951 ) from the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone of the canadian rockies . peronopsis ( p . ) scutalis and p . ( s . ) egenus are best distinguished by posterolateral thickenings on the pygidial border , which appear similar to short spines . in addition to the absence of distinct spines on the border , they are differentiated by a decidedly thickened pygidial border , a more strongly extended posterior glabellar lobe , and in a narrowly incised cephalic border furrow . by contrast , p . columbiensis has a slightly bent transglabellar furrow , small basal lobes , marginal structures in the relatively narrow pygidial rhachis , and short postaxial space . itagnostus subhastatus is furthermore distinguished from these species by the more hastate shape of its pygidial rhachis , more subcircular cephala and pygidia , and a relatively longer glabella . it should be noted that the studied material from the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation is preserved in full relief or almost full relief , whereas material of the siberian and manchurian species is often flattened . these differences in the preservation , however , do not affect the discussed differences .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ntrilobites are extinct euarthropods , probably stem lineage representatives of the mandibulata , which includes crustaceans , myriapods , and hexapods ( scholtz and edgecombe , 2006 ) .\nrotundatus \u2013 from the latin rotundus , \u201cround , \u201d presumably alluding to the rounded outline of the dorsal shield .\ntype status under review \u2013 ummp 4884 ( 9 specimens ) , university of michigan museum of paleontology , ann arbor , michigan , usa .\nthe trilobite beds and other localities on mount stephen . fossil ridge in sections stratigraphically below the walcott quarry .\nhard parts : adult dorsal exoskeletons may be up to 5 cm long and are narrowly oval in outline , with a semicircular cephalon , a thorax of nine segments ending in blade - like tips with short spines , and a semicircular pygidium without spines .\nthe long glabella reaches almost to the anterior cephalic border ; the posterior portion is narrow and parallel - sided , while the anterior third expands rapidly forward . there are four pairs of lateral glabellar furrows , with the two front pairs angled forward and the posterior pair directed obliquely back . the eyes are relatively long and lie close to the glabella . broad free cheeks are extended back into short genal spines . the pygidium is slightly smaller than the cephalon , with a well - defined narrow axial lobe of five rings and a terminal piece ; four pairs of pygidial ribs are usually visible . the exoskeleton is mostly smooth externally , but very well preserved specimens may show faint anastomosing ridges on the free cheeks .\nextremely common in the mount stephen trilobite beds , where it rivals ogygopsis klotzi in abundance .\nrasetti , f . 1951 . middle cambrian stratigraphy and faunas of the canadian rocky mountains . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 116 ( 5 ) : 1 - 277 .\nrominger , c . 1887 . description of primordial fossils from mount stephens , n . w . territory of canada . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 1887 : 12 - 19 .\nrudkin , d . m . 2009 . the mount stephen trilobite beds , pp . 90 - 102 . in j . - b . caron and d . rudkin ( eds . ) , a burgess shale primer - history , geology , and research highlights . the burgess shale consortium , toronto .\nscholtz , g . and edgecombe , g . d . 2006 . the evolution of arthropod heads : reconciling morphological , developmental and palaeontological evidence . development genes and evolution , 216 : 395 - 415 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1888 . cambrian fossils from mount stephens , northwest territory of canada . american journal of science , series 3 : 163 - 166 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1908 . mount stephen rocks and fossils . canadian alpine journal , 1 : 232 - 248 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1916 . cambrian geology and paleontology iii . cambrian trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 64 ( 5 ) : 303 - 456 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\ndescription : coming from the cambrian marjum formation deposits of millard county , utah this is a fine example of bathyuruiscus fimbriatus . unlike many seen , the librigenae are tightly attached , and this one has both the part and counterpart preserved in fine detail .\ndescription : coming from the cambrian spence shale of utah this is a fine example of the trilobite bathyuruiscus wasatchensis . resser described this and numerous other species from the locality in 1939 ; walcott also described many in the early part of the 20th century .\ndescription : coming from the cambrian marjum formation deposits of millard county , utah this is a fine example of bathyuruiscus fimbriatus . unlike many seen , the librigenae are tightly attached , and this one misses only a small portion of the glabella .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsize : trilobite is 7 / 8\u201d in length on a 5 \u00bd x 3 \u00be\u201d plate .\nthis fossil comes from the george lee collection of southern california . mr . lee accumulated an entire warehouse full of fossils over thirty - five years of self - collecting and purchasing . most of the fossils were acquired during the 1960s through the mid 1990s . unfortunately , for we collectors , many of these sites and areas are no longer available for collecting . therefore , many of my offerings are of special importance , as they are now rarely available to the public . since mr . lee\u2019s death , a few years ago , the collection has slowly been liquidated . this fossil came from one of the last available batches sold .\nelrathina cordillerae ( figure 7 ) illustrated by rominger ( 1887 ) as conocephalites cordillerae .\ncordillerae \u2013 in reference to the western cordillera ( canadian rocky mountain ranges ) , derived from the spanish cordilla , the diminutive of cuerda , meaning \u201ccord . \u201d\ntype status under review \u2013 ummp 4883 ( 6 specimens ) , university of michigan museum of paleontology , ann arbor , michigan , usa .\nburgess shale and vicinity : elrathina parallela , e . brevifrons , e . spinifera , and e . marginalis have been described from similar stratigraphic horizons at nearby sites on mount field , mount stephen , and mount odaray .\nother deposits : other species of elrathina have been reported from the cambrian of north america and greenland .\nthe walcott quarry on fossil ridge . the trilobite beds and additional localities on mount stephen .\ne . cordillerae was originally described under the genus name conocephalites in rominger ' s 1887 publication on trilobites from mount stephen . in 1888 walcott reallocated the species to ptychoparia where it remained until charles resser , walcott ' s former assistant at the united states national museum , established the new replacement genus elrathina ( resser , 1937 ) . other workers have subsequently suggested that elrathina is indistinguishable from ptychoparella ( see blaker and peel , 1997 ) .\nhard parts : adult dorsal exoskeletons average about 2 cm long . the semicircular cephalon is about one - third the length of the entire dorsal shield , bordered by a well - defined narrow rim , and with rounded genal angles . weak transverse eye ridges extend to the small eyes , which are located just forward of cephalic mid - length . the slightly anteriorly narrowing glabella is rounded in front and exhibits three pairs of shallow lateral furrows ; the pre - glabellar field is about the same width as the narrow anterior rim . the long , tapering thorax with a narrow axial lobe contains between 17 and 19 straight - sided segments , flexed gently downwards a short distance from the rounded tips . the tiny elliptical pygidium usually features two segments .\nunmineralized anatomy : rare specimens from the walcott quarry on fossil ridge retain tantalizing evidence of soft parts , including a pair of slender uniramous antennae , followed by very delicate looking biramous limbs beneath the cephalon , thorax and pygidium . these and other individuals of e . cordillerae are occasionally associated with a dark stain adjacent to the exoskeleton , presumably representing fluidized decay products .\nrelatively common on fossil ridge and locally very abundant in the walcott quarry , where it represents about 25 % of all trilobites collected ( caron and jackson , 2008 ) .\nlike similar - looking ptychoparioid trilobites , e . cordillerae may be interpreted as a fully mobile , epibenthic deposit ( particle ) feeder adapted to very low oxygen levels .\nblaker , m . r . and j . s . peel . 1997 . lower cambrian trilobites from north greenland . meddeleser om gr\u00f8nland , geoscience , 35 , 145 p .\ncaron , j . - b . and d . a . jackson . 2008 . paleoecology of the greater phyllopod bed community , burgess shale . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 258 : 222 - 256 .\ndeiss , c . 1940 . lower and middle cambrian stratigraphy of southwestern alberta and southeastern british columbia . bulletin of the geological society of america , 51 : 731 - 794 .\nrasetti , f . 1951 . middle cambrian stratigraphy and faunas of the canadian rocky mountains . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 116 ( 5 ) : 277 p .\nresser , c . e . 1937 . third contribution to nomenclature of cambrian trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 95 ( 22 ) : 29 p .\nrudkin , d . m . 1989 . trilobites with appendages from the middle cambrian stephen formation of british columbia . 28th international geological congress , washington , d . c . july 9 - 19 , 1989 . abstracts : 2 - 729 .\nscholtz , g . and g . d . edgecombe . 2006 . the evolution of arthropod heads : reconciling morphological , developmental and palaeontological evidence . development genes and evolution , 216 : 395 - 415 .\nwalcott , c . 1918 . cambrian geology and paleontology iv . appendages of trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 67 ( 4 ) : 115 - 216 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1924 . cambrian and lower ozarkian trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 75 ( 2 ) : 53 - 60 .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nzeng , han zhao , fangchen yin , zongjun and zhu , maoyan 2017 . appendages of an early cambrian metadoxidid trilobite from yunnan , sw china support mandibulate affinities of trilobites and artiopods . geological magazine , vol . 154 , issue . 06 , p . 1306 .\npeel , john s . 2017 . the oldest pelmatozoan encrusted hardground and holdfasts from laurentia ( cambrian series 2\u20133 ) . gff , vol . 139 , issue . 3 , p . 195 .\n) north america with the framed outcrop area in north greenland ( enlarged in fig . 1 . 3 ) ; (\n) henson gletscher / j . p . koch fjord and l\u00f8ndal areas showing sample localities ( ggu 225501 and ggu 255720 ) of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation .\nfauna from the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation . composition of the entire fauna ( top ) and composition of the trilobite species for exoskeletons only ( bottom ) .\n) mguh 30906 , pygidium . dorsal views if not stated otherwise . scale bars = 1 mm .\nresser , 1937b , plaster cast of holotype in the museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , mass . , usnm 65009 , carapace without librigenae , parker slate , parker quarry , georgia . scale bars = 5 mm .\nzone , stephen formation , trilobite beds , mount stephen , british columbia ; length of specimen 19 . 5 mm ; (\nzone , stephen formation , trilobite beds , mount stephen , b . c . ; (\n) usnm 65518a , incomplete dorsal carapace ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ( original of walcott , 1918 , pl . 21 , fig . 4 ) ; (\n) usnm 65518g , incomplete dorsal carapace with detached librigenae ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ; (\n) usnm 65518f , incomplete dorsal carapace with detached librigenae ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ; note strongly curved posterior branch of suture ; \u00d72 . 7 ; (\n) under lot usnm 17831 , posterior part of thorax and pygidium ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ; original specimen stored with plaster and gutta - percha casts with the collection number provided by resser ( 1937a ) as characterizing the \u201cholotype ; \u201d \u00d72 . 3 ; (\nrasetti , 1951 ; usnm 116279 , holotype ( rasetti , 1951 , pl . 33 , fig . 20 ) , incomplete dorsal carapace without librigenae ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . all scale bars = 5 mm .\n) paratype , mguh 30913 , latex cast of late meraspid cranidium , slightly oblique view . all scale bars = 1 mm , except in fig . 7 . 1 .\nn . sp . distribution of the larger tubercles on the cranidium marked by dots . note the roughly bilaterally symmetrical arrangement . magnification approximately\u00d710 .\n) close - up of fig . 9 . 8 , showing minute wrinkles in the occipital furrow and surface ornamentation ; (\n) paratype , mguh 30932 , cranidium with fractures . dorsal views . scale bars = 1 mm .\n) close - up of fig . 11 . 1 showing muscle scars on the glabella and eye ridge ; (\n) close - up of fig . 11 . 5 , with muscle scars on the glabella , radial caeca on frontal area , bifid eye ridge , and punctate surface of the internal mold ; (\n) paratype , mguh 30942 , dorsal carapax without librigenae , dorsal view ; scale bar = 5 mm . (\n) paratype , mguh 30948 , incomplete pygidium , dorsal view . scale bars = 1 mm , except for fig . 11 . 9 and 11 . 13 .\nn . sp . reconstruction of the muscle scar pattern seen on the glabella .\nto send this article to your kindle , first ensure no - reply @ urltoken is added to your approved personal document e - mail list under your personal document settings on the manage your content and devices page of your amazon account . then enter the \u2018name\u2019 part of your kindle email address below . find out more about sending to your kindle . find out more about sending to your kindle .\nnote you can select to send to either the @ urltoken or @ urltoken variations . \u2018 @ urltoken \u2019 emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi - fi . \u2018 @ urltoken \u2019 emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi - fi , but note that service fees apply .\nby using this service , you agree that you will only keep articles for personal use , and will not openly distribute them via dropbox , google drive or other file sharing services . please confirm that you accept the terms of use .\nto send this article to your dropbox account , please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies . if this is the first time you use this feature , you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your < service > account . find out more about sending content to dropbox .\nto send this article to your google drive account , please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies . if this is the first time you use this feature , you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your < service > account . find out more about sending content to google drive .\nthe richly fossiliferous ekspedition br\u00e6 formation of north greenland yields a typical oligospecific fossil assemblage with well - preserved trilobites , helcionelloids , and lingulate brachiopods . the trilobites include\nzone as known from the cordilleran regions of laurentia . excellent preservation allows a detailed assessment of the prosopon and elucidates aspects of the ontogenetic development of\nthe ekspedition br\u00e6 formation forms part of the northward prograding br\u00f8nlund fjord group and was deposited during a lowstand of sea level ( surlyk and ineson , 1987 ; higgins et al . , 1991 ; ineson and peel , 1997 ) . it was named after a small glacier flowing east into the head of j . p . koch fjord in lauge koch land and crops out in southern freuchen land , lauge koch land , and western peary land , north greenland ( fig . 1 ) . the formation consists mainly of pale - weathering , thin - bedded , dark - gray lime mudstones and skeletal wackestones , interbedded with gray - green calcareous mudstones that form distinctive recessive , gray - weathering slopes between cliff - forming formations below and above ( ineson and peel , 1997 ) . it attains a thickness of 82 m at its type locality south of the snout of ekspedition br\u00e6 , but thins to the west and east , being only 30 m thick on the eastern side of j . p . koch fjord and in l\u00f8ndal ( fig . 1 ) . despite the considerable thinning , the lithological composition remains constant , although the argillite content decreases to the south and increases to the west ( ineson and peel , 1997 ) .\nmost of the available material was picked from the talus - covered outcrops . preservation of the fossils is generally excellent , but usually affected by subrecent diagenesis and weathering . ggu sample 225501 ( collected on 20 june 1979 ) consists of slabs of thin ( several millimeters to 3 cm thick ) , platy , dark - gray lime mudstone with occasional fossil shells or sclerites floating in the matrix without grain support . the planar surfaces are pale and often weathered to show the typical epikarstic rough exterior of rocks exposed for some time under arctic climate . the sample was collected from the middle part of the formation at its type section . ggu sample 225720 ( collected on 16 july 1979 ) is very similar lithologically to ggu sample 225501 , but from the western side of l\u00f8ndal . the slabs are from talus lying on the surface of the formation and originate from the middle part of the formation .\nthe trilobites preserved in the samples belong to only three genera and in total six species . all of the genera ( itagnostus , elrathina , and elrathia ) are well known and widely distributed over laurentia , whereas all of the species , perhaps except for itagnostus sp . cf . i . gaspensis , are new . all three genera co - occur , for example , in the pentagon shale\u2013pagoda limestone interval in northwestern montana , u . s . a . ( deiss , 1939 ) , and the presence of two of the genera in association has been noted from most well - known coeval middle cambrian localities of laurentian north america , such as utah ( robison , 1964 ) , idaho ( resser , 1939 ) , the grand canyon region ( mckee and resser , 1945 ) , british columbia ( rasetti , 1951 ) , pennsylvania ( rasetti , 1965 ) , georgia ( schwimmer , 1989 ) , new york ( bird and rasetti , 1968 ) , and alaska ( palmer , 1968 ) .\nmacrofossils in the studied samples are typically concentrated on bedding planes . leaching of calcareous beds from several horizons within the formation has produced insoluble residues of small shelly fossils ( peel and streng , 2015 ) . articulated remains of trilobites form a high percentage of the species\u2019 remains in the samples ( more than one - third for itagnostus subhastatus n . sp . , about two - thirds for elrathina aphrodite n . sp . , about four - fifths for elrathina athena n . sp . , slightly more than one - third for elrathina hera n . sp . , and only about 5 % for elrathia groenlandica n . sp . ) . most of the nearly complete exoskeletons lack librigenae and are thus carcasses that record the \u201colenid mode\u201d of molting ( e . g . , clarkson et al . , 2003 ) , in which the librigenae separate from the cranidium to release the trilobite through the thus - generated anterior opening , leaving a carcass of attached sclerites on the sea floor . scattered isolated sclerites are sometimes vaguely accumulated into small clusters and then include fragmented remains ; they may result from the activities of scavengers , which , however , are not recorded by body or trace fossils . however , isolated librigenae are rare in close proximity to the rest of the exuviae .\nthe studied samples record a low - diversity assemblage of comparable composition with six trilobite , two acrotretoid , and one helcionelloid species in the macrofossil record . the composition , based on 109 specimens , is illustrated in figure 2 where the dominance of the three elrathina and the single elrathia species suggests their ecological fitness for the particular habitat conditions . in this respect , it should be emphasized that the unusual preservation and abundance of the well - known elrathia kingii in the wheeler formation of the house range , utah , has been interpreted as result of an opportunistic ecological strategy for living in an exaerobic zone ( gaines and droser , 2003 ) . a similar , but probably less strongly restricted habitat may be assumed for the sample horizons of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation described herein , which may have forced the trilobites to similar strategies .\nthe abbreviation ggu indicates collections from greenland made under the auspices of gr\u00f8nlands geologiske unders\u00f8gelse ( geological survey of greenland , now a part of the geological survey of denmark and greenland ) . individual type or figured specimens are identified by mguh numbers and this material is deposited in the geological museum , copenhagen , part of the natural history museum of denmark . additional figured material is housed in the royal ontario museum ( rom ) , the university of michigan museum ( ummp ) , and the u . s . national museum of natural history ( usnm ) under the numbers given in the figure captions .\nagnostus elkedrensis etheridge , 1902 ; from the middle cambrian of australia and siberia ( by original designation ) .\nthe comprehensive reappraisal of the peronopsis clade by naimark ( 2012 ) clarified a number of problems within the complex evolutionary group and demonstrated evolutionary pathways , but also illustrated deficiencies in the knowledge of morphology and the difficulties in the correct weighting of characters . these problems particularly affect the genus itagnostus , which was introduced by \u00f6pik ( 1979a , b ) as a subgenus of peronopsis hawle and corda , 1847 . laurie ( 2004 ) raised itagnostus to generic level , dramatically emending the concept and diagnosis , and placing the genus within the family spinagnostidae and subfamily doryagnostinae . naimark ( 2012 ) amply discussed the case and re - emended the genus . in addition , she discussed in detail problems resulting from both the inclusion of species such as peronopsis interstricta ( white , 1874 ) , and the unstable concept of itagnostus in respect to its phylogenetic relationship with euagnostus whitehouse , 1936 .\nwe follow herein the general concept of itagnostus sensu naimark ( 2012 ) and suggest that peronopsis interstricta should be placed within naimark\u2019s morphogroup xiva , under itagnostus . the new species described below is similar to i . interstrictus , which has slightly larger pygidial spines . this character reinforces the placement among the species of itagnostus , although i . interstricta can be regarded as a transitional species between peronopsis ( svenax ) \u00f6pik , 1979a , b and itagnostus .\ntogether with a number of other species of the peronopsidae , species of itagnostus have a median postaxial furrow on the pygidium . kobayashi ( 1939 ) erected the genus acadagnostus for such species , which westerg\u00e5rd ( 1946 ) subsequently placed in peronopsis . as explained by shergold and laurie ( 1997 ) , and in detail by naimark ( 2012 ) , acadagnostus ( type species : a . acadicus [ hartt in dawson , 1868 ] [ not \u201c acadica \u201d as used in some publications such as naimark , 2012 ] ) is a valid genus , which is taxonomically distinguished from itagnostus .\nmguh 30893 ( fig . 3 . 3 ) . western side of henson gletscher , lauge koch land , north greenland , middle part of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation , ggu sample 225501 .\nwestern side of henson gletscher , lauge koch land , ggu sample 225501 : five fairly complete exoskeletons ( figured specimens under mguh 30903 and 30892 ) , three cephala with attached thoracic segments ( mguh 30896 , 30897 , 30895 ) ; western side of l\u00f8ndal , ggu sample 255720 : one fairly complete carapace ( under mguh 30891 ) , four cephala ( figured specimen under mguh 30894 ) , two pygidia ( figured specimen under mguh 30902 ) . tentatively assigned to i . subhastatus : ggu sample 255720 : two pygidia ( mguh 30899 and mguh 30901 ) .\nspecies of itagnostus with a comparatively slender posterior glabellar lobe ; anterior lobe of the glabella completely defined by furrow ; preglabellar furrow absent ; pygidial rhachis narrow , subtriangular to hastate , subacute posteriorly , with laterally developed transaxial furrows ; postaxial furrow developed ; small to rudimentary spines on the pygidial border ; doublure comparatively wide .\ncephalon moderately convex , subcircular to subquadrate , with distinctly curved lateral margins and well - rounded anterior angles ; length / width ratio ~ 0 . 9 . glabella bilobate , tapering forward . posterior lobe with length about equal to width , slightly longer than 1 . 5 times length of anterior lobe , highest elevation about one - third from well - rounded posterior end ; without tubercle or with extremely faint , narrow longitudinal node ( fig . 3 . 3 ) . anterior lobe evenly rounded in front . transverse furrow straight . anterior lobe well defined by moderately deep dorsal furrow . occipital ring very narrow , continuous with the simple , triangular , slightly inequilateral basal lobes , which are somewhat oblique to axis .\ngenae convex , preglabellar median furrow absent . border moderately convex , growing in width from genal angles anteriorly , but subequal in width anteriorly between anterolateral corners ; posterolateral corners with well - developed , highly raised thorn - shaped spines . border furrow narrow , rather deep posterolaterally , moderately deep anteriorly .\nthorax of two segments . axial rings laterally tripartite , strongly oblique furrow demarcates raised , oblique lateral nodes , which are smaller on anterior than on posterior segment . axial furrow chevron shaped along axial rings . pleurae on anterior segment a subangular bulb traversed by a shallow pleural furrow that curves strongly forward to demarcate a swollen subcircular anterior pleural band ; with a small node - like thorn in a posterolateral position ( fig . 3 . 2 ) ; stout pleural tip strongly ventrally deflected . pleurae on posterior segment short , but distinctly longer than in anterior segment , ventrally deflected and with obliquely forward - directed , acute pleural tip ; pleural furrow slightly s - shaped , anterior to midline of pleura , swinging anteriorly in distal portion ; with fairly well - developed socket on posterior pleural band close to axial furrow ( fig . 3 . 3 ) .\npygidium moderately convex , subcircular to subquadrate , with weakly curved lateral and distinctly curved posterior margins ; length / width ratio ~ 0 . 85 . rhachis variably of 68\u201377 % pygidial length , 41\u201345 % pygidial maximum width across anterior segment , which is defined by a broad constriction and a faint and wide depression instead of a distinct lateral furrow ; lateral axial furrows obscure ; posterior two - thirds or almost three - fourths of rhachis hastate in dorsal view , with variably developed and slightly broadened m3 , narrowing into a pointed tip ; median tubercle elliptical in outline , approximately one - third from anterior end .\npostaxial median furrow present , slit - like or developed as a triangular , posteriorly broadened depression ( fig . 3 . 3 ) that joins the dorsal and marginal furrows . pleural lobes moderately convex . border moderately convex , growing in breadth from anterolateral corners to a maximum of approximately twice this breadth on sagittal line ; wider than on the cephalon ; with somewhat variably developed , small and short marginal spines located slightly posterior to a transverse line drawn at tip of axis . anterior border confluent with lateral border at distinct anterolateral corners , swinging forward and raised while slightly growing in width up to well - developed fulcral points that fit into sockets of posterior thoracic segment . border furrow well developed , moderately deep , subequal in width throughout . doublure slightly wider than border .\nlengths of cranidia in the present material 2 . 3\u20133 . 7 mm ; lengths of pygidia 1 . 6\u20133 . 5 mm . entire surface of carapace smooth .\nfrom the latin hastatus , lance - shaped ; an allusion to the shape of the pygidial rhachis .\ncephalon subcircular to subquadrate , with distinctly curved lateral margins , anterior margin tends to have an almost straight median section ; length / width ratio ~ 0 . 85 . posterior lobe of glabella with weakly curved sides , greatest slightly behind midlength , with width ~ 85 % length , slightly longer than 1 . 5 times length of anterior lobe , highest elevation about one - third from well - rounded posterior end ; without faint , narrow longitudinal node . anterior lobe evenly rounded or with slightly narrower curvature in front . occipital ring very narrow , continuous with the simple , triangular , slightly inequilateral basal lobes .\nborder growing in width from genal angles anteriorly , but subequal in width anteriorly between anterolateral corners .\nthoracic axial rings laterally tripartite , strongly oblique furrow demarcates raised , oblique lateral nodes , which are subequal in size on anterior as on posterior segment . pleurae on anterior segment consist of a bulb - like anterior pleural band defined by a well - marked shallow pleural furrow that curves strongly forward and fades close to the arcuate pleural tips ( fig . 3 . 11 ) ; posterior pleural band on anterior segment with narrow and low proximal and elevated and slightly broader , obliquely forward directed distal portions . pleurae on posterior segment distinctly longer than in anterior segment , ventrally deflected , with obliquely forward - directed , acute pleural tip ; with socket on posterior pleural band close to axial furrow ( fig . 3 . 11 ) .\npygidium subsemicircular to subquadrate , with weakly curved lateral and distinctly curved posterior margins ; length / width ratio ~ 0 . 80\u20130 . 85 ( n = 4 ) . rhachis of 75\u201382 % pygidial length , 40\u201343 % pygidial maximum width across anterior segment , which is defined by a distinct constriction and a shallow , but well - marked pair of lateral furrows , the branches of which curve forward from the axial furrows and demarcate bulb - like swellings of the first segment of the rhachis ; second pair of axial furrows obscure ; posterior two - thirds of rhachis ogival in dorsal view , with slightly broadened m3 , narrowing into a pointed tip ; median tubercle a longitudinal crest , most prominent point close to posterior end ( fig . 3 . 14 ) . postaxial median furrow developed as posteriorly broadened depression .\nlengths of cranidia in the present material 2 . 7\u20133 . 7 mm , lengths of pygidia 3 . 2\u20134 . 2 mm . entire surface of carapace smooth .\nwestern side of henson gletscher , lauge koch land , north greenland , ggu sample 225501 : two fairly complete exoskeletons ( under mguh 30904 and 30905 ) ; western side of l\u00f8ndal , north greenland , ggu sample 255720 : single pygidium ( mguh 30906 ) . material tentatively assigned to itagnostus sp . cf . i . gaspensis : ggu sample 255720 : two cephala .\nthe material treated here resembles the type material of itagnostus gaspensis ( rasetti , 1948 ) from middle cambrian limestone boulders within the so - called l\u00e9vis conglomerate at grosses roches , quebec . differences exist in the slightly narrower glabella , the more tapering and slightly longer pygidial rhachis , the narrower pygidial border , and an apparently broader ( sag . ) articulating half - ring . unfortunately , rasetti ( 1948 , pl . 45 , figs . 1\u20133 ) figured only one cephalon and two pygidia . at least the pygidium assigned by rasetti ( 1948 , pl . 45 , fig . 5 ) is not closely related to the species and belongs to a different genus in the concept of naimark ( 2012 ) .\na similar species , peronopsis taitzuhoensis lu , 1957 was described from the middle cambrian tangshih formation ( abandoned , now hsuchuang formation ) and thus hsuchuangia - ruichengella through bailiella - lioparia zones of the taizihe ( earlier spelled \u201ctaitzuhe\u201d ) valley , benxi , liaoning province , and from the henan province ( lu , 1957 ; lu et al . , 1965 ; pei , 1991 ) . this species has been regarded as a subspecies of itagnostus gaspensis by naimark ( 2012 ) , but we regard it as an independent , although closely related species within itagnostus . itagnostus sp . cf . i . gaspensis from greenland differs from this species from south china in having a cephalon with an almost straight median sector of the anterior margin rather than being well rounded . in addition , the pygidial rachis is generally narrower and particularly in the posterior portion clearly narrower and more strongly tapering with less clearly impressed lateral furrows ; the marginal spines are distinctly smaller . a similar form was described as peronopsis sp . cf . i . taitzuhoensis from the heicigou group of the north qilian district , tarim platform , northwest china ( zhou and dean , 1996 ) .\nthe material of itagnostus sp . cf . i . gaspensis from the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation clearly differs from i . subhastatus n . sp . , which appears in the same samples , in a number of characters : a shorter and nearly subparallel rather than tapering glabella with a relatively longer posterior lobe ; a narrower anterior and lateral cephalic border ; a distinctly longer pygidial rhachis with an ogival rather than hastate posterior portion and two constrictions as well as a longitudinal , crest - like median tubercle ; a short depression connecting dorsal and border furrows ; a less strongly broadening border ; and marginal spines that are short and thorn - like .\nitagnostus interstrictus ( white , 1874 ) has a posteriorly broadened posterior lobe and thus a clearly tapering glabella . naimark ( 2012 ) assigned specimens from the malokuonamka \u201chorizon\u201d of the siberian platform described as peronopsis aff . gaspensis ( egorova et al . , 1982 , pl . 51 , figs . 1 , 3 ) to itagnostus interstrictus . specimens described as euagnostus aff . interstrictus by laurie ( 2004 , p . 245 , figs . 18a\u201318n ) , however , were assigned by naimark ( 2012 ) to i . gaspensis . laurie ( 2004 ) stated that they differ from itagnostus interstrictus only by having a posteriorly displaced glabellar tubercle ; this was interpreted by naimark ( 2012 ) as being a characteristic feature of i . gaspensis . the present specimens from the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation are not well enough preserved to permit an unequivocal assessment based on this character ; they appear to show a faint tubercle in a more central position on the posterior glabellar lobe and thus to indicate another character difference from i . gaspensis .\nthe similar species peronopsis ( p . ) scutalis ( salter in hicks , 1872 ) from scandinavia ( typical specimens figured by westerg\u00e5rd , 1946 ) lacks true pygidial spines . it is also very similar to acadagnostus acadica ( hartt , 1868 ) , from which it can be separated by the same character .\nconocephalites cordillerae rominger , 1887 ; stephen formation , british columbia , canada ( by original designation ) .\nelrathina is one of the genera with a fairly generalized morphology , and since resser\u2019s ( 1937b ) rudimentary introduction and the rapid emendation by deiss ( 1939 ) , it has grown into one of the frequent taxonomic waste baskets among the alokistocaridae , with at least 23 validly described species , or subspecies . the difficulties that result from the attempt to perfectly characterize the species\u2019 morphology when based on imperfectly preserved material have been addressed by rasetti ( 1951 , p . 221 ) in a surprisingly plain style .\nthe type species , elrathina cordillerae , was introduced as conocephalites cordillerae by rominger ( 1887 ) and shown in a single figure ( rominger 1887 , pl . 1 , fig . 7 ) , which provides an utterly erroneous impression of its morphology ; it is discussed below . its bilobate terminal axial piece in the pygidium could even be used as a criterion to separate it from the vast majority of species assigned to elrathina . however , as long as the morphologic plasticity of this character is not fully understood , we suggest retention of the traditional generic concept .\nsolov\u2019ev and grikurov ( 1978 ) described material from the ptychagnostus praecurrens zone of the shackleton range , antarctica , as elrathina parallela longa , and their naming suggested a new variety of e . parallela . the available material consisted of only two moderately well - preserved carapaces ( one of them an external mold ) , which do not present details of the pygidium and the glabella . solov\u2019ev and grikurov ( 1978 , p . 197\u2013198 ) emphasized the similarity with e . parallela , from which the specimens from the shackleton range were distinguished by a more slender glabella with subparallel sides and a narrow frontal lobe . in fact , this interpretation is based on the fact that the anterior part of the glabella in both specimens appears to be transversely compressed and therefore has a ridge that connects the glabella with the anterior border as a taphonomic artifact . we thus regard the type material of e . parallela longa as insufficient to characterize a taxon .\nelrathina antiqua palmer in palmer and halley , 1979 from the carrara formation of the belted range , nevada , is characterized by a pygidium with an unusually short axis , a thorax of only 15 or 16 segments , and librigenae with an angular thorn , but otherwise shares the diagnostic characters of the genus ( fig . 4 . 2 ) . it is derived from the albertella zone and is thus the oldest known species of the genus .\n, plaster cast of holotype in the museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , mass . , usnm 65009 , carapace without librigenae , parker slate , parker quarry , georgia . scale bars = 5 mm .\nelrathina spinifera rasetti , 1951 from the stephen formation of the mt . odaray section , british columbia , has a glabella with an almost flat front , a fairly narrow preglabellar field , a distinct swelling of the anterior border such that the anterior border furrow describes a rearward swing and is shallower on the sagittal line , and a short obliquely backward directed occipital spine . the thorax , pygidium , and librigenae are unknown .\nsummarized , the species from the stephen formation indicate that specific differences include variation of the preglabellar field , the breadth and possible swelling of the anterior cephalic border , the size of the occipital node or spine , the position of the geniculation of the thoracic segments , and the length and width of the pygidial rhachis , all of which appear to be constant within the species . therefore , these characters are regarded as a blueprint for taxonomic distinction within the elrathina clade .\nthe most conspicuous taphonomic effect in elrathina is the absence of librigenae even in the nearly complete carapaces . these therefore qualify as carcasses that record the \u201colenid mode\u201d of molting .\na common feature in larger sclerites is the presence of cracks . their frequency depends on the size and morphology of the sclerites . isolated thoracic segments are generally preserved as fragments only , which is interpreted as an effect of the narrow and brittle nature of the segments . their fractures are concentrated at or adjacent to the axial furrow .\n) usnm 65518a , incomplete dorsal carapace ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ( original of walcott ,\n) under lot usnm 17831 , posterior part of thorax and pygidium ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ; original specimen stored with plaster and gutta - percha casts with the collection number provided by resser (\n, pl . 33 , fig . 20 ) , incomplete dorsal carapace without librigenae ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . all scale bars = 5 mm .\n1887 conocephalites cordiller\u00e6 rominger , p . 17 , pl . 1 , fig . 7 .\n? 1899 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; matthew , p . 44 , pl . 1 , fig . 7a , 7b .\n1902 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; woodward , p . 536 , text - fig . 4 .\n1908 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; walcott , p . 243 , pl . 3 , fig . 5 .\n? 1912 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; walcott , p . 190 , pl . 24 , fig . 2 .\n1918 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; walcott , p . 144 , pl . 21 , fig . 4 .\n? 1918 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; walcott , pl . 21 , fig . 3 , 5 .\n? 1950 elrathina cordillerae ; mclaughlin and enbysk , p . 469 , pl . 65 , figs . 12 , 15\u201317 .\nnon 1950 elrathina cordillerae ; mclaughlin and enbysk , pl . 65 , fig . 14 ."]}
{"id": 2401, "summary": [{"text": "the black-fronted dotterel ( elseyornis melanops ) is a small , slender plover that is widespread throughout most of australia , to which it is native , and new zealand , where it self-introduced in the 1950s .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is common in freshwater wetlands , around the edges of lakes and billabongs , and in shallow , temporary claypan pools .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is also found occupying saline mudflats and estuaries , but rarely .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they are generally sedentary , with a single bird , a pair , or a family group occupying a stretch of habitat on a more or less permanent basis .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "however , some individuals appear to travel considerable distances , and flocks will sometimes congregate in food-rich areas .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "unlike many other wading birds , black-fronted dotterels retain the same plumage all year round , which makes identification easier .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they forage in a series of short running motions , holding the body horizontal , stopping to peck from time to time with a rapid bobbing motion .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "their diet consists of mostly insects and other small creatures , supplemented by a few seeds .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "eggs gestation period : 4-5 weeks .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "up to 3 eggs have been observe on nest .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "24 hours after they hatch chicks leave the nest to hide in less exposed areas , at the same time both parents look after them . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "black - fronted dotterel", "paragraphs": ["i saw my first black - fronted dotterel recently near boggy pond , lake wairarapa .\nscarlett , r . j . 1957 . black - fronted dotterel in canterbury . notornis 7 : 112 .\nblack - fronted dotterel . adult . napier , hawke ' s bay , december 2009 . image \u00a9 neil fitzgerald by neil fitzgerald urltoken\nandrew , i . g . 1956 . black - fronted dotterel ( c . melanops ) near palmerston north . notornis 6 : 185 .\nmackenzie , n . b . 1963 . the black - fronted dotterel in hawke ' s bay . notornis 10 : 202 - 206 .\nthe adult and immature black - fronted dotterel are unmistakable , though the juvenile could be confused with the juvenile and immature red - capped plover .\narmitage , i . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . black - fronted dotterel . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\npierce , r . j . 1971 . black - fronted dotterels nesting near timaru . notornis 18 : 133 .\nthe black - fronted dotterel is found in the shallow margins of wetlands , lakes , rivers , sewage farms , storm drains and marshes . it is normally always near freshwater and is not often seen on the coast .\nthe black - fronted dotterel lays its eggs in a shallow scrape , often on pebbly ground and quite close to water . it may have more then one brood per year . both parents incubate the eggs and look after the young .\nthe black - fronted dotterel eats small molluscs as well as aquatic and terrestrial insects . when it forages , it keeps its body horizontal while bobbing its head to look for food , often running then stopping suddenly to peck at food items .\nthe black - fronted dotterel is a small wader with a distinctive black face - mask and breast - band and prominent chestnut scapulars ( shoulder feathers ) . in juveniles , the breast - band is initially absent but a brown band slowly appears as the bird develops . legs are pink orange , and the bill is red with a black tip . the dark eye is ringed with red . in flight the wings look broad and the tail short , while the black and white contrast is striking . flight is slow with almost hesitant wing beats . this species is also called the black - fronted plover .\nsibson , r . b . ; medway , d . g . ; smuts - kennedy , c . ; drew , j . ; grant , g . j . 1972 . the spread of the black - fronted dotterel . notornis 19 : 83 - 85 .\nmackenzie , n . b . 1962 . a new breeding bird for new zealand : black - fronted dotterels in hawkes bay . notornis 9 : 269 - 270 .\nsimilar species : black - fronted dotterels are smaller and slimmer with quite different facial , breast and wing markings . rare vagrant red - kneed dotterel ( recorded once in new zealand ) is larger with longer legs , has a solid black cap extending well below the eye , and has a broad white trailing edge to the wing ( both upper and lower ) .\na small plover with black - tipped red bill , orange legs , and prominent black bands on the breast and face contrasting the rest of the white and light brown plumage . young birds have mostly white on the breast with black bands developing with adulthood .\nlovely bird , the bright red orbital ring its most distinguishing feature . unlike many other wading birds , black - fronted dotterels retain the same plumage all year round , which makes identification easier .\nthe black - fronted dotterel is a small dainty plover with striking plumage markings . in adults , prominent black bands on the breast and head contrast sharply with the otherwise white plumage . young birds have a mostly white breast , the black bands developing with adulthood . it occurs mostly in small numbers in east coast north and south island localities , also in the manawatu . they are found on or beside inland or coastal waterways ( but not the coast itself ) , estuaries , farm ponds , lagoons , on stony river beds and at sewerage sedimentation ponds , but not on coastlines . the plumage colouration provides good camouflage when on shingle sites and stony riverbeds . black - fronted dotterels are smaller and more slightly built than banded dotterels .\nclose up of a sub - adult , yet to aquire the black frontal ' bib ' .\n17cm , 33g ; forehead black , crown brown , white band in front of and above the eye , a black line from nape to eye and a black band extending backwards from eye , around the neck and across breast ; bill orange tipped with black ; iris brown with bright red orbital ring ; feet flesh coloured ; bill 15 , wing 106 , tail 56 , tarsus 25mm .\nblack - fronted dotterels are mainly found at fresh water or brackish estuaries , on gravel riverbeds , and the muddy edges of inland and coastal lakes and ponds , including sewerage ponds . they are rarely seen on coasts .\nthe new zealand range of the black - fronted dotterel has expanded considerably since the 1960s and is probably still expanding , including in western localities . the main threat to adults and young is during breeding . nests and chicks are vulnerable especially where nests are placed close to roads , tracks or livestock , or are at risk from predators , including cats and stoats . some losses on riverbeds are caused by flooding where nests are close to watercourses .\nwiersma , p . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . black - fronted dotterel ( elseyornis melanops ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nblack - fronted dotterels are uncommon in new zealand but may be increasing slowly . the current population is probably fewer than 3 , 000 birds . they occur mostly in small numbers ( 1 to 4 birds together is typical ) , but favoured wintering sites can have up to 50 birds .\nb . d . heather describes the black - fronted dotterel ' s feeding habits as observed around the greytown sewerage ponds at the juncture of the waiohine and ruamahanga rivers : \u201c ( it ) is a freshwater feeder which prefers the fine silty mud freshly exposed by falling river and pond levels . normally it feeds in the typical plover manner by picking from the surface , with its legs straight , pivoting from the hips . in some mud conditions it probes to a depth about half the length of its bill , which corresponds roughly to the extent of the black tip of its bill . while feeding , it walks carefully and quietly , picking as it goes , without the conspicuous run - and - stop , pick , run - and - stop , pick , of the commonest new zealand plover , the banded dotterel . \u201d\nblack - fronted dotterels are smaller and more dainty than banded dotterels and are recognisable by the striking y - shaped black plumage on the chest contrasting with white plumage above and below , and a conspicuous black stripe through the eye that extends back to the hind neck . the crown is streaked light brown . the plumage below the eye stripe and bill and on the lower foreneck and remaining undersides is white . the back and lower wings are streaked buff to light - brown . there is a wide whitish bar on the inner upperwing ; the rest of the inner wing is dark - brown mottled with white and grey . the outer upperwing is dark brown to black . the underwing is mainly white , with blackish flight feathers forming a broad dark trailing edge . the bill is red with a black tip , the eye - ring is red , and the legs are pinkish to light red . the sexes are similar with no seasonal variation in plumage . juveniles have a mostly white chest . black - fronted dotterels are usually solitary or in pairs or in small groups . they tend to run in short bursts but walk slowly when feeding . in flight they have a jerky , lapwing - like wing action and reveal their bold wing markings .\nthe black - fronted dotterel is widespread in many parts of australia , where it usually inhabits the muddy margins of a variety of shallow terrestrial freshwater wetlands , walking over the soft mud , all the while pecking at its surface to take small invertebrate prey . as well as natural habitats , they also regularly occur at man - made wetlands , and are often seen at the muddy margins of farm dams . they are also often recorded in less salubrious artificial habitats , such as beside sewage treatment ponds and at sludge ponds in abattoirs .\nthe black - fronted dotterel - elseyornis melanops - is a small ( 16 to 18 centimetres long ) , plover with white chin , breast and underside with black y - shaped breast band . face is white ; bill is red with a black end ; there is a red eye - ring in a broad black band from the base of the bill to behind the head . feet are pink . a small black patch above the bill and between the eyes merges with the streaky brown crown . white line over eye extends back to nape . back is grey - brown with dark horizontal shoulder bar of purplish brown . male and female similar . immatures are paler than adults and lack the breast band . inhabits the firm wet edges of fresh water streams , dams , swamps and lakes . short legs and short bill suit it for running and pecking food from damp shoreline surfaces without wading . rarely found in coastal saline waters or tidal mudflats . much of the water it relies on is temporary and the bird is necessarily nomadic . when foraging the body is horizontal and the head bobs ; it runs quickly , stops briefly to peck at food then runs again .\nblack - fronted dotterels consume small invertebrates including insects , small earthworms , snails , crustaceans , spiders and mites . seeds form a small part of diet , including clover and small grasses . food is mostly found on damp ground by walking , running , stopping and bobbing and pecking at the water\u2019s edge , often retracing the area that has been worked over .\n16\u201318 cm ; 27\u201342 g ; wingspan 33\u201335 cm . strikingly coloured , slim plover ; black eyestripe and lores continuing onto forecrown ; white supercilia join on nape ; . . .\nblack - fronted dotterel are generally not gregarious , with birds usually seen singly , in pairs or groups of up to 4 - 5 birds . after breeding most birds stay on rivers , but some form flocks at lagoons , lakes , estuaries and sewage ponds in winter . they have cryptic colouration when on shingle or stony substrate . birds feed throughout the day at the water\u2019s edge of slow moving streams , rivers , estuaries or at still ponds . when a bird walks the body is often held in a nearly horizontal posture . flights are mostly short . birds tend to run for short periods , then stop and walk when feeding .\nleft ; white underside and grey - brown back makes the bird difficult to see from behind . right ; the black v - front is more visible in front view . lake bindegolly , sw qld .\nthe black - fronted dotterel is a solitary nesting species , between august and march , peaking between september and december . nests are in open ground , fields , gravel pits , river beds , stony or shingle land , not far from fresh water . the nest is usually a depression in the ground and is mostly unlined or is surrounded by a few twigs , stones or grass . both sexes share in incubation of the 2 - 3 eggs , which are pale white or yellowish with dark spots or lines . incubation takes 22 - 26 days . young are speckled dark grey - and - white and are well camouflaged . adults shade the young on hot days , and perform distraction displays when alarmed . second and third clutches are common after the first brood has fledged , and may commence even before fledging of an earlier brood has occurred .\nblack - fronted dotterels are mainly found in lowland eastern regions from auckland to southland , especially in hawke\u2019s bay , wairarapa , canterbury and otago ; also in the manawatu and at tokaanu ( lake taupo ) . they colonised new zealand from australia from the 1950s , with early records from hawke\u2019s bay ( 1954 ) , manawatu ( 1955 ) and north canterbury ( 1956 ) . the first nest was found in hawke\u2019s bay in 1962 , and at least 109 birds were present there in 1962 . breeding was first reported in the south island in 1970 , on the opihi river , south canterbury . by 2016 they were known to be breeding on the wairau , awatere , hurunui , ashburton , orari and opihi rivers , as well as at numerous sites in the lower north island .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nturbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nby joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .\nwe are also the meeting ground for everyone with an interest in birds from the curious backyard observer to the dedicated research scientist . it doesn\u2019t matter what your interest in birds is or how much you know about them , your membership will offer you the opportunity to increase your awareness and enjoyment .\nbirdlife australia would be delighted to welcome you as a new member and we look forward to sharing our news and achievements with you throughout the coming year .\nalthough birds are usually quite easy to see , often they are more difficult to identify . you may have had the briefest glimpse or heard a snatch of its song , or perhaps it was a bird you have never seen before . the best place to look for it is here . you will discover the remarkable variety of birds that occur across australia . with stunning images of featured species and some recordings of their songs and calls , you are sure to find that mystery bird , or learn more about species you already know .\nselect a bird group . . . birds of prey bush birds parrots sea birds water birds\nyou can participate and share in activities and projects with local experts all over australia .\nvisit us in sydney olympic park where you can learn about , see and engage with australian birds up close and personal .\nvisit birdlife australia\u2019s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track , but that\u2019s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nwant to know all about our native birds ? explore , learn , discover and enjoy australia\u2019s most comprehensive bird resource .\ndiscover and identify the urban birds in your backyard . get involved by helping us gather and share information about your local birdlife .\nfind places to watch birds in their native habitat . search our listing to find the next opportunity to see your favourite birds nearby and interstate .\nwe hold regular events and activities throughout the year and some have been taking place for decades . there are many ways for keen bird lovers to get involved .\njoin our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia\u2019s birds . we always need more citizen scientists .\nthere are many ways you can help us help our native birds . join as a member , volunteer , make a donation or a bequest . your support makes a real difference .\nfrom urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording , explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia\u2019s birds .\nour policies , submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia\u2019s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .\nresearch , monitoring and evaluation underpin all our efforts . we have a long history of expertise in the science of bird conservation .\nour education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia ' s birds and their habitats .\nbirdlife australia has a long and proud history of excellence in publishing . our members ' magazine , journals , newsletters , and reports are all world - class .\nthe h . l . white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia , containing thousands of books , journals , and media about birds and related topics .\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia ' s greatest resources , allowing us to track changes in birds across the country . since 1998 a dedicated band of . . . more >\nbirdlife australia\u2019s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about . . . more >\nthe shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia . to report on the population . . . more >\nsince european settlement one - third of australia\u2019s woodlands and 80 % of temperate woodlands have been cleared . the woodland birds for biodiversity . . . more >\nbrathwaite , d . h . 1955 . waders on ahuriri lagoon , napier . notornis 6 : 145 - 150 .\nheather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2005 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . 2nd edition . penguin : rosedale , auckland .\nmarchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) 1993 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 2 , raptors to lapwings . oxford university press , melbourne .\nmedway , d . g . 2010 . charadriiformes ( waders ) . pp . 191 - 223 . in : checklist committee ( osnz ) 2010 . checklist of the birds of new zealand , norfolk and macquarie islands , and the ross dependency , antarctica ( 4th edn ) . ornithological society of new zealand & te papa press , wellington .\nrobertson , c . j . r . ; hyvonen , p . ; fraser , m . j . ; pickard , c . r . 2007 . atlas of bird distribution in new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , inc . , wellington .\nrobertson , h . a ; baird , k . ; dowding , j . e . ; elliott , g . p . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; miskelly , c . m . ; mcarthur , n . ; o\u2019donnell , c . f . j . ; sagar , p . m . ; scofield , r . p . ; taylor , g . a . 2017 . conservation status of new zealand birds , 2016 . new zealand threat classification series 19 . wellington , department of conservation . 27 p .\nsagar , p . m . ; shankar , u . ; brown , s . 1999 . numbers and distribution of waders in new zealand , 1983 - 1994 . notornis 46 : 1 - 49 .\nshallow depression in shingle , mostly unlined or lightly lined but maybe surrounded by sticks , grass or pebbles .\nmost - frequently heard call a repeated short , emphatic \u201cpit\u201d . on breeding grounds , several reedy . . .\nbare or sparsely vegetated margins of wetlands , freshwater or sometimes brackish , on areas with mud . . .\nwater snails , crustaceans , earthworms and insects , such as crickets , grasshoppers , flies , ants , water beetles and larvae , occasionally . . .\nseason sept\u2013feb in australia , aug\u2013mar in new zealand , but can occur earlier or later owing to variable conditions , e . g . of rain . . .\npoorly known in australia , but apparently mainly sedentary , although there is evidence of . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . has recently expanded range due to development of new suitable habitat resulting from construction of artificial wetlands , such as . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmkennewell , nick talbot , stephen wallace , josep del hoyo , keith and lynn youngs , aviceda , philip griffin , pieter de groot boersma , colintrainor , birdinggreynomads , rigdon currie , peter nash , eldert groenewoud , bukoba steve .\nmark broomhall , nick talbot , david taylor , nicholas tomney , colintrainor , margaret leggoe , indra bone , rhonda hansch , ken havard , marco valentini , les george , holger teichmann , glenda rees , peter strauss , arthur grosset , r\u00e9mi bigonneau , paul van giersbergen , cookdj , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , geoffrey dabb , fran trabalon , peter waanders , clivenealon , smoghead , petemorris , hickson fergusson , lousca , brian huggett .\nunmodified recording . bird heard pipping at secs 0 : 1 . 5 , 0 : 5 . 5 , 0 : 14 , 0 : 21 , 0 : 24 , 0 : 29 , 0 : 38 to distinguish from other background noises / birds .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : elseyornis melanops . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 300 , 070 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbirds do keep on coming here from australia , this one , apparently a bird of inland australia , where they are quite widespread , arriving here in the 1950s . they first colonised the hawkes bay , the first sighting being in 1954 , then spread to the manawatu , the wairarapa and across cook strait to marlborough and south canterbury in the late 1960s . it is a welcome addition to our native fauna .\nthey have come to breed here on the shingle river beds of the eastern and southern north island , south of wairoa and wanganui , and are found in increasing numbers on the shingle beds of the rivers of the south island . some birds remain on their territory all year round while others form large groups over the winter . eggs are laid from august to february , the nest being a shallow depression often lined with pebbles and other detritus . the eggs are stone coloured closely marked all over with fine spots and lines of umber and grey .\nheather & robertson field guide , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . , new zealand birds , 1955 . heather , b . d . , notornis , volume 24 , part 1 , 1977\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ntemminck , c . j . in temminck , c . j . & laugier de chartrouse , m . 1821 , vol . 1 , pp . livr . 7e , g . levrault , paris\nmathews , g . m . 1912 ,\na reference - list to the birds of australia\n, novitates zoologicae , vol . 18 , pp . 171 - 455\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 216624ad - b51a - 4250 - 8f6b - 55b739677237\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 359968\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : afb3f913 - 5924 - 4a98 - b3ae - 5b2541029af5\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalthough many dotterels may live in a swamp or around a lake , they are not communal , feeding alone or in pairs . they nest in solitary territories . found over most of australia , including tasmania , except for parts of inland western australia . nesting takes place from september to december in the south and may to september in the north ; any time inland after rain . the nest is a small depression on bare caked mud or on a small bank , often among stones in a riverbed ; nest is lined with mud pellets , stones , shells or broken twigs . two or three eggs are laid ; dull green - grey or stone - coloured , speckled dusky , oval , about 29 mm by 20 mm . incubation ( by both parents ) takes about 26 days ."]}
{"id": 2408, "summary": [{"text": "tirathaba mundella , the oil palm bunch moth , is a species of snout moth .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in malaysia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on areca catechu , elaeis guineensis , mangifera indica and nephelium lappaceum .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they bore into unopened spathes and feed on the tender floral parts .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they may also attack tender nuts . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "tirathaba mundella", "paragraphs": ["various insecticides have been evaluated for the control of t . mundella ( wood and yew , 1974 ; chan , 1973 ) . removing , or avoiding the accumulation of , rotten fruit bunches is a useful practice in addition to chemical control in areas where t . mundella breeding is common .\nthe economically damaging rate of t . mundella infestation on oil palm in malaysia is 3 - 5 larvae per fruit bunch . samples of 20 bunches per 100 acres are taken in the field and the number of larvae per bunch are counted ( wood and ng , 1974 ) . outbreaks of t . mundella frequently occur in new plantations ; they do not follow a predictable pattern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nthe larvae bore into unopened spathes and feed on the tender floral parts . they also attack tender nuts at different stages of development . infested fruit bunches are characterized by long tubes of silk and frass constructed by the larvae . severe infestation may cause fruit deformation and bunch abortion .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez"]}
{"id": 2410, "summary": [{"text": "daliapour ( 10 march 1996 \u2013 august 2015 ) is an irish-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from july 1998 until november 2002 he competed in seven different countries , running 26 times and winning seven races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the horse was bred by aga khan iv who owned him before selling him to robert ng in late 2000 .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he was originally trained by luca cumani before moving to michael stoute 's stable in 2000 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was trained in hong kong by ivan allan for a few months in early 2001 before returning to stoute for the remainder of his racing career .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "daliapour showed promise as a two-year-old by winning the autumn stakes and was a top-class performer at three , winning the blue riband trial stakes and finishing second in both the epsom derby and the irish derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "daliapour reached his peak as a four-year-old in 2000 when he won the ormonde stakes , coronation cup and hong kong vase .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he failed to win as a five-year-old but showed some good form over longer distances at six , recording his last win in the 2002 curragh cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after his retirement from racing he stood as a breeding stallion in france and australia with limited success .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "daliapour died in august 2015 as a result of laminitis . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "daliapour", "paragraphs": ["jarvis had no hesitation in naming daliapour as\nthe dark horse\nand saeed said he thought vinnie roe and daliapour would be hard to beat .\ndaliapour winning the gr 1 hong kong vase in the colours of robert ng .\njohnny murtagh puts daliapour through his paces during an early morning gallop at . . .\nthe race went like clockwork , with daliapour nicely placed just behind the front runner .\ndaliapour ( c . by sadler ' s wells ) . 7 wins . see below .\ndaliapour ( ire ) has been put down after battling laminitis at rosemont stud . he was 20 .\nmichael kinane , who won the 1993 melbourne cup on vintage crop , arrives in melbourne today to ride daliapour .\nthis time daliapour was to run in the red and purple silk s of his new owner , robert ng .\ndaliapour \u2019s career has had its ups and downs , triumph and injury following each other , and it spans the globe .\nstoute said yesterday he was\nhappy with daliapour ' s demeanour\nsince the seven - year - old arrived in melbourne .\n.\nthere will be some friendly rivalry between us when daliapour takes on ivan ' s indigenous and oriental express on sunday .\nyesterday , weld ' s respect for daliapour was echoed by jarvis , who trains jardines lookout , and godolphin ' s saeed bin suroor .\nhe plans to give daliapour some rest after the vase and point him toward the dubai sheema classic on the dubai world cup card in march .\nother overseas gallopers who could come to melbourne include daliapour , moon emperor and give notice but the japanese entries may miss because of quarantine problems .\ndaliapour was yesterday reported to be lame in his nearside foreleg following his unplaced effort behind silvano in sunday ' s audemars piguet queen elizabeth ii cup .\ndaliapour \u2018s merits are comparatively rare ( in flat - racing circles ) with elements of proven genuine toughness and endurance for racing at the highest level .\ndaliapour is a blue - blood , with both sadlers wells and doyoun in his pedigree giving him his looks as well as his speed and stamina .\nmichael kinane ( daliapour ) and noel harris ( hail ) will both wear a red cap , which has been victorious in a record 29 cups .\n2000 montjeu 4 - 9 - 7 john hammond fr michael kinane michael tabor 1 / 3 f fantastic light daliapour 2 . 29 . 98 435 , 000\nbeekeeper did next best of the international raiding party after hatha anna , pugin and daliapour , who all raced towards the front early , faded in the stretch .\nrival international trainers have all named english stayer daliapour as one of the main dangers to their own hopes in tomorrow ' s $ 4 million melbourne cup at flemington .\nwhen he arrived in melbourne last week , stoute laughed off dermot weld ' s naming of daliapour as his main danger in the cup as nothing more than an irish joke .\ndaliapour almost reached the pinnacle in his three - year - old year , finishing runner - up behind oath in the english derby and arc winner montjeu in the irish equivalent .\nweld said that while\nwe respect the local horses\n, he considered godolphin ' s pugin was\nvery well handicapped\nand daliapour was the best value in the field .\njohnny murtagh puts daliapour through his paces during an early morning gallop at sha tin racecourse prior to running in the hong kong vase to be run on sunday . mandatory credit : julian herbert / allsport\nwhat ' s more , five sons of sadler ' s wells - blue stag , king ' s theatre , tamure , dushyantor and daliapour - have been narrowly beaten runners - up in the premier race .\nthe hong kong - owned daliapour , who will join tony mcevoy ' s stable at flemington to race next autumn before being retired to stud in australia , has had less publicity than any of other international visitors .\ndaliapour ( sadler\u00b4s wells \u2013 dalara by doyoun ) resumed as a four year - old to win the g1 coronation cup at royal ascot and finished the season with a group 1 on the road in the hong kong vase .\nretired to haras des chartreux , daliapour was a dual - purpose stallion before relocating to australia . he stood for a $ 3 , 000 fee at rosemont and his first southern crop are new - season three year - olds .\nvodafone coronation cup ( eng - i ) winner daliapour has been sold to hong kong - based robert ng and will race in the colors of his new owner in the honk kong international vase on sunday , dec . 17 ,\nfantastic light was then returned to england for a summer campaign . in the coronation cup at epsom in june he finished second to daliapour and then came fifth of the eight runners behind giant ' s causeway in the eclipse stakes . he was then sent to ascot for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , where he finished second , reversing the epsom form with daliapour , but having no chance [ 15 ] against the favourite montjeu . [ 16 ]\nalthough daliapour , trained by sir michael stoute , is a $ 41 chance in latest markets , he is the\ndark horse\nfor this year ' s cup , according to saeed bin suroor , alan jarvis and dermot weld .\nonly the japanese raider air shakur , runner - up in his\nhome\nderby in tokyo , carries the hopes of the three - year - olds ; raypour , the only colt of that age from europe , is pacemaker for daliapour .\naside from the coronation cup win , daliapour has been more of a bridesmaid in prestigious events when racing for the aga khan . as a 3 - year - old he finished second to montjeu in the budweiser irish derby ( ire - i ) and oath in the vodafone epsom derby ( eng - i ) . since defeating fantastic light in the coronation cup in june , daliapour has finished third in both the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes ( eng - i ) and canadian international stakes ( can - i ) as well as a fourth - place finish in the mercedes benz - grosser preis von baden ( ger - i ) . daliapour has won five of 14 career starts and earned $ 1 , 247 , 398 .\nthis year ' s iaws curragh cup first and second , daliapour and boreas , could do battle again , while the former ' s trainer sir michael stoute has also entered cover up , winner of this year ' s queen alexandra stakes at royal ascot .\na club statement said yesterday : ' the veterinary surgeon , dr w . h . chan , has reported that he examined daliapour and noted the horse was lame in its nearside front leg . dr chan has established the lameness was originating from around the nearside knee . he performed an x - ray and this did not reveal any bone damage to the knee . before being allowed to race again , daliapour will be required to perform satisfactorily in an official barrier trial and will be subjected to an official veterinary examination . '\nafter arriving in melbourne late on thursday , stoute , who will saddle the six - year - old daliapour in the big race , immediately went to flemington to check the going on the track , which he rated as fast .\na little help from mother nature would suit me ,\nstoute said .\nthis will be a new experience for daliapour . he hasn ' t raced this far before , but he is well and i think he ' ll handle the day . we ' ve had this in mind for a while .\nstoute has succeeded twice from 17 attempts at the hkir , with soviet line in the 1994 hong kong international bowl ( 1400m ) , the fore - runner to today\u2019s hk $ 23 million longines hong kong mile , and daliapour in the 2000 edition of the hong kong vase .\ndaliapour ( ire ) b . h , 1996 { 13 - c } dp = 6 - 2 - 20 - 10 - 0 ( 38 ) di = 0 . 90 cd = 0 . 11 - 26 starts , 7 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 591 , 209\n2000 - 12 - 17 daliapour \u2018s cosy win vindicated his purchase from the aga khan only weeks earlier by robert ng chee - siong , the singapore an property tycoon . trained by sir michael stoute , he was ridden by johnny murtagh to cap a memorable year for the jockey when he won 12 gr . 1 races worldwide .\nin 2009 tinkler outbid sea the stars\u2019s owner the tsui family for sugar free , a 540 , 000gns group 3 - placed daughter of oasis dream who is in foal to sea the stars . two years earlier he splashed out \u20ac570 , 000 on dalasyla , a half - sister to group 1 winner and derby runner - up daliapour .\nlast week , daliapour produced yet another hurdle winner in england in sendali , who was successful in a class 3 contest at catterick . the level of the race is unimportant , but this success from one of his first crop born in 2004 is symptomatic of his progeny : he produces numerous winners at all levels and under both codes . daliapour is out of gr 2 prix de royallieu scorer dalara , a doyoun half - sister to darshaan and darara who is the dam of dar re mi . there is only one other member of this family standing at stud in france , puit d ' or at the haras de la roussli\u00e8re . he represents the same cross , being another son of sadler ' s wells and a sister of darshaan .\ndermot weld , winner of the race in 1993 with vintage crop , believes daliapour could pose a big threat to his two runners , vinnie roe and media puzzle .\nfor a horse that has run second in a derby , trained by a man like sir michael and ridden by michael kinane i think he is seriously good value at 33 - 1 ,\nweld said .\ni think he is an interesting addition and hope he gets some decent mares as he should add to our staying stock . not sure if you were being serious brad or having a dig at the other thread with byron regarding sw - darshaan . but daliapour ' s female line is extremely strong and is the female line of darshaan but also the female line of rewilding , dar re mi and even ranvet stakes winner darazari .\nthe arrival of irish raiders daliapour and jardine ' s lookout - along with the latter ' s faithful companion , a shetland pony named henry - has disrupted the melbourne cup preparation of media puzzle . the trio arrived in melbourne yesterday morning after spending 35 hours in transit on a commercial flight , which wasn ' t the case for the godolphin team . godolphin ' s aristocrats , led by cox plate heavyweight grandera and caulfield cup contender beekeeper , flew into melbourne a couple of weeks ago on a private jumbo with travel time from europe little more than 20 hours . daliapour and jardine ' s lookout are here for the melbourne cup and the pair entered the sandown quarantine centre yesterday , which means no horse in the compound can leave . media puzzle - which is prepared by melbourne cup - winning irish trainer dermot weld , who also has the race favourite vinnie roe stationed at sandown - was due to gallop at flemington today .\nhe may have looked a bit vulnerable going to the last but the step - up to two and a half miles done aupcharlie the world of good . the son of daliapour stayed on really well under andrew lynch from the back of the last where whispering hills wasn ' t as fluent . aupcharlie then crossed the line three and a quarter lengths to the good from whispering hills in the i . t . b . a . expo 2012 maiden hurdle at leopardstown .\nthis leaves a collection of honest pattern - race performers , headed by the admirable daliapour , a last - start winner of the coronation cup at epsom last month , and fantastic light , who was given little assistance from the saddle when runner - up in the same race . the latter has since finished fifth to giant ' s causeway in the coral - eclipse stakes at sandown . beat all backs up quickly after being touched off in the scottish classic at ayr .\ntrained like his father before him by andreas wohler , silvano improved again as a four - year - old . wohler did not race him frequently . a gr2 win over 2200m at baden - baden ( over the subsequent gr1 winner catella ) proved to be the best of his runs in germany in 2000 , which earned him a call - up for the hong kong international meeting at the end of the year , where he ran a good fifth of 13 behind daliapour in the vase .\ndespite his defeat , montjeu was made 7 / 5 favourite for the prix du jockey club at chantilly on 6 june . asmussen held the colt up at the rear of the field before making his challenge in the straight . he took the lead 400 m from the finish and drew away from his opponents to win by four lengths from nowhere to exit , with gracioso finishing nine lengths further back in sixth . three weeks later , montjeu was sent to the curragh for the irish derby where his main rivals appeared to be the english - trained colts daliapour and beat all who had finished second and third respectively in the derby . as at chantilly , montjeu was held up in the early running before moving smoothly through to dispute the lead in the straight . he took the lead a furlong from the finish and pulled clear to win by five lengths from daliapour in\nimpressive\nstyle . [ 7 ] after the race , asmussen claimed that he had\nfive kilos in hand\n. [ 8 ]\ndespite his defeat , montjeu was made 7 / 5 favourite for the prix du jockey club at chantilly on 6 june . asmussen held the colt up at the rear of the field before making his challenge in the straight . he took the lead 400 m from the finish and drew away from his opponents to win by four lengths from nowhere to exit , with gracioso finishing nine lengths further back in sixth . three weeks later , montjeu was sent to the curragh for the irish derby where his main rivals appeared to be the english - trained colts daliapour and beat all who had finished second and third respectively in the epsom derby . as at chantilly , montjeu was held up in the early running before moving smoothly through to dispute the lead in the straight . he took the lead a furlong from the finish and pulled clear to win by five lengths from daliapour in\nimpressive\nstyle . [ 7 ] after the race , asmussen claimed that he had\nfive kilos in hand\n. [ 8 ]\ntrainer sir michael stoute and jockey ryan moore will team up again , this time with lightly - raced cannock chase ( pp2 , 7 - 2 ) a four - year - old kentucky - bred group 3 - winning son of lemon drop kid . last year , they won the pattison with favoured hillstar . stoute also took the 1996 international with champion singspiel , along with two second - place finishes ( shardari in 1986 , ask in 2007 ) and one third ( daliapour , 2000 ) while moore scored aboard joshua tree in 2013 .\na half - brother to three other winners including the six - time french flat winner belamage ( daliapour ) and the winning french hurdler gaone ( sagacity ) out of the french ten - furlong winner phemyka ( saint estephe ) , a half - sister to the unraced dam of the dual italian listed - winning hurdler satwa duke ( munir ) , min hails from the family of the dual grade three - winning jumper stormez as well the 2006 group one irish 1000 guineas winner nightime and 2005 grade one sword dancer invitational stakes winner king ' s drama .\nhis size never prevented daliapour from producing numerous winners . in 2009 , france sire ' s figures show him to have produced the winners or black - type placed horses in 34 different races , putting him in 33rd place alongside useful sires such as network , della francesca or fragrant mix . he took two pattern places thanks to bassel on the flat and peak rythm over jumps . in 2008 , his daughter la grande dame won the gr 3 prix pierre de lassus and finished a neck secon to the champion questarabad in the gr 1 prix renaud du vivier hurdle .\ndaliapour was an excellent racehorse . unluckily , he came across the little - known oath and then the well - known montjeu in the epsom and irish derbies , in which he finished runner - up . he finally won his gr 1 at 4yo in the coronation cup then the hong kong vase . he remained in hong kong where he was fortunately not castrated , but he did not flourish there and returned to europe at 6yo to win another gr 1 . he is tough , but rather diminutive , and is advertised as 15 . 2 1 / 2 hh , with a good pair of shoes !\nborn in barbados on october 22 , 1945 , stoute moved to england aged 20 and was licensed to train in 1972 . he was crowned britain\u2019s champion trainer for the ninth time this year , his first back - to - back titles . has won a phenomenal 129 gr . 1 titles , including three breeders ' cup , four epsom derbies , two japan cups , a dubai world cup and even a champion hurdle at cheltenham . the most famous of his stars remains the ill - fated shergar . in hong kong he won the vase in 2000 with daliapour and the international bowl in 1994 with soviet line .\nthe aga khan - bred darshaan ( 1981 - 2001 ) , who won the 1984 french derby from sadler\u2019s wells and rainbow quest , traces to celebrated boussac mare tourzima ( 13c by tourbillon ) , who the aga khan described as boussac\u2019s \u201crock\u201d , \u201cjust as mumtaz mahal was for my grandfather\u201d . several of tourzima\u2019s daughters became great producers . french derby winner and sire acamas and arc winner akiyda , descend from gloriana , by pharis ; gloriana\u2019s sister , the irish oaks and french 1000 guineas winner corejada , is the dam of french oaks winner appolonia , while another sister , the criterium de maisons - laffitte winner albanilla , is the fourth dam of darshaan , darara and dalara ( dam of daliapour ) .\nthe aga khan - bred darshaan ( 1981 - 2001 ) , who won the 1984 french derby from sadler\u2019s wells and rainbow quest , traces to celebrated boussac mare tourzima ( 13c by tourbillon ) , who the aga khan described as boussac\u2019s \u201crock\u201d , \u201cjust as mumtaz mahal was for my grandfather\u201d . several of tourzima\u2019s daughters became great producers . french derby winner and sire acamas and arc winner akiyda , descend from gloriana , by pharis ; gloriana\u2019s sister , the irish oaks and french 1000 guineas winner corejada , is the dam of french oaks winner appolonia ; while another sister , the criterium de maisons - laffitte winner albanilla , is the fourth dam of darshaan , darara and dalara ( dam of daliapour , a multiple gr . 1 winner by sadler\u2019s wells who is now on the roster at rosemount stud in victoria ) .\ndaliapour ( 96c , doyoun , abdos ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2800m , \u00a3693 , 539 , \u20ac47 , 999 , us $ 165 , 000 , 100 , 000dm . , hk $ 6 , 365 , 880 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , hong kong vase , gr . 1 , curragh cup , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , ascot autumn s . , l , epsom blue riband trial s . , 2d the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , newbury haynes , hanson & clark 2yo conditions s . , 4th grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , newbury geoffrey freer s . , gr . 2 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 .\nbackground : sir michael stoute moved to england from barbados aged 19 and was licensed to train in 1972 . he has been crowned britain ' s champion trainer 10 times ( 1981 , 1986 , 1989 , 1994 , 1997 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 ) . his g1 wins include four in the breeders ' cup turf , 15 english classics including five in the derby , two japan cups , a dubai world cup and even a champion hurdle . the most famous of his stars remains the ill - fated shergar , but he has trained numerous international champions , including dubai world cup and japan cup winner singspiel and breeders ' cup turf winner pilsudski . in 2008 he finally completed his set of all five english classics when subsequent dual breeders ' cup turf winner , conduit , landed the st leger . in 2013 he saddled the queen ' s estimate to give the british monarch her first g1 ascot gold cup win . ulysses won two g1s in 2017 to earn the title of europe ' s champion older horse . hkir wins ( 2 ) : hong kong international bowl ( 1994 soviet line ) ; hong kong vase ( 2000 daliapour ) . hong kong wins : 2\nthe hh aga khan bred colt was an 8 length winner of the autumn 2yo stakes at ascot in october 1998 and returned the following year for seconds in the g1 english derby ( beaten by oath ) and irish derby ( beaten 5 lengths by montjeu ) .\nhe was retired by his owner , mr robert ng of hong kong , following an unplaced run behind media puzzle in the 2002 melbourne cup .\nhis first runner in australia ( and only runner at this stage ) was the matt laurie - trained return to justice which has had two unplaced starts at cranbourne .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nif you are a breeder or simply a thoroughbred enthusiast , a tbv membership is a must for you . membership application\n\u00a9 2018 thoroughbred breeders victoria . all rights reserved . legal information | sitemap | website design by h create\nthe ivan allan - trained horse , who finished sixth in the group one event , had been at the centre of a minor injury scare four days before the race because of concerns over the same leg but he was eventually given the all - clear .\ngary ng ting - keung ' s billion win , who finished last in the queen ' s silver jubilee cup on sunday , was found to be lame in its nearside hind leg and will have to pass the same tests before being allowed to race again .\nactress shu qi splashes out us $ 16 . 2 million for luxury mid - levels home\nreports . following the race the son of sadler ' s wells will switch from the barn of sir michael stoute to trainer ivan allan , the report says .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndespite his small size , this nephew of darshaan is a serious stallion under both codes from his base at alain brandebourger ' s haras des chartreux .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhe ' s enjoying the environment ( at sandown ) ,\nstoute said and although the horse would need luck in running from barrier one ,\nhe ' s better value than the england cricket team\n.\nfor his part , stoute said :\ni ' m a vinnie roe fan because of the dermot magic .\nsaeed said that while pugin was the highest - rated of his trio , he considered beekeeper had made a lot of improvement .\nhe looks really different from when i last saw him ,\nhe said .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbreeder : hh aga khan winnings : 26 starts : 7 - 3 - 4 , $ 1 , 591 , 209 1st : coronation cup ( eng - g1 ) , hong kong vase gr . 1 ( hk ) , ormonde s . ( eng - g3 ) , curragh cup ( ire - g3 ) 2800m , autumn s . lr ( gb ) . 2nd derby s . ( eng - g1 ) , irish derby ( ire - g1 ) , derby trial s . gr . 3 ( gb ) . 3rd canadian international gr . 1 ( can ) , king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . gr . 1 ( gb ) . stallion at haras des chartreux , fr fee : ? 4 . 500 ( close )\naerial virtual replay is provided by an external vendor trakus , for personal infotainment only . due to the frequent usage of mobile phones at the racecourses , the signals receiving by trakus system may be affected and thus the accuracy of aerial virtual replay cannot be guaranteed . every effort is made to ensure the information is up to the closest approximation , but the club assumes no responsibility for it . for the actual race results , the customers should refer to real replay videos .\nplease note : all horse information is calculated since 1979 - 80 racing season .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2017 the hong kong jockey club . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nsadler ' s wells ( usa ) b . 1981 gw 6 wins f : 2140 r : 1678 w : 1082 sw : 291\ndalara ( ire ) b . or br . 1991 gw 3 wins f : 9 r : 8 w : 4 sw : 2\n( in great britain , ireland , u . s . a . , germany , australia , hong kong , u . a . e . )\nascot autumn s . , l ( 1m beating boatman and stormy skye ) chepstow romeo 2yo maiden s . ( 1m )\nepsom blue riband trial s . ( 1\u00bcm ) 2d the derby , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm to oath and beating beat all ) irish derby , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm to montjeu and beating tchaikovsky ) lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 ( 11\u00bdf to lucido and beating royal rebel )\nepsom coronation cup , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm beating fantastic light and border arrow ) hong kong vase , gr . 1 ( 2400m beating ela athena and caitano ) chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 ( 13f beating life is life and danish rhapsody ) 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm to montjeu and fantastic light ) woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm to mutafaweq and williams news ) 4th grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 ( 2400m )\ncurragh cup , gr . 3 ( 1\u00bem beating boreas and quality team ) 4th newbury geoffrey freer s . , gr . 2 ( 13\u00bcf ) chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 ( 13\u00bdf )\nsadler ' s wells top of the 1984 french 3yo free h . ( 1300m - 2100m ) . 6 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bcm , \u00a3461 , 963 , us $ 45 , 960 , irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , phoenix champion s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , curragh gladness s . , l , 4th york benson & hedges gold cup , gr . 1 . he entered stud in ireland in 1985 . champion gb / ire . sire 14 times . champion usa sire ( aei ) 3 times . champion french sire twice . champion french sire ( aei ) twice . champion gb / ire . sire of 2yos 3 times . champion gb / ire . broodmare sire 7 times . champion french broodmare sire 4 times . champion usa broodmare sire . champion spain broodmare sire . sire of 1749 progeny to race , 1206 winners ( 68 . 0 % ) earnings of over $ 228 million , 294 stakes winners , 192 stakes placegetters , inc .\nyeats ( 01c , top ville , sparkler ) . 15 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1600m to 4000m , \u00a3807 , 108 , \u20ac782 , 096 , us $ 337 , a $ 110 , 000 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 - 4 times , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , goodwood cup , gr . 2 - twice , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , ballysax s . , gr . 3 , saval beg s . , l , navan vintage crop s . , l - twice , curragh korean racing association 2yo s . , 2d irish st leger , gr . 1 , curragh mooresbridge s . , gr . 3 , 3d longchamp prix du cadran , gr . 1 - twice , 4th irish st leger , gr . 1 .\nmontjeu ( 96c , top ville , tennyson ) . 11 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , \u00a31 , 026 , 555 , 9 , 220 , 000fr . , 20 , 000 , 000\u00a5 , irish derby , gr . 1 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 2 , prix greffulhe , gr . 2 , prix niel , gr . 2 , prix isonomy , l , chantilly prix de la maniguette , 2d newmarket champion s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix lupin , gr . 1 , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , japan cup , gr . 1 .\nhigh chaparral ( 99c , darshaan , kris ) . joint top of the 2002 international 3yo classification ( long ) . joint second on the 2003 international 4yo + classification ( long ) . 10 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3926 , 300 , \u20ac1 , 918 , 742 , us $ 2 , 021 , 600 , the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 - twice , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , curragh royal whip s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 , ballysax s . , l , 3d prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 - twice .\nsalsabil ( 87f , artaius , welsh pageant ) . second top filly on the 1990 european 3yo classification . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 6f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3744 , 267 , irish derby , gr . 1 , the one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , the oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix marcel boussac , gr . 1 , prix vermeille , gr . 1 , newbury fred darling s . , gr . 3 .\nkayf tara ( 94c , high top , jimmy reppin ) . 10 wins from 1\u00bcm to 2\u00bdm , \u00a3602 , 235 , 630 , 000fr . , irish st leger , gr . 1 - twice , royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 - twice , goodwood cup , gr . 2 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , longchamp prix vicomtesse vigier , gr . 2 , deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 , ascot mrs basil samuel s . , 3d royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 , sandown henry ii s . , gr . 3 , 4th deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 .\nrefuse to bend ( 00c , gulch , grenfall ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bcm , \u00a3604 , 590 , \u20ac287 , 377 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot queen anne s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown desmond s . , gr . 3 , two thousand guineas trial , l , 3d ascot queen elizabeth ii s . , gr . 1 .\nbeat hollow ( 97c , dancing brave , mill reef ) . 7 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1\u00bcm , \u00a3135 , 984 , 1 , 200 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 437 , 150 , belmont manhattan h . , gr . 1 , churchill downs turf classic s . , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , longchamp grand prix de paris , gr . 1 , newmarket s . , l , 2d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , fair grounds explosive bid h . , gr . 2 , 3d the derby , gr . 1 , keeneland turf mile s . , gr . 1 .\nislington ( 99f , darshaan , homeric ) . joint top filly on the 2002 international 3yo classification . joint second top filly on the 2003 international 4yo + classification . 6 wins from 1\u00bcm to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3449 , 915 , \u20ac139 , 962 , us $ 704 , 800 , yorkshire oaks , gr . 1 - twice , breeders ' cup filly & mare turf s . , gr . 1 , goodwood nassau s . , gr . 1 , york musidora s . , gr . 3 , newbury sanctuary group s . , 3d leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , breeders ' cup filly & mare turf s . , gr . 1 , newmarket oh so sharp s . , l .\nin the wings ( 86c , shirley heights , sea hawk ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1200m to 2400m , \u00a3889 , 036 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 3 , prix du prince d ' orange , gr . 3 , deauville prix du haras de la huderie , l , chantilly prix de vineuil , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 .\nopera house ( 88c , high top , jimmy reppin ) . 8 wins - 1 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3737 , 701 , 1 , 200 , 000fr . , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 2 , ascot cumberland lodge s . , gr . 3 , sandown brigadier gerard s . , gr . 3 , 2d irish champion s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , goodwood foundation s . , l , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , sandown gordon richards s . , gr . 3 , 4th newbury st simon s . , gr . 3 .\ngalileo ( 98c , miswaki , lombard ) . top of the 2001 international 3yo classification ( intermediate ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1\u00bdm , \u00a31 , 766 , 665 , the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 , ballysax s . , l , irish business confederation 2yo s . , 2d irish champion s . , gr . 1 .\nintrepidity ( 90f , bold ruler , princequillo ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , \u00a3230 , 703 , 2 , 380 , 000fr . , the oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix saint - alary , gr . 1 , prix vermeille , gr . 1 , evry prix finlande , l , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , prix foy , gr . 3 , 4th breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , irish oaks , gr . 1 .\nalexandrova ( 03f , shirley heights , ahonoora ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1m , 1\u00bdm , \u00a3459 , 833 , \u20ac310 , 114 , the oaks , gr . 1 , irish oaks , gr . 1 , yorkshire oaks , gr . 1 , 2d newmarket fillies mile , gr . 1 , york musidora s . , gr . 3 , 3d longchamp prix de l ' opera , gr . 1 , goodwood new ham 2yo fillies s .\nsaddex ( 03c , irish river , northfields ) . 7 wins from 1900m to 2400m , \u20ac651 , 440 , rome premio presidente della repubblica , gr . 1 , cologne rheinland pokal , gr . 1 , grand prix de chantilly , gr . 2 , cologne gerling preis , gr . 2 , grosser preis der sparkasse dortmund , l , bremen swb derby trial , l , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , hoppegarten preis der deutschen einheit , gr . 3 , 3d baden - baden grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , frankfurt fruhjahrspreis des bankhaus metzler , gr . 3 , 4th hamburg deutsches derby , gr . 1 .\nask ( 03c , rainbow quest , shirley heights ) . 7 wins from 2000m to 3100m , \u00a3497 , 952 , \u20ac142 , 850 , us $ 414 , 160 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , ascot cumberland lodge s . , gr . 3 , sandown gordon richards s . , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , york melrose h . , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , newmarket wood ditton s . , 4th the st leger , gr . 1 .\ncarnegie ( 91c , riverman , sunny boy ) . third on the 1995 international 4yo + classification ( long ) . joint third top colt on the 1994 european 3yo classification . 7 wins at 2000m , 2400m , 6 , 148 , 000fr . , us $ 240 , 000 , prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , saint - cloud prix eugene adam , gr . 2 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 3 , evry prix pelleas , l , saint - cloud prix dardo , 2d longchamp prix de courcelles , l , 3d breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 .\nballingarry ( 99c , desert wine , sadair ) . 6 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , \u00a311 , 380 , \u20ac448 , 614 , 400 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 291 , 594 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 , arlington park stars and stripes h . , gr . 3 - twice , leopardstown 2yo s . , 2d derby italiano , gr . 1 , 3d irish derby , gr . 1 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , churchill downs louisville h . , gr . 3 , arlington h . , gr . 3 , hollywood jim murray memorial h . , l , 4th del mar h . , gr . 2 , santa anita arcadia h . , gr . 2 , hollywood jim murray memorial h . , l .\nking of kings ( 95c , habitat , crowned prince ) . 5 wins - 4 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , \u00a3326 , 845 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , railway s . , gr . 3 , tyros s . , l , glengarrif 2yo s . , 2d curragh anglesey s . , gr . 3 .\nold vic ( 86c , derring - do , vimy ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3713 , 593 , irish derby , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , sandown classic trial s . , gr . 3 , chester vase , gr . 3 , newbury burghclere s . , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , 3d royal ascot hardwicke s . , gr . 2 .\ndream well ( 95c , alleged , northfields ) . 4 wins at 2000m , 2400m , \u00a3498 , 790 , 3 , 452 , 000fr . , us $ 160 , 000 , irish derby , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , deauville prix la force , gr . 3 , prix gontaut - biron , gr . 3 , 2d belmont turf classic invitational s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , 3d irish champion s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 .\nnorthern spur ( 91c , rheingold , welsh pageant ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1700m to 3000m , 860 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 460 , 000 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , santa anita oak tree invitational h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix hubert de chaudenay , gr . 2 , chantilly prix du lys , gr . 3 , 2d hollywood turf h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , prix de lutece , gr . 3 , saint - cloud prix saraca , l , 3d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , atlantic city caesars international h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' avre , l .\npowerscourt ( 00c , rainbow quest , stage door johnny ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 7\u00bdf to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3250 , 949 , \u20ac404 , 124 , us $ 870 , 000 , hk $ 1 , 000 , 000 , 220 , 800dhs , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown seapoint s . , 2d doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , munich grosser preis dallmayr bayerisches zuchtrennen , gr . 1 , ayr scottish derby , gr . 2 , newmarket jra london office 10th anniversary 2yo s . , 3d breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , curragh irish st leger , gr . 1 , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , 4th arlington million s . , gr . 1 , cathay pacific hong kong cup , gr . 1 , york hardwicke s . , gr . 2 .\nking ' s theatre ( 91c , princely native , crafty admiral ) . 5 wins - 3 at 2 - at 1m , 1\u00bdm , \u00a3742 , 736 , us $ 36 , 308 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 , newbury haynes ' hanson & clark s . , 2d the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , 3d saratoga sword dancer h . , gr . 1 , york juddmonte international s . , gr . 1 , gran premio di milano , gr . 1 , 4th york dante s . , gr . 2 .\nbarathea ( 90c , habitat , runnymede ) . second on the 1994 european 4yo + classification . joint third on the 1993 european 3yo classification ( 1400m - 1800m ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - at 7f , 1m , \u00a3430 , 800 , us $ 540 , 000 , breeders ' cup mile s . , gr . 1 , irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , royal ascot queen anne s . , gr . 2 , newmarket philip cornes houghton 2yo s . , taxi news westley 2yo s . , 2d the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , ascot queen elizabeth ii s . , gr . 1 - twice , goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 , 4th newmarket july cup , gr . 1 , prix du moulin de longchamp , gr . 1 , newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 .\nbrian boru ( 00c , alleged , star appeal ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 14\u00bef , \u00a3405 , 280 , \u20ac216 , 337 , us $ 330 , 000 , the st leger , gr . 1 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , leopardstown alleged s . , l , curragh flemings garage 2yo s . , 2d irish st leger , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 , deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 3 , 3d woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 - twice , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , 4th irish derby , gr . 1 .\ngossamer ( 99f , habitat , runnymede ) . second top filly on the 2001 international 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , \u00a3145 , 577 , \u20ac259 , 901 , us $ 25 , 600 , irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 , goodwood prestige s . , gr . 3 , newmarket chippenham lodge stud 2yo fillies ' s . , 3d prix du moulin de longchamp , gr . 1 .\nblack sam bellamy ( 99c , miswaki , lombard ) . 4 wins from 2000m to 2400m , \u00a335 , 372 , \u20ac623 , 047 , 80 , 000fr . , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , milan gran premio del jockey club , gr . 1 , leopardstown alleged s . , l , curragh hotel keadeen s . , 2d baden - baden grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , longchamp prix hocquart , gr . 2 , 3d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , newmarket lifestyle financial services 2yo s . , 4th milan gran premio del jockey club , gr . 1 .\nimagine ( 98f , master derby , tulyar ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3408 , 745 , irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , the oaks , gr . 1 , curragh park s . , gr . 3 , 2d newmarket rockfel s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown one thousand guineas trial s . , l , 3d curragh athasi s . , l , debutante s . , l , 4th ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 .\nebadiyla ( 94f , darshaan , ela - mana - mou ) . 3 wins from 1\u00bcm to 15\u00bdf , \u00a3140 , 625 , 400 , 000fr . , irish oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , 2d leopardstown ballycullen s . , l , 3d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 .\nseptimus ( 03c , darshaan , northern dancer ) . 8 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 2\u00bcm , \u00a3287 , 646 , \u20ac436 , 774 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , doncaster cup , gr . 2 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 2 , york dante s . , gr . 2 , lonsdale cup , gr . 2 , curragh cup , gr . 3 , curragh moorebridge s . , gr . 3 , leopardstown irish stallion farms 2yo s . , 2d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , 3d doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 .\ndance design ( 93f , habitat , kythnos ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3430 , 039 , irish oaks , gr . 1 , curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 2 - twice , tattersalls gold cup , gr . 2 , mooresbridge s . , l , debutante s . , l , 2d irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , irish champion s . , gr . 1 , munich grosser preis dallmayr bayerisches zuchtrennen , gr . 1 , 3d royal ascot coronation s . , gr . 1 , arlington park beverly d s . , gr . 1 , keeneland bryan station s . , l , 4th curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix marcel boussac , gr . 1 .\nsaddlers ' hall ( 88c , val de loir , charlottesville ) . joint third on the 1992 european 4yo + classification ( 2200m - 2700m ) . 6 wins from 1\u00bcm to 13\u00bcf , \u00a3423 , 974 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , newmarket princess of wales ' s s . , gr . 2 , royal ascot king edward vii s . , gr . 2 , newbury john porter s . , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , the st leger , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 .\ndoyen ( 00c , kris , mill reef ) . 5 wins at 2400m , \u00a3592 , 152 , \u20ac179 , 410 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot hardwicke s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix du lys , gr . 3 , lyon - parilly la coupe des trois ans , l , saint - cloud prix cadet roussel , 2d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , 4th longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 .\npoliglote ( 92c , val de l ' orne , sir gaylord ) . 5 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1600m to 2000m , 2 , 899 , 600fr . , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , grand prix d ' evry , gr . 2 , longchamp prix de conde , gr . 3 , prix de la porte de madrid , l , prix des aigles , 2d chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , prix hocquart , gr . 2 , prix du conseil de paris , gr . 2 , 3d grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 , 4th longchamp prix lord seymour , l .\nlinda ' s lad ( 03c , alleged , riverman ) . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1600m to 2300m , \u00a336 , 892 , \u20ac265 , 080 , us $ 21 , 615 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 , longchamp prix de conde , gr . 3 , deauville criterium du fonds europeen de l ' elevage , l , 2d longchamp prix des chenes , gr . 3 , deauville prix cocktail fm , 3d maisons - laffitte prix eugene adam , gr . 2 , 4th woodbine sky classic s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 .\nleggera ( 95f , general assembly , ballymore ) . joint second top filly on the 1998 international 3yo classification . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1400m to 2600m , \u00a3395 , 175 , longchamp prix vermeille , gr . 1 , deauville prix de pomone , gr . 2 , ayr doonside cup , l , maisons - laffitte prix saraca , l , 2d longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , mulheim preis der diana , gr . 2 , newmarket pretty polly s . , l , 3d newbury radley s . , l , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , haydock lancashire oaks , gr . 3 .\nfrench glory ( 86c , hard to beat , fine top ) . 5 wins at 2000m , 2500m , \u00a3331 , 364 , 253 , 000fr . , woodbine rothmans international s . , gr . 1 , saint - cloud prix maurice de nieuil , gr . 2 , la coupe de longchamp , gr . 3 , deauville prix michel houyvet , l , 2d longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , 3d saint - cloud prix jean de chaudenay , gr . 2 , grand prix de deauville , gr . 2 .\nperfect soul ( 98c , secretariat , exclusive native ) . 7 wins from 7f to 11f , us $ 1 , 527 , 764 , keeneland turf mile s . , gr . 1 , maker ' s mark mile s . , gr . 2 , woodbine king edward h . , gr . 2 , keeneland allowance , woodbine allowance , 2d woodbine niagara h . , gr . 1 , atto mile s . , gr . 1 , churchill downs firecracker h . , gr . 2 , woodbine chinese cultural centre s . , gr . 2 , pimlico dixie s . , gr . 2 , 3d woodbine atto mile s . , gr . 1 , 4th woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 .\nplayful act ( 02f , silver hawk , icecapade ) . joint third top filly on the 2004 european 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3217 , 455 , \u20ac89 , 245 , ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 , doncaster may hill s . , gr . 2 , haydock lancashire oaks , gr . 2 , newmarket beaches resorts 2yo s . , 2d irish oaks , gr . 1 , newmarket hoofbeats tours 2yo s .\naristotle ( 97c , desert wine , sadair ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1400m to 2000m , \u00a3113 , 431 , 60 , 000fr . , s $ 556 , 383 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , singapore tc new year h . , sgp - 2 , three rings trophy , sgp - 3 , 2d singapore derby , sgp - 1 , 3d longchamp prix greffulhe , gr . 2 , singapore international cup , sgp - 1 .\nel prado ( 89c , sir ivor , tom fool ) . 4 wins at 2 , \u00a3141 , 616 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , beresford s . , gr . 2 , railway s . , gr . 3 , 2d curragh anglesey s . , gr . 3 .\njohann quatz ( 89c , miswaki , lyphard ) . 6 wins from 1600m to 2100m , \u00a3565 , 788 , longchamp prix lupin , gr . 1 , santa anita colonel fw koester h . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix de suresnes , l , hollywood fiddle isle h . , l , 2d breeders ' cup mile s . , gr . 1 , bay meadows h . , gr . 2 , 3d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , hollywood inglewood h . , gr . 2 - twice , citation h . , gr . 2 , american h . , gr . 2 , santa anita colonel fw koester h . , gr . 2 .\nluna wells ( 93f , breton , alcide ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1800m , 2000m , 1 , 233 , 000fr . , us $ 60 , 229 , longchamp prix saint - alary , gr . 1 , prix vanteaux , gr . 3 , deauville prix de la nonette , gr . 3 , 2d longchamp prix saint - roman , gr . 3 , 3d santa anita las palmas h . , gr . 2 .\nfatherland ( 90c , forli , nantallah ) . 4 wins at 2 , us $ 326 , 879 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , futurity s . , gr . 3 , tyros s . , l , 2d irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , leopardstown two thousand guineas trial , l .\nprince of dance ( 86c , english prince , val de loir ) . joint third on the 1988 european 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - at 7f , 1\u00bcm , \u00a3106 , 323 , newmarket dewhurst s . , gr . 1 , doncaster champagne s . , gr . 2 , newmarket s . , l .\nbraashee ( 86c , malinowski , aggressor ) . 6 wins , \u00a3218 , 080 , a $ 36 , 000 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d sajc robert a lee s . , l , 3d irish st leger , gr . 1 , vatc cf orr s . , gr . 2 , stc ne manion cup , gr . 3 , chester s . , l , vrc national business directory p . , 4th ajc chairmans h . , gr . 3 , stc canterbury cup , gr . 3 ."]}
{"id": 2413, "summary": [{"text": "lepidochrysops synchrematiza , the untailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal , the gambia , guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana and togo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of the forest/savanna transition zone . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "lepidochrysops synchrematiza", "paragraphs": ["lepidochrysops synchrematiza , the untailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlibert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\n= = soort = = *\nmastigoproctus giganteus\n( lucas , 1835 ) *\nmastigoproctus abeli\nvillarreal & giupponi , 2009 *\nmastigoproctus ayalai\nviquez & armas , 2007 *\nmastigoproctus baracoensis\nfranganillo , 1931 *\nmastigoproctus brasilianus\n( c . l . koch , 1843 ) *\nmastigoproctus butleri\npocock , 1894 *\nmastigoproctus colombianus\nmello - leit\u00e3o , 1940 *\nmastigoproctus formidabilis\nhirst , 1912 *\nmastigoproctus liochirus\npocock , 1900 *\nmastigoproctus maximus\n( tarnani , 1889 ) *\nmastigoproctus minensis\nmello - leit\u00e3o , 1931 *\nmastigoproctus nara\nvalerio , 1981 *\nmastigoproctus pelegrini\narmas , 2000 *\nmastigoproctus perditus\nmello - leit\u00e3o , 1931 *\nmastigoproctus proscorpio\n( latreille , 1806 ) *\nmastigoproctus tantalus\nroewer , 1954 *\nmastigoproctus transoceanicus\nlazell , 2000\nnathan scott phillips ( born march 13 , 1980 ) is an australian actor who is currently based in los angeles .\nalexandria is a kingdom to the northeast of the mist continent ruled by a monarchy located in alexandria castle .\nis een vlindersoort uit de familie van de prachtvlinders ( riodinidae ) , onderfamilie nemeobiinae .\nabisara talantus , the blue judy , is a butterfly in the riodinidae family .\nthe fadus sphinx (\naellopos fadus\n) is a moth of the sphingidae family .\nthis is a colossal seated image cut in a niche of the rock , of hittite origin , and perhaps that called by pausanias the very ancient statue of the mother of the gods , carved by broteas , son of tantalus , and sung by homer .\nthis confirmed that charles hatchett had discovered niobium in 1801 in columbite ore . hatchett had named the new element\ncolumbium\n, from the ore in which niobium and tantalium coexist .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\njavascript is required . please enable javascript before you are allowed to see this page ."]}
{"id": 2425, "summary": [{"text": "the white-footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) is a rodent native to north america from ontario , quebec , labrador , and the maritime provinces ( excluding the island of newfoundland ) to the southwest united states and mexico .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "in the maritimes , its only location is a disjunct population in southern nova scotia .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is also known as the woodmouse , particularly in texas . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "white - footed mouse", "paragraphs": ["the white - footed mouse . ( courtesy of cary institute of ecosystem studies )\nwhite - footed mouse with vhf radio tracking collar . credit : virginie millien , mcgill university\na captive white - footed mouse . she is at least 3 years and 8 months old .\nwhite - footed mouse can survive one year in the wild and 3 years in the captivity .\nwhat are predators of the white - footed mouse ? since the white - footed mouse is primarily nocturnal , its main predators are those that are active between dusk and dawn . snakes , owls , bobcats , weasels , and foxes are common predators of the white - footed mouse . the primary diet of the white - footed mouse is seeds , grains , small fruits , and small insects .\nwhite - footed mouse is an excellent climber and swimmer . white - footed mouse has good orientation skills . it can easily find way and return back to its territory from a distance of 2 miles\nwhite - footed mouse with vhf radio tracking collar . photo courtesy of virginie millien , mcgill university .\nmunshi - south j , kharchenko k . rapid , pervasive genetic differentiation of urban white - footed mouse (\nwhite - footed mouse uses keen sense of hearing , smell and eyesight to find food and avoid predators .\nmost white - footed mice live for 1 year in the wild . in captivity , white - footed mice can live several years .\nwhite - footed mouse is covered with grey , reddish , light or dark brown fur . abdominal side of the body and feet are covered with white fur ( hence the name ,\nwhite - footed\n) .\nhas a generally longer tail than white - footed mice that is distinctly bicolored . in white - footed mice , the tail is indistinctly bicolored .\ndeer mouse , peromyscus maniculatus , looks very similar and it can be a challenge to tell a woodland form of a deer mouse from a white - footed or wood mouse . the deer mouse is larger with a longer tail and long hind feet .\ngrieco tm , rizk ot . cranial shape varies along an elevation gradient in gambel ' s white - footed mouse (\nmain predators of white - footed mouse are hawks , owls , falcons , foxes , bobcats , weasels and snakes .\nthe cotton mouse can be distinguished from the white - footed mouse by the cotton mouse ' s darker fur , larger size , and noticeably large back feet . habitat preferences also help distinguish between these two species .\nsimilar species : the white footed mouse is very similar to the deer mouse in size and color . it is hard to find distinguishable features between them . [ 2 ]\nthe white - footed mouse is also widely distributed but prefers wooded or brushy areas . it is sometimes found in open areas .\nmunshi - south j , nagy c . urban park characteristics , genetic variation , and historical demography of white - footed mouse (\nwhite - footed mouse has large brown eyes , large , hairy ears and long tail ( one third of body length ) .\nbreeding interval white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .\nfig . 2 . range of the deer mouse ( p . maniculatus ) ( a ) and white - footed mouse ( p . leucopus ) ( b ) in north america .\nwhite - footed mouse sleeps during extremely cold periods of the year . it occasionally wakes up to eat food stored near the nest .\nwhite - footed mice are not endangered or threatened . they are common and abundant .\nwhite - footed mice are omnivorous . they mostly eat seeds , berries , nuts ,\nbreeding interval : white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .\nbrown , l . n . 1964 . reproduction of the brush mouse and white - footed mouse in the central united states . amer . midland nat . , 72 : 226 - 240 .\nwhite - footed mice are not endangered or threatened . they are abundant throughout their range .\nmating season of white - footed mouse depends on the climate . southern populations reproduce all year round . northern populations reproduce during the spring and autumn .\nin general , white - footed mice are not aggressive toward humans unless they feel threatened . they avoid contact with humans whenever possible . as a nocturnal species , encounters with humans are relatively rare . this does not mean that a cornered or captured white - footed mouse is not capable of biting . if someone is bitten by a white - footed mouse , then they will require medical attention .\nlike other mouse species , white - footed mice are considered omnivorous . their staple foods include items like berries , seeds and grains . indoors , white - footed mice will eat fruits and certain vegetables . white - footed mice also eat insects such as gypsy moths , which makes them important for controlling pests in the wild . other insects frequently consumed by white - footed mice include caterpillars , grasshoppers , flies , snails and beetles .\nwhite - footed mouse can reach 5 . 5 to 8 inches in length ( including the tail ) and 0 . 5 to 1 ounces of weight .\nthe white - footed mouse is often misidentified as a deer mouse ( peromycsus maniculatus ) as it closely resembles it in both size and coloration although deer mice tend to have a more distinctive separation of fur colors .\nthe white - footed mouse is one of the hosts that provides a blood meal for the ticks that can spread lyme disease . credit : phil myers , urltoken\nhow often does reproduction occur ? white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .\ngoldman , e . a . 1942 . a new white - footed mouse from mexico . proc . biol . soc . washington , 55 : 157 - 158 .\nfemale takes care of the babies on her own . young white - footed mice depend on their mother during the first three weeks of their life . after that period , they begin independent life . white - footed mouse reaches sexual maturity at the age of 44 days .\nwhite - footed mice are small rodents that are capable not only of causing significant damage to buildings , but also of contaminating food and transmitting diseases . newtown - area homes and businesses should look to professional pest control to deal with matters involving the white - footed mouse .\nthe deer mouse is found throughout most of north america ( fig . 2 ) . the white - footed mouse is found throughout the united states east of the rocky mountains except in parts of the southeast ( fig . 2 ) .\nthe white - footed mouse is one of the hosts that provides a blood meal for the ticks that can spread lyme disease . photo courtesy of phil myers , urltoken .\nwhat are some adaptations of the white - footed mouse ? white - footed mice area solitary and territorial through home ranges sometimes overlap . they are excellent climbers and swimmers allowing them to be found on almost any land mass . they have excellent sight , smell , and hearing .\nresearch shows that white - footed mice reach maturity at about one month and can then start to reproduce .\nwhite - footed mouse is a type of small rodent that can be found across north america . there are 17 subspecies of white - footed mouse that inhabit dry forests , brushlands , semi - deserts , and rural and urban areas . they keep number of insects under control and facilitate dispersion of plant seed and spores of fungi in the wild . also , they represent important source of food for wild birds and mammals . in rural and urban areas , white - footed mouse are classified as pests because they spread bacterial ( lyme disease ) and viral diseases and destroy crops . wild population of white - footed mice is large and stable .\nwhite - footed mice are often abundant where they occur and are important as prey items for many small predators .\nwhite - footed mouse occasionally produces buzzing sound by drumming on the surface of hollow reed or dry leaves using its front paws . this unusual behavior is still a mystery for scientists .\nbatzli , g . o . 1977 . population dynamics of the white - footed mouse in floodplain and upland forests . amer . midland nat . , 97 : 18 - 32 .\nlong , c . a . 1973 . reproduction in the white - footed mouse at the northern limits of its geographical range . southwestern nat . , 18 : 11 - 20 .\nprice , p . k . , and m . l . kennedy . 1980 . genic relationships in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , and the cotton mouse , peromyscus gossypinus . amer . midland nat . , 103 : 73 - 82 .\nlynch , c . b . 1974 . environmental modification of nest - building in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus . anim . behav . , 22 : 405 - 409 .\nwhite - footed mice have excellent homing instincts , and can find their way back home from over 2 miles away .\nwhite - footed mice have keen eyesight , hearing , and sense of smell . they use their vibrissae ( whiskers ) as touch receptors . a distinctive behavior of white - footed mice is drumming on a hollow reed or a dry leaf with their front paws . this produces a long musical buzzing . it is unclear why white - footed mice do this .\nparadiso , j . l . 1960 . a new white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) from southeastern virginia . proc . biol . soc . washington , 73 : 21 - 24 .\nwhite - footed mice eat various types of fungi and help to disperse the spores of these fungi through their droppings . this helps to spread spores of fungi , such as mycorhizzal fungi , which help trees to gain nutrients through their roots . white footed mice may also eat harmful insect pests , such as gypsy moths . white - footed mice are not significant crop pests .\nwhite - footed mice are omnivorous . they mostly eat seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . in order to prepare for the winter , white - footed mice gather and store seeds and nuts in the fall .\n) . this chapter will deal primarily with these species . collectively , all species of peromyscus are often referred to as \u201cwhite - footed mice\u201d or \u201cdeer mice . \u201d other species include the brush mouse (\nrange and habitat : this species is not as widespread as the deer mouse , and occurs throughout much of the eastern two - thirds of the u . s . ( except for the southeast ) and much of eastern mexico . the range of the white - footed mouse barely extends into canada in a few provinces . white - footed mice are most abundant in the adirondack lowlands along the periphery of the park in brushy , grassy fields , and especially in the drier forests and woodlands which support oaks and hickories . however , they are also found in other habitats such as coniferous , and mixed forests , bogs , and swamp edges , to elevations of at least 1484 m ( 4867 ft ) . while the deer mouse is more abundant at higher elevations , and the white - footed mouse at lower , both coexist at intermediate altitudes which offer the greatest variety of tree species . the white - footed mouse appears to use underground nest sites more than the deer mouse .\nbreeding season white - footed mice breed from march to october , or throughout the year in the southern parts of their range .\nglaser , h . , and s . lustick . 1975 . energetics and nesting behavior of the northern white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus aoveboracensis . physiol . zool . , 48 : 105 - 113 .\nthis mouse is a typical rodent in being nocturnal and active throughout the year .\nthis mouse also makes very high pitched vocalizations , sounding like a bird trilling .\nblair wf . a study of prairie deer - mouse populations in southern michigan .\ngubernick dj , alberts jr . the biparental care system of the california mouse ,\nbreeding season : white - footed mice breed from march to october , or throughout the year in the southern parts of their range .\nwhite - footed mouse is an omnivore ( it eats plants and meat ) . its diet is based on seed , acorns , grains , berries , fruit , fungi , insects , caterpillars and small mammals and birds .\nwhite - footed mouse is solitary and territorial animal . it occupies territory of 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 acres . burrows of various mammals , abandoned nests of birds and hollow logs are favorite locations for nesting .\nthe scientist said a key to protecting human health is to take measures to try to control the white - footed mouse population , and one way to do that is by supporting natural predators by keeping their habitats intact .\nwhat is the breeding season for white - footed mice ? white - footed mice are generally not social animals with the exception of the breeding season , which ranges from march to october in the north and year round in the south . gestation period is 22 to 28 days with nursing occurring until young are weaned . the mice are born hairless and blind , eyes open around 10 days and ears open around 12 days . the mature mating age of the white - footed mouse is 44 days .\nthe white - footed mouse is common in upland mature forests with fallen logs and snags , rocks , ledges , and brush piles . it also inhabits marshes , canebrakes , and brushy fence rows . the white - footed mouse eats seeds , nuts , grasses , fruits , and some insects . this species will commonly cache seeds and nuts in burrows and near nests . it is active throughout the year , primarily at night . principal predators include owls , skunks , foxes , the coyote , weasels , and snakes . the life span of a white - footed mouse is usually less than 2 years in the wild , but in captivity the record is 8 years . white - footed mice communicate with each other by foot - stamping , vocal squeaks , and scent . females are territorial during breeding season .\nwhite - footed mice live an average of 1 year in the wild , meaning there is an almost complete turnover of wildmice every year .\nthe white - footed mouse is found in the mountains and piedmont region of northern georgia . its range includes most of the eastern united states , but this species is absent from the coastal plains of the southeastern united states .\nthe merriam mouse is limited to areas within southern arizona . the california mouse ranges from san francisco bay to northern baja california , including parts of the southern san joaquin valley . the sitka mouse is found only on certain islands of alaska and british columbia .\narbogast p , gl\u00f6smann m , peichl l . retinal cone photoreceptors of the deer mouse\ncornish , l . m . , and w . n . bradshaw . 1978 . patterns in twelve reproductive parameters for the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j . mamm . , 59 : 731 - 739 .\nwhat do white - footed mice look like ? the white - footed mouse ranges in color from grayish - brown to reddish - brown on its dorsal side and face while its ventral side and legs are white . its average mass is 0 . 81 oz but can range from 0 . 5 oz to 1 oz . other members of the peromyscus family all have smiliar looks or ranges but can be differentiated by either tail length or mass .\nworkman jl , bowers sl , nelson rj . enrichment and photoperiod interact to affect spatial learning and hippocampal dendritic morphology in white - footed mice (\nthe old field mouse is distributed across eastern alabama , georgia , south carolina , and florida . the florida mouse , as its name indicates , is found only in florida .\nthe white - footed mouse is often mistaken for a deer mouse due to their similar appearance . both species have a brown or grayish back and a lighter colored underside . however , the deer mouse tends to have more distinct color variations between its back and belly . white - footed mice are still lighter colored on their bellies , feet and the underside of their tail . they have large eyes and ears to help them navigate in the dark . white - footed mice range from five - and - a - half inches to eight inches in length including their tail . the tail usually represents approximately one - third of that length . most members of the species weigh in at less than one ounce .\nthe cotton mouse is found only in the southeastern united states from east texas and arkansas through southeastern virginia . the golden mouse occupies a similar range but it extends slightly farther north .\nwhile investigating how forests responded to defoliation stress , institute ecologists discovered that white - footed mouse populations played a large role in regulating the moths . key predators on gypsy moth pupae , research showed that moth populations declined when mice were abundant .\nunlike the deer mouse which it closely resembles , the white - footed mouse\u2019s fur is not soft and luxuriant , and the general color of the back and sides is a reddish or orangish , not grayish , brown . a darkish brown stripe occurs along the middle of the back from the head to tail . the tail is shorter than the combined head - body length , is paler but not white below , and does not end in a tuff of white hairs . in other respects the white - footed mouse is similar to the deer mouse . the throat , belly , and feet are white ; the ears thin , sparsely furred , and prominent . the black , beady eyes protrude and the whiskers are long and conspicuous . the average size of an adult is 176 mm ( 6 . 9 in ) in total length and 21 g ( 0 . 7 oz ) in weight .\nparsons , l . m . , and c . r . terman . 1978 . influence of vision and olfaction on the homing ability of the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus noveboraceasis ) . j . mamm . , 59 : 761771 .\nnone are registered for white - footed or deer mice . because of the species\u2019 habitat , there are few situations where fumigation would be practical or necessary .\nwhite - footed mice are primarily nocturnal . they are mainly solitary and are territorial , although their home ranges often overlap . white - footed mice climb and swim well . they also have a good sense of direction , and are able to return to a particular location from as much as 2 miles away .\nwhen young white - footed mice are threatened , their mother carries them to safety one at a time by holding them by the neck with her teeth .\normiston , b . g . 1983 . population and habitat dynamics of the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) . unpubl . ph . d . dissert . , state univ . new york at stony brook , new york , 181 pp .\nwhite - footed mice are primarily nocturnal . they are mainly solitary and are territorial , though adjacent home ranges do overlap . white - footed mice climb and swim well . they also have keen homing instincts . in one study , captured individuals returned to the site of their capture after being released 2 miles away . when young white - footed mice are threatened , their mother carries them to safety one at a time by holding them by the neck with her teeth .\nmost white - footed mice live for one year in the wild . this means that there is an almost complete replacement of all mice in the population from one year to the next . most mortality occurs in the spring and early summer . in captivity , however , white - footed mice can live several years .\npedersen ab , antonovics j . anthelmintic treatment alters the parasite community in a wild mouse host .\n, grains , fruits , and fungi . in order to prepare for the winter , white - footed mice gather and store seeds and nuts in the fall .\norr , h . d . 1959 . activity of white - footed mice in relation to environment . j . mamm . , 40 : 213 - 221 .\nthe pi\u00f1on mouse is found from southwestern california through the southwestern united states to the texas panhandle . the rock mouse is limited to colorado , southeastern utah , eastern arizona , new mexico , and the far western portion of texas . the white - ankled mouse is found only in parts of texas and small areas in southern new mexico , southern oklahoma , and southern arizona .\nsize : the white - footed mouse is a medium size rodent like other common peromyscus species , although size can vary widely ( hall , 1981 and others ) . the tail is nearly half the total length and the ears are average to large in size .\nsnyder , d . p . 1956 . survival rates , longevity , and population fluctuations in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , in southeastern michigan . misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan , 95 : 1 - 33 .\nwhite - footed mice carry deer ticks , which spread lyme disease . they also may be a reservoir for four - corners disease , as their fecal matter can contain hantavirus , the organism that causes this disease . white - footed mice may also act as seed predators of oaks and pines , hindering their growth and spread .\nharris se , munshi - south j , obergfell c , o ' neill r . signatures of rapid evolution in urban and rural transcriptomes of white - footed mice (\ndewsbury , d . a . 1975a . copulatory behavior of white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j . mamm . , 56 : 420 - 428 .\ngrau , h . j . 1982 . kin recognition in white - footed deermice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . anim . behav . , 30 : 497 - 505 .\nlong - term research shows that white - footed mice are the critical hosts for black - legged ticks , which carry and spread the bacterium that causes lyme disease . superabundant mouse populations allow more ticks to survive and lead to predictable spikes in human lyme disease exposure .\ncollier ' s encyclopedia . vol 8 .\ndeer mouse .\n1993 . n . y .\nunlike typical gray house mice , white - footed mice , known as peromyscus leucopus , are tawny brown , aside from the white that covers their bellies and feet . they are fast . and they are small , with tails as long as their bodies .\nsacher ga , hart rw . longevity , aging and comparative cellular and molecular biology of the house mouse ,\ndavis , d . e . 1956 . a comparison of natality rates in white - footed mice for four years . j . mamm . , 37 : 513 - 516 .\nwhite - footed mice are abundant throughout north america , but they are especially pervasive on the eastern coast of the u . s . they prefer heavily wooded or brushy areas as these offer the most cover , which protects them from predators . however , the white - footed mouse has become the most numerous mammal in pennsylvania because of its adaptability . this species can make a home for itself in virtually any habitat . white - footed mice always hide their nests carefully . old logs and tree stumps frequently are used in the wild . members of the species may make use of nests that have been abandoned by other rodents or birds . the nest typically is lined with found objects that may include feathers , hair , fur , grasses and leaves . white - footed mice will collect fabrics , pillow batting and insulation fibers to line their nests . when a family establishes a nest in a human habitation , it generally is well concealed in a wall void , basement or attic . kitchen cupboards , the space between major appliances and walls and pantries are other likely places to find a white - footed mouse nest .\nchoate , j . r . 1973 . identification and recent distribution of white - footed mice ( peromyscus ) in new england . journal of mammalogy , 54 : 41 - 49 .\nthe hudson river valley experienced a mouse plague during the summer of 2016 . the critters were everywhere . for most people , it was just a nuisance . but for keesing and ostfeld , the mouse plague signaled something foreboding .\nanderson jf , johnson rc , magnarelli la ( 1987 ) seasonal prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in natural populations of white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus . j clin microbiol ; 25 : 1564\u20131566\nchoate , j . r . 1973 . identification and recent distribution of white - footed mice ( peromyscus ) in new england . j . mamm . , 54 : 41 - 49 .\nalthough white - footed mice prefer acorns , they will eat other things . still , it ' s the acorns that play a big part in their ability to thrive , scientists say .\nall of the peromyscus species have white feet , usually white undersides , and brownish upper surfaces . their tails are relatively long , sometimes as long as the head and body . the deer mouse and some other species have a distinct separation between the brownish back and white belly . their tails are also sharply bicolored . it is difficult even for an expert to tell all of the species apart .\na wood mouse spends a good amount of its time in trees and shrubs , so it is a good climber .\nalthough previous studies have found that white - footed mice consume honeysuckle seeds removed from their pericarp ( mattos et al . 2013 ) , our findings suggest that whole honeysuckle fruits are not generally consumed by small mammals despite their high water content . however , small granivores may occupy honeysuckle - invaded areas because of the cover provided by shrub understories ( dutra et al . 2011 ) , which likely increased white - footed mouse foraging activity by improving protection from predators ( mccormick and meiners 2000 ) . furthermore , use of microhabitats that improve foraging opportunities is nonrandom ( edalgo et al . 2009 ) ; that is , white - footed mice actively select trails that include dense woody vegetation such as honeysuckle shrubs .\nthe main source of health concerns connected to white - footed mice is the transmission of lyme disease . like other rodents , white - footed mice carry specific bacteria that are responsible for the disease . deer ticks bite the rodent , which transmits the bacteria to them . then , the deer ticks bite humans or animals , possibly causing a case of lyme disease . on a less frequent basis , white - footed mice may be responsible for the spread of hantavirus . transmission of this illness occurs through the urine , saliva or droppings of an infected mouse . simply inhaling the air where these waste products have been left may be enough to trigger an infection . these serious illnesses require immediate medical attention .\na distinctive behavior of white - footed mice is drumming on a hollow reed or a dry leaf with its fore paws . this produces a prolonged musical buzzing , the meaning of which is unclear .\nwhite - footed mice are active primarily at night and are secretive and alert , thus avoiding many predators . they are abundant in many habitats and are the major diet item of many small predators .\nin addition , white - footed mice have bloodstreams that ostfeld calls \u201ca breeding ground for all kinds of infectious agents , \u201d including pathogens that cause babesiosis and anaplasmosis , other tick - borne diseases .\nanita rogic , nathalie tessier , pierre legendre , fran\u00e7ois - joseph lapointe , virginie millien ( 2013 ) genetic structure of the white - footed mouse in the context of the emergence of lyme disease in southern qu\u00e9bec . ecology and evolution 3 : 7 , 2075 - 2088 , mis en ligne 1er juillet 2013 ( r\u00e9sum\u00e9 )\nsize : the total length of the white footed mouse is around 6 . 8 inches ( 173mm ) . the tail has a length of 3 . 1 inches ( 78mm ) and their hind foot is around 0 . 83 inches ( 21mm ) . the weight of the mouse ranges from 0 . 03 - 0 . 06 pounds ( 15 - 25g ) , with an average of 0 . 05 pounds ( 23g ) . [ 1 ]\n\u2018mouse house\u2019 in what is now referred to as sumner canyon at the scripps institution in la jolla , california . when his\nmacmanes md , eisen mb . characterization of the transcriptome , nucleotide sequence polymorphism , and natural selection in the desert adapted mouse\nwhite - footed mice are known for a unique practice of drumming on hollow reads or a dry leafe with their front paws producing a musical buzzing sound , through it is unclear why they do this .\nmartin lb , weil zm , kuhlman jr & nelson rj ( 2006 ) trade - offs within the immune systems of female white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus . funct ecol ; 20 : 630\u2013636 .\nostfeld rs , miller mc & hazler kr ( 1996 ) causes and consequences of tick ( ixodes scapularis ) burdens on white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j mammal ; 77 : 266\u2013273 .\nwhile ticks that spread lyme disease are commonly thought of in connection with deer , it is from infected white - footed mice that these ticks usually acquire borrelia burgdorferi , the bacteria responsible for the disease .\nwhile ticks that spread lyme disease are commonly thought of in connection with deer , it is from infected white - footed mice that these ticks usually acquire borrelia burgdorferi , the bacteria responsible for the disease .\ndragoo jw , lackey ja , moore ke , lessa ep , cook ja , yates tl . phylogeography of the deer mouse (\nwhite - footed mice range from 150 to 205 mm in total length and tail length from 65 to 95 mm . they weigh 15 to 25 g . the upperparts of the body are pale to rich reddish brown and the belly and feet are white . in some parts of the range it is difficult to distinguish\nthe other species of peromyscus have somewhat more specialized habitat preferences . for example , the cactus mouse occurs in low deserts with sandy soil and scattered vegetation and on rocky outcrops . the brush mouse lives in chaparral areas of semidesert regions , often in rocky habitats .\n) , first demonstrated the feasibility of the deer mouse as a laboratory organism in the 1910s and 20s . he famously built the first\nwhite - footed mice help spread various kinds of fungi by eating the sporing bodies and excreting spores . forest trees ' ability to take up nutrients is enhanced by the\nmycorrhizal\nassociations formed by these fungi . for many temperate forest trees , these fungi have been shown to be an essential element in order for trees to prosper . white - footed mice also help control populations of some harmful insect pests , such as gypsy moths .\nthe two species of peromyscus inhabiting the adirondacks are similar in appearance , and are not always distinguishable from external characters . the deer mouse usually differs from the white - footed mouse ( p . leucopus ) in having : ( 1 ) soft , luxuriant fur that is gray on the upper parts of the body , ( 2 ) a uniformly colored back or a faint darker stripe along the middle , and ( 3 ) a tail that is dark above and white below ( bicolored ) and is as long of longer than the combined lengths of the head and body , with a tuft of white hairs at the tip . the lower parts of the body and feet of both species are white , and both have prominent , scantily - furred , thin ears , coarse whiskers , and black , bulging eyes . an average sized deer mouse is 184 mm ( 7 . 2 in ) in total length , and weighs 21 g ( 0 . 7 oz ) .\nscientists say white - footed mice , which are primary carriers of the lyme bacterium borrelia burgdorferi , are a highly popular host of black - legged ticks \u2014 which consequently makes them a key culprit in the spread of lyme disease .\nwhite - footed mice in howard county , maryland are being collared as part of a study to improve control of the ticks that spread lyme disease . the mouse collaring research , never before done in maryland , is a partnership of the agricultural research service ( ars ) , howard county department of recreation & parks ( hcrp ) , and university of maryland ( umd ) .\nwhite - footed mice in howard county , maryland are being collared as part of a study to improve control of the ticks that spread lyme disease . the mouse collaring research , never before done in maryland , is a partnership of the agricultural research service ( ars ) , howard county department of recreation & parks ( hcrp ) , and university of maryland ( umd ) .\nthere are no methods known for successfully keeping white - footed or deer mice out of structures by means of sound . ultrasonic devices that are commercially sold and advertised to control rodents and other pests have not proven to give satisfactory control .\nnatarajan c , inoguchi n , weber re , fago a , moriyama h , storz jf . epistasis among adaptive mutations in deer mouse hemoglobin .\nsheppe , w . 1966 . exploration by the deer mouse , peromyscus leucopus . amer . midland nat . , 76 : 257 - 276 .\nyoung white - footed mice are born blind , naked , and helpless . their eyes open at about 12 days of age , and their ears open at about 10 days . females care for and nurse their young in the nest until they are weaned . soon after that , the young disperse from their mother ' s range . if the young or the nest are in danger , female white - footed mice carry their young one at a time to a safer location .\nwhite - footed mice play a role in the transmission of lyme disease . they carry the bacteria that causes the disease and pass it to larval deer ticks when they are bitten . these deer ticks can then pass the disease to humans or other mammals . they also may be carriers of hantavirus , or four corners disease , through their feces . where they are abundant white - footed mice may limit the soread of trees such as acorns and pines , whose seeds they eat .\nmost white - footed mice live for one year in the wild . this means that there is an almost complete replacement of all mice in the population from one year to the next . most mortality occurs in the spring and early summer .\nschwan tg , kime kk , schrumpf me , coe je et al ( 1989 ) antibody response in white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) experimental infected with the lyme disease spirochete ( borrelia burgdorferi ) . infect immunol ; 57 : 3445\u20133451\nthat said , predators of white - footed mice , such as owls , hawks , bobcats , foxes and weasels , won ' t get lyme disease by eating an infected rodent because the bacteria cannot survive digestive tracts of birds or mammals .\nthis species of mouse is very adaptable , abundant and an important source of food for a variety of bird and mammal predators in the food chain .\npederson ab , grieves tj ( 2008 ) the interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population . j anim ecol ; 77 : 370\u2013377\nhoekstra he , hirschmann rj , bundey ra , insel pa , crossland jp . a single amino acid mutation contributes to adaptive beach mouse color pattern .\nthe documented allelopathic properties of honeysuckle shrubs ( dorning and cipollini 2006 ) prevent the growth of other vegetation species , further supporting honeysuckle monoculture establishment . in these monocultures , small mammals may be forced to consume and cache honeysuckle fruits ( dutra et al . 2011 ) . white - footed mice are known scatter - hoarders ( vander wall et al . 2001 ) , a behavior that can serve to disperse seeds to new and potentially favorable microhabitats . indeed , small - mammal seed caches are frequently located in areas highly suitable for germination ( abbott and quink 1970 ) . therefore , white - footed mouse caching behavior may contribute to honeysuckle dispersal .\nwhite - footed and deer mice are considered native , nongame mammals and receive whatever protection may be afforded such species under state or local laws . it is usually permissible to control them when necessary , but first check with your state wildlife agency .\ngoodwin bj , ostfeld rs & schauber em ( 2001 ) spatiotemporal variation in a lyme disease host and vector : black - legged ticks on white - footed mice . vector borne and zoonotic diseases , 1 ( 2 ) , 129 - 138 .\nwhite - footed mice \u2014 known for their wide eyes and ears , long tails and snow - white bellies and the feet from which they get their name \u2014 are often overlooked by humans , hiding out by the billions in u . s . forests , shrubby thickets and even wooded wetlands . but there ' s one creature that knows them well : the tick .\ndonahue jg , piesman j , spielman a ( january 1987 ) .\nreservoir competence of white - footed mice for lyme disease spirochetes\n. am . j . trop . med . hyg . 36 ( 1 ) : 92\u20136 . pmid 3812887 .\nentomologist andrew li , with the ars invasive insect biocontrol & behavior laboratory in beltsville , maryland , who coordinates the tick management project wants the data to better understand how white - footed mice respond to bait boxes that include tick treatments like topical insecticides .\nentomologist andrew li , with the ars invasive insect biocontrol & behavior laboratory in beltsville , maryland , who coordinates the tick management project wants the data to better understand how white - footed mice respond to bait boxes that include tick treatments like topical insecticides .\nthe principal problem caused by white - footed and deer mice is their tendency to enter homes , cabins , and other structures that are not rodent - proof . here they build nests , store food , and can cause considerable damage to upholstered furniture , mattresses , clothing , paper , or other materials that they find suitable for their nest - building activities . nests , droppings , and other signs left by these mice are similar to those of house mice . white - footed and deer mice have a greater tendency to cache food supplies , such as acorns , seeds , or nuts , than do house mice . white - footed and deer mice are uncommon in urban or suburban residential areas unless there is considerable open space ( fields , parks ) nearby .\nordinary mouse snap traps , sold in most grocery and hardware stores , are effective in catching white - footed and deer mice . bait traps with peanut butter , sunflower seed , or moistened rolled oats . for best results , use several traps even if only a single mouse is believed to be present . set traps as you would for house mice : against walls , along likely travel routes , and behind objects . automatic traps designed to live - capture several house mice in a single setting also are effective against white - footed and deer mice . they should be checked frequently to dispose of captured mice in an appropriate manner : euthanize them with carbon dioxide gas in a closed container , or release them alive into an appropriate location where they won\u2019t cause future problems . for further details on trapping , see house mice .\n( a ) the forest - dwelling deer mouse , p . maniculatus nubiterrae , perches high on a tree branch in southwestern pennsylvania . ( b ) the beach mouse , p . polionotus phasma , takes shelter among the dune grasses on florida ' s atlantic coast . ( c ) its mainland counterpart , the oldfield mouse , p . polionotus sumneri , is typically found in fallow fields and is sympatric with the cotton mouse , p . gossypinus ( d ) , which occupies adjacent stands of long leaf pine . image credits : a , evan p kingsley ; b , jb miller ; c , d , nicole bedford .\ndiet : the white footed mice are omnivores . their diet include seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . they do not hibernate in winter so they tend to collect seeds and nuts during the fall . [ 1 ]\nthe brush mouse is found from southwestern missouri and northwestern arkansas through oklahoma , central and western texas , new mexico , southwestern colorado , utah , arizona , and california . the cactus mouse is limited to western texas , southern new mexico , arizona ( except the northeast portion ) , and southern california . the canyon mouse occurs in western colorado , northwestern new mexico , northern and western arizona , utah , nevada , southern california , southeast oregon , and southwestern idaho .\nwhite - footed mice live are most commonly found in warm , dry forests and brushlands at low to mid - elevations . the can survive in a wide variety of habitats , including higher elevation forests and semi - deseart . because they are so adaptable , they also do well in suburban and agricultural settings . white - footed mice are the most abundant small rodent in mixed forests in the eastern united states . in the southern and western portions of their range , they are more restricted in habitat and are mostly found in wooded areas and semi - desert scrub near waterways . in southern mexico , they occur mainly in agricultural areas . white - footed mice build nests in places that are warm and dry , such as a hollow tree or vacated bird ' s nest .\nthe wood mouse stores seeds such as black cherry pits ( one of its favorite foods ) and acorns under logs and in trees , nests are constructed out of grass , leaves , hair , moss , and bark in a hidden location in its habitat . the wood mouse will also use an abandoned bird nest .\nwhite - footed mice are efficient transmitters of lyme disease in the northeast . they infect up to 95 percent of the ticks that feed on them . but it ' s people who create the conditions for lyme outbreaks by building homes in the animals ' habitat .\nwhat is their habitat ? white - footed mice reside in a wide variety of areas but tend to favor warm , dry forests or brushlands at middle elevations . these mice can often be found around old stone works and fallen trees as they make good dry homes . this species of mouse is the most abundant in mixed hard woods along the eastern coast . four to twelve individuals can be found per acre of woodland .\nfifteen species of native mice of the genus peromyscus may be found in the united states . the two most common and widely distributed species are the deer mouse (\nwhite - footed mice spend a great deal of time in trees . they may use aban - locating and digging up buried seed . formerly , much reforestation was attempted by direct seeding of clear - cut areas , but seed predation by deer mice and white - footed mice , and by other rodents and birds , caused frequent failure in the regeneration . for this reason , to reestablish douglas fir and other commercial timber species today , it is often necessary to hand - plant seedlings , despite the increased expense of this method .\nwhite - footed mice are capable of extremely fast reproduction , which means that a small problem becomes a major headache in surprisingly little time . if conditions are especially attractive to these rodents , then it is natural for even more families to be drawn to the structure . while property owners can take important steps like quickly cleaning up crumbs and any remains of food and sealing off potential entrances , it is nearly always necessary to seek professional rodent control to eradicate an infestation . having an inspection by an experienced professional is the best way to protect against a white - footed mouse infestation of your home or business . call newtown today to schedule a free rodent inspection ( 215 ) 579 - 7378 .\nwhite - footed mice also were the dominant species observed through camera monitoring ( 80 . 30 % of 66 identifiable observations ) . examination of historical trapping data ( edalgo and anderson 2007 ; edalgo et al . 2009 ) suggested that deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) were uncommon at the study site ; therefore , all peromyscus observed were recorded as white - footed mice . additional species included masked shrews ( 6 . 06 % ) , meadow voles ( 4 . 55 % ) , and eastern chipmunks ( 4 . 55 % ) .\nwhite - footed mice live are most abundant in warm , dry forests and brushlands at low to mid - elevations . they do , however , occur in a wide variety of habitats , from higher elevation forests to semi - desert . due to this adaptability , they also do well in suburban and agricultural settings . white - footed mice are the most abundant small rodent in mixed forests in the eastern united states and in brushy areas bordering agricultural lands . in the southern and western portions of their range , they are more restricted in distribution , occurring mainly in wooded areas and semi - desert scrub near waterways . in southern mexico , they occur mainly in agricultural areas . white - footed mice build nests in places that are warm and dry , such as a hollow tree or vacated bird ' s nest .\nthe deer mouse occupies nearly every type of habitat within its range , from forests to grasslands . it is the most widely distributed and abundant mammal in north america .\nwhite - footed mice range from 150 to 205 mm in total length , with their tail making up about one - third of that length . they weigh from 15 to 25 g . the fur on their back ranges from light brown to a more reddish brown , while the fur on their stomach and feet is white . their tails tend to be darker on the top and lighter on the bottom .\nanticoagulants . anticoagulant baits such as warfarin , diphacinone , chlorophacinone , brodifacoum , and bromadiolone are all quite effective on white - footed and deer mice , although they are not specifically registered for use on these species . brodifacoum and bromadiolone , unlike the other anticoagulants , may be effective in a single feeding . if baiting in and around structures is done for house mice in accordance with label directions , white - footed and deer mice usually will be controlled . no violation of pesticide laws should be involved since the \u201csite\u201d of bait application is the same .\nscientists say that white - footed mice are posing a particularly high risk to humans this year . a bountiful acorn harvest a couple of years ago gave them the sustenance needed to reproduce in greater numbers and climate change may be pushing them to expand their range toward the north .\nmore interestingly , scientists discovered a connection among acorn production , mouse population size and the number of blacklegged ticks infected with borrelia burgdorferi , the bacterium that causes lyme disease .\nwhite - footed and deer mice are mostly nocturnal with a home range of 1 / 3 acre to 4 acres ( 0 . 1 to 1 . 6 ha ) or larger . a summer population density may reach a high of about 15 mice per acre ( 37 / ha ) .\nhome ranges of white - footed mice vary from 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 acres . density ranges from 4 to 12 mice per acre . the home range of males overlap with those of many females , providing access to potential mates . females are territorial during the breeding season .\nlackey , j . a . 1978b . geographic variation in habitat use by the whitefooted mouse , peromyscus leucopus . amer . midland nat . , 100 : 171 - 177 .\nwhite - footed mice are omnivorous . diet varies seasonally as well as geographically and may include seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . because they do not hibernate , even in cold weather , in the fall they store seeds and nuts for the winter .\nschwan , tg , burgdorfer , w , schrumpf , me , karstens , rh . ( 1988 ) the urinary bladder , a consistent source of borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j clin microbiol ; 26 : 893\u2013895 ( pdf , 4 pp ) .\nwhite - footed mice are efficient transmitters of lyme disease in the northeast . they infect up to 95 percent of the ticks that feed on them . but it ' s people who create the conditions for lyme outbreaks by building homes in the animals ' habitat . stephen reiss for npr hide caption\nboth white - footed and deer mice occasionally dig up and consume newly planted seeds in gardens , flowerbeds , and field borders . their excellent sense of smell makes them highly efficient at locating and digging up buried seed . formerly , much reforestation was attempted by direct seeding of clearcut areas , but seed predation by deer mice and white - footed mice , and by other rodents and birds , caused frequent failure in the regeneration . for this reason , to reestablish douglas fir and other commercial timber species today , it is often necessary to handplant seedlings , despite the increased expense of this method .\nhere ' s how it works : adult ticks , which mostly feed upon white - tailed deer , drop off and lay their eggs on the forest floor , jones said . the eggs hatch out the next year into larvae , which at that point are generally not infected by the bacteria that causes lyme disease . the larvae get infected when they feed on an animal that carries the bacteria , which is most often white - footed mice .\ncharne\u00e9 l . rose , philip j . turk , stephen m . selego , james t . anderson ; white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) select fruits of native species over invasive honeysuckle fruits , journal of mammalogy , volume 95 , issue 1 , 19 february 2014 , pages 108\u2013116 , urltoken\nperomyscus leucopus responds strongly to new objects placed within a familiar area , which may facilitate learning of new escape routes , feeding sites , nests , potential mates , and home - range areas . white - footed mice show weak neophobia , followed by neophilia that declines progressively ( sheppe , 1966 ) ."]}
{"id": 2441, "summary": [{"text": "sepia kiensis is a species of cuttlefish native to the indo-pacific , specifically the kai islands , possibly to timor and northern australia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it lives at depth to 256 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the validity of s. kiensis has been questioned .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "s. kiensis grows to a mantle length of 37 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected off kai island in the arafura sea .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is deposited at the natural history museum in london . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "sepia kiensis", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define sepia kiensis in a sentence and how is the word sepia kiensis used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528sepia kiensis\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528sepia kiensis\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528sepia kiensis\u9020\u53e5 , sepia kiensis meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nsepia kiensis - buy sepia kiensis by surhone , lambert m . | editor ; tennoe , mariam t . | editor ; henssonow , susan f . | editor online at best prices in india - urltoken\n\n' sepia kiensis\n' is a species of cuttlefish native to the indo - pacific , specifically the kai islands , possibly to timor and northern australia .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhoyle , w . e . ( 1885 ) . diagnoses of new species of cephalopoda collected during the cruise of h . m . s . challenger , ii : the decapoda . annals and magazine of natural history . series 5 , 16 : 181 - 203 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 194 [ details ]\nreid , a . , jereb , p . & roper , c . f . e . ( 2005 ) . family sepiidae . pp . 57 - 152 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiolidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls . page ( s ) : 143 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis will bring up another web page where you can select your desired location ."]}
{"id": 2443, "summary": [{"text": "calappa hepatica is a common benthic species of box crab of tropical and subtropical parts of the indian and pacific oceans and the red sea . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "calappa hepatica", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock split the classifications by obis environmental information from calappa hepatica ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\nspecies name : calappa hepatica ( linnaeus , 1758 ) identification key length of carapace rather more than half of its extreme width ; clypeiform expansions with broad teeth . carapace covered with rounded tubercles on the anterior two thirds . synonymy\nmonod , t . , 1928 . les calappa de la c\u00f4te occidentale d ' afrique . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des sciences naturelles du maroc , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 109 - 127 , 13 figs .\ndelivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) to barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 75 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym cancer hepatica linnaeus , 1758 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 18 records ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym calappa spinosissima h . milne edwards , 1837 ) to itis\n( of cancer hepatica linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . s . , 1997a . crustacea decapoda : a revision of the indo - pacific species of the genus calappa weber , 1795 ( calappidae ) . in : a . crosnier ( ed . ) , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , volume 19 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 176 : 271 - 335 , figs 1 - 35 .\nguinot , d . ( 1967 ) . la faune carcinologique ( crustacea brachyura ) de l ' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge . catalogue , remarques bibliographiques et biobliographie . bull . inst . fondamental d ' afrique noire ( ifan ) . 237 - 252 . [ details ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nni ih . & qian py . ( 1999 ) . study on the suitability of shelter island area to be established as marine park or marine reserve . final report . submitted to the agriculture , fisheries & conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nng , p . k . l . , eldredge , l . g . & evenhuis , n . l . 2011 ,\nthe names of decapod and stomatopod crustacea from tahiti , french polynesia , established by anthony curtis in 1938 and 1944\n, zootaxa , vol . 3099 , pp . 43 - 56\neydoux , f . & souleyet , l . f . a . 1842 ,\ncrustac\u00e9s\n, ed . eydoux , f . ( ed . ) , voyage autour du monde ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 pendant les ann\u00e9es 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette ' la bonite ' , command\u00e9e par m . vaillant . zoologie , vol . 1 , no . 2 , pp . 219 - 272 , bertrand , paris\nmilne edwards , h . 1837 , vol . 2 , pp . 532 pp . , atlas 32 pp . , 42 pls , libraire encyclopedique de roret , paris\ncurtiss , a . 1938 , pp . i - xvi , 193 pp . , self - published , new york\nlinnaeus , c . 1758 ,\ncancer\n, ed . linnaeus , c . , systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundem classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentis , synonymis , locis . tom . 1 editio decima , reformata , pp . pp . 625 - 634 , laurentii salvii , holmiae\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 930e799b - 68f6 - 4d02 - 977d - 936ead5c20d8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a21dc265 - 0d09 - 4452 - 8594 - 5b005d75d51a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a64606ed - 670a - 4c2f - 9401 - e433fc7d883a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bbb3f1f0 - 8fc8 - 4c02 - b5c3 - e3fdff0b2f5a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 309188\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\none specimen\ntaken at hulule , male atoll and in minikoi lagoon down to 5 fathoms .\n( borradaile , 1903 )\n: interesting ! looking at the close - up now . how can you tell ?\nthis must be a male crab , since the the central plate is slender and narrow . in addition , it has been tapering towards the mouth area ! !\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsimple , without subdistal accessory teeth at their outer side , median emargination shallow . the longitudinal septum of the prolongated portion of the\n) ; tuamotu archipelago - takaroa , s . marutea , gambier island , and mururoa (\n: 275 ( key ) , 296 , figs 10e - f , 13e - f , 14 , 31 . - -\nalcock , a . & a . r . s . anderson , 1894b . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer investigator . ser . ii , no . 17 . list of the shore and shallow - water brachyura collected during the season 1893 - 1894 . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 63 , part 2 ( 4 ) : 197 - 209 .\nalcock , a . w . , 1896 . materials for a carcinological fauna of india . no . 2 . the brachyura oxystomata . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 65 , part2 ( 2 ) : 134 - 296 , pls 6 - 8 .\nandr\u00e9 , m . , 1931 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes provenant de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique de nha - trang ( annam ) . 1 . brachyura . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( 2 ) 3 ( 7 ) : 638 - 650 .\nbalss , h . , 1915 . die decapoden des roten meeres . ii . anomuren , dromiaceen und oxystomen . in : expeditionen s . m . schiff pola in das rote meer . n\u00f6rdliche und s\u00fcdliche h\u00e4lfte 1895 / 96 - 1897 / 98 . zoologische ergebnisse . vol . xxxi . denkschriften der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften zu wien , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 92 ( 10 ) : 1 - 20 , figs 1 - 9 .\nbalss , h . , 1922b . ostasiatische decapoden iii . die dromiaceen , oxystomen und parthenopiden . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , 88a ( 3 ) : 104 - 140 , figs 1 - 9 . ( in german )\nbalss , h . , 1938a . die dekapoda brachyura von dr . sixten bock ' s pazifik expedition 1917 - 1918 . g\u00f6teborges kungliga vetenskaps - och vitterhets - samh\u00e4lles handlingar , ser . b , 5 ( 7 ) : 1 - 85 , figs 1 - 18 , pls 1 - 2 .\nbarnard , k . h . , 1950 . descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea ( crabs and shrimps ) . annals of the south african museum , 38 : 1 - 837 , figs 1 - 154 .\nboone , l . , 1934 . crustacea : stomatopoda and brachyura . scientific results of the world cruise of the yacht alva , 1931 , william k . vanderbilt , commanding . bulletin of the vanderbilt marine museum , 5 : 1 - 210 , pls 1 - 109 .\nboone , l . , 1938 . marine algae , coelenterata , annelida , echinodermata , crustacea , mollusca . scientific results of the world cruise of the yachts ara 1928 - 1929 , and alva 1931 - 1932 , alva mediterranean cruise 1933 , and alva south american cruise 1935 , william k . vanderbilt , commanding . bulletin of the vanderbilt marine museum , 7 ( 5 ) , 372 pp , 152 pls . ( 197 - 281 pp , pls 72 - 109 for systematic discussion crustacea ) .\nborradaile , l . a . , 1903a . marine crustaceans . iv . some remarks on the classification of the crabs . v . the crabs of the catometope families . vi . the sand crabs ( oxystomata ) . vii . the barnacles . in : j . s . gardiner ( ed . ) , the fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagoes , being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900 , 1 ( 4 ) : 424 - 443 , pls 22 . ( 1 ( 4 ) : 424 - 429 , fig . 110 ; 1 ( 4 ) : 429 - 433 , figs 111 - 114 ; 1 ( 4 ) : 434 - 439 , figs 115 - 117 , pl . 22 . ) [ 1903 / i ]\nbosc , l . a . g . , 1802 . histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s , contenant leur description et leurs moeurs , avec figures dessin\u00e9es d ' apr\u00e8s nature , 2 : 1 - 296 , pls 9 - 18 . paris .\nbosc , l . a . g . , 1828 - 1830 . manuel de l ' histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s , contenant leur description et leurs moeurs ; avec figures dessin\u00e9es d ' apr\u00e8s nature . edition mise au niveau des connaissances actuelles par a . g . desmarest , 1 : 1 - 328 , pls 1 - 9 ; 2 : 1 - 306 , 13 pls . paris .\nbouvier , e . l . , 1915b . d\u00e9capodes marcheurs ( reptantia ) et stomatopodes recueillis \u00e0 l ' \u00eele maurice par m . paul cari\u00e9 . bulletin scientifique de la france et de la belgique , s\u00e9r . 7 , 48 ( 3 ) : 178 - 318 ( 1 - 141 ) , figs 1 - 42 , pls 4 - 7 . [ 1915 / v ]\nbrito - capello , f . de , 1871a . algunas especies novas ou pouco conhecidas de crustaceos pertencentes aos generos callappa e telphusa . jornal de sci\u00eancias mathematicas , physicas , e naturaes , publicado sob ob auspicos da academia real das sci\u00eancias de lisboa , 3 : 128 - 134 , pl . 2 , figs 1 - 42 .\nbrocchi , m . , 1875 . recherches sur les organes g\u00e9nitaux m\u00e2les des crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , paris , ( 6 ) 2 : 1 - 131 , pls 13 - 19 .\nbuitendijk , a . m . , 1939 . biological results of the snellius expedition . v . the dromiacea , oxystomata and oxyrhyncha of the snellius expedition . temminckia , 4 : 223 - 276 , figs 1 - 27 , pls 7 - 11 .\ncalman , w . t . , 1900 . on a collection of brachyura from torres straits . transactions of the linnean society of london , ( zool . ) , ( 2 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 1 - 50 , pls 1 - 3 . [ 1900 / ix ]\ncano , g . , 1889 . crostacei brachiuri ed anomuri raccolti nel viaggio della r . corvetta vettor pisani attorno al globo . bollettino della societ\u00e1 di naturalisti in napoli , ( 1 ) 3 : 79 - 105 , 169 - 269 , pl . 7 .\nchang , c . m . , 1963 . a check list of taiwan crabs with descriptions of 19 new records . tunghai journal , taichung , 5 ( 2 ) : 95 - 118 , figs 1 - 10 , pls 1 - 2 .\nchen , h . , 1975 . studies on the crabs of xisha islands , guandong provence , china . i . studia marina sinica , 10 : 157 - 179 , figs 1 - 12 , pls 1 - 3 . ( in chinese with english summary . )\nchen , h . , 1993b . the calappidae ( crustacea : brachyura ) of chinese waters . in : b . morton ( ed . ) , the marine biology of the south china sea . proceedings of the first international conference on the marine biology of hong kong and the south chine sea : 675 - 704 .\nchopra , b . n . & k . n . das , 1937 . further notes on crustacea decapoda in the indian museum . ix . on three collections of crabs from tavoy and mergui archipelago . record of the indian museum , calcutta , 39 ( 4 ) : 377 - 434 , figs 1 - 21 , pl . 6 .\ncurtiss , a . , 1938 . a short zoology of tahiti . in : the society islands , guide printing company , new york : xvi + 193 pp .\ndai , a . & s . yang , 1991 . crabs of the china seas , i - iv , 1 - 608 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . china ocean press , beijing and springer - verlag , berlin heidelberg new york tokyo , english edition . ( translation from chinese original 1986 . )\ndai , a . , s . yang , y . song & g . chen , 1986 . crabs of chinese seas , i - iv , 1 - 642 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . ocean press , beijing . ( in chinese . )\ndana , j . d . , 1852c . crustacea . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 , under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . , 13 ( pt . 1 ) : i - viii , 1 - 685 , pl . 8 .\ndawydoff , m . c . , 1952 . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s de la faune marine benthique de l ' indochine . bulletin biologique de la france et de la belgique , suppl\u00e9ment , 37 : 1 - 158 .\nde haan , w . , 1833 - 1849 . crustacea . in : ph . f . von siebold , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : ix - xvi , i - xxi , vii - xvii , 1 - 243 , pls a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . tab . 2 . ( for dates see sherborn & jentink , 1895 and holthuis , 1953 . )\nde man , j . g . , 1880c . on some podophthalmous crustacea , presented to the leyden museum by mr . j . a . kruyt , collected in the red sea near the city of djeddah . notes from the leyden museum , 2 ( 21 ) : 171 - 185 . [ 1880 / vii ]\nde man , j . g . , 1888d . bericht \u00fcber die von herrn . dr . j . brock im indischen archipel gesammelten decapoden und stomatopoden . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , berlin , 53 ( pt . 1 ) : 289 - 600 , pls 11 - 22a .\nde man , j . g . , 1896b . bericht \u00fcber die von herrn schiffscapit\u00e4n storm zu atjeh , an den westlichen k\u00fcsten von malakka , borneo und celebes sowie in der java - see gegammelten decapoden und stomatopoden . theil iii . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher , abtheilung f\u00fcr systematik , geographie und biologie der thiere , 9 : 339 - 386 , figs 40 - 49 . [ 1896 / iv ]\nde man , j . g . , 1902a . die von herrn professor k\u00fckenthal im indischen archipel gesammelten dekapoden und stomatopoden . in : w . k\u00fckenthal , ergebnisse einer zoologischen forschungsreise in den molukken und borneo , in auftr\u00e4ge der senckenberg . naturforsch . gesellschaft ausgef\u00fchrt von dr . willy k\u00fckenthal . abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft , 25 ( 3 ) : 465 - 929 , pls 19 - 27 .\ndesmarest , a . g . , 1825 . consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales sur la classe des crustac\u00e9s et description des esp\u00e8ces de ces animaux , qui vivent dans la mer , sur les c\u00f4tes , ou dans les eaux douces de la france : i - xix , 1 - 446 , pls 1 - 56 , tabls 1 - 5 . f . g . levrault , paris & strasbourg , france .\nedmondson , c . h . , 1923 . crustacea from palmyra and fanning islands . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 5 : 1 - 43 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 2 .\nestampador , e . p . , 1937 . a check list of philippine crustacean decapods . philippine journal of science , 62 ( 4 ) : 465 - 559 .\neydoux , f . & l . f . a . souleyet , 1842 . crustac\u00e9s . in : voyage autour du monde ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 pendant les ann\u00e9es 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette la bonite , command\u00e9e par m . vaillant , capitaine de vaissear , zoologie , 1 ( 2 ) : 219 - 250 ; atlas , pls 1 - 3 . ( for dates of publication see sherborn & woodward , annals and magazine of natural history , ( 7 ) 7 ( 1901 ) : 391 . )\nfabricius , j . c . , 1793 . entomologia systematica emendata et acuta . secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adjectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus , 2 : i - viii , 1 - 519 , pls 1 - 8 . hafniae .\nfabricius , j . c . , 1798 . supplementatum entomologiae systematicae , pp . 1 - 572 . hafniae , proft & storch .\nfilhol , h . , 1886 . catalogue des crustac\u00e9s de la nouvelle - z\u00e9lande , des \u00eeles auckland et campbell . in : recueil de m\u00e9moires , rapports et documents relatifs \u00e0 l ' observation du passage de venus sur le soleil . mission de l ' \u00eele campbell . passage de v\u00e9nus . mission de l ' ile campbell . rec . v\u00e9nus ( zool . ) , 3 ( 2 ) : 349 - 510 ; 3 ( 4 ) , atlas , pls 38 - 55 .\nforest , j . & d . guinot , 1961 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures de tahiti et des tuamotu . in : exp\u00e9dition fran\u00e7aise sur les r\u00e9cifs coralliens de la nouvelle cal\u00e9donie . vol . pr\u00e9liminaire : i - xi , 1 - 195 , figs 1 - 178 , pls 1 - 18 , 7 maps , tabls 1 - 3 . \u00e9ditions de la fondation singer - polignac .\ngarth , j . s . , 1965 . the brachyuran decapod crustaceans of clipperton island . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 46 , 26 figs .\ngibbes , l . r . , 1850 . on the carcinological collections of the cabinets of natural history in the united states with an enumeration of the species contained therein , and descriptions of new species . proceedings of the third meeting of the american association for advancement of science , 3 : 167 - 201 .\ngordon , i . , 1934 . crustacea brachyura . in : r\u00e9sultats scientifique du voyage aux indes orientales n\u00e9erlandaises de ll . aa . rr . de prince et la princesse l\u00e9opold de belgique . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9e royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique , hors - s\u00e9rie , 3 ( 15 ) : 1 - 78 , figs 1 - 37 .\ngrant , f . e . & a . r . mcculloch , 1906 . on a collection of crustacea from the port curtis district , queensland . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 31 ( 1 ) : 1 - 53 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 4 .\ngravely , f . j . , 1927 . decapoda ( excl . paguridea ) and stomatopoda . in : the littoral fauna of the krusadai island in the gulf of manaar with appendices on the vertebrates and plants . bulletin of the madras government museum , 1 ( 1 ) : 135 - 155 , figs 1 - 2 , pls 19 - 26 .\ngravier , c . , 1920a . sur une collection de crustac\u00e9s recueillis \u00e0 madagascar par le lieutenant d\u00e9cary . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 26 ( 5 ) : 376 - 383 .\ngu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , f . e . , 1829 - 1844 . crustac\u00e9s . iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apr\u00e8s nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , avec un texte descriptif mis au courant de la science . ouvrage pouvant servir d ' atlas \u00e0 tous les trait\u00e9s de zoologie ( crustac\u00e9s ) : 1 - 48 , pls 1 - 35 . paris et londres . ( text ( 7 september 1844 ) , plate 1 ( 21 march 1829 ) , 2 ( 18 july 1829 ) , 3 ( 1831 ? - 1832 ) , 4 ( 1831 ? - 1837 ) , 5 ( 2 june 1832 ) , 6 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 7 ( 1831 ? - 1834 ) , 8 ( 1831 ? - 1832 ) , 8bis , 9 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 10 ( 2 june 1832 ) , 11 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 12 ( 14 july 1832 ) , 13 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 14 ( 14 july 1832 ) , 15 ( 1831 ? - 1835 ) , 16 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 17 , 18 ( april 1836 ) , 19 ( 1831 ? - 1837 ) , 20 , 21 ( 1836 - 1837 ) , 22 - 24 ( 1831 ? - 1837 ) , 25 ( april 1836 ) , 26 , 27 ( 1836 ) , 28 - 31 ( 1836 - 1837 ) , 32 - 34 ( 1837 ) , 35 ( december 1837 ) . )\nguinot , d . , 1967a . la faune carcinologique ( crustacea brachyura ) de l ' oc\u00e9an indien occidental et de la mer rouge : catalogue , remarques biog\u00e9ographiques et bibliographiques . in : r\u00e9union de sp\u00e9cialistes c . s . a . sur les crustac\u00e9s , zanzibar 1964 . m\u00e9moires de l ' institut fondamental d ' afrique noire , 77 ( 1966 ) : 235 - 352 , pls 1 - 26 , 1 table .\nhaswell , w . a . , 1882c . catalogue of the australian stalk - and sessile - eyed crustacea . the australian museum , sydney : i - xxiv , 1 - 324 + 2 p . addenda , figs 1 - 8 , pls 1 - 4 .\nheller , c . , 1861a . synopsis der im rothen meer vorkommenden crustaceen . verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien , 11 : 3 - 32 .\nheller , c . , 1861b . beitr\u00e4ge zur crustaceen - fauna des roten meeres . part 1 . sitzungsberichte der akademie der wissenschaften zu wien , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 43 ( 1 ) : 297 - 374 , pls 1 - 4 .\nheller , c . , 1865 . die crustaceen . 1 . in : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 - 1859 under den befehlen des commodors b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair , zoologischer theil , 2 ( pt . 3 ) : 1 - 280 , pls 1 - 25 . wien .\nhenderson , j . r . , 1893 . a contribution to indian carcinology . the transactions of the linnean society of london , ( series 2 , zoology ) 5 ( 1 ) : 325 - 458 , pls 36 - 40 .\nherbst , j . f . w . , 1785 . versuch einer naturgeschichte der krabben und krebse nebst einer systematischen beschreibung ihrer verschiedenen arten , 1 ( 6 ) : 183 - 206 , pls 10 - 13 .\nherklots , j . a . , 1851 . additamenta ad faunam carcinologicam africae occidentalis , sive descriptiones specierum novarum e crustaceorum ordine , quas in guinea collegit vir strenuus h . s . pel , praefectus residentiis in littore guineae . 28 pages , 2 pls , lugduni - batavorum ( leiden ) .\nherklots , j . a . , 1861 . catalogue des crustac\u00e9s , qui ont servi de base au syst\u00e8me carcinologique de m . w . de haan , r\u00e9dig\u00e9 d ' apr\u00e8s les collections du mus\u00e9e des pays - bas et les crustac\u00e9s de la faune du japon . tijdschrift voor entomologie , 4 : 116 - 156 . ( also published as a separate , in 1861 , under title : symbolae carcinologicae . \u00e9tudes sur la classe des crustac\u00e9s , pages 1 - 43 . leiden . )\nhess , w . , 1865 . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der decapoden - krebse ost - australiens . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , 31 ( 1 ) : 127 - 173 , pls 6 - 7 .\nhilgendorf , f . , 1869 . crustaceen . in : baron carl claus von der decken , reisen in ost - afrika in den jahren 1859 - 1865 , 3 ( 1 ) : 67 - 116 , 147 , pls 1 - 6 . heidelberg , leipzig .\nhilgendorf , f . , 1879 . die von herrn w . peters in mo\u00e7ambique gesammelten crustaceen . monatsbericht der k\u00f6niglich preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin , 1878 : 782 - 851 , pls 1 - 4 .\nhoffmann , c . k . , 1874 . crustac\u00e9s et echinodermes de madagascar et de l ' \u00eele de la r\u00e9union . in : pollen , f . p . l . et d . c . van dam , recherches sur la faune de madagascar et de ses d\u00e9pendances d ' apr\u00e8s les d\u00e9couvertes de fran\u00e7ois , 5 ( 2 ) : 1 - 58 , pls 1 - 10 .\nholthuis , l . b . , 1953 . enumeration of the decapod and stomatopod crustacea from pacific coral islands . atoll research bulletin , 24 : 1 - 66 , 2 maps . mimeogr .\nholthuis , l . b . , 1958 . crustacea decapoda from the northern red sea ( gulf of aqaba and sinai peninsula ) . ii . hippidea and brachyura ( dromiacea , oxystomata , and grapsoidea ) . contribution to the knowledge of the red sea . bulletin sea fisheries research station , israel , 17 ( 9 ) : 41 - 54 , 4 figs .\nihle , j . e . w . , 1918 . die decapoda brachyura der siboga - expedition . iii . oxystomata : calappidae , leucosiidae , raninidae . siboga expeditie monografie , 39 ( b2 ) : 159 - 322 , figs 78 - 148 ( 71 pls ) .\njeng , m . - s , 1997 . studies on the land and aquatic decapod crustacean fauna of the kenting national park ( ii ) communities of decapod crustaceans around the sea . ii + 66 pp . ministry of the interior , taipei . ( in chinese with english abstract )\njeng , m . - s , 1998 . the prawns and crabs of kenting national park . 133 pp . kenting national park hand guides no . 14 . ( in chinese )\nkamita , t . , 1941b . studies of the decapod crustaceans of chosen . pt . i . crabs . the fisheries society of chosen , keijo , 1 - 289 , figs 1 - 147 , 2 pls , 1 map .\nkim , h . s . & c . y . chang , 1985 . the brachyuran crabs of cheju island , korea ( crustacea : decapoda ) . the korean journal of systematic zoology , 1 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 , figs 1 - 4 .\nkim , h . s . , 1970 . a checklist of the anomura and brachyura ( crustacea , decapoda ) of korea . seoul university journal , biology and agriculture ( series b ) , 21 : 1 - 34 , fig . 1 , pls 1 - 5 .\nkim , h . s . , 1973 . a catalogue of anomura and brachyura from korea . in : illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of korea , samhwa publishing company , 14 : 1 - 694 , figs 1 - 265 , pls 1 - 112 , tabls 1 - 2 , 1 map . seoul . ( in korean with english summary )\nklunzinger , c . b . , 1906a . die spitz - und spitzmundkrabben ( oxyrhyncha und oxystomata ) des roten meeres , stuttgart : i - vii , 1 - 91 , figs 1 - 13 , pls 1 - 2 .\nkossmann , r . , 1877 . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise in die k\u00fcstengebiete des rothen meeres . malacostraca . 1 . theil : brachyura . leipzig , w . engelmann : 1 - 66 , pls 1 - 3 .\nkrauss , c . f . f . , 1843 . die s\u00fcdafrikanischen crustaceen . eine zusammenstellung aller bekannten malacostraca , bemerkungen \u00fcber deren lebensweise und geographische verbreitung , nebst beschreibung und abbildung mehrerer neuen arten . stuttgart : 1 - 68 , pls 1 - 4 .\nlatreille , p . a . , 1803a . histoire naturelle , g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re , des crustac\u00e9s et des insectes . volume 5 : 1 - 406 , pls 38 - 43 . paris .\nlatreille , p . a . , 1806 . genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata . parisiis et argentorabi koenig , 1 : 1 - 302 , 16 pls .\nlatreille , p . a . , 1829 . les crustac\u00e9s , les arachnides et le insectes , distribu\u00e9s en familles naturelles . in : g . cuvier , le r\u00e8gne animal distribu\u00e9 d ' apr\u00e8s son organisation , pour servir de base \u00e0 l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction \u00e0 l ' anatomie compar\u00e9e , edition 2 , 4 : xxvii , 1 - 584 . 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( in japanese ; second edition in 1992 )\nmonod , t . , 1935 . viii . decapoda brachyura . in : mission robert ph . dollfus en egypte . m\u00e9moires de l ' institut d ' egypte , 37 : 1 - 162 , 29 figs .\nm\u00fcller , f . , 1887 . zur crustaceen - fauna von trincomali . verhandlungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in basel , 8 : 470 - 485 , pls 4 - 5 .\nmuraoka , k . , 1998 . catalogue of the brachyuran and anomuran crabs donated by prof . dr . tune sakai to the kanagawa prefectural museum . catalogue of the collection in the kanagawa prefectural museum of natural history , 11 : 5 - 67 , pls 1 - 16 .\nnauck , e . , 1880 . das kauger\u00fcst der brachyuren ( mit beschreibung neuer gattungen und arten , z . t . von c . semper ) . zeitschrift f\u00fcr wissenschaftliche zoologie , leipzig , 34 ( 1 ) : 1 - 69 , 2 figs , pl . 1 .\nng , p . k . l . , 1998c . crabs . in : k . e . carpenter & n . volker ( eds . ) , fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 1 . food and agriculture organisation , rome : 1046 - 1155 .\nnobili , m . g . , 1899 . contribuzione alla conoscenza della fauna carcinologica della papuasia , della molucche e dell ' australia . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , ( 2 ) 20 : 230 - 282 .\nnobili , m . g . , 1900 . decapodi e stomatopodi indo - malesi . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , ( 2 ) 20 ( = volume 40 ) : 473 - 523 ( pages 1 - 51 on separate ) , figs 1 - 4 .\nnobili , m . g . , 1906b . faune carcinologique de la mer rouge . d\u00e9capodes et stomatopodes . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , ( 9 ) 4 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 347 , figs 1 - 12 , pls 1 - 11 .\nnomura , k . , n . kamezaki , t . hamano & h . misaki , 1988 . the guidebook of marine animals and plants of okinawa . vol . 7 ( crustacea , brachyura ) , southern press , okinawa : 1 - 250 . ( in japanese )\nortmann , a . e . , 1892 . die decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums , mit besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der von herrn dr . d\u00f6derlein bei japan und bei den liu - kiu - inseln gesammelten und z . z . im strassburger museum aufbewahrten formen . theil v . die abtheilungen hippidea , dromiidea und oxystomata . zoologischer jahresbericht ( syst . ) , 6 : 532 - 588 , pl . 26 .\nparisi , b . , 1914 . i decapodi giapponesi del museo di milano . i . oxystomata . atti della societa italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale , milano , 53 : 280 - 312 ( pages 5 - 35 on separate ) , figs 1 - 5 , pls 11 - 13 .\npaulson , o . m . , 1875 . izledovaniya rakoobraznykh krasnago morya s zametkami otnositel ' no rakoobraznykh drugikh morei . tchasst i . podophthalmata i edriophthalmata ( cumacea ) . ( studies on crustacea of the red sea with notes regarding other seas , part i ) . kiev kul ' zhenko , i - xiv , 1 - 144 , pls 1 - 21 . ( in russian )\npesta , o . , 1911 . crustacea . i . tail . decapoda brachyura aus samoa ( unter ber\u00fccksichtigung der sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums in wien ) . in : k . rechinger , botanische und zoologische ergebnisse einer wissenschaftlichen forschungsreise nach den samoa - inseln , dem neuguinea - archipel und den salomoninseln m\u00e4rz bis dezember 1905 . iv . denkschriften der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , wien , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 88 : 36 - 65 , figs 1 - 5 , pl . 3 .\nrathbun , m . j . , 1906 . the brachyura and macrura of the hawaiian islands . bulletin of the united states fish commission , 23 ( 3 ) : i - viii , 827 - 930 , figs 1 - 79 , pls 1 - 24 .\nrathbun , m . j . , 1911 . marine brachyura . in : the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 , under the leadership of mr j . stanley gardiner . vol . iii , part ii , no . xi . transactions of the linnean society of london , ( zool . ) , ( 2 ) 14 ( 2 ) : 191 - 261 , figs 1 - 2 , pls 15 - 20 .\nrichters , f . , 1880 . decapoda . in : k . m\u00f6bius , beitr\u00e4ge zur meeresfauna der insel mauritius und der seychellen , bearbeitet von k . m\u00f6bius , f . richters und e . von martens nach sammlungen , angelegt auf einer reise nach mauritius von k . m\u00f6bius , berlin : 139 - 178 , pls 15 - 18 .\nromimohtarto , k . , 1967 . the oxystomatous crabs of the barun expedition . marine research in indonesia , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 - 28 , figs 1 - 7 , pls 1 - 3 .\nsakai , k . , 1999 . j . f . w . herbst - collection of decapod crustacea of the berlin zoologica museum , with remarks on certain species . naturalists , publications of tokushima biological laboratory , shikoku university , 6 : 1 - 45 , pls 1 - 21 .\nsakai , t . , 1934a . brachyura from the coast of kyushu , japan . science reports of the tokyo bunrika daigaku , ( b ) 1 ( 25 ) : 281 - 330 , figs 1 - 26 , pls 17 - 18 ( in colour ) .\nsakai , t . , 1936b . crabs of japan : 66 plates in life colours with descriptions . sanseido , tokyo ( 1935 ) : 1 - 239 , figs 1 - 122 , 27 pages of bibliography & index , frontispiece ( in colour ) , pls 1 - 66 ( colour ) . ( in japanese )\nsakai , t . , 1937a . studies on the crabs of japan . ii . oxystomata . science reports of the tokyo bunrika daigaku , ( b ) 3 ( suppl . no . 2 ) : 67 - 192 , 45 figs , pls 10 - 19 .\nsakai , t . , 1956 . crabs ( edition 1 ) , i - xii , 1 - 224 ( japanese text ) , appendix 1 - 60 ( list of latin names ) , figs 1 - 71 , pls 1 - 6 ( 2 coloured ) . shisei - shoin , tokyo . ( in japanese )\nsakai , t . , 1960 . arthropoda , crustacea , decapoda , brachyura . in : k . okada & t . uchida ( eds ) , encyclopaedia zoologica illustrated in colours . iv : i - xxx , 28 - 87 , pls 14 - 43 . tokyo , hokuryukan . ( in japanese ) .\nsakai , t . , 1965b . the crabs of sagami bay , collected by his majesty the emperor of japan , i - xvi , 1 - 206 ( english text ) , figs 1 - 27 , pls 1 - 100 : 1 - 92 ( japanese text ) : 1 - 26 ( references and index in english ) : 27 - 32 ( index in japanese ) , 1 map . maruzen co . , tokyo .\nsakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .\nsankarankutty , c . , 1961b . on some crabs ( decapoda - brachyura ) from the laccadive archipelago . journal of the marine biological association of india , 3 ( 1 & 2 ) : 120 - 136 , figs 1 - 2 .\nsankarankutty , c . , 1962b . on decapoda brachyura from the andaman and nicobar islands . 3 . families : calappidae , leucosiidae , parthenopidae , maiidae and gecarcinidae . journal of the marine biological association of india , 4 : 151 - 164 , 23 figs .\nschenkel , e . , 1902 . beitrag zur kenntnis der dekapodenfauna von celebes . verhandlungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in basel , 13 ( 3 ) : 485 - 585 , pls 7 - 13 .\nser\u00e8ne , r . & c . vadon , 1981 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes : brachyoures . liste pr\u00e9liminaire , description de formes nouvelles et remarques taxonomiques . in : r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , 1 . philippines ( 18 - 28 mars 1976 ) , vol . 1 , no . 5 . m\u00e9moires orstom , 91 : 117 - 140 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 4 . ( in french with english summary ) .\nser\u00e8ne , r . , 1937 . inventaire des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s marins de l ' indochine ( 1re liste ) . notes de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique de l ' indochine , 30 : 1 - 84 .\nser\u00e8ne , r . , 1968 . the brachyura of the indo - west pacific region . in : prodromus for a check list of the non - planctonic marine fauna of south east asia . unesco singapore national academy of sciences , special publication no . 1 , fauna iiic3 : 33 - 112 .\nshen , c . j . & a . y . dai , 1964 . illustrations of animals in china ( crustacea part ii ) , peking : 1 - 172 , 277 figs .\nshirai , s . , 1980 . ecological encyclopedia of the marine animals of the ryukyu islands in colour . okinawa kyoiku shuppan , okinawa : 636 pp .\nshokita , s . , y . fujita , t . nagai & a . kawakami , 2000 . decapod crustacea in ginowan city , okinawa island . history of the ginowan city , okinawa prefecture , 9 : 629 - 658 .\nsokolowsky , p . a . , 1945 . biologisch - morphologische betrachtung einiger calappinae , ortmann . nebst beschreibung einer anscheinend neuen art aus dem oestlichen sued - amerika . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , 62 : 62 - 75 , pls 1 - 2 .\nstebbing , t . r . r . , 1910 . general catalogue of south african crustacea . part v of south african crustacea , for the marine investigations in south africa . annals of the south african museum , 6 ( 4 ) : 281 - 593 , pls 15 - 22 .\nstebbing , t . r . r . , 1917c . the malacostraca of natal . i . annals of durban museum , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 33 , pls 1 - 6 .\nstella , e . , 1953 . crostacei decapodi e stomatopodi . spedizione subacquea italiana nel mar rosso . rivista di biologia coloniale , roma , 13 : 51 - 70 .\nstephensen , k . , 1945 . the brachyura of the iranian gulf with an appendix : the male pleopod of the brachyura . in : danish scientific investigations in iran , part 4 . copenhagen , e . munksgaard : 57 - 237 , figs 1 - 60 .\nstephenson , t . a . , a . stephenson , g . tandy & m . spender , 1931 . the structure and ecology of low isles and other reefs . scientific reports great barrier reef expedition , 3 ( 2 ) : 17 - 112 , figs 1 - 15 , pls 1 - 27 .\nstimpson , w . , 1907 . report on the crustacea ( brachyura and anomura ) collected by the north pacific exploring expedition , 1853 - 1856 . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , washington , 49 ( 1717 ) : 1 - 240 , pls 1 - 26 .\nseringat - kias , apr 12 photo shared by loh kok sheng on flickr .\nng , peter k . l . and daniele guinot and peter j . f . davie , 2008 . systema brachyurorum : part 1 . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no . 17 , 31 jan 2008 . 286 pp .\ndavison , g . w . h . and p . k . l . ng and ho hua chew , 2008 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . nature society ( singapore ) . 285 pp .\njones diana s . and gary j . morgan , 2002 . a field guide to crustaceans of australian waters . reed new holland . 224 pp .\nlinnaeus 1758 , syst . nat . ed . xii , i , p . 1048 .\nherbst 1785 , krabben , i , ii , p . 204 , pl . 13 , fig . 78 .\nborradaile 1903 , fauna geog . maldive and laccadive archipel , p . 436 .\ngalil 1997 , resultats des campagnes musortom , vol . 18 , p . 274 .\nhabitat hard beaches , coral reefs ; 10 - 50 meters deep . distribution hard beaches , coral reefs ; 10 - 50 meters deep japan . this species occurs throughout the indo - pacific region .\ndescription in the anterior two - thirds of the carapace surface is tuberculate and granular , the posterior third is marked with squamiform tubercles and beaded ridges . the antero - lateral borders are coarsely dentate or serrate . clypeiform expansions greatly developed , their breadth being equal to their length ; their anterior border shows the points of four teeth . posterior border of the carapace beaded , unarmed . outer parts of the pterygostomain regions densely hairy . front emarginate , not projecting beyond the level of the orbits . transverse wing like expansion of the distal end of the arm with its edge four lobed . outer surface of palm and upper surface of wrist numerous sharp tubercles . anterior end of arm with some sharp granules , crest of palm crenulate , not sharply dentate .\nremarks in the very young , the extreme length of the carapace is not much less than three fourths of the extreme breadth .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ncommon in sand any depth . feeds upon gastropods . attains carapace width of 3 inches . hawaii & the indo - pacific .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njapanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color , vol . ii . brachyura ( crabs ) .\nsystema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world .\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 379 - 418 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )"]}
{"id": 2459, "summary": [{"text": "amblycheila is a genus of flightless , nocturnal tiger beetles .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are seven species distributed across the southwestern united states and mexico .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "species include : amblycheila baroni rivers , 1890 \u2013 montane giant tiger beetle amblycheila cylindriformis ( say , 1823 ) \u2013 great plains giant tiger beetle amblycheila halffteri mateu , 1974 amblycheila hoversoni gage , 1990 \u2013 south texas giant tiger beetle amblycheila nyx sumlin , 1991 amblycheila picolominii reiche , 1839 \u2013 plateau giant tiger beetle amblycheila schwarzi w. horn , 1903 \u2013 mojave giant tiger beetle", "topic": 27}], "title": "amblycheila", "paragraphs": ["\u2026and the distinctly separated hooks on the 5th abdominal segment confirm it is amblycheila .\na review of the north american genus amblycheila ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 1724\nwell , any tiger beetle larva snagged from its burrow is a sight to behold \u2013 amblycheila just does it the best .\na review of the north american genus amblycheila ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) . vaurie , p . 1955 . american museum novitates ; no . 1724 .\ngage , e . v . 1991 . description of a new species of amblycheila from texas with additional notes . ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . cicindelidae bulletin of worldwide research 1 ( 1 ) ( l990 ) : 1 - 10 .\nthe plateau giant tiger beetle , amblycheila picolominii reiche , 1839 , in utah : new state record . . . . . f . t . krell and j . o . brookhart . 2012 . western north american naturalist 72 ( 1 ) , 110\u2013111 .\nstep 7 . lastly , don\u2019t forget to look at the hump in lateral profile\u2014it is as alien a structure as any in the insect world . in the case of amblycheila larvae , the bed of hairs posterior to the hooks is comprised of much shorter , stouter , and more densely placed hairs than larvae of tetracha .\nstep 6 . another way to distinguish larvae of the genus amblycheila is by looking at the hooks on the hump of the 5th abdominal segment , best done with a hand lens ( or , even better , with an mp - e65 lens ! ) . all tiger beetle larvae have several pairs of large hooks that the larva uses to brace itself against the wall of its burrow when capturing prey to prevent the struggling prey from pulling the tiger beetle larva out of its burrow . larvae in the genus omus , restricted to the pacific region of north america , have three pairs of hooks ( referred to as the outer , middle , and inner hooks ) , while all other north american tiger beetle genera have two ( having lost the outer pair ) . in amblycheila and tetracha the hooks are simple and thornlike , while larvae of all other north american genera have much longer middle hooks that are curved and sickle - shaped ( e . g . , cylindera celeripes in this post ) . amblycheila larvae can be distinguished from tetracha larvae by the middle and inner hooks on each side being distinctly separated rather than touching at the base ( e . g . , tetracha floridana in this post ) . there is also a cluster of short , stout hairs around the base of each hook in amblycheila that is missing in tetracha ( e . g . , tetracha virginica in this post ) .\namblycheila have been reared in the lab ( a . cylindriformis and a . hoversoni , for example ) ; however , i can\u2019t seem to find any published information with details of the technique . i\u2019m just going by what little information i\u2019ve been able to glean from these sources . contrary to what they have said , a . cylindriformis adults definitely do make burrows and spend much of their time in the burrows .\nstep 5 . if size alone isn\u2019t enough , you can confirm that the larvae does indeed belong to the genus amblycheila by looking at its eyes\u2014their are two pairs , and the 1st pair ( closest to the mandibles ) are distinctly larger than the 2nd pair . this isn\u2019t clearly visible in the photo above because i doused the larva with water to remove the mud and dirt that encrusted it upon removal from its burrow .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nfrom ambly - , greek blunt or dull , plus greek cheilos , lip ( internet searches ) .\nfive species occur north of mexico , with two additional species known from mexico .\n1a . larger sized ( 29 - 36 mm ) , occurring east of rockies . . . . 2\n1b . smaller ( 20 - 28 mm ) , occurring west of rockies . . . . 3\n2a . single row of punctures between two inner elytral carina ; south texas . . . . a . hoversoni\n2b . rows of punctures across entire elytra ; great plains from west texas to south dakota , not found in south texas . . . . a . cylindriformis\n3a . elytron usually with single carina , surface dull black ; central & southeast arizona . . . . a . baroni\n3b . elytron with three carina , surface shiny black ; not in southeast arizona . . . . 4\n4a . southwest utah to california , in the intermontane valleys of the rocky mountains . . . . a . schwarzi\nthese flightless tiger beetles are nocturnal , they spend the daylight hours in self - constructed burrows or rodent burrows .\nsumlin , w . d . 1991 . studies on the mexican cicindelidae ii : two new species from coahuila and nuevo leon ( coleoptera ) . cicindelidae bulletin of worldwide research , 1 : 1 - 6 .\na field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada david pearson , c . barry knisley , charles j . kazilek , david l . pearson , barry c . knisley . 2005 . oxford university press .\ncatalogue of the geadephaga ( coleoptera : trachypachidae , rhysodidae , carabidae including cicindelini ) of america north of mexico y . bousquet and a . larochelle . 1993 . memoirs of the entomological society of canada , 125 : 1 - 397 .\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\nwhen i pulled the larvae from the site i made sure i gathered enough of the soil they where in for them to burrow . i then set them up in about 1 foot high containers with the soil . they will burrow themselves but it is helpful if you start a small hole for them . then try to keep the conditions of the container as close to the natural conditions as possible , so for this species hot and pretty dry so not too difficult . i would feed them about 2 - 3 small crickets every week and dose them with water about once a month . to get them to pupate can be tricky as it is often environmental ques that cause them to start . i got pretty lucky and just dropped the temp about 10 degrees and then wet the container and it pupated . i am still working on perfecting my methods of rearing but one of the keys is to make sure you gather the soil fomr the larval sites .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nstep 1 . go to your favorite grassland habitat in the western half of the great plains anywhere from texas north to south dakota and look for barren soil amongst the vegetation . clay banks near streams or in ravines and even vertical clay bluff faces are also good ( although i have not myself observed the latter ) . \u201cmy\u201d spot is in the glass mountains of northwestern oklahoma , where talus slopes in mixed - grass prairie beneath flat - topped mesas and the ravines that cut through them provide just enough slope for this species\u2019 liking .\nstep 2 . look for large , almost perfectly round burrow entrances that go straight down from the surface . by large , i mean approximately 6\u20138 mm in diameter\u2014as large a burrow as any tiger beetle in north america will make . many other insects create burrows , but tiger beetle burrows are generally recognizable by their almost perfectly circular shape and clean , beveled edge . look closely , and the burrow will be seen to actually be slightly d - shaped to match the shape of the tiger beetle larva\u2019s head\u2014the large , sickle - shaped , upward - facing jaws resting against the flat part of the d . in the case of this species , they tend to be found in clusters of several burrows in close proximity to each other . the burrow in these photos was found at the upper edge of a drainage ravine on the upper part of the talus slopes ( see diagram in this post ) .\ndig around the burrow , carefully excavating along the grass stem , until the larva is reached .\nstep 3 . try this first\u2014chew the end of a long , narrow grass stem ( frayed and sticky will be easier for the larva to grab hold of ) and stick it down the burrow until it hits bottom , tap lightly a few times to entice a bite , then yank ( and i mean yank ! ) the stem out . with luck , the larva will come flying out of the burrow and land somewhere on the ground in front of you . ( by the way , if you have never done this , you are missing one of the greatest treats that insect collecting has to offer . if you have done it , you owe it to yourself to show this to somebody else who has not ever seen it\u2014their shocked reaction at the sight of the flying larva is beyond priceless ! ) larvae are not always in the mood to bite , however , so if the so - called \u201cfishing\u201d technique does not work then you will have to dig . stick the grass stem back down the burrow and begin excavating around the burrow , carefully prying away the soil adjacent to the burrow to prevent it from falling into and obscuring the burrow . keep excavating as you follow the grass stem down until , at least , you reach the larva . in the photo above you can see in the lower right - center area the burrow with the grass stem protruding from it and the larva placed on a clump of soil in front of the shovel ( for sense of scale ) . it seems i had an easy time of it with this larva , as literature sources report larval burrows extending down to depths of a meter or more .\nstep 4 . behold the beast ! there is nothing more that can be said\u2014these larvae are ginormous ! this particular larva measured a full 62 mm from the tips of its mandibles to the tip of its abdomen\u2014that\u2019s 2\u00bd inches ! no other tiger beetle larva in north america reaches this size , except perhaps the related a . hoversoni ( south texas giant tiger beetle ) .\nted c . macrae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation . areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles ( buprestidae ) and north american longhorned beetles ( cerambycidae ) . more recent work has focused on north american tiger beetles ( cicindelidae ) and their distribution , ecology , and conservation .\nthis entry was posted in cicindelidae , coleoptera and tagged beetles , entomology , immatures , insects , nature , oklahoma , techniques , tiger beetles . bookmark the permalink .\nted , this was a great post . i\u2019m a tiger beetle nut too and even reared a few when i was younger . but i\u2019d love to see them snagged out of the burrow , as you described . that sounds too fun and hopefully , sometime i\u2019ll get to a habitat where this species occurs and have the opp to try and fish for them\u2026 thanks for sharing .\nfishing for larvae ? it sounds like the pilot episode for a new television series .\ngreat post . i enjoyed your level of detail and accompanying photos . i feel compelled to go scout some omus and do some grass fishing .\nyes , hemolymph . i knicked it while digging \u2013 wasn\u2019t sure if i\u2019d find another one so took the photos before pickling it . fortunately i was able to dig up another one w / o injury and am trying to rear it to adulthood .\njust a large \u201ccritter carrier\u201d filled with native soil to a depth of ~ 8 inches . i don\u2019t know if it will work or not \u2013 i\u2019ve already got another larva collected as a 2nd instar in 2009 that has made it to 3rd instar but spends months at a time with the burrow plugged . when it does open the burrow it is ravenous !\nthey sure look like they would be ! i wonder how long the species spends as a larva ? at that size , i would guess at least 4 years , maybe more . it would be cool if the 2009 one would emerge as an adult one of these days .\nwhat a great idea for a post ! i\u2019d love to do one in any way related to a . schwarzi once i stumble upon the first habitat . at the bean museum in utah , i recall seeing many specimens\u2026 i\u2019m regreting not writing down their localites as it is one of the more uncommon species .\nwhat an interesting blog ! tiger beetle larvae are truly bizarre . i saw them in costa rica ( monteverde reserve ) in an almost vertical sandy slope along a dirt road . their heads were in the holes , which lacked the beveled edges of this one . the heads were flat against the surface and almost invisible with the flatness of the heads and the dirt on them . it was night . we dug one out to see the whole larva and the hump and hooks . they are so vicious . i wonder what they can catch to eat on a vertical area . did your larvae ever pupate ? what does it look like ? did the adults emerge and how long did it take ? i was interested in the comments above that a tiger beetle larva might take 2 or more years to mature and that they plug their holes for long periods , even months . i was also interested in what you said about amblychelia cylindriformis adults making burrows . i had never heard before that adult tiger beetles make burrows . what do adult burrows look like ? i wish we had tried the bite - grab - yank technique on the ones in costa rica !\nhi lauren . i ended up pickling the 2012 larvae , but the 2009 larva ended up pupating last year\u2014unbeknownst to me , as the burrow stayed plugged all summer long . i figured it had died and set the container aside , but this spring a beautiful , fully - formed adult emerged\u2014nearly four years after i collected it as a 2nd - instar larva !\nlots of adult tiger beetles make burrows , especially those that live in sandy habitats ( see my post on cicindela arenicola for an example ) . this is the first \u201cclay\u201d species that i\u2019ve seen doing it , and because of their large size the burrows are also quite large , with ragged openings that look nothing like the perfectly - shaped larval burrows .\ni feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin\nthe creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .\nted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with\nan inordinate fondness for beetles .\nprimary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :\nall text and photos appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae , all rights reserved . see\nimage use policy\nbelow for details regarding conditions for allowed use .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nbiodiversity in focus blog the musings of entomology graduate student and nature photographer morgan d . jackson\nbug eric \u2026 . about anything related to insects , spiders , and other arthropods .\nall images appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae unless stated otherwise and may not be reproduced in any form without prior written permission . the following\nreposting online on social media ( e . g . , facebook , twitter , personal blogs , etc . ) by individuals acting in a strictly personal capacity .\nimages must be visibly credited to\nted c . macrae\nand , if posted online , include a link back to\nbeetlesinthebush . wordpress . com .\nany other use requires prior permission and may require a licensing agreement . direct all inquiries to\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nmacrohabitat : midlands to uplands , 900 - 2134 meters altitude , in open pinyon pine - oak - juniper areas usually associated with huge granite boulder fields . microhabitat : adults are ground - dwelling on sandy to gravelly substrate . dispersal abilities : brachypterous , hence flightless thus vagility limited to walking or running ; slow runners . seasonal occurrence : adult peak activity limited to the warm , wet monsoon season from june - september . two specimens in nmnh were collected in february , 1972 ; on the north slope of ramsey canyon , az . behavior : adults are nocturnal , taking cover in the day ( rarely ) under stones , or in shallow self - constructed burrows , and particularly in rodent burrows . adults are predaceous on large ground insects . they are gregarious . larvae are very large and construct burrows in soft substrate under flat stones and at the bases of large stones and boulders . ( vaurie , 1955 ; knisley & pearson , 1984 ; sumlin , 1991 ; freitag , 1999 ; larochelle & lariviere , 2001 ; pearson & vogler , 2001 ; pearson et al . , 2006 ; data from nmnh collection )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmacrohabitat : lowlands , 30 - 300 meters altitude , in open thorn - tree areas among low , rolling hills . microhabitat : adults are ground - dwelling on well - drained caliche substrates , and in animal burrows . dispersal abilities : brachypterous , hence flightless thus vagility limited to walking or running ; swift runners . seasonal occurrence : adults are active in april - may , and july - november . behavior : adults are nocturnal , taking cover during the day in mammal burrows , or under stones . adults are predaceous on large insects and other terrestrial arthropods . larvae are very large and form burrows in soft substrate on eroded hillsides , and near burrows of ground living mammals , such as badgers and armadillos . ( sumlin , 1991 ; freitag , 1999 ; larochelle & lariviere , 2001 ; pearson & vogler , 2001 ; pearson et al . , 2006 )"]}
{"id": 2470, "summary": [{"text": "the siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) , also called amur tiger , is a tiger subspecies inhabiting mainly the sikhote alin mountain region with a small population in southwest primorye province in the russian far east .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the siberian tiger once ranged throughout all of korea , north-eastern china , russian far east , and eastern mongolia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in 2005 , there were 331 \u2013 393 adult and subadult siberian tigers in this region , with a breeding adult population of about 250 individuals .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the population had been stable for more than a decade due to intensive conservation efforts , but partial surveys conducted after 2005 indicate that the russian tiger population was declining .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "an initial census held in 2015 indicated that the siberian tiger population had increased to 480 \u2013 540 individuals in the russian far east , including 100 cubs .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this was followed up by a more detailed census which revealed there was a total population of 562 wild siberian tigers in russia .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this tiger subspecies was also called korean tiger , manchurian tiger , and ussurian tiger , depending on the region where individuals were observed .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the siberian tiger and bengal tiger subspecies rank among the biggest living cats .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "a comparison of data on body weights of siberian tigers indicates that up to the first half of the 20th century both males and females were on average heavier than post-1970 ones .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "today 's wild siberian tigers are smaller than bengal tigers .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "their reduced weight as compared to historical siberian tigers may be due to a combination of causes : when captured , they were usually sick or injured and involved in a conflict situation with people .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "in terms of average adult weights , a male siberian tiger rivals a male asiatic lion ( 175 kg ( 386 lb ) ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "results of a phylogeographic study comparing mitochondrial dna from caspian tigers and living tiger subspecies indicate that the common ancestor of the amur and caspian tigers colonized central asia from eastern china , via the gansu \u2212 silk road corridor , and then subsequently traversed siberia eastward to establish the amur tiger population in the russian far east .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "together , the tigers of the far east , central asia and caucasus formed the northernmost group of tigers in mainland asia . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "siberian tiger", "paragraphs": ["a siberian tiger weighs 600 pounds . siberian tigers are the biggest tiger species on earth . bengal tigers are smaller than the siberian tigers .\nsiberian tiger is a largest tiger in the world and the most northern tiger population .\nthe largest measured siberian tiger weighed 465 kg ( 1025 lb ) . it was jaipur tiger .\nwhere the siberian tiger lives : 95 % of the siberian tiger world population inhabits the russian far - east , 5 % of the population lives in china .\nbears constitute 5 - 8 % of the whole diet of the siberian tiger .\nsiberian tiger skull 3d ( p . tigris ) | csi computerized scanning and imaging facility\nthe iucn 3 . 1 has categorized the siberian tiger under the \u2018endangered\u2019 species list .\na march in hunchun raises awareness for protecting the wild siberian tiger . photos provided to china daily\nthe other vital concern for the survival of the siberian tiger in the wild is habitat loss .\nculture , characteristics and chromosome complement of siberian tiger fibroblasts for nuclear transfer . - pubmed - ncbi\nshe has been seen before , and is known as t7f to scientists monitoring the siberian tiger population .\nlifespan of the siberian tiger is 16 - 18 years ( up to 25 years in captivity ) .\nsiberian tiger blank park zoo . web . date of access march 23 , 2014 . unknown author .\nthe siberian tiger is a very rare species of tiger . from an estimated low in 2010 of 360 , in may 2015 the russian government announced that the siberian ( or amur ) tiger has increased in numbers to between 480 and 540 .\nsiberian tiger basic information angel fire . web . date of access march 23 , 2014 . unknown author .\na siberian tiger mauled and killed a tour bus driver in china as his passengers watched helplessly in horror .\ntroiano , catherine .\nhow big can a siberian tiger get ?\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\na siberian tiger in its environment . notice the length of the tail compared to the rest of the body .\necology and lifestyle siberian tiger . web . date - of - access april 5 , 2014 . unknown author .\nde novo transcriptomic analysis and development of est - ssr markers in the siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) .\nthe siberian tiger park in harbin , heilongjiang province , in china\u2019s north - east , is helping more than 300 siberian tigers to lose weight by adding more exercise and cutting their food intake .\namur tigers share their home with critically endangered amur leopards . they also live among musk deer , himalayan bears , siberian brown bears , wolverines and siberian jays .\nless than 500 siberian tigers and 40 amur leopards currently live in the wild .\nsee pictures of bengal and siberian tigers in this photo gallery from national geographic .\nthe existence of \u2018white siberian tiger\u2019 is a misconception . no scientific evidence of any specimen of white siberian tiger dwelling in the wild or born in captivity has been found till date . for this reason , a true siberian tiger can never have blue eyes , because it is only the white tigers that can have their eye - color blue .\nthe great soul of siberia : in search of the elusive siberian tiger . sooyong park . harpercollins uk , 2016 .\nsmith , p . a . siberian tiger animal fact guide . web . date of access march 23 , 2014 .\nthe siberian tiger is the largest living representative of felids , and one of the largest felids that have ever lived .\nit is estimated the wild population of siberian tigers at around 350 - 450 tigers .\nsome siberian tigers are placed into zoos where they and their reproduction can be monitored .\na spokesman at the base said the park has approximately 1 , 000 siberian tigers .\ntroiano , catherine .\nhow big can a siberian tiger get ?\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / big - can - siberian - tiger - get - 11060 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nlachlei , m . b . .\nwhat are some threats to the siberian tiger ?\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / threats - siberian - tiger - 2625 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\ntroiano , catherine . ( n . d . ) . how big can a siberian tiger get ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / big - can - siberian - tiger - get - 11060 . html\nthe siberian tiger not only hunts , but fishes as well . during breeding tigers can catch fish on mountain rivers\u2019 riffles .\nlachlei , m . b . . ( n . d . ) . what are some threats to the siberian tiger ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / threats - siberian - tiger - 2625 . html\ntony the tiger , a 550 - pound siberian - bengal mix , lives in a cage at a louisiana truck stop .\nsiberian tigers are considered to be polygamous . reproduction periods and birth giving are not confined to certain season . nevertheless , the siberian tigers usually produce offspring in april \u2013 june .\nthe siberian tiger is solitary and nocturnal . it is among those territorial animals that can be aggressive while meeting an intruder trespassing their territory marked by scent traces . despite its unfavorable reputation , the siberian tiger doesn\u2019t attack people , it avoids them , unless it\u2019s very hungry or sick and can\u2019t hunt its usual prey . the bengal tiger ( panthera tigris tigris ) is more dangerous , although the siberian tiger is larger .\nthe siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) is found mainly in russian territory , in the east of siberia and north china .\nthe siberian tiger or amur tiger is the largest subspecies and the largest cat in the world . however , this has only happened with specimens in captivity as in the wild the bengal tiger is bigger .\nthe siberian tiger has a few other common names including the amur tiger and the king of taiga . there are only about 500 of these animals left in the world .\nin fact , the siberian tiger should be titled as the king of animals , because the lion would be defeated in such a fight \u2013 more : lion vs tiger .\nussuri brown bears , along with the smaller asian black bears constitute 2 . 1 % of the siberian tiger ' s annual diet ,\nde novo transcriptomic analysis and development of est - ssr markers in the siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nlachlei , m . b . .\nwhat are some threats to the siberian tiger ?\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the siberian tiger article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nsiberian tiger has the thickest and the longest fur . it has fewer stripes than other subspecies . total number of stripes can reach 100 .\ntiger ( siberian ) young people ' s trust for the environment . web . date of access march 23 , 2014 . unknown author .\nthe tiger is just trying to be a tiger ,\nvaillant says .\nalso known as the amur tiger , the siberian tiger resides in a small region in the southeast region russia . they are also located in small numbers in china and north korea .\na seven - year - old tiger gave birth to a female cub on 25 july 2011 , which was the first successful breeding of a siberian tiger in the wild in china .\nthanks to its coloration , the siberian tiger can easily hide in grass and on trees . if there is harmony in a given ecosystem , the tiger willingly hunts elks and boars .\nin 1947 the siberian tiger was taken under protection and tiger hunting was fully prohibited . the siberian tiger is enlisted in the iucn red list of threatened species , the red book of russia as endangered species and listed in appendices ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) .\nthe siberian tiger has particularly narrow black stripes on its rusty - coloured coat . in proportion to the rest of its strong , majestic body , the legs of the siberian appear short . however , they are very strong and well - developed .\nthe siberian tiger is at risk of extinction , despite many actions taken in order to protect it . the animal is hunted by poachers who want its fur . also the doctors specializing in traditional chinese medicine contribute to the killings of siberian tigers .\na wild siberian tiger is caught by camera in northeast china ' s jilin province on dec . 10 , 2015 . [ photo : xinhua ]\nthe siberian tigers brought from russia are genetically similar to the extinct persian tigers but not identical . a professor of ecology at shahid beheshti university , bahram kiabi , said ,\ngenetic similarity does not mean that the siberian tiger is the mazandaran tiger . these two are only related .\nfast facts about tigers at the northern limits of their range . photo gallery : a closer look at tigers studied under the siberian tiger project .\nthe siberian tiger resides in a small region in the southeast region russia . they are also located in small numbers in china and north korea .\nnow the plan is for many more , say the heilongjiang siberian tiger park , the largest breeding centre in the world for the endangered creature .\nas the vehicle travelled through the siberian tiger garden area , there was an\naltercation\nbetween the young woman and man who was driving .\n\u2022 in 2007 , an escaped siberian tiger attacked and killed one zoo patron and injured two others in a cafe at the san francisco zoo .\nquestions have been raised over whether tourists have overfed the captive tigers in the park , the world\u2019s largest siberian tiger breeding and field training centre .\na file photo of a siberian tiger . a different one mauled and killed a bus driver in china earlier this week . ( pettitt for news )\nbody size and morphology varies considerably among subspecies of tigers . siberian tigers , also know as amur tigers (\nsiberian tigers and amur leopards mainly live in east russia , northeast china and mountainous areas in north korea .\nthe siberian tiger is larger than the bengal tiger ; its pelage is thicker and brighter . reddish body covered with narrow black transverse stripes . pattern of every tiger is unique , as fingerprints : you won\u2019t find two tigers with identic pattern .\nthe striped pattern of the siberian tiger is unique . it is like human fingerprints . no two individuals have the same pattern of stripes on their body .\nthe tragic incident began when a young woman got out of a car inside the siberian tiger enclosure to berate her partner in the driver ' s seat .\nhuman impacts have since caused the extinction of three subspecies , the javan tiger , bali tiger and caspian tiger , and world tiger numbers could now have fallen to fewer than 3000 .\nthis is the most common subspecies of tiger and is almost as large as the siberian tiger . fewer than 2 , 500 bengal tigers remain in their native habitat of india , nepal , and pakistan .\nas people continue to encroach on the tiger ' s original range , the siberian tiger finds more people and less prey . these tigers eat wild boar , sika deer and elk . as the forest is turned into farmland or urban centers , the tiger no longer has enough food to support itself . combined with poaching of its prey species , the siberian tiger may not have enough prey to subsist on .\n( siberian musk deer in the sikhote - alin : ecology and behavior ) , moscow : nauka , 1991 .\namur , or siberian , tiger numbers have grown from 20 - 30 in the 1930s to around 500 now . photograph : andrew lichtenstein / corbis via getty images\ntiger cesus 2015 : experts are counting the tiger ' s traces . picture : sikhote - alin nature reserve , cetre ' amur tiger '\nthe provincial forestry department set up about 1 , 000 far infrared cameras to monitor the activity of the siberian tigers and leopards since 2006 . there are 27 siberian tigers currently living in jilin province , according to the latest survey .\nin buddhism , the tiger symbolizes anger . the tungus peoples , currently located in siberia , regard the siberian tiger as being close to a deity . this subspecies is the national animal of south korea , while the bengal tiger is from india and bangladesh .\nthe amur tiger , or siberian tiger as it is also known , is the largest subspecies which once lived across a large portion of northern china , the korean peninsula , and the southernmost regions of far east russia . the amur tiger most likely derived from the caspian tiger , recent research has shown .\nsiberian tigers are among the world ' s most endangered species . they mostly live in northeast china and eastern russia .\nchina is committed to next year conducting a similar census of siberian tigers on its territory , for the first time .\nbecause of their size , strength and ferocity , the siberian tigers have no known wild predators in their dwelling regions .\nthe tracks of a siberian tiger in the deep snows of primorski . fomenko tracks tigers to check their health and to look for signs of their only predators : poachers\ndespite the aforementioned numbers , tigers are long and lean . the average head and body length of an adult siberian tiger is approximately 10 . 75 feet . the adult male tiger\u2019s lithe body can measure as long as 3 . 7 meters , or 12 feet . female siberian tigers grow to 2 . 4 meters , or nearly 8 feet , in length . the tail length of ranges between two and three feet , and the tiger stands roughly 3 . 5 feet tall at the shoulder . for comparison , the sumatran tiger is just over half of the size of the average siberian tiger .\nthe man mauled by a rare siberian tiger and later found responsible for its death , is now a volunteer with a pilot conservation project in jilin province . qi xiao reports\njaipur \u2013 the largest siberian tiger in captivity ; weight \u2013 465 kg ( 1025 lb ) , body length with the tail \u2013 390 cm ( 12ft 9 . 5in )\ndecades of poaching and logging in china and elsewhere have ravaged the siberian tiger population , with only about 500 left in the wild worldwide . photograph : tim davis / corbis\nsiberian tiger 297 print is one in a series of 10 prints which make up his endangered species portfolio . the portfolio includes the african elephant , the pine barrens tree frog , the bald eagle , the giant panda , the siberian tiger , the san francisco silverspot , the orangutan , grevy\u2019s zebra , the black rhinoceros and the bighorn ram .\nhabitat the siberian tiger favours forested areas and secluded mountain ranges . in its natural habitat in the russian far east , the siberian tiger enjoys a variety of different forests , from korean pine broadleaf forests to east asian coniferous areas and a vast variety in - between . this habitat is important as it is home to the ideal types of prey required by the siberian tiger to survive . in addition to the russian far east , a small number of this subspecies can also be found in china and north korea . snow - laden areas are not suitable for the siberian tiger as their natural prey cannot survive under these conditions , meaning that there is no food for the wild cats either .\nother researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks to scavenge tiger kills and to potentially prey on tigers .\nan undated photo provided by the san francisco zoo shows tatiana , a female siberian tiger that escaped its enclosure and killed one man and injured two others on dec . 25 .\nwe welcome a healthy debate , but do not accept offensive or abusive comments . please also read ' siberian times ' privacy policy\nintimate photos of rare siberian tigers in the remote russian far east have been released by the land of the leopard national park .\nthere are estimated to be about 22 adult siberian tigers and seven cubs in the park , which spans 260 , 000 hectares .\nthe cameras were set up by rangers in the park to monitor the tigers and equally endangered leopards , the siberian times reported .\nblog dedicated to the world largest cat spacey . here you ' ll learn everything you ever wanted to know about siberian tigers .\nin the feline world , the tiger reigns as the largest of cats . there are currently only five of the original nine subspecies of tigers remaining in the wild today . the sumatran tiger is the smallest of these subspecies , and the superlative honor of the largest is conferred to russia\u2019s siberian tiger , also known as the amur tiger .\nconservationists said the video footage of a mother siberian tiger and her two cubs playing 30km from the russian border was a sign the endangered species could be making a comeback in china .\nnormally , in the wild , the life span of a siberian tiger is 10 - 15 years , however , in captivity , they can live for up to almost 20 years .\nthe great soul of siberia : in search of the elusive siberian tiger by sooyong park , translated by jamie chang , is published by william collins ( 270pp , \u00a316 . 99 )\nif you have ever fantasized about a tiger purring away on your lap on a cold winter\u2019s evening , this figure will be sobering as you ponder the consequence of being squashed . as the largest of the tigers , the average weight for an adult siberian tiger is approximately 660 pounds . a male siberian tiger can weigh in as high as 423 kilograms , or 933 pounds . females , although considerably lighter , can tip the scales at 168 kilograms , or 370 pounds . that is a massive jump from the 1 . 7 to 3 . 5 - pound weight of a newborn siberian tiger cub .\nthe siberian tiger may be doomed because of its lack of genetic diversity . while these tigers have made a great comeback , the huge decrease in the 1940s means that these tigers have a very limited gene pool . the cats may be inbreeding , thus causing serious health problems that may doom the subspecies . the siberian tiger is very close genetically to already extinct tigers .\nmales of the largest subspecies , the amur ( siberian ) tiger , may weigh up to 660 pounds . for males of the smallest subspecies\u2014the sumatran tiger\u2014upper range is at around 310 pounds . within each subspecies , males are heavier than females .\nsiberian tigers are considered endangered by iucn\u2019s red list . one cause of their dwindling population is loss of habitat due to deforestation . in addition , siberian tigers are poached , or illegally hunted , for their fur and for body parts that are used for traditional medicines .\nartificially - bred ' next generation ' siberian tigers will breed in the wild , said the park ' s chief engineer liu dan .\nthey were about 3 kilometers from their village , talking about how they were going to enjoy the game , when a wild siberian tiger appeared behind them , just a few dozen meters away .\nthe siberian tiger\u2019s ability to devour almost 100 pounds of meat at one sitting and hold their food helps them derive energy even when winter season lasts for months , and they can survive normally .\nthe siberian tiger has a tremendous physical strength and greatly developed sense organs . tigers spent a lot of time hunting . their main prey \u2013 hoofed animals . to catch prey tiger creeps upon it , humps the back , sets his rear legs against the ground and attacks . only one of ten attempts succeeds . if the attempt fails tiger prefers not to follow the prey but to search for a new one . when there\u2019s not enough prey in forests the siberian tiger can attack cattle and dogs .\nmany people believe that lions weigh more than tigers . but this myth is actually wrong . because tigers are the ones which weigh more than lions . . very surprisingly , the male tiger out - weighs the male lion with a factor of nearly 100 pounds . these statistics are specifically true for the siberian tigers . siberian amur tiger weighs nearly 100 pounds more than a male african lion .\nheilongjiang has bred more than 1 , 000 siberian tigers since its establishment in 1986 , when it had just eight of the large cats .\nthe amur tiger ( panthera tigris ssp . altaica ) , also known as the siberian tiger , is among the world\u2019s rarest and most endangered cat species . the largest and northernmost tiger , it is believed only around 450 of these magnificent , 200kg , three - metre - long cats remain in the wild .\nsince the start of the 20th century , when world tiger populations were thought to be above 100 , 000 , three tiger sub - species have gone extinct : the caspian tiger ( which was so closely related to the amur tiger than some scientists believe them to be one and the same ) , the bali tiger , and the javan tiger .\nsiberian tiger is a subspecies of tiger known by the scientific name panthera tigris altaica . it is also commonly known as the amur tiger and is the largest tiger of all . their fur possesses the ability to change shades to help with camouflage . because of the high poaching rate of these tigers , they nearly went extinct in the 1940s with only about 40 of them left , but thanks to wwf ( world wide fund for nature ) and other conservation groups , the number of siberian tigers is kept around 400 .\nthe views expressed in the comments above are those of our readers . ' siberian times ' reserves the right to pre - moderate some comments .\nsexual maturity occurs for females after three to four years and for males , it occurs after 4 to 5 years . half of the siberian tiger cubs can not survive more than two years of age .\nthe largest of all cats in the world is the siberian tiger or amur tiger . they are well known for their elegant walk and their purring sound . they are often found in books , movies , and various types of folklore . this is a type of tiger that many people are familiar with the appearance of .\n) reserve that has been a stronghold for the amur tiger since its creation in 1935 , and which harbors over 30 tigers today . in 1992 wcs ( initially as the hornocker wildlife institute ) in cooperation with the sikhote - alin reserve began intensive studies of tiger ecology under the siberian tiger project , today the world\u2019s longest running radio - telemetry based tiger research and conservation effort .\nthe siberian tiger , a subspecies of tiger , is the largest cat in the world . it averages about 3 . 3 m ( 11 ft . ) in length , with a tail measuring 1 m ( 3 ft . ) . adult male siberian tigers can weigh up to 320 kg ( 700 lb . ) , while females are significantly smaller , weighing up to 180 kg ( 400 lb . ) .\nin short , you can say about the bengal tiger that it has a nasty character . it feels an overwhelming need of confrontation , and it has been observed many times , as a tiger caused fights with lions or siberian ( amur ) tigers in in zoos .\n) , though smaller than siberian tigers in body size at 2 . 85 meters in length and 195 kg , have the longest skull of all tiger subspecies , measuring 319 to 365 mm . sumatran tigers (\nin a comparison of a lion vs . tiger ; a tiger is ahead of lion . lion only proves out to be second best to a tiger in both strength & fighting .\njilin has banned commercial logging in key state - owned forest farms since april 1 this year , which improves the living environment for the siberian tigers .\nhowever , siberian tigers have been frequently seen around china - russia border areas in recent years , due to joint protection efforts made by both countries .\nwith the decrease in the population of the siberian tiger , the population of the gray wolf increases . it has been proved by the stories of local inhabitants who claim that wolves haven\u2019t been seen in sikhote alin before ; everything changed in 1930s , when the siberian tiger started being hunted , and its habitats were occupied by the colonization of those regions at the end of 19 th and the beginning of 20 th centuries .\none average siberian tigers kill about one person a year . many of them are trappers who approached to close to the tigers . unprovoked attacks by man - eaters occur about once every four years . provoked attacks are much more common . many of the victims are unsuccessful tiger poachers . dogs and livestock are frequently taken by siberian tigers . this occurs often enough that the government compensates people who lose animal to tiger attacks .\nthis month marks the one year anniversary of the biggest siberian tiger release in history . four of the five amur ( aka siberian ) tigers released last year in the russian far east have adapted successfully to life in the wild . newly released video captured by a camera trap positioned at the khingan nature reserve shows a healthy tigress , ilona , marking her territory .\nhistorically , the average adult weight was 474 pounds for males and 300 pounds for females . in short , a siberian tiger can weigh up to 660 pounds , but one specimen raised in captivity reached 1025 lbs .\nrussia outlawed killing the siberian tiger in 1947 , but it hasn ' t stopped poachers . siberian tigers live in such remote locations that poachers can kill them without being caught . poachers hunt these tigers for the illegal wildlife market selling skins , meat and bones . they are also hunted for traditional asian medicines . local people often view tigers as threats to people and livestock and may kill a rare tiger if they see one .\nbreeding and living in the wild is key for the tigers to go back to the mountains , so restoring the species numbers and assisting in their survival . picture from heilongjiang siberian tiger park , china , by urltoken\nan image of a gold siberian tiger is on the coat of arms and flag of primorsky krai \u2013 it is the symbol of prosperity , and draws attention to enormous variety of plants and animals of this region .\nsiberian tigers are found in the russian far east , korean pine , mongolian oak and near the russian border of northeast china . the siberian tigers have the most unregimented population out of all the tigers . most of the siberian tigers that roam free in the primorsky and khabarovsky krai , located in far east russia . a couple can be found on the northeast china border . they usually live in woodlands , boreal and temperate mixed areas , or the mountains . the siberian tiger distribution area was a lot larger before they became endangered . therefore , today most of the siberian tigers are held in reservations or zoos . [ 6 ] like all tigers , the siberian tiger is very territorial . male cubs leave their mother anywhere from 16 to 22 months , whereas , the daughter may remain with her mother . sometimes it takes a one hundred kilometer journey for a tiger to find an uninhabited land to claim . a siberian tiger\u2019s territory does not stay stable for long despite the fact that they do not migrate . it may gain territory when its neighbor dies or lose territory if it losing a fight against an invader . [ 7 ] tigers need a territory large enough to provide for their nutrition needs . they siberian tigers main prey is elk , wild boar , and sika deer . their diet also consists of smaller animals like badgers and raccoons . during the summer time , they might even feed on black and brown bears . when the times are too difficult to find their usual prey , the siberian tiger may feed upon domestic animals like dogs , cows , horses , etc . when hunting the tigers\u2019 size , strength , and claws help them with their defense . they are extremely silent when hunting and prefer to do it alone . like all tigers , the siberian tiger will take extreme measures , such as fighting to the death , to protect their habitat , territory and young . [ 8 ]\nthe largest of the tiger subspecies , males can be as long as a station wagon ! these tigers also have the palest orange coat and the fewest stripes , to help it blend in with its snow - covered habitat . as it lives in a very cold climate , the siberian tiger\u2019s coat grows longer and thicker than other tiger subspecies , and it develops a layer of fat for insulation . there are less than 400 siberian tigers left in their home range of eastern russia and northeastern china .\nthe gestation period in siberian tigers is 3 - 3 . 5 months . female tigers give birth once every two years at any point during the year .\nhistory records that , during the russian civil war , both the red army and the white army based in vladivostok almost wiped out the local siberian tigers .\ntiger cubs growth rate specifically depends upon their weights . at the time of their birth tiger cubs are around 1 . 8 pounds . after 120 days tiger cubs are around 35 pounds . after 60 days tiger cubs are around 9 . 5 pounds .\nunfortunately , the siberian tiger has faced difficult times , full of threats derived mainly from human activities . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has classified the siberian tiger as endangered , but in the 1990s it was critically endangered . one of its worst times was in the early twentieth century since in the 1930\u2019s the population fell to about 20 - 30 individuals . a 2005 census estimated a small population of 360 specimens .\nthe siberian tiger can down an asian black bear ( ursus thibetanus ) and a brown bear ( ursus arctos ) , if the population of ungulates decreases . however , in such a situation , it more often attacks brown bears near their winter habitats . the siberian tiger is more willing to hunt the bears because they cannot climb trees , contrary to asian black bears , and they prefer more open spaces where they are easier to hunt .\nthe siberian tiger was once found all over far east russia , the korean peninsula , and northern china . however , many people hunted these animals not only for the meat , but also their fur for clothing , medicine , and home d\u00e9cor . this drove these tigers almost to extinction . by the 1940s only about 40 siberian tigers were left in the wild . the first country to pass a law that gave these tigers full protection was russia . since a majority of the siberian tigers lived ( and still live ) in russia , by the 1980s there were around 500 of them . when the soviet union fell , the poaching of these tigers grew , but the russian conservation efforts , along with the wwf , have attempted to stabilize the population , keeping the number now around 450 . the siberian tigers\u2019 habitat is limited to the primorski and khabarovski provinces of far east russian and tiny areas of the chinese border . [ 9 ] the biggest threat to siberian tigers is deforestation . a couple other main threats are the excessive hunting of the tiger\u2019s main prey , killing the animal for it body parts to be used in traditional medicines , and habitat loss , which results from fires , logging and development of cities . the wwf along with the russian animal conservation and scientist have been working on several ways to protect the siberian tigers and help the subspecies prosper . they have secured the siberian tigers\u2019 habitats . these include protected areas and conservation leases . they have also found millions of acres that can sustainable manage the tigers . siberian tigers are also being placed into zoos and preserves where they can be watch , protected , and their reproduction can be managed . people are also working with hunting communities to protect the animals like deer , elk , and boar that the siberian tiger hunts . the wwf is trying to create better logging and hunting laws that will be reinforced to protect the tigers\u2019 habitats . they also advocate the importance of saving the siberian tiger to people . they help host an annual \u201ctiger day\u201d in vladivostok and other cities in the primorskii provinces , where the siberian tiger population is high . [ 10 ]\nsiberian tigers are distinguishable by their striped fur . similar to people\u2019s unique fingerprints , no two tigers have the same striped pattern . siberian tigers differ from other tigers because they have fewer , paler stripes , and they also have manes . the mane , in addition to their thick fur , helps keep them warm .\nbengal tigers are second only to the siberian tiger in size . in fact , some bengal tigers from the indian state of assam are as large as siberian tigers . there is wide variation in their striping patterns . a specific feature of bengal tigers is their black ear . the large tiger weights around 160 - 260 kg . its ranges are in small protected areas in india , nepal , bhutan , bangladesh , and western forest of myanmar .\nthey ( the attacks ) were an avoidable tragedy ,\nsays wu zhigang , a researcher with the jilin provincial institute of forestry science and one of the foremost scholars in siberian tiger protection .\nboth the tiger and the farmers would have been safe if not for the snares .\nsize : length of the siberian tiger body , without tail \u2013 160 - 200 cm , length of tail about 100 cm . weight of an adult animal can reach 300 kg . the largest weight recorded \u2013 384 kg .\nsiberian tigers were once found throughout the russian far east , northern china and the korean peninsula . by the 1940s hunting had driven the tiger to the brink of extinction , with no more than 40 remaining in the wild .\nrigezoo cata\ntigers are special animals . they rule in asia . siberian tigers have really shown us any animal can survive and adapt in any climate .\nenvironmental officials from china and russia have decided to work together to improve the protection of siberian tigers and amur leopards in order to save the two endangered species .\nonly 300 are believed to be living in the wild , with 20 in northeast china . siberian tigers are one of the world ' s rarest animal species .\nthe siberian tiger feeds on several animal species . an individual typically consumes musk deer , manchuria wapitis , gorals , moose , wild boars , siberian roe deer , sika deer , hares , rabbits , pikas and even salmon , and other species of ungulate animals . according to a study carried out in the 1990s , its distribution seems to be related to the distribution of its favorite prey .\nwe can save wild tigers . in 2010 , the 13 tiger range countries committed to tx2\u2014to double wild tiger numbers by 2022 , the next year of the tiger . wwf is driving tx2 forward .\nthe siberian tiger is the largest of all of the wild cats in the world . also known as the amur tiger or by its scientific name , panthera tigris altaica , this magnificent animal is naturally found predominantly in the sikhote - alin mountain range in the far east of russia . of course , there are also siberian tigers in zoos , parks and conservation areas around the world . today , there are only about 400 siberians to be found in the wild .\nthe siberian tigers once wandered in tianqiaoling area but became extinct in the mid 1980s ,\nsaid wu zhigang , a researcher with the provincial academy of forestry .\nwwf\u2019s conservation efforts to entice siberian tigers back to china over the last six to seven years have largely focused on bringing back the deer that the tigers prey on .\nzhang , x . , chen , y . , zhu , h . ( 1993 ) . comparative investigation on the chromosomes of siberian tigers and south china tigers .\nin the past , the siberian tiger was also considered to be shy and non - threatening towards people , unless it was provoked , although there were incidents when a tiger killed a woman collecting wood , and a defenseless officer when he was crossing a reed bed . we need to add the latest case , when an amur tiger killed a zoo keeper in germany .\nin 1996 , the global survival network ( gsn ) was part of a multilateral effort to increase protection of the endangered siberian , or amur , tiger . the program , named the phoenix fund , was co - developed by the post\nalasaad s , soriguer rc , chelomina g , sushitsky yp , fickel j . siberian tiger ' s recent population bottleneck in the russian far east revealed by microsatellite markers . mamm biol . 2011 ; 76 ( 6 ) : 722\u2013726 .\nthe siberian tiger , although it is more peaceful and doesn\u2019t cause such encounters , always wins them . its size , weight , and range of arms are decisive factors . it is the largest cat and it is unrivalled among felids .\nligers are the biggest cats on earth ; they weigh 900 to 1200 pounds . siberian tigers are the second biggest cats with a weight of around 600 pounds and lions are the third biggest cats with a weight of around 500 pounds . bengal tigers and sumatran tigers also weigh more than lions even though they are smaller than siberian tigers .\nthere are currently an estimated 500 siberian tigers in the wild , of which only 20 or so can be found live in northeast china ' s jilin and heilongjiang provinces .\naccording to wwf , there are about 540 wild tigers around the world . from 2012 to 2014 at least 27 wild siberian tigers were spotted in north - east china .\nfur : unlike the royal bengal tigers , the siberian tigers have dense fur and also manes , which help them stay warm in the cold snowy weather . their stripes are fewer and paler , which make them differentiable from other tiger species .\nthe weight of a male siberian tiger , normally about 550lb , increases by about 10 per cent in winter , mr liu said , adding that food intake for the big cats increases by about 30 per cent to 13 - 18lb daily .\nthe goal of the siberian tiger project is to collect the best possible scientific information on tiger ecology for use in conservation plans . through radio - tracking of more than 60 tigers since 1992 , wcs specialists have studied their social structure , land use patterns , food habits , reproduction , mortality , and relationship with other species , including humans . as a result we have consistently made sound conservation recommendations based upon comprehensive knowledge of tiger ecology and the role of tigers in the forested ecosystems of the russian far east . the siberian tiger project positions wcs as scientific leaders in russia , and gives us the credibility to engage policy - makers as scientists with a real understanding of tiger conservation needs .\nfirst ever liger cub was born in novosibirsk zoo of russia during 2004 . in fact there were twin liger cubs in russia named as zita and gita . liger zita and gita was the product of male african lion and female siberian tigress . russia is the largest country in the world and has the largest amount of siberian tigers in the wild .\nthree local politicians in china raised at least 11 endangered siberian tigers , state media reported thursday after one of the animals jumped to its death from a high - rise building .\nriding the tiger : tiger conservation in human - dominated landscapes . john seidensticker , peter jackson , sarah christie . cambridge university press , 1999 .\nin 1947 the government issued a blanket prohibition on tiger hunting in russia . moreover , catching tiger cubs was first restricted and later completely prohibited .\nby 2022 , the next year of the tiger , both wild amur tiger and its habitat in china will be double according to wwf\u2019s tx2 .\nrasputin , a siberian tiger , managed to sneak back into his outdoor area without the 56 - year - old keeper noticing . he sprung on him from behind and bit through his neck . the zookeeper died instantly , the westdeutsche allgemeine zeitung reported .\ninvestigators said that the most likely reason behind his death was basic human error . a similar attack happened in the nearby city of cologne two years ago . a keeper was attacked by a siberian tiger after forgetting to shut the door and was killed .\nthe siberian tiger has thick fur that is white and orange with black stripes . its paws have sharp claws for tearing their food and immobilising its prey . they have powerful bodies built for taking down large animals and things a lot heavier than them .\ntian y , wu jg , smith at , wang tm , kou xj , ge jp . population viability of the siberian tiger in a changing landscape : going , going and gone ? ecol model . 2011 ; 222 ( 17 ) : 3166\u20133180 .\ntiger ( panthera tigris linnaeus , 1758 ) is a characteristic species of asia , which is in severe danger . siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) is the largest one of the five existent tiger subspecies . it is extremely endangered . one new way for tiger protection and rescue is to study interspecies cloning . but there is few research data about siberian tiger . in this study , we cultured siberian tiger fibroblasts in vitro , analyzed their biological characteristics , chromosomes , and cell cycles , to provide not only nuclear donors with good morphology , normal biological characteristics , and chromosome quantity for tiger interspecies cloning , but also reliable data for further studying siberian tiger . the results indicated that siberian tiger ear fibroblasts can be successfully obtained by tissue culture either with or without overnight cold digestion , the cultured cells were typical fibroblasts with normal morphology , growth curve , and chromosome quantity ; g0 / g1 percentage increased and s percentage decreased with the confluence of cells . g0 / g1 and s stage rate was significantly different between 40\u201350 % and 80\u201390 % , 95\u2013100 % confluence ; there is no distinct difference between 80\u201390 % and 95\u2013100 % confluence . the cells at the same density ( 80\u201390 % confluence ) were treated with or without 0 . 5 % serum starving , go / g1 rate of the former was higher than the latter , but the difference was not significant . go / g1 proportion of 95\u2013100 % confluence was slightly higher than serum starving ( 80\u201390 % confluence ) , but no significant difference . therefore , the siberian tiger fibroblasts we cultured in vitro can be used as donor cells , and the donor cells do not need to be treated with normal serum starvation during nuclear transfer ; if we will just consider the rate of the g0 / g1 stage cells , serum starvation can be replaced by confluence inhibition when cultured cells were more than 80\u201390 % confluence .\nthe habitat of the siberian tigers is mostly the snow - covered hilly regions , where they actually belong . like all other tigers , these tigers prefer to live in the forest areas .\nthere have been several reports of captive tigers mauling humans in recent years . in a 2009 attack , chinese cops shot and killed two siberian tigers after they pounced on a zoo worker .\nabout 500 siberian or amur tigers are left in the wild , with 95 % of them in the russian far east . within the tiger\u2019s range in russia , the largest protected area is the sikhote - alin biosphere reserve , a 400 , 000 ha ( 4000 km\nsize : the siberian tiger can reach a length of up to 10 feet , with the tail attaining an average length of about 3 feet . the height of these felids is 3 to 3 \u00bd feet ( . 9 \u2013 1 . 1m ) at the shoulders .\na tigon is a hybrid bit cat that results from the crossbreeding of a tiger and lioness . tigons have a fur like lion and stripes like tiger .\nthe amur tiger is found mostly in the area of manchuria which is close to the amur river . around south central china is where you will find the south chinese tiger . the southeast of china is where you will find the indo - chinese tiger . around indonesia is the home of the sumatran tiger .\non november 21 - 24 , 2010 , st petersburg hosted the international tiger conservation forum which featured representatives of 13 countries that have wild tigers . the forum participants approved a global programme for the restoration of the tiger population and a declaration of tiger conservation . russia will enact a national amur tiger conservation strategy .\nvillagers in north - east china have long endured frigid winters , scorching summers and an occasional drought , but some now have something else to worry about : possible attacks by wild siberian tigers .\nsiberian tiger skull . panthera tigris altaica . cast from original specimen . panthera tigris . * size : 14 . 5 inch ( 37cm ) * museum quality replicas are cast in durable polyurethane resins . * made in usa shop more museum quality skull replicas in felidae skulls store\naccording to the world wildlife fund , the present population of these extremely rare mammals is 400 ( as of 2014 ) . the main cause of the rapid fall of the population of the siberian tiger is poaching . these tigers have frequently been hunted down for their skin .\nsiberian tigers have also been losing habitat to increasing human activity\u2014primarily logging and road - building\u2014as well as to changes brought about by global warming . drier , hotter conditions , along with frequent , devastating forest fires , have been a major effect of climate change on tiger habitat .\ntiger ( panthera tigris linnaeus , 1758 ) is a characteristic species of asia , which is in severe danger . siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) is the largest one of the five existent tiger subspecies . it is extremely endangered . one new way for tiger protection and rescue is to study interspecies cloning . but there is few research data about siberian tiger . in this study , we cultured siberian tiger fibroblasts in vitro , analyzed their biological characteristics , chromosomes , and cell cycles , to provide not only nuclear donors with good morphology , normal biological characteristics , and chromosome quantity for tiger interspecies cloning , but also reliable data for further studying siberian tiger . the results indicated that siberian tiger ear fibroblasts can be successfully obtained by tissue culture either with or without overnight cold digestion , the cultured cells were typical fibroblasts with normal morphology , growth curve , and chromosome quantity ; g0 / g1 percentage increased and s percentage decreased with the confluence of cells . g0 / g1 and s stage rate was significantly different between 40 - 50 % and 80 - 90 % , 95 - 100 % confluence ; there is no distinct difference between 80 - 90 % and 95 - 100 % confluence . the cells at the same density ( 80 - 90 % confluence ) were treated with or without 0 . 5 % serum starving , go / g1 rate of the former was higher than the latter , but the difference was not significant . go / g1 proportion of 95 - 100 % confluence was slightly higher than serum starving ( 80 - 90 % confluence ) , but no significant difference . therefore , the siberian tiger fibroblasts we cultured in vitro can be used as donor cells , and the donor cells do not need to be treated with normal serum starvation during nuclear transfer ; if we will just consider the rate of the g0 / g1 stage cells , serum starvation can be replaced by confluence inhibition when cultured cells were more than 80 - 90 % confluence ."]}
{"id": 2477, "summary": [{"text": "triphysa dohrnii is a butterfly of the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in russia ( the southern altai mountains , tuva , transbaikalia ) , north-western china and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of mountainous steppe up to altitudes of 2,400 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "triphysa dohrnii", "paragraphs": ["triphysa nervosa motschulsky , 1866 = triphysa albovenosa erschoff , 1885 = triphysa dohrnii = triphysa albovensa .\n- coenonympha ( triphysa ) dohrnii : unclear if in western palearctic , from eastern slopes of ural eastwards .\n\u00b7 similar species . t . dohrnii : fringes white ; uns ocelli developed .\ntriphysa phryne var . glacialis bang - haas , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 2 ) : 105 ; tl : arasagun - gol\nid : 291111 original name : triphysa dohrnii . jpg size 750x562 - 99365 bytes image manager : tom\u00e1\u0161 vr\u00e1na directory : 2129 created : 2016 - 04 - 29 09 : 40 : 18 - user ond\u0159ej zicha url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 291111 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 291111 ] ] ( thumbnail )\nganzha , e . a . ( 2012 ) . frina triphysa phryne pallas , 1771 . red data book of tambov region . tambov , 150 ( in russian ) .\ntriphysa phryne ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ bow ] : pl . 204 , f . 17 , 19 ; [ mrs ] , 406 ; [ baru , # 224 ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\n\u00b7 distribution and variation . until recently , this species has been confused with t . phryne . the taxa striatula elwes , 1899 from the altai and glacialis a . bang - haas , 1912 from the sayan mts . probably belong to t . dohrnii .\nanikin , v . v . ( 2006 ) . triphysa phryne ( pallas , 1771 ) . red data book of saratov area . mushrooms , lichens , plants and animals . saratov , 305 - 306 ( in russian ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u00b7 type locality .\n. . . aus dem sudlichen russland\n[ probably s . siberia ] .\n\u00b7 range . the s . altai mts . , tuva , transbaikalia , nw . china , mongolia .\n\u00b7 habitat and biology . steppe habitats up to 2 , 400 m a . s . l . in the mountains . flight period : june - july .\n\u00b7 similar species . t . phryne : uns ocelli with white dots ; unh white stripe in cell smaller and sharply defined . t . nervosa : fringes dark grey ; uns ocelli reduced .\nphoto and text : guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories volume 1 . pensoft , sofia - moscow . 1997\nphryne herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1844 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 5 ) : 90 ; ts : papilio tircis stoll\npapilio tircis stoll , [ 1782 ] ; in cramer , uitl . kapellen 4 ( 32 - 32 ) : 166 , pl . 373 , f . d , e\nn . transuralia , s . siberia ( mountains ) , e . siberia , amurland , far east , korea , n . china , ne , china , mongolia . see [ maps ]\n561x556 ( ~ 66kb ) underside female alternating highland dwarf birch ( betula rotundifolia ) and kobresia myosuroides tundras on a ledge of the southerm principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range between the chikty and akbul rivulets , 2300 m above sea level , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , 1843 ( - 1855 ) , die tagfalter\nzeller , 1850 zwei neue tagfalter stettin . ent . ztg . 11 : 308 - 313\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* image is also available in higher resolution : 291111 . jpg ( 3968x2976 - 1972 kb ) .\nnote : if not otherwise indicated image is property of its author and cannot be used without his permission .\nfor every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregions of russia : eastern yakutia , gorno - altai , transbaikalia , western yakutia , the lower amur , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , the north okhotsk , mid - amur , average okhotsk , sredneobskaya , tuva , chukotka , south yakutia .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsearch scope all # # search . author # # title abstract index terms full text\naibasov , kh . a . ( 1975 ) . fauna of lepidoptera of western kazakhstan . nasekomye ( poluzhestkokrylye , zhestkokrylye , cheshuekrylye ) zapadnogo kazakhstana . alma - ata : fan , 102 - 150 ( in russian ) .\naibasov , kh . a . & zhdanko , a . b . ( 1982 ) . fauna of lepidoptera of northern kazakhstan . alma - ata : fan . 36 p . ( in russian ) .\nanikin , v . v . , sachkov , s . a . & zolotuhin , v . v . ( 1993 ) . \u201cfauna lepidopterologica volgo - uralensis\u201d 150 year later : changes and additions . part 1 . rhopalocera . atalanta , 24 , 89 - 120 .\nburnasheva , a . p . ( 2012 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of the steppe associations in the middle lena river valley . amurian zoological journal , 4 ( 3 ) , 277 - 283 ( in russian ) .\nbozano , g . c . ( 2002 ) . satyrinae . part iii . tribe satyrini , subtribes melanargiina and coenonymphina . guide to the butterflies of the palearctic region . milano : omnes artes , 71 p .\ndubatolov , v . v . & gordeev , s . yu . ( 2002 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera : hesperioidea , papilionoidea ) of priargunie . 2 . spring aspect . animal world of far east , 4 , 123\u2013136 ( in russian ) .\ndubatolov , v . v . , mutin , v . a . , novomodnyi , e . v . & dolgikh , a . m . ( 2010 ) . distributional limits of butterflies ( insecta , lepidoptera , hesperioidea , papilionoidea ) of the subboreal and the southern components of the temperate complexes within lower amur . amurian zoological journal , 2 ( 3 ) , 253\u2212275 ( in russian ) .\nelwes , h . j . ( 1899 ) . on the lepidoptera of the altai mountains . transaction entomological society london , 47 ( 3 ) , 295\u2013367 .\ngorbunov , p . yu . ( 1992 ) . butterflies of middle taiga of sos\u2019vinskoe priob\u2019e . okhrana i izuchenie redkikh i ischezayushikh vidiv zhivotnykh v zapovednikah . moscow , 13\u201316 ( in russian ) .\ngorbunov , p . yu . ( 2011 ) . macrolepidoptera of deserts and steppe of western kazakhstan . ekaterinburg : i . p . lisicina , 190 p . ( in russian ) .\ngrieshuber , j . & churkin , s . ( 2003 ) . grum - grshimailo\u2019s journey through china with notes on some colias taxa . helios , 4 , 224\u2013243 .\ngrum - grshimailo , g . ( 1899 ) . description of a journey in west - china , ii . through bei - shan and nan - shan and in the yellow river valley . st . petersburg , 445 p . ( in russian ) .\nhemming , f . ( 1967 ) . the generic names of the butterflies and their type - species ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology , suppl . 9 , 3\u2013509 .\nherz , o . ( 1903a ) . lepidopteren - ausbeute der lena - expedition von b . poppius in jahre 1901 . \u00f6fversigt af finska vetenskaps - societetens f\u00fcrhandlingar , 45 ( 15 ) , 1\u201322 .\nherz , o . ( 1903b ) . verzeichnis der auf der mammuth - expedition gesammelten lepidopteren . annuiare du mus\u00e9e zoologique de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences de st . - p\u00e9tersbourg , 8 , 61\u201387 .\nigarashi , j . , kimura , h . , hida , h . , umeda , y . , yazaki , m . & yui , h . ( 2001 ) . the butterflies of central mongolia . stage , 191 p .\nkajmuk , e . l . , vinokurov , n . n . , burnasheva , a . p . ( 2005 ) . insects of yakutia . lepidoptera . yakutsk , 88 p ( in russian ) .\nknyazev , s . a . ( 2009 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , diurna ) of omsk province , russia . euroasian entomological journal , 8 ( 4 ) , 441\u2013461 ( in russian ) .\nkodandaramaiah , u . & wahlberg , n . ( 2009 ) . phylogeny and biogeography of coenonympha butterflies ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) \u2013 patterns of colonization in the holarctic . systematic entomology , 34 , 315\u2013323 .\nkodandaramaiah , u . , pe\u0441a , c . , braby , m . f . , grund , r . , m\u00fcller , c . j . , nylin , s . & wahlberg , n . ( 2010 ) . phylogenetics of coenonymphina ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) and the problem of rooting rapid radiations . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 54 , 386\u2013394 .\nkorb , s . k . , bolshakov , l . v . ( 2011a ) . to the knowledge of systematic of palaearctic satyrids from the genus coenonympha h\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera : satyridae ) . eversmannia , 27 - 28 , 7\u201321 ( in russian ) .\nkorb , s . k . , bolshakov , l . v . ( 2011b ) . a catalogue of butterflies ( lepidoptera : papilionoformes ) of the former ussr . second edition , reformatted and updated . eversmannia , suppl . 2 , 121 p . ( in russian ) .\nkorshunov , yu . p . ( 1977 ) . diurnal butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of the mongolian people\u2019s republic , ii . insects of mongolia , 5 , 649\u2013681 ( in russian ) .\nkorshunov , yu . p . ( 1996 ) . addition and correction to the book \u201cthe diurnal lepidoptera of asiatic part of russia\u201d . novosibirsk : eta grp . , 66 p ( in russian ) .\nkorshunov , yu . p . & gorbunov , p . yu . ( 1995 ) . the butterflies of asian part of russia . ekaterinburg , 202 p . ( in russian ) .\nkoshkin , e . s . , novomodnyi , e . v . & streltsov , a . n . ( 2007 ) . fauna of the butterflies ( lepidoptera , diurna ) of ezop and dusse - alin mts ( northern amur region ) . a . i . kurentsov\u2019s annual memorial meetings , 18 , 74\u201387 ( in russian ) .\nkosterin , o . e . , knyazev , s . a . , poteiko , a . a . , ponomarev , k . b . , kosheleva , t . f . & teploukhov , v . yu . ( 2007 ) . new records of butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) in omskaya and tomskaya oblast\u2019 . euroasian entomological journal , 6 ( 4 ) , 473\u2013482 ( in russian ) .\nkurentsov , a . i . ( 1970 ) . butterflies of the fare east of ussr . leningrad : nauka , 163 p ( in russian ) .\nkuznetsov , g . v . ( 2009 ) . materials to study of papilionoidea butterflies ( lepidoptera ) from volgograd region . caucasian entomological bulletin , 5 ( 2 ) , 257\u2013267 ( in russian ) .\nlang , h . c . ( 1881 ) . butterflies of europe described and figured . london , 396 p .\nlukhtanov , v . a . & lukhtanov , a . g . ( 1994 ) . die tagfalter nordwestasiens ( lepidoptera , diurna ) . herbipoliana , buchreihe zur lepidopterologie , 3 , 1\u2013440 .\nlukhtanov , v . a . , vishnevskaya , m . s . , volynkin , a . v . & yakovlev , r . v . ( 2007 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of west altai . entomological review , 87 ( 5 ) , 524\u2013544 .\nlvovskiy , a . l . & morgun , d . v . ( 2007 ) . butterflies of east europe . moscow : kmk , 443 p ( in russian ) .\nmartynenko , a . b . ( 2000 ) . field guide of butterflies ( lepidoptera , diurna ) of primorskii krai area . ussuriisk , 115 p . ( in russian ) .\nmorgun , d . v . ( 2003 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) of astrakhan area . russian entomological journal , 12 ( 2 ) , 227\u2013238 ( in russian ) .\nmotschulski , v . ( 1866\u0430 ) . catalogue des insectes recues du japon . bulletin de la societe des naturalistes de moscou , 39 ( 1 ) , 163\u2212200 .\nmotschulski , v . ( 1866b ) . catalogue des lepidopteres rapportes des environs du fl . amour depius la schilka jusqui\u2019a nikolaevsk . bulletin de la societe des naturalistes de moscou , 39 ( 3 ) , 116\u2212119 .\nmutin , v . a . ( 1992 ) . butterflies of komsomolsk na amure and its environments . a . i . kurentsov\u2019s annual memorial meetings , 3 , 36\u201343 ( in russian ) .\nnikitin , m . i . ( 1945 ) . to the knowledge of the lepidoptera\u2013rhopalocera of manchuria . news of the club natural science and geography of young men\u2019s christian association , 1 , 1\u201333 ( in russian ) .\npallas , p . s . ( 1771 ) . reisen durch verschieden provinzen des russischen reichs in den jahren 1768\u20131774 . st . - petersburg , 504 p .\npoltavsky , a . n . ( 2005 ) . concept for the preservation of the lepidoptera biodiversity in agrolandscapes . phegea , 33 ( 4 ) , 145 - 150 .\npoltavsky , a . n . & artokhin , k . s . ( 2012 ) . entomological refugiums and their value when maintaining the red data book of rostov province . rostov - na - donu : ip kubesh , 184 p . ( in russian )\nrubin , n . i . & yakovlev , r . v . ( 2013 ) . checklist of the butterflies ( papilionoidea ) of the saur mountains and adjacent territories ( kazakhstan ) , including systematic notes about the erebia callias group . nota lepidopterologica , 36 ( 2 ) , 137\u2212170 .\nsachkov , s . a . ( 1991 ) . lepidoptera described by p . s . pallas from samara and environments . samarskaya luka , 1 , 108\u2013110 ( in russian ) .\nshkhashemishev , kh . kh . ( 1973 ) . orthoptera and lepidoptera of kabardino - balkariya . nalchik , 140 p . ( in russian ) .\nshodotova , a . a . , gordeev , s . yu . , rudykh , s . g . , gordeeva , t . v . , ustjuzhanin , p . ya . & kovtunovich v . n . ( 2007 ) . lepidoptera of buryatia . novosibirsk , 250 p . ( in russian ) .\nstaudinger , o . 1892 . die macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae . m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 4 , 83\u2212219 .\nstradomsky , b . v . ( 2008 ) . fauna of papilionoidea \u0438 hesperoidea ( lepidoptera ) of area between the rivers severnyi donets and kalitva . caucasian entomological bulletin , 4 ( 3 ) , 349\u2013352 ( in russian ) .\ntakahashi , m . , oshima , y . ( 2005 ) . butterfly survey in magadan district , eastern siberia , far - eastern russia ( 2001 , 2003 ) . yadoriga , 205 , 7\u201330 .\ntalavera , g . , lukhtanov , v . a . , pierce , n . e . , vila , r . ( 2012 ) . establishing criteria for higher - level classification using molecular data : the systematics of polyommatus blue butterflies ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . cladistics doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 0031 . 2012 . 00421 . x , 27 p .\ntoropov , s . a . & zhdanko , a . b . ( 2013 ) . the butterflies of eastern turan , tarbagatai , saur and south - western altai , 1 . bishkek , 235 p .\ntshikolovets , v . v . ( 2005 ) . the butterflies of kyrgyzstan . kyiv - brno , 511 p .\ntshikolovets , v . v . & nekrutenko , y . ( 2012 ) . the butterflies of caucasus and transcaucasia ( armenia , azerbaijan , georgia and russian federation ) . kiyv - brno , 423 p .\ntshikolovets , v . v . , yakovlev , r . v . & b\u00e1lint , zs . 2009 . the butterflies of mongolia . kyiv - pardubice , 320 p .\ntshikolovets , v . v . , yakovlev , r . v . & kosterin , o . e . ( 2009 ) . the butterflies of altai , sayans and tuva ( south siberia ) . kyiv - pardubice , 374 p .\ntuzov , v . k . ( 1995 ) . notes on the butterflies of west chukotka ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) . actias . russian journal of scientific lepidopterology , 2 ( 2 ) , 105\u2013109 .\nyakovlev , r . v . ( 2004 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) from ukok plateau south - eastern altai . euroasian entomological journal , 3 ( 1 ) , 69\u201378 ( in russian ) .\nyakovlev r . v . & nakonechny a . n . ( 2001 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of kurai mountains ridge ( altai ) . russian entomologist journal , 10 ( 2 ) , 179\u2013187 ( in russian ) .\nzeller , p . c . ( 1850 ) . zwei neue tagfalter . stettiner entomologische zeitung , 11 , 308\u2013313 .\nzhdanko , a . b . ( 2005 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea , hesperiidea ) of kazakhstan . tethys entomological research , 11 , 125\u2013146 ( in russian ) .\nzolotuhin , v . v . ( 1994 ) . materials on the fauna lepidoptera of ul\u2019yanovsk area . 1 . rhopalocera . priroda ul\u2019yanovskoi oblasti , 5 . insecta ( part 1 ) . ulyanovsk , 60\u201381 . ( in russian ) .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\ndear friends ! now i am in expedition and catch new materials . i will return 30 july . i can send parcels and answer for questions only after 30 july .\nhemaris radians 7 males russia , s . buryatia sphingidae ! price for each !\nlycaena helle phintonis 11p , 11m lycaenidae , e . sayan mts , price for each\n\u21163 pterophoridae sp . 74 ex ( a1 , a - ) russia s . buryatia\nhypermnestra helios maxima 3p , 20m papilionidae s . tajikistan ! price for each !\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\n200 satyridae ( 25 - 30 species ) - ex - ussr ( ukraine , caucasus , central asia , siberia , far east ) - on cotton , quality a2 - and b . . . 150\n100 erebia ( 12 - 15 species ) - ex - ussr - on cotton , quality a2 - and b . . . . . 140\n100 satyridae ( 10 species ) - afghanistan - on cotton , quality b . . . . . 350\ndistributed from the balkan over turkey to the caucasus from 500 - 2000m , from hilly grasslands to subalpine zone .\nthere are several opinions on the status of this taxon , from being a subspecies of c . gardetta , a subspecies of c . leander to a species on its own . an article debating this can be found here .\na lowland species , mostly found < 500m , has declined seriously in europe . mostly found in wet grasslands , hence water management probably being one of the main reasons for the decline .\nuntil the early nineties this species had a population in the south of belgium . changes in forest management , water level management , nitrification and maybe climate change have however induced a massive decline in the western distribution of this species so that nowadays - apart from a few populations in the very east of france - it has almost disappeared from france as well .\na species that has declined massively in nw - europe and has disappeared from belgium and parts of the netherlands and northern france . reasons for decline are probably a combination of nitrification , water level management , climate change , . . .\ni have only seen it once in northern austria on a windy day so butterflies were difficult to get close by so i only have this vague picture . a variable species with lots of described local forms . the form depicted here is c . tullia tiphon .\nthe balkan mountain replacement of previous species and in debate if a species on its own . subalpine to alpine .\nto be found in the western mediterranean area from central italy over the south of france and iberia to northwestern africa .\nclosely related to previous species and nowadays mostly seen as a subspecies of corsican heath . it is restricted to elba and some smaller islands but can also be found on the opposing tuscan coast where i could see the species .\nspecies fromt the western palearctic still missing in this list are mainly far eastern species , island specialties and species from northern africa . all species i hope to see in the future . . .\nall pictures ( c ) pieter vantieghem unless otherwise stated . simple theme . powered by blogger .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nexports data using a reporting template , the format and the data being exported depends on the desired template to be selected in the next step .\nexports data using a standard excel tabular display format , the data being exported depends on the desired fields to be selected in the next step .\njan van tol general coordinator ncb barcoding ncb naturalis email : jan . vantol @ urltoken\nvincent robert coordinator ncb barcoding part iii cbs - knaw email : v . robert @ urltoken\n\u00b7 type locality . unknown , probably the amur region . in the original description , the indication of\njapan\nas the type locality is wrong , because this species does not occur there .\n\u00b7 range . n . siberia to the chukot peninsula ; transbaikalia , the far east , the amur and ussuri regions ; from mongolia across n . china to n . korea .\n\u00b7 distribution and variation . the nominate subspecies is distributed in transbaikalia and the amur region ; in yakutia - ssp . sacha korshunov , 1996 ; the northern areas ( the magadan region and the chukot peninsula ) are populated by the ssp . tscherskii grum - grshimailo , 1899 .\n\u00b7 habitat and biology . the nominate form flies over plains with steppe and forest - steppe vegetation , while the ssp . tscherskii is found in light coniferous forests and tundras of ne . siberia . host plant ( gorbunov , korshunov , 1995 ) : carex . flight period : may - june , in the mountains june - july ."]}
{"id": 2485, "summary": [{"text": "monocirrhus polyacanthus , also known as the amazon leaffish is a species of fish belonging to the polycentridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it inhabits the often brackish waters , both clear and turbid , of peru , brazil , bolivia , colombia and venezuela in the amazon river basin .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it reaches a maximum length of 8.0 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are extremely specialized ambush predators that hunt by drifting towards prey animals ( almost invariably another fish ) and quickly swallowing them when they get close enough .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "these fish are sometimes kept in aquariums but are notoriously challenging aquarium inhabitants , requiring copious amounts of live fish ( they can eat their body weight in fish daily ) and soft , acidic , very clean water reminiscent of the amazonian habitats they hail from . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "monocirrhus polyacanthus", "paragraphs": ["an amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) at steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\namazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) at the steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\nanother fabulous fish species i got to see up close at the california academy of sciences during my visit last thursday was the amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) .\nsouth american leaf fish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) are unusual looking fish from the family nandidae . members of this family are predatory fish whose main diet consists of other fish .\nevolution is a wonderful thing , throwing up a diversity of life that evades even the mind of the most creative sci - fi author . monocirrhus polyacanthus is as alien as anything that might turn up on mars .\nbarros , b . & h . higuchi . 2007 . notes on morphological characters in early developed amazonian leaffish monocirrhus polyacanthus ( polycentridae , perciformes ) . kempffiana , 3 ( 2 ) : 18 - 22 . [ links ]\ncatarino , mf , j zuanon . 2010 . feeding ecology of the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus ( perciformes : polycentridae ) in a terra firme stream in the brazilian amazon . neotropical ichthyology 8 ( 1 ) : 183 - 186 . doi : 10 . 1590 / s1679 - 62252010000100022\na species tank is highly preferable although m . polyacanthus can be kept with medium - sized loricariids and armoured catfish without too many problems .\nbreeding monocirrhus is not suggested for those who want high success rates . as a fish with strict demands , it tends to appeal to a smaller audience and shifting on fry may prove the most difficult aspect of reproduction .\nthe family polycentridae is known for its remarkable morphological specialization associated to predatory behavior ( liem , 1970 ) . the family is represented by two species in the amazon basin , including the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus heckel , 1840 , which is widely distributed in rivers and lakes of the region ( britz & kullander , 2003 ) , mostly in upland ( henceforth terra firme ) streams .\nm . polyacanthus exhibits chromatic ( colour ) changes when required . altering from dark brown through to autumnal yellow , the fish can adapt for whatever conditions are required .\nmost captivating of all is the camouflage and mimicry of monocirrhus . there are many words to describe aspects of its procryptic behaviour , where it emulates the drifting of a dead leaf , and there\u2019s argument about how such behaviour should be classified .\nsouth american leaf fish belong to the tiny family polycentridae . the genus monocirrhus shares this family with its relative genus polycentrus , typified by the species p . schomburgkii \u2014 but this latter fish fails to captivate on the same level , lacking the advanced camouflage of the former .\ndifficult to maintain in captivity and not a species for the beginner . in addition to being a voracious predator , m . polyacanthus is also a flighty species that is very sensitive to deteriorations in water quality .\nboth share massive protracted mouths and stalk in similar ways , but m . polyacanthus has the edge over its relative with a faster feeding speed and , with a strike time of only 0 . 2 seconds or less , it\u2019s one of the world\u2019s fastest eaters .\nmany m . polyacanthus have been caught at one particular region and their gut contents analysed , finding an average of 64 % fish matter and 36 % invertebrate . of the latter much was of insects that weren\u2019t always aquatic based , although many shrimps were also found .\nthere\u2019s the associated issue of increased pathogen burden at higher ph values and these fish are not equipped to deal with opportunistic bacteria and fungi . statistically it would seem that , after starvation , disease susceptibility is the most common cause of death among captive m . polyacanthus .\nrather than just resorting to colours typical of a camouflaged fish , m . polyacanthus goes much further . the fish has come not just to share colour with dead foliage , but to copy its shape , right down to the leaf tip \u2013 hence that characteristic ' beard ' .\nduring a survey of the fish fauna of the aman\u00e3 sustainable development reserve ( rdsa ) conducted in 2002 and 2003 , 49 specimens of m . polyacanthus were collected with hand nets close to the riparian vegetation , and amidst aquatic macrophytes , and with fine - meshed seine nets in shallow stream margins of bar\u00e9 stream , a terra firme tributary of aman\u00e3 lake . those specimens gave us the opportunity to study the diet of m . polyacanthus in that area , so aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the feeding habits of this remarkable , leaf - mimicking fish species .\nany signs of ill health need to be addressed early and for a fish that\u2019s difficult to see , observation can prove quite time consuming . m . polyacanthus will attain a maximum length of 8cm / 3 . 1\u201d over this time , but will reach its full adult size much sooner .\nfishes usually use camouflage to avoid the detection by visually oriented predators , by presenting color patterns that resemble their surroundings ( e . g . sazima et al . , 2006 ) . however , camouflage and mimicry are not employed just as a defensive strategy , but also as an aggressive tactic . the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus typically lives in small terra firme streams , and presents a general body morphology , color pattern , and swimming behavior that remarkably resemble a soaked dead leaf slowly drifting in the water current ( liem , 1970 ; britz & kullander , 2003 ) , which are probably used to facilitate predation . moreover , the highly protrusible mouth of the leaf fish ( which may correspond to 60 % of the head length when fully expanded ; cf . waltzek & wainwright , 2003 ) may allow an efficient strike after slowly approaching the prey .\ncarnivorous and will only accept live food . when small , they will accept live bloodworm and small earthworms but in the long term require a piscivorous diet . do not keep this species if you are not willing to provide a constant supply of live feeder fish , as m . polyacanthus can consume its own body weight daily . some specimens can be weaned onto live river shrimp but this is the exception rather than the rule .\nthe size of the collected specimens of m . polyacanthus averaged 67 . 2 \u00b1 15 . 2 mm ( n = 49 ) . it was possible to determine the sex of 22 specimens , of which 10 were males ( 50 . 2 \u00b1 13 . 1 mm sl , ranging 32 . 3 to 73 . 1 mm ) and 12 were females ( 52 . 3 \u00b1 12 . 8 mm sl ; 31 - 82 mm ) . thirty - three preys were found in the 19 stomachs of m . polyacanthus that contained food . fish were the only prey type encountered in the stomach contents of 12 specimens ( 63 . 15 % fo ) , while invertebrates only were present in four other stomachs ( 21 . 05 % fo ) ; both fish and invertebrates were found in the digestory tracts of three specimens ( 15 . 8 % fo ) . only two prey fishes were found in an advanced state of digestion and could not be adequately identified .\nmonocirrhus polyacanthus ( polycentridae ) \u00e9 uma esp\u00e9cie de peixe cuja apar\u00eancia e h\u00e1bitos mimetizam uma folha morta \u00e0 deriva , e que habita igarap\u00e9s e margens de rios e lagos da bacia amaz\u00f4nica . a despeito de seu reconhecido comportamento predat\u00f3rio e do fato de ser frequentemente explorada no com\u00e9rcio internacional de peixes ornamentais , pouco se conhece sobre sua dieta em condi\u00e7\u00f5es naturais . n\u00f3s examinamos 35 exemplares de peixe - folha ( 28 , 5 - 82 , 0 mm cp ) , dos quais 19 continham presas no est\u00f4mago . trinta e tr\u00eas presas foram encontradas , das quais foi poss\u00edvel estabelecer o comprimento total de 19 delas ( 2 , 0 - 33 , 0 mm ct ) . at\u00e9 cinco presas foram encontradas no est\u00f4mago de um \u00fanico exemplar . a dieta dos peixes - folha foi constitu\u00edda por peixes ( n = 12 ; 63 , 15 % fo ) e invertebrados ( n = 4 ; 21 , 05 % fo ) ; peixes e invertebrados ocorreram juntos em tr\u00eas est\u00f4magos examinados ( 15 , 8 % fo ) . das 33 presas encontradas nos est\u00f4magos analisados , 21 foram peixes e 12 invertebrados . dentre os peixes consumidos , characiformes e perciformes representaram 76 , 1 % e 14 , 2 % , respectivamente . characidae foi a fam\u00edlia de presas mais comum , seguida de lebiasinidae . invertebrados ( presas ) foram representados por camar\u00f5es ( decapoda ) e insetos ( coleoptera , hymenoptera , ephemeroptera e odonata ) . constatou - se uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o positiva entre o tamanho do predador e da presa . a combina\u00e7\u00e3o da camuflagem corporal do peixe - folha , a baixa atividade dos carac\u00eddeos nos hor\u00e1rios de crep\u00fasculo e a efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de captura de presas por suc\u00e7\u00e3o , provavelmente possibilitam a captura de presas \u00e1geis e de h\u00e1bitos nect\u00f4nicos . a posi\u00e7\u00e3o encurvada dos peixes nos est\u00f4magos dos exemplares de m . polyacanthus possivelmente facilita a acomoda\u00e7\u00e3o simult\u00e2nea de mais de uma presa no est\u00f4mago , o que deve ser especialmente importante para predadores que consomem presas grandes e apenas ocasionalmente .\nthe coiled position of the preys encountered in the stomach of m . polyacanthus has already been observed in the stomach of other fish - eating species , such as the catfishes phractocephalus hemioliopterus ( pimelodidae ) and denticetopsis macilenta ( cetopsidae ) ( j . zuanon , pers . obs . ) , in the ogre catfish asterophysus batrachus ( auchenipteridae ; zuanon & sazima , 2005 ) , and the marine sardine chirocentrodon bleekerianus ( pristigasteridae ) ( sazima et al . , 2004 ) . this arrangement of the preys inside the stomach may maximize the use of space in the digestory tract , allowing the allocation of a higher number of preys , which seems to be especially important for predators that consume proportionally large preys that are captured only occasionally .\nof the 33 preys found in the stomachs of m . polyacanthus , 21 were fish and 12 were invertebrates . characiformes ( 16 ) and perciformes ( 3 ) represented 76 . 1 % fn and 14 . 2 % fn of the preys respectively . among the characiformes , characidae was the most commonly recorded prey family ( 62 . 5 % fn ; n = 10 ) , followed by lebiasinidae ( 37 . 5 % fn ; n = 6 ) . both families were represented by three species each : hemigrammus analis , h . belottii and hemigrammus sp . ( characidae ) ; and nannostomus eques , n . unifasciatus and n . trifasciatus ( lebiasinidae ) . perciformes were not identified to species level due to the advanced state of digestion of these preys ( table 1 ) .\ninvertebrates were mostly found in the guts of small specimens of m . polyacanthus ( between 28 . 5 and 54 . 2 mm sl ) , whereas fish constituted the only prey of the larger leaf fish specimens ( fig . 2 ) . of the 33 preys consumed by the leaf fishes , only 19 were found whole and accurately measured . fish and invertebrate preys ranged 11 . 0 - 33 . 0 mm sl and 2 . 0 15 . 0 mm tl respectively . mean prey size corresponded to 34 . 9 % of the predator size ( n = 19 ) . there was a positive relation between the sizes of the leaf fish specimens and the consumed preys ( r 2 = 0 . 44 , f = 13 . 24 , p = 0 . 002 , n = 19 ) ( fig . 3 ) .\ngreek , monos = one + latin , cirrus = curl ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 8 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 25\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nsouth america : amazon river basin in peru , brazil , bolivia , columbia , and venezuela .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50082 )\nbritz , r . and s . o . kullander , 2002 . polycentridae ( leaffishes ) . p . 603 - 604 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 50082 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 1250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 73 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfound in shallow water with little or no flow in areas where fallen leaves collect .\nsoft acidic water is essential . the aquarium should be dimly - lit , with floating plants in order to diffuse the light further . heavy planting with large - leaved varieties such as echinodorus species is also recommended to make this fish feel secure , as they can be very nervous . other hiding places in the form of driftwood should also be provided . any water movement should be kept to a minimum .\ncan be achieved in captivity . the breeding tank should be thickly planted with broad - leaved plants with soft , acidic water ( ph 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 , 1 - 5 dh ) . it should be warm ( above 77\u00b0f ) and dimly - lit . a single pair should be used and conditioned with lots of live food .\nduring spawning the male will intensify in colour and the female will display an ovipositor . the pair drift past each other at the water surface and may continue to do this for up to an hour before the male retreats to allow the female to deposit her eggs , which she sometimes does whilst upside down . he then returns to fertilise them . the female should be removed after spawning , as the male may turn on her .\nup to 300 eggs may be laid on the underside of a large leaf or overhanging rock . the male tends to these , using his fins to fan them . the eggs hatch in 3 - 4 days and the male can also be removed at this point . the fry will start taking brine shrimp nauplii as soon as their yolk sacs are absorbed . any food must be of the swimming variety as the young will not feed from the tank bottom . they should then be fed the fry of other fish as they grow . they can eat incredible amounts for their size and must be separated as soon as differing growth rates become apparent , or they will predate upon their siblings . the maintenance of high water quality is essential or there will be many losses .\nan incredibly - adapted species , this fish is camouflaged to mimic a dead leaf , both in body shape and pattern . it can change colour to match its surroundings and has a projection from its bottom lip that resembles a leaf stalk . when hunting , it stalks its prey in a head - down stance , appearing to drift towards it like a dead leaf drifting in a current . in reality , the fish is propelled by tiny movements of its transparent fins . when it strikes at an item of prey the entire mouth protrudes outwards , forming a large tube into which the prey is sucked , usually head first . this happens so quickly it is often difficult to see . it can swallow prey almost as big as itself in this way .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncentral florida aquarium society website : urltoken facebook : urltoken twitter : urltoken - @ officialcflas google + : urltoken youtube : urltoken instagram : urltoken linkedin : urltoken\nunnatural situation\nkevin macleod ( incompetech . com )\nnathan hill identifies a masquerading predator that really is like no other hunter . meet the master of camouflage .\nfor fans of predatory fish , these south american leaf mimics pose a not inconsiderable challenge . they are tricky to feed , demand impeccable water and spend much time invisible among foliage . however , seeing them behaving naturally in an aquarium is a reward justifying all your work . what\u2019s more , they sport brilliant goatee beards !\nthis theme has been adopted by other south americans \u2013 notably farlowella , the twig catfish \u2013 but the leaf fish never gives the game away by resorting to the fishy movements of many other mimics .\nleaf fish evolution has even taken into account the most common failing of predators \u2013 the obvious shape of the eye . in this case its profile has been blurred with shaded lines running straight through . this is a focused predator .\nmany myths surround this fish , especially where feeding is concerned . opinions range over optimal conditions and some assumptions have lasted too long without question .\nthe leaf fish is often referred to as an obligate piscivore , feeding exclusively on fish , but this is an erroneous assumption . studies on wild - caught specimens revealed a range of foods in the gut and even though fish feature highly by no means do they form the only diet .\nthese findings suggest they will happily take bugs dropping in the water \u2014 and suggest feeding alternatives for captive fish . of the fish consumed , 75 % of identifiable content were either tetra of the hemigrammus genus or nannostomus pencilfishes .\nin these wild fish , average prey size was up to 35 % of the hosts\u2019 length , which is considerably less than of - touted folklore that these will readily eat fish more than half their own size .\neven feeding behaviour has evolved fascinating features . as well as its high - speed strike and associated oral structure , the fish have a remarkable way of \u2018layering\u2019 prey fish inside , curling their meal so that both head and tail are pointing back towards the mouth . this allows multiple fishes to be \u2018stacked\u2019 in order , allowing the leaf fish to stockpile prey should meals become scarce .\nthe mouth is cavernous but thin , extending out in front and comprising almost 60 % of the length of the head .\nit\u2019s common to find leaf fish among the leaves they have copied , although they seem almost indifferent to the model they have evolved to replicate . they tend to drift in solitary fashion , enjoying the concealment and prey advantages offered by dwelling among shoreside vegetation \u2013 often grasses and reeds .\nswimming and stalking technique is spectacular . although equipped with fins as any other fish , those used in locomotion are hyaline \u2014 lacking pigmentation . the two pectoral fins are difficult to see and both the tips of the anal and dorsal fins are equally transparent , and it is through the high - speed flitting of these fins that the fish maintains rigid posture while moving and closing in for the kill .\nwhen drifting it characteristically swims side on . the fish bends and sways but rarely moves upright , just as a floating leaf would not . having mastered this form of swimming , the leaf illusion is complete .\nliterature notes one of these fishes\u2019 earliest collections , from 1920 , when the task involved simply poisoning an entire stream and seeing what bobbed up . it was only by chance that the gasping behaviour of the leaf fish separated it from other leaf shapes drifting down the now dying waterway .\nleaf fish are demanding , not least over the issue of feeding . these are incredibly hard to wean from live foods and only recommended to the most dedicated aquarists experienced in shifting live feeders to dead foods .\ndead feeding is not unknown and some keepers report leaf fish even accepting dead fare from hand . an ample supply of river shrimp should be considered in the early stages , along with insects and even earthworms . it would be wise to gut load invertebrate foods first , feeding something nutritious that will transfer to the leaf fish .\nwater parameters should be kept as close as feasible to wild conditions . water temperature varies in the wild , but will be acceptable between 22 - 25\u00b0c / 72 - 77\u00b0f and ph needs to be low , optimally between 5 . 0 and 6 . 0 , if these fish are to be at their best .\nhardness would benefit from being equally low , with gh values of 5 - 8\u00b0 dh frequently suggested .\nas this fish only inhabits slow moving or static water , aquarium flow should be similarly mild . i always favour external canisters and with ample flow restriction and diffusion over a wide area \u2014 say a spray bar \u2014 an optimal flow can be achieved . my preference for an external rests in part on the maintenance issue . leaf fish are nervous and prone to acute stress , so as little hands - on interaction inside the tank as possible is wise .\nin contradiction to slow flow , excellent water conditions are vital . ammonia , nitrite and nitrate are not tolerated and water changes must be performed at the first instance .\nsimilarly , the fish appears to react badly to medications and these should probably be considered only as a last resort .\nlighting levels are best broken up with ample floating plants , but this is not a nocturnal fish and will be out and about in your tank during daylight . dark substrates are wise but not essential , but leaf litter bases seem to be accepted most readily . planting is a must and any type , be it broad - leafed , bushy or grassy , will be much appreciated .\nkept correctly , you can expect a good 8 - 9 years from a leaf fish , but be vigilant during that time .\nsexing leaf fish is usually possible when the fish engage in spawning , but can be awkward beforehand . the fish are sexable and sexually mature at just 4cm / 1 . 6\u201d long and when an ovipositor can be viewed in active females . it can be hard to ascertain just which is a pair from a collection .\nspawning can be induced with either a rise in temperature , increase in acidity , or both . successful nurturing of water conditions will see the fish take turns to clean a surface \u2013 most commonly a leaf \u2013 before breeding starts .\nanywhere up to 300 eggs will be laid in one sitting and the male tends to care , although not without harassment from the female , and it would be prudent to remove her at this stage . at intervals from 60 hours on the fry will start to free swim and the male will pay little or no attention to them at this stage , his parental attention waning .\nthe fry are ravenous and cannibalistic , consuming tiny organisms and each other with equal aplomb . a good supply of all things small and wriggling should be provided at this stage , although some hobbyists report success feeding their juveniles with powdered and dried foods .\nif you enjoyed this article , why not take out a subscription to practical fishkeeping magazine ? check out our latest subscription offer .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nlike other members of its family , the south american leaf fish is predatory , despite its relatively small size . it reaches an adult length of only a little of over 3 inches ( 7 - 8 cm ) in length .\nthis fish has a laterally compressed body and coloration resembling a leaf , hence the name\nleaf fish .\nthey also have a small protrusion extending from their bottom lip .\nlike most south american fish , leaf fish do best with soft , slightly acidic water , and a water temperature between 74 - 80 \u00b0f ( 23 - 27\u00b0c ) .\nleaf fish spend a good portion of their time oriented with their head facing toward the bottom of the tank , as shown in the photo on this page .\ntheir tank should be heavily planted , with dim lighting , and lots of hiding places .\nnot only do these fish resemble a leaf in color and body shape , but even their movements resemble a leaf floating through the water . to see how this fish moves through the water watch the you tube video below to see a south american leaf fish in its natural habitat .\nleaf fish are carnivorous fish and their diet consists of mainly small live fish . keep this in mind when choosing their tank mates . they may also take live worms and brine shrimp , especially when young .\nmales and females look similar to one another , although you may be able to see an ovipositor on the female when she is in breeding condition . breeding sometimes occurs in the aquarium , especially in soft , acidic water . filtering the water through peat and providing lots of hiding places will encourage them to breed .\nduring spawning , the pair will clean off a rock , leaf , or some other flat surface . after spawning takes place the male guards the eggs . remove the female at this point .\nafter the eggs hatch in a few days and the fry are free swimming , feed them newly hatched brine shrimp .\nimage of south american leaf fish from wikimedia commons and published under the gnu free documentation license 1 . 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmeasuring only around 3 inches ( 8 cm ) , this small freshwater fish is a native of the amazon river basin in south america .\nit is called the \u201cleaffish\u201d because of its ability to imitate a dead leaf drifting in the water . from its coloration down to its curious habit of floating sideways \u2014 using its camouflage and its thin , flat body to sneak up on unsuspecting prey , usually a small fish or shrimp ( catarino and zuanon 2010 ) .\nonce its little transparent pectoral fins maneuver the leaffish into position , its highly extendable , quick - draw jaws do the rest .\nthe leaffish is a staple of nature documentaries when they have to do a \u201cweird and strange fish\u201d list episode . so let\u2019s jump to the videos !\nand look \u2014 a video from the california academy of sciences on leaffish ! here , the steinhart aquarium staff are feeding their leaffish collection with what appears to be about a bajillion little brine shrimp .\nfish are amazing and underrated creatures . join me as i geek out and explore the amazing diversity of fish species on our planet . read more about our journey or look up our index of species featured so far .\nben young landis is a science writer and consultant by day , amateur cook by night , and fish geek 24 / 7 . drop a line at @ younglandis or via email .\nadvertisements that appear on this website are selected by wordpress . com , and are not endorsements by the author .\nneotrop . ichthyol . vol . 8 no . 1 porto alegre jan . / mar . 2010\ni universidade federal do amazonas , laborat\u00f3rio de ecologia pesqueira , mini campus , setor sul , bloco z , manaus , am , brazil . michelcatarino @ urltoken ii instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz\u00f4nia , coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de pesquisas em biologia aqu\u00e1tica , cp 478 , 69011 - 970 manaus , am , brazil . zuanon @ urltoken\nthe leaf fish is a small - sized species that reaches up to 80 mm in standard length ( sl ) , and presents distinct morphological characteristics , such as the absence of a lateral line , a large and protractile mouth , a petiole - like filament in the lower jaw , and a laterally compressed body , strongly resembling a dead leaf in format and color pattern ( nelson , 1994 ) ( fig . 1 ) .\nalthough present throughout the amazon basin and frequently exploited by the ornamental fish trade , the leaf fish is apparently not as locally abundant as several other species commonly encountered in the same habitat ( guti\u00e9rrez , 2003 ) . such low abundance results in its rarity in fish collections and may explain the scarcity of information about its natural history and diet . most of the available information on its feeding behavior refers to captive specimens maintained under aquarium conditions ( liem , 1970 ; barros & higuchi , 2007 ) .\nthe aman\u00e3 reserve is a 2 , 35 million ha conservation unit located between the basins of the black water negro river and the white water japur\u00e1 and solim\u00f5es rivers ( 1\u00ba30 ' - 3\u00ba05 ' s 62\u00ba50 ' - 65\u00ba00 ' w ) , in the amazonas state , brazil .\nall collected leaf fish specimens were immediately preserved in 10 % formalin , later transferred to 70 % ethanol , and measured ( sl , mm ) . the abdominal cavities of 35 specimens were opened to determine the sex , and the presence of food in the stomach . the stomachs were then dissected and examined under a stereoscopic microscope . the position of the preys in the stomachs was verified and registered . prey items were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible , quantified ( n ) , and measured ( fish : sl , mm ; invertebrates : total length , tl , mm ) whenever possible . the importance of each prey taxon was calculated based on its frequency of occurrence ( fo % ) in relation to the number of stomachs with food ( hyslop , 1980 ) . the relative contribution of fish preys were also expressed as frequency by numbers ( fn % ) , calculated as the number of preys in each category ( taxonomical order and family ) in relation to the total number of fishes found in the stomachs . a linear regression was employed to investigate the relation between the paired size of the leaf fish specimens and its preys . unfortunately , the dissected specimens were discarded after analyzed , but the accurate collecting locality of the studied sample warrants the possibility of further taxonomic confirmation of the species identity if needed .\ninvertebrates were represented by 12 specimens of crustaceans ( decapoda and conchostraca ) and insect remains ( coleoptera , hymenoptera and larvae of ephemeroptera and odonata , table 1 ) .\nmost preys found in the stomachs of leaf fish specimens were swallowed whole , despite their proportionally large dimensions when compared to the predator ' s size . large sized prey fish were occasionally found occupying the whole space from the lower portion of the esophagus to the end of stomach , especially when the gut was filled with more than one prey . in these cases the large prey fishes were found in a coiled ( ' ' u ' ' shaped ) position with head and tail directed to the head of the predator .\nwe thank to instituto de desenvolvimento sustent\u00e1vel mamirau\u00e1 ( fepim ) for the financial and logistic support , to jonas alves de oliveira for the help during field work , and to fernando p . mendon\u00e7a for allowing the use of the leaf fish photo . this is contribution # 20 of projeto igarap\u00e9s . j . zuanon receives a productivity grant from cnpq ( process # 311023 / 2006 - 1 ) .\nbritz , r . & s . o . kullander . 2003 . family polycentridae . pp . 603 - 604 . in : reis , r . , s . o . kullander & c . j . ferraris jr . ( eds . ) . check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre , edipucrs , 729p . [ links ]\nguti\u00e9rrez , a . l . 2003 . an\u00e1lisis de algunos aspectos tr\u00f3ficos y reproductivos de la comunidad de peces de um cano de \u00e1guas negras amaz\u00f3nicas en cercan\u00edas de leticia ( amazonas , colombia ) . unpublished monograph , universidad nacional de colombia , bogot\u00e1 , 132p . [ links ]\nheckel , j . 1840 . johann natterer ' s neue flussfische brasilien ' s nach den beobachtungen und mittheilungen des entdeckers beschrieben ( erste abtheilung , die labroiden . ) . annalen des wiener museums der naturgeschichte , 2 : 327 - 470 . [ links ]\nhyslop , e . j . 1980 . stomach content analysis : a review of methods and their applications . journal of fish biology , 17 : 411 - 429 . [ links ]\nliem , k . f . 1970 . comparative functional anatomy of the nandidae ( pisces : teleostei ) . fieldiana , zoology , 56 : 1 - 166 . [ links ]\nnelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world . new york , john wiley and sons , 600p . [ links ]\nsazima , c . , r . l . moura & i . sazima . 2004 . chirocentrodon bleekerianus ( teleostei : clupeiformes : pristigasteridae ) , a small predaceous herring with folded and distinctively oriented prey in stomach . brazilian journal of biology , 1 : 165 - 168 . [ links ]\nsazima , i . 2002 . juvenile snooks ( centropomidae ) as mimics of mojarras ( gerreidae ) , with a review of aggressive mimicry in fishes . environmental biology of fishes , 65 : 37 - 45 . [ links ]\nsazima , i . , l . n . carvalho , f . p . mendon\u00e7a & j . zuanon . 2006 . fallen leaves on the water - bed : diurnal camouflage of three night active fish species in an amazonian streamlet . neotropical ichthyology , 4 ( 1 ) : 119 - 122 . [ links ]\nwaltzek , t . b . & c . wainwright . 2003 . functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in neotropical cichlids . journal of morphology , 257 : 96 - 106 . [ links ]\nweitzmann , s . 1978 . three new species of fishes of the genus nannostomus from the brazilian states of par\u00e1 and amazonas ( teleostei : lebiasinidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 263 : 1 - 14 . [ links ]\nweitzmann , s . & j . s . cobb . 1975 . a revision of the south american fishes of the genus nannostomus g\u00fcnther ( family lebiasinidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 186 : 1 - 36 . [ links ]\nzuanon , j . a . s . & ferreira , e . g . 2008 . feeding ecology of fishes in the brazilian amazon - a naturalistic approach . pp . 1 - 34 . in : cyrino , j . e . p . , d . p . bureau & b . g . kapoor ( eds . ) . feeding and digestive functions in fishes . ensfield , science publishers , 575p . [ links ]\nzuanon , j . & i . sazima . 2005 . the ogre catfish : prey scooping by the auchenipterid asterophysus batrachus . aqua journal of ichthyology and aquatic biology , 1 : 15 - 22 . [ links ]\nuniversidade estadual de maring\u00e1 n\u00facleo de pesquisas em limnologia , ictiologia e aquicultura / cole\u00e7\u00e3o ictiologia av . colombo , 5790 87020 - 900 maring\u00e1 , pr , brasil tel . : ( 55 44 ) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 2486, "summary": [{"text": "mucronalia is a genus of very small parasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this genus was first described in 1860 by arthur adams in his paper , \" on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan \" .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these sea snails are thought to be parasitic on ophiuroids ( brittle stars ) . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "mucronalia", "paragraphs": ["eulima ( mucronalia ) a . adams , 1860 accepted as mucronalia a . adams , 1860\nworms - world register of marine species - mucronalia bicincta a . adams , 1860\nspecies mucronalia gigas kuroda & habe , 1950 accepted as melanella teinostoma ( a . adams , 1854 )\nworms - world register of marine species - eulima ( mucronalia ) bulbula r . murdoch & suter , 1906\nspecies mucronalia lactea a . adams , 1864 accepted as hypermastus lacteus ( a . adams , 1864 ) ( original combination )\nspecies mucronalia subula a . adams , 1864 accepted as hypermastus subula ( a . adams , 1864 ) ( original combination )\nspecies mucronalia xanthias r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as pelycidion xanthias ( r . b . watson , 1888 ) ( original combination )\nspecies mucronalia cylindrica g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as hypermastus cylindricus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) ( original combination )\nspecies mucronalia philippinarum g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as echineulima philippinarum ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) ( original combination )\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera thyca , stilifer , scalenostoma , mucronalia and echineulima ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . zoologica scripta 9 : 187 - 210 [ details ]\n( of mucronalia suava dall , 1927 ) bouchet , p . & war\u00e9n , a . ( 1986 ) . revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal aclididae eulimidae , epitonidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . bollettino malacologico . suppl . 2 : 297 - 576 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mucronalia suava dall , 1927 ) dall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer\nalbatross\n, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 72 [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera < i > thyca < / i > , < i > stilifer < / i > , < i > scalenostoma < / i > , < i > mucronalia < / i > and < i > echineulima < / i > ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . < i > zoologica scripta 9 < / i > : 187 - 210\nadams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 301 [ details ]\ndistribution species parasitic on holothuria scabra ( macnae & kalk ; , 1958 ) .\ndistribution species parasitic on holothuria scabra ( macnae & kalk ; , 1958 ) . [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nxiv . \u2014note in answer to mr . clark ' s remarks on lepton sulcatulum\non the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or , the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . \u2014by charles darwin , m . a . , f . r . s . , f . g . s . , & c . london , 1859\na guide to the quadrupeds and reptiles of europe ; with descriptions of all the species : compiled from the latest writers . by lord clermont . london : john van voorst , 1859 . post 8vo\nhandbook of the british flora . by g . bentham , f . l . s . london : lovell reeve . 1858\non the hooks on the front edge of the hinder wings of certain hymenoptera . communicated by dr . j . e . gray , f . r . s . & c\nabstract of a lecture by prof . t . h . huxley , f . r . s . , on species and races , and their origin , delivered before the members of the royal institution , on the evening of friday , february 10 , 1860\nthe monstrous begonia frigida at kew , in relation to mr . darwin ' s theory of natural selection\nxli . \u2014characters of new cingalese land - shells collected by f . layard , esq . , ceylon civil service\nthe ibis , a magazine of general ornithology . edited by philip lutley sclater , m . a . vol . i . tr\u00fcbner and co . , 1859\nxlvi . \u2014on cyclostigma , a new genus of fossil plants from the old red sandstone of kiltorcan , co . kilkenny ; and on the general law of phyllotaxis in the natural orders lycopodiace\u00e6 , equisetace\u00e6 , filices , & c\non the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or , the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . \u2014by charles darwin , m . a . , f . r . s . , f . g . s . , & c . ; london , 1859\non the hooks on the front edge of the hinder wings of certain hymenoptera . communicated by dr . j . e . gray , f . r . s . & c ;\nxlvi . \u2014on cyclostigma , a new genus of fossil plants from the old red sandstone of kiltorcan , co . kilkenny ; and on the general law of phyllotaxis in the natural orders lycopodiace\u00e6 , equisetace\u00e6 , filices , & c ;\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\ndall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer\nalbatross\n, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 72 [ details ]\ntaxonomy does not fit any described aulimid genus ( war\u00e9n 1980 : 203 ) .\ntaxonomy does not fit any described aulimid genus ( war\u00e9n 1980 : 203 ) . [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 71 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\ncarpenter , p . p . ( 1865f ) diagnoses of new species and a new genus of mollusks , from the reigen mazatlan collection ; with an account of additional specimens presented to the british museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1865 , 268\u2013273 . [ details ]\nhypermastus bulbula ( r . murdoch & suter , 1906 ) accepted as hypermastus bulbulus ( murdoch & suter , 1906 )\nto museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 001774 ; eulima bulbula murdoch & suter , 1906 ; holotype )\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nadams , arthur . 1860 . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , being a continuation of the ' magazine of botany and zoology ' , and of louden and charlesworth ' s ' magazine of natural history ' , series 3 5 : 299 - 303 , 405\u2212413 .\nadams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . < em > annals and magazine of natural history . < / em > ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nwar\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . < em > journal of molluscan studies . < / em > suppl 13 : 1 - 96 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nview by species \u00ab poppe - images - marine iconography of the philippine archipelago , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 024 seconds . )"]}
{"id": 2493, "summary": [{"text": "the cornish jack , mormyrops anguilloides , is a species of weakly electric fish in the family mormyridae , native to quiet waters in much of sub-saharan africa .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the largest species in its family , the cornish jack is a nocturnal group hunter of smaller fishes , using electricity to locate its prey and communicate with other members of its group .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a commercial game fish valued for its size and taste .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the common name \" cornish jack \" likely originated from european settlers , who thought that this fish resembled the european pike , whose young is known as a \" jack \" in some parts of england .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is also known as \" african carp \" , a name that is used for several other species . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "cornish jack", "paragraphs": ["contribute to imdb . add a bio , trivia , and more . update information for jack cornish \u00bb\nzambia .\nhows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp .\ncousin jack console table . oak and cornish tin . hand made table from cornwall . | samuel f walsh\nzambia .\nhows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp . . . .\nabbie cornish is set to star opposite john krasinski in amazon ' s drama series tom clancy ' s jack ryan .\ncornish will play jack ryan ' s love interest , cathy mueller , a medical doctor who specializes in infectious diseases .\ncornish : i gather the jack - it all started with the telephone , specifically switchboard operators in the 1880s . is that right ?\nzambia .\nhows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp . . . . | the national archives\nurltoken a successfull trip with catfishjoe productions to lake kariba , zimbabwe . shilo catches a cornish jack . available on dvd . see website for more details .\nhit the road , headphone jack : new iphone goes wireless in light of the news that apple is eliminating a headphone jack from its newest iphone , npr ' s audie cornish explores the history of the headphone jack with jonathan sterne , author of the book , the audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .\nsaw joe cornish the other day . yes . we are brainstorming . # somethingnew\n[ porch of home of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ]\nin light of the news that apple is eliminating a headphone jack from its newest iphone , npr ' s audie cornish explores the history of the headphone jack with jonathan sterne , author of the book , the audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .\na juvenile cornish jack at jackson aquatics . this little guy was eating but did not like the bright light coming from the camera so it hid in its hut . urltoken\ncousin jack is the name given to the cornish miners who migrated to other mineral rich areas such as america , australia and africa , taking their mining skills with them .\nabbie cornish ( \u201cstop - loss\u201d , \u201celizabeth : the golden age\u201d ) will play cathy to john krasinski\u2019s jack ryan in amazon\u2019s new tv take on the tom clancy series .\ncornish\u2019s cathy mueller is an infectious diseases doctor who\u2019s a bright light in her field .\ncornish : fast forward to the modern jack we all know about , which is even smaller than that , right ? it ' s not that quarter - inch jack that we may know from , like , hi - fi sets or guitars or something like that .\naggressive hunters , the cornish jack eat invertebrate larvae and crustaceans while they are young before moving on to a variety of fish species as adults . cornish jack fish uses their electric nature as an effective hunting tool . emitting weak pulses of electricity , cornish jack can navigate murky waters successfully , communicate with its environment , and ultimately catch its prey . not to mention , they are able to detect various distortions in the electric field surrounding their body , which informs them of the size , distance , and special features of nearby objects . seriously , how cool is this ? cornish jack fish will hunt independently or in schools ; however , hunting in a group is a more efficient tactic for these electric sensing fish .\ncopyright \u00a9 the cornish food box company ltd | vat no . 114557818 company no . 7350549\nexterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . cornish gaudens national historic site new hampshire saint , none . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] photograph . urltoken\ncornish is set to play cathy mueller , \u201ca doctor specializing in infectious diseases [ who ] is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack\u2019s love interest . \u201d\nit\u2019s taken awhile for amazon\u2019s jack ryan prequel series to get off the ground , and with john krasinski in the title role , we\u2019re finally starting to see more cast . first to join the newer , younger , funnier jack ryan is none other than abbie cornish in a leading role .\ncornish\u2019s on - screen credits include in the discovery channel miniseries klondike and the film sucker punch .\nthis man has cornish blood running through every vein .\nin a desperate bid to blend in with the locals , alfie then tries his hand at a cornish accent - and fails epically .\nin a minute - long clip , jack can be seen reprising his teaching alter - ego alfie .\nunion reps : jack briskey , rhys ward , connor spence , ben cornish , keoni solomonis , taine browne and aden spence , of the central queensland bushrangers representative side , at the junior rugby championships .\n[ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ] | library of congress\nstarring john krasinski and abbie cornish , jack ryan is a reinvention with a modern sensibility of the famed and lauded tom clancy hero . it centers on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish plays jack\u2019s love interest cathy mueller .\nthere ' s another post from a while back regarding them . search cornish jack in the forum and there ' s a few this is the 2 or 3 i believe . has advice about feeding and more .\ndeadline is reporting that abbie cornish ( sucker punch , limitless ) has nabbed the female lead in tom clancy\u2019s jack ryan , the upcoming amazon series from carlton cuse ( lost ) and graham roland ( fringe ) .\nby : wells , r . e . - cornish , beth . - alberta land and forest services .\nphoto , print , drawing [ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ]\ncornish : what are the odds that the headphones jack could finally go away ? you know , whether it ' s rock musicians or your television , there are all kinds of places where this is the default technology .\nexterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . cornish gaudens national historic site new hampshire saint , none . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] [ photograph ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\njack briskey , rhys ward , connor spence , ben cornish , keoni solomonis , taine browne and aden spence were part of the central queensland bushrangers who took to the field at the southport school over the three days of competition .\nper deadline , cornish will take the leading role of cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases , described as \u201cintelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack\u2019s love interest . \u201d well , at least they put that part last .\njack whitehall is celebrating the release of the bad education movie in london tonight - and the stars are out to show their support .\nthe under - 16 team beat the gold coast 8 - 7 in a nail - biting finish - cornish scoring the winning penalty .\n' tom clancy ' s jack ryan ' trailer : donald trump , bill clinton & john f . kennedy heard in\npresidents\nclip\nsome of the larger native demersal fishes of the senegal basin are : the 204 cm aba ( gymnarchus niloticus ) . the 200 cm nile perch ( lates niloticus ) , the 183 cm sampa ( heterobranchus longifilis ) , and the 150 cm cornish jack ( mormyrops anguilloides ) .\n[ sculpture in the\nbig studio ,\nthe workshop for the assistants of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new . . .\nin addition to using their electric sensing capabilities for hunting , cornish jack can also distinguish between different electric wavelengths , which allow them determine their school of fish . these hunting groups have also been observed emitting a synchronized burst of electrical impulses , which may function as a mutual group recognition signal .\n\u201csaw joe cornish the other day , \u201d boyega tweeted on saturday . \u201cyes . we are brainstorming . # somethingnew . \u201d while this could mean any number of things , cornish told ifc back in 2011 that boyega keeps coming up with \u201camazing ideas\u201d for a possible sequel to attack the block .\njack ryan is a reinvention with a modern sensibility of the famed and lauded tom clancy hero . it centers on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish will play cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases . she is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack\u2019s love interest .\nthe population of cornish jack in africa appears to be healthy . anglers and commercial fisherman alike enjoy catching these interesting fish , but populations are stable . moreover , the cornish jack has been introduced into other areas outside of africa , such as australia , where they are considered to be an exotic pest that could threaten the native ecosystems on that continent . i have said it before and i will say it again , when are we going to learn that you can\u2019t just introduce new animals into an ecosystem ( or use their dna to bring back from extinction but that is a debate for another day ) .\nby : christensen , alan g . - lyon , l . jack , - unsworth , james w . - intermountain research station ( ogden , utah )\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nby : williams , jack edward . - united states . bureau of land management . - united states . bureau of land management . special status fishes team .\nexclusive : abbie cornish ( sucker punch , limitless ) is set as the female lead opposite john krasinski in amazon \u2019s straight - to - series drama tom clancy \u2019s jack ryan , from the lost duo of co - showrunner carlton cuse and writer graham roland , michael bay\u2019s platinum dunes , skydance media and paramount tv .\nthe bad education movie - which follows three series of whitehall ' s popular sitcom - stars jack as teacher alfie wickers who is battling with life at abbey grove school .\na special mention must go out to ben cornish and taine browne , who both had fantastic tournaments and were rewarded with selection into the queensland country under - 16s side .\nper deadline , the series \u201ccenters on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish will play cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases . she is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack\u2019s love interest . \u201d\nexterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] photograph . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\ncornish : that ' s jonathan sterne . he ' s the author of\nthe audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .\nthanks so much for talking with us .\nanother possibility could be section 6 , cornish\u2019s passion project that hit some legal snags . universal won a four - way bidding war for the script with jack o\u2019connell set to star , but the film then became the subject of copyright infringement claims from mgm and james bond rightsholder danjaq . with the lawsuit settled , wrath of the titans screenwriter dan mazeau was reportedly enlisted .\nand it turns out that his ridiculously posh character is the\nb * * * * * d son\nof a very common cornish man called pasco - played by game of thrones star iain glen .\nbefore john boyega made it big in star wars : the force awakens , he gained notoriety for a much smaller sci - fi film , attack the block . written and directed by joe cornish , the film featured the actor as moses , a boy who defends his south london neighborhood from aliens with the help of his friends . nearly five years later , boyega is teasing a reunion with cornish for \u201csomething new . \u201d\nwith the end of mining and changes to agricultural methods , the social and economic focus of the peninsula changed once again . from the 1950s cheap subdivisions and government leases around the coast , together with increased motor vehicle ownership , brought the rise of shacks fanning out from ardrossan along beaches including port julia , black point , and in many other places around the long coastline . with the peninsula now the home of small farming communities , tourism became an important supplement to the local economy . based in the cornish heritage of the area , an annual ' cousin jack carnival ' began in 1963 . in 1973 , through the vision of premier don dunstan , ' the world ' s largest cornish festival ' was born , with the advent of ' kernewek lowender ' . the festival has continued to be a biennial celebration of the cornish heritage of the peninsula .\nthe show hails from paramount tv and skydance tv and features a noteworthy board of producers including michael bay and carlton cuse ( \u201clost\u201d ) . mace neufeld , who also produced the jack ryan series of movies , is back too .\naustralian actress cornish is known for her starring turn in 2004\u2019s somersault and her role as fanny brawne in bright star . on tv , she most recently played belinda mulrooney in the miniseries klondike . she\u2019s repped by untitled entertainment and uta .\ni used to have this fish and acts like an aba aba knifefish . with same temperment , eating habit and how it bites . mine jumped out though but survived and developed a fungus on the skin and slowly died . they get aggressive as they grow and likes to attack the owner . so be careful when cleaning the tank when it grow . usually the aggressive side show at around 12\n. mine died at 18\n. very cool fish to have you should watch blue planet dvd and it show a pack of large cornish jack hunting sleeping cichlids at night .\ntitle [ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ] created / published [ between 1920 and 1923 ] subject headings - saint - gaudens , augustus , - - 1848 - 1907 - - homes & haunts - studios - - new hampshire - - cornish - - 1920 - 1930 - saint - gaudens national historic site ( cornish , n . h . ) - - 1920 - 1930 format headings photographic prints - - 1920 - 1930 . medium 1 photographic print . call number / physical location biog file - st . gaudens , augustus [ p & p ; ] repository digital id cph 3c14882 / / urltoken library of congress control number 95512824 reproduction number lc - usz62 - 114882 ( b & w ; film copy neg . ) online format image description 1 photographic print . lccn permalink urltoken additional metadata formats marcxml record mods record dublin core record\nthe legacy of tin has always been around me and i wanted to design a piece of furniture which would celebrate not only the magnificent cornish landscape , but the treasures buried within it . the tin used in this piece has been mined locally in cornwall and cast specifically for this console table .\napple introduced its iphone 7 today . they say it ' s slimmer , sleeker and that the camera ' s better . and , yes , the rumors are true . there ' s no headphone jack . users will have to use wireless headphones or apple ' s lightning port instead . but the old plug - and - socket combination - the jack - has been around in one form or another for more than a hundred years . jonathan sterne of mcgill university is here to tell us about it . he wrote the book\nthe audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .\njonathan sterne , welcome to the program .\noscar - nominated feature director morten tyldum ( the imitation game , passengers ) is set to direct the opening episode of amazon \u2019s straight - to - series drama tom clancy \u2019s jack ryan , from the lost duo of co - showrunner carlton cuse and writer graham roland , platinum dunes , skydance media and paramount tv .\njack ryan is co - produced by paramount tv and skydance tv and executive produced by cuse , roland , platinum dunes\u2019 michael bay , brad fuller , and andrew form , as well as skydance\u2019s david ellison , dana goldberg and marcy ross , along with the movie franchise\u2019s producer mace neufeld and lindsey springer of carlton cuse prods .\nunfolding over 10 episodes , the series follows jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale .\njack ryan stars john krasinski ( the office , 13 hours : the secret soldiers of benghazi ) as clancy\u2019s cia analyst , who finds himself on field assignment for the first time , uncovering a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . \u201d\nover the years , ryan has been portrayed by alec baldwin in 1990 & apos ; s the hunt for red october , harrison ford in 1992 & apos ; s patriot games and 1994 & apos ; s clear and present danger , ben affleck in 2002 & apos ; s the sum of all fears , and most recently by star trek star chris pine for jack ryan : shadow recruit .\nsterne : no , no , it ' s a smaller jack . we don ' t know exactly when that was invented . the first widespread consumer use was transistor radios . the first one was 1954 , i think . but it ' s likely that shape of the plug was in use in military uses before that and probably also for hearing aids , which is where a lot of advances in miniaturization happened .\nsome independent television companies used cornish locations as far back as 1956 and , in 1966 , the bbc started using outdoor locations for doctor who . the big thrust of television filming in the county came in the 1970s with two major television series ; the onedin line and poldark . a further resurgence in television filming came in the mid 1990s with the wycliffe series . more recently have been the doc martin series , which was a spin - off from the film saving grace , and echo beach , a somewhat controversial weekly soap opera starring jason donovan and martine mccutcheon . 2014 saw cornwall as the main location for the remake of winston graham ' s poldark with aidan turner in the title role . cornwall has also become popular as the focus of documentaries about cornish life with series like the fisherman ' s apprentice with monty halls and cornwall with caroline quentin .\nfrom the late 1840s the peninsula was also the home of wandering shepherds caring for flocks belonging to european pastoralists including ex - sea captain walter hughes who took up the lease of the wallaroo run in 1854 . one of these shepherds , paddy ryan , discovered copper ore on hughes ' land in 1861 - reputedly in a wombat ' s burrow . ryan died soon afterwards , but hughes and his co - investors became very wealthy men . the network of lodes which made up the legendary wallaroo and moonta mines brought wealth to their owners , and led to the founding of south australia ' s three largest towns outside of adelaide - kadina , wallaroo and moonta . within four years the three towns had a combined population of 8 , 000 . cornish miners - world famous for their skill over thousands of years - flocked to the area . under mine manager ' captain ' hr hancock , the towns of the northern yorke peninsula came to be not only ' the copper triangle ' but also ' little cornwall ' , as hughes and hancock imported thousands more miners direct from cornwall . when mining collapsed in 1923 , the cartoonist and former mine captain , oswald pryor , made the yorke peninsula ' s cornish - australian miners world famous through his ' cousin jack ' and ' cousin jenny ' cartoons .\na similar mixed set of outlooks existed in religious circles . although the cornish miners under the pious captain hancock formed a community who were 80 per cent methodist church members , the peninsula was also the home of a strong catholic community with an early convent school at kadina in the care of mary mackillop ' s josephite nuns . at wallaroo a group of welsh miners established a welsh speaking congregational church . an array of visiting evangelists contributed to often spectacular religious revivals . the cornish were proud of their strong historic associations with wesleyan methodism and replicated larger versions of their chapels on the soil of australia which were funded by the local mineral wealth . but despite the strength of teetotal methodism , kadina witnessed two ' beer strikes ' protesting at the local price of alcohol , in 1902 and 1920 . and wallaroo was the home of the only south australian woman ever to be sentenced to death - the accidental murderer , elizabeth woolcock .\ncornish stock was imported into north america , where they provided genetic material for the meaty broiler chickens . continued selection for broad breasts has increased the percentage of the body that is white meat , the part of the chicken that is prized most by north americans . the story of the development of the chicken meat industry shows how chickens have moved from one continent to another and how humans have changed the function of the chicken in the process ( latshaw & musharaf ) .\nbut at the same time , this freedom comes with a cost . and the cost is you ' re increasingly locked into the decisions of the company whose platform you use . and so the headphone jack , which - let ' s face it - is just another plug to plug things into , become symbolic of apple ' s constantly changing products . and i think it ' s a little disturbing to people because it ' s a reminder that they ' re really not in control of their media lives .\npaleontologist jack horner in 2003 unearthed a tyrannosaurus rex that lived 68 million years ago in montana and recovered a still - elastic blood vessel from inside a fractured thigh bone fossil . recent phylogenetic analyses of this isolated tissue by a team of scientists reveals that the closest living relative of t . rex is none other than the domestic chicken . of seven decoded amino acid sequences from the collagen molecules , three matched chicken uniquely . another matched frog uniquely , one matched newt uniquely , and a few matched multiple sequences .\nsterne : yeah , 1888 is the first switchboard . and the idea basically is you ' d pick up your phone at home . it would connect you to an operator who was wearing some kind of headset . and then you ' d tell him who you wanted to call , and they ' d plug a cable with two quarter - inch plugs on - one on each end . they ' d plug one into a jack for your phone and one for the phone of the person you wanted to be connected to .\nthe office alum krasinski plays the drama\u2019s titular hero , who is at the beginning of his career . the series will follow \u201can up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time , \u201d according to the official logline . the 10 - episode jack ryan , which received a straight - to - series order , \u201cfollows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . \u201d\nwe thank andrea betancourt , mohamed noor , allen orr , howard rundle , arndt telschow , thomson webb , jack werren , members of the charlesworth lab group , and two anonymous reviewers for helpful discussions and / or comments on the manuscript . andy beckenbach , paul gibas , jessica savage , and dewayne shoemaker assisted with fly collecting and julie sullivan and karin tetzlaff assisted with the laboratory experiments . drosophila were imported from canada under united states department of agriculture permit 56887 to jj and were collected in the smoky mountains under a national park collecting permit to kad .\nthe sport of cockfighting developed in asia . this sport is one in which birds are paired and they fight to the death . big muscular birds had an advantage in this sport than smaller birds . winning birds provided the breeding stock , so fighting cocks naturally became bigger over the centuries . indian fighting cocks were imported into england and were the basis for old english bird stocks , also used for fighting . they , in turn , provided the basic genetic material for the cornish breed , a chicken with extreme muscling that resulted in a broad breast .\nin cornwall , a \u201cspine\u201d of granite runs the full length of the county just beneath the surface . the spine becomes visible on the tors of bodmin moor , carn brea and west penwith . around each granite margin there is a ring of baked rock in which there are vertical mineral lodes containing tin ore . since pre \u2013 historic times people have been extracting and trading this tin . derelict engine houses and other remnants of a one time prosperous tin mining industry are commonplace on the cornish landscape . growing up in cornwall these ruins formed a large part of my childhood playgrounds .\nlast week mike dash told a tale of high seas adventure that put me in mind of another , somewhat earlier one . not that anne bonny and mary read had much in common with kindly old david o\u2019keefe\u2014they were pirates , for one thing , as renowned for their ruthlessness as for their gender , and during their short careers challenged the sailors\u2019 adage that a woman\u2019s presence on shipboard invites bad luck . indeed , were it not for bonny and read , john \u201ccalico jack\u201d rackam\u2019s crew would\u2019ve suffered indignity along with defeat during its final adventure in the caribbean . but more on that in a moment\u2026\ni am a wildlife ecologist , educator and illustrator living in seattle , wa . my current research focuses on birds and urbanization as a ph . d . candidate working with professor john marzluff at the university of washington\u2019s college of the environment . in addition to graduate studies , i currently teach science courses at cornish college of the arts and freelance as an illustrator for books and journal articles ( read article on my illustrations for \u201cwelcome to subirdia\u201d by john marzluff ) . i earned my b . a . in visual art / history , and m . sc . in wildlife biology .\nbut the peninsula was not only the home of cornish copper miners . the large runs of the wealthy pastoralists were gradually broken up and turned into smaller farms to meet the demand for agricultural land . from the 1870s agriculture became a vital component of peninsula life and was increasingly important as world copper prices fell and the affluence of mining slowly dissipated . the tiny towns and settlements of the peninsula clung onto existence through barley and wheat crops . a bustling coastal trade was built up around the export of grain to port adelaide , and the import and later production of superphosphate . gypsum and limestone quarrying were significant industries on the lower peninsula .\nsterne : well , i think it ' s a couple of things . one is with any kind of plugger jack - i mean , the same thing with the outlets in your wall - anything you can do to standardize is really useful unless you control the market . so if you want to make a new kind of transistor radio , and somebody ' s already invested in a good earphone , although they weren ' t very good , you ' d want yours to work with their earphone . and that ' s why other formats , like usb , as well , because people want to be able to plug their stuff into the other stuff that they have .\nanne , meanwhile , spent most of her time drinking at local saloons and seducing pirates ; in a general history , johnson contends that she was \u201cnot altogether so reserved in point of chastity , \u201d and that james bonny once \u201csurprised her lying in a hammock with another man . \u201d anne grew especially enamored of one paramour , john \u201ccalico jack\u201d rackam , so - called due to his affinity for garish clothing , and left bonny to join rackam\u2019s crew . one legend holds that she launched her pirating career with an ingenious ploy , creating a \u201ccorpse\u201d by mangling the limbs of a dressmaker\u2019s mannequin and smearing it with fake blood . when the crew of a passing french merchant ship spotted anne wielding an ax over her creation , they surrendered their cargo without a fight .\ncalico jack rackam was scheduled to be executed by hanging on november 18 , and his final request was to see anne . she had but one thing to say to him : \u201cif you had fought like a man , you need not have been hang\u2019d like a dog . \u201d ten days later , she and mary stood trial at the admiralty court in st . jago de la vega , jamaica , both of them pleading not guilty to all charges . the most convincing witness was one dorothy thomas , whose canoe had been robbed of during one of the pirates\u2019 sprees . she stated that anne and mary threatened to kill her for testifying against them , and that \u201cthe reason of her knowing and believing them to be women then was by the largeness of their breasts . \u201d\nmary resumed her life as a man and sailed for the west indies on a dutch ship , which was soon captured by english pirates . the crew , believing mary to be a fellow englishman , encouraged her to join them . calico jack rackam served as the quartermaster of her new crew , and he , along with his shipmates , never suspected mary\u2019s true gender . she was aggressive and ruthless , always ready for a raid , and swore , well , like a drunken sailor . she was \u201cvery profligate , \u201d recalled one of her victims , \u201ccursing and swearing much . \u201d loose clothing hid her breasts , and no one thought twice about her lack of facial hair ; her mates , most of them in their teens or early twenties , were also smooth - faced . it\u2019s also likely that mary suffered from stress and poor diet while serving in the army , factors that could have interrupted or paused her menstrual cycle .\ngreek , mormyros = a fish ( sparus sp ) + greek , ops = appearance ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 10\u00b0s - 21\u00b0s\nafrica : a very wide distribution area which includes most of the west african river basins ( ref . 81274 ) , white nile river ( ref . 3203 ) , uebi shebeli and juba river ( ref . 3203 ) , and the congo river basin ( ref . 52193 ) ; in southern africa , restricted to the middle and lower zambezi , buzi and pungwe ( ref . 52193 ) . also known from lake malawi , lake tanganyika and lake albert [ former lake mobuto ] ( ref . 3203 , 52193 ) .\nmaturity : l m 32 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2915 ) ; max . published weight : 15 . 0 kg ( ref . 52193 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 33 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 38 - 51 . diagnosis : head depressed , mouth large and terminal ; body elongated ( ref . 13337 , 52193 ) . chin ( mental swelling ) absent ; origin of dorsal fin behind origin of anal fin , nearer caudal fin base than tip of snout ; dorsal fin shorter than anal fin ; mouth width subequal to snout length : snout long ( ref . 52193 ) . sl / body depth 4 . 9 - 7 . 5 ; head 3 . 4 - 5 . 1 times in standard length ; snout almost as wide as head ; interorbital space wide , head length / interorbital space 2 . 9 - 6 . 8 ; variation in meristic characteristics due to differences in geographic clines ( ref . 2915 ) .\njuveniles occur in marginal habitats , adults prefer deep quiet water between boulders and below overhangs , away from strong currents ; also occurs beneath salvinia mats and in river estuaries in lake kariba ; juveniles prey on invertebrates , mainly shrimps and insect larvae ; larger individuals feed on small cichlids , minnows and labeos ; may live for 8 years or more ; breeds in summer during the rainy season ; mature females carry 25000 or more eggs ( ref . 7248 , 52193 ) . a fractional spawner ( ref . 10606 , 10605 ) . affinities : m . breviceps .\nbigorne , r . , 1990 . mormyridae . p . 122 - 184 . in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux saum\u00e2tres d ' afrique de l ' ouest . tome 1 . faune trop . 28 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , and orstom , paris . ( ref . 2915 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00562 ( 0 . 00313 - 0 . 01011 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 61 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 08 - 0 . 12 ; tm > 8 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\npreviously reported as mormyrops deliciosus ( leach , 1818 ) , a junior synonym of m . anguilloides ( see bigorne , 1987 ) . the taxonomic position of the kenyan population is uncertain : the species might be identical to m . citernii vinciguerra , 1913 described from the juba system in somalia ( seegers et al . 2003 ) .\nbills , r . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , marshall , b . , moelants , t . & ntakimazi , g .\nsnoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern and western africa .\nthis species has a very wide distribution area and is present in most parts of sub - saharan africa . central africa : mormyrops anguilloides is known from throughout the congo river basin . elsewhere , it is known from the lower guinea region , distributed in the sanaga river basin , in the nyong , the lokoundj\u00e9 and the cross . eastern africa : it is known from the lake albert basin , and albert nile , as well as from the malagarasi river and lake tanganyika . it is also known from lake malawi . in kenya it has been recorded from the northern ewaso nyiro system ( seegers et al . 2004 ) but this is probably not correct . an uncertain record of m . anguilloides from the athi river basin discussed by okeyo ( 1998 ) is unsubstantiated ( seegers et al . 2004 ) . northeast africa : this species is present in the ghazal and jebel systems , white nile , and the blue nile to lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . it also occurs in the wabi shebelle basin , ethiopia . southern africa : in southern africa it is restricted to the middle and lower zambezi and the buzi and pungwe rivers ( skelton 2001 ) . western africa : m . anguilloides has a very wide distribution area and is present in the most parts of west african basins .\nthis is a demersal , potamodromous species . this species inhabits rivers and river mouths . juveniles are found in marginal habitats whereas adults prefer deep quiet water and estuaries away from strong currents ( tweddle and willoughby , 1982 ) . it also occurs beneath salvinia mats and in river estuaries in lake kariba . juveniles prey on invertebrates , mainly shrimps and insect larvae , whilst larger individuals feed on small cichlids , minnows and labeos . it breeds during the rainy season ( skelton 1993 ) and is a fractional spawner ( alberet 1982 , kirschbaum 1995 ) .\nin eastern africa this species is threatened by fisheries and environmental disturbance . intense fishing pressure with gill nets in certain areas of the lower zambezi probably affects this species .\nbills , r . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , marshall , b . , moelants , t . & ntakimazi , g . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncornwall kid : trevone bay round blow hole from the sea tunnel view up from bottom . 26th august 2016\nruckomechi camp , zimbabwe , game viewing & tiger fishing . july 2011 . linda collison . hd\ntetraodon mbu - puffer fish eating crab & shrimp - ( leon de kogel - episode 2 ) . wmv\nfishing in the congo - somewhere down the crazy river . . . again !\nit is full fat hard cheese and with a fruity flavour and nutty tones .\nour cheese is hand cut from our shop counter so weights may vary slightly .\nuse spaces to separate tags . use single quotes ( ' ) for phrases .\njavascript seem to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nthey are a fairly large fish as they can grow up to 150 cm ( 4 . 9\u2032 ) in length and weigh up to 15 kg ( 33 pounds )\ni am a digital nomad who enjoys travelling around the globe while inspiring others to leave their comfort zone and improve their life . i have a passion for self - development and of course everything related to our natural ecosystems .\ncurrently you have javascript disabled . in order to post comments , please make sure javascript and cookies are enabled , and reload the page . click here for instructions on how to enable javascript in your browser .\njoin this exclusive facebook group and win cool prizes for you & your furry friend .\nwe ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .\ni bought this little guy last week . he is about 4\nand awesome ! he eats live tubies , bloodworms , massivore , krill , and shrimp . but i can ' t hardly find any information about him . what i have read has mixed opinions about tankmates , mine is with a bunch of other fish in a 40 and is doing fine so far . i also read that they grow slooooooow , like 1\na year\ni would really like to hear about anyones personal experience and any information they might have . especially anything having to do with increasing that pathetic growth rate .\nlive prey always seems to make some fishes grow faster , so maybe try having small feeders that have been quarantined and gut - loaded in its aquarium at all times .\nreally ? it seems to me fish that are fed prepared foods grow faster and are healthier . he loves massivore , and eats more of that than anything else . also , hes in with 3 pb , so feeders would not be an option .\nreal name : dee joined : feb 24 , 2009 messages : 6 , 887 likes received : 9 trophy points : 62 location : at your back . . watch out ! last seen : dec 27 , 2016\ngot it at 8\nand grew fast till it hit 18\nin the first year .\ni am soooo glad to hear that . i read somewhere they grow 1\nper year !\nmormyrus anguilloides linnaeus 1758 was described from the nile river . the species as presently recognised has a wide african distribution . taxonomic assessment of the many distinct regional populations is needed . additional synonyms from central and western africa .\nsnoeks , j . , marshall , b . , impson , d . , da costa , l . , bills , r . , swartz , e . , engelbrecht , j . , cambray , j . , skelton , p . h . , terry , s . , tweddle , d . & darwall , w . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit ) ( west cape province workshop , south africa 2006 ) .\njustification : a widespread species in the lower and middle zambezi and also in lake malawi . no information is available concerning population sizes , declines or fluctuations . catches by fishermen indicate that it is present throughout its range but rarely abundant . it is assessed as least concern .\nthe species is widespread in north , west , central and southern africa . nile , congo and zambezi rivers , lakes tanganyika and malawi .\nintense fishing pressure with gill nets in certain areas of the lower zambezi probably affects this species .\nif you wish to hunt rabbits and hares , you will need to obtain a small game hunting permit .\ncolour : grey brown with paler underside . infrequently black , ginger and silver - grey colours encountered . eyes brown . tips of ears narrow black rim .\nsocial behaviour : in high density populations rabbits live in a complex of underground burrows ( warren ' s ) and in lower numbers above ground cover . home range about 1 ha .\nreproduction : timing , litter frequency and size dependent on habitat conditions with productivity as high as 45 to 50 kittens ( young rabbits ) per year in good areas , down to around 20 in poorer areas , average litter five . kittens are born blind in underground burrows and emerge at about 3 weeks old .\ncolour : mottled black and fawn on upper surface with tawny sides . belly is pure white . eyes yellow . ears black patch at the tip .\nreproduction : leverets ( young hares ) are born above ground fully covered in a thick coat of pile hair and with open eyes . average litter size 2 with 4 litters per year .\nnomenclature : rabbits : male = buck . female = doe . young = kit . hares : male = buck . female = doe . young = leveret .\nthe department of conservation ( doc ) has limited opportunities for hunting rabbits and hares . contact the doc office nearest the hunting area about opportunities and permit requirements etc .\nmuch of the suitable habitat is on private land and you need permission from the landowner .\ndistribution : rabbits occupy most suitable habitat in new zealand from the coast to 1000 m in the south island and to above the bushline in the north island . although less abundant than they used to be rabbits are still plentiful in central otago , the mckenzie basin , north canterbury and marlborough .\nhabitat preference : ideally an annual rainfall of less than 1000 mm with light soils , sunny aspect and good cover close to feeding grounds . favoured habitats include coastal dunelands , dry stony riverbeds , limestone hills and sunny coastal faces .\ndistribution : hares can be found throughout the north and south islands of new zealand occupying suitable habitat from sea level to 2000 m . areas where hares are not found include parts of south westland , fiordland and an area from auckland north about 80 km .\nhabitat preference : all kinds of grassland or open country . favoured areas include coastal sand dunes , pasture , rush covered areas and clearings in scrub or forest .\nsmall calibre rifles . 22 rim fire ( often with subsonic ammunition and suppressed rifles ) or shotguns .\nnote : hunting rabbits and hares on doc administered land is subject to a\nsmall game permit\nwhich in some locations permits . 22 rimfire and shotgun use that is not normally allowed .\nlate afternoon until dark , when rabbits and hares out feeding , best time to hunt .\nunless jump shooting , stake out likely areas in late afternoon until dark when rabbits will emerge from cover for feeding .\nduring daylight hours , hares spend much of their time crouched in an oval depression referred to as a form .\nwhen hunting , keep alert as hares will often break from the form just before being stood on .\nhares will often clip vegetation with a characteristic 45 o cut and leave the tip of the plant nearby .\nfaecal pellets shaped like flattened spheres , 15 mm x 10 mm in size with a slight tail on one side ( larger , paler and more fibrous than rabbits and tend to be scattered ) .\nhare sign indicator of hare presence and worth staking out or hunting through area .\nin new zealand , there is no seasonal restriction to hunting rabbits or hares meaning generally they can be hunted throughout the year . there are however , instances where restrictions apply for specific reasons and periods when hunting is favoured .\nsome areas may be closed during periods of high fire danger or high public use .\nnot a common occurrence but an area may be closed on a temporary basis to enable research or other management to be undertaken without being compromised by hunting .\nit is important to check for these conditions with the doc office nearest the hunting area .\nif you wish to hunt rabbits and hares on public conservation land , you will need to obtain a small game hunting permit from doc .\nit restricts hunting of rabbits and hares ( which are unprotected game animals ) to specific areas and times .\nthe permit ( if areas are available ) can be obtained from the doc office nearest the hunting area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator ."]}
{"id": 2496, "summary": [{"text": "oscar whisky ( 10 february 2005 \u2013 6 december 2014 ) was an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse who competed in national hunt racing .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in his early career he showed promise , winning two national hunt flat races and two novice hurdles .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the 2010/2011 national hunt season he emerged as one of the leading hurdlers in the british isles , winning the welsh champion hurdle and the aintree hurdle as well as finishing third behind hurricane fly in the champion hurdle .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following season he won the relkeel hurdle and a second aintree hurdle .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the ascot hurdle and a second relkeel hurdle in 2012/2013 before being moved up to compete in steeplechases in the following season when he won the dipper novices ' chase and the scilly isles novices ' chase .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "oscar whisky was fatally injured in a fall at sandown park racecourse on 6 december 2014 . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "oscar whisky", "paragraphs": ["whisky magazine issue 31 desert island drams - whisky cons - liqueurs - whisky & cigars .\nwhisky magazine issue 25 whisky and humour - john glaser - cragganmore - grain whisky tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 135 spirit of speyside whisky festival , japanese craft whisky , sedgwick , kentucky peerless .\nwhisky magazine issue 24 the world of whisky - max shapira - glenfarclas - new world whisky tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 37 bill murray - whisky live - bourbon collecting - ice cream - whisky in russia .\noscar whisky defended his crown in a thrilling finish to the john smith ' s aintree hurdle .\nwhisky magazine issue 144 discovering lexington , on the road to ardnamurchan distillery , the evolution of japanese whisky and whisky adventures .\nwhisky magazine issue 138 a roundup of canadian whisky and blends , arran and paul john distillery focus plus australian whisky supplement .\nwhisky magazine issue 30 best whiskies in the world - the whisky academy - pronounciation .\nwhisky magazine issue 29 james bond - cooley distillery - indian whisky - festival reviews .\nwhisky magazine issue 20 whisky & literature - glengoyne - vintage malts - canadian tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 19 jimmy russell - japanese whisky - illicit distilling - bourbon tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 5 guide to tobermory - milroys of soho - whisky and fish .\nwhisky magazine issue 4 matthew gloag - guide to ardbeg - whisky and smoked salmon .\nwhisky magazine issue 1 whisky hero arthur bell - laphroaig - cooking with nick nairn .\nwhisky magazine issue 40 whisky in greece - how whiskey fuelled the blues - speyside festival - whisky and coffee - special japanese tastings .\nwhisky magazine issue 51 winston and whisky - blended whisky - talisker and teacher ' s turn 175 - glen grant - bourbon in brooklyn - wine finishes - the glasgow whisky scandal .\nwhisky magazine issue 35 kentucky special - port wood finishes - bowmore - own label whisky .\nwhisky magazine issue 32 brian cox - whisky down under - silent stills - speyside festival .\nwhisky magazine issue 14 women and whisky - old pulteney - vintage malts - brown forman .\nwhisky magazine issue 43 the world ' s best blended whisky - jim mcewans ' s whisky academy - irish whiskey tastings - christmas indulgences .\nwhisky magazine issue 132 japan whisky in harmony , balblair distillery , beam suntory , tomatin distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 114 glencadam distillery , george dickel , three ships , icons of whisky america .\nwhisky magazine issue 45 whisky and art - young malts - whisky on the web - tullibardine - cardhu - heaven hill - blends vs malts .\nwhisky magazine issue 34 sean connery - east meets west - irish coffee - whisky and sushi .\nwhisky magazine issue 33 whisky galore - royal brackla - cocktails - burn stewart - chil filtering .\nwhisky magazine issue 21 whisky and art - buying a cask - brian morrison - rye tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 10 small batch bourbon - the glenlivet - grain whisky - focus on canada .\nwhisky magazine issue 54 icons of whisky 2006 - islay & jura guide - grain whisky - bourbon ' s future - cask strength higlanders - deanston .\nwhisky magazine issue 44 celtic cousins - whisky from wales , cornwall and brittany - balblair distillery - blended whisky tasting - chicago bars - amber restaurant .\noscar whisky runs for walters in tomorrow\u2019s jlt novices\u2019 chase , and he said : \u201che\u2019s in very good form . oscar is my favourite horse , but after this , it could be whisper ! \u201d\nwhisky magazine issue 105 usa special edition : kentucky , mount vernon , washington dc , rodeo whisky .\nwhisky magazine issue 47 celebrating speyside - new island distilleries - best distillery tours - islay festival - whisky and cigar challenge - forty creek - whisky liqueurs .\nwhisky magazine issue 98 icons of whisky scotland winners unveiled - independent bottlers challenge results - cameronbridge - whisky magazine photographic challenge 2011 and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 48 highland park - whisky cocktails - jack daniel ' s barbecue challenge - happy birthday johnnie walker - bruichladdich - best whisky websites - aberfeldy .\nwhisky magazine issue 62 macallan oak - cask strength - canadian whisky - pagodas - rankin on rebus - icons of whisky 2007 - ledaig - glen grant - glenmorangie .\nwhisky magazine issue 46 best of the best - champions of whisky 2005 - icons of whisky - glen gant - adelphi - distillery buy - out two years on .\nwhisky magazine issue 123 the world of aberfeldy , great southern distillery , knockdhu distillery , icons of whisky america .\nwhisky magazine issue 86 shackleton ' s whisky - dalwhinnie - new york bars - kilbeggan - cocktails - peat - icons of whisky 2010 and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 125 sl\u00e1inte to irish whiskey , icons of whisky rest of world , bourbon , travel retail glenmorangie .\noscar whisky , right , clears the last just ahead of manyriverstocross in the scilly isles novice chase at sandown . photograph : alan crowhurst / getty images\nwhisky magazine issue 127 a focus on speyside , allt - \u00e1 - bhainne , kentucky visitor centres , golf and whisky .\nwhisky magazine issue 38 icons of whisky - jerez - new york ' s dale degroff - old whiskies : special tasting .\ni think he ' s going to be one of the great oscar hosts .\nwhisky magazine issue 92 albert watson & the macallan - kyoto - springbank - zen & whisky and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 76 whisky magazine aged 10 years - grain whisky comeback - top 10 lost distilleries - visitors guide to the islands - welsh whisky - top 10 london bars - tastings , blends - lewis , new distillery - and more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 67 premium blends - kittling ridge - 200 whiskies tasted - icons of whisky - whisky and food - vip tours - climate change . . . and more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 50 50 leading whisky quotes - 50 top independently bottled whiskies - 50 great drinking occasions - aberfeldy - bulleit bourbon - the effects of peat - whisky and global warming . .\nchampion hurdle hero rock on ruby cut out much of the running , but he was unable to stop oscar whisky jumping by him at the second - last .\nwhisky magazine issue 134 awards special : the best whiskies in the world , icons of whisky global and the hall of fame . .\nso sad at the loss of the great oscar whisky in the tingle creek today . brave little horse who always tried his best . condolences to the henderson team .\nhenderson has the current 4 / 1 favourite oscar whisky and he\u2019s expected to go very close to reversing the cleeve hurdle form with reve de sivola on better ground .\nwhisky magazine issue 75 global blends - chichibu - buffalo trace - independent bottlers challenge - icons of whisky - awards - yamazaki - yoichi - the balvenie - old forester - whisky kitchen - bourbon festival .\nbred in ireland by edmond coleman . he was sired by oscar , a horse who finished second to\nwhisky magazine issue 101 whisky families , mackmyra , buffalo trace , a drinker ' s guide to london and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 65 rye rebound - blood brothers - teacher ' s - americas whisky heartland - 50 whiskies tasted - barbecues - george dickel - woman in whisky - benromach - bruichladdich - longmorn - tullibardine .\nwhisky magazine issue 61 american distiller of the year - icons of whisky - buffalo trace exclusive - bar exams - premium bourbon - ballantines .\nwhisky magazine issue 100 the whisky magazine anniversary issue celebrates 100 years of the greatest whisky people , the 21st century ' s 100 greatest bottles and the 100 greatest distilleries to visit plus much more . . . .\ncheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) .\n\u201coscar whisky was backed off the boards in no time at all . the results then went our way and we\u2019re looking forward to another frenzy of betting on gold cup day . \u201d\nwhisky magazine issue 49 kentucky bourbon - glasgow scotland ' s whisky city - a world of whisky tasting from across the globe - how to be nosey - lagavulin - heaven hill - cragganmore - the art of blending - liqueurs .\ncheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) . - free online library\n* scored on first two starts over fences , including when outbattling oscar whisky in the steel plate and sections novices\u2019 chase over an extended two and a half miles at cheltenham on november 15 .\noscar producers neil meron and craig zadan say macfarlane represents a powerful draw for the masses , especially the younger masses .\nwhisky magazine issue 142 the best whiskies in the world 2017 , icons of whisky global winners and the conclusion to this year ' s battle of the blends .\nwhisky magazine issue 128 crown royal , netherlands , laphroaig , photo challenge 2015 .\nwhisky magazine issue 113 world whiskies special , tormore distillery , dallas city guide .\nwhisky magazine issue 107 movies & moonshine - junior johnson - bushmills cask guitars .\nwhisky magazine issue 41 50 years of maker ' s mark - yamazaki - aged bourbon tasting - fake whisky update - islay walks - paul rankin - scapa .\nwhisky magazine issue 36 5th birthday issue - monarch of the glen - glenrothes .\nwhisky magazine issue 28 berlin bars - william teacher - auchentoshan - delme evans .\nwhisky magazine issue 27 andrew usher - amateur blender - bunnahabhain - speyside tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 2 what ' s it worth - macallan - johnnie walker .\noscar whisky ' s owner dai walters said : ' it ' s a dream come true . nicky and his team have got him here and i ' ve got to thank them very much . '\nwhisky magazine issue 55 abraham lincoln - up in smoke - scotch on the rocks - kentucky visitors ' guide - deanston - islay and jura - the whisky shop .\nwhisky magazine issue 130 global travel retail , coppersmiths , favourite blends , texas whiskey .\nwhisky magazine issue 106 independent bottlers ' challenge 2012 - islay - drinkers guide edinburgh .\nwhisky magazine issue 102 photo challenge 2012 winners revealed - ireland spotlight - bruichladdich distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 79 world whiskies awards edition - best whiskies in the world 2009 .\nwhisky magazine issue 78 icons of whisky 2009 - edradour - bill lumsden - three glens - southern ireland - evan williams - the dalmore & much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 72 the dalmore - forest to flask - the whisky boom - four roses - auchentoshan - glen grant - ancnoc and much more . . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 26 independent bottlers - david stewart - buffalo trace - japanese whiskies .\nwhisky magazine issue 17 richard paterson art of blending - cadenhead - the speyside way .\nwhisky magazine issue 16 best of the best 2001 - how to taste - glenfiddich .\nwhisky magazine issue 7 millenuim tasting - economics of wood - dalmore - bourbon uncoverd .\nwhisky magazine issue 3 irish whiskey - wood ageing - how malt gets its character .\nwhisky magazine issue 71 best whiskies in the world 2008 - wonderful wood - old bourbon - lost distilleries - travel retail - tastings grain whisky and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 70 icons of whisky 2008 - speyside treasures - silent season - tour de france - ireland guide - littlemill - dalmore - ardmore . . . and more .\nanother nick henderson trained runner to watch out for over the bigger obstacles this season is oscar whisky , a name that will be all too familiar to most national hunt fans following his impressive career to date over hurdles .\nwhisky magazine issue 136 photo challenge 2016 winners , whistlepig , scottish visitor centres , tobermory .\nwhisky magazine issue 131 the hebridean archipelago , dalmunach , four roses , new orleans bars .\nwhisky magazine issue 94 photo challenge 2010 winners revealed - dr vijay mallya - midleton distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 93 four roses - mount vernon - old crow distillery and much more .\nwhisky magazine issue 83 exclusive - diageo ' s ambitious project - bladnoch - manhattens in manhatten - whisky islands - blair athol - glenrothes - macallan and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 15 spirit of ireland - isle of arran - vintage malts - blackadder .\nwhisky magazine issue 13 jim mcewan - booker noe - ultimate macallan tasting - aberlour distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 11 highland malts tasting - lagavulin - buffalo trace - cigars - fishing .\nwhisky magazine issue 9 best selling blends - irish special - white horse - wild turkey .\nwhisky magazine issue 8 wood finish tasting - gordon & mcphail - makers mark - edradour .\nwhisky magazine issue 139 a visit to japan ' s fuji gotemba distillery , global travel retail special , a tour of us visitor centres , plus icons of whisky rest of world results .\nmla style :\ncheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) . .\nthe free library . 2010 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nwhisky magazine issue 147 tullibardine - gordon & macphail - dalmore - jura - mackmyra - teeling .\nwhisky magazine issue 129 american whiskey special plus kingbarns , single oak project , edradour and germany .\nwhisky magazine issue 117 titanic belfast , small batch blends , toronto and maker ' s mark .\nwhisky magazine issue 104 the macallan , alternative grains , adnams & much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 58 independent bottlers challenge - setting up your own distillery - world of the whisky ambassador - royal lochnagar - guide to ireland - goat fell - distillery ghosts - canadian blends .\nwhisky magazine issue 6 isaly tasting - travels in speyside & kentucky - talisker - bourbon uncovered .\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . cheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nwhisky magazine issue 63 world whiskies awards - the best whiskies in the world - new distilleries - balblair vintages - kentucky visitors guide - whisky and food - port ellen and more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 60 praban na linne - grain production - marmalade - laphroaig - cocktail time - whisky islands - new zealand illicit stills - hokonui - compass box - old pulteney - dewar rattray .\nwhisky magazine issue 53 on the roll - how malt made social gambling cool - visiting speyside - isle of jura - auchentoshan - george washington - russia ' s whisky elite - lowland malts tasted .\njonjo o\u2019neill said : \u201che will get a proper gallop in the jlt . obviously , there is not much between oscar whisky and taquin du seuil . oscar would have more pace but taquin is a good horse and , as long as the ground does not dry out too much , he will run well . he is best on soft ground , though i will run him on good ground .\nat that point , oscar whisky showed his class to find a way past , despite evident fatigue . henderson said the outing was essential in order to have the horse fit for next month ' s festival , when the jlt chase is the aim .\nwhisky magazine issue 137 irish whiskey , touring the hebrides and an american whiskey supplement on kentucky bourbon .\nwhisky magazine issue 124 david beckham interview , battle of the blends , ardbeg distillery , japan focus .\nwhisky magazine issue 122 is craft an expression of skill , aberlour , flavoured whiskies , glen grant .\nwhisky magazine issue 39 cask strength islay tasting - longmorn - classic malts cruise - delilah ' s .\nwhisky magazine issue 12 by royal appointment - jack daniel ' s - highland park - highland malts .\nwhisky magazine issue 68 lowland perfection - auchentoshan - history of the cork - premium whisky - glenury royal - dewars - makers mark - mash tuns - glenlivet - ben nevis - inverleven - 40 whiskies tasted .\napa style : cheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nwhisky magazine issue 150 world ' s best 2018 - rosebank - music - lot 40 - royal drams .\nwhisky magazine issue 133 the irish west coast trail , tullibardine distillery , bourbon pot stills , westland distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 121 rocky mountain high , mixo - gastro , india drinkers ' guide , four roses .\nwhisky magazine issue 115 black velvet distillery , travelling in alberta , glen keith distillery and masters of photography .\nwhisky magazine issue 22 festival previews - collecting - forsyth ' s - caramel - 12 year olds tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 120 the flavour of islay and jura , the sazerac trail , london bars guide , bruichladdich .\nwhisky magazine issue 96 jura - your guide to speyside - sydney bars guide and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 91 music special part - back to the seventies - fettercairn and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 90 music special - ailsa bay - independent bottlers ' challenge and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 64 mixing the magic - cocktails - glengyle comes of age - the glenlivet - 40 whiskies tasted - kilbeggan - duncan taylor - grain whisky - events - music - food and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 82 mull ' s drams - journey ' s blend - lark ' s rise - icons of whisky scotland - 11 page rum special - ardbeg - laphroaig - linkwood bunnahabhain - and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 148 island hopping - ardbeg - tullamore d . e . w - hiram walker - cotswold distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 80 jim beam - sir robin knox - johnston - kentucky guide and much more . . . .\n\u201cwe talked about sending him chasing at the start of this season but he\u2019d have clashed with dai\u2019s other horse oscar whisky in the two and half mile novice races . they would have been taking each other on so we decided to keep this fellow to hurdles but he\u2019ll go chasing next season . \u201d\nwhisky magazine issue 149 kingsman - taste of africa - ncn ' ean distillery - clydeside - diageo specials - green spot .\nwhisky magazine issue 23 iain henderson - ben nevis - eau - de - vie stills - moonshine - vatted malts tasting .\njust as he had done 12 months ago , irish raider thousand stars came at oscar whisky hard after the final obstacle but he was once again beaten a neck . it completed a magnificent treble on the day for trainer nicky henderson and jockey barry geraghty following the earlier successes of superstars simonsig and sprinter sacre .\nwhisky magazine issue 141 explore how copper stills are made , the end our journey down the rockies and a visit to ballindalloch .\nwhisky magazine issue 88 benromach distillery - incense - sherry casks - win four days at bowmore and much more . . . .\nthe heavy going here had dried out enough to make it cloying , the most stamina - sapping of surfaces , and oscar whisky did not seem to enjoy jumping out of it . he had just two rivals here but the outsider , manyriverstocross , looked the most likely winner for half a mile to the second - last .\nwhisky magazine issue 89 woodford reserve - us micro distilleries - glenlivet - win four days at bowmore and much more . . . .\noscar delta , who has finished third in the cga foxhunter chase for the past two years , looked destined to land this year\u2019s race before dramatically unshipping rider jane mangan on the run - in .\n* third to hinterland in grade one henry viii novices\u2019 chase at sandown on december 7 and second to oscar whisky in the grade two cheltenham pony club raceday novices\u2019 chase on new year\u2019s day , but back to winning ways with impressive 17 - length success in a two and a half mile grade two event at haydock park on january 18 .\nwhisky magazine issue 97 usa spotlight : wild turkey , new york , jack daniel ' s and diageo and much more . . . .\nwalters had hoped the gelding would win the welsh champion hurdle , run at ffos las which he owns , but the gelding had to settle for second beaten a head . today\u2019s victory was , \u201cvery nice consolation , \u201d said walter , adding : \u201ci\u2019ve won the welsh champion hurdle in the past with oscar whisky , so wasn\u2019t too disappointed . \u201d\nhenderson takes the view that , for reasons unknown , oscar whisky was unable to produce his best form at last year ' s festival , despite the fact that seven of his stablemates won that week . any horse can run badly once but this one is generally a model of consistency , winning 10 times from 15 starts on a variety of ground .\nwhisky magazine issue 143 we discover the wadden isles , explore the spirit of collaboration behind glenmorangie ' s latest expression and look at mizunara casks .\nwhisky magazine issue 81 evan williams - bushmills - highland park - auchentoshan - bowmore - mackmyra - glen scotia and much more . . . .\nat the time that effort seemed to answer the question of whether or not oscar whisky has the stamina for three miles , as he travelled well before fading into fifth . but in that case , what to make of his run in january ' s cleeve hurdle on much more testing ground , when he ran on stoutly to be beaten only a neck ?\n\u201ci am very happy with my fellow and , last time , there was not much between him and oscar ( three quarters of a length ) at cheltenham and they were some 15 lengths ahead of the third .\nwalters said : \u201ci\u2019ve won a lot of nice races , but never at the festival . snoopy loopy beat kauto star on one occasion and oscar whisky has won twice at liverpool , but i wanted one here . five years ago my daughter told me , \u2018until you have a festival winner you shouldn\u2019t buy any more horses , \u2019 but i kept on going . \u201d\nwhisky magazine issue 146 a tour of toronto , bourbon ' s pompeii , bladnoch distillery and a look back at glenmorangie ' s last 10 years .\nwhisky magazine issue 140 a journey round islay , visits to maker ' s mark and penderyn , and the conclusion to our trip down the rockies .\nwhisky magazine issue 77 the macallan - richard paterson - diageo - chieftain ' s - edradour - glenmorangie - smws & much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 56 scotland ' s lowlands - shake it up - china and india - glengoyne - indian food - highlander inn - japanese tastings .\nwhisky magazine issue 42 state of independence - the macallan new expressions - girvan - bushmills - innovation from laphroaig - widder bar - the wee dram .\nwhisky magazine is published / organised by paragraph publishing ltd copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 do not copy or reproduce content from this web site without permission .\nwhisky magazine issue 145 a visit to highland park , willie cochrane and claive vidiz interviewed . plus we kick off battle of the blends series three . .\nwhisky magazine issue 99 charley boorman - drayman ' s distillery - a drinker ' s guide to paris - micro distilling and much more . . . .\nrodger sweeney \u2013 who also owns the horse \u2013 felt last year\u2019s winner was beaten after the pair jumped the last but salsify was left to come home alone after oscar delta jinked and unshipped his pilot when about three lengths clear .\ntom o ' neil editor of the oscar blog goldderby . com , says the film academy has long looked in vain to find a host who can provide star quality and reach out to a broader demographic - - from david letterman , to jon stewart , to chris rock (\nthey were all great comedians , but miscast on the oscar stage ,\nsays o ' neil ) to 2011 ' s debacle with no - chemistry hosts james franco and anne hathaway .\noscar whisky landed the third grade one of his career at sandown park when slogging to victory in the scilly isles novice chase but made very hard work of it and never really looked like the 1 - 6 shot which punters believed him to be . two firms responded by lengthening his odds for the cheltenham festival , for which he is a top price of 10 - 1 with william hill .\nwhisky magazine issue 66 how glass affects your taste - rise of small stills - tamnavulin - woodford reserve - jura - ardbeg dinner - michael jackson - bunnahabhain .\n7 / 2 second - favourite cue card gave backers brief respite in the ryanair chase but 9 / 4 favourite oscar whisky\u2019s eclipse in the ladbrokes world hurdle and an agonising head defeat for the well - backed super duty in the fulke walwyn kim muir challenge chase saw punters go home with their tails between their legs , especially after carrickboy had earlier won the byrne group plate at 50 / 1 .\nwhen discussing most of his horses , henderson has deplored the heavy going which has been a constant for the past six weeks , but was much more comfortable with oscar whisky being given a thorough test .\nwith a lot of them , we ' re saying we don ' t want to do this at the moment , the bobs worths , the tents [ my tent or yours ] and others .\nhenderson is now understood to be prepared to give oscar whisky a try over fences and if he transfers his ability from hurdles to jumps , then he certain is one to watch over the coming months and before he has even left the ground to chance an open ditch on a racecourse , bookmakers make him the 8 / 1 second favourite , behind stablemate , simonsig , to win the arkle at cheltenham 2013 .\nwe ' re handing the oscar holy torch to the man most people know by his fictitious character stewie ( from family guy ) , who is this diabolical character . it ' s brilliant and it shows just how courageous the oscars are .\nmacfarlane has tipped his comedic hand by giving some barbs when he announced the academy award nominations in january , and he managed to get the word\nerection\ninto one oscar promotion - - though abc would not allow it on the airwaves .\nfavourite salsify ( 2 / 1 ) landed his second successive cga foxhunter chase in fortuitous circumstances on the final day of the festival and his trainer conceded that he \u2018probably wouldn\u2019t have won\u2019 had oscar delta not unseated rider jane mangan on the run - in .\noscar delta , who had finished third in the past two years , jinked when clear of his rivals and unseated jane mangan , handing victory to 2 / 1 favourite salsify and enabling a trio of british hunters to take a greater slice of the glory .\nwhisky magazine issue 84 boutique speyside - explore the balvenie - japanese focus - cocktails from new orleans - bunnahabhain - buffalo trace - mackmyra - smws and much more . . . .\nlord windermere is a bay gelding with a white blaze and three white socks bred in ireland by edmond coleman . he was sired by oscar , a horse who finished second to peintre celebre in the prix du jockey club before becoming a leading sire of national hunt horses . his other major winners have included big zeb ( queen mother champion chase ) , rock on ruby ( champion hurdle ) , oscar whisky ( aintree hurdle ) , peddlers cross ( baring bingham novices ' hurdle ) , black jack ketchum ( sefton novices ' hurdle ) and at fishers cross ( spa novices ' hurdle ) . [ 2 ] lord windermere ' s name is a reference to the oscar wilde play lady windermere ' s fan . his dam , satellite dancer , showed no signs of racing ability when being well beaten in all three of her races in 1999 . [ 3 ] as a descendant of the broodmare nantua , she was distantly related to the prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner nikellora . [ 4 ]\nwhisky magazine issue 73 beautiful bourbon - highland park hits 40 - balblair - glenrothes - tobermory - auld reeke - prince charles - caol ila - glenmorangie and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 52 break for the border - whiskey and moonshine - oban distillery - wine finishes - kentucky - improve your tasting skills - glen moray - jimmy barclay - tullamore dew .\nwhisky magazine issue 69 highland gem - home of anoc - americas youngest distillers - food matching the diageo way - brora - bartenders trip - mackmyra - ginkgo and more . . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 74 the ardbeg story - glentauchers - new orlean cocktails - rum special - caol ila - inverleven - mackmyra - the dalmore - benriach - cragganmore - tomatin and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 59 the blenders art - kentucky bourbon festival - first look at reopened scapa - whiskey rebellion - the price of malts - 40 whiskies reviewed - milling malts - american ads - glenrothes dinners .\nnicky henderson and barry geraghty have enjoyed grade one successes on each of the first two days at this festival and oscar whisky ( 3 . 20 ) gives them an excellent chance of sustaining the run in the build - up to bobs worth in friday ' s gold cup . a major disappointment in last year ' s world hurdle , when he went off at 4 - 1 against big buck ' s , he is available at about the same odds to win the race without that hugely talented rival in opposition .\nwhisky magazine issue 57 american idols - the legends behind the great brands - the highlands - the sma ' still - speyside history - sir iain noble - cooley - silent stills tasting - gotemba - johnnie walker blue .\npimp your feet \u00e0nd your outfit with a unique pair of socks from oscar socks ! dare to mix and match and be bold , be brave , be bright , be free - be you ! the oscar socks be bold gift box contains 4 pairs of oscar socks , each with its own style : - yellow stars : these yellow dots in a dark blue background remind us of the genuine star - studded night sky . purple stripes : while trying to match colors , you can cheat and use a simple trick . match the ones that are close in the spectrum . burgundy and purple operate quite well together . - solid black : black in its deepest variation was chosen to design these socks . to foster singularity , a vivid red logo embraces it . - solid red : this profound red comes with paradox . either it shall give you a lot of confidence or you might wear them out of confidence . oscar socks is a brand of luxury men ' s socks , designed in brussels and made in italy . the socks are made of bamboo fibers , making them very soft and pleasant to wear . a mix of elegance and ' crazy designs ' makes every pair unique . the italian quality and brussels design are the perfect combo . these socks provide comfort without equivalent and shall sublimate your feet .\nwhisky magazine issue 85 bourbon ' s liquid legend - elmer t . lee on 90 years of the american spirit - a drinker ' s tour of louisville - millstone distillery - the lowlands & much more . . . .\nafter the show and the glitzy post - show parties , macfarlane says , he ' ll be looking forward to relaxing at his beverly hills home , where he ' s building a library . his idea of a vacation will be hitting growing stacks of unread books by the fire with a cigar , perhaps mulling an oscar success .\nthe creator and behind - the - scenes force behind popular tv series such as family guy and american dad , as well as this summer ' s raunchy comedy flick ted , hopes he can attract younger viewers to the program . at the same time , he needs to satisfy a theater full of hollywood ' s biggest stars , nervous about their oscar chances .\nthe seven year old made his first appearance at the cheltenham festival in 2010 where on the back of four wins from four starts prior to the meeting , he could only manage fourth behind menorah in the supreme novices hurdle and 12 months later in 2011 , the son of famous national hunt sire , oscar , finished third behind hurricane fly in the champion hurdle .\nhe ' s also blessed by a year with vigorous box - office results for the oscar - nominated films , which should secure an engaged audience . but that doesn ' t entirely relieve the tension in these days before the big night . at points during the outdoor interview , macfarlane fears the southern california sun will give his face a distorted sunburn for the show .\npublished 8 times a year whisky magazine is the perfect complement to the dram in your glass . every issue brings you fascinating articles on the art , science and romance of the ' water of life ' , plus page after page of tasting notes .\nnigel twiston - davies said : \u201cdouble ross has done lots of good stuff at cheltenham . he will go for the jlt novices\u2019 chase rather than the handicaps because there might be some improver lower in the weights . he is more experienced over fences than most of the novices . i think experience over the cheltenham fences is quite important . he has been around there three times this season . oscar whisky does not look as fluent in his jumping . double ross can go on any ground . it is a question of whether he will be good enough . he will take the race to them , being up with the pace . \u201d\nto aid this , he met billy crystal at the nine - time oscar host ' s beverly hills office . crystal was helpful with a list of do ' s and don ' t ' s , ranging from telling macfarlane to get used to his show shoes (\ni ' m wearing them to rehearsals now ,\nsays macfarlane ) to broader topics such as dealing with the stars in the theater .\nthere also are a lot of people counting on macfarlane to turn the recent tide of declining oscar viewership . though it ' s usually the year ' s second - most - watched show , after the super bowl , its ratings have been all over the map in the past five years : a low of 32 million viewers in 2008 , a high of 41 . 7 million in 2010 and 39 . 3 million last year .\nit\u2019s said by whiskey himself that the mikes are all cloned from the same guy , who was already an idiot according to him . oscar mike was apparently made even dumber in the cloning process . seeing the images shown after clearing both their lore challenges shows that they\u2019re not the last of their race as planet mike is full of mike clones and is even mentioned to having a king mike and queen mike\u2026which makes me hope that queen mike is a female clone of some kind . considering good ol\u2019 randy v . said that the backgrounds in some of the llc battleborn lore challenge images are possibly hints at where the story operations will go i\u2019m gonna stick with my gut and say we\u2019re going to planet mike . maybe even meet the original mike\nat some us airports , the use of ' delta ' is avoided because it is also the call sign for delta air lines . ' dixie ' seems to be the most common substitute . ' foxtrot ' may be abbreviated as ' fox ' at united states airports . in british police work the use of ' india ' has been replaced by ' indigo ' . sometimes , in the philippines , the word ' hawk ' is used for the letter h rather than ' hotel ' . in indonesia , the word ' lima ' is seldom used since the word ' lima ' means number five ( 5 ) in bahasa indonesia . instead , ' london ' is most often used . many unofficial phonetic alphabets are in use that are not based on the standard , but are based on words the transmitter can easily remember . often , such ad - hoc phonetic alphabets are based on ( mostly ) men ' s names , such as alan , bobby , charlie , david , edward , frederick , george , howard , isaac , james , kevin , larry , michael , nicholas , oscar , peter , quincy , robert , stephen , trevor , ulysses , vincent , william , xavier , yaakov , zebedee , or on a mixture of names and other easily recognisable ( and locally understandable ) proper nouns such as us states , local cities and towns , etc .\nit did not start off like this - over time , the phonetic alphabet has evolved . the phonetic alphabet is a system created by the nato allies in the 1950s that would be intelligible and pronounceable to all nato allies in the heat of battle . it has another name - the radiotelephony spelling alphabet . it requires words to be spelled out by their letters ; for example , arm becomes alpha romeo mike , and south becomes sierra oscar uniform tango hotel . all the letters sound different , so there is no confusion over long distances over what people are saying . the reason that any phonetic alphabet is ( or was ) used is because telephone , radio and walkie - talkie communications had the habit of crackling over long distances , blotting out whole words or even sentences . the normal alphabet cannot be used , because some letters , for example p , b , c and d sound similar , and over long distances were indistinguishable , so a new method had to be found . when the code was invented it was also considered that consonants are the most difficult to hear against a noisy background . hence the sequence of vowels in the phonetic code played an important role when the code was invented , so that when you hear a noisy ' - oo - oo ' you know the letter is a z . the vowel - sequence thing works for most ( though not all ) combinations of letters . all of the words are recognisable by native english speakers because english must be used upon request for communication between an aircraft and a control tower whenever two nations are involved , regardless of their native languages . but it is only required internationally , not domestically , thus if both parties to a radio conversation are from the same country , then another phonetic alphabet of that nation ' s choice may be used .\nthat , however , was not the appropriate response according to his trainer , nicky henderson . asked if punters should be concerned for his cheltenham chance in light of this performance , henderson looked a little shocked and replied :\nnot at all . not one bit . no . we ' re on schedule .\nhe ' s a stuffy devil ,\nthe trainer said .\ni mean , that ' s why he had to have a run . he was having a great old heave in here [ the winner ' s enclosure ] . but i know what he ' s like .\n[ barry geraghty , his jockey , ] said he was taking blows all the way through the race . i ' m not saying he didn ' t enjoy this but that is hard work .\nno way would i run them in that . but you have to keep at this guy . he had to have a run . he wanted the experience , yes , but he also badly needed a race .\nhenderson ' s title rival , paul nicholls , also had a single winner on this saturday , with saphir du rheu in the welsh champion hurdle . the five - year - old prevailed by a head over henderson ' s whisper despite a 13lb rise for his previous win and nicholls said he would make an excellent reserve for the festival ' s world hurdle .\nat the moment , however , nicholls and andy stewart , the horse ' s owner , also have big buck ' s and celestial halo for that race . if both are still on target , saphir du rheu may be diverted to fontwell ' s national spirit next month .\notherwise , the day belonged to venetia williams , who had a treble at sandown and also won the west wales national at ffos las with emperor ' s choice .\ni thought , coming here , that they ' d all got their chances but that was fantastic ,\nthe trainer said .\ni ' m absolutely thrilled with them all .\nwilliams has katenko and renard in the grand national , for which entries closed this week . renard is not yet qualified and has six weeks to do so by finishing in the first four in a chase over three miles or further .\nthe trainer reports that she will make a serious effort to get renard qualified . asked if the two - miler had an appropriate profile for the national , williams smiled and replied simply ,\ncrisp\n, the champion two - miler who finished second to red rum at aintree in 1973 .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\ncopyright 2010 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nfoden receives a big hug from pep as laporte joins in first day of pre - season at city . . . but sane has been given an extra week off despite germany world cup snub\nmurray ' s back ! british star to make return to wimbledon . . as he agrees to be bbc pundit and commentator\nhamilton is a fabulous driver but a sore loser . . . he will regret ' interesting tactics ' jibe at ferrari after british gp\nengland ' s last world cup semi - final was 28 years ago at italia 90 . . . but how do gazza , lineker and shilton compare to today ' s bunch of stars ?\nitalia 90 v russia 18 : when england were last in the world cup semi - finals a beer cost \u00a31 . 23 , the nation was gripped by neighbours . . . but world in motion was not no 1 in the charts !\nwant to see england ' s world cup semi - final with croatia ? fly to moscow ( via rome and riga ) for just \u00a3476 . . . but be prepared to pay \u00a3560 a ticket and don ' t forget your fan id !\ntottenham dominate world cup semi - finals and have more players left in the tournament than the bundesliga . . . but how do the final four break down ?\na yoga session ( and a round of applause for the instructor ) before a trip to the shops . . . behind the scenes with england\nthe seven - year - old had his stamina limitations exposed when only fifth behind the mighty big buck ' s in the world hurdle at cheltenham last month , but he was strongly supported at 9 - 4 returned to two and a half miles .\nfavourite zarkandar suffered a heavy fall at the sixth hurdle , but his rider ruby walsh eventually rose to his feet . henderson said : ' it was a complete re - run of last year .\n' i do feel sorry for the grey horse ( thousand strides ) - another two strides last year he won it and another two strides he might have had us today .\n' we tried him over three miles and he had a hard race in cheltenham . he was quite wobbly after the race and he blatantly didn ' t get it ( the trip ) and he was very tired .\n' we needed every day we ' ve had after cheltenham as he came back very tired .\n' i just wondered if we had enough time to get him back . the boys have done brilliantly at home . they help me with them so much and it ' s thanks to them .\n' to get him back after what happened at cheltenham was tremendous . maybe i ran him in the wrong race there .\n' there ' s a possibility he may go over fences ( next season ) . we ' ll have to have a talk about it .\n' if it went horribly wrong , he may end up in the champion hurdle . '\ngeraghty said : ' i was up there with rock on ruby and it had to be a bit of a balancing act with thousand stars nipping at our heels .\n' we went a nice gallop . we didn ' t go quick . we went a nice pace . it could have been a crawl . i don ' t think that was going to suit anyone . '\nirish champion trainer willie mullins said of thousand stars : ' his run at cheltenham took the edge off him and i ' m delighted with the run .\n' he ' s only halfway through his season as we ' ve got punchestown and back to paris to think about . '\nharry fry , assistant trainer to paul nicholls who trains rock on ruby at a satellite yard , said : ' he just wants a truly run two - mile race . he ' s jumped ok , but he was there to be shot at in front and was just idling .\n' that ' s him finished for the season and it will all be geared around cheltenham ( champion hurdle ) in march .\n' we ' ll see if overturn is there to go a good gallop , otherwise we ' ll have to find something else to set a good pace . '\nalthough walsh appeared to be largely unscathed on rising , it was a heavy fall and the british horseracing authority soon announced he would be stood down for the rest of the day , meaning he missed the ride on on his own in the grand national ."]}
{"id": 2503, "summary": [{"text": "cinara pilicornis , the spruce shoot aphid or brown spruce shoot aphid , is an aphid species in the genus cinara found on norway spruce ( picea abies ) and sitka spruce ( picea sitchensis ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is a quite large aphid species with a plump , dull brown body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it seems to have little effect on the tree .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is a european species but it has also been reported in spruce forests in new zealand , together with the spruce aphid ( elatobium abietinum ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "c. pilicornis , which is attended by the honeydew-collecting ants formica polyctena , is seldom attacked by the parasitoid wasp pauesia pini .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is also a host for entomophthora fungi .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "c. pilicornis produces the trisaccharide melezitose .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "citronellol , cis \u2013 trans-nepetalactone and cis \u2013 trans-nepetalactol are stress-induced compounds released by the host plant .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "these compounds originated from the aphids and they are assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "cinara pilicornis", "paragraphs": ["[ cinara pilicornis , syn . : c . hyalinus , c . piceicola , c . pinicola , aphis pilicornis , cinaropsis pilicornis , lachnus piceicola ]\nzhang , guangxue , wanyu zhang & tiesen zhong . 1993 . sinozoologia 10 : 134 > > cinara pilicornis\nsemiochemicals related to the aphid cinara pilicornis and its host , picea abies : a method to assign nepetalactone diastereomers .\neastop & hille ris lambers . 1976 . survey of the world\u2019s aphids 73 , 153 , 236 - 238 > > cinara pilicornis\nof the 31 aphid species blackman & eastop list as feeding on sitka spruce ( picea sitchensis ) baker ( 2015 ) lists 16 as occurring in britain : adelges abietis , adelges cooleyi , adelges laricis , adelges viridis , aphis fabae , cinara costata , cinara piceae , cinara piceicola , cinara pilicornis , cinara pruinosa , elatobium abietinum , mindarus obliquus , neomyzus circumflexus , pachypappella lactea , pineus similis , and prociphilus xylostei .\ngittins , bishop , knowlton & parker . 1976 . research bulletin of the idaho agricultural experiment station 96 : 11 > > cinara pilicornis\nsemiochemicals related to the aphid cinara pilicornis and its host , picea abies : a method to assign nepetalactone diastereomers . - pubmed - ncbi\neastop , miyazaki & sorin . 1998 . miscellaneous publication of the national institute of agro - environmental sciences 22 : 3 > > cinara pilicornis\nzhang , guangxue , lijuan liu , he & tiesen zhong . 1988 . acta entomologica sinica 31 ( 2 ) : 228 > > cinara pilicornis\npashtshenko & lobkova . 1990 . in lelej [ ed . ] . news of insect systematics of the soviet far east 7 > > cinara pilicornis\nghosh , a . k . 1982 . the fauna of india and adjacent countries . homoptera , aphidoidea . part 2 . subfamily lachninae 51 > > cinara pilicornis\nhottes . 1953 . proceedings of the biological society of washington 66 : 158 > > cinara pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16086\nthe cinara pilicornis alate ( see above , second ) is greyish - brown with transverse waxy bars and little sclerotization . the apterous males are green with an elongate flattened body .\ninouye . 1970 . bulletin of the government forest expereriment station 228 : 80 > > cinara ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16089\ndanielsson . 1987 . population structure , genetics and taxonomy of aphids and thysanoptera . proceedings of the international symposium , smolenice , czechoslovakia , 9 - 14 september 1985 340 > > cinara pilicornis\nzhang , guangxue , xiaolin chen , tiesen zhong & jinghua li . 1999 . in zhang , guangxue [ ed . ] . fauna of agricultural and forestry aphids of northwest , china : insecta homoptera aphidinea 198 > > cinara pilicornis\nstadler , b ( 1997 ) . egg distribution and survival of cinara pilicornis ( hartig ) on damaged and undamaged norway spruce ( picea abies ) ( l . ) karst . , journal of applied entomology , 121 , 71 - 75 . abstract\nspruce aphid , elatobium abietinum forest and timber insects in new zealand no . 54 : spruce aphid . revised 2009 based on r . zondag ( 1983 ) insect : elatobium abietinum ( walker ) ( hemiptera : aphididae ) * * one other aphid , cinara pilicornis\u2026\nmamontova . 1972 . fauna ukraini 20 ( 7 ) : 147 > > cinaria pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16090\nb\u00f6rner . 1952 . mitteilungen der th\u00fcringischen botanischen gesellschaft supplement 3 : 43 > > cinaropsis ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16087\nhartig . 1841 . zeitschrift f\u00fcr die entomologie , herausgegeben von ernst friedrich germar 3 : 369 > > aphis pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 184956\npa\u0161ek . 1954 . conifer aphids in czechoslovakia ( homoptera - aphidoidea ) 207 > > cinaria ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 501976\nsteffan . 1972 . in schwenke [ ed . ] . die forstsch\u00e4dlinge europas . ein hanbuch in f\u00fcnf b\u00e4nden . erster band : w\u00fcrmer , schnecken , spinnentiere , tausendf\u00fcssler und hemimetabole insekten 364 > > cinaropsis pilicornis\nvolatiles released by seedlings of norway spruce infested with the aphid cinara pilicornis were analyzed using spme\u2013gc\u2013ms . among the stress - induced compounds released by the host plant , citronellol , cis\u2013trans - nepetalactone and cis\u2013trans - nepetalactol was found . these compounds originated from the aphids and they were assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species . to determine the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone , a diagnostic method was developed . the method was based on multivariate analysis of tabulated relative intensities of mass fragments of the four nepetalactone diastereomers . in the practical method described , a few pairs of fragments in the mass spectra were compared and , in combination with the kovat ' s index , were used to unambiguously identify the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone .\nvolatiles released by seedlings of norway spruce infested with the aphid cinara pilicornis were analyzed using spme - gc - ms . among the stress - induced compounds released by the host plant , citronellol , cis - trans - nepetalactone and cis - trans - nepetalactol was found . these compounds originated from the aphids and they were assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species . to determine the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone , a diagnostic method was developed . the method was based on multivariate analysis of tabulated relative intensities of mass fragments of the four nepetalactone diastereomers . in the practical method described , a few pairs of fragments in the mass spectra were compared and , in combination with the kovat ' s index , were used to unambiguously identify the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nprotecting our eucalyptus trees wednesday , june 20 , 2018 scion are undertaking community pre - consultation on a proposed biological control of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle . eucalyptus plantations are a recognisable part of new zealand\u2019s diversified forestry industry . they provide pulp and\u2026\nforest industry reputation damaged by mobilisation of forest harvest residues sunday , may 27 , 2018 the successful prosecution of a forest management company by the marlborough district council has been endorsed by the forest owners association . merrill and ring has been fined $ 39 , 000 and ordered\u2026\nbiosecurity levy proposal tuesday , may 15 , 2018 as it affects plantation forest owners . consultation document : the new zealand forest owners association ( foa ) and the nz farm forestry association ( ffa ) acting on behalf of new zealand plantation forest\u2026\nforest industry backing judgment against forest companies monday , april 23 , 2018 forest industry associations are supporting penalties imposed in the district court against bay of plenty forest owner whitikau holdings and two harvesting contractors . the companies pleaded guilty to charges laid\u2026\nnew free online forest productivity calculator for small growers sunday , march 25 , 2018 a new online calculator for radiata pine and douglas - fir productivity is now available , free of charge . the forecaster calculator was built for owners and advisors of small forests , who\u2026\nconsultation starts on fumigant for forest industry to replace methyl bromide tuesday , february 27 , 2018 a significant milestone has been reached in replacing methyl bromide as the standard fumigant for export logs and timber . the environmental protection authority has just released application details for approval\u2026\nbillion tree planting timetable gives industry confidence wednesday , february 21 , 2018 forest owners say the announcement of the timetable for the government\u2019s billion tree ten year project will give confidence that the massive afforestation is a serious proposition . the forestry minister\u2026\ncutting rights proposal jeopardising government\u2019s billion tree and climate change mitigation goals saturday , february 03 , 2018 the forest owners association is against the proposal the overseas investment office should approve or decline sales of forest cutting rights . the foa says it would jeopardise the government\u2019s ambitions\u2026\njim anderton\u2019s legacy contribution to forest industry sunday , january 07 , 2018 the forest owners association is paying tribute to jim anderton for his contribution to the forest industry . president peter clark says jim anderton had a keen eye for the significance\u2026\ngovernment recognises forestland and farmland different cases for overseas investment wednesday , november 29 , 2017 the forest owners association says the government would be jeopardising its billion - tree target if it hadn\u2019t separated forest and farmland in its ministerial directive to the overseas investment office . the\u2026\nfarm foresters says foresters should check all selling options for best returns monday , november 27 , 2017 new zealand farm forestry association president neil cullen recommends small - scale forest owners check what offers might be available from local timber processors when they go to sell their woodlots . nzffa , \u2026\n( see section below for colour forms ) . the whole aphid is clothed with\n, or at least paler basally and medially than at apex . most of hairs on the outer side of the middle section of the hind tibia\nwhich has the hairs on the outer side of the hind tibiae all less than 0 . 12 mm long ) . the second hind\nwhich have the second tarsal segment shorter than the maximum diameter of the cones ) . the siphunculi are\nis found throughout europe through to china and japan and it has been introduced to australia , new zealand , north and south america .\nlays its eggs in autumn on current year needles . the eggs begin hatching early the next march before bud burst . initially small colonies develop on undersides of the previous year ' s twigs , but these move on to new growth after bud - burst as shown below . the\nthe mealy covering becomes more apparent ( see picture below ) . the species is usually not ant attended .\n( see first picture below ) which are larger and somewhat darker than their eventual offspring .\nspecies . numerous alatae are produced in may - july ( see picture below ) .\nthere are two colour forms - orange brown or greyish green . an apterous adult of the orange - brown form is pictured below , together with immatures of the green form ( or possibly green males ) .\nreport that in some years it is extremely abundant among young spruce plantations . they also comment that it was far less common in the 1950s and 1960s than it was in the 1980 ' s . our own impression is that it is now less common than at the time carter & maslen were writing , possibly because of a decline in the planting of spruce .\nlooked at factors affecting the low temperature survival of the eggs on sitka spruce . glycerol and mannitol were present in the eggs but neither appeared to be related to their supercooling ability which was related to the temperature in the period preceding collection .\nlooked at the effect of high levels of pollution on the spruce shoot aphid . under experimental conditions aphid populations were found to be higher on seedlings exposed to pollutants ( gaseous sulphur dioxide , sodium fluoride , calcium nitrate and ammonium sulphate ) than on those not exposed . fluoride had a stronger positive effect on aphid numbers than sulphur dioxide or nitrogen .\n) . host trees showing either heavy symptoms of needle - yellowing or looking green and healthy were compared . host plant quality did not seem to influence the proportion of eggs surviving to spring . also , the biomass of developing first instar larvae of the fundatrices was independent of the degree of needle - yellowing . damaged or stressed trees did\nprovides an important source of honeydew for bee populations . hence bee keepers view this aphid very favourably , although it can damage young trees . moulds growing on honey dew may stain shoots black . there is some evidence that the aphid can cause the current year ' s needles to turn yellow and fall from the lower side of the shoots that have supported colonies .\nwe have made provisional identifications from high resolution photos of living specimens , along with host plant identity . in the great majority of cases , identifications have been confirmed by microscopic examination of preserved specimens . we have used the keys and species accounts of blackman & eastop ( 1994 ) and blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) supplemented with blackman ( 1974 ) , stroyan ( 1977 ) , stroyan ( 1984 ) , blackman & eastop ( 1984 ) , heie ( 1980 - 1995 ) , dixon & thieme ( 2007 ) and blackman ( 2010 ) . we fully acknowledge these authors as the source for the ( summarized ) taxonomic information we have presented . any errors in identification or information are ours alone , and we would be very grateful for any corrections . for assistance on the terms used for aphid morphology we suggest the figure provided by blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) .\nexcept where otherwise specified , all text and images on this page are copyright influentialpoints under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license on condition that a link is provided to urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\naphid species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\npettersson m 1 , unelius cr , valterov\u00e1 i , borg - karlson ak .\nkth , school of chemical science and engineering , department of chemistry , ecological chemistry group , se - 100 44 stockholm , sweden .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 2506, "summary": [{"text": "scopula virgulata , the streaked wave , is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from most of europe to central asia and northern mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 20 \u2013 22 millimetres ( 0.79 \u2013 0.87 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late july to august in one generation per year .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on carex and inula species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "larvae can be found from august to june .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it overwinters in the larval stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "scopula virgulata", "paragraphs": ["scopula ( scopula ) virgulata ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = geometra virgulata denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 = geometra strigaria h\u00fcbner , [ 1799 ] .\nrecently recorded for southern spain : j . gast\u00f3n , f . morente & v . redondo : scopula donovani ( distant , 1892 ) , un nuevo geom\u00e9trido para europa continental , descubierto en andaluc\u00eda ( espana ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae : sterrhinae , scopulini ) . bolet\u00edn de la sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( s . e . a . ) , n\u00ba 53 ( 31 / 12 / 2013 ) : 289\u2013291 .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthere is some doubt as to the authenticity of this species as a british moth . there is a record of two individuals from kent in the late 19th century that some believe to be erroneous .\nthe species is distributed from france into eastern europe and beyond , where it occurs sparingly in open habitats .\nthere is a single generation , from june to august , and the larvae feed on a range of grasses and low plants .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 17 14 : 31 : 05 page render time : 0 . 2536s total w / procache : 0 . 3005s\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , france , germany , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , poland , portugal , romania , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , seaside , sakhalin , amur medium , medium - volzhsky , mid - ural , sredneobskaya , tuva , south west siberian , south ural , south yakutia .\naustria , belarus , belgium , france , germany , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\n[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n- azores , balearic is . , british i . , bulgaria , canary is , channel is . , corsica , crete , croatia , cyprus ,\nthe final instar larva is light brown with wide darker dorsal line and thinner subdorsal lines . spriracles show up as small black dots .\nthis moth is an appendix a moth and as such is an adventive species added to british list based on the record of two alleged individuals caught in gravesend kent back in 1870 . as such occurrence in the british isles is unconfirmed .\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\n- austria - near vienna - s . v . rossica djakonov , 1926 - population of st petersburg area - greyer , with quite strong contrast s . v . virgata\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\njoint project of the zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen ( dr . axel hausmann ) and apollo books , stenstrup ( peder skou )\nthis website aims to present an actual update to the book series\nthe geometrid moths of europe\n( a hausmann ed . ) . so far four volumes have been published , two are in preparation :\ngme5 ( ennominae i ) , skou & sihvonen ( in prep . 2014 ) : 144 species\ngme6 ( ennominae ii ) , m\u00fcller & erlacher ( in prep . 2015 ) : 172 species\n( highres photo , labels : amur ; photo : i . kostjuk , university kiev )\nrecorded in the polar urals ( # pers . comm . ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in eastern siberia .\nrecorded in central spain ( exposito 2006 ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in eastern algeria .\nwas described as separate species from central spain ( exposito 2006 ) , quoting slight differences in male genitalia ( saccus ) . molecular data ( coi barcoding ) show these minor differences to fall under the variation of\nrecorded in astrachan desert , southern european russia ( anikin pers . comm . ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in southern caucasus .\nrecorded on samos island ( fritsch & skou pers . comm . ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in turkey .\n( 2013 ; alexanor , 25 ( 6 ) , 2012 ( 2013 ) : 361 - 384 ) . recorded in northern portugal ( locus typicus ) and possibly in adjacent regions of spain .\nfrom southern spain ( gaston & redondo 2005 ) . the justification of the species right for these sierra nevada populations merits further attention and analysis .\nrecorded in southern spain ( m\u00fcller 2010 : shilap 38 ( 150 ) : 159 - 163 ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in morocco .\nrecorded on lampedusa island ( fiumi & guidi 2011 : quad . stud . not . stor . nat . romagna 32 : 199 - 205 ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in north africa .\nupgraded from synonymy to species rank by can ( 2009 : zootaxa 2314 ) , based on correlated differences in male genitalia and dna barcodes . distribution : bulgaria to turkey . locus typicus in bulgaria .\nperizoma barrassoi , holotype , italy , majella , leg . n . zahm )\nnewly described from central italy , majella mountains . male genitalia see zahm , cieslak & hausmann ( 2006 : mitt . m\u00fcnchn . ent . ges . 95 : 31 - 35 ) . so far , only the male holotype is known . the female paratype , mentioned in the original description , is misidentified and is an unusually small specimen of colostygia aquaeata .\none specimen collected in bashkiria ( southern urals ) : mironov , v . g . , trofimova , t . a . 2007 . new species of eupithecia curtis , 1825 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) for the fauna of southern urals . - eversmannia , 10 : 39 - 41 . urltoken\nupgraded from synonymy of e . absinthiata to species rank in : hausmann a , haszprunar g , hebert pdn ( 2011 ) : dna barcoding the geometrid fauna of bavaria ( lepidoptera ) : successes , surprises , and questions . plos one 6 ( 2 ) : e17134 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0017134 .\ndescribed from greece ( pindos ) , sister species of e . conterminata : w eidlich , m . ( 2008 ) : beitrag zur lepidopteren - fauna des notia pindos ( tringia - massiv , lakmos - gebirge und athamano - gebirge ) in griechenland mit beschreibung von zwei neuen arten sowie angaben zur kocherfliegen - ( trichoptera ) und schnakenfauna ( diptera : tipulidae ) \u2014 entomofauna , zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologie , bd . 29 , heft 27 , 469 - 504 .\ndescribed from southern spain , to be synonymized with e . dodoneata ( v . mironov ) : weisert , f . 2005 . eine neue art fur europa : eupithecia andrea sp . n . ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) . - z . arb . gem . ost . ent . 57 : 47 - 49 .\npatrice leraut ( 2009 ) : moths of europe , vol . 2 : geometrid moths . - n . a . p . editions , 808 pp .\ncf comprehensive book reviews in nota lepid . 32 ( 2 ) : 158 - 162 and r . a . r . e . xix ( 1 ) : 34 - 39\n( leraut 2008 ) surprised the scientific community by the interesting discovery that this genus splits into several species , such as by the fact that the study was not based on type studies , neither on sufficient material ( strongly biased towards france ) and furthermore draws wrong nomenclatorial conclusions . as a consequence the paper caused additional work to rectify the taxonomy of the group (\n) . such kind of scientific replication / rectification is not the way one likes to do , and it could have been avoided through contact and correspondence . the new book on european geometrids ( leraut 2009 ) , extends the same methodology to the whole family geometridae at a european scale . the following explanations may be helpful as immediate information to the whole community and will soon be published in a journal in order to recieve validity through a nomenclatural act .\nthe book has its strengths in its conception as richly illustrated identification guide in small pocket format , but nevertheless covering most european taxa of geometrids . preparing such a book costs a lot of time , which has to be acknowledged ,\nsee preface for some scientific shortcomings , e . g . insufficiently studied type specimens and collections ( just basing on material from mnhn / paris and a few french collections ) such as poor contact to the international scientific community of geometridologists , as e . g . organized in the forum herbulot and its periodical meetings ,\nthe description of infrasubspecific forms is not conform with the code ( iczn ) of zoological nomenclature . all the presented ' names ' are unavailable and need to be ignored in nomenclature ,\nmany species are stated as being ' closely related ' but without close relationship in the phylogenetic sense . a few examples , standing for many more :\nmany of the proposed taxonomical and nomenclatural changes are proposed without justification or explanation , basing on personal opinion ( ' is in my view a separate species ' , ' does not appear to me an authentic species ' ) and without presenting a clear statement of differential or common traits . in some cases just the formal change is done without any comment at all , e . g .\n( lucas , 1937 ) , bona sp . , stat . rev . ( p . 776 ) . hopefully all this lacking information will be published elsewhere in the near future . the book does not have a synopsis with all taxonomical changes , therefore all these changes are addressed and briefly discussed here on this website .\nfurthermore there are many apparent taxonomical and methodological errors , partly corrected here , partly requiring further study .\n( p . 34 , pl 1 fig 13 and index ) : incorrect subsequent spelling . correct :\n. genus can be accepted , cf . revision of leraut ( 2002 ) .\nnot justified with facts , subjectively presented (\nit is clear\n) without indication of characters or synapomorphies . in contrast to leraut ' s opinion , the shape of uncus and the much shorter terminal process of valva distinguish\nspecies , thus the arrow on fig . 21b does not indicate a differential feature . study of the fine revision in inoue ( 1943 ) would have given a correct view on the things and on\nrungs , 1950\nwhich is not in conformity with the code ( iczn ) concerning authorship . no justification , diagnosis or geographical background given , thus not acceptable .\nappear weak and require confirmation by morphology of other material and dna barcoding . preliminarily to be accepted .\nwithout examining material ( not figured ) and ignoring differential anylsis in gme1 . to be maintained at species rank .\nwithout justifying or presenting arguments for this view . to be maintained at species rank .\n: downgraded to synonymy , justified only by the statement that such habitus forms\nare found elsewhere as isolated individuals\n. though this is no reason to draw into question a subspecific taxon , that change may be preliminarily accepted until detailed examination about gene - flow is available .\n: downgraded to synonymy , justified only by the statement that such habitus forms are found also in morocco . reputely ,\nis founded only on characters of wing pattern , but hausmann ( 2004 ) presents also differences in male pectination and female genitalia , ignored by leraut ( 2009 ) . to be raised again to subspecies rank ( stat . n . ) .\ndespite citation of differential characters but without bringing arguments for synonymy (\nto me does not appear an authentic species\n) . to be raised to species rank again ( stat . n . ) .\n: raised from synonymy to subspecies rank , vaguely stating some differences in male genitalia , but without describing these differences and without examining the possibility of clinous distribution of characters . still awaiting a thorough analysis and well - done differential analysis , downgraded again to synonymy .\n: fig . 32 : the differential feature of valva costa is almost inexistent on the left valva , but dramatically overdrawn on the right side . the indicated structure on the aedeagus of\n, though mentioning differential features in habitus and genitalia . to be raised again to species rank ( stat . n . ) .\nas separate taxon 1 . 5 % genetical distance ( coi , pairwise distance , k2 ) from populations of nominate subspecies in italy . differences in habitus ( near to constant ) slight differences and male and female genitalia are outlined in hausmann ( 2004 ) . therefore better to be raised again to subspecies rank ( stat . n . ) .\n: new evidence ( ounap et al . 2008 ) from a well done revision revealing this genus to be a sterrhine genus , not a larentiine .\n: distribution in france ( correctly ) drawn into doubt in the text , but occurrence in south - eastern france marked on the map .\nto species rank vaguely stating differences in male genitalia , but without describing these differences and without examining the possibility of clinous distribution of characters . (\ngenitalia are different\n) . still awaiting a thorough analysis and well - done differential analysis , downgraded again to synonymy . furthermore on the map the distribution of\nto species rank vaguely stating differences in genitalia , but without describing these differences (\ngenitalia are different\n) . downgraded again to the above mentioned synonymy basing on the analysis presented in hausmann ( 2004 ) . furthermore , inconsistently , on the map\non p . 741 is erroneous , because basing on the misidentified specimen on pl . 134 fig 7 .\ncould be a separate species\n. own research on such individual forms with forewing tip pointed and postmedial line clearly visible not revealing any constant difference in genitalia and neither genetically different ( coi barcode fragment , n = 25 ) from the other forms . therefore to be downgraded to synonymy .\n* the ' vernacular ' name\nlibyan wave\n( pl . 135 fig . 18 ) for\n( guen\u00e9e , 1858 ) is misleading , because that species is definitely not distributed in libya , but in the lebanon and nearby countries .\nwithout presenting facts ( e . g . figures of the examined material ) , basing on the erroneous opinion to have examined\nthe type\nand completely ignoring the recently published comprehensive revision of the species group ( hausmann 2005 ) with lectotype designation . taxonomic change not acceptable .\nto synonymy . to be maintained at subspecies rank ( cf hausmann 2004 ) .\nwith statement to have\nexamined the type\n, referring , however , to a paralectotype of mnhn , paris . examination ( brushing of male abdomen and control of the particular shape of valva costa ) of the lectotype in coll herbulot / zsm confirming the proposed synonymy .\n: pl . 141 fig 14 : very untypical , without dissection misidentification not excluded .\n: pl . 142 , fig . 18 : misidentification not excluded in specimens from southern france without dissection .\n. the type has been\nexamined\nbut it remains unclear whether it was dissected . the figure of the\ntype\n( which kind of type ? ) shows a specimen which is more reminiscent of\nthe taxon remains unclear until the genitalia of the name bearing type specimen will be controlled . until then it should be kept in synonymy of\nto species rank without any comment . in fact this is a possible view , considering the different length of cerata , but the situation is not that easy when considering also the populations of\nthe length of cerata underlies a complicated pattern of variation and polymorphisms . requiring a detailed integrated revision including molecular and morphological data .\nglossotrophia confinaria , g . alba , g . mentzeri , g . rufomixtaria , g . sacraria , g . asellaria\n. such taxonomic position confirmed by own molecular research ( hausmann unpublished data ; hausmann & hebert 2009 ) .\n: ( p . 786 and pl . 153 fig 15 ) : possibly misidentified . the species - group around\nneeds thorough analysis and revision , which is in progress ( r . trusch , karlsruhe ) .\n- lythria : positioned between ennominae and larentiinae , though belonging to sterrhinae ( cf ounap et al . 2008 ) .\n- lythria plumularia : reported from pyrenees but these old data are doubtful . the species is not mentioned by redondo et al . ( 2009 ) . in collections some very old specimens from\nhisp . m .\n[ southern spain ] may be mislabelled , perhaps .\n- lythria sanguinaria numantaria herrich sch\u00e4ffer , 1852 raised to subspecies rank by leraut ( 2009 ) , reputedly due to \u2018differences in genitalia\u2019 herewith downgraded to synonymy ( stat . n . ) , because of the lack of such constant differential features\n- cataclysme riguata : wrong map : no occurrence in scandinavia and england ( cf text ) ! but present on sicily .\n- cataclysme festivata \u201cfrom central asia\u201d raised to species rank by leraut . cidaria riguata var . festivata , however , was described basing on syntypes from central asia across altai , saisan to amur ! since leraut did not check the type material , the drawn conclusions are obsolete .\n- pl . 77 , fig . 15 cataclysme festivata from \u201calexander gebirge\u201d ( not \u201cgebiets\u201d ) probably referring to c . shirniensis ebert , 1965 or c . plurilinearia leech , 1897 .\n- cataclysme uniformata : raised to species rank earlier by viidalepp ( 7 march 2009 ; cf . mazel 2010 ) , accepted .\n- scotopteryx subvicinaria : reputedly recorded in europe , but basing on erroneous data , this is not a european element . the presented \u2018differential feature ( postmedial dent ) \u2019 is not valid for discrimination , neither significant nor constant .\n- pl . 78 , fig . 18 ( macedonia ) : misidentified : s . vicinaria rather than s . subvicinaria .\n- scotopteryx bipunctaria : records for morocco ( rungs 1981 ) erroneous according to leraut 2009 and attributed to s octodurensis . evidence not presented .\n- scotopteryx aelptes : reputedly recorded in south - east europe together with s . olympia , but european \u2018records\u2019 of scotopteryx aelptes referring to s . olympia .\n- plates 78 - 81 : several specimens of scotopteryx sister species complexes may merit dissection to verify their species identity .\n- three species , xanthorhoe uralensis choi , 2003 , x . pseudannotinata vasilenko , 2007 and x . pseudomajorata vasilenko , 2002 not mentioned at all , but x . derzhavini and x . majorata erroneously listed under x . spadicearia , though all five being closely related to the incursata species - group and partly synonym to each other .\n- xanthorhoe decoloraria : map with distribution all over germany wrong , the species is restricted here to the southernmost parts in the alps . similarly the distribution in south - eastern europe is drawn far too wide .\n- xanthorhoe quadrifasiata : map with distribution all over spain and italy wrong , the species is restricted here to the pyrenees resp . the alps . occurrence in sicily erroneous .\n- \u2018genus\u2019 odonthorhoe ( with mentioned species alexandraria , tauaria , fidonaria , tianschanica ) validated at genus rank without analysis , just stating it to be \u2018distinct\u2019 , though retained as synonym in scoble ( 1999 ) and other recent revisions . herewith again downgraded to synonym of xanthorhoe .\n- pl . 85 , fig . 9 : \u201cturkish raker\u201d ( o . alexandraria ) is a misleading name for a species definitely not distributed in turkey , but in turkestan .\n- catarhoe basochesiata : existence of a second , allopatric vicariant species , c . hortulanaria in the eastern mediterranean ignored here ( cf . hausmann 1995 ; 1997 ) , greece records on the map and in the text have to be assigned to c . hortulanaria . the species is later ( under c . permixtaria ) mentioned as unknown to the author .\n- catarhoe mazeli viidalepp , 2008 regarded as synonym of c . putridaria ( light coloured form ) without basing on a morphological analysis . herewith raised again to species rank , quoting differences in genitalia of both sexes ( see original description ) ( cf mazel 2010 ) .\n- pl . 85 , fig . 5 misidentified , referring to c . mazeli rather than to c . putridaria\n- epirrhoe pupillata : on the map the distributions throughout scandinavia and germany are wrong , in both regions it is restricted to the southernmost parts .\n- epirrhoe latevittata : mentioned , under e . timozzaria , as unknown to the author . better to be compared with e . alternata where is should be subordinated as subspecies or synonym ( cf . gme3 ; foeu database ) .\n- camptogramma bilineata bistrigata : downgraded from species rank to subspecies of c . bilineata . acceptable .\n- entephria byssata : validated at species rank by leraut , without mentioning the senior synonym and valid name entephria punctipes . herewith downgraded again to synonymy of entephria punctipes ( synonymy previously established in hausmann et al . 2004 fauna of europe ) .\n- entephria cyanata : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to southernmost mountains ( alps , tatra ) , not distributed in the netherlands .\n- entephria nobiliaria vs . flavata pl . 87 figs 16 - 18 : the figured moths would merit control of identification ( e . g . by dna ) , because presenting untypical differences in habitus .\n- coenotephria salicata vs . \u201csalicata ablutaria\u201d pl . 90 figs 12 - 13 : the figured moths would merit control of identification ( e . g . by dna ) , because presenting untypical habitus features .\n- coenotephria salicata ablutaria : downgraded from species rank to subspecies of salicata by leraut , ignoring extensive studies with rearings , larval morphology , long series of dissections ( e . g . published by rezbanyai - reser in several articles , e . g . 2008 ) . large genetical distance ( e . g . salicata from slowenja highland versus ablutaria from slowenja lowland 5 . 8 % ; salicata from switzerland highland versus ablutaria from north italian lowland 5 . 4 % ) supporting and confirming separate species status , therefore ( again ) raised to species rank herewith ( stat . n . ) .\n- two different ( female ) genitalia figs 157b and 158c both reputedly showing \u201c coenotephria salicata \u201d .\n- nebula nebulata : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to southernmost mountains ( alps , tatra ) .\n- nebula achromaria : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to southernmost mountains ( alps , tatra ) .\n- nebula ibericata : the species is common in early spring and in autumn , not in july . distribution ( text and map ) in sicily erroneous , in morocco replaced by nebula numidiata ( mentioned in leraut under n . nebulata ) .\n- eulithis pyropata : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to north - easternmost mountains of both countries , in sweden only in the south - easternmost part .\n- chloroclysta miata : flight period is ususally from september to may , not from \u201capril to october\u201d .\n- dysstroma latefasciata : flight period later , from mid - july to september rather than \u201cjune - july\u201d .\n- cidaria distinctata staudinger , 1892 : no parentheses required around author and year .\n- cidaria ochracearia leech , 1897 : no parentheses required around author and year .\n- plemyria rubiginata : bivoltinism suggested ( \u201cmay , july - august\u201d ) , but the species is univoltine , usually from early june to early august .\n- thera firmata : distribution on corsica ( subsp . tyrrhenica tautel & billi , 2009 ) not mentioned in text and on map .\n- thera firmata tavoilloti : reputedly only\nweakly differentiated\n, suggesting it to be an altitudinal form . raised again to subspecies rank by mazel 2010 .\n- thera ulicata : reputedly occurring on corsica ( text ) , but not figured on map . probably referring to subsp . tyrrhenica tautel & billi , 2009 ( see under t . firmata ) . map indicating occurrence all over italy and on balkan peninsula , referring to t . firmata , too .\n- thera obeliscata : reputedly occurring in north africa ( map ) , data probably erroneous .\n- \u201c thera variata cembrae\u201d : cembrae downgraded from species rank to subspecies of variata without presenting any reason or analysis for that nor quoting several recent analyses in literature . herewith raised again to species rank , quoting striking genetical distance ( detailed analysis in gme3 ) to t . variata which is about 6fold the distance between variata and britannica .\n- fig . 165 / 166 : the illustration of genitalia of a \u201c thera sp . nov . ( in press ) \u201d without any corresponding reference in the text and without any geographical indication is not very helpful . given the variability of thera genitalia , the indicated \u201cdifferences\u201d do not represent valuable differential features .\n- thera callidaria ( p . 629 ) and pl . 95 , fig . 18 ( type ) : the taxon callidaria was so far retained to be valid at species rank in the genus antilurga ( scoble 1999 ) . leraut transfers it to thera without giving any reason or analysis . the photograph of the type , grace to its publication by leraut , however , clearly allows to put it in ( senior ! ) synonymy with mattia adlata . therefore , this species should be cited as \u201c mattia callidaria ( joannis , 1891 ) ( syn . mattia adlata syn . n . ) .\n- pl . 96 fig . 4 , \u201csingular spanish carpet\u201d ( polythrena coloraria ) is a misleading english vernacular name for a species definitely not distributed in spain , but in north - eastern russia .\n- pl . 96 fig . 9 , possibly misidentified and referring to lampropteryx suffumata rather than to electrophaes corylata . awaiting dissection or dna barcoding .\n- eustroma reticulata : map misleading , occurrence in spain and italy restricted to northernmost mountains ( alps , pyrenees ) .\n- electrophaes corylata : map misleading , occurrence in spain and italy restricted to northernmost mountains ( alps , pyrenees ) .\n- colostygia aptata : ' occurrence ' on sicily ( however erroneous ) mentioned in the text but lacking on map .\n- colostygia austriacaria : ' occurrence ' in bulgaria ( however erroneous ) mentioned in the text but lacking on map .\n- colostygia sericeata : mentioned under c . tempestaria though ( very ) closely related to c . multistrigata .\n- colostygia wolfschlaegerae and c . fitzi : mentioned under c . tempestaria though ( very ) closely related to c . olivata .\n- colostygia corydalaria : mentioned as bona species on p . 631 under c . tempestaria ignoring its identity as pseudobaptria bogumilaria ( rebel 1904 ) ( cf mironov 2003 ; hausmann et al in fauna of europe 2004 ) . the same taxon is again mentioned on p . 655 as pseudobaptria corydalaria separately from p . bogumilaria .\n- colostygia \u2018larentiaria\u2019 ( laetaria ) : the name larentiaria is introduced by leraut as ( reputed ) senior synonym for the name colostygia laetaria which was in continuous use for more than 100 years . apparently the type specimen has not been examined . without such an accurate and documented examination of the type specimen the taxonomical change cannot be accepted and the taxon larentiaria must be treated as junior synonym to c . kollariaria ( cf . analysis in gme3 ) despite its erroneous subordination under laetaria in scoble ( 1999 ) .\n- colostygia laetaria ( \u2018larentiaria\u2019 ) : occurrence in carpathians ( mentioned in text but lacking on map ) erroneous .\n- coenocalpe millierata erroneously subordinated as subspecies under c . lapidata , stating their genitalia as being identical with those of c . lapidata , ignoring several constant differential features , e . g . basal lobe of sacculus larger than in c . lapidata , sacculus projection stronger curved , costal projection shorter ( detailed analysis in gme3 ) . herewith raised again to species rank ( stat . n . ) .\n- horisme radicaria ; sister species of h . tersata , position of horisme scorteata rather aside h . predotai than between both sister species tersata and radicaria . fig 168 : size of corpus bursae is not a valuable differential feature . figs 169a and 169b : shown differential features invalid , the identification of the illustrated genitalia seems doubtful , possibly they are even inversed .\n- horisme vitalbata staudingeri : locus typicus in amur region , thus easternmost asia , not central asia .\n- melanthia procellata : map and text misleading , occurrence in spain and italy restricted to northernmost mountains ( alps , northern apennines , pyrenees , asturia ) .\n- pareulype \u201clasithiotica nevadensis\u201d : combined with p . lasithiotica ( nominate subspecies unknown to leraut , or both ) ignoring m\u00fcller ( 1996 ) , hausmann & aistleitner ( 1998 ) , and redondo ( 2009 ) where treated as subspecies of berberata quoting absence of constant differences in genitalia and genetical identity , detailed analysis in gme3 . to be re - combined with p . berberata .\n- spargania luctuata : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- rheumaptera hastata : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- synonymy of genera hydria and rheumaptera stated without any analysis of characters ; there are also arguments for separating both lineages , e . g . coremata , shape of juxta , sternum a8 a . s . o . .\n- rheumaptera cervinalis : flight period indicated as \u201capril - june ( after wintering ) , july - september\u201d . this species , however , overwinters as pupa and a summer generation occurs very rarely .\n- rheumaptera montivagata incertata ( mentioned both under r . cervinalis and r . montivagata ) : downgraded to subspecies of r . montivagata , ignoring constant structural differences in genitalia and male hindleg ( cf gme3 ) . to be raised again to species rank ( as e . g . in scoble 1999 ; hausmann et al . 2004 ) .\n- rheumaptera gudarica : so far known only from eastern spain , teruel . occurrence in morocco ( leraut 2009 ; figured under pl . 104 , fig 8 from ifrane ) requiring confirmation , exact data should be published , e . g . whether the figured genitalia on fig . 173b are from that specimen from morocco .\n- triphosa tauteli : the presented differential features in male genitalia underly artificial variation due to pressure on the genitalia when being embedded . according to redondo ( 2009 ) and hausmann et al . ( 2004 ) , t . dyriata is distributed also in spain . spanish populations should be analyzed in detail ( integrative taxonomic analysis ) to check if there are clinous character transitions between t . dyriata and t . tauteli . the taxon \u201c herzeti \u201d ( \u201c lot\u201d and \u201cjura\u201d according to leraut 2009 ) must sink to synonymy , or the description of a large number of \u201csubspecies\u201d would be necessary from other regions when applying the same criteria .\n- triphosa \u201csabaudiata agnata\u201d : downgraded from species rank ( scoble 1999 ) to subspecies of t . sabaudiata without presenting reasons , analyses or statistical details . to be maintained at species rank until detailed analysis is performed .\n- philereme transversata : flight period indicated as \u201cmay - july\u201d . this species , however , usually flies from mid - june to mid - august , sometimes until early september .\n- euphyia frustata : the taxa griseoviridis ( corsica ) and fulvocinctata ( spain ) are said to be \u201cdefinitely not a separate subspecies\u201d . however , because of the existence of several differential features in male and female genitalia ( shape of uncus , valva and antrum ) , both taxa should be maintained at subspecies rank .\n- euphyia maximiliana : erroneously suggested to be a synonym of e . frustata .\n- epirrita christyi : author and year stated as \u201cprout , 1899\u201d though \u201callen , 1906\u201d is generally accepted as valid reference . text states absence from corsica , map erroneously shows occurrence on corsica .\n- solitanea mariae : flight period stated as \u201cjuly - august\u201d . in italy , however , the species is bivoltine : early may to mid - june ; late july to mid - september , in the lowlands until late october . distribution in the text stated as \u201ccorsica : calabria\u201d , despite wide distribution on apennine peninsula .\n- chesias capriata : formally treated at species rank , following hausmann et al . ( 2004 ) , but expressing certains doubts about the rank . morphology , habitus and genetics confirming species rank .\n- chesias plumbeata : raise from subspecies of ch . rufata to species rank without analysis and without mentioning any differential feature . to be maintained at subspecies rank of ch . rufata until not submitted to a sound morphological or integrative analysis .\n- chesias linogrisearia : rank is confusingly presented as \u201cform or species\u201d , possibly a senior synonym of ch . rufata cinereata . species rank earlier postulated by scoble ( 1999 ) , now confirmed by a large genetical distance from ch . rufata by > 5 % .\n- the taxa pinkeri and zuellichi are suggested to be synonyms of ch . angeri without giving any detail or argument . to be maintained in the systematic position as presented by hausmann et al . ( 2004 ) : ch . rufata pinkeri with zuellichi as synonym .\n- carsia sororiata : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to southernmost mountains .\n- aplocera fraudulentata : downgraded from species rank to subspecies of a . plagiata without analysis and without discussing the existing differential features . examined specimens , however revealing strongly different genitalia and strongly differing dna barcodes ( coll . gelbrecht , coll . herbulot ; gelbrecht pers . comm . , own data ) . to be maintained at species rank .\n- aplocera cretica ( \u201cwingspan 27 - 28 mm\u201d ) is said to distinctly smaller than a . plagiata but , largest a . cretica of first generation reach 38 mm wingspan . for flight time only october is mentioned , but the species is bivoltine , april to october .\n- \u2018 aplocera \u2019 fulgurata ( india ) : transferred from genus docirava to aplocera without morphological analysis and without discussing any differential feature . in gme3 a differential analysis between docirava and aplocera will be given . to be maintained in genus docirava .\n- aplocera columbata : map misleading , occurrence in greece restricted to north - easternmost part , in ukraine restricted to crimea ( outside the map ) .\n- docirava dervenaria and d . mundulata : generic systematics questioned under the species aplocera columbata without morphological analysis and without discussing any differential feature . in gme3 a differential analysis between docirava and aplocera will be given . both species to be maintained in genus docirava .\n- docirava erubescens ( staudinger , 1892 ) ( turkey , armenia ) : reputedly with palumbata mentzer , 1981 as a new synonym . the former described from northern turkey ( amasia ) and figured in leraut from \u2018 middle east\u2019 ( ? ) . the latter described from northern iran ( elburs ) and so far retained as falling under d . mundulata . awaiting verification , examination of types still pending .\n- schistostege nubilaria : map misleading , occurrence in poland ( if any ) restricted to south - easternmost part .\n- lithostege duponcheli : on map ( not in text ) erroneously reported from central pyrenees . on peninsular italy restricted to the north - westernmost parts , and a very few localities in tuscany and southern italy .\n- lithostege cinerata : no occurrence in europe , data referring to l . clarae : presented by hausmann et al . 2004 ( faeu database ) under the name \u2018 cinerata \u2019 before the description of clarae .\n- pl . 126 , figs 13 - 15 ( lithostege cinerata ) : 13 - 14 probably not conspecific with 15 , awaiting verification by dissection and / or dna barcoding .\n- lithostege odessaria : distribution stated as \u201c ukraine , middle east\u201d , the former probably wrong ( type locality odessa probably referring to an old name of a caucasian village ) , the latter misleading , as the species may be restricted to caucasus and transcaucasus .\n- lithostege fissurata ( mentioned under l . odessaria ) : occurrence in europe ( malta : hausmann & seguna 2005 ) neglected .\n- venusia cambrica : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- hydrelia flammeolaria : map erroneously suggests occurrence on ireland , and iberian peninsula south of pyrenees .\n- pterapherapteryx sexalata : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- venusia cambrica : map and text misleading , no occurrence in italy north of central apennines .\n- trichopteryx polycommata : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- acasis viretata : map and text misleading , absent from southern half of iberian peninsula .\nacknowledgements : we are deeply grateful to paul hebert and his competent team for offering us the possibility to integrate molecular data ( coi barcodes ) into our morphological analyses . these analyses are performed in the framework of the international ibol program ( campaigns geometridae , lepidoptera global and fauna of europe ) .\nand allies : cf remarks to the presented , confusing data in mazel 2010 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 2510, "summary": [{"text": "rhynchactis is a genus of deep-sea anglerfish in the family gigantactinidae , containing three species found worldwide at depths greater than 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "adult female rhynchactis reach a standard length ( sl ) of 11 \u2013 13 cm ( 4.3 \u2013 5.1 in ) and have a dark-colored , streamlined body and a relatively small head bearing a very long illicium ( the \" fishing rod \" formed by the first ray of the dorsal fin ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "unlike almost all other deep-sea anglerfishes , the illicium bears no bioluminescent esca ( the \" lure \" ) at the tip .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "the mouth is almost devoid of teeth , and the inside of both jaws are covered by numerous white glands that are unique to this genus .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the lack of an esca , greatly reduced dentition , and glands inside the mouth all point to rhynchactis having a highly specialized mode of feeding , the nature of which has yet to be deciphered .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "as in other deep-sea anglerfishes , there is enormous sexual dimorphism with males being much smaller than females and lacking an illicium , though they do not appear to be parasitic as in some families .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "reproduction is oviparous , with the larvae having a rounded shape and enlarged pectoral fins . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "rhynchactis", "paragraphs": ["there are no species - specific conservation efforts at this time for rhynchactis macrothix .\nrevision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species .\nrevision of the deep - sea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new apecies .\nspecies of the family gigantactinidae are meso - bathypelagic anglerfish ( pietsch in press ) . species in the genus rhynchactis have a wide distribution in all three major oceans of the world between approximately 32\u00b0n and 12\u00b0s ( bertelsen and pietsch . 1998 ) . rhynchactis macrothrix is known to inhabit waters as shallow as 300 m and as deep as 2 , 000 m ( pietsch 2009 ) .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583\u0096590 .\nbertelsen , e . & t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .\nbertelsen , e . and t . w . pietsch , 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 . ( ref . 28611 )\ncolor of females in preservative uniformly dark brown to black over entire external surface of head , body , and fins ( except for unpigmented transparent parts of escal bulb , escal appendages , and stem of illicium ; for ontogenetic and specific variation , see species accounts below ) ; oral cavity more or less pigmented . skin of metamorphosed males weakly pigmented in rhynchactis , varying among species - groups of gigantactis from unpigmented to dark brown or black . subdermal pigment of larvae , males , and juvenile females varying between genera and among species groups of gigantactis from absent ( e . g . , gigantactis longicirra ) to dense , dorsal and peritoneal groups of melanophores ( e . g . , rhynchactis ) .\njustification : rhynchactis macrothix is distributed in all three major oceans of the world between approximately 32\u00b0n and 12\u00b0s . it is a meso - bathypelagic species , residing between 300 m and 2 , 000 m . little is known about its population or ecology . there are no known major threats . based on the limited information , r . macrothix is assessed as data deficient .\nthe whipnose anglers are placed in 2 genera , gigantactis brauer , 1902 , with 18 species , and rhynchactis regan , 1925 , with 3 . the rare , primarily tropical rhynchactis is known just outside our area ( off madagascar ) from a single female of r . macrothrix bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 and is not included here . six species of gigantactis have been found in our area . females of gigantactis reach about 41 cm sl , and adults of both sexes are primarily bathypelagic . metamorphosed males are non - parasitic and reach 22 mm sl ; none are yet known from our area . parr ( 1927 ) described the first male of gigantactis but placed it in a new genus , laevoceratias , family aceratiidae . bertelsen ( 1951 ) tentatively placed it in the family diceratiidae . the gigantactinids were last reviewed by bertelsen et al . ( 1981 ) who examined all the then known material and recognized 17 species . kharin ( 1984 ) described g . balushkini from off japan .\nthe fishing\nlure ,\nor illicium , in ceratioids is tipped with a luminescent organ , the esca , except in the caulophrynidae , and in the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis . the illicium of rhynchactis macrothrix , a species that has been taken just outside our area , is tipped with a slight bulbous swelling , but this is not an esca ( bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) . often the esca is adorned with spinules , papillae and a variety of filaments and appendages . illicium length is measured from its base only to the distal end of the bulb of the esca . other light organs include the hyoid barbels of linophryne and the dorsal midbody caruncles in ceratiids . tooth counts are a summation of both sides of each jaw . free - living metamorphosed males have a unique toothy bone articulating with the anterior ends of both jaws called the upper and lower denticulars ; their denticles form into rows and are counted . scales are often modified into skin spinules ( = prickles or dermal spines elsewhere ) , or greatly enlarged bucklers ( himantolophidae ) .\nboth genera of the family are represented in all three major oceans of the world . females of gigantactis have been reported from as far north as southern greenland , with the southernmost record close to 50\u00b0s in the atlantic sector of the southern ocean . the known distribution of rhynchactis is restricted to tropical and subtropical regions between about 30\u00b0n and 10\u00b0s . the great majority of the recorded metamorphosed specimens of the family have been captured in nets fished in maximum depths exceeding 1000 m . gigantactinids thus appear to be among the deepest - living ceratioids , with greatest abundance between 1000 and at least 2500 m .\nceratioid anglerfishes differ further from their shallow - water relatives in having a bacterial light - organ that serves as bait to attract prey , a structure technically called the \u201cesca\u201d\u2014exceptions among members of the suborder include the monotypic family neoceratiidae ( bertelsen , 1951 ) , the three species of the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 ; bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) , and the five members of the family caulophrynidae ( pietsch , 1979 ) . parr ( 1927 ) was the first to recognize the diagnostic value of the external morphology of escae in ceratioids , pointing out the need for a closer examination of individual variation in the structure of this organ . since that time , differences in the number , shape , and size of escal appendages and filaments , as well as variation in external escal pigment patterns , have been , for the most part , the sole basis on which new species have been described ( e . g . , see pietsch , 1974 ; bertelsen et al . , 1981 ; bertelsen and krefft , 1988 ) .\nbertelsen , e . & t . w . pietsch . 1977 . results of the research cruises of frv\nwalther herwig\nto south america . xlvii . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae collected by the frv\nwalther herwig .\narch . fischwiss . , 27 ( 3 ) : 171 - 189 . \u0097 . 1983 . the ceratioid anglerfishes of australia . recs . australian mus . , 35 : 77 - 99 . \u0097 . 1984 . results of the research cruises of frv\nwalther herwig\nto south america . lxiii . a resurrection of the ceratioid anglerfish ceratias tentaculatus ( norman , 1930 ) with notes on the occurrence of the species of ceratias in the atlantic ocean ( pisces : lophiiformes ) . arch . fischwiss . , 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 43 - 51 . \u0097 . 1996 . revision of the ceratioid anglerfish genus lasiognathus ( lophiiformes : thaumatichthyidae ) . copeia , 1996 ( 2 ) : 401 - 409 . \u0097 . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .\nrhynchactis has undergone such a drastic reduction and loss of parts that clearly it is the more derived of the two gigantactinid genera . within the genus gigantactis , there are four morphological trends that seem to characterize anglerfish evolution in general ( pietsch , 1972 , 1974 : 87 , 88 ) : ( 1 ) an increase in the length of the illicium , ( 2 ) a decrease in the number of median - fin rays , ( 3 ) a loss of jaw teeth , and ( 4 ) an increase in morphological complexity of the luring apparatus , in this case , reflected in a general tendency to increase the number of distal filaments of the esca and filaments of the illicium . giagantactis longicirra appears to be the least derived member of the genus , having the shortest illicium , the greatest number of longitudinal series of dentary teeth , the highest dorsal - ray count , and the least number of distal escal filaments . members of the g . macronema group ( g . macronema , g . microdontis , and g . ios ) are the most derived , having the longest illicium , the fewest series and total number of dentary teeth , the lowest dorsal - ray counts , and numbers distal , escal filaments . the remaining species of the genus are more or less intermediate in specialization . members of the g . vanhoeffeni group , include g . vanhoeffeni , g . meadi , g . gibbsi , g . gracilicauda , and g . paxtoni , are united in sharing a relatively short illicium and a similar escal morphology . members of the g . gargantua group , including g . gargantua , g . watermani , and g . herwigi , likewise share a similar escal morphology but are also united on the basis of having a relatively long illicium and an elongation of the second and seventh caudal - fin rays .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nthe gigantactinidae is one of the most well - defined and highly specialized families of deep - sea anglerfishes . the females are readily distinguished from those of the other ten families of the suborder by having an elongate streamlined shape , a relatively small head and slender caudal peduncle , five pectoral radials , and a greatly prolonged illicium that reaches a length between one and four times standard length . the family includes 22 species in two genera .\nas is the case with nearly all ceratioid groups , little is known about the ecology of the gigantactinids . however , recent evidence suggests that this group lives a benthic lifestyle and may even swim upside down while foraging , drifting motionless as the esca lures prey off the bottom ( moore , 2002 ) . rov jason , of woods hole oceanographic insitutue , captured a whipnose anglerfish ( gigantactis sp . ) on video ( hawaii - 2 observatory video clips ) swimming ( see clip fish _ gig _ 1 _ 1 ) and apparently foraging upside down ( see clip fish _ gig _ 1 _ 3 ) .\nmetamorphosed females of the gigantactinidae differ from those of all other ceratioid families in lacking the vomer , mesopterygoid , and an ossified scapula ; in having the preopercle reduced to a short narrow strut of bone ; the interopercle reduced , without ligamentous connection to the angular ; the caudal fin emarginate ( except in the largest known females of gigantactis kreffti and g . macronema ) , with nine caudal - fin rays , the ventralmost ray reduced and embedded within skin surrounding the adjacent ray ; the pterygiophore of the illicium exceptionally large , the compressed posterior end butting up against the supraoccipital ; and five pectoral radials ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 ) .\nfree - living male of gigantactis male group i , 14 . 5mm , zmuc p921533 ( after bertelsen et al . , 1981 ) . \u00a9 1981 , e . bertelsen et al . , k . elsman\nmetamorphosed gigantactinid males differ from those of all other ceratioid families in having the following combination of character states : eyes minute , only 3 - 5 % sl in most specimens ; olfactory organs large , depth 8 - 10 % sl in most specimens ; anterior nostrils close together , directed anteriorly ; premaxillae degenerate , but maxillae well developed ; jaw teeth absent ; denticular teeth all or nearly all mutually free ; upper denticular teeth 3 - 6 ( rarely 2 ) , not connected to pterygiophore of illicium ; lower denticular teeth 4 - 7 ( rarely 3 ) ; hyomandibular with a single head ; branchiostegal rays 6 ( rarely 7 ) ; pectoral radials 5 ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; pelvic bones absent ; skin naked or densely covered with dermal spinules ; free - living , no evidence that males ever become parasitic , but temporarily attached males are unknown ( see pietsch , 2005 ) .\nin addition to the sexual dimorphism common to all metamorphosed ceratioids , gigantactinid males differ further from females of the family in having a symphysial cartilage , a vomer , and a basibranchial ossification ; they differ also in having fully developed frontals , parietals , opercular bones , and ceratobranchials ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 , figs . 11d - f , 14 , 15 ) .\ngigantactinid larvae differ from those of all other ceratioid families in having exceptionally large pectoral fins ( length 45 - 55 % sl ) , comparable only to those of the caulophrynidae ; they differ further in having the following combination of character states : short , nearly spherical ; skin highly inflated ; pelvic fins absent ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; sexual dimorphism evident , females with a small , club - shaped illicial rudiment protruding from head ; metamorphosis beginning at 8 - 10 mm sl , metamorphosal stages 9 - 20 mm sl ( bertelsen , 1981 , 62 , 1984 : 326 , fig . 168a - b ) .\ngigantactinids are among the largest known ceratioids . while some of the 30 or so females of gigantactis greater than 200 mm have relatively large ovaries , none contain ripe or ripening eggs . eggs larger than about 0 . 5 mm in diameter have not been found . at the same time , none of the more than 175 metamorphosed females in collections around the world are parasitized by males , thus it is assumed that males remain free - living . the largest known male , a member of the gigantactis male group i measures 22 mm and has ripe testes .\nbertelsen , e . 1951 . the ceratioid fishes . ontogeny , taxonomy , distribution and biology . dana rept . , 39 , 276 pp .\nbertelsen , e . , t . w . pietsch , and r . j . lavenberg . 1981 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family gigantactinidae : morphology , systematics , and distribution . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , contri . sci . , 332 , vi , 74 pp .\nbrauer , a . 1902 . diagnosen von neuen tiefseefischen , welche von der valdivia - expedition gesammelt sind . zool . anz . , 25 , 668 ( 4 ) : 277\u0096298 .\nmoore , j . a . 2002 . upside - down swimming behaviour in a whipnose anglerfish ( teleost : ceratioidei : gigantactinidae ) . copeia , 2002 ( 4 ) : 1144\u00961146 .\npietsch , t . w . 1972 . ergebnisse der forschungsreisen des ffs\nwalther herwig\nnach s\u00fcdamerika . xix . systematics and distribution of ceratioid fishes of the genus dolopichthys ( family oneirodidae ) , with the description of a new species . arch . fischwiss . , 23 ( 1 ) : 1\u009628 .\npietsch , t . w . 1974 . osteology and relationships of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae , with a review of the genus oneirodes l\u00fctken . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , sci . bull . , 18 , 113 pp .\npietsch , t . w . 2005 . dimorphism , parasitism , and sex revisited : modes of reproduction among deep - sea ceratioid anglerfishes ( teleostei : lophiiformes ) . ichthyol . res . , 52 : 207\u0096236 .\nregan , c . t . 1912 . the classification of the teleostean fishes of the order pediculati . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 9 ( 28 ) : 277\u0096289 .\nregan , c . t . 1925 . new ceratioid fishes from the n . atlantic , the caribbean sea , and the gulf of panama , collected by the\ndana .\nann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 8 ( 62 ) : 561\u0096567 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to theodore w . pietsch at and christopher p . kenaley at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\npietsch , theodore w . 2005 . gigantactinidae . whipnose seadevils . version 06 november 2005 ( under construction ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\ngreek , ' rhynch ' = beak or snout + greek , ' aktis ' = ray ( in reference to the illicium that arises near the tip of the snout ) ( ref . 86949 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 2250 m ( ref . 28611 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 3 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 4 ; anal soft rays : 4 . length of illicium 210 % sl , tip with 4 tiny filaments ; irregular series of 19 filaments on distal 14 % of length of illicium , five longest 2 - 4 % sl , all gradually tapering from base to tip ( ref . 86949 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 300 - 2000 m ( ref . 86949 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 4 ; anal soft rays : 3 . length of illicium 109 - 144 % sl , distal tip bearing 3 - 4 small unpigmented filaments , some with tiny distal swelling ; distal 28 - 57 % illicial length bearing series of 11 - 20 secondary filaments , five longest filaments measuring 6 - 15 % sl ; each secondary filament with 1 - 2 unpigmented terminal filaments , some with tiny distal swelling ; large specimens ( 110 - 113 mm ) with secondary filaments darkly pigmented to base of terminal filaments , divided on each side by a narrow , well - defined longitudinal transparent band ( ref . 86949 ) .\n) : 2 - 9 , mean 6 . 1 ( based on 368 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; australia ; bahamas ; bangladesh ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; british indian ocean territory ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; colombia ; comoros ; congo ; cook islands ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; dominica ; dominican republic ; ecuador ( ecuador ( mainland ) , gal\u00e1pagos ) ; el salvador ; equatorial guinea ; fiji ; france ( clipperton i . ) ; french guiana ; french polynesia ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; guadeloupe ; guam ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; jamaica ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; liberia ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; martinique ; mauritania ; mauritius ; mayotte ; mexico ; micronesia , federated states of ; montserrat ; morocco ; mozambique ; myanmar ; nauru ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; northern mariana islands ; oman ; pakistan ; palau ; panama ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; puerto rico ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( ascension ) ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; samoa ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; seychelles ; sierra leone ; solomon islands ; somalia ; spain ( canary is . ) ; sri lanka ; suriname ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; togo ; tokelau ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; tuvalu ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , johnston i . , wake is . ) ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; viet nam ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; wallis and futuna ; western sahara ; yemen\nthe gigantactinidae are known for their extreme sexual dimorphism . males of the gigantactinidae family are characterized by their small size . they are considered a dwarf male family with a maximum size of 2 . 2 cm , while the females are significantly larger than the males with the ability to reach 43 . 5 cm in size ( pietsch in press ) . in the gigantactinidae family males are known to attach to the females by using pincer - like denticles . in this particular family males do not permanently attach and are only attached for a small period of time ( pietsch 2005 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\natp synthase or complex v ) produces atp from adp in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain . f - type atpases consist of two structural domains , f\n- containing the membrane proton channel , linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk . during catalysis , atp synthesis in the catalytic domain of f\nis coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nof the five major taxa of lophiiform fishes , the deep - sea ceratioidei is the most phylogenetically derived ( bertelsen , 1984 ; pietsch , 1984 ) . ceratioidei are distributed throughout the world\u2019s oceans below a depth of 300 m . with 160 species , it constitutes by far the most species - rich vertebrate taxon within the bathypelagic zone and below\u2014more than twice as many families and genera and more than three times the number of species as the cetomimoidei , the next most species - rich deep - sea vertebrate taxon ( see paxton , 1998 ; herring , 2002 ) . at the same time , new species are being added to the suborder at a steady if not increasing rate .\nthe internal structure of ceratioid escae is infinitely more complex , involving a confusing array of bacteria - filled vesicles , light - absorbing pigment layers , reflecting tissues , tubular light - guiding structures , nerves , blood vessels , and smooth muscle fibers ( munk and bertelsen , 1980 ; munk , 1988 , 1998 , 1999 ; herring and munk , 1994 ; munk and herring , 1996 ; munk et al . , 1998 ) . there is some evidence also that ceratioid escae contain pheromone - producing secretory glands that function to attract a conspecific male ( munk , 1992 ) , but the true nature and adaptive significance of these structures and most of the other internal parts of escae are unknown .\nin addition to the esca , all 23 currently recognized species of the ceratioid genus linophryne ( family linophrynidae ) bear an elaborate bioluminescent hyoid barbel , the light of which does not originate from symbiotic luminescent bacteria but rather from a complex array of intrinsic , intracellular , paracrystalline photogenic granules ; the bacteria - filled esca is ectodermal in origin , whereas the barbel light organ appears to be derived from the mesoderm ( hansen and herring , 1977 ) . this remarkable dual system , involving two entirely separate mechanisms of light production , is unique among animals .\nin summary , ceratioid anglerfishes are among the most intriguing of all animals , possessing a host of spectacular morphological , behavioral , and physiological innovations found nowhere else . the suborder is taxonomically diverse : with 160 currently recognized species ( and many more certain to be discovered in the future ) , it forms a major contribution to the biodiversity of the deep - sea . it is exceedingly widespread geographically , occurring in deep waters of all major oceans and seas of the world , from high arctic latitudes to the southern ocean ; while some species appear to be almost cosmopolitan in distribution , many others have surprisingly small , restricted , vertical and horizontal ranges . their relative abundance , high species diversity , and trophic position as the top primary carnivores in meso - and bathypelagic communities make them important ecologically . their unique mode of reproduction has significant biomedical implications to the fields of endocrinology and immunology . yet , despite these many aspects of biological interest and importance , as well as a large amount of revisionary work published in the 1970s and early 1980s , including repeated attempts to resolve phylogenetic relationships , ceratioid anglerfishes have remained poorly known .\na suborder of lophiiforms unique and derived in lacking pelvic fins ( except in larval and newly metamorphosed caulophrynidae ) , pelvic bones reduced or absent ; extremely sexually dimorphic , males dwarfed , a fraction of size of females . spinous dorsal - fin of two spines ( the illicium and second cephalic spine ) , both supported by a single pterygiophore ; anteriormost dorsal - fin spine modified to serve as a lure , emerging from dorsal surface of cranium ( somewhat behind cranium in bufoceratias , from roof of mouth in thaumatichthyidae , absent in neoceratiidae ) ; second dorsal - fin spine reduced to a tiny remnant ( but relatively well developed in adolescent diceratiidae and ceratiidae , absent in neoceratiidae and linophrynidae ) , embedded beneath skin of head and lying on , or fused to , dorsal surface of pterygiophore just behind base of illicial bone ; postcephalic , spinous dorsal - fin absent ; palatine teeth absent ; interhyal without medial , posterolaterally directed process ; ceratobranchial v toothless , reduced to a slender rod - shaped element in most families , represented by tiny remnants in the gigantactinidae ; epibranchial i simple , without ligamentous attachment to epibranchial ii ; pharyngobranchial iv absent ; cleithral spine absent ; interopercle reduced , elongate and narrow ; subopercle with ascending process absent or reduced to a small spine or projection detached from opercle ; gill filaments present as holobranchs on gill arches ii and iii , extending as hemibranchs onto proximal end of arch i in some families ( i . e . , caulophrynidae , himantolophidae , melanocetidae , diceratiidae , some oneirodidae , centrophrynidae , and neoceratiidae ) , and as hemibranchs on arch iv ; pseudobranch absent ( tiny remnants present in some gigantactis ) ; swimbladder absent .\nmales with elements of cephalic dorsal - fin spines greatly reduced , remnants embedded beneath skin of head ; eyes and olfactory organs greatly enlarged in most taxa ; tip of snout and chin bearing hooked denticular teeth , used for attachment to females ; in some families and genera attachment becomes parasitic through fusion of male and female tissue .\nfemales with body short and deep , almost spherical in most families , but elongate and somewhat laterally compressed in thaumatichthyidae , centrophrynidae , ceratiidae , gigantactinidae , neoceratiidae , and some oneirodidae ; head length usually greater than 40 % sl , but only about 25 % in elongate species ; mouth moderate to extremely large ( compared to other lophiiforms ) , length of premaxilla as little as 10 % sl ( in some gigantactinidae ) to as great as 40 % sl ( in some linophrynidae ) ; cleft of mouth nearly horizontal ( e . g . , thaumatichthyidae , centrophrynidae , and gigantactinidae ) or oblique to almost vertical ( e . g . , melanocetidae and ceratiidae ) .\nsexual dimorphism extreme : males dwarfed , those of most genera reaching a maximum standard length of only 6 - 8 % of that of females , and less than 25 % of that of the largest females of genera for which mature females are known ; body elongate , head less than 40 % sl ; mouth small , length of premaxilla usually less than 15 % sl ; cleft of mouth horizontal . metamorphosed males of all families with hooked denticular teeth apparently adapted especially for gripping the skin of females ; becoming permanently attached and parasitic in caulophrynidae , ceratiidae , neoceratiidae , linophrynidae , and the oneirodid genera bertella and leptacanthichthys .\nfin - ray counts the same for males and females , highly variable : dorsal rays 3 - 8 in most families , 11 - 13 in neoceratiidae , and 12 - 22 in caulophrynidae and melanocetidae ; anal rays 3 - 7 in most families , 5 - 19 in caulophrynidae , and 10 - 13 in neoceratiidae ; caudal rays nearly always 9 , but 8 in the ceratiid genus cryptopsaras and 10 in some specimens of neoceratiidae ; pectoral rays 12 - 30 . pelvic fins absent ( except in larval and early metamorphosis stages of caulophrynidae ) . rays of unpaired fins sometimes greatly elongate ( e . g . , in females of caulophrynidae and gigantactinidae ) and often not interconnected , or interconnected with extremely thin , transparent , membrane - like tissue . caudal fin rounded in nearly all families , but emarginate in some gigantactinidae ; caudal rays of some large individuals of ceratiidae terminating in spherical skin - covered ossifications .\ncoloration of males and females usually uniform dark brown to black over entire head , body , and fins ; dermis everywhere unpigmented and translucent in the linophrynid genus haplophryne .\nin some ceratioid taxa , the male ' s attachment to the female is followed by fusion of epidermal and dermal tissues and , eventually , by a connection of the circulatory systems so that the male becomes permanently dependent on the female for blood - transported nutrients , while the host female becomes a kind of self - fertilizing hermaphrodite ( regan , 1925a , b , 1926 ; parr , 1930 ; regan and trewavas , 1932 ; bertelsen , 1951 ; pietsch , 1975 , 1976 ; munk and bertelsen , 1983 ; munk , 2000 ) . permanent attachment is usually accomplished by means of separate outgrowths from the snout and tip of the lower jaw of the male , both of which eventually fuse with the skin of the female . in some species a papilla of female tissue protrudes into the mouth of the male , sometimes appearing to completely occlude the pharynx . the heads of some males become broadly fused to the skin of the female , extending from the tip of the lower jaw to the rear of the skull , appearing as if embedded or absorbed by their mate , while in others , the male is carried at the tip of an elongate , cylindrical stalk of female tissue .\nincreasing considerably in size once fused , their volume becoming much greater than free - living males of the same species , and being otherwise completely unable to acquire nutrients on their own , the males are considered to be parasites . they apparently remain alive and reproductively functional as long as the female lives , participating in repeated spawning events . a single male per female appears to be the rule in some taxa , but in others multiple attachments are relatively common , with as many as eight coupled to a single host ( saruwatari et al . , 2001 ) .\nsince its discovery some 80 years ago ( saemundsson , 1922 ; regan , 1925a , b ) , the story of sexual parasitism in ceratioid anglerfishes has become a part of common scientific knowledge . however , the known facts concerning this remarkable reproductive mode have never been thoroughly and satisfactorily analyzed , despite the work of bertelsen ( 1951 ) and more recently of munk and bertelsen ( 1983 ) , munk ( 2000 ) , and pietsch ( 2005 ) . the physiological mechanisms ( endocrinological and immunological ) that allow for sexual parasitism , which could be of significant biomedical importance , have never been explored .\nmales of the caulophrynid genus robia , the single known female of which has dorsal - fin rays 6 and anal - fin rays 5 , are unknown .\nmales of the thaumatichthyid genus lasiognathus , the females of which have naked skin , are unknown .\nmales of eight of the 16 recognized oneirodid genera are unknown , including spiniphryne , the females of which have spinulose skin .\nbertelsen , e . 1984 . ceratioidei : development and relationships . pp . 325\u0096334 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix , 760 pp .\nbertelsen , e . , and g . krefft . 1965 . on a rare ceratioid fish , linophryne lucifer collett , 1886 . vidensk . medd . fra dansk naturh . foren . , 128 : 293\u0096301 .\nbertelsen , e . , and g . krefft . 1988 . the ceratioid family himantolophidae ( pisces , lophiiformes ) . steenstrupia , 14 ( 2 ) : 9\u009689 .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1975 . results of the research cruises of frv \u201cwalther herwig\u201d to south america . xxxviii . osteology and relationships of the ceratioid anglerfish genus spiniphryne ( family oneirodidae ) . arch . fischwiss . , 26 ( 1 ) : 1\u009611 .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1977 . results of the research cruises of the frv \u201cwalther herwig\u201d to south america . xlvii . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae collected by the frv \u201cwalther herwig . \u201d arch . fischwiss . , 27 ( 3 ) : 171\u0096189 .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1996 . revision of the ceratioid anglerfish genus lasiognathus ( lophiiformes : thaumatichthyidae ) , with the description of a new species . copeia , 1996 ( 2 ) : 401\u0096409 .\nhansen , k . , and p . j . herring . 1977 . dual bioluminescent systems in the anglerfish genus linophryne ( pisces : ceratioidea ) . j . zool . , london , 182 : 103\u0096124 .\nherring , p . j . 2000 . species abundance , sexual encounter and bioluminescent signaling in the deep sea . phil . trans . roy . soc . london , b , 355 : 1273\u00961276 .\nherring p . j . 2002 . biology of the deep sea . oxford univ . press . 314 pp .\nherring , p . j . , and o . munk . 1994 . the escal light gland of the deep - sea anglerfish haplophryne mollis ( pisces : ceratioidei ) , with observations on luminescence control . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 74 : 747\u0096763 .\nherring , p . j . , e . a . widder , and o . munk . 1994 . flashing anglerfish ; an unexpected signalling system . abstracts of the eighth deep sea biology symposium , monterey , california , 1997 : 52 .\nhickling , c . f . 1925 . a new type of luminescence in fishes . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . , n . s . , 13 : 914\u0096937 .\nkottelat , m . , and c . vidthayanon . 1993 . boraras micros , a new genus and species of minute freshwater fish from thailand ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthy . explor . freshwaters , 4 ( 2 ) : 161\u0096176 .\nmarshall , n . b . 1967a . the olfactory organs of bathypelagic fishes . symp . zool . soc . london , 19 : 57\u009670 .\nmarshall , n . b . 1967b . the organization of deep - sea fishes . pp . 473\u0096479 , in : f . m . bayer , c . p . idyll , j . i . jones , f . f . koczy , a . a . myrberg , c . r . robins , f . g . w . smith , g . l . vos , e . j . f . wood , and a . c . jensen ( editors ) , proceedings of the international conference on tropical oceanography , 17\u009624 november 1965 , miami beach , florida , studies in tropical oceanography , miami , vol . 5 .\nmunk , o . 1964 . the eyes of some ceratioid fishes . dana rept . , 62 , 17 pp .\nmunk , o . 1966 . ocular anatomy of some deep - sea teleosts . dana rept . , 70 , 62 pp .\nmunk , o . 1988 . glandular tissue of escal light organ in the deep - sea anglerfish oneirodes eschrichti ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . a light and electron microscopic study . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren , 147 : 93\u0096120 .\nmunk , o . 1992 . accessory escal gland ( aeg ) in some deep - sea anglerfishes . acta zool . , 73 ( 1 ) : 33\u009637 .\nmunk , o . 1998 . light guides of the escal light organs in some deep - sea anglerfishes ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . acta zool . , 79 ( 3 ) : 175\u0096186 .\nmunk , o . 1999 . the escal photophore of ceratioids ( pisces ; ceratioidei ) \u0097a review of structure and function . acta zool . , 80 ( 4 ) : 265\u0096284 .\nmunk , o . 2000 . histology of the fusion area between the parasitic male and the female in the deep - sea anglerfish neoceratias spinifer pappenheim , 1914 ( teleostei , ceratioidei ) . acta zool . , 81 ( 4 ) : 315\u0096324 .\nmunk , o . , and e . bertelsen . 1980 . on the esca light organ and its associated light - guiding structures in the deep - sea anglerfish chaenophryne draco ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren . , 142 : 103\u0096129 .\nmunk , o . , and e . bertelsen . 1983 . histology of the attachment between the parasitic male and the female in the deep - sea anglerfish haplophryne mollis ( brauer , 1902 ) ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren . , 144 : 49\u009674 .\nmunk , o . , and p . j . herring . 1996 . an early stage in development of escae and caruncles in the deep - sea anglerfish cryptopsaras couesi ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 76 : 517\u0096527 .\nmunk , o . , k . hansen , and p . j . herring . 1998 . on the development and structure of the escal light organ of some melanocetid deep sea anglerfishes ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 78 : 1321\u00961335 .\nparr , a . e . 1927 . scientific results of the third oceanographic expedition of the\npawnee\n1927 . ceratioidea . bull . bingh . oceanogr . coll . , yale university , 3 ( 1 ) : 1\u009634 .\nparr , a . e . 1930 . on the probable identity , life - history and anatomy of the free - living and attached males of the ceratioid fishes . copeia , 1930 ( 4 ) : 129\u0096135 .\npaxton , j . r . 1998 . squirrelfishes and their allies . pp . 160\u0096164 , in : j . r . paxton and w . n . eschmeyer ( editors ) , encyclopedia of fishes , second edition , weldon owen pty limited , mcmahons point , new south wales , australia .\npietsch , t . w . 1975 . precocious sexual parasitism in the deep - sea ceratioid anglerfish cryptopsaras couesi gill . nature , 256 : 38\u009640 .\npietsch , t . w . 1976 . dimorphism , parasitism and sex : reproductive strategies among deepsea ceratioid anglerfishes . copeia , 1976 ( 4 ) : 781\u0096793 .\npietsch , t . w . 1979 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family caulophrynidae with the description of a new genus and species from the banda sea . contrib . sci . , nat . hist . mus . los angeles co . , 310 : 1\u009625 .\npietsch , t . w . 1984 . lophiiformes : development and relationships . pp . 320\u0096325 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix , 760 pp .\npietsch , t . w . 1986 . systematics and distribution of bathypelagic anglerfishes of the family ceratiidae ( order : lophiiformes ) . copeia , 1986 ( 2 ) : 479\u0096493 .\nregan , c . t . 1925a . dwarfed males parasitic on the females in oceanic angler - fishes ( pediculati , ceratioidea ) . proc . roy . soc . , b , 97 : 386\u0096400 ."]}
{"id": 2519, "summary": [{"text": "laniarius is a genus of brightly coloured , carnivorous passerine birds commonly known as boubous or gonoleks .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "not to be confused with the similar-sounding genus lanius , they were formerly classed with the true shrikes in the family laniidae , but they and related genera are now considered sufficiently distinctive to be separated from that group as the bush-shrike family malaconotidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this is an african group of species which are found in scrub or open woodland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "they are similar in habits to shrikes , hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "although similar in build to the shrikes , these tend to be either colourful species or largely black .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "some species are also quite secretive . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "laniarius", "paragraphs": ["remarks concerning the all - black coastal boubous ( laniarius spp . ) of kenya and southern somalia\ntropical boubou laniarius aethiopicus is split into two species , a monotypic ethiopian boubou laniarius aethiopicus , and a polytypic tropical boubou laniarius major , which includes all other subspecies previously included in laniarius aethiopicus ( nguembock et al . 2008 ) . ethiopian boubou occurs in eastern africa from extreme northern kenya north to eritrea , while tropical boubou occurs in the remainder of the range in western , eastern , and southern africa .\nsarcophilus laniarius has also been used recently in light of comparisons between a fossil specimen , s . laniarius ( named prior to the naming of s . harrisii ) , and the extant species ( werdelin 1987 ) .\nother names : sarcophilus laniarius has also been used recently in light of comparisons between a fossil specimen named s . laniarius , named prior to the naming of s . harrisii , and the extant species ( werdelin 1987 ) .\nwerdelin , l . ( 1987 ) . some observations on sarcophilus laniarius and the evolution of sarcophilus . records of the queen victoria museum , launceston . 90 : 1 - 27 .\n( of pagrus laniarius valenciennes , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chrysophrys laniarius ( valenciennes , 1830 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laniarius mufumbiri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laniarius ferrugineus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nfry , h . ( 2018 ) . crimson - breasted gonolek ( laniarius atrococcineus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nfry , h . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . zanzibar boubou ( laniarius sublacteus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n. . . several new mammal species have also been described following collections made during wcs surveys as well as surveys by makerere university in uganda and the centre national de recherche en sciences naturelles in lwiro , drc ( kerbis peterhans et al . 2013a ; 2013b ) and a total of 18 mammals have been added to the species lists . finally two additional bird species have been added to the list for the albertine rift of which one , willard ' s boubou ( laniarius willardi ) , is a new endemic species for the albertine rift ( voelker et al . 2010 ) . the plant species list was made by compiling plants from known sites in the albertine rift , which tend to be protected areas or sites that may become protected areas , but it is recognised that plant collections have occurred more extensively and that records are contained within herbaria in the region and internationally . . . .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nquoy , j . r . c . & gaimard , j . p . in dumont - d ' urville , j . 1830 , vol . 1 , pp . i 268 pp . , j . tastu , paris\nmathews , g . m . 1920 , vol . 8 , pp . xiv + 316 , witherby & co . , london\nmathews , g . m . 1918 ,\nadditions and corrections to my 1913 list\n, austral avian records , vol . 3 , pp . 159 - 160\nvigors , n . a . & horsfield , t . 1827 ,\na description of the australian birds in the collection of the linnean society ; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities\n, transactions of the linnean society of london , vol . 15 , pp . 170 - 331\nwhite , s . a . 1915 ,\nscientific notes on an expedition into the north - western regions of south australia\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 39 , pp . 707 - 842\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bbabd43d - 6ba0 - 45f9 - 999d - 393778906b3d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : df8c74e9 - 5b84 - 4037 - ae96 - 77bd23b94c72\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 720a394b - bbe6 - 4eda - b18c - c327b3dde3b4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 471670\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nis a newly described species ( fjelds\u00e5 et al . 2006 , wogan et al . 2016 )\nproposed split of west african batis and restrict fernando po batis to bioko is .\nwest african wattle - eye is split from chestnut wattle - eye ( njabo et al . 2008 )\naf : nigeria to central african republic . sw south sudan and w uganda , south to n angola and e drcongo\nn angola to sw kenya , e tanzania , mozambique and ne south africa .\nis a proposed split ( 8 . 2 ) from moutain sooty boubou based on eye color , vocals and preliminary dna evidence ( voelker et al . 2010 , h & m4 , hbw ) .\nbased on dna analyses ( nguembock et al . 2008 , redman comments ) ; resequence to follow red - naped bushshrike ; change english name to black boubou\nbased on dna analyses ( nguembock et al . 2008 ) ; preliminary english name ( zanzibar boubou ) changed to east coast boubou to conform to current uses ( redman et al . 2009 , hbw )\ns and se new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea )\nthe family vangidae was historically restricted to a diverse and monophyletic set of madagascan taxa . molecular analyses support expansion of the family vangidae to include the helmetshrikes (\npreviously placed in the platysteiridae ) ( reddy et al . 2012 , j\u00f8nsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , fuchs et al . 2012 , h & m4 , hbw )\ncrossley ' s babbler is a vanga ( johannson et al . 2008b ) ; change english name to crossley ' s vanga ( or ground vanga ? ) ( fjelds\u00e5 comm )\npreviously separated as the family prionopidae , helmetshrikes are moved into an expanded vangidae based on several molecular studies ( reddy et al . 2012 , jonsson et al 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw ) . treated as subfamily prionopinae .\nas a new shrike family tephrodornithidae recommended by moyle et al . 2006 , are now included in an expanded vangidae following ( reddy et al 2012 , jonsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw )\npreviously separated as a new shrike family tephrodornithidae recommended by moyle et al . 2006 , are now included in an expanded vangidae following ( reddy et al 2012 , jonsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw )\n) are relatives of the woodshrikes , vangas and allies , not wattle - eyes and batises ( platysteiridae ) ( moyle et al . 2006 , reddy et al . 2012 , jonsson et al 2012 ) .\nseveral genetic studies indicate that present species represents a single , deep branch in phylogenetic tree of present genus , only very distantly related to the other scarlet gonoleks ; one study # r indicates that this colourful species may be sister to the all - black w & c african l . leucorhynchus . until recently regarded as being close to l . erythrogaster , and was sometimes considered conspecific ( calls apparently identical , and responds to voice playback of latter ) . monotypic .\nkalahari basin and adjoining hardveld regions : s angola , sw zambia and w & s zimbabwe s to namibia ( except w & s : namib and karoo ) , botswana ( except parts of n & c ) and n & c south africa ( n & c limpopo province s to n northern cape and nw free state ) .\n22\u201323 cm ; 40\u201356\u00b75 g . has lores matt black , forehead to hindneck and side of head , and upperparts , jet - black and strongly glossy ( gloss bluish in some . . .\nwide repertoire of loud , explosive , hollow , ringing whistles by male and harsh grating , snarling or . . .\nbeetles ( of families carabidae , tenebrionidae and cerambycidae ) , beetle larvae , ants ( formicidae ) , caterpillars , termites ( isoptera ) , . . .\nseason sept\u2013apr , mainly oct\u2013nov ; often double - brooded , and some pairs make four nesting attempts in a season . territory . . .\nnot globally threatened . frequent nearly everywhere in range , commonest in well - developed acacia woodland and bushveld and in nw part of c kalahari ; absent from apparently . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nuntil quite recently , widely treated as a race of l . aethiopicus , but recent molecular studies # r indicate closer relationship with l . ferrugineus ( which see ) . black birds thought to be a morph of present species in ne kenya now established as a separate species , l . nigerrimus # r ( which see ) . race somaliensis sometimes attributed to l . aethiopicus , but recent study # r found no genetic difference between it and sublacteus ( from which it differs in having white bar on median upperwing - coverts ) . birds in s of range ( tanzania ) may represent a separate taxon , differing genetically # r # r from those in n ; more study needed . two subspecies recognized .\n( cassin , 1851 ) \u2013 coastal lowlands of extreme s somalia ( boni forest ) , kenya ( inland along river valleys to garissa , s tsavo east national park , s tsavo west national park and l jipe ) and n tanzania ( l jipe e to n pare mts , and at coast from tanga s to zanzibar i , inland to e usambara mts , uluguru mts and udzungwa mts ) .\n22\u201325 cm ; male 43\u201350 g , female 40\u201355 g . adult has forehead to hindneck , lores , cheek , ear - coverts , side of neck and upperparts slightly glossy bluish black . . .\nwide repertoire of croaks , snarls , tearing sounds , short\nbou\nnotes and long whistles , . . .\ndense vegetation in highland forest and forest edge and riverbank woods , in dense cover of thickets . . .\nmainly insects , also small fruits and small vertebrates . shy and retiring , foraging mainly in deep shade and dense cover low down , or often . . .\nseason dec\u2013mar . seemingly monogamous . strongly territorial , defending territory vocally and by chasing . nest a shallow , loosely knit . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . only recently regarded as a distinct species , separate from the common and widespread\nthis species is listed as near threatened because it is estimated to be in moderately rapid population decline owing to the on - going conversion and degradation of its wetland habitats .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 499 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nunusal calls by male ; can be heard flying in , then a strange ' czik , czik ' then a typical call at the end .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 254 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 186 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndescription found in coastal waters . forms large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . sold fresh in markets .\ndescription found in coastal waters . forms large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . sold fresh in markets . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to fairly common , although rare or over - looked in liberia ( harris and franklin 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , \u2192isbn\nthis page was last edited on 14 october 2015 , at 23 : 22 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of bioinformatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se\u2013104 05 stockholm , sweden ;\n* correspondence to be sent to : department of bioinformatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se\u2013104 05 stockholm , sweden ; e - mail : g . sangster @ urltoken .\ngeorge sangster , jolanda a . luksenburg ; declining rates of species described per taxonomist : slowdown of progress or a side - effect of improved quality in taxonomy ? , systematic biology , volume 64 , issue 1 , 1 january 2015 , pages 144\u2013151 , urltoken\neven after more than 250 years of descriptive taxonomy , it is clear that there are many more species than have been described so far ( e . g . , may 1988 ; stork 1993 ) . a major concern for biology is that the capacity of the taxonomic workforce is insufficient to document the missing species within a reasonable time ( wheeler and cracraft 1997 ; wheeler et al . 2004 ) . this concern is reflected in recent opinion papers that argued that taxonomy is in a state of crisis ( agnarsson and kuntner 2007 ) , that the profession is endangered ( pearson et al . 2011 ) and that taxonomists are an endangered race ( w\u00e4gele et al . 2011 ) . for long - term taxonomic capacity planning , two major empirical issues are important : the total number of missing species , and the pace at which these can be documented by taxonomists . both issues require detailed study and careful evaluation .\ngiven the pressure of time resulting from the ongoing extinction crisis , it is important that as many species are adequately documented as soon as possible . efficiency is therefore an important but largely overlooked aspect of taxonomy . several recent studies have presented evidence that in a wide range of organisms the number of newly described species continues to increase , in some cases even exponentially , but that the number of taxonomists producing these descriptions has increased even faster ( pimm et al . 2010 ; joppa et al . 2011a ; costello et al . 2012 ; tancoigne and dubois 2013 ) . consequently , numbers of species described per taxonomist have decreased . in three of these studies , this was interpreted by the authors as an effect of a diminishing pool of missing species which makes it harder to discover any new ones ( pimm et al . 2010 ; joppa et al . 2011a ; costello et al . 2012 ; see also costello et al . 2013 ) . although these studies rejected the idea that the number of taxonomists is declining , they nevertheless implied that the output per taxonomist is declining .\nboth joppa et al . ( 2011b ) and costello et al . ( 2012 ) predicted numbers of undescribed species based on the assumption that long - term declines in the number of species described per taxonomist are caused by a declining pool of undiscovered species . using this approach , costello et al . ( 2012 ) were led to conclude that there were only 1 . 8\u20132 . 0 million species on earth . this number is remarkably low given that about 1 . 9 million species have already been described ( chapman 2009 ) and thus suggests that only few species remain to be discovered . furthermore , their estimate contrasts starkly with those others , including mora et al . ( 2011 ; 8 . 7 million species on earth ) , chapman ( 2009 ; 10 million species ) and grimaldi and engel ( 2005 ; 4 million species of insects alone ) .\nthere are surprisingly few studies that have measured the quality of species descriptions , and , to our knowledge , none that have assessed the relationship between quality and revision . in a study of dinosaur descriptions , benton ( 2008 ) found that the type material of new species has become more complete since the 1950s . for birds , it has been claimed that the quality of descriptions has declined ( lecroy and vuilleumier 1992 ) but this claim has been challenged ( collar 1999 ) and neither of these views were supported by quantitative data .\nin addition , we examine the relative importance of descriptions and revisions in taxonomic progress . the importance of revisionary taxonomy is well known among taxonomists ( e . g . , wheeler and cracraft 1997 ; raczkowski and wenzel 2007 ) but often fails to be appreciated by others , including macroecologists and biodiversity scientists . pimm et al . ( 2010 ) , joppa et al . ( 2011a ) , and costello et al . ( 2012 ) based their conclusions on description dates and original authorship of taxa that are currently recognized as species ( i . e . , after revision by subsequent taxonomists ) . this approach confounds descriptive and revisionary taxonomy , and does not accurately reflect either type of taxonomy . importantly , description is not enough . even if all species have been described ( i . e . , named ) , this does not necessarily mean that all species have been correctly delimited and properly documented . if past taxonomic activity has been biased against cryptic species ( blackburn and gaston 1995 ; bickford et al . 2007 ) , or towards lumping distinctive taxa in widespread polytypic species ( sangster 2009 ) , the total number of species may still be greatly underestimated .\nthis study focuses on birds because birds are often considered to be the taxonomically most mature group of animals ( e . g . , mayr 1982 ; price 1996 ) . if a diminishing pool of missing species limits taxonomic progress , one might expect this limitation to be most severe in the best - studied groups , including birds .\nthe quality of species descriptions was studied in 481 extant bird taxa that were originally described as species in the period 1935\u20132009 . these represent all species described during this period . type descriptions published between 1935 and 1990 were identified using two partially overlapping datasets , the peters checklist ( peters 1937\u20131951 ; mayr and greenway 1960 , 1962 ; mayr and paynter 1964 ; paynter 1967\u20131970 ; mayr and cottrell 1979 ; traylor 1979 ; mayr and cottrell 1986 ) and a series of inventories of new species descriptions ( zimmer and mayr 1943 ; mayr 1957 , 1971 ; mayr and vuilleumier 1983 ; vuilleumier and mayr 1987 ; vuilleumier et al . 1992 ; bahr 1995 ) . type descriptions published from 1991 up to and including 2009 were located in the zoological literature and using zoological record ( biosis ) , web of science ( thomson scientific ) , and recent ornithological literature . descriptions of species likely or known to be extinct at the time of publication , introductions of new names for previously described species , and nomenclaturally unavailable names were excluded .\nseven measures of quality were studied : ( i ) the number of pages devoted to descriptions of new species , ( ii ) the number of specimens of the new species , ( iii ) the number of character states differentiating the new species from its most similar or most closely related species ( as identified in the original description ) , ( iv ) the number of taxa to which the new species was compared , ( v ) the inclusion of an illustration ( photograph or artwork ) of the new species , ( vi ) the inclusion of a map of the range or collecting localities of the new species , and ( vii ) the inclusion of a sonagram ( audiospectrogram ) of the vocalizations of the new species . in addition , the number of pages per taxonomist was calculated by dividing the total number of pages per description by the number of authors of each description . the number of pages was measured in units of 0 . 25 pages ; title , authorship , author affiliations , abstract , illustrations , maps , sonagrams , acknowledgements , and references were excluded . if multiple species were described in a single publication , the number of pages was divided by the number of new species described . the number of character states was the sum of all morphological , behavioural , acoustic , and ecological differences . if taxa also differed in any molecular analysis , this was treated as a single difference for each locus included in the study . mitochondrial sequences , microsatellites , and allozyme analyses were each counted as single characters .\nthe relationship between the quality of species descriptions and the proportion of newly proposed species that have been revised was studied using a dataset that included all 414 species described in the period 1935\u20131999 . a cutoff date of 31 december 1999 was used to allow time for revision . two categories of revision were compared : ( i ) unrevised species : valid species which are placed in the same genus as in the original description , and ( ii ) revised species : taxa originally described as species but which are now considered either invalid taxa , subspecies , or valid species in a different genus than in the original description . the current status of species was determined using the zoonomen database ( peterson 2012 ) . well - documented revisions not yet incorporated in the zoonomen database at the time of writing were included in the study : lophura hatinhensis ( synonym of l . edwardsi , hennache et al . 2012 ) , myrmeciza disjuncta ( now aprositornis disjuncta , isler et al . 2013 ) , hypositta perdita ( synonym of oxylabes madagascariensis , fjelds\u00e5 et al . 2013 ) , mirafra sidamoensis ( now heteromirafra archeri sidamoensis , spottiswoode et al . 2013 ) , cettia carolinae ( now horornis carolinae , alstr\u00f6m et al . 2011 ) , cisticola dorsti ( synonym of c . guinea , dowsett - lemaire et al . 2005 ) , and dendroica angelae ( now setophaga angelae , lovette et al . 2010 ) .\ntest , fisher ' s exact test ) and multivariate ( regression ) analyses to assess the relationship between the quality of species descriptions and the proportion of newly proposed species that have been revised . multivariate analyses were performed with regression with empirical variable selection ( revs ,\n) , a method which avoids well - known problems associated with full and stepwise regression methods ( e . g . ,\n) . revs uses branch - and - bound all - subsets regression to quantify the amount of empirical support for each independent variable , and then calculates multiple linear regression models . the akaike information criterion ( aic ) was used to compare models and identify the best model . analyses were performed in r version 2 . 15 ( r development core team 2011 ) with the\nthe time between the initial discovery of a species and its formal description was assessed in all bird taxa that were described as species in the period 1935\u20132009 . species were excluded from the dataset if the year of discovery could not be determined from the type descriptions .\nthe relative impact of descriptions and revisions on the number of recognized bird species was determined by comparing the number of validly described new species of birds and the total number of species estimated or recognized in 18 classifications of recent birds published between 1946 and 2012 ( mayr 1946 ; mayr and amadon 1951 ; storer 1960 , 1971 ; edwards 1974 ; moroney et al . 1975 ; gruson 1976 ; van tyne and berger 1976 ; bock and farrand 1980 ; sibley and monroe 1990 , 1993 ; sibley 1996 ; clements 2000 ; dickinson 2003 ; perrins 2003 ; clements 2007 ; gill and donsker 2011 ; peterson 2012 ) .\nd ) , each more than doubled during the study period . the proportion of descriptions with an illustration of the new species increased from 15 % to 90 % during the study period (\n) : a ) number of pages per description , b ) number of specimens per new species , c ) number of character state differences per new species , d ) number of taxa to which the new species has been compared , e ) proportion of descriptions in which a new species is illustrated , f ) proportion of descriptions illustrated with a map , g ) proportion of descriptions in which vocalizations are illustrated with sonagrams , h ) number of pages per description per taxonomist . two outliers in figures b and d are indicated by an arrow .\nthere was a significant positive relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability that no subsequent revision was made . univariate analyses show that species taxa proposed during 1935\u20131999 that were subsequently revised ( i . e . , are now considered either invalid taxa , subspecies or members of another genus ) were described using significantly fewer pages , specimens and characters , were compared to fewer species , were less often illustrated , and their descriptions less often included maps and sonagrams than valid species that have remained in their original genus ( fig . 2 ) .\ntest ( a , pages , specimens , characters , taxa compared ) and fisher ' s exact test ( b , illustrations , maps , sonagrams ) .\n) . this model included five variables that were positively related to the probability that a taxon was not revised . there was a significant positive effect of year of description on the probability that a taxon was not revised , independent of the quality variables . this may indicate that the taxonomic status of some of the more recently described species requires revision . this is not surprising given that there was less time to revise more recently described species than those that have been described earlier . to determine whether the observed relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability of subsequent revision is an artifact of incomplete revision of recent descriptions , the dataset was subdivided into five sets , each spanning 13 years , and the analysis was repeated for each set . the positive relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability that no subsequent revision was made , was observed in each of these periods , although most comparisons were no longer significant due to smaller sample sizes ( fig . s1 ) . thus , the observed relationship between quality and revision cannot be explained by incomplete revision of recent descriptions .\nnotes : aic values are those of increasingly complex models , with parameters entered from top to bottom . thus , the aic value of \u201cyear\u201d relates to the model with only \u201cyear\u201d being entered , the second to the model with both \u201cyear\u201d and \u201cmap , \u201d and so on . the model with the first five variables entered was optimal ( as shown by aic ) . differences from the optimal model are indicated by delta aic (\n) . species taxa proposed in the late 1930s were typically described about 1 year after their discovery , whereas the mean interval between discovery and description had increased to about 6 years by the late 2000s .\nthese results show that taxonomic descriptions have become more elaborate and that the amount of information ( i . e . , number of pages ) produced per taxonomist has increased . because the increase in the number of authors per description coincides with a strong overall increase in quality , increased authorship cannot simply be attributed to a declining pool of missing species . based on the results of the present study , we suggest that the primary force driving the decline of the number of species described per taxonomist is a drive towards higher quality . the trend towards more elaborate studies reflects a transition in taxonomy from naming taxa ( which in a strict sense requires only a few lines of text ) to a science , in which the existence of new taxa and their properties are presented as hypotheses that require documentation and testing ( haszprunar 2011 ; sluys 2013 ) . the increased interval between discovery and description during the study period is consistent with this trend . elaborate , well - researched descriptions typically take more time , and require more authors , than the brief descriptions often published in previous decades .\nthe results of this study further show why elaborate descriptions of new species are important for taxonomy . elaborate descriptions less often required revision by subsequent taxonomists , and may therefore be regarded as more efficient , than less elaborate descriptions . because the quality of descriptions has increased since the 1930s ( fig . 1 ) , and a significant positive relation exists between quality and the probability that no revision is needed ( fig . 2 , table 2 ) , it is likely that efficiency in taxonomy has increased likewise .\nthe findings of this study offer a different perspective on progress in taxonomy than those of joppa et al . ( 2011a ) and costello et al . ( 2012 ) . whereas these authors attributed the drop in the numbers of species described per taxonomist to the ( supposed ) difficulties of finding any new species , our study shows that ( at least in birds ) this drop is best seen as a side - effect of a trend towards higher - quality descriptions , and that this trend translates into fewer subsequent revisions .\nspecies : named species that remain hidden because these are incorrectly considered as invalid taxa or as subspecies of another species . previously named species that are currently misclassified must be \u201crediscovered\u201d by taxonomic revision . between 1946 and early 2012 , the number of recognized bird species increased from 8616 to 10 , 511 (\n) . during the same period , 266 valid species were described , which represent 14 . 0 % of the total increase of 1895 species , or roughly one in seven species . since 1946 , the rate of increase of the total number of species was exponential (\ntrends of the total number of recognized species of recent birds ( based on 18 estimates and classifications ) and newly described valid species of birds ( 1946\u20132011 ) . note that the number of recognized species increases much faster than the number of newly described valid species . a second - order trendline was added to illustrate the trend of the number of recognized species .\nthis underscores that in avian taxonomy , revision is a much more important source of newly recognized species than descriptions of previously unnamed species ( fig . 4 ) . consequently , progress in avian taxonomy is not limited by a diminishing pool of undescribed species . importantly , there is no evidence of a slowdown of taxonomic progress ( fig . 4 ) . this result is not unexpected given that in the first half of the twentieth century there was a very strong bias toward lumping distinctive bird species into large polytypic species ( haffer 1992 ) and this bias is only slowly undone by modern revisions ( sangster 2009 ) .\ndeclines in the number of species described per taxonomist do not indicate a diminishing pool of undescribed species but are better explained by a widespread drive among taxonomists towards higher - quality descriptions . taxonomists have good reasons for this , because more elaborate descriptions require fewer subsequent revisions . the findings of this study and the lack of evidence that increasing numbers of authors involved in descriptions are driven by a diminishing pool of undescribed species , suggest that trends in the number of species described per author should not be used to estimate total numbers of species . furthermore , because numbers of recognized species of birds are increasing exponentially it is incorrect to suggest that species inventories of birds , let alone of all animals , are \u201cnearly complete . \u201d the drive towards better descriptions and the strong increase of species numbers long after their initial descriptions , underscore the fundamentally analytic and iterative nature of taxonomy ( yeates et al . 2011 ; sluys 2013 ; de carvalho et al . 2014 ) , aspects often overlooked by biodiversity scientists and other end - users of taxonomy . broader appreciation of the scientific nature of taxonomy , and of the limitations of nomenclatural databases , will help to acquire a better understanding of the diversity of life .\nwe are grateful to norbert bahr for help with identifying older descriptions , to beno\u00eet fontaine , yves samyn , and heike w\u00e4gele for comments on a previous version of the manuscript , and to the members of the journal club of the swedish museum of natural history for fruitful discussion . susanne renner , quentin wheeler and an anonymous referee provided valuable comments that improved the quality of the paper .\ncisticola dorsti ( dorst ' s cisticola ) and c . ruficeps guinea are conspecific\ngill f . , donsker d . 2011 . ioc world bird names ( version 2 . 8 . 3 ) . available from : urltoken ( last accessed march 30 , 2011 ) .\nlumley t . 2009 . package \u2018leaps\u2019 : regression subset selection . available from : urltoken ( last accessed august 22 , 2014 ) .\nradiation and species limits in the asian pallas ' s warbler complex ( phylloscopus proregulus s . l . )\npeterson a . r . 2012 . zoonomen database . available from : urltoken ( last accessed october 22 , 2013 ) .\nsibley c . g . 1996 . birds of the world . [ cd - rom ] version 2 . 0 . cincinnati : thayer birding software .\n\u00a9 the author ( s ) 2014 . published by oxford university press , on behalf of the society of systematic biologists . all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthis project started in 2006 as a way to try to explain to some friends some of the new ideas that might lead to rather drastic changes in bird checklists . the initial intent was to focus on the metaves hypothesis and potential changes in the emberizidae ( sensu lato , this name is usually used , although icteridae has priority ) . the treatment of both has changed substantially since then , with metaves being replaced by its remnant , columbea , and the icteroidae undergoing drastic changes .\nas i started to write it up , i noticed more and more changes both being made to bird checklists and in the literature . the project grew into a longish essay i put on the web in 2007 . however , the more i worked on it , the more there was to do ! i found that a family - level listing wasn ' t enough . the composition of the families was changing too . i needed to go down to the generic or even species level . to properly track the changes , i needed my own world checklist .\nunlike other checklists , this one is based on genetic studies to the highest degree possible . with one or two exceptions , it relies on published studies ( including those available \u201cahead of print\u201d ) . the strong focus on genetics means that previous morphological studies are often treated as second - class citizens . this is especially true when they aren ' t consistent with the genetic data , even if the genetic data is somewhat soft . nonetheless , i rely on such analyses to fill in the gaps left by the genetic data .\nmy approach contrasts with most checklist committees . they usually put substantial weight on traditional classifications , and try to avoid speculation , even when its clear that the traditional classification is wrong . in particular , they try to avoid making erroneous changes , and put a premium on stability .\nthis checklist has a different purpose . it exists to speculate , to map out potential changes in the taxonomy . the price of focusing on speculation is to give up stability . i try to avoid erroneously maintaining the status quo , and try to keep abreast of the latest findings , even if incomplete .\nthe truth is that much of the genetic analysis is incomplete . it is still the case that only part of the avian tree has reliable results . for the rest , some is still relatively uninvestigated , some has results that are not clear cut or even contradictory , and some studies are not well executed . in some cases i ' ve taken my best guess based on available data , sometimes speculating well beyond the genetic data .\nthe instability of the tif worldlist may make it unsuitable for everyday use , although it should serve the useful function of highlighting potential changes regardless of your preferred checklist . unlike a printed checklist , the tif web list can be easily updated as new information , corrections , and better interpretations come to my attention . the \u201cwhat ' s new\u201d button at the top will show you the latest changes .\npreviously , only the combination of sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) and sibley and ahlquist ( 1990 ) or its precursor in the auk ( sibley , ahlquist , and monroe , 1988 ) had attempted anything of this sort ( the famous \u201ctapestry\u201d ) . from the beginning , the tif list has used an explicit family - level tree . that has now been extended to a genus - level tree for most families . in some cases it has been pushed to the species level , and in a very few cases , to subspecies .\nthe tif checklist currently groups the birds in 46 orders and 248 families . both a order - level and family - level trees are now available in pdf format . due to its length , the family tree is split into 5 parts .\nthe checklist can be viewed in two ways . you can either view the annotated checklist on these web pages or download a list . the downloadable lists are excel csv files that can be imported into spreadsheets such as excel , or easily manipulated by programs such as perl . four lists are available in csv format . the aba list includes only aba recognized species , but in tif order , with tif families . the south american list uses tif species rather than sacc species .\nthe version number at the top of the page refers to the csv files . note that the web pages are updated more frequently than the spreadsheets .\nrichard jackson has provided a tif - based spreadsheet cross - referenced to the ioc list , the 16 volumes of hbw , and the two volume hbw / birdlife illustrated checklist ( icbw ) .\nyou can view an annotated version by clicking on the list of bird orders on the right , or by using the family index , or genus index , or by clicking on the family names in the various tree view pages . in the annotated list , recently extinct species and species whose taxonomic placement is particularly uncertain are color - coded . in some cases , superfamilies , subfamilies , tribes , and other groups have been added to help show how the birds are related .\nthe ultimate influences on the tif list are charles sibley , jon ahlquist , and burt monroe . the sibley - monore ( 1993 ) checklist and the two earlier volumes by sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) and sibley and ahlquist ( 1990 ) sparked my interest in avian taxonomy . in some sense , the tif list is an attempt to redo their tapestry based on modern genetic studies .\nthe tif list was originally based on the 3rd edition howard and moore checklist , but the species list has been modified based on decisions by recognized authorities and publications in ornithological journals . the overall species list is now most similar to the ioc list . the ioc list has the advantage of quickly adopting recent changes in taxonomy . now that they are expanding it to include subspecies and the other amenities of the howard and moore list , it has become my base reference . i have also made heavy use of the sacc and hbw projects . the sacc is to be particularly commended for their open revision process , which provides unparalleled information about why particular taxonomic changes were made .\nthere are numerous other checklists available on the web . for aba listers , the venerable clements checklist is now available on the web , and is updated approximately annually . those focusing on conservation issues may prefer the bird life international checklist , also updated annually , and now being integrated with a new hbw checklist .\nbesides the world checklists , there are various other taxonomic resources available on the web . birdforum ' s bird taxonomy and nomenclature forum discusses the latest taxonomic issues . those interested in tracking lumps , splits , and other changes in bird taxonomy should take a look at richard klim ' s holarctic checklist . although he only considers holarctic species , he does a great job of tracking all the changes . don roberson ' s bird families of the world has long followed the ongoing shake - up in bird families .\ni ' ve found alan peterson ' s zoonomen particularly helpful for sorting out the complexities of scientific names . the late john penhallurick ' s world bird info also has a wealth of information about the history of scientific names , plus information on range , habitat , and sometimes photos . finally , the internet bird collection includes some of the text from hbw together with a wealth of photos and videos .\ni thank geir sverre andersen , manual andr\u00e9s - moreno , gustav asplund , norbert bahr , keith bennett , david cole , john croxall , thomas donegan , stefan ericsson , dale herter , liam hughes , richard jackson , james a . jobling , colin jones , leo joseph , max kirsch , peter kovalik , thomas kuenzel , marek kuziemko , wich ' yanan limparungpatthanakij , lothar lorenz , pietro martini , heidi michelle , d . james mountjoy , stephen p . nawrocki , jack neubart , jonas nordin , \u2020john penhallurick , daniel philippe , stephan pickering , steve preddy , sandy rae , michael ramsey , laurent raty , thomas s . schulenberg , nathan terzaghi , ben wielstra , victor s . zhukov , and kristof zyskowski for their helpful comments and suggestions .\ntaxonomy in flux : version 3 . 00l , july 8 , 2018 ( february 28 , 2015 ) .\nfrom the school of biological sciences , university of auckland , private bag 92019 , auckland , new zealand ( dalebout and baker ) ; national museum of natural history , mail stop nhb 108 , smithsonian institution , washington , dc 20560 ( mead ) ; center for dolphin studies , box 1856 , plettenberg bay 6600 , south africa ( cockcroft ) ; and national science museum , tokyo , 3 - 23 - 1 hyakunin - cho , shinjuku - ku , tokyo 169 - 0073 , japan ( yamada ) . m . l . dalebout is currently at the biology department , dalhousie university , halifax , nova scotia b3h 4ji , canada\naddress correspondence to c . scott baker at the address above , or e - mail : cs . baker @ urltoken .\ngenetic information in the form of dna sequences can serve as a universal character set for the taxonomic identification of organisms . such genetic characters are particularly useful for species in which distinctive morphological features are difficult to observe or compare . genetic databases have become increasingly common in the monitoring of trade and investigation of poaching ( e . g . , baker et al . 1996 ; baker and palumbi 1994 ; desalle and birstein 1996 ; malik et al . 1997 ; roman and bowen 2000 ) , but their use in addressing questions of basic organismal taxonomy or the discovery of new vertebrate species remains rare ( baker et al . 2002 ; dalebout et al . 2002 ; giao et al . 1998 ; smith et al . 1991 ) . for microorganisms , however , these techniques are widely used to investigate species diversity and identity ( e . g . , fuhrman et al . 1992 ; moon - van der staay et al . 2001 ; pace 1997 ) . it is becoming increasingly obvious that a molecular taxonomy would be valuable for all organisms ( dalebout and baker 2002 ; hebert et al . 2003 ; tautz et al . 2003 ) .\nhere we present a comprehensive and validated mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) reference database of control region and cytochrome b sequences for beaked whales ( dalebout et al . 1998 ; henshaw et al . 1997 ; this article ) . these mtdna datasets , including earlier partial versions , have been used previously to correctly identify specimens misidentified from morphology and discover a new species of beaked whale ( dalebout et al . 1998 , 2002 , 2003 ; van helden et al . 2002 ) . these datasets are presented here in full for the first time . we also present a complementary database of nuclear dna ( ndna ) actin intron sequences for 17 of the 21 beaked whale species and consider the concordance of evolutionary patterns among these alleles with the mtdna phylogeny ."]}
{"id": 2520, "summary": [{"text": "pygopristis denticulata is a species of piranha .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is a rare south american fish found in the orinoco river basin , north and eastern guiana shield rivers , and tributaries of the lower amazon river .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "specimens of this species is frequently found in acidic clear or black waters .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they usually feed on aquatic insects , small fish , and fruits .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "p. denticulata has pentacuspid teeth and a middle cusp that is usually only slightly larger than the other cusps .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this is unlike the piranhas , which have tricuspid teeth with a larger middle cusp , making the teeth appear triangular .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "p. denticulata grows to about 20.0 cm ( 7.9 in ) in tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it has 62 chromosomes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this fish possesses powerful dentition that can cause serious bites .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it has scales . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "pygopristis denticulata", "paragraphs": ["species is sexually dimorphic based on a lobed anal fin on male p . denticulata .\npygopristis antoni ( fern\u00e1ndez - y\u00e9pez ) from venezuela is a synonym of pristobrycon striolatus . what i found interesting is the photograph of serrasalmus punctatus schomburgk ( pg . 9 ii . 1 . el g\u00e9nero pygopristis m\u00fcller y troschel , 1844 . figura 4 . los peces caribes de venezuela , 1996 ) resembles a very peppery spotted p . denticulata from brazil .\npygopristis m\u00fcller & troschel 1844 : 95 . fem . pygopristis fumarius m\u00fcller & troschel 1844 . type by subsequent designation . type designated by eigenmann 1910 : 441 . synonym of serrasalmus lacep\u00e8de 1803 , but a valid subgenus - - ( g\u00e9ry 1972 : 209 , g\u00e9ry 1976 : 52 ) . valid as pygopristis m\u00fcller & troschel 1844 - - ( taphorn 1992 : 312 ) . pygopristis m\u00fcller & troschel 1844 . characidae : serrasalminae . the proper scientific species name is denticulata not denticulatus . there is mounting evidence to suggest that this species and catoprion mento are genetically more related to each other than other piranha species ( orti , 2000 et al ) .\npygopristis fumarius from m\u00fcller and troschel , o . c . : 21 . 35 . lam ix . fig . 2 .\npygopristis denticulatus m\u00fcller and troschel , 1844 , horae jehth , 1 : 21 . 34 , lam . ix . fig . 1 .\npg . 241 . pygopristis denticulatus ( cuvier ) . serrasalmo denticulatus cuvier , mem . mus . d ' hist . nat . , v , 1819 , 371 . \u2014gunther , catalogue , v , 1864 , 367 ( british guiana ) .\nthe diagnosis of this kind is the same one that is established for serrasalmus . the species of serrasalmus are transformed imperceptibly inside pygopristis , and the distinction among the two , based on the number of tubercles in the teeth seems to be of doubtful generic rank .\npygopristis fumarius muller and troschel , horse ichth . , i , 1848 , 21 , 35 , pi . 9 , fig . 2 ; in schomburgk , reisen , iii , 1848 , 637 ( rupununi ; essequibo ) . \u2014kner ,\nfamilie der characinen ,\nii , 1859 , 27 ( rio branco ) .\ni first purchased p . denticulata ( then classified as s . brandtii in an old piranha book ) in 1964 . i also foolishly tested its weak jaw muscles by sticking my finger in a 3 inch specimens mouth ! interestingly , the fish was not able to draw blood or flesh . but i would never try it with a larger specimen nor should you ! the map to the left is based on the j\u00e9gu & dos santos exploration ( 1988 ) . rev . hydrobiol . trop . 21 ( 3 ) : 239 - 274 .\na single species placed in genus pygopristis , is ( in my opinion ) absolutely one of the prettiest of the serrasalminae this non - dangerous piranha feeds principally on fins , seeds , fruits and such that fall into the water ( click here to view ) . when opefe brought this to the attention of a neo - tropical division at a local state college , there was snickering and skepticism that a piranha would feed on seeds or fruits instead of whole flesh . since then , opefe provided documented proof of the seed and fruit eating behavior and their skepticism is no longer the case . other field researchers have since confirmed the eating habits of this species in the wild .\npygopristis derdiculatus muller and troschel , horse ichth . , i , 1845 , 21 , 34 , pi . 9 , fig . 1 ( guiana ) ; in schomburgk , reisen , iii , 1848 , 637 ( essequibo ; takutu ; rupununi ) . \u2014cuvier and valenciennes , hist . nat . poiss . , xxii , 1848 , 297 ( essequibo ) . \u2014eigenmann and eigenmann , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , xiv . 1891 , 59 . \u2014ulrey , ann . n . y . acad . sci . , vii , 1895 , 296 ( lower amazon ) . - eigenmann , repts . princeton univ . exp . patagonia , iii , 1910 , 441 .\ngreek , pyge = rump + greek , pristis = saw ( ref . 45335 )\nsouth america : orinoco river basin , north and eastern guiana shield rivers ; tributaries of the lower amazon river .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12225 )\nrare ( ref . 12225 ) . possesses powerful dentition that can cause serious bites .\nj\u00e9gu , m . , 2003 . serrasalminae ( pacus and piranhas ) . p . 182 - 196 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 39031 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02042 ( 0 . 01151 - 0 . 03622 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\nurltoken website : urltoken facebook : urltoken documentaries : urltoken / video _ gallery _ . . . tropical aquarium fish documentaries\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 strict file : / / en\na monotypic genus this pirambeba is predaceous but to a much lower degree than previously thought . there seem to be different forms in terms of coloration and other unique features ; possess dark bands along the flank with some lightly peppered spotting . these are sometimes erroneously imported as p . striolatus from peru .\nhobbyists can consider this species somewhat harmless in the aquarium . but they do have sharp if not the smallest teeth of the pirambeba - like fish . they will eat small fishes . care is still required in handling them , they have weak jaws , but do not assume that a large specimen cannot lacerate you ! the species may be kept with its relatives the silver dollars ( genus metynnis ) . it is not uncommon to find them mixed up together in pet stores when juvenile , since they externally resemble that genus .\ni do not recommend mixing this species with any other piranha or pirambeba . the main reason is because they likely would get eaten by their more opportunistic sisters . i consider them to be an excellent specimen for the home aquarium and worth collecting .\nserrasalmus denticulatus cuvier , 1819 . mem mus . hist . nat . paris , v : 371 .\neigenmann , c . h . 1910 ( 12 feb . ) catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of tropical and south temperate america . in : reports of the princeton university expeditions to patagonia 1896 - 1899 .\nserrasabno punctatu s schomburgk , fishes brit . guiana , i , 1841 , 223 , pi . 17 . twenty - three specimens , 151 - 234 mm . lama stop - off . ( c . m . cat . no . 1118a - d ; i . u . cat . no . 11637 . ) head 3 . 5 ; depth 1 . 66 ; d . 18 or 19 ; a . 34 - 38 ; scales with pores 87 - 95 ; eye 4 in head , 2 in interorbital ; abdominal serrse 36 + 4 , 33 + 3 , 38 + 4 , 31 + 4 in four individuals respectively .\npumpkin - seed shaped ; snout rounded , lower jaw heavy , truncate , its anterior profile forming a continuous oblique line with the snout . second suborbital leaving four - tenths of the cheeks naked ; opercular bones and suborbitals but little striate ; mouth small ; teeth nearly symmetrical , with a central lobe and two much smaller lobes on each side ; six teeth on each premaxillary , in a single series , the third tooth much smaller than the rest . gill - rakers 9 + 9 , small . dorsal broadly rounded , its base equal to its distance from the caudal ; adipose short ; caudal lobes pointed ; anal with its first two or three developed rays slightly prolonged , the rest of the margin of the fin nearly straight ; ventrals reaching anal groove , pectorals not quite to ventrals . lateral line decurved ; anterior scales of the lateral line largest ; rows of scales along the middle of the sides more numerous than the pores in the lateral line , the pores corresponding to the rows of scales on the caudal peduncle and over the posterior fourth of the anal ; a wide naked area from the dorsal to the occipital .\ndorsal faintly spotted . iridescent steel - blue above . pectorals , ventrals , and most of the anal brick - red ; opercle orange ; a narrow margin of the caudal and anal colorless ; caudal submarginally orange , ranging to lemon - yellow and olive .\ngosline published the origin and evolution of the serrasalminae ( 1951 : 54 ) and indicated . . .\norinoco river basin , north and east guiana shield rivers ; tributaries of lower amazon : brazil , french guiana , guyana , suriname and venezuela .\nmachado - allison , a . & fink , william . 1996 , los peces caribes to venezuela diagnosis , claves , aspectos ecologicos y evolutivos .\nmachado - allison , a . 2002 los peces caribes de venezuela : una aproximaci\u00f3n a su estudio taxon\u00f3mico . bol . acad . c . fis . mat . nat . v . 62 ( no . 1 ) : 35 - 88 .\nreis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . 2003 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . check list freshw . fishes south & cent . amer . 2003 : i - xi + 1 - 729 .\ncuvier , g . , memoires du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , publishing date ; 1819 , sur les poissons du sous - genre \u00abhydrocyn , sur deux nouvelles esp\u00e8ces de \u00abchalceus\u00bb , sur trois nouvelles esp\u00e8ces de \u00abserrasalmes\u00bb , et sur l ' \u00abargentina glossodonta\u00bb de forskahl , quiest l ' \u00abalbula gonorhynchus\u00bb de bloch . cuvier , g . 1819 mem . mus . natl . hist . nat . . 5 : 351 - 379 .\nm\u00fcller , j . and f . h . troschel 1844 synopsis generum et specierum familiae characinorum . ( prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum ) . arch . naturgeschichte v . 10 ( pt 1 ) : 81 - 99 + zu pag . 99 ( foldout ) .\neigenmann , c . h . 1910 ( 12 feb . ) catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of tropical and south temperate america . in : reports of the princeton university expeditions to patagonia 1896 - 1899 . zoology . catalogue v . 3 ( pt 4 ) : 375 - 511 . [ also as a separate , issued 12 feb . 1910 as : catalog and bibliography of . . . ; contr . zool . lab indiana univ . no . 76 ( 2 ) . ]\ng\u00e9ry , j . 1972 ( 19 dec . ) poissons characo\u00efdes des guyanes . i . g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9s . ii . famille des serrasalmidae . zool . verh . ( leiden ) no . 122 : 1 - 250 , pls . 1 - 16 .\ng\u00e9ry , j . 1976 ( 18 mar . ) les genres de serrasalmidae ( pisces , characoidei ) . bull . zool . mus . univ . amst . v . 5 ( no . 6 ) : 47 - 54 .\ntaphorn , d . c . 1992 the characiform fishes of the apure river drainage , venezuela . biollania edici\u00f3n especial - no . 4 . monografias cientificas del museo de ciencias naturales , unellez - - guanara , estado portuguesa , venezuela . 1 - 537 .\nfreeman , b . , nico , l . g . , ostentoski , m . jelks , h . j . & collins , t . m . 2007 . molecular systemics of serrasalmidae : deciphering the identities of piranha speceis and unraveling their evoluntionary histories . zootaxa 1484 : 1 - 38 .\nthe opefe web site and its contents ; is disclaimed for purposes of zoological nomenclature in accordance with the international code of zoological nomenclature , fourth edition , article 8 . 3 and 8 . 4 . no new names or nomenclature changes are available from statements at this web site .\ncopyright\u00a9 1994 - 2012 oregon piranha exotic fish exhibit ( the opefe fish exhibit is permanently closed as of 2000 ) sutherlin , oregon . information posted on this web site is archival data on fish scientific classifications and other information . disclaimer : the copyrighted material may not be used for any purpose other than private study , scholarship or research . cited information requires credit and this link www . opefe . com . all rights reserved . all images shown ( unless otherwise noted ) is property of opefe .\nrare ( ref . 12225 ) . possesses powerful dentition that can cause serious bites .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 02 : 42 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use ."]}
{"id": 2524, "summary": [{"text": "the vadigo , campogramma glaycos ( also known as the big-toothed pompano , zippered pompano , lexa and lexola ) , is a species of medium sized coastal marine fish in the jack family , carangidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the species is distributed throughout the eastern atlantic ocean from the british isles in the north to senegal in the south , also entering the western mediterranean sea .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the vadigo is similar in form to both the leatherjacks and the queenfish , but can be distinguished by its scaleless chest and a broad , rounded upper jaw .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is a predatory fish , preying mostly on smaller schooling fishes .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species was initially classified under the genus centronotus before being transferred to its own monotypic genus of campogramma .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the vadigo is of minor commercial importance throughout its range , and is also considered to be a game fish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "vadigo", "paragraphs": ["christy the mermaid , inspired by the tench , vadigo , and beautiful redheads found in good ol ' ireland . ( by autumn angel art ) | art - mystique | pinterest | ange\u2026\nscientific synonyms and common names campogramma glaycos lacep\u00e8de , 1801 synonyms : campogramma vadigo risso , 1810 centronotus glaycos lacep\u00e8de , 1801 , hist . nat . poiss . , 1798 - 1803 , 3 : 315 ( ' mers du danemark ' and ' m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e ' ) . centronotus vadigo ( nec lacep\u00e8de , 1801 ) : risso , 1810 , ichthyol . nice : 196 ( ' nice ' ) ( cf . code , art . 49 ) . lichia vadigo : valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1828 - 1849 , 1832 , 8 : 363 moreau , 1881 - 1891 , 1881 , 2 : 459 de buen , 1926 : 103 bertin , 1929c : 163 dieuzeide et al . , 1953 - 1955 , 1954 : 231 furnestin et al . , 1958 : 445 . campogramma vadigo : regan , 1903c : 350 de buen , 1935 : 104 , fig . 52 albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 664 tortonese , 1955 : 192 , fig . 3 ; 1961 : 357 wheeler , 1963 : 537 bini , 1967 - 1972 , 1968 , 5 : 73 , col . fig . caesiomorus vadigo : lozano rey , 1952 : 629 , pl . 50 ( fig . 1 ) . campogramma lirio dollfus , 1955 , fichier ichthyol . maroc atlant . : 48 , 145 . campogramma glaycos : wheeler , 1969 : 330 , fig . 108 . common names : liche lirio [ fr ] liche vadigo [ fr ] lirio [ es ] vadigo [ en ]\n, under the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) common name\nvadigo\nare reported from the following two fao fishing areas : eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , mediterranean and black sea . only about 1 % of these landings originate in the mediterranean and black sea fishing zone , and these are declared by morocco .\ndul\u010di\u0107 , j . , marceta , b . , \u017ei\u017ea , v . , pallaoro , a . and lipej , l . 2003 . northern extension of the range of the vadigo campogramma glaycos ( pisces : carangidae ) from the adriatic sea . journal of the marine biological association of the uk 83 ( 2003 ) : 877 - 878 .\nfeeding peculiarities of mass pelagic ichtyophagous fish from the canary upwelling waters and frontal zones of mauritania have been investigated : vadigo campogramma glaycos , false scad caranx rhonchus , bluefish pomatomus saltatrix , atlantic bonito sarda sarda , west african spanish mackerel scomberomorus tritor , large - eyed hairtail trichiurus lepturus and pompano trachinotus ovatus . these species feed on epipelagic fish living or forming temporary agglomerations at the depths up to 200\u2013250 m from the surface .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ngreek , kampe , - es = curvature , bent + greek , gramma = mark , signal , letter ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 15 - 30 m ( ref . 7097 ) . subtropical ; 56\u00b0n - 12\u00b0n , 26\u00b0w - 27\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : british isles to senegal including madeira and the canary islands . also western mediterranean sea .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 58 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; max . published weight : 2 . 8 kg ( ref . 27584 )\ncaught with bottom and pelagic trawls . adults are pelagic or epibenthic ( ref . 7097 ) mostly in shallow waters . they feed mainly on schooling fishes ( ref . 4233 ) . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . , 1986 . carangidae . p . 815 - 844 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4233 )\n) : 10 . 3 - 20 . 7 , mean 16 . 1 ( based on 88 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01413 ( 0 . 00616 - 0 . 03241 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 80 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter , k . e . , camara , k . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , djiman , r . , sagna , a . , nunoo , f . , sidib\u00e9 , a , de morais , l . , sylla , m . , lindeman , k . & montiero , v .\nthis species is mostly found in eastern atlantic but it is also found in the western mediterranean sea . in the eastern central atlantic it is considered relatively common . it is caught in artisanal fisheries but there is no current indication of decline . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is mostly found in eastern atlantic , from the british isles to senegal including madeira and the canary islands . it is also found in the western mediterranean sea ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) . smith - vaniz ( in press ) states this species is rarely found north of the bay of biscay .\nalbania ; algeria ; belgium ; croatia ; france ; gambia ; germany ; greece ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; morocco ; portugal ( madeira ) ; senegal ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; tunisia ; united kingdom ( great britain ) ; western sahara\nbased on the cecaf south working ( fao cecaf 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 - 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tons , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eastern central african country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 per year and remaining relatively stable since .\nadults are pelagic or epibenthic , mostly in shallow waters ( 15 to 30 m ) . the diet consists primarily of schooling fishes . it occurs in coastal waters throughout its range .\nmaximum size is unknown but it attains at least 60 cm fork length ( smith - vaniz in press ) .\nthe maximum size in senegal is 50 cm and this species is typically seen in mauritania during the dry season from mid - december to may .\nthis species is of minor commercial importance and is often utilized as a gamefish . this species is caught with bottom and pelagic trawls . it is utilized fresh , frozen , dried - salted and for fish meal and oil (\nthere are no major threats known for this species and there are no indications at present time of regional declines from harvesting .\ncarpenter , k . e . , camara , k . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , djiman , r . , sagna , a . , nunoo , f . , sidib\u00e9 , a , de morais , l . , sylla , m . , lindeman , k . & montiero , v . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\noff the british isles . elsewhere , off morocco to senegal , including the canaries .\nalbuquerque , r . m . 1954 - 1956 . peixes de portugal e ilhas adjacentes . chavas para a sua determina\u00e7\u00e3o . port . acta biol . , ser . b , 5 : xvi + 1167 pp . , 445 fig .\nbertin , l . 1929c . poissons rares captur\u00e9s en rade de toulon et au cap sici\u00e9 . bull . soc . zool . fr . , 54 : pp . 158 - 165 .\nbini , g . 1967 - 1972 . atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane . mondo sommerso , milano , 9 vol : i , 1967 , leptocardi , ciclostomi , selaci , 206 pp . , 66 fig . + 64 col . fig . ii , 1971 , osteitti ( acipenseriformi , clupeiformi , mictofiformi , anguilliformi ) , 300 pp . , 73 col . fig . iii , 1970 , notacantiformi . . . zeiformi , 229 pp . , 34 fig . + 63 col . fig . iv , 1968 , perciformi ( mugiloidei , percoidei ) , 163 pp . , 34 fig . + 49 col . fig . v , 1968 , perciformi ( percoidei ) , 175 pp . , 22 fig . + 56 col . fig . vi , 1968 , perciformi ( trichiuroidei . . . blennioidei ) , 177 pp . , 48 fig + 57 col . fig . vii , 1969 , perciformi ( ofidioidei . . . dactilopteroidei ) , 196 pp . , 57 fig . + 59 col . fig . viii , 1968 , pleuronettiformi , echeniformi , gobioesociformi , tetraodontiformi , lofiformi , 164 pp . , 34 + 63 fig . ix , 1972 , introduzione . parte generale . aggiornamenti . indici . 176 p .\nbuen , f . de 1926 . catalogo ictiologico del mediterraneo espa\u00f1ol y de marruecos , recopilando lo publicado sobre peces de las costas mediterraneas y proximas del atlantico ( mar de espa\u00f1a ) . resultados camp . int . inst . esp . oceanopr . , 2 : pp . 1 - 221 , map .\nbuen , f . de 1935 . fauna ictiologica . catalogo de los peces ibericos : de la planicie continental , aguas dulces , pelagicos y de los abismos proximos . primera parte . notas res\u00fam . inst . esp . oceanogr . , ser . ii , ( 88 ) : pp . 1 - 89 , pl . i - xx ( fig . 1 - 40 ) . secunda parte . ibid . , ser . ii , ( 89 ) : pp . 91 - 149 , pl . xxiliii ( fig . 40 - 115 ) .\nchaine , j . 1957 . recherches sur les otolithes des poissons . . . bull . cent . \u00e9tud . rech . scient . biarritz , 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 465 - 557 , 7 pl .\ndieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des c\u00f4tes alg\u00e9riennes . bull . stn aquic . p\u00each . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .\ndollfus , r . ph . 1955 . premi\u00e8re contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tablissement d ' un fichier ichthyologique du maroc atlantique de tanger \u00e0 l ' embouchure de l ' oued dra . trav . inst . scient . ch\u00e9rif . , zool , ( 6 ) : 227 pp . , 1 map .\nfurnestin , j . ; dardignac , j . ; maurin , c . ; coup\u00e9 , a . ; bouti\u00e8re , h . 1958 . donn\u00e9es nouvelles sur les poissons du maroc atlantique . revue trav . inst . ( scient . tech . ) p\u00each . marit . , paris , 22 ( 4 ) : pp . 379 - 493 , 1 pp . errata , 75 fig .\nlozano y rey , l . 1952 . peces fisoclistos , subserie toracicos . mems r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . , ser . : cien . nat . , primate parte , 14 : pp . xv + 1 - 378 , fig . 1 - 20 , pl . i - xxx ; segunda parte , 14 : pp . 379 - 705 , fig . 21 - 31 , pl . xxi - li .\nmoreau , e . 1881 - 1891 . histoire naturelle des poissons de la france , paris , i , 1881 : pp . i - vii + 1 - 480 , fig . 1 - 82 ; ii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 572 , fig . 83 - 145 ; iii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 697 , fig . 146 - 220 ; suppl . , 1891 : pp . 1 - 144 , fig . 221 - 227 .\nregan , c . t . 1903c . on the genus lichia of cuvier . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 7 ) 12 : pp . 348 - 350 .\nrisso , a . 1810 . ichthyologie de nice , ou histoire naturelle des poissons du d\u00e9partement des alpes maritimes . paris , xxxvi + 388 pp . , 11 pl . ( reprint , 1966 , asher , amsterdam . )\ntortonese , e . 1955a . note interno ai carangidi del mediterraneo . archo oceanogr . limnol . , 10 ( 3 ) : pp . 185 - 195 , 3 fig .\nwheeler , a . 1963 . the nomenclature of the european fishes of the subfamily trachinotinae . ann . mag . nat . hist . , 1962 [ 1963 ] ( 13 ) 5 : pp . 529 - 540 .\nwheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : pp . i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) , 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nurban dictionary german , leo chinese , dict . cn spanish , spanishdict russian , urltoken medical , medicinenet i\u0307\u015faret dili , signing savvy\nenglish turkish online dictionary tureng , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324adce3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3437d097 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ngroup expert : smith - vaniz , w . , 19 - may - 2014\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 7ba05384 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives , conventions and agreements . the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\nthe eu conservation status is assessed for species mentioned in the eu habitats directive annexes . the eu habitats directive does not cover this species .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe moroccan national fisheries information system aims at adopting a standard list of common names for fishery products . thus , the goal of this study is to provide a means structuring vernacular names , which , although in wide use , are highly variable and do not necessarily meet trade requisites . the 138 species considered in this study have 691 vernacular names - an average of five names per species . large disparities in the number of vernacular names were found between species and among the 16 study sites . much of this variability is due to pronunciation and syllable adjunction , which do not affect the root name structure . pronunciation aside , for the most part the analysed variability in vernacular names of fishes is of linguistic origin stemming from four geographic - and thus cultural - groups . the iberian names , preponderant in the eastern moroccan mediterranean , decreased southward in favour of arabic , amazigh and french . according to these results , the adoption of a unique standard , if even possible , might encounter resistance to dissemination by the fishermen and local populations . the adoption of two names lists , one for the moroccan mediterranean and one for the moroccan atlantic , may be a good compromise . most efforts at standardisation should then be invested at fish markets in order to integrate fish identification and labelling processes prior to selling .\nindiseas ( indicators for the seas ) is a scientific program endorsed by ioc / unesco . it aims to evaluate the effects of fishing on the health status of marine ecosystems , using a panel of biodiversit\u2026\n[ more ]\nwe investigated 16 fishing sites in order to gather local fish names . a total of 691 vernacular names were assigned to the 138 species considered . regarding the number of names , a great part of variability was of linguistic origin , and the patterns disclosed showed four groups of sites . names of spanish origin were predominant at the national level , and their proportion decreased southward for . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe saharan bank ( 21\u201326\u00b0n ) is a wide subtropical continental shelf and a highly productive upwelling ecosystem . the bottom communities are dominated by octopus and sparid fish , which are the main targets of bottom - trawl fishing fleets . to investigate resource partitioning within the bottom fish community , adult fish from 14 of the most abundant species were investigated for stomach content . . . [ show full abstract ]\ninvestigation of a subtidal fish community in a south - western mediterranean settlement area of moroc . . .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nlist & earn rs . 250 * extra . available in bangalore , mumbai , chennai , hyderabad .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy unlimited free , fast delivery on eligible items , video streaming , ad - free music , exclusive access to deals & more .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n) : 10 . 3 - 20 . 7 , mean 16 . 1 ( based on 88 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01413 ( 0 . 00616 - 0 . 03241 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 80 se ; based on food items .\n) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\njustification : european regional assessment : lc campogramma glaycos is found in eastern atlantic , from the british isles south to senegal including the mediterranean , madeira and the canary islands . it is found at depths ranging from 15 \u2013 30 metres . although it is sometimes found in local fish markets , it appears to be relatively rare in the northeast atlantic , mediterranean , and black sea assessment region . there is a paucity of basic biological information available for this species . it is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean , where it can be found in some local markets . this species appears to be associated with upwelling zones , and , like many carangids , is likely taken as bycatch in industrial , semi - industrial and / or artisanal fisheries in the eastern central atlantic fishing zone . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c . glaycos . campogramma glaycos is assessed as least concern in northeast atlantic , mediterranean , and black sea assessment region\nis restricted to the eastern atlantic ocean , where it is found from the bay of biscay south to senegal , including madeira and the canary islands . vagrants are reported as far north as the british isles ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) . it is also found in the western mediterranean sea , with recent records extending the northern - most occurrence of this species in the mediterranean to piran bay , gulf of trieste , adriatic sea ( dul\u010di\u0107\nalbania ; algeria ; croatia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gibraltar ; greece ( greece ( mainland ) ) ; guernsey ; ireland ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jersey ; libya ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; tunisia ; united kingdom ( great britain )\nthe international council for the exploration of the sea ( ices ) does not collect species - specific data on carangiids for mapping purposes . all carangiid data are aggregated to the family level , indicating that these species are not likely to be commercially important in northeastern atlantic ocean .\nsmith - vaniz ( smith - vaniz in press ) states this species is rarely found north of the bay of biscay . survey data from the international bottom trawl survey ( ibts ) in the gulf of cadiz suggest this species is rare in the region , however this could be an artifact of sampling . from 1993 to 2014 , 17 specimens ranging in size from 12\n25 cm total length ( tl ) were collected . all specimens were collected in the spring of 1999 . this species is not commercially important in the gulf of cadiz\nlandings declared to fao originate in the eca , and within the eca , the large majority of landings are declared by morocco .\nlike many carangids , is taken as bycatch in the pelagic industrial and artisanal fisheries off the coast of west africa ( palomares and pauly 2004 ) . there is evidence of declining commercial landings and declining biomass of many species taken in these fisheries , and pelagic stocks are considered overexploited in the cecaf north assessment area ( gascuel\n. 2010 , cecaf 2009 ) . in the eca species appears to be associated with upwelling zones ( gushchin and fall 2012 ) .\ncampogramma glaycos is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean . it is marketed in the fish markets of istanbul , although typically in small numbers ( tekinay et al . 2003 ) . this species feeds on small fishes , and it is inferred that it is landed as bycatch in mediterranean fisheries targeting small pelagics such as sardine and anchovies . carangids are a commercially important bycatch of industrial small pelagic fisheries off the atlantic coast of west africa . this species is also considered a gamefish .\nthere is little species - specific data available for c . glaycos in the nea and mediterranean portion of its range . this species is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean . it is taken as bycatch in fisheries targeting small pelagics .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c . glaycos within the northeastern atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean and black sea . this species was assessed as data deficient in the 2007 mediterranean assessment ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .\n9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 1 . marine neritic - pelagic suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 2 . marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability : suitable season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 3 . marine neritic - subtidal loose rock / pebble / gravel suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 4 . marine neritic - subtidal sandy suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 5 . marine neritic - subtidal sandy - mud suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 6 . marine neritic - subtidal muddy suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 7 . marine neritic - macroalgal / kelp suitability : unknown season : unknown\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ]\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 2 . harvest level trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 3 . trade trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 4 . habitat trends\nabdul malak , d . a . , livingstone , s . r . , pollard , d . , polidoro , b . a . , cuttelod , a . , bariche , m . , bilecenoglu , m . , carpenter , k . e . , collette , b . b . , francour , p . , goren , m . , kara , m . h . , massuti , e . , papaconstantinou , c . and tunesi , l . 2011 . overview of the conservation status of the marine fishes of the mediterranean sea . in : iucn ( ed . ) . gland , switzerland .\ndulvy , n . k . , sadovy , y . and reynolds , j . d . 2003 . extinction vulnerability in marine populations . fish and fisheries 4 ( 1 ) : 25 - 64 .\nfao . 2009 . fishery committee for the eastern central atlantic : report of the fifth session of the scientific sub - committee : casablanca , morocco , 4 - 6 december 2007 . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , regional office for africa , 2009 .\ngascuel , d . , monteiro , c . , yahya , s . , brahim , k . , bouzouma , m . and vally , y . o . 2010 . estimation des captures par esp\u00e8ce , pour les diff\u00e9rentes flottilles op\u00e9rant en mauritanie ( 1991 / 2005 ) . rapport du sixi\u00e8me groupe de travail de l\u2019imrop : 1 - 15 .\ngushchin , a . v . and fall , k . o . m . 2012 . ichthyofauna of littoral of the gulf arguin , mauritania . journal of ichthyology 52 ( 2 ) : 160 - 171 .\niucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 november 2011 ) .\niucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 . 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 28 may 2015 ) .\npalomares , m . l . d . and pauly , d . 2004 . west african marine ecosystems : models and fisheries impacts . in : palomares , m . l . d . and pauly , d . ( eds ) , fisheries centre research reports . the fisheries centre , vancouver .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . 1986b . carangidae . in : p . j . p . whitehead , m . l . bauchot , j . c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds ) , fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , pp . 815 - 844 . unesco , paris .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . in press . carangidae . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic . .\ntekinay , a . a . , alpaslan , m . , \u00f6zen , \u00f6 . , aky\u00fcz , p . e . , kahyao\u011flu , g . and g\u00fcroy , d . 2003 . a comparative analysis of istanbul fish market records between 1998 and 2001 . eu journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 20 ( 3 - 4 ) : 413 - 418 .\nherrera , j . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2015 .\nde morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , sagna , a . , djiman , r . , camara , k . , carpenter , k . e . , nunoo , f . , sidib\u00e9 , a , sylla , m . , williams , a . b . & montiero , v .\njustification : this species is widespread in the eastern central atlantic , the mediterranean and is common in some parts of its range . it is caught in mixed - species fisheries throughout its range . based on mixed - species catches reported for carangids in the region , landings are fluctuating , but there is no current indication of decline in catch . fao reported data show a gradual decline from the 1990 to present , but with stable catches being report over the last decade . however , it is obvious that these statistics are an aggregation of at least two species being confused because of local changes in reporting according to name changes . there has been an observed 80 % decrease in average weight taken in scientific surveys off the coast of mauritania to guinea from 1990 to 1998 . it is also considered a very fast growing species . it is listed as least concern . more species - specific information on the population status , catch statistics , life history , biology and impact of major threats is needed .\nin the eastern atlantic , this species is found from southern bay of biscay to south africa , including the mediterranean . in the mediterranean basin , lichia amia occurs in the iberian waters ( dempster et al . 2002 ) , in the southern tunisia ( souissi et al . 2005 ) , in the tyrrhenian sea ( romanelli et al . 2002 ) , in the central adriatic sea ( duclic and glamuzina 2006 ) and in the aegean waters ( akin et al . 2005 ) . in the eastern central atlantic , this species is known from mauritania to angola , including cape verde .\nalbania ; algeria ; angola ; benin ; bulgaria ; cameroon ; cape verde ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; israel ; italy ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; mozambique ; namibia ; nigeria ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; serbia ; sierra leone ; slovenia ; south africa ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; western sahara\nin the eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , this species is widespread , but not considered common . based on the cecaf south working ( fao cecaf 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 - 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tons , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eca country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 per year and remaining relatively stable since . species - specific landings reported by countries in the region to fao , show an increase to an average of 1 , 800 metric tonnes in the 1990s and then a decrease to about 400 metric tonnes over the past 10 years . in the mediterranean sea , this fish is widespread but not common and abundant only seasonally in certain areas . fao landings for this species show dramatic declines . however , it is obvious that these statistics are an aggregation of at least two species . under leerfish in turkey , are often included as greater amberjack since the local common name is the same . in 2000 , the leerfish and greater amberjack were separated apart in the statistics in turkey and therefore it appears as if the dramatic declines are due to a statistical anomaly .\nthis species is utilized fresh , frozen , smoked , dried - salted and for fishmeal and oil ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is a popular game fish .\nlichia amia is a commercial species that is caught with hook and line and is a popular game fish . landings from area 34 ( atlantinc , easter central ) and 37 ( mediterranean and balck sea ) range from 1 , 000 to 10 , 000 metric tonnes . in the eastern central atlantic , catches for this species are not reported separately , and carangid species are mainly caught in the inshore fishery using purse - seines and in both industrial and artisanal fisheries . in senegal , it is taken in beach seines and is exported to the interior . it is not a high value species .\nthis species occurs in marine protected areas . there is a minimum size requirement of 20 cm tl in turkey .\nde morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , sagna , a . , djiman , r . , camara , k . , carpenter , k . e . , nunoo , f . , sidib\u00e9 , a , sylla , m . , williams , a . b . & montiero , v . 2015 .\nfeeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 2 . representatives of families carangidae , scombridae , pomatomidae , and trichiuridae | springerlink\nfeeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 2 . representatives of families carangidae , scombridae , pomatomidae , and trichiuridae\noriginal russian text \u00a9 a . v . gushchin , a . corten , 2016 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2016 , vol . 56 , no . 1 , pp . 68\u201375 .\nprogram \u201csmall pelagic fish , \u201d imrop - rivo , 2002\u20132004 : mauritania , institut mauritanien de recherches oc\u00e9anographiques et des p\u00eaches , netherlands , institute for marine resources and ecosystem studies .\nbuckel , j . a . , fogarty , m . j . , and conover , d . o . , foraging habits of bluefish , pomatomus saltatrix , on the u . s . east coast continental shelf ,\ncaverivi\u00e8re , a . and andriamirado , g . a . r . , minimal fish predation for the pink shrimp penaeus notalis in senegal ( west africa ) ,\ncayr\u00e9 , p . , amon kothias , j . b . , diouf , t . , and stretta , j . m . , biology of tuna , in resources , fishing and biology of the tropical tunas of the eastern central atlantic ,\n, rome : food agric . org . , 1993 , pp . 147\u2013244 .\ncollette , b . b . and nauen , c . e . , fao species catalogue , in\nscombrids of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas , mackerels , bonitos , and related species known to date , fao fish . syn .\n, rome : food agric . org . , 1983 , vol . 2 , no . 125 .\ncreaser , e . p . and perkins , h . c . , the distribution , food and age of juvenile bluefish , pomatomus saltatrix in maine ,\ngushchin , a . v . and corten , a . , feeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 1 . european anchovy engraulis encrasicolus , european sardine sardina pilchardus , round sardinella sardinella aurita , and flat sardinella s . maderensis ,\nmetodicheskoe posobie po izucheniyu pitanya i pishchevykh otnoshenii ryb v estestvennykh usloviyakh ( methodological manual on analysis of feeding and food relationships between fishes in natural conditions ) , moscow : nauka , 1974 .\nmianzan , h . w . , mari , n . , prenski , b . , and sanchez , f . , fish predation on neritic ctenophores from the argentine continental shelf : a neglected food resource ?\nnakamura , i . and parin , n . v . , fao species catalogue , in snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world ( families gempylidae and trichiuridae ) ,\n, rome : food agric . org . , 1993 , vol . 15 , no . 125 .\n, paris : unesco , 1986 , vol . 2 , pp . 815\u2013844 .\n, rome : food agric . org . , 1980 , no . 118 .\n10 or 11 + 14 to 17 ( 24 - 27 total , usually 10 + 14 ) .\n, including trachurus , usually occur in dense schools near the bottom in depths of 100 - 200 m but may extend to 500 m . feeding varies from planktonic\nare highly sought by sport fishermen and valued as table food , others mainly utilized for fishmeal and oil . caught commercially with trawls , purse seines , traps and on line gear .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . ; bauchot , m . - l . ; desoutter , m . 1979 . catalogue critique des types de poissons du museum national d ' histoire naturelle ( famille des carangidae ) . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris , 3e ser . , in press .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . ; berry , f . h . 1981 . carangidae . in : w . fischer et al . ( eds . ) , fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic , fishing area 34 and part of 47 . fao , rome .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nthree specimens of apogonids species of total length 72 . 69 , 106 . 28 and 110 . 67 mm were caught off tuticorin at the depths of 90 - 100 m as a bycatch on 1st january 2013 from the commercial trawler operated from tuticorin fishing harbour , southeast coast of india . in this paper , on the occurrence of jaydia queketti was figured and the comprehensive diagnostic features of the recorded specimens were elucidated . the species of this genus jaydia is distributed continentally and often caught as a bycatch from shrimp or fish trawl . these species are widely distributed in new guinea , larger islands in the coral sea , australia , arabian sea of india and also from africa to japan . nevertheless , the present observation shows the occurrence of j . queketti from the by - catch of trawl fishery operated along gulf of mannar , southeast coast of india .\n38 & apos ; 127\nn and 78\u00b012 & apos ; 612\ne ) .\nrange extension of the titan cardinalfish , holapogon maximus ( boulenger , 1888 ) in the southern coast . . .\nthree specimens of apogonids were collected from tuticorin fishing harbour , off tuticorin , gulf of mannar , southeast coast of india during november 2012 ( two specimens ) and december 2014 ( one specimen ) . the morphometric and meristic characters of the recorded specimens are described and discussed . based on the key diagnostic characters like presence of seven anal - fin rays , villiform teeth and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nan evaluation of economic impact on juvenile landings of cephalopods in mumbai waters , northwest coa . . .\neconomic assessment of juvenile landings of 5 dominant cephalopods at new ferry wharf ( nfw ) landing centre , mumbai was carried out during january to december , 2013 . dominant cephalopod fishery recorded include one species of squid , uroteuthis ( p ) duvaucelii , three species of cuttlefishes , sepia elliptica , sepia pharaonis , sepiella inermis and a species of octopus , cistopus indicus together . . . [ show full abstract ]\nassessment of marine genetic resources of gulf of mannar biosphere reserve - tamil nadu , india 760 ( p . . .\nthe gulf of mannar biosphere reserve ( gombr ) including the gulf of mannar ( gom ) national park is considered as \u2019biological paradise\u2019 because of the diverse ecological niches like coral islands , estuaries , seagrass beds , pearl paars , chank beds , mangroves forests and beaches . the gombr harbours numerous marine flora and fauna of global significance and considered as one of the world\u2019s richest . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 2527, "summary": [{"text": "dendrophilia mediofasciana is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by park in 1991 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in russia ( primorskii krai ) , korea and japan ( honshu ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11-13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the markings and pattern of the forewings are very similar to those of dendrophilia saxigera .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lespedeza bicolor . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dendrophilia mediofasciana", "paragraphs": ["dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) acris ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) caraganella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) saxigera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) solitaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) stictocosma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) taphronoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) tetragama ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) unicolorella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\nempalactis ( empalactis ) mediofasciana ; ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ( note )\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) hetaeropsis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 336\nhypatima mediofasciana park , 1991 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 119 ; tl : kaesung , s . hwanghae prov . , n . korea\nmicrodendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\n= ( dendrophilia ) microdendrophilia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\ndendrophilia ( microdendrophilia ) petrinopis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\ndendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) albidella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47 ; ueda & kawahara , 2003 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 54 ( 2 ) : 121\nueda & kawahara , 2003 the occurrence of dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) albidella ( snellen ) ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in japan trans . lepid . soc . japan 54 ( 2 ) : 120 - 124\ndendrophilia ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 59 ; ts : nothris albidella snellen\ndendrophilia ( chelariini ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 46 ; [ sangmi lee ]\ndendrophilia acris park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : tainan co . , taiwan\ndendrophilia caraganella ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 70 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\ndendrophilia leguminella ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\ndendrophilia neotaphronoma ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 69 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nnothris albidella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 171 , pl . 9 , f . 6 ; tl : blagowetchenk\nlarva on caragana ussuriensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47\nchelaria hetaeropsis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 590 ; tl : telawa , java\nempalactis ( empalactis ) leguminella ; ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ( note )\nlarva on lespedeza bicolor ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47\nempalactis ( empalactis ) neotaphronoma ; ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ( note )\nchelaria saxigera meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 67 ; tl : kwanhsien , china\ndenrophilia solitaria ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 70 ; tl : andreevka , primorskii krai\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48 ; [ nhm card ]\nchelaria taphronoma meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nchelaria tetragama meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 589 ; tl : telawa , java\ndendrophila unicolorella ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nlarva on lespedeza bicolor ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48\nmicrodendrophilia ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 71 ; ts : chelaria petrinopis meyrick\nchelaria petrinopis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 451 ; tl : osaka , japan\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nin a study of material of microlepidoptera in north korea that was collected during the zoological expeditions ( 1970s\u20131980s ) conducted under a scientific agreement between polish and north korean academies of science , 17 species belonging to the superfamily gelechioidea are recognized . of the total , 11 species of gelechiidae , two species of oecophoridae , and two species of coleophoridae are newly reported from north korea . scrobipalpa atriplicella ( fisher von r\u00f6lslerstamm , 1841 ) of gelechiidae is reported for the first time from the korean peninsula . images of adults and genitalia of all species are given .\npeer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .\n\u00a9 2016 , national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) . production and hosting by elsevier .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe main directions of the evolutionary transformation of some genital structures are dem - onstrated on the basis of morphoclines . due to the adequate stability in position of the muscles in the copulatory apparatus the functional morphological method is suffi ciently reliable in solving taxonomic and phylogenetic problems . some important misinterpretations of the homology in genital structures and incorrect coding in matrices for cladistic analyses are discussed , highlighting the signifi cance of functional morphological investigations for taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses .\nonstrated on the basis of morphoclines . due to the adequate stability in position of the muscles in the\nsattler , 1960 and belong to the same tribe . the family name litidae bruand , 1859 , established\nthree main criteria , the formulation of which can be traced back to a . remane ( 1956 ) :\norigin of genital structures and helps to trace their transformations . my studies of the\nless than 20 years of gelechiid moths studies . at present i know the morphology of\nmore than 400 gelechiid genera . genera from related families were also studied ( main -\n( 1995 , 1996 ) , japan ( 1998 , 2000 ) , finland ( 1999 ) , and ukraine ( 2001 , 2005 ) . the list\nof papers ( ponomarenko 1992 , 1995 , 1997 , 2004 , 2005 ) .\nlist of the species for which the functional morphology of the genitalia was studied .\nch ( oh ) cooh ) during 15\u201324 hours at less than 40\u00ba c . before dissection\nin the dichomeridini , which does not indicate their origin . omelko ( 1999 ) treated them\nof the tegumen within the family ( figs 3 a\u2013g ) . in many genera of gelechiidae , as in\ntrated on figs 3 a , b was treated as initial . in some groups within the family (\nhomologous in all of these tribes . the presence of separate parategminal sclerites ( apo -\nmorphy 32 ) allows to support subfamily dichomeridinae as a monophyletic group ( fig .\nprocesses and lobes with strong and long setae . besides that , one of the evolution -\ninto separate cucullus and sacculus . different states of the latter are found in differ -\nated basally have been found ( figs 4 , 5 ) . the sclerotized structures have\nthe scientists was attracted only to the sclerotized distal parts of the described glands .\nthat the discussed parts were not homologous to any part of the valva . since these scle -\nmedially to the cuculli and were fused with them basally ( figs 6 c , d , 7 a , b ) . within\ncucullus is still present ( fig . 6 c , marked by blue ) , but it has lost its function to hold the\nexample considered above and should be subjected to a special investigation . the illus -\na gutter - like concavity and both are joined medially by a membranous sac . the pecu -\nallow to hypothesize on the genesis of the above - described glands . i presume that they\nand positined in the same direction . being inserted in the ductus bursae along with the\nmon ancestor and secondarily lost by some of their representatives . thus , the presence\njuxta ; or with vinculum , juxta , and sacculi ) till their ankylosis into one sclerite . the\nlater stage is typical for most specialized groups within the family . such groups were\nh . hodges ( 1986 ) used the traditional term \u201cjuxta\u201d in the same tribe . omelko ( 1991 )\nnot belong to the genitalia . this conclusion was based on the genital morphology of\nthe male genitalia in the subfamily dichomeridinae . one of the directions of trans -\nzeller ) ( figs 9 e , 10 b ) . the juxta , as a result of its fusion with\n. this transformation is shown on fig . 10 . on the base of this\nanarsiini , chelariini , and dichomeridini , have a common origin . they are homologous\nnal sclerites are equal to the \u201cappendix appendicular\u201d in the dichomeridini ( only ! ) .\nphocline ( see above , fig . 3 ) , the transtilla being the apodeme of\nlelism in hodges ( 1998 : character 29 ) . in its reconsidered version and broadened inter -\njuxta in other gelechiid moths ( see morphocline on fig . 10 ) . both states , free juxta and\ndorsally so as to surround aedeagus\u201d . hodges ( 1998 ) , referring to klots , reduced this\nand \u201csicae ( joined juxta and vinculum ) absent / present\u201d . this would not be a subject for\ndiscussion if every author using these states would be consistent in their coding . firstly ,\nnot to the juxta . the juxta in this genus is represented by a bridle - like sclerite with at -\nneither juxta and processes on the vinculum . the large setaceous lobes in both genera\nthem they completely followed hodges ( 1998 ) . the extrapolation of the term \u201csicae\u201d\nthe last point is the newly discovered gland of the male genitalia . the sclerotized\nglandiductors . they are not homologous to parts of the valva . one of the directions in\nmeridinae , are shown by green and blue ovals . synapomorphies marked by red : 20 : presence of glands of\ndirectly depend not from the number of included characters , but from their quality .\nwho promoted my participation with an oral presentation on some of the results of my investigations .\nsattler and dr . g . robinson ( the natural history museum , london , uk ) , prof . k . mikkola ( zoological\nf\u00fcr naturkunde der humboldt - universit\u00e4t , berlin , germany ) , dr . o . v\nthe possibility to work in the collections under their care , and to dr . t\nashington , usa ) , prof . h . li ( nankai university , t\nstate university , belorussia ) for their help with the literature and their loans of material . i also thank the\nhallberg , e . & g . poppy 2003 . exocrine glands : chemical communication and chemical defense .\nheinrich , c . 1920 . on some forest lepidoptera with descriptions of new species , larvae and pupae . \u2013 pro -\nceeding of the u . s . national museum . 57 ( 2305 ) : 53\u201396 .\n. 1986 . gelechioidea . gelechiidae ( part i ) . dichomeridinae . pp . 1\u2013195 , vii\u2013xiii . \u2013\nnick , r . b . et al . , the moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 6 . \u2013\n. 1984 . studies on the morphology and systematics of primitive lepidoptera ( insecta ) . \u2013\nfauna ] . ( in russian ) . \u2013 sankt - petersburg , nauka : 1\u2013462 .\nomelko , m . 1991 . [ to the system and morphology of the gelechiid moths of the subfam . gelechiinae\n( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) , mainly on the fauna of far east ] . ( in russian ) . \u2013 entomologicheskoe\ngelechiidae ) . \u2013 bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology\nfrom subfam . dichomeridinae sensu novo ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) and relationships of its tribes ] .\ndae ) : functional morphology , evolution and taxonomy ] . ( in russian ) . \u2013 chteniya pamyati\ntalia , phylogeny and taxonomy ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) ] . ( in russian ) . \u2013 meetings in memory of\nticae . \u2013 franisek slamka , bratislava . 110 pp . , 103 pls .\nscoble , m . j . , 1992 . the lepidoptera : form , function , and diversity . \u2013 oxford university press . v\u2013xi ,\n. . . we think that these tubes may be connected with glands and function in disseminating male pheromones during courtship and mating . ponomarenko ( 2005 ponomarenko ( , 2008 ) has described tubes at the vinculum in the tribe litini ( gelechiidae ) with a similar function , naming them glandiductors . ponomarenko retained ananarsia at first as a subgenus ( ) and later ( 1992 ) as a separate genus . . . .\n. . . however , both of these structures are highly reduced in izatha . as previously mentioned , the juxta in lepidoptera is proposed to function in helping anchor and guide the phallus during copulation ( ever , 1924 ; klots , 1970 ) , and as the musculature of the juxta in closely related gelechiid moths is associated with the phallus ( ponomarenko , 2008 ponomarenko , , 2009 ) , further supports its role in the positioning and movement of the phallus during mating . therefore , the juxtal arms , in conjunction with the elaboration of the juxto - costal plate of the valvae ( see below ) in izatha may compensate for the reduction of the uncus and gnathos . . . .\n. . . similarly to the illustration provided by clarke ( 1969 ) for locharcha emicans meyrick , we could not detect any indication of the presence of the right valve in the genitalia of l . opportuna , which may have been lost . however , as described by ponomarenko ( 2008 ) , these highly modified structures are glandular in nature , which she termed ' glandiductors ' . also , they may not be homologous to any part of the valva , which thus would have been fused to other genital structures . . . .\n. . . the rounded , proximal basis of these structures is secretory in nature , and the sclerotized , slender distal portion has an opening at the apex ; we confirm that this structure is present in the material studied here . ponomarenko ( 2008 ) concluded that these genital glands could be considered as a basal synapomorphy for the subfamily gelechiinae , thus limiting their taxonomic use at the generic level . . . .\n. . . the right valve in the genitalia of l . opportuna , which may have been lost . however , as described by ponomarenko ( 2008 ) , these highly modified structures are glandular in nature , which she termed ' glandiductors ' . also , they may not be homologous to any part of the valva , which thus would have been fused to other genital structures . . . .\n. . . our data support the monophyly of a clade containing the studied taxa from xystophora to exoteleia ( fig . 1 ) , namely 21 out of 52 studied gelechiidae taxa . this clade corresponds to the definition of the subfamily gelechiinae sensu ponomarenko ( 2008b ponomarenko ( , 2009 ) , apart from ponomarenko ' s inclusion of xystophora in anomologinae and sophronia in anacampsinae . their placement here seems not to be contradicted by their morphology either , which supports their previous classification as gelechiinae by hodges ( 1986 hodges ( , 1998 ) . . . .\nthe functional morphology of the male genitalia in the gelichiid - moth genera holcophora stgr . , anana . . .\nthe functional morphology of the male genitalia of holcophora statices stgr . , nothris verbascella ( den . et schiff . ) and ananarsia lineatella ( zell . ) is described . the genus holcophora hbn . is placed into the tribe gelechiini based on the peculiarities of the skeleton - muscular apparatus of the male genitalia . ananarsia ams . is treated as a separate genus owing to a complex of differences from . . . [ show full abstract ]\nannotated review and discussion of phylogenetically important characters for families and subfamilie . . .\ngelechioidea is a large , diverse superfamily of microlepidoptera that is difficult to characterize due to its species richness . the main working taxonomic unit for gelechioidea seems to be the subfamily level , although many researchers use the taxonomy of family and subfamily interchangeably . some researchers believe the superfamily should be split into several superfamilies to better diagnose . . . [ show full abstract ]\nchecklist of the genus epichostis meyrick ( lepidoptera : xyloryctidae ) of the world , with description . . .\na worldwide checklist of 23 epichostis species is given . twelve species are described from china , 11 of which are new to science : e . wufengensis sp . nov . , e . magnimacularis sp . nov . , e . proximitympanias sp . nov . , e . termitruncatula sp . nov . , e . termiprotrusa sp . nov . , e . wenxianica sp . nov . , e . hamatilis sp . nov . , e . jiangkouensis sp . nov . , e . setilata sp . nov . , e . deltata sp . nov . and e . . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 2528, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia carpophagata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the mountains of europe , including the eastern pyrenees , the central and southern part of the alps , the massif central , the central apennines and the balkan peninsula .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on silene species , including silene cordifolia , silene saxifraga and silene rupestris .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "larvae can be found from the end of june to september .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species overwinters in the pupal stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "eupithecia carpophagata", "paragraphs": ["habitat : eupithecia carpophagata colonized rocky terrain , dry slopes and rocky or dry grassland - like forest edges .\nremarks : eupithecia carpophagata is distributed in some european mountains : eastern pyrenees , central and southern alps , the french massif central , central apennines , balkan peninsula . on calcareous rocks , the moths are brighter .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the caterpillar lives on silene species , according to literature on silene saxifraga and s . rupestris . i found it common in the italian alps at 2500m above sea level on silene cordifolia in mid - august 2010 . additionally i observed eggs and larvae in the northern greek phalakro mountains in july 2011 on silene saxifraga .\nlife cycle : the pupa hibernates . the moths fly from late may to early august in a single generation . the caterpillar is found from late june to september . it feeds on flowers and seeds of the silene species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , iceland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : east caucasian , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , mid - volzhsky , average urals , south west siberian , south ural .\nandorra , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , iceland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , russia , romania , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nszervereink jelenleg karbantart\u00e1s alatt \u00e1llnak . a rajta tal\u00e1hat\u00f3 tartalmak hamarosan ism\u00e9t el\u00e9rhet\u0151ek lesznek . eln\u00e9z\u00e9st a kellemetlens\u00e9g\u00e9rt ."]}
{"id": 2536, "summary": [{"text": "the blind electric ray ( typhlonarke aysoni ) is a little-known species of sleeper ray in the family narkidae , endemic to new zealand .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found on the bottom , typically at a depth of 300 \u2013 400 m ( 980 \u2013 1,310 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "reaching 38 cm ( 15 in ) in length , this species has a thin , nearly circular pectoral fin disc without visible eyes , and a short tail with a single dorsal fin .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "its pelvic fins are divided in two , with the anterior portion forming a limb-like appendage ; in males the claspers do not extend past the disc margin .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a weak swimmer , the blind electric ray likely pushes itself along using its pelvic fins .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is known to feed on polychaete worms , and can defend itself with an electric shock .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "reproduction is aplacental viviparous .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) does not have enough information to assess the conservation status of this species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "blind electric ray", "paragraphs": ["benthobatis yangi , a new species of blind electric ray from taiwa . . . : ingenta connect\nwell , the blind electric ray isn\u2019t technically blind ( as neither was the blind shark ) \u2026 it just has tiny eyes that aren\u2019t really visible , instead being beneath the surface of their skin .\nthe blind electric ray is a very small poorly - known electric ray with the typical round body shape , small fleshy tail , one dorsal fin , and almost useless eyes . more\nlearn about the blind electric ray with the fins united initiative . | learn about : rays | pinterest | shark habitat\nthick and flabby with a rudimentary tail , the oval electric ray seems virtually incapable of swimming .\nnotice of an electric ray new to the fauna of new zealand , belonging to the genus astrape .\nblind electric ray typhlonarke aysoni can give an electrical shock and has almost useless eyes . this poorly - known ray uses electroreceptors to\nsee .\nthis numbfish has one dorsal fin and lives at great depths ( 200 - 900 m ) .\nthe blind electric rays are two species of poorly - known electric rays of the genus typhlonarke , belonging to the sleeper ray family , narkidae . the group is known for producing electric shocks for defense . both species are deep - sea rays endemic to the waters off new zealand . more\ngreek , typhlops = blind + greek , narke = numbness ( ref . 45335 )\nby blind electric ray may 3 , 2005 share this 2 . grundies buy grundies mugs , tshirts and hoodiesyour underpants . . . my grundies are soiled by mh jun 6 , 2003 share this 3 . more\ntetronarce cowleyi , sp . nov . , a new species of electric ray from southern africa ( chondrichthyes : to . . .\nthe blind electric ray is dark brown in colour , and is potentially vulnerable to fisheries activity since its known distribution coincides with major trawl fishery grounds . however , recent marine sanctuaries around new zealand provide some safe havens . more\njuvenile speciman of the marbled electric ray , torpedo marmorata risso , 1810 founded in the neum bay . photo by a . gaji\u0107 .\nspecies has led to uncertainty regarding the extent of the oval electric ray ' s distribution . both species are found off the eastern coast of\ncontinental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood . revue / journal title bulletin of marine science issn 0007 - 4977 coden bmrsaw source / source 2003 , vol . 72 , no3 , pp . 923 - 939 ( 1 p . more\nhead indistinguishable from disc ( e . g . , stingrays like the bat ray )\n- 2 dorsal fins ( the first closer to pelvis ) , electric organ ( e . g . , the electric rays )\n, endemic to australia ) , the other composed of the electric rays ( narcinidae ) and the shortnose electric rays ( narkidae ) .\ngarrick , j . a . f . ( 1951 ) .\nthe blind electric rays of the genus typhlonarke ( torpedinidae )\n. zoology publications from victoria university college ( 15 ) .\natlantic torpedo ray may be up to 1 . 82 m ( 6 ft . ) in length\nnow , the specific blind electric ray we\u2019re talking about today is typhlonarke aysoni . there\u2019s another two : the brazilian blind electric ray ( benthobatis kreffti ; endemic to brazil ) and the taiwanese blind electric ray ( benthobatis yangi ; endemic to taiwan ) . typhlonarke aysoni is endemic to\u2026 you can\u2019t guess it , can you ? it\u2019s not in the common name , like it seems to always be when it comes to these guys . yet , i get to share waters with these guys - yup , they\u2019re endemic to new zealand ! they\u2019re usually found around cook strait ( and on the continental shelves and slopes that are southward from there ) , anywhere from 100 - 900 meters ( 328 - 2 , 952 ft ) deep . \u200balso known as the \u201cblind legged torpedo\u201d ( i can\u2019t help but giggle at that name ) or \u201cnumbfish , \u201d this deep - watered ray has an interesting genus name , \u201ctyphlonarke , \u201d that explains its common names . \u201ctyphlops\u201d is greek , translating to \u201cblind\u201d and \u201cnarke\u201d is also greek , roughly translating to \u201cnumbness\u201d or \u201cparalysis . \u201d and while it may be electric ( zap ! ) the organs capable of producing their electric discharge varies between 8 volts and 220 volts . no worries , though - at that depth , they pose no threat to you . they do pose a threat to their prey ( like polychaete worms , for example ) , though .\nmost electric rays bury themselves under sand during the day and come out at night to feed . if prey is encountered , the ray will stun the creature with electricity . then , the ray will guide the food with its pectoral fins to its mouth , which is located under its body .\nyeah . freaky , huh ? it leads to them having pretty bad eyesight either way , but i wouldn\u2019t completely label them as \u201cblind . \u201d\nde carvalho , m . r . , l . j . v . compagno and d . a . ebert , 2003 . benthobatis yangi , a new species of blind electric ray from taiwan ( chondrichthyes : torpediniformes : narcinidae ) . bull . mar . sci . 72 ( 3 ) : 923 - 939 . ( ref . 75959 )\nin addition to stunning potential prey and dissuading prospective predators , the electric organs of electric rays may also be used to detect prey and to communicate with each other .\nrays range in size from just a few inches to over 22 feet wide . the smallest ray is the short - nose electric ray , which is the size of a pancake ; it is only 4 inches ( 10 cm ) across and weighs about 1 pound ( 0 . 5 kg ) . the biggest ray is the manta ray which is over 22 feet ( 6 . 7 m ) wide and weighs many tons ( thousands of pounds ) . most rays are in - between these two extremes . more than half of all ray species are over 20 inches ( 50 cm ) long . in fact , rays are some of the largest fish in the sea !\nlargely unknown . blind electric rays of both species have been trawled from 46 to 800 m , but are most common between 300 to 400 m . the flabby disc and rudimentary tail suggest blind electric rays are very poor swimmers and they probably push themselves along the bottom with their well developed pelvic appendages . diet includes polychaete worms . reproduction is probably ovoviviparous . litter size is up to 11 . size at birth is 9 to 10 cm . maximum size 35 cm total length .\nuncertain due to confusion with t . aysoni . blind electric rays have been recorded off east coast north island south of east cape , south island , stewart island , chatham rise ( mernoo bank and chatham islands ) and snares shelf to 49s .\nits mid - length . electric organs visible through skin of ventral surface , elliptical and about\nthe bluespotted ribbontail ray taeniura lymna is a very common , timid ray with an oval - shaped disc and two venomous tail spikes toward the tip of its tail . it grows to be 2 . 25 ft ( 0 . 7 m ) long .\nhamilton , a . ( july 1902 ) .\nnotice of an electric ray new to the fauna of new zealand , belonging to the genus astrape\n. transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute 34 : 224\u2013226 .\nthe mouth of the australian coffin ray ( hypnos monopterygium ) is enormous , allowing it to gulp prey half the size of its body .\nthe following terminology was used to describe shark behaviour and to assess the effects of the electric field .\nexample of interaction with a change of direction ( proxy for a reaction to the electric deterrent ) .\nexample of interaction during which a shark approached within 0 . 5 m of an activated electric deterrent .\n( greatest transverse width of electric organ at level of third gill slit or its mid - length ) .\nall living creatures produce electricity - even humans - but electric rays have two special kidney - shaped organs that generate and store electricity like a battery . large atlantic torpedo rays can generate enough power to produce a shock of about 220 volts , while smaller rays , like the lesser electric ray ( narcine brasiliensis ) can only muster a shock of about 37 volts .\ngreek , benthos = depth of the sea + greek , batis , - idos = a ray ( raja sp . ) ( ref . 45335 )\nthe primary threat to the taiwanese blind electric ray is shrimp trawling throughout its limited distribution , where it is taken as bycatch . shrimp trawl fisheries operate along the southwestern coast of taiwan island and may range down to depths of 500 m ( d . ebert pers . obs . 2007 ) . fine mesh nets are used in this fishery , thus it is unlikely that the species can avoid or escape the nets , which may also be causing habitat damage .\nfor sharks , and carvalho ( 1999a , 1999b ) for electric rays . compared to other elasmobranchs , elec -\nkalmijn a ( 1971 ) the electric sense of sharks and rays . journal of experimental biology 55 : 371\u2013383 .\nsmith ed ( 1973 ) electric anti - shark cable . civil engineering and public works review 68 : 174\u2013176 .\nof extant batoids , but their highly specialized electrogenic organs \u2014 combined with the fact that the oldest known batoid fossils are very guitarfish - like \u2014 would seem to argue against this interpretation . the electric rays appear to fall into two suborders , the first composed of the torpedo rays ( torpedinidae ) and the short - tailed electric ray ( hypnidae \u2014 represented by a single species ,\nkalmijn a ( 1974 ) the detection of electric fields from inanimate and animate sources other than electric organs . in : fessard a , editor . handbook of sensory physiology vol iii / 3 . berlin : springer - verlag . 147\u2013200 .\nrays and skates have a long gestation period and produces relatively few young ( compared to other fish ) . the growth of ray populations , therefore , is slow .\nmanta ray manta birostris is the largest ray . this graceful swimmer is up to 29 . 5 ft ( 9 m ) wide . mantas eat microscopic plankton , small fish , and tiny crustaceans . they funnel the food into their mouth while they swim , using two large , flap - like cephalic lobes which extend forward from the eyes .\njustification : this small endemic electric ray has a very limited known distribution in the waters of the outer shelf in depths of less than 300 m off southwestern taiwan , province of china . the taiwanese blind electric ray ( benthobatis yangi ) is taken as bycatch in the local shrimp trawl fishery , which uses nets of very fine mesh , likely preventing any capture avoidance . the level of bycatch is not known , however the species is generally retained by the fishing vessels and discarded on landing . the species may also be discarded at sea . although little information has been gathered on its biology and ecology , the high level of endemicity suggests that this species is threatened by incidental fishing mortality . given that intense shrimp trawl fisheries operate throughout this species\u2019 limited range , it is assessed as vulnerable on the basis of suspected declines as a result of continuing , high levels of exploitation .\nat long last , season 11\u2019s blind auditions came to a close on the voice tonight , with coaches adam levine , miley cyrus , alicia keys and blake shelton filling the last few spots of their teams before heading into the fiery battle round .\ndisc of the oval electric ray is ovoid in shape , tapering smoothly towards the rear , and has a very thick margin . the eyes are minute and located 2\u20133 mm ( 0 . 079\u20130 . 12 in ) beneath the surface of the skin ; though not visible externally , their positions are marked by small white patches . the\ncitation : huveneers c , rogers pj , semmens jm , beckmann c , kock aa , page b , et al . ( 2013 ) effects of an electric field on white sharks : in situ testing of an electric deterrent . plos one 8 ( 5 ) : e62730 . urltoken\nlesser electric rays may bear only 2 pups at a time , while atlantic torpedo rays can deliver as many as 60 pups at a time .\n- 2 dorsal fins ( the first closer to pelvis ) , no electric organ ( e . g . , the guitarfish , banjo shark )\ncompagno , l . j . v . and p . c . heemstra ( may 2007 ) .\nelectrolux addisoni , a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of south africa ( rajiformes : torpedinoidei : narkidae ) , with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy\n. smithiana , publications in aquatic biodiversity , bulletin 7 : 15\u201349 .\ndepending on the species , electric rays may eat fishes , worms , and crustaceans . adult atlantic rays consume eels , flounders , and small sharks .\natlantic torpedo rays ( torpedo nobiliana ) , for example , live along the coastlines of canada , the united states , united kingdom , and south africa . but they also have been found in the open ocean at depths of approximately 450 m ( 1 , 475 ft . ) . blind electric rays ( typhlonarke aysoni ) have been discovered in waters as deep as 900 m ( 2 , 950 ft . ) .\nwith age , the nerves got worse . eight years ago , i had a stressful eye operation that triggered the worst bout of\nnerves\nin my life . i started waking up in the middle of the night with my heart pounding and obsessive thoughts about going blind .\n. the skin is completely smooth . the oval electric ray is dark brown above , lightening towards the disc margins and on the underside . the area around the mouth and nostrils , and the underside of the pelvic appendages , are white . this species can grow to 36 cm ( 14 in ) long , but most do not exceed 30 cm ( 12 in ) .\nthis study indicates that the behavioural response of white sharks and the level of risk reduction resulting from the electric field is contextually specific , and depends on the motivational state of sharks . the electric field we tested had an effect on white shark behaviour up to two metres from the efs and reduced the incidence of predatory strike , but did not deter or repel this species in all situations nor did it repel all individuals . given that the static bait experiments showed that the electric field did not reduce the likelihood of baits being taken , the effects observed in the seal decoy study are likely to be situation - specific . the large discrepancy in the findings from the present study compared to those of smit and peddemors [ 29 ] also highlights the need for future studies to focus on testing the effects of electric fields at different distances from the efs . an accurate map of the electric field produced by different voltage strengths would also aid in determining the electric current levels eliciting behavioural response and the distance from which white sharks can be expected to first detect and react to the electric field . finally , the study was undertaken on white sharks and further study should include other elasmobranch species , as the behavioural responses to electric fields are known to vary across species [ 22 ] .\nwhite bars represent trials with the electric field source ( efs ) turned off ; black bars represent trials with the activated efs ; standard error bars are shown .\nhistograms of the minimum distance between white sharks and the electric field source ( efs ) when it was turned off ( white ) and on ( black ) .\nsmit cf , peddemors vm ( 2003 ) estimating the probability of a shark attack when using an electric repellent . south african journal of statistics 37 : 59\u201378 .\ntyphlonarke tarakea is a poorly known electric ray , endemic to new zealand . it is apparently rare , however , its distribution and status is uncertain due to confusion with the similar t . aysoni . t . tarakea is potentially vulnerable to fisheries activity since its known distribution coincides with major trawl fishery grounds , but insufficient information is available to assess the species beyond data deficient at this time .\na new species of electric ray of the genus benthobatis alcock , 1898 is described on the basis of five specimens from the continental slope off tungkang , southwestern taiwan . benthobatis yangi , n . sp . , is distinguished from all other species of the genus by a unique combination of characters , including a dark brown to purplish\u2013black dorsal and ventral coloration with irregular creamy blotches ventrally , a narrow nasoral region , a small mouth with slender jaws and shallow circumoral groove , a second dorsal fin with a more broadly rounded apex and more convex posterior margin compared to the first dorsal fin , an interdorsal distance greater than the distance between second dorsal and caudal fins , a narrow and not posteriorly arched suprascapula , size at sexual maturity , and a relatively high number of caudal vertebral centra , and consequently , total vertebral centra . benthobatis yangi is known from adults and juveniles of both sexes . it is only the fourth valid species of benthobatis , and only the second species from the vast indo - pacific region . benthobatis is a continental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood .\na new species of electric ray of the genus benthobatis alcock , 1898 is described on the basis of five specimens from the continental slope off tungkang , southwestern taiwan . benthobatis yangi , n . sp . , is distinguished from all other species of the genus by a unique combination of characters , including a dark brown to purplish - black dorsal and ventral coloration with irregular creamy blotches ventrally , a narrow nasoral region , a small mouth with slender jaws and shallow circumoral groove , a second dorsal fin with a more broadly rounded apex and more convex posterior margin compared to the first dorsal fin , an interdorsal distance greater than the distance between second dorsal and caudal fins , a narrow and not posteriorly arched suprascapula , size at sexual maturity , and a relatively high number of caudal vertebral centra , and consequently , total vertebral centra . benthobatis yangi is known from adults and juveniles of both sexes . it is only the fourth valid species of benthobatis , and only the second species from the vast indo - pacific region . benthobatis is a continental slope , blind electric ray genus that remains poorly understood .\n. rays live mostly on or near the sea bed . different ray species are found in habitats ranging from close to shore to the extreme depths of the ocean ( over 10 , 000 feet = 3 , 000 m deep ) .\nlike sharks , rays lack a swim bladder and use their oily liver to maintain buoyancy ( other fish use an air - filled bladder to help them float ) . when a ray stops swimming , it sinks down to the sea bed .\nrays have a flattened body shape and an elongated tail . the pectoral fins are large and connected to the body to form the ray ' s\ndisc .\nthe shape of the disc differs from species to species and may be circular , oval , wedge - shaped or triangular . some body shapes are adapted for living on the sea bed ; others are adapted for almost constant swimming . the ray ' s distinctive tail also varies from species to species . it ranges from stubby ( on the shorttailed electric rays ) to incredibly long ( e . g . , over 10 feet ( 3 m ) long on the whip - like sting rays ) .\nelasmobranchs can detect minute electromagnetic fields , < 1 nvcm \u20131 , using their ampullae of lorenzini . behavioural responses to electric fields have been investigated in various species , sometimes with the aim to develop shark deterrents to improve human safety . the present study tested the effects of the shark shield freedom7\u2122 electric deterrent on ( 1 ) the behaviour of 18 white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) near a static bait , and ( 2 ) the rates of attacks on a towed seal decoy . in the first experiment , 116 trials using a static bait were performed at the neptune islands , south australia . the proportion of baits taken during static bait trials was not affected by the electric field . the electric field , however , increased the time it took them to consume the bait , the number of interactions per approach , and decreased the proportion of interactions within two metres of the field source . the effect of the electric field was not uniform across all sharks . in the second experiment , 189 tows using a seal decoy were conducted near seal island , south africa . no breaches and only two surface interactions were observed during the tows when the electric field was activated , compared with 16 breaches and 27 surface interactions without the electric field . the present study suggests that the behavioural response of white sharks and the level of risk reduction resulting from the electric field is contextually specific , and depends on the motivational state of sharks .\ni didn ' t get shocked this time but another time i was shocked and it felt like i sprained my ankle . ouch ! electric rays can thrust forward quickly to attack prey or to defend themselves from predators . they can discharge an electrical jolt up to 220 volts and 30 amps . their electric discharge can stun their prey or painfully shock a diver .\n. . . a litter size of 1\u20132 with a size at birth of > 96mm tl has been observed in the recently described brazilian blind torpedo benthobatis kreffti ( rincon et al . 2001 ) and a litter size of two in the western numbfish narcine lasti with size at birth probably close to 80mm tl ( carvalho and s\u00e9ret 2002 ) . the taiwanese blind numbfish b . yangi is known only from a limited number of specimens detailed in its original description while the dark blindray b . moresbyi is known only from five specimens ( carvalho et al . 2003 ) . there remains numerous undescribed species within the family , including the deepwater narcine sp . . . .\ndigitally recorded video footage from each trial obtained from the underwater camera was reviewed , and independently and \u2018blindly\u2019 coded . coding refers to recording the number of approaches and interactions , and estimating the minimum distance between the shark and the efs during each interaction . the coder was termed \u2018blind\u2019 as they did not participate in the trials and had no prior knowledge of whether an electric field was being produced when coding videos of each trial . the observer data recorded during the trials were used to identify sharks responsible for each approach .\nelectric rays belong to the superorder batoidea , which includes stingrays , skates , guitarfishes , and sawfishes . like their relatives the sharks , batoids have skeletons made of tough connective tissue called cartilage .\nbratton b , ayers j ( 1987 ) observations on the electric discharge of two skate species ( chondrichthyes : rajidae ) and its relationship to behavior . environmental biology of fishes 20 : 241\u2013254 .\njordan lk , mandelman jw , kajiura sm ( 2011 ) behavioral responses to weak electric fields and a lanthanide metal in two shark species . journal of experimental biology and ecology 409 : 345\u2013350 .\nout of the five response variables used to assess the effects of the electric field , the time it took to take the bait , number of interaction per approach , and the minimum distance between sharks and the efs were significantly affected by the electric field ( table 2 ) . additionally , the random factor ( individual sharks ) was also significantly different for all parameters ( table 2 ) .\nrincon , g . , stehmann , m . f . w . and vooren , c . m . 2001 . results of the research cruises of frv ' walther herwig ' to south america . lxxiv . benthobatis kreffti n . sp . ( chondrichthyes , torpediniformes , narcinidae ) , a new deep - water electric ray from off south brazil and the third species of the genus . archive of fishery and marine research . 49 ( 1 ) : 45 - 60 .\nsharks were still capable of taking baits \u223c230 cm away from the efs , but the number of interactions within two metres of the efs decreased when it was activated . such a reduction in the number of interactions towards a stimulus placed two metres away from the efs has previously been observed in other species ( e . g . , galapagos sharks ( carcharhinus galapagensis ) ( robbins , unpublished data ) . although behavioural effects two metres from the efs were observed in both studies , white sharks were observed less than 0 . 5 m from the efs on several occasions ( e . g . , video s10 ) , and galapagos sharks consumed sardines ( sardinops sagax ) two metres away from an efs ( robbins , unpublished data ) . scalloped hammerhead sharks ( sphyrna lewini ) and leopard sharks ( triakis semifasciata ) were affected by a strong pulsed electric field , but were also able to swim through the electric field and into voltage gradients greater than 30 v / m [ 32 ] . four species of small benthic rays and sharks , fiddler ray ( trygonorrhina fasciata ) , eagle ray ( myliobatis australis ) , yellowback stingaree ( urolophus sufflavus ) , and spotted catshark ( asymbolus rubiginosus ) , have been observed to approach a bait positioned next to the same electric field as used in the present study [ 51 ] . these studies confirm that electric fields can affect the behaviour of sharks , but that some rays and sharks , including white sharks , are able to be in close proximity to the efs and consume baits close to electric fields .\nray , t . c . , king , l . j . , & grandin , t . ( 1988 ) . the effectiveness of self - initiated vestibular stimulation in producing speech sounds in an autistic child . journal of occupational therapy research , 8 , 186 - 190 .\nwhile several studies have investigated the behavioural response of elasmobranchs to electric fields [ 22 ] , [ 32 ] , most were conducted under laboratory conditions . a field study that tested the efficiency of a personal electric deterrent on white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) concluded that the probability of an attack was reduced from about 0 . 70 in power - off mode to about 0 . 08 in power - on mode [ 29 ] . limited information about approach distance and number of approaches was presented , which would have allowed for a better understanding of the behavioural response of white sharks to electric deterrents . additionally , the product tested ( sharkpod\u2122 ) during this previous study is no longer available and has been replaced by the shark shield\u2122 ( shark shield pty ltd , adelaide , australia ) product range . while the waveform and voltage difference between the electrodes produced by the shark shield\u2122 is not different from that of the sharkpod\u2122 , the electrode configuration differs between the two products . this results in differences in the maximum electric field produced and the distribution of the electric field relative to the body of the person using the device . the electrodes of the shark shield freedom7\u2122 trail behind the leg of the user ( fig . 1 ) , while in the case of the sharkpod\u2122 , one electrode is placed on the scuba tank with the other electrode on the ankle of the diver . as a result , the electric field source of the shark shield freedom7\u2122 is located behind the person wearing the device compared to being centred on the diver when wearing a sharkpod\u2122 . prior to this study , the shark shield freedom7\u2122 had not been independently and scientifically tested , and there remains a need to assess how different electrode configurations and locations of the electric field source may impact the efficiency of the electric deterrent .\nthe bait was consumed on 91 out of 116 trials ( 78 % ) , with the electric field not significantly affecting the likelihood of the bait being consumed ( poisson exact test : p = 1 . 00 ) . out of the 18 identified sharks that interacted with the bait , 14 ( 78 % ) consumed the bait , with 13 ( 72 % ) consuming the bait in the presence of the electric field . six sharks consumed the bait on several occasions , with one shark consuming the bait a total of 23 times including 14 times when the electric field was being produced . sharks responsible for consuming the baits could not be identified on 15 occasions ( 16 % ) .\nthe only previous study testing in situ behavioural responses of white shark to an electric field found an 80 % reduction in the probability of a shark taking the bait [ 29 ] . this result contrasts with the results from the current study , which did not find any differences in the proportion of baits consumed . because the electric pulse and waveform produced during the previous and present study were the same ( shark shield pty ltd , pers . comm . ) , the disparity between these results is likely due the different configuration of the electrodes and position of the bait . smit and peddemors [ 29 ] attached the bait between the electrodes producing the electric field , whereas this study placed the efs \u223c230 cm away from the bait , similar to the way a diver would wear the product tested . further testing should assess the impact that distance between the efs and a bait has on the probability of the bait being consumed . this should be investigated against an accurate map of the electric field produced by the efs to estimate the field strength at which white sharks first detect the field and at which they display a retreat response . this is yet to be carried out in situ , but studies in laboratory conditions have measured the minimum electric field strength that elicits a behavioural response for several shark species [ 13 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] , [ 32 ] . the mean maximum field strength tolerated by hammerhead and leopard sharks before they displayed a retreat response was 18 . 50\u00b113 . 27 and 9 . 64\u00b110 . 28 vm \u20131 , respectively [ 32 ] . both are higher than the threshold of 3\u20137 vm \u20131 suggested by smith [ 27 ] who investigated the use of an electric field to produce an electric barrier , supporting the idea that behavioural responses to electric fields varies between species [ 22 ] , and that findings for one species should not be generalised to others .\nthe objective of this study was to assess the behavioural effects of the electric field produced by the shark shield freedom7\u2122 ( hereafter referred to as the \u2018electric field source ( efs ) \u2019 ) on white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) . this species was selected because it is responsible for the most unprovoked attacks and fatalities [ 30 ] , [ 33 ] . white sharks demonstrate considerable plasticity in swimming patterns depending on their habitats and likely hunting strategies [ 34 ] . in response to this , we tested the effect of the electric field on white sharks in two different situations and locations : around a static bait at the neptune islands off south australia , and breaching on a towed seal decoy at seal island , false bay in south africa .\nelectric rays were used by the ancient greeks as a kind of anesthetic , the electricity supposedly numbing the pain of operations and childbirth \u2014 in fact , the greek work for these rays is narke , from which we get our word ' narcotic ' .\nkalmijn a ( 1978 ) electric and magnetic sensory world of sharks , skates , and rays . in : hodgson e , mathewson r , editors . sensory biology of sharks skates , and rays . arlington , va : office of naval research . 507\u2013528 .\nthere were two potential analytical biases inherent in the data we collected : 1 ) temporal correlation ( lack of temporal independence ) due to the potential habituation of individual sharks or changes in their motivation through time , and 2 ) pseudo - replication due to instances where the same shark interacted with the bait within and across trials . sharks may have become habituated to the electric field , or sharks that consumed the bait , may have become less likely to respond to the electric field due to the positive reinforcement provided by the bait .\nthis is a deepwater electric ray with a known bathymetrical distribution of 400 to 600 m depth at bottom water temperatures from 8 to 9\u00b0c . it feeds mainly on polychaetes and isopod crustaceans , which it unearths from the sediment . maximum size is around 26 cm total length ( tl ) . matures at 14 to 15 cm tl ( males ) and 20 to 21 cm tl ( females ) . ovoviviparous ; number of young one or two per litter ; size at birth 0 . 96 cm tl . may breed year - round since different gestation stages were found in a single capture , but gestation time and reproductive periodicity unknown .\nninety - eight of the 189 tows were performed with the efs turned off and 91 with the efs turned on . due to logistical difficulties including electrodes wrapping around the equipment , poor visibility , and lack of light penetrating through the water surface , video footage was obtained from 169 tows . eighty - six videos were taken with the efs turned off and 83 with the efs turned on during which 61 interactions ( 43 with efs on , 18 with efs off ) between a shark and the decoy were recorded . interactions visible from the surface accounted for 29 of the 61 interactions observed . the number of interactions per tow across all experiments was 0 . 32 and decreased from 0 . 44 to 0 . 20 when the electric field was produced . the strongest effects of the electric field were recorded for breaches , with no breaches observed when the electric field was produced compared with 16 breaches when the efs was off . the number of surface interactions per tow decreased from 0 . 28 to 0 . 02 when the electric field was produced ( fig . 6 ; table 4 ) .\nthe proportion of underwater interactions was expected to increase when the efs was activated as a result of sharks aborting their predatory behaviour . the number of breaches and surface interactions decreased when the efs was turned on , but it did not affect the number of underwater interactions . this suggests that white sharks either aborted their breaches outside of the range of the camera or did not initiate a breaching approach . on most days , the visibility was estimated to be less than 5 m indicating that sharks would have to be affected by the electric field further away than 5 m . this contradicts the results obtained from the static bait experiments , which indicate that the electric field did not affect white sharks further than a distance of two metres . the electric field might not reduce the consumption of bait two metres away from the efs , but white sharks might detect the electric pulse from further away and prior to initiating the predatory attack . they might decide not to initiate a breaching approach , which would explain the reduction in breaches and surface interactions and the lack of associated increased number of underwater interactions .\nschematic representation of ( a ) the experimental set - up used to test the effects of an electric field during static bait trials at north neptune island , and ( b ) the experimental set - up used with the towed seal decoy at seal island off south africa .\nray skillman auto mall has been the go - to dealership group in the indianapolis , carmel , and greenwood area since 1980 . for over 30 years we have been offering quality new and used vehicles to meet the needs of local drivers , and our trusted service department can help keep your current vehicle running great for years to come . stop by or schedule a test drive today !\nwhite sharks may have become acclimatised to the electric field because of habituation to the electric field , or conditioning to the positive rewards resulting from consumption of the bait . for example , a shark that took the bait within the electric field may be more likely to take subsequent baits , because the discomfort caused by the electric field may not have been strong enough to counteract the reward . such temporal correlation and decrease in the effectiveness of an electro - magnetic field has previously been observed in several species [ 48 ] , [ 49 ] . this potential bias was examined but there was no strong decrease with time in the number of approaches per trial , interactions per approach , minimal distance , time to first appear , or time to take the bait . the lack of temporal correlations has also been observed in other species [ 22 ] , [ 50 ] . it is likely that the small number of food rewards provided and the alternation of positive and negative reinforcements from the efs being randomly activated for each trial prevented habituation from occurring and inducing any temporal effects in the study . the proportion of unidentified sharks ( 30 . 6 % ) may have impacted our ability to detect a decreasing response of individual sharks to the pulses . the issue of habituation or conditioning might have also occurred with the towed seal decoy . however , given the low number of interactions recorded when the electric field was present , the likelihood of habituation is low .\nproportion of breaches / tow ( white ) , surface interactions / tow ( light grey ) , underwater interactions / video ( dark grey ) , and total number of interactions recorded ( surface and on video ) / video ( black ) when the electric field source was turned off or on .\na new species of torpedo ray , tetronarce cowleyi , sp . nov . , is described from specimens collected from the southeastern atlantic ocean . the new species is placed in the genus tetronarce based on a uniform dorsal coloration and absence of papillae around the spiracles . the new species is distinguished from its closest congeners , the north atlantic tetronarce nobiliana bonnaparte , 1835 , and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfinally , the effects of the electric field were tested by comparing the distributions of the minimum distance recorded for each interaction using a kolmogorov - smirnov ( k - s ) test [ 42 ] and by comparing the proportion of interactions within 2 m using the minlike two - sided poisson exact test from the exactci r package .\nthe behavioural responses observed in the present study varied across individuals , with some sharks less affected by the electric field than others . the reason for this variation is unknown and may be a combination of motivation , different natural feeding histories , dominance hierarchies , individual experiences , or behavioural syndrome ( consistency of responses across situations ) . intra - specific variability was also noted for hammerhead and leopard sharks , as seen by the large standard deviations of the maximum voltage gradient and the difference in the voltage gradient required to elicit head twitches [ 32 ] . the electric deterrent tested produced a behavioural reaction in some sharks , but cannot be relied on to prevent shark attacks in all situations .\neach trial was observed by two people and lasted 15 minutes or until a shark took the bait . the status of the efs ( on or off ) was randomised by a coin toss before each trial . the efs was tested to ensure that electric impulses were being produced prior to and following each trial during which the efs was switched on .\nrays and sharks are a type of fish that have no bones , only cartilage . some parts of their skeleton , like their vertebrae , are calcified . cartilage , a strong fibrous substance , is softer than bone ; our nose and ears are made of cartilage . even the ray ' s skull is flattened . rays belong to the group of fishes called elasmobranchii , which also includes the sharks , skates , and ratfish . the elasmobranchii are all fish that have no bones , only cartilage .\nnext up was wedding singer nicholas ray , who said going into his audition that he really hoped to join team adam . it was immediately clear why he felt that way , because his rendition of \u201ci\u2019ve got the music in me\u201d was a little theatrical and showed off his falsetto . he didn\u2019t really stand out on this night of incredible performances , but he definitely had a lot of power behind his voice . levine loved the falsetto ending , but it wasn\u2019t quite enough to get a chair turn .\nthere was no significant difference in the number of approaches per trial when the electric field was produced ( glmm ( poisson , identity ) : t 105 = 0 . 87 , p = 0 . 39 ) ( fig . 4 ) . the number of interactions per approach , however , increased from 1 . 33\u00b10 . 08 when the efs was turned off to 2 . 20\u00b10 . 20 when the efs was turned on ( glmm ( poisson , log ) : t 163 = 3 . 66 , p < 0 . 001 ; table 3 ) . this suggests that the sharks did not approach the bait more often when an electric field was produced , but interacted with the bait more often within each approach ( fig . 4 ) .\nhuveneers c , rogers pj , semmens j , beckmann c , kock aa , et al . . ( 2012 ) effects of the shark shield\u2122 electric deterrent on the behaviour of white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) . final report to safework south australia . sardi publication no . f2012 / 000123\u20131 . sardi research report series no . 632 . adelaide : sardi - aquatic sciences .\nwelcome to ray skillman westside auto mall mazda ! we are located at 5309 w pike plaza rd . in indianapolis , and are a trusted and convenient mazda dealership for carmel and greenwood drivers . our dealership has a wide selection of new mazda vehicles as well as many pre - owned models for you to choose from . our knowledgeable and friendly sales staff will be ready to assist you in finding your ideal vehicle , and our financing experts specialize in securing auto loans for drivers with bad credit or no credit history .\n[ schema type =\norganization\norgtype =\nlocalbusiness\nurl =\nurltoken\nname =\nray skillman westside mazda\ndescription =\nstreet =\n5309 west pike plaza road\ncity =\nindianapolis\nstate =\nin\npostalcode =\n46254\ncountry =\nunited states\nemail =\nchangeme @ urltoken\nphone =\n317 - 293 - 8060\nlogo =\nhttps : / / urltoken / wp - content / themes / dealerinspiredealertheme / images / logo . png\n]\nthe efficacy of the electric field in repelling white sharks from attacking a towed seal decoy was assessed by comparing the number of breaches , surface interactions , underwater interactions , and total number of interactions standardised by the number of replicates ( i . e . , the number of tows or number of videos ) using the minlike two - sided poisson exact test from the exactci r package [ 40 ] . a binomial distribution based on the probabilities of breaches and surface interactions occurring with the efs activated was also used to estimate the probabilities of the observed number of breaches and surface interactions occurring when the efs was off . the proportion of aborted breaches and investigations coded and the proportion of underwater interactions with a reaction to the electric field were tested using the same minlike two - sided poisson exact test .\nforty - nine of the 116 trials were performed without an electric field and 67 with an applied electric field . a total of 314 approaches and 527 interactions by 18 different white sharks were observed . identification of white sharks was not possible for 132 approaches ( 42 % ) and 179 interactions ( 34 % ) . sharks interacted with the bait in up to 27 trials ( 6 . 89\u00b11 . 6 , mean \u00b1 standard error ) . the number of approaches per identified shark ranged from 1 to 40 ( 10 . 11\u00b12 . 5 ) , while the number of interactions per identified shark ranged from 1 to 71 ( 19 . 33\u00b14 . 9 ) . during a single trial , the maximum number of approaches , interactions , and interactions per approach was 12 , 29 , and 18 , respectively .\nthe number of breaches per tow , surface interactions per tow , and total number of interactions recorded were significantly less with the electric field being emitted compared to when the efs was turned off ( poisson exact test : p < 0 . 001 for each test ) . the number of underwater interactions per video , however , did not change significantly whether the efs was turned on or off ( poisson exact test : p = 1 . 00 ) . based on the probability of occurrence estimated when the efs was off ( 0 . 16 and 0 . 28 for breaching and surface interaction , respectively ) , the probability of no breach , or two or less surface interactions occurring with the activated efs was < 0 . 001 . it is therefore unlikely that the lack of breaches and small number of surface interactions observed with the electric field was due to chance alone .\nat ray skillman westside auto mall mazda , we carry the most up - to - date inventory of mazda coupes , sedans , and suvs as well as a large mix of pre - owned vehicles . so whether you are in the market for a brand - new car or need a reliable used model , you can count on getting a quality vehicle from our lot . additionally , our pre - owned vehicles go through a rigorous inspection before being made available for sale , and we also offer certified pre - owned mazda models , which come with additional warranty coverage to give you extra security in your purchase .\nsharks first approached the bait within a short period ( 80\u00b111 seconds ) . this was not affected by the electric field , with no significant difference in the time it took sharks to first be sighted whether the efs was turned off ( 77\u00b121 seconds ) or on ( 82\u00b112 seconds ) ( glmm ( gamma , inverse ) : t 49 = \u22120 . 17 , p = 0 . 87 ; table 3 ) ( fig . 4 ) . sharks took , on average , 197\u00b123 seconds from the start of a trial to consume the bait . although the electric field did not affect the time it took sharks to be first sighted , sharks took twice as long to take the bait when the efs was turned on ( 244\u00b132 seconds ) than when it was turned off ( 122\u00b124 seconds ) ( glmm ( gamma , inverse ) : t 61 = \u22122 . 58 , p = 0 . 01 ; table 3 ) ( fig . 4 ) .\nour study assessed the behavioural effects of the electric field produced by the shark shield freedom7\u2122 . the study was performed in two locations and tested two distinct approach and behavioural situations to assess whether the response to the shark shield\u2122 was consistent across behaviours . the electric field did not affect the proportion of static baits consumed , but significantly decreased the number of breaches , and surface interactions on a towed seal decoy . while the differences observed could be due to location or the different white shark populations [ 46 ] , it is more likely related to the behavioural states being tested and associated energetic costs . since rapid swimming is necessary to leave the water , the energy required for a breach is higher than that expended during inquisitive behaviour [ 47 ] . considering the energetic cost of breaching , white sharks might be less likely to breach if they can sense any factor that could reduce their chance of being successful or which appears different to natural situations . on the other hand , a white shark might still be inquisitive around a static bait , regardless of the electric field because such approach requires similar energy expenditure to normal swimming . the inquisitive nature of the shark during the static bait trials is supported by the number of times the same white sharks were observed attempting to consume the bait ( e . g . , one white shark approached the static bait in 27 different trials , and another individual had 18 interactions in one trial ) .\nponciano seoane hoped to have a better fate than ray , singing \u201chome\u201d by phillip phillips . \u201ci\u2019m trying to keep a level head , \u201d seoane said heading into his audition with the knowledge that there were only a couple spots left . \u201cpretty , \u201d shelton remarked after the first few seconds . levine and cyrus turned right away . seoane had a gorgeous tone , and both coaches wanted him to fill their final spots . \u201cyou feel everything you\u2019re singing , \u201d levine said , praising seoane\u2019s introspection . cyrus seemed to understand that she wasn\u2019t winning this one , but she still tried to fight for seoane . he ultimately became the last member of team adam ."]}
{"id": 2541, "summary": [{"text": "gymnoscelis admixtaria is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1862 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka , india and japan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "gymnoscelis admixtaria", "paragraphs": ["gymnoscelis yurikae is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to japan .\ngymnoscelis daniloi is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to cape verde .\nthe double - striped pug ( gymnoscelis rufifasciata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\neupithecia dentifascia hampson , 1891 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln br . mus . , 8 : 117 .\nbastelberger , 1905 , ent . zeits . ( guben ) , 19 : 76 , syn . n . eupithecia eupitheciata walker sensu holloway , 1976 : 67 .\nboth this and the next species have forewing facies as in the generic description . the anterior half of the forewing postmedial is straight in dentifascia , slightly concave distad in intentata walker . the hindwing of the male in the latter is reduced in size , rather triangular , grading from pale fawn basally to brown distally , without the fasciation seen in male dentifascia and females of both species . examination of the genitalia is recommended to confirm identity .\ntrue m . eupitheciata walker appears to be restricted to the australasian tropics . the ductus bursa in the female is unsclerotised , the seventh segment unmodified and the boomerang signum narrow . in both bornean species the ductus is sclerotised and the seventh segment modified .\nall bornean material seen was taken between 1200m and 2110m on g . kinabalu .\nhampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . br . mus . , 9 : 154 .\nthe taxon malachitis is brought into synonymy with filicata as the new guinea race . the male genitalia differ little from those of himalayan filicata . the australian thalassia turner may also prove to be a race of filicata .\nn . e . himalaya , borneo ; sulawesi ( ssp . mochleutes ) ; seram , new guinea ( ssp . malachitis ) .\nthe only bornean specimen seen is a female from 1930m on g . kinabalu .\na related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .\nmost records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 ."]}
{"id": 2557, "summary": [{"text": "the golden-lined spinefoot ( siganus lineatus ) is a species of rabbitfish .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "like all rabbitfishes , it has venomous spines on the dorsal , anal , and pelvic fins .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is reef associated fish species that inhabit waters at depths from 0 to 25 m ( 0 to 82 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the maximum length is 43 cm ( 17 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is a common commercially important fish in many tropical countries . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "golden - lined spinefoot", "paragraphs": ["also known as golden rabbitfish , golden spinefoot , gold - lined rabbitfish , gold - lined spinefoot , golden - lined rabbitfish , golden - lined spinefoot , goldenspot spinefoot , goldspot rabbitfish , goldspot spinefoot , gold - spotted spinefoot , lined spinefoot , spinefoots . found in schools over mangroves , rocky areas and seagrass beds of protected bays and lagoons . they feed on algae . length - 35cm depth - 0 - 30m widespread indo - west pacific rabbitfish are usually found in algae rich reefs . they have venomous spines in the anal fin and at both ends of the ventral fin . these can inflict extremely painful injuries .\nsearch golden lined spinefoot and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of golden lined spinefoot given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\nthe ratio of two lengths , equal in value to 1 . 618033988 . . . , and given by b / a = ( b + a ) / b ; it is the reciprocal of the golden section and also equal to ( 1 + golden section ) .\na light golden - coloured treacle produced by the evaporation of cane sugar juice , used to sweeten and flavour cakes , puddings , etc .\na strait between the pacific and san francisco bay : crossed by the golden gate bridge , with a central span of 1280 m ( 4200 ft . )\nany of several plovers of the genus pluvialis , such as p . apricaria of europe and asia , that have golden brown back , head , and wings\nlatin , siganus = a fish , rabbit fish ; by the similarity of the nose ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 25 m ( ref . 90102 ) , usually 0 - 20 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 25\u00b0c - 29\u00b0c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 27\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s , 71\u00b0e - 171\u00b0e\nindo - west pacific : maldives , laccadive archipelago , india , sri lanka , ogasawara islands ( japan ) , eastern indonesia , new guinea , australia , solomon islands , vanuatu , new caledonia and philippines ; palau and yap in micronesia . records from viet nam ( ref . 2682 ) is probably siganus guttatus .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 43 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9813 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 ; anal spines : 7 ; anal soft rays : 9 ; vertebrae : 13 . blue dorsally , silvery below ; a bright yellow spot below last few rays of dorsal fin ; a prominent blue line beside posterior margin of orbit running diagonally across cheek to corner of mouth . preopercular angle 92\u00b0 - 104\u00b0 ; strong scales almost completely cover cheeks ; midline of thorax scaled , not pelvic ridges . anterior nostril encircled by a very low rim , slightly expanded posteriorly . spines stout , pungent and venomous ( ref . 1419 ) .\njuveniles found in mangrove areas and seagrass flats ; adults in protected waters such as lagoons and bays in the vicinity of rocky substrata or reefs . forms schools that diminish with age , down to 10 - 25 fish by adult stage , although congregations may consist of several thousand fish during spawning period . feeds by scraping encrusting algae from beach rock or pavement areas of coral reefs or by browsing on larger coarse algae . common in markets where it is sold fresh ( ref . 9813 ) .\nsmallest female to spawn was 23 cm , the largest 33 cm sl . spawning apparently occurs not until the fish is 2 years old .\nwoodland , d . j . , 1990 . revision of the fish family siganidae with descriptions of two new species and comments on distribution and biology . indo - pac . fish . ( 19 ) : 136 p . ( ref . 1419 )\n) : 24 . 9 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 726 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 01092 - 0 . 02895 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 12 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 6 ; tm = 2 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe most flourishing and outstanding period , esp . in the history of an art or nation\nthe great classical period of latin literature , occupying approximately the 1st century b . c . and represented by such writers as cicero and virgil\nany north american plant of the genus chrysopsis , esp . c . mariana of the eastern u . s . , having yellow rayed flowers : family compositae ( composites )\nthe fleece of a winged ram that rescued phrixus and brought him to colchis , where he sacrificed it to zeus . phrixus gave the fleece to king ae\u00ebtes who kept it in a sacred grove , whence jason and the argonauts stole it with the help of ae\u00ebtes ' daughter\nthe mongol horde that devastated e europe in the early 13th century . it established the westernmost mongol khanate , which at its height ruled most of european russia . defeated by the power of muscovy ( 1380 ) , the realm split into four smaller khanates in 1405\na number between 1 and 19 , used to indicate the position of any year in the metonic cycle , calculated as the remainder when 1 is added to the given year and the sum is divided by 19 . if the remainder is zero the number is 19\nsomething old or long - established , esp . a hit record or song that has remained popular or is enjoying a revival\nthe proportion of the two divisions of a straight line or the two dimensions of a plane figure such that the smaller is to the larger as the larger is to the sum of the two . if the sides of a rectangle are in this proportion and a square is constructed internally on the shorter side , the rectangle that remains will also have sides in the same proportion\na share in a company that controls at least 51 % of the voting rights , esp . one retained by the uk government in some privatization issues\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of siganus vermiculatus has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase - fao - author : fao permission : some rights reserved\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password ."]}
{"id": 2561, "summary": [{"text": "batodonoides ( often misspelled as batonoides ) is a genus of extinct shrew-like mammals , which includes a species that is possibly the smallest mammal to have ever lived .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species of batodonoides lived about 42 to 53 million years ago during the early to middle eocene epoch in north america .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the genus contains four species : the type species b. powayensis , the older b. vanhouteni , b. walshi and b. rileyi . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "batodonoides", "paragraphs": ["the smallest mammal alive today is the bumblebee bat , which is only slightly larger than batodonoides .\nlength : 2 . 5 cm ( 1 in ) weight : 1 . 3 g ( 0 . 05 oz ) time : 55 , 400 , 000 - 42 , 000 , 000 b . c . location : california and wyoming , united states species : batodonoides powayensis batodonoides vanhouteni\na shrew - like , insect - eating mammal , batodonoides appears to be the smallest mammal ever to walk the earth . the smaller and older species ,\nwhile batodonoides is the smallest mammal ever , the largest animal - - mammal or otherwise - - is the blue whale , with a heart the size of a small car .\n53 million years old , and it may be the smallest mammal that has ever lived . batodonoides vanhouteni was a shrew - like mammal that scientific illustrator jen christiansen has deftly described in this illustration .\njonathan i . bloch , kenneth d . rose , philip d . gingerich ; new species of batodonoides ( lipotyphla , geolabididae ) from the early eocene of wyoming : smallest known mammal ? , journal of mammalogy , volume 79 , issue 3 , 21 august 1998 , pages 804\u2013827 , urltoken\nfull reference : j . i . bloch , k . d . rose , and p . d . gingerich . 1998 . new species of batodonoides ( lipotyphla , geolabididae ) from the early eocene of wyoming : smallest known mammal ? . journal of mammalogy 79 ( 3 ) : 804 - 827\n53 million years old , and it may be the smallest mammal that has ever lived . batodonoides vanhouteni was a shrew - like mammal that scientific illustrator jen christiansen has deftly described in this illustration . in addition to being an illustrator , christiansen is also scientific american ' s art editor of information graphics .\nthe smallest mammal that ever lived could be sitting right on your shoulder and you would hardly know it . batodonoides vanhouteni , which lived about 50 million years ago in what is now wyoming , was so small that it could climb up a pencil - - and it weighed as little as a dollar bill .\npaleontologist jonathan bloch found a tiny fossil jaw of batodonoides .\nunder a microscope , i realized i was looking at the smallest mammal teeth i had ever seen ,\nbloch said . several slightly larger species of these mini - mammals lived between 55 and 42 million years ago , but they are now all extinct .\ncomposing an illustration with only a few , spare elements can be incredibly difficult , moreso if the aim is to inform instead of to simply look pleasing . there is a remarkable economy of information in this piece : we can see just how tiny the batodonoides vanhouteni is next to a modern etruscan shrew . the familiar wooden ruler prompts us to what ' s important about the relationship between the wee mammals .\nwith mammals as large as the blue whale ( balaenoptera musculus ) and the african elephant ( loxodonta africana ) , it may be hard to imagine that the world\u2019s smallest mammal is only about the size of your fingernail . this miniature mammal , batodonoides vanhouteni , was an ancient ancestor of the modern day shrew and weighed about 1 . 3 grams\u2014 the equivalent mass of a single dollar bill ! this species of tiny rodents is said to have inhabited the underbrush of prehistoric forests .\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5 : 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, had teeth roughly a millimeter ( one - tenth of an inch ) in length and is thought to have weighed 1 . 3 grams ( 0 . 05 oz ) , the weight of a dollar bill and slightly lighter than the smallest mammal in our time , the etruscan shrew .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : m . j . novacek . 1976 . early tertiary vertebrate faunas , vieja group , trans - pecos texas : insectivora . pearce - sellards series 23\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 1 . 11 x 0 . 64\ntype specimen : um 101991 , a maxilla . its type locality is sc - 303 , which is in a wasatchian terrestrial horizon in the willwood formation of wyoming .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 0 . 750 x 0 . 540\nall scientific illustrators bring different skill sets into their work . looking at this , i can ' t help but think that the simplicity and pared down elements common to the best infographics was informing christiansen ' s compositional choices\nyou can see more of jen christiansen ' s work - both her own illustrations and infographics she has guided and edited - at her site + portfolio .\nfor the third year running , we are turning september into a month - long celebration of science artists by delivering new sciart to invade your eyeballs . the sciart blitz ! can\u2019t get enough ? check out what was previously featured on this day :\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\nglendon mellow is a fine artist , illustrator and tattoo designer working in oil and digital media based in toronto , canada . he tweets @ flyingtrilobite and is on instagram . you can see glendon ' s work - in - progress at the flying trilobite blog and portfolio at urltoken .\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nnote : count is of distinct taxa , meaning named species plus genera with no identified species at this locality .\nnote : assorted invalid combinations involving the same synonymous species name are counted separately .\nnote : many of these species are small marsupials , rodents , or insectivorans .\nnotes : regression equations perform poorly for very large species , and some of these estimates are likely to be too high . proboscidean sizes are estimated from m2 , not m1 .\nnote : authors receive half - credit for co - authored actions . taxonomic contributions of lander and frick each appeared mostly in just one publication .\nnotes : authors receive half - credit for co - authored lists . most of kihm ' s lists are from an unpublished ph . d . thesis . most of skinner ' s\nlists\nare locality descriptions with identifications provided by other authors .\nnote : only senior authors are counted . nineteenth - century authors ( including matthew ) are excluded .\n/ bloch , jonathan i . ; rose , kenneth d . ; gingerich , philip d .\nbloch , jonathan i . ; rose , kenneth d . ; gingerich , philip d . /\nauthor =\nbloch , { jonathan i . } and rose , { kenneth d . } and gingerich , { philip d . }\n,\npowered by pure , scopus & elsevier fingerprint engine\u2122 \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v .\ncookies are used by this site . to decline or learn more , visit our cookies page\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nsee it ( and compare it to the largest land mammal . . . ) when you visit\nextreme mammals\nat the field museum !\nat chicago ' s field museum . ( it closes january 6th , so if you ' re interested , go now ! ) one of the very first thing that you come across is a display of both the largest land animal ever (\nis that very creature - - the smallest mammal ever discovered . this itty bitty , tiny little shrew - like critter lived during the eocene between 53 and 42 million years ago . it was so small that is weighed less than a dollar bill and could comfortably sit on the top of a pencil !\nthere are three species within the genus , the first of which was discovered back in 1976 . all have been found in the western united states . the smallest of the three ,\nof course , we still have tiny mammals today . the smallest still alive , the\ntext and design by lauren robb . awesome inc . theme . theme images by airyelf . powered by blogger .\nprettylitter is lightweight , odorless , long - lasting and best yet , keeps tabs on your cat\u2019s health .\nthe feedback you provide will help us show you more relevant content in the future .\nthere\u2019s one contender not noted in the other answers so far : hadrocodium wui , a species from the early jurassic known from a skull . it is estimated at 32mm in length and 2g in mass .\nthat estimate could be wrong , since none of the postcranial body is known .\nit is probably not quite a mammal , but a very , very close relative of mammals .\n, garden expert , and gardengail1 on yahoo answers , i ' ve worked at the home depot for 21 years , 35 years garde . . .\nsmallest animals in the world ! 5 weird animal facts - ep . 14 : animalbytestv\nanimal records ( biggest , longest , tallest , fastest . . ) ever !"]}
{"id": 2563, "summary": [{"text": "cymothoe caenis , the common glider , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , southern nigeria , cameroon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , angola , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , tanzania and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests and heavy woodland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is a migratory species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the larvae feed on rawsonia usambarensis , rawsonia lucida , caloncoba gilgiana , caloncoba glauca , oncoba spinosa , oncoba welwitschii , lindackeria and uapaca species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cymothoe caenis", "paragraphs": ["cymothoe caenis ( the common glider ) . starting a butterfly collection . set specimens . add to favourites . the butterfly has a base colour of sandy brown . all wings have creamy white with brown . all wings have a lovely pattern .\nhere are 72 described species in the genus cymothoe , a group of large and magnificent butterflies commonly known as gliders . the genus is entirely afrotropical in distribution .\ntom , you will find hereafter some pictures of my old collection ! from c . a . r . from r . d . c . , kivu , beni that shows you the variability of cymothoe caenis . almost all the female forms have been named . white ones are conformis , orange ones are adelina , etc . many papers have been written on c . caenis migrations , and i need to find a good one amongst these to pass you the reference . . . a + , michel\nthe males vary in colour , ranging from the pure white of caenis , and the deep ochreous yellow and chocolate brown of fumana , to the fabulous and aptly named blood red glider sangaris .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere are no formally recognized subspecies for this taxon , nor are there any widely used synonyms .\ngenus and has a huge extent of occurrence covering the entire west african and equatorial forest zone ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . in addition to having a widespread distribution , the butterfly appears to be highly adaptable to secondary habitats , and is able to utilize a wide variety of larval host - plants . this makes it particularly robust to any threats arising across its range . this is clearly a species of least concern .\nwhile specific quantitative population records are lacking for this forest butterfly , it is known to be one of the most common and ecologically adaptable members of the genus ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species is known in most of the west african and equatorial forest zone , occurring in forest at various altitudes , as well as heavy woodland ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . the butterfly penetrates open country more effectively than any other member of the genus and is more at home in secondary habitats than in primary forest . occasional population explosions may give rise to mass migrations ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\n. the larvae are communal and drop off the tree when interfered with ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthere are no major , immediate threats to this forest butterfly . the species is highly adaptable , and is common in secondary habitats as well as primary forest ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . hence , the main regional threats of deforestation and forest degradation do not pose a significant threat to this widespread and robust species at present .\nno species - specific conservation measures are currently in place or required for this common species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nis distributed across the forested regions of africa from guinea to congo , uganda and zambia .\nhis species is found mainly in secondary forest and disturbed areas of primary forest .\non sunny mornings males spend their time high in the tree tops . later in the day they descend to bask on bushes and saplings , choosing spots where dappled sunlight filters through the canopy to the understorey .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\n. most of the following specimens were caught within a 2 day period in august 2014 , when the migration of this species passed through bunia , drc . most are in rough shape , but hopefully the next time they pass through i ' ll be able to nab ones in better shape . ( also , sorry for the different lighting conditions , i ' ve been working on improving this . )\ni ' d also be interested to know if anyone has further information on this species ' migratory behaviour .\nalso a good example on why a scientific collection has so many of the same species , though i think you ' ve gone over the top with so many gynandromorphs , i think just one would do , lol . . though i have noticed that one of your gynandromorphs appears to be half male and half male ! ! rich\nalso a good example on why a scientific collection has so many of the same species , though i think you ' ve gone over the top with so many gynandromorphs , i think just one would do , lol . . though i have noticed that one of your gynandromorphs appears to be half male and half male ! !\ni guess you talk about the specimen in box 3 ! it is a perfect bilateral with male on the left side and female form conformis on the right side . . . very unusual\nawesome ! ! thanks for sharing those pictures ! i knew you ' d have something interesting to add .\ni would say that about 50 / 55 % are form adelina ( full orange brown ) and the proportion of the other females forms is well represented in box 4 and 5 . . .\ninteresting . . . i don ' t remember that form being the most common when they came through bunia . on the other hand , i was ignoring any specimen that wasn ' t sufficiently different from the ones i ' d previously caught . so , my memory is probably skewed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarsen tb . 2005 . butterflies of west africa . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis species is known in most of the west african and equatorialforest zone , occurring in forest at various altitudes , as well as heavy woodland ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . the butterfly penetrates open country more effectively than anyother member of the genus and is more at home in secondary habitats than in primary forest . occasional populationexplosions may give rise to mass migrations ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\n. the larvae are communal and dropoff the tree when interfered with ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthe larvae feed on rawsonia usambarensis , rawsonia lucida , caloncoba gilgiana , caloncoba glauca , oncoba spinosa , oncoba welwitschii , lindaeckeria and uapaca species .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nseller ships within 2 days after receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nyou\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date - opens in a new window or tab based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nitems delivered internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\na brand - new , unused , unopened and undamaged item . see the seller ' s listing for full details .\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item . find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice"]}
{"id": 2568, "summary": [{"text": "helice is a genus of crabs , containing four species : helice formosensis rathbun , 1931 helice latimera parisi , 1918 helice tientsinensis rathbun , 1931 helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "helice ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["genus : helice chambers , 1873 . can . ent . 5 : 187 . [ bhl ]\nspecies delimitation and historical biogeography in the genus helice ( brachyura : varunidae ) in the northwestern pacific .\nhave a fact about helice ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for helice ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nspecies delimitation and historical biogeography in the genus helice ( brachyura : varunidae ) in the northwestern pacific . - pubmed - ncbi\nspecies helice latreilli edw . accepted as helice latreillei h . milne edwards , 1837 accepted as helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )\nspecies helice latreillei h . milne edwards , 1837 accepted as helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )\nspecies helice gaudichaudi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as neohelice granulata ( dana , 1851 )\nspecies helice lucasi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as austrohelice crassa ( dana , 1851 )\nspecies helice spinicarpa h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as chasmagnathus convexus ( de haan , 1835 )\ntype - species : helice pallidochrella chambers , 1873 . can . ent . 5 : 188 . [ bhl ]\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\nhelice\nis defined .\nspecies helice japonica k . sakai & yatsuzuka , 1980 accepted as helicana japonica ( k . sakai & yatsuzuka , 1980 )\nspecies helice pilimana a . milne - edwards , 1873 accepted as parahelice pilimana ( a . milne - edwards , 1873 )\nhelice chambers , 1873 , was placed on the official index of rejected and invalid generic names in zoology : name number 486 .\na junior homonym of helice de haan , [ 1833 ] , in siebold , fauna japon . ( crustacea ) : 5 ; [ 1835 ] , ibidem : 28 , - crustacea . there is no objective replacement name but helice chambers , 1873 , was placed by braun , 1919 , can . ent . 51 : 203 , as a senior subjective synonym of theisoa chambers , 1874 ; the latter is thus available for use as a subjective replacement name .\n( of helice latreilli edw . ) bouvier , e . l . ( 1915 ) . decapodes marcheurs ( reptantia ) et stomatopodes recueillis a l ' ile maurice par m . paul carie . bull . scient . fr . belg . 3 ( 48 ) : 178 - 318 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 32 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym ocypode ( helice ) tridens de haan , 1835 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 6 nucleotides ; 3 proteins ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2013 - 14768 ) ( from synonym cyclograpsus latreillii h . milne edwards , 1837 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 1 record )\nhartnoll , r . g . ( 1975 ) . the grapsidae and ocypodidae ( decapoda : brachyura ) of tanzania . j . zool . london 177 , 305 - 328 [ details ]\ndatabase contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyin w 1 , fu c , guo l , he q , li j , jin b , wu q , li b .\nministry of education key laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , institute of biodiversity science , fudan university , shanghai 200433 , china .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\nlee sy . ( 1993 ) . invertebrate species new to science recorded from the mai po marshes nature marshes , hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first internationl conference on the marine biology of hong kong and the south china sea . the marine biology of the south china sea . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : pp 199 - 209 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2569, "summary": [{"text": "anthozoa is a class of marine invertebrates which includes the sea anemones , stony corals , soft corals and gorgonians .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "adult anthozoans are almost all attached to the seabed , while their larvae can disperse as part of the plankton .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the basic unit of the adult is the polyp ; this consists of a cylindrical column topped by a disc with a central mouth surrounded by tentacles .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "sea anemones are mostly solitary , but the majority of corals are colonial , being formed by the budding of new polyps from an original , founding individual .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "colonies are strengthened by calcium carbonate and other materials and take various massive , plate-like , bushy or leafy forms .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "anthozoa is included within the phylum cnidaria , which also includes the jellyfish , box jellies and parasitic myxozoa and polypodiozoa .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "the two main subclasses of anthozoa are the hexacorallia , members of which have six-fold symmetry and includes the stony corals , sea anemones , tube anemones and zoanthids ; and the octocorallia , which have eight-fold symmetry and includes the soft corals and gorgonians ( sea pens , sea fans and sea whips ) , and sea pansies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the smaller subclass , ceriantharia , consists of the tube-dwelling anemones .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "anthozoans are carnivores , catching prey with their tentacles .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "many species supplement their energy needs by making use of photosynthetic single-celled algae that live within their tissues .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "these species live in shallow water and many are reef-builders .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "other species lack the zooxanthellae and , having no need for well-lit areas , typically live in deep-water locations .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "unlike other members of this phylum , anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "instead , they release sperm and eggs into the water .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "after fertilisation , the planula larvae form part of the plankton .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "when fully developed , the larvae settle on the seabed and attach to the substrate , undergoing metamorphosis into polyps .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "some anthozoans can also reproduce asexually through budding or by breaking in pieces .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "more than 6,100 species have been described . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "anthozoa", "paragraphs": ["a . e . verrill , \u201cadditions to the anthozoa and hydrozoa of the bermudas . anthozoa , \u201d in\ngrzegorz jagodzi\u0144ski added the polish common name\nkoralowce\nto\nanthozoa\n.\n( anthozoa : hexacorallia : zoantharia ) from japan . fauna ryukyuana 29 : 37\u201340\n( cnidaria : anthozoa : actiniaria ) from the gulf of mexico and caribbean .\n( anthozoa : actiniaria ) from southern patagonia : morphological study and new records .\nmaggie whitson set\nimage of anthozoa\nas an exemplar on\nsabellida\n.\nanthozoa : blumentiere . . . staurozoa : stiel - oder becherquallen . . . cub\u2026\n( anthozoa , zoantharia , sphenopidae ) in okinawa , japan . biol bull 220 : 23\u201331\n( cnidaria : anthozoa : zoantharia : sphenopidae ) from okinawajima island , japan . zookeys 606 : 11\u201324\n( anthozoa : hexacorallia ) attached to eunicid worm tubes from the pacific ocean . zookeys 562 : 49\u201371\nspecies ( anthozoa , tabulata ) from the lower devonian of colle ( spain , cantabrian mountains ) .\n( anthozoa : hexacorallia ) from southwestern japan with description of two new species . zool sci 23 : 261\u2013275\nthe oldest fossils seem to be medusae , but the most basal branch , anthozoa , has only polyps .\nkotrc , b . 2005 . anthozoa : subgroups fossil groups . university of bristol . retrieved august 2 , 2008 .\nnomenclature and biology of astrangia poculata ( = a . danae , = a . astreiformis ) ( cnidaria : anthozoa )\nthe oldest fossils seem to be of solitary forms , but the most basal branch , anthozoa , is primarily colonial .\n( cnidaria : anthozoa : antipatharia ) supports classification of antipatharians within the subclass hexacorallia . mol phylogen evol 42 : 776\u2013788 .\nchen ca , odorico dm , ten louis m , veron jen , miller dj ( 1995 ) systematic relationships within the anthozoa ( cnidaria anthozoa ) using the 5\u2032 - end of the 28s rdna . mol phylogenet evol 4 ( 2 ) : 175\u2013183 .\ns . cairns , c . den hertog , and c . arneson , \u201cclass anthozoa ( corals , anemones ) , \u201d in\nthe class anthozoa includes the sea anemones and corals . for anthozoans , the dominant stage in the life cycle is the polyp .\nanthozoa is the largest of the four classes of cnidaria with over 6 , 000 species ( france 2004 ) . they are found worldwide in all oceans , from the arctic to the antarctic . anthozoa means\nflower animals ,\nwhich is descriptive of this class of invertebrates .\nschmidt , h . 1974 . on evolution in the anthozoa . proceedings of the second international coral reef symposium 1 : 533 - 560 .\nsanamyan , n . , & sanamyan , k . ( 1998 ) . some actiniaria from the commander islands ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) .\ncairns sd ( 1995 ) the marine fauna of new zealand : scleractinia ( cnidaria anthozoa ) . nzoi mem . 103 . 210 p .\nsexual - organisms in the anthozoa class can reproduce sexually by forming eggs and sperm , which fertilize like the other organism classes in cnidaria .\nsearch for mesophotic octocorals ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) and their phylogeny : i . a new sclerite - free genus from eilat , northern red sea\nmay , a . 2006 , radiastraea ( anthozoa , rugosa ) from the . . . bulletin of geosciences , 81 , 151 - 162 .\nthe phylum cnidaria encompasses five classes : anthozoa , cubozoa , hydrozoa , scyphozoa , and staurozoa . anthozoa is the most speciose of these classes and is further subdivided into two diverse subclasses hexacorallia ( hard corals and sea anemones ) and octocorallia ( soft corals , sea pens , and gorgonians ) [\npaulay g , puglisi mp , starmer ja ( 2003 ) the non - scleractinian anthozoa ( cnidaria ) of the mariana islands . micronesica 35 : 138\u2013155\nfautin , daphne g . and sandra l . romano . 2000 . anthozoa . sea anemones , corals , sea pens . version 03 october 2000 .\nkerr am ( 2005 ) molecular and morphological supertree of stony corals ( anthozoa : scleractinia ) using matrix representation parsimony . biol rev 80 : 1\u201316 .\nfujii t , reimer jd ( 2011 ) phylogeny of the highly divergent family microzoanthidae ( anthozoa , hexacorallia ) from the pacific . zool scr 40 : 418\u2013431\nfautin , d . g . ( 2016 ) . catalog to families , genera , and species of orders actiniaria and corallimorpharia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) .\ndaly m , fautin dg , cappola va ( 2003 ) systematics of the hexacorallia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) . zool j linn soc 139 : 419\u2013437 .\nspp . ( dinophyceae , suessiales ) within closely related host genera : zoanthids ( cnidaria : hexacorallia : anthozoa ) as a case study . galaxea 10 : 3\u201313\n( drayton in dana , 1846 ) ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) , two common actiniid sea anemones from the south east pacific with a discussion of related genera .\nthe anthozoa subphylum consists of sea anemones and corals . most anthozoa organisms are sessile creatures , and anemones found within the united states tidal zones have minimal toxicity . the sea anemone phyllodiscus semoni ( night or wasp - sea anemone ) located in the western pacific ocean is reported to cause fulminant dermatitis and acute renal failure in humans\n] . here we show that paraphyletic anthozoa does not result from unbalanced taxon sampling . in addition , a principal component analysis of the amino acid composition ( additional file\nengland , k . w . , & robson , e . a . ( 1984 ) . a new sea anemone from south africa ( anthozoa , ptychodactiaria ) .\ncairns sd ( 1999 ) cnidaria anthozoa : deep - water azooxanthellate scleractinia from vanuatu , and wallis and futuna islands . mem mus nat hist nat 180 : 31\u2013167 .\nanatomy and taxonomy of three species of sea anemones ( cnidaria : anthozoa : actiniidae ) from the gulf of california , including isoaulactinia hespervolita daly , n . sp .\n( hydrozoans ) ; scyphozoa ( scyphozoans ) ; anthozoa ( anthozoa ns ) ; and cubozoa ( cubozoans ) . all cnidarians share several attributes , supporting the theory that they had a single origin . variety and symmetry of body forms , varied coloration , and the sometimes complex life histories of cnidarians fascinate layperson and scientist alike . inhabiting all marine and some\u2026\npresence of abyssoanthus sp . ( anthozoa : zoantharia ) in the mediterranean sea : indication of a new cold seep or of ecological tolerance of abyssoanthus to non - chemotrophic environments ?\nchen , c . a . , d . m . odorico , m . ten lohuis , j . e . n . veron , and d . j . miller . 1995 . systematic relationships within the anthozoa ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) using the 5 ' - end of the 28s rdna . molecular phylogeny and evolution 4 : 175 - 183 .\ncappola , v . a . , & fautin , d . g . ( 2000 ) . all three species of ptychodactiaria belong to order actiniaria ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) .\ndaly , m . , fautin , d . g . , & cappola , v . a . ( 2003 ) . systematics of the hexacorallia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) .\nriemann - z\u00fcrneck , k . 1969 . sagartia troglodytes ( anthozoa ) biologie und morphologie einer schlick bewohnenden aktinie . ver\u00f6ff . inst . meeresforsch . bremerhaven , 12 : 169\u2013230 .\nfilkorn hf , allor jp ( 2004 ) a new early cretaceous coral ( anthozoa ; scleractinia ; dendrophylliina ) and its evolutionary significance . j paleont 78 ( 3 ) : 501\u2013512 .\nto cite this page : myers , p . and j . burch 2001 .\nanthozoa\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\n, a new family , new genus and new species of deep - sea zoanthid ( anthozoa : hexacorallia : zoantharia ) from a northwest pacific methane cold seep . invertebr syst 21 : 255\u2013262\nberntson ea , france sc , mullineaux ls ( 1999 ) phylogenetic relationships within the class anthozoa ( phylum cnidaria ) based on nuclear 18s rdna sequences . mol phylogen evol 13 : 417\u2013433 .\nreimer jd , albinsky d , yang sy , lorion j ( 2014a ) zoanthid ( cnidaria : anthozoa : hexacorallia : zoantharia ) species of coral reefs in palau . mar biodivers 44 : 37\u201344\na . acosta , m . casas , c . a . vargas , and j . e . camacho , \u201clista de zoantharia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) del caribe y de colombia , \u201d\n] included a dense sampling of both anthozoan and medusozoan taxa . however , studies based on mitochondrial dna data suggest that anthozoa is paraphyletic , with octocorals forming a sister group relationship with medusozoans [\nzibrowius h , gili jm ( 1990 ) deep - water scleractinia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) from namibia , south africa , and walvts ridge , southeastern atlantic . sci mar 54 : 19\u201346 .\nfautin , d . g . , and s . l . romano . 2000 . anthozoa . sea nemones , corals , sea pens tree of life web project . retrieved august 2 , 2008 .\nchen , c . a . , d . m . odorico , m . ten lohuis , j . e . n . veron , and d . j . miller . 1995 . systematic relationships within the anthozoa ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) using the 5 ' - end of the 28s rdna molecular phylogeny and evolution 4 ( 2 ) : 175\u2013183 . pmid 7663762 . retrieved august 2 , 2008 .\nanthozoa is a class of marine invertebrates within the phylum cnidaria that are unique among cnidarians in that they do not do not have a medusa stage in their development . these exclusively polypoid cnidarians are characterized by a tubular body with tentacles around the mouth and most are sedentary after the larval stage . anthozoa includes the sea anemones , corals , sea pens , sea pansies , and sea fans , among others .\nreimer jd , ono s , sinniger f , tsukahara j ( 2008b ) distribution of zooxanthellate zoanthid species ( zoantharia : anthozoa : hexacorallia ) in southern japan limited by cold temperatures . galaxea 10 : 57\u201367\nreimer jd , sinniger f , irei y ( 2013c ) preliminary list of macrocnemic zoanthid diversity ( anthozoa : hexacorallia : zoantharia ) from southern shikoku , japan . kuroshio biosphere 9 : 1\u2013x + 2 pls\nsinniger f , montoya - burgos ji , chevaldonne p , pawlowski j ( 2005 ) phylogeny of the order zoantharia ( anthozoa , hexacorallia ) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes . mar biol 147 : 1121\u20131128\ny . h . fadlallah , r . h . karlson , and k . p . sebens , \u201ca comparative study of sexual reproduction in three species of panamanian zoanthids ( coelenterata : anthozoa ) , \u201d\nf . sinniger , j . i . montoya - burgos , p . chevaldonn\u00e9 , and j . pawlowski , \u201cphylogeny of the order zoantharia ( anthozoa , hexacorallia ) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes , \u201d\nt . l . shearer , m . j . h . van oppen , s . l . romano , and g . w\u00f6rheide , \u201cslow mitochondrial dna sequence evolution in the anthozoa ( cnidaria ) , \u201d\ndaly , m . , chaudhuri , a . , gusm\u00e3o , l . c . , & rodriguez , e . ( 2008 ) . phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones ( cnidaria : anthozoa : actiniaria ) .\nscholarspace at university of hawaii at manoa : anatomy and taxonomy of three species of sea anemones ( cnidaria : anthozoa : actiniidae ) from the gulf of california , including isoaulactinia hespervolita daly , n . sp .\nj . d . reimer , s . ono , f . sinniger , and j . tsukahara , \u201cdistribution of zooxanthellate zoanthid species ( zoantharia : anthozoa : hexacorallia ) in southern japan limited by cold temperatures , \u201d\ndata on the ecology and distribution in the estuarine region of the rivers rhine , meuse and scheldt are given for ten species of anthozoa . these data have been correlated with several environmental variables , but especially salinity .\ncairns , s . d . , den hartog , j . c . , & arenson , c . ( 1986 ) . anthozoa . in w . sterrer & c . schoepfer - sterrer ( eds . ) ,\nengland , k . w . ( 1992 ) . certain actiniaria ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) from hong kong with additional data on similar species from aden , bahrain and singapore . in b . morton ( ed . ) ,\nunlike the dichotomous anthozoa - medusozoa , our strongly supported finding that anthozoa is paraphyletic further supports the idea that bilateral symmetry , a step of foremost importance in metazoan evolution as it is exhibited as part of most animal body plans ( bauplan ) , was anciently acquired prior to the divergence between cnidaria and bilateria . in fact in cnidaria , increasing evidence supports the presence of bilateral symmetry in corals and sea anemones , where it is represented by the siphonoglyph [\nwon j , rho b , song j : a phylogenetic study of the anthozoa ( phylum cnidaria ) based on morphological and molecular characters . coral reefs . 2001 , 20 : 39 - 50 . 10 . 1007 / s003380000132 .\n( drayton in dana , 1846 ) ( cnidaria : anthozoa : actiniidae ) , an actiniid sea anemone from chile and per\u00fa with special fighting tentacles ; with a preliminary revision of the genera with a \u201cfrond - like\u201d marginal ruff .\nforsman zh , guzman hm , chen ac , fox ge , wellington gm ( 2005 ) an its region phylogeny of siderastrea ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) : is s . glynni endangered or introduced ? coral reefs 24 : 343\u2013347 .\nburnett wj , benzie jah , beardmore ja , ryland js ( 1997 ) zoanthids ( anthozoa , hexacorallia ) from the great barrier reef and torres strait , australia : systematics , evolution and a key to species . coral reefs 16 : 55\u201368\nfautin , d . g . ( 2005 ) . three species of intertidal sea anemones ( anthozoa : actiniidae ) from the tropical pacific : description of anthopleura buddemeieri , n . sp . , with remarks on anthopleura asiatica and gyractis sesere .\nreimer jd , kim s , arai s , keshavmurthy s , choi k - s ( 2016b ) first records of zooxanthellate zoanthus ( anthozoa : hexacorallia : zoantharia ) from korea and japan ( east ) sea . mar biodiv ( in press )\nberntson ea , france sc , mullineaux ls : phylogenetic relationships within the class anthozoa ( phylum cnidaria ) based on nuclear 18s rdna sequences . mol phylogenet evol . 1999 , 13 : 417 - 433 . 10 . 1006 / mpev . 1999 . 0649 .\ncitation : kitahara mv , cairns sd , stolarski j , blair d , miller dj ( 2010 ) a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the scleractinia ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) based on mitochondrial co1 sequence data . plos one 5 ( 7 ) : e11490 . urltoken\ndaly m . 2004 . anatomy and taxonomy of three species of sea anemones ( cnidaria : anthozoa : actiniidae ) from the gulf of california , including isoaulactinia hespervolita daly , n . sp . . pac sci 58 ( 3 ) : 377 - 390 .\nh . fukami , c . a . chen , a . f . budd et al . , \u201cmitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not ( order scleractinia , class anthozoa , phylum cnidaria ) , \u201d\nberntson , e . a . , s . c . france , and l . s . mullineaux . 1999 . phylogenetic relationships within the class anthozoa ( phylum cnidaria ) based on nuclear 18s rdna sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 13 : 417 - 433 .\nrodr\u00edguez , e . , & l\u00f3pez - gonz\u00e1lez , p . j . ( 2013 ) . new records of antarctic and sub - antarctic sea anemones ( cnidaria , anthozoa , actiniaria and corallimorpharia ) from the weddell sea , antarctic peninsula , and scotia arc .\nrodr\u00edguez , e . , barbeitos , m . , daly , m . , gusm\u00e3o , l . c . , & h\u00e4ussermann , v . ( 2012 ) . toward a natural classification : phylogeny of acontiate sea anemones ( cnidaria , anthozoa , actiniaria ) .\nfrance sc , rosel pe , agenbroad je , mullineaux ls , kocher td ( 1996 ) dna sequence variation of mitochondrial large - subunit rdna provides support for a two - subclass organization of the anthozoa ( cnidaria ) . mol mar biol biotechnol 5 : 15\u201328 .\nreimer jd , wee hb , put a jr , hoeksema bw ( 2015 ) zoantharia ( cnidaria : anthozoa : hexacorallia ) of the south china sea and gulf of thailand : species list based on past reports and new photographic records . raffles bull zool 63 : 334\u2013356\ncitation : aratake s , tomura t , saitoh s , yokokura r , kawanishi y , shinjo r , et al . ( 2012 ) soft coral sarcophyton ( cnidaria : anthozoa : octocorallia ) species diversity and chemotypes . plos one 7 ( 1 ) : e30410 . urltoken\nfritzenwanker , j . h . , and technau , u . ( 2002 ) . induction of gametogenesis in the basal cnidarian nematostella vectensis ( anthozoa ) . dev . genes evol . 212 , 99\u2013103 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00427 - 002 - 0214 - 7\nclass anthozoa exclusively polypoid with biradial symmetry . oral end a disk with central mouth and hollow tentacles arising at margin and / or on surface . mouth leads to coelenteron via stomodaeum that has ciliated troughs ( siphonoglyphs ) for water transport into and out of coelenteron . coelenteron divided by radial\u2026\nkitahara mv , cairns sd , stolarski j , blair d , miller dj : a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the scleractinia ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) based on mitochondrial co1 sequence data . plos one . 2010 , 5 : e11490 - 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0011490 .\nfukami h , knowlton n : analysis of complete mitochondrial dna sequences of three members of the montastraea annularis coral species complex ( cnidaria , anthozoa , scleractinia ) . coral reefs . 2005 , 24 : 410 - 417 . 10 . 1007 / s00338 - 005 - 0023 - 3 .\nw . j . burnett , j . a . h . benzie , j . a . beardmore , and j . s . ryland , \u201czoanthids ( anthozoa , hexacorallia ) from the great barrier reef and torres strait , australia : systematics , evolution and a key to species , \u201d\nfrance sc , rosel pe , agenbroad je , mullineaux ls , kocher t : dna sequence variation of mitochondrial large - subunit rrna provides support for a two - subclass organization of the anthozoa ( cnidaria ) . mol . mar . biol . biotechnolog . 1996 , 5 : 15 - 28 .\nanthozoa ( class ) , bio - eye\u00ae hydroxyapatite implant , calcium carbonate matrix , carbonate bone replacement graft ( brg ) , coral carbonate , coral grafts , coral watert , coralline , goniopora species , hydroxyapatite , natural coral , natural coral calcium , nc ( porites ) , sea coral calcite .\nwells , j . w . and d . hill . 1956 . anthozoa - general features . pp . f161 - f165 in : r . c . moore ( ed . ) , treatise on invertebrate paleontology part f : coelenterata . geological society of america and university of kansas press , lawrence .\nfukami h , chen ca , budd af , collins a , wallace c , et al . ( 2008 ) mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not ( order scleractinia , class anthozoa , phylum cnidaria ) . plos one 3 : e3222 .\nbrugler mr , france sc : the complete mitochondrial genome of the black coral chrysopathes formosa ( cnidaria : anthozoa : antipatharia ) supports classification of antipatharians within the subclass hexacorallia . mol phylogenet evol . 2007 , 42 : 776 - 788 . 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2006 . 08 . 016 .\nmcfadden cs , france sc , s\u00e1nchez ja , alderslade p : a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the octocorallia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) based on mitochondrial protein - coding sequences . mol phylogenet evol . 2006 , 41 : 513 - 27 . 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2006 . 06 . 010 .\nreimer j . d . , fujii t . ( 2017 ) zoantharia ( cnidaria : anthozoa : hexacorallia ) diversity research in japan : current state and future trends . in : motokawa m . , kajihara h . ( eds ) species diversity of animals in japan . diversity and commonality in animals . springer , tokyo\nwith about 6 , 000 species , the class anthozoa includes about two - thirds of extant cnidarian phylum . but unlike other cnidarians , anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development . some of species harbor a type of algae ( dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae ) , with which they form a symbiotic relationship . [ 1 ]\nbrugler mr , france sc : the mitochondrial genome of a deep - sea bamboo coral ( cnidaria , anthozoa , octocorallia , isididae ) : genome structure and putative origins of replication are not conserved among octocorals . j mol evol . 2008 , 67 : 125 - 136 . 10 . 1007 / s00239 - 008 - 9116 - 2 .\nsummary of the debate ) . anthozoa are traditionally divided into two or three groups , either recognising the black corals and tube anemones , which both have singly occurring mesenteries as a shared feature , as a subclass ( ceriantipatharia ) or demoting them to orders within the zoantharia . the latter scheme ( of hyman , 1940 ) is used here .\nthe class anthozoa includes a variety of animals that have polyps with a flower - like appearance . in these forms , the gastrovascular cavity is large . it is divided by walls or septa , which arise as folds from the body wall . these folds , along with the mouth and pharynx , are usually arranged in a biradially symmetric pattern .\nemblem \u00e5 , karlsen bo , evertsen j , johansen sd : mitogenome rearrangement in the cold - water scleractinian coral lophelia pertusa ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) involves a long - term evolving group i intron . mol phylogenet evol . 2011 , 61 : 495 - 503 . 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2011 . 07 . 012 .\nfrance , s . c . , p . e . rosel , j . e . agenbroad , l . s . mullineaux , and t . d . kocher . 1996 . dna sequence variation of mitochondrial large - subunit rrna provides support for a two subclass organization of the anthozoa ( cnidaria ) . molecular marine biology and biotechnology 5 : 15 - 28 .\n] . we also included sequences from two octocoral orders penatulacea and helioporacea , and two hexacoral orders antipatharia and ceriantharia . our analyses suggest that the paraphyly of anthozoa does not result from poor taxon sampling . we also found the groupings [ discomedusae + hydrozoa ] and [ coronatae + [ cubozoa + staurozoa ] ] , contradicting the current rdna - based phylogenetic hypothesis within medusozoa .\nthough taxonomic classification is a dynamic process , there are currently three recognized cnidaria subphyla . the subphylum medusozoa contains five classes : ( 1 ) hydrozoa , ( 2 ) scyphozoa , ( 3 ) cubozoa , ( 4 ) polypodiozoa , and ( 5 ) staurozoa . species from each class have caused human envenomations . the subphyla anthozoa and myxozoa have also been implicated in envenomation .\ntheoretically , members of cnidaria have life cycles that alternate between asexual polyps ( the body as a vase shaped form ) , and sexual , free - swimming forms called medusae ( singular medusa ; the body in a bell - shaped form ) . however , members of anthozoa live only as polyps . the anthozoa larva , once fusing with the substratum and developing into the polyp stage , grows benthic or sessile , meaning it no longer metamorphoses into the medusal stage . ( members of scyphozoa live most of their life cycle as medusa , the hydrozoa live as polyps , medusae , and species that alternate between the two , and those of the class cubozoa are named for their cube - shaped medusae , which form the dominant part of their life cycle . )\nfautin , d . g . and r . n . mariscal . 1991 . cnidaria : anthozoa . pp . 267 - 358 in f . w . harrison and j . a . westfall ( eds . ) , microscopic anatomy of invertebrates , volume 2 : placozoa , porifera , cnidaria , and ctenophora . wiley - liss , inc . , new york and other cities .\nrodr\u00edguez , e . , barbeitos , m . , brugler , m . r . , crowley , l . m . , grajales , a . , gusm\u00e3o , l . c . , et al . ( 2014 ) . hidden among sea anemones : the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order actiniaria ( cnidaria , anthozoa , hexacorallia ) reveals a novel group of hexacorals .\nsoft corals ( cnidaria : anthozoa : octocorallia ) often equal or exceed the total coverage of scleractinian corals in coral reef ecosystems [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 4 ] , and as dominant space - occupiers , important structural components of coral reef communities , and contributors to coral reef biomass [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , have been the subjects of biological studies since the nineteenth century .\n: figure s4 ) . by comparison , under bi we found no support for the validity of anthozoa ( pps = 0 ; bv = 0 ) , acraspeda ( pps = 0 ; bv = 0 ) , scyphozoa ( pps = 0 ; bv = 0 ) , and semaeostomeae ( pps = 0 ; bv = 0 ) in any of our trees under both gtr and catgtr models .\npearson , c . v . , rogers , a . d . , and sheader , m . ( 2002 ) . the genetic structure of the rare lagoonal sea anemone , nematostella vectensis stephenson ( cnidaria ; anthozoa ) in the united kingdom based on rapd analysis . mol . ecol . 11 , 2285\u20132293 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2002 . 01621 . x\nfrance , s . c . , p . e . rosel , j . e . agenbroad , l . s . mullineaux , and t . d . kocher . 1996 . dna sequence variation of mitochondrial large - subunit rrna provides support for a two subclass organization of the anthozoa ( cnidaria ) molecular marine biology and biotechnology 5 ( 1 ) : 15\u201328 . pmid 8869515 . retrieved august 2 , 2008 .\nscleractinian corals belong to the phylum cnidaria . they form the basis of many tropical reefs ecosystems , but are also abundant in colder waters . there are four classes : hydrozoa ( hydroids ) , scyphozoa ( jellyfishes ) , cubozoa ( sea wasps ) , and anthozoa ( scleractinian corals , corallimorpharians , sea fans , sea anemones , zoanthids and black corals ) , distinguished on the basis of life history and morphology . they are united by certain characteristics : radial symmetry , a central mouth surrounded by tentacles , a single opening through which food is ingested and expelled ( coelenteron ) , a jelly - like middle germ layer ( the mesoglea ) , and intracellular stinging structures called nematocysts . members of the remaining class , anthozoa , exist only as polyps , either solitary or forming colonies ( for a more detailed insight on cnidarian taxonomy , try this link ) .\nanthozoa is one of four classes of the invertebrate phylum , the others being hydrozoa ( portuguese man o ' war , obelia , etc . ) , scyphozoa ( true jellyfish ) , and cubozoa ( box jellies ) . all are aquatic and most are marine . the name of the phylum comes from cnidocytes , which are specialized cells that carry stinging secretions that are the cnidarians ' main form of offense or defense and function .\nmembers of most species of anthozoa are suspension feeders , capturing small planktonic invertebrates , phytoplankton , bacteria , and other suspended organic matter ( france 2004 ) . most common are passive methods of capturing prey , when it comes in contact with the tentacles . all cnidarian species can feed by catching prey with nematocysts , with large sea anemones capable of catching fish , crabs , and bivalves , and corals are capable of catching plankton .\nthe origins of the anthozoa lie in the precambrian , but concrete evidence is sketchy . a number of the vendian , or latest precambrian , soft - bodied\nmedusoids\nare now thought to represent benthic polyp - like organisms . some of the frondlike fossils of the time could represent colonial anthozoans similar to living\nsea pens ,\neoporpita is one such vendian fossil that could be a single anthozoan polyp , and charnia is a frondlike fossil that in the past has been linked with\nsea pens\nor soft corals . however , this issue has not been resolved to everyone ' s satisfaction , although some well - preserved frondlike fossils of the genus charniodiscus from australia may show spicules and individual polyps ( jenkins 1989 ) . in any case , there is molecular evidence to suggest that the anthozoa are the earliest branch of the phylum cnidaria ( bridge et al . 1992 ) .\n: figure s3 ) , the other analyses resulting in the near absence of phylogenetic resolution . when some resolution was achieved , the codon analyses yielded similar results to those from the amino acid dataset . we found paraphyletic anthozoa , with medusozoa the sister taxon to octocorallia ( pp > 0 . 95 ) in all codon analyses , but monophyletic cnidaria only in the qmm analysis of the codalim75tx - ser3 dataset ( pp = 0 . 85 , additional file\nfukami h , chen ca , budd af , collins a , wallace c , chuang y - y , chen c , dai c - f , iwao k , sheppard c , knowlton n : mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not ( order scleractinia , class anthozoa , phylum cnidaria ) . plos one . 2008 , 3 : e3222 - 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0003222 .\n] . however , the latter view has only slight phylogenetic support in the currently accepted cnidarian phylogeny , where the most parsimonious scenario involves the gain of the polyp form in the ancestral cnidaria and of the medusa form in medusozoa . alternatively , both the polyp and the medusa forms could have been acquired in the ancestral cnidarian , and the medusa form subsequently lost in the branch leading to anthozoa . the multiple losses of the medusa stage in different medusozoan lineages suggest that this character is indeed evolutionary labile .\n) . in addition , gtr - based analyses do not significantly reject the validity of anthozoa ( au = 0 . 63 ; kh = 0 . 41 ; sh = 0 . 93 ) , scyphozoa ( au = 0 . 10 ; kh = 0 . 08 ; sh = 0 . 42 ) , or the clade acraspeda [ cubozoa + scyphozoa ] ( au = 0 . 80 ; kh = 0 . 59 ; sh = 0 . 99 ) , even after removal of the long - branch coronate\nfautin , d . g . , crowther , a . l . & wallace , c . c . ( 2008 ) . sea anemones ( cnidaria : anthozoa : actiniaria ) of moreton bay . in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . ( eds . ) , proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay , queensland . memoirs of the queensland museum \u2014 nature 54 ( 1 ) : 35\u201364 . brisbane . issn 0079 - 8835 .\nwe used an extended dataset of mitochondrial protein genes to reevaluate the phylogeny of cnidaria , paying attention to common biases in phylogenetic reconstructions resulting from insufficient taxon sampling and using more simplistic models of sequence evolution . our phylogenetic analyses suggest the grouping of octocorallia and medusozoa to the exclusion of hexacorallia , resulting in paraphyletic anthozoa . we also recovered the [ discomedusae + hydrozoa ] and [ coronatae + [ cubozoa + staurozoa ] ] relationships within medusozoa . it should be noted , however , that although our data provide little or no support for the clades anthozoa , acraspeda and scyphozoa , they are not rejected with statistically significant support in the maximum - likelihood framework . using the new mito - phylogenomic view , we reconstructed the evolution of several morphological characters in medusozoans . in particular , our phylogenetic hypothesis provided additional evidence for the \u201cpolyp first\u201d theory , where the ancestral cnidarian was a bilateral polyp - like organism , and that a radially symmetrical and vagile medusa evolved in the branch leading to medusozoa . our analyses support the view that the ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians ( ureumetazoa ) possessed bilateral symmetry [\ncnidarian mitochondrial genomic data contain phylogenetic signal informative for understanding the evolutionary history of this phylum . mitogenome - based phylogenies , which reject the monophyly of anthozoa , provide further evidence for the polyp - first hypothesis . by rejecting the traditional acraspeda and scyphozoa hypotheses , these analyses suggest that the shared morphological characters in these groups are plesiomorphies , originated in the branch leading to medusozoa . the expansion of mitogenomic data along with improvements in phylogenetic inference methods and use of additional nuclear markers will further enhance our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and character evolution within cnidaria .\nthe phylogenetic relationships within the anthozoa were re - evaluated based on 41 morphological characters and nuclear sequences of 18s ribosomal dna ( 29 anthozoans as ingroups and 3 hydrozoans as outgroups ) . the parsimony trees derived from the morphological data did not coincide closely with the molecular data , and the presence of several polytomies at some nodes of the trees resulted in ambiguities among the systematic relationships . on the other hand , the combined analysis using total evidence presents a more resolved and highly supported topology , as is indicated by higher bootstrap values and decay indices than either analysis alone . however , strict and semi - strict consensus trees derived from taxonomic congruence show a poorer resolution for the phylogeny of anthozoa . the trees constructed from the molecular data , using neighbor - joining and maximum - likelihood methods , are nearly congruent with the result from the total evidence . based on these results , anthozoa is divided into three subclasses : alcyonaria , zoantharia , and ceriantipatharia . the ceriantipatharia now includes only one order , ceriantharia , since the order antipatharia is more closely related to orders within the zoantharia . the alcyonaria is a monophyletic group , in which the order pennatulacea is basal , and orders alcyonacea and telestacea branch later . the order gorgonacea is divided into two suborders , holaxonia and scleraxonia . bellonela is more related to order stolonifera , forming a monophyletic group . in zoantharia , the order zoanthinaria is basal , and the remaining taxa are divided into two clades : one includes the order actiniaria and the other includes orders antipatharia , corallimorpharia , and scleractinia . the latter two orders form a monophyletic group . this study presents a different phylogeny of actiniarians from the earlier hypothesis of scleractinian ancestry .\nthe class anthozoa also includes many kinds of corals , including many reef - building species . reefs are formed by the calcareous skeletons of many generations of coral polyps . the polyps inhabit only the surface of the reefs . these reefs are among the most productive environments of the world , housing thousands of species of fish and invertebrates , not to mention plants and protists . like some anemones , many corals are inhabited by symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae . these photosynthetic algae are essential for those coral , which generally do not live at depths to which light does not penetrate .\nclass anthozoa is traditionally considered to have two or three subclasses . hyman ( 1940 ) divided the class into alcyonaria and zoantharia , based largely on polyp symmetry and tentacle form and number . wells and hill ( 1956 ) recognized a third subclass , ceriantipatharia ( listed also by dunn 1982 ) , based on similarity of the ceriantharian larval stage to the antipatharian polyp , on the very weak mesentery musculature in both groups , and on the insertion of new mesenterial couples only in the dorsal intermesenterial space of members of both orders . evidence from morphology ( hand 1966 ) , nematocysts ( hand 1966 , schmidt 1974 ) , and dna ( france et al . 1996 , song and won 1997 , berntson et al . 1999 ) does not support the monophyly of the ceriantharia and antipatharia . indeed , hand ( 1966 ) suggested division of anthozoa into four subclasses ( antipatharia , ceriantharia , zoantharia , and alcyonaria ) could be justified . while the most complete molecular data available ( berntson et al . 1999 ) do not support the monophyly of the ceriantharia and antipatharia , placement of the ceriantharia remains uncertain . the ceriantharia may merit subclass status but more data are necessary to determine its phylogenetic position ( berntson et al . 1999 ) .\nwe expanded the sampling of cnidarian mitochondrial genomes , particularly from medusozoa , to reevaluate phylogenetic relationships within cnidaria . our phylogenetic analyses based on a mitochogenomic dataset support many prior hypotheses , including monophyly of hexacorallia , octocorallia , medusozoa , cubozoa , staurozoa , hydrozoa , carybdeida , chirodropida , and hydroidolina , but reject the monophyly of anthozoa , indicating that the octocorallia + medusozoa relationship is not the result of sampling bias , as proposed earlier . further , our analyses contradict scyphozoa [ discomedusae + coronatae ] , acraspeda [ cubozoa + scyphozoa ] , as well as the hypothesis that staurozoa is the sister group to all the other medusozoans .\n: figure s5 ) suggests that compositional bias is also an unlikely explanation . the amino acid composition of hexacorallia is rather divergent , but not similar to those of the two outgroups ( porifera and placozoa ) ; in fact , the composition similarity between octocorallia and the outgroups would favor the alternative possibility of anthozoa paraphyly [ medusozoa + hexacorallia ] , which is not observed in our analyses . to further test the possible impact of compositional bias , we analyzed our alignments using the catgtr model with a dayhoff recoding strategy , despite the fact that it implies a loss of signal resulting in increasing the stochastic error . interestingly , octocorallia remained sister - group of medusozoa , even if the statistical support was reduced ( data not shown ) .\ncnidaria ( corals , sea anemones , hydroids , jellyfish ) is a phylum of relatively simple aquatic animals characterized by the presence of the cnidocyst : a cell containing a giant capsular organelle with an eversible tubule ( cnida ) . species within cnidaria have life cycles that involve one or both of the two distinct body forms , a typically benthic polyp , which may or may not be colonial , and a typically pelagic mostly solitary medusa . the currently accepted taxonomic scheme subdivides cnidaria into two main assemblages : anthozoa ( hexacorallia + octocorallia ) \u2013 cnidarians with a reproductive polyp and the absence of a medusa stage \u2013 and medusozoa ( cubozoa , hydrozoa , scyphozoa , staurozoa ) \u2013 cnidarians that usually possess a reproductive medusa stage . hypothesized relationships among these taxa greatly impact interpretations of cnidarian character evolution .\nanthozoans have two mainly related structures , the actinopharynx and the mesenteries , which are unique among cnidarian polyps . the actinopharynx , or stomodeum , is a tubular gullet extending all the way from mouth to the coelenteron . the actinopharynx of most species contains at least one siphonoglyph , flagellated longitudinal channel , that drives water into the coelenteron . most of corals and sea anemones have two siphonoglyphs situated directly opposite on one another in the actinopharynx . siphonoglyphs and their associated structures make the polyps bilateral or a biradial symmetry . [ 4 ] mesenteries , longitudinal sheets of tissue , increase surface area for respiration and especially for absorption of food , they also provide support . perhaps because mesenteries increase , some polyps of anthozoa can grow much larger than any other polyps in other class of cnidaria . [ 5 ]\nin 1913 carglren , who was probably the most active researcher on this order , said \u201camong the anthozoa ( \u2026 ) there is hardly a group which is so uniform in its morphological characteristics as the zoantharia \u2026\u201d [ 23 ] . nearly a hundred years later , despite numerous taxonomical investigations of the morphological characteristics of this order , carlgren ' s statement is still accurate . the sphincter position has been traditionally used to identify zoanthid genera , although lwowsky [ 24 ] illustrated the risks of misidentification using this character . this is exemplified in the parazoanthidae , in which recent taxonomic work casts doubts on the significance of the sphincter muscle position ( the main distinguishing feature of isozoanthus ) as a valid character [ 7 ] and recent studies based on morphology assigned various unrelated zoanthids to the genus isozoanthus [ 25 ] \u2013 [ 28 ] , none of which matched with the ecological characteristics of previously described isozoanthus species . similarly , swain [ 29 ] showed clearly that the sphincter position did not allow proper identification at the genus level and does not represent the evolutionary history of this group .\ncnidarians comprise four classes of toxic marine animals : anthozoa , cubozoa , scyphozoa and hydrozoa . they are the largest and probably the oldest phylum of toxic marine animals . any contact with a cnidarian , especially the box jellyfish ( chironex fleckeri ) , can be fatal , but most cnidarians do not possess sufficiently strong venomous apparatus to penetrate the human skin , whereas others rarely come into contact with human beings . only a small , almost negligible percentage of the vast wealth of cnidarian toxins has been studied in detail . many polypeptide cnidarian toxins are immunogenic , and cross - reactivity between several jellyfish venoms has been reported . cnidarians also possess components of innate immunity , and some of those components have been preserved in evolution . on the other hand , cnidarian toxins have already been used for the design of immunotoxins to treat cancer , whereas other cnidarian toxins can modulate the immune system in mammals , including man . this review will focus on a short overview of cnidarian toxins , on the innate immunity of cnidarians , and on the mode of action of cnidarian toxins which can modulate the immune system in mammals . emphasis is palced on those toxins which block voltage activated potassium channels in the cells of the immune system .\none of the most common groups of organisms on the reefs of florida and the greater caribbean is the zoanthids . in fact , some zoanthids ( anthozoa : hexacorallia ) are so common that a portion of the shallow intertidal zone has been called the \u201c zoanthus zone\u201d [ 7 ] . like many reef - building hard corals , most shallow tropical and subtropical zoanthids are in symbiosis with symbiodinium ( = zooxanthellae ) species , endosymbiotic , photosynthetic dinoflagellates . despite being an obvious and ubiquitous part of the caribbean coral reef ecosystem , the taxonomy and diversity of zoanthids worldwide are poorly understood , and even species identification remains problematic [ 8 \u2013 10 ] . however , recent research utilizing different mitochondrial and nuclear dna markers has allowed researchers to begin to reassess zoanthid species identification [ 9 , 10 ] . in this study , we apply these molecular methods to investigate the diversity of shallow water zoanthids in florida . phylogenetic species or species groups were then compared with original species descriptions in an attempt to formally identify specimens . our results ( 1 ) demonstrate the utility of molecular methods in zoanthid identification , ( 2 ) indicate that previously undescribed zoanthid diversity may be common in the caribbean sea despite overall diversity being likely lower than in the taxonomic literature , and ( 3 ) highlight the considerable taxonomic problems of shallow water brachycnemic zoanthids in the caribbean sea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ncambrian - age localities with soft - bodied organisms preserved also include some soft - bodied sea anemones and\nsea pens ,\nsuch as mackenzia and thaumaptilon from the burgess shale and xianguangia from the chengjiang biota of china . a few of the cambrian\nsmall shelly fossils\nare spicules \u0097 nearly microscopic , mineralized , needle - like pieces \u0097 that appear similar to the spicules of living octocorals ( bengtson et al . 1990 ) .\na few mineralized corals and coral - like organisms also appeared as early as the lower cambrian ( e . g . , sorauf and savarese 1995 ; tynan 1983 ) . a minor group of corals , the cothoniida , is known from the middle cambrian . however , it was not until the ordovician that mineralized corals became important parts of marine ecosystems . by the middle of the ordovician , several lineages of corals had become distinct : the tabulata , the rugosa , and the smaller heliolitida . the best - known rugose corals are the\nhorn corals ,\nsolitary polyps , usually with a conical or horn - like shape , that are abundant at many paleozoic localities ( such as the large middle devonian fossil heliophyllum pictured at the top of this page ) . however , all three groups of corals could and did form massive reefs . heliolitids went extinct in the late devonian , at the time of a mass extinction event that also impacted the rugosa and , to a lesser extent , the tabulata . however , these two groups soon recovered and flourished until the end of the permian .\nboth tabulate and rugose corals disappeared in the permo - triassic mass extinction about 245 million years ago . in the middle\n. the scleractinia do not appear to be close relatives of either the tabulata or the rugosa , and probably evolved from sea anemone - like ancestors that have not been preserved as fossils . like earlier corals , the scleractinians soon evolved massive colonial species that formed great reefs . the image above shows an early scleractinian reef , now a massive limestone layer preserved in dunlap canyon , nevada , near the town of mina . ( note the person standing on top for scale . ) colonial scleractinians have continued to dominate most tropical reef habitats since the triassic , while other scleractinians live as solitary polyps in a wide range of habitats .\nthe fossil record of octocorals is sparse . as mentioned , there are some cambrian fossils that indicate their presence . there are also a few paleozoic fossil\nsea pens\nand\nsea fans\n( e . g . , bengtson 1981 ; glinski 1956 ) . however , most of the known fossil octocorals are cretaceous and cenozoic in age ( e . g . , deflandre - rigauld 1956 ; kocurko 1993 ) . fossil octocorals may be more common than is usually suspected , but probably go unrecognized when found .\nbengtson , s . 1981 . atractosella , a silurian alcyonacean octocoral . journal of paleontology 55 : 281 - 294 .\nbengtson , s . , s . conway morris , b . j . cooper , p . a . jell , and b . n . runnegar . 1990 . early cambrian fossils from south australia . memoirs of the association of australasian palaeontologists 9 : 1 - 364 .\nbridge , d . , c . w . cunningham , b . schierwater , r . desalle , and l . w . buss . 1992 . class - level relationships in the phylum cnidaria : evidence from mitochondrial gene structure . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the usa 89 : 8750 - 8753 .\nconway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossils in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america . palaeontology 36 : 593 - 635 .\ndeflandre - rigaud , m . 1956 . les scl\u00e8rites d ' alcyonaires fossiles . \u00e9l\u00e8ments d ' une classification . annales de pal\u00e8ontologie 42 ( 4 ) : 1 - 24 .\nglinski , a . 1956 . plumalina conservata n . sp . ( gorgonaria ) aus dem mittel - devon der eifel . senckenbergiana lethaea 37 : 53 - 57 .\njenkins , r . j . f . 1989 . the\nsupposed terminal precambrian extinction event\nin relation to the cnidaria . memoirs of the association of australasian palaeontologists 8 : 307 - 317 .\nkocurko , m . j . 1993 . eunicella sp . , octocorallia from the red bluff formation , lower oligocene , mississippi . tulane studies in geology and paleontology 26 : 35 - 40 .\nsorauf , j . e . , and m . savarese . 1995 . a lower cambrian coral from south australia . palaeontology 38 : 757 - 770 .\ntynan , m . g . 1983 . coral - like microfossils from the lower cambrian of california . journal of paleontology 57 : 1188 - 1211 .\ngreek , ippos = horse + greek , kampe = curvature ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 16 - 40 m ( ref . 30915 ) . tropical ; 3\u00b0n - 23\u00b0s\nindo - west pacific : japan to queensland , australia eastward to vanuatu . conservation status : data deficient ( ref . 30915 ) . international trade is monitored through a licensing system ( cites ii , since 5 . 15 . 04 ) .\nmaturity : l m 1 . 3 range ? - ? cm max length : 2 . 4 cm ot male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31803 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 15 . description based on 4 specimens : adult height , less than 2 . 0 cm . rings , 11 - 12 + 31 - 34 . snout length is greater than 4 . 0 in head length . dorsal fin rays , 13 - 15 covering 1 + 1 rings . pectoral fin rays , 10 . coronet , a rounded knob . spine , as irregular bulbous tubercles scattered over body and tail ; a single prominent rounded eye spine ; a single low rounded cheek spine . other distinctive characters : head and body very fleshy , mostly without recognizable body rings ; ventral portion of trunk segments incomplete ; snout extremely short . color pattern : two color morphs are known : ( a ) pale grey or purple with pink or red tubercles ( found on gorgonian coral muricella plectana ) and ( b ) yellow with orange tubercles ( found on gorgonian coral muricella paraplectana ) .\nonly known to occur on gorgonian corals of the genus muricella , with up to 28 pairs on a single gorgonian . the tubercles and truncated snout of this species match the color and shape of the polyps of the host gorgonian , while its body matches the gorgonian stem . so extreme is this camouflage that the original specimens were only noticed after their host gorgonian had been collected and observed in an aquarium . post - pelagic young settle on various hosts , but to breed , they appear to prefer the red polyp muricella spp . that usually grow in depths over 20 m ( ref . 48635 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\npossibly monogamous in the wild ( ref . 30915 ) . male carries the eggs in a brood pouch ( ref . 205 ) .\nlourie , s . a . , a . c . j . vincent and h . j . hall , 1999 . seahorses : an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse , london . 214 p . ( ref . 30915 )\n) : 25 . 9 - 29 , mean 27 . 7 ( based on 134 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00427 ( 0 . 00164 - 0 . 01111 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 78 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( fec = 34 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nknowledge of scleractinian coral reproduction has expanded greatly over the past 10 years into one of most intensely studied aspects of coral biology . review by richmond and hunter ( 1990 ) provides overview of status of knowledge . reproductive data are now available for about 210 of approx . 600 spp . of reef corals . what is most impressive is the variety and versatility of coral reproduction ( according to region , varies even within same species ) and can be both sexual and asexual ( veron , 2000 ) . the individual coral polyp can be male , female , both or may not be reproductively active at all . if a polyp is just of one sex then it is termed gonochoric . a polyp that is both male and female is known as a hermaphrodite . egg and sperm production can occur on the same mesentery or on differentiated mesenteries in same polyp , in different polyps of same colony , or at different times in same colony ( i . e . sequential as well as simultaneous hermaphroditism ) .\n: corals are immobile organisms with separate sexes ( 25 % of all known species ; veron , 2000 ) . they rely on precise timing in order to bring their gametes together . species which spawn must release their gametes into the water simultaneously . this is done in response to environmental cues , sexual reproduction offers two opportunities for new genetic combinations to occur :\nb ) the genetic contribution of two different parents when an egg is fertilized by a sperm .\nto prevent self - fertilization , male and female gametes in hermaphroditic corals never mature at the same time .\nbroadcasters ( spawners ) : in hermatypic corals , spawners outnumber brooders ; about 75 % of all known coral species spawn positively buoyant gametes ( eggs and sperm ) at very specific times so as to ensure fertilization ( veron , 2000 ) . broadcasting is typical of corals in buttress and forereef zones of massive colonial forms with indeterminate growth ; broadcasters have high larval mortality but successful recruits can invade new environments with lower competition with surviving colonies that can live 100s of years . fertilization is external at the water surface . many coral species mass spawn ; i . e . within a 24 hour period , all the corals from one species and often within a genus release their eggs and sperm at the same time ; e . g . montastraea , montipora , platygra , galaxea , favia , and favites ( wallace , 1994 ) . intraspecies fertilization is common but mass spawning raises the possibility of hybridization by congeneric species ( wallace , 1994 - breaking with the dogma of species as a biological unit ) . the zygote develops into a larvae ( called planulae ) which attaches itself to a suitable substrate , metamorphoses to a founder polyp , and grows into a new colony . brooders : most ahermatypic corals are brooders as are hermatypes living in disturbed , nearshore reef zones . likewise , species in zones with high adult mortality , have high competition for spaces , and are exposed to intense bioerosion , require high rates of recruitment . in this strategy , sperm , but never eggs , are released into the water . brooding produces mature , often negatively buoyant planulae ready to settle ; ( e . g . favia fragum broods embryos for 3 weeks ; brooding also found in goniopora , diaseris , and agaricia ) . asexually brooded planulae larvae may be developed by a kind of budding ; i . e . internal fertilization , brooding of zygote , and release of a positively buoyant planulae . the larvae float to the top , sink back , settle , and metamorphose into a founder polyp , to become later on another colony . species of acropora release brooded larvae ( vivipary ) ."]}
{"id": 2574, "summary": [{"text": "leptothorax acervorum is a small brown to yellow ant in the subfamily myrmicinae .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it was first described by johan christian fabricius in 1793 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "l. acervorum is vastly distributed across the globe , most commonly found in the coniferous forests of central , western and northern europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the morphology of l. acervorum is extremely similar to that of other leptothorax ants .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the difference arises in the two-toned appearance of l. acervorum , with the head and metasoma being darker than the mesosoma segment of the body , and hair across its body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "following bergmann 's rule \u2014 unusually , for ectothermic animals \u2014 body size increases with latitude . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "leptothorax acervorum", "paragraphs": ["she is a important hostant for the slavekeepingant harpagoxenus sublaevis and the three workerless leptothorax - species leptothorax goesswaldi , leptothorax kutteri and leptothorax pacis .\nsenior synonym of leptothorax lacteipennis : nylander , 1846a pdf : 936 ; of leptothorax kamtshaticus : kupyanskaya , 1986b : 96 ; of leptothorax acervorum orientalis : kupyanskaya , 1990a : 137 ; of leptothorax nigrescens , leptothorax superus : radchenko , 1995a : 23 .\nmating frequency and mating system of the polygynous ant , leptothorax acervorum . - pubmed - ncbi\nqueen - worker ratios in high skew and low skew populations of the ant leptothorax acervorum .\nsenior synonym of leptothorax acervorum vandeli : casevitz - weulersse & galkowski , 2009 pdf : 488 .\nkurtjacobsen\u2019s leptothorax acervorum journal - including lots of pictures and videos . - the ant farm and myrmecology forum\nkey words : leptothorax acervorum , functional monogyny , mating behavior , intranidal mated offspring hibernation , ecology .\nthe measured values are by no means unusual among related leptothorax species . leptothorax athabasca is a bit larger than the european leptothorax muscorum and the syntopic leptothorax retractus , but smaller than leptothorax acervorum and the north american leptothorax \u201csp . b\u201d sensu heinze & buschinger ( 1987 ) , heinze ( 1989b ) and loiselle & al . ( 1990 ) .\na misunderstood instance of teratology in belgian leptothorax acervorum ( fabricius , 1793 ) ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) .\nthis taxon is not in use as it is currently considered to be a junior synonym of leptothorax acervorum .\nkamtshaticus . leptothorax ( mychothorax ) acervorum subsp . kamtshaticus ruzsky , 1920 : 77 ( w . ) russia . junior synonym of acervorum : kupyanskaya , 1986b : 96 .\nhammond rl , bourke af , bruford mw . mating frequency and mating system of the polygynous ant , leptothorax acervorum .\nin deze video laat ik mijn leptothorax acervorum ( behaarde slankmier ) kolonie zien . mail : mierenkopen @ gmail . com .\nleptothorax mayr , 1855 : 431 . type - species : formica acervorum , by subsequent designation of bingham , 1903 : 214 .\nintra - and inter - nest variation in mitochondrial dna in the polygynous ant leptothorax acervorum ( hymenoptera ; formicidae ) . insectes soc\na misunderstood instance of teratology in belgian leptothorax acervorum ( fabricius , 1793 ) ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . | vankerkhoven francois - urltoken\nafg ( 1995a ) geographical variation in the social and genetic structure of the ant , leptothorax acervorum - heinze , lipski , et al .\nbourke afg ( 1995 ) further evidence of lack of pheromonal inhibition among queens of the ant leptothorax acervorum . ethology 101 : 46 - 50 .\nqueen behaviour , reproduction and egg cannibalism in multiple - queen colonies of the ant leptothorax acervorum . anim behav 42 : 295 - afg - 1991\nru\u0308ppell o ( 2001 ) sex allocation ratios in the facultatively polygynous ant , leptothorax acervorum . behav ecol sociobiol 50 : 270\u2013274 - heinze , hartmann\ncombination in leptothorax : mayr , 1855 pdf : 436 ; in leptothorax ( mychothorax ) : ruzsky , 1904a pdf : 288 .\nin britain no parasitic ant species is known to be associated with l . acervorum .\nbourke afg ( 1993 ) lack of experimental evidence for pheromonal inhibition of reproduction among queens in the ant leptothorax acervorum . animal behaviour 45 : 501 - 509 .\nreproductive status and skew of pyrenean ( py ) and inner iberian colonies of l . acervorum\nleptothorax acervorum is the only species remaining in leptothorax after the other four british species were moved to temnothorax ( bolton 2003 ) . l . acervorum are small myrmicine ants with distinct propodeal spines and three - segmented antennal clubs . l . acervorum are larger than the british temnothorax species and can be distinguished by an 11 - segmented antenna in the females ( 12 in males ) ; the temnothorax species have one extra funicular segment .\nfriend la , bourke afg ( 2012 ) absence of within - colony kin discrimination in a multiple - queen ant , leptothorax acervorum . ethology 118 : 1182 - 1190 .\nhammond rl , bourke afg , bruford mw ( 2001 ) mating frequency and mating system of the polygynous ant , leptothorax acervorum . molecular ecology 10 : 2719 - 2728 .\nbourke afg ( 1991 ) queen behaviour , reproduction and egg - cannibalism in multiple - queen colonies of the ant leptothorax acervorum . animal behaviour 42 : 295 - 310 .\nmychothorax ruzsky , 1904a : 288 . type - species : formica acervorum , by original designation .\nresults of analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) by pairwise comparison between regions for l . acervorum\nthe flights of l . acervorum males and gynes usually occur in mid - summer and are inconspicuous .\ngenetic diversity indices and neutrality tests for mtdna sequences of l . acervorum in sw - and c - europe\nheinze j , lipski n , h\u00f6lldobler b , bourke afg ( 1995 ) geographical variation in the social and genetic structure of the ant , leptothorax acervorum . zoology 98 : 127 - 135 .\n[ later misspelled as leptothorax superbus by ruzsky , 1936 pdf : 94 . ] .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see leptothorax athabasca for further details\nmychothorax junior synonym of leptothorax : smith , m . r . 1950 : 29 .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see leptothorax crassipilis for further details\nmaterial of the nomen nudum leptothorax melanocephala referred here by mayr , 1855 pdf : 411 .\nmychothorax subgenus of leptothorax : ruzsky , 1905b : 609 ; emery , 1915g : 24 .\n[ leptothorax and mychothorax share the same type - species , synonymy is therefore absolute . ]\nleptothorax acervorum are small ants that can resist extremely cold temperatures and live in regions where temperatures can reach - 40\u00b0c in winter . they live in small colonies made of about 200 workers and a few queens .\n19 . bernadou a , r\u00f6mermann c , gratiashvili n , heinze j ( 2016 ) body size but not colony size increases with altitude in the holarctic ant , leptothorax acervorum . ecol entomol 41 : 733 - 736\n63 . trettin j , seyferth t , heinze j ( 2014 ) behavioral plasticity in ant queens : environmental manipulation induces aggression among normally peaceful queens in the socially polymorphic ant leptothorax acervorum . plos one 9 : e95153\nthe origin of workerless parasites in leptothorax ( s . str . ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae )\nleptothorax acervorum is a non - aggressive ant which avoids most combats with other ants . the workers forage singly , predating small insects or scavenging insect corpses . they are suitable to co - house them with other ants .\nresult of general linear model tests for the second experiment : the effect of manipulation on different life - history traits , whilst accounting for species ( leptothorax acervorum and l . muscorum ) and habitat ( abensberg and innichen )\nthis 5x photo of an ant ( leptothorax acervorum ) carrying its larva received an honorable mention in the 2014 nikon small world photomicrophotography competition , which recognizes excellence in photography with the optical microscope , and was taken by . . .\nresults of general linear model tests for the first experiment : the effect of parasite manipulation on different life - history traits , whilst accounting for habitat heterogeneity ( experimental blocks ) and host species ( leptothorax acervorum and l . muscorum )\nheinze and gratiashvili ( 2015 ) - a phylogenetic analysis suggests that functional monogyny evolved convergently in several lineages of leptothorax . reproductive skew thus appears to be a labile trait . this is made particularly obvious by the existence of both functionally monogynous and polygynous populations of leptothorax acervorum ( heinze et al . 1995 ; gill et al . 2009 ) .\ncitation : trettin j , seyferth t , heinze j ( 2014 ) behavioral plasticity in ant queens : environmental manipulation induces aggression among normally peaceful queens in the socially polymorphic ant leptothorax acervorum . plos one 9 ( 4 ) : e95153 . urltoken\nremarks on the occurrence of leptothorax nylanderi ( f\u00f6rst . ) ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) in poland and its taxonomy\ndiethe ortius , and j\u00fcrgen heinze , \u201cdynamics and consequences of hierarchy formation in the ant leptothorax sp . a , \u201d\nmackay , w . p . 2000 . a review of the new world ants of the subgenus myrafant , ( genus leptothorax ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . sociobiology 36 : 265 - 444 ( page 267 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , formicoxenini )\nsur le polymorphisme social de la fourmi leptothorax nylanderi ( f\u00f6rster ) . ii . \u2212 activit\u00e9 des ouvri\u00e8res et d\u00e9terminisme des castes\nj . heinze , and n . gratiashvili , \u201chigh skew in the caucasus : functional monogyny in the ant leptothorax scamni , \u201d\nthe color of l . athabasca gynes and workers is evenly dark brown , similar to l . acervorum ( but lacking the lighter areas on the body of that species ) , lighter than in the sympatric leptothorax \u201csp . b\u201d , and darker than in l . retractus from the same site .\nthis stacking image of the ant , leptothorax acervorum carrying won honorable mention in the 2014 nikon small world competition . leptothorax acervorum is a model system used to study ant colonies with multiple queens . female reproductives leave the nest and mate with males from other nests . a successful mated queen will typically follow one of two options . she will drop to the ground near her home nest and hope to be \u201cadopted\u201d . adopted queens are carried into the nest by workers . alternatively the a mated queen can disperse to initiate a new colony . the success rate of new colony initiation is low .\nsculpture and pilosity are quite similar to other north american species of leptothorax . some negative characters may be helpful for identification , though :\nj . \u00fcrgen heinze , \u201cthe origin of workerless parasites in leptothorax ( s . str . ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , \u201d\nj . heinze , and b . oberstadt , \u201cworker age , size and social status in queenless colonies of the ant leptothorax gredleri , \u201d\nleptothorax retractus is characterized by a small but clearly visible notch in the anterior margin of the clypeus . this notch lacks in l . athabasca .\nsnelling , r . r . 1986 . new synonymy in caribbean ants of the genus leptothorax ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 88 : 154 - 156 ( page 154 , leptothorax senior synonym of macromischa ( and its junior synonyms antillaemyrmex and croesomyrmex ) )\nleptothorax acervorum colonies were more abundant and larger than l . muscorum colonies in innichen . leptothorax acervorum colonies also contained more queens and exhibited higher total production , but only in innichen . in abensberg , the other host species , l . muscorum , often did better ; for example , it had higher per capita productivity than l . acervorum . this result can be explained by the colder climate of innichen , which is approximately 800 m higher than abensberg , as expected from previous studies of ectotherms in general and ants in particular . in addition , the body size of l . acervorum workers is larger than that of the other host species . colonies in innichen did not contain more queens per se , but l . acervorum , which was more abundant than l . muscorum in innichen , contained , in general , more queens , fitting the expected increase in polygyny in harsher habitats . finally , the average colony size was more than double in innichen compared with abensberg . it should be noted that , in a previous study comparing two populations of l . acervorum , such a climate - dependent difference in colony size was not found ( heinze et al . , 2003 ) . in any case , only a large - scale documentation of colony sizes along the whole geographical range ( and not focusing only on two populations as performed here and in the former study ) will provide strong support for this temperature\u2013size pattern .\npropodeal spine length ( psl , gusten & al . 2006 ) has not been measured in other species of leptothorax . the propodeal spine index ( psi ; epinotal spine index in buschinger 1966 ) can be compared among a few species . in l . athabasca gynes it is 1 . 3 - 1 . 6 ; in l . acervorum ( europe ) 1 . 87 \u00b1 0 . 06 ( buschinger 1966 ) ; in l . muscorum ( europe ) 1 . 73 \u00b1 0 . 09 ( buschinger 1966 ) ; in leptothorax gredleri ( europe ) 1 . 48 \u00b1 0 . 06 ( buschinger 1966 ) ; in leptothorax scamni ( caucasus and northern turkey ) c . 2 . 0 ( heinze & al . 1993 ) ; in leptothorax pocahontas ( canada ) 1 . 7 - 1 . 8 ( buschinger 1979 ) ; and in leptothorax faberi ( canada ) 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 ( buschinger 1983 ) .\nsmith , m . r . 1950a . on the status of leptothorax mayr and some of its subgenera . psyche ( camb . ) 57 : 29 - 30 ( page 29 , leptothorax senior synonym of mychothorax ; [ both have the same type - species , synonymy is therefore absolute ] . )\ns . foitzik , m . stratz , and j . heinze , \u201cecology , life history and resource allocation in the ant , leptothorax nylanderi , \u201d\nthe aims of this study , therefore , were ( i ) to map the distribution of the two social phenotypes of l . acervorum in inner iberian mountains and pyrenees , ( ii ) to analyse the micro - evolutionary history of the two social forms using genetic markers , and ( iii ) to infer the population history of l . acervorum in sw - europe in a broader phylogeographic context .\nleptothorax sp . c ( sensu heinze & buschinger 1987 , heinze 1989b and loiselle & al . 1990 ) , supposed to be the host species of l . pocahontas , is much lighter in coloration . higgins ( year unknown ) suggested that leptothorax sp . c from jasper np is identical to leptothorax muscorum var . septentrionalis wheeler , 1917 , though this taxon still is considered a junior synonym of l . muscorum according to urltoken and bolton & al . ( 2007 ) .\nleptothorax senior synonym of mychothorax : smith , m . r . 1950 : 29 [ both have the same type - species , synonymy is therefore absolute ] .\nintrapopulation nest clusters of maternal mtdna lineages in the polygynous ant leptothorax mec _ 1394 . fm page 2727 tuesday , october 23 , 2001 6 : 43 pm 2728\nsecond experiment . number of queens according to treatment ( parasite - free , sympatric parasite and allopatric parasite plots ) ( a ) and species ( leptothorax acervorum and l . muscorum ) and habitat ( abensberg and innichen ) ( b ) . total production according to treatment ( c ) and species and habitat ( d ) . means \u00b1 standard error are presented .\n39 . heinze j , gratiashvili n ( 2015 ) high skew in the caucasus : functional monogyny in the ant leptothorax scamni . insectes soc 62 : 385 - 392\nmean pairwise migration rates for iberian populations of l . acervorum ( with error bars indicating 95 % cis ) . rates are given as immigration and emigration separately , with respect to pyrenees ( py i and ii )\ncantiacus \u2013 you know more about this species ? by the way , what ant is it on your avatar \u2013 it could actually look a bit like leptothorax or similar .\nbolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 247 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , formicoxenini )\ngt dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in a polygynous ant , leptothorax spinosior and their use for measurement of relatedness . naturwissenschaften 80 : 179\u2013181 - hamaguchi , ito\u0302 , et al . - 1993\nleptothorax acervorum is widely distributed throughout england , wales , scotland and ireland . it is relatively abundant throughout its range from cornwall to northern scotland and can be found quite readily in most areas , apart from extreme urban and intensively agricultural sites . the species is more commonly associated with inland rather than coastal sites . this species occurs from arctic scandinavia south to southern europe , and across asia to japan .\nhey , i have wondered where to buy springtails in europe for a while . they seem like awsome food for temnothorax / leptothorax colonies . where abouts do you get them ? thanks .\nfabricius ' s ( 1793 ) description is at . nylander ( 1846a : 936 ) gave a full description , as myrmica acervorum , this is at . bondroit ( 1918 : 112 ) gave a fuller description , this is at .\nscientists have asked , \u201cwhy has sociality evolved many times in the hymenoptera . one answer proposes that genetic relatedness is key . male hymenoptera have only one set of chromosomes . every female progeny of the male with a single queen will be on average 3 / 4 genetically identical . the half of their genes that come from the male are 100 % identical . the half of the genes that come from the queen are 50 % identical . thus , sociality may be genetically favorable because workers would benefit more from raising sisters ( which are 3 / 4 identical ) than raising their own offspring which would share only 50 % identity . when societies such as leptothorax acervorum have multiple queens , this answer no longer applies because the relatedness of sisters is less than half on average . leptothorax acervorum is studied as a model of a society with low relatedness of workes .\nthe flat and slender mesosoma in the female castes probably represents an adaptation to life in narrow rock crevices . this character corresponds well with the fact that practically all other leptothorax species both in europe and in north america preferably are nesting in dead wood or bark ( leptothorax acervorum in some places also in rock crevices ) , where nest entrances and galleries usually are tubular . the new species seems to have an extremely limited range as far as is known , a phenomenon , however , that appears to be not unusual among the formicoxenini . intensive search in alberta did not reveal any other site where l . athabasca would occur .\nl ' essaimage de quelques fourmis leptothorax : r\u00f4les de l ' \u00e9clairement et de divers autres facteurs . effet sur l ' isolement reproductif et la r\u00e9partition g\u00e9ographique . 2e partie , suite et fin\nmayr , g . 1861 . die europ\u00e4ischen formiciden . nach der analytischen methode bearbeitet . wien : c . gerolds sohn , 80 pp . ( page 57 , leptothorax in myrmicinae [ myrmicidae ] )\nallies ab , bourke afg , franks nr ( 1986 ) propaganda substances in the cuckoo ant leptothorax kutteri and the slave - maker harpagoxenus sublaevis . journal of chemical ecology 12 : 1285 - 1293 .\nfew studies have reported intraspecific tests within ant species . there was no support for the prediction of transactional models of a positive association between skew and relatedness in myrmica tahoensis ( evans , 1995 ) , and data from formica fusca agrees better with predictions of compromise models ( hannonen mt and sundstr\u00f6m l , personal communication ) . in contrast , bourke et al . ( 1997 ) provided supportive data for transactional models by comparing two populations of leptothorax acervorum .\nbolton , b . 1994 . identification guide to the ant genera of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 222 pp . ( page 105 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , formicoxenini )\nkusnezov , n . 1964 [ 1963 ] . zoogeograf\u00eda de las hormigas en sudam\u00e9rica . acta zool . lilloana 19 : 25 - 186 ( page 57 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , myrmicini ( anachronism ) )\n41 . bernadou a , ruther j , heinze j ( 2015 ) avoid mistakes when choosing a new home : nest choice and adoption of leptothorax ant queens . j insect physiol 79 : 88 - 95\nsupplementary material tab . s1 . collecting sites of leptothorax samples , genbank accession numbers of gene sequences , and deposition of voucher specimens [ to be completed in final version ] . ( doc 65 kb )\nr\u00fcppell o , sch\u00e4ffler l , h\u00f6lldobler b ( 2002 ) lack of plasticity in the behaviour of queens of the ant leptothorax rugatulus emery ( formicidae : hymenoptera ) . j insect behav 15 : 447\u2013454 .\nthe evolutionary origin of workerless parasitic ants parasitizing colonies of leptothorax ( s . str . ) is investigated using data on morphology , chromosome number , and allozyme phenotype of both social parasites and their hosts . of the three previously proposed pathways , the evolution of workerless parasites from guest ants or slave - makers is unlikely , at least according to a phenogram obtained by upgma clustering of nei ' s similarities based on seven enzymes , lntraspecific evolution of the workerless parasites doronomyrmex goesswaldi , d . kutteri , and d . pacis from their common host , leptothorax acervorum cannot be excluded with the present data . the workerless parasite l . paraxenus , however , clearly differs from its host , l . cf . canadensis , in morphology and biochemistry , and most probably did not evolve from the latter species . it is proposed to synonymize doronomyrmex under leptothorax ( s . str . ) .\nfrequency of egg eating ( observations per queen during the total observation period , median , quartiles , range ) in colonies of the ant leptothorax acervorum from the low - skew population in n\u00fcrnberger reichswald . individual colonies were subjected to different types of stress ( food reduction f , worker reduction w , or both fw ) or left unmanipulated ( control c ) in two different seasons ( july , i , and september , ii ) . outliers are indicated as circles .\nwheeler , w . m . 1910b . ants : their structure , development and behavior . new york : columbia university press , xxv + 663 pp . ( page 139 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , myrmicini )\nfrequency of queens groomed by workers ( observations per queen and worker during the total observation period , median , quartiles , range ) of the ant leptothorax acervorum from the low - skew population in n\u00fcrnberger reichswald . individual colonies were subjected to different types of stress ( food reduction f , worker reduction w , or both fw ) or left unmanipulated ( control c ) in two different seasons ( july , i , and september , ii ) . outliers are indicated as circles .\nforel , a . 1895b . a fauna das formigas do brazil . bol . mus . para . hist . nat . ethnogr . 1 : 89 - 139 ( page 125 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , myrmicini )\nforel , a . 1917 . cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 51 : 229 - 253 ( page 244 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , leptothoracini )\nemery , c . ; forel , a . 1879 . catalogue des formicides d ' europe . mitt . schweiz . entomol . ges . 5 : 441 - 481 ( page 458 , leptothorax in myrmicinae [ myrmicidae ] )\nfrequency of trophallaxis , i . e . , food exchange , among queens ( observations per queen during the total observation period , median , quartiles , range ) of the ant leptothorax acervorum from the low - skew population in n\u00fcrnberger reichswald . individual colonies were subjected to different types of stress ( food reduction f , worker reduction w , or both fw ) or left unmanipulated ( control c ) in two different seasons ( july , i , and september , ii ) . outliers are indicated as circles .\nwe investigated whether queens from a low - skew population of the ant leptothorax acervorum adjust their behavior towards nestmate queens and the partitioning of reproduction in response to experimentally changed conditions . our data show that experimental manipulation , in particular the reduction of worker numbers , provoked fighting and dominance interactions similar in quality and quantity to those previously observed in high - skew populations of this and other leptothorax species . though the absolute number of queen - queen attacks was low , few and infrequent interactions may suffice to establish clear social and reproductive rank orders among ants ( e . g . , [ 31 ] ) . food reduction alone did not lead to an increase in aggression but resulted in a higher frequency of food begging and food exchange among queens .\nbolton , b . 1982 . afrotropical species of the myrmecine ant genera cardiocondyla , leptothorax , melissotarsus , messor and cataulacus ( formicidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology , 46 : 307 - 370 ( page 319 , leptothorax senior synonym of dichothorax , mychothorax , myrafant ( and its junior synonym icothorax ) , myrmammophilus , nesomyrmex ( and its junior synonyms caulomyrma , goniothorax ( junior homonym ) and limnomyrmex ) , temnothorqax , tetramyrma )\nbingham , c . t . 1903 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . hymenoptera , vol . ii . ants and cuckoo - wasps . london : taylor and francis , 506 pp . ( page 214 , type - species : formica acervorum , by subsequent designatio )\nwheeler , w . m . 1915i [ 1914 ] . the ants of the baltic amber . schr . phys . - \u00f6kon . ges . k\u00f6nigsb . 55 : 1 - 142 ( page 63 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , myrmicini )\nbuschinger , a . and a . schulz . 2008 . leptothorax athabasca sp . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from alberta , canada , an ant with an apparently restricted range . myrmecologische nachrichten . 11 : 243 - 248 . pdf\narnold , g . 1916 . a monograph of the formicidae of south africa . part ii . ponerinae , dorylinae . ann . s . afr . mus . 14 : 159 - 270 ( page 257 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , leptothoracini )\ndalla torre , k . w . von . 1893 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus . vol . 7 . formicidae ( heterogyna ) . leipzig : w . engelmann , 289 pp . ( page 122 , leptothorax in myrmicinae )\nemery , c . 1877b . saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei mirmicidei , e considerazioni sulla filogenesi delle formiche . bull . soc . entomol . ital . 9 : 67 - 83 ( page 81 , leptothorax in myrmicidae , myrmicidae ` )\nleptothorax rugatulus is widespread in the western united states ( creighton , 1950 ) . in our study area ( southern arizona and new mexico ) , it mainly nests under stones or in rock crevices in mixed coniferous forests on mountain ranges . to investigate the pattern of reproduction among leptothorax rugatulus queens , two experimental groups of colonies were established in the laboratory : unmanipulated colonies and artificially mixed groups . both groups comprised colonies with only macrogynes , only microgynes , or both ( mixed colonies ) .\nworkers of l . acervorum forage singly and unobtrusively , mainly in search of carrion , although they may tackle very small and weak invertebrates . homoptera are not actively tended for their honeydew . they forage over the ground and rock surface or amongst fallen dead wood and leaf litter and can often be found taking scraps of food , dead corpses and nest rubbish from around the colonies of other much larger ants such as formica species . they are rarely bothered by the larger ants due to their stealthy and appeasing nature and l . acervorum nests can also often be found in close association with those of other species .\nsupported by deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft ( he1623 / 30 ) and shota rustaveli national science foundation ( 04 / 24 ) . we thank abel bernadou and nina spitzenpfeil for providing sequences of l . gredleri and andreas trindl and j\u00fcrgen trettin for sequences of l . acervorum . three referees made helpful comments on the manuscript .\nideally we should also have performed the opposite experiment , i . e . , trying to induce queen tolerance in colonies from high skew populations of l . acervorum by adding workers or overfeeding the colonies . however , documenting the complete disappearance of a rare behavioral trait is more difficult than documenting its induction . furthermore , queen aggressiveness and reproductive skew appear to vary to some extent among natural colonies of high skew populations of l . acervorum and related species , and not in all studied colonies were queens seen to engage in aggressive interactions [ 19 ] , [ 28 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 49 ] .\nemery , c . 1895l . die gattung dorylus fab . und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 685 - 778 ( page 769 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , myrmicini )\nleptothorax pocahontas has long , tapering hairs and , in the typical case , a smooth and shiny surface ( however ,\ndull\ngynes with shorter hairs have been found and provisionally attributed to this species , cf . buschinger & heinze 1993 ) .\nheinze , j . and n . gratiashvili . 2015 . high skew in the caucasus : functional monogyny in the ant leptothorax scamni . insectes sociaux . 62 : 385 - 392 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00040 - 015 - 0415 - 5\nbuschinger & schulz ( 2008 ) - the habitat is the river bank that sometimes is evidently flooded . a horizontally split , schist - like sandstone cliff is exposed there . the ants were exclusively found in rock crevices , whereas above the flood line a number of related species of leptothorax were dwelling dead wood , or a layer of conifer needles and debris beneath small flat rocks . mainly leptothorax retractus could be found there . close to the river and in the collecting site the coniferous forest was comparatively open .\nheinze , j . 1998 (\n1995\n) . the origin of workerless parasites in leptothorax ( s . str . ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . psyche ( cambridge ) 102 : 195 - 214 . [ 1998 - 03 - 27 ] pdf\nsupplementary material fig . s1 . close up of the nest of leptothorax scamni under spruce bark . the arrow points to the nest cavity with a cluster of larvae . the white material above and below the nest is dried resin . ( jpeg 173 kb )\nhaplotype network of l . acervorum from sw - europe , germany ( d ) and england ( e ) . populations and geographic regions are labelled by different colours . the size of haplotypes is proportional to the number of individuals ( see concentric circles ) and each line between haplotypes represents a single mutational step . included are two extreme divergent haplotypes that differ by 31 ( 23 + 8 ) ( py i ) and 26 ( fr iii ) mutations and a reference sequence of leptothorax kutteri ( lk ) that differ by 32 ( 24 + 8 ) mutations from the core network , respectively\n. . . queen : worker ratios of 1 : 4 or more are commonly observed in high - skew populations of l . acervorum ( e . g . , see figure s1 in trettin et al . 2014 ) . for example , the ratio varied from 1 : 8 to 1 : 4 queens per worker in l . acervorum colonies in japan ( ito 2005 ) , and queen : worker ratios \u22651 : 4 were observed in 25 of 50 colonies from spain ( felke 1999 ; felke and buschinger 1999 ) . therefore , the ratio employed in our study is biologically realistic and resembles natural conditions observed in high - skew popu - lations . . . .\nbuschinger & schulz ( 2008 ) - a detailed differential diagnosis cannot be provided because of the desolate condition of leptothorax taxonomy in north america . a comparison is possible only with a few well - known species and with the sympatric forms in the vicinity of the type locality .\nashmead , w . h . 1905c . a skeleton of a new arrangement of the families , subfamilies , tribes and genera of the ants , or the superfamily formicoidea . can . entomol . 37 : 381 - 384 ( page 383 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , stenammini )\nangelika oppelt , fernanda c . humann , marion fuessl , sergio v . azevedo , david s . marco antonio , juergen heinze , and klaus hartfelder , \u201csuppression subtractive hybridization analysis reveals expression of conserved and novel genes in male accessory glands of the ant leptothorax gredleri , \u201d\nemery , c . 1914e . intorno alla classificazione dei myrmicinae . rend . sess . r . accad . sci . ist . bologna cl . sci . fis . ( n . s . ) 18 : 29 - 42 ( page 42 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , leptothoracini )\ntotal production was higher in allopatric parasite plots than in parasite - free plots ( least - significant difference post hoc test ; fig . 3c ) . species and habitat interacted again to affect total production : l . acervorum had a higher total production in innichen , whereas l . muscorum did better in abensberg ( significant habitat \u00d7 species ' interaction ; fig . 3d ) . habitat and species as main effects were not significant . per capita productivity differed between species ( higher in l . muscorum ) and between habitats ( higher in abensberg ) . the treatment ' s main influence was through a treatment \u00d7 habitat interaction : allopatric parasite plots included more productive colonies than parasite - free plots in abensberg , but treatment had little effect in innichen ( fig . 4a ) . leptothorax muscorum colonies showed higher per capita productivity in abensberg than in innichen , whereas l . acervorum colony per capita productivity did not differ between the habitats ( significant habitat \u00d7 species ' interaction ; fig . 4b ) .\nwe investigated sex allocation in a central european population of the facultatively polygynous ant leptothorax acervorum . the population - wide sex ratio was found to be quite balanced , with a proportional investment in female sexuals of 0 . 49 . sex allocation varied considerably between colonies , resulting in split sex ratios . the productivity of colonies was negatively correlated with queen number and positively with colony size . in contrast , the sex ratio ( proportional investment in female sexuals ) was neither correlated with queen number , colony size , nor total sexual production , but with worker relatedness . the uncoupling of the genetic colony structure and queen number presumably results from frequent queen turnover and colony splitting .\nin social insects , workers of different morphological castes and age are known to act differently . yet , it is unclear how body size and ovarian development influence worker personalities ( i . e . consistent behavioral variation ) and task allocation in similar aged ant workers of monomorphic species . behavioral variation is thought to be a key element of division of labor , but few studies have linked worker personality to task allocation . we investigated individual behavior in leptothorax acervorum ant workers at two time points during the first three months of their life and in two different settings . we observed worker behavior in the nest ( i . e . task allocation ) and in standardized aggression , exploration and brood care experiments ( i . e . personality ) and found behavioral repeatability in foraging and exploration . further , workers acted consistently across settings : workers with a more aggressive and exploratory personality type were more active in the nest . moreover , ovarian development was associated with worker personality and task allocation : older workers with well - developed ovaries foraged less , but were more aggressive and exploratory . in accordance with the typical age - polyethism of social insects , workers became more active and foraged more as they grew older . consequently , our study suggests that task allocation in leptothorax acervorum is not only influenced by ovarian development and age , but moreover by the personalities of its workers\nmultiple mating by queens ( polyandry ) and the occurrence of multiple queens in the same colony ( polygyny ) alter patterns of relatedness within societies of eusocial insects . this is predicted to influence kin - selected conflicts over reproduction . we investigated the mating system of a facultatively polygynous uk population of the ant leptothorax acervorum using up to six microsatellite loci . we estimated mating frequency by genotyping 79 dealate ( colony ) queens and the contents of their sperm receptacles and by detailed genetic analysis of 11 monogynous ( single - queen ) and nine polygynous colonies . results indicated that 95 % of queens were singly mated and 5 % of queens were doubly mated . the corrected population mean mating frequency was 1 . 06 . parentage analysis of adults and brood in 17 colonies ( 10 monogynous , 7 polygynous ) showed that female offspring attributable to each of 31 queens were full sisters , confirming that queens typically mate once . inbreeding coefficients , queen - mate relatedness of zero and the low incidence of diploid males provided evidence that l . acervorum sexuals mate entirely or almost entirely at random . males mated to queens in the same polygynous colony were not related to one another . our data also confirmed that polygynous colonies contain queens that are related on average and that their workers had a mixed maternity . we conclude that the mating system of l . acervorum involves queens that mate near nests with unrelated males and then seek readoption by those nests , and queens that mate in mating aggregations away from nests , also with unrelated males .\nwheeler , w . m . 1922i . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . vii . keys to the genera and subgenera of ants . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 631 - 710 ( page 664 , leptothorax in myrmicinae , leptothoracini )\nthe genus leptothorax may prove particularly important for tests of reproductive partitioning in ants because the relatively small colonies can be collected completely and maintained under seminatural condition in the laboratory ( buschinger , 1974a ) . leptothorax species exhibit a variety of social structures ( bourke and heinze , 1994 ; buschinger , 1974b ) , and remarkable data sets exist on various aspects of their biology ( e . g . , bourke et al . , 1997 ; herbers , 1990 ) . social diversity is also common within leptothorax species : in many cases single - queen ( monogynous ) and multiple - queen ( polygynous ) colonies coexist ( facultative polygyny ; bourke and franks , 1995 ) , which can be attributed to variation in ecological constraints on independent founding ( bourke and franks , 1995 ; herbers , 1993 ) . in some cases , variation in reproductive strategies has led to alternative queen morphs ( buschinger and heinze , 1992 ; heinze and tsuji , 1995 ; r\u00fcppell and heinze , 1999 ) .\nsupplementary material fig . s2 . timing of sexual activity ( median , quartiles of the proportion of active female sexuals ) in 16 colonies of the ant leptothorax scamni . colonies were removed from dark incubators at 15 \u00b0c and exposed to light and room temperature ( 19 \u00b0c ) at 8 : 00 . ( jpeg 23 kb )\nloiselle , r . ; francouer , a . ; fischer , k . ; buschinger , a . 1990 . variations and taxonomic significance of the chromosome numbers in the nearctic species of the genus leptothorax ( s . s . ) ( formicidae : hymenoptera ) . caryologia 43 : 321 - 334 ( page 329 , see also )\nmayr , g . 1865 . formicidae . in : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte\nnovara\num die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 . zoologischer theil . bd . ii . abt . 1 . wien : k . gerold ' s sohn , 119 pp . ( page 20 , leptothorax in myrmicinae [ myrmicidae ] )\nthe disjunct distribution of several palearctic species has been widely shaped by the changes in climatic conditions during the quaternary . the observed genetic differentiation or reproductive isolation between extant populations may be the outcome of their contemporary geographic separation or reproductive incompatibility due to differences in phenotypic traits which have evolved in isolated refugia . in the boreal ant leptothorax acervorum , colonies from central and peripheral populations differ in social structure : colonies from central and northern europe may contain several equally reproductive queens ( facultative polygyny ) , while in colonies from peripheral populations in spain only one the most dominant of several queens lays eggs ( functional monogyny ) . by reconstructing the specie\u2019s evolutionary and demographic history in southwestern europe we examine whether variation in social organization is associated with restricted gene flow between the two social forms .\nthere are several studies with ants that explore the relationship between latitude , altitude , and either colony size or body size ; kaspari & vargo ( 1995 ) , for example , found that extreme latitudes hold larger colonies and they explained this as a strategy to survive winter starvation . this explanation is known as the endurance hypothesis and found support from heinze et al . ( 2003 ) paper where worker size in leptothorax acervorum ( fabricius ) decreases but colony size increases with latitude . porter & hawkins ( 2001 ) however , questioned the application of these results to all social insects . we are unaware of papers studying jame ' s rule ( or bergmann ' s rule in an extended sense ) in social wasps despite that there are several species with wide altitudinal and latitudinal ranges .\nour study demonstrates that queens of l . acervorum from low skew populations are able to react to changes in their social environment . in addition , it highlights the importance of queen - worker ratio for the adjustment of skew and the need for further studies to clarify its role and the role of other factors ( e . g . , egg cannibalism and habitat structure ) in the formation and maintenance of reproductive skew in insect societies .\nanalysis of genetic structure and relationship between and within iberian populations ( for microsatellites ) of l . acervorum . a unrooted neighbour - joining tree using nei ' s d a distance ( bootstrap values given as numbers close to nodes ) . b bayesian assignment analysis with all samples included ( individual membership proportions for k = 2 clusters ) . c bayesian assignment analysis without samples from py ii ( individual membership proportions for k = 4 clusters )\nkin selection theory predicts that social insects should perform selfish manipulations as a function of colony genetic structure . we describe a novel mechanism by which this occurs . first , we use microsatellite analyses to show that , in a population of the ant leptothorax acervorum , workers ' relatedness asymmetry ( ratio of relatedness to females and relatedness to males ) is significantly higher in monogynous ( single\u2013queen ) colonies than in polygynous ( multiple\u2013queen ) colonies . workers rear mainly queens in monogynous colonies and males in polygynous colonies . therefore , split sex ratios in this population are correlated with workers ' relatedness asymmetry . together with significant female bias in the population numerical and investment sex ratios , this finding strongly supports kin\u2013selection theory . second , by determining the primary sex ratio using microsatellite markers to sex eggs , we show that the ratio of male to female eggs is the same in both monogynous and polygynous colonies and equals the overall ratio of haploids ( males ) to diploids ( queens and workers ) among adults . in contrast to workers of species with selective destruction of male brood , l . acervorum workers therefore rear eggs randomly with respect to sex and must achieve their favoured sex ratios by selectively biasing the final caste ( queen or worker ) of developing females .\nsupplementary material fig . s5 . maximum likelihood consensus tree inferred from 523 bp sequences of the nuclear protein - coding gene longwave rhodopsin of leptothorax scamni and related species . figures at the nodes represent the percentage of replicate trees with a particular branching pattern . branches found in less than 50 % of 1000 bootstrap replicates are collapsed . ( pdf 9 kb )\nkin selection theory predicts that social insects should perform selfish manipulations as a function of colony genetic structure . we describe a novel mechanism by which this occurs . first , we use microsatellite analyses to show that , in a population of the ant leptothorax acervorum , workers ' relatedness asymmetry ( ratio of relatedness to females and relatedness to males ) is significantly higher in monogynous ( single - queen ) colonies than in polygynous ( multiple - queen ) colonies . workers rear mainly queens in monogynous colonies and males in polygynous colonies . therefore , split sex ratios in this population are correlated with workers ' relatedness asymmetry . together with significant female bias in the population numerical and investment sex ratios , this finding strongly supports kin - selection theory . second , by determining the primary sex ratio using microsatellite markers to sex eggs , we show that the ratio of male to female eggs is the same in both monogynous and polygynous colonies and equals the overall ratio of haploids ( males ) to diploids ( queens and workers ) among adults . in contrast to workers of species with selective destruction of male brood , l . acervorum workers therefore rear eggs randomly with respect to sex and must achieve their favoured sex ratios by selectively biasing the final caste ( queen or worker ) of developing females .\nsupplementary material fig . s6 maximum likelihood consensus tree inferred from 361 bp sequences of the nuclear protein - coding gene elongation factor 1\u03b1 - f1 of leptothorax scamni and related species . figures at the nodes represent the percentage of replicate trees with a particular branching pattern . branches found in less than 50 % of 1000 bootstrap replicates are collapsed . ( pdf 10 kb )\n. . . unclear . if queens outbreed , and polygyny arises purely by the adoption of daughter queens , relatedness among queens within colonies is predicted to be negatively correlated with colony queen number ( = - = keller 1995 - = - ) . however , we found no relationship between queen number and the relatedness of queens in polygynous colonies of l . acervorum . likewise , heinze et al . ( 1995b ) found no relationship between queen numb . . .\nas studies of reproductive distributions in field collected colonies of leptothorax have proven difficult due to potentially missing queens ( bourke et al . , 1997 ) , we investigated the reproductive distribution among cohabiting leptothorax rugatulus queens in a controlled laboratory experiment . specifically , the influence of intracolonial relatedness and body size of queens on reproductive partitioning were studied . we used unmanipulated colonies to investigate naturally occurring skew , as well as randomly assembled colonies to confront alien queens with each other and control for potential worker nepotism ( i . e . , to exclude the possibility that high skews resulted from workers nepotistically favoring the reproduction of their own mother ) . in addition , we investigated whether queens biased their reproduction toward one particular offspring type , relative to their nest - mate queens .\nsupplementary material fig . s4 . maximum likelihood consensus tree inferred from 646 bp sequences of the mitochondrial co i gene of leptothorax scamni and related species , including additional sequences of l . gredleri . figures at the nodes represent the percentage of replicate trees with a particular branching pattern . branches found in less than 50 % of 1000 bootstrap replicates are collapsed . ( pdf 15 kb )\nin southern germany , the two sibling species meet close to the continental divide in the franconian alb , following the line neumarkt\u2013berching\u2013beilngries\u2013ingolstadt\u2013allershausen\u2013mering ( fig . 1 ) . both species were found syntopically in four collecting sites in this area ( dietfurt , manching , eichst\u00e4tt , berching ) and almost syntopically in velburg , where the two populations are divided by a field approximately 150 m in width . the ranges of both species therefore appear to overlap for at most 25 km . specimens collected further west in germany and other parts of europe were all t . nylanderi , whereas all material collected east and south - east of the contact zone were t . crassispinus . in some areas with apparently suitable habitat ( light forests with pines , beeches , and oaks ) close to the expected contact zone , neither t . crassispinus nor t . nylanderi could be found despite the presence of other ants , which regularly co - occur with the two sibling species in other sites ( e . g . leptothorax gredleri , leptothorax acervorum , temnothorax unifasciatus ) . furthermore , neither t . crassispinus nor t . nylanderi were found in deciduous forests at the northern border of the alps ( kempten , marktoberdorf , schongau , weilheim ; fig . 1 , see also appendix ) .\n. . . ehaviour ( felke & buschinger 1999 ) , suggest that queens mate singly . furthermore , inbreeding coefficients not significantly different from zero are consistent with random mating ( stilleset al . 1991 ; = - = stille & stille 1993 - = - ; seppset al . 1995 ; bourkeset al . 1997 ; heinzeset al . 1995a , b , 2001 ) . field observations suggest that at least somesl . acervorum sexuals mate in large mating aggregations situated away from nests . . .\nsupplementary material fig . s3 . maximum likelihood consensus tree inferred from 820 bp sequences of the mitochondrial co i gene of leptothorax scamni and related species . figures at the nodes represent the percentage of replicate trees with a particular branching pattern . branches found in less than 50 % of 1000 bootstrap replicates are collapsed . functionally monogynous taxa are highlighted by red font . ( pdf 13 kb )\napproximately 10 years ago , seifert ( 1995 , 1996 ) recognized that one of the most common ant species in deciduous forests in central europe actually comprises two morphologically very similar sibling species , temnothorax nylanderi [ formerly leptothorax ( myrafant ) nylanderi f\u00f6rster 1850 ; bolton , 2003 ] and temnothorax crassispinus ( karavajev 1926 ) [ previously leptothorax ( myrafant ) crassispinus ; bolton , 2003 ] . these species probably originated from populations of a common ancestor species in different glacial refugia in southern europe and re - immigrated into central europe after the retreat of glaciation . presently , t . nylanderi is widely distributed throughout deciduous forests in western europe , whereas t . crassispinus inhabits similar habitats in eastern europe ( seifert , 1995 , 1996 ; radchenko , czechowski & czechowska , 1999 ; radchenko , 2000 ) .\nskew within multiple queen colonies is known to vary widely among species ( see keller 1993 ; bourke & franks 1995 ; keller 1995 ) , although relatively little variation has been found within species ( e . g . field et al . 1998 ; reeve et al . 2000 ; fournier & keller 2001 ; seppa et al . 2002 ; sumner et al . 2002 ; hannonen & sundstrom 2003 ; nonacs et al . 2004 ; liebert & starks 2006 ) . in ants with multiple queen colonies , the majority of species have low skew as reproduction is partitioned fairly evenly among queens ; a situation known as polygyny . however , there are species in which a single queen monopolizes all reproduction in multiple queen colonies . this rare social organization , termed functional monogyny ( buschinger 1968 ) , has been reported in just a handful of ant species : formicoxenus hirticornis ( buschinger 1979 ) ; formicoxenus nitidulus ( buschinger & winter 1976 ) ; formicoxenus provancheri ( buschinger 1980 ; heinze et al . 1993 ) ; leptothorax gredleri ( see heinze et al . 1992 ; lipski et al . 1992 ) ; leptothorax species a ( see heinze & buschinger 1989 ; heinze & smith 1990 ) and leptothorax sphagnicolus ( see buschinger & francoeur 1991 ) .\nleptothorax acervorum populations consist of both single queen and multiple queen colonies . we sampled colonies from a potentially functionally monogynous population : orihuela del tremendal , sierra de albarracin , spain , in 2004 ( ot04 ) and 2006 ( ot06 ) . in 2004 , we sampled in june , before eclosion of sexual offspring , and in 2006 , we sampled in october , after eclosion of sexual offspring and mating . we also sampled colonies from a known polygynous population in sherwood forest , uk , in march and october 2007 . to increase the geographical spread of populations sampled for our study of genetic relationships among populations , we collected colonies from an additional five populations : valdelinares , spain ( v ) ; solvorn , norway ( so ) ; umea , sweden ( um ) ; tvarminne , finland ( tv ) and vaasa , finland ( vn ) . we also used workers previously collected from colonies in santon downham , uk ( sd ) ( hammond et al . 2006 ) ."]}
{"id": 2575, "summary": [{"text": "elaeophora elaphi is a nematode parasite found in the blood vessels of the liver in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) in certain parts of spain .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the adult male measures 77 mm long and 549 \u00b5m wide , adult females are 91-109 mm long and 793-1049 \u00b5m wide , and microfilariae ( in utero ) are 225 \u00b5m long .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "though adult e. elaphi induce lesions in the blood vessels , and appear to activate the local immune response , they seldom cause overt clinical symptoms in their hosts . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "elaeophora elaphi", "paragraphs": ["elaeophorosis in red deer caused by elaeophora elaphi : lesions of natural disease . - pubmed - ncbi\nimmunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions associated with elaeophora elaphi parasitism in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) .\nelaeophora elaphi n . sp . ( filarioidea : onchocercidae ) parasite of the red deer ( cervus elaphus ) . with a key of species of the genus elaeophora .\nelaeophora elaphi n . sp . ( filarioidea : onchocercidae ) parasite of the red deer ( cervus elaphus ) with a key of species of the genus elaeophora\nimmunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions associated with elaeophora elaphi parasitism in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nelaeophora elaphi n . sp . ( filarioidea : onchocercidae ) parasite of the red deer ( cervus elaphus ) . with a key of species of the genus elaeophora . - pubmed - ncbi\nelaeophora elaphi - description and life cycle . . . the life cycle of e . . . however , the seasonal cycle of adult e . . . is similar to the seasonal abundance cycle of elaeophora schneideri . . .\ne _ elaphi _ v1 _ 0 _ 4 , gca _ 000499685 . 1\nelaeophorosis , caused by elaeophora elaphi , was observed in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) from toledo province ( spain ) for the first time . adult specimens of elaeophora elaphi were found in the hepatic vessels of nine of 151 red deer between october 1994 and september 1995 ; intensity of infection was two to 18 nematodes per host . adult nematodes were only found\u2026\nthe nematode elaeophora elaphi is a nematode parasite found in the blood vessels of the liver in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) and a sheep ( ovis aries ) in certain parts of spain .\nh\u00f6fle u , vicente j , nagore d , hurtado a , pe\u00f1a a , de la fuente j , gort\u00e1zar c ( 2004 ) the risk of translocating wildlife . pathogenic infection with theileria sp . and elaeophora elaphi in an imported red deer . vet parasitol 126 : 387\u2013395\nelaeophorosis , caused by elaeophora elaphi , was observed in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) from toledo province ( spain ) for the first time . adult specimens of elaeophora elaphi were found in the hepatic vessels of nine of 151 red deer between october 1994 and september 1995 ; intensity of infection was two to 18 nematodes per host . adult nematodes were only found during the period from fall through early spring . no differences were present between sex or age groups . parasites were not found in a limited sample from fallow deer ( dama dama ) . blood samples were negative for the presence of microfilariae .\nwe described a new species of nematode filarioid ( onchocercidae ) parasiting the hepatic vessels of the red deer cervus elaphus . this new species is characterized by the number and disposition of the papillae on the genital area of the male , and the presence and characteristics of an\narea rugosa\nsituated just in front of the ventral impair precloacal papilla . we discussed this new species , giving a key to the identification of all the known species of the genus elaeophora .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nannales de parasitologie humaine et compare\u0301e . ( journal , magazine , 1923 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : annales de parasitologie humaine et compare\u0301e . publisher : paris : masson , [ 1923 ] - 1993 . isbn / issn : 0003 - 4150 oclc : 1481278\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\n# t . 19 , no 4 - 5 - 6 - : encyclop\u00e9die des sciences m\u00e9dico - biologiques . section - - parasitologie\nt . 19 , no 4 - 5 - 6 - : encyclop\u00e9die des sciences m\u00e9dico - biologiques . section - - parasitologie\nannales de parasitologie humaine et compare\u0301e . / ; paris : masson , [ 1923 ] - 1993 .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthe draft genome assembly was produced by the parasite genomic group at the wellcome trust sanger institute , in collaboration with antonio osuna ( universidad de granada ) , using illumina paired - end sequencing followed by an in - house genome assembly pipeline comprising various steps , including contig assembly , scaffolding , gap - filling and error - correction ( helminth genomes consortium , unpublished ) .\nthe gene predictions were made by the parasite genomics group at the wellcome trust sanger institute and wormbase , as part of the 50 helminth genomes initiative ( helminth genomes consortium , unpublished ) . an in - house pipeline was developed that used maker to generate high - quality annotations by integrating evidence from multiple sources : ab initio gene predictions from augustus , genemark - es , and snap ; projected annotation from c . elegans ( using genblastg ) and the taxonomically nearest reference helminth genome ( using ratt ) ; and ests , mrnas and proteins from related organisms aligned to the genome using blast , with refinement of alignments using exonerate .\nunder grant numbers bb / k020080 / 1 and bb / k020048 / 1 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nann parasitol hum comp . 1986 ; 61 ( 4 ) : 457 - 63 .\ncarrasco l 1 , fierro y , s\u00e1nchez - castillejo jm , bautista mj , g\u00f3mez - villamandos jc , sierra ma .\ndepartment of anatomy and comparative pathology , faculty of veterinary medicine , c\u00f3rdoba university , spain .\ncarrasco l 1 , g\u00f3mez - villamandos jc , fierro y , s\u00e1nchez - castillejo jm , bautista mj , p\u00e9rez j .\ndepartamento de anatom\u00eda y anatom\u00eda patol\u00f3gica comparadas , facultad de veterinaria , c\u00f3rdoba , spain .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the proteome identifier ( upid ) is the unique identifier assigned to the set of proteins that constitute the < a href =\nurltoken\n> proteome < / a > . it consists of the characters \u2018up\u2019 followed by 9 digits , is stable across releases and can therefore be used to cite a uniprot proteome . < p > < a href = ' / help / proteome _ id ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhernandez rodriguez , s . ; martinez gomez , f . ; gutierrez palomino , p .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nenter query sequence ( s ) in the text area . it automatically determines the format of the input . to allow this feature , certain conventions are required with regard to the input of identifiers . more . . .\nenter coordinates for a subrange of the query sequence . the blast search will apply only to the residues in the range . sequence coordinates are from 1 to the sequence length . the range includes the residue at the to coordinate . more . . .\nuse the browse button to upload a file from your local disk . the file may contain a single sequence or a list of sequences . the data may be either a list of database accession numbers , ncbi gi numbers , or sequences in fasta format .\nstandard ( 1 ) vertebrate mitochondrial ( 2 ) yeast mitochondrial ( 3 ) mold mitochondrial ; . . . ( 4 ) invertebrate mitochondrial ( 5 ) ciliate nuclear ; . . . ( 6 ) echinoderm mitochondrial ( 9 ) euplotid nuclear ( 10 ) bacteria and archaea ( 11 ) alternative yeast nuclear ( 12 ) ascidian mitochondrial ( 13 ) flatworm mitochondrial ( 14 ) blepharisma macronuclear ( 15 )\nenter one or more queries in the top text box and one or more subject sequences in the lower text box . then use the blast button at the bottom of the page to align your sequences .\nto get the cds annotation in the output , use only the ncbi accession or gi number for either the query or subject . reformat the results and check ' cds feature ' to display that annotation .\nsubject sequence ( s ) to be used for a blast search should be pasted in the text area . it automatically determines the format or the input . to allow this feature there are certain conventions required with regard to the input of identifiers . more . . .\nenter coordinates for a subrange of the subject sequence . the blast search will apply only to the residues in the range . sequence coordinates are from 1 to the sequence length . the range includes the residue at the to coordinate . more . . .\nselect the sequence database to run searches against . no blast database contains all the sequences at ncbi . blast databases are organized by informational content ( nr , refseq , etc . ) or by sequencing technique ( wgs , est , etc . ) . more . . .\nenter organism common name , binomial , or tax id . only 20 top taxa will be shown .\nstart typing in the text box , then select your taxid . use the\nplus\nbutton to add another organism or group , and the\nexclude\ncheckbox to narrow the subset . the search will be restricted to the sequences in the database that correspond to your subset .\nyou can use entrez query syntax to search a subset of the selected blast database . this can be helpful to limit searches to molecule types , sequence lengths or to exclude organisms . more . . .\nmegablast is intended for comparing a query to closely related sequences and works best if the target percent identity is 95 % or more but is very fast .\ndiscontiguous megablast uses an initial seed that ignores some bases ( allowing mismatches ) and is intended for cross - species comparisons .\nblastn is slow , but allows a word - size down to seven bases .\nenter a phi pattern to start the search . phi - blast may perform better than simple pattern searching because it filters out false positives ( pattern matches that are probably random and not indicative of homology ) .\nquickblastp is an accelerated version of blastp that is very fast and works best if the target percent identity is 50 % or more .\npsi - blast allows the user to build a pssm ( position - specific scoring matrix ) using the results of the first blastp run . )\nphi - blast performs the search but limits alignments to those that match a pattern in the query .\ndelta - blast constructs a pssm using the results of a conserved domain database search and searches a sequence database .\nmaximum number of aligned sequences to display ( the actual number of alignments may be greater than this ) .\nexpected number of chance matches in a random model . more . . . expect value tutorial\nlimit the number of matches to a query range . this option is useful if many strong matches to one part of a query may prevent blast from presenting weaker matches to another part of the query . the algorithm is based upon / / urltoken\nassigns a score for aligning pairs of residues , and determines overall alignment score . more . . .\ncost to create and extend a gap in an alignment . more . . .\nmatrix adjustment method to compensate for amino acid composition of sequences . more . . .\nmask regions of low compositional complexity that may cause spurious or misleading results . more . . .\nmask repeat elements of the specified species that may lead to spurious or misleading results . more . . .\nmask query while producing seeds used to scan database , but not for extensions . more . . .\nmask any letters that were lower - case in the fasta input . more . . .\ntotal number of bases in a seed that ignores some positions . more . . .\nupload a position specific score matrix ( pssm ) that you previously downloaded from a psi - blast iteration . you may search a different database than that used to generate the pssm , but you must use the same query . more . . .\nset the statistical significance threshold to include a sequence in the model used by psi - blast to create the pssm on the next iteration .\npseduocount parameter . if zero is specified , then the parameter is automatically determined through a minimum length description principle ( pmid 19088134 ) . a value of 30 is suggested in order to obtain the approximate behavior before the minimum length principle was implemented .\nbaneth g . , barta j . r . , shkap v . , martin d . s . , macintire d . k . , vincent - johnson n . 2000 . genetic and antigenic evidence supports the separation of\ncarre\u00f1o r . a . , kissinger j . c . , mccutchan t . f . , barta j . r . 1997 . phylogenetic analysis of haemosporinid parasites ( apicomplexa : haemosporina ) and their co - evolution with vectors and intermediate hosts .\ncenteno - lima s . , do rosario v . , parreira r . , maia a . j . , freudenthal a . m . , nijhof a . m . , jonjegan f . 2003 . a fatal case of human babesiosis in portugal : molecular and phylogenetic analysis .\ncortes a . , felger i . , beck h . p . 2003 . molecular parasitology of malaria in papua new guinea .\ncriado - fornelio a . , gutierrez - garcia l . , rodriguez - caabeiro f . , reus - garcia e . , roldan - soriano m . a . , diaz - sanchez m . a . 2000 . a parasitological survey of wild red foxes (\ncriado - fornelio a . , mart\u00ednez - marcos a . , buling - sara\u00f1a a . , barba - carretero j . c . 2003 . molecular studies on\ncriado - fornelio a . , gonzalez - del - rio m . a . , buling - sara\u00f1a a . , barba - carretero j . c . 2004 . the \u201cexpanding universe\u201d of piroplasms .\ncriado - fornelio a . , ruas j . l . , casado n . , farias n . , soares p . , muller g . , brum j . g . w . , berne m . e . a . , buling a . , barba - carretero j . c . 2006 . new molecular data on mammalian\ncriado - fornelio a . , rey - valeiron c . , buling a . , barba - carretero j . c . , jefferies r . , irwin p . 2007 . new advances in molecular epizootiology of canine hematic protozoa from venezuela , thailand and spain .\newing s . a . , panciera r . j . 2003 . american canine hepatozoonosis .\nfelsenstein j . 1989 . phylip : phylogeny inference package ( version 3 . 2 ) .\ngaltier n . , gouy m . 1995 . inferring phylogenies from dna sequences of unequal base compositions .\ngarc\u00eda - sanmart\u00edn j . , aurtenetxe o . , barral m . , marco i . , lavin s . , garc\u00eda - p\u00e9rez a . l . , hurtado a . 2007 . molecular detection and characterization of piroplasms infecting cervids and chamois in northern spain .\nhall t . a . 1999 . bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt .\nhofle u . , vicente j . , nagore d . , hurtado a . , pe\u00f1a a . , de la fuente j . , gortazar c . 2004 . the risks of translocating wildlife . pathogenic infection with\nkimura m . 1980 . a simple method for estimating evolutional rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequence .\nkumar s . , tamura k . , nei m . 2004 . mega3 : integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment .\nspp . : pathological and partial 18s rrna sequence analysis from three brazilian dogs .\nreichard m . v . , van den bussche r . a . , mewinkoth j . h . , hoover j . p . , kocan a . a . 2005 . a new species of\nfrom pallas\u2019 cats caught in mongolia and comments on the systematics and taxonomy of piroplasmids .\nrubini a . s . , dos santos paduan k . , perez r . r . , ribolla p . e . , o\u2019dwyer l . h . 2006 . molecular characterization of feline\nthompson j . d . , higgings d . g . , gibson t . j . 1994 . clustal w : improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , positions - specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice .\nvan de peer y . , de wachter r . 1993 . treecon : a software package for the construction and drawing of evolutionary trees .\ncriado - fornelio , a . , buling , a . , casado , n . et al . acta parasit . ( 2009 ) 54 : 187 . urltoken\nmeningeal worm in deer from western nebraska , david w . oates , mauritz c . sterner , ed boyd\none hundred seventy - eight whitetailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) and 275 mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) collected from locker plants in the western 2 / 3 of nebraska ( usa ) in november 1997 were examined for the meningeal worm ( parelaphostrongylus tenuis ) . parelaphostrongylus tenuis was identified in 17 ( 10 % ) of 168 white - tailed deer and in one ( < 1 % ) of 273 mule deer . this is the first naturally occurring infection of p . tenuis recorded in a mule deer .\nelaeophorosis in red deer from spain , m\u00f3nica sant\u00edn - dur\u00e1n , j . m . alunda , j . m . san miguel , eric p . hoberg , c . de la fuente\nmeningeal worm in free - ranging deer in nebraska , david w , oates , mauritz c . sterner , david j . steffen\nthe meningeal worm ( parelaphostrongylus tenuis ) was found in 22 ( 7 % ) of 300 white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) ( 257 adults , 43 fawns ) examined from nebraska ( usa ) during november 1996 . none of 53 mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) ( 47 adults and 6 fawns ) examined were infected . twenty - two white - tailed deer from 18 counties in eastern nebraska were infected with parelaphostrongylus tenuis . this is the first record of p . tenuis in white - tailed deer from this state .\nabsence of tuberculosis in free - ranging deer in nebraska , david j . steffen , david w . oates , mauritz c . sterner , vickie l . cooper\nlymph nodes from 271 white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) and mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) in nebraska ( usa ) were examined microscopically for tuberculoid lesions . lymph nodes lesions in at least one node were found in 12 deer . lesions were examined with zeihl - neelson acid fast stains and by polymerase chain reactions using m . bovis specific probes . no evidence of tuberculosis was found . the small granulomatous lesions were likely caused by other bacteria .\nwhen an appropriate fish host is selected , analysis of its parasites offers a useful , reliable , economical , telescoped indication or monitor of environmental health . the value of that information increases when corroborated by another non - parasitological technique . the analysis of parasites is not necessarily simple because not all hosts serve as good models and because the number of species , presence of specific species , intensity of infections , life histories of species , location of species in hosts , and host response for each parasitic species have to be addressed individually to assure usefulness of the tool . also , different anthropogenic contaminants act in a distinct manner . . .\nhelminth parasitism in martens ( martes americana ) and ermines ( mustela erminea ) from washington , with comments on the distribution of trichinella spiralis , eric p . hoberg , keith b . aubry , j . david brittell\nhelminth parasitism in martens ( martes americana ) and ermines ( mustela erminea ) from washington , with comments on the distribution of trichinella spiralis , eric p . hoberg , keith b . aubry , j . david brittell\nhelminths are reported for the first time from ermines ( mustela erminea ) and martens ( martes americana ) in washington , usa . among 22 adult ermines , 41 % were infected by one or more of five species ( taenia mustelae , alaria mustelae , molineus patens , m . mustelae , and trichinella spiralis ) . among 78 adult martens from three geographic localities , the prevalence was 83 % . nine species were identified ( mesocestoides sp . , t . mustelae and t . martis americana , e uryhelmis squamula , m . patens , baylisascaris devosi , physaloptera sp . , soboliphyme baturini , and t . spiralis ) . trichinella spiralis occurred with a maximum prevalence of 50 % in martens , but only occurred in 9 % of ermines . compression . . .\nhelminth parasites of northern spotted owls ( strix occidentalis caurina ) from oregon , eric p . hoberg , g . s . miller , e . wallner - pendleton , o . r . hedstrom\nhelminth parasites of northern spotted owls ( strix occidentalis caurina ) from oregon , eric p . hoberg , g . s . miller , e . wallner - pendleton , o . r . hedstrom\nhelminth parasites are reported for the first time from northern spotted owls . seventyone percent of a sample of strix occidentalis caurina from western oregon was infected . nematodes ( porrocaecum depressum , capillaria falconis , microtetrameres sp . and synhimantus hamatus ) were the most prevalent parasites although cestodes ( paruterina rauschi ) and acanthocephalans ( centrorhynchus conspectus ) were also represented . there was an association between components of this helminth fauna and the diet of spotted owls which is dominated by small rodents . the occurrence of p . rauschi rather than p . candelabraria in this geographic region and host - species may provide additional support for recognition of a parapatric distribution in . . .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nmoose ( alces alces ) are a culturally and economically valued species in minnesota , where the northeast population has decreased by 60 % since 2006 . the cause of the decline is currently unclear ; however , parasites , predation , and climate change have all been implicated . nematode parasites are important pathogens in north american moose , potentially causing severe disease and mortality . recent spread of rumenfilaria andersoni , a filarioid nematode of moose , has been documented in finnish cervids ; however , little is known about the epidemiology of this parasite in north america .\nto investigate the prevalence and distribution of r . andersoni , 584 blood samples were collected from live - captured and dead animals and screened microscopically for the presence of microfilariae using a modified knott\u2019s test . microfilariae were identified based on morphological characteristics . a subset of knott\u2019s - positive animals was subjected to polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) with filarioid - specific primers targeting the first internal transcribed spacer region ( its - 1 ) of the rrna gene cluster .\nrumenfilaria microfilariae were present in 20 . 5 % of minnesota moose ( n = 352 ) , with slight fluctuations observed over four years . minnesota white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) ( n = 2 ) and moose ( n = 44 ) from alaska , montana , washington , maine , and new hampshire also harbored r . andersoni , suggesting this parasite occurs widely throughout north american moose herds , and white - tailed deer can serve as a patent host . sequence analysis of cervid blood ( moose , n = 15 ; white - tailed deer , n = 1 ) confirmed the identity of r . andersoni and revealed the existence of two distinct clades . genetic comparisons of r . andersoni isolates from north america and semi - domesticated finnish reindeer found the two groups to be closely related , supporting previous hypotheses that r . andersoni was recently introduced into finland by the importation of deer from the united states .\nto the best of our knowledge these observations represent the first report of r . andersoni within the contiguous united states and reveal this nematode as a common parasite of north american moose and white - tailed deer . although the implications of r . andersoni infection on moose health is unclear , increased awareness of this parasite will help prevent unintentional introduction of r . andersoni into na\u00efve populations via the translocation of wild and captive cervids .\n] . to prevent further loss of this species and natural resource , a better understanding of the minnesota moose herd\u2019s overall health , as well as an understanding of the potential drivers of mortality , is urgently needed .\n) . the species belongs to the family onchocercidae , which is a group of filarioid nematodes transmitted by hematophagous arthropods . although the exact details of the\nlife - cycle have yet to be elucidated , all adult filarioids of the family onchocercidae produce larval stages called microfilariae that reside in the circulatory system of the definitive cervid host . when an arthropod intermediate host ( vector ) obtains a blood meal and ingests the microfilariae , the microfilariae unsheathe , penetrate the vector\u2019s gut wall , and develop to an infectious larval stage within the vector\u2019s hemocoel . extrinsic development is completed when infectious larvae are inoculated into a definitive host by the vector during a subsequent blood meal .\nthe main objective of this study was to investigate the eco - epidemiology of r . andersoni in minnesota moose compared to other north american herds . to accomplish this , we explored the basic epidemiology of this parasite , including the identification of other patent host species , geographical distribution , prevalence of infection , and host demographics by collecting parasitological samples across spatial and temporal scales . we also performed the first genetic characterization and comparison of r . andersoni isolates to provide a basis for future population genetics studies . these data will contribute to a greater understanding of r . andersoni biology and provide baseline epidemiological data for future reference and research .\nwithin the minnesota moose population , 352 blood samples were collected between 2012 and 2015 . blood was collected from either hunter - killed animals , opportunistic mortalities , or live - captured animals and placed into 5 - ml edta blood tubes . a limited number of blood samples were also obtained from hunter - harvested wild elk\nfrom washington . whenever possible , the age , sex , and geographical location of the animal was noted . animals were classified as calves ( < 1 year of age ) , yearlings ( 1 to < 2 years of age ) , or adults ( \u2265 2 years old ) . blood samples ( 1 ml / animal ) were refrigerated and shipped to the molecular parasitology laboratory at the university of tennessee college of veterinary medicine to identify the presence of\nprevalence of r . andersoni microfilariae ( rmf ) in blood samples drawn from free - ranging cervids . prevalence is defined as the percentage of samples that tested rmf - positive using a modified knott\u2019s test . error bars represent 95 % confidence intervals . a prevalence of rmf in three species of minnesota cervids ( moose , n = 352 ; elk , n = 14 ; white - tailed ( wt ) deer , n = 36 ) . blood samples were collected over a four - year period for moose and a two - year period for elk and deer . fisher\u2019s exact test ; p = 0 . 013 . b comparison of rmf prevalence in minnesota moose over time ( 2012 , n = 67 ; 2013 , n = 160 ; 2014 , n = 69 ; 2015 , n = 56 ) . fisher\u2019s exact test ; p = 0 . 607 . c comparison of rmf prevalence in moose from several u . s . states ( mn , n = 352 ; nh , n = 16 ; me , n = 14 ; mt , n = 73 ; wa , n = 16 ; ak , n = 27 ) . fisher\u2019s exact test ; p = 0 . 013 . d image of rmf from minnesota moose blood . sample was stained with methylene blue and viewed with a bright light microscope at 200\u00d7 magnification . scale - bar : 20 \u03bcm\nprevalence of r . andersoni within cervid populations was estimated for each cervid species based on the modified knott\u2019s test results . blood samples were categorized as rmf positive based on the presence of microfilariae with morphological features consistent with r . andersoni identified via the modified knott\u2019s test described above . animals with no microfilariae present or microfilariae morphologically distinct from r . andersoni were categorized as rmf negative . to determine if r . andersoni prevalence differed between geographical locations , a pearson\u2019s \u03c7 2 test or fisher\u2019s exact test was used with bonferroni correction ( p \u2264 0 . 012 ) . the minnesota moose population was further analyzed by comparing prevalence between age class , sex , and sample year using the pearson\u2019s \u03c7 2 test or fisher\u2019s exact test with bonferroni correction ( p \u2264 0 . 012 ) . statistical analyses were performed with spss software version 23 . 0 ( ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) .\nwere selected for molecular analysis . dna was extracted using the zr fecal dna kit ( zymogen , irvine , ca , usa ) according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . nuclease - free water served as the dna extraction control . rmf dna was amplified using a previously described semi - nested pcr protocol targeting the first internal transcribed spacer region ( its - 1 ) of the rrna gene cluster [\nnematode ( ra - f3 ) isolated from a finnish reindeer and nuclease - free water served as the positive and negative pcr controls , respectively . the pcr products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and viewed under uv light . pcr amplicons around 600 bp were excised using a clean razor blade and the pcr product purified using the qiaquick gel extraction kit ( qiagen , valencia , ca , usa ) . the its - 1 pcr product was then cloned into a pgem - t easy vector ( promega , madison , wi , usa ) and transformed into competent dh5\u03b1\ncells ( invitrogen , grand island , ny , usa ) via a 40 - second heat shock at 42 \u00b0c . transformed cells were cultivated in s . o . c . medium ( life technologies , grand island , ny , usa ) for 1 . 5 h at 30 \u00b0c with shaking . the transformed cells ( 100 \u03bcl ) were then plated on luria broth agar plates containing 1 \u03bcg / ml carbenicillin and 100 \u03bcl chromomax iptg / x - gal solution ( thermo fisher scientific , waltham , ma , usa ) as a top dressing . cultures were incubated 24\u201348 h at 30 \u00b0c ; single , white colonies were selected with a sterile toothpick and grown overnight in 5 ml luria broth with 1 \u03bcg / ml carbenicillin . cultures were centrifuged and the supernatant removed . plasmids were purified from the remaining cell pellet using the qiagen spin miniprep plasmid kit ( qiagen ) following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . to confirm the presence of the filarioid its - 1 pcr product insert , the plasmids were digested with ecor1 restriction enzyme ( thermo fisher scientific ) and examined via gel electrophoresis for multiple bands . plasmids containing an insert of approximately 600 bp were sequenced at the university of tennessee\u2019s genomics core ( knoxville , tn , usa ) .\nall 18s and its - 1 consensus sequence chromatograms were trimmed and edited by hand using sequencher 5 . 3 ( gene codes corporation , ann arbor , mi , usa ) . edited sequences were compared against the few known sequences for filarioid nematodes from cervid hosts in the ncbi genbank database . genetic data was also compared with sequences obtained from adult reference nematodes ( table\n) , which had been identified morphologically and subjected to dna extraction and pcr amplification in our laboratory , as described above . alignment and construction of neighbor - joining trees of its - 1 and 18s filarioid worm sequences was performed using mega 6 . 0 [\nadult nematodes were identified based on morphological characteristics . geographial origin and host species refer to the place and host from which the nematode was isolated . dna target refers to the targeted gene sequence ( 18s rrna or its - 1 ) that was amplified\nprevalence of r . andersoni in free - ranging cervids of minnesota and other u . s . states\nduring 2012\u20132015 , rmf occurred in 20 . 5 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ ci ] : 16 . 3\u201324 . 7 % ;\n= 0 . 104 ) . rmf were also detected in minnesota white - tailed deer , with an overall prevalence of 5 . 6 % ( 95 % ci : 0\u201313 . 1 % ;\n) . over the 4 - year sampling period , rmf prevalence in the minnesota moose varied slightly , ranging from 22 . 5 % ( 95 % ci : 16 . 0\u201329 . 0 % ;\nrmf were also observed in all other surveyed moose populations , including those in maine at 21 . 4 % ( 95 % ci : 0\u201342 . 9 % ;\n= 14 ) , new hampshire at 25 . 0 % ( 95 % ci : 3 . 8\u201346 . 2 % ;\n= 16 ) , and alaska at 40 . 7 % ( 95 % ci : 22 . 2\u201359 . 2 % ;\n= 0 . 013 ) . moreover , we failed to observe rmf in any of the alaskan caribou blood samples or in mule or white - tailed deer from washington .\n) . moose isolates varied in geographical origin , with five from montana , eight from minnesota , and two from maine . attempts to amplify additional isolates were not successful . sequences obtained from a morphologically confirmed\nadult nematode ( ra - f3 ) isolated from a finnish reindeer served as the standard .\nrumenfilaria andersoni its - 1 target dna sequences amplified from cervid blood . unless otherwise indicated , isolates were obtained from moose ( alces alces )\noverall , the rmf its - 1 sequences were at - rich , with multiple sections of repeats with variations in length between isolates . phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the its - 1 sequences obtained from the rmf - positive blood clustered with the ra - f3 standard , branching into two distinct\n) . the minnesota isolates had representatives clustering into both clades , which we simply denoted as clades a and b . all montana isolates and six minnesota isolates clustered into clade a , which also contained the ra - f3 standard . clade b contained both maine isolates and two minnesota isolates . isolates of clades a and b had a mean difference of 0 . 038 ( se = 0 . 007 ) base substitutions per base pair . within clades , isolates had a mean difference of 0 . 015 ( clade a , se = 0 . 003 ; clade b , se = 0 . 004 ) base substitutions per base pair for both clades a and b .\nphylogenetic analysis of its - 1 sequences obtained from rmf - positive blood samples from cervid hosts . sequences of 609 base pairs were aligned using clustalw , and the evolutionary history was inferred using the neighbor - joining method . evolutionary distances were computed using the kimura 2 - parameter method . the tree is drawn to scale . bootstrap values ( \u00d71000 ) greater than 50 % are shown above the branches . rmf isolates are marked with solid boxes ; its - 1 clades a and b are labelled . ra - f3 (\nserve as reference standards . genbank accession numbers for all isolates are listed in tables\nin addition to rmf , another morphologically distinct group of microfilariae was observed in 1 . 4 % ( 5 / 352 ) of minnesota moose . these microfilariae were characterized by blunt , rounded heads and long , thinly tapered tails , measuring between 285 and 315 \u03bcm long and 5\u20137 . 5 \u03bcm wide ( fig .\n) . dual infection with rmf and non - rmf microfilariae was observed in a single minnesota moose . to identify this unknown filarioid , we attempted to sequence a portion of the 18s rrna gene using nematode - wide primers from the five positive minnesota moose blood samples [\n] . only one blood sample was successfully pcr amplified . a comparison of 796 base pairs from the unknown filarioid and 18s sequences from our reference nematodes ( table\nimage of unidentified microfilaria observed in blood from minnesota moose . sample was stained with methylene blue and image taken under a bright light microscope at 200\u00d7 magnification .\n) and other known filarioid parasites of ungulates , with history inferred using the neighbor - joining method and evolutionary distances computed using the kimura 2 - parameter method . tree is drawn to scale . bootstrap values ( \u00d71000 ) are shown above branches . genbank accession numbers for all isolates are listed in tables\nsuggests the geographical range of this filarioid nematode is much more extensive than was previously appreciated . rmf were detected in all of the wild moose herds we sampled , including herds geographically isolated from one another ( fig .\nand / or its preferred vector may be more highly adapted to subarctic climates , proliferating more easily in a colder environment . the recent rapid expansion of\n] supports this hypothesis , but additional evidence is needed to substantiate this claim . further research on moose densities , vector distribution and competency , and distribution of other possible definitive hosts of\nwill be useful in understanding if the parasite is more adapted to subarctic climates or if it is strictly a host and / or vector density - dependent mechanism .\noccurs in white - tailed deer , and deer can serve as a definitive host for the filarioid ( fig .\n] . the authors observed 22 % of the deer surveyed in finland were rmf - positive , higher than the 5 . 6 % prevalence value observed in deer from minnesota . as mentioned above , it is possible the parasite is better adapted to subarctic environments , thus explaining the lower parasite prevalence at the more southern latitude ; however , a larger sample size along a latitudinal gradient would be needed to properly address that particular hypothesis .\nin addition to white - tailed deer , our survey included specimens from caribou , elk , and mule deer from various geographical locales . we were unable to find evidence of\nin our alaskan caribou specimens may be due to an insufficient sample size rather than a lack of host - parasite co - adaptation . additionally , the number of elk and mule deer surveyed may have been insufficient , resulting in no rmf detected in the modified knott\u2019s test ; however , it is also possible these species are not suitable hosts for the nematode . further sampling will better characterize\nin their mammalian hosts . timing of sample collection could significantly influence estimated prevalence values , potentially causing early - stage infections to be missed or causing false negatives with the synchronous influx of microfilariae into general circulation that coincides with circadian rhythms [\n] . furthermore , the modified knott\u2019s test is unable to detect infections with nematodes of a single sex due to the female filarioid being unable to mate and produce progeny . at this time , the only alternative method to estimate prevalence would be to grossly examine host carcasses for the presence of adult\n, presumably in the lymphatic vessels of the rumen ; however , in addition to being a laborious and tedious process , fresh wildlife carcasses can be difficult to obtain .\nnematodes , we compared its - 1 sequences obtained from rmf - positive blood samples ( fig .\nin north america , with all montana isolates associating with clade a and all maine isolates falling into clade b . interestingly , minnesota isolates have representatives in both clades . possible reasons for the mixed clades in minnesota include potential overlapping rmf populations or previous cervid translocation events . it is also possible multiple paratypes of\npopulations exist ; however , a dual dna - based and adult morphological study will be needed to identify if there is a distinct relationship between caudal papillae phenotypes and phylogenetic assortment . furthermore , studies comparing\nreference nematode\u2019s ( ra - f3 ) its - 1 sequence clustered into clade a with isolates from minnesota and montana ( fig .\nresulted from the introduction of non - native white - tailed deer from north america , specifically the u . s . state of minnesota . five deer , one male and four females , were imported into southern finland in 1935 as a gift from finnish immigrants from northern minnesota [\nnematodes\u2019 ancestors originated from minnesota , we would expect the finnish its - 1 sequences to be similar to those of north american specimens , especially those of minnesota ; conversely , we would expect significant genetic variation if the finnish population had an extended history of geographical distribution and isolation in fennoscandia . our data demonstrate a lack of divergence between these isolates , indicating that a more recent , anthropogenically - driven introduction of the parasite occurred , supporting the minnesota theory , rather than an introduction coinciding with the geographical colonization by moose from central europe and russia after the last glaciation , approximately 10 , 000 years ago [\nin addition to the presence of rmf , our data revealed another filarioid circulating within the minnesota moose herd ( fig .\nis likely widespread amongst north american moose herds . this parasite can cause a wide range of disease in cervids . mild fibrin formation on serosal surfaces has been reported in\ninfections within moose populations have not been studied . thus , it is unknown the impact\nand declining populations of moose . no significant difference in rmf prevalence was observed between the minnesota moose herd , which is exhibiting a severe population decline [\ndoes not appear to have an obvious association with declining moose populations . at this time , it is still unknown what impact , if any ,\ninfection may have on the health of the moose host . laaksonen et al . , in 2010 , observed macroscopic inflammatory changes within the ruminal lymphatic vessels of infected finnish reindeer [\n] ; however , there have yet to be any reports of pathological changes associated with moose . given the high prevalence of rmf in moose and the high prevalence and intensity of rmf in finnish reindeer , future studies on potential subclinical and clinical disease is warranted . it is reasonable to hypothesize that infection with\nhas a metabolic cost , and it is possible that heavy worm burdens or systemic microfilaremia would result in adverse health effects , potentially rendering the host more susceptible to other infectious agents or poor body condition , but future studies will be required to assess the validity of these hypotheses .\nis a nematode widespread throughout moose herds of north america . in addition to moose , white - tailed deer appears to be a natural , definitive host of this parasite . recognizing the geographical distribution and host range of this filarioid is especially important for preventing the introduction of\ninto na\u00efve populations by translocation of animals by state conservation agencies or commercial hunting businesses . our genetic comparison of\ninfection can lead to clinical or subclinical disease . continued efforts to document this parasite in cervid hosts will help to provide clarity on this topic .\nreference nematodes were generously donated by kimberlee beckmen at the alaskan department of wildlife , fish and game and john henningsen at the wyoming state veterinary laboratory . the authors also thank nick decesare of the montana fish and wildlife department , ella rowan and kristin mansfield of the washington state department of fish and wildlife , lee kantar of maine department of inland fisheries and wildlife , anne lichtenwalner of the university of maine , and henry jones of the university of new hampshire for providing cervid blood samples for analysis . we thank ann reed at the university of tennessee institute of agriculture for statistical consultation . we also thank roger moon of the department of entomology at the university of minnesota , for his helpful comments while preparing this manuscript , and misty bailey ( funded by the university of tennessee college of veterinary medicine ) for technical editing of the manuscript . this work was partially supported by the minnesota department of natural resources section of wildlife and the university of tennessee department of biomedical and diagnostic sciences . finnish samples were collected as part of the project \u201creindeer health in the changing environment , \u201d funded by the finnish ministry of agriculture and forestry ( makera ) and the eurgnegvec cost action td1303 . fellowship funding for cg was provided by the university of tennessee department of microbiology .\nthis work was partially supported by the minnesota department of natural resources section of wildlife and the university of tennessee department of biomedical and diagnostic sciences . finnish samples were collected as part of the project \u201creindeer health in the changing environment , \u201d funded by the finnish ministry of agriculture and forestry ( makera ) and the eurgnegvec cost action td1303 . fellowship funding for graduate student ( cg ) was provided by the university of tennessee department of microbiology .\nthe datasets supporting the conclusions of this article have been included within the article . genetic sequence data has been submitted to the genbank ( national center for biotechnology information ) database under accession numbers kt020850 , kt031392\u2013kt031393 ; kt873719\u2013kt873733 ; kt878970\u2013kt878979l ; and ku757075\u2013ku757077 .\ncg and rg conceived and designed the study and drafted the manuscript . cg and je performed the modified knott\u2019s tests and molecular analysis of reference nematodes . cg completed all genetic analysis of rmf isolates . mc and eh orchestrated and oversaw collection of minnesota cervid samples and drafting of the manuscript . ao and sl collected finnish samples and were active in writing the manuscript . all authors were involved in analyses of data , and reviewed and approved the final manuscript .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .\ndecesare nj , smucker td , garrott ra , gude ja . moose management in montana . alces . 2014 ; 50 : 35\u201351 .\nmonteith kl , klaver rw , hersey kr , holland aa , thomas tp , kauffman mj . effects of climate and plant phenology on recruitment of moose at the southern extent of their range . oecologia . 2015 ; 178 : 1137\u201348 .\nrines km . new hampshire moose assessment 2015 . concord : new hampshire department of fish and game ; 2015 .\ndel giudice gd . aerial moose survey . st . paul : minnesota department of natural resources ; 2015 .\nmurray dl , cox ew , ballard wb , whitlaw ha , lenarz ms , custer tw , et al . pathogens , nutritional deficiency , and climate influences on a declining moose population . wildl monogr . 2006 ; 166 : 1\u201329 .\nwunschmann a , armien ag , butler e , schrage m , stromberg b , bender jb , et al . necropsy findings in 62 opportunistically collected free - ranging moose (\n) from minnesota , usa ( 2003\u20132013 ) . j wildl dis . 2015 ; 51 : 157\u201365 .\nmech ld , fienberg j . re - evaluating the northeastern minnesota moose decline and the role of wolves . j wildl manag . 2014 ; 78 : 1143\u201350 .\ncarstensen m , hildebrand ec , plattner d , dexter mh , jennelle c , wright rg . determining cause - specific mortality of adult moose in northeast minnesota . in : cornicelli m , carstensen m , grund m , larsen m , lawrence j , editors . summaries of wildlife research findings . st . paul : minnesota department of natural resources ; 2015 . p . 161\u201371 .\nlenarz ms , nelson me , schrage mw , edwards aj . temperature mediated moose survival in northeastern minnesota . j wildl manag . 2009 ; 73 ( 4 ) : 503\u201310 .\nsmith hj , archibald rm . moose sickness , a neurological disease of moose infected with the common cervine parasite ,\nlaaksonen s , kuusela j , nikander s , nylund m , oksanen a . outbreak of parasitic peritonitis in reindeer in finland . vet rec . 2007 ; 160 : 835\u201341 .\nn . gen . , n . sp . ( nematoda : filarioidea ) in moose from northwestern ontario , canada . can j zool . 1982 ; 60 : 2455\u20138 .\nkutz sj , ducrocq j , verocai gg , hoar bm , colwell dd , beckmen kb , et al . parasites in ungulates of arctic north america and greenland : a view of contemporary diversity , ecology , and impact in a world under change . adv parasitol . 2012 ; 79 : 164\u20135 .\nlaaksonen s , saari s , nikander s , oksanen a , bain o . lymphatic dwelling filarioid nematodes in reindeer\nlankester & snider , 1982 . ( nematoda : onchocercidae : splendidofilariinae ) . parasite . 2010 ; 17 : 23 .\n( filarioidea ; splendidofilariinae ) , is an emerging parasite in finnish cervids . parasit vectors . 2015 ; 8 : 282 .\nadcock jl , hibler cp . vascular and neuro - opthalmic pathology of elaeophorosis in elk . pathol vet . 1969 ; 6 : 185\u2013213 ."]}
{"id": 2577, "summary": [{"text": "cholornis is a genus of passerine birds in the sylviidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : brown parrotbill ( cholornis unicolor ) three-toed parrotbill ( cholornis paradoxa )", "topic": 26}], "title": "cholornis", "paragraphs": ["other synonyms catalan : paradoxorni unicolor czech : s\u00fdkorice jednobarv\u00e1 , s\u00fdko\u0159ice \u0161edoprs\u00e1 danish : brun papeg\u00f8jen\u00e6b german : einfarb - papageimeise , einfarb - papageischnabel english : brown parrotbill , brown suthora spanish : picoloro casta\u00f1o , picoloro unicolor spanish ( spain ) : picoloro unicolor finnish : ruskokekonokka , ruskonokkatimali french : paradoxornis unicolore italian : becco a cono bruno , psittorinco bruno japanese : himarayadarumaenaga japanese : \u30d2\u30de\u30e9\u30e4\u30c0\u30eb\u30de\u30a8\u30ca\u30ac latin : cholornis unicolor , h [ eteromorpha ] . unicolor , paradoxornis unicolor lithuanian : rudasis storasnapis latvian : br\u016bnais apa\u013ckn\u0101b\u012btis dutch : bruine diksnavelmees norwegian : brunbuttnebb polish : ogoniatka brazowa , ogoniatka br\u0105zowa russian : \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 , \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 slovak : sutora hned\u00e1 swedish : brun papegojn\u00e4bb chinese : \u8910\u9e26\u96c0 chinese ( traditional ) : \u8910\u9d09\u96c0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nwith which it is frequently synonymized ( e . g . aym\u00ed & gargallo , 2006 ) . however , mtdna studies show it to be quite distinct ( olsson et al , 2013 ) . whether this represents a case of convergent evolution or misleading gene tree , remains to be resolved . the taxonomy of the entire lesser whitethroat complex may require revision .\nstatus of allospecies of lesser whitethroat complex uncertain ( shirihai et al . 2001 , parkin & knox 2010 )\nas allospecies comparable to desert and hume ' s { mountain ) whitethroats ; parkin & knox 2010 don ' t recognize .\nstatus of allospecies of lesser whitethroat complex uncertain ( shirihai et al . 2001 , parkin & knox 2010 ) . monotypic . includes\n( shirihai et al . 2001 ) ; recognized by aerc - tac , bli .\n( bairlein et al . 2006 , sangster et al . 2012 , aerc - tac )\nis regarded as an invalid taxon based on an aberrant individual . aym\u00ed & gargallo , 2006 .\nare only slight compared to moltoni\u2019s warbler ( brambilla et al 2008 ) . treat as subspecies of\n( shirihai 2001 , bairlein et al . 2006 , bli ) ; restore established name parisoma ( 2 . 9 )\n( shirihai 2001 , bairlein et al . 2006 , bli ) . correct original spelling of species group epithet is\nand moved to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )\nfulvettas and moved to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )\nleader , carey & holt , 2013 ) . change english name from chinese hill warbler to beijing babbler with split of tarim babbler\ntarim babbler is split form ' beijing babbler ' ( leader et al . 2013 )\nmove wrentit from timaliidae to sylviidae next to parrotbills ( gelang et al . 2009 )\npenhallurick 2010 ) . species group epithet requires gender agreement . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\nsplit of yunnan parrotbill under review ( deignan 1964 , robson 2007 , penhallurick & robson 2009 , yeung et al . 2011 )\n( cibois et al . 2003 ) ; retain as family zosteropidae pending full revision of babbler taxa\nmove yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al . 2003 , moyle et al . 2009 ) ; recognition of separate clades under review .\n( collar & robson 2007 , bli ) ; move to zosteropidae ( moyle et al . 2009 )\naf : se nigeria to sw central african republic and n gabon , bioko i .\non bioko is ( fry et al . 2000 , cox 2013 , cox et al . 2014 ) .\nnumerous islands in the moluccas , aru is . ( off sw new guinea )\nmany islands in e lesser sundas , tanimbar is . , islands in the torres strait and islands off ne australia\nfrom bare - ringed white - eye to rennell white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nfrom yellow - billed white - eye to gizo white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nfrom splendid white - eye white - eye to ranongga white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nfrom new georgia white - eye to solomons white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\n( moyle et al . 2009 , h & m4 , but see h & m4 : 644 , mees 1955 re use of rendovae )\nfrom hermit white - eye to kolombangara white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\n( ramsay , ep , 1882 ) follows mees , 1955 , 1961 and van balen 2008 ( hbw 13 ) .\nramsay , published after january 1882 are all based on the same type specimen . ( r . schodde , in litt ) .\nfrom sulphur white - eye to small lifou white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nfrom forest white - eye to large lifou white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nretain english name cape white - eye ( hockey , dean & ryan eds 2005 ) . use of\nincludes geotgraphically , morphologically and genetically distinct that are geographically separated by extremely narrow hybrid zones ( delahaie et al . 2017 )\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 585 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nnatural song and calls whilst feeding . you can hear the birds tearing apart bamboo towards the end of the cut\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ngill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , \u2192isbn\nthis page was last edited on 24 may 2018 , at 02 : 08 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally rather scarce ; rare in bhutan and fairly common in parts of china ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmkennewell , josep del hoyo , sonam dorji , keith and lynn youngs , herve jacob , greg baker .\nnick athanas , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , paul van giersbergen , niels poul dreyer , jorge de leon cardozo , markus lilje , jainymaria , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , auf , john and jemi holmes , josep del hoyo , biplab kr . mukhopadhyay , cookdj , satish , phillip edwards .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 10 . 30 , website ( version 30 - oct - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2579, "summary": [{"text": "cleridae are a family of beetles of the superfamily cleroidea .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they are commonly known as checkered beetles .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the family cleridae has a worldwide distribution , and a variety of habitats and feeding preferences .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "cleridae have a large number of niches and feeding habits .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "most genera are predaceous and feed on other beetles and larvae ; however other genera are scavengers or pollen feeders .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "clerids have elongated bodies with bristly hairs , are usually bright colored , and have variable antennae .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "checkered beetles range in length between 3 millimeters and 24 millimeters .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "cleridae can be identified based on their 5 \u2013 5 \u2013 5 tarsal formula , division of sternites , and the absence of a special type of vesicle .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "female cleridae lay between 28 \u2013 42 eggs at a time predominately under the bark of trees .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "larvae are predaceous and feed vigorously before pupation and subsequently emergence as adults .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "clerids have a minor significance in forensic entomology .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "some species are occasionally found on carrion in the later dry stages of decay .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "also , some species are pests ( stored product entomology ) and are found infesting various food products .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "research efforts related to cleridae have focused primarily on using certain species as biological controls .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this is a very effective technique for controlling bark beetles due to the voracious appetite of many clerid species . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "cleridae", "paragraphs": ["classification , natural history , phylogeny and subfamily composition of the cleridae and generic content of the subfamilies ( coleoptera , cleridae ) .\n1960 . the cleridae of north america . part i . the geographical distribution of cleridae of north america , north of the panama canal .\n( leconte ) ( coleoptera : cleridae ) , with a review of subspecies taxa in the family cleridae . psyche 99 : 199 - 206 .\nthe checkered beetles ( coleoptera : cleridae ) of the maritime provinces of canada .\nas a valid name ( cleridae , tillinae ) . zookeys 299 : 49\u201375 .\n( gorham ) ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . coleopterists bulletin 25 : 127\u2013129 .\nclassification , phylogeny and zoogeography of the genus perylipus ( coleoptera : cleridae ) .\n( coleoptera : cleridae ) . the canadian entomologist , 40 : 229 - 233 .\nthe clerid homepage gives information on cleridae and the people who work with these beetles .\ngerstmeier , r . ( 1991 ) mimolesterus gen . n . , a new genus of australian cleridae ( coleoptera : cleridae ) , koleopterologische rundschau , 61 , 171\u2013173 .\nmost species of cleridae are predators as larvae and adults on immature wood boring insects .\nde geer , 1775 coleoptera ; cleridae associated with pet food in brazil\npdf .\nfour new species of cymatodera gray from mexico ( coleoptera , cleridae , tillinae ) .\n( coleoptera , cleridae ) in the new world . zookeys 179 : 75 - 157 .\non the cytology of two species of necrobia ( oliv . ) ( coleoptera : cleridae )\na new species of cymatodera gray ( coleoptera : cleridae : tillinae ) from southern mexico .\nfaunistic composition of cleridae ( coleoptera ) in el lim\u00f3n de cuauchichinola , morelos , mexico .\nkuwert ( coleoptera : cleridae : enopliinae ) . canadian entomologist 147 ( 5 ) : 501\u2013526 .\ncleridae are a somewhat large family with more than 3 , 000 species known as of 2000 .\nadults of cleridae are known as\ncheckered beetles\u0094 due to the color pattern on their back .\n( coleoptera : cleridae ) . entomologische arbeiten aus dem museum g . frey 23 : 1 - 32 .\ngerstmeier , r . ( in press ) an overview on classification , taxonomic history and biology of cleridae ( coleoptera , cleroidea , cleridae ) , giornale italiano di entomologia , 13 ( 59 ) , in press .\nphotographs of north american cleridae associated with conifers , by b . d . ayres & w . f . barr\nfrom the southwestern united states and northern mexico ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . american museum novitates 1572 : 1\u20139 .\ngahan ( coleoptera : cleridae : clerinae ) from the western united states . zootaxa 2168 : 57 - 62 .\n( coleoptera : cleridae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology . 227 : i - iv + 1 - 138 .\n( herbst ) ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . texas tech university special publications no . 11 . 86 p .\n( coleoptera : cleridae : hydnocerinae ) . giornale italiano di entomologia 13 ( 59 ) : 471 - 480 .\nmore from capsule | michele wang . . . view all 8 patterns aspen bingham celyn cleridae hague ilia palmer radmere\ncoleoptera : cleridae , to pheromones of the spruce beetle and two secondary bark beetles coleoptera : scolytidae\npdf .\na new genus and species of checkered beetle from honduras with additions to the honduran fauna ( coleoptera : cleridae ) .\ncatalogue of north american beetles of the family cleridae wolcott a . b . 1947 . fieldiana : zoology 32 : 63\u2013105 .\n( coleoptera : cleridae : enopliinae ) . folia entomol . mexicana 44 ( supl . 1 ) : 55 - 62 .\nherbst ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 106 ( 1 ) : 199 - 201 .\nnew species of cymatodera gray ( coleoptera : cleridae : tillinae ) from mexico and central america , with notes on others .\ngerstmeier , r . ( 2001 ) short communications on systematics of cleridae . 4 . changes within the genera cleromorpha gorham , 1876 and crobenia blackburn , 1891 ( cleridae , clerinae , korynetinae ) , acta coleopterologica , 17 ( 2 ) , 38 .\ngahan : predators of chemically protected ladybird beetles ( coleoptera : cleridae and coccinellidae ) . insecta mundi 0514 : 1 - 5 .\ntaxonomic revision of the genus callimerus gorham s . l . ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . part i . latifrons species - group\nwolcott ( coleoptera : cleridae : clerinae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 113 ( 2 ) : 137 - 153 .\nmajka , c . 2006 .\na guide to the cleridae of atlantic canada\n. chebucto community net . 03 - 19 .\nthe checkered beetles ( coleoptera : cleridae ) of the maritime provinces of canada christopher g . majka . 2006 . zootaxa 1385 : 31\u201346 .\nopitz , w . 2007 . classification , natural history , and evolution of epiphloeinae ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . part iv . the genera\nopitz , w . 2008 . classification , natural history , and evolution of epiphloeinae ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . part vii . the genera\nvaurie , p . 1952 . the checkered beetles of north central mexico ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . american museum novitates 1597 : 1\u201337 .\ncleridae received a peer review by wikipedia editors , which is now archived . it may contain ideas you can use to improve this article .\nsix new species of cymatodera from mexico and central america and the retention of cymatodera obliquefasciata as a valid name ( cleridae , tillinae ) .\narticle : taxonomic revision of the genus callimerus gorham s . l . ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . part i . latifrons species - group\nbarr ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( n . s . ) , 49 : 1 - 35 .\nwhat made you want to look up cleridae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nkolib\u00e1\u010d , j . ( 2003 ) a review of australian genera of korynetinae ( coleoptera , cleridae ) , entomologica basiliensia , 25 , 41\u201397 .\n( coleoptera , cleridae ) , a larval predator in the nests of bees and wasps . annals of the entomological society of america 36 : 589\u2013601 .\nbartlett , j . s . ( 2009b ) taxonomic revision of apteropilo lea , 1908 ( coleoptera : cleridae ) , zootaxa , 2200 , 41\u201353 .\ngorham , h . s . ( 1876 ) notes on the coleopterous family cleridae , with descriptions of new genera and species , cistula entomologica , 57\u2013104 .\nschaeffer , c . 1917 . on some north american cleridae . ( col . ) . journal of the new york entomolgical society 26 : 129 - 134 .\ndetails - taxonomic revision of the genus callimerus gorham s . l . ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . part i . latifrons species - group - biodiversity heritage library\nthe checkered beeltes ( coleoptera : cleridae ) of florida . leavengood , jr . , j . m . 2008 . university of florida , gainesville . 206 pp .\nopitz , w . 2010 . new taxa of epiphloeinae kuwert ( cleridae ) and chaetosomatidae crowson ( coleoptera : cleroidea ) . insecta mundi 0123 : 1 - 28 .\nwolcott , a . b . 1909 . the cleridae of the public museum of the city of milwaukee . bulletin of the wisconsin natural history society 7 : 93\u2013102 .\nwolcott , a . b . 1927 . descriptions of a new genus and four new species of north american cleridae . coleopterological contributions , 1 : 105 - 110 .\ndorshorst , j . j . 2006 . a comprehensive survey of the checkered beet ; es of wisconsin ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . m . s . thesis .\nwe name this beetle for prof . dr . roland gerstmeier ( technische universit\u00e4t m\u00fcnchen , germany ) , in recognition of his many contributions to the study of cleridae .\nknull , j . n . 1951 . the checkered beetles of ohio ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . ohio biological survey bulletin 8 ( 42 ) : 268 - 350 .\ncorporaal , j . b . ( 1950 ) cleridae . coleopterorum catalogus , supplementa pars 23 , uitgeverij dr . w . junk , ' s - gravenhage , 1\u2013373 .\nknull , j . n . 1951 . the checkered beetles of ohio ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . ohio biological survey bulletin , 8 ( 42 ) : 268 - 350 .\nclassification , natural history , phylogeny , and subfamily composition of the cleridae and generic content of the subfamilies opitz w . 2010 . entomologica basiliensia et collections frey 32 : 31\u2013128 .\nwolcott , a . b . 1947 . catalogue of north american beetles of the family cleridae . fieldiana : zoology , 32 ( 2 ) : 61 - 105 . full pdf\ngerstmeier , r . ( 2002 ) generic concept of clerid taxa related to clerus ( coleoptera : cleridae : clerinae ) , entomological problems , 32 ( 2 ) , 99\u2013111 .\nsolervicens , j . a . ( 2007 ) cladistic analysis of species of natalis laporte ( 1836 ) and related genera eunatalis schenkling ( 1909 ) , metademius schenkling ( 1899 ) and eurymetomorphon pic ( 1950 ) ( coleoptera : cleridae : clerinae ) with redescription of a restored clerinae genus ( coleoptera : cleridae : clerinae ) , zootaxa , 1389 , 1\u201314 .\nknull , j . n . 1934 . five new species of coleoptera ( cleridae , elateridae , buprestidae and cerambycidae ) . entomological news 45 ( 1 ) : 9 - 13 .\nschaeffer , c . 1908 . on new and known coleoptera of the families coccinellidae and cleridae . journal of the new york entomological society , 16 ( 3 ) : 125 - 135\nbartlett , j . s . ( 2009c ) a replacement name for phlogistus blackburni hintz , 1908 ( coleoptera : cleridae ) , australian entomologist , 36 ( 3 ) , 97\u201398 .\n( gorham , 1883 ) ( coleoptera : cleridae : hydnocerinae ) , including the first report from the united states . the coleopterists bulletin , 66 ( 4 ) : 351 - 356 .\nopitz , w . 2014 . taxonomy of the new world genera of enopliinae ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . journal of the kansas entomological society 87 ( 4 ) : 358 - 384 .\nopitz , w . 2017 . classification , natural history , and evolution of the subfamily peloniinae opitz ( coleoptera : cleroidea : cleridae ) . part viii . systematics of the checkered beetle genus\nwolcott , a . b . 1910 . notes on some cleridae of middle and north america , with descriptions of new species . fieldiana zoology 7 ( 10 ) : 339 - 401 .\nbartlett , j . s . ( 2010 ) a new species of bicoloured eleale newman ( coleoptera : cleridae ) from the northern territory , australian entomologist , 36 ( 4 ) , 183\u2013188 .\nopitz , w . ( 2002a ) 73 . cleridae latreille 1804 . in : arnett jr . , r . h . et al . ( eds ) : american beetles . volume 2 .\nopitz , w . ( 2010 ) classification , natural history , phylogeny , and subfamily composition of the cleridae and generic content of the subfamilies . entomologica basiliensia et collections frey , 32 , 31\u2013128 .\nopitz , w . 1997 . classification , natural history , and evolution of the epiphloeinae ( co1eoptera : cleridae ) . part i . the genera of epiphloeinae . insecta mundi 11 : 51 - 96 .\nbartlett , j . s . ( 2009d ) the cleridae of lord howe island , with descriptions of two new species ( coleoptera : cleroidea ) , records of the australian museum 61 , 225\u2013228 . urltoken\nopitz , w . ( 2002b ) flower foraging behavior of the australian species eleale aspera ( newman ) ( coleoptera : cleridae : clerinae ) , the coleopterists bulletin , 56 ( 2 ) , 241\u2013245 .\nmawdsley , j . r . 2002 .\necological notes on species of cleridae insecta : coleoptera associated with the prairie flora of central north america\n. the great lakes entomologist 35 1 : 15\u009622 .\ngerstmeier , r . ( 1990b ) revision of the genus olesterus spinola , 1841 , with description of new species from australia ( coleoptera , cleridae ) , mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft , 80 , 21\u201338 .\nauthors ( 2015 ) four new species of cymatodera gray from central and southern mexico ( coleoptera , cleridae , tillinae ) . zookeys 513 : 105\u2013121 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 513 . 9935\ngerstmeier , r . ( 1990a ) short communications on systematics of cleridae . 1 . neoscrobiger ephippius ( boisduval , 1835 ) is a trogodendron spinola , 1841 , acta coleopterologica , 6 ( 2 ) , 80 .\nschenkling , s . ( 1903 ) coleoptera . malacodermata . fam . cleridae . in : wytsman p . ( ed . ) genera insectorum , fasc . 13 , p . wytsman , bruxelles , 124 pp .\nopitz , w . 2010 . classification , natural history , phylogeny , and subfamily composition of the cleridae and generic content of the subfamilies ( coleoptera : cleroidea ) . entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey , 32 : 31\u2013128 .\nopitz , w . 2011 . classification , natural history , and evolution of epiphloeinae ( coleoptera , cleridae ) part x . the genus madoniella pic , 1935 . entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey 33 : 133 - 248 .\nleavengood jr . , j . m . 2008 . the checkered beeltes ( coleoptera : cleridae ) of florida . unpublished thesis for the degree of master of science . university of florida , gainesville . 206 pp . full pdf\nleconte , j . l . 1849 . synopsis of the coleopterous insects of the group cleridae , which inhabit the united states . ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 5 : 9 - 35 .\nekis , g . ( 1975 ) taxonomic and nomenclatural status of clerid taxa described by massimiliano spinola ( 1780\u20131857 ) ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . bollettino del museo di zoologia dell ' universit\u00e0 di torino , 1 , 1\u201380 .\nbartlett , j . s . ( 2009a ) scrobiger splendidus ( newman ) ( coleoptera : cleridae ) associated with hylaeus sp . ( hymenoptera : colletidae ) in southeastern queensland , australian entomologist , 36 ( 2 ) , 79\u201383 .\n4 . hemp c , hemp a , dettner k . attraction of the colour beetle species pallenothriocera rufimembris by cantharidin ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . entomol gen . 1999 ; 24 ( 1 ) : 115 - 23 . [ links ]\nopitz , w . 2011 . classification , natural history , and evolution of korynetinae laporte ( coleoptera : cleridae ) . part i . generic composition of the subfamily and key to genera . journal of afrotropical zoology 7 : 29 - 67 .\na fact from cleridae appeared on wikipedia ' s main page in the did you know ? column on 3 april 2009 ( check views ) . a record of the entry may be seen at wikipedia : recent additions / 2009 / april .\ndorshorst , j . j . and d . k . young . 2008 . an annotated checklist of wisconsin checkered beetles ( coleoptera : cleridae and thanerocleridae ) . the great lakes entomologist 41 : 169 - 184 ( publication in 2009 ) .\nleavengood jr , j . m . and b . h . garner . 2014 . nomenclatural notes on some checkered beetle ( coleoptera : cleridae ) types of the natural history museum , london ( bmnh ) . zootaxa 3760 : 301 - 335 .\nlambkin , t . a . and n . khatoon . 1990 . culture methods for necrobia rufipes ( degeer ) and dermestes maculatus degeer ( coleoptera : cleridae and dermestidae ) . j . stored prod . res . 26 : 59 - 60 .\nas a student of woodboring beetles for more than a quarter - century now , i\u2019ve had occasion to encounter a goodly number of checkered beetles ( family cleridae ) \u2013 both in the field and as a result of rearing them from dead wood . \u2026\nwinkler , j . r . ( 1972 ) cleridae ( coleoptera ) of australia : eleale cuprea mj\u00f6b . , e . neboissi sp . n . , e . balfourbrownei sp . n . , acta entomologica bohemslovaca , 69 ( 5 ) , 330\u2013338 .\nwinkler , j . r . ( 1989 ) sedlacekvia tanamica gen . n . , sp . n . , an anomalous new taxon from australia , tentatively assigned to the familiy cleridae ( coleoptera ) , acta univiversitatis carolinae - biologica , 32 , 457\u2013476 .\nnecrobia rufipes ( degeer ) is a beetle of the family cleridae and is the commonest species of necrobia found on cured fish . two related species , n . ruficollis ( fabricius ) and n violacea ( linnaeus ) , are only rarely found on this commodity .\nkolib\u00e1\u010d , j . ( 1998 ) notes on the classification of natalis laporte de castelnau and notocymatodera schenkling , with a description of notocymatodera disjuncta sp . n . ( coleoptera : cleridae ) , acta musei moraviae , scientiae biologicae , 82 ( 1997 ) , 191\u2013198 .\nhasan , md m . and t . w . phillips . 2010 . mass - rearing of the redlegged ham beetle , necrobia rufipes degeer ( coleoptera : cleridae ) for laboratory research . j . stored prod . res . 46 ( 1 ) : 38 - 42 .\nthe checkered beetles ( cleridae ) are a diverse and fascinating group of insects . corporaal ( 1950 ) catalogued 3 , 366 described species in the world and opitz ( 2002 ) listed 291 species in north america . of these 15 species are known to occur in atlantic canada .\nburke , a . f . , j . m . leavengood , g . zolnerowich . 2015 . a checklist of the new world species of tillinae ( coleoptera : cleridae ) , with an illustrated key to genera and new country records . zootaxa 4059 : 1 - 39 .\nthere are over 60 insect families which play an important role in carrion ecology . however , only the families ( calliphoridae , sarcophagidae , staphylinidae , cleridae and dermestidae ) of coleoptera ( beetles ) are the most important to be used in forensic entomology [ 4 , 5 ] .\nopitz , w . 2014 . classification , natural history , and evolution of the epiphloeinae ( coleoptera : cleridae ) part xi . generic taxonomy , intergeneric phylogeny , and catalogue of the subfamily . acta musei moraviae , scientiae biologicae , special issue 99 ( 2 ) : 1 - 94 .\namong checkered beetles ( family cleridae ) , the genus trichodes contains among the largest and most strikingly - colored species . the 11 north american species of this predominantly holarctic genus are primarily western in distribution , although two species ( t . nuttalli and t . apivorus ) do occur in the \u2026\ngoals / objectives larval and adult checkered beetles ( cleridae ) are one of the most important families of insect predators attacking injurious forest insects . yet , no surveys of the wisconsin or western great lakes region clerid fauna have ever been conducted . i estimate that we currently have published records and information on only half of the species indigenous to the state . thus , the primary objective is to conduct a comprehensive , systematic survey of wisconsin cleridae with special emphasis on species inhabiting wisconsin forests . this will establish a baseline of knowledge regarding species diversity , geographical and temporal distributions , and biology .\nty - jour ti - taxonomic revision of the genus callimerus gorham s . l . ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . part i . latifrons species - group t2 - zookeys vl - 294 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2013 sp - 9 ep - 35 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 294 . 4669 au - yang , gan - yan au - montreuil , olivier au - yang , xing - ke kw - brachycallimerus kw - callimerus kw - cleridae kw - new species kw - oriental region kw - species group kw - synonymy kw - systematics er -\n@ article { bhlpart100097 , title = { taxonomic revision of the genus callimerus gorham s . l . ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . part i . latifrons species - group } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 294 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2013 } , author = { yang , gan - yan and montreuil , olivier and yang , xing - ke } , year = { 2013 } , pages = { 9 - 35 } , keywords = { brachycallimerus | callimerus | cleridae | new species | oriental region | species group | synonymy | systematics | } , }\nthe family cleridae is probably better known by its other common name , the checkered beetles . most are predaceous on the larvae of other insects . a small subset of this group , however , prefers to feed on flesh . entomologists sometimes refer to these clerids as bone beetles or ham beetles . one species in particular ,\nbeetles ( coleoptera ) have been recognised as providing significant entomological evidence in the medico - legal field , particularly with reference to dry human skeletal remains in the later stages of decomposition . the dermestidae ( skin beetles ) and cleridae ( bone beetles ) have been found as the most common types infesting exposed human remains and providing evidence in estimating the minimum postmortem interval ( pmi ) .\noverall , great article . one minor error that i found was a capitalization mistake . on your general characteristics section ,\ncharacteristics\nshould not be capitalied . also , on the picture demonstrating the narrow pronotum , maybe adding\nof cleridae\nor naming the genus / specie in the picture would be a nice touch . - - skk1214aggie ( talk ) 23 : 38 , 14 april 2009 ( utc ) skk1214aggie\na total of 414 insects in 5 families of three orders : diptera ( muscidae , bombyliidae , syphiidae ) ; coleopteran ( cleridae ) and hemiptera ( reduviidae ) were collected from the forest genet . m . domestica was dominant ( 78 % ) ( table 3 ) . m . domestica was collected daily throughout the 25 - day period , from the display of fresh carcass to complete skeletonization ; the appearance of other species was discontinuous ( fig 3 ) .\ni am truly impressed with this article ; every section is very descriptive and informational . in your general characteristics section , i like the way you all differentiated between the appearance of cleridae and ways to identify them . the identification paragraph was very distinct and straight to the point . i also noticed how you intertwined appearance in the development section\nthe larvae are covered in hair and have two horn - type projections on the dorsal area of the last body segment\ngood work because although you already discussed appearance , you still kept the topic flowing throughout the article . one suggestion i have is to try and find a picture for the forensic relevance section of your article such as a cleridae feeding on carrion or on stored products . there is a wide variety pictures on your page so keep up the good work . this is a great article . cassiegz ( talk ) 16 : 11 , 15 april 2009 ( utc )\nthis new state survy project began in october 2003 . while much of the research will have a field focus , research prior to the first field season ( spring / summer 2004 ) centers on conducting background searchs for checkered beetles ( cleridae ) in existing collections , as well as accumulation of pertinent research literature . we have also begum to electronically database specimens in existing collections ( primarily from the university of wisconsin insect research collection ) . to date , 1 , 415 specimens have been entered .\nthe checkered beetles ( cleridae ) are small to medium - sized , elongated , often brightly colored species . worldwide about 3600 species have been described from virtually all biogeographical realms , in central europe and germany 20 species are known to occur . numerous species are visitors of flowers and feed on other insects , but also pollen . other representatives of the family live on trees and under the bark and prey mainly on bark beetles and their larvae . some species are scavengers , feeding on dry carrion and animal products ( dried and smoked meat , hides , bones ) and can become pests . the larvae are predaceous as well .\nlarva - appearance as in figure 1 ( right ) . typical beetle larva with three pairs of jointed legs ; moderately hairy . most of body creamish - grey with mottled violet - grey markings on the upper surface . head , and upper surfaces of the 1st thoracic segment and the last large abdominal segment ( the ninth ) , with brown hardened plates ; 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments also with tiny brownish plates . plate on last large abdominal segment with two horn - like protuberances which curve strongly upwards . very difficult to distinguish from closely - related species of cleridae , but easily distinguished from dermestes larvae by coloration and normal amount of hairs , and from fly larvae by presence of legs and obvious head .\nfirst of all , you did a good job covering this broad topic . my group had to cover genus chrysomya , so i know how difficult it is to include everything . one thing i will suggest is although you listed the subfamilies of the genus , maybe focus on one or two of the important species and mention them more in depth . just an idea . other than that , you had a very good description of the different habitats that cleridae inhabits . i also was very impressed with the way you split up the forensic importance by stored product and medico - legal entomology . overall , this article was very educational and very easy to read . well done . msrubar ( talk ) 02 : 40 , 7 april 2009 ( utc ) msrubar\ngreat job on the article ! cleridae had a lot of information to cover and overall it is very thorough . i feel like this webpage does a great job in touching every topic . a few small suggestions for the webpage would be to link the word\nantennae\nin the intro and\nbark beetle\nin the geography and distribution section . also , there were a few grammatical errors found in the geography and distribution section . when you talk about\nnest robbers category lives in shrubbery and trees . .\nand also\nfeed only on dead . . .\n. these changes are simple and easy but will make a huge difference on your page . again , good job on the page ! amanda . turchi ( talk ) 18 : 53 , 15 april 2009 ( utc )\nfive doses of lanierone ( 2 - hydroxy - 4 , 4 , 6 - trimethyl - 2 , 5 - cyclohexadien - 1 - one ) were tested with one dose of enantiomerically pure [ 99 . 4 % ( 4 r ) - ( \u2212 ) ] ipsdienol ( 2 - methyl - 6 - methylene - 2 , 7 - octadien - 4 - ol ) for activity as an aggregation pheromone of ips pini ( say ) in california . the response of i . pini to 1 mg / day ipsdienol + 20 \u03bcg / day lanierone was significantly greater than the response to ipsdienol alone , but the response pattern did not demonstrate a clear dose - response relationship . the response to the highest dose of lanierone ( 2 mg / day ) was significantly lower than the response to ipsdienol alone . ipsdienol attracted significantly more i . pini than a male - infested log . lanierone did not alter the percentage of male i . pini responding to ipsdienol alone . neither sex of i . pini or dendroctonus brevicomis leconte from california produced detectable amounts of lanierone , but myrcene - aerated male d . brevicomis produced 97 . 8 % - ( 4s ) - ( + ) - ipsdienol . the black - bellied clerid , enoclerus lecontei ( wolcott ) ( coleoptera : cleridae ) was attracted to lanierone when released with ipsdienol . neither compound was attractive when released alone , proving synergism for the kairomone of this predator . lanierone did not influence the response of the predators temnochila chlorodia ( mannerheim ) ( coleoptera : trogositidae ) and enoclerus sphegeus ( f . ) ( coleoptera : cleridae ) , which were attracted to all treatments containing ipsdienol . tomicobia tibialis ashmead ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) responded in significantly greater numbers to the male - infested log than it did to ipsdienol or ipsdienol + 20 \u03bcg / day lanierone .\nthis second edition is completey updated compared to the first edition published in 2000 . this new guide to phytophagous beetles of europe is devoted to the families buprestidae , elateridae , cleridae and cerambycidae . a host of species are described and illustrated , to help you recognise and identify almost all the jewel beetle and longhorn species you might encounter in europe , ranging from portugal and great britain to finland and the balkans . these include species quite recently described . phytophagous beetles of europe , volume 1 is packed with new information and discoveries , enriching the entries on the biology in general and the ethology and ecology of each species in particular , allowing for the many additional host - plants found over the past few years . distribution maps , drawn up in line with the most recent publications , feature alongside the descriptions . the new classification adopted is from the catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera , by l\u00f6bl and smetana , published from 2003 to 2013 , now used by all entomologists . this resolves many of the problems that stem from working with synonymies .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > taxonomic revision of the genus callimerus gorham s . l . ( coleoptera , cleridae ) . part i . latifrons species - group < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > yang , gan - yan < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > montreuil , olivier < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > yang , xing - ke < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 294 < / note > < subject > < topic > brachycallimerus < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > callimerus < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > cleridae < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > new species < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > oriental region < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > species group < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > synonymy < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > systematics < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > zookeys < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < publisher > pensoft publishers < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 294 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 9 < / start > < end > 35 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2013 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < identifier type =\ndoi\n> 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 294 . 4669 < / identifier > < / mods >\na total of 281 insects in four families of 2 orders : diptera ( muscidae , syrphidae , calliphoridae ) and hymenoptera ( adidae ) , and 2 ixodids were collected from the mona monkey , cercipithecus mona . the major species was the house fly , musca domestica ( 72 % ) . the entomofauna from the giant cane rat , thyronomys swinderianus carcass , totalled 257 in 3 families of 2 orders : diptera ( muscidae , syrphidae ) and hymenoptera ( formicidae ) . the dominant species was m . domestica ( 76 % ) . the highest insect population was 414 , recorded from the carcass of the forest genet , genetta poensis ; it consisted of 5 families in 3 orders : diptera ( muscidae , bombyliidae , syrphidae ) , coleoptera ( cleridae ) and hemiptera ( reduviidae ) . the order diptera was dominant on all carcasses and the most prominent dipteran m . domestica was collected continuously , while the appearance of the other species was sporadic . complete decomposition period was shortest ( 11 days ) in the giant cane rat and longest ( 44 days ) in the forest genet ; the period in the mona monkey was 14 days . successional occurrence of these arthropods was not discernible . these results are compared to those from other studies .\ncantharidin has never been detected in plants , but the first crc , palasonin ( demethylcantharidin ) , which lacks one of the angular methyl groups of cantharidin , was characterized in 1960 ( 25 ) . it was initially isolated from the seeds of the indian tree , butea frondosa ( leguminoseae ) ( 26 ) . fietz was the first to detect palasonin in bodily extracts from a blister beetle ( hycleus lunatus ) and a clerid beetle ( trichodes apiaries , cleridae ) ( 27 ) . dettner et al . ( 21 ) reported the second crc , palasoninimide , from the south african species h . lunatus . cantharimides , whose anhydride oxygen atoms are replaced by basic amino acids , and cantharimide dimers , which consist of two cantharimide units combined with a tri - , tetra - , or penta - methylene group , have been reported in the chinese meloid mylabris phalerata pall . ( 28 , 29 ) . a low amount of cantharidinimide was found in bodily extracts from mylabris impressa stillata ( 20 ) . variable titers of palasonin were recently detected in two other southern african species , hycleus oculatus and hycleus tinctus ( 23 ) . although there are a few studies on palasonin , the crcs ' function , concentration , transfer or production site have never been discussed . the impact of sex or mating status on the diversity and frequency of such compounds was also unclear .\nthe wisconsin beetle diversity project continues with 20 families now extensively surveyed : ischaliidae ( 1 species ; 1985 ) , bolboceratidae ( 7 species , 2000 ) , ceratocanthidae ( 1 species , 2000 ) , geotrupidae ( 6 species , 2000 ) , glaresidae ( 1 species , 2000 ) , lucanidae ( 7 species , 2000 ) , ochodaeidae ( 1 species , 2000 ) , passalidae ( 1 species , 2000 ) , scarabaeidae ( 139 species , 2000 ; 140 species , 2006 ) , trogidae ( 14 species , 2000 ) , tenebrionidae ( 90 species , 2001 ) , endomychidae ( 9 species , 2002 ) , histeridae ( 95 species , 2002 ) , lycidae ( 22 species , 2002 ) , rhipiceridae ( 1 species , 2002 ) , kateretidae ( 4 species , 2003 ) , nitidulidae ( 78 species , 2003 ) , mordellidae ( 68 species , 2003 ) , cleridae ( 30 species , 2006 ) , cerambycidae ( lamiinae ) ( 78 species , 2006 ) . ongoing surveys include cupedidae , micromalthidae , anobiidae , meloidae , and pyrochroidae . a survey of the wasp familiy mutillidae is complete for wisconsin and should be published in 2007 . a new project on bog - endemic butterflies will being in 2007 , as well . ongoing intensive , long - term insect field sampling projects continue at hemlock draw ( sauk co . ) and qunicy bluff ( adams co . ) .\nunderstanding the composition of the insect / arthropod fauna of wisconsin is central , and critical , to our understanding of how to manage wisconsin ' s natural and forest / agricultural lands . surveys supported in part by the sampling component initiate that task , but it comes of age only when the specimens have been processed , curated , identified , and when the associated data have been databased , published , and posted to our departmental ( wirc ) web page . here the information becomes available to other entomologists , ecologists , agriculture specialists , foresters , and the public for inspection and analysis . a particular emphasis has been the development of electronic storage of specimen data . to date , we have databased more than 60 , 000 specimens . we have now begun to increase image and web - based support for these data as well as linking the data to other web - based data ( vegetation , physiography , climate , etc . ) and worldwide data distribution sites ( e . g . , morphbank , genbank , itis , etc . ) . three new research papers ( a wisconsin cantharid beetle & parasitoid , cleridae of wisconsin , and a new species of ptinidae ) were in press / published in 2009 . several web sites for species of wisconsin beetle families are now published or under development . two additional manuscripts ( ptinidae of wisconsin ; mutillidae of wisconsin ) are being prepared at the time of this report .\nunderstanding the composition of the insect / arthropod fauna of wisconsin is central , and critical , to our understanding of how to manage wisconsin ' s natural and forest / agricultural lands . surveys supported in part by the sampling component initiate that task , but it comes of age only when the specimens have been processed , curated , identified , and when the associated data have been databased , published , and posted to our departmental ( irc ) web page . here the information becomes available to other entomologists , ecologists , agriculture specialists , foresters , and the public for inspection and analysis . a particular emphasis has been the development of electronic storage of specimen data . to date we have databased more than 30 , 000 specimens . we have now begun to increase image and web - based support for these data as well as linking the data to other web - based data ( vegetation , physiography , climate , etc . ) and worldwide data distribution sites ( e . g . , morphbank , genbank , itis , etc . ) . one new manuscript has been submitted ( endomychidae of wisconsin ) and an associated website is nearing completion , along with the development of several additional web sites for species of wisconsin beetle families . two additional manuscripts ( cleridae of wisconsin ; mutillidae of wisconsin ) are being prepared at the time of this report ; both are expected to be submitted in the first few months of 2008 .\ni enjoyed reading this article . it was presented in an easily understandable way especially for such a broad topic . just a few thoughts for enhancement . first , a link for the word elytra is already present on its first usage so you don ' t need the quick parenthesis explanation after it . second , i noticed a link is not available for\neversible vesicles\nso you put a quick parenthesis explanation after using it . however , i think it would be better to put the explanation after the first usage at the top of the article and not after the second usage that is mid - way into the article so the reader can know immediately what you are talking about . thirdly , the sentence\nmostly the antennae are clubbed at the tip . . .\ncould use a little revision . it could sound more professional if the sentence went like\nthe antennae are mostly clubbed at the tip . . .\n,\nthe antennae are clubbed at the tip for most species . . .\n, or\nthe antennae are clubbed mostly at the tip . . .\n. use whichever one more correctly conveys what you want to say . and finally , the sentence\ncleridae can be found in the americas , africa , europe , the middle east and even australia .\nneeds a comma after australia . overall , a great article . loved the pictures ! jkski23 ( talk ) 13 : 34 , 15 april 2009 ( utc )\nunderstanding the composition of the insect / arthropod fauna of wisconsin is central , and critical , to our understanding of how to manage wisconsin ' s natural and forest / agricultural lands . surveys supported in part by the sampling component initiate that task , but it comes of age only when the specimens have been processed , curated , identified , and when the associated data have been databased , published , and posted to our departmental ( ircw ) web page . here the information becomes available to other entomologists , ecologists , agriculture specialists , foresters , and the public for inspection and analysis . a particular emphasis has been the development of electronic storage of specimen data . to date we have databased more than 35 , 000 specimens . we have now begun to increase image and web - based support for these data as well as linking the data to other web - based data ( vegetation , physiography , climate , etc . ) and worldwide data distribution sites ( e . g . , morphbank , genbank , itis , etc . ) . one new research paper ( endomychidae of wisconsin ) was published in 2008 ; the associated website is now on - line . several additional web sites for species of wisconsin beetle families are now published or under development . three additional manuscripts ( cleridae of wisconsin ; mutillidae of wisconsin ; a wisconsin cantharid beetle ) are being prepared at the time of this report ; one has been submitted and accepted for publication ; the other two should be submitted in 2009 .\nto date , several families forming part of the wisconsin beetle diversity have been extensively surveyed . in 1985 , the family ischaliidae ( 1 species ) was discovered in wisconsin for the first time from specimens collected in sauk co . a number of county records now exist for the species / family in wisconsin . suveys were completed for the scarabaeid beetles and their relatives ( scarabaeoidea ) in 2000 . prior to this study , 120 species had been recorded for wisconsin ; our survey increased the number by 49 % to 150 species . the darkling beetle ( tenebrionidae ) survey was completed in 2001 with a 150 % increase [ 36 - prior , to 90 species following our survey ] . in 2002 , the families endomychidae [ 1 - prior , to 9 species following our survey - 800 % increase ] , histeridae [ 21 - prior , to 95 species following our survey - 352 % increase ] , lycidae [ 4 - prior , to 22 species following our survey - 450 % increase ] , and rhipiceridae [ 0 - prior , to 1 species following our survey - 100 % increase ] were completed . in 2003 , the families kateretidae [ 2 - prior , to 4 species following our survey - 100 % increase ] , nitidulidae [ 36 - prior , to 78 species following our survey - 117 % increase ] , and mordellidae [ 5 - prior , to 68 species following our survey - 1260 % increase ] were completed . ongoing surveys continue for cleridae , cerambycidae ( lamiinae ) , and pyrochroidae , while new state surveys have been initiated for meloidae and anobiidae ( first field season in 2006 ) .\nestimating the pre - appearance interval ( pai ) of carrion insects from temperature is a new and promising improvement of entomological methods for post - mortem interval estimation . in order to use this approach in casework , a taxon should demonstrate a close relationship between pai and temperature . in this article we test this relationship in selected species of beetles , namely thanatophilus sinuatus fabr . , t . rugosus l . , necrodes littoralis l . ( silphidae ) , necrobia rufipes de geer , n . violacea l . ( cleridae ) , dermestes frischii kug . ( dermestidae ) , creophilus maxillosus l . , philonthus politus l . , ontholestes murinus l . ( staphylinidae ) , saprinus semistriatus scriba , s . planiusculus motch . and margarinotus brunneus fabr . ( histeridae ) . data were collected from 30 pig carcasses decomposing under different temperature conditions in open and forest habitats of western poland . beetles were sampled with pitfall traps and with manual and soil sampling . the on - site temperature of the ground level was recorded . the relationship was tested separately in adult and larval stages . all species , except for d . frischii , revealed significant relationship between pai and temperature . in all cases pai was found to decrease exponentially with an increase in temperature . moreover , above some temperature it was nearly constant . the relationship was strong in the case of adult and larval n . littoralis , adult n . rufipes , adult and larval c . maxillosus , adult p . politus , s . semistriatus and s . planiusculus . the relationship of moderate strength was found for adult and larval t . sinuatus , adult n . violacea and adult m . brunneus . in the case of adult t . rugosus and o . murinus the relationship was weak . current results demonstrate that there are solid premises for estimating pai from temperature in t . sinuatus , n . littoralis , n . rufipes , n . violacea , c . maxillosus , p . politus , s . semistriatus , s . planiusculus and m . brunneus . implications for forensic entomology are discussed .\n) are important predators of various lignicolous insects , particularly bark beetles ( scolytidae ) . adults can often be found on the surface of fallen limbs and trees which are infested with various kinds of saproxylic invertebrates and both adults and larvae are voracious predators of these . they run swiftly and are able to fly readily and in some contexts are thought to have an important economic role in regulating the populations of such insects .\n) are found on herbaceous vegetation . the larvae often feed on gall insects and the adults are predaceous on various insects found on flowers and vegetation . the larvae of\nare predators and / or parasites of grasshoppers or bees and wasps ( where they feed on pollen and / or invertebrate contents of nest cells ) . species in the genus\nare saprophytic and predaceous and are found on bones , dead skin and , carrion of fish and another animals . the bionomics of the family are diverse and clerids are found in a variety of ecological situations .\n4 . 5 - 6 . 5 mm . note the bright red color of the elytra and lack of patterning which distinguishes this species from all other clerids in this region . they have open procoxal cavities and no lateral ridge on the pronotum . this species is predatory on various sub - cortical and wood - boring insects , particularly scolytines and are typically found in coniferous forests . there are records from prince edward island , nova scotia , and new brunswick .\n5 . 5 - 10 . 0 mm . this species is almost entirely black except for the basal and apical margins of the prontum , the legs , labrum , palpi , and basal two antennomeres which are reddish - yellow . this coloration distinguishes this species from all others in the region . the apical antennomere is only slightly longer than the penultimate . opitz ( 2002 ) reports that adults feed on larvae of cynipoid wasps and other gall insects , fruit tree caterpillars , and larvae of various wood - boring beetles . there is one record from nova scotia .\nare distinguished from related genera by having a broad basal tooth on the tarsal claws . the eyes are only feebly emarginate . this species is almost entirely bluish black in colouration except for the humeral angles which are reddish and the antennae , mouthparts and ( sometimes ) the anterior legs which are yellowish . the color form\nleconte is entirely dark . note the expanded margins of the pronotum which form a lateral tubercle . opitz ( 2002 ) reports that they have been reared from in sect galls and are known to prey on small wood borers , immature weevils , and larvae of hymenoptera . they are typically found on the leaves and flowers of various flowering herbaceous plants . in atlantic canada the species is recorded from new brunswick , nova scotia , and prince edward island .\nby having a short elytra that does not completely cover the abdomen . note the coloration : the head and pronotum are entirely dark ; the elytra yellowish brown with dark markings at the humeri , along the suture and at the apicies along with a median transverse band . bionomics : see\n. in atlantic canada the species is recorded from new brunswick , nova scotia , and prince edward island .\nalso has a short elytra which incompletely covers the abdomen . although the coloration is reported to be somewhat variable , in general the head is largely dark except for the mouthparts and gulular region ; the pronotum , sterna , and elytra are entierley , or almost entirely black . the legs are yellow . bionomics : see\n: 3 . 5 - 5 . 5 mm . this species has been found in new brunswick and on prince edward island . on prince edward island found on pine (\nsp . ) and elsewhere associated with pine ( downie and arnett 1996 ) .\nin that the elytra in this genus is also short leaving a portion of the abdomen uncovered . they differ from\nin having a small basal tooth on the tarsal claws and in having antennomere 3 twice as long as wide . they are an dark bluish black in coloration with the legs , front of head , and a variably sized triangular area at the base of the elytra yellow . opitz ( 2002 ) reports this species from the galls of\n) . in atlantic canada they are recorded from new brunswick and nova scotia .\n8 . 0 - 10 . 0 mm . this species has recently been discovered in new brunswick by sean blaney . not the densely hairy , narrow body and the blue - black elytra with variable orange patterning ( usually with a transverse crossbar , and spots around the humeral umbone and sub - apical spots or bars ) which distinguishes this species from any other clerid found in the region . the adults feed on pollen and are found on a variety of flowers including goldenrods (\n) . the larvae are predaceous on a variety of insect hosts including bees and grasshoppers ( opitz 2002 ) .\n7 . 5 - 9 . 0 mm . species of this genus have a loose anetennal club , a triangular apical maxillary palpomere , and sub - serial punctation at the base of the elytra . in this region two species occur .\nis a larger species with more extensive areas of orange at the base of the elytra . also not the respective widths and positions of the transverse white bands on the elytra of this species and\nspp . ) . recorded from both new brunswick , nova scotia , and newfoundland .\nbut smaller and with slightly different color pattern ( see above ) . found in similar habitats to\n( but often more abundant ) where they are also avid predators of lignicolous insects , particularly of bark beetles ( scolytinae ) . recorded from new brunswick , nova scotia , prince edward island , and newfoundland .\nthe antennal club is dense and the apical antennomere is long , securiform , and sinuate on the inner side . both\n( spinola ) ( entire dorsal surface black ) have been recorded in new brunswick and nova scotia . both adults and larvare are voracious predators of various lignicolous insects , particularly of bark beetles ( scolytinae ) and are commonly encountered in coniferous forests where there are dead or dying trees or limbs .\n3 . 5 - 6 . 0 mm . this is a slender , narrow species with very prominent rows of serial punctures and an elytral pattern of three yellowish markings ; the first running obliquely from humerus to suture , the second an undulate post - medial band , and the third a pair of yellow sub - apical spots . the eyes are emarginate and the funicular antennomeres are not densely setose . the three - segmented antennal club is shorter than the remaining portion of the antenna . the adults and larvae are predaceous on various wood - boring insects , particularly bark beetles ( scolytinae ) . they appear to be rather rare local in their distribution in nb & ns where they are found in coniferous forests . until recently this species was placed in the genus\nwolcott 1944 . recorded in new brunswick , nova scotia , and prince edward island .\n3 . 5 - 6 . 0 mm . this species and the following are short rounded beetles with head , prontum and elytra a metallic greenish or bluish coloration . a distinctive feature of this genus is that the 9th and 10th antennomeres are narrowly transverse .\nhas its legs and basal antennomere reddish brown . they are found on dried fish , skins and bones of dead animals , and other carrion where they are saprophagous and predaceous ( opitz 2002 ) . this is a cosmopolitan species probably originally from the palearctic region and introduced here . to date they have only been recorded in newfoundland and nova scotia in atlantic canada .\nexcept that the legs and antennae are entirely dark . also found on dried fish , skins and bones of dead animals , and other carrion where they are saprophagous and predaceous . this is also a cosmopolitan species probably originally from the palearctic region and introduced here . in this region they have been recorded in new brunswick , nova scotia , prince edward island , and newfoundland .\nmany thanks to sean blaney , yves bousquet , serge laplante , david mccorquodale , and jacques rifkind for their assistance .\nhinks , w . d . [ ed . ] . coleopterum catalogus supplementa , pars 23 ( edito secunda ) . w . junk , ' s - gravenhage , 373 pp .\ndownie , n . m . and arnett , r . h . , jr . 1996 . the beetles of northeastern north america . sandhill crane press . gainsville , florida . 1721 pp .\nbousquet , y . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . agriculture canada publication 1861 / e . pp . 208 - 211 .\narnett , r . h . , jr . , thomas , , m . c . , skelley , p . e . , and frank , j . h . [ eds ] . 2002 . american beetles , volume 2 : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea . crc press , boca raton , usa . pp . 267 - 280 .\n( c ) all rights reserved . christopher majka & empty mirrors press . revised 20 june , 2006 .\nthe consumer financial protection bureau ( cfpb ) is considered by many as a 21st century agency that assists consumer finance markets function properly by coming up with rules that make the market much more effective . the agency is also tasked with the role of fairly and consistently enforcing the said rules so as to empowering consumers to take more control over their economic livelihoods .\nthe cfpb was established by congress through the dodd - frank wall street reform and consumer protection act of 2010 , with rich cordray being appointed the first director of the cfpb in january 2012 . the organization works to give consumers the information they need so as to understand the terms of their agreements with financial institutions .\nseveral large loan service companies supports and follows cfdb guidelines . these consumers can still obtain personal loans for people with really bad credit and they have supporting programs . to understand more we will look at consumer protection through the cfdb .\nit is important to note from the onset that in america , equal access to credit is law . in this regard , federal laws guaranteeing every american fair housing and equal credit opportunity do provide for penalties to those who may for one reason or the other violate these protections . on anything that\u2019s concerns credit , cfpb is the leading enforcement agency that works with other federal agencies to ensure that these laws are upheld and followed .\nsince its establishment , the organization has strived to protect consumers by coming up with and implementing federal consumer financial laws . it ensures this by writing rules , supervising companies and strictly enforcing federal consumer financial protection laws that support fairness for consumers . the body has also strives to restrict deceptive , unfair , or abusive practices and acts which are detrimental to the general well being of the consumer . further to the above , the cfpb does also take consumer complaints on a wide range of financial transactions that include but are not limited to installment loans ."]}
{"id": 2581, "summary": [{"text": "viewed ( 4 october 2003 \u2013 18 april 2010 ) was an australian thoroughbred racehorse who won the 148th melbourne cup on 4 november 2008 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "prior to the cup , viewed won the ajc listed japan racing association ( jra ) plate on april 30 , 2008 and two months later he qualified by winning the group 2 brisbane cup on 9 june 2008 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "viewed", "paragraphs": ["the official time of the race will now be recorded as viewed ' s .\n1520s , from view ( n . ) . related : viewed ; viewing .\nit is viewed in some of them as an essential prop to existing governments .\nlife and death are one thread , the same line viewed from different sides .\nbart cummings holds last year ' s melbourne cup aloft after viewed raced to victory .\nit viewed them with tolerance until they were found out , when it raised its hands .\nrawiller took viewed back towards the tail of the field from barrier 13 and the heavyweight rider had viewed travelling on the rail as the field turned out of the straight the first time .\nphoto finish . . . viewed hangs on against the fast finishing bauer . photo : john woudstra\nduring tuesday the body was viewed by the tenants on the estate , the neighbors and friends .\nviewed gave cummings his 12th melbourne cup winner after winning his first with light fingers in 1965 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for viewed . viewed is a stallion born in 2003 october 4 by scenic out of lovers knot\nand the highest viewed death battle is . . . . - off - topic - comic vine\nviewed takes a rails run on the way to claiming the caulfield cup from roman emporer and vigor .\nviewed beats bauer to the line in the melbourne cup . photograph : william west / afp / getty images\nlife and death are one thread , the same line viewed from different sides . - lao tzu - brainyquote\nviewed ( rail ) , ridden by blake shinn , and bauer , with corey brown in the saddle , drive for the post in today ' s heart - stopping cup finish . viewed paid more than $ 40 in tote betting .\nnatural death as viewed by the medical examiner : a review of 1000 consecutive autopsies of individuals dying of natural disease .\nviewed ' s win gave cummings a 250th group one race victory . for the owner it was a fourth flemington classic .\nviewed finally got clear at the 300 metres to charge to the line to take the $ 2 . 5 million feature .\nveteran trainer bart cummings ' horse viewed is on track to defend its melbourne cup title after taking out the caulfield cup .\nviewed takes a rails run on the way to claiming the caulfield cup from roman emporer and vigor . photo : vince caligiuri\nhis 12th melbourne cup winner , viewed , had just thrashed his rivals but cummings didn ' t quite see it that way .\nnatural death as viewed by the medical examiner : a review of 1000 consecutive autopsies of individuals dying of natural disease . - pubmed - ncbi\nbrisbane cup winner viewed has given veteran trainer bart cummings his 12th melbourne cup in a thrilling photo finish ahead of luca cumani ' s bauer .\nviewed is a six - year - old stallion by scenic ( ire ) out of lovers knot ( nz ) . ( khozaam ( usa ) ) .\nhe begins by saying that death is really something that can be viewed as a wonderful thing for the christian . how so ? dr . lutzer explains :\nviewed has broken an 18 - year drought for bart cummings after leading home a quinella for the master trainer in the group i bmw caulfield cup on saturday .\nbaroness thatcher would have viewed the parties held to celebrate her death as a\nremarkable tribute\nto her achievements , one of her closest friends has said .\nthat ' ' lucky ' ' rails run helped viewed to a breathtaking 2\u00bc length victory over stablemate roman emperor to bring up cummings ' seventh win in the caulfield cup .\nracing victoria ltd chief handicapper greg carpenter said he would announce any penalty for viewed tomorrow , but gave cummings some hope that the penalty would not be excessive . he said that the higher a horse was weighted , the greater the impact of a penalty so viewed may get as low as 1 . 5 kilograms or as high as two kilograms .\nviewed earned $ 3 . 3 million for its owner , dato tan chin nam , and paid a whopping $ 46 . 50 to those who follow the master rather than form .\nviewed relaxed well and was ready to make ground on the inside when pushed along by rawiller to take advantage of all other riders moving away from the fence from the 1000 metres .\ncups king bart cummings created yet more history when outsider viewed , ridden by blake shinn , took out the $ 5 . 65 million melbourne cup after a photo finish at flemington this afternoon .\ncummings might have been shuffling but viewed certainly wasn ' t , the five - year - old stallion triumphing in an epic finish , galloping to the lead in the straight and somehow holding on .\nviewed ' s victory gave cummings a 12th cup victory and , as he shuffled through the media scrum to greet his charge , the grand old man of the track was already talking of a 13th .\nconnections of cup runner - up bauer were stunned to learn that he travelled the two miles at flemington in a quicker time than winner viewed \u0097 only to lose the race by the flare of a nostril .\n\u00e2\u20ac\u201c the field covered the 2400 metres in 2 . 29 . 70 with the last 600 run in 36 . 82 seconds . viewed ran the fastest last 600 of the race in 35 . 96 seconds .\nthink big lumped 58 . 5 kilograms to win the 1975 melbourne cup and viewed is likely to carry that weight or even 59 kilograms in 17 days as his win yesterday is certain to attract a penalty .\nwhen told of the anomaly yesterday , 81 - year - old cummings , who claimed his 12th cup with viewed ' s victory , said :\noh , that ' s all too technical for me .\nfifty years since he saddled his first melbourne cup runner , cummings unleashed viewed on an unsuspecting audience of flemington racegoers and casual observers around the country and then stood modest and unassuming in victory to accept the adulation .\nlet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s elope was cummings\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 last caulfield cup winner in 1991 but the training legend can thank a sublime ride from brad rawiller to register his seventh caulfield cup success with viewed getting home in front of the stablemate roman emperor .\nbut the official timings told a different story . according to microchips inserted into the saddle cloths on all the gallopers , bauer travelled the course in 3 minutes , 20 . 40 seconds \u0097 with viewed one hundredth of a second behind .\nafter racing midfield as the aiden o ' brien - trained alessandro volta set a hot pace , viewed - a 45 - 1 roughie on the tote - moved into the race on the turn and took over with 300 metres to travel .\nremarkably , viewed ' s owner dato tan chin nam has won four melbourne cups , but a gold caulfield cup had eluded him until yesterday . ' ' he felt left out , so i had to do something about it , ' ' cummings quipped .\nviewed ( brad rawiller ) 57kg ( $ 13 ) defeated roman emperor ( hugh bowman ) 54kg ( $ 15 ) by 2 - 1 / 4 lengths with a half - length back to vigor ( corey brown ) 51kg ( $ 15 ) in third place .\nwith the winning post in sight , bauer , piloted by corey brown , broke free of the pack to mount a challenge worthy of victory but , just when it appeared as if bauer would run down the frontrunner , viewed kicked again and held out by a nose .\nafter yesterday ' s victory with topweight of 57 kilograms , viewed is now likely to be forced to either match or better the weight - carrying effort of cummings ' dual melbourne cup winner of the 1970s , think big , if he is to complete the cups double at flemington .\nthe luca cumani trained - bauer emerged from the pack to challenge and looked set to get to him but under hard riding from shinn , viewed held on to win by a nose . the john sadler - trained c ' est la guerre ran on well two lengths further back in third position .\nviewed entered the cup with a patchy preparation - 10th in the caulfield cup a fortnight ago and then last in the mackinnon stakes at flemington last saturday . not even the cummings connection could keep him in the market as money tumbled out for mad rush , bauer ' s stablemate , which started favourite .\ncummings ' achievement yesterday was not just confined to the winner viewed . he became only the third trainer to win a melbourne cup one year and a caulfield cup the next year - the first since rising fast in 1954 - 55 - and went close to equalling one of phar lap ' s records .\nthe difference came about because the timing devices are in the saddles , whereas the judges decide who has won the race by which horse ' s head crosses the line first : sadly our guy is a bit smaller than viewed ,\nexplained simon o ' donnell , one of bauer ' s owners .\nwhile bauer stands at a diminutive 15 hands 3 inches , which means he is 1 . 6 metres from the ground to his withers , viewed is 16 hands .\nin racing they say millimetres can mean millions and i guess what happened to bauer proves it ,\nsaid o ' donnell , a former australian cricketer .\nbauer , the only european horse to stay the test , gave himself every chance to run down viewed and failed by the smallest of margins , leaving trainer luca cumani to ponder another tilt . last year he was second with purple moon and , in the sprint to the post , the english - based italian must have thought he was going to go one better .\nluca cumani came agonisingly close to winning the melbourne cup but , for the second year in a row , came up short as his bauer was beaten in a photo by the 40 - 1 shot viewed . the winner gave famed australian trainer bart cummings , who will be 81 next week , a record 12th success in the race , which no other trainer has won more than five times .\ntrainer lee freedman did not have a runner yesterday but watched the race with much interest . freedman , who has won four caulfield cups and has one of the favourites for the melbourne cup in speed gifted , said all plaudits should go to the winner : ' ' the measure in handicaps is always exactly that . viewed was no . 1 and topweight and they couldn ' t beat him . ' '\nthis melbourne cup victory sealed legendary trainer bart cummings in the history books with his 12 th triumph at flemington ; it was shinn\u2019s first cup win . one of the closest finishes in the race\u2019s history , requiring a photo finish to seek out the champion . five - year - old viewed , seen as the long shot of the race , was found to have won by a nose over the english bauer after improving his position and leading from the 350 metre mark .\nthis was the most publicized tour we ever took and one of the most successful from the standpoint of the number of viewers and the number of objects viewed , even from the standpoint of the number and size of the telescopes . so many people saw things through so many large telescopes that it elicited a great deal of comment . many wanted to know where to find us again and several people said that looking through the telescopes had been the highlight of their trip .\ncups king bart cummings lived up to his nickname when he claimed his seventh caulfield cup courtesy of melbourne cup hero viewed today . brilliantly ridden by brad rawiller , who notched his first win in the time - honoured race , viewed settled near the tail of the field early but came through along the rails in the straight to comfortably account for stablemate roman emperor and vigor . it was cummings ' seventh caulfield cup win and came 18 years after his last , let ' s elope . the master trainer had previously won the 2400m group 1 feature with galilee ( 1966 ) , big philou ( 1969 ) , leilani ( 1974 ) and ming dynasty in 1977 and 1980 . asked what it took to be so successful in the $ 2 . 5 million race , cummings said :\njust a good horse , a few of them .\nit was cummings ' 255th group 1 success .\nhe ' s a very good rider ,\ncummings said of rawiller .\nhe took the short cuts .\nrawiller was ecstatic after the race .\ni had a lot of confidence coming into this week ,\nhe said .\nit ' s easy to do when you ' ve got bart cummings as the trainer .\nit was viewed ' s first win since his melbourne cup victory last year and took his record to 32 starts for nine wins and six placings and prizemoney in excess of $ 5 . 7 million . aap\ncumani also fielded the more fancied mad rush in his attempt to improve on the second place achieved by his purple moon last year , but the 4 - 1 shot could only plug on at one pace into seventh . meanwhile , bauer , who had been held up at the back alongside his stablemate , flew down the outside and looked the likely winner but was beaten by a nose . gamblers on the betfair website were so sure he would win that viewed was on offer at 10 - 1 as he passed the post in front .\nthe favourite mad rush settled back in the field and ran on fairly without ever looking a winning chance . at the presentation , cummings said it was great to see an australian horse win the melbourne cup as the international raiders again threatened to take home the trophy .\nit ' s great to see the aussies succeed , not only in racing but in cricket ,\ncummings said , in reference to his horse edging out english horse bauer .\nbut i really thought it would have been a dead heat .\nwhere they finished : 1 . viewed 2 . bauer 3 . c ' est la guerre 4 . master o ' reilly 5 . profound beauty 6 . moatize 7 . mad rush 8 . nom du jeu 9 . zipping 10 . newport 11 . ice chariot 12 . guyno 13 . littorio 14 . varevees 15 . boundless 16 . red lord 17 . prize lady 18 . septimus 19 . barbaricus 20 . alessandro volta 21 . honolulu ( last ) gallopin failed to finish - with scott spits\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .\nthe age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper .\nthe two horses flashed past the post together on tuesday and were separated only after stewards studied a high - resolution image that showed bart cummings ' runner just millimetres ahead on the line .\nthe times recorded are accurate , with the microchips sending a signal to a cable placed under the track at 200 - metre intervals .\nthe difference was $ 2 , 465 , 000 , with prize money of $ 3 . 3 million for the winner and $ 835 , 000 for second .\nbut we were all delighted with the way he ran and it was a massive thrill to get so close ,\no ' donnell said .\nfrancesca cumani , who oversaw bauer ' s preparation following his arrival from england five weeks ago , was philosophical .\ni guess if we come back next year we ' ll have to bring horses with long necks and big heads ,\nshe joked .\na similar case arose at the 1988 cup , when natski , a small bay , was pipped by new zealand giant empire rose . the photo finish showed natski ' s rump ahead of empire rose ' s , but the mare ' s long neck got her over the line .\ntuesday ' s result could at least bring a new variant on an old joke .\na horse walks into a bar and the bartender says ,\nwhy the long face ?\nanswer : to win the melbourne cup .\nwhen news happens : send photos , videos & tip - offs to 0406 the age ( 0406 843 243 ) , or us .\nurltoken urltoken urltoken the age 2008 - 11 - 09 not always to the swiftest : how bauer ' won ' the cup tom reilly sport horseracing http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / swick - earns - tilt - at - hong - kong - success / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205408 . html swick earns tilt at hong kong success text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / stewards - suspend - four - more - jockeys / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205411 . html stewards suspend four more jockeys text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / late - starter - quick - finisher / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205417 . html late starter , quick finisher text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / thats - my - boys - boy / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205422 . html that ' s my boy ' s boy text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / capecover - starts - his - run - at - 2009 - cup / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205425 . html capecover starts his run at 2009 cup text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / bart - proves - master - magician / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205428 . html bart proves master magician text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / road - to - rock - ready - for - sandown - classic / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561210472 . html road to rock ready for sandown classic text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / two - berry - good - reasons - to - celebrate / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561210469 . html two berry good reasons to celebrate text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / late - start - a - blessing / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561210475 . html late start a blessing text / html - document\nget free news emails from theage . com . au . sign - up now\nthe sydney morning herald : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from australia ' s leading newspaper . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .\nthe sydney morning herald : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from australia ' s leading newspaper .\nracing identity emma freedman visits those enjoying the plush surrounds of the birdcage at this year ' s melbourne cup .\ntake a look at the best fashion on display at this year ' s competition .\nthe melbourne cup has been run and won with the foreign invasion repelled for another year . and who better to do it than the master himself , the man of the magical twirling eyebrows , cup king bart cummings ?\ni do make it a habit of winning this race , someone told me and i said it ' s a good habit to get into ,\ncummings said .\nemotional ?\nnot really ,\ncummings said .\nit happens to be a nice win , that ' s all . it ' s nice to win a race that everyone in australia wants to win , particularly my owners .\nthe best in the world - including the best stayer in europe , septimus , prepared by the best trainer in the world , aidan o ' brien - weren ' t good enough to unseat cummings who claimed an unprecedented dozen . imagine how long it might take for that record to be broken .\ngeez , he ' s the master , bart cummings . you just can ' t underestimate him ,\nsaid winning jockey blake shinn .\nthe jockey was yearning for the post to save him and worried , in those final few seconds , that he might have run too early .\nto win the melbourne cup for a living legend in the sport is a great honour and i thank him very much for giving me the opportunity ,\nshinn said .\ni can ' t believe it . it ' s one of the greatest moments in sport , to be able to ride the melbourne cup winner .\ni ' m just speechless . i ' m going to cry .\noffices and pubs stopped for the running of the cup ; even the pokies had a brief pause in clubland . as much as the australian public enjoy the first tuesday in november , the australian racing fraternity has largely given up on breeding and preparing the quality of staying horse needed to compete with the best in europe over 3200 metres .\nthird was c ' est la guerre , prepared by the lloyd williams camp which carried off last year ' s cup with efficient .\neven further back - so far back you have to wonder whether they left their form in singapore - came the trio prepared by o ' brien . alessandra volta had raced to the front the first time the field passed the winning post and septimus , the top weight , went along for the ride . given every chance to dictate race terms , septimus was carried into the home straight and briefly led before fading badly , along with alessandra volta and honolulu .\nthis is my fourth win . i have enough . i ' m happy not to win any more ,\nsaid dato tan chin nam , not that he would complain if another were to come his way .\nwhen news happens : send photos , videos & tip - offs to 0424 sms smh ( + 61 424 767 764 ) , or us .\ndid you know you could pay less than $ 1 a day for a subscription to the herald ? subscribe today .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\nranks synonyms and suggests the best matches based on how closely a synonym\u2019s sense matches the sense you selected .\nroget ' s 21st century thesaurus , third edition copyright \u00a9 2013 by the philip lief group .\nattention screen reader users , you are in a mobile optimized view and content may not appear where you expect it to be . to return the screen to its desktop view , please maximize your browser .\nwe will not follow up directly on feedback submitted . please do not submit support inquiries through this survey .\nthey saved their money with a view to being able to buy a house someday .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\nthem with tolerance until they were found out , when it raised its hands .\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\nearly 14c . ,\nformal inspection or survey\n( of land ) ; mid - 14c . ,\nvisual perception ,\nfrom anglo - french\n) . sense of\nmanner of regarding something\nfirst recorded early 15c . meaning\nsight or prospect of a landscape , etc .\nis recorded from c . 1600 .\nsee bird ' s eye view ; in ( view ) the light of ; in view ; on view ; point of view ; take a dim view ; with a view to .\nthe american heritage\u00ae idioms dictionary copyright \u00a9 2002 , 2001 , 1995 by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company . published by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nthis page was last edited on 23 april 2018 , at 06 : 45 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ni can ' t activate my truecaller account . ( code is not received )\nthe win also gave cummings , who started training in 1953 , his 250th group one victory .\n* rank is current power ranking among all active horses , based on highest hrn rating . rating is based on hrn member voting .\nmeydan gateway towers trophy ( handicap ) : for northern hemisphere 4 + yo & southern hemisphere 3 + yo rated 100 + .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .\nwe ' ve ranked the top 50 wimbledon players over the last 50 years .\npeter sagan is a triple world champion and the most charismatic rider in professional road cycling . he is now the leader of the 2018 tour de france , writes rob arnold .\ncould you bring yourself to support england ? are the french or belgians more your cup of tea ? we want to know who your pick is to take out the 2018 world cup title .\nthe beautiful game has shown an ugly side in russia , with the treatment of the referees coming into sharp focus .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe 2001 to 2010 melbourne cup winners list is dominated by one name \u2013 makybe diva . she managed to take the race three times consecutively from 2003 to 2005 , finishing well ahead of the competition . this melbourne cup era had many interesting quirks , with a five year stretch where no stallion took the race . also , the first win for a full horse in this period was in 2006 , and it went to a japanese horse for the first time , delta blues . the 2010 melbourne cup also marks the 150th running , an impressive milestone for any horse race .\nthe new zealand bred , owned and trained mare , whose name is greek for \u2018upper air\u2019 , secured a historic double win in 2001 . ethereal became only the third mare , and eleventh horse , to win both the caulfield and melbourne cups in the same year .\nwith a late burst on the track , the four - year - old stole the lead from give the slip , winning by three - quarters of a length . trainer sheila laxon also hit the record books with the win as the first woman to officially train a melbourne cup winner .\nethereal went on to win the 2001 - 2002 champion stayer in the australian horse of the year awards .\nthe 2002 cup was an easy win for media puzzle . the strong gelding accelerated forward on the final 400 metres of the race , beating mr prudent by two lengths , landing a bittersweet victory for jockey damien oliver , whose brother was killed in a track accident the week before the race .\nmedia puzzle was only the second european horse to win the cup , europe\u2019s first win since 1993 . he was voted as the 2002 - 2003 champion stayer in the australian horse of the year awards .\nin front of the largest crowd recorded at flemington , an amazing 122 , 736 people , makbye diva raced to melbourne cup victory in her first of three straight wins at the carnival . the first cup success for trainer david hall , makbye diva and her jockey glen boss charged down the straight entertaining the crowd with a clear and decisive win .\nonly the fifth horse in history to win dual melbourne cups , makybe diva positioned herself as one of the finest staying mares of all time . fighting against the heavy rain , she gave trainer lee freedman his fourth cup victory , after also triumphing at the sydney cup and placing second in the caulfield cup .\nmakybe diva became the first horse to win three successive melbourne cups after taking victory in 2005 at flemington . it was also a record breaker for jockey glen boss , who became the first to win three cups in a row also . winning with 58kg she broke her own weight carrying record for a mare . since described as \u2018the best since phar lap\u2019 , this race and makybe diva will be remembered forever by all those who saw the incredible victory .\nall sorts of excitement surrounded the 2006 melbourne cup , as six - year - old delta blues became the first japanese raider to take victory in the race\u2019s 146 th year . delta blues\u2019 win for trainer katsuhiko sumii was even sweeter as his other horse pop rock landed second on the day . this significant 1 - 2 finish was only the ninth time a single trainer had two horses feature in the quinella at a melbourne cup . delta blues was only the third cup winner at the time not prepared in australia or new zealand , showing his stamina taking and keeping the lead over his stable mate pop rock .\nefficient took out the 2007 melbourne cup , overtaking purple moon on the straight to beat him to the line by half a length at flemington . showing great speed and stamina , after racing the widest on the outside of the track , efficient surged forward from 12 th place to take the lead in the last few metres .\nthis was the first group one victory for the black beauty , and a great comeback after having been scratched from the previous year\u2019s race . no horse since phar lap did as efficient , claiming melbourne cup victory a year after winning the victoria derby .\nthe 2009 melbourne cup saw shocking live up to his name as he pulled off a victory that hardly anyone saw coming . while the prior favourites for the race languished in the middle and rear , shocking kept pace about three back until the final stretch . a strong run home gave shocking the victory over irish raiders crime scene and mourilyan .\nabout the race this was the 150th anniversary of the melbourne cup . americain , a french trained horse , had only one other start at the geelong cup , which he won . so you think had won two cox plates prior to the race and went in as a strong favourite . second - placed maluckyday had not had many starts , but had seen victory in the lexus stakes .\nthe race was run in less than ideal conditions , with fairly persistent rain affecting the track , causing it to be rated a slow ( 6 ) . the rain was so heavy that one of the nearby carparks had to be closed due to flooding . only 5 of the 24 starters were bred in australia . gai waterhouse\u2019s descarado was injured during the race , and was officially retired twelve months later when the injury was perceived to have not healed satisfactorily .\nemerging sprinting star nature strip is odds on to stake a claim for the $ 13m . . .\ncambridge trainer tony pike is considering a spring carnival campaign for the . . .\ncranbourne trainer richard laming will be chasing more rain affected tracks in . . .\nthe darren weir trained brave smash has been selected to race in chris waller . . .\nthree times group 1 winner santa ana lane will fill the slot owned by inglis . . .\nhead trainer david hayes has nominated the two year old good \u2018n\u2019 fast as . . .\nlindsay park\u2019s head trainer david hayes is not ruling out the chances of all . . .\negg tart wins p . j . o\u2019shea stakes : caulfield cup 2018 spring target\nurltoken is here to provide you with the best coverage of horse racing from across australia and around the world , including the melbourne cup and spring racing carnival .\nnewmarket - based cumani put a brave face on bauer ' s defeat in the closest finish the cup has ever produced .\nwe are getting closer ,\nhe said ,\nand , although it is frustrating to be beaten so narrowly , on the other hand he has run a great race . he had a good run home and we are very proud of him .\ncummings , who has courted controversy by arguing that the number of foreign - trained runners should be limited , was in more magnanimous mood after the race .\ni feel very sorry for luca cumani ,\nhe said ,\nbut it ' s great to see the aussies succeed . i thought it might have been a dead heat , it was that close .\ncumani will surely have fewer regrets than irish trainer aidan o ' brien , whose three runners all contributed to a furious pace before dropping back through the field to finish 18th , 20th and 21st of 22 runners . two of them , the favourite septimus and honolulu , came back lame .\no ' brien was later called back from the airport by the stewards to explain the poor performances of his charges .\nthey didn ' t run within stones of what they were ,\nhe said .\nthe reason \u2014 if we did the wrong thing in quarantine , whether we travelled them wrong , whether we should have run them when they were over . there ' s a lot of things . there ' s a lot we have to learn . that ' s putting it mildly .\ndermot weld ' s profound beauty finished fifth . the irishman remains the only trainer to have won the melbourne cup from a base in the northern hemisphere , a feat he pulled off with both vintage crop ( 1993 ) and media puzzle ( 2002 ) .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nsign - up , deposit $ 500 & receive $ 500 in bonus bets . that ' s $ 1000 to bet with ! *\nsign - up , deposit $ 250 & receive $ 300 in bonus bets . that ' s $ 550 to bet with ! *\n* conditions apply . excl vic , nsw , sa & wa . gamble responsibly\nthe son of scenic improved quickly to be within striking distance on the home turn before being held up behind stablemates roman emperor and allez wonder .\n\u00e2\u20ac\u0153he followed the rail around and beat my own horse , \u00e2\u20ac\u009d cummings said . \u00e2\u20ac\u0153it was nice to win a caulfield cup for ( dato ) chin nam . he\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s won three or four melbourne cups now he has a caulfield cup . \u00e2\u20ac\u009d\nviewed\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s win was the first time since rising fast in 1955 a melbourne cup winner has returned the following year to win the caulfield cup .\nthe caulfield cup was rawiller\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s second major win of the year after taking out the golden slipper aboard phelan ready in april .\n\u00e2\u20ac\u0153i have to say this is a much bigger thrill than the golden slipper , \u00e2\u20ac\u009d he said . \u00e2\u20ac\u0153to win a caulfield cup for bart is one of the best feelings a jockey can have . \u00e2\u20ac\u009d\nthe danny o\u00e2\u20ac\u2122brien - trained vigor boxed on well to take third spot , a long neck in front of daffodil .\nthe $ 7 favourite predatory pricer endured a horror caulfield cup , being stuck three and four wide for the entire race from his outside gate before finishing 12th .\nthe international challenge petered out quickly with both kirklees and cima de triomphe dropping out of contention before the home turn .\nkirklees rallied late to finish seventh while cima de triomphe hit the line in 13th place .\nhad support in the betting ring , firming from $ 14 to $ 13 .\neased from $ 14 to $ 15 . kirklees eased from $ 8 to $ 9 . 50 and\nwas the big firmer on - track , tightening from $ 8 to $ 7 . the market closed at 114 percent .\njust horse racing provides readers with the best free bet offers available at every online bookmaker in australia during the . . .\npivotal information in queensland racing integrity commission\u2019s case against ben currie and four of his stable employees has emerged . cctv . . .\nan international group one winner looks set to take on winx in the 2018 cox plate with confirmation that godolphin - owned benbatl . . .\ndespite winning the ar crewswick series final at flemington , boom colt nature strip has drifted in the everest betting . nature . . .\nlast years vrc oaks winner pinot has been sold to overseas interests and is unlikely to race again in australia . . . .\nmichelle payne has been fined over comments she made about the state of the sandown track on wednesday . the melbourne . . .\n* state exclusions apply to some offers . please check t & cs ; of each offer with the bookmaker . all offers exclude nsw residents .\na new dinosaur has been discovered . but did it walk on two legs or four ?\nthe caulfield cup horses had not even pulled up yesterday when bart cummings went to work on winning a 13th melbourne cup .\n' ' i thought he was pretty lucky . got a lucky rails run , ' ' he said .\nbut while it was a moment for all those at caulfield to savor , cummings , who turns 82 in less than a month , was doing his best to talk it all down .\nnone of cummings ' other winners has been forced to carry more to win australia ' s greatest race .\n' ' he should get maybe half a kilo , ' ' he suggested . ' ' maybe one at worst , ' ' he added before conceding : ' ' the handicapper is always there to beat you . ' '\nthe last caulfield cup winner not to receive a penalty was cummings ' great galloper , ming dynasty , in 1980 .\nonly one horse - master o ' reilly , 1 . 5 kilograms in 2007 - has received less than a two - kilogram penalty . but only a week earlier he gained the same penalty for both cups for winning the herbert power handicap .\ncummings was three years old when phar lap became the only ajc derby winner to go on to win a melbourne cup the following season . cummings has won five ajc derbys himself and not one of his four previous winners - ivory ' s irish ( 1995 ) , beau zam ( 1988 ) , prolific ( 1984 ) or belmura lad ( 1977 ) - ever made it to a melbourne cup .\ntan , who has been a client of cummings ' for almost 40 years , was at home in malaysia yesterday but his australian manager , duncan ramage was on the phone to the millionaire minutes after the race . ' ' he was very happy . he ' ll be here for the melbourne cup , ' ' he said .\nthe bad news for those trainers plotting revenge in the melbourne cup was that chief steward terry bailey reported that the race had no hard luck stories and was one of the cleaner caulfield cups in many years .\nthe only blemish on the race was the $ 3000 fine handed out to chris munce for two charges of over - using the whip . he was found to have hit the new zealand mare daffodil 16 times between the 300 - metre mark and the 100 - metre mark .\nhe then hit the mare eight successive times from the 100 metres to the winning post .\nsupermodels miranda kerr and megan gale joined in the fashion and frolics at caulfield .\nmiscellaneous the melbourne cup winning combination of blake shinn and bart cummings will be back in force at canterbury on wednesday as the hoop returns to sydney .\nmiscellaneous seven - time caulfield cup winning trainer bart cummings believes he ' ll saddle up the forgotten horse in saturday ' s edition of the group i staying feature .\ntopics cover : attempting to peek behind the curtain of death . how to overcome the fear of death . what actually happens at the point of transition from life , to death , to heaven ? your first hour in glory : what will heaven be like ? the descent into gloom : what will hell be like ? is god in control of how and when you die ? suicide and the christian . how to have complete assurance you are going to heaven .\ncopyright : 1998 , number of programs : 8 , cat . no . el\nfear of death , ascent into glory , 1 cor . 3 : 22 , heb 2 : 15 , 1 john 3 : 8\njohn , i just marvel at the fact that there are many people who do not pay attention nor do they seriously think or plan about death . yet the fact is that it is inevitable ; absolutely inevitable . we will die and we don\u2019t know when . today we\u2019re going to talk about death , which , incidentally , came into the world when adam and eve sinned . they died spiritually . they were dying physically after they sinned . and , of course , they also were dying eternally . but god rescued them from eternal death .\nnow , physically , all of us are in a state of decline . we are all dying . well , if you were with us last time , you know that we stressed the gloomy side of death . we talked about sheol and hades . and in a future program we\u2019re going to talk about hell , but for now , we want to talk about the ascent into glory .\nyou know , when you stop to think of it and you get some perspective , you realize that death really is something that is wonderful for the christian . i know that on this side of the grave it\u2019s not wonderful ; but on the other side of the grave , it is . i have often marveled at that passage in corinthians where the apostle paul says to the people , he says , \u201call things are yours ; whether paul , \u2026 or cephas , \u2026 or whether life or death . \u201d [ 1 cor . 3 : 21 - 22 ] i thought about that and asked myself , what did paul mean that death was the possession of the christian ? then i realized , you know , that even in the days of persecution when the pagans were able to take everything from the christians .\nthey stripped them of their wealth , of their health , and of their very life . but you know , those early christians , bless them , they used to say , \u201cthere\u2019s one thing that the pagans cannot take from us , and that is death . in fact , they may hasten our death and death is the possession of every single christian . \u201d\nso , i want us to think differently about it . if you\u2019ve believed in jesus christ as your savior , the scripture says that he came to \u201cdestroy the works of the devil\u201d [ 1 john 3 : 8 ; heb . 2 : 14 ] and catch this , now , \u201cto deliver those who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage . \u201d [ heb . 2 : 15 ]\none day i was eating with a widow . she was terrified of death , just thinking about it all the time , fearful that she might not wake up in the morning . well , i know that death has its fears , obviously , but jesus came to deliver us from the bondage of that fear .\nfounder and president of the john ankerberg show , the most - watched christian worldview show in america .\nplease note we are not able to get to every comment due to the number we receive . to speak with someone directly please use the form here .\nyour prayer has been added to the prayer corner . we want you to know that you are loved by god and the ja show community . if you haven ' t already , we ' d love if you consldered\nthe john ankerberg show is a viewer / listener supported ministry . your gifts help make this broadcast possible .\nif you - or someone you know - have considered suicide , please know that there are resources out there that can provide free , 24 - hour , confidential support to anyone in need . you can speak with someone directly and immediately here .\npress j to jump to the feed . press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\naccording to this data about 17 million people saw the 2001 daytona 500 , the race where dale earnhardt was killed in a crash . it happened in the last lap , so probably a lot of those people were watching at the time .\nhadn ' t thought about it . i would think you are right . i was watching it too .\nwell . . . how we didn ' t see the death per say but . . . how about the falling man from 9 / 11 ? few days after the attack i remember seeing that picture everywhere , news , i ' m the press , people even talked about it in the radio .\notherwise . . . any death during a major competition like / u / ehowie60 said or something like that . after all , mass media is relativity new , so old events may have been seen talked about ( like jfk ' s assassination ) very few saw it live\nnow op was quite unspecific with what execution or tragic events will matter . we never\nsaw\ntheir death by our own eyes , we only saw the explosion that led to their death . never the death itself .\nbut yeah , many people were watching that event as well as recorded videos .\ni think the assumption would be how many witnessed it as it occurred . there were a relatively small number of witnesses to jfk ' s death .\ni see . i was thinking of all the times the zapruder film has been seen .\nplus the movie jfk grossed over $ 70 million as well . they used the footage in there too .\n/ r / history is a place for discussions about history . feel free to submit interesting articles , tell us about this cool book you just read , or start a discussion about who everyone ' s favorite figure of minor french nobility is !\nconor burns , a conservative mp who visited lady thatcher on a weekly basis in her final years , said she would have been pleased they felt\nso strongly\nabout her .\nhe said that when he told her that\ndeath packs\nincluding commemorative t - shirts had been sold at the tuc congress last year she saw them as a tribute .\nhe said :\nfunnily enough the parties that we ' re seeing , the things in some of these mining communities and those young people opening the champagne in glasgow , they ' re a remarkable tribute to her you know .\ni remember telling her last year about the tuc congress selling the thatcher death party packs .\nshe said the fact that they felt so strongly about her more than 20 years after she left downing street was a tribute to the fact she had done something in politics rather than simply been someone .\nseven police officers were injured in a scuffle at a street party in bristol celebrating the death of baroness thatcher , with people carrying banners which said :\nlet ' s see the evil tory off in style . . . may she never ever rip .\nother parties to\ncelebrate\nthe death of the former prime minister were held in brixton , south london , and glasgow .\na senior labour source said :\ned miliband categorically condemns any celebration of lady thatcher ' s death . as he made clear yesterday she was a huge figure in british politics and on the world stage .\nwhile the labour party disagrees with much of what she did , we can respect her personal achievements .\nmr burns said she told him that she\ncould not imagine anything worse\nthan the iron lady , the 2011 film about her which starred meryl streep .\nmr burns told sky news :\ni went from leicester square to watch the iron lady to chester square to have a gin and tonic and see lady t . i told her , i ' ve just seen a film about you ."]}
{"id": 2585, "summary": [{"text": "the lime-speck pug ( eupithecia centaureata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a common species throughout the palearctic region ( where it is found in europe , central asia , mongolia , southern siberia , eastern china ( guangdong ) and taiwan ) , the near east and north africa . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "lime - speck pug", "paragraphs": ["lime - speck pug ( eupithecia centaureata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 57\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 98\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 105\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 122\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 120\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 59\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 114\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 83\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 49\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 126\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 142\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 79\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 76\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 62\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 96\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 102\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 39\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 101\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 52\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 37\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 81\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 53\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 43\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 143\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 129\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 45\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 88\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 , 86\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 124\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 117\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 131\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 64\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 132\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 55\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 141\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 138\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 91\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 67\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 75\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 50\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 41\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 72\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 110\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 137\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 47\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 103\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 112\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 127\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 106\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 94\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 99\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 119\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 , 33\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 135\na distinctive and slender - winged pug , it is thought that this species may resemble a bird - dropping and thus reduce attraction to predators .\nwingspan 16 - 20 mm . a distinctive and slender - winged pug , it is thought that this species may resemble a bird - dropping and thus reduce attraction to predators .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nfairly common throughout britain , occurring in a wide range of habitats , the species has one or two broods , being found on the wing from april to september .\nthe caterpillars feed on the flowers of a range of low - growing plants .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 06 : 05 : 08 page render time : 0 . 3618s total w / procache : 0 . 4299s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 66 ( 96 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1834 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthe species has one or two broods , being found on the wing from april to september .\nfairly common throughout britain . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .\nfairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )\nthe large dark splodge on each forewing together with smaller black round - bractet is highly indicative of this moth . when the insect is resting it could easily be mistaken for a bird dropping . has many habitats in open land . is not fussy and can be found on a wide range of herbaceous plants . 20 - 24mm across when opened .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 5098 records from 377 sites . first recorded in 1880 .\n: sparsely recorded from all five vice - counties . most frequent in the south , although not seen near selby ( vc61 / 64 ) for many years ( smj pers . comm . ) .\n: doing well in the county particularly in lowland areas . two overlapping broods , the second being larger .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : common in gardens , hedgerows , scrub and saltmarshes , and on roadside verges throughout the british isles . in hampshire and on the isle of wight widespread and common . wingspan 20 - 24 mm . unmistakable . larva feeds on such plants as ragwort , mugwort , sea wormwood , burnet - saxifrage , knapweed , scabious , hemp - agrimony , yarrow , traveller ' s - joy , goldenrod and wild angelica , over - wintering as a pupa .\ndescription : wingspan 20 - 24 mm . adults resemble a bird dropping when at rest . forewings greyish white with a dark brown blotch that merges with the black discal spot ; the size of the blotch can vary between individuals . there are also darker blotches running along the dorsum of the forewing . hindwings pale white with a small black discal spot and chequered fringe .\nflight period : end of may to late august . skinner gives from summer to early autumn as the normal flight period in britain .\nstatus : common and fairly widespread in eastern counties with the majority of records coming from well - recorded sites along the down coastline . it has also been recorded from several inland sites in north armagh at loughgall , aughinlig and navan and also from rathlin island , antrim .\necology : a polyphagous species found in a variety of habitats in small numbers . adults come frequently to light and will occasionally visit flowers . the larvae feed during june and july on the flowers of mouse - ears cerastium spp . it overwinters as a pupa .\nworld distribution : eurasiatic ; common throughout europe as far east as asia and also north africa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nweed of the week burdock description : . . . - thunderbird outdoor adventures | facebook\nthese pages show a variety of moth caterpillars that can be found in typical habitats . this is unlike the organisation of adult moths as they tend to have a recognised and restricted flight period , often only a couple of months . caterpillars , on the other hand , are around much longer . the larval stage of many species lasts maybe ten months , with part - grown larvae hibernating over the winter . there are caterpillars you would be almost guaranteed to find on heather moorland but would never see in your garden , and vice versa . other categories include coast , scrub , carr & hedgerows , woodland , roadsides & waste ground . some species overlap habitats , inevitably . a selection of the most likely species to be found in each habitat are shown .\nit should be emphasised just how hard it is to find most larvae , and then how difficult it is to identify many without rearing them . comments alongside many photographs provide guidance on identification and confusion species ( many of which make then indistiguishable ) and also the likelyhood of finding them and when they might be found .\nbutterfly conservation is a registered charity and non - profit - making company , limited by guarantee . registered office : manor yard , east lulworth , wareham , dorset , bh20 5qp . charity registered in england and wales ( 254937 ) and in scotland ( sco39268 ) .\ntaken at musselburgh on 13th august 2017 using panasonic lumix lx5 in macro mode .\na variety of flowers including yarrow , burdock , heather . nectar rich flowers . all the wings being largely white except for a black blotch on the costa of the forewing . 20 - 24 mm . woodland . summer - autumn .\nthe larvae are found in various colours with diagonal patches down the sides finishing on top of the larva . yellow form - with brownish red markings . green form - dark green markings . pinkish form - deep pink markings .\nthe moth has a white to whitish brown narrow forewing with a black discal spot located on a light or darker black patch adjacent to the costa , which makes this moth unmistakeable .\nif disturbed they tend to hide beneath a leaf . the moth is attracted to light and is a regular visitor to the light trap .\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed .\nplant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\na sub - family of more than 150 species . typically feeding on the foliage of a wide range of dicot plants , although many species consume the host ' s flowers and seeds . particular genera display affinities for certain hosts , e . g . scotopteryx on leguminous herbs and shrubs ( fabaceae ) ; catarhoe on bedstraws ( rubiaceae ) ; chloroclysta on shrubs and trees ; and thera on conifers .\nold data currently unassessed by a specialist for changes in nomenclature , new species to the british list , new interactions , errors in original sources , and misspellings . new material added from waring , townsend & lewington , 2003 . field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . british wildlife publishing , uk . ; ;\nbelow is a list of all sources for this family / sub - family contained within dbif . click on source name for a list of all records for this source .\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 26\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 130\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 122\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 15\nbarbour , d . a . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 146 - 146 : 146\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 25\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 20\ncosten , p . d . m . & peet , t . n . d . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 0098 0217 - 0218 : 0217\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 103\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 88\nhaggett , g . m . ( 1980 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 31 221 - 226 :\nriley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 0098 0207 - 00208 : 0208\ncorley , m . f . v . ( 1984 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 35 : 2 76 - 77 : 77\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 34\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 128\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 40\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 98\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 129\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 116\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 41\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 24\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 92\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 119\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 41\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 82\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 26\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 117\narnold , v . w . ( 1979 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 91 : 11 289 - 332 : 322\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 115\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 34\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 16\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 126\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 76\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 95\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 40\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 18\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 32\nowen , d . f . ( 1982 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 94 52 - 52 : 52\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 107\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 33\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 31\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 108\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 10\nowen , d . f . ( 1987 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 38 209 - 213 : 210\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 124\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 85\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 23\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 33\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 24\nowen , d . f . ( 1987 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 38 209 - 213 : 212\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 96\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 123\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 83\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 120\nknill - jones , r . p . ( 1982 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 94 77 - 77 : 77\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 42\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 38\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 89\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 110\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 121\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 33\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 102\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 75\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 117\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 111\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 100\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 27\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 13\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 90\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 39\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 78\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 21\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 30\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 37\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 127\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 104\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 29\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 112\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 14\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 84\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 91\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 72\nowen , d . f . ( 1983 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 95 20 - 20 : 20\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 37\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 36\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 87\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 36\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 116\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 19\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 101\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 22\nriley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s mon . mag . 37 : 2 68 - 68 : 68\nmichaelis , h . n . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 40 - 40 : 40\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 35\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 118\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 79\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 30\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 31\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 97\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 73\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 12\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 29\nviart , m . ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) poplars and willows in wood production and land use . fao forestry series 10 1 - 328 : 230\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 81\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 114\nriley , a . m . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 36 : 4 259 - 261 : 260\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 11\nwest , b . k . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 198 - 198 : 198\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 38\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 113\nhaggett , g . m . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 236 - 236 : 236\nsterling , m . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 27 - 28 : 27\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 77\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 80\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 34\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 28\nagassiz , d . & skinner , b . ( 1980 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 92 162 - 166 : 164\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 39\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 17\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 109\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 93\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 28\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 106\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 27\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 125\nriley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 98 85 - 89 : 85\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 23\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 74\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 86\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council :\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 35\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 99\nskinner , b . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 185 - 186 : 186\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nwe supply yarrow in our selected wildflower trays or seed mixes but we also sell it here on its own , as seed , 55cc plug plants , or in more generous half litre pots .\nsupplier : british wildflower plants / all things rural our yarrow plants and seeds have guaranteed uk provenance and are supplied by signatories to the flora locale code of practice .\nwelcome to our online shop , where you will find top quality plants , trees and seeds , delivered straight to you from our community of specialist growers and harvesters around britain . we donate half of our profits from sales through the shop to uk conservation charities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbutterfly conservation ' s rough bank reserve is a site known by some local butterfly enthusiasts for many years , but until 2012 ( the year when bc purchased rough bank ) there had been few reports of moths found there apart from daytime observations on a few occasions . one such record in 1993 was of a larva of narrow - bordered bee hawk - moth found feeding on devil ' s - bit scabious . five nationally scarce micro - moth species had also been recorded at the site in the past .\nsince 2012 a total of 628 moth species have been recorded on the site ( plus 4 other species only recorded in earlier years ) . three of these were the first records for the species in gloucestershire : trifurcula headleyella and coleophora therinella in 2012 , and aphelia viburnana in 2014 .\n3 nationally rare species have been found at rough bank ( species given provisional red data book status in the 2012 review of the status of microlepidoptera in britain ) , and 43 nationally scarce species : 3 in the\nnotable a\ncategory , 40\nnotable b\n. for more information about these species see the rough bank rare and scarce moths page .\nthis page lists the moth species recorded at the site , mostly on the unimproved limestone grassland slopes of rough bank sssi but also any additional species recorded in the two pasture fields which were included in bc ' s purchase . these fields both have wetland areas with plants associated with such habitat and supporting colonies of some rush - feeding moth species .\nfor each species the table below lists the agassiz , beavan & heckford checklist number , the bradley list number , scientific and common names , national status , earliest and most recent years recorded and typical uk larval food . the list will be updated at least annually using records sent to the current vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder , robert homan . it is updated more frequently with my own records from the site , and sometimes with additional species reported to me . records prior to 2012 are from the former gloucestershire moth recorder roger gaunt ' s database .\nfollowing the publication in september 2015 of a paper showing that delplanqueia inscriptella occurs in the uk and d . dilutella seems to be very restricted in its range , all previous gloucestershire records of d . dilutella are doubtful . from reexamination of a few kept specimens ( all looking too dark for d . dilutella ) , d . inscriptella has been found at several gloucestershire sites including rough bank .\nthe species name links in the table below are to the species entries on the uk moths website . please note that the gloucestershire moth distribution maps are not updated frequently , so some species listed below may not yet be shown as recorded in the rough bank tetrad so90e . also some informal reports of species from rough bank are listed below , but such records will only be mapped if the recorder sends them to the vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder - for contact details see the distribution maps page .\nperforate & other st . john ' s - worts , bird ' s - foot trefoil\nbird ' s - foot trefoil ( f . palustrella ) ; greater b - f . tref . ( f . decreta )\npage last revised june 2018 butterfly conservation . company limited by guarantee , registered in england ( 2206468 ) . registered office : manor yard , east lulworth , wareham , dorset , bh20 5qp . charity registered in england and wales ( 254937 ) and in scotland ( sco39268 ) . vat no gb 991 2771 89\nupto four 125wmv traps two 6w and a 15w actinic trap were placed over a wide area of the bog on four separate dates in may , june , july and august , usually covering the bog myrtle / heather communities and the birch / pine habitats . a further daytime search was made in october for leaf mines . the uk status is common\nunless stated , although some of the micro - moths ( especially the leaf mines , nepticulidae & gracillariidae ) usually comes under the \u2018unknown\u2019 category as very little is known and studied with this neglected group . all larval food plants are in brackets . the numbers on the left hand side are the bradley & fletcher numbers .\n1313 catoptria pinella ( grasses & sedges esp . tufted hair - grass ) ( local )\n2130 dotted clay ( various trees & plants inc . heather and bog myrtle )\n2196 striped wainscot ( common reed & various grasses inc . purple moor - grass ) ( local )\n2286 light knot grass ( various plants inc . heather and bog myrtle ) ( local )\n2305 small angle shades ( various trees & plants inc . bracken and birch )\n2412 silver hook ( sedges & grasses inc . tufted - hair grass ) ( local )\n2484 pinion - streaked snout ( unknown , but probably inc . heather\u2019s and rushes ) ( local )\n2493 dotted fan - foot ( various marsh grasses inc . wood - rush & wood - sedge ) ( notable n / b )\nif we were to split the food plants into three main categories which are associated with dersingham bog , heathland , birch and pines then this gives more of a clue as to what species is using what habitat .\nstriped wainscot ( grasses inc . purple - moor grass / common reed ) local\nbog myrtle would be widely used by many species under the larval food plant heading of \u2018various plants\u2019 ( as would heather ) . this would include the local pinion - streaked snout .\nmention must be made of the light knot grass trapped here in may and june . in norfolk it has been recorded from roydon common for some years now and this was the first record away from this site . its nearest occurrence to norfolk is the staffordshire moorlands .\nother food plants associated with the wetter areas of dersingham bog such as phragmites , juncus etc , deserve special mention too .\na summary of the above gives over 45 local species associated with the bog , one notable na and three notable nb .\nis a brightly - coloured geometer moth that is usually seen more in daylight , lightly flying over the wetter areas of the heathland , it will also come to light . the food plant is marsh cinquefoil (\nis only a tiny noctuid 15 - 18 mm long , very easily overlooked and may be mistaken for a microlepidopteron . upto 100 were noted around the bog myrtle during the july visit , with fewer in the august visit . the larval food plant is not known but orhant ( 1977 ) considers it likely to be juncus spp .\nusually found in reed - beds and fens in east anglia and the larva feed on sallow and various marsh sedges and grasses . it seems to becoming more widespread over the last few years ."]}
{"id": 2587, "summary": [{"text": "the euteleostei or euteleosts is a clade of bony fishes within the teleostei that evolved some 240 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is divided into the protacanthopterygii ( including the salmon and dragonfish ) and the neoteleostei ( including the lanternfish , lizardfish , oarfish , and the acanthopterygii ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the cladogram is based on near et al. ( 2012 ) and betancur-rodriguez et al. 2016 .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "they explored the phylogeny and divergence times of every major lineage , analysing the dna sequences of 9 unlinked genes .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "they calibrated ( set actual values for ) branching times in this tree from 36 reliable measurements of absolute time from the fossil record . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "euteleostei", "paragraphs": ["( 27 ) euteleostei . mrca : lepidogalaxias , takifugu . hard minimum age : 149 ma . 95 % soft maximum age : 260 ma . prior setting : uniform distribution ( crown calibration ) . calibration source : broughton et al . [ 2 ] .\ndavis mp . evolutionary relationships of the aulopiformes ( euteleostei : cyclosquamata ) : a molecular and total evidence approach . in : nelson js , schultze hp , wilson mvh , editors . origin and phylogenetic interrelationships of teleosts . 2010 . m\u00fcnchen , germany : verlag dr . friedrich pfeil . pp . 317 - 336 .\nwith regard to the relationships of early euteleosts , our phylogenetic analyses support several results from previous molecular studies and a new result that places galaxiidae as the sister lineage of neoteleostei ( without stomiiforms ) [ bs = 95 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) ] . lineages previously treated as \u201cprotacanthopterygians\u201d ( 3 ) are polyphyletic in the molecular phylogeny because the alepocephaliforms ( slickheads ) are resolved in a clade containing clupeomorphs ( anchovies and herrings ) and ostariophysians ( catfish and minnows ) [ bs = 94 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( 21 , 33 ) ] , the enigmatic freshwater australian species lepidogalaxias salamandroides is the sister lineage to all other euteleostei ( 15 , 23 ) [ bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) ] , salmonids ( trouts and salmon ) and esociforms ( pikes and mudminnows ) are resolved as a clade [ bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( 21 , 23 ) ] , and there is strong support for a clade containing stomiiforms ( dragonfishes ) , osmeriforms ( smelts ) , and retropinnids ( southern smelts ) [ bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( 23 ) ] . although most of these relationships were reflected in the species tree , lepidogalaxias was resolved as the sister lineage of galaxiidae ( fig . s3 ) . however , only one of the two gene trees ( rag1 ) that sampled both lepidogalaxias and galaxiidae resolved these lineages as sharing a common ancestor . the phylogenetic resolution of these early euteleost lineages using morphology is thought to have been hampered by a mosaic of highly modified and ancestral character states ( 3 , 13 ) . the relationships inferred in our trees provide a phylogenetic framework to investigate the evolution of morphological character state changes , which have proven difficult to use in the inference of relationships among early diverging euteleost lineages ( e . g . , ref . 34 ) .\nedited by david m . hillis , university of texas , austin , tx , and approved july 19 , 2012 ( received for review april 22 , 2012 )\nray - finned fishes make up half of all living vertebrate species . nearly all ray - finned fishes are teleosts , which include most commercially important fish species , several model organisms for genomics and developmental biology , and the dominant component of marine and freshwater vertebrate faunas . despite the economic and scientific importance of ray - finned fishes , the lack of a single comprehensive phylogeny with corresponding divergence - time estimates has limited our understanding of the evolution and diversification of this radiation . our analyses , which use multiple nuclear gene sequences in conjunction with 36 fossil age constraints , result in a well - supported phylogeny of all major ray - finned fish lineages and molecular age estimates that are generally consistent with the fossil record . this phylogeny informs three long - standing problems : specifically identifying elopomorphs ( eels and tarpons ) as the sister lineage of all other teleosts , providing a unique hypothesis on the radiation of early euteleosts , and offering a promising strategy for resolution of the \u201cbush at the top of the tree\u201d that includes percomorphs and other spiny - finned teleosts . contrasting our divergence time estimates with studies using a single nuclear gene or whole mitochondrial genomes , we find that the former underestimates ages of the oldest ray - finned fish divergences , but the latter dramatically overestimates ages for derived teleost lineages . our time - calibrated phylogeny reveals that much of the diversification leading to extant groups of teleosts occurred between the late mesozoic and early cenozoic , identifying this period as the \u201csecond age of fishes . \u201d\nray - finned fishes ( actinopterygii ) are one of the most successful radiations in the long evolutionary history of vertebrates , yet despite the rapid progress toward reconstructing the vertebrate tree of life , only 5 % of the ray - finned fish phylogeny is resolved with strong support ( 1 ) . actinopterygii contains more than 30 , 000 species ( 2 ) , with all but 50 being teleosts ( 3 ) . compared with other large vertebrate radiations , such as mammals ( 4 ) or birds ( 5 ) , a general consensus on the phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification among the major actinopterygian and teleost lineages is lacking ( 3 , 6 , 7 ) . this uncertainty about relationships has prevented the development of a comprehensive time - calibrated phylogeny of ray - finned fishes , which is necessary to understand macroevolutionary processes that underlie their diversity .\n) , and unlike other clades of vertebrates , there has been no comprehensive effort to resolve the phylogeny of actinopterygians and teleosts using molecular data that sample multiple nuclear genes and include taxa that span the major lineages . despite the long history of using morphological data in the phylogenetics of ray - finned fishes , there are several areas of uncertainty and disagreement regarding some of the most fundamental relationships . first , there are two competing hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships that reflect the earliest diversification of teleosts : either the osteoglossomorpha [ bony tongues (\n) ] are the sister lineage of all other teleosts . second , the relationships of lower euteleosts ( e . g . , salmons , smelts , pikes , slickheads , and galaxiids ) , or \u201cprotacanthopterygians , \u201d has changed frequently as a result of phylogenetic analyses of different morphological datasets (\n) to label the percomorpha as the \u201cbush at the top of the [ teleost ] tree . \u201d\napplications of molecular data to these three long - standing questions in teleost phylogenetics have yielded mixed results . for example , analyses of nuclear and mtdna gene sequences have supported all three possible relationships among osteoglossomorphs , elopomorphs , and all other teleosts [ i . e . , clupeocephalans (\nwe investigated phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of all major lineages of actinopterygii and teleostei using dna sequences of nine unlinked protein - coding nuclear genes sampled from 232 species . we used 36 well - justified absolute time calibrations from the fossil record of ray - finned fishes in relaxed - molecular clock analyses to estimate divergence times . phylogenies resulting from these analyses were well resolved , the majority of phylogenetic inferences were supported with strong node support values , were robust to inferences using new \u201cspecies tree\u201d methods , and provide a comprehensive molecular perspective on areas of long - standing disagreement and uncertainty in the relationships of teleost fishes . divergence times estimated from relaxed - molecular clock analyses yield a comprehensive time - scale of actinopterygian diversification that is remarkably close to ages inferred from the fossil record .\nmaximum - likelihood analyses of the nine nuclear gene dataset resolved 89 % of the 232 nodes in the actinopterygian phylogeny with bootstrap replicate scores ( bs ) \u226570 % and the phylogenies inferred using the bayesian method had 91 % of the nodes strongly supported posterior probabilities ( bpp ) \u2265 0 . 95 ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) . relationships of nonteleostean actinopterygians were consistent with traditional morphologically - based inferences ( 6 ) with polypterids ( bichirs and ropefish ) resolved as the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians ( actinopteri ) in the relaxed - clock analysis ( fig . 1 ) . in addition , acipenseriformes ( sturgeons and paddlefishes ) were the sister lineage of neopterygii with strong support ( bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ) , and holostei ( bowfin and gars ) was resolved as the sister lineage of teleosts [ bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) ] . these results contrast with earlier molecular studies that either resolved acipenseriforms and holosteans as an \u201cancient - fish\u201d clade ( 31 ) or acipenseriforms and polypteriforms as a weakly supported clade ( 32 ) .\nactinopterygian time - calibrated phylogeny based on nine nuclear genes and 36 fossil age constraints . bars represent the posterior distribution of divergence - time estimates . gray bars identify nodes supported with bpp \u2265 0 . 95 , and white bars mark nodes with bpp < 0 . 95 . nodes with age priors taken from the fossil record are marked with a \u201cc . \u201d for full details on calibration see materials and methods and fig . s2 . the time - calibrated tree is scaled to the geological time scale with absolute time given in millions of years .\nour results provide resolution to three of the most compelling questions in teleost phylogenetics . the molecular phylogeny resulted in the strongly supported position ( bs = 97 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ) of elopomorphs as the sister lineage of all other teleosts ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) . this result is also strongly supported in a species tree analysis , which accounts for potential discordance among individual gene histories , with a bootstrap proportion of 100 % ( fig . s3 ) . evidence for osteoglossomorpha as the sister lineage of all other teleosts was based on the presence of a single character state in the caudal fin skeleton ( 9 , 10 ) . on the other hand , the hypothesis that elopomorpha is the sister lineage of all other teleosts was based on eight derived character - state changes identified from optimization of a matrix containing 135 discretely coded morphological characters ( 11 ) . our results strongly support the latter hypothesis , illustrating agreement between phylogenetic inferences from a robust morphological data matrix and our densely sampled nuclear gene dna sequence dataset .\none of the most important problems in vertebrate phylogenetics is the resolution of the major lineages of percomorpha . the phylogeny confirms several results presented in previous molecular analyses , including the resolution of ophidiiforms ( cusk eels ) and batrachoidids ( toadfish ) as early diverging percomorphs (\nposterior distribution of molecular age estimates and patterns of calibration sharing across studies of ray - finned fish phylogeny . ( a ) posterior distribution of molecular age estimates , in millions of years , for 14 actinopterygian lineages , resulting from analyses of whole mtdna genomes ( blue ) , the rag1 nuclear gene ( orange ) , the rag1 nuclear gene using the calibrations from this study ( yellow ) , and the nine nuclear gene dataset presented in this study ( green ) . the circle represents the mean of the posterior estimate and the whiskers mark the upper and lower 95 % highest posterior density of the age estimates . gray boxes mark the oldest fossils for a given lineage , those with dashed lines were used as calibration age priors ( see materials and methods ) and those with solid black lines were not used as age calibrations . line drawings of ray - finned fish species are based on photographs of specimens housed at the peabody museum of natural history , yale university , new haven , ct . ( b ) frequency of calibrations shared between this study and those using whole mtdna genomes ( blue ) and the rag1 nuclear gene ( orange ) binned by the age of the fossil calibration in millions of years ( ma ) .\ndespite the apparent gap in the fossil record for early crown\u2013group teleosts , we find that most major teleost lineages originated in a period spanning the late mesozoic into the early cenozoic ( figs . 1 and 2 a ) , which corresponds to patterns apparent in the fossil record ( 39 ) . we identify this interval as the \u201csecond age of fishes . \u201d the devonian age of fishes is characterized by the presence of all major vertebrate lineages referred to as \u201cfishes , \u201d both living and extinct [ e . g . , ostracoderms , placoderms , acanthodians , chondrichthyans , and so forth ( 40 ) ] . although this period in time appears to mark the origin of crown actinopterygii ( figs . 1 and 2 a ) , it does not correspond to the divergence of the major lineages that comprise the bulk of living actinopterygian biodiversity . instead , the second age of fishes represents the interval in geologic time where these species - rich lineages ( e . g . , otophysians and acanthomorphs ) originated and eventually flourished , becoming the dominant vertebrate component of marine and freshwater habitats .\nray - finned fishes include half of the entire species richness of vertebrates ( 2 , 3 ) , but had ranked last , by a wide margin , in the degree of phylogenetic resolution offered by available dna sequence and genomic resources ( 1 ) . our phylogeny , based on a multilocus dataset , provides robust resolution and strong support across all major lineages of ray - finned fishes and teleosts . additionally , our divergence time estimates reconcile inferences from paleontology with those obtained from other studies that used molecular methods , providing a molecular time scale that is more consistent with ages implied by the fossil record . this comprehensive molecular perspective on the evolutionary diversification of one - half of all vertebrate species provides dna sequence data and calibration information from which to integrate resolution of clades at lower taxonomic levels ( e . g . , families ) and estimate ages of actinopterygian lineages that lack a fossil record .\nstandard phenol - chloroform extraction protocol or qiagen dneasy blood and tissue kits were used to isolate dna from tissue biopsies sampled from 232 ray - finned fish species ( table s2 ) . previously published pcr primers were used to amplify and sequence an exon from each of nine nuclear genes [ glyt , myh6 , plagl2 , ptr , rag1 , sh3px3 , sreb2 , tbr1 , and zic1 ( 22 , 41 ) ] . the genes were aligned by eye using the inferred amino acid sequences . no frame mutations or dna substitutions that resulted in stop codons were observed in the aligned dna sequences . the combined nine - gene dataset contained 7 , 587 base pairs .\ntwenty - seven data partitions were designated that corresponded to the three separate codon positions for each of the nine genes . a gtr + g substitution model was used in a portioned maximum - likelihood analysis using the computer program raxml 7 . 2 . 6 ( 42 ) run with the \u2013d option . support for nodes in the raxml tree was assessed with a thorough bootstrap analysis ( option \u2013f i ) with 1 , 000 replicates .\na species tree was inferred using gene tree parsimony implemented in the computer program igtp ( 43 ) . individual gene trees estimated using raxml were used as input files . several rooting strategies were used . the individual gene trees were rooted using erpetoichthys calabaricus or polypterus ornatipinnis , except in three cases when these species were not sampled for a specific gene . in these cases the individual gene trees were rooted using scaphirhynchus platorynchus , amia calva , or atractosteus spatula . a heuristic search using randomized hill climbing was performed to find the species tree that minimized the reconciliation cost for deep coalescence . this search was bootstrapped by performing it 100 times and bootstrap proportions for the resulting species trees were calculated using sumtrees in the dendropy package ( 44 ) .\nfor each fossil calibration prior , we identify the calibrated node in the ray - fin fish phylogeny , list the taxa that represent the first occurrence of the lineage in the fossil record , describe the character states that justify the phylogenetic placement of the fossil taxon , provide information on the stratigraphy of the rock formations bearing the fossil , give the absolute age estimate for the fossil , outline the prior age setting in the beast relaxed - clock analysis , and provide any additional notes on the calibration ( si text ) . each calibration is numbered and the phylogenetic placement of the calibration is highlighted in fig . s2 .\nwe thank t . - y . cheng and k . - t . shao of the biodiversity research museum , academia sinica ; j . friel of the cornell university museum of vertebrates ; p . a . hastings and h . j . walker of the scripps institution of oceanography ; k . p . maslenikov and t . w . pietsch of the burke museum of natural history and culture , university of washington ; and a . c . bentley and e . o . wiley of the biodiversity institute of the university of kansas for generous gifts of tissue specimens . j . s . albert , j . w . armbruster , l . bernatchez , t . m . berra , c . p . burridge , c . d . hulsey , s . lavou\u00e9 , j . g . lundberg , m . miya , n . merret , p . j . unmack , k . watanabe , j . m . waters provided additional specimens ; c . m . bossu , r . c . harrington , p . r . hollingsworth , c . d . hulsey , b . p . keck , and the staff of the carribean research management of biodiversity biological research station in cura\u00e7ao provided assistance in sampling expeditions ; gregory watkins - colwell assisted with museum collections . k . l . ilves provided insight on taxon sampling . this research was supported by the peabody museum of natural history and national science foundation grants deb - 0444842 , deb - 0716155 , deb - 0717009 , deb - 0732642 , ant - 0839007 , deb - 1060869 , deb - 1061806 , and deb - 1061981 ( to w . l . s . , p . c . w . , and t . j . n . ) ; and natural environment research council grant nerc ne / i005536 / 1 ( to m . f . ) .\nauthor contributions : t . j . n . , r . i . e . , a . d . , j . a . m . , m . p . d . , p . c . w . , m . f . , and w . l . s . designed research ; t . j . n . , r . i . e . , a . d . , k . l . k . , p . c . w . , m . f . , and w . l . s . performed research ; t . j . n . , r . i . e . , a . d . , m . f . , and w . l . s . analyzed data ; and t . j . n . , r . i . e . , a . d . , j . a . m . , p . c . w . , m . f . , and w . l . s . wrote the paper .\ndata deposition : the sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the genbank database ( accession no . jx190073 \u2013 jx191369 ) .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbetancur - r . r , broughton re , wiley eo , carpenter k , l\u00f3pez ja , li c , holcroft ni , arcila d , sanciangco m , cureton ii jc , zhang f , buser t , campbell ma , ballesteros ja , roa - varon a , willis s , borden wc , rowley t , reneau pc , hough dj , lu g , grande t , arratia g , ort\u00ed g . the tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes . plos currents tree of life . 2013 apr 18 . edition 1 . doi : 10 . 1371 / currents . tol . 53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 .\ndepartment of biological sciences , the george washington university , washington , dc , usa .\noklahoma biological survey and department of biology , university of oklahoma , norman , ok , usa .\nbiodiversity institute and department of ecology & evolutionary biology , university of kansas , lawrence , ks , usa , biologist at the university of kansas .\ndepartment of biological sciences , old dominion university , norfolk , virginia , u . s . a . , international union for conservation of nature .\nfishes , university of alaska fairbanks , fairbanks , alaska , united states of america , university of alaska museum .\nkey laboratory of exploration and utilization of aquatic genetic resources , shanghai ocean university , ministry of education , shanghai 201306 , china .\nscience division , johnson county community college , overland park , kansas , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences , old dominion university , norfolk , virginia , usa .\ndepartment of biology and oklahoma biological survey , university of oklahoma , norman , oklahoma , usa .\ndepartment of biology and oklahoma biologcial survey , university of oklahoma , norman , ok , usa , ph . d . student .\ndepartment of biology and wildlife , university of alaska fairbanks , fairbanks , ak , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences , the george washington university , washington , dc , united states .\ndepartment of biological sciences , george washington university , washington , dc , usa , research assistant .\nschool of biological sciences , university of nebraska - lincoln , lincoln , ne , usa .\nbiology , university of nebraska - omaha , omaha , nebraska , united states .\ndepartment of biological sciences , florida a & m university , tallahassee , fl , usa .\nsystematics and ecology and biodiversity institute , university of kansas , lawrence , kansas , usa , courtesy research professor and associated researcher .\nthis work was supported by nsf awards deb - 0732988 ( to reb ) , deb - 0732838 , deb - 1019308 ( to go and cl ) , deb - 0732819 ( eow ) , deb 0732589 ( tg ) , deb - 0732894 ( kc ) , deb 0963767 ( jal ) , and deb - 0732969 ( gl ) ; gwu selective excellence in diversity of life program ( to rbr ) ; leading academic discipline project of shanghai municipal education commission , project number s30701 ( cl ) . the biodiversity institute , university of kansas , provided financial support for the collection used in this study .\nour view of the phylogeny and classification of bony fishes is rapidly changing under the influence of molecular phylogenetic studies based on larger and more taxonomically comprehensive datasets . classification schemes displayed in widely used text books on fish biodiversity ( e . g . , 2 , 3 ) have been based on loosely formulated syntheses ( supertrees ) and community consensus views of largely disconnected studies . the phylogenetic structure underpinning such classifications has many areas that are notably unresolved and poorly known , providing weak or no justification for many groups that , although formally recognized , are implicitly known to be polyphyletic ( e . g . percoids , perciforms , scorpaeniforms ) . a comprehensive phylogenetic tree for all major groups of fishes has been elusive because explicit analyses including representatives across their diversity have never been accomplished . detailed morphological cladistic investigations of fish relationships have typically focused on lower taxonomic scales and few attempts to synthesize morphology at higher taxonomic levels proved to be challenging and met limited success ( e . g . , 4 ) . a recent effort to systematically collect morphological synapomorphies from published records for all currently recognized groups resulted in the first teleost classification based on monophyletic groups 5 . this effort , however , did not produce a global phylogenetic hypothesis . similarly , molecular analyses have been limited and many times conflicting in terms of genetic coverage and taxonomic sampling .\nthis study is the main product of the euteleost tree of life project ( etol ) . a total of 21 molecular markers with a genome - wide distribution were examined , the majority of which were developed by etol using a genomic screen pipeline 25 . this pipeline compared the danio rerio and takifugu rubripes genomes to identify single - copy genes with long exons ( > 800 bp ) and divergence levels suggesting they evolve at rates appropriate for phylogenetic resolution among distantly related taxa . exons markers were sequenced from 11 nuclear genes previously published by our group ( kiaa1239 , ficd , myh6 , panx2 , plagl2 , ptchd4 ( = ptr ) , ripk4 , sidkey , snx33 ( = sh3px3 ) , tbr1b ( = tbr1 ) , and zic1 ) and three additional markers , including one intron ( hoxc6a ) and two exons ( svep1 , and vcpip ) , were newly developed for this study using the same approach . sequence data from seven additional markers , including etol markers ( enc1 , gtdc2 ( = glyt ) , and gpr85 ( = sreb2 ) ) or markers developed by others ( 16s mtdna , rag1 , rag2 , and rh ) , were generated for our previous studies ( e . g . , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 66 , 96 ) or obtained from ncbi , ensembl , or other genomic databases .\nfish diversity is represented in the phylogenetic data matrix by a sample of 1410 bony fish species ( of ca . 31000 51 ) plus four tetrapod species and two chondrichthyan outgroups ( total 1416 terminals ) . the taxonomic sampling of bony fishes consists of 1093 genera ( of ca . 4300 ) , 369 families ( of 502 ; see below ) , and all traditionally recognized orders ( e . g . , 5 ) . our taxonomic sampling emphasizes representation of percomorph groups , with 1037 ( of > 15000 ) species in 201 families . all scientific names were checked against the catalog of fishes 51 . a complete list of material examined is given in table s1 .\n* 1st and 2nd are primers for the first and nested / seminested ( optional ) rounds of pcr , respectively .\ncontigs were assembled from forward and reverse sequences using codoncode aligner v3 . 5 . 4 ( codoncode corporation ) , sequencher v4 ( gene codes corporation ) , or geneious pro v4 . 5 ( biomatters ltd . ) . exon markers were aligned individually based on their underlying reading frame in translatorx 52 using the mafft aligner 53 . the hoxc6a and 16s sequences were aligned with mafft v6 . 9 53 using 1000 iterations and the genafpair algorithm . because nested pcr is highly prone to cross - contamination , we vetted the data by visually inspecting individual gene trees estimated with the geneious tree builder algorithm in geneious . to qualitatively assess gene - tree congruence , the final gene alignments were analyzed under maximum likelihood ( ml ) in raxml using ten independent runs for each ; exon alignments were partitioned by codon position . alternative approaches to analyze combined data based on species - tree methods that account for gene - tree heterogeneity due to lineage sorting ( e . g . , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ) could not be applied to this dataset due to high proportion of missing data ( see results ) .\nindividual genes were concatenated using sequencematrix v1 . 7 . 8 58 or geneious . two datasets were assembled and analyzed separately , one including all 1416 taxa with sequence data from three genes or more ( 3 + dataset ) and a subset including 1020 taxa with sequence data from seven genes or more ( 7 + dataset ) . analyses of the 3 + dataset were performed under maximum likelihood ( ml ) using two partitioning schemes , a simple one determined arbitrarily with 5 data partitions ( 3 codon positions across all exons plus 16s and hoxc6a ) , and a more complex scheme with 24 partitions ( a combination of codon positions and individual genes plus 16s and hoxc6a ) indicated by partitionfinder 59 . to make the partitionfinder analysis scalable , a representative subset of 201 taxa was run under the bayesian information criterion 59 . the 7 + dataset was analyzed with the 24 - partition scheme only . analyses for both datasets and partition schemes were conducted in raxml using 30 independent replicates under the gtrgamma model . nodal support was assessed using the rapid bootstrapping algorithm of raxml with 1000 replicates estimated under the gtrcat model 60 , and the collection of sample trees was used to draw the bibartition frequencies on the optimal tree . all raxml analyses were conducted in the cipres portal v3 . 1 .\nfor comparison purposes , the 3 + dataset was also analyzed under implied - weighted parsimony 61 . the optimal tree search and bootstrap trees were set to run independently . gaps were treated as missing characters and all parsimony uninformative characters were ignored . a relatively mild value of k ( 20 ) was chosen arbitrarily due to computational limitations to explore sensitivity of the nodes to other weighting functions . tree searches were performed in tnt 1 . 1 63 using a driven - search strategy combining the following tree - search algorithms : ratchet , drift , sectorial searches and tree fusion . the exhaustiveness of the search parameters was self - adjusted every 2 hits of the current best score . to maximize tree - space exploration , the final searches implemented tree - bisection - reconnection ( tbr ) . a strict consensus of nine equally optimal trees ( length 407187 steps ; fit 7309 . 19 ) was computed . bootstrap search strategies were relaxed to ten random addition sequences and tbr , saving only one tree per replicate ( 1000 replicates ) ; bootstrap bipartition frequencies were drawn on the consensus tree .\nthe complete tree with 1416 taxa was time - calibrated under penalized likelihood ( pl 67 ) with treepl 69 . the pl model , which assumes rate autocorrelation , has been shown to perform poorly in simulation studies resulting in high stochastic error of divergence time estimates 70 . to ameliorate this problem , mean highest posterior density estimates of clade ages obtained with the subset in beast were imposed as fixed secondary calibrations for the pl analysis , rather than using primary calibrations with minimum and maximum age constrains . a total of 126 secondary calibrations were used for this analysis , including the ages obtained for all major groups in the tree as well as the nodes near which primary calibrations were defined . the rate smoothing parameter was set to 10 based on the cross - validation procedure and the \u03c7 2 test in treepl ( four smoothing values between 1 and 1000 were compared ) .\nbased on the topology obtained ( figs . 1 - 10 , s1 ) we propose a new classification for ordinal and subordinal groups of bony fishes and subsequently discuss some of the most significant findings .\nfig . 1 : main phylogenetic hypothesis of bony fish groups collapsed to depict higher - level clades .\nthe phylogenetic tree was estimated in raxml using the 3 + dataset ( 1416 taxa ) and 24 partitions with divergence times estimated under pl using 126 fixed secondary calibrations from the beast analysis ( see fig . 11 ) . terminal clades are either orders or supraordinal taxa with multiple orders included . values in parentheses indicate number of families examined . see also figs . 3 - 10 for relationship details on selected percomorph clades . the complete phylogeny with bootstrap support values and names for supraordinal taxa is in fig . s1 ) .\nfish illustrations were obtained from fishes of the world ( nelson [ 2 ] ) and are reproduced with permission of john wiley & sons , inc . .\nfig . 2 : sensitivity analyses for selected clades obtained in this study ( shown in figs . 1 , 3 - 10 ) and for selected alternative hypotheses .\nfor each case , we assess support from individual gene trees ( indicating whether the group was obtained ) or from the concatenated data sets ( indicating whether the group was obtained and showing boostrap support ) . for some gene trees , monophyletic groups ignore a few rogue taxa falling outside . n / a : insufficient taxonomic sampling to test hypothesis . 1 excluding gymnotiformes ( e . g . , saitoh et al . 77 ) ; 2 stomiatii ; 3 stiassny and moore 75 ; 4 nelson 2 and wiley and johnson 5 ; 5 shan and gras 47 ; 6 patterson and rosen 78 ; 7 arratia 79 ; 8 fink and fink 80 ; 9 nelson 81 ; 10 olney et al . 82 ; 11 johnson and patterson 4 ; 12 miya et al . 8 ; 13 johnson 83 ; 14 kaufman and liem 84 ; 15 gill 85 ; 16 acanthuriformes sensu tyler et al . 86 ( i . e . , acanthuriformes sensu stricto 87 plus scatophagidae and siganidae ) ; 17 jordan 88\nthe nomenclatural arrangement presented in appendix 2 builds on the existing classification by wiley and johnson 5 and intends to preserve names and taxonomic composition of groups whenever possible . however , adjustments are made to recognize new well - supported molecular clades , many of which also have been obtained by previous molecular studies ( several examples discussed below ) . order - level or supraordinal taxa are erected ( new ) or resurrected on the basis of well - supported clades only ( > 90 % bootstrap values ) . current taxon names supported by previous molecular or morphological studies are retained if congruent with our results , even if bootstrap support is low ( e . g . , osteoglossocephalai sensu arratia 79 with only 38 % bootstrap ) . in some cases , ordinal or subordinal taxa that were not monophyletic in our analysis are also validated , as long as the incongruence is not supported by strong bootstrap values . examples include the suborder blennioidei ( not monophyletic here but monophyletic in wainwright et al . 31 ) and the order pleuronectiformes ( not monophyletic here but monophyletic in betancur - r . et al . 28 ) .\nour results ( appendix 2 ) invite comparison to the recent classification of wiley and johnson 5 based on morphological evidence gleamed from many investigators . of 123 clades recognized by them , 70 ( 56 . 9 % ) are congruent with bootstrap values > 95 % obtained in this study . five of these 70 clades are included in our sample by only one family and thus their monophyly is not critically tested . another six clades ( 4 . 9 % ) are congruent but are supported by lower bootstrap values ; seven additional clades ( 5 . 7 % ) are monotypic . forty clades ( 32 . 5 % ) are incongruent , with some being grossly polyphyletic in our tree . notable examples are protacanthopterygii , smegmamorpharia , and labriformes . others are incongruent based on exclusion of subclades and are rendered monophyletic in our classification by the addition or removal of smaller clades . examples include stomiatii ( inclusion of osmeriformes sensu stricto ) , otomorpha ( inclusion of alepocephaliformes ) , neoteleostei ( removal of stomiatiformes ) , and lampridiformes ( removal of stylephorus ) .\nthere is considerable consensus between morphology and the interrelationships of major clades . for example , the major cohorts of living teleosts and their interrelationships are congruent with the listing convention employed by wiley and johnson 5 ; this is also true within many of the major clades ( e . g . relationships within elopomorpha ) . but there is also incongruence . for example , relationships among early - branching acanthomorph groups differ considerably from previous morphological hypotheses ( e . g . , johnson and patterson 4 ) with lampridiforms , percopsiforms , zeiforms and gadiforms branching off basally relative to polymixiiforms . more explicit tests of new and alternative phylogenetic hypotheses based on multiple analyses of our dataset are presented in fig . 2 .\nthe following sections highlight some of the salient features of this global phylogeny and classification of bony fishes , especially in reference to well - established relationships and newly found clades among the euteleosts . we do not attempt to provide a complete account of all taxonomic issues , but to give some perspective and contrast to discuss the evidence supporting novel and established taxa .\nour analyses support several recent hypotheses based on molecular data that contradict the consensus based on morphology 2 , 5 relative to the composition of \u201cprotacanthopterygians . \u201d although our results fall short of resolving with confidence circumscription and relationships among taxa in this group ( hence protacathopterygii is a sedis mutabilis taxon in our proposed classification ) , some relationships are well supported and consistent with previous studies ( fig . 1 ) . first , is the hypothesis that alepocephalid fishes ( slickheads ) have affinities within otomorpha , instead of argentiformes , as proposed by johnson and patterson 4 . this result was first proposed on the basis of mitogenomic data 10 , 41 , 100 , 101 and recently corroborated with a subset of the nuclear markers used in this study 29 . second , is the sister group relationship of osmeriformes and stomiatiformes ( = stomiiformes ) , first proposed by l\u00f3pez et al . 21 based on mtdna and rag1 sequence data . finally , the position of lepidogalaxias at the base of the euteleosts rendering galaxiidae non - monophyletic also was proposed previously 102 , 29 and supported by our data ( see also fig . 2 ) .\na corollary of the increased resolution of percomorph relationships is the demise of the smegmamorpharia sensu johnson and patterson 4 ( see also wiley and johnson 5 ; fig . 2 ) . elements included in this supraordinal taxon are now scattered throughout the molecular phylogeny , placed within many of the newly found clades with high bootstrap support . for example , the pygmy sunfishes ( elassoma ) are back with the other sunfishes ( centrarchids ) , as suggested by earlier classifications and recently confirmed by molecules 30 . centrarchids plus elassomatids are placed here in the resurrected order centrarchiformes ( within percomorpharia , fig . 9 ) . mugiliforms ( mullets ) and atherinomorphs ( silversides , needlefishes , halfbeaks , guppies and allies ) are placed within ovalentariae ( fig . 8 ) . the swamp eels and spiny eels ( order synbranchiformes , suborders synbranchoidei and mastacembeloidei ) are placed with confidence in anabantomorphariae ( fig . 5 ) , together with armored sticklebacks ( indostomidae ) , one of the 11 families previously included in the order gasterosteiformes . the polyphyly of gasterosteiformes ( another large clade assigned to smegmamorpha ) was first pointed out by mitogenomic evidence 12 . our results place the sticklebacks , tubesnouts and sand eels ( previously assigned to gasterosteoidei ) in our newly defined perciformes ( suborder cottioidei ; fig . 10 ) and the rest of the families previously assigned to the suborder syngnathoidei were relocated to our newly defined order syngnathiformes within the scombrimorpharia ( fig . 4 , see below ) .\nphylogenetic resolution within five newly discovered clades , however , will require additional study . relationships within syngnathiformes , scombriformes , carangimorphariae , ovalentariae , and percomorpharia may be challenging to recover given the rapid radiation and diversification of these clades .\nbased on a phylogeny estimated with four mitochondrial markers , thacker 33 resurrected the order gobiiformes , to accommodate three suborders : gobioidei ( gobies and sleepers ) , kurtidoidei ( nurseryfish ) , and apogonoidei ( including apogonids and pempherids ) . previous molecular studies have shown affinities between gobioids , apogonids , kurtids and , to some extent , pempherids and dactylopterids 8 , 11 , 16 . there is also morphological evidence supporting a close relationship between gobids and apogonids 108 , 109 as well as between kurtids and apogonids 110 . our results provide partial support for the gobiiformes sensu thacker 33 but we treat it here as a supraordinal group ( gobiomorpharia ) . a major difference is that our hypothesis segregates the family pempheridae ( sweepers ) to its own order ( pempheriformes , together with glaucosomatidae ) , within percomorpharia ( figs . 1 , 3 , 9 ) .\nfig . 3 : detailed relationships among orders and families of gobiomorpharia ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nfish illustrations were obtained from fishes of the world ( nelson [ 2 ] ) and are reproduced with permission of john wiley & sons , inc .\nscombrimorpharia : sea horses and tunas are close relatives ( figs . 1 , 4 and 5 )\none of the most unanticipated new percomorph clades is the scombrimorpharia , grouping such disparate fishes as seahorses and tunas . this clade includes the newly circumscribed orders syngnathiformes ( fig . 4 ) and scombriformes ( fig . 5 ) . not surprisingly , a close relationship among taxa contained within this group , including syngnathids , mullids , callionymids , dactylopterids , scombrids , stromateids , an others , has never been proposed on morphological grounds . the syngnathiformes , as defined here ( fig . 4 ) , comprises mostly tropical marine reef - dwellers , traditionally placed in three distinct percomorph orders , including gasterosteiformes ( syngnathids ) , \u201cperciformes\u201d ( mullids and callionymids ) and \u201cscorpaeniformes\u201d ( dactylopterids ) . recent molecular studies have emphasized the non - monophyly of scorpaeniformes 74 . we have noted above the dissolution of gasterosteiformes 12 and , as discussed below , we provide a restricted definition for perciformes that includes many scorpaeniform taxa ( fig . 10 ) .\nfig . 4 : detailed relationships among families of syngnathiformes ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nour new order scombriformes ( fig . 5 ) includes most of the families previously grouped in the perciform suborder scombroidei 2 or the order scombriformes 5 , except for the barracudas ( sphyraenidae ) and the billfishes and swordfishes ( here placed in their own order , istiophoriformes ) . sphyraenidae and istiophoriformes are now firmly placed within carangimorphariae ( fig . 7 ) together with disparate taxa such as remoras ( echeneidae ) , archer fishes ( toxotidae ) , jacks ( carangidae ) , flatfishes ( pleuronectiformes ) , and others ( see below ) . because billfishes and tunas are not closely related as previously suggested by anatomical studies 83 ( fig . 2 ) , the new hypothesis implies that endothermy has evolved at least twice independently in teleosts 111 , 112 . this new circumscription of scombriformes also comprises families belonging to multiple orders in previous classifications , such as stromateiformes ( centrolophidae , nomeidae , ariommatidae , stromateidae ) , trachiniformes ( chiasmodontidae ) , icosteiformes ( icosteidae ) , and perciformes ( bramidae , pomatomidae , and caristiidae ) . despite the disparate morphology among members of scombriformes , most are offshore fishes that inhabit pelagic and / or deep - sea waters .\nfig . 5 : detailed relationships among families of scombriformes ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nanother major percomorph group proposed here is the series carangimorpharia , including three subseries : anabantomorphariae , carangimorphariae , and ovalentariae ( fig . 1 ) . species in anabantomorphariae include representatives placed in three separate orders by wiley and johnson 5 : synbranchiformes ( swamp eels ) , gasterosteiformes ( indostomus , the armored stickleback ) , and anabantiformes ( gouramis ) ( fig . 6 ) . while the first two orders belonged to the smegmamorpharia 4 , 5 , the anabantiformes were placed as incertae sedis in percomorphacea 5 . the monophyly of anabantomorphariae has also been supported on the basis of mitogenomics 8 , 11 , 12 and nuclear markers 28 . a remarkable condition shared by members of this novel grouping is their mostly freshwater origin and restriction to africa and south east asia ( although some members in the family synbranchidae occur in mexico , and central and south america ) . most are able to occupy marginal , stagnant waters due to their capacity to tolerate anoxia and to obtain oxygen directly from the air . anabantiforms have a suprabranchial organ and synbranchids have suprabranchial pouches with respiratory function .\nfig . 6 : detailed relationships among orders and families of anabantomorphariae ( see also fig . 1 ) .\na close affinity between other seemingly disparate groups , including barracudas , swordfishes , jacks , flatfishes , and others , has been well established by recent molecular studies 10 , 16 , 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 112 ( fig . 7 ) . this higher - level group has been referred to as \u2018\u2018clade l\u2019\u2019 sensu chen et al . 19 or carangimorpha by li et al . 24 ( see also 27 , 28 ) . in looking for possible anatomical synapomorphies uniting flatfishes , billfishes , and carangids , little et al . 112 found that most taxa share a relatively low number of vertebrae , have multiple dorsal pterygiophores inserting before the second neural spine , and lack supraneurals , among others . however , according to friedman 113 , some of these characters are symplesiomorphies while others are absent in the remaining carangimorph groups . it thus seems paradoxical that despite the apparent lack of morphological synapomorphies for carangimorphs there is a strong molecular signal supporting their monophyly , whereas the opposite is true for pleuronectiforms 28 . for additional insights and discussion on carangimorphariae we refer the reader to recent studies 24 , 27 , 28 , 112 , 113 .\nfig . 7 : detailed relationships among orders and families of carangimorphariae ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nvalues in parentheses indicate number of genera examined ( see also betancur - r . et al . 28 ) .\novalentariae is one of the most spectacular percomorph radiations , including more than 5000 species in some 44 families , grouping seemingly distinct groups such as cichlids , mullets , blennies , and atherinomorphs ( atheriniforms , beloniforms , and cyprinodontiforms ) . this clade was first found on the basis of mitogenomic evidence 8 , 12 and later confirmed with nuclear sequence data 23 , 24 , 26 , 31 . our results suggest that this group can be divided into four subgroups ( superorders ) , two of which already existed ( atherninomorphae and mugilomorphae ) and two that are new : ( i ) cichlomorphae ( cichlidae plus pholidichthyidae ) and ( ii ) blennimorphae ( blennioids plus clingfishes , jawfishes and basslets ) . many families in ovalentariae , however , remain incertae sedis ( e . g . , embiotocidae and pseudochromidae ) . two different studies have coined a name for this group ; first stiassnyiformes by li et al . 24 and , more recently , ovalentaria by wainwright et al . 31 for their characteristic demersal , adhesive eggs with chorionic filaments ( lost secondarily in some groups ) . an interesting implication of this phylogenetic hypothesis is that the pharyngeal jaw apparatus ( pharyngognathy ) , present in many members of this clade ( e . g . , cichlidae , pomacentridae , hemiramphidae ) , has evolved multiple times in percomorphs 31 . we refer the reader to wainwright et al . 31 for additional discussion on ovalentariae .\nfig . 8 : detailed relationships among orders and families of ovalentariae ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nvalues in parentheses indicate number of genera examined ( see also wainwright et al . 31 ) . many clades lacking taxonomic annotations on nodes are incertae sedis taxa ( for details , see classification ) .\npercomorpharia is by far the largest percomorph clade , including 11 orders with some of the most prominent ones such as perciformes , labriformes , lophiiformes , and tetraodontiformes . at least 151 families ( 105 examined ) belong in percomorpharia , including three of the top ten most diverse families of fishes ( i . e . , labridae , serranidae , and scorpaenidae ) 2 . more than one third ( 514 ) of the species in our bony fish phylogeny are placed in this clade . previous molecular studies obtained monophyletic groups with a combination of taxa here assigned to percomorpharia , but with far more limited sampling ( e . g . , 8 , 11 , 16 , 74 ) . although most family - level and ordinal groups within percomorpharia receive high bootstrap support , interrelationships among them are largely unresolved ( hence , the new bush at the top ; fig . 9 ) . several of these groups are newly proposed or resurrected orders under new circumscription ( e . g . , uranoscopiformes , ephippiformes , pempheriformes ) . our new arrangement removes anglerfishes ( lophiiformes ) from paracanthomorphacea , as was suggested by previous classifications 78 , and places them close to tetraodontiforms , caproids , acanthuriforms , chaetodontids , pomacanthids , ephippids and others ( see also 87 , 114 , 115 ) . the largest group within percomorpharia is the order perciformes .\nfig . 9 : detailed relationships among orders and families of percomorpharia ( the new bush at the top ; see also fig . 1 ) .\nvalues in parentheses indicate number of genera examined in each terminal family or number of families and genera , respectively , in each terminal order . see also fig . 10 for expanded relationships on perciform groups . many clades lacking taxonomic annotations on nodes are incertae sedis taxa ( for details , see classification ) .\nfor the first time , a monophyletic definition of perciformes can be recovered from phylogenetic analysis of a comprehensive taxon sampling . the new circumscription of perciformes reduces significantly the number of included taxa , while retaining remarkable diversity that can be organized into several suborders and infraorders . nelson\u2019s classification 2 included 160 families in perciformes , making it the largest order of all vertebrates . our definition indicates unambiguous membership for 38 families and uncertain membership for an additional 42 that were not examined in our study but that have been assigned to either \u201cperciformes\u201d ( 10 ) , \u201cscorpaeniformes\u201d ( 14 ) , cottiformes ( 8 ) , or trachiniformes ( 1 ) in previous classifications 2 , 5 . hence , the maximum possible number of families in the newly defined perciformes is reduced to 71 . this number is closer to the 90 families proposed by wiley and johnson 5 for their perciformes , but with a very different composition .\nfor a long time , perciformes has been regarded as a \u201ctaxonomic waste basket\u201d 2 , 5 with \u2018\u2018percoids\u2019\u2019 scattered throughout percomorpha and no clear phylogenetic distinction among percoidei , perciformes , and percomorpha 74 . earlier molecular studies lacked sufficient sampling to resolve phylogenetic questions among \u201cpercoids , \u201d but close relationships among groupers ( serranidae ) , perches ( percidae ) , sticklebacks ( gasterosteidae ) , searobins ( triglidae ) , icefishes ( notothenioidei ) , sculpins ( cottoidei ) , eelpouts ( zoarcoidei ) and scorpionfishes ( scorpaenoidei ) have been obtained in one form or another , and in different combinations , by several authors 16 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 29 , 74 , 116 . all of these taxa are included in our definition of perciformes ( fig . 10 ) .\nwithin perciformes , we tentatively propose suborders ( notothenioidei , scorpaenoidei , trigloidei , cottoidei ) for clades with high support that also represent some well - established groups , but two incertae sedis ( percophidae and platycephalidae ) , and several unexamined families remain unclassified . additional taxon sampling and more data are needed to resolve interrelationships among these taxa . four suborders / infraorders were recognized as separate orders by wiley and johnson 5 : percoidei , scorpaenoidei , cottioidei , and gasterosteales ( an infraorder of cottioidei ) ."]}
{"id": 2593, "summary": [{"text": "the asiatic glassfishes are a family , ambassidae , of freshwater and marine fishes in the order perciformes .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species in the family are native to asia , oceania , the indian ocean , and the western pacific oceans .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family includes eight genera and about 49 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family has also been called chandidae , and some sources continue to use the name .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "because ambassidae was used first , in 1870 , it has precedence over chandidae , which was first used in 1905 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the largest species reaches a maximum size of about 26 cm ( 10 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "many of the species are noted for their transparent or semi-transparent bodies .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a number of species are used as aquarium fish , noted for their transparent bodies .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the indian glassy fish , parambassis ranga , is a colorful fish , but showier specimens that had been injected with artificial coloring were sold as novelty pets in the 1990s .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "since then these \" painted fish \" have become much less popular , with more fishkeepers seeking naturally pigmented specimens . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "ambassidae", "paragraphs": ["kottelat , m . ( 2003 ) parambassis pulcinella , a new species of glassperch ( teleostei : ambassidae ) from the ataran river basin ( myanmar ) , with comments on the family - group names ambassidae , chandidae and bogodidae . ichthyological explorationbof freshwaters , 14 ( 1 ) , 9\u201318 .\nambassidae , or asiatic glassfish , are a family of around 40 species belonging to the order of perciformes . the species in the family are native to the waters of asia and oceania and the indian and western pacific oceans . the family was formerly known as the chandidae , a name which itis continues to use . fishbase notes that ambassidae , which was named by klunzinger in 1870 , has priority over chandidae , which was created by fowler in 1905 .\nroberts , t . r . ( 1994 ) systematic revision of tropical asian freshwater glassperches ( ambassidae ) , with descriptions of three new species . natural history bulletin of siamese society , 42 ( 1994 [ 1995 ] ) , 263\u2013290 .\nallen , g . r . & burgess , w . e . ( 1990 ) . a review of the glass - fishes ( ambassidae ) of australia and new guinea . rec . west . aust . mus . suppl . 34 : 139\u2013206\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three spines and 7 - 11 softrays . pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 softrays ; 24 - 25 vertebrae . many species with semi - transparent body . maximum length about 26 cm . formerly known as chandidae .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nuse the table to access images and fact sheets of the ambassid fishes on the site . these fishes are also called chanda perches and perchlets\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndescription asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three . . .\ndescription asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three spines and 7 - 11 softrays . pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 softrays ; 24 - 25 vertebrae . many species with semi - transparent body . maximum length about 26 cm . family named chandidae in nelson , 1994 . [ details ]\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of chandidae fowler , 1905 ) van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chandidae fowler , 1905 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis page was last edited on 23 july 2010 , at 12 : 20 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nthe glassfishes of australia were recently reviewed by allen & burgess ( 1990 ) . this work includes a key and diagnostic illustrations for all species . the family contains approximately 40 species belonging to about eight genera ; 14 species and three genera are known from australia . one undescribed species is known from the lake eyre basin and northern australia ( allen et al . , 2002 ) . that species was previously referred to as ambassis muelleri . a number of species are figured in whitley ( 1935 ) and lectotypes selected for several species .\nthe family is confined to the tropical indo - west pacific , although about two - thirds of this total dwell in fresh waters of india , southeast asia and the indo - australian archipelago . five of the australian species are restricted to fresh water . the remainder are estuarine dwellers which are sometimes found in the lower reaches of freshwater streams . glassfishes are apparently nocturnal , and congregate amongst plants or other shelter during daylight hours .\nmost species are small in size , usually under 100 mm , with the exception of parambassis which may grow in excess of 250 mm .\nthe diet includes micro - crustaceans , aquatic insects , small arachnids , terrestrial insects and small amounts of fishes and algae .\nwhitley , g . p . ( 1935 ) . fishes from princess charlotte bay , north queensland . rec . s . aust . mus . 5 ( 3 ) : 345\u2013365 figs 1\u201311\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmayanglambam dishma department of life sciences , manipur university , canchipur\u2013795003 , manipur , india .\nwaikhom vishwanath department of life sciences , manipur university , canchipur\u2013795003 , manipur , india .\nparambassis serrata , a new species of glassperch from the kolo river , kaladan drainage , mizoram , india is described . it is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of characters that includes : presence of a faint , vertically - elongated brown humeral blotch ; posterior margin of most spines of first dorsal fin proximally blackish ; 14\u221216 dorsal and anal - fin branched rays ; a black longitudinal stripe on ventral surface of caudal peduncle ; absence of predorsal scales ; a serrated preopercular ridge ; 51\u221256 scales in lateral series ; and 11 pectoral - fin rays .\nfraser - brunner , a . ( 1955 ) a synopsis of the centropomid fishes of the subfamily chandidae , with description of a new genus and two new species . bulletin of the raffles museum , 25 ( 1954 [ 1955 ] ) , 185\u2013213 .\ngreenwood , p . h . ( 1976 ) a review of the family centropomidae ( pisces : perciformes ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , 29 ( 1 ) , 1\u201381 .\nhollister , g . ( 1934 ) clearing and dyeing fish for bone study . zoologica 12 , 89\u2013101 .\nkar , d . & sen , n . ( 2007 ) systematic list and distribution of fishes in mizoram , tripura and barak drainages of north eastern india . zoos\u2019 print journal , 22 , 2599\u20132607 . urltoken\nkottelat , m . ( 2013 ) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement , 27 , 1\u2212663 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3c4a157c - a149 - 4796 - b3b5 - e8c14c22fee8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5397f67 - deec - 47f1 - 8481 - 029ef2b0d9d6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 257633\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 2599, "summary": [{"text": "anthony 's woodrat ( neotoma anthonyi ) is an extinct species of rodent in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was found only on isla todos santos in baja california norte , mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they are thought to have been driven to extinction through predation from feral cats . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "anthony ' s woodrat", "paragraphs": ["anthony ' s woodrat occurs only on todos santos island off of northwestern baja california , mexico .\nanthony ' s woodrat is one of the species that live in the california floristic province biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .\npictures : related species : bushy - tailed woodrat ( neotoma cinerea ) ( 29 kb jpeg ) ( univ . wash . ) ; southern plains woodrat ( neotoma micropus ) ( 34 kb jpeg ) ( davis & schmidly ) ; white - throated woodrat ( neotoma albigula ) ( 79 kb jpeg ) ( cpluhna )\n\u00e1lvarez - casta\u00f1eda , s . t . & castro - arellano , i .\n\u00e1lvarez - casta\u00f1eda , s . t . & castro - arellano , i . 2008 .\na young / baby of a anthony is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a anthony group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ninsular woodrats are largely confined to rocky or boulder covered areas . woodrats generally eat plant matter such as roots , stems and leaves ; seeds , and some invertebrates . they do not drink much water , but during dry seasons they eat on the fleshy stems of cacti and other plants that are well filled with water . woodrats are generally nocturnal and are active throughout the year . they are good climbers , but they usually do not climb far up in trees . woodrats are solitary animals . anthony ' s woodrat occurs only on todos santos island off of northwestern baja california , mexico .\nmammal native to the islands , the north american deermouse , was also prevalent in 1922 and absent by the end of the 20th century . anthony ' s woodrats were medium - sized , with grayish - brown fur on their backs and short , hairy tails . they were somewhat larger than very similar woodrats that live on the mainland , and males were somewhat larger than females .\npatton , j . l . , huckaby , d . g . and alvarez - castaneda , s . t . 2014 . evolutionary history and a systematic revision of woodrats of the neotoma lepida group . zoology : 1 - 472 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmcknight , m . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\njustification : listed as extinct because the species has not been recorded since 1926 , despite exhaustive surveys .\nthis species is known only from two islands ( todos los santos islands ) in baja california norte , m\u00e9xico ( cortes - calva et al . 2001 ) .\nno known population information . five visits , from 1988 to 1990 , produced no evidence of extant individuals ( cortez - calva et al . 2001 ) .\npredation by feral cats has been cited as the primary reason for extirpation of this species ( cortes - calva et al . 2001 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , history of distribution ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( habitat , gestation period , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references\n* * * woodrats collect a variety of material for their nests , often selecting pieces of silverware or other shiny objects from camps . this habit has given them the name of\ntrade rat\nor\npack rat .\n* * * sometimes woodrats live close enough to farms to be considered pests , but for the most part they have little economic significance .\ninsular woodrats are largely confined to rocky or boulder covered areas ( smith 1993 ) .\nwoodrats generally eat plant matter such as roots , stems and leaves ; seeds , and some invertebrates . they do not drink much water , but during dry seasons they eat on the fleshy stems of cacti and other plants that are well filled with water . ( nowak 1999 )\nwoodrats are generally nocturnal and are active throughout the year . they are good climbers , but they usually do not climb far up in trees .\ncons . intl . , cpluhna , davis & schmidly , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , nowak 1999 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , smith 1993 , univ . wash .\n\u00a9 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nlength : average : total length : 320 . 6 mm males ; 316 . 8 mm , females . head and body : 182 . 8 mm , males ; 177 . 1 mm , females t\nallen , j . a , 1898 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 10 : 151 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co . kg , all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2602, "summary": [{"text": "isurus planus , also known as the hook-tooth mako or hooked mako , is an extinct mako shark that lived during the miocene epoch from 23 to 5 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "i. planus can only be found in marine deposits on the pacific rim , especially the west coast of the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "teeth belonging to i. planus can reach lengths of 2.0 in ( 5.0 cm ) , and are often found in the temblor formation of bakersfield , california . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "isurus planus", "paragraphs": ["we ' re sorry , but fossil shark teeth - isurus planus did not return any results .\nisurus planus - $ 0 . 00 : steve ' s fossil shark teeth , high quality megalodon , great white and misc . rare fossil shark teeth\nremarks : the systematics of makos ( genus isurus ) was formerly chaotic , with a few regional species recognized on growth changes within a single species , isurus oxyrinchus ( garman , 1913 ; fowler , 1941 ; bigelow and schroeder , 1948 ; smith , 1957 ) .\ni was wondering weather people in the east coast are also finding this thicker crowned makos . since the isurus planus is only found in the west coast if somebody have find this kind of teeth in the east coast ( perhaps calvert cliffs ? ) then it will discard the planus origin of this tooth .\nneogene species of the genus isurus ( elasmobranchii , lamnidae ) in southern california , u . s . a . and baja california sur , mexico . unpublished master ' s thesis . california state university , long beach .\ncertainly it ' s an amazing tooth , as are the beautiful c planus teeth posted by ynot .\nmaybe look at your collections and see if there are similar differences in your\nplanus\nteeth .\ni found it in sharktooth hill and i was wondering weather is a lower hastalis or a lower planus .\ni found it in sharktooth hill and i was wondering weather is a lower hastalis or a lower planus . thanks\nthere is a master ' s thesis on fossil makos ( espinosa - arrubarrena , 1987 ) that recognizes uppers and lowers among the hooked planus teeth and that study is based on a los angeles museum of natural history sample of over 10 , 000 makos from the sharktooth hill bonebed . in fact , espinosa - arrubarrena referred the thicker - crowned teeth to a separate undescribed species ,\nisurus species f .\nif this is indeed a c planus tooth , then based on the root lobes , it ' s almost certainly a first upper anterior , and not a lateral tooth . were it actually a 2 . 5\nlateral tooth - - lateral carcharodon / cosmopolitodus / isurus teeth generally being smaller in crown height than anterior teeth - - then one would have to explain the absence of 3\n+ anterior planus teeth . also , this tooth doesn ' t show the degree of distal directedness of a typical c planus lateral tooth , with upper laterals generally being more deeply ' hooked ' than upper anterior teeth . i could accept this tooth as either a c hastalis or planus first upper anterior , but not a lateral from either . that part at least , seems uncontroversial .\ncollectors have been talking about that tooth form for years . the\nold school\nanswer is that it is a hastalis lower . a friend calls that form\nbulky isurus\nwith the meaning that it is a thicker - crowned variant of hastalis lower . more recently , it has been interpreted as a planus lower . i have talked with jim bourdon , the man behind elasmo . com , about this and he ' s convinced that it is a planus lower ( and i ' m paraphrasing him now ) because all the\nclassic\nplanus ( the hooked teeth ) appear to be uppers . he thinks there are already established upper and lower forms for hastalis so these thicker - crowned teeth must belong to something else and no other candidate is available for a planus lower form .\nit ' s an interesting tooth in any case . it would be easily the largest planus i ' ve ever seen or heard of .\nhi - i have collected hundreds of planus from sharktooth hill and my largest personal find to date is 2 . 1\ni did recently acquire a planus from an old collection that measures a hair over 2 . 5\n. this is the largest to date that i have seen in any collection . photo attached .\nlowers could be less common because they were replaced at a slower rate . in the case of hastalis and planus , the closed modern analogue would be carcharodon carcharias , which descended from hastalis ( ie . carcharodon hastalis according to the latest update ) . i don ' t know if anyone has done a study on tooth replacement rates in great whites - uppers vs . lowers . i should add that it is not clear if planus and hastalis descended from a common ancestor or if planus descended from hastalis .\ni should also note that the thicker - crowned teeth tend to be in the planus size range rather than the hastalis size range . i don ' t think i ' ve seen one over 1 3 / 4 inches ( 40mm ) which is the size of a large planus . c . hastalis lowers can reach just over 3 inches .\nalso i will count the planus , hastalis and the thicker crowned makos that i got in my three days trip in sharktooth hill and i will ckeck if it matches to your numbers .\nthat ' s a carcharodon hastalis . carcharodon planus has more rounded root lobes than that . a side view of that tooth would likely show a greater labiolingual thickness than you would see in planis .\ni had this great idea that i would take a side view photo of the big hooked\nplanus / hastalis\nsandwiched between a similar sized hastalis and a large planus . the thought was we could get some clues by comparing the labial / lingual thickness of the three . all went well until i tried to pick a typical planus to include in the photo . working from about a dozen planus in the 1 . 5\n- 1 . 75\nrange i was currently cleaning up from this past weekend ' s dig , i found that there are two pretty distinct root forms in this small group of planus teeth 1 ) the classic deeply\nu\nd mickey mouse rounded lobes and 2 ) a shallow\nu\nwith more squared lobes typically associated with hastalis and the square lobed roots are significantly lab / ling thicker . i think i ' ve confused things even more - either the hooked\nplanus\ntooth has two root forms that would most likely be determined by tooth position or\nhastalis\nhas a much higher frequency of deeply curved teeth than previously thought ( in this case about a third of the teeth out of the dozen ) . agassiz has some explaining to do here . . . .\nthat seems reasonable and would argue that the large 2 . 5\nhooked tooth i showed earlier in the post is a large lateral c . planus . others have argued however that those squared off roots indicate that tooth is an abnormal c . hastalis . it may seem like splitting hairs , but tony ' s original question in the post was\nhow large do planus get\n. 2 . 5\nwould likely place this tooth in question at the planus upper boundary so it would be rewarding to help define that boundary . probably no way to really settle the issue though - fossil taxonomy is never simple .\nto illustrate that point i started keeping track of what i collected every time i dug in the sth bonebed during the 2000 ' s . i kept every tooth i found that was just over half - complete . one day , i found 12 hooked planus , 25\nnormal\nhastalis and 3 thicker - crowned makos . another time , i found 30 hooked planus , 57\nnormal\nhastalis , and 3 thicker - crowned makos . a third trip counted 24 hooked planus , 49\nnormal\nhastalis , and 2 thicker - crowned makos . if the thicker - crowned teeth were planus lowers , i would have expected to find at least around half as many thicker - crowned teeth as hooked planus each trip but at best i found 1 / 4 as many and less than 1 / 10 as many on two other trips . someone would have to plug in more numbers ( other trip totals ) to put together a better sample but it does provide an indication of real frequency that would have to be explained in either case .\ni think planus is related to carcharodon hastalis to the point that it descended from it directly sometime in the early to early - middle miocene . there are intriguing isolated teeth that indicate this but i can ' t say i have definitive evidence .\nseemingly , the options are that either it ' s a c hastalis tooth with an unusually hooked crown , or it ' s a c planus tooth with both an exceptionally large crown and an unusually hastalis - like root , which seems somewhat less likely .\ni ' ll try to get isurus90064 to comment because he has seen a ton of planus and hastalis from the sth bonebed and elsewhere as well . i have another friend who was digging\nthe hill\nbefore i was born so it will be interesting to get his opinion as well .\nit sounds like you know your stuff . i ' m away on business but will be home this week and will have to look at some of my teeth and get back to you . your photo with the tooth and the same - size hastalis and large planus is good evidence indicating that your tooth is a planus . it isn ' t as broad as hastalis tends to be . however , the root still looks more hastalis and what i ' ve learned over the years is that root characters are at least as important as crown characters in identifying teeth though perhaps more with respect to jaw position .\nthis particular tooth is middle miocene so should be later than any hastalis / planus divergence . the root does have some characteristics of c . hastalis , however having collected many hundreds of sharktooth hill hastalis , up to 3\n, i have never seen a hastalis crown deeply\nhooked\nlike this . the crown on this tooth is also more compressed , while hastalis in this size range typically are very thick in cross section . an argument could be made that this is a pathological variant of c . hastalis , rather than c . planus . with a sample size of one however it is hard to confirm whether the root of this\nplanus\nis abnormal or the crown of this\nhastalis\nis abnormal . either truth seems to point to a pretty unique tooth . it would be helpful to know if there are any other examples of large\nhooked\nhastalis from the fossil record , particularly from the round mountain formation .\nwhile i have c hastalis teeth with curved crowns , and a quick double - check on elasmo\n. . . does note that distally curved xiphodon [ hastalis ] teeth are relatively common\n, the above 2 . 5\ntooth does look very much like the first upper anterior tooth in the cosmopolitodus planus dentition on that website .\nhey tony - i took the attached photos last night to add to the thread showing the lingual and labial views . i included several planus in the 2\nrange and several hastalis in the 2 1 / 2\nrange , all from sharktooth hill , for additional comparison . i didn ' t think to take side views but can do that as well .\nwe could still claim that the tooth is atypical for planus crown morphology but still belongs to that species because it became relatively misshapen as a result of its extreme size but we run back into the problem of the root being the wrong shape for planus but the right shape for hastalis . shark teeth change slowly in a lineage with the root being even more conservative in terms of variation than the crown whether within a genus , a species , or the individual . the crown also takes up more space than the crown , so the larger the crown , the more opportunity for variation to be expressed . in other words in the absence of injury , we would expect more weirdness in the crown than the root so we would assume the root would carry at least as much if not more weight in the identification if the crown shows characters atypical for the taxon .\nit is interesting that your annual total is about the same as two of the daily totals from the sth bonebed . that would seem to add support to the thicker - crowned teeth as planus lowers idea . i think someone doing a study comparing calvert cliffs teeth and sth teeth would also have to look at how remains came to be preserved in each deposit to make sure some other factor wasn ' t messing with the totals in either case .\ni just looked through over 500 makos from multiple miocene sites in maryland and virginia and didn ' t find a single thicker crowned lower . i still have a bunch more makos from north carolina and thousands of broken ones to look through . i also looked at the makos from 3 trips to bakersfield and saw 12 thicker crowned lowers . it is still possible that a west coast hastalis variant had the thicker crowned lowers but i definitely lean toward planus having those thicker crowned lowers .\ni think it ' s easy to get distracted by the round or square root lobe paradigms . as noted above , even a small selection of c planus teeth will show both shapes for the same tooth positions . one can see the same in , probably , any decent selection of carcharodon sp teeth . that ' s the ' noise ' that makes tooth position assignment sometimes very difficult , and it ' s the reason one often hears the advice that the more teeth one can see and handle , the better .\ni think it ' s been said before that hastalis appears on the east coast sometime in the early miocene ( approx . 17 - 20 million years ago ) but it does not appear on the west coast until 15 - 16 million years ago . it appears\nsuddenly\nin great abundance in the sth bonebed but it is not present in older beds in the same area ( no planus either ) such as the olcese sand ( which is in the age range of the calvert formation ) and the pyramid hill sand ( which is as old or older than the the lowest beds of the calvert ) .\nanyway , the only other thing to consider is that your tooth could be from a very old hastalis individual the teeth of which did not reach a size to match the age of the animal . though , i have to admit , even in that case , only in planus do you see the clearly - hooked teeth . i have a tooth which a jeweler was going to make a necklace out of but i recognized it as oddball because it was a lateral and deeply - hooked . it has a hole drilled in it but i bought it . as i recall , that tooth has an irregular root ( no rounded lobes ) but i ' ll have to check when i get home .\nnotice on the fossil fishes found in california by w . p . blake .\n( agassiz , 1856 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbe the first to find out when we add items to this site ! join the lowcountry geologic mailing list .\nthe basis for his conclusion is a large private collection of sharktooth hill mako teeth . i ' d have to dig out the number but i think it was a group of over 1500 teeth from which he assembled an artificial dentition . the thicker - crowned teeth seemed to be logical lowers from that sample .\nin my own digging experience in the bonebed and from what i have seen in other sth collections the thicker - crowned form is nowhere near as common as the hooked form . taking into consideration that lowers have been seen to be less common than uppers ( replacement rates of uppers perhaps faster than those of lowers in at least some species ? ) at fossil sites , the thicker - crowned teeth still seem unusually uncommon .\ni ' m not fully convinced either way though i am leaning toward hastalis lower variant .\n. . . . taking into consideration that lowers have been seen to be less common than uppers ( replacement rates of uppers perhaps faster than those of lowers in at least some species ? ) at fossil sites , . . . .\nlower teeth for mako ' s and meg ' s seem to be far less common compared to the number of uppers found . at least in the places / exposures that i have collected , lower mako ' s and meg ' s are far less common compared to the number of uppers that i have found . at a location like calvert cliffs , i might find 50 mako ' s per year ; out of those , only 2 or 3 will be lowers . i ' ve always been curious as to why lowers ar eless common ; is it because of jaw design and the fact that the lower jaw in a shark is the one that is doing the opening / closing so the teeth need to be rooted firmly else constantly fall out during feeding ? either way , it ' s an interesting phenomena .\nyeah , that ' s why i was prepared to find maybe half as many lowers or even a little less than that . i would have to take some time to see how many\nnormal\nhastalis lowers i found compared to uppers on each day . i think i still have those samples separate .\ni would assume the jaw mechanics of hastalis was not too different from its direct descendant . in c . carcharis the lower jaw does come up but the upper also extends forward and comes down ( not locked to the skull like the human upper jaw ) in the biting motion . the upper teeth might be more violently contacting the prey in that way so they might have been knocked out at a faster rate . i don ' t know .\ni have wondered if lower teeth might be less common because they are more round than uppers which are more flat . the lowers might be more likely to roll around the sea bottom and therefore suffer more erosion all around the tooth , disintegrating before it could be deposited . they might have even survived in identifiable condition into modern times only to be weathered out and worn down to nothing in the surf .\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\nif you have one that you think is in the top end size of these teeth , please post pictures here .\ni can ' t say an exact measurement , but 2\nis the magic number . the further you go over that , the rarer the teeth .\nnorthern answered it . i have two teeth at 2 inches but once saw one that was at least 2 3 / 8 .\nit was one of those deeply hooked teeth too .\nif you haven ' t checked out northern ' s shark tooth gallery , you should because it ' s a great show .\nit sounds like you have done more collecting than me too . i know how hard that work often is . digging in july is brutal by about 1130 and it ' s cold in december .\nthe 2 . 5\n+ tooth looks very much like c hastalis to me . the root looks like that of a first upper anterior hastalis . i have a few c hubbelli teeth that have a similar hooked shape , so it ' s possible for hastalis / hubbelli teeth to be hooked in rare instances .\nsorry for the delay on getting the side views posted . i got distracted by a big c . hastalis lower i found this past weekend , but i did get that one posted to the general discussion this afternoon . i ' ll get back on a good comparison photo giving side views tomorrow .\ni think the difference in root shape is where he tooth is located in the jaw . those box shaped ones are lateral while the others are anterior teeth .\ni see the curve as a continual bend , whereas the bent c . hastalis teeth , that i have seen ided here on tff , have a straighter edge that has a bend in it .\nregarding the root lobes : the mesial root lobe on the 2 . 5\ntooth is visibly much smaller than the distal lobe . this argues persuasively that it ' s a first upper anterior tooth , and not a lateral tooth . the mesial lobe , being somewhat crowded up next to the symphysis , is often reduced in size as compared to the distal lobe on that tooth . lateral teeth generally have root lobes much more symmetrical in size .\ni came to the same conclusion although i don ' t have any hastalis teeth that are curved like arrowhead ' s . my angle is also that the tooth in question is far enough beyond the realistic size range for the species based on all the teeth i ' ve seen ( my collection , friends ' collections including bob ernst ) , that i considered it highly unlikely to belong to that species . two inch teeth are rare enough . i have seen one teeth pushing 2 1 / 4 inches but 2 1 / 2 inches would be that extra level of magnitude of rarity like a 7 1 / 2 - inch megalodon in my opinion . we still can ' t say it ' s impossible to find one but i don ' t see that tooth as a candidate .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmegalodon shark teeth wholesale shark teeth miscellaneous shark teeth other fossils for sale moroccan shark teeth reconstructed shark jaws gifts specials . . . new products . . . featured products . . . all products . . .\nextinct hooked tooth mako shark teeth middle miocene - appx 15 million years old this species of extinct mako is only found at a handful of locations around the pacific ocean as it never lived in the atlantic . interesting teeth noted for relatively straight upper anterior teeth and strongly curving upper lateral teeth . these teeth here come from bakersfield , ca and are perfect quality with beautiful colors ranging from white - tan - gray - blue / gray . more uncommon lower jaw teeth ( thick rooted and very symmetrical , not pictured ) available on request .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - 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opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nbeginning of a dialog window , including tabbed navigation to register an account or sign in to an existing account . both registration and sign in support using google and facebook accounts . escape will close this window .\nby clicking register , you agree to etsy ' s terms of use and privacy policy . etsy may send you communications ; you may change your preferences in your account settings .\nyou ' ve already signed up for some newsletters , but you haven ' t confirmed your address . register to confirm your address .\nset where you live , what language you speak and the currency you use . learn more .\nstart typing the name of a page . hit esc to close , enter to select the first result .\n? well you ' re in luck , because here they come . there are\nthese exceptional teeth all originate from the walls of sharktooth hill in bakersfield , california and have no signs of water based erosion . these teeth are typified by beautiful tan coloration and almost no root or enamel damage ! an affordable choice for both hobbyists and serious collectors .\nthe extinct mako shark lived in the miocene era approximately 12 million years ago . mako sharks grew up to 30 feet long and had a deadly arsenal of 147 razor sharp teeth . there have been teeth found that exceed 3\nlong ! the formula for figuring length of the shark is done by the primary tooth measurements . standard measurements are taken from the tip to the longest root side . for every eighth of an inch equals 1 foot in length . therefore a 3\ntooth would belong to a 26 foot long mako shark . the mako fed on squid , large fish , and even aquatic mammals . the power of its jaws was incredible and it could slash through vertebrae and rib bones with ease . these teeth were found scuba diving in the rivers of south carolina in depths of around 30 feet ."]}
{"id": 2603, "summary": [{"text": "the smash martians were the stars of a series of 1970s and early 1980s tv advertising campaigns for smash instant mashed potato in the uk .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "they were a family of martian robots who would watch humans laboriously preparing mashed potato the traditional way on tv .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the robots would then mock what they saw by chortling as they heard how the \" earth people peeled their own potatoes with their metal knives , boiled them for twenty of their minutes , then smashed them all to bits \" \u2013 instead of using smash instant mash .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the catchphrase ' for mash get smash ' is still an iconic advertising slogan in the uk .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the adverts featuring the smash martians were voted tv ad of the century by campaign magazine .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the martians ' behaviour and personalities were initially developed while the puppeteers were messing around on set .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the smash martians were designed for the advertising agency boase massimi pollitt by sian vickers and chris wilkins , also responsible for the four-wheeled red telephone used to advertise direct line , the urltoken opera singer , sheilas ' wheels commercials and mr. mouse , a blue american rodent advertising the insurance group esure .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "unauthorised copies of the martians were made from car parts by workers at the ford halewood factory near liverpool . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "smash martians", "paragraphs": ["smash mash potatoes ad from the 1970s . martians laughing at earthlings for peeling potatoes .\nthe 1974 smash campaign featured martians laughing their heads off at stupid earthlings peeling , boiling and mashing potatoes .\nthe history of advertising trust reveals how the smash martians campaign was a big step forwards for the advertising industry .\nsmash martians land on high street . ( news ) ( through clothes developed by trademark products ) ( brief article )\nsmash martians land on high street . ( news ) ( through clothes developed by trademark products ) ( brief article ) - version details - trove\nthe first time around , people began to imitate the martians\u2019 laugh . that could lend itself very well to snapchat , where users can create photos where they laugh like the martians .\nnicole yershon , director , innovative solutions , ogilvy group advertising ; caspar schlickum , ceo , emea , xaxis ; and gav thompson , cmo paddy power , reimagine smash mash martians .\nthe smash martians , created three decades ago to promote instant mashed potato , are now reaching a new generation through clothes developed by trademark products . the company has produced t - . . .\nquickly the public was won over by the martians - affectionately nicknamed \u2018heavy metal chimps\u2019 - laughing at earthlings wasting time peeling potatoes .\na group of robotic martians who make fun of us earth people for eating real mashed potatoes instead of using the powdered crap .\na tv commercial for mashed potato featuring a group of talking robotic martians has been named advertisement of the year by a trade magazine .\nthe word ' smash ' has so many connotations these days . moreover , the market for smash mash has probably changed . most mums today will be hesitant to serve instant mashed potatoes to their kids . they prefer fresh foods they can trust .\nwe can even distribute samples of smash mash at bars . this campaign would lend itself to a social media component . i could imagine vines with people sharing the best way to cure a hangover using smash , like adding alka seltzer to the mix .\nthe 1970s advert featuring a group of chortling robotic martians has been named britain\u2019s favourite pre - internet ad - because it made an \u201cemotional connection\u201d with viewers .\ncreating a new set of martians isn\u2019t necessarily interesting to me . it would cost a lot of money , and even more - - millions really - - to purchase air time for the adverts . will that really speak to people ? will that motivate them to go out and buy smash mash ?\nat first cadbury\u2019s were not won over . they envisaged a serious commercial extolling the nutritional values of smash . this led to doubts within bmp .\nthe results were overwhelming in favour of the martians \u2013 \u2018english girls are smashing\u2019 , with plenty of skimpily - clad girls eating mashed potatoes getting the cold shoulder .\nif we really wanted to be provocative , we could target images of spirits , beer and parties , with martians talking about how silly humans are for not preparing for the next day .\ni think a lot of people are more interested in tackling the world\u2019s problems , and are willing to support companies that are like - minded . so rather than reimagine the martians , i\u2019d focus on creating a program where a portion of smash mash sales is earmarked for hunger - relief programs in areas of the world that are struggling with malnourishment and hunger .\ni\u2019d also add a mobile component to reach people in areas where there are a lot of pubs and bars . the messages would remind people to pick up some smash mash .\nthe data itself can drive the story . for instance , we could use real - time data that comes from the nasa\u2019s mars exploration rover . in september 2015 , nasa reported that the rover was planning for \u201can active winter\u201d in which it would explore mars\u2019s marathon valley . we can show the smash martians laughing at humanity\u2019s rudimentary techniques for map making or getting their winter coats out of storage .\nwe know from the first campaign that the martians are pretty impatient . they had no tolerance for the time it takes to peel , boil and mash potatoes . so i\u2019d take that impatience to the extreme .\ni\u2019d create a series of videos of the martians creating smashed up versions of things , such as a 15 - second version of macbeth , and famous novels and movies . so smash becomes synonymous with extremely - condensed and quick . first we\u2019d see them smashing something , and then we\u2019d see the results ( e . g . witches tell macbeth he\u2019ll be king of scotland . they lied . \u201d )\nthe ground - breaking and multiple - award - winning tv ad campaign for cadbury\u2019s smash in 1974 not only saw the arrival of the adorable martian family but also introduced animatics to the industry .\ncadbury\u2019s smash commercial for instant mashed potato was voted the uk\u2019s most memorable advert followed by bt\u2019s \u2018you got an ology ? \u201d and yellow pages\u2019 jr hartley in a poll of 2 , 000 consumers .\ni\u2019d gear this campaign to young men living on their own , and looking for quick and easy ways to fill up their bellies after a hard night of getting smashed . the martians , snarky as always , can be seen the night before egging them on to do one more shot , and then the next morning offering a quick and easy fix for the hangover ( \u201csorry dude , here , have some smash . \u201d )\nsmash instant mashed potatoes enjoyed moderate success when cadbury , its parent company , started looking for a way to reinvigorate sales . in 1974 , the brand engaged boase massimi pollitt , whose campaign , \u201cfor mash get smashed\u201d did the trick . the ads featured a family of robots , made entirely from car parts , who laughed at the way silly humans mashed their potatoes the traditional way instead of opening a box of smash .\nreels discovered in the archives at the history of advertising trust ( hat ) not only feature the original smash commercials but also the early animatics . stills from these are illustrated here along with one taken from the final print .\ni\u2019d use real - time data to build scenarios for these ads . if something significant happens in the world , the martians will comment on or ridicule the event , whichever is most appropriate . we\u2019d still show them laughing at the stupidity of humanity .\nit is said that the martians were conceived at a meeting in a pub webster had with writer chris wilkins . they were agonising over how to make a bowl of instant mashed potatoes tempting on the television \u2013 and they were also up against two established brands .\nthey were such a hit with consumers that the \u2018family\u2019 expanded to include a child and then a cat and dog . eventually a smash martian manual had to be produced as there were so many requests for details of how to make them for merchandising .\n\u201cthis is one gap in hat archive for the smash story . if anyone has a copy of the manual , or perhaps owns any of the martian characters , we would love to accept them either as a donation or on loan , \u201d said chloe .\nadvertising weekly campaign named the 25 - year - old cadbury ' s smash commercial its favourite in its top ten of the century . the spots featured the creatures chortling as they heard how the\nearth people\npeeled their own potatoes ,\nboiled them for 20 of their minutes ,\nthen\nsmashed them all to bits\n- instead of using smash instant mash . viewers were not insulted at being called\na most primitive people\nby the metallic creations - sales soared and the martians received so much fan mail the agency which made the commercials , now known as bmp ddb , had to prepare special literature to reply to them . now bmp ddb is celebrating the accolade by showing the original 1974 commercial in channel 4 ' s final advertising slot of the year at 2355 gmt on 31 december .\nwith programmatic , we can take over the internet , meaning we can purchase every available impression at a given time . we can use an anticipated event , such as the perseid meteor shower , as opportunities for the martians to comment ( \u201csilly humans , they thinks this is a significant shower\u201d ) .\nbefore cadbury was all about chocolate , they put their name against mashed potato . they came up with some great little aliens to explain why we ' re all so stupid that we peel , boil and mash potato instead of just using smash . slightly insulting , but pretty good .\nto take it up a notch , we can create - - or partner with - - programs that are working to relieve hunger in a variety of ways , and encourage volunteerism . we could create a multi - platform smash mash feed the world presence in social media , where volunteers can share their experiences , and encourage others .\nto get people involved , i\u2019d invite them to smash up any food . i expect we\u2019d get videos of people making a turkey dinner in 20 seconds by doing things like putting all the ingredients in a liquidizer , or running a steamroller over them . we could create a competition , which would go viral , of the best smashed meal .\nfour books about the martian family who regularly received \u2018fan\u2019 mail were published and the campaign made a popular comeback more than a decade later . as a result of this outstanding campaign , smash became the market leader despite strong competition from yeoman and wondermash . it took first place in campaign\u2019s hall of fame , the 100 best british ads of the century published in december 1999 .\nlatest insights , case studies and news from agencies , tech vendors , freelancers and other organisations .\nthe reimagining advertising campaign , created in partnership with gumgum , is asking a panel of ten marketers how they would reimagine seminal ads from the pre - digital age to find out how today\u2019s leading advertising thinkers would reinvent them with the current digital tools at their disposal .\nthe ads , which ran from the 1970s into the early 1980s , were voted the second best television ad of all time in a 2000 poll conducted by the sunday times and channel 4 .\nthe robots , created by puppeteers out of car parts , were so iconic that some of them are now on display at the national media museum in bradform , west yorkshire .\nthis is a campaign i\u2019d take it to an extreme . first off , i\u2019d make each martian an individual character with a distinct personality , supported with all of the vehicles that let people get to know them \u2013 twitter feeds , facebook pages , and so on .\nthe original ads already feel like an execution that\u2019s close to what i might do today , which is a lot of short films . they already feel quite viral \u2013 short , snappy , kind of funny , a bit ridiculous .\nanother idea is to tie the campaign to the weather , so when a specific weather event occurs , such as severe lightening , it serves as a signal to start buying up impressions .\ngumgum is an artificial intelligence company , with particular expertise in computer vision . its mission is to unlock the value of images and videos produced everyday across the web , social media and b . . .\nbuild your marketing knowledge by choosing from daily news bulletins or a weekly special .\nhit the c - suite spot . 75 % of the drum magazine readership are senior management or above .\n\u00a9 carnyx group ltd 2018 | the drum is a registered trademark and property of carnyx group limited . all rights reserved .\nthe study , commissioned by marketing data specialist acxiom , shows the adverts \u201cgenerated strong emotional connections\u201d with tv viewers .\nacxiom marketing boss jed mole told the sunday people : \u201cthese classic , much - loved ads showed us that a human , emotional connection is important in creating a successful campaign . \u201d\nbilly the kid billy the kid ' pictured ' in exceptionally rare photograph of wild west outlaw found in siberia a russian collector in yakutsk claims to have found a tintype image of the legendary wild west outlaw billy the kid - and he wants $ 5 million ( \u00a33 . 7m ) for it\nthe first animatics were created by art director john webster to help sell his revolutionary approach to promoting an instant mashed potato product - to his advertising agency boase massimi pollitt ( bmp ) , the client and the public .\n\u201cthese are a bit of find for us , \u201d said chloe veale , director of hat . \u201cthey represent an historic development in the tv commercial production process and provide a unique record for researchers . \u201d\nuntil then pre - production research was often carried out using a stills slide show synchronised to a sound tape and involved stopping random passers - by in the street for their reactions . however , for the first time bmp produced animated drawings set to a soundtrack on video tape . as video was just emerging as the new audio - visual medium , agency researchers embarked on a series of nationwide tours lugging around bulky video players and a tv monitor to test the concept on regional audiences .\nthe martian puppets were a leap of faith as there was nothing cuddly about them but once the big beady eyes and wide smile were added they took on a personality . they also tapped into the space age era and , most importantly for tv viewers , dr who fever . peter hawkins , voice - over artist and voice of the daleks , was brought in to voice the characters . he was called to the studios and asked to \u2018have a go at laughing like a dalek\u2019 .\nthe ads might seem \u2018light\u2019 and fun but webster always took his work seriously with a clear desire to make the breaks in tv programmes worth watching . he also believed in the fortuitous accident . one laughing martian fell over at the shoot , and in the end was left in the final cut as it made the scene funnier .\ni still remember the groundbreaking advertisement from cadbury . according to top 10 essay writing services this was so inspirational that it led to formation of new genres in advertising and film making . that is what one can call as leaving a footprint in history .\nnice share . i think your website should come up much higher urltoken in the search results than where it is showing up right now\u2026 .\nzombie catchers hack & cheats generate unlimited resources with our newly released online resources generator tool its 100 % working and also free tool , this is one of the best method . you should try this ! . enjoy it !\nbe notified by email when we update the beak street bugle with new articles .\ncampaign also commended other advertisements in its list , including benson & hedges ' cinema ads for cigarettes , the conservative party ' s 1978\nlabour isn ' t working\ncampaign , and the wartime\nyour country needs you\nposters featuring lord kitchener in 1914 . the magazine also compiled a list of its worst ads , including bernard matthews '\nbootiful\nturkeys , and john cleese ' s ill - fated sainsbury ' s campaign , adding viewers definitely weren ' t spoiled by ferrero rocher ' s kitsch ambassador ' s reception . campaign also named its most influential commercial television programmes . these included classics such as saturday night at the london palladium and opportunity knocks through to innovative youth programme network 7 , original itv breakfast broadcaster tv - am and sky sports ' super sunday football show .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif it ' s j - e - r - k - y first time you view it , it ' s probably because of your connection speed . doh . play it a second time and it should be smoother .\nlike many organisations , cadbury ' s undoubtedly viewed television as a significant channel for communicating with the marketplace . we\u0092re aiming to get together a catalogue of every cadbury ' s commercial transmitted in britain . we\u0092re in no sense making judgements about which commercials are great and which aren\u0092t . in our book that\u0092s one for you . we want instead to make it a piece of cake for you to see cadbury ' s commercials whenever you want to . in our humble opinion , quite often the adverts form the most enjoying part of an evening in front of the box . and no ad archive worthy of its name would be all - inclusive without some examples of cadbury ' s ads . so be of good faith that the next time we find another cadbury ' s ad , you are certain to find it on tellyads .\nyou currently have javascript disabled . several functions may not work . please re - enable javascript to access full functionality .\ni have had hopper out and cleaned it and i also have a different hopper .\nthe hoppers are the same except for the color of the 4 way dispenser . original one was yellow and second one is burgundy .\ni have had the machine working today for a hopper top up and was played for about 20 mins . then check it out and alarm code\nnot sure if this is a issue but in a previous life the machine has had a note acceptor and the connector just hangs in the cabinet - should the end be plugged back into somewhere and does the machine need to be told is has no acceptor fitted . ?\ni can only guess at the above as i am no expert . i also have in my head that there is a break in the serial coin loom . so before i buy another one .\nthe note acceptor loom shouldnt play a part in the hopper fail alarm . . youd normally get a note mech error if it was expecting to find one .\nif the hopper is different , i would also try an yellow hopper which is a sch3 .\nfailing that , i would definately look at replacing the loom , and failing that , could be a board issue .\nas members are helping you with your machine maybe you can help us emulation guys in preserving this machine ( virtually ) when you ' ve got a moment any chance of uploading some nice hi res images of the machine . a full frontal one , some of the top boards and reel areas and maybe some of the reel symbols , with little or no camera flash burn if possible . this isn ' t for me but maybe another creator could have a go at designing this machine for mfme to accompany the classic we have . regards vectra666\nthe more i do today , the less i do tomorrow . fme is alive and screaming into the 21st century ! enjoy fme and happy gaming ! ! ! !\nno problem ! i just hope this is one that we don ' t have already out there and i missed .\nformer fruit machine engineer . < br / > < br / > 1988 - 2004 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nincentive today , v . 19 , no . 4 , 2004 april , p . 6 ( 1 ) ( issn : 1351 - 4555 )\nin order to set up a list of libraries that you have access to , you must first login or sign up . then set up a personal list of libraries from your profile page by clicking on your user name at the top right of any screen .\naustralian college of natural medicine pty ltd . endeavour college of natural health library .\nsydney missionary and bible college . j . t . h . kerr library .\nseparate different tags with a comma . to include a comma in your tag , surround the tag with double quotes ."]}
{"id": 2604, "summary": [{"text": "pentagonaster pulchellus , commonly known as the biscuit star is a species of starfish found in new zealand , where it is common in cook strait and around the south island .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "also recorded from the chatham islands and from the campbell plateau down to the snares islands . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pentagonaster pulchellus", "paragraphs": ["cryptoconchus porosus butterfly chiton and common biscuit star pentagonaster pulchellus , new zealand . | molluscs & sea snails | pinterest\nremark type species : pentagonaster pulchellus gray , 1840 by monotypy ( rowe & gates , 1995 ) . [ details ]\nspecies pentagonaster crassimanus ( m\u00f6bius , 1859 ) accepted as pentagonaster duebeni gray , 1847 ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster gunni perrier , 1875 accepted as pentagonaster duebeni gray , 1847 ( a forma according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster hispidus ( m . sars , 1872 ) accepted as poraniomorpha ( poraniomorpha ) hispida ( m . sars , 1872 )\nspecies pentagonaster meridionalis ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as odontaster meridionalis ( e . a . smith , 1876 )\nspecies pentagonaster validus bell , 1884 accepted as goniodiscaster pleyadella ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( synonym according to h . l . clark ( 1921 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster astrologorum ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) accepted as tosia australis gray , 1840 ( a forma according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster auratus ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster grandis ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster crassus perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster deplasi perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster elongatus perrier , 1885 accepted as paragonaster subtilis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster gosselini perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster ornatus ( m\u00fcller & troschel , 1842 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( a synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster ternalis perrier , 1881 accepted as dorigona ternalis ( perrier , 1885 ) accepted as nymphaster arenatus ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym of n . arenatus according to halpern ( 1970 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster tubercularis ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia australis gray , 1840 ( a synonym of tosia nobilis ( = t . australis ) according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster lepidus sladen , 1889 accepted as hoplaster spinosus perrier in milne - edwards , 1882 ( synonym according to verrill ( 1899 ) and confirmed by a . m . clark in gage et al . ( 1983 ) )\nmah , c . ( 2007 ) . systematics , phylogeny and historical biogeography of the pentagonaster clade ( asteroidea : valvatida : goniasteridae . invertebrate systematics . 21 : 311 - 339 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pentagonaster abnormalis gray , 1866 ) gray , j . e . ( 1866 ) . synopsis of the species of starfish in the british museum ( with figures of some of the new species ) . 18pp , 16 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]\ngray , j . e . ( 1840 ) . xxxii . a synopsis of the genera and species of the class hypostoma ( asterias , linnaeus ) . annals of the magazine of natural history . 6 : 275 - 290 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 280 [ details ]\n( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) ayres , w . o . ( 1851 ) . stephanaster ayres . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 4 : 118 - 119 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 - 119 [ details ]\n( of buterminaster blake in blake & zinsmeister , 1988 ) blake , d . b . and zinsmeister , w . j . ( 1988 ) . eocene asteroids ( echinodermata ) from seymour island , antarctic peninsula . geological society of america memoir . 169 : 489 - 498 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 495 [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ( 1993 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 2 : valvatida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 1993 ) . echinoderm studies , 4 : pp . 187 - 366 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) rowe , f . w . e & gates , j . ( 1995 ) . echinodermata . in \u2018zoological catalogue of australia\u2019 . 33 ( ed a . wells . ) pp xiii + 510 ( csiro australia , melbourne . ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( of stephanaster elegans ayres , 1851 ) ayres , w . o . ( 1851 ) . stephanaster ayres . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 4 : 118 - 119 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 [ details ]\n( of astrogonium abnormale ( gray , 1866 ) ) gray , j . e . ( 1866 ) . synopsis of the species of starfish in the british museum ( with figures of some of the new species ) . 18pp , 16 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]\nclark , h . e . s . and mcknight , d . g . ( 2001 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand : echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) order valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 117 : 1 - 270 . [ details ]\nmah , c . l . ; mcknight , d . g . ; eagle , m . k . ; pawson , d . l . ; am\u00e9ziane , n . ; vance , d . j . ; baker , a . n . ; clark , h . e . s . ; davey , n . ( 2009 ) . phylum echinodermata : sea stars , brittle stars , sea urchins , sea cucumbers , sea lilies . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 371 - 400 . [ details ]\n( of astrogonium abnormale ( gray , 1866 ) ) sladen , w . p . ( 1889 ) . report on the asteroidea . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , zoology . 30 ( 51 ) : xlii + 893 pages 118 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 748 [ details ]\nstiff five armed star . very variable colour and pattern .\ncells\non the upper surface ringed with cream or white\npimples\n.\ncells\ncan be any colour ranging from cream to brick red . large plates on the edge of the arms with the ones at the tips being bulbous .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnz geo region \u203a south is geo region \u203a otago geo region ml4385 ( preferred ) nz geo region / south is geo region / otago geo region ( short name ) off oamaru , from beach down . cast up ones have inflated terminal plates . never found any alive in tidal area . found any alive on tidal area collection method : trawl collected by : graham , j .\ncontribute more detail to this record by adding your own names , classifications or categories via a tag . tags also make this record more findable on search .\nthe development of the auckland war memorial museum online collection is an ongoing process ; updates , new images and records are added weekly . in some cases , records have yet to be confirmed by museum staff , and there could be mistakes or omissions in the information provided .\n{ { t ( ' get _ image _ for ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . priceperimage ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . add _ to _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . update _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . add _ notes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . project _ codes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . select _ project _ code ' ) } } { { projectcode } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . calculate _ price _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . save _ to _ cart _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' site _ specific . getty . request _ preview ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . usage _ rights _ restrictions ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ restrictions _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ title ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ check _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . download _ button ' ) } }\nmix and match royalty - free images , videos , and editorial with packs that never expire . *\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . fivepackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . tenpackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' compared _ with _ single _ price ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . price ) } ) } }\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nfind out about how you can get involved , and help us to protect , maintain and enhance the taputeranga marine reserve . more >\nwhen is a fish not a fish ? answer : when it\u2019s a starfish , a jellyfish , a crayfish , a shellfish or a blackfish ! we seem to like calling marine animals \u2018fish\u2019 regardless of whether they are or not . hundreds of years ago , marine mammals were thought to be fish , so calling a pilot whale a blackfish was understandable . but the others are clearly not fish , though there are fisheries for many of them ( including jellyfish in some places ! ) . these days , we are gradually replacing inappropriate names with better ones . crayfish are now called rock lobsters , and starfish are usually called sea stars .\nsome sea stars are large and predatory . the seven - armed sea star ( astrostole scabra ) grows to over 40 cm across . it is easily recognised by its colour \u2013 the upper surface is greyish - purple , and its numerous tube feet are bright orange . seven - armed sea stars , and their cousins the 11 - armed sea stars ( coscinasterias muricata ) , are voracious , highly mobile predators that specialise in catching or forcing open molluscs such as paua and mussels . paua don\u2019t often move very fast , but i recently saw a yellow - foot paua ( haliotis australis ) being chased ( in a slow motion kind of way ) out of a crevice and across a rock by a roving seven - arm star .\nsea stars move , capture their prey , and force open shells using their tube feet , which are driven by an amazing hydraulic system . water is drawn into the body through a filter plate ( madreporite ) which is visible as a different - looking , often pale , plate on the upper surface . the water is pumped through a system of canals running around the mouth and along the arms . the tube feet , which are housed in grooves on the underside of each arm ( yes , their feet are inside their arms ! ) , extend as the water pressure increases . when the tube feet touch a shell or rock surface , the sea star pumps water out of the canals creating a slight vacuum , which turns the tips of the feet into minute suction cups . large sea stars can exert high pressures with their tube feet over several hours , enabling them to slowly overpower the muscles of their prey , and prise them open or off the rocks . no wonder that yellow - foot paua was motoring away !\nsea stars ( not starfish ) are built on a five rayed plan , although some stars have many more than five arms . their skin is set with limy plates and the mouth is underneath in the centre of the arms .\nall may be found in wellington waters . thanks to niwa ' s kate neill for her insights on reef star arms .\nhabitat : open , exposed , rocky coasts . around wellington harbour they are abundant near burnham wharf and the shelly bay wharf .\nidentification : a large star which reaches a span of about 35 cm . the number of arms varies but there are usually ten , eleven or twelve . colour varies from brown to grey .\nidentification : the colour varies , but may be red , mottled green , or grey . although the usual number of arms is five , occasional examples are found with four or even as many as eight arms .\nidentification : the colour pattern varies from tinted red through orange to grey or even light purple . the body is very stiff and the whole rim is lined with large , solid plates .\nbrittlestars vary from true sea stars in that they have a small , round , central disc from which the arms radiate . the arms can break easily if the animal is disturbed , but they will grow back again . the snakestail star ( pectinura maculata ) is the largest brittle star in new zealand growing to approximately 350 mm across .\nhabitat : observed at depths between 5 and 30 metres . noted in a crevice in breaker bay , at princess bay , and at 30 metres on a reef 1 km off lyall bay . two of them live at the sirens .\nidentification : a fat , red , cushion - like starfish covered in white pom - poms .\ngeneral : uri seems to be fairly rare and has been recorded officially about eleven times , not counting my sightings . the marine lab at island bay would welcome any uri reports ( not collected animals ) . valuable details would include location , depth and what it was living on .\ni have been keeping an eye on one in a cave at the sirens for over a year now . i missed the cave one day and swam a bit farther than normal , but found uri grazing on some weed . on the way back i found the cave i had been looking for . when i went in for a nosey , my original friend was still in there . uri just seems to move from one side of the cave to the other over the course of about three months . i find it intriguing that two rare sea stars happen to live near to the marine lab ."]}
{"id": 2617, "summary": [{"text": "melitara texana is a species of snout moth in the genus melitara .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by neunzig in 1997 , and is found in southern texas and adjacent mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on opuntia lindheimeri var . lindheimeri .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "young larvae hollow out a small cell under the epidermis near the margin of the cladode .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they remain in this cell during winter .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in april , they tunnel farther into the cladode .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "pupation takes place in late august and september within hollow stems of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "melitara texana", "paragraphs": ["melitara texana neunzig , 1997 n . sp . , mona fascicle . 15 . 4 .\nmelitara texana is a species of snout moth in the genus melitara . it was described by neunzig in 1997 , and is found in southern texas and adjacent mexico .\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb pyralid and crambid snout moths ( pyraloidea ) \u00bb pyralid moths ( pyralidae ) \u00bb phycitinae \u00bb phycitini \u00bb pricklypear borer ( melitara ) \u00bb melitara texana - hodges # 5971 . 2 ( melitara texana )\nthe destruction of so many prickly pears has spurred me to action . no , i am not going to spray chemicals to save the cactuses . but i have collected a few larvae with the intent to rear them and determine , if i can , the identity of the moth . in a quick search of the web to determine the identity of the caterpillars , i found that there are at least six prickly pear borer moths , including melitara prodenialis and melitara dentata that are native to several states in the united states . neither of these two moths along with melitara texana have been documented in texas . i could find no images of melitara texana or its larvae .\nmoved from moths . ann , these are very closely related to alberada . i get m . texana and there is m . dentata from n . and western tx . i need to check collection records to see which you get . they are determined by genitalia and range .\nmoved from melitara dentata . after revisiting my bold results this may be m . doddalis . although my results came back 100 % m . dentata , bold did not make a species choice and my coi was only 586 . there is a lot of m . dentata dna available but all of it was from canada and mine were the only ones from texas . there is only one bold tested m . doddalis ( coi 658 ) and was from uvalde and looks similar to mine . several bold identified m . doddalis were from texas but did not have dna .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 1997 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 4 : p . 54 ; pl . 3 . 14 - 15 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nneunzig , h . h . , 1997 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 4 : p . 54 ; pl . 3 . 14 - 15 .\nthe moths of north america north of mexico . fascicle 15 . 4 . pyraloidea , pyralidae , phycitinae ( part ) h . h . neunzig . 1997 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 31 october , 2012 - 5 : 39pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthank you . it will be interesting to see what your final id is .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\njavascript is disabled . please enable javascript on your browser to best view this site .\nwell , they are back and up to their old tricks . this time i intend to find out the name of the rascals and add it to the official list of residents or visitors in kendall county . to borrow and paraphrase a few of the lines from that doc watson song \u201cmuskrat , \u2026 they have been lying around eating up all the owners\u2019 prickly pear\u2026 but i found out where they been usin\u2019\u201d .\nwhen we moved to boerne a few years ago , the small acreage where we built our home had several large prickly pear cactus plants at various locations . the plants were 3 - 4 feet tall and up to 5 feet across . each spring i enjoyed seeing the variety colors that they produced . some had beautiful , deep peach blooms , some had yellow blooms with red centers and some blooms were entirely yellow .\ntwo years ago i noticed that there was a sawdust - like substance on some of the pads of a few plants . i broke off one of the tops and saw a few larvae in the stem . i assumed that this was just another example of a moth and a host plant and didn\u2019t pursue it more than taking a few pictures .\nnow there are only two or three of those large plants left . the others , including many on adjoining lots , have been decimated by those moths , which deposit their eggs on the prickly pear . when the larvae eclose ( emerge from the eggs ) , they eat the interior of the pads and excrete their frass ( poop ) through small holes in the pads leaving a sawdust - like residue . all that remains of those large cactus plants are the skeletal veins of the pads and stems , decaying like fallen logs\nsurely i am not the only person in texas that has lost and regretted the loss of a prickly pear , our state cactus . i can only assume that when others lost that plant , they just decided it was easier to get another . but i am now about naming the culprit . i want to make sure that this moth is listed as being present in texas and in kendall county . i will bring you a report if i am successful .\neven so all is not lost . the native plants that grow in our area are survivors . so far each has changed to meet every challenge that the climate , insects and the environment have provided . i have no doubt that the prickly pears will overcome the attack of the moths . in some of those piles of debris , small green pads are visible . it will take a few years , but hopefully those beautiful blooms will return .\non a more pleasant subject , a couple of weeks ago , i had the opportunity to join donna taylor , patty leslie pasztor and an out of town botanist on a ride through a small portion of the 500 plus acres of the cibolo preserve . as you probably know the cibolo preserve is adjacent to the cibolo nature center and has been set aside by its owner , bill lende , for restoration , research , education and conservation . what a pleasure it was to take that ride .\neven though we are entering the month of august in a continuing period of drought , albeit with some late spring rain , the condition of the land was spectacular . grasses of all kinds was at least knee high . the big bluestem , vigorous and in bloom , was 5 \u00bd to 6 feet tall . the fields were filled with butterflies ; and ducks rose from the creek as we crossed . a night heron flew into a tree from its hunting spot along the creek and flew to the same tree when we returned along the same route . hawks were circling in the sky .\nplants that have passed their bloom time along the county roads were still in bloom in the fields . a skeleton plant , still producing nectar , was visited by a pipevine swallowtail butterfly and narrowly avoided my camera lens . ( ernesto has skeleton plants for sale at medina garden nursery in medina , if you are interested ) .\nalthough native plants have evolved to survive nature\u2019s challenges , loss of habitat , which is mainly our doing , may prove a hill too high . it is a pleasure to see what bill has accomplished with this vision of the past and oasis of hope .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 2620, "summary": [{"text": "pegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by nishihara , hasegawa and okada ( 2006 ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "to the surprise of the authors , their data led them to propose a clade that includes bats ( order chiroptera ) , carnivores such as cats and dogs ( order carnivora ) , horses and other odd-toed ungulates ( order perissodactyla ) and pangolins ( order pholidota ) as springing from a single evolutionary origin within the mammals .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name pegasoferae was coined from the name of the mythological flying horse pegasus to refer to bats and horses , and the term ferae , encompassing carnivorans and pangolins .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "according to this , the odd-toed ungulates ' closest living relatives are the carnivorans .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "earlier theories of mammalian evolution would , for example , have aligned bats with the insectivores ( order eulipotyphla ) and horses with the even-toed ungulates ( order artiodactyla ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some subsequent molecular studies published shortly afterwards have failed to support it .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in particular , two recent studies , each combining genome-wide analyses of multiple taxa with testing of competing alternative phylogenetic hypotheses , concluded that pegasoferae is not a natural grouping . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "pegasoferae", "paragraphs": ["pegasoferae , an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions . - pubmed - ncbi\npegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by nishihara , hasegawa and okada ( 2006 ) .\nthis is a one - residue deletion in the second transmembrane helix of this shortwave imaging opsin considered under informative opsin indels . this is too phylogenetically narrow to illuminate pegasoferae .\nthis potentially informative retroposon insertion denoted int283 conflicts with pegasoferae topology . that is not a fatal flaw because a certain fraction of such events resolve anomalously via lineage - sorting after speciation .\npegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by nishihara , hasegawa and okada ( 2006 ) . it includes bats , carnivorans , pangolins , and odd - toed ungulates .\nnishihari et al located 4 retroposon insertion events that support pegasoferae . in the ensuing 2 - 3 years , it has become possible to reinvestigate these events with additional species utilizing bioinformatic methods on the 10 available laurasiathere genomes ( not all of which will completely cover a given event ) .\nthe one - residue indel appears cleanly restricted to pegasoferae . there are 5 laurasiatheres with it and 5 without it , which needs further buttressing by pcr ( adding more basal species has the effect of localizing the event farther back on the stem ) . the parental gene did not develop the indel in any bioinformatically accessible species .\nit can always be asked whether this is the\nsame\nl1ma9 in cetartiodactyls or merely a similar one from a separate insertion event of the active parental element . however pushing the putative event back to basal vicugna narrows the window for that . while this situation can be dismissed with an appeal to lineage - sorting ( importantly 4 events support pegasoferae versus this 1 conflict ) .\nknowledge of the biological characteristics , physiology and behavior of the creature group pegasoferae . this group contains for instance bats , carnivorans ( the dog - and cat - like animals ) , and odd - toed ungulates such as horses and nosehorns . a higher skill increases taming and / or controlling chances , butchery yield , carcass cooking quality , and damage and defense for creatures in this group .\npegasoferae is a novel proposal using rare genomic events involving retroposon insertions to establish the phylogenetic ordering within laurasiatheres , grouping bats , perissodactyls and carnivores to the exclusion of the other hoofed mammalian group , artiodactyls . bats have been placed in many previous locations , notably in the euarchonta wing ( outgroup to primates ) . while that particular idea is clearly refuted by many lines of evidence , the proper placement of bats remains under discussion .\ndespite more intensive phylogenetic sampling , int391 continues to support pegasoferae as nishijimi et al originally stated . it should be noted that the mer - class retroposon , while not at issue here , exhibits the type of homoplasy that makes retroposons dicey as tree topology markers . introns are often susceptible to multiple insertions of similar retroposons as well as to complicated patterns of micro deletions that prevent their recognition even if they aren ' t fully deleted .\nthe last exon of rbp3 , like in many proteins , does not appear to be under a great deal of selective pressure . this surfaces in a certain amount of observed ' terminal wander ' as various mutations allow readthru of the original stop codon to the next one that occurs by chance downstream . here pegasoferae , relative to artiodactyls , all share a one bp indel within coding that causes an altogether novel amino acid sequence to terminate the protein .\nthis gene duplication might simply be restricted to this one genus ( or even this one species ) . alternatively it might have greater phylogenetic depth and be somewhat informative in resolving intra - bat taxonomy . this would require pcr of many additional bat species since no further genomic work is anticipated any time soon . it is not relevent to pegasoferae per se since bats are clearly monophyletic overall , even as the macro / micro distinction remains equivocal as a taxonomic character .\nagain , this presented a favorable annotation situation because the two flanking exons are well - conserved and the intonic distance is short at about 1500 bp . using new genomic data , the species density can be brought up 10 laurasiatheres , tiling traces in unassembled genomes as necessary . the conflict with pegasoferae holds up even sampling at this greater taxonomic sampling depth : an orthologous l1ma9 is also missing in microbat , shrew , hedgehog but present with correct orientation and correct fragment coordinates in vicugna , pig , and dolphin .\nan example of int391 locus suggesting pegasoferae clade . ( a ) an electrophoretic profile of pcr products of locus int391 , in which l1 is present in horse , cat , and bat , but not other mammals . the larger size of the mouse pcr product is caused by species - specific insertions of another retrotransposon ( database position chr19 : 55196706\u201355197619 in mm7 ) . m , size markers ( \u00f8x174 / hincii digest ) . ( b ) an alignment of locus int391 sequences . thick and thin lines denote the l1 and the direct repeat sequences , respectively , that were generated during integration . the central region of the inserted l1 sequence is omitted .\nthe history here is quite complex when tetrapods outside laurasiatheres are included . ancestrally , the exon was clearly much shorter , terminating at consistent length just after module m4 ended in the rpb3 internal repeat structure from frog to marsupial divergence . in afrotheres , either the stop codon mutated or a frameshift occured , causing the protein to become longer . the new stop codon in hyrax represents the ancestral placental position . elephants retain a cryptic stop codon here but evolved an earlier one that is used today . this stop codon and some aspects of sequence was conserved in pegasoferae but not artiodactyls ( though by reinstituting the original trinucleotide ggg and former reading frame , residual ancestral sequence as well as the original distal stop codon can still be seen . shrew and hedgehog diverged by a different scheme and are unhelpful .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nmolecular studies have reported divergence times of modern placental orders long before the cretaceous\u2013tertiary boundary and far older than paleontological data . however , this discrepancy may not be real , but rather appear because of the violation of implicit assumptions in the estimation procedures , such as non - gradual change of evolutionary rate and failure to correct for convergent evolution .\nnew procedures for divergence - time estimation robust to abrupt changes in the rate of molecular evolution are described . we used a variant of the multidimensional vector space ( mvs ) procedure to take account of possible convergent evolution . numerical simulations of abrupt rate change and convergent evolution showed good performance of the new procedures in contrast to current methods . application to complete mitochondrial genomes identified marked rate accelerations and decelerations , which are not obtained with current methods . the root of placental mammals is estimated to be \u223c18 million years more recent than when assuming a log brownian motion model . correcting the pairwise distances for convergent evolution using mvs lowers the age of the root about another 20 million years compared to using standard maximum likelihood tree branch lengths . these two procedures combined revise the root time of placental mammals from around 122 million years ago to close to 84 million years ago . as a result , the estimated distribution of molecular divergence times is broadly consistent with quantitative analysis of the north american fossil record and traditional morphological views .\nby including the dual effects of abrupt rate change and directly accounting for convergent evolution at the molecular level , these estimates provide congruence between the molecular results , paleontological analyses and morphological expectations . the programs developed here are provided along with sample data that reproduce the results of this study and are especially applicable studies using genome - scale sequence lengths .\ncitation : kitazoe y , kishino h , waddell pj , nakajima n , okabayashi t , watabe t , et al . ( 2007 ) robust time estimation reconciles views of the antiquity of placental mammals . plos one 2 ( 4 ) : e384 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2007 kitazoe et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported by the technology agency ( jst ) and the japan society for the promotion of science ( jsps grant sr b - 16300086 to yk and hk ) . pjw acknowledges the jsps senior fellowship program and nih grant 5r01lm8626 for support .\ndespite great progress over the past decade , the evolutionary history of placental mammals remains controversial . while a consensus is emerging on the topology of the evolutionary tree [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , although with occasional disagreement [ 6 ] \u2013 [ 8 ] , divergence times remain uncertain . the age of earlier nodes and in particular the root , remain especially uncertain in the absence of definitive placental fossils deeper into the cretaceous [ 4 ] \u2013 [ 6 ] , [ 9 ] . both paleontological and morphological studies suggest that the radiation of placental orders and super orders occurred close to the cretaceous\u2013tertiary ( k\u2013t ) boundary about 65 million years ago ( mya ) [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] .\nin contrast , molecular studies have suggested markedly older origins for many superordinal groups and that some extant orders diversified before the k\u2013t boundary . the root of living placental mammals has been reported to be in the range of 100\u2013140 mya [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] even with application of rate - adjustment techniques [ 4 ] , [ 15 ] . the molecular consensus of an old root is becoming strong enough that it may become dogma without a close examination of the assumptions being made in such analyses . the true age of the orders and superorders has important implications for determining the overall paleoecology and biogeography of placental mammals during a period that included the breakup of continents and the extinction of terrestrial dinosaurs . reconciling the different paleontological and molecular divergence time estimates has important implications for basic methodologies that are central to evolutionary study .\nthe strength of molecular divergence time studies is their potential to draw information from very long aligned sequences of many species . it is widely assumed that a huge amount of sequence data and the approximate rate constancy of sequence evolution [ 16 ] make molecular estimates more reliable than those based solely on fossil data . such analyses on a genomic scale are generally anticipated to be decisive because they are expected to be free of stochastic noise [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] .\nhowever , molecular studies acknowledge the problem of misspecification of the model of sequence change , which may result in seriously biased estimation . the relationships among placental orders do vary according to the data used and the taxa sampled [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 8 ] , [ 13 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] , [ 19 ] \u2013 [ 22 ] . most methods of phylogenetic inference rely strongly on probabilistic models of sequence evolution , and neither directly detect nor correct for convergent evolution [ 23 ] . when left uncorrected , such \u201chomoplasy\u201d may attract lineages and underestimate certain pairwise distances . this in turn distorts branch ( edge ) length estimates , which are of primary importance for divergence time estimation . while some methods will detect potential convergent evolution , for example hadamard conjugations and splitstree [ 24 ] , kitazoe et al . have developed multidimensional vector space ( mvs ) representation methods to both detect convergent evolution among estimated distances and to also correct for this bias [ 25 ] \u2013 [ 27 ] .\na further problem facing molecular dating is the evolutionary rate constancy , or lack of constancy , over long periods . since its proposal in 1965 [ 28 ] , the molecular clock hypothesis has been one of the most hotly debated subjects in evolutionary biology . it is now widely accepted that a molecular clock tends to hold well for closely related organisms , but breaks down with increasing evolutionary divergence . to adjust for the inevitable fluctuation of evolutionary rates , nonparametric [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , local clock [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , and hierarchical bayesian [ 31 ] methods have been developed . these methods are robust against stochastic fluctuations of evolutionary rates [ 31 ] \u2013 [ 33 ] . however , they may cause serious problems when pronounced transient changes of rate occur , because they overly smooth such rate changes . in this article , we show the magnitude of such problems using clear worked examples .\nto improve the detection of , and robustness to , abrupt rate changes , we have developed a new procedure that minimizes the local variability of the inverse of the evolutionary rate . just as the effective size of fluctuating populations is represented by the harmonic mean over time , the mean evolutionary rate among lineages is expressed better by the harmonic mean . this approach is especially useful when branch lengths measured in the expected number of substitutions per site ( the products of rates and times ) are estimated accurately , and there are either rapid transient changes of rate ( hence large rate heterogeneity ) or a general bias towards a speed up or slow down in rates through time .\nusing this new procedure , an analysis of 69 mitochondrial protein sequences ( 3660 amino acid sites in total ) from placental mammals identified a rapid acceleration of evolutionary rate for the lineage directly leading to the common ancestor of supraprimates and an even more marked one for the lineage leading to laurasiatheria . this acceleration was followed closely by a strong deceleration , which persisted in nearly all lineages of laurasiatheria . in contrast , almost all lineages of afrotheria and xenarthra seem to have retained rates similar to that of the root . this view is in marked contrast to current rate - change penalty functions . the robustness of the new procedure is assessed using simulations that show the types of change that most concern biologists ; speedups or slowdowns through time , transient rate changes , and rate changes that are do not follow a normal or transformed normal distribution , as well as stochastic variation . a revised estimate of the origin of placental mammals is as young as 84 mya , which is much more recent than current estimates using molecular data . the inferred age of deeper splits in the placental tree are compared with the rate of occurrence of new species from the north american fossil record . these two sources of data are far more congruent than is suggested by using current , possibly strongly misleading , dating methods .\nmitochondrial protein sequences are used widely in phylogenetic studies and have been particularly popular in studying placental mammals . a desirable feature of these data is relatively long sequences , good taxon sampling and very little missing data . following alignment , we retained 3660 amino acid sites present in all of 62 placental mammals plus seven outgroup taxa ( table s1 gives the accession numbers of protein sequences ) . in contrast , large nuclear protein datasets of mammals with diverse taxon sampling [ e . g . 3 ] , [ 4 ] show a large proportion of missing data . such missing heterogeneous data may lead to complex systematic errors in distance estimation [ 34 ] . this is particularly relevant since mvs analyses work best with low stochastic noise ( hence relatively long sequences ) , diverse taxon sampling with a considerable proportion of taxa showing minimal convergent evolution , and minimal bias of the input distances from sources such as missing data .\nwe adopted a standard two - step procedure to estimate divergence times . the first step is to estimate the phylogenetic tree with unconstrained branch lengths in units of expected numbers of substitutions per site . given the problems with convergent evolution in mitochondrial data [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 25 ] , we used the mvs procedure to correct the input distances for convergent evolution . a variant of the core set approach [ 27 ] to mvs was used in this instance ( materials and methods ) . fixing the topology to the tree obtained by mvs , which is very similar to trees obtained by previous authors using varied data sets [ 2 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , branch lengths were reestimated using maximum likelihood ( ml ) in the program paml [ 35 ] . we used the jtt [ 36 ] + gamma model with \u03b1 = 0 . 5 for these analyses . the second step uses the tree and its branch lengths , some fossil constrained nodes , and a penalty or cost function to dampen rate changes , to infer divergence times of all nodes and evolutionary rates along all branches .\nthree cost functions , f add , f log , and f ir , were applied to the mvs and ml trees . these functions penalize the fluctuation of rates , and do this on either a linear scale ( here called the add function ) , on the log rate ( log ) , or on the inverse rates ( ir ) , respectively ( see equations ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , and ( 4 ) in materials and methods ) . the tree estimated by mvs and f add is denoted mvs - f add and so on ( while ml - f add indicates use of ml branch lengths ) .\nto calibrate these trees , we used eight fossil constraints , all taken from previous studies ( see figure 1 caption ) [ 4 ] , [ 15 ] . the divergence times were estimated by then minimizing each cost function subject to these constraints ( see materials and methods ) . the ci was calculated using a likelihood interpretation ( see materials and methods ) of the cost function residual analogous to the method used in multidivtime [ 31 ] . this captures the error caused by deviations of the tree ' s branch lengths away from their expected values and includes the unpredictability of rate changes , which might mimic brownian motion , for example . it will also incorporate variability arising from ancestral polymorphism . polymorphism will cause fluctuations of the edge lengths of the tree when the analysis has multiple nodes constrained by fossil or other data [ c . f . 13 ] . generally , the time at the most recent common ancestor of sequences from different species is older than the time at speciation . the extent of this difference varies among internal nodes due to both the stochastic nature of the coalescent and factors governing its expected magnitude , such as population size . the cost function does not take account of this bias , but the ci does include the variance arising from ancestral polymorphism at internal nodes .\na and b show the mvs - f ir and ml - f log trees , respectively . the numbers 1\u201361 denote the ancestral nodes . the red numbers 1\u20138 indicate the internal nodes with fossil constraints which are as follows : 1 , 49\u201361 ; 2 , 52\u201358 ; 3 , 45\u201363 ; 4 , 43\u201360 ; 5 , < 63 ; 6 , > 12 ; 7 , 36\u201355 ; 8 , 54\u201365 ( all in mya ) [ see 4 ] , [ 15 ] . the colors of the branches denote inferred evolutionary rates ( in units of \u00d710 \u22129 / site per year ) as follows : black , < 0 . 2 ; dark blue , 0 . 2\u20130 . 3 ; light blue , 0 . 3\u20130 . 4 ; green , 0 . 4\u20130 . 5 ; brown , 0 . 5\u20130 . 6 ; yellow , 0 . 6\u20130 . 7 ; and red , > 0 . 7 .\nthe mvs - f ir analysis ( figure 1a ) estimated the age of the root at 84 . 2 mya with a 95 % confidence interval ( ci ) of 80 . 7\u201388 . 4 mya ( table 1 ) . this time is much more recent than the result of the ml - f l analysis ( figure 1b ) , i . e . , 122 . 2 ( 95 % ci , 112 . 2\u2013144 . 7 ) mya . note that , ml - f l is giving results consistent with that reported in earlier studies [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , [ 12 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] , indicating that the younger root for placentals returned using the function f ir ( see below ) is due to the method and not the data . the difference between the f log and the f ' log function in table 1 is explained in materials and methods . it is the f log method that most closely approximates the brownian motion assumed by multidivtime .\nfigure 1 shows the estimated ancestral rates across the tree , while figure 2 represents the inferred evolutionary rates going from the root to a terminal . the single instance of root to fin whale is shown in figure 2 , while figure s1 traces the evolutionary rates inferred by different methods along seven representative lineages . the mvs - f ir tree identified an abrupt acceleration of evolutionary rate near the common ancestor of both supraprimates and laurasiatheria , then a very strong acceleration in just the ancestral lineage of laurasiatheria ( figures 1a and 2a ) . this acceleration was followed closely by a strong deceleration along nearly all lineages of laurasiatheria . in contrast , almost all lineages of afrotheria and xenarthra have retained rates close to that of the root . there are also sporadic later accelerations , for example that among hedgehogs and moon rat ( figure 1a ) .\nfigures a and b , respectively , trace the estimated rates along edges on analyses using mvs and ml branch lengths . the root time of of the f add analysis in figure a and b was set at a large value ( 400 mya ) because the numerical calculation continues towards an infinite root time .\nthe cost function f ir detected an acceleration\u2013deceleration pattern near the base of laurasiatheria using both the mvs and ml branch lengths ( the red lines of figure 2 ) , whereas the function f log showed a far more flat prediction of generally lower evolutionary rates that led to older root times ( the green lines of figure 2 ) . even more extreme , the cost function f add inferred gradually decreasing rates in all deep branches of the mvs and ml trees ( the blue lines of figure 2 ) , and the root time tended to infinity . table 1 summarizes the root time values estimated by various models ( all the node divergence times from these models are listed in table s2 ) .\ntable 1 also compares the inferred times with those obtained from r8s , a popular program for estimating absolute rates [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . this program has two options of for its cost functions , f add and f\u2032 log ( equation ( 3 ) in materials and methods ) . it also takes account of stochastic noise caused by the finite length of the sequences used to derive the branch lengths using a penalized - likelihood approach . the fitting to the estimated branch lengths is expressed by the log likelihood , while the weight for the cost function is estimated using cross validation . in our mitochondrial dataset , with its long sequences , the root time values changed little due to the cross validation effect ( the reason is explained in materials and methods ) . further , root divergence time estimates returned by r8s do not show confidence intervals in table 1 , since r8s only assesses the sampling variance of node times due to stochastic errors in branch lengths due to finite sequence length ( it does this via the bootstrap ) and does not include the effect of stochastic variation of evolutionary rate . this source of error remains as sequence lengths go to infinity , and will be dominant with long sequences .\nfigure 3 represents the chronological distribution of the internal node density for the mvs - f ir tree ( figure 1a ) compared with the rate of new species appearing in the well - studied north american fossil record . to avoid potential bias of divergence times in the molecular tree due to species sampling , the scaling constant was determined by a least - squares fit to the fossil data in the period 85\u201350 mya .\nthe blue squares show the rate of the appearance of new species based on the fossil record [ adapted from 3 ] . at present , such quantitative data are limited to the well - studied north american record . the red circles represent the chronological distribution of node density ( or splits ) on the mvs - f ir tree ( figure 1a ) . the green triangles represent split frequency on the ml - f log tree ( figure 1b ) . the node density is given by the number of nodes in an 8 myr sliding window . a scaling constant for the molecular frequencies was calculated via a least - squares fit to the fossil data in the period 85\u201350 mya .\nthe mvs - f ir analysis reconciles molecular with fossil data in two ways . first , the chronological distribution of the internal node density is clearly largely consistent with the rate of appearance of novel fossil species . this is despite the fact that the paleontological data assessed are limited to the well - studied north american record [ 10 ] . both the mvs - f ir tree and the fossil record suggest accelerating taxonomic diversity near the k\u2013t boundary , rather than a longer slower buildup [ 2 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , [ 12 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] . use of the less robust f log criterion seems to suggest a prolonged increase in diversity that agrees far less with the quantitative fossil record . this congruence with fossils does not automatically show that the combination of mvs and f ir is the best way to analyze this data , but it does reframe the discussion of the relationship between the fossil and molecular times into one where the molecular dates are being looked at far more critically .\nsecond , and more indicatively , the cost function f ir resolves incongruence among the fossil constraints / inferred divergence times in different parts of the molecular tree . the best fossil constraints in laurasiatheria suggest much older times than constraints in other parts of the tree [ 4 ] , [ 37 ] . the mvs - f ir , mvs - f log , and mvs - f add trees with all constraints give the root as 84 . 2 , 105 . 0 , and \u221e mya , respectively ( table 1 ) . removing the whale\u2013hippo constraint gives 82 . 4 , \u221e , and 91 . 2 mya ; removing the horse\u2013rhino constraint gives , 82 . 8 , 105 . 0 , and \u221e mya ; and removing both sets of constraints gave 82 . 9 , 87 . 2 , and \u221e mya . thus , in this case only the f ir tree is insensitive to \u201cconstraint sampling\u201d .\nfinally , there is a good fossil calibration for tarsier [ 4 ] that was withheld because it is not used in both references 4 and 15 . it suggests that human and tarsier split around 50\u201360 mya and the molecular trees suggest the human - loris split was not much earlier ( probably < 5 myr earlier ) . despite our use of whale\u2013hippo and horse\u2013rhino calibrations , the mvs - f ir tree ( figure 1 ) gives a human - loris split close to this age , in contrast to earlier studies [ 4 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 33 ] .\nwe highlight two distinct properties of the new function f ir with the help of evolutionary simulations and worked examples . the first property is its ability to detect a transient acceleration of evolutionary rate . such an effect might be caused by a burst of positive selection and / or a bottleneck in population size . the second is to assess the effects of both stochastic fluctuations and systematic bias on the robustness of estimated times . here , we model bias in the form of either a general slowdown or a general acceleration of evolutionary rate across the whole tree .\nwe first modeled a strong instantaneous acceleration as an analogue to what is inferred by f ir to have occurred ancestral branch leading to laurasiatheria . we simulated a 32 - taxon symmetric tree in which a molecular clock holds except for an abrupt elevation ( by a factor of 10 ) of evolutionary rate along a short internal branch ( the red line in figure 4a ) . this example is useful for demonstrating the efficacy of the f ir function and something similar appears on both the mvs - f ir and ml - f ir mitochondrial trees . the times at the internal nodes were set to 48 , 56 , 64 , and 72 mya , and the root time was set to 80 mya . on this weighted tree , the cost functions were minimized with two constrained node times , which corresponded to two fossil calibration points . only the f ir function accurately estimated the true divergence times and appeared robust against the abrupt change ( figure 4b ) . in contrast , the functions f log and f add inferred gradual rate changes ( figure 4e ) , which are erroneous and lead to overestimation of the root time along with that of many other nodes ( figures 4c and 4d ) . table 2 summarizes the root time values inferred by various models . table 2 includes the result of r8s with the cross - validation method .\na worked example of the effect of a transient elevation of evolutionary rate upon estimated divergence times .\nin this worked example using a symmetric 32 - taxon tree ( figure a ) , a global molecular clock holds , except for a short - term increase in evolutionary rate along one branch ( the red line in figure a ) . the true root time was set to 80 mya , and the times at the internal nodes are 48 , 56 , 64 , and 72 mya . the deep internal branch ( the red line in figure a ) is given an evolutionary rate ten times that of the remaining edges . the various cost functions were minimized subject to two calibrated nodes ( the red numbers 1 and 2 in figure a ) , using the exact branch lengths of this example as input data . the cost functions f ir , f log , and f add inferred the weighted trees of figures b , c and d , respectively . figures e\u2013g show the trace of evolutionary rates along the lineages from the root to taxa numbers 5 , 9 , and 25 of figure a , respectively . the inferred age of the root for each cost function is shown with an arrow . the function f ir recovered the original pattern of rate change , whereas the other two functions inferred far more gradual changes , which resulted in a substantial overestimation of the root time .\nwe next simulated stochastic rate fluctuations by themselves , plus either a prevailing slowing down or acceleration of rates through time . such simulations are distinct from a brownian - type process , and are used to gauge the general robustness of the functions . to impose rate fluctuations on the same basic tree as figure 4a , but without the abrupt rate change , the age of the root was set to 100 mya . we assumed infinite length of sequences and that the branch lengths are known without uncertainty . next a branch was randomly selected proportional to its duration in time and all its descendant branch lengths were multiplied by a factor ( chosen randomly ) from a uniform distribution of range 0 . 5\u20131 . 5 . a total of 25 such rate changes were placed on the tree to give the final branch lengths for that tree . these branch lengths were used as the input data and the various cost functions were minimized with on calibrated internal node , and then determined all node times . we repeated this procedure 600 times to obtain the mean and standard error of the root time . we also simulated the two other cases . the only difference was the range of the uniform distribution used . using a range of 1 . 0\u20131 . 75 the model is biased toward rate acceleration through time , while using and 0 . 25\u20131 induces a rate slow down through time ( a probable situation in the placentals generally ) . as table 3 shows , the function f ir gave reasonable estimates with a bias towards deceleration , whereas f add gave an infinite root time in 139 of 600 samples . these undefined root - time values were set arbitrarily to 200 mya before calculating the mean and standard error .\nthe mvs model was shown previously to recover the correct tree in a simulation with two strongly convergent lineages [ 26 ] that were grouped erroneously by standard methods ( including the neighbor joining ( nj ) [ 38 ] and ml [ 35 ] methods ) . here , we examined a different question ; this is how well the mvs method recovers the true branch lengths , which are of primary importance when estimating divergence times . we simulated the evolution of a sequence of 10 4 amino acid sites , following the tree depicted in figure 5 . the model of amino acid substitutions used was the jtt [ 36 ] . convergent evolution was then imposed on this data . this was done by sharing parts of the sequences among three ingroup clades plus the outgroup . the red lines in figure 5 indicate which lineages shared sequence and were therefore subject to a form of convergent evolution .\namino acid substitutions were evolved on the shown weighted tree using the jtt model [ 36 ] of amino acid substitutions . after this , 30 % of sites were swapped between the four lineages indicated by the red lines .\npairwise distances were then estimated from the terminal sequences obtained above using the same jtt model . a modified mvs core - set procedure [ 27 ] was able to recognize that the tree consisted of three groups of eight sequences which had additive distances within each group and the outgroup . the mvs procedure then converted the distances within the three ingroups into three sets of perfectly additive distances and sequentially combined them to form a single core set ( materials and methods ) . the final mvs tree was obtained by modifying the distances between this single ingroup core set and the outgroup following the rules described in materials and methods .\nthe branch lengths recovered by the mvs model reproduced the true values accurately ( figure 6 ) . the distribution around the diagonal line in figure 6 represents the stochastic fluctuation of the estimated distances ; that is , the magnitude of this fluctuation did not change after the simulation was rerun without convergent evolution . in contrast , the nj and ml trees returned branch lengths that were affected clearly by convergent evolution . the worst affected branch lengths were ancestral to the groups showing convergent evolution ( underestimated ) or else were leading to the sister groups of the groups affected by convergent evolution ( overestimated ) .\nthe tree topology inferred by these methods was identical to the tree that generated the data , so the estimated branch lengths are plotted against their true values . the blue numbers show the branch index , as used on figure 5 , of outliers . note , all the outliers are internal branches ancestral to the four lineages undergoing convergent evolution or are ancestral to the sister group to these lineages . branch lengths ancestral to the groups undergoing convergent evolution are underestimated by the ml and nj methods , whereas those ancestral to their sister taxa are overestimated .\nwe begin the discussion by examining why the current cost functions , f log and f add , overestimated the age of the root in the worked example with strong rate heterogeneity in the form of a short term highly elevated evolutionary rate . it is also important to examine the profile of the cost function around their minimal values for the age of the root . the functions f log and f add showed asymmetric behavior around the estimated root time , even in worked examples with a perfect molecular clock ( data not shown ) , whereas the f ir profile was symmetric and parabolic in shape . the asymmetry seen with f log and f add increased in response to a general bias towards deceleration of rates through time ( figure 7a ) . in particular , the function f add showed a monotonic decrease with respect to increasing age of the root , that is , its estimate tended to infinity . thus , asymmetric behavior of a cost function seems to be a symptom of unstable estimation of the age of the root . a similar strong asymmetry appeared in the profile of the current cost function with respect to the age of the root of the mitochondrial tree of placental mammals ( figure 7b ) , irrespective of whether mvs or ml branch lengths were used . comparing figures 7a and 7b suggests that bias due to decelerating evolutionary rates occurred in the evolutionary history of placental mammals , and is impacting the ability of current methods to estimate the correct age of the root .\nthis figure shows the profile of the cost function with respect to the age of the root estimated by three different cost functions . because the root age estimated by function f add was going to infinity , it was set to 200 mya for illustrative purposes . figure a is a single example from a tree simulated under the scenario of random auto - correlated changes of rate moving towards the tips , strongly biased towards a deceleration of evolutionary rates as time progresses ( from the set of simulations used for table 3 ) . the true age of the root was 100 mya . figure b shows the results using the mvs tree derived from the mitochondrial sequences of placental mammals . the dotted line indicates the 95 % confidence interval of the estimated age of the root using the sum - of - squares approach described in materials and methods .\nother approaches to divergence time estimation are under active development . for example , drummond et al . [ 39 ] recently developed a set of bayesian procedures to jointly estimate divergence times , evolutionary rates , and the tree topology . the uncorrelated variable rate model they use , which assumes independence of evolutionary rates between branches , may also be able to identify instantaneous accelerations . however , the magnitude of rate acceleration may be underestimated because hierarchical bayes estimates can generally be regarded as shrinkage estimators [ 40 ] . an important future direction is to assess the performance of the various estimators in simulations where rate variability is a mixture of an autocorrelated process plus rare , but strong , instantaneous accelerations .\nour refined approaches resolve apparent contradictions between the quantitative molecular and paleontological data of placental mammals . given such agreement , there is no need for ancillary hypotheses such as the long fuse model [ 2 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 12 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] , [ 41 ] to explain the lack of any positively identified fossils of modern placental mammals prior to about 75 million years ago . in addition , dates of markedly less than 100 mya for the root of placental mammals also bring into question earlier hypotheses that traditional continental drift models explain the geographic distribution of the four major groups of placental mammals [ 2 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 42 ] . we anticipate that the f ir cost function developed in this paper will provide an improved methodology for a wide range of molecular studies because its robustness to rapid fluctuations of rate is essential to understanding events such as adaptive evolution . for example , because acquisition of new molecular functions can be achieved in a few million years after gene duplications [ 40 ] , the duration of an inflated evolutionary rate may be surprisingly short , and , correspondingly , difficult to detect . we hope our new methods will be beneficial in such situations and will lead to a richer understanding of molecular evolution .\nbecause the branch lengths of a phylogenetic tree are estimated from the data as the product of the evolutionary rate of a branch and its time duration , these two factors cannot be directly estimated separately . it has become standard to use loose constraints to accommodate uncertainty and it is often wise to exclude constraints if there is no firm basis for them . information on the age of some internal nodes may be fairly directly available from the fossil record . an example of this is the horse - rhino split [ 13 ] . if the molecular clock [ 16 ] governs the process of molecular evolution well , we can accurately estimate the times at other nodes given just a single reliable calibration point . however , the assumption of the molecular clock is often rejected by the fit of a clock - like tree to the data .\nthe most widely used assumption in order to model the evolutionary rate changes away form being constant ( or away from a clock ) is to introduce a stochastic process . for example , sanderson\nthat rate changes follow a random walk with independent increments randomly drawn from a normal distribution . likewise , thorne et al .\nuses rates at the nodes , instead of average rates along branches , as the free parameters ) . this can be interpreted as an assumption that the log rate undergoes brownian motion . that is , independent increments of normal random variables , whose variances are proportional to the average time duration between the pair of branches ( that is , the average length in time of the two branches ) . recently , sanderson implemented the unweighted cost function\nhowever , the estimated rates based on any of the above cost functions may overly smooth the change of evolutionary rates when a pronounced transient change of rate has occurred . in turn , biased estimates of evolutionary rates will lead to biased estimates of divergence times . here we propose a new cost function , which penalizes the local rate deviation from the harmonic mean . for simplicity , we ignore the stochastic variance of branch length\n, which goes to zero with increasingly long sequences . denote the branch length and inverse rate of the\nbecause f ir places a smaller penalty on abrupt rate changes than do previous models , it can confine an abrupt change close to where it occurred on the tree . in contrast , f add and f log a priori put stress upon the smoothness of evolutionary rate change from one branch to the next , and this may propagate the effect of an abrupt rate change over successive branches . in this article , the variable ( t n ) ( the divergence times ) were estimated by minimizing the cost functions ( equations 1\u20134 ) subject to the ( fossil ) constraints without introducing other modifiers such as cross validation .\nat first glance , it seems most intuitive to use a penalty such as ( rate 1 \u2212rate 2 ) 2 ; this has been the implicit assumption until now [ 31 ] and is the basis of published programs such as r8s and multidivtime [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 31 ] . it rests on the implicit expectation that any reasonable type of smoothing of changes in rate will give a similar answer . however , a simple linear form for the difference in rates is misleading , and this is illustrated by considering the general problem of estimating velocity ( rate ) given distance ( in our case branch length ) . going from point a to b at velocity v 1 , then back at velocity v 2 , the average velocity ( v av ) is equal not to the standard arithmetic mean , but to the harmonic mean , 1 / v av = ( 1 / v 1 + 1 / v 2 ) / 2 . further , going from point ( node ) a to b at velocity ( rate ) v 1 , and from point b to c at velocity v 2 , then the distances traveled ( d ab and d bc ) need no longer be equal so we must use weights . specifically , v av = ( d ab + d bc ) / ( t 1 + t 2 ) , where t 1 = d ab / v 1 and t 2 = d bc / v 2 . as a result , 1 / v av = ( d ab / v 1 + d bc / v 2 ) / ( d ab + d bc ) . this is the same form as the average quantity a n used to obtain f ir ( equation 4 ) . the use of the harmonic mean becomes important when v 1 differs greatly from v 2 .\nthe bayesian approach estimates the divergence times and evolutionary rates in the form of a posterior distribution , which is summarized approximately as p ( b | r , t ) exp ( \u2212\u03bbf ) . here b , r , and t are the vectors of the estimated branch lengths , evolutionary rates , and divergence times , respectively , while f is the cost function . the value of \u03bb expresses the weight for the penalty , and is called a hyperparameter . introducing the distribution for the hyperparameter is done via a so - called hyper - prior ; the hyperparameter is then estimated concurrently with the posterior distribution . the penalized likelihood approach maximizes log p ( b | r , t ) \u2212 \u03bbf . the weight for the penalty \u03bb is estimated using cross - validation . when the sequences are long enough , for example concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences , it is often safe to assume that the branch lengths are estimated accurately , that is with minimal stochastic error ( but not necessarily without systematic error , something we address in this paper using mvs ) . accordingly , it is assumed that the products of rates and times are known exactly . thus in a situation of long , or very long sequences ( e . g . genomic alignments ) , the results returned by using just the penalty function will converge to those returned by either a bayesian or a penalized likelihood approach with the same type of cost function .\nin the mvs method , the additivity of evolutionary distances is converted using the expected orthogonality among branch vectors in a multidimensional euclidean space [ 25 ] . if the estimated pairwise distances do not satisfy additivity , mvs provides an index to measure deviations from orthogonality without specifying a tree structure . this index enables one to diagnose whether a distance matrix is compatible with a tree and to modify the biased distances until they satisfy orthogonality , that is , with a zero value for the index . here , a revised core - set approach , that is , an extension of [ 27 ] , is applied to correct the observed pairwise distances for convergent evolution .\nthe first step of this approach is to divide the set of taxa into subgroups and to correct the distances between pairs in each subgroup . we decompose the taxa based on partitions with both strong biological support and high bootstrap support . the deviation from additivity of pairwise distances is much smaller within each subgroup than across the whole distance matrix . if an anomalously large deviation is observed associated with a single taxon within a subgroup , that taxon is removed temporarily from the analysis . when the only deviations between distances within a subset of taxa are judged to be due to stochastic noise , the pairwise distances are modified by solving the equation of motion ( a method using a many body kinetic equation in physics ) , which uses the index of the deviation from additivity as the potential energy [ 25 ] , [ 26 ] . the modified distance matrix within a subgroup is interpreted as the true additive distance matrix ( core set ) achieved by minimal modification of the original distances . generally , the modified distances are very close to the distances estimated by the nj method for just these taxa . then , the excluded taxa are deposited into this core set tree by solving the equation of motion with the same potential function . assuming that convergent evolution and long - branch attraction are the main source of deviation from additivity , we allow for only positive corrections of the biased distances between the core set and excluded taxa ( that is , distances can only get bigger ) ."]}
{"id": 2624, "summary": [{"text": "carangoides is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family , carangidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are small - to large-sized , deep-bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker and jaw morphology , often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus caranx .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the indian , pacific , and atlantic oceans , often occupying coastal areas , including reefs , bays , and estuaries , rarely venturing far offshore .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they are all predatory fishes , taking a variety of smaller fishes , crustaceans and cephalopods as prey .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the genus was first erected in 1851 by pieter bleeker for an unknown taxon and currently contains 21 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "many make up significant proportions of various fisheries , although a number of ciguatera cases have been attributed to them . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "carangoides", "paragraphs": ["fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : carangoides ferdau , avec sa m\u00e9duse thysanostoma loriferum . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncarangoides ferdau\npage .\nspecies - specific conservation measures for carangoides coeruleopinnatus in the persian gulf are unknown .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\ncarangoides ferdau ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 )\n.\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\ncarangoides chrysophrys ( cuvier , 1833 )\n.\nhosts : longnose trevally carangoides chrysophrys and c . hedlandensis ( both carangidae , perciformes ) .\nhosts : shadow trevally carangoides dinema and yellowspotted trevally c . fulvoguttatus ( both carangidae , perciformes ) .\ncarangoides coeruleopinnatus is incidentally taken by artisanal fisheries throughout its range ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . carangoides coeruleopinnatus is caught mostly on hook and line ( carpenter et al . 1997 ) , but is also taken by gillnets and traps ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . carangoides coeruleopinnatus is marketed fresh and dried salted .\n, a group of fish commonly known as jacks and trevallies . carangoides falls into the jack and horse mackerel family\nnick hope marked the arabic common name\nbayad\nfrom\ncarangoides ferdau ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 )\nas untrusted .\ncarangoides coeruleopinnatus is not well - known in the persian gulf , therefore , carangoides coeruleopinnatus is listed as data deficient . distribution within the persian gulf is not well - known . studies that improve our knowledge regarding the geographic distribution and habitat preferences of carangoides coeruleopinnatus within the persian gulf as well as a reliable estimate of abundance are needed to make a proper conservation appraisal .\nwilliams , f . ; venkataramani , v . k . ( 1980 ) .\nnotes on indo - pacific carangid fishes of the genus carangoides bleeker ii . the carangoides armatus group\n. bulletin of marine science 28 ( 3 ) : 501\u2013511 .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .\ncarangoides armatus\nin fishbase . january 2008 version .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .\ncarangoides ciliarius\nin fishbase . january 2008 version .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .\ncarangoides fulvoguttatus\nin fishbase . october 2008 version .\nbludger trevally , carangoides gymnostethus , at mornington island . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nascaridoid larvae designated as \u201c raphidascaris larval type\u201d were reported from carangoides chrysophrys from off new caledonia by shamsi et al . [ 64 ] .\ncarangoides coeruleopinnatus distribution within the persian gulf is not well - known . carangoides coeruleopinnatus has not been reported off iran , kuwait , and abu dhabi ( w . smith - vaniz , f . kaymaram , j . bishop , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2013 ) .\nnick hope marked the common name\nsulphur cinquefoil\nin an unknown language from\ncarangoides ferdau ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 )\nas untrusted .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - orange spotted trevally ( carangoides bajad )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - orange spotted trevally ( carangoides bajad )\ntitle =\narkive species - orange spotted trevally ( carangoides bajad )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : carangoides ferdau , avec sa m\u00e9duse thysanostoma loriferum . jpg\nas trusted on the\nthysanostoma loriferum ehrenberg 1835\npage .\nascaridoid larvae from carangoides spp . a\u2013c : hysterothylacium sp . third - stage larva from carangoides fulvoguttatus ( a : anterior end of body ; b : cephalic end ; c : tail ; all lateral views ) . d\u2013f : raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) sp . third - stage larva from carangoides fulvoguttatus ( d : anterior end of body ; e : cephalic end ; f : tail ; all lateral views ) . g\u2013i : raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) sp . fourth - stage larva from carangoides fulvoguttatus ( g : anterior end of body ; h : cephalic end ; i : tail ; all lateral views ) . j , k : terranova sp . third - stage larva from carangoides fulvoguttatus ( j : anterior end of body ; k : tail ; both lateral views ) .\nnematode parasites of four species of carangoides ( osteichthyes : carangidae ) in new caledonian waters , with a description of philometra dispar n . sp . ( philometridae )\n( of carangoides auroguttatus ( cuvier , 1833 ) ) randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing . [ details ]\nn\u00e9matodes parasites de quatre esp\u00e8ces de carangoides ( osteichthyes : carangidae ) des eaux de nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie , avec description de philometra dispar n . sp . ( philometridae )\nthree species of opisthomonorchiine monorchiids ( digenea ) in carangoides spp . ( perciformes : carangidae ) from off new caledonia , with a description of opisthomonorchis dinema n . sp\ncarangoides bleeker ( carangidae , perciformes ) is a genus comprising at present 21 species of marine fishes that inhabit the tropical and subtropical regions of the indian , pacific and atlantic oceans [ 14 ] . in 2009 and 2010 , during extensive studies of the parasites of marine fishes in new caledonian waters , specimens of four species of carangoides were examined . since no data on the parasites of carangoides spp . from off new caledonia were available , the newly obtained helminthological material has provided the first information from this zoogeographically interesting region .\ncarangoides coeruleopinnatus is commonly found over deeper coastal reefs ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) , sea grass beds ( satapoomin 2011 ) , and sand bottoms near reefs between 10 - 25 m in depth ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . however , due to its rather sluggish nature , carangoides coeruleopinnatus is rarely found close to the shore ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . carangoides coeruleopinnatus is generally solitary ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) , though , known to occur in small groups ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . the recorded maximum total length for c . coeruleopinnatus is 41 cm ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\n( of carangoides hemigymnostethus bleeker , 1851 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides rectipinnus williams , 1958 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides rhomboides kotthaus , 1974 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides chrysophryoides bleeker , 1851 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides gymnostethoides bleeker , 1851 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides ferdan ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides auroguttatus ( cuvier , 1833 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides auroguttataus ( cuvier , 1833 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides chrysophyra ( cuvier , 1833 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides laticaudis ( alleyne & macleay , 1877 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncapillariidae gen . sp . , gravid female from carangoides dinema . a : anterior end of body . b : region of vulva , lateral view . c : stichocyte from middle part of stichosome . d : posterior end of body , lateral view . e : egg .\njohnstonmawsonia sp . from carangoides fulvoguttatus , nongravid female . a : anterior end of body , lateral view . b : same , larger magnification . c : cephalic end , apical view . d : oesophageal portion of body , lateral view . e : tail , lateral view .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . carangoides armatus ( r\u00fcppell , 1830 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nthe finding of one female specimen of this species , reported as capillariidae gen . sp . 3 , in new caledonian waters was recorded by moravec & justine [ 40 ] ; however , the host reported as carangoides oblongus ( cuvier ) was in fact c . dinema [ 12 ] .\ncite this article as : moravec f , gey d & justine j - l : nematode parasites of four species of carangoides ( osteichthyes : carangidae ) in new caledonian waters , with a description of philometra dispar n . sp . ( philometridae ) . parasite , 2016 , 23 , 40 .\nphilometra dispar n . sp . from carangoides dinema , male . a : anterior end of body , lateral view . b : cephalic end , apical view . c : caudal end , apical view . d : gubernaculum , lateral view . e , f : posterior end , lateral and ventral views .\nall the above - mentioned forms are considered to represent one and the same species of raphidascaris railliet & henry , 1915 , which attains full maturity in carangoides spp . the presence of characteristic , anteriorly united lateral alae in fourth - stage larvae shows that this currently undescribed species belongs to the subgenus ichthyascaris wu , 1949 .\ngrandcourt , e . m . , al abdessalaam , t . z . , francis , f . and al shamsi , a . ( 2004 ) population biology and assessment of representatives of the family carangidae carangoides bajad and gnathanodon speciiosus ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) , in the southern arabian gulf . fisheries research , 69 : 331 - 341 .\njohnstonmawsonia sp . from carangoides fulvoguttatus , scanning electron micrographs of nongravid female . a , b : cephalic end , apical and dorsoventral views , respectively ( arrows indicate sublabia ) . c : detail of mouth , apical view ( arrows indicate inner prostomal teeth ) . d : excretory pore , ventral view . abbreviations : a , amphid ; b , submedian cephalic papilla ; c , sublabium .\ncarangoides chrysophrys ( cuvier , 1833 ) : wickel & jamon ( 2010 ) [ statut pour mayotte ] wickel , j . & jamon , a . 2010 . inventaire taxonomique actualis\u00e9 des poissons marins de l\u2019\u00eele de mayotte et des bancs r\u00e9cifaux de geyser - z\u00e9l\u00e9e , canal de mozambique . liste r\u00e9vis\u00e9e des esp\u00e8ces et \u00e9laboration d\u2019une base de donn\u00e9es fonctionnelle . rapport lagonia / apnee en collaboration avec l\u2019aquarium de la r\u00e9union . 34 pp . + annexe .\na green to bluish - green trevally becoming silver below , with or without small golden to dark orange spots ( usually less than 30 ) scattered on the sides , olive green dorsal , anal , caudal and pelvic fins , and often white tips on the soft dorsal and anal fins . juveniles to 200 mm are silver to silvery - green with a few scattered golden spots on the side , and a dark line running obliquely through the eye that fades with age . this species is often misidentified as carangoides fulvoguttatus .\ncucullanus bulbosus ( lane , 1916 ) from carangoides fulvoguttatus . a , b : anterior end of gravid female , dorsoventral and lateral views , respectively . c , d : cephalic end of gravid female , lateral and ventral views , respectively . e : cephalic end of male , lateral view . f : posterior end of male , lateral view . g : egg . h : caudal end of male , lateral view . i : cephalic end of male , apical view . j : tail of gravid female , lateral view . k : caudal end of male , ventral view .\nall species of johnstonmawsonia were described to have no teeth in the prostom . the present specimen has no anterior prostomal teeth , but its prostom is provided with six minute , more posteriorly located denticles , which are visible only with the use of sem . however , it should be remarked that none of the johnstonmawsonia spp . has so far been studied by sem ( except for the poor quality sem micrograph of the cephalic end of j . porichthydis [ 68 ] ) . therefore , it is not currently clear whether the presence of small posterior prostomal denticles is a generic feature in johnstonmawsonia or it is only a character of an apparently undescribed congeneric species parasitising carangoides fulvoguttatus .\nparukhin [ 51 \u2013 53 ] reported p . carangi from 12 species of carangid fishes ( including two carangoides spp . ) from the western part of the indian ocean ( monar bay , arabian sea near oman , gulf of aden , red sea , off southeastern coast of africa ) , whereas p . decapteri was recorded from the north pacific ocean near japan [ 29 ] . although specimens of the present material may belong to one of these two species ( which , however , may be identical to each other ) , their poor original descriptions and principally the absence of a male in our material do not allow us to assign the new caledonian specimens to a species .\nbased on this material , digeneans [ 4 , 9 \u2013 12 ] and trypanorhynch cestodes [ 8 ] have already been recorded . regarding the parasitic nematodes , moravec & justine [ 40 ] mentioned the finding of the unidentified capillariid female , capillariidae gen . sp . , from c . dinema bleeker ( erroneously reported as c . oblongus ( cuvier ) \u2013 see bray & justine [ 12 ] ) , and shamsi et al . [ 64 ] recorded four ascaridoid larval types , anisakis type i , raphidascaris type and terranova types i and ii , in five carangoides spp . results of the evaluation of nematodes collected from four species of congeneric hosts from off new caledonia are presented herein .\nwith a deep , flattened , streamlined body , the orange spotted trevally ( carangoides bajad ) is a powerful , fast - swimming predatory fish of the jack family ( carangidae ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this carnivorous fish is also recognised by its deeply - forked tail fin , low dorsal fin with elongated rays , and naked patch on the middle of the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this beautiful fish is typically silvery - grey in colour with a scattering of conspicuous , bright orange - yellow spots along the sides ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . it does , however , display the remarkable ability to change its colour to become almost entirely orange , although the spotting still shows through ( 4 ) .\nphilometra dispar n . sp . from carangoides dinema , scanning electron micrographs of male . a , b : cephalic end , dorsoventral and apical views , respectively . c , d : caudal end , lateral and apical views , respectively ( arrow indicates phasmid ) . e : caudal end , subdorsal view ( arrows indicate phasmids ) . f : deirid . g : anterior end of body , dorsoventral view ( arrow indicates location of deirid ) . abbreviations : a , amphid ; b , submedian pair of cephalic papillae of external circle ; c , submedian cephalic papilla of internal circle ; d , lateral cephalic papilla of internal circle ; e , caudal papillae in region of cloacal aperture ; f , caudal papilla of last postanal pair ; g , caudal mound ; o , oral aperture .\nto date , 10 species of raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) are known as parasites of marine fishes [ 72 ] . of these , five species were reported from the south pacific ocean in the australian region : r . ( i . ) fisheri ( hooper , 1983 ) , r . ( i . ) gymnocraniae ( bruce , 1990 ) and r . ( i . ) sillagoides ( bruce , 1990 ) in australian waters and r . ( i . ) etelidis moravec & justine , 2012 and r . ( i . ) nemipteri moravec & justine , 2005 from off new caledonia [ 13 , 39 , 41 ] . however , none of the raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) spp . has so far been described from fishes of the family carangidae . therefore , it can be assumed that the nematodes parasitising carangoides spp . in new caledonian waters belong to a new species .\nbased on their morphology , the present hysterothylacium larvae from c . fulvoguttatus cannot be assigned to any of the congeneric larval types of shamsi et al . [ 63 , 64 ] , all of which were reported from non - carangid fishes . it is not clear whether the present hysterothylacium larvae may attain full maturity in c . fulvoguttatus , serving thus as the definitive host , or whether this fish is only utilised as the paratenic host . the only two species reported from carangid fishes are h . chorinemi ( parukhin , 1966 ) , recorded from atule mate ( cuvier ) , caranx sexfasciatus quoy & gaimard and scomberoides lysan ( forssk\u00e5l ) ( all carangidae ) in the south china , arabian and red seas and off the southeastern coast of africa [ 50 , 53 ] , and h . carangis ( kalyankar , 1971 ) , described from carangoides malabaricus ( bloch & schneider ) off india [ 13 , 26 ] .\ncommon names : pompano ( english ) , jack ( english ) , cocinero ( espanol ) , jurel ( espanol ) , palometa ( espanol ) , p\u00e1mpano ( espanol ) carangoides otrynter ( jordan & gilbert , 1883 ) threadfin jack , thread pompano body deep , compressed ; head profile angular ; both jaws with a band of teeth , at least at the front ; gill rakers on first arch ( excluding rudiments ) 15 - 17 + 21 - 23 ; dorsal rays viii + i , 18 - 19 ; anal rays ii + i , 16 - 17 ; elongate and filamentous dorsal and anal lobes ; dorsal and anal fins not followed by finlets ; pectoral fins longer than head ; lateral line anteriorly with moderate arch , the curved part about equal to straight part ; straight rear part of lateral line with 0 - 15 scales , followed by 40 - 52 small scutes ( large , hard spiny scales ) ; a large isolated scaleless area covering front of breast and extending up onto base of pectoral fins . generally silvery to silver grey ; an elongate black spot in the upper of the operculum ; small dark blotches between bases of dorsal rays . size : grows to 60 cm . habitat : coastal pelagic . depth : 0 - 100 m . southern baja and the central gulf of california to ecuador , including the revillagigedos , galapagos and malpelo .\nby the body length 5 . 1 mm , the present male resembles only that of p . selaris ( 5 . 3\u20135 . 5 mm ) , whereas the males of other three species are distinctly shorter ( 1 . 5\u20133 . 3 mm ) . moreover , both p . dispar sp . n . and p . selaris possess a dorsal reflexed barb at the tip of the gubernaculum , which is absent in other species . however , the new species differs from p . selaris in having conspicuously unequal spicules ( length ratio of spicules 1 : 1 . 28 vs . 1 : 1 . 03\u20131 . 04 ) , a different shape and structure of the gubernaculum ( presence vs . absence of a dorsal protuberance ) and a more posterior location of the oesophageal cell nucleus ; in addition , it was collected from a fish belonging to a different genus ( carangoides vs . selar ) . males of the remaining four philometrid species from carangids are not known and , consequently , cannot be compared with p . dispar ; however , these species can be separated based on the different genus of their type host and their geographical distribution . the allocation of the new species to philometra is provisional ; present philometrid genera are mostly based on the morphology of gravid and subgravid females , whereas males of some genera ( e . g . caranginema , philometra and philometroides ) are unidentifiable to genus [ 42 ] .\nparasitological examination of marine perciform fishes belonging to four species of carangoides , i . e . c . chrysophrys , c . dinema , c . fulvoguttatus and c . hedlandensis ( carangidae ) , from off new caledonia revealed the presence of nematodes . the identification of carangids was confirmed by barcoding of the coi gene . the eight nematode species found were : capillariidae gen . sp . ( females ) , cucullanus bulbosus ( lane , 1916 ) ( male and females ) , hysterothylacium sp . third - stage larvae , raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) sp . ( female and larvae ) , terranova sp . third - stage larvae , philometra dispar n . sp . ( male ) , camallanus carangis olsen , 1954 ( females ) and johnstonmawsonia sp . ( female ) . the new species p . dispar from the abdominal cavity of c . dinema is mainly characterised by the body length ( 5 . 14 mm ) , the lengths of markedly unequal spicules ( 163 and 96 \u03bcm ) and gubernaculum ( 102 \u03bcm long ) provided with a dorsal protuberance and a small , reflexed dorsal barb on its posterior portion . the finding of c . bulbosus represents the first record of this parasite a century after its discovery ; the first study of this species by scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) enabled detailed redescription . the finding of johnstonmawsonia sp . in c . fulvoguttatus is the first record of a rhabdochonid nematode from a host belonging to the carangidae family . johnstonmawsonia africana moravec & puylaert , 1970 and j . campanae puylaert , 1973 are transferred to prosungulonema roytman , 1963 as p . africanum ( moravec & puylaert , 1970 ) comb . n . and p . campanae ( puylaert , 1973 ) n . comb .\nl\u2019examen parasitologique de poissons perciformes marins appartenant \u00e0 quatre esp\u00e8ces de carangoides , c . chrysophrys , c . dinema , c . fulvoguttatus et c . hedlandensis ( carangidae ) de nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 la pr\u00e9sence de n\u00e9matodes . l\u2019identification des carangid\u00e9s a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e par barcoding du g\u00e8ne coi . les huit esp\u00e8ces de n\u00e9matodes trouv\u00e9es \u00e9taient : capillariidae gen . sp . ( femelles ) , cucullanus bulbosus ( lane , 1916 ) ( m\u00e2les et femelles ) , hysterothylacium sp . ( larves de troisi\u00e8me stade ) , raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) sp . ( femelles et larves ) , terranova sp . ( larves de troisi\u00e8me stade ) , philometra dispar n . sp . ( m\u00e2le ) , camallanus carangis olsen , 1954 ( femelles ) et johnstonmawsonia sp . ( femelle ) . la nouvelle esp\u00e8ce p . dispar , de la cavit\u00e9 abdominale de c . dinema , se caract\u00e9rise principalement par la longueur du corps ( 5 . 14 mm ) , les longueurs des spicules sensiblement in\u00e9gales ( 163 et 96 \u03bcm ) et un gubernaculum ( 102 \u03bcm de long ) montrant une protub\u00e9rance dorsale et un petit ardillon dorsal orient\u00e9 vers l\u2019arri\u00e8re sur sa partie post\u00e9rieure . la trouvaille de c . bulbosus repr\u00e9sente la premi\u00e8re mention de ce parasite , un si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s sa d\u00e9couverte ; la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tude de cette esp\u00e8ce par meb a permis une redescription d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce . la d\u00e9couverte de johnstonmawsonia sp . chez c . fulvoguttatus est la premi\u00e8re mention d\u2019un n\u00e9matode rhabdochonidae chez un h\u00f4te appartenant \u00e0 la famille carangidae . johnstonmawsonia africana moravec & puylaert , 1970 et j . campanae puylaert , 1973 sont transf\u00e9r\u00e9s vers prosungulonema roytman , 1963 comme p . africanum ( moravec & puylaert , 1970 ) n . comb . et p . campanae ( puylaert , 1973 ) n . comb .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nfrench , carangue , the name of a caribbean fish ; 1836 ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 60 m ( ref . 3197 ) . tropical ; 37\u00b0n - 35\u00b0s , 25\u00b0e - 127\u00b0w\nindo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( to port elizabeth , south africa , ref . 3197 ) to the hawaiian islands .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 70 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3287 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9137 ) ; max . published weight : 8 . 0 kg ( ref . 3287 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 26 - 34 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 21 - 26 .\nadults are found in coastal waters adjacent to sandy beaches ; also found to depths of 60 m , often near reefs ( ref . 30573 ) . pelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . singly or in small groups ( ref . 48635 ) . they feed mainly on mollusks , benthic crustaceans , and occasionally on small fish ( ref . 90102 ) that are abundant in the lagoons . excellent food fish ( ref . 12484 ) , the flesh is rarely poisonous .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 1 , mean 28 . 1 ( based on 1490 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02455 ( 0 . 01643 - 0 . 03666 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 21 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11441 ) ; common length : 16 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3287 )\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . , 1984 . carangidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean fishing area 51 . vol . 1 . [ pag . var . ] . fao , rome . ( ref . 3287 )\n) : 24 . 9 - 29 . 2 , mean 28 . 3 ( based on 1476 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01905 ( 0 . 00897 - 0 . 04049 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range ? - 40 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical\nindo - west pacific : seychelles south to durban , south africa and east to japan , the arafura sea ( ref . 9819 ) , australia , and samoa ( ref . 3197 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 32 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3197 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 22 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 16 - 18 . greenish blue above , silvery grey below ; blackish blotch on upper opercular margin ; caudal fin yellowish ( ref . 3197 ) . adult males with 3 - 8 central dorsal and anal filamentous rays ; ll with 17 - 29 scutes .\nadults inhabit coastal waters of the continental shelf ( ref . 5213 , 7300 ) .\n) : 23 . 7 - 29 , mean 27 . 9 ( based on 1044 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02951 ( 0 . 01854 - 0 . 04698 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 05 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 9710 ) . subtropical ; 42\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s , 97\u00b0w - 7\u00b0e\nwestern atlantic : massachusetts ( usa ) and bermuda , through the gulf of mexico and the caribbean to s\u00e3o paulo , brazil ( ref . 57756 ) . eastern central atlantic : st . paul ' s rocks ( ref . 13121 ) .\nmaturity : l m 45 . 0 , range 32 - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; common length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; max . published weight : 14 . 0 kg ( ref . 26340 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 - 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 25 - 28 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 22 - 25 . upper jaw does not reach to anterior margin of eye . juveniles have about 5 vertical dark bars on body .\nadults prefer offshore reefs ( ref . 9710 ) and open marine waters ( ref . 26938 ) . juveniles often found near the shore on seagrass beds or often associated jellyfish or floating sargassum ( ref . 5217 ) . generally solitary but sometimes seen in small groups ( ref . 26235 ) . they feed on small fishes ( ref . 26235 ) . spawning occurs offshore from february to october ( ref . 26938 ) . flavor considered fair to good ( ref . 5521 ) .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , 1993 . los peces marinos de venezuela . volume 2 . fundaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica los roques , caracas , venezuela . 497 p . ( ref . 9626 )\n) : 22 . 8 - 28 , mean 26 . 4 ( based on 462 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02138 ( 0 . 01368 - 0 . 03341 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( fec > 7 million eggs ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 60 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 37\u00b0s , 19\u00b0e - 167\u00b0w\nindo - west pacific : east africa to samoa ( ref . 592 ) and tonga ( ref . 53797 ) , north to japan , south to australia ( ref . 3197 ) and new caledonia ( ref . 9070 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 41 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 90102 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 16 .\nadults are found in deep coastal reefs and rarely inshore ( ref 3197 ) . they are usually in small groups over sand bottoms near reefs ( ref . 90102 ) .\n) : 24 . 4 - 28 . 9 , mean 27 . 8 ( based on 782 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02630 ( 0 . 01594 - 0 . 04341 ) , b = 2 . 91 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 05 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 4 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 28 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nrobins , c . r . , g . c . ray , j . douglass and r . freund . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . boston . 354 p . [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription schools in open waters and lagoons and outer reef slopes . feeds mainly on crustaceans , molluscs and small fish that are . . .\ndescription schools in open waters and lagoons and outer reef slopes . feeds mainly on crustaceans , molluscs and small fish that are abundant in the lagoons . the flesh is rarely poisonous . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of caranx ferdau ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx gilberti jordan & seale , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx hemigymnostethus ( bleeker , 1851 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx laticaudis alleyne & macleay , 1877 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scomber ferdau forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ferdauia lindemanensis whitley , 1951 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwidespread in northern australia , from coral bay , western australia , to moreton bay , queensland . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , indo - west pacific from south africa to new caledonia , and north to the ryukyu islands , japan . adults usually inhabit deeper offshore reefs in depths to 100 m .\ndorsal fin viii + i , 28 - 33 ; anal fin ll + i , 24 - 27 ; gill rakers 8 - 9 + 19 - 22 = 28 - 31 . naked area on breast extending up to , but not above , pectoral fin base ; head profile relatively steep in small juveniles ( less than 150 mm lcf ) becoming less steep with age , large adults elongate with very shallow head profile ( angle of head with the horizontal axis of the body 33 - 42\u00b0 ) . curved portion of lateral line gently to moderately arched .\njuveniles to 200 mm are silver to silvery - green with a few scattered golden spots on the side , and a dark line running obliquely through the eye , fading with age . larger individuals are green to bluish - green above , silver below , with or without gold to golden brown spots ( usually less than 30 ) scattered on the sides , olive green dorsal , anal , caudal and pelvic fins , and often white tips on the soft dorsal and anal fins .\ncaranx gymnostethus cuvier in cuvier & valenciennes 1833 , histoire naturelle des poissons 9 : 73 . type locality : seychelles .\nblaber , s . j . m . , brewer , d . t . & harris , a . n . 1994 . distribution , biomass and community structure of demersal fishes of the gulf of carpentaria , australia .\nbleeker , p . 1851 . over eenige nieuwe geslachten en soorten van makreelachtige visschen van den indischen archipel .\ncuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1833 .\n. paris : levrault vol . 9 512 pp . pls 246 - 279 .\ngloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 .\n. jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp .\ngunn , j . s . 1990 . a revision of selected genera of the family carangidae ( pisces ) from australian waters .\nhutchins , j . b . 1994 . a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia ' s west and south coasts \u2014 the leeuwin province .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands\nrussell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia . great barrier reef marine park authority . special publication series 1 : 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . 1999 . family carangidae . pp . 2659 - 2756 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2016 .\n. ( errata version published in 2017 ) the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20429774a115374026 . urltoken downloaded on 23 july 2017 .\nwhitley , g . p . 1947 . new sharks and fishes from western australia . part 3 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neschmeyer ( personal communication , feb - 2003 , and online catalog of fishes , 2003 ) notes that apparently no first first reviser has been identified , so he is acting in that capacity . since both spellings ( coeruleopinnatus and caeruleopinnatus ) appeared in the original publication , and both have been used in recent literature , the first spelling listed in the original publication ( coeruleopinnatus ) was chosen as the correct spelling\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is widespread and relatively common throughout the indo - west pacific . this species is commercially harvested for human consumption , is sometimes taken as by - catch in trawl fisheries and is also a major baitfish species in parts of its range . however , there have been no observed or suspected declines in the population of this species due to exploitation , and there are no other known major threats . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs along the continental shores of the indian ocean from east africa to the southwestern red sea and persian gulf , east to fiji , north to the ryukyu islands , south to australia ( lieske and myers 1994 ) new caledonia and the chesterfield bank ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) . insular coastal localities in the indian ocean include madagascar , comoros , the seychelles ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) , reunion and mauritius ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) . the depth range for this species is 30 to 90 m ( smith - vaniz 1999 ) .\naustralia ; bahrain ; bangladesh ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; comoros ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; eritrea ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; mayotte ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; seychelles ; singapore ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united arab emirates ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species is relatively common throughout much of its range ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthis species is caught as bycatch in shrimp trawl fisheries throughout the persian gulf ( j . bishop , f . kaymaram , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2013 ) . in iran , total landings are in negligible amounts ( less than 1 mt ) ( f . kaymaram pers . comm . 2013 ) . between 2001 and 2002 , paighambari and daliri ( 2012 ) sampled shrimp trawl fisheries by - catch composition in the bushehr province ( iranian waters ) . during the two fishing seasons , 31 . 896 and 28 . 970 kg of this species were collected as by - catch , which comprised of 0 . 192 and 0 . 22 % of the total catch , respectively . cpue was determined to be 0 . 307 and 0 . 186 kg / h , respectively ( paighambari and daliri 2012 ) . raeisi et al . ( 2011 ) conducted a study on the bycatch of the cutlassfish trawl fishery in the bushehr waters , persian gulf . this species occurred in 82 % of trawls with a mean biomass of 2 . 7 kg / h ( + / - 0 . 9 s . e . ) and a mean catch rate of 1 . 1 individuals / h ( + / - 0 . 24 s . e . ) . raeisi et al . ( 2011 ) reported this species contribution to the bycatch was 2 . 8 % in weight and 0 . 2 % in the number of individuals collected . between 2009 and 2010 , hosseini et al . ( 2012 ) conducted a study on the bycatch of the cutlassfish trawl fishery in bushehr and hormozgan waters ; in bushehr waters , this species occurred in 82 % of trawls , and in hormozgan waters , this species occurred in 20 % of trawls .\nthis species is abundant in omani waters , being caught regularly along the coast from the southern arabian sea to the gulf of oman and the persian gulf ( al - abdessalaam 1995 ) . a . govender ( pers . comm . 2013 ) determined the omani stock of this species was under - exploited with substantial room for development . however , instead an industrial fishery , a traditional fishery should be developed to reduce the risk of growth overfishing ( a . govender pers . comm . 2013 ) .\nthis species inhabits open waters of coastal reefs ( lieske and myers 1994 ) and occurs to depths of 90 m ( smith - vaniz 1999 ) . juveniles are found in inshore areas , including estuaries . the maximum recorded total length ( tl ) is 77 cm ( al - rasady et al . 2013 ) . al - rasady et al . ( 2013 ) estimated this species longevity to be 16 years . this species occurs to depths of 90 m , but most abundant between 30 and 60 m ( smith - vaniz 1999 ) . this species diet consists of small demersal fishes and epibenthic crustaceans ( smith - vaniz 1999 ) . this species is gonochoristic ( graham and castellanos 2005 ) , each individual is either male or female throughout its lifetime . males attain sexual maturity at 46 . 90 cm in length and 4 . 7 years of age and females attain sexual maturity at 42 . 08 cm and 4 . 1 years of age . a single peak in gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) , corresponding with a single spawning season , began in september and ended in february in the arabian sea ( al - rasady et al . 2012 ) .\nthis species is harvested as a food fish and is served fresh , as well as dried and salted ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . it is collected using hook and line , gillnets , and traps ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is one of ~ 36 species that supports commercial carangid fisheries off india ( kasim 2003 ) . this species is also a major baitfish species in the west pacific ( blaber et al . 1993 ) .\nthis species is caught as bycatch in parts of its range ; however , there have not been any observed or suspected population declines to date as a result of commercial harvesting . other major threats are unknown .\nthere are no species - specific conservation efforts in place for this species ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20257324a115371478 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : this species is widespread and relatively common throughout the indo - west pacific . it is an important commercial species and is sometimes taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls ; however , significant global population declines have not been observed and are not suspected . this species is also relatively common in most parts of its range , and there are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs in the indo - pacific from the red sea to the gulf of aden and the persian gulf and gulf of oman . it also is found in the gulf of thailand , throughout indonesia to the philippines , to new britain and the solomon islands in the south to okinawa , japan to the north ( smith - vaniz 1984 , 1999 ) . this species has recently been identified from fayu island ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) . the depth range for this species is 2 to 70 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\naustralia ; bahrain ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kuwait ; malaysia ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; oman ; pakistan ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; saudi arabia ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united arab emirates ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species is a coastal species that inhabits inshore coral and rocky reefs throughout its range ( grandcourt et al . 2004 ) . this species occurs in schools and is found to 50 m in depth ( al - abdessalaam 1995 ) . this species feeds on nekton , crustaceans and finfish ( blaber et al . 1990 , masuda and allen 1993 ) . grandcourt et al . ( 2004 ) estimated mean size at first maturity for female this species is 24 . 7 cm ( tl ) . this species spawns between may and september , with main spawning activity during june and september . gonado - somatic indices peak during may and august in females and july in males . growth rate for this species is fastest during the winter months ( november - april ) and slowest during the summer ( may - september ) ( grandcourt et al . 2004 ) . the maximum recorded fork length recorded for this species is 55 cm ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) .\nthis species is utilised throughout its range . it is a commercially important food fish and is sometimes taken as bycatch ( allen and robertson 1994 , carpenter et al . 1997 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures for this species ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t46080857a115391273 .\njustification : this species is found throughout the western indian ocean to the west pacific . this species occurs to 25 m depth and inhabits seagrass beds , deep coastal reefs and shallow coral reefs . this species is incidentally taken by artisanal fisheries throughout its range and is sold fresh or dried salted ; however , there have been no observed or suspected population declines resulting from exploitation . there are no known major threats to this species . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs in coastal continental waters of the indian ocean ( randall 1995 ) ( including east africa , madagascar and r\u00e9union ) , the red sea and the persian gulf , east to tonga in the western pacific ( randall et al . 2003 ) , north to japan and taiwan ( chang 1985 ) and south to australia ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) and new caledonia ( wantiez 1993 ) . this species is also known from the seychelles ( smith and smith 1963 ) and the maldives ( randall and anderson 1993 ) and has been recorded from off southern kerala , india ( naomi et al . 2011 ) and has recently been identified from majuro island in the marshall islands ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) . the depth range for this species is 10 to 25 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\naustralia ; bahrain ; bangladesh ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; eritrea ; fiji ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; guam ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; oman ; pakistan ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; r\u00e9union ; samoa ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; south sudan ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tokelau ; tonga ; united arab emirates ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species is considered to be common in coastal waters throughout the western indian ocean ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) .\nthis species is commonly found over deeper coastal reefs ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) , seagrass beds ( satapoomin 2011 ) , and coral reefs ( letourneur et al . 2004 ) ; however , due to its rather sluggish nature , this species is rarely found close to the shore ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is generally solitary ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . the maximum recorded total length ( tl ) for this species is 41 cm ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\nthis species is incidentally taken by artisanal fisheries throughout its range ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is caught mostly on hook and line ( carpenter et al . 1997 ) , but is also taken by gillnets and traps ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . it is marketed fresh as well as dried and salted ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) .\nthis species is caught on hook - and - line by recreational anglers and is sometimes taken coincidentally by gill nets and traps in artisanal fisheries ( smith - vaniz 1984 , carpenter et al . 1997 ) ; however , there have not been any observed or suspected population declines resulting from these uses . there are no other known major threats to this species ."]}
{"id": 2629, "summary": [{"text": "the buffy fish owl ( bubo ketupu ) , also known as the malay fish owl , is a species of owl in the family strigidae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the four fish owls were previously generally separated in the genus ketupa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "mtdna cytochrome b sequence data is equivocal on which genus name is applied for them , and today they are commonly lumped with the horned and eagle-owls ( bubo ) \u2013 which they also resemble osteologically very much \u2013 for sake of convenience .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "depending on whether some little-studied tropical eagle-owls are closer to the fish-owls than to the typical eagle-owls , ketupa might be a valid genus if these as well as the fishing owls ( formerly scotopelia ) are included in it , although there are a number of osteological differences that suggest that fishing and fish owls are not directly related to each other . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "buffy fish owl", "paragraphs": ["[ 16 ] bird life international . ( 2012 ) . ketupa ketupu ( buffy fish - owl , buffy fish owl , buffy fish - owl ) . the iucn red list of threatened species url :\nmortality : buffy fish owls have lived for over 30 years in captivity . in regions with fish ponds , the buffy fish owl is sometimes persecuted because of its fish - catching habits .\nread in detail about the buffy fish owl in the avis \u2013 ibis database .\nthe buffy fish owl is a medium to fairly large owl with prominent , outward - facing ear - tufts . it is also known as the malay fish owl .\n[ 13 ] \u201cbuffy fish - owl\u201d by nicole . oiseaux - birds . com . url :\nthe buffy fish - owl ( bubo ketupu ) is a species of owl found throughout southeast asia and several islands of indonesia .\nthese buffy fish owl species have low forest dependency . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 1500 meters .\n[ 12 ] \u201cportrait of an owl : buffy fish owl\u201d by melinda tan , yc . bird ecology study group , 11 march 2007 . url :\n[ 14 ] \u201cbuffy fish owl encounters\u201d by allan teo . bird ecology study group , 31 may 2007 . url :\n[ 15 ] \u201cbuffy fish owl \u2013 the big yawn\u201d by connie khoo . bird ecology study group , 1 august 2006 . url :\nhabits : the buffy fish owl shelters during the day , often singly , in dark places such as densely foliaged trees near nesting site .\nthe buffy fish owl ranges from south assam , vietnam , south thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore to sumatra , borneo , java , and bali .\n[ 9 ] lewis , d . ( 2013 , june 19 ) . buffy fish owl - bubo ketupu - information , pictures , sounds . retrieved november 9 , 2014 , from the owl pages\nowyong , a . ( 2016 ) first known nesting record of the buffy fish owl . singapore bird group . retrieved aug 3 , 2016 , from urltoken\ntawny fish owl ( ketupa flavipes ) ( photo by : jayanth sharma cc by 3 . 0 )\ni have a nice photo of the adult the adult buffy fish owl from the botanics . if you would like the photo for your records do let me know .\nbuffy fish owls can be found in malaysia , thailand and the indonesian islands . they live in forested areas with a nearby water source so that they have access to fish .\npost breeding , the buffy fish owl juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range .\nthe voice of the buffy fish owl is probably the most recognizable of the four ketupa species , being higher pitched and more musical than the other three species . [ 10 ]\nroyal society searrp . ( n . d . ) . buffy fish owl ( ketupa ketupu ) . stability of altered forest ecology . retrieved aug 4 , 2016 , from urltoken\nthe buffy fish owl is a one of four species of fish owl . while it ' s a fairly large owl , it ' s the smallest of the fish owls . adults are about 15 - 19 inches ( 38 - 48 cm . ) bubo ketupu is native to the dense tropical forests of southeast asia . as the name implies , a large proportion of the buffy fish owl ' s diet consists of fish , as well as crustaceans , reptiles , frogs , toads and insects . rats , mice and large beetles are also taken . they will sometimes take bats , and reportedly feed on carrion . buffy fish owls fish from a perch an the water ' s edge , or from a tree on a wooded bank , swooping down to snatch prey from the water ' s surface . they will also walk in shallow streams to snatch crabs , frogs , fish and aquatic insects .\nbrown fish owl ( ketupa zeylonensis ) ( photo by : lip lee yap cc by - sa 2 . 0 )\nthe artificial ecosystems of these buffy fish owl species include rural gardens , plantations , urban parks , pasturelands , freshwater , brackish water and marine aquaculture ponds , irrigation canals and irrigated lands .\nseng , a & loei , j . ( 2015 ) . encounter with a one - eyed buffy fish - owl . bird ecology study group . retrieved aug 3 , 2016 , from urltoken\nbuffy fish owl , one of the more common names of the ketupa ketupu , is so named because of the buffy colouration of its body in relation to the other fish owls , being a more yellow - beige colour than the other 4 species . it is also sometimes referred to as java / malay / malaysian fish owl , in reference to the localities it is found in , more common in the indonesian island of java and in the malay peninsula .\nintroduction : the buffy fish - owl feeds exclusively on fish and a variety of aquatic organisms . some morphological features are well - adapted to its feeding behaviour . this species is rarely seen far from water , usually in forested areas and even close to human habitations .\nthe buffy fish owl species are distributed in india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , malaysia , singapore , brunei and indonesia . aquaculture farmers consider these owl species as pest birds . there are four recognized subspecies of these owls .\nbehaviour in the wild : the buffy fish - owl feeds exclusively on fish and other aquatic preys such as crustaceans , frogs , toads , and also reptiles and large aquatic insects . it may take carrion sometimes , and also rats , mice and large beetles , and occasionally bats .\nthe buffy fish - owl rests in trees during the day and becomes active at dusk . it is often alone , hidden in dark places usually among the tree foliage , in the vicinity of the nesting site .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the owl species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. the cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018evaluated\u2019 for the buffy fish owl (\nbuffy fish owls mostly eat fish . with their talons , they catch fish that are swimming just below the surface . they also sometimes eat other animals that are found near water , including frogs , reptiles , rodents and insects . they are also known to feed on carrion when it is available .\nthe nesting of the buffy fish - owl ( ketupa ketupu ) at the sungei buloh wetland reserve during march - april 2016 coincided with one of singapore\u2019s hottest period . the chick fledged in the latter part of april .\nhunting & food : as the name implies , a large proportion of the buffy fish owl ' s diet consists of fish , as well as crustaceans , reptiles , frogs , toads and insects . rats , mice and large beetles are also taken . they will sometimes take bats , and reportedly feed on carrion . buffy fish owls fish from a perch an the water ' s edge , or from a tree on a wooded bank , swooping down to snatch prey from the water ' s surface . they will also walk in shallow streams to snatch crabs , frogs , fish and aquatic insects .\nthe diet of these buffy fish owl species is mostly fish . crabs , shrimps , frogs , toads , crayfish , reptiles , birds , small mammals and large insects are their primary food . they are known to prey on snakes , fruit bats and young false gharials . they also feed on carrion .\nthe typical buffy fish owl clutch has one oval and dull white egg . the chick hatches out after 28 - 29 days of incubation . the chicks fledge after six weeks of growth . both the parents take care of the hatchling .\nthe buffy fish owl usually lays a single egg in the cup - like hollow formed by the leaves of the big epiphytic bird ' s nest fern ( asplenium nidus ) , in tree holes or abandoned nests of some large raptors .\nthe buffy fish owl species are distributed in india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , malaysia , singapore , brunei , indonesia . in india , these owl species are distributed in the states of odisha , west bengal , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland , tripura and mizoram .\nsubspecies and range : the buffy fish - owl has two subspecies : k . k . ketupu ( here described and displayed ) occurs in se asia , malay peninsula , riau archipelago , sumatra , java , bali , borneo and bangka .\nas you can probably guess from its name , it feeds exclusively on aquatic creatures such as fish . because of their special diet , they aren\u2019t like your typical owl . unlike the snowy owl ( harry potter\u2019s tragically dead pet ) , the buffy fish owl does not fly silently . they don\u2019t need to since their prey ( fish ) are unlikely to be able to hear them anyway . another unique behaviour of the fish owls are that instead of swooping down to catch their prey like we so often see on documentaries , they actually wade into shallow waters to catch their prey [ 6 ] . pretty cool , huh ?\nnow , back to the buffy fish owl . though you can only see its speckled brown back in the picture above , the smallest of the fish owls can be distinguished by it\u2019s brilliant yellow eyes and adorable ear tufts that are usually tilted at 45 degrees [ 3 ] . since they are largely nocturnal , it can be difficult to spot owls at daytime when they are usually resting silently in trees , an indistinguishable shape on the tree . however , birders have reported an encouraging increase in local sightings of this elusive fish owl in the recent years [ 4 ] . if you haven\u2019t spotted one , there are always pictures . check out this awesome one of the infamous one - eyed buffy fish owl [ 5 ] !\nthey might be killed due to their predation on fish and aquatic organisms , if they are seen as threats to human livelihood depending on fish stocks , especially if these ketupa ketupu inhabit and hunt in areas near human constructs such as fish ponds .\nprotection / threats / status : the buffy fish - owl is sometimes affected by local persecution due to its fishing behaviour in areas with fish ponds . this behaviour involves competition with the local fishers . this species is scarce to fairly common throughout the range , and the population appears currently stable . this species is evaluated as least concern .\n( 3 ) claws are long and curved with a sharp , lower cutting edge : similarly gives the fish owl a stronger grip on its prey after capture .\nfeeds mainly on fish , frogs , crustaceans , reptiles ( lizards ) and insects .\nfishing grey - headed fish - eagle caught by david awcock at the swan lake .\nbackground information and conservation plan for the western burrowing owl . good bibliography attached .\nthe buffy fish owl can be found in secondary forests , forest edges , mangrove forests , and rubber plantations . during the day , it usually roosts in a tall tree and emerges at about dusk to hunt . it regularly bathe to keep its feathers in optimum conditions .\nthe nocturnal fauna of singapore has long held the fascination of many nature - enthusiasts . from the inquisitive stare of the buffy fish owl to the wide - eyed sunda scops owl , nocturnal birds have been seen throughout the island , and garnered the attention of many . several of us have seen owls on pulau ubin before , but how many are there exactly ? and where ?\nsome authorities place it within the genus ketupa , its original designation . debate still occurs as to whether it is a fishing owl or an eagle owl of the genus bubo .\nin buffy fish owl the ear tufts are prominent and hang to the sides of the head , giving a scraggly look . the facial disc does not have well defined margin . the forehead is whitish . the feather lack the comb and hair - like fringes to the primaries and their wing beats make sounds .\n40\u201348 cm ; 1028\u20132100 g . smallest fish - owl . facial disc pale buff , with white eyebrows ; upperparts buff , streaked with dark brown , feathers edged with pale rufous ; . . .\nthe buffy fish - owl is the smallest of the four fish - owls . the adult has buff upperparts with dark brown streaks and pale rufous edges to feathers . the scapulars are paler , mostly whitish to pale buff . on the wings , the flight feathers are barred buff and dark brown , with a few whitish bars . the rectrices are dark brown with pale tips and a few buffish - white bars .\nbuffy fish - owls mainly take fish and crustaceans ; other small game up to the size of rats are sometimes taken when the opportunity arises . the owls hunt from perches alongside streams and other bodies of water , swooping down to snatch prey at the surface . it has also been observed that they eat carrion as well .\nhabitat : the buffy fish - owl frequents the broadleaved evergreen forests near water , or bordering streams , rivers or lakes . it also occurs in mangroves , plantations , wooded gardens near wetlands . this species is mainly found in lowlands , but it can be seen from 1100 to 1600 metres of elevation in sumatra .\n[ 20 ] \u201cbuffy at pasir ris\u201d by ria tan . wild shores of singapore , 20 april 2013 . url :\n\u201csometime ago i was sent a youtube link on an owl that is capable of . . .\nthe buffy fish - owl forages mainly at night , but it often starts in late afternoon . it hunts from perch at water edge . once a prey is detected , it swoops down to catch the prey from the water surface . another technique consists in walking slowly in shallow water to catch crabs , insects and amphibians .\nthis owl eats large insects , crabs , fish , frogs , small birds , and mammals like rats . after eating it will cast a pellet consisting of the undigestable parts like feathers , bones , etc .\nthis paper summarizes existing information on the burrowing owl in arizona and provides baseline information for future studies .\nhabitat management series for unique or endangered species : burrowing owl pdf , 1 . 6mb aug 22 14\nthe buffy fish owl enjoys an extremely large area of distribution in south - east asian countries ie brunei , cambodia , cocos ( keeling ) islands , india , bangladesh , indonesia , laos , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , thailand and vietnam . it is quite a rarity in india though with just a few records from the sundarbans mangroves .\ndistribution : buffy fish owls are found in south burma , south and east to trung phan , peninsular thailand and malay peninsula , riau archipelago , sumatra with neighbouring islands on the west side , mangka , belitung , java , bali and borneo .\nthe breeding season of these buffy owl species in india is from december to may , with a peak period from january to april . the breeding season in malaysia is from july to april with a peak period from september to january .\nthe next reptile that one of our guides spotted was the buffy fish owl ( ketupa ketupu ) . hang on a minute , that\u2019s a bird not a reptile ! well , a cool science fact to blow your friend\u2019s mind : birds are actually classified under reptiles . part 2 of rad reptiles will be explaining why so keep your eyes peeled for it !\non 18th march 2012 , we were on a boat riding into the salty waters of sundarbans . the breeze was just warming us up for the long day ahead , when mridul kanti kar , a young fellow birder with an amazing ability to spot birds , shouted out \u2018owl ! owl ! \u2019 . we were near the famous sajnekhali watch tower . we were clicking pictures furiously , not realizing the rarity we were looking at . though initially mistaken for the common brown fish owl , something about it denied that fact . only after blowing up the photos up on my screen later did i notice the white forehead and absence of horizontal cross - bars on its underparts , and realized it resembled the buffy fish owl . and it did turn out to be a rarity , and the photo of this buffy , is the second photo - record from sundarbans , rather india , the first one being by mr . nikhil bhopale in jan 2010 .\nfine art illustration of a buffy fish owl . the print is hand - signed by the artist and is guaranteed to arrive in perfect condition . the reproduction of this original pen and ink drawing is done on high quality acid - free archival paper . call 1 800 - 913 - 7906 for more information or to order by phone . click here for shipping info .\nconsisting 4 species in total , based on their distribution and their specialised adaptations to hunting of fish and other aquatic organisms .\nin total , 16 individual birds were seen or heard . the most numerous were the large - tailed nightjar and sunda scops owl , of which 6 individuals of each species were encountered throughout the survey . the buffy fish owl and black - crowned night heron were encountered once each , while the savanna nightjar was encountered twice . to our delight , greater mousedeer were seen by all three groups and one group even saw a herd of wild boar with 3 adults and 13 piglets !\n) is a fairly large owl , measuring 35 to 50 cm in length and weighing 1000 to 2100 grams .\njeffrey l . lincer and peter h . bloom proceedings of the california burrowing owl symposium , 90 - 102 2007\nthe original drawing of a buffy fish owl was completed on 3 . 2 . 2015 . some months ago i had put together a collage of the owls of north america . and i realized that i wanted to broaden that to a collage of owls of the world . so i started researching some of the more notable species of owl native to the other continents . i plan to do another few species within the next few weeks . the drawing is based on a photo by eddy lee and was used with his permission . .\nbuffy fish owls do not build their own nests , but rather use the abandoned nests of other birds or a tree cavity . the female lays one egg , which hatches approximately one month later . when the owlet is about 45 days old , its flight feathers begin to grow in .\nthe overall plumage of these owls is buffy ( yellow - brown ) . there is considerable variegating with pale buffy color . the feathers are edged pale brown . the wings and tail are broadly barred pale and dark brown . the underparts are yellow - brown or tawny . there are dark vertical striations .\nthese buffy owl species do not build nests . they nest on top of bird ' s - nest fern , in tree fork covered with ferns and moss , on orchid beds , in tree holes , on rocky sites and even in abandoned nests of other species of birds .\nsometime in march 2016 , a pair of buffy fish - owls ( ketupa ketupu ) ( above ) nested in a bird\u2019s nest fern ( asplenium nidus ) at the sungei buloh wetland reserve . harry geno - oehlers started documenting the nesting and the images below show the development of the chick inside the nest .\nbuffy fish - owls are found in densely - forested areas of southeast asia , mainly with access to streams and rivers ; coastal mangrove areas are also inhabited . their range includes far - eastern india , bangladesh , burma , malaysia , cambodia , laos , vietnam , thailand , and the larger islands of indonesia .\ni had my camera ( thankfully ! ) with me , and managed to squeeze off a few shots before night fell . we also were able to take a few recordings of the owls vocalising and will eventually upload onto xeno - canto . this brief encounter with these buffy fish owls while unexpected was most exhilarating !\nfood habits of a population of the burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) at the idaho national engineering laboratory , butte county , were studied .\nburrowing owl habitat management plan - evaluation of impacts to burrowing owls for the nasa ames development plan pdf , 3 . 7mb jun 28 12\n) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable , either under the range size criterion , or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion . the habitat destruction , persecution from aquaculture farmers and trapping for pet trade are the main threats that may endanger the survival of these buffy owl species .\ninteresting resident records include a lesser whistling duck , dendrocygna javanica at the japanese gardens , reported by laurence eu , buffy fish owls , ketupa ketupu , one at the singapore botanic gardens on 8 th ( richard white ) and another at bidadari on 15 th ( er bong siong ) . all are new for the location .\nthe fish owls of ketupa bears close physical similarity to the genus bubo ( eagle owls ) in terms of having similar prominent ear tufts , colour , size and and heavy build . however , they differ from bubo in three main aspects in relation to their specialization of their diet on fish ( adaptations for hunting )\nin early march this year , staff of sbwr noticed a fur ball through a gap in a bird nest fern on a rain tree . it turned out to be an owl chick . it was the same with the buffy fish owls i seen in perak , malaysia . they were also using bird nest ferns as nests , which makes it hard to spot looking from below . unlike other nesting birds , the parents do not feed them during the day and avoid undue attention .\nit is the most common large owl in open country habitats and rural settlements . found in mangroves , freshwater swamps , plantations and wooded gardens .\nowl home ranges varied in size within ( but not between ) years , and not in conjunction with any of the biological factors we measured .\na moderately - large owl , buffy fish - owls are brown throughout ; dark brown above , lighter rufus - brown below . primaries and secondaries are banded with white , with some spotting on the leading edge of the wings . dark shaft - streaking is present on the chest , but less - so on the belly . the ear tufts are large , and splayed outward to the side . in keeping with its fishing habits , the yellow - gray tarsi and feet are unfeathered .\nin the 1980s and 90s , the buffy fish owls , ketupa ketupa , were found at only a few locations in singapore , like pulau ubin , sungei buloh and central catchment forest . our only record that indicate breeding was the sighting of two immatures at the lower peirce reservoir in 1994 & 2010 and macritchie reservoir in october 2011 . . in recent years , they have spread out to sentosa , pasir ris park , punggol and the singapore botanic gardens . it augurs well for this owl .\nmostly fish ; also frogs , crustaceans , reptiles , large aquatic insects , small mammals ( rats , mice ) and birds ; once a tortoise ; also carrion . . .\n( 2 ) underside of toes covered in numerous sharp edged and spiky scales : enables them to have a good grip on the slippery and wet fish and other aquatic prey .\nthe natural ecosystems of these owl species include tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests , permanent freshwater lakes , seasonal lakes and waterbodies , rivers , streams and creeks .\nwe monitored burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) populations and prairie dog densities in 17 black - tailed prairie dog colonies in the nebraska panhandle between 1990 and 1996 .\nburrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) populations in san diego county appear to have decreased through the early 1900s in conjunction with human population growth and concomitant habitat loss .\nthe resident grey - headed fish - eagles , ichthyophaga ichthyaetus , were keeping the photographers busy with their daily fishing antics at the singapore botanic garden\u2019s swan lake . they were first videoed by jeremiah loei on 10th . a pair of buffy fish owls ketupa ketupu , were roosting at the rain forest section of the gardens ( zacc hd 13th ) . they were first spotted at the gardens by richard white last month on 8th may . we think that they may have been flushed out from the tyersall side due to the construction of the new extension to the gardens .\na case of leucism in the burrowing owl athene cunicularia ( aves : strigiformes ) with confirmation of species identity using cytogenic analysis pdf , 2 . 7mb aug 22 14\nthe low temporal variability of the dominant prey species provided evidence that simple prey relationship models were not likely to ex - plain the highly synchronous and temporally dynamic patterns of spotted owl reproductive performance . reproductive success was likely a result of the interaction of both weather and prey and the life history strategy of this long - lived owl .\nwe quantified the use of black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) colonies as habitat for the burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) in southwestern kansas and southeastern colorado .\nrests in a tree during the day until dusk when it leaves in search of food . they feed on fish , frogs and crustaceans near streams , as well as bats and small birds .\nwe predicted that owl - occupied prairie dog towns would be in less fragmented landscapes that contain more prairie then owl - unoccupied prairie dog towns . to test this prediction , we used a geographic information system and spatial analysis metrics to examine the landscape within 1000 and 2500 m radius circles surrounding prairie dog towns in the shortgrass prairie in northeastern colorado .\nmodelling effects of chemical exposure on birds wintering in agricultural landscapes : the western burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia hypugaea ) as a case study pdf , 1 . 7mb jul 22 14\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season varies according to the range . the laying occurs mainly between february and april , but in w java , the eggs are led from may to july , and in april and september to january in malay peninsula . the buffy fish - owl nests in large hollow in tree , in tree - fork or among the bird ' s nest ferns ( asplenium nidus ) between 3 and 18 metres above the ground . it may use an abandoned raptor\u2019s nest too , and uses occasionally a cave in rocky area . they do not build their own nest .\nthe soft fringes found long the rear edge of the wing feathers in other owl species , that enables silent flight in owls during hunting are also lost in the fish owls . presumably , this could be due to their prey being not so able to pick up airborne sounds , hence little need to conceal its presence as it swoops in to capture its prey . [ 10 ]\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the buffy fish - owl gives loud , rattling \u201ckutook , kutook , kutook , kutook , kuttok\u2026\u201d and these sounds might be the song of the male . other sounds can be heard such as a musical \u201cto - whee to - whee\u201d , a long , monotonous \u201cbup - bup - bup - bup - bup\u2026\u201d , also high \u201chie - ee - eek - keek\u201d notes , hisses , mews and shrieks . the female\u2019s voice is slightly high - pitched than that of the male . they become noisy before breeding , and the pairs often duet during several minutes .\nwe document a female burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) that nested in arizona and dispersed 1 , 860 km to saskatchewan , where she successfully raised seven young during the same breeding season .\nmost previous research has focused on burrowing owl breeding biology , and little is known about its winter ecology . we determined characteristics of roost sites used by western burrowing owls in southern texas during winter .\n( 1 ) lack of feathers on tarsi : feathered legs would have been drenched and waterlogged with frequent plunging into the water for prey capture , thus the lack of feathers would optimize the capture of prey in fish owls .\nthe name ketupu as in its latin bionomial name , could have been derived from its old javanese name , kutupu - kutupuk , which was also based on the owl ' s calls . [ 1 ]\n[ 23 ] shepherd , c . r . ( 2012 ) . the owl trade in jakarta , indonesia : a spot check on the largest bird markets . birding asia ( 58 - 59 ) \u2019\nmonitoring at obo sites has indicated the saskatchewan burrowing owl population has declined 92 % from 1988\u20132009 ( obo database ) . habitat is improved by enlarging pastures to increase grassland patch size and reduce habitat fragmentation .\nholt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enr\u00edquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . buffy fish - owl ( ketupa ketupu ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthere is probably a much wider diversity and greater number of nocturnal birds on ubin , based on historical sightings as well as the fact that there are many parts of ubin our routes did not cover . for example , all species of owl known in singapore are recorded on ubin except for the short - eared owl . we hope to continue to conduct more nocturnal census and hopefully uncover more nocturnal birds on ubin .\nfish - owls , or fishing owls , are generally considered to be in two genera ketupu and scotopelia . the genus ketupa only consist of 4 species distributed over most of asia , in contrast to the scotopelia consisting of 3 species found in africa . [ 10 ] scotopelia ( african fish owls ) are also large and powerful . however , scotopelia lack ear tufts , loose feathering on their heads which gives them a characteristic shaggy , maned look . [ 10 ]\npei shuan and i had just left the office and were making our way to the evolution garden when two large - sized birds abruptly landed in the tree above us while calling . we thought it might be the red jungle fowls , but turning the corner , the birds revealed themselves to be buffy fish owls . both continued to vocalise , one more so frequently than the other , uttering a relatively soft \u201cyiiii\u201d ( like a squeaky chair , for lack of a better description ) each time . the other owl answered sporadically with a louder and harsher \u201cyiooorhhh\u201d . i am guessing that the former is a subadult ; the plumage differences seem rather minute , however . both kept close to each other .\na burrowing owl ( athene cuniciilaria ) population nesting on the idaho national engineering laboratory ( inel ) in southeastern idaho utilized burrows excavated by badgers ( taxidea taxiis ) or natural cavities in lava flows as nesting sites .\ndavid s . klute , loren w . ayers , michael t . green william h . howe stephanie l . jones jill a . shaffer steven r . sheffield6 , tara s . zimmerman us fish & wildlife service , biological technical publication 2003\nthe northern pygmy mouse ( baiomys taylori ) , fulvous harvest mouse ( reithrodontomys fulvescens ) , and merriam\u2019s pocket mouse ( perognathus merriami ) are new to the diet of the western burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia hypugaea ) .\ndetermining differences in the owl\u2019s ecology between rural and urban / suburban areas can aid in creating effective statewide management strategies for this species . we compared the available prey and diet of burrowing owls in a rural and urban environment .\nthe large dispersal distances we observed within the breeding season were greater than previously published estimates of between - year breeding dispersal based on mark - recapture methods and provide insight into the lack of genetic differentiation observed among burrowing owl populations .\ni estimated survival rates of a florida burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia floridana ) population on a 35 . 9 - km study area in lee county , florida , 1987 - 91 to determine if there was a relationship between annual survival and development density\nour results suggest that the burrowing owl were mainly nocturnal hunters and evidenced a generalist diet , consuming a wide spectrum of prey items , including invertebrates ( insects and chelicerates ) , and several types of vertebrates ( mammals , birds and lizards ) .\nwith the number of serious birders and photographers going up in india , newer records like this owl are being added regularly . birders and photographers now act as citizen scientists constantly adding to the scientific knowledge of birds , their behavior and their distributional range .\nowl species , that enables silent flight in owls during hunting . presumably , this could be due to their prey being not so able to pick up airborne sounds , hence little need to conceal its presence as it swoops in to capture its prey .\nthese owl species hunt from the bank of streams , lakes and aquaculture ponds , swooping down on the prey near the water surface . they do not get their feathers wet . they also wade in shallow waters in streams , brooks and ponds to hunt .\nto determine the breeding dispersal patterns underlying this distributional change , we developed 11 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci for the species . we tested these loci in two burrowing owl breeding populations , one from central sinaloa , mexico , and one from the central valley of california , usa .\nthe only threat is man , and it has been persecuted in some areas under the belief that it competes for fish . according to iucn , the birds have a stable population ; its large range and habit of seeking dense forest in which to roost are factors which list the species as least concern . [ 2 ]\n) has not been quantified . the overall population trend of these owl species is considered to be stable . throughout its range it is reported to be uncommon to common . the generation length is 5 . 7 years . their distribution size is about 7 , 450 , 000 sq . km .\nto design and implement effective recovery efforts , we need a better understanding of how distribution and demographic traits are influenced by habitat quality . to this end , we measured spatial patterns of burrowing owl breeding habitat selection within black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) colonies in northeastern wyoming , usa .\ni used closed - population capture - recapture models to evaluate 4 factors that could affect the probability of a surveyor detecting an owl activity center ( i . e . , nest burrow ) during visual surveys where owls are the focal object and analyzed the relationship ( linear or curvilinear ) between specific factors and detection probability .\nbreeding : eggs are found mainly in february to april , but less commonly in may to july ( west java ) or in april and september to january ( malay peninsula ) . often nests on tip of bird ' s - nest ferns , or in the fork of a thick bough covered by ferns , moss and orchids . buffy fish owls will also nest in tree hollows or other raptors nests , and sometimes may resort to caves in rocky sites . usually one , but sometimes two eggs are laid , which are broadly oval and dull white , averaging 47 . 3 - 49 x 42 . 5 - 43 . 3 mm . incubation of the eggs lasts 28 - 29 days . generally only one chick survives and will fledge after six weeks .\nwe designed a field experiment to compare burrowing owl flight distances , times displaced , and probabilities of being displaced between 4 potential population survey methods ( single walking surveyor , single vehicle stop , single vehicle stop with 2 surveyors , and double vehicle stop with 2 surveyors ) , and an experimental control in the agricultural matrix of imperial valley , california .\nall turbines in the apwra could be shut down and blades locked during winter , when 35 % of the burrowing owls were killed but only 14 % of the annual electricity was generated . terminating rodent control and installing flight diverters at the ends of turbine rows might also reduce burrowing owl mortality , as might replacing turbines with new - generation turbines mounted on taller towers .\nowls are nocturnal predators , active during the night and roosting in the day , in contrast to the diurnal birds of prey . fish owls emerge from their roosts in late afternoon on occasion , and thus they are sometimes regarded as semi - diurnal . however , they rarely hunt during those occasions , rather , they would only hunt after dusk , as with all other species that are considered thoroughly nocturnal . [ 10 ] frequently seen flying low at dusk . [ 11 ]\nthey often descend to the ground , and perch at the water\u2019s edge or from a tree on a wooded bank . they would watch and wait for their prey to swim within striking distance , then swoop in and snatch their prey from the water\u2019s surface with their claws , unlike the bodily plunging into the water body as in the manner of an osprey . they might also wade in shallow streams , often incidentally during bathing , occasionally they would snatch crabs , frogs , fish , aquatic insects from the water . [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]\nadult plumage is mottled brown and white and birds have lemon yellow eyes . adults stand approximately 7 . 5 - 10 inches ( 19 - 25 cm ) tall and weigh approximately 5 ounces ( 150 grams ) . they have long , nearly unfeathered legs . burrowing owls are strong flyers , but also are well adapted life on the ground . adults are not dimorphic , but in the summer males can be distinguished from females based on behavior and lighter plumage color . since males typically spend significant time in the sun , while female spend more time underground , males are often paler than females . the buffy breasts of young in juvenile plumage are one way to distinguish them from adults .\nthe asian fish - owls of the genus ketupa comprises of three species , all occurring within indian limits . they are large and powerful birds , with the tarsus partly or wholly naked and granular , much like that of the osprey , and the soles of the feet covered with prickly scales . the claws are large , well curved , each with a sharp cutting - edge beneath , and the middle claw with a sharp keel on the inside also . aigrettes are present , long and pointed . the bill is large and strong . the facial disk is ill - marked , especially above . the wings are rounded , and do not reach the end of the tail , 4th quill generally the longest , 3rd and 5th subequal ; tail moderate .\nwhile this was happening , ruici who was at botany centre observing the brown - chested jungle flycatcher immediately rushed over and joined me about 5 minutes after pei shuan left . at this time , the owls had become more active , flying across the path to another tree and calling more frequently . the pair thereafter flew across the carpark , to the trees directly in front of the hq , where we observed was a third owl . soon after , two of the owls flew across the carpark one after the other back to the evolution garden . one of them was carrying a small branch / large twig from the araucaria tree it had been perching in . the two owls in the evolution garden started to vocalise , seemingly coaxing the third individual ( subadult ? ) to join them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to common ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription : upperparts are rich brown , while the feathers of the back and mantle are blackish - brown , broadly margined with buff and with pale rufous or whitish spots near the tips . the head and neck are the same as the upperparts but the feather tips don ' t have the spots . the forehead and eyebrows are white , and the distinctive ear - tufts are sideward directed and very tousled . eyes are yellow , with the eyelids rimmed black . the bill is black or greyish - black . outer webs of scapulars are fulvous , but not forming a pale row across the shoulder . wing coverts are the same as the back , but with much larger pale spots . primaries and secondaries are dark brown , banded with whitish or fulvous . the tail feathers are dark brown with whitish tips and 3 or 4 buffish - white bars . underparts are rufous - buff or fulvous with narrow dark brown shaft - streaks , these becoming narrower and sparser on the belly and undertail - coverts . flanks and thighs are unstreaked . tarsi are relatively long and bare and are coloured yellowish - grey along with the toes . claws are dark horn .\nsize : length 40 - 48cm . wing length 295 - 390mm . tail length 160 - 181mm . weight 1028 - 2100g . females are larger than males .\nvoice : a rattling kutook , kutook , kutook , kutook , kutook , kutook . . . is thought to be the song of the male . they are particularly noisy before breeding , and pairs participate in duetting which may continue for many minutes . the female has a slightly higher voice . other vocalisations include a musical to - whee to - whee , a ringing pof - pof - pof . . . high hie - ee - ee - eek - keek notes and hissing sounds as well as .\nhabitat : common in forested areas near water , often close to human habitations . also found in mangrove forest and other coastal areas with woods and bushes . found from sea level to 1600m .\noriginal description : horsfield , thomas 1821 . transactions of the linnean society of london ( trans . linn . soc . london ) ( 1 ) 13 : p . 141 .\nboyer and hume . 1991 .\nowls of the world\n. booksales inc .\ndel hoyo , elliott & sargatal . 1999 .\nhandbook of the birds of the world : barn owls to hummingbirds\n. buteo books .\nk\u00f6nig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .\nowls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )\n. yale university press .\nmikkola , heimo . 2013 .\nowls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )\n. bloomsbury .\nvoous , karel h . . 1988 .\nowls of the northern hemisphere\n. the mit press .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nprobably closest to k . flavipes , the two replacing each other geographically . see also k . zeylonensis . when species placed in genus bubo , subspecies name minor becomes unavailable , and replacement name buettikoferi then used . race aagaardi intergrades with nominate ketupu , and pageli is possibly only a colour variant ; both are sometimes included within nominate . four subspecies recognized .\n( horsfield , 1821 ) \u2013 malay peninsula , riau archipelago , sumatra , bangka , belitung , java , bali , and borneo ( except nw ) .\nloud \u201ckootookookootook . . . \u201d , ringing \u201cpof pof pof\u201d , and musical \u201cto - . . .\nforest bordering streams , rivers , and lakes ; also disturbed forest , trees beside rice fields and . . .\nlays dec\u2013may , mainly jan\u2013apr ; jul\u2013apr in malay peninsula . nest in cavity of large tree , or in tree fork , or in old raptor . . .\nresident . vagrant found on cocos ( keeling ) is , indian ocean , some 1050 km outside normal range .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . status poorly known ; uncommon in thailand ; locally uncommon to more or less common in malay peninsula and se asia ; common . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsometimes subsumed within bubo , or treated as a subgenus ; separated on basis of slight differences in skull morphology . molecular evidence suggests that ketupa forms a robust clade within bubo and therefore merits subgeneric ranking # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmkennewell , pieter de groot boersma , josep del hoyo , john gregory , keith blomerley , greg baker , barry attridge , rob hutchinson , paul clarke .\nvirgosg , kaustav banerjee , veronika patrovska vernerova , jainymaria , josep del hoyo , alex berryman , biplab kr . mukhopadhyay , michael schmitz , elias neideck , jacqueserard , william ip , bird . soong , p . supat , lee harding , shoummo71 , ken havard , dave irving , james eaton , henrik brings\u00f8e , rusli .\na month later , a fully fledged chick looking inquisitive . 25 april 2016 . photo : terence tan .\ndespite the attention of visitors to the wetland reserve , the parent birds don\u2019t seem to feel threatened during the nesting . they just perched in the mid canopy nearby , keeping a watchful eye on the young . the chick was mostly exposed to the elements during the day staying awake most of the time .\non the 25th april , about seven weeks after being discovered , the chick was seen out of its nest , perched in the open on a branch of a nearby tree . it must have made the short flight across from the nest . it stayed at the same position for most of the day without trying to go near the parent birds perched below ."]}
{"id": 2634, "summary": [{"text": "cuspivolva tigris , known commonly as the tiger egg cowry , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae , the ovulids , cowry allies or false cowries . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "cuspivolva tigris", "paragraphs": ["[ cuspivolva tigris , syn . : c . renovata , crenavolva tigris , ovulum dentatum , primovula tigris ]\nwhat type of species is cuspivolva tigris ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the cuspivolva tigris species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of cuspivolva tigris species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species cuspivolva tigris .\nhow to identify cuspivolva tigris marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species cuspivolva tigris . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species cuspivolva tigris are marked in green .\ncuspivolva tigris orange - ovulidae - philippines sea shell - 9 . 6mm - lot 5\nwhere is cuspivolva tigris found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species cuspivolva tigris can be found .\ntiger egg cowrie ( cuspivolva tigris ) is . . . - nomad divers , bangka | facebook\ncuspivolva tigris orange - ovulidae - philippines sea shell - 9 . 6mm - lot 5 on ebid australia | 126313157\ncuspivolva renovata iredale , t . , 1930 : c indo - w pacific ( nomen novum , nomen dubium )\n( of primovula tigris yamamoto , 1971 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of crenavolva tigris ( yamamoto , 1971 ) ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of primovula tigris yamamoto , 1971 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of crenavolva tigris ( yamamoto , 1971 ) ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\nmy favourite cowrie is the wonderful tiger egg cowrie . it\u2019s taken me 4 years in indonesian to finally find one . another great find in ambon .\nlike all the cowries , the amazing patterns and colours are not actually on their shells . the colours and patterns you see come from the cowrie\u2019s mantle shirt , which is the top of the cowrie\u2019s foot . it extends out and up to completely cover the shell . this is why it is so important not to collect these creatures , especially if you think it would look so lovely on your desk\u2026 . not only should we not be taking anything from the ocean , but in this case you would be left with a white shell .\nyou can see the tiger cowrie is feeding on particles collecting on the sponge it is on . the tube - like mouth is called the proboscis and is fascinating to watch as it seems to be gulping down its meal .\nthey are about 1 . 5cm ( 5 / 8\u201d ) long and are very rare .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\novulum dentatum sowerby , g . b . ii in adams , a . & l . a . reeve , 1848 : singapore - taiwan ( preoccupied )\nthis image may be available to license for exclusive use . please contact us for pricing .\nthis image may be licensed for exclusive use . please provide a brief description of your project and we ' ll get back to you shortly .\nwe received your request to exclusively license this image . we will reach out to you shortly to discuss the details .\nwe ' ll gladly answer any questions you have about our pricing , licensing , or image - packs .\nget the whole picture : please send me emails with trends , offers , and announcements .\ni just discovered offset . com , a great new source for high - quality and authentic images . even better , they ' re all royalty - free !\noffset is an amazing collection of licensable , high - end photography and illustrations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( g . b . sowerby ii in a . adams & reeve , 1848 )\ndelonovolva formosa ( g . b . sowerby ii in a . adams & reeve , 1848 )\novulum formosum g . b . sowerby ii in a . adams & reeve , 1848\nprimovula ( delonovula ) formosa ( g . b . sowerby ii in a . adams & reeve , 1848 )\nthe living ovulidae : a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae .\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 211 - 223 ( in japanese ) .\naccessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2014 - 10 - 03 .\na new species of primovula from japan , parasitic to a gorgonid ( gastropoda : ovulidae ) .\npublications of the seto marine biological laboratory , 19 ( 4 ) , 191 - 195 .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nuncommon to rare in the solitary islands marine park ( simp ) . recorded at south solitary island and korff ' s islet , just outside the simp . recorded from japan , indonesia and australia .\nfound from depths of 18 - 70m , this ovulid feeds only on the gorgonian coral euplexaura sp .\nthe mantle of this ovulid is a delicate orange with black stripes bordered with white . the foot is orange with black spots . the siphon is orange and the tentacles are orange tipped with black and white . the shell is uniformly yellowish orange and grows to 15mm .\nall information was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice . copyright 2014 , solitary islands underwater research group inc . ( abn : 38 104 639 980 ) - all rights reserved .\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit ( preferred ) , paypal or cheque . overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail . please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders . please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item . money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition . return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing . if an auction is running , the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\ni sold 4 more of my pin badges tonight , so over 100 sales now . the same newbie who purchase 4 of the 4th february has come back for 4 more . i ' ll have to get busy and list some more soon .\n42 created tue 10 jul 2018 05 : 23 : 17 ( aest ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\nthe living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae .\nc . n . cate & azuma in c . n . cate , 1973\nupdated on 9 july 2018 with 703 different species : 404 gastropods , 34 worms , 34 cephalopods , 42 frogfishes and scorpionfishes , 50 pipefishes and seahorses , 139 crustaceans . database updated on a daily basis as a result of encounter logbook compiled by guests and guides .\nnote : si incontrano esemplari marrone chiaro con bordo dei parapodia marrone / grigio ed esemplari marrone scuro col bordo dei parapodia bluastro .\nnote : notare il peduncolo arancione sul fianco , parziale estrazione del membro riproduttivo .\nnote : si differenzia da c . strigata per la presenza di arancione fra le righe longitudinali nere e inoltre bordo del mantello , rinofori e ciuffo branchiale sono pi\u00f9 scuri .\nnote : gi\u00e0 glossodoris , \u00e8 simile a d . sibogae da cui si differenzia per colletto dei rinofori bianco e per tonalit\u00e0 bianco / nero piuttosto che giallo / nero .\nnote : gi\u00e0 glossodoris , \u00e8 simile a d . atromarginata da cui si differenzia per colletto dei rinofori nero e per tonalit\u00e0 giallo / nero piuttosto che bianco / nero .\nnote : avvistati fra le uova deposte da altri nudibranchi , spesso fra quelle rosse deposte da hexabranchus sanguineus .\nnote : stadio adulto , con colore del corpo a predominante marrone e punte dei cerata arancioni .\nnote : stadio semi - adulto , il corpo \u00e8 ancora poco marrone e le estremit\u00e0 dei cerata non sono ancora arancioni .\nnote : stadio giovanile , l ' animale \u00e8 quasi solamente bianco / azzurro .\nnote : inusualmente si incontrano esemplari dalle tinta scolorite che possono raggiungere anche gli 80 mm .\nnote : nel ciuffo branchiale sovente si intravvedono un paio di sacche ovigere deposte da un parassita ( colore arancione ) .\nnote : nel ciuffo branchiale sovente si intravvedono un paio di sacche ovigere deposte da un parassita ( colore arancio ) .\nnote : si ciba di altri nudibranchi , anche di pari o maggiori dimensioni come hypselodoris apolegma , aggredendo ciuffo branchiale o rinofori .\nnote : da non confondere con h . malesso , in cui le righe arancioni sono pi\u00f9 rade ed evidenti , oltre ad essere longitudinali ai cerata .\nnote : simile a h . batangas ( notare le differenze nello spessore e disposizione delle righe arancioni che caratterizzano il corpo ) .\nnote : simile a h . bullockii , la differenza pi\u00f9 evidente \u00e8 nel bianco bordo del mantello , per h . bullockii sottile e netto , per h . apolegma sfuma .\nnote : se ne incontrano due varianti di colore , talvolta anche in accoppiamento , una blu - viola e l ' altra bianco - avorio .\nnote : molto simile ad alcuni esemplari di h . kanga , questo ha una sola riga rossa per ciascun rametto del ciuffo branchiale ( h . kanga ne ha due ) .\nnote : alcuni esemplari sono molto simili a h . infucata , ma questo ha due righe rosse per ciascun rametto del ciuffo branchiale ( h . infucata ne ha due ) .\nnote : se ne contano diverse varianti , sia come colori che come disegni del corpo .\nnote : molto simile a h . maculosa , ma \u00e8 considerata specie a s\u00e8 .\nnote : molto simile a h . marittima , ma \u00e8 considerata specie a s\u00e8 .\nnote : simile a h . apolegma e a h . bullockii , ma \u00e8 considerata specie a s\u00e8 . notare il bordo del mantello , largo e non sfumato .\nnote : molto simile a hypselodoris sp . 20 , il ciuffo branchiale ha diverso colore .\nnote : molto simile a hypselodoris sp . 19 , il ciuffo branchiale ha diverso colore .\nnote : nel ciuffo branchiale sovente si intravvedono un paio di sacche ovigere deposte da un parassita ( colore viola ) .\nnote : pu\u00f2 avere rinofori e ciuffo branchiale da blu a viola ed avere o meno le macchie arancioni lungo il bordo del mantello .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2642, "summary": [{"text": "scrobipalpa is a genus of moth in the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "euscrobipalpa has sometimes been treated as a distinct subgenus , or even as a full genus , but is generally no longer recognised as valid , following ponomarenko & park ( 2007 ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "scrobipalpa", "paragraphs": ["scrobipalpa instabilella ( m ) , breydon water , norfolk , slide 1313 j clifton .\nscrobipalpa suaedella - those with an obvious clear pale ochreous dorsal quarter to the forewing .\nscrobipalpa instabilella ( saltern groundling ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nclass insecta , order lepidoptera , superfamily gelechioidea , family gelechiidae , subfamily gelechiinae , genus scrobipalpa .\nscrobipalpa atriplicella \u00a71 , male , foulness , essex ; 15 / 06 / 2008 ; fw 6 . 2mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nscrobipalpa ocellatella - those with the prominent angled fascia at three quarters on the forewing and dark markings contrasting with the surrounding paler ground colour .\n( scrobipalpa nitentella was distinguished from s . obsoletella in britain as recently as 1935 , consequently the true identity of some earlier records is doubtful ) .\nscrobipalpa obsoletella - those with the forewing a pale greyish colour lacking any red - brown colouration and appearing paler in the final one - third due to a pale postmedial fascia .\nbecause of the sometimes considerable variation within most saltmarsh inhabiting scrobipalpa species , identification by wing markings alone will not often be possible . caution and care are the watchwords for this group .\n( sea plantain ) grow . it comes readily to light . several other scrobipalpa species resemble it , so positive identification depends on examination of genitalia , unless reared from the appropriate foodplants .\ngoosefoot groundling moth ( scrobipalpa atriplicella ) . this small moth feeds on several foodplants including fat - hen . the one recorded on 16th july 1999 was the first in hertfordshire since 1970 .\nfairly well distributed throughout much of england and into southern scotland with odd records from shetland and ireland , this species is very similar in appearance to other scrobipalpa species and dissection is advised for full idenification unless reared .\nthose more readily identifiable when freshly emerged by the forewing markings are listed below . however all of these also have variation in their wing markings which , when the obvious features are obscured or worn , will then resemble some other scrobipalpa species .\nshahira s . m . 2004 . use of the egg parasitoid trichogramma evanescens west . for controlling the rib miner , scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd in sugar beet in egypt ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . egyptian journal of biological pest control 14 : 2 .\nthis species is usually the palest of the saltmarsh scrobipalpa , being greyer and lacking in any red - brown colouration on the wings . similar species such as s . nitentella and s . atriplicella usually , also , have larger and more distinct blackish spots (\nobsoletella\nis a reference to the\nobsolete\ndark spots that are lacking in the basal area of this species ) . however , there is often considerable variation within most saltmarsh inhabiting scrobipalpa so identification from the wing markings alone will often not be possible .\nshows quite considerable individual and geographical variation , with specimens of scrobipalpa atriplicella , s . instabilella , s . nitentella and s . stangei all having been found in collections labelled as s . samadensis . dissection is therefore recommended until familiarity is built up with the look of the specimens at particular sites .\nhammad , s . m . , youssef , k . e . h . and assem , m . a . h . 1968 . the biology of the sugar - beet mining moth scrobipalpa ocellatella ( boyd ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique d\u2019\u00e9gypte 52 : 49 - 51 .\nid : as with other scrobipalpa species , requires genital examination for confident identification male : coremata absent ; posterior margin of uncus truncate or concave ; valvae exceeding uncus female : the only scrobipalpa species with the signum on the left ( both anatomically and in the standard view with ventral surface up and posterior at top ) . the key in mbgbi4 . 2 makes harder work of it and keys it thus : cb clearly defined ; signum in transition zone between db and cb ; cb spherical ; posterior apohphyses at least as long as db ; ventral zone free from honeycomb pattern ; signum on left , concave side mostly smooth .\nmahmoudi , j . , askarianzadeh , a . , karimi , j . and abbasipour , h . 2013 . introductiion of two parasitoids of braconid wasps on the sugar beet moth , , scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd . . ( lep . . : gelechidae ) ) from khorasan\u2013e\u2013razavi province , iran . journal of sugar beet 28 : 103 - 106 .\nthe most widespread of the coastal scrobipalpa species . very local to rare from lincolnshire to sussex becoming local to locally common in most of the remaining coastal areas around the british isles . any large gaps in distribution are more likely to be down to under - recording than the total absence of the moth . recorded once from an upland area in the highlands of scotland .\nrenou m . , descoins , ch . , lallemand , j . y . priesner , e . , lettere , m . and gallois , m . 1980 . l\u2019ac\u00e9toxy - 1 dodec\u00e8ne 3e , composant principal de la ph\u00e9romone sexuelle de la teigne de la betterave : scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd . ( l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8re gelechiidae ) . journal of applied entomology 90 : 275 - 289 .\nrobert , p . ch . 1976 . inhibitory action of chestnut - leaf extracts ( castanea sativa mill . ) on oviposition and oogenesis of the sugar beet moth ( scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd ; lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . in jermy , t . ( ed , ) the host - plant in relation to insect behaviour and reproduction , plenum press , new york and london , pp . 223 - 227 .\nscrobipalpa halimifolia bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . and s . griseoflava bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . are described from the eastern crimea ( ukraine ) . both species inhabit halophilic biotopes with halimione verrucifera ( m . b ) aellen ( chenopodiaceae ) , which is a host plant for s . halimifolia bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . the external appearance of the adult and the genitalia of the new species and their habitats are illustrated .\nwidely distributed across much of the british isles , this species occupies rough and open ground where thistles abound .\nthe larvae mine the leaves of various thistles ( carduus and cirsium ) , forming a pale , sometimes slightly inflated blotch .\ngenerally there are two generations , with adults on the wing in april to june and again in july to september .\nfoodplant : june - july and sept . - oct . in irregular brown or whitish leaf mine on cirsium , carduus and , possibly , sonchus asper . intermediate instar length : 8 mm head : shiny brown . posterior strongly edged with pitchy black line , expanding into a black postero - lateral band which extends forward as a grey - black band to include the stemmatal area . frons thinly outlined pitchy brown . prothoracic shield : shiny transparent , tinted light brown . black posterior edge of head clearly visible . divided by thin paler medial line . dorsally darker brown . large pitchy black postero - lateral area . thoracic legs : concolorous coxa with black basal horseshoe collar on inside . femur black . tibia and tarsus greyish brown . body : olive - brown . paler ventrally . grey dorsally when the gut is full . spiracles : small , black peritreme . pinacula : black or dark grey , largest on segment a9 . setae : transparent colourless . anal plate : shiny transparent concolorous , but if frass in a10 , it shows black . faint grey shading on cuticle strongest at posterior . prolegs : base greenish white translucent with grey - black ring . planta transparent whitish . crochets dark grey . final instar length : 10 mm described . head : black . prothoracic shield : pitchy black . divided by thin yellowish white medial line . thoracic legs : concolorous coxa with black basal horseshoe collar on inside . femur black . tibia and tarsus greyish brown . body : each segment has a bright red - pink anterior and yellowish posterior . red - pink is less intense ventrally . spiracles : small , black peritreme . pinacula : black or dark grey , largest on segment a9 . setae : transparent colourless . anal plate : blackish . prolegs : light brown . crochets dark grey .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 03 10 : 42 : 51 page render time : 0 . 2996s total w / procache : 0 . 3519s\na fairly common species throughout much of britain , this moth emerges late in the season , from september onwards , and spends the winter as an adult .\nthe larval foodplant is bittersweet ( solanum dulcamara ) , and the species occurs in woodland and damp areas where the foodplant is found .\nfoodplant : probably more than one generation while leaves on solanum dulcamara . ( mbgbi : may , august , september . pers . obs . : july ) , and overwinters as larva . in irregular mines and lightly spun leaves , and able to move between them at will . early mines pale , later turning brown .\nlength : 7 mm described . ( 5 mm : similar , but paler and more transparent . ) ( mbgbi : 9 - 10 mm full grown )\nhead : brown . ( 5mm : pitchy brown ) . ( mbgbi : brown to black ) . posterior edged black . black posterolateral mark extends forwards to meet black stemmatal area . frons outlined dark brown ( 5mm : frons paler , edged black ) . mouthparts dark reddish brown .\nprothoracic shield : black , anterior and laterally dark brownish . divided by very thin pale medial line . ( 5 mm : pitchy black . medial line imperceptible ) .\nmetathorax ( t3 ) : coloured as abdomen . ( mbgbi states\nthoracic segments 2 and 3 dull purplish brown\n. possibly an error in transferring larval details from meyrick , 1895 , who calls the head\nsegment 1\nand the thorax\nsegments 2 , 3 and 4\n) .\nbody : integument semitransparent , faintly shaded light grey . gut shows as a reddish brown , pinkish or green dorsal line , depending on contents . faint dorsolateral line of reddish brown pigment , strongest on segments a7 and a8 . ventrally whitish . ( 5mm : paler with fainter dorsolateral line ) .\nanal plate : transparent tinted pale yellow . darkened when frass in transit . posterior marked blackish grey .\nprolegs : coloured as venter . crochets reddish brown . anal prolegs marked blackish grey laterally .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 06 : 30 : 32 page render time : 0 . 3238s total w / procache : 0 . 3662s\n\u2022 female taken at actinic light on rocky shore , lleyn , caerns . august . gen . det . s . farrell . leg . i . f . smith \u2022 \u00a9\nlarvae are found from april to august , giving rise to adults from june to september . it is uncertain if there is more than one generation , or just a single protracted one .\nfeeding is in leaf blotches , spun shoots and roots . wilting greyish leaves , or frass in the crown of the plant may indicate a larva in the roots . pupae are found in the plant root from may to august .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 07 : 00 : 59 page render time : 0 . 2166s total w / procache : 0 . 2491s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncan be confused with other members of this group . care required for identification .\nrecorded in 9 ( 13 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nfemale taken at actinic light on rocky shore , lleyn caerns aug gen . det . s . farrell . leg . i . f . smith\nplantago coronopus , ( buck ' s - horn plantain ) , see plant distribution map , plantago maritima ( sea plantain ) and also reported from plantago lanceolata ( ribwort plantain ) .\ncauses wilting and greying of the leaves with frass in the centre of the plants and occasionally spinning leaves together .\nmainly associated with saltmarshes but occasionally on sandhills and vegetated coastal shingle . to date there has been only one confirmed inland records of this species in the british isles ( in highland scotland ) but in europe it is known to occur in dry grassland at levels in excess of 2000m .\nlarva : being primarily a root feeder , the plant shows signs of wilting and greying leaves , a withered centre to the plant sometimes with gingery frass . also found spinning two leaves together on sea plantain and eating the parenchyma . in europe the initial feeding is reported as a long and narrow mine in the leaf in which it probably hibernates followed by the feeding in the upper rootstock .\nadult : can be disturbed from amongst the foodplant during the day in warm conditions and later comes readily to all forms of light .\nsingle or possibly double brooded . the extensive set of records on the scheme database ( 300 ) indicate the moth flies from the end of may through to early september with a fairly steady build up in numbers to a peak in the first half of august . the couple of late september records are , perhaps significantly , from the mild climate of the scilly isles although there are no corresponding late records from the channel islands . larval records received to date all relate to the period mid - march to the end of may suggestive of a single extended brood .\ne . r . bankes , in his 1894 paper in the entomologist ' s monthly magazine ( 30 : 82 ) , reported it as double brooded from june to july and again in august to september . the larval feeding periods were given as april to may and july to august , however he also noted he and w . h . b . fletcher had only met with the first brood larvae and that it was solely mr . richardson ' s experience of regular second brood larvae he was quoting .\n- adult : 10 to 12 mm wingspan . narrow fore wings , yellowish grey , sprinkled with little rounded dark spots ; light grey fore wings . the wings are bordered by long bristles\n- egg : oval , 0 . 5 mm long , white with a pearly sheen .\nis greenish white , the dorsal side darker green . at the end of its growth , it measures 10 to 12 mm . the dorsal surface becomes reddish and has 2 to 3 pinkish longitudinal lines\n[ r ] b iology - this moth is common on chenopodiaceae and particularly on sea beet ( beta maritima ) , beets and garden beet . it also develops on orach ( atriplex ) and amaranths ( amaranthus ) . - adult : dusk - flying moth . mating and egg laying only occur when the temperature is above 11\u00b0c . the lifespan is between 25 to 30 days . average fecundity : 40 to 70 eggs . - eggs : deposited in clusters of 1 to 6 on the leaves . development lasts 7 days at 23\u00b0c . - larva : following emergence , it invades the young leaves of the centre of the plant in which it forms irregular galleries . it also penetrates the petiole and the collar in which they form galleries of 1 to 3 cm in depth lined with a silken web ( * )\n- the first important moth flights occur at the end of april and during may . development ceases under 10\u00b0c and hibernation occurs in the caterpillar or pupal stage in the collar of the host , in the ground or store - pits .\n[ r ] d amage - beet seedlings attacked by caterpillars die rapidly . the older plants develop irregulary ; the leaves are distorted and embossed , the veins are eaten , the petiole perforated ; the collar turns to a blackish mass ( * )\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthe colouration of this species varies a great deal but there is often a darker ( sometimes triangular ) mark midway along each wing .\noccurs in woodland , well wooded and damp areas where the larval foodplant bittersweet is found .\nemerges late in the season , from september onwards , and spends the winter as an adult . the adult flies at night and is attracted to light .\na fairly common species throughout much of britain . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\noccasional in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = c ( very scarce resident or rare migrant )\nhost plants : several amaranthaceae , and especally several species of beta ( like b . vulgaris l . ) , atriplex and amaranthus .\nmorphology : the body of the adult is 5 - 7 mm long , the forewings are narrow , elongated , grey - brown , with several rounded dark spots , the hindwings are light grey and have long posterior fringes . the larva ( caterpillar ) is initially greenish , later becoming red - pink with several red - brown longitudinal lines ; head brown , length 10 - 12 mm .\nlife history : females lay about 40 - 70 eggs ( up to 200 ) each on the host leaves . the young larvae bore in the leaf mirdrib and the petiole of these leaves , then in the root , wherein they form irregular galleries lined with a silken web . they pupate in any available dry sites , being very sensitive to high relative humidity . the threshold of development is around 10\u00b0c , the adults may live for about weeks and the pest raises four annual generations .\neconomic importance : regarded as a serious pest of sugar beets in syria and in iran , especially when infesting seedlings . their leaves may roll , become distorted and blackish ; weak plants turn yellow and wilt . flower buds may also be damaged . heavily infested sugar beets lose up to 24 % of their sugar content and the plants may further be damaged by invading pathogens . sugar beets and fodder beets suffer more than red garden beets .\nmonitoring : pheromone traps have been used for monitoring the flight pattern of the pest and for timing of control measures .\nhorticultural control : high relative humidity , achieved with overhead irrigation , protects sugar beet from the humidity - susceptible pest .\nplant tolerance : some egyptian sugarbeet cultivars appear to be relatively tolerant to the pest .\nchemical control : an aqueous extract of chestnut ( castanea sativa mill . ) leaves sprayed on sugar beet leaves , repels the pests , inhibits their oogenesis and oviposition . organophosphates applied in iran controlled the pest .\nbiological control : . caterpillars and pupae are attacked by endoparasitoid braconids , like chelonus sulcatus jurine , which in some years kills 45 - 60 % of the pest population , bracon intercessor nees and microchelonus subcontract abdinbekova . releases of the egg parasitoid trichogramma evanescens westwood ( trichogrammatidae ) in sugar beet plots in egypt reduced pest damage by up to 95 % .\nel - dessouki , s . a . , ei - awady , s . m . , el - khawass , k . a . m . h . , mesbah , a . h . and el - dessouki , w . a . a . 2014 . population fluctuation of some insect pests infesting sugar beet and the associated predatory insects at kafr el - sheikh governorate . annals of agricultural science 59 : 119\u2013123 .\nel - rawy , a . m . and shalaby , g . a . 2011 . reaction of some sugarbeet varieties to the infestation with some insects and final yield . egyptian journal of agricultural research 89 : 1383 - 1391 .\nnaeem , a . 1977 . effects of some phosphorous insecticides on sugar beet moth in esfahan area . entomologie et phytopathologie appliqu\u00e9es 45 : 41 - 45 .\n\u2022 great horwood , bucks ; gen . det . p . hall \u2022 \u00a9 dave wilton\nthe larval foodplants are orache ( atriplex ) and goosefoot ( chenopodium ) , the larvae feeding in spun leaves or flowers / seeds .\nthere are two generations , with adults appearing in may and again in july / august .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 06 21 : 35 : 55 page render time : 0 . 2313s total w / procache : 0 . 2806s\nwingspan 12 - 14mm . a widespread , but local species ( nationally scarce b ) , predominantly coastal , in eastern and southern england , but also at a few inland sites . it is more scarce in scotland , wales and ireland . it frequents saltmarshes and other coastal sites where the foodplants , orache species ( atriplex spp . ) occur .\nthere are at least two generations , the adult having been found from may to september . the larva feeds within the stem of the foodplant leaving dry , whitish frass exuding from the hole .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 03 04 : 09 : 03 page render time : 0 . 4993s total w / procache : 0 . 5391s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwidely scattered but local , occasionally locally common , in coastal areas of the british isles . apparently absent from the northern and western isles of scotland , most of western ireland and the channel islands . occasionally wanders some distance away from its breeding areas .\nchenopodium spp . ( goosefoot ) , see plant distribution map for c . album agg . as a representative of this foodplant , and suaeda maritima ( annual sea - blite ) . also recorded from atriplex littoralis ( grass - leaved orache ) , a . patula ( common orache ) , a . portulacoides ( sea - purslane ) , a . prostrata ( spear - leaved orache ) , beta vulgaris ssp . maritima ( sea beet ) and sarcocornia perrenis ( perrenial glasswort ) .\nin europe also on atriplex hortensis ( garden orache ) , atriplex pedunculata ( pedunculate sea - purslane ) , salicornia europaea agg . ( common glasswort ) and suaeda altissima .\na record of the larva on cakile maritima ( sea rocket ) is very unusual and it is considered possible the plant was misidentified .\nmines the leaves with the first instar producing a u or horseshoe - shaped mine .\nlarval : mines the leaves with the first instar producing a u or horseshoe - shaped mine , then mining in an irregular or branched fashion . in the penultimate instar the larva vacates the mine and spins a silken tube amongst the seeds , feeding mainly on the unripe ones .\nadult : can be disturbed from amongst the foodplant during the day , flies at night and comes to light often some distance form its nearest foodplant .\ncan be confused with s . salinella , s . obsoletella , s . instabilella , some forms of s . samadensis and one form of s . suaedella . dissection is often required to confirm the determination .\nif a moth has been bred from a known foodplant , and therefore also time of year when the larva feeds and the nature of its feeding methods have been observed , this information , plus a freshly emerged moth , will allow the number of possibilites to be reduced considerably . if the bred or caught moth is a fresh specimen and displays the distinctive markings of some species ( see below ) then an identification without more detailed examination should be possible in many cases .\nin cases where there is any doubt , particularly where worn light - trapped specimens are concerned , dissection will be essential to obtain an accurate identification until a good familiarity is built up with the range of species and their markings at a particular site .\neven genitalia differences are often small but are constant between the various species . it is advisable to seek confirmation of identifications by genitalia until familiarity is built up with this genus .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ndescribed from the eastern crimea ( ukraine ) . both species inhabit halophilic biotopes with\nappearance of the adult and the genitalia of the new species and their habitats are illustrated .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ambas especies se localizan en biotopos halof\u00edlicos con\nn . se representa el aspecto externo del adulto y de la genitalia de las nuevas especies y su h\u00e1bitat .\nis represented by about 40 species , of which 30 are known from the crimea .\n, same data , but 15 / 18 - vi - 2006 , ex l .\n, crimea , okr . nanikovo , barakol\u2019 lake , solonchak , 10 - vii - 2010 , leg . y\ndata , but 13 - viii - 2006 ( gen . prep . 217 / 08 ) ; 3\n, same data , but 12 - viii - 2006 ( gen . prep . 82 / 10\nlight grey medial and apical rings ; proboscis light grey . scapus brown , other antennal segments brown with\nnarrow grey rings at base . forewing covered mainly with light grey , brown - tipped scales , costal margin , apex\nand termen darker , nearly blackish , veins and area along dorsum distinctly mottled with orange - brown . brown\nsubcostal spot at 1 / 4 and three dark spots in cell well developed . fringe grey , brown - tipped . hindwing and its\nsubapical streak and dark spots in cell ( fig . 3 ) ; in other cases , orange - brown pattern nearly reduced , but dark\nspots in cell surrounded by orange and additional two - three black points well expressed in basal 1 / 4 ( figs . 4 - 5 ) .\nrounded , nearly exceeds the top of uncus . sacculus about 1 / 4 length of valva , weakly curved inwards , outer\nof sacculus , separated by deep and broad medial incision . tegumen moderately broad . saccus gradually\nfemale genitalia ( figs . 17 - 18 ) : papilla analis suboval , sparsely covered with short setae . apophyses\nsmall foamy sclerotized patterns at anterior - medial corner . subostial lobes broad , rounded apically\nincision . ductus bursae moderately broad , colliculum narrow , ring - shaped . corpus bursae rounded , signum\nariation : the teeth at the base of signum vary in length ; signum from weakly curved to nearly straight .\nbroad medial emargination on the posterior margin of vinculum . it differs from both species in curved inwards\nfrom mongolia , but can be recognized by longer valvae and narrower uncus . the female genitalia of new\nobserved annually from the second decade of may to the first decade of june . the larvae live in large spot - like\nmines on the leaves of host plant . usually the larvae change several mines during their life . pupation takes place\noutside of the larval habitation ( in plant litter or in the upper layer of ground ) in a light whitish cocoon . the\nprobably in 2 - 3 generations . all specimens were collected in the evening before sunset .\n, crimea , 3 km e ordzhonikidze , dvujakornaja dolina , solonchak , 19 - vi - 2004 , leg . y\nnarrow , acute , light brown with white medial and apical rings . proboscis white . scapus white mottled with dark ,\nother antennal segments brown with broad white rings . thorax and tegulae orange - yellow . forewing covered\nbrown tipped . hindwing white , fringe yellowish - white , brown - tipped .\nmale genitalia ( fig . 16 ) : tegumen moderately broad , gradually narrowed towards uncus . uncus as long as\nbroad , posterior margin with distinct medial depression . gnathos short , narrow , weakly curved . v\napical 1 / 4 broadly rounded , does not exceed top of uncus . sacculus about 1 / 4 length of valva , parallel - sided ,\nslightly shorter than length of sacculus , medial incision lyre - shaped . saccus narrow , apex pointed . aedeagus\nfemale genitalia ( figs . 19 - 21 ) : papilla analis suboval , sparsely covered with short setae . apophyses\nanteriores longer than segment viii , straight , four times shorter , than apophyses posteriores . segment viii about\nas long as broad , subgenital plates relatively broad , broadly separated , inner area distinctly foamy sculptured .\nwith microtrichia . ductus bursae moderately broad , colliculum narrow , ring - shaped . corpus bursae rounded ,\nsignum weakly curved , horn - shaped , placed at the left side of the entrance of bursae copulatrix .\nariation : the subgenital lobes vary in width , in one case ( fig . 21 , gen . prep . 83 / 07 ) subgenital lobes are\nas by the absence of a grey spot in the middle of wing . the male genitalia of\nbionomy : the adult flies from the third decade of may to the third decade of june . the host plant\n. , 2009 . \u2013 on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution\n( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) living on plants of the family chenopodiaceae , with description of new species . \u2013\n, o . , 2010 . \u2013 gelechiidae ii ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini ) .\n, d . , 1977 . \u2013 notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . \u2013\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . , ht ( gen . prep .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 219 / 08 ) .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 217 / 08 ) .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 210 / 08 ) .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 83 / 07 ) .\n\u2013 on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution 3\nbidzilya , o . v . , 2009 . \u2013 on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution 3 . \u2013 proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . , 5 : 3 - 13 .\nfalkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2003 . \u2013 gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) reared from the larvae collected in kyzylkum desert , with description of new species . \u2013 proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 1 ( 1 ) : 113 - 142 . [ in russian ] .\nfalkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2006 . \u2013 the turanian gelechiid - moths of the tribe gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) living on plants of the family chenopodiaceae , with description of new species . \u2013 proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 4 : 62 - 104 . [ in russian ] .\nfalkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2009 . \u2013 a list of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) of southern kyzylkum . \u2013 proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 5 : 65 - 98 . [ in russian ] .\nhuemer , p . & karsholt , o . , 2010 . \u2013 gelechiidae ii ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini ) . in p . huemer , o . karsholt & m . nuss . \u2013 microlepidoptera of europe , 6 : 586 pp . apollo books , stenstrup .\n\u2013 notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . \u2013 acta ent\npovolny\u00b4 , povolny\u00b4povolny\u00b4 , d . , 1977 . \u2013 notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . \u2013 acta ent . mus . natn . pragae , 39 : 403 - 443 .\nthe holarctic genus agonochaetia is reviewed and a new species is described from qu\u00e9bec , canada . in addition , a new related genus and species is described from the canary islands . comparative diagn\u2026\n[ more ]\nchrysoesthia halimionella , sp . n . , megacraspedus uzunsyrtus , sp . n . , aristotelia confusella , sp . n . , and dirhinosia interposita , sp . n . , are described from ukraine . adults and genitalia of the new species are illustrated and compared with related species .\nnew species and new records of gelechiid - moths from northern siberia and far east of russia ( lepidop . . .\nthree new species of gelechiidae are described from russia : teleiopsis tchukotka bidzilya , sp . n . ( tchukotskiy ar ) , chionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , sp . n . ( sakhalin island ) , chionodes arctica bidzilya , sp . n . ( jamalo - nenetskiy ar , jakutia , vrangel island ) . five species are recorded for the first time from the sakhalin island , three species - from the kurily islands , two species - from jakutia , one . . . [ show full abstract ]\naethes shakibai huemer & wieser , 2004 a new species of leafroller for the european fauna , with descr . . .\naethes shakibai sivashella budashkin & bidzilya , ssp . n . , is described based on 30 males and 3 females from the eastern crimea and the coast of the sea of azov ( ukraine ) . the external appearance of the adult , genitalia of the new subspecies and its habitat are illustrated . type material of the new subspecies is deposited in the collection of karadagh nature reserve and the collection of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nchecklist of scythridid moths ( lepidoptera , scythrididae ) of ukraine with description of two new spe . . .\nan annotated list of 46 species of scythrididae from ukraine is given . two species are described as new : scythris zhakovi bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( crimea , kherson region ) and scythris psammitis bidzilya & budashkin sp . n . ( kherson region ) . 13 species are recorded from ukraine for the first time : scythris bifissella ( hofmann , 1889 ) ; scythris perlucidella nupponen & nupponen , 2000 ; scythris . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsummary of recorded quantities of adult moths of this species by week and year .\nok , so it ' s not quite as extreme as the one a couple of weeks ago , but i ' m glad i ' ve more or less caught up on my records from that one for the garden in wolvercote , oxfordshire , as i suspect tonight and the next couple will provide a fair amount of work . although numbers haven ' t been as impressive as some people ' s the total of 287 individuals and 82 species , of which 19 were nfy , was pretty good on 19th june . species which seem to be doing well include v - pug , common footman ( and to some extent , buff footman ) and coronet ; and my overall impression , even before the previous heatwave , has been that this year has been measurably more productive than last .\ni ' ve had a few tricky specimens from recent days and would be grateful for confirmation or help : i suspect the first of these two is just an unusually - marked single - dotted wave , but i wondered about a mullein wave ; and from an earlier post here , i wonder whether the rather washed - out individual below it , with its raised abdomen , is a brown scallop .\ni ' d go along with single - dotted wave and brown scallop , steve . zeiraphera isertana is correct and i think you are safe with acleris kochiella too . the aethes would appear to be rubigana if this site is to be believed : urltoken yes to crambus perlella , the gelechiid needs a clearer image and the last one appears to me to be phycita roborella .\nvery many thanks , dave : some good news there , with the zeiraphera and acleris kochiella both being new to my garden ( and life ) list , and the former the first species on the list beginning with ' z ' . . . the degree of detail on that website has left my head spinning !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmiddle and south europe , northern africa , middle east , iran . in the former ussr , the species is distributed in the central chernozem region ( sparsely ) , in the south of the european part of russia to the caucasus , in ukraine , moldova , transcaucasia ( georgia ) , central asia ( turkmenistan ) .\nl . vovskii a . l . & piskunov v . i . 1999 . fam . gelechiidae - wing - emarginated moths . in : kuznetsov v . i . , ed . insects and mites . pests of agricultural crops . lepidoptera . st . petersburg : nauka . v . 3 , part 2 , p . 46 - 93 ( in russian ) .\nminoranskii v . a . 1963 . beet mining moth . zashchita rastenii ot vreditelei i boleznei 3 : 30 - 31 ( in russian ) .\nminoranskii v . a . 1987 . formation of noxious entomofauna on beet plantations . zashchita rastenii 11 : 32 - 34 ( in russian ) .\npetrukha o . i . , pozhar z . a . , shevchenko v . n . , bichuk yu . p . , pshenichuk r . f . , tishchenko e . i . , tribel . s . a . , broyakovskaya o . n . & kornienko a . s . 1982 . sugar - beet protection . zashchita rastenii 6 : 23 - 26 ( in russian ) .\nshmeleva v . a . 1954 . beet mining moth and its control . kiev : an ukr . ssr , 38 p . ( in russian ) .\nslavgorodskaya - kurpieva l . e . , slavgorodskii v . e . & popov v . g . 2001 . protection of agricultural crops against pests and diseases . ( the handbook for farmers , gardeners , truck farmers ) . simferopol . : biznes - inform , 344 p . ( in russian ) .\ntribel . s . a . & deryugin e . a . 1993 . biocenotic mechanisms of control of harmfulness . sakharnaya svekla 3 : 19 - 20 ( in russian ) .\nvasil . ev v . p . 1974 . family gelechiidae . in : vasil . ev v . p . , ed . pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations . v . 2 . arthropods . kiev : urozhai , p . 257 - 261 ( in russian ) .\nzhitkevich e . n . 1963 . beet mining moth . zashchita rastenii ot vreditelei i boleznei 3 : 29 - 30 ( in russian ) .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2009 project \u00abinteractive agricultural ecological atlas of russia and neighboring countries . economic plants and their diseases , pests and weeds\u00bb\nwillow ermine moth ( yponomeuta rorella ) . so called because of its beautiful greyish - silvery wings with black spots , this small moth was found at marshalls heath on 1st august 1995 . it is the rarest species on the reserve , declining nationally and liable to be in danger of extinction in britain if the causes of its decline continue to operate . the larva feeds on white willow , or occasionally grey willow .\nbalsam carpet moth ( xanthorho\u017e biriviata ) . this and the following species are only known from less than 30 decads ( 10km squares ) in the united kingdom . it is a very local moth , being confined mainly to water meadows bordering waterways around london , and was recorded at marshalls heath on 19th july 1995 . the larva feeds on orange balsam or small balsam .\ngreat brocade moth ( eurois occulta ) . a fairly large , fat - bodied noctuid moth that is resident in scotland and is an occasional migrant elsewhere . it was attracted to light on 7th august 1995 , at a time when several unusual insects from continental europe turned up in southeast england .\nwhite - letter hairstreak butterfly ( satyrium w - album ) . thirty specimens have been seen in ten different years , most recently in july 2001 , suggesting that there is a small but persistent breeding colony here . the caterpillar feeds on elm , and the species was drastically reduced following the attack of dutch elm disease in the 1970s and early 1980s , and is presently continuing to decline , causing concern nationally .\nbarred white moth ( nemapogon clematella ) . this tiny species breeds at marshalls heath , where it was identified in may 1997 by mark sterling from the characteristic mine that its caterpillar makes in the fungus diatrype disciformis , found growing on a dead hazel branch . this demonstrates the importance of leaving a good supply of dead and rotting wood on the ground as part of good woodland management .\nsmall clover case - bearer moth ( coleophora frischella ) . one of the large family of moths whose larvae make characteristic tubes or cases to pass the winter in , this tiny moth is beautifully coloured , with bronzy green wings reflecting flashes of shimmering purple in places . it probably breeds on the heath , where its numbers have been increasing in recent years , 59 being seen in 2002 . its larvae feed on white clover , and possibly thistles and knapweed too .\nblack stigma case - bearer moth ( coleophora hemerobiella ) . feeding on hawthorn , apple or wild cherry , this species may also be breeding on the reserve , having been seen in three separate years , most recently in august 2002 when three were found .\npale lettuce bell moth ( eucosma conterminana ) . a small , well - camouflaged moth that has repeatedly turned up at marshalls heath over the years , the last in august 2000 . it feeds on great lettuce or prickly lettuce , but is a scarce , local moth , restricted to southeast england .\ngrass - veneer moth ( pediasia contaminella ) . feeding on sheep ' s fescue , a grass that flourishes on the anthills , it is possible that this species breeds here in small numbers . three have been seen in three different years , most recently on 8th august 2002 .\nsulphur pearl moth ( sitochroa palealis ) . this elegant , sulphur - yellow moth was discovered here on 10th august 1997 . its foodplant , wild carrot , is widespread on the anthills and acid grassland , so the hopes are that it breeds here .\nlong - legged tabby moth ( synaphe punctalis ) . recorded only once , on 8th august 1997 , this scarce moth is normally found in coastal areas . it may possibly breed here , as it feeds on damp mosses .\nfalse cacao moth ( ephestia parasitella ) . recorded twice , in 1998 and 2002 july 17th , the life history of this scarce moth is poorly known . it probably feeds on dried plant material , dead berries and dried stems of ivy , so may be breeding on the reserve .\nyarrow pug moth ( eupithecia millefoliata ) . discovered on 22nd august 2000 , the abundance of its foodplant , yarrow , may mean that it is breeding here , though elsewhere it has mainly been found on the coast or around the thames estuary .\npale shining brown moth ( polia bombycina ) . formerly well - represented in the south of england , there have been very few records of this moth since 1980 . it is normally found in areas of chalky soil , but its foodplant and life - history are unknown , though it will accept dandelion , knotgrass , dock and sow - thistle in captivity , all of which are found here . it was seen at marshalls heath on 28th june 1996 , the only recent hertfordshire record .\nangle - striped sallow moth ( enargia paleacea ) . extremely rare , this beautiful orange - yellow moth feeds on silver birch , so might possibly be breeding here , though the specimen seen on 31st july 1995 could have been an immigrant . there are very few hertfordshire records for this moth .\nwaved black moth ( parascotia fuliginaria ) . the caterpillar of this scarce moth feeds on fungi growing on tree stumps or fallen or felled tree - trunks , and is yet another illustration of the importance of rotting wood to many forms of wildlife . it has been seen twice , on 24th july 1995 and 21st july 1997 , and hopefully survives in small numbers .\nleaf beetle ( chrysolina oricalcia ) . this smallish shiny beetle has been found twice , on 19th april and 18th september 1993 . it has no specific english name , but is one of the leaf beetles noted for their shiny , sometimes metallic bright colouring .\nmonks wood beetle ( hallomenus binotatus ) . occuring in the fungi on old trees , this rare reddish - yellow beetle was recorded on 26th may 1995 , the first and only time it has been recorded in hertfordshire .\nnet - winged beetle ( platycis minuta ) . this scarce species also occurs in old wood , emphasising how important it is to leave fallen trees as part of good woodland management . it is usually encountered in ancient woodland , and may have survived here in hedgerows where it was recently discovered on 23rd august 2002 .\nfalse darking beetle ( prionychus ater ) . yet another species of old timber , this is a nocturnal beetle found under the bark of deciduous trees . it was recorded here on 13th july 1999 .\nspider beetle ( ptinus sexpunctatus ) . one of the spider beetles , so - called because of their long legs and roundish bodies , this tiny beetle has the distinction of having been discovered in the nests of bees . it feeds on decaying insects , one of the thousands of useful\ntidying up\ncreatures without which our world would be overrun with refuse . it was seen on the heath on 10th may 1993 , 10th april 1999 and 6th may 2000 .\nhoverfly ( volucella inanis ) . one of 276 species of british hoverfly , this species has a bright yellow body with thin black bands . it has no english name . the resemblance to a wasp is purely superficial - it is not related to wasps and has no sting . the similarity is a useful defence from birds and anything else that might attack it , but as far as man is concerned , thousands of these innocent creatures are mistaken for wasps or hornets and killed . it was recorded on the heath by mark sterling on 20th august 1995 .\nleast carpet moth ( idaea vulpinaria ) . this species is seen here in most years , 15 times altogether and most recently on 11th august 2002 . its foodplant is ivy and there is probably a breeding colony on the heath .\nscarce tissue moth ( rheumaptera cervinalis ) . the scarcity of this moth is perhaps mainly due to the fact that its caterpillar feeds only on barberry and other berberis species , plants that used to be ruthlessly exterminated by farmers , as they harbour wheat rust . the presence of the plant round the edges of the heath , and the development of resistant strains of wheat , may help its survival here . it has been recorded five times , most recently on 13th may 1997 .\nbrown scallop moth ( philereme vetulata ) . this very local moth was found here on 4th july 1995 . its caterpillars feed exclusively on buckthorn .\nmaple pug moth ( eupithecia inturbata ) . a small but persistent colony of this moth seems to be present on the heath , where its food , the flower of the field maple , is relatively common . it has been seen in 8 out of the last 10 years , most recently on 7th august 2002 .\nnetted pug moth ( eupithecia venosata ) . normally a species of chalk or limestone districts , the netted pug is becoming much scarcer and is now a cause for concern , and there are very few recent hertfordshire records . it breeds on bladder campion , which is found in small numbers on the road verges of the heath , and along some of the field edges . it was discovered here on 24th may 1999 .\nlead - coloured drab moth ( orthosia populeti ) . with such an unflattering english name , this species hasn ' t much going for it . it flies early in the year , march and april , and visits sallow blossom . the caterpillar breeds on aspen . it has been recorded only once , on 17th march 2000 .\nlesser - spotted pinion moth ( cosmia affinis ) . once reasonably common , this distinguished - looking moth declined dramatically following the outbreak of dutch elm disease . its caterpillar feeds on english elm , but seems to have survived by using wych elm as well . perhaps , like the white - letter hairstreak butterfly , it is making use of the elm suckers and shrubs that continue to persist in large numbers at marshalls heath . it has been seen every year except 2002 , 54 times in all , and most recently on 12th august 2001 .\ngrey partridge ( perdix perdix ) . a nesting grey partridge was a local attraction on the heath in 1979 , but this species has since suffered a worrying decline . ground nesting birds are particularly vulnerable here as the heath is common land and a favourite place for dog walkers .\nlesser spotted woodpecker ( dendrocopus minor ) . this delightfully attractive little bird has been regularly nesting on the heath and in adjacent gardens , but the loss of our resident bird enthusiast has meant that its present status is unclear . it was last recorded on 19th december 1998 .\nskylark ( alauda arvensis ) . universally loved as one of the signs of spring , the lark ascending to sing its exuberant chattering notes high above fields and meadows is giving way to silence as this bird disappears from more and more districts . it is still a regular sight at marshalls heath however , and was most recently noted on 17th april 2001 .\nsong thrush ( turdus philomelos ) . the confident , melodious and beautifully inventive musical call of the song thrush is still heard on the reserve from the tops of tall trees on calm , warm evenings at twilight in summer , most recently on 9th june 1999 , but numbers of this popular bird are declining to a worrying extent .\nwillow tit ( parus montanus ) . this woodland bird is in serious trouble , perhaps partly because of its need to excavate a nest hole in a rotten tree or stump , yet another reason for leaving dead timber where it is . last seen here on 12th may 1995 , the national decline of this bird has been greater than for any other in britain , 54 % since 1994 . the decline in hertfordshire has been far more serious , from being present in about half the tetrads recorded in 1986 down to only four birds seen in 2000 in the entire county .\nhouse sparrow ( passer domesticus ) . there was widespread disbelief and amazement when this once universally familiar bird was added to the rspb red list , but having halved its numbers in recent years it has disappeared from many sites . there is little information on its present status at marshalls heath , the most recent record being 1996 april 14th .\ntree sparrow ( passer montanus ) . the catastrophic decline of this species in the 1990s is difficult to explain , and it has not been definitely recorded at marshalls heath since 1989 ."]}
{"id": 2644, "summary": [{"text": "the dusky-chested flycatcher ( myiozetetes luteiventris ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "dusky - chested flycatcher", "paragraphs": ["mobley , j . ( 2018 ) . dusky - chested flycatcher ( myiozetetes luteiventris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 9 . 7 - 10 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nsee m . granadensis . in past , has been transferred back and forth between current genus and tyrannopsis , largely because of its smaller size and peculiar coloration compared with present congeners . validity of race septentrionalis uncertain . two subspecies recognized .\nblake , 1961 \u2013 guyana , suriname , french guiana and adjacent ne brazil ( amap\u00e1 ) .\n( p . l . sclater , 1858 ) \u2013 e ecuador and se colombia ( s from putumayo and vaup\u00e9s ) e to se venezuela ( s bol\u00edvar ) , s to amazonian brazil ( e to e par\u00e1 and w maranh\u00e3o , s to rond\u00f4nia and n mato grosso ) , e peru ( loreto and madre de dios , probably also elsewhere ) and extreme nw bolivia ( pando , n la paz ) .\n14\u201315 cm ; 16\u00b75 g . plumage is dark olive - brown above , head slightly more greyish - brown and with some faint greyish streaking at side , semi - concealed yellow - orange . . .\nmost frequent call a nasal , cat - like \u201cmeeow\u201d or softer \u201cneea\u201d ; when excited , fast nasal \u201cnyeeuw - . . .\nshrubby forest borders , clearings with scattered bushes or trees , openings within forest created by . . .\ninsects and fruits . usually in pairs or small groups , sometimes singly ; mostly independent of mixed - species flocks . perches on exposed . . .\npoorly known . male in breeding condition in may in colombia ( vaup\u00e9s ) . one nest described : large , bulky , domed structure of grasses , some . . .\nnot globally threatened . rare to locally uncommon , but perhaps often overlooked ; possibly more widespread and more numerous than previously realized . not well known . occurs . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nmyiozetetes luteiventris luteiventris : se colombia to se venezuela , n bolivia and w amaz . brazil\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 289 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nclearing in humid forest . reference : b : 281 - 291 ( myigrax1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\ntall , humid primary hill forest admixed with smaller patches of\nv\u00e1rzea\nin valleys . reference : lxxxvb 432 - 444 ( myigra4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 20 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 19 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 22 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 354 side a track 12 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 58 side a track 23 seq . a )\ntwo birds calling at dusk . sennheiser me66 + k6 + fel 3 . 5 mx + sony pcm - m10 ; low - cut filter ( 1000hz , 6 db ) and fade in / out with audacity\ntwo birds calling at dusk . sennheiser me66 + k6 + fel 3 . 5 mx + sony pcm - m10 ; fade in / out with audacity\nedge of small clearing in humid forest . reference : b : 184 - 191 ( myilutx3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nedge of treefall in humid forest . reference : b : 1 - 7 ( myilutx2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 18 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 22 seq . b )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 357 side a track 30 seq . b )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myiozetetes luteiventris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time ."]}